$ # " !

%" & '(

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&67* %3 * 4 5 012 %/" , - . "* + ( ) '

&<" = %7 - +* 9,7* ; ,/ < %" : 6( , "* 3 8 # +* 9,7*

)+* !* )
/B,7*
A @ 5 > ? @( +*
+ C DE

&6:* * G # +7 G % F( + 7 1 '* <" = 9,7* * #

&* * G ) # * 6G 7 H D + ) #

&67 H D 3 * %J, " I7 3 I +* %/"

& : %1M4 " H D . L B= K" @

1 "/ *0 !* !* , -.

O" G IQ> ." 3 - K4 P G O" %( 07 7 0 7 N 0 6G 7

S& : %1( = 3 R=* # 5 87*

0 # UXZ %" 0 # WXZ G #* G 0 # YX UVWX T 7

&67*

!\ ! %J( G A" 7 ! %/" ,/ * 3 8 # [* ! ,' # %0 G! + 7 1 '*

&67* +* 9,7* + +* ! % K(

6E7 +* Al 3 A @ # 67* %3 / 0 7 3 12 67* N (* * "* <

&67* 3

& ,1# 07N 0 % & ( * 07 7 G ^V]

&67* 0J(* /" * ( ,7* 6B3 * "*

7 65/ 4 1 +* !* 23
%001 * . 5 = %" 1 : a # 3 ` $ K@3 * "* %0# _
+* %" /" * ( ,7* * 6 12 ,e # d( % &67* , J( * > c "b' * ( ,7*
&( :% $> 7 %J,E" )1: * ( ,7* ."* &67* A.A /" .1M(*

1XX f G Al> ^VV

2XX Al-Cu

3XX Al-Si-Mg "Al- Si-Cu " Al-Si-Mg-Cu

4XX Al-Si

5 IQ> = VZ +* ) & 67* ." 3 H D ' 4XX 3XX

&67* . "* %J,E"

5XX Al-Mg

6XX 67* e( 9,7*

7XX Al-Zn

8XX Al- Sn

&67* LM12 LM4 5 = %K 0J(* * ( ,7*

8 9

` g2 & # * ' )"* * ( ^UZ 4 3 Al (* 3 % D 2 Cu :!

C DG & : % : %3 * 4 5 012 . d1 %J,E" 6 4 %,E7 /B,7*
& ( * %`7 "b' %3 * 4 5 012 6 0 > ( * = W 3 h . # Al
)"* * * S.C.C %e 3 % G 6 7 K4 . d1 * ) #* % G 6 @ 3 12
% ) # * %J,E" 6 0 > %3 `2 " # % $# * Hot tear N 3 6 @ & %
&

&67* $ K 0 7 # * ` * %9 5* i* (* 3 % # D2
 Si '

SiO2 07 K(*

/07 %K 0J(*

Si Silcon %K 0J(*

$K 0 7 K(*

6 @ )"* * g2 : 6 7 )"* * g2 : % %J,E" 6 0 > ` g2 Si

& % )"* * * %( 7 ;*b 6 = G & : * G N 3

&67 Aj Al-Si 1M(*

&67* 8" k ,/3 " 61K> % 5 IQ> j#*

 +" & '(

Mg 5; !

5 012 6 4 C DG : % Al-Si %,E7 /B,7* ` g2 D 2 ."*

& % )"* * * "b' %3 * 4 5 012 6 = G $" : %3 * 4

)" * * F * A/ ( F( = 2 (* 3 % $" R2 Al-Si 1I

& : ,:* * 1 "b' %3 * 4 5 012

T 0B l" _ +* % /B,7* (/

0 . 5 ` # 3 A /e3

T ,# :% % /B,7* a Mg2Si 0 . + 3 l" _ +* Mg T j * 2

& : % T , # /B,7* )"* * %,E7 ; 7

500 7 $,K 7 & : o, (* 3 % ^ZmZn ^Zmh B Al-Si

3A > % p" +* Al-Mg & * ( 6" B % / ( ,e " @ Mg
% G 6 @ LQ7 .: %0@ = LQ7 % = SAl-MgP 500 7
1I & % / . "* : + ( "b' /B,7* +* %@ 903 / 4 &67
. &6K ( _ ."* . "* * ( :% 3a ( % * /B,7* # = 2
& ( * %( 1,G 7 # 3 12 %"

& * (61 * ,E" Al-Mg % p"

zn "/

5 012 C* G M"* g2 $" * 1 * 6K ( i * %" 3 D 2 . "*

67 /"* ,e & * G ./1 %,E7 ; 7 :% "b' %3 * 4
& :% 9,7* %0@i " 0 a > ,E" . d1

Sn <'

>3" O " `0 6 = G ."* & * N /Q=* q 6 = G i _ D 2 . "*

. d1 <0> )"* * & : ,:* <0> ^YX 3 67* ./1 %J,E" & % /
& :% / : 6=G ` a

Pb =

+ ( " @ & :% %J,E" / : 6=G ` a ; 7

&67* pb>0/1%

Fe
& : % ,G : [ D 2 k" %0# Q * & 67* ( i* * * .
0 . 5 ` # 3 . "* & % r Al5FeSi Fe3Al ( 0 . 5 ` # 3 M"* g2 .
# 67* 602 & ( * %/ ( / C* G % E KK 5* i* ,K A/: %(+ 7 +
% 5 = (+ 7 ."* + . N ,e AD ) 3 # 13 IQ> ) 3 k" T 12*
& " % I7 3 M"* N 3 * ) 3 HR,G* # 61K> . 1 +*

WZZ nZZ %(+ 7 + %,E7 & ,K /: 6E7 3 + 0 . 5 ` # 3 0#

+* # ,K %3 B9= <>* %(+ 7 + & 67* T #* YZ sZ Al + %,E7 + /"
% * o3 0 . + S %7 A/: P J * &( :% " #
& : % ,7 # [ i* +* :

eE % ` * N 3 6 @ +* %G & 6K ( %,`j 5* i* * * .
M"* 602 . ( ( A/ ( & % )"* * * /B,7*
. ( 67 /"* & eE % ` * /B,7* * " ' 0 . 5`# 3
+* #% 0 " . "* a > IQ> `K +* . # 67* 602 &67* 9
& #% 0 a > IQ> Gc
< * t 9( i* a > IQ> N ,e AD> 0 . N 3 A /e3 a > IQ> `K
4 3 % )"* * * ;*b . = * # % ;* G * a > " IQ> # a 2 ."*
Al ;*b S * " a # 3 * %" 1 : A K( ,' affinityP %` # 3 A a 3 3 6" & 7 % ^U
A /e3 A/: %(+ 7 0 . 5`# 3 ."* & % ) # a > * " 6`K( *
& :% 9,7* J ( J" = 2 +* a 2 ."* uR=* * & : * G

Mn ; !

% D J & #% 0 4 3. %(+ 7 /: 3 + A /e3 +* D 2 ."*

&67* 4 " (0/2-0/4) XFe%

Needle Mn Chinese Script

$ # A" `3 $#* , + " S% H 4 P v + * r A/: %(+ 7 + $ (* , d(

% w94 ( Fe 6`j i* " % ` %/ ( / C* G , " ) # %`" E3 5* i*
S& : 3 67* ./1 ( # " A/: * ,7 + P& :

* J" /" % e( 6 0 > %" 1 : T ( * * > ; 3 k" Fe Mn Cr

&( *

Al15(Fe,Mn,Cr)3S12 Complex intermetallic Compound

% SSettingP ; 7 + ."* M ,( 67* 3 K Al(l) % J +* #b * x + % J

* # 6 y .M ."* SSlugeP & : % ;*b ( * J( # .M M"* a #
%(+ (* Mn & % o3 * ;*b %" 1 : a # 3 % ) # # % T o:*
& : % : . 4 ; Ie(* M"* a Twinning M"* * i3 0 . + :

*0 . 5`# 3 ."* * 3 % $ K(* ,7* ( / D 2 k" +* 9,7*

% . +* . [ i* ( : " X5000 %" 1 # # k #
; 7 (/ & : % M"* . 0 . a # 3 )E /B,7* A 2 Al + %, " + 8 #
5 7 5 = 0 . a# 3 A 2 67* + 7 6E7 + <"+ 3 /0 6K ( %,E7
& * E( + ( %/ * 7 # 6E7
 Cr + >

4 5`# 3& :% . + %`" E3 i* ` g2 # % + * Mn )@( ( #

% G 6 @ %[I Cr . d1 & # % 0 (* : +* crAl6 ( #
% )"* * * quench : 7 <" 7 6 7 K4 " @ +* A @ eE ` *
&6K ( 9 #

Ni ?@

# * * "b' %3 * 4 5 012 6 = G * 1 D 2 . "*

* . 67* 3 61 > * = 2 " 7 6`K( Ni & % I7 3 *
3 ,K ' * Tj & % / /0 * E( T 1I #
& % ) # * Thermal Expansion Coef %3 * 4 ? K`(* a" q A/ ( & A ` 3*
I * 5* o3 +* & * G 9 K %3 * 4 ? K`(* a" q ) #
* G Dimensional Stability I* * "' . & #% 0
( [ * 5 IQ> 6 = G ."* &67* 6 1 * z 4 3 5 IQ> %4* _ # 6:*
%0/e : k ,7 * ) 3 * & %1( | { 2* a 3 3 ." & * #
a" q IQ> & 67* : ( ,E" F( +* IQ> k ,7R' @Q * 6K (
& : * k ,7R' @Q "+ " 1_*

" @! P B A

* $ K07 + : " %(+ (* a AlP 9K A /e3 5 = D 2 . "*

&67* . 1 D 2 ."* 6`j i* 3 : % k ,/3 " 8"

Ti 3

A /e3 % / B D2 * 1 * * Sgrain RefinerP *+ (* )@( D 2 ."*

& #% " * (* : % %(+ (* AB % * TiB2 TiAl3 0 . 5`# 3

Sr

$K 0 7 uR=* & * G +K uR=* a % I" 67* modifier D 2 ."*

& 67* $# 9,7* * & 6:* * G %/ ( / F( +* , C* G k ,/3 "

ZmZY ZmZh^ Sr

YZZ hZZPpm

( :% ( * / ( * "+ 5* i* , / %1# K " @ # = 2 . "*

S&&&& Sr B TiP &67* * c+ * M"* D,>* = a
 Na 5 " Sb C *

& : % H D Al-Si Si + K uR=* 6 Sr ( ( D2 . "*

)" * * T j * 2 % M"* a 2 : 9,7* 4 +* ) / = 2 +* d(

* * * = 2 & : % AE0E3 k M"* a + 4 +* ) Sr H D
& ( % / super heat ; t x @Q = 2 & ,K # *

& #% o3 Si * 67* 5 9, * = 2 *@

Al D *0

* @ ."* & }Al= 2/7 gr/cm3 & 67* . " ' C DE + Al ; G % p" +* %/" U
& % / k`7 + 7 6G 7 * # 67 ~(

•WWZ & 67* . " ' ; t Q@( Y

% 2 ,E" 6 0 > s

; G #.: 6=G h

% 2% G 6 @ X

% 2 %/" ,/ * %3 * 4 6"* W

5* E %/" ,/ * <" = #& _ o €n

%( : ( %"*b€ * ,K <" = T j & %17 € ]]

6 "+ 6 0 > V

SC DE + P + /B,7* 6`K( UZ

; G /B,7* UU
 =6

6 7 K4 R2 67* ,E" i A * 2 +* 6 7 G & 65/ F ' 7 E

)@( IQ> 6 R7 67* 6 1 * %" 1 : a # 3 • `@(* * = N 3
P ƒT‚UhZ 3 6 7 6 0 > Sk ,/3 " P 9= +* 1M(* * Al & *
,E" K # # :* Al-17%Si G* +* T j &$ ,K * S 1G +
& : % shrinkage a # M"* A/e

C* G " /0 # M"* %" " * IQ> # *( % @ @! D *0 7=

# % T , # * %/ ( / C* G # %" " +* & * f Ee3 * + ( %/ ( /
%" . & :% u Q "b' %3 * 4 5 012 % p" M "* # 67* %3 * 4 5 012
+K uR=* (* +* (* T , # #% $ * * %/ ( / C* G % ,7 / *
&67* i %/ ( / C* G Si-Eut T , #

% 1I # +* %[I I & 5; " 7H I! 4 / > D *0 7$

& ( * S&&&& % G 6 @ T Rj P p" # %[I * % /
&&& % G 6 @ / : 6 0 > - 7* % 12 H D * ,E" *
a" q 5 * 4 6 @ Aj P " H D * * * & ( : % ; E,(*
& ( : % %7 : ,9 * - 7* ( SN /Q=* q $# %3 * 4 ? K`(*

G & 65/ J"/

; E,(* &( % / Al * * ,E" c j#* . " ' ; t Q@( 602

* i3A 2 7 ,E" c

" 69# IQ> 3 + 67* , " . 1[3 5 IQ> 3 H + ( 69# U

&67

3 " /0 # $ F2 *b " 7 IQ> k" * * 3 %1( % 6" B Y

& # 3 * IQ> 5(/ *

& 4* "7 6 > 69# IQ> 3 * "+ 7 %7 D,>* 5 F4R s

3/ K8 B /*> G & 65/ J"/

IQ> * 3 IQ> 3 * 3 .3 3 . J 7 5 IQ> 3 * 7 ,E" U

&67* : "b' / * * 3 ."* 7 ,E"
 SUZZkg 4 3 P „7 , %J,E" 5 IQ> S p" a > ! %1z* P 0 a > ,E" Y
LPDC: low pressure P $# e 6B3 ,E" & IQ> UZZZZZ 3 UZZZ * 3
SDiecasting

3a /3 ."* S67 /"* PHPDC e 6B3 %@" 3 ,E" s

+ p' 0 7 N 0 3Tj ( :% 3 XZkg 3 k # 5 IQ> & 67* : Al 5 IQ>
& IQ> UZZZZZ 3 IQ> UZZZZ +* 3 c ."* 3 * 3 &% J * $,K 7 Ys Yhkg

" K 5 IQ> * l> ,G h

& % 62 7 c ."* +* 9,7* SFoam casting-Lost foamP X

%d a > ,E" W

%/ * 7 a > ,E" n

S 9" ,( 7 P # +* " ,E" ]

GO" Squiz Casting ." ( c V

Semi Solid Metal Casting

;*b %9 # 5 012

%/ ( / C* G T , # %/" , ,G 7 T , #

+* & '(

;*b %9 # 5 012 S… *

%/" , ,G 7 T , # S;

P * 3 * # %" @ * # % / Al * #% t #
&%IeIe3 %, @ S5 9, 6G 7

&6K ( a7 * % AG* /: % * LQ7 K#* $0 %" @ * #

."* * 67* %, @ # Al ; t * # ." 3 a7 % & * %" ; t 62 7 %
&67* , K : Vacum ; t

q* > %,e !5MG # )1: +* 9,7* * *

67* - K4 6 9 # ) # † ( 7 Al ;*b * J( ; t ; 0Q „"* : 6B3 %,4

) ' % I3 4 3 # $" * ;b C G 5 * 4 + 6:b + ;b U
&

&$ " * 7* K#* " ' C G 5 * 4 + 6:b 7* K#* Y

": "b' ) #* ( * %" E e "* j#* %# G %" 0> " %" 0> = 2 5 903 s
St K Na Mg& ( : 5 903 " ) # $ @,K 5 = ./1 M ,( ( *

&67* %9 A 2 k" ;*b +$ $_R3

HR3* + ;b . d1 : % 7* K#* I7 3 g2 5 * 4 )"* * (

& = 2

: % $# 5 * 4 T @,(* g2 A 2 ."* & # ; , * " "+ ; t x +* Al

: { G a > +* % * % q* : 1M(* 62 7 ) # g2 "+ ; t x SU

& % M"* … Iq ,G 7 3 6: (* M ,(

& % A /e3 Al K#* 1( ) #* ; E 6 7 Al SY

6 R4 * +* 5 * 4 ) # 1M(* J : A4 ;*b 0 SH2P + ."*
AE0E3 k M"* %," ( . [ % / 5 D : ,7 #
& :%

2Al(l) + 3 H2O Al2O3(s) + 6 H(in Al)

G M! ? @ 3 / C 9 " +* !* = L! / C "/ F

& 67* $# K 6 4 6 R4 /( A : % A4 A > # 67* + 3H

:% y %J,E" IQ> AE0E3 k 5 = 1M(* . 4 :{ G +
1 @,K 5 "+ ( > l Q Al 6 R4 & % ) # 5 : * %/ ( / C* G
: % %z e e" a7 ,

M=kNPH2

%z e PH2 : A4 *@ m

"+ 5 = 6( Q * l`_ # # % o3 5 * 4 Al ;*b 6 R4

67*

LogS = + 2/62 f G Al * Grant

." 0# aK4 T 6 R4 S
AE0E3 k K 3 12 ( * ;*b + . 6 R4 " : HR,G* # Al Aj %"
& ,K

7* K#* ) # " )"* * %" 1 : 5 I9(* AI %J( J = 2 # ( J( 1

( i ( ;*b + 6 R4 * = 2 ."* . d1 : % i ;*b
. "* $ " • 2 * ) # Al ;*b * 6 R4 $K 0 7 Tj * 2
& % )"* * * 6 R4

;*b <

2 Al(l) + 3 H2O Al2O3(s) + 6 H(in Al)

H2O " M3 %3 `2 "; E Al ;*b ) #* < +* %/" U

& % M(* ; t „"* : %,4* #

I7 3 g2 ;*b LQ7 w B Al K#* $0 .,K/: ;*b LQ7 $_R3 ( Y

& % ) #* ."*

% %' * o3 +* I * %,F B 6 = G VsZ 3 K#* $0 ."*

& " % )"* * 7* K#*

v-Al2O3 ‡-Al2O3

# ,K 3 6 R4 * T j * 2 & 67* # 9K13* < "7 s

* * %`K( 6 _ * * YW * &67* 5 9, 67* keG # ,K + 67* ; _
&67* ; UW 4 WX^

% q* ,E" # # q* …0,E H* * * #R #R J" < +* h

/ *$ #% q* ;*b * ."* # % J M ,( , _ ;t k1( 3 12 & :
: 6> ( # `(* ,K " < * & * )"* *
#$ # )' * %,( 7 UZZ 4 # # * . "* : % = 3 . d1
& :{ G 6 _

( * : G %BQ7 { A0G 6 _ *@ e1 ( 3 C DG 3 X
& :% = 3 )'+ #

{ G* ( " )' + # (* 6 _ *@ * * 1I $ +* " + K( * W

& #

a0€* x* ,4* T DB & (* ;*b <` ." , # x* ,4* +* %: ( + n

.,G 7 *+ %I `_ + T j * 2 67* ; E = YZ 3 UZ 4 6G 7
;b ( 7 A>* 4 * & # % 3 ; E aI/ , 4 aI/ ,
: % * * %" 4* : + 0I: * & : 9,7* * K#* %1# 0I: +* : % = 3
&67* K#*

& * ): ' # )' " M(R' A 3 ' >R ,E" 5 * *]

& (* " .€ ,e€ # %,e q* > )1: : * V

+/ OP & '(

Q K2 " G M!

& 67* 5 IQ> * 6e A 2 : % 6 " %J,E" 5 IQ> # 67* %` 2 ." ,1 k

j#* %0# _ & # % $ K@3 %q `@(* + ,7 * k * ,E" %0# _
&67* %q `@(* + k +* %@ 903 k

Q K2 M!

L+S 4-6 vol% • `@(* S$M4 ) # P

& e( k 5 = * c G IQ> $M4 ) # ."*

# 1, k

#* '

1M(* * %q `@(* k a 2
&67* ,1 67* u Q %( _
 G M!

& : % „`3 + ,e # 5* 1M(* . 4 + ; `4 : - `B 602

"+ * + ( 67* %0/e K " Al ;*b ; `4 %(+ (*
S (+ % (* , TG A % 67* A/e "* 1 %(+ (* P & * : A4
& ( : % A /e3 %," ( . l_ 3 12 k (* %q `@(* + +* %@ 903 k j#*
%," ( /`: : A /e3 & ( : % A /e3 1M(* ,(* %q `@(* + k 3 12
( % %> k 5 = 1M(* G : % + ' %," ( . ;*b +
&67* A/: % # A/: %q `@(* k &67* # A/: 3 12 + k &

& >* LQ7 * * + k $ # J( $ /e * * IQ> *

‡
Piˆ Patm + Ph +

Pi= Ps+ Pg

z‡ %/ 3 ,7* , e Ph 9K13* e Patm %0G* e Pi

%BQ7 ) 3

; `4 k † I: r

" @ # %" % I" ,K 6 1 * z 4 K 1M(* %" ( A4* A * 2 ."* Pg Ps

6 4 6 R4 ) # A %," ( . ;*b [ "+
* $M4 ) # # 1M(* +* %: ( • `@(* Q7* 1M(* ,(* . d1 " % <1M3
k A /e3 %q `@(* [ . "* L B= %( 7 ;*b 2 . d1 : %
k %(+ (* * * + (* 3 % %D G ( T G j#* [4 &$" : % %q `@(*
;*b %0# _ & # % k1# AE0E3 k A /e3 %D G ( T G % I" : AE0E3
& : % * k AE0E, 5 IQ> M"* g2 … j#

& :% "+ AE0E3 k " )"* * =

& : % %/ ( / C* G 6 * g2 : "+ AE0E3 =

 5 G

+ 3 Al ;*b &67* 6 1 * z 4 k Hb4 # 67* %/ /3

% e( * c G k 5 = : IQ> 67* ;*b T 0B 5 = # 67*
+* %"* ++ * # %" c & : % 6 1 * z 4 ;*b +* Hb4 M ,(
67* 7 :% 9,7* Al

SRG ; t P + ) U
#R * + + +* 9,7* Y
%/ ( / # ? 0E l" _ +* %"* ++ s

7 G R! 4 %" J"/

# * ' )"* * %0G* %`K( e : % g2 N2 Ar Aj i* % + )

& : ,7 # 6 R4 +* : { G $,K 7 +*

{ G (/

$,K 7 %0G* e )"* * U

+ ; `4 . 1 ; `4 %(+ (* Y
%j G

& : % T , # t 9( 67* : %(+ (* " . "*

& :% T ,# 9" l" _ +* : %(+ (* ) #* $

&$ # % $# * % G e " $ % )"* * * %0G* e "+ { G *

;*b % G e ) # g2 npas SZmZZU psiP %`K( RG M"* T j * 2

SVIMP & : % $# "+ 6`K( 6 R4 +* M ,( :%

&67* + 6 R4 ) # "* +* %/"

;*b 13 & : % ,7 # K#* 5`# 3 "7 7* K#* +* # 67* ."* 6"

&67* 6" $ 7) #
 %j G + <"+ 3 B( ; `4 +* (* + † ( %"* ++ …0,E k /3 . HR,G*
&67* : † 1 #* # Cl 0# + * + + ." 3 i & * %J,K ;*b

Cl + H {HCl}

& :% H D $# = %

6I = H D *

99% Ar-1% Cl2

90% Ar- 10% Cl2

90% N2- 10% Cl2

70% N2 – 30% Cl2

& ( * %" (* , %,( 7 Y s Q> ; `4

9,7* ; `4 ."* # " * AE0E, %, * 7 +*

& :%

7 ! ( :> A G B 4 +" J"/

."* SC2Cl6 3* 0#* J P 0# 4 (* %" 1 : * # * ++ C > +* c . "*

# # % M"* 0# + : " M3 5 * 4 • I ;*b - 13 + C >
& " 1( { G ;*b +* * (* 3 % 0# +

: %1( = 3 %0 G

& # 3 "+ #* : 7U

& #% #* ' $,K 7 * [ + Y

&67* : | K $ ."* # # % 6 _ ;b 67* $ C > . "* * J(

7 @ @! C > T*'6! U5 S 5 G 4 +* J"/

& 67 K %"* ++ (* & 67* %/ ( / c k" c . "*

Rotary gas injection system

3 %" ,(* 61K> " (+ l" _ +* G 69: " ,7 k" l" _ +* %j G +

M"* g2 &67* sZZ XZZ rpm 4 3 )G 62 7 T " : % l" 3 ;*b
6 i + %1M4 K# & % $ * %"* ++ 6 ,K <"+ 3 " K + ; `4
LQ7
&$ % )"* * * ; `4 6`K( % 67*
$M4

& " % )"* * (* " % ) # H + t 9( 0= , " )"* * ) #* 62 7

&67* $ " . "* S+ % PQ t T-rpm ,* '

V W & '(

( + k 67* ./1 % * ,e %q `@(* k Y 6`K( U T* 7

& : K/"

5 9, %," ( . [ G 04 : 1M ;*b k ,/3 " * a# 3

. "* . "* 67* ,e %0 G %," ( . k ,/3 " T 0B + %1M4 K# 67*
& : * G A /e3 + k k ,/3 "

Nonmetallic inclusions 7 O 0 4 C* >

: % A /e3 ;*b LQ7 K#* " : % K#* ;*b 5 * 4 %,4* Al

&: % * 2 * ;*b +* 6y 94 )@( K#* " ."*

2 Al(l) + 3 H2O Al2O3 + 6 H

% * Al2O3 T G A /e3 %,4* * 9K13* ; E ) #* ."* M(* l" _ +* Al

&

;*b %' ' + $ ;*b $_R, T @,(* A12 %,e q* > TG < "7
K#* $ K07 K#* . K#* Rj 5* 0 " 7 K#* k 3 ) #* M(*
$"
 4Al + 3 SiO2 3{ Si}(Al) + 2Al2O3

Al + 2 MgO 2{Mg}(Al) + Al2O3

7 :> A 4 5 %0

4 3 12 % : + (* 3 % ."* & ,K %" 1 : k1( 3 12 #R

N ,e AD # 67* ."* O K#R +* H & ,K "* 0 " "* 0# z 0 0# 5 ` # 3
5 012 i* : K#* i + 7* a 3 ,e€ ; _ K#* ;*b
# % * ' ,1# % J ( : % AD, k1( ( J "* S T G P K#* O K#R
% A12 5 = k1( & ( % * > 7 : : ;*b LQ7
%" 1 : 5 = " %/ ( / 5 = " #

SCoveral FL %e: ' #R P Passive Flux % I9(* #R U Flux

SCleaning FL # 13 #R P active Flux T I #R Y

* ;*b LQ7 +* 6y 94 )@( ( % * > ;*b LQ7 3 12 %e: ' #R

( * * T G ) #* M(* )@( T I #R * & : M(* + ;b ( T G ( # ( *
& $,K 7 +* + 7 { G Hb4

NaCl " ' ( j#* $" * Al , 6I = * #R a # 3 † ( UXZ +* )

NaF CaF2 AlF3 AlCl3 e q* ."* J" %" k1( &67* * ,7* KCl

Z*W :> AYX

;*b +* * " 5 = ( :% : ' ;*b LQ7 # (* %" k1( 3 12

#R ."* 12 DEe & # % + * Al ;*b +* 6y 94 )@( : A /e3 Al ;*b

SAl ; t Q@( 3 . " ' P . " ' ; t Q@( * * "

;*b 5 * 4 +* 3 E`3 Q@(

& J * > Al ;*b LQ7 ;*b 5 = : % g2 # $# C DE +

 &67* : = 3 $" " 0# " ' #R 3 12 $" 4 * *

>; 3 :> AY[

& % * > 9,7* ;*b +* K#* + 7 { G 6 # 13 #R

& Na2SiF6 $" 7 5 / 0 7 0 #R ."* %0=*

A" t 5 = %" 1 : ) #* k" M(* l" _ +* . "*

6 Na2SiF6 + 2 Al2O3 4 Na3AlF6 + 3 SiO2 + 3 SiF4

&$ # 7 $ (* 3 % e# 7 * : ,1# % J 5 ` # 3 M"* g2

g2 ( %/ ( / l" _ +* (* 3 % $" 7 5 / 0 7 0 # 67* * e( 5 @ @B3 ."* R2
& $,K 7 +* SAl2O3P T G + 7*

+; @!

% * %0G* Al2O3 . N ,e AD %BQ7 (* i* (* 3 % Na2SiF6

7 %/ ( / c : "* Na2SiF6 l" _ +* K#* # _ (: '
& %

# % A12 c +* $" 7 5 / 0 7 0

x ) #* c SU
& % LQ7 # % %:R, * T G # %/ ( / c SY

:> A B Z , @ ! 0

%> / * J( 5 = ;*b LQ7 #R +7 : A12 * % 0 ? @ 3YX

: % + 7 : + + ( A12 ."* & * ;*b T G %" 1 : 5 ` # 3 (
+7 : * a7 5 * 4 . d1 # % o3 # I * ;*b 14 l12 #
."* 602 1( ; E,(* nXZ n]Z . * : % = 3 67* 6 1 * z 4 K #R
[4 & ( % : ;*b LQ7 3 64* TG ,:* 3 6 7 ;*b # 67*
& : % AE0E3 k M"* g2 . d1 %/ ( / C* G 6 * g2 TG

Master Alloy 7 4 C ] ! \ :> A R > "YY

+* (* 3 % &&&& 0# z 0 F3 (* : A /e3 *+ ) #* T I = 2 +* #R
( : ) #* * (* : q* J" H* * * # *p %" 1 : l" _
;*b k ,/3 " $ K 0 7 + K * Sr T j * 2 S # i* % P & " 1( AI9, * ( 5* i*
."* & # % SrF2 SrCl2 3 : ) #* * $ K(* ,7* #R d( :% q*
& # A12 + K 5 = (* 3 %1( $ K(* ,7* 6 4

Modification fluxing A @3
 c ."* @3

+* I $ # % 7 ( : : TG 3 $ % + O K#R T *
&$ % M(* * Modification

C "/ =L(Y^

6> * M ,( & ,K 6 _ ;t * " : # ,K %" 1 : k1( 4 #R j#*

) ' * k" & * + ;b )"* * / * ( H D J( 5 =
&67* : ‰10' F9B ( * `(* * ( #

&' ,`*Ia! " :> A 65/ /" Y_

"+ ): # M ,( 67* 6K"+ „ B * %7 7* A/e k" #R .,E" A12

& : M 9,7* ( 5 DB " #R ( J "* +* 3 % 5 = <" = l" _ +*
& 7 A>* 4 " Hb4 ( %`" E3 5* i* l" _ ."* +* SRecycleP

&$ # % 9,7* .e" ,0 +* $ # { G * #R $ (* ,( 3 ."* 13 *

Z & '(

filtration C > ' A 5 & BI3

C* G 6 * 01 +* : % %J,E" 5 IQ> 3 %3R/e M"* g2 S G P %D G (

% 5 IQ> % G )"* * AE0E3 k )"* * … Iq : /:* 3 u Q7 %/ ( /
S ,0 P AE0E, 0 7 k" +* ;*b `2 +* 67* 5 `2 # ,0 " & ( :
& ;*b T G .,G* (* 03 *

% G )" 7 6 @ ! %3 * 4 N : 6 @ ! +* " 'A G]5"

& : ,:*

% G e %0 !"b*

%0G* e

07 A : : % ;*b AG* %" : 7 " 3 * " .,K/: Aj (/ 0

& : UŠm mm . (* 3 % 5* t +* (* & $ K 0 7 #

& ;*b +K *+ (* #R ) #* Aj %" 1 : ) #* +* %: ( '0

# k`e $7 * 1 & : 3 -R `" +* * ,0 'A b*

+7 { G * ( / ."* & # % A12 k * 5 = (* % * > % J * $,K 7
& #% * * ‹ T G „@ `( l T G 0#

* ,E" * 7 'A 4Bed Filter

 +* `2 . 4 TG * * > J,K"* k" %" 0 7 k" c ."*
7 † ( +* " IQ> * & 67* a7 Al 3 5 M( G # * c . "* & ( : % `4
& :% 9,7* ,0

& ( * + AE0E3 ]X VZ^ 4 ,0 ."* & Aj k * 7 +* Foam Filter

& * ( 9D3 %e@( ,K AE0E3 &67* , ,0 : ,e = ."*

UX sZ Ppi & : k`7 " ,0 ."*

& :% a > ;*b * " M"* g2 T G Hb4 R2 ,0

%J,E" 5 IQ> %/" , ,G 7 T , # # A * 2 +* * I3 @5 /* ! / 0 % >

+ (* +* (* Dendrite Arm Spacing + 0= +* 3 `2 ( * 6 G Al
0 . + k ,/3 " $ K 0 7 Aj ,G 7 "

G : /`: : % + € 6" ( A /e3 1M(* A12 ,E" " %0# _

& ( : % T , # 1M(* 62 7 „7 3 6" ( &6 * G* * IQ> A# %," ( *

DAS= f( Solidification Rate)

= f ( Cooling Rate)

= f( tf)

1M(* ` e' * S.R

C.R DAS U.T.S

S.R

;5/

" % ` %/ ( / C* G $ : ,:* B $ " (* ,G 7 %0# _

* 1M(* 62 7 ! %" 1 : a # 3 l" _ +* : A /e3 (* +* (* † ( M ,(
& : % T , # A > *+ (* *

U UZmm (*

UZ UXZ Šm DAS

Œ U Šm #5 D k ,/3 " $ K 0 7

Ymm 3 * B9= 5 D

;5/ D *0
S ,1# "b' 6e( P "b' 6e( ` ! 3 a7 LQ7 % = , /:* 3 ! /B,7*
;*b 6 = G ` ! " % )"* * N 3 6 @ ! "b' %3 * 4 5 012 ` !
"bo3 %( 7

S+ 7 P *p * 1 # :% M(* *+ (* * „7 3 %J(* " A12

TiAl3 Al-10 Ti Al-Ti master alloy

Al-5Ti- 1B Al-Ti-B

M "* :% q* ;*b '5 = " k # /3 5 = *+ (* ."*

)@( * Al %(+ (* %1 )@( B Ti & % M(* * %"*+ (* )@( x 5 ` # 3
&67* 3 > B

B & '(

grain Refinement ;5/ +; @!

* > "3 + %J(* " (/ ? `3 * % `> A > = = •3 %0# _

5* t +* 9,7* %(+ (* gB : % † ,e # %" •3 +* %/" * 67* , J(
%, `: # & : Al T ,K" # %(+ (* * %0B (* 3 % # &67* TiAl3
& e( A4 3 : % q* " 5 FB ." G *+ (* 5* t & * Al % * ,K" #

Liquid + TiAl3 v(Solid) k ,/," ' ) #*

T=665

** * : %" / (* 3 % #% _ 4* * TiAl3 5* t # * Al A /e3 ŽB

&( % lB0 ."* <" +* Al $3* % I" :

Aj & : % <Q> * * ? `3 * : %1( M(* A # Q Jd k ,/," ' ) #*

% ( %1( . +* *+ (* ."* 67* : <Q> v ;*b + TiAl3 . ? `3 * M "*
& " * *+ (* %( ,/ * \ /7 / +* 9,7* + <Q@ * 3

& Q 1 $ +* (* * I3 67* 6 1 * z 4 %0 G *+ (* . " * <"+ 3

* : 3 " TiAl3 5* t & 67* * *p „`3 R # %J,E" (* %" ( +* (*

&67* 3 9 F . "*

&67* : A4 +* I ( % *p %( + k" 3

,:* * : A4 F,(* " * " + l`_ # S%Ti= 0/02%P Ti<0/1% 4 Ti * @

&$ :
 M @3*5 ' O "c

* T * H 4 6K ( $ %0 G (* +* (* %J,E"
H 4 ( (+ % Modification +K
%,E7 0 `: k ,/3 " $K 0 7 & (+ % %J(* " * T *
& * %" /B,7*

+* 6 * # # Aj k ,/3 " $ K 0 7 +K
& " % )"* * %/ ( / C* G # 67* A ,#* ,K# G

6 4 .eG A/: %(+ 7 6 4 +* k ,/3 " $ K 0 7 + A/: o3 % I" Modification

&67* * ,: #

&67* Sb-Sr-Na + K = 2

M @3*5 ' c " O J"/

Rapid Solidification <" 7 1M(* U

,G 7 * * 13 : %1( q* %" 1 : * ( • Squench ModP " c ."*

& : * G " k ,/3 " Si 01 +*

Heat Treatment Mod %3 * 4 5 012 Y

+ 7 ' • • z # • % 0B 5 012

Chemical Mod S&&&&& * 1 ,(* ! $ K(* ,7* ! $" 7 P %" 1 : # uR=* = 2 *s

T T * = 2 9,7* = 2& :% 9,7* 1 +* ,e 7 c +*

& :% q* ZmZU ZmZY^ * @ 67* % 3

O "c +; @!

1960 Mondalfo %(+ (* - 7* U

Hellawell : - 7* Y
 ,G 7 AlP % 5 = AlP 9K 5* t $ K 0 7 %(+ (* U
%(+ (* * i 0 . a # 3 AlP M ,( * $ K 0 7 k" ( K % ,K" #
% 67* $# ,` * * 9K % # * @ $K07 &67* $ K 0 7
[4 % I" * ."* M ,( S+ ( 4 +* ) P # 3 * AlP %(* * " @ 3 67* % #
Y +* ,1# % I" $# %0 G 1M(* k ,/3 " $,K 7 %(+ (* M AlP 5* t
* 9K i* # uR=* & : % .eG %(+ 7 Si / 3 A /e3 g2 M ,( :%
1M(* # ( : % g2 # % Hb4 * AlP l" _ +* %(+ (* % I" # % %j G
x (/ R2 & " 67 * 0 * ,: ,G 7 , " )"* * Si %(+ (* *
& * J" ( / #b *

+* 9,7* & % 5 = twinning " %" 0> " ' l" _ +* $ K 0 7 : •3 ."*
)"* * g2 ,:*b i* $ K 0 7 : ( = 2 ."* Na Sr F( %" # uR=*
: J $ K 0 7 : /3 .,K/: : $G g2 . d1 ( : % %" 0> * I3
4* * %" 0> * I3 Sr & ( : % * 0 * ,: M"* g2 ( :%
& # % "+ $M4

&$ # % q* T=680-750 Al-90%Sr Al-10%Sr *p 5 D * Sr

&67* X UXmin 4 Al-Sr : A4 * ; 0Q a7 +

&67* ZmZU ! ZmZY^ Sr * *@

& :% 9,7* *p $# " @ +* ( * $# Si # %"

& :% 9,7* Sr "+ " @ +* ( * Si # %" *

&67* i %0 G % I" 67* VZ^ 67 Sr +* 9,7* (*

,K RG 6B3 k # Al %_ > &$ #% q* f G 5 = * Na $" 7

&67* A/e K ;*b $" 7 * T , # M ,( & : ,:* ( .,G 7 ) #* 3 :

(* Œ YZ^ & 67* … Iq ;*b Na % "+

& 67* 3 i Sr +* Na * @ . 1

%0 G $" 7 & 67* uR=* R # ,G 7 ;*b $ : ,:* ZmZZX ! ZmZU ^ Na * @ *

+ K ." , Sr #* & * q $ 6K"+ „ B * % . +* + 67* $#
&67 (
 & '(

@5; A @5 /* ! G 5 +* !*

C DE + /B,7* 6`K( A ,K %7 ." 3 H D ' +* Al *

&( * "+ %,I = #; G

H.T "b' %3 * 4 5 012 U Al

Non-H.T "b' ( %3 * 4 5 012 Y

Precipitation hardening %3 * 4 5 012 +* F % € +

&67* Solutionizing

Casting %J,E" U Al

,K#* ( { A : * A/: " 1 % I" P Wrought (Y

S&&&&

& ( Q 1 : Non H.T $ H.T (* 3 % $ %J,E"

Non HT: Al-Si Al-Mg Al-Mn

/*

%" /" A.A * ( ,7*

1XXX: Al Aj 1060 99.60% Al f G

2XXX Al-Cu S %eE /B,7* ; 7 CuAl2 P "b' %3 * 4 5 012

2024 0/8% Mn, 1/5% (Cu, Mg)

3XXX Al-Mn "b' ( %3 * 4 5 012

12%Mn 3003, 3004

4XXX Al-Si 4032 Al ^UY Si ^U Mg " Cu " Ni

5XXX Al-Mg "b' ( %3 * 4 5 012

5052: 2/5% Mg+ 0/5% Cr

5056: 5/2% Mg + 0/5 % Cr + 0/1% Mn

 5186: 4/5% Mg + 0/5 % Cr + 0/8 % Mn

& * (* # " *+ (* )@( #& % * /B,7* J

6XXX Al-Mg-Si SMg2Si %eE /B,7* ; 7 P

6061 6063 : ,K#* A > 1,G 7 ." 3 H D '

7XXX Al-Zn "b' %3 * 4 5 012

%" 1 '* + 7 7075: 5/5 % Zn, 2/5 % Mg, 1/5 % Cu, 0/3% Cr

8XXX Al-Li-…… "

1 3XXX Al-Mn

%" 1 : a # 3

& % )"* * * /B,7* %,E7 SZmW•^ Fe ZmY^ Sr * 1 (* 3 % P UmY^Mn

T 0B l" _ +* /B,7* )"* * S … * l" _ ‘ ( J

& : % …" y " 5 7 <"+ 3 M"* g2 S;

& # q* ,e /B,7* * U^ Mg $ (* 3 % . "*

/B,7* +* ; 0Q %` # 3 3 12 * %( 1,G 7 # H D ,e # F( +*
&( * % G 6 @ "b' A/:

: % M(* shZ 4 O 0 ( %3 * 4 5 012 7 ( +* I W*@ " @ ! / 0

."* & : % M"* v(Al-Fe-Mn-Si) (Fe,Mn) Al6 F( " 5 7 # . "*
& (+ % (* "M ( 3 12 # ( : % A /e3 ,K Mn +* % € # 5 7
0 %" M ( 6# 4 +* % M(* * Pinning " # A9> A12 5 7 ."* M ,(
& : % /B,7* %,E7 )"* * g2 M ,( #%

@ @! D *0

UTS

UW Ksi & ( * ( %" %0 G /B,7* sZZ 7

3003

UsKsi
1100
YW Ksi T 0B /B,7* )"* * (/ l" _ +*
3004

& * ,e /B,7* Mg +* %: (

1 75XXX4 Al-Mg

* Al * * F4R A > 6 R4 Mg ,K "b' ( %3 * 4 5 012

Mg * # %" * : % ,7 # 6 R4 +* 5 * 4 ) # i* . d1
& ( * %( 1,G 7 H D ,e & ( * ( "b' %3 * 4 5 012 6 0 > : n^ +* ,1#

& * $ Cr: 0/1-0/25% Mn : 0/1- 1 % % . "*

5052-5154-5056 . "* H I 7

+* ,e 67* T 0B 5 = Al-Mg sX^ 4 3 $" ,G 7

# 7 0 7 " UYZ UXZ 4 O 0 ( %3 * 4 5 012 5 7 ."* Mg2Al3 ; 7
A /e3 (* + * 5 = 5 7 ."* d( & : % A /e3 +* ,K
& # % - K4 %e 3 % G 6`K( * # M"* ; 0Q ( ,G 7 :

@ @! D *0

UTS & ( * %Q7 , /B,7* . "*

18 Ksi
5005-O

45Ksi
5456-O

( = 2 . "* 4 "b' %3 * 4 5 012 1 7Al-Cu4

SCuP " SCu,NiP " SCu,ZnP " SMg,SiP

& : % )E' + 6E7 + ."* ,G 7 0 . + #

/ 6 =* / " 3/ , ' 8F' &> 5 + G 5

& : ,:* %z 6 R4 " U

Xh] YZ ’ Al-Cu Aj & # * ' 6 R4 " : ) # ) # i* Y

‘: * G : 7 <" 7 " : 7 ,K + 7 T 0B +* I *
 6 =* / , ' 8

v + k3 7 Solution Treatment % 0B 5 012 M(* U

5 = # t 9( Al $3* . %> 93* R # 5 = $3* # : % g2

& : A4 T 0B

& +* 3 . " ' " „ B 5 * 4 3 # 7 <" 7 O d z # Y

A4 /`: † `:* x 5 = % I" : % † `:* x T 0B M"* g2

1( + A /e3 † : J * >5 * 4• I d( * "'( # : %
& % M(* 7 04 # . "* & # % * " '

& :% M(* * " ' 1 ( + # ; 7 A12 ."* aging + 7 ' s

T4: Natural aging M(* „ B +7 '

* “,( 7 UsZ UVZ T6: Artificial aging „ B +* 3 +7 '

O & '(

d *Z ! ? Al-Cu / W , ' 8 S / &> 5 A

’ +* $1" # . "* % , * % x 93* 3 " Max $ # ; E,(* ,1# * +7 ' *

&67* ,e %"

% %( _ %0 G ( + $1" # k ' * %1 " R K a: sZ T4

& : $ ,e $1" # 1 +* " : # 7

Ž" I3 k ' 7 +* A`> " :% 9,7* 1 '* C DG #% 5 IQ>

& :

& ,9 x 93* 67* ./1 04 +* I $: ,:* † `:* x T 0B %,K" * , *

 GP Zone GP1 l_ A /e3 U

S•”” + P GP2 l_ A /e3 Y

•” + A /e3 s

SCuAl2 P • % I3 + A /e3 h

$3* )"* l" _ +* T ŒUsZ– ( : % A /e3 . " ' 5 * 4 GP1 US !YX

$3* 6 Eq %" kK" +* GP1 l_ & ( : % A /e3 † `:* x T 0B
&67* : A /e3 FCC Al + ˜UZZ— %`I/ 5 B9= ]Z UZZA– Q> hA– WA–
& # e * 3 % TEM + . "*

g2 , * > " M ( 6# 4 K %I(* 5 = * "' 1( " 5 7 . "*

& : % 17 $ : % T ( * ,3 5 7 ."* ,G 7 & ( : % /B,7* %,E7 )"* *
Coherent

,G 7 & " % •”” " GP2 l_ 617 $3* t 9( ( ** fee AYY

# 67* 5 93 3 & 67* l`Q ˜UZZ— + 1 & 67 1 7 $ & 67* T ( * ,3 1
&67* : ,e I * & 67* ,e *@

UZZ UZZZ A– Q> WZ hZ A– 6 Eq

S ,e 5 * 4 P Over aging i* " ; 7 617 $3* t 9( i* 1fe AYs

% %G In Coherent " % %[I * F( M "* & : % A /e3 •” +
, 5 = + ."* &6K ( 1 7 $ # 69 IQ> * 3 % # & Semi-Coherent "
+7 ' + •” + +* (*& (+ % (* "M ( C DG S J1 ( P
&67* UZZ WZZZ A– Q> UZZ UXZA– 6 Eq & * %J,K

&( meta-stable + 7 ."* M "* 3 & 67* T ( * ,3 c ,G 7

R # # 7 $ * G % I3 + UVZ +7 ' $3* ,e t 9( i* _

•+ &" ( \ /7 / "+ * 3 % * + ."* # &67* bct ,G 7 & 67* 1 7 $ €
P & : M"* ,E" l" _ +* 67* ./1 * : A /e3 04 ."* %_ 67* ./1
S ,K 1M(*

Aj ( "b' %,E7 ; 7 2XX 7

2017: 4%Cu, 0/6%Mg, 0/7%Mn

2024: 4/5% Cu, 1/5% Mg , 0/6% Mn

. "* & % * > 9,7* 1 '* ( * %" /B,7* 2024

Mg *&( * # 1 '* 07 7 ,K ' 1 '* 6 3 6G 7
x + % 67* 1 (/ & :% "b' %,E7 ; 7 )"* * g2 Al-Cu
& #%

† `:* x T 0B GP l_ S'(Al2CuMg) S (Al2CuMg)

@ @! D *0

2024-T6 75Ksi

2014-O 27Ksi

2014-T6 70Ksi

7Al-Si-Mg4 1 6XXX

$K07 SZmW UmY^P $" . "* * "b' %3 * 4 5 012 6 0 > . "*

&67* Mg2Si % 7 + & SZmh Ums^P

6061: 1%Mg, 0/6%Si, 0/2% Cr ,K#*

6201: 0/8% Mg, 0/7% Si S&&& $ 7 P %/" ,/ * H D

/ 0

† `:* x T 0B %(+ 7 GP l_ r”SMg2SiP rSMg2SiP

6201-T6 48Ksi

6061-O 18Ksi

6061-T6 45Ksi

& '(

7Al-Zn-Mg-Cu4 " 7Al-Zn-Mg4 7XXX

Zn: 4-8% Wt% & 67* k"p3* ,7*

Mg: 1-3% Wt%

7075: 5/6% Zn, 2/5% Mg , 1/6 % Cu, 0/3% Cr

/ 0

† `:* x T 0B GP l_ ™” SMgZn2P ™ SMgZn2P

& 67* Al ." 3 $/B,K š @ @! D *0

 7001: 7/4% Zn, 3% Mg, 2/1% Cu

7001(O) 37Ksi

T6 98Ksi ^ ›=9%

7075 83Ksi ^› =11%

& #% 3 ."* +* * 07 7 +7 G 319

&67* ,K ' 6G 7 332

& GO" ." 3 H D ' 355-356-357

."* +* p' 0 7 N 0 & `Kd( a > 67 /"* 3 67 . * @ 380-383-384

& :% 3 67 /"*

&T " 3 6G 7 # ." ,e &67* 8" 3 390

& * % 26 7% * ( %" %/ ( / C* G &67* k ,/3 " `" @3 413

C " :!

<0> A/ ( $ 0" $ K 0 7 F( = 2 * $ (* 3 % * %J,E" 5 = DG

* * * %/" ,/ * 6"* ." 3 f G &$ )"* * @( * %[I #
% %/ ( / C* G * # % $# %/" ,/ * 6"* +* = 2 *
& "* *

%( > 3 " C* G % 2 % G 6 @ % 2 %BQ7 6 9 # A />

& ( * 6I = "+ # %3 * 4 %/" ,/ * 6"* ; G
 + * 5 7 T @,(* 6"* )@( " 5 IQ> ."* ‰1' 5 : 5 D3* †* (* 6G 7
/B,7* ; G % G 6 @ &67* "b' ( 6e( 67* u Q # . *& #
& ( * # ."* * * a7 %/ ( /

6 @ % G 6 @ /B,7* +* %@ 903 + ( 5 IQ> ( J "* >3" c

& :% 3 ' , l" _ +* # & ( * # .€ G C* G )" 7

& . "* ( ! <0> (

<0> A/ ( ( ! <0> ( ( |

; „B ! (* ' 69: ! %,e# (* ' :! ‰1' ( %" " + 7 %,e# <" =

& : ,:* % G 6 @ " "

%K $7! ( T @,(* * *! 3 9K(* 3 %/ ( ,/ * <" =

1KM j#* & * % G . _ & 67* +* %@ 7 5 j#* % z 3 #

%2 D 5 * ! K 0# - > ( & 67* ( %1 " >

†* (* f G

& ,/ * % #* ' g2 (* 3 % FCC % ,K" # /`: TRG* ( =*

+* (* d( % ,K" # /`: = 2 & : % %/" ,/ * 6"* ) # g2 M ,(
* %/" ,/ * 6"* : %Iq k ,7 * ) 3 M"* g2 : 5 9, ( %13*
& % ) #

Oxygen Free High- SOFHCP %/" ,/ * 6"* p K#* +* 2 U

Conductivity

6B3 ."* & : % 9,7* %/" ,/ * H D * CuœVVmVV^ C 0G . "*

$ ( 1 > p K#* * $ . "* : 3 %"* + p K#* +* l > : T , # „"* :
&67* $# K ( 1 > %"* + p K#* = 2

p K#*ŒZmZZU^

&67* $# %0 G K#* * :% 9,7* 7 # * ,e . "*

%,I = Y

ZmZX^ p K#* * & :% 9,7* %K B9= T ,9 $ 7 * ( 3 *

Cu2O 5 = 13 # 67*

v(Cu) + {v+ Cu2O } Cu•99%

%" 4* + "7 " 4 9K13* ,e " hZZ 4 3 ."* d(
c G : % A4 6 7 # % t 9( %,4* : * 5 * 4
& ( 7 % Cu2O 5* t *

2H + Cu2O 2Cu + H2O(gas)

(* T 0B ( / "* A A/: + 5 = H2O T / A /e3

%J,E K g2 E A /e3 +* %: ( "+ e & ( : % y ,G 7 k 94 5 =
."* # 67* ."* , & : % /B,7* 6 * N 3 M"* g2 3 12 ( : % (* +
%K ; 3 3 * ."* +* & $ /( A ( %" 4* „ B . "* * † (
& :% 9,7*

5 & '(

7jihe4 A " Cu-Zn g

& ,K # * a7

r r” & ( * order-dis B,7*

hZ hX^ Zn =

Cu-40%Zn . "* . " , I

v•r v • r” & . "* %3 * 4 5 012 6 0 > r + [4

WXZ nXZ 0 ."* * # & * G + k3 R # ~( ."* T‚nXZ

&67*

61/5%Cu – 33/5%Zn – 3% Pb & :% q* / : ` * ; 7 Pb

Free- Cutting Brass c* 3 c G ~(

R # *( . "* %, R4 • ; 7 : %1( # # 67* ."* ."* T /:*

@Q * : % ; t ; 7 $" T‚XZZ VZZ # * & 67* T 0B (
% $ +* # % ,e€ * v (* + <" M ,( $" : % v•Liquide +
& % . +* : '

Cu-Zn +* 67* 0 . a # 3 k"r +

 67* BCC /`: * * r & : A" `3 r” (* 3 % ) # i* r 0 . a# 3
i* & ( * * > /`: $F ( %> 93* R # Zn Cu $3* 6 4 ."* TœhnZ
%3 * 4 (* i* * "+ ( % * > % B 3 / $3* ) #
: ,7 # /`: 5 : I3 * +* ) # # %3 = : % "+ /`: 5 : I3 * % #
/`: %B 3 / $3* % M"* % D3* (* Zn Cu $3* .
6 4 . "* ( % * > J" /" # $F 5 = 6 4 ."* $3* & ( % * >
& : % ,9 S /`: x P Super lattice $F /`:

v +‡ z ,/3 " ) #* i* YXZ r” + :% F4R Cu-Zn * "

. ` ."* & 67* : * e( . „G 5 = * " + + * $ " * * r”
+ + ( _ z ,/3 " ) #* . d1 6K ( %( 1_* % M3 F( +* # 67*
& * * F4R A >

"b' A/: ( FCC T 0B + v v•r”

& 67* /: 3 + k" r”

)3 ( + & : a7 (* 3 % > 3 " 6G 7 Aj <>* %[I + ,G 7 ."*

& % )"* * * /B,7* )" 7 6 @ 6E7 + # % k0 ,K *

3/ , ' 8

v + M"* ; 7 A /e3 T , # & $" : % + 9/3 @Q * * 5 * 4 T‚]ZZ 3

+* * #b d( # 5 = ." &$ eE ` * C* G $ (* 3 % # 7 J
%(+ 7 5 = v + & : * G A /e3 r” 3 q %" ( ,G 7 $ # • z # <" 7 ]ZZ
% f Ee3 A > %" 0> [4 „7 3 v + # 67* #t + & % e( * G A/:
&:

/ = g \ J 3 J*0 g

~( Cu-Pb

• ; 7 „B * : % A4 * @ 5 * 4 ;*b ; 7
. "* $ " 1( 7 %J,K T‚UZ]Z +* * . "* * & * ( %, R4 (
{ G ;*b +* *& :% † :S T 0B P v + A /e3 %(+ (* . *
& : % % € ; 7 +* ( 1 > ;*b :

& : % Pb‚sW^ * " l`_ ( 1 > ;*b ; 7 6F0€ T‚VXX

L1 S ;*b 36%Pb P v S100% CuP • L2 S87%PbP

;*b ; 7 6F0€ sYW / "* 3 * * *v + %(+ (* # * ' * * 1M(*
& 7 % VVmVh^ : * G "+ @( ( 1 >

& % 5 = k ,/3 " ) #* . "*

L2 S ; 7 ^VVmVh Pv S100% CuP • r S99/99% PbP

M ,( : * G <"+ 3 %," ( . %4* ( " 0 5 D r + " ; 7 . "*

& " 1( % 7 # M(* * a7 *

; 7 ) #* . d1 6 R4 # %7 * Zn Pb-Cu %" 3 7 * "

& : I Q

" & '(

<' " +* !* / g

% )"* * % G 6 @ nZ sZ C DG v + k3 ~( <0> U^ 4 *
& : 9,7* ,K0J(* %" " ( UVYZ T 7 A .1 " ; C DG "
( % G " ' +* : g2 # : q* ."* $ k 7 AS 0/04% +* +* I
& : 0 %"* +

AE0E, %BQ7 *b %> : G +* 67* 5 `2 5 "/

& 5 DB

g2 ~( LQ7 w B K#* A /e3 & ( # <0> ." J" * Al " ) # *

" ; % G 6 @ (* 3 % :% 6E7 K#* $0 3
& )"* * *

77/5% Cu + 20/5 % Zn + 2 % Al

+0/04% As

&67 %" " "+ #kG . "* # +* %/"

S.C.C & 67* %e 3 % G +* %: ( N 3 ~( % G

C DG : 7 # „"* : ( * ZmX ^ +* ) # v + k3 ~( d(
S.C.C : ,:* * > 6 _ p K#* [4 "N ( " @ 4 QB
& ( : % %e 3 % G
. N 3 . "* # , * % x 93* (* + *,* v ~( N 3 ."* 1I
& " % * (*

6 4 . "* : "+ k ,7R' o3 d( : , * > " : 7 # 6B3 * *

& ( : % A@, (* ( b % (* AG* +* N 3

1$ 8 /

%"* + ) 3 A ( M(* *b ( : % " , " 7 # ~( N 3 . "* # 67* ."*

&* ) # " 1( H _ * ( * 3% ."'

1 ;

7Cu-Sn 4 <' ;

K" @ " % T 0B 5 = : % A= 4 ,1# 3 # %0 G <0>

$1" # T ‚XYZ X]W "+ 0 . 5 ` # 3 * * Cu-Sn + * "

&67* v + k3 „"* : * <0> UXm]^ 6 R4

+ ."* & # % ; 7 › + „ B 3 :7 J <0> UU^ 4 3 Cu-Sn

,E" % 2 „"* : * " % e 1M T I3 ,K 5 = # %3 =
Sv••P & : % A /e3 • +

FCC % ,K" # /`: v + U

BCC % ,K" # /`: r + Y

BCC % ,K" # /`: ‡ + s

Cu3Sn T k` % ,K" # /`: › + h

Cu31Sn8 T BCC % ,K" # /`: • + X

1 ,`*a3

v• L r k ,/," ' T B3 nV] U

r v+‡ z ,/3 " T B3 X]W Y

 v ‡+• z ,/3 " T B3 XYZ s

v •+› z ,/3 " T B3 sXZ h

5 ` # 3 [4 * & * % G "b' H QI(* & 67* a7 7 # * v + k3 1I

%( _ 1M(* * : = X UX . Sn * & : % /: 3 ,G 7 3 12 0 .
• `@(* M"* g2 67* 1G 1M(* * 0= YZZ <>* %[I ( *
* * ."* ( * %`7 *b "bo3 % J * $,K 7 + ( M ,( :% #* '
& ,K Micro Segregation " Coring " '

„"* : 6B3 „@ 6:* $ * G * + . "* v•• S % I3 € P ,E" „"* :

& * A /e3 * › + 1( Hb4 * • * 3 % 5 %( _ O 0 (

v + k3 ! <0> U UZ^ ( <0> ( <0> (

& ( : %1( 7 # SnœUZ^ %J,E" <0> (

;*b %J,E" 6 0 > ` %"* + p K#* * ZmU ^P $ (* 3 % ( <0> (

&$ # % q*

# 9K Cu3P + A /e3 g2 : %"* + p K#* * + 4 +* ) 9K * *

& % * /B,7* %,E7 )"* * g2

/B,7* +* $ # K" @ + k3 ~( % I" e * ( " + k3 <0> ( d(

3 $ c* % G 6 @ & : 7 #6 4 C DG 67* * G 3
&67*

VY ^Cu ] ^Sn Aj & $" * %" 0> ~( Aj $ + k3 <0> (

&6K ( a7 7 # * $" : % + @Q * %J,E" <0> (

& :% 9,7* /B,7* > 3 " 6G 7 * UZŒ SnŒUW^

& * a7 %( > 3 " u Q7 )"* * "b' #.: ` )@( . "* ; 7

&67* UUZZ UYZZ . ( ."* %J,E"

1 5 23 M5 /

<' ; b*

* M(* # " 7 # 1( %J,E" %,4* * 3 % 7 * <0> ( U

>3" ,E" * UW^ 3 Sn 7 # * SnŒUZ^
 v ••

k0 ,K c G * )3 #6 @ c I3 * qA @ # 67* ."* ) K4 v +
& % )"* * * )" 7 6 @ • * # %

P ZmX U^ • Sn X UZ ^ S ( 9K P * 9K ( Y

%,E7 )"* * g2 ( 9K & % * * %J @ %,E7 <0> ."* M ,(

* ."* & # % "+ * % + O(+ A @ 6 @ . d1 : % )" 7 6 @
& : % A /e3 ."* Cu3P a7 > 3 " 6G 7

& * M(* 7 # * 3% 1( ,E" * 3% * ( . "* * ( s

Cu • s ^ <0> • YmX ^Zn 4

& , )"* * 617 67* * <0> * &( # % 9,7* /7 ; q * * , *

&67* ž 9 . "* . " , I

& * % G % + O(+ 6 @ # 602 ."* * 9,7* + 7 %,e#

]] UZ Y

Cu Sn Zn

q* ; 7 $ (* 3 % s^ 3 # % "+ * # . : 6 0 > Pb * ; 7 ( h
( * 6 @ : % g2 ; 7 * # (>3" ( . "* & $ #
„@ S D@( 1 P ( * ( (60 > * ; 7 ( %0# _ & " )"* * *
J : :* R`> * ; 7 ~( # %0" 1 _G ( :% 7 #
& * : %:R, / * (

85-5-5-5 \ 3 * Tj

Cu-Sn-Pb-Zn

: % 9,7* ; 5 D3* k $,K 7 5 IQ> 6G 7 <7 _ . "*

&$ # % 9,7* ."* +* S$# P „7 , ) 3 > 3 " 6G 7 * . d1

30HB &67* $# %0 G > 3 " ."* %,E7

7Cu-Al4 +* !* ;

67* "+ ,`K( 6 R4 & 67* Cu-Zn `: %0 G Cu-Al * "

& : % A /e3 I, 0 . 5`# 3 3 =

% p"
 &67* v + 9/3 : % A4 UVmh ^Al * @ T‚XWX

& : % %,E7 )"* * g2 67* /: 3 0 . a # 3 k" v+‡2 3."'

1 A

FCC % ,K" # /`: v + U

Cu3Al BCC % ,K" # /`: r +

/: 3 K Cu Al4 0 . a # 3 ‡2 +

5 B3

L v•r ]ms^Al T‚UZsX k ,/3 " T B3 U

r v • ‡2 UUm]^Al T‚XWX z ,/3 " T B3 Y

% A /e3 6" 3 :•z # * : % A /e3 6 ' % I3 ) #* : 7 * * r

& :

/ OP & '(

1 7Mg4 5; !

& U mn C DE + @( 97 O( 67* 0 $" &:u Q + ) # gB

<" 7 %0 G ' Tb‚UUZX E`3 Q@( * WXU ; t Q@( & 67* %,I = 0 ." 3 k`7
& 67* "+ E`3 T 1,4* M ,( 67* "+ E e * * & : % …03 : E`3
Mg ' ( * FCC +* ,1# , 0,#* T ( * J /`: 67* T ( * J % ,K" # /`:
M(* * 3 % #% : %1( 7 # . "* ' * ,1# , 0,#* Cu Al +*
&*

* * 3 % * GDC HPDC LPDC 0 a >! 7 ,E" c

&67* T * , ."* 67 /"* & /

! GO" YZW p' ! \ 3 ‰ ! A"

/B,7*
/B,7* 6`K( $" # 1( M ,( * 3 % 6`K( K" @ 3
C DE +
. d1 : %3 * 4 5 012 „"* : S7575P ." , C DE +
HSLA T j * 2 † ( ." , +* 67* K" @ 6 > A > Ti " ' ' 7
&67* 3 a3*

1 />
 3 5 IQ> ! 1 '* O" ! G O " ! ." k( 3 ! 6#* ! k: 1 '* 5 IQ>
\3‰ !

1 G & 65/ " ="k

* )1: : *

Al-Mg Mg-Mn Al-Be *p

& 67* Zn 7 D 2 Al D2%

& # 9,7* Mg * $ (* 3 % : Al * * # * ( %, " B ; t #

2A & # 9,7* $ %( 3 * 3 % Al ? 3 R2 3
& $" . 6 R4

1 5 G

6K ( Al 6 7 K4 6 R4 M ,( 67 $" E e / "* A
&67* Al +* ,1# $" AE0E3 k + ; 2 M ,(

#R & # 9,7* # ."* * Cl2 C2Cl6 +* * 3 % %"* + + * . "*

&67* "+ Mg " M3 7* K#* 5 : 67* 6 1 * z 4 K %e: '

& ,K BaCl2+ NaCl + KCl + MgCl2 1I : 9,7* 5 ` # 3

% 7 * ) #* T G Cl & 67* MgCl2 " ' # 13 " 9D3 #R

& : % ;*b AG* Mg

1 ;5//

/ * M ,( # % { G ;*b LQ7 +* * #R * 7 1I ;*b .,E" +* A`>

&$:8 * : 13 ;*b LQ7 " * + 7 )3 0 .,G 7

S SO2 #% 9 7+ 3

% * p K#* .,G* (* 0= g2 ( : ' % * LQ7 67* "+ + ."* , K(*

&67* %1# SO2 * & :

& % ) #* . 0 1 SO2 & $ ( " k7 & : $# 4 " > K " 3 $,K 7

&67* %17 $ + # : % 9,7* $ SF6 +*

"/ \ +* !* \ 5; !

+ )3 :% 9,7* k: 6G 7 5 = $"
 AZ91 Al‚V^ Zn ‚U^

AZ63 Al‚W^ Zn‚s^

& / # )E 6" q ; G %0 G UnX 4 3

9,7* $ * E $ 0K3 /B,7* * 1 , 0,#* " 3 Max + ( # %" AZ63

& :%

:% 9,7* "b' ( 6e( 6 = G $ 0K3 /B,7* / " AZ91

& ( * $ * %3 * 4 5 012 6 0 > $"

AZ92 % 0B 5 012 T‚hZ] 3

# 7 ,K # 7 <" 7

v(Mg) + { v + ‡ ( Mg17Al12) } SMgP

+ 7 ' +* I

#; 7 (* " 5* t 5 = 0 . 5 ` # 3 %2 D # ' i*
& : % %,E7 /B,7* )"* * g2

T ‚YYZ

t‚ XHr

1 "/

): ' & 67* 61 > ,:* %" `"+ O( & 67* Friendly User
% G +* 0 * S (* P

O( ! 6" `# ! k ,7 5`# 3

TRΠYX & 67* %" ' M 0`3 *

& " % ( : A (* G 0 . "* :% M(* ( %" '

%,E7 # 60 > * )"* * * M 0`3 * 3 % f G( = 2 *

& # M "*

&&&& " " „`q "* 5 IQ> ! A ` 3* 5 IQ> ! ( G 8: A" 7 ! 67 /"* 5 IQ> j#*
; `7* ! M' J,7 " A ` 3* ; J,7 ! ." ‰1' ( ! 3* # (
+
 1 l 0 "/ D *0

nmUh % J

Tb ‚VZn Tm ‚ hUV

CPH ,G 7

67* A/e + 7 ~( % * ( A/: f G G

Cu-Zn T‚UZ]s T‚UYZZ

& 67* A # " M3 K # q*

AG* * M(R' 87 $ ( : ' % 7 " e :! SiO2 +* %e: ' * ;*b

&$ (+ % ;*b

&67* Y]mYn^IACS %/" ,/ * 6"*

; G % G 6 @

&67* 67 /"* . "* 3 " +* %/"

1 G & 65/ " ="k

AE0E3 k ,1# ," ( * ( + ;b 6 = G 3 12 * "+ E e / "* A

&67* Al Cu Mg : q* = 2&$ *

& :% M(* B 5 D 7 ,E"

& :% /B,7* Ÿ %,E7 )"* * g2

%"* + p K#* 6 = G • % G +* 0 Mg

%"* + p K#* 6 = G • % G+* 0 Al

Pb Sn Cd [ D2 7

Œ^ZmZZn Œ^ZmZZX Œ^ZmZZX

& % )" * * * * (* . % G5:

&: ,:* ; 7 " `( # :% ,9 keG ; 7 N *+

& :% M(* &&&& %/" ,/ * ! * 3 # ; t

+ K#* * & : % * ): ' % G )BQ7 " M ,( : % K#* 62 7
M ,( * ( $ * c G ;*b "b' ,e€ K#* ."* * c G ;*b +* ,1# C DE
& % * > ;*b LQ7 - %,4*

& ,K * ,7 ' *š ' 67* 3 # 1M(* *

& :% ,G 7 %,: (* g2 7 ,E"

& * . " ' 61 > & * 67 /"* * # ." ,e

" $# # .: ! I * 6> ! ; G ,`K( /B,7* ! : % ,E" % 7

; G% G 6 @ ! 67*

1 F5 " a!

& %,E7 ) # hZ^ /B,7* ) # sZ^ & 6K ( # TœUZZ

Zamak-3 h^ Al • ZmZh ^Mg + ( " *(

Zamak -5 h^ Al • ZmZh ^ Mg • U^Cu

3 q 6 @ ! 3 , 0,#* ‚ s N *+

& 67* , ,E" 6 0 > ! * 3 %,E7 /B,7* X N *+

!6 # J,7 ! %( 1,G 7 ! 5 * *!T Az 7 ! A ` 3* 5 IQ> #

+ ; `7*