‫– ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻤﺭﺍﺭ‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻬﺩﻓﺔ‬

‫‪ -1‬ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻔﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -2‬ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺭﻫﻨﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -3‬ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻭﻙ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﺒﻲ ﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -3‬ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﻤﺒﺭﻫﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁﺔ ﻹﺜﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺤﻠﻭل‬

‫ﻋﺩﺩ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻤﻌﻁﻰ‪.‬‬ ‫‪k‬‬ ‫؛‬ ‫‪f ( x) = k‬‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺱ‬
‫ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ‬

‫ﺃﻨﺸﻁﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺱ‬

‫ﺘﻜﻨﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴﺎ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻡ ﻭ ﺍﻻﺘﺼﺎل‬

‫ﺘﻤـﺎﺭﻴـﻥ ﻭ ﻤﺸﻜــﻼﺕ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺤـﻠــــــﻭل‬
 ‫ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ‪:‬‬

‫ﻟﻮﻳﺲ‪:‬ﻋﺎﻟﻡ ﺭﻴﺎﻀﻴﺎﺕ ﻭ ﻓﻴﺯﻴﺎﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺠﻨﺴﻴﺔ ﻓﺭﻨﺴﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﺵ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ‪1789‬ﻡ ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻛﻮﺸﻲ ﺃﻭﻏﺴﻄﻴﻦ‬
‫‪1857‬ﻡ‪ .‬ﻜﺎﻥ ﻷﻋﻤﺎﻟﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻤﻴﺯﺕ ﺒﺎﻟﺩﻗﺔ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﻋﻅﻴﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻌﻅﻡ ﻓﺭﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺭﻴﺎﻀﻴﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺒﺼﻔﺔ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ‬

‫ﻭﻀﻊ ﺃﺴﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺙ ﺒﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻤﺭﺍﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭ‬

‫ﻁﻭﺭ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺍل ﺫﺍﺕ ﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﻋﻘﺩﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺸﺠﻌﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ‬

‫ﻨﺸﺎﻁﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺭﻴﺎﻀﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﻻﺒﻼﺱ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﻻﻏﺭﺍﻨﺞ ﻭ ﺃﺼﺒﺢ‬

‫ﺃﺴﺘﺎﺫﺍ ﻟﻠﺭﻴﺎﻀﻴﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺩﺭﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﻟﻴﺘﻜﻨﻴﻙ‪،‬ﻋﻴﻨﺘﻪ ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺘﻭﺭﻴﻨﻭ‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﺼﺏ ﻜﺭﺴﻲ ﺃﺴﺘﺎﺫﻴﺔ ﺃﻨﺸﺊ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠﻠﻪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻋﻤﻼ‪ ،‬ﺘﺘﻀﻤﻥ ﻤﻘﺎﻻﺕ ﺤﻭل ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻤﻼﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﺎ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﻪ ‪789‬‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺩ ﻨﺸﺭ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻨﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻨﺸﺭ ﺃﻭﺭﺍﻗﺎ ﺒﺤﺜﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﺔ ﻭ‬

‫ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺭﻭﻨﺔ ﻭﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﺄ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻠﻙ ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻭﺀ‪.‬‬

‫ﻛﻮﺸﻲ ﺃﻭﻏﺴﻄﻴﻦ ﻟﻮﻳﺲ‬

 ‫ﺃﻨﺸﻁﺔ‪:‬‬

‫) ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ (‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ‪1‬‬

‫‪2x + 3‬‬
‫= )‪f ( x‬‬ ‫ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫}‪¡ ­ {0‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻨﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ‪f‬‬
‫‪x‬‬
‫‪ (1‬ﺃﻜﻤل ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل ﺍﻵﺘﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬

‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪1010‬‬
‫)‪f ( x‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫‪f ( x) = 2 +‬‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻌﺩﻭﻡ ﻓﺈﻥ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻜل ﻋﺩﺩ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ ‪x‬‬ ‫‪ (2‬ﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل‬
‫‪x‬‬
‫‪f ( x ) Î ùû 2; 2 + 10 9 éë‬‬ ‫ﻓﺈﻥ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪xÎ éë109 ; +¥éë‬‬ ‫‪ (3‬ﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﻨﻪ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ‬

‫) ‪lim f ( x‬‬
‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪® +¥‬‬
‫‪ (4‬ﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﺘﺨﻤﻴﻨﻙ ﺤﻭل‬

‫‪ (5‬ﺃﻜﻤل ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل ﺍﻵﺘﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪0,0000001‬‬ ‫‪0,00000001‬‬ ‫‪0,000000001‬‬

‫)‪f ( x‬‬

‫‪f ( x) ³ 2 + 3 . 109‬‬ ‫ﻓﺈﻥ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪xÎùû-¥;10-9 ùû‬‬ ‫‪ (6‬ﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﻨﻪ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ‬

‫‪ (7‬ﺃﻜﻤل ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل ﺍﻵﺘﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪­0,9997‬‬ ‫‪­0,9998‬‬ ‫‪­0,9999‬‬

‫)‪f ( x‬‬
‫‪ x Î éë-10-9 ; +¥éë‬ﻓﺈﻥ ‪f ( x) £ 2 ­ 3 . 109 :‬‬ ‫‪ -8‬ﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﻨﻪ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ‪:‬‬

‫‪lim‬‬
‫‪x® 0‬‬
‫)‪f ( x‬‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫‪lim‬‬
‫‪x® 0‬‬
‫)‪f ( x‬‬ ‫‪ -9‬ﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﺘﺨﻤﻴﻨﻙ ﺤﻭل ‪:‬‬
‫>‬ ‫<‬
 ‫ﺍﻟـــﺤـــل‬

‫‪ -1‬ﺇﻜﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل‪:‬‬

‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬

‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪1010‬‬
‫)‪f ( x‬‬ ‫‪2,03‬‬ ‫‪2,0003‬‬ ‫‪2,00000003‬‬ ‫‪2,000000003‬‬

‫‪3‬‬
‫‪f ( x) = 2 +‬‬ ‫‪ -2‬ﻨﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪x‬‬
‫‪2x‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪2x + 3‬‬
‫= )‪f ( x‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ‪:‬‬ ‫= )‪f ( x‬‬ ‫ﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎ ‪:‬‬
‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫‪f ( x) = 2 +‬‬ ‫ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪x‬‬
‫‪f ( x ) Î ùû 2; 2 + 10 9 éë‬‬ ‫ﻓﺈﻥ‪:‬‬ ‫‪xÎ éë109 ; +¥éë‬‬ ‫‪ -3‬ﻨﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﻨﻪ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ‪:‬‬

‫‪2 £ f ( x) £ 2 + 10 -9‬‬ ‫ﻓﺈﻥ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪x ³ 109‬‬ ‫ﺃﻱ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ‪:‬‬

‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫‪f ( x) ³ 2‬‬ ‫ﻭﻤﻨﻪ‬ ‫‪³ 0‬‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫‪f ( x) = 2 +‬‬ ‫ﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎ‬
‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪£‬‬ ‫ﻭﻤﻨﻪ‬ ‫‪x ³ 109‬‬ ‫ﻭﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎ‬
‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪109‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪f ( x) £ 2 + 10-9‬‬ ‫ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪2+‬‬ ‫‪£ 2 + 10­ 9‬‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ‪:‬‬
‫‪x‬‬
‫‪. 2 £ f ( x ) £ 2 + 10‬‬
‫‪-9‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﻥ ‪:‬‬

‫‪lim f ( x ) = 2‬‬
‫‪x® +¥‬‬
‫‪ -4‬ﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻤﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -5‬ﺇﻜﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل‪:‬‬

‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪0,0000001‬‬ ‫‪0,00000001‬‬ ‫‪0,000000001‬‬

‫)‪f ( x‬‬ ‫‪30000002‬‬ ‫‪300000002‬‬ ‫‪3000000002‬‬

 ‫ﻓﺈﻥ‪:‬‬ ‫‪x £ 10­9‬‬ ‫ﺃﻱ‪:‬‬ ‫‪x Îùû-¥;10-9 ùû‬‬ ‫‪ -6‬ﻨﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﻨﻪ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ‪:‬‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪f ( x ) ³ 2 + 3 . 109‬‬

‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪³ 3 . 109‬‬ ‫ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ‪:‬‬
‫‪­9‬‬
‫‪³‬‬
‫‪ x £ 10‬ﻓﺈﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫‪­9‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪ 2 +‬ﻭ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ‪f ( x ) ³ 2 + 3 . 109 :‬‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ‪³ 2 + 3 . 109 :‬‬
‫‪x‬‬
‫‪ -7‬ﺇﻜﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل‪:‬‬

‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪­0,9997‬‬ ‫‪­0,9998‬‬ ‫‪­0,9999‬‬

‫)‪f ( x‬‬ ‫‪­1,00090027‬‬ ‫‪­1,00060012‬‬ ‫‪­1,00030003‬‬

‫ﻓﺈﻥ‪:‬‬ ‫‪x ³ ­10­9‬‬ ‫ﺃﻱ‬ ‫‪x Î éë-10-9 ; +¥ éë‬‬ ‫‪ -8‬ﻨﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﻨﻪ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ‪:‬‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪f ( x) £ 2 ­ 3 . 109‬‬

‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪­1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪£ ­3 . 109‬‬ ‫ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ‪:‬‬
‫‪­9‬‬
‫‪£‬‬
‫‪ x ³ ­10‬ﻓﺈﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪­9‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫‪ 2 +‬ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪f ( x) £ 2 ­ 3 . 109 :‬‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ‪£ 2 ­ 3 . 109 :‬‬
‫‪x‬‬
‫‪ -9‬ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻤﻴﻥ ‪:‬‬

‫‪lim‬‬
‫‪x® 0‬‬
‫‪f ( x ) = +¥‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪lim‬‬
‫‪x® 0‬‬
‫‪f ( x ) = ­¥‬‬
‫‪x >0‬‬ ‫‪x <0‬‬
 ‫) ﺍﺴﺘﻤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ (‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ‪2‬‬
‫ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬ ‫¡‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ‪f‬‬
‫‪f ( x) = - x + 1 : x < 1‬‬ ‫ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل‬

‫‪f ( x) = x + 1 : x ³ 1‬‬ ‫ﻭ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل‬

‫ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ‪f‬‬ ‫‪ -1‬ﻋﻴﻥ‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫)‪f (1‬‬ ‫‪ -2‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ‬

‫ﻟﻠﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺒﺂﻟﺔ ﺒﻴﺎﻨﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﻲ )‪(C‬‬ ‫‪ -3‬ﺃﻨﺸﺊ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴل‬

‫؟‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺼﻠﺔ‬ ‫‪ -4‬ﻤﺎﺫﺍ ﺘﻼﺤﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ )‪(C‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻟﻴﻥ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ -5‬ﻤﺎﺫﺍ ﺘﻼﺤﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ )‪(C‬‬

‫[‪]1 ; +¥‬‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫[‪]­¥ ; 1‬‬

‫ﺍﻟـــﺤـــل‬
‫‪y‬‬ ‫¡‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ -1‬ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ‪f‬‬
‫‪4‬‬
‫)‪f (1) =1+1=2 : f (1‬‬ ‫‪ -2‬ﺤﺴﺎﺏ‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫‪:‬‬ ‫‪ -3‬ﺇﻨﺸﺎﺀ )‪(C‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫ﻤﻨﻘﻁﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ )‪(C‬‬ ‫‪ -4‬ﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﺃﻥ‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺼﻠﺔ‬

‫‪­3‬‬ ‫‪­2‬‬ ‫‪­1‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬

‫ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﺨﻁ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺘﻘﻁﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎل‬ ‫[‪]1 ; +¥‬‬ ‫ﺨﻁ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺘﻘﻁﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎل‬ ‫)‪(C‬‬ ‫‪ -5‬ﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﺃﻥ‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫[‪]­¥ ; 1‬‬

‫ﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻟﻴﻥ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ‪f‬‬ ‫ﻭﻨﻘﻭل‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫[‪]1 ; +¥[ ]­¥ ; 1‬‬ ‫ﻭ‬

 ‫(‬ ‫‪f ( x) = k‬‬ ‫) ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺤﻠﻭل ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ‪3‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ‪f‬‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻴﻙ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴل ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﻲ‬

‫‪y‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪1‬‬

‫‪­5 ­4 ­3 ­2 ­1 0‬‬ ‫‪1 2 3 4x‬‬

‫‪­1‬‬
‫‪­2‬‬
‫‪­3‬‬
‫‪­4‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -1‬ﻤﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ‪f‬‬
‫ﻤﻊ ﺤﺼﺭ ﻜل ﺤل ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﺎل‬ ‫‪f ( x) = 0‬‬ ‫‪ -2‬ﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺤﻠﻭل ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫)‪f ( b‬‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫) ‪f (a‬‬ ‫‪ .‬ﻤﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺇﺸﺎﺭﺓ ﻜل ﻤﻥ‬ ‫[‪]a ; b‬‬ ‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل‬

‫‪f ( x) = 2‬‬ ‫‪ -3‬ﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺤﻠﻭل ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‬

‫ﻤﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻤﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺴﺘﻨﺘﺠﻬﺎ ؟‬

 ‫ﺍﻟـــﺤـــل‬

‫؛ ‪[-5‬‬ ‫]‪4‬‬ ‫ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎل‬ ‫‪ (1‬ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ‪f‬‬

‫‪:‬‬ ‫‪ (2‬ﻋﺩﺩ ﺤﻠﻭل ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ‪f ( x) = 0‬‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ‪ f ( x ) = 0‬ﺤﻠﻴﻥ ‪. x , x‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫ﺤﻴﺙ [‪ x1 Î ]1 ; 2‬ﻭ [‪x2 Î ]­5 ; ­4‬‬

‫ﻭﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎ ‪ f (1) > 0 :‬ﻭ ‪f ( 2 ) < 0‬‬
‫ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ‪ f ( -5) > 0 :‬ﻭ ‪f ( -4 ) > 0‬‬
‫‪ (3‬ﻋﺩﺩ ﺤﻠﻭل ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ‪f ( x) = 2‬‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ‪ 4 ، f ( x ) = 2 :‬ﺤﻠﻭل‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻤﻨﺎﺕ‪:‬‬

‫]‪[a ; b‬‬ ‫ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭﺓ ﻭ ﺭﺘﻴﺒﺔ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺠﺎل‬ ‫‪ (1‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ‪f‬‬

‫ﺒﺤﻴﺙ‪:‬‬ ‫‪x0‬‬ ‫ﻓﺈﻨﻪ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻭﺤﻴﺩ‬‫ﻭﻜﺎﻥ ‪f ( a ) . f ( b ) < 0‬‬

‫[‪ x0 Î ]a ; b‬ﻭ ‪f ( x0 ) = 0‬‬
‫ﻓﺈﻨﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل‬ ‫]‪[a ; b‬‬ ‫ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺠﺎل‬ ‫‪ (2‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ‪f‬‬

‫ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻗل ﻋﺩﺩ‬ ‫)‪f ( b‬‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫)‪f (a‬‬ ‫ﻤﺤﺼﻭﺭ ﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫‪c‬‬ ‫ﻋﺩﺩ‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪f ( x0 ) = c‬‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫[‪x0 Î ]a ; b‬‬ ‫ﺒﺤﻴﺙ‪:‬‬ ‫‪x0‬‬

 ‫ﺍﻟــــﺩﺭﺱ‪:‬‬

‫( ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻴﺎﺕ‪:‬‬ ‫‪I‬‬

‫‪:‬‬ ‫‪-¥‬‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫‪+¥‬‬ ‫‪ -1‬ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ‬

‫ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ‪:1‬‬

‫ﻴﻌﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩ ‪ +¥‬ﻫﻲ ‪+¥‬‬ ‫‪ f‬ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺠﺎل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل [‪ . [ x0 ; + ¥‬ﺍﻟﻘﻭل ﺃﻥ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ‪f‬‬
‫ﻜﺒﻴﺭ ﺒﺎﻟﻘﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل‪x‬‬ ‫ﺃﻥ ﻜل ﻤﺠﺎل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل [‪ ( A Î ¡ ) [ A ; + ¥‬ﻴﺸﻤل ﻜل ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻡ )‪f ( x‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻓﻲ‪ .‬ﻨﻜﺘﺏ ‪lim f ( x ) = +¥‬‬
‫‪x®+¥‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ ‪+¥‬‬ ‫ﻭ ﻨﻘﺭﺃ )‪ f ( x‬ﻴﺅﻭل ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ +¥‬ﻟﻤﺎ ﻴﺅﻭل‪x‬‬
‫ﻤﺜﺎل‪:‬‬

‫‪2 x + 3> A‬‬ ‫ﻴﻨﺘﺞ‬ ‫[‪f ( x ) Î ]A; +¥‬‬ ‫‪ ,‬ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل‬ ‫‪f ( x) = 2 x + 3‬‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻜﻥ‬

‫‪A-3‬‬
‫>‪x‬‬ ‫ﻭﻤﻨﻪ‪:‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪A-3‬‬
‫[‪f ( x ) Î ]A; +¥‬‬ ‫ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎ‬ ‫>‪x‬‬ ‫ﺇﺫﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪lim f ( x ) = +¥‬‬ ‫ﺃﻱ‬
‫‪x ® +¥‬‬

‫ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ‪:2‬‬

‫ﻭﻨﻜﺘﺏ‬ ‫‪lim éë- f ( x) ùû = +¥‬‬

‫‪x®+¥‬‬
‫ﻴﻌﻨﻲ ﺃﻥ‬ ‫‪-¥‬‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻭل ﺃﻥ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ‪ f‬ﻋﻨﺩ ‪+¥‬‬
‫‪lim f ( x ) = ­¥‬‬
‫‪x ®+¥‬‬
‫‪:‬‬

‫ﻤﺜﺎل‪:‬‬

‫ﻭﻤﻨﻪ‬ ‫‪2 x > ­B‬‬ ‫ﻴﻨﺘﺞ‬ ‫[ ‪f ( x ) Î ]-¥; B‬‬ ‫ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل‬ ‫‪f ( x ) = -2 x‬‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻜﻥ‬

‫‪-B‬‬ ‫‪-B‬‬
‫ﻭ ﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﻌﻨﻲ ﺃﻥ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪f ( x ) <B‬‬ ‫ﻓﺎ‪‬ﻥ‪:‬‬ ‫>‪x‬‬ ‫‪ .‬ﺇﺫﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل‬ ‫>‪x‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪lim f ( x ) = -¥‬‬
‫‪x ® +¥‬‬
 ‫ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ‪:3‬‬

‫ﻴﻌﻨﻲ ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩ ‪ -¥‬ﻫﻲ ‪+¥‬‬ ‫‪ f‬ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺠﺎل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ] ‪ . ]-¥ ; x0‬ﺍﻟﻘﻭل ﺃﻥ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ‪f‬‬
‫( ﻴﺸﻤل ﻜل‬ ‫ﻜل ﻤﺠﺎل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل [‪A Î ¡ ) [ A ; + ¥‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻡ )‪ f ( x‬ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل‪ -x‬ﻜﺒﻴﺭ ﺒﺎﻟﻘﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻓﻲ‪ .‬ﻨﻜﺘﺏ ‪lim f ( x ) = +¥‬‬
‫‪x®-¥‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ ‪-¥‬‬ ‫ﻭ ﻨﻘﺭﺃ )‪ f ( x‬ﻴﺅﻭل ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ +¥‬ﻟﻤﺎ ﻴﺅﻭل‪x‬‬
‫ﻤﺜﺎل‪:‬‬

‫‪- 2 x> A‬‬ ‫ﻴﻨﺘﺞ‬ ‫‪f ( x) > A‬‬ ‫ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل‬ ‫‪f ( x ) = -2 x‬‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻜﻥ‬

‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪-A‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫=‪B‬‬ ‫ﻭ ﻤﻨﻪ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﻴﻜﻔﻲ ﺃﺨﺫ‬ ‫<‪x‬‬ ‫ﺇﺫﻥ‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ‪:4‬‬

‫‪-¥‬‬ ‫ﻨﺤﻭ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﻨﺎﻫﻰ ‪x‬‬ ‫‪-¥‬‬ ‫ﺃﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﺘﻨﺎﻫﻰ ﻨﺤﻭ‬ ‫ﻨﻘﻭل ﻋﻥ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ‪f‬‬
‫‪lim éë - f ( x ) ùû = +¥‬‬
‫‪x®-¥‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ‪:‬‬

‫‪lim f ( x ) = ­¥‬‬
‫‪x ®-¥‬‬
‫ﻭﻨﻜﺘﺏ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻤﺜﺎل‪:‬‬

‫‪- 2 x> A‬‬ ‫ﻴﻨﺘﺞ‬ ‫‪- f ( x) > A‬‬ ‫ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل‬ ‫‪f ( x) = 2 x‬‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻜﻥ‬

‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪-A‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫=‪B‬‬ ‫ﻭ ﻤﻨﻪ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﻴﻜﻔﻲ ﺃﺨﺫ‬ ‫<‪x‬‬ ‫ﺇﺫﻥ‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ‪:5‬‬

‫ﻋﺩﺩ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ f‬ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺠﺎل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل [‪ [ x0 ; + ¥‬ﻭ ‪l‬‬

‫ﻴﺸﻤل ﻜل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻭل ﺃﻥ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ‪ f‬ﻋﻨﺩ ‪ +¥‬ﻫﻲ ‪ l‬ﻴﻌﻨﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻜل ﻤﺠﺎل ﻤﻔﺘﻭﺡ ﺸﺎﻤل ﻟﻠﻌﺩﺩ ‪l‬‬
‫ﻴﺅﻭل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻡ )‪ f ( x‬ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل‪ x‬ﻜﺒﻴﺭ ﺒﺎﻟﻘﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻓﻲ‪ .‬ﻨﻜﺘﺏ ‪ lim f ( x) = l‬ﻭ ﻨﻘﺭﺃ )‪f ( x‬‬
‫‪x®+¥‬‬
‫ﺇﻟﻰ ‪+¥‬‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ l‬ﻟﻤﺎ ﻴﺅﻭل‪x‬‬
 ‫ﻤﺜﺎل‪:‬‬

‫‪x -1‬‬
‫[ ‪]1 - e ;1 + e‬‬ ‫ﻟﻴﻜﻥ‬ ‫‪lim f ( x ) = 1‬‬ ‫ﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎ‪:‬‬ ‫= )‪f ( x‬‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻜﻥ‬
‫‪x ® +¥‬‬
‫‪x‬‬
‫ﻤﺠﺎل ﻤﻔﺘﻭﺡ ﺸﺎﻤل ﻟﻠﻌﺩﺩ ‪f ( x ) Î ]1 - e ;1 + e [ , l = 1‬‬ ‫(‬ ‫‪e Ρ*+‬‬ ‫)‬
‫‪-1‬‬ ‫‪-e < f ( x ) ­1< e‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﻥ‬ ‫‪ f‬ﻭﻤﻨﻪ‪< e :‬‬ ‫‪(x ) - 1 £ e‬‬ ‫ﻴﻨﺘﺞ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ‪:‬‬
‫‪x‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫>‪x‬‬ ‫ﻤﻨﻪ‪:‬‬ ‫>‪x‬‬
‫‪e‬‬ ‫‪e‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﻌﻨﻲ‬ ‫[ ‪f ( x ) Î ]1 - e ;1 + e‬‬ ‫ﻴﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫>‪x‬‬ ‫ﻭ ﻤﻨﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل‬
‫‪e‬‬
‫‪lim f ( x ) = 1‬‬
‫‪x ® +¥‬‬

‫ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ‪:6‬‬

‫ﻋﺩﺩ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ f‬ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺠﺎل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ] ‪ ]-¥ ; x0‬ﻭ ‪l‬‬
‫ﻴﺸﻤل ﻜل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻭل ﺃﻥ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ‪ f‬ﻋﻨﺩ ‪ -¥‬ﻫﻲ ‪ l‬ﻴﻌﻨﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻜل ﻤﺠﺎل ﻤﻔﺘﻭﺡ ﺸﺎﻤل ﻟﻠﻌﺩﺩ ‪l‬‬
‫ﻴﺅﻭل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻡ )‪ f ( x‬ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل‪ -x‬ﻜﺒﻴﺭ ﺒﺎﻟﻘﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻓﻲ‪ .‬ﻨﻜﺘﺏ ‪ lim f ( x) = l‬ﻭ ﻨﻘﺭﺃ )‪f ( x‬‬
‫‪x®-¥‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ ‪-¥‬‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ l‬ﻟﻤﺎ ﻴﺅﻭل‪x‬‬

‫ﻤﺜﺎل‪:‬‬

‫‪x -1‬‬
‫‪f ( x)­1 < e‬‬ ‫ﺃﻱ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل‬ ‫‪lim f ( x ) = 1‬‬ ‫ﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎ‪:‬‬ ‫= )‪f ( x‬‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻜﻥ‬
‫‪x ® -¥‬‬
‫‪x‬‬
‫‪-1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪-1‬‬
‫<‪x‬‬ ‫ﻤﻨﻪ‪:‬‬ ‫>‪x‬‬ ‫ﺇﺫﻥ‬ ‫‪0£‬‬ ‫‪<e‬‬ ‫ﻴﻨﺘﺞ‬
‫‪e‬‬ ‫‪e‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬
‫‪-1‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﻌﻨﻲ‬ ‫[ ‪f ( x ) Î ]1 - e ;1 + e‬‬ ‫ﻴﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫<‪x‬‬ ‫ﻭ ﻤﻨﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل‬
‫‪e‬‬
‫‪lim f ( x ) = 1‬‬
‫‪x ® -¥‬‬
 ‫ﻤﻼﺤﻅﺎﺕ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺒﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﺭﻴﻑ ﺒﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ‬ ‫·‬

‫‪lim‬‬
‫‪x® x‬‬
‫‪f ( x) = +¥‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪lim‬‬
‫‪x® x‬‬
‫‪f ( x) = ­¥‬‬
‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬
‫‪x< x0‬‬ ‫‪x> x0‬‬

‫[ ‪x Î ] x0 ­ a ; x0 [ È ] x0 ; a + x0‬‬ ‫ﺘﻌﻨﻲ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪0 < x ­ x0 < a‬‬ ‫·‬

‫[‪f ( x ) Î ]l ­ e ; l + e‬‬ ‫ﺘﻌﻨﻲ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪f ( x) ­ l < e‬‬ ‫·‬

‫) ‪( -¥‬‬ ‫ﺃﻭ ﻋﻨﺩ‬ ‫) ‪( +¥‬‬ ‫ﺃﻭ ﻋﻨﺩ‬ ‫‪x0‬‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻗﺒﻠﺕ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻋﺩﺩﻴﺔ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ‬ ‫·‬
‫ﻓﺈﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﻭﺤﻴﺩﺓ‪.‬‬

‫‪:‬‬ ‫‪x0‬‬ ‫‪ -2‬ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ‬

‫ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ‪:1‬‬

‫ﻋﺩﺩ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻘﻭل ﺃﻥ‬ ‫‪ f‬ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل [‪ ]a ; x0 [ U ] x0 ; b‬ﻭ ‪l‬‬
‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ‪ f‬ﻋﻨﺩ ‪ x0‬ﻫﻲ ‪ l‬ﻴﻌﻨﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻜل ﻤﺠﺎل ﻤﻔﺘﻭﺡ ﺸﺎﻤل ﻟﻠﻌﺩﺩ ‪ l‬ﻴﺸﻤل ﻜل ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻡ )‪f ( x‬‬
‫ﻟﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﺠل‪ x‬ﻗﺭﻴﺏ ﺒﺎﻟﻘﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻓﻲ ﻤﻥ ‪ . x0‬ﻨﻜﺘﺏ ‪ lim f ( x) = l‬ﻭ ﻨﻘﺭﺃ )‪ f ( x‬ﻴﺅﻭل ﺇﻟﻰ ‪l‬‬
‫‪x®x0‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﻴﺅﻭل‪ x‬ﺇﻟﻰ ‪x0‬‬
‫ﻤﺜﺎل‪:‬‬

‫ﻴﻨﺘﺞ‬ ‫‪f ( x)­3 < e‬‬ ‫ﺃﻱ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل‬ ‫‪lim‬‬

‫‪x ®1‬‬
‫‪f ( x) = 3‬‬ ‫ﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎ‪:‬‬ ‫‪f ( x) = 3 x‬‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻜﻥ‬

‫‪ù e‬‬ ‫‪eé‬‬ ‫‪e‬‬

‫[ ‪f ( x ) Î ]3 - e ;3 + e‬‬ ‫ﻓﺈﻥ‬ ‫‪x Î ú1 - ;1 + ê‬‬ ‫ﻭ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫< ‪x -1‬‬
‫‪û‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪3ë‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪lim‬‬
‫‪x®1‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﻌﻨﻲ ﺃﻥ‪f ( x) = 3 :‬‬
 ‫ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ‪:2‬‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫[‪]a ; x0 [ U ] x0 ; b‬‬ ‫ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل‬ ‫‪f‬‬

‫( ﻴﺸﻤل‬ ‫ﻴﻌﻨﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻜل ﻤﺠﺎل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل [‪A Î ¡ ) [ A; + ¥‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻭل ﺃﻥ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ‪ f‬ﻋﻨﺩ ‪ x0‬ﻫﻲ ‪+¥‬‬
‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻜل ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻡ )‪ f ( x‬ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل‪ x‬ﻗﺭﻴﺏ ﺒﺎﻟﻘﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻓﻲ ﻤﻥ ‪ . x0‬ﻨﻜﺘﺏ ‪lim f ( x) = +¥‬‬
‫‪x®x0‬‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﻨﻘﺭﺃ )‪ f ( x‬ﻴﺅﻭل ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ +¥‬ﻟﻤﺎ ﻴﺅﻭل‪ x‬ﺇﻟﻰ ‪x0‬‬

‫ﻤﺜﺎل‪:‬‬

‫‪2‬‬
‫ﺃﻱ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل‬ ‫‪lim f ( x) = +¥‬‬ ‫ﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎ‪:‬‬ ‫= )‪f ( x‬‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻜﻥ‬
‫‪x®1‬‬
‫>‬
‫‪x -1‬‬
‫‪x -1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫<‪0‬‬ ‫<‬ ‫ﻤﻨﻪ‪:‬‬ ‫‪>A‬‬ ‫ﻴﻨﺘﺞ‬ ‫‪f ( x) > A‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪x -1‬‬
‫‪ù‬‬ ‫‪2é‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫ﻓﺈﻥ‪:‬‬ ‫‪x Î ú1;1 + ê‬‬ ‫ﻭ ﻤﻨﻪ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ‪:‬‬ ‫< ‪0 < x -1‬‬ ‫ﻤﻨﻪ‪:‬‬

‫‪û‬‬ ‫‪Aë‬‬ ‫‪A‬‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪lim f ( x ) = +¥‬‬ ‫ﻭ ﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﻌﻨﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫[‪f ( x ) Î ]A; +¥‬‬
‫‪x®1‬‬
‫>‬

‫ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ‪:3‬‬

‫ﻴﻌﻨﻲ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل ﻋﺩﺩ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻤﻭﺠﺏ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎ‬ ‫‪-¥‬‬ ‫ﺒﻘﻴﻡ ﺃﺼﻐﺭ ﻫﻲ‬ ‫‪x0‬‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩ‬ ‫‪f‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻭل ﺃﻥ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ‬

‫ﻴﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫‪0 < x0 ­ x < a‬‬ ‫ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ‪ :‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻗل ﻋﺩﺩ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻤﻭﺠﺏ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎ‬ ‫‪A‬‬
‫‪f ( x) < ­ A‬‬
‫ﻭﻨﻜﺘﺏ ‪lim f ( x) = ­¥ :‬‬
‫‪x® x0‬‬
‫‪x< x0‬‬

‫ﻤﺜﺎل ‪:‬‬

‫‪lim f ( x) = - ¥‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫ﺃﻱ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل‬ ‫ﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎ‪:‬‬ ‫= )‪f (x‬‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻜﻥ‬
‫‪x®1‬‬ ‫‪x -1‬‬
‫<‬

‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫[ ‪f ( x ) Î ]-¥; - A‬‬

‫‪> A‬‬ ‫ﻤﻨﻪ‪:‬‬ ‫‪< -A‬‬ ‫ﻴﻨﺘﺞ‬
‫‪1- x‬‬ ‫‪x -1‬‬
 ‫‪ù‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪é‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫ﻓﺈﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪x Î ú1 -‬‬ ‫‪;1‬‬ ‫ﻭ ﻤﻨﻪ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ‪:‬‬ ‫<‪0 <1- x‬‬ ‫ﻤﻨﻪ‪:‬‬

‫‪û‬‬ ‫‪A êë‬‬ ‫‪A‬‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪lim f ( x) = - ¥‬‬ ‫ﻭ ﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﻌﻨﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫[ ‪f ( x ) Î ]-¥; - A‬‬
‫‪x®1‬‬
‫<‬

‫‪ -3‬ﻤﺒﺭﻫﻨﺎﺕ ﺃﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻴﺎﺕ‪:‬‬

‫ﺃﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪l¢ , l , x0‬‬ ‫ﺩﺍﻟﺘﺎﻥ ﻋﺩﺩﻴﺘﺎﻥ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ f‬ﻭ‪g‬‬

‫ﻨﻘﺒل ﺩﻭﻥ ﺒﺭﻫﺎﻥ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻁﺎﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺸﻜل ﺠﺩﻭل‪.‬‬

‫ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺃ‪-‬‬

‫‪lim‬‬
‫‪x® x‬‬
‫‪0‬‬
‫ﻓﺈﻥ‪( f + g )( x) :‬‬ ‫‪limg‬‬
‫‪x® x‬‬
‫‪0‬‬
‫ﻭﻜﺎﻨﺕ‪( x) :‬‬ ‫‪lim‬‬
‫‪x® x‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ‪f ( x) :‬‬
‫‪0‬‬

‫‪l + l¢‬‬ ‫‪l¢‬‬ ‫‪l‬‬

‫‪+¥‬‬ ‫‪+¥‬‬ ‫‪l‬‬
‫‪-¥‬‬ ‫‪-¥‬‬ ‫‪l‬‬
‫‪+¥‬‬ ‫‪+¥‬‬ ‫‪+¥‬‬
‫‪-¥‬‬ ‫‪-¥‬‬ ‫‪-¥‬‬
‫ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻴﻴﻥ‬ ‫‪-¥‬‬ ‫‪+¥‬‬

‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﺍﺀ ‪:‬‬

‫‪lim‬‬
‫‪x® x‬‬
‫‪0‬‬
‫ﻓﺈﻥ‪( f + g )( x) :‬‬ ‫‪limg‬‬
‫‪x® x‬‬
‫‪0‬‬
‫ﻭﻜﺎﻨﺕ‪( x) :‬‬ ‫‪lim‬‬
‫‪x® x‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ‪f ( x) :‬‬
‫‪0‬‬

‫‪l ´ l¢‬‬ ‫‪l¢‬‬ ‫‪l‬‬

‫‪+¥‬‬ ‫‪+¥‬‬ ‫)‪l (l > 0‬‬
‫‪-¥‬‬ ‫‪+¥‬‬ ‫)‪l (l < 0‬‬
‫‪+¥‬‬ ‫‪+¥‬‬ ‫‪+¥‬‬
‫ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻴﻴﻥ‬ ‫‪ +¥‬ﺃﻭ ‪-¥‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬
 ‫ﺟـ‪ -‬ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻠﻭﺏ ‪:‬‬

‫‪lim‬‬ ‫‪ç‬‬
‫‪æ 1 ö‬‬
‫÷‬ ‫)‪(x‬‬ ‫ﻓﺈﻥ‬ ‫‪lim‬‬
‫‪x® x‬‬
‫)‪f ( x‬‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ‪:‬‬
‫‪x® x‬‬
‫‪0‬‬
‫‪è f ø‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬

‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪l‬‬
‫‪l‬‬
‫‪0‬‬
‫‪+¥‬‬
‫‪0‬‬
‫‪-¥‬‬
‫‪+¥‬‬ ‫)‪0 ; ( f ( x) > 0‬‬
‫‪-¥‬‬ ‫;‪0‬‬ ‫) ‪( f ( x) < 0‬‬
‫ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻴﻴﻥ‬ ‫‪0‬‬
‫ﺩ‪ -‬ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﺤﺎﺼل ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻤﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫‪æfö‬‬
‫ﻨﻜﺘﺏ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪lim‬‬
‫÷ ‪x® x ç g‬‬
‫)‪( x‬‬ ‫ﻟﺤﺴﺎﺏ ‪:‬‬

‫‪è ø‬‬
‫‪0‬‬

‫)‪f ( x‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫‪lim‬‬ ‫´ )‪= lim f ( x‬‬
‫‪x® x‬‬
‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪g ( x) x® x‬‬ ‫)‪g ( x‬‬
‫‪0‬‬

‫ﺜﻡ ﻨﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺭﻫﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻀﺭﺏ ﻭ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻘﻠﻭﺏ‬

‫ﻫـ‪ -‬ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺫﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﻴﻌﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻋﺩﺩ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻤﻭﺠﺏ‬ ‫‪l‬‬ ‫ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻋﺩﺩﻴﺔ ﻤﻭﺠﺒﺔ ﻭ‬ ‫‪f‬‬

‫‪lim‬‬ ‫)‪f ( x‬‬ ‫ﻓﺈﻥ‪:‬‬ ‫‪lim‬‬

‫‪x® x‬‬
‫)‪f ( x‬‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ‪:‬‬
‫‪x® x‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬

‫‪l‬‬ ‫‪l‬‬

‫‪+¥‬‬ ‫‪+¥‬‬
‫ﺩ ‪ -‬ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﻤﺭﻜﺏ ﺩﺍﻟﺘﺎﻥ ﻋﺩﺩﻴﺘﺎﻥ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻨﺭﻤﺯ ﺒـ ‪ c , b , a‬ﻷﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻟـ ‪ +¥‬ﺃﻭ ‪-¥‬‬

‫‪.‬‬

‫‪lim‬‬
‫‪x® b‬‬
‫‪ lim‬ﻭﻜﺎﻨﺕ ‪g ( x ) = c‬‬
‫‪x® a‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ‪f ( x ) = b‬‬
‫‪lim‬‬
‫‪x® a‬‬
‫‪( gof )( x ) = c‬‬ ‫ﻓﺈﻥ ‪:‬‬
 ‫‪ -4‬ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ‪I‬‬ ‫ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫‪ h , g , f‬ﺩﻭﺍل ﻋﺩﺩﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ ‪x‬‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪-¥‬‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫‪+¥‬‬ ‫ﻟﻌﺩﺩ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﺃﻭ ﻟـ‬ ‫‪a‬‬ ‫ﻨﺭﻤﺯ ﺒـ‬

‫ﻤﺒﺭﻫﻨﺔ ‪) :1‬ﺍﻟﺤﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﺴﻔل(‬

‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل ﻋﺩﺩ ‪ x‬ﻤﻥ ‪g ( x ) £ f ( x ) : I‬‬

‫‪lim‬‬
‫‪x®a‬‬
‫‪ limg‬ﻓﺈﻥ ‪f ( x ) = +¥‬‬ ‫‪x®a‬‬
‫ﻭﻜﺎﻨﺕ ‪( x) = +¥‬‬

‫ﻤﺒﺭﻫﻨﺔ ‪) :2‬ﺍﻟﺤﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ(‬

‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل ﻋﺩﺩ ‪ x‬ﻤﻥ ‪f ( x ) £ g ( x ) : I‬‬

‫‪lim‬‬
‫‪x®a‬‬
‫‪ lim‬ﻓﺈﻥ ‪f ( x ) = ­¥‬‬ ‫‪x®a‬‬
‫ﻭﻜﺎﻨﺕ ‪g ( x) = ­¥‬‬

‫‪) :‬ﺍﻟﺤﺼﺭ(‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫ﻤﺒﺭﻫﻨﺔ‬

‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل ﻋﺩﺩ ‪ x‬ﻤﻥ ‪g ( x) £ f ( x) £ h ( x) : I‬‬

‫‪lim‬‬
‫‪x®a‬‬
‫‪ limg‬ﻓﺈﻥ ‪f ( x) = l :‬‬
‫‪x®a‬‬
‫‪( x) = limh‬‬
‫‪x®a‬‬
‫ﻭﻜﺎﻨﺕ ‪( x) = l‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪­¥ +¥‬‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻋﺩﺩ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫‪l‬‬ ‫ﺤﻴﺙ‬

‫‪ -5‬ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺍل ﺍﻟﻤﺄﻟﻭﻓﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺃ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻭﺩ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺃﻭ ﻋﻨﺩ‬ ‫) ‪( +¥‬‬ ‫ﻫﻲ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﺤﺩﻩ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ‬ ‫) ‪( -¥‬‬ ‫ﺃﻭ ﻋﻨﺩ‬ ‫) ‪( +¥‬‬ ‫ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺓ ﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﻋﻨﺩ‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫) ‪( -¥‬‬
‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻁﻘﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻫﻲ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﺤﺎﺼل ﻗﺴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺩ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻁ‬ ‫) ‪( -¥ ) ( +¥‬‬

‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻨﺎﻁﻘﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ‬

‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﺩ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻡ ‪.‬‬

 ‫‪ -6‬ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻭﻙ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﺒﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺃ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﻼﻨﻬﺎﺌﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪r r‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫(‬ ‫‪O; i,j‬‬ ‫)‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﻤﺴﺘﻭ ﻤﺯﻭﺩ ﺒﻤﻌﻠﻡ ﻤﺘﻌﺎﻤﺩ ﻤﺘﺠﺎﻨﺱ‬ ‫) ‪(C‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴل ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﻲ ﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ‪f‬‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫) ‪(C‬‬ ‫ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ‬ ‫)‪M ( x ; y‬‬

‫ﻓﺭﻋﺎ ﻻﻨﻬﺎﺌﻴﺎ ‪.‬‬ ‫) ‪(C‬‬ ‫ﻜﺒﻴﺭ ﺠﺩﺍ ﺒﺎﻟﻘﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻨﺭﻴﺩﻩ ﻨﻘﻭل ﺇﻥ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ‬ ‫‪y‬‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫‪x‬‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﺠﻌل‬

‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﺒﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻓﺌﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻓﺈﻥ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪lim‬‬

‫‪x® x‬‬
‫‪f ( x ) = ­¥‬‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫‪lim‬‬
‫‪x® x‬‬
‫‪f ( x ) = +¥‬‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪(a‬‬
‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴل ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﻲ ) ‪ ( C‬ﻟﻠﺩﺍﻟﺔ ‪ f‬ﻴﻘﺒل ﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺎ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﺒﺎ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺘﻪ‪x = x 0 :‬‬

‫‪ xlim‬ﺃﻭ ‪lim f ( x ) = y0‬‬
‫‪x®-¥‬‬ ‫‪®+¥‬‬
‫‪ ( b‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ‪f ( x ) = y0 :‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫) ‪ ( C‬ﻟﻠﺩﺍﻟﺔ ‪ f‬ﻴﻘﺒل ﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺎ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﺒﺎ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺘﻪ‪y = y 0 :‬‬ ‫ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴل ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﻲ‬

‫‪lim f ( x) = +¥‬‬
‫‪x®-¥‬‬
‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫‪ (g‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ‪lim f ( x) = +¥‬‬
‫‪x®+¥‬‬

‫)‪f ( x‬‬
‫‪lim‬‬ ‫ﻨﺤﺴﺏ ‪:‬‬
‫‪x ® +¥‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬
‫)‪f ( x‬‬
‫ﻴﻘﺒل ﻓﺭﻋﺎ ﻤﻜﺎﻓﺌﺎ ﺒﺎﺘﺠﺎﻩ‬ ‫) ‪(C‬‬ ‫‪: lim‬‬ ‫‪=0‬‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ‬ ‫·‬
‫‪x ® +¥‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬
‫ﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻭﺍﺼل‪.‬‬

‫ﻴﻘﺒل ﻓﺭﻋﺎ ﻤﻜﺎﻓﺌﺎ ﺒﺎﺘﺠﺎﻩ‬ ‫) ‪(C‬‬ ‫)‪f (x‬‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ‬ ‫·‬
‫‪: l im‬‬ ‫‪= +¥‬‬
‫‪x ® +¥‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬
‫ﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺍﺘﻴﺏ‪.‬‬

‫)‪f ( x‬‬
‫‪lim é f ( x ) ­ axùû = +¥‬‬
‫‪x ® +¥ ë‬‬
‫ﻭ‬ ‫‪lim‬‬ ‫‪=a‬‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ‬ ‫·‬
‫‪x ® +¥‬‬
‫‪x‬‬
‫ﻋﺩﺩ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﻓﺈﻥ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪a‬‬ ‫ﺤﻴﺙ‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪y = ax‬‬ ‫ﻴﻘﺒل ﻓﺭﻋﺎ ﻤﻜﺎﻓﺌﺎ ﺒﺎﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺘﻪ ‪:‬‬ ‫) ‪(C‬‬
‫)‪f ( x‬‬
‫‪lim éë f ( x ) ­ axùû = b‬‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫‪lim‬‬ ‫‪=a‬‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ‬ ‫·‬
‫‪x ®+¥‬‬ ‫‪x ® +¥‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬
‫ﻋﺩﺩﺍﻥ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺎﻥ ﻓﺈﻥ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ a‬ﻭ‪b‬‬ ‫ﺤﻴﺙ‬
 ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪y = ax + b‬‬ ‫ﻴﻘﺒل ﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺎ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﺒﺎ ﻤﺎﺌﻼ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺘﻪ ‪:‬‬ ‫) ‪(C‬‬
‫ﻤﻼﺤﻅﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪r r‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫(‬ ‫‪O; i,j‬‬ ‫)‬ ‫ﺘﻤﺜﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻌﻠﻡ‬ ‫) ‪(C‬‬ ‫ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻋﺩﺩﻴﺔ ﻭ‬ ‫‪f‬‬

‫ﺇﺫﺍ‬ ‫) ‪(C‬‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺎ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﺒﺎ ﻤﺎﺌﻼ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ‬ ‫)‪( D‬‬ ‫ﻴﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫‪y = ax + b‬‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻡ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺘﻪ ‪:‬‬ ‫)‪( D‬‬
‫‪lim éë f ( x ) ­ ( ax + b ) ùû = 0‬‬
‫‪x ®+¥‬‬
‫ﻭﻓﻘﻁ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ (II‬ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -1‬ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻭﻓﻘﻁ ﺇﺫﺍ‬ ‫‪ . x0‬ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ‪ f‬ﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭﺓ ﻋﻨﺩ ‪x0‬‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺭ ﺨﺎل ﻭ ﻴﺸﻤل‬ ‫‪I‬‬ ‫ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻋﺩﺩﻴﺔ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺠﺎل‬ ‫‪f‬‬
‫‪lim‬‬
‫‪x® x‬‬
‫) ‪f ( x) = f ( x0‬‬ ‫ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ‪:‬‬
‫‪0‬‬

‫ﺃﻤﺜﻠﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭﺓ ﻋﻨﺩ‬ ‫‪x a x­4‬‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫· ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ‪f‬‬

‫‪lim‬‬ ‫) ‪f ( x) = 0 = f ( 4‬‬ ‫ﻭﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎ ‪:‬‬ ‫¡‬ ‫ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ‪f‬‬
‫‪x® 4‬‬

‫]‪x a [ x‬‬ ‫ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ ‪:‬‬ ‫·‬

‫ﻭ‬ ‫‪ n‬ﺤﻴﺙ ‪n £ x < n + 1 :‬‬ ‫ﺠﺯﺀﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺭﻓﻕ ﺒﻜل ﻋﺩﺩ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ ‪x‬‬
‫ﻨﺭﻤﺯ ﺒـ ]‪ [ x‬ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﻟﻠﻌﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ ‪. x‬‬

‫‪[­3,5] = ­4‬‬ ‫‪, [1,78] = 1 , [ 0,5] = 0‬‬

‫ﻓﻤﺜﻼ ‪:‬‬
‫‪y‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫ﻤﺜﻼ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭﺓ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ‬

‫‪2‬‬
‫‪[ x ] =2‬‬ ‫ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل‪x Î [ 2 ; 3[ :‬‬
‫ﻓﺈﻥ‪:‬‬

‫ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل‪ x Î [1 ; 2[ :‬ﻓﺈﻥ‪:‬‬

‫‪[ x ] =1‬‬
‫‪1‬‬

‫‪­2‬‬ ‫‪­1‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪3 x‬‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ‪ lim [ x ] =1 :‬ﻭ ‪lim [ x ] =2‬‬
‫‪x ®2‬‬ ‫‪x ®2‬‬
‫>‬ ‫<‬
‫‪­1‬‬

‫‪­2‬‬ ‫ﺘﺴﻤﻰ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺘﻭﻗﻑ‪.‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺼﻠﺔ‬

 ‫ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭﺓ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻜل ﻋﺩﺩ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻜﻴﻔﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ]‪x a [ x‬‬

‫‪ -2‬ﺍﺴﺘﻤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺠﺎل ‪:‬‬

‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻭﻓﻘﻁ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭﺓ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻜل‬ ‫ﻤﺠﺎل ‪I‬‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ‪f‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪I‬‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫‪x0‬‬ ‫ﻗﻴﻤﺔ‬

‫ﺃﻤﺜﻠﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫¡‬ ‫‪ (1‬ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ‪x a x ­ 1 :‬‬

‫ﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪ (2‬ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺘﺎﻥ ‪ x a cosx‬ﻭ ‪ x a sinx‬ﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭﺘﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ¡‬

‫‪ (3‬ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ‪ x a x‬ﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ [‪[ 0 ; +¥‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫¡‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫‪xa x‬‬ ‫‪ (4‬ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ‬

‫ﻤﻼﺤﻅﺎﺕ ‪:‬‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪I Ì Df‬‬ ‫ﻓﺈﻥ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻤﺠﺎل ‪I‬‬ ‫ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫‪ (1‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ‪f‬‬

‫ﻓﺈﻥ ﺘﻤﺜﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﻲ ﻫﻭ ﺨﻁ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻨﻘﻁﻊ ‪ ،‬ﺒﺩﺍﻴﺘﻪ‬ ‫] ‪[a ; b‬‬ ‫ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎل‬ ‫‪ (2‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ‪f‬‬
‫ﻭ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺼﻠﺔ ‪a‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺼﻠﺔ ‪.b‬‬

‫‪ -3‬ﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﻤﺠﺎل ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭﺓ‪:‬‬

‫ﺒـ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻴﻤﺜل ﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ‪ f‬ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ¡‬ ‫ﻤﺜﺎل‪:‬‬

‫‪f (x ) = - x 2 + 2x + 3‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪f‬‬ ‫ﺒﻘﺭﺍﺀﺓ ﺒﻴﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻋﻴﻥ ﺼﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻷﺭﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻵﺘﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ‬

‫]‪I1 = [ -1; 0] , I 2 = [1;3] , I 3 = [0; 2] , I 4 = [ -1;1‬‬

 ‫‪y‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤل‪:‬‬

‫‪4‬‬ ‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﻨﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ‪:‬‬

‫‪f‬‬ ‫]‪(I 1 ) = J 1 = [0;3‬‬

‫‪3‬‬
‫‪f‬‬ ‫]‪(I 2 ) = J 2 = [0; 4‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪f‬‬ ‫]‪(I 3 ) = J 3 = [3; 4‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪f‬‬ ‫]‪(I 4 ) = J 4 = [0; 4‬‬
‫ﻨﺴﺠل ﺍﻨﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻷﺭﺒﻌﺔ ﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﻤﺠﺎل‬

‫‪­1‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪3 x‬‬ ‫ﻫﻭ ﻤﺠﺎل ﻭﺃﻥ ﻤﺠﺎﻟﻴﻥ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﻴﻥ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ‬

‫‪­1‬‬ ‫(‬ ‫]‪f (I 2 ) = f ( I 4 ) = [ 0; 2‬‬ ‫ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻟﻬﻤﺎ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ ‪) .‬‬

‫ﻨﻘﺒل ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﻤﺠﺎل ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭﺓ ﻫﻭ ﻤﺠﺎل ‪.‬‬

‫ﻤﻼﺤﻅﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫]) ‪[ f (a ); f (b‬‬ ‫ﻗﺩ ﺘﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﻋﻥ‬ ‫‪f‬‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ‬ ‫] ‪I = [a ;b‬‬ ‫ﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎل‬

‫])‪f (I 3 ) ¹ [ f (0); f (2‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎل ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻕ‬

‫ﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥ‪:‬‬

‫‪ ،‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﺠﺩﻭل ﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺘﻬﺎ ﻫﻭ‪:‬‬ ‫]‪[ -3; 2‬‬ ‫ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎل‬ ‫‪f‬‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻜﻥ‬

‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪-3‬‬ ‫‪-2‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪f‬‬
‫‪-1‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫]‪[ -2;2] , [ -2;1] , [1; 2‬‬ ‫ﺼﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻵﺘﻴﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫‪f‬‬ ‫ﻋﻴﻥ ﺒﺎﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺤل ‪:‬‬

‫]‪f ( [ -2;1]) = [ -1;1‬‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫]‪f ( [1;2 ]) = [ 0;1‬‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫]‪f ([ -2;2 ]) = [ -1;1‬‬ ‫ﻭ‬
 ‫‪ -4‬ﺘﻤﺩﻴﺩ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺒﺎﻻﺴﺘﻤﺭﺍﺭ ‪:‬‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪x0‬‬ ‫ﻴﺸﻤل‬ ‫¡‬ ‫ﻤﺠﺎل ﻤﻥ‬ ‫‪I‬‬ ‫ﻋﺩﺩ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫‪x0‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫} ‪I ­ { x0‬‬ ‫ﻭ ﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭﺓ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻜل ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻤﻥ‬ ‫‪x0‬‬ ‫ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻋﺩﺩﻴﺔ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ‬ ‫‪f‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪g‬‬ ‫ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ‬ ‫‪x0‬‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩ‬ ‫‪l‬‬ ‫ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻗﺒﻠﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ‪f‬‬
‫‪g ( x0 ) = l‬‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫} ‪g ( x ) = f ( x ) : x Î I ­ { x0‬‬ ‫ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪x0‬‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻻﺴﺘﻤﺭﺍﺭ ﻋﻨﺩ‬ ‫ﺘﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻤﺘﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ‪f‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪g‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﺜﺎل ‪:‬‬

‫‪sin x‬‬
‫‪g ( 0) = 1‬‬ ‫؛‬ ‫= )‪g ( x‬‬ ‫‪: x ¹ 0‬‬ ‫ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل‬
‫‪x‬‬
‫‪sin x‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻻﺴﺘﻤﺭﺍﺭ ﻋﻨﺩ‬ ‫= )‪f ( x‬‬ ‫ﺤﻴﺙ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺍﻤﺘﺩﺍﺩ ﻟﻠﺩﺍﻟﺔ ‪f‬‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬
‫‪x‬‬
‫‪ -5‬ﻤﺒﺭﻫﻨﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺍل ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭﺓ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻋﺩﺩ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫‪l‬‬ ‫ﺩﺍﻟﺘﺎﻥ ﻋﺩﺩﻴﺘﺎﻥ‪،‬‬ ‫· ‪ f‬ﻭ‪g‬‬

‫ﻓﺈﻥ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪l‬‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭﺓ ﻋﻨﺩ‬ ‫‪g‬‬ ‫ﻭﻜﺎﻨﺕ‬ ‫‪lim‬‬
‫‪x® x‬‬
‫‪f ( x) = l‬‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ‬
‫‪0‬‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪lim‬‬ ‫) ‪g éë f ( x ) ùû = g ( l‬‬

‫‪x® x‬‬
‫‪0‬‬

‫ﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭﺓ ﻋﻨﺩ‬ ‫‪g‬‬ ‫ﻭ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ‬ ‫‪x0‬‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭﺓ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻋﺩﺩ‬ ‫ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ‪f‬‬ ‫ﺩﺍﻟﺘﺎﻥ‪ .‬ﺇﺫﺍ‬ ‫‪g‬‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫· ‪f‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪x0‬‬ ‫ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭﺓ ﻋﻨﺩ‬ ‫‪gof‬‬ ‫ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ‬ ‫) ‪f ( x0‬‬
‫ﻋﺩﺩ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫‪l‬‬
‫· ‪ f‬ﻭ‪ g‬ﺩﺍﻟﺘﺎﻥ ﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭﺘﺎﻥ ﻋﻨﺩ ‪x0‬‬
‫ﻭ‬

‫ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺍل ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪ l f ; f ´ g ; f + g :‬ﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭﺓ ﻋﻨﺩ ‪x0‬‬

‫‪f 1‬‬
‫ﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭﺘﺎﻥ ﻋﻨﺩ ‪. x0‬‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫‪ g ( x0 ) ¹ 0‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺘﻴﻥ‬
‫‪g‬‬ ‫‪g‬‬
 ‫ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ‪:‬‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫¡‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺍل ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫·‬

‫ﻜل ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻨﺎﻁﻘﺔ ﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭﺓ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻜل ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻔﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫·‬
‫)‪x a sin(ax + b‬‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫)‪x a cos( ax + b‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻟﺘﺎﻥ ‪:‬‬ ‫·‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫¡‬ ‫ﻋﺩﺩﺍﻥ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺎﻥ ‪ ،‬ﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭﺘﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫‪b‬‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫‪a‬‬ ‫ﺤﻴﺙ‬

‫‪x‬‬
‫ﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭﺓ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻜل ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ‪ 0‬ﺘﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﻋﻥ ‪:‬‬ ‫· ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ‪x a tan x‬‬
‫‪p‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭ ‪k ΢‬‬ ‫‪+ kp‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪ -6‬ﻤﺒﺭﻫﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫‪:‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫ﻤﺒﺭﻫﻨﺔ‬ ‫·‬

‫ﻨﻘﺒل ﺒﺩﻭﻥ ﺒﺭﻫﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺭﻫﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻭ‬ ‫) ‪f (a‬‬ ‫ﻤﺤﺼﻭﺭ ﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻜل ﻋﺩﺩ ‪k‬‬ ‫ﻓﺈﻨﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل‬ ‫]‪[a ;b‬‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎل‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ‪f‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪f (c) = k‬‬ ‫ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪a‬ﻭ‪b‬‬ ‫ﻤﺤﺼﻭﺭ ﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫‪c‬‬ ‫ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﻋﺩﺩ‬ ‫) ‪f (b‬‬
‫ﻤﺤﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫‪c1 , c 2 , c 3‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺃﺩﻨﺎﻩ ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﺃﻋﺩﺍﺩ‬

‫‪f ( c1 ) = f ( c 2 ) = f ( c3 ) = k‬‬ ‫ﺒﺤﻴﺙ‪:‬‬ ‫‪b‬‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫‪a‬‬

‫)‪f(b‬‬
‫‪k‬‬
‫) ‪f(a‬‬

‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪c1‬‬ ‫‪c2‬‬ ‫‪c3 b‬‬

‫‪:‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫ﻤﺒﺭﻫﻨﺔ‬

‫ﻭﺤﻴﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ ‪c‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺭﻫﻨﺔ )‪ (1‬ﺭﺘﻴﺒﺔ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ‪f‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻫﺎﻥ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺒﺤﻴﺙ‬ ‫]‪[a ;b‬‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫‪x2‬‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫‪x1‬‬ ‫ﻓﺈﻨﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل ﻋﺩﺩﺍﻥ‬ ‫]‪[a ;b‬‬ ‫ﺭﺘﻴﺒﺔ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎل‬ ‫ﺃﻥ ‪f‬‬ ‫ﺒﻤﺎ‬

‫) ‪f (x ) < f (x‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫ﻓﺈﻥ‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ‪x1 < x2‬‬
‫ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ‪ c1 , c 2‬ﻋﺩﺩﺍﻥ ﺤﻴﺙ ‪ c1 < c 2‬ﻓﺈﻥ‪f ( c1 ) < f ( c 2 ) :‬‬
‫) ‪ f ( c1 ) ¹ f ( c 2‬ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻭﺤﻴﺩ ‪ c‬ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ‪f ( c ) = k :‬‬
‫ﻤﺜﺎل ‪:‬‬

‫‪ù1‬‬ ‫‪é‬‬ ‫‪x3 + x ­ 1 = 0‬‬

‫‪úû 2 ; 1êë‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺘﻘﺒل ﺤﻼ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎل‬ ‫ﺃﺜﺒﺕ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺤل ‪:‬‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪f ( x) = x + x ­ 1‬‬

‫‪3‬‬
‫ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻨﻌﺭﻑ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ‪f‬‬
‫‪é1‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ‪ f‬ﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ¡ ﻷﻨﻬﺎ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺓ ﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﻬﻲ ﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎل ‪ù‬‬
‫‪êë 2 ; 1úû‬‬
‫ﻭ‬

‫‪æ1ö‬‬ ‫‪æ1ö‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬

‫‪ f‬ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫ﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎ‪ f (1) = 1 :‬ﻭ ­ = ÷ ‪ f ç‬ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ‪ç ÷ < 0< f (1) :‬‬
‫‪è2ø‬‬ ‫‪è2ø‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬
‫ﻭﻤﻨﻪ‬ ‫‪f (c) = 0‬‬ ‫ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ù1‬‬ ‫‪é‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎل‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻗل ﻋﺩﺩ ‪c‬‬ ‫ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺭﻫﻨﺔ )‪ (1‬ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫‪úû 2 ; 1 êë‬‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ù1 é‬‬
‫‪.‬‬
‫‪úû 2 ; 1êë‬‬ ‫ﺤل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻗل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎل‬ ‫‪x3 + x ­ 1 = 0‬‬
‫ﻤﻼﺤﻅﺔ‪:‬‬

‫ﺒﺄﻱ ﻤﺠﺎل ﻤﻥ‬ ‫]‪[a ;b‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫ﺘﺒﻘﻰ ﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﺴﺘﺒﺩﻟﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺭﻫﻨﺔ‬

‫ﺃﻭ ‪...‬‬ ‫[‪]a ; +¥[ ]-¥; b ] [ a ; +¥[ [ a ; b‬‬

‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل‪:‬‬

‫ﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥ ‪:‬‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫¡ ﺒـ‪f ( x ) = - x + 3x - 5 :‬‬

‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫‪f‬‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ‬

‫‪ +¥‬ﻭ ﻋﻨﺩ ‪. -¥‬‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩ‬ ‫‪f‬‬ ‫ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫‪.1‬‬

‫ﺜﻡ ﺸﻜل ﺠﺩﻭل ﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺘﻬﺎ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪f‬‬ ‫ﺍﺩﺭﺱ ﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫‪.2‬‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪f ( x ) = -2‬‬ ‫ﻋﻴﻥ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺤﻠﻭل ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‬ ‫‪.3‬‬

 ‫ﺍﻟﺤل ‪:‬‬

‫ﻜﻤﺎ‬ ‫‪f‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺸﻜل‬ ‫ﺒﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ‬ ‫‪(1‬ﻋﻨﺩ ‪+¥‬‬

‫ﺘﻌﻴﻴﻥ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻋﺩﻡ‬ ‫ﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﻭﺠﺩ‬ ‫‪،‬‬

‫‪3æ‬‬ ‫‪3 5 ö‬‬

‫‪ f ( x ) = x‬ﻴﺼﺒﺢ ﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻴﻠﻲ‪ç -1 + - 3 ÷ :‬‬
‫‪è‬‬ ‫‪x x ø‬‬
‫‪æ‬‬ ‫‪3 5 ö‬‬ ‫‪æ3ö‬‬ ‫‪æ 5 ö‬‬
‫‪ lim ç ÷ = lim ç - 3 ÷ = 0‬ﻭﻤﻨﻪ‪lim ç -1 + - 3 ÷ = -1 :‬‬
‫‪x ®+¥‬‬
‫‪è‬‬ ‫‪x x ø‬‬ ‫‪x ®+¥ x‬‬
‫‪è ø x ®+¥ è x ø‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫ﻜﺫﻟﻙ ‪ lim x = +¥ :‬ﺇﺫﻥ ‪lim f ( x ) = -¥ :‬‬
‫‪x ®+¥‬‬ ‫‪x ®+¥‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪lim f ( x ) = +¥‬‬ ‫ﻭﺒﻌﻤل ﻤﻤﺎﺜل ﻨﺠﺩ‪:‬‬
‫‪x ®-¥‬‬
‫ﻭ ﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎ‪:‬‬ ‫¡‬ ‫ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﻓﻬﻲ ﻗﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻟﻼ‪‬ﺸﺘﻘﺎﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫‪f‬‬ ‫‪(2‬ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ‬

‫‪2‬‬
‫) ‪f ¢ ( x ) = -3x + 6 x = -3x ( x - 2‬‬
‫ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫‪-3‬‬ ‫ﻫﻭ‬ ‫‪x2‬‬ ‫ﻭ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫ﺠﺫﺭﻴﻥ ﻫﻤﺎ‪:‬‬ ‫) ‪f ¢(x‬‬ ‫ﻟـ‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫[‪]0; 2‬‬ ‫‪f‬‬

‫ﻤﺘﺯﺍﻴﺩﺓ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻭ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ‬ ‫‪f ¢( x ) > 0‬‬ ‫ﻓﺈﻥ‪:‬‬ ‫[‪x Î ]0;2‬‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ‬

‫‪f ¢(0) = 0‬‬ ‫‪f ¢(x ) < 0‬‬

‫ﻭ ﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ [‪x Î ]-¥;0[ U]2; +¥‬‬
‫ﻓﺈﻥ ‪:‬‬

‫‪.‬‬‫] ‪[ 2; +¥[ ]-¥;0‬‬‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻭ ‪ ، f ¢ ( 2 ) = 0‬ﺇﺫﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ‪ f‬ﻤﺘﻨﺎﻗﺼﺔ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ‬

‫‪-¥‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪+¥‬‬

‫‪x‬‬
‫)‪f ¢( x‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬

‫‪+¥‬‬ ‫‪-1‬‬
‫)‪f ( x‬‬
‫‪-5‬‬ ‫‪-¥‬‬
‫ﻭ‬ ‫] ‪[ 0; 2 ] ]-¥;0‬‬
‫؛‬ ‫)ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎ( ﻋﻠﻰ ﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ‬ ‫‪f‬‬ ‫‪(3‬ﺍﻷﺴﻬﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻠﺔ ﺘﺸﻴﺭ ﺭﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻟﺔ‬

‫ﻴﻨﺘﻤﻲ ﺍ‪‬ﻟﻰ ﻜل ﻤﻥ ﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭ‪:‬‬ ‫‪-2‬‬ ‫[‪[ 2; +¥‬‬

‫‪ .‬ﺤﺴﺏ ﻤﺒﺭﻫﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁﺔ ﻤﺎ ﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ‬

‫[‪[ -5; -1] [ -5; +¥‬‬ ‫ﻭ‬

‫ﺘﻘﺒل ﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﺤﻠﻭل ‪.‬‬ ‫‪f‬‬ ‫‪(x ) = 0‬‬ ‫]‪]-¥; -1‬‬

‫‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻭ‬
 ‫ﺍ‪‬ﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﺤﺼﺭ ﻟﺤل ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻨﺼﻴﻑ‬

‫ﺒﺤﻴﺙ‬ ‫] ‪[a ; b‬‬ ‫ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭﺓ ﻭ ﺭﺘﻴﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺠﺎل‬ ‫‪f‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺩﺃ‪ :‬ﺒﺼﻔﺔ ﻋﺎﻤﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ‬

‫ﺘﻘﺒل‬ ‫‪f (x ) = 0‬‬ ‫‪f ( a ) ´ f (b ) < 0‬‬

‫ﻓﺎ‪‬ﻥ‪ ،‬ﺤﺴﺏ ﻤﺒﺭﻫﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‬

‫ﺤﻼ ﻭﺤﻴﺩﺍ ‪ a‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎل ] ‪. [a ;b‬‬

‫‪a +b‬‬
‫= ‪ m‬ﻫﻭ ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎل ] ‪. [a ;b‬‬ ‫ﻨﻌﻠﻡ ﺃﻥ‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪m‬‬ ‫‪b‬‬
‫؟‬ ‫‪f (a ) ´ f ( m ) < 0‬‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﺎﺫﺍ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻭل ﻋﻥ ‪a‬‬ ‫‪.1‬‬

‫‪ .2‬ﻤﺎﺫﺍ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻭل ﻋﻥ ‪ a‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ‪f ( a ) ´ f ( m ) > 0‬‬

‫؟‬

‫ﻨﻭﺍﺼل ﺒﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺘﻌﻭﻴﺽ ‪ a‬ﺃﻭ ‪ b‬ﺒـ ‪ m‬ﻭ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻏﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺤﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻏﻭﺏ ﻓﻴﻪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺤل ‪:‬‬

‫ﻤﻥ ﺍ‪‬ﺸﺎﺭﺘﻴﻥ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺘﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻘﻭل‬ ‫‪ (1‬ﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎ ﻓﺭﻀﺎ ‪ f ( a ) ´ f (b ) < 0‬ﺃﻱ ) ‪ f ( a‬ﻭ ) ‪f (b‬‬
‫ﺃﻥ‪ f ( a ) ´ f ( m ) < 0 :‬ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ ) ‪ f ( m‬ﻭ ) ‪f ( a‬‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺍ‪‬ﺸﺎﺭﺘﻴﻥ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺘﻴﻥ ﻭ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪a Î ]a ; m [ :‬‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻹﺸﺎﺭﺓ ﻭ‬ ‫) ‪ f (m‬ﻭ ) ‪f (a‬‬ ‫ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ‬ ‫‪ (2‬ﺍﻟﻘﻭل ﺃﻥ‪f ( a ) ´ f ( m ) > 0 :‬‬
‫ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ‪a Î ]m ;b [ :‬‬

‫‪:‬‬ ‫ﺘﻌﻴﻴﻥ ﺤﺼﺭ ﻟـِ ‪a‬‬

‫‪f ( x ) = x 3 - 3x - 3‬‬ ‫ﺒﹻ‬ ‫‪ f‬ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ¡‬ ‫ﻤﺜﺎل‪ :‬ﻨﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫]‪[ 2;3‬‬ ‫‪ (1‬ﺒﺭﻫﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔﺏ ‪ f ( x ) = 0‬ﺘﻘﺒل ﺤﻼ ﻭﺤﻴﺩﺍ ‪a‬‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎل‬

‫‪ (2‬ﺒﺤﺴﺎﺏ ) ‪ ، f ( m‬ﺤﻴﺙ ‪ m‬ﻫﻭ ﻤﺭﻙ ]‪ [ 2;3‬ﺯ‪ ،‬ﻋﻴﻥ ﺤﺼﺭﺍ ﻟﹻ ‪a‬‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺴﻌﺘﻪ ‪0,5‬‬
‫ﺒﺤﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻕ ﻭ ﺒﺈﺘﺒﺎﻉ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ ﺃﻭﺠﺩ‬ ‫ﻭ‪3‬‬ ‫‪ (3‬ﺒﺘﻌﻭﻴﺽ ‪2‬‬
‫‪ .‬ﻤﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺴﻌﺘﻪ ؟‬ ‫ﺤﺼﺭﺍ ﻟـِ ‪a‬‬
 ‫ﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻜل‬ ‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪ (4‬ﻤﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺒﻌﺩ‬

‫؟‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‪2‬‬ ‫ﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﻴﺘﻡ ﻗﺴﻤﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺤل ‪:‬‬

‫ﻭ ﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎ‪:‬‬ ‫]‪[ 2;3‬‬ ‫ﻭ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎل‬ ‫¡‬ ‫ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﻓﻬﻲ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻭ ﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫‪f‬‬ ‫‪(1‬‬

‫ﺃﻱ‪:‬‬ ‫‪f ( 3) = 15‬‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫‪f ( 2 ) = -1‬‬

‫‪f ( 2 ) ´ f (3) < 0‬‬

‫ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ﺤﺴﺏ ﻤﺒﺭﻫﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‬

‫‪ f ( x ) = 0‬ﺘﻘﺒل ﺤﻼ ﻭﺤﻴﺩﺍ ‪ a‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎل ]‪. [ 2;3‬‬

‫‪41‬‬ ‫‪2+3 5‬‬

‫= ) ‪f (m‬‬ ‫ﻭﻤﻨﻪ‪:‬‬ ‫=‪m‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪ (2‬ﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎ ‪:‬‬
‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪é 5ù‬‬
‫;‪ a Î 2‬ﻭ ﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻁﻭل ﻫﺫﺍ‬
‫‪êë 2 úû‬‬ ‫ﺇﺫﻥ‪:‬‬ ‫‪f ( 2) ´ f ( m ) < 0‬‬ ‫ﻭﻤﻨﻪ‪:‬‬

‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻭﺏ‪.‬‬ ‫< ‪2 <a‬‬ ‫ﺇﺫﻥ‬ ‫‪- 2 = 0,5‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎل ﻫﻭ‪:‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪5‬‬
‫‪2+‬‬
‫= ‪m1‬‬ ‫‪2=9‬‬ ‫‪é 5ù‬‬
‫‪m1‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬
‫ﻭ ﻤﻨﻪ ‪:‬‬
‫‪êë 2; 2 úû‬‬ ‫ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎل‬ ‫‪ (3‬ﻟﻴﻜﻥ‬

‫‪æ 9 ö 105‬‬
‫= ÷ ‪ f ç‬ﻭ ﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ‪f ( 2 ) = -1 :‬‬
‫ﻓﺈﻥ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻭ ﻤﻨﻪ‪:‬‬
‫‪è 4 ø 64‬‬
‫‪9‬‬ ‫‪é 9ù‬‬
‫ﻭ ﺴﻌﺔ ﻫﺫﺍ‬ ‫‪ f ( 2 ) ´ f ( m1 ) < 0‬ﺇﺫﻥ ‪ a Î ê 2; ú :‬ﺃﻱ ‪2 < a < :‬‬
‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪ë 4û‬‬
‫‪9‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺼﺭ ﻫﻭ ‪- 2 = 0,25 :‬‬
‫‪4‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪ (4‬ﺴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺒﻌﺩ ‪ n‬ﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﻫﻭ ‪:‬‬
‫‪2n‬‬
 ‫ﺘﻜﻨﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴﺎ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻡ ﻭ ﺍﻻﺘﺼﺎل‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ‪:1‬‬

‫‪2‬‬
‫‪x - x+3‬‬
‫= )‪f ( x‬‬ ‫‪ f‬ﺤﻴﺙ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻨﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ‬

‫‪( x - 1) 2‬‬
‫‪lim f ( x) = + ¥‬‬ ‫ﻨﻌﻠﻡ ﺃﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫‪x ®1‬‬

‫ﻜﻴﻑ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﺨﻤﻴﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺁﻟﺔ ﺒﻴﺎﻨﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺤل ‪:‬‬

‫ﻭﻨﻜﺘﺏ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ‬ ‫‪ (1‬ﻨﻨﻘﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺯﺭ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻅﻬﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ‪:‬‬

‫ﻭﻨﺩﺨل ﺍﻷﺭﻗﺎﻡ‬ ‫‪ (2‬ﻨﻨﻘﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺯﺭ‬

‫ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻅﻬﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ ‪:‬‬

‫)‪f ( x‬‬ ‫ﺃﻤﺎ ﻗﻴﻡ‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫ﻴﺘﻨﺎﻫﻰ ﻨﺤﻭ‬ ‫ﻷﻥ ‪x‬‬

‫ﻓﻬﻲ ﻤﺤﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺒﻴﻥ )‪ f (0,9‬ﻭ )‪f (1,1‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪ 291‬ﻭ ‪311‬‬ ‫ﺃﻱ ﺒﻴﻥ‬

‫ﺜﻡ ﻨﺨﺘﺎﺭ‬ ‫‪ (3‬ﻨﻨﻘﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺯﺭ‬

‫ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻅﻬﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ZoomFit‬‬

 ‫ﻓﻨﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫‪ (4‬ﻨﻨﻘﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴل ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺒل ‪:‬‬

‫ﻨﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﺘﺤﺭﻴﻙ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﻤﻥ‬ ‫‪ (5‬ﻨﻨﻘﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻟﻘﺔ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻨﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ‬

‫ﻭﻨﺠﺩ‪:‬‬‫ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺼﻠﺔ ‪0,99‬‬

‫‪f (0,99) = 41302, 25‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﺩل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻤﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ‬

‫‪lim‬‬
‫‪x ®1‬‬
‫‪f ( x) = + ¥‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ‪:2‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪x +x‬‬
‫‪lim‬‬ ‫‪= +¥‬‬ ‫ﺒﺎﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺁﻟﺔ ﺒﻴﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﺘﺨﻤﻴﻨﻙ ﺤﻭل ‪:‬‬
‫‪x®+¥‬‬
‫‪x‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤل ‪:‬‬

‫‪ (1‬ﻨﻨﻘﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺯﺭ‪:‬‬

‫ﻭﻨﻜﺘﺏ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ‪:‬‬

‫ﻭﻨﺩﺨل ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻡ‬ ‫‪ (2‬ﻨﻨﻘﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺯﺭ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻅﻬﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺸﺔ ‪:‬‬

 ‫ﻓﻴﻅﻬﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴل‬ ‫‪ (3‬ﻨﻨﻘﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺯﺭ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺜﻡ ﻨﺤﺭﻙ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ‬ ‫‪ (4‬ﻨﻨﻘﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺯﺭ‬

‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻟﻘﺔ ﻓﻨﺠﺩ ‪:‬‬

‫‪f (10000) = 10001‬‬

‫‪x2 + x‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪lim‬‬ ‫‪= +¥‬‬ ‫ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻤﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪x®+¥‬‬
‫‪x‬‬
‫‪:‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ‬

‫ﺘﻘﺒل ﺤﻼ ﻭﺤﻴﺩﺍ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫‪x3 + 2 x - 1 = 0‬‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ù 1 1 é‬‬
‫‪.‬‬
‫‪úû 4 ; 2 êë‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎل‬

‫ﺍﻟﺤل ‪:‬‬

‫ﻭﻨﻜﺘﺏ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ‬ ‫‪ (1‬ﻨﻨﻘﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺯﺭ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪f‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪f ( x) = x3 + 2 x - 1‬‬

 ‫ﻭﻨﺩﺨل‬ ‫‪ (2‬ﻨﻨﻘﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺯﺭ‬

‫ﺍﻷﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻓﻴﻅﻬﺭ‬ ‫‪ (3‬ﻨﻨﻘﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺯﺭ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴل ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﻲ ﺍﻵﺘﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ (4‬ﻨﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﺘﺤﺭﻴﻙ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل‬

‫ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺇﺸﺎﺭﺓ )‪f ( x‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺯﺭ‬

‫ﻓﻤﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺠل ‪ 0,45 :‬ﻨﺠﺩ‪f ( x) = ­0,01 :‬‬

‫ﻭﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ‪ 0,46‬ﻨﺠﺩ ‪f ( x) = 0, 01‬‬
‫ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ‪ f ( x) = 0‬ﺤل ﻭﺤﻴﺩ ‪x0‬‬
‫‪0, 45 < x0 < 0,46‬‬ ‫ﻴﺤﻘﻕ ‪:‬‬
 ‫ﺘﻤـﺎﺭﻴـﻥ ﻭ ﻤﺸﻜــﻼﺕ‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥ‪1‬‬
‫ﺃﺫﻜﺭ ﺼﺤﺔ ﺃﻡ ﺨﻁﺄ ﺍﻟﺠﻤل ﺍﻵﺘﻴﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴل‬

‫‪lim - x = +¥‬‬
‫‪x ®-¥‬‬
‫‪(1‬‬

‫‪2x2 ­ 1‬‬
‫‪lim‬‬
‫‪x ®+¥ x 2 + 3‬‬
‫‪= 2 (2‬‬

‫‪y = ax + b‬‬ ‫ﻓﺈﻥ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ (3‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ) ‪f ( x ) = a x + b + g ( x‬‬

‫‪f‬‬
‫ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻡ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﺏ ﻤﺎﺌل ﻟﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫‪x 3 + 4x ­ 1‬‬ ‫‪x3‬‬

‫‪lim‬‬ ‫‪= lim 2 = lim x = 0 (4‬‬
‫‪x® 0‬‬ ‫‪x2 + 3‬‬ ‫‪x ®0 x‬‬ ‫‪x ®0‬‬

‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪lim f ( x ) = 0‬‬ ‫ﻓﺈﻥ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪£ f ( x) £‬‬ ‫‪ (5‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ‪:‬‬
‫‪x ®+¥‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬
‫‪lim f ( x ) = +¥‬‬
‫‪x ®+¥‬‬
‫ﻓﺈﻥ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪f ( x ) ³ x2‬‬ ‫‪ (6‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ‪:‬‬

‫‪lim f ( x ) = ­¥‬‬
‫‪x ®-¥‬‬
‫ﻓﺈﻥ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪f ( x) £ x ­ 1‬‬ ‫‪ (7‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ‪:‬‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥ‪2‬‬
‫ﻋﻴﻥ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﻜل ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ ﺜﻡ ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺃﻁﺭﺍﻓﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫‪x2 ­ 4‬‬ ‫‪3x3 + x ­ 4‬‬

‫‪f ( x) = 2‬‬ ‫‪(2‬‬ ‫= )‪f ( x‬‬ ‫‪(1‬‬
‫‪x ­ 5x + 6‬‬ ‫‪x ­1‬‬
‫‪4 x +2x 3 +2x +1‬‬
‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪x + 3x ­ 4x ­12‬‬
‫= )‪f ( x‬‬ ‫‪(4‬‬ ‫‪f ( x) = 2‬‬ ‫‪(3‬‬
‫‪4 x 2 ­ 4x ­ 3‬‬ ‫‪x + 4x + 3‬‬
 . 3‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥ‬
: ‫ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬

x2 + x ­ 6 x +5 ­3
lim (2 lim (1
x®2
x­2 x ®4
x ­ 2x ­ 4
x x ­ 2x ­ 1
lim (4 lim (3
x ®0
x +1 ­1 x ®1 x ­1
. 4‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥ‬
: ‫ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬

­ x + 4x 2 + x + 1 x2+ 1
2x ­
lim (2 lim (1
x ®-¥
­4 x ­ x2 + 1 x ®+¥
x ­ 4 x2 + x
lim ­x +
x ®+¥
x (4 lim é x 2 + 1 ­ x ùû
x ®+¥ ë
(3

5
lim
x ® -¥ 2
(6 lim
x ® -¥
x 2 +1 ­ x 2 +2 (5
-x ­ x +4
. 5‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥ‬
: ‫ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬

sin 2 x sin 2 x sin x

lim (3 lim (2 lim (1
x® 0 tan x x® 0 x x® 0 sin 3 x
x sin x 1 ­ cosx
lim (5 lim (4
x® 0 1 ­ cosx x® 0 sin 2 x
. 6‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥ‬
: ‫ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬
2
1 ­ 2 sin x cos 3 x
limp (2 limp (1
x®
4
1 + cos4x 2
cosx
x®

1 ­ sin x ­ cosx
limp (3
x®
2
1 ­ sin x + cosx
 ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥ‪7‬‬
‫‪x2 + x ­ 4‬‬
‫= )‪f ( x‬‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫ﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ‪f‬‬
‫‪x +1‬‬
‫ﺘﻤﺜﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﻲ ‪.‬‬ ‫)‪(C‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﻋﻴﻥ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺜﻡ ﺃﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺃﻁﺭﺍﻓﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ‪:‬‬ ‫)‪f (x‬‬ ‫‪ -2‬ﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ‬

‫‪c‬‬
‫‪f ( x ) = ax + b +‬‬
‫‪x +1‬‬
‫ﺃﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻴﻁﻠﺏ ﺘﻌﻴﻴﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫‪ b‬ﻭ‪c‬‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫‪a‬‬ ‫ﺤﻴﺙ‬

‫‪ -3‬ﻋﻴﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﺒﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌل‪.‬‬ ‫) ‪(D‬‬ ‫‪ -4‬ﻨﻔﺭﺽ‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫) ‪(D‬‬ ‫ﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻡ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺤﻨﻲ )‪(C‬‬ ‫ﺍﺩﺭﺱ ﺍﻟﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻲ‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥ‪8‬‬
‫‪f ( x ) = 2x +‬‬ ‫‪x2 + 1‬‬ ‫ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪f‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺩ ﺃﻁﺭﺍﻑ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻔﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -1‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ‪f‬‬
‫‪ xlim‬ﺜﻡ ‪lim éë f ( x ) ­ x ùû‬‬ ‫‪ -2‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ‪é f ( x ) ­ 3x ùû :‬‬
‫‪x ®-¥‬‬ ‫‪®+¥ ë‬‬

‫‪ -3‬ﻋﻴﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ) ‪. ( C‬‬

‫‪f‬‬
 ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥ‪9‬‬
‫‪4 + sin x‬‬
‫= )‪f ( x‬‬ ‫ﺤﻴﺙ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻨﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ‪f‬‬
‫‪x2‬‬
‫‪:‬‬ ‫ﻜل ﻋﺩﺩ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ ‪x‬‬ ‫ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل‬ ‫‪b‬‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪ -1‬ﻋﻴﻥ ﻋﺩﺩﺍﻥ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺎﻥ‬

‫‪a £ 4 + sin x £ b‬‬

‫ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻜل ﻋﺩﺩ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻌﺩﻭﻡ ‪x‬‬ ‫‪ -2‬ﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل‬

‫ﺩﺍﻟﺘﺎﻥ ﻴﻁﻠﺏ ﺘﻌﻴﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫‪v‬‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫‪u‬‬ ‫ﺤﻴﺙ‬ ‫)‪v( x) £ f ( x) £ u ( x‬‬

‫) ‪lim f ( x‬‬
‫‪x ®-¥‬‬
‫ﻭ‬ ‫) ‪lim f ( x‬‬
‫‪x ®+¥‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﺍﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪lim‬‬
‫‪x®0‬‬
‫)‪f ( x‬‬ ‫‪ -4‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥ‪10‬‬
‫‪( a ­ 1) x + 1‬‬
‫= )‪f ( x‬‬ ‫ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪f‬‬
‫‪(a‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪­ 1) x ­ 3‬‬
‫ﻋﺩﺩ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫‪a‬‬ ‫ﺤﻴﺙ‬

‫ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫) ‪lim f ( x‬‬
‫‪x ®+¥‬‬
‫‪,‬‬ ‫) ‪lim f ( x‬‬
‫‪x ®-¥‬‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥ‪11‬‬
‫ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻋﺩﺩﻴﺔ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪f‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫‪ì‬‬ ‫‪x +1‬‬
‫‪ï f ( x) = 2‬‬ ‫‪; x ¹ 1 , x ¹ ­1‬‬
‫‪í‬‬ ‫‪x ­1‬‬
‫‪ï f ( ­1) = 3‬‬
‫‪î‬‬
‫ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ‪f‬‬ ‫‪ -1‬ﻋﻴﻥ‬

‫ﻋﻨﺩ ‪. -1‬‬ ‫‪ -2‬ﺍﺩﺭﺱ ﺍﺴﺘﻤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ‪f‬‬

 ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥ‪12‬‬
‫ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪f‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪ì‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬
‫‪ïï f ( x ) = x 2 + 1 , x ³ 1‬‬
‫‪í‬‬
‫‪ï f ( x) = ­ 1 x2 + 1 , x < 1‬‬
‫‪ïî‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫¡‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺃﺩﺭﺱ ﺍﺴﺘﻤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ‪f‬‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥ‪13‬‬
‫ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪f‬‬
‫‪ì‬‬ ‫‪ax + b‬‬
‫‪ï f ( x) = x2 + 4 , x > 0‬‬
‫‪í‬‬
‫‪ï f ( x) = 2x2 + 1 , x £ 0‬‬
‫‪î‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ‪ f‬ﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭﺓ ﻋﻨﺩ ‪0‬‬ ‫ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ ‪b‬‬ ‫ﻋﻴﻥ‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥ‪14‬‬
‫ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺒﺠﺩﻭل ﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺘﻬﺎ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪f‬‬
‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪-¥‬‬ ‫‪3-‬‬ ‫‪2-‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪+¥‬‬
‫)‪f ( x‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪+4‬‬

‫‪-¥‬‬ ‫‪-3‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫¡‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫‪f ( x) = 0‬‬ ‫ﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺤﻠﻭل ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‬
 ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥ‪15‬‬
‫‪ì‬‬ ‫‪x­1‬‬
‫‪ï f ( x) = x +‬‬ ‫‪; x ¹ 1‬‬
‫‪í‬‬ ‫‪x­1‬‬ ‫ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪f‬‬
‫‪ï f (1) = 2‬‬
‫‪î‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﻋﻴﻥ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ‬

‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻔﻬﺎ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -2‬ﺃﺩﺭﺱ ﺍﺴﺘﻤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ‪f‬‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥ‪16‬‬
‫‪:‬‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻴﻙ ﺠﺩﻭل ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ‪f‬‬
‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪-¥‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪+¥‬‬
‫)‪f ( x‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬
‫‪-4‬‬ ‫‪-2‬‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫¡‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫‪f ( x) = 2‬‬ ‫ﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺤﻠﻭل ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥ‪17‬‬
‫ﺒﺎﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ‪:‬‬ ‫[ ‪[1 ; +¥‬‬ ‫ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎل‬ ‫‪f‬‬

‫‪f ( x ) = ­x +‬‬ ‫‪x ­ 1 + 0,9‬‬

‫ﻤﻊ‬ ‫‪f ( x) = 0‬‬ ‫ﺒﺎﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺁﻟﺔ ﺒﻴﺎﻨﻴﺔ ‪.‬ﺜﻡ ﺍﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺤﻠﻭل ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺃﻨﺸﺊ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴل ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﺩﺍﻟﺔ ‪f‬‬

‫‪10 -2‬‬ ‫ﺇﻋﻁﺎﺀ ﺤﺼﺭﺍ ﻟﻜل ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺒﺘﻘﺭﻴﺏ‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥ‪18‬‬
‫ﺃﺜﺒﺕ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ‪2 x ­ cosx = 0 :‬‬
‫‪ù pé‬‬
‫ﺘﻘﺒل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻗل ﺤﻼ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎل ‪úû 0 ; 6 êë :‬‬
 ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥ‪19‬‬
‫‪é p pù‬‬
‫‪ f‬ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎل ‪êë ­ 2 ; 2 úû‬‬
‫ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ì‬‬ ‫‪x . sin x‬‬

‫= )‪ï f ( x‬‬ ‫‪,x ¹ 0‬‬
‫‪í‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫­‬ ‫‪cosx‬‬
‫‪ï f ( 0) = 2‬‬
‫‪î‬‬
‫‪0‬‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩ‬ ‫‪ -1‬ﺍﺩﺭﺱ ﺍﺴﺘﻤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ‪f‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -2‬ﺍﺩﺭﺱ ﺍﺴﺘﻤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ‪f‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥ‪20‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫]‪[ 0 ; 1‬‬ ‫ﺯ ﺘﺄﺨﺫ ﻗﻴﻤﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎل‬ ‫]‪[ 0 ; 1‬‬ ‫ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻭ ﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎل‬ ‫‪f‬‬

‫ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ‪:‬‬ ‫]‪[ 0 ; 1‬‬ ‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎل‬ ‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪ -1‬ﺒﺭﻫﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻋﺩﺩ‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪f (a) = a‬‬

‫‪ -2‬ﻓﺴﺭ ﻫﻨﺩﺴﻴﺎ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪a <b‬‬ ‫ﺤﻴﺙ‬ ‫] ‪[a ; b‬‬ ‫‪ -3‬ﻫل ﺘﺒﻘﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺠﺎل‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥ‪21‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪x ­ 13x + 36 = 0‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ‪:‬‬ ‫¡‬ ‫‪ -1‬ﺤل ﻓﻲ‬

‫‪x 6 ­ 13x 3 + 36 = 0‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ‪:‬‬ ‫¡‬ ‫‪ -2‬ﺤل ﻓﻲ‬

‫‪x 2 n ­ 13x 4 + 36 = 0‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ‪:‬‬ ‫¡‬ ‫‪ -3‬ﺤل ﻓﻲ‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥ‪22‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫¡‬ ‫ﺒﺭﻫﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻜل ﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﺩﺭﺠﺘﻪ ﻓﺭﺩﻴﺔ ﻴﻨﻌﺩﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻗل ﻤﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ‬
 ‫ﺍﻟﺤـﻠــــــﻭل‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥ ‪1‬‬

‫ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ‪:‬‬ ‫¾¾ ‪x‬‬
‫‪® ­¥‬‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺎ‬ ‫¾¾ ‪- x‬‬
‫‪ (1‬ﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻷﻥ ‪® +¥‬‬
‫‪lim - x = +¥‬‬ ‫‪x ®-¥‬‬

‫‪æ‬‬ ‫‪1 ö‬‬

‫‪2‬‬ ‫÷ ‪x2 ç 2 ­ 2‬‬
‫‪2x ­ 1‬‬ ‫‪è‬‬ ‫‪x ø‬‬
‫‪lim‬‬ ‫‪= lim‬‬ ‫‪ (2‬ﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻷﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫‪x ®+¥‬‬ ‫‪x 2 + 3 x ®+¥‬‬ ‫‪æ‬‬‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪3 ö‬‬
‫÷ ‪x ç1 + 2‬‬
‫‪è‬‬ ‫‪x ø‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪2­ 2‬‬
‫‪= lim‬‬ ‫‪x =2‬‬
‫‪x ® +¥‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫‪1+ 2‬‬
‫‪x‬‬
‫‪ (3‬ﺨﺎﻁﺌﺔ ﻷﻨﻨﺎ ﻻ ﻨﻌﻠﻡ ) ‪ lim g ( x‬ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻌﺩﻭﻤﺔ‬
‫‪x ® +¥‬‬

‫ﻟﻜﻲ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ + ¥‬ﺃﻭ ‪-¥‬‬ ‫ﻭ ﻟﻴﺱ ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫ﻴﺅﻭل ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻷﻥ ‪x‬‬ ‫‪ (4‬ﺨﺎﻁﺌﺔ‬

‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪æ 1ö‬‬

‫‪lim‬‬ ‫‪= lim ç - ÷ = 0‬‬ ‫‪ (5‬ﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻷﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫‪x x ®+¥ è x ø‬‬
‫‪x ®+¥‬‬

‫‪ lim x 2 = + ¥‬ﻭ ﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎ ‪f ( x ) ³ x 2 :‬‬ ‫‪ (6‬ﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻷﻥ ‪:‬‬

‫‪x ® +¥‬‬

‫‪f ( x) £ x ­ 3‬‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫‪lim ( x ­ 3 ) = ­¥‬‬

‫‪x ®-¥‬‬
‫‪ (7‬ﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻷﻥ ‪:‬‬
 . 2 ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥ‬
3x 2 + x ­ 4
f ( x) = : ‫( ﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎ‬1
x ­1
· D f = ]­ ¥ ; 1[ È ]1 ; + ¥ [
3x 2
· lim f ( x ) = lim = lim 3 x = ­¥
x ®-¥ x ®-¥ x x ®-¥

3x 2
· lim f ( x ) = lim = lim 3 x = +¥
x ®+¥ x ®+¥ x x ®+¥
2
3x + x ­ 4
· lim f ( x ) = lim
<
x ®1 x ®1
<
x ­1
(x ­ 1) (3x + 4)
= lim = lim (3x + 4) = 7
x ®1
<
x­1 x®1
<

· lim f ( x ) = lim (3x + 4) = 7

> >
x ®1 x ®1

x2 ­ 4
f ( x) = 2 : ‫( ﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎ‬2
x ­ 5x + 6
· Df = {x Î ¡ : x 2 ­ 5 x + 6 ¹ 0}
x =3 ‫ﺃﻭ‬ x =2 : ‫ﻓﻨﺠﺩ‬ x 2 ­ 5x + 6 = 0 : ‫ﻨﺤل ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‬

D f = ¡ ­ { 2 ; 3} : ‫ﻭﻤﻨﻪ‬

D f = ]­ ¥ ; 2[ È ] 2 ; 3[ È ]3 ; +¥ [ : ‫ﺃﻱ‬

x2
· lim f ( x ) = lim 2 = 1
x ®-¥ x ®-¥ x

x2
· lim f ( x ) = lim 2 = 1
x ®+¥ x ®+¥ x
 ‫ ﻨﻜﺘﺏ ﺠﺩﻭل ﺇﺸﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻡ‬: ‫ﻟﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺒﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻴﺎﺕ‬

x -¥ 2 3 +¥
+ -
x 2 ­5 x +6 +

x2 ­ 4 ( x ­ 2) (x + 2)
· lim f ( x ) = lim 2 = lim
x ® 2 x ­ 5x + 6 x ® 2 ( x ­ 2) (x ­ 3)
< < <
x ®2

x+2
= lim = ­4
x®2 x ­ 3
>

x+2
· lim f ( x ) = lim = ­4
x ®2 x ­ 3
> >
x ®2

x2 ­ 4
· lim f ( x ) = lim 2 = ­¥
x ® 3 x ­ 5x + 6
< <
x ®3

ì x 2 ­ 4 ¾¾ ®5
í 2 <
: ‫ﻷﻥ‬

î x ­ 5 x + 6 ¾¾ ® 0

x2 ­ 4
· lim f ( x ) = lim = +¥
>
x®3
>
x®3 x 2 ­ 5x + 6
ì x 2 ­ 4 ¾¾ ®5
í 2 >
: ‫ﻷﻥ‬

î x ­ 5x + 6 ¾¾ ®0
3 2
x + 3 x ­ 4 x ­ 12
f ( x) = : ‫( ﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎ‬3
x 2 + 4x + 3
·D f = {x Î ¡ : x 2 + 4 x + 3 ¹ 0}
x = ­3 ‫ﺃﻭ‬ x = ­1 ‫ﻓﻨﺠﺩ‬ x 2 + 4x + 3 = 0 ‫ﻨﺤل ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‬
D f = ¡ ­ {­3 ; ­1} : ‫ﺇﺫﻥ‬

Df = ]­¥ ; ­3[ È ]­3 ; ­1[ È ]­1 ; + ¥ [ : ‫ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬

 x3
· lim f ( x ) = lim 2 = lim x = ­¥
x ®-¥ x ®-¥ x x ®-¥
3
x
· lim f ( x ) = lim 2 = lim x = +¥
x ®+¥ x ®+¥ x x ®+¥

x + 3 x 2 ­ 4 x ­ 12
3

· lim f ( x ) = lim
<
x ® -3
>
x ®-3 x 2 + 4x + 3
( x + 3) (x 2 ­ 4)
= lim
x ®-3 ( x + 3) (x + 1)

x 2 ­ 4 ­5
= lim =
x ®-3 x + 1 2
: ‫ﺇﺸﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻡ ﻟﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻴﺎﺕ‬

x -¥ -3 -1 +¥
2
3 x +4 x +3 + - +

x 3 + 3 x 2 ­ 4 x ­ 12
· lim f ( x ) = lim = +¥
<
x ® -1
<
x ® -1 x 2 + 4x + 3
ì x 3 + 3 x 2 ­ 4 x ­ 12 ¾¾ ® ­6
í 2 <
: ‫ﻷﻥ‬

î x + 4 x + 3 ¾¾ ®0
3 2
x + 3 x ­ 4 x ­ 12
· lim f ( x ) = lim = ­¥
>
x ® -1
>
x ® -1 x 2 + 4x + 3
ì x 3 + 3 x 2 ­ 4 x ­ 12 ¾¾ ® ­6
í 2 >
: ‫ﻷﻥ‬

î x + 4 x + 3 ¾¾ ®0

4 x 4 + 2 x 3 + 2x + 1
f ( x) = : ‫( ﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎ‬4
4 x 2 ­ 4x ­ 3
· D f = { x Î ¡ : 4 x 2 ­ 4 x ­ 3 ¹ 0}
 3 1
x= ‫ﺃﻭ‬ x =­ : ‫ﻨﺠﺩ‬ 4 x 2 ­ 4x ­ 3 = 0 : ‫ﻨﺤل ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‬
2 2
ì 1 3ü
D f = ¡ ­ í­
; ý : ‫ﻭ ﻤﻨﻪ‬
î 2 2þ
ù 1é ù 1 3é ù3 é
Df = ú ­¥ ; ­ ê U ú ­ ; ê U ú ; +¥ ê : ‫ﺃﻱ‬
û 2ë û 2 2ë û 2 ë
4
4x
· lim f ( x ) = lim 2
= lim x 2 = +¥
x ®-¥ x ®-¥ 4 x x ®-¥
4
4x
· lim f ( x ) = lim = lim x 2 = +¥
x ®+¥ x ®+¥ 4 x 2 x ®+¥

(2 x + 1) (2x 3 + 1)
· lim1 f ( x ) = lim1
x ®-
2
x ®-
2
(2 x + 1) (2x ­ 3)
3
3
2x + 1 ­3
= lim1 = 4 =
x®-
2
2x ­ 3 ­4 16
4 x4 + 2 x3 + 2x + 1
· lim f ( x ) = lim 2
= ­¥
x®
<3
2
x®
3
2
4<
x ­ 4 x ­ 3

ì4 x 4 + 2 x 3 + 2 x + 1 ¾¾
® 41
í 2 <
: ‫ﻷﻥ‬

î4 x ­ 4 x ­ 3 ¾¾ ®0

1 3
x -¥ ­ +¥
2 2
4 x 2 ­4 x­3 + - +
 4 x4 + 2x3 + 2 x + 1
· lim f ( x ) = lim = +¥
>
x®
3
2
x®
> 3
2
4 x 2 ­ 4x ­ 3
ì4 x 4 + 2 x 3 + 2 x + 1 ¾¾
® 41
í 2 >
: ‫ﻷﻥ‬

î4 x ­ 4 x ­ 3 ¾¾ ®0

. 3 ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥ‬

: ‫ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻴﺎﺕ‬

x +5 ­3
1) lim
x ®4
x ­ 2x ­ 4

= lim
(
x +5 ­ 3 ) ( x +5 + 3 ) ( x + 2x­4 )
x® 4
(
x ­ 2x ­4 ) ( x + 2x­4 ) ( x+5 + 3 )
( x + 5­ 9 ) ( x + 2x ­ 4 )
= lim
x® 4
[ x ­ (2x ­ 4)] ( x + 5 + 3 )
( x ­ 4 ) ( x + 2x ­ 4 )
= lim
x®4
­ ( x ­ 4) ( x + 5 + 3)
x + 2x ­ 4 2+2 4 2
= lim = =­ =­
x ®4
(
­ x +5 +3 )
­(3 + 3) 6 3

x2 + x ­ 6 ( x 2 + x ­ 6) x ­ 2
2) lim = lim
x ®2
x ­2 x ®2
x ­2 . x ­2
( x ­ 2) (x + 3) x ­ 2
= lim
x® 2 x ­2
 = lim (x + 3) x ­2 =0
x®2

x ­ 2 x ­1 é x ­ 2 x ­1 ù é x + 2 x ­1 ù
3) lim = lim ë ûë û
x ®1 x ­1 x®
( x ­ 1) éë x + 2 x ­ 1 ùû
x ­ (2x ­ 1)
= lim
x ®1
( x ­ 1) éë x + 2 x ­ 1 ùû
­ (x ­ 1)
= lim
x®1
( x ­ 1) éë x + 2 x ­ 1 ùû
-1 1
= lim =­
x ®1
x + 2x ­ 1 2

x x éë x + 1 + 1ùû
4) lim = lim
x ®0
x+ 1 ­ 1 x® 0 é x + 1 ­ 1ù é x + 1 + 1ù
ë û ë û
x éë x + 1 + 1ùû
= lim
x®0 ( x + 1) ­ 1
x éë x + 1 + 1ùû
= lim
x® 0 x
= lim x +1 +1=2
x ®0
 . 4 ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥ‬
: ‫ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻴﺎﺕ‬

1 ö
æ
2x ­ x2 ç 1 +
2
2x ­ x + 1 x 2 ÷ø
è
1) lim = lim
x ®+¥
x ­ 4x2 + x x ®+¥
æ 1ö
x ­ x2 ç 4 + ÷
è xø
1
2 x ­ x2 1 + 2
= lim x
x ®+¥
1
x ­ x2 4 +
x
1
2x ­ x 1 + 2
= lim x
x ®+¥
1
x­x 4+
x
é 1 ù
x ê2 ­ 1 + 2 ú
ë x û
= lim
x ® +¥ é 1ù
x ê1 ­ 4 + ú
ë xû
1
2­ 1+
= lim x 2 = 2 ­ 1 = ­1
x ®+¥
1 1­2
1­ 4+
x
 æ 1 1 ö
2
­ x + x 2 ç 4+ + 2 ÷
­ x + 4 x + x+ 1 è x x ø
2) lim = lim
x ®-¥
­4 x ­ x 2 + 1 x ®-¥
æ 1 ö
­4 x ­ x 2 ç 1 + 2 ÷
è x ø
1 1
- x + x2 4 + + 2
= lim x x
x ®-¥
1
-4 x ­ x 2 1 + 2
x
1 1
-x + x 4 + + 2
= lim x x
x ®-¥
1
-4 x ­ x 1 + 2
x
1 1
-x ­ x 4 + + 2
= lim x x
x ®-¥
1
-4 x + x 1 + 2
x
é 1 1 ù
x ê ­1 ­ 4 + + 2 ú
ë x x û
= lim
x ®-¥ é 1 ù
x ê ­4 + 1 + 2 ú
ë x û
1 1
­1­ 4+ +
= lim x x 2 = ­1 ­ 2 = 1
x ®-¥
1 ­4+1
­4+ 1+ 2
x
 é x 2 +1 ­ x ù é x 2 +1 +x ù
3) lim x +1 ­ x = lim ë
2
2
û ë û
x ® +¥ x ®+¥
x +1+x
x2 + 1 ­ x2 1
= lim = lim =0
x ® +¥
x2 + 1 + x x ® +¥ 2
x +1 +x

4) lim éë ­ x + x ùû = xlim é­ x . x + x ùû
x ® +¥ ® +¥ ë

= lim
x ® +¥
x (­ )
x + 1 = ­¥
5) lim x2 + 1 ­ x2 + 2
x ® -¥

é x 2 +1 ­ x 2 +2 ù é x 2 +1 + x 2 +2 ù
= lim ë 2
ûë
2
û
x ® -¥
x +1+ x +2
2 2
( x + 1) ­ (x + 2)
= lim
x ® -¥
x2 + 1 + x2 + 2
-1
= lim 2
=0
x ® -¥
x +1+ x2 + 2

6 ) lim
5
= lim
5 (­ x + x 2 +4 )
x® -¥
­x ­ 2
x +4 x ® -¥ é­ x­ x + 4 ùû éë ­ x +
2
x 2 + 4 ùû
ë

= lim
(
5 ­x + x2 + 4 )
x ® -¥ x 2 ­ ( x 2 + 4)
­5 é
= lim ­x + x 2 + 4 ùû = ­¥
x ®-¥ 4 ë
 . 5 ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥ‬
: ‫ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻴﺎﺕ‬

sin x
sin x x 1
1) lim = lim =
x®0 sin 3 x x®0 sin 3 x 3
3.
3x

sin 2 x sin 2 x
2) lim = lim 2 ´ =2
x ®0 x x ®0 2x
sin 2 x sin 2 x sin 2 x
3) lim = lim = lim ´ cosx
x ®0 tan x x ®0 sin x x ®0 sin x
cosx
sin 2 x
2.
= lim 2 x ´ cosx = 2
x®0 sin x
x
æ xö
1 ­ ç 1 ­ 2 sin 2 ÷
1 ­ cosx è 2ø
4) lim 2
= lim 2
x®0 sin x x®0
æ x xö
ç 2sin cos ÷
è 2 2ø
x
2 sin 2 1 1
= lim 2 = lim =
x®0 x x x® 0 x 2
2
4 sin 2 cos 2 2 cos
2 2 2
 x x
x sin x x . 2 sin cos
5) lim = lim 2 2
2
x ®0 1 ­ cosx x ®0 æ x ö
1­ ç 1 ­ 2 sin ÷
è 2 ø
x x x
2 x sin cos xcos
= lim 2 2 = lim 2
x ®0 x x® 0 x
2 sin 2 sin
2 2
x x x
cos cos 2 cos
= lim 2 = lim 2 = lim 2 =2
x ®0 x x ®0 x x ®0 x
sin sin sin
2 2 2
x x x
2.
2 2

. 6 ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥ‬
: ‫ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻴﺎﺕ‬

cos3x
1) limp
x®
2
cos x
p p
x= +z ‫ﺃﻱ‬ x­ =z : ‫ﺒﻭﻀﻊ‬
2 2
p
: ‫ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬ z ¾¾
®0 : ‫ﻓﺈﻥ‬ x ¾¾
® ‫ﻟﻤﺎ‬
2
æp ö æ 3p ö
cos3 ç + z ÷ cos ç + 3z ÷
cos3x è 2 ø è 2 ø
lim = lim = lim
x® 0 cosx x ® 0 æp ö x ® 0 ­sinz
cos ç + z ÷
è2 ø
 3p 3p
cos cos 3z ­ sin sin3z
= lim 2 2
z® 0 ­sinz
sin 3z
sin3z 3.
= lim = lim 3z = ­3
z® 0 ­sinz z ® 0 ­ sin z
z
1 ­ 2sin 2 x
2) limp
x®
4
1 + cos 4x
p p
x= +z ‫ﺃﻱ‬ x­ = z ‫ﺒﻭﻀﻊ‬
4 4
p
‫ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬ z ¾¾
®0 : ‫ﻓﺈﻥ‬ x ¾¾ ® ‫ﻟﻤﺎ‬
4
æp ö
2 1 ­ 2sin 2 ç + z ÷
1 ­ 2sin x è4 ø
limp = lim
x® 1 + cos 4 x z®0 æp ö
4 1 + cos 4 ç + z ÷
è4 ø
2
é p p ù
1 ­ 2 êsin cosz + cos sinz ú
= lim ë 4 4 û
z®0 1 + cos ( p + 4z )
2
æ 2 2 ö
1­2 ç cosz + sinz ÷
= lim è 2 2 ø
z® 0 1 ­ cos4z
1 2
1­2 ´ ( cosz + sinz )
= lim 2
z® 0 1 ­ cos4z
 1 ­ ( cos 2 z + sin 2 z + 2 sinz cosz )
= lim
z® 0 1 ­ cos4z
1 ­ ( 1 + 2 sinz cosz )
= lim
z® 0 1 ­ cos 4z
­2 sinz . cosz ­2 sinz . cosz
= lim = lim
z®0 1 ­ cos 4z (
z ® 0 1 ­ 1 ­ 2 sin 2 2z
)
­2 sinz . cosz ­ sinz . cosz
= lim = lim 2
z®0 2 sin 2 2z z® 0
( 2 sinz . cosz )
­ sinz . cosz ­1
= lim = lim
z® 0 4 sin 2 z . cos 2 z z®0 4 sinz . cosz

: ‫ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬
2
1 ­ 2 sin x ­1
· lim = lim =­¥
>
x®
p
4
1 + cos 4x z ® 0 4 sinz . cosz
>

1 ­ 2 sin 2 x ­1
· lim = lim = +¥
x®
<p
4
1 + cos 4 x z ® 0 4 sinz . cosz
<

1 ­ sin x ­ cosx
3) limp
x®
2
1 ­ sin x + cosx
p p
x= +z x­
= z ‫ﺒﻭﻀﻊ‬
: ‫ﻨﺠﺩ‬
2 2
p
z ¾¾ ® 0 : ‫ ﻓﺈﻥ‬x ¾¾ ® ‫ ﻟﻤﺎ‬: ‫ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬
2
æp ö æp ö
1­ sin ç + z ÷ ­ cos ç + z ÷
1­ sin x ­ cosx è2 ø è2 ø
limp = lim
x® 1­ sin x + cosx x® 0 æp ö æp ö
2 1­ sin ç + z ÷ + cos ç + z ÷
è2 ø è2 ø
 æ zö z z
1­sin ç 1­ 2sin 2 ÷ + 2sin cos
1­cosz +sinz è 2ø 2 2
lim = lim
x ® 0 1­cosz ­sinz x® 0 æ zö z z
1­ ç 1­ 2sin 2 ÷ ­ 2sin cos
è 2ø 2 2
z z z
2sin 2 + 2 sin cos
= lim 2 2 2
z® 0 z z z
2sin 2 ­ 2 sin cos
2 2 2
z é z zù
2sin êsin + cos ú
2 ë 2 2û
= lim
z®0 z é z zù
2sin êsin ­ cos ú
2 ë 2 2û
z z
sin + cos
= lim 2 2 = 1 = ­1
z® 0 z z ­1
sin ­ cos
2 2
. 7 ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥ‬
: ‫ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ‬-1

D f = ]­ ¥ ; ­1[ È ]­1 ; +¥ [ ‫؛‬ D f = ¡ ­ {­1}

: ‫ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻴﺎﺕ‬-

x2
lim f ( x ) = xlim = lim x = ­¥
x ®-¥ ®-¥ x x ®-¥

x2
lim f ( x ) = xlim = lim x = +¥
x ®+¥ ®+¥ x x ®+¥
2
x +x ­4
lim f ( x ) = lim = +¥
<
x ® -1
<
x ® -1 x +1
 ì x 2 + x ­ 4 ¾¾ ® ­4
í <
: ‫ﻷﻥ‬

î x + 1 ¾¾ ® 0
x2 + x ­ 4
lim f ( x ) = lim = ­¥
>
x ® -1
>
x ® -1 x +1
ì x 2 + x ­ 4 ¾¾ ®­ 4
í >
: ‫ﻷﻥ‬

î x + 1 ¾¾ ® 0

: ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل‬ f ( x) ‫( ﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ‬2

c
f ( x ) = ax + b +
x +1
(a x + b) (x + 1) + c
f ( x) = : ‫ﺇﺫﻥ‬
x +1
ax 2 + a x + bx + b + c
f ( x) =
x+1
a x 2 + (a + b) x + b + c
f ( x) =
x +1
ìa = 1 ìa = 1
ï ï
íb = 0 : ‫ﺃﻱ‬ ía + b = 1 : ‫ﻭﻤﻨﻪ‬

ïc = ­4 ïb + c = ­4
î î
4
f ( x) = x ­ : ‫ﺇﺫﻥ‬
x +1
: ‫ ﺘﻌﻴﻴﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﺒﺔ‬-3

lim f ( x ) = +¥
<
‫ﻭ‬ lim f ( x ) = ­¥
>
: ‫ﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ‬
x ® -1 x ® -1
.‫ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻡ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﺏ‬ x = ­1 : ‫ﻓﺈﻥ‬
 ‫‪­4‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬
‫‪lim‬‬ ‫‪=0‬‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫­ ‪f ( x) = x‬‬ ‫ﻭ ﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫‪x ®+¥‬‬ ‫‪x +1‬‬ ‫‪x +1‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪-¥‬‬ ‫ﻭ ﻋﻨﺩ‬ ‫ﻓﺈﻥ ‪ y = x :‬ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌل ﻋﻨﺩ ‪+¥‬‬
‫‪:‬‬ ‫)‪(C‬‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫)‪(D‬‬ ‫‪ -4‬ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻲ ﻟـ‬

‫‪­4‬‬
‫= ‪f ( x) ­ y‬‬
‫‪x +1‬‬
‫ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ‪:‬‬

‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪-¥‬‬ ‫‪-1‬‬ ‫‪+¥‬‬

‫‪x +1‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬

‫‪f ( x) - y‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬

‫‪-‬‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫)‪(C‬‬‫)‪(D‬‬‫ﻻ ﻴﻘﻁﻊ‬ ‫ﺇﺫﻥ‬

‫)‪(D‬‬ ‫ﻴﻘﻊ ﻓﻭﻕ‬ ‫[‪( C ) : x Î ]­¥ ; ­1‬‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺎ‬

‫)‪(D‬‬ ‫ﻴﻘﻊ ﺘﺤﺕ‬ ‫[‪( C ) : x Î ]1 ; +¥‬‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺎ‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥ ‪8‬‬

‫ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻴﺎﺕ ‪:‬‬

‫[ ‪D f = ]­ ¥ ; + ¥‬‬
‫‪æ‬‬ ‫‪1 ö‬‬
‫‪lim‬‬ ‫‪f‬‬ ‫(‬ ‫‪x‬‬ ‫)‬ ‫‪= lim 2 x + x 2 + 1 = lim 2x +‬‬ ‫‪x2 ç1 +‬‬
‫‪x ® -¥‬‬ ‫‪x ® -¥‬‬ ‫‪x ® -¥‬‬
‫‪è‬‬ ‫‪x 2 ÷ø‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪= lim 2x +‬‬ ‫‪x2‬‬ ‫‪1+‬‬
‫‪x ®-¥‬‬ ‫‪x2‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪= lim 2x + x . 1 +‬‬
‫‪x ®-¥‬‬ ‫‪x2‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪é‬‬ ‫‪1 ù‬‬
‫‪= lim 2x ­ x 1 +‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪lim‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪ê‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫­‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪ú = ­¥‬‬
‫‪x ®-¥‬‬ ‫‪x 2 x® -¥ ë‬‬ ‫‪x2 û‬‬
lim f ( x ) = xlim
x ® +¥ ® +¥
2x + x 2 + 1 = +¥
: ‫ ﺤﺴﺎﺏ‬-2

lim f ( x ) ­ 3x = xlim
x ® +¥ ®+¥
2x + x 2 + 1 ­ 3x
= lim ­x +
x ® +¥
x2 + 1

= lim
(­x + x2 + 1 ) (­x ­ x2 + 1 )
x ®+¥
­x ­ x2 + 1
2 2
x ­ (x + 1)
= lim
x ®+¥
­x ­ x2 + 1
-1
= lim =0
x ®+¥
- x ­ x2 + 1
lim f ( x ) ­ x = xlim
x ® -¥ ® -¥
2x + x 2 + 1 ­ x
= lim x +
x ® -¥
x2 + 1

= lim
(x + x2 + 1 ) (x ­ x2 + 1 )
x ®-¥
x­ x2 + 1
-1
= lim =0
x ®-¥
-x ­ x2 + 1
: ‫ ﺘﻌﻴﻴﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﺒﺔ‬-3

lim éë f ( x ) ­ 3x ùû = 0
x ®+¥
: ‫ﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ‬

. +¥ ‫ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻡ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﺏ ﻤﺎﺌل ﻋﻨﺩ‬y = 3x : ‫ﻓﺈﻥ‬

lim éë f ( x ) ­ x ùû = 0
x ®-¥
: ‫ﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ‬

. -¥ ‫ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻡ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﺏ ﻤﺎﺌل ﻋﻨﺩ‬y = x : ‫ﻓﺈﻥ‬

 . 9 ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥ‬
: b ‫ﻭ‬ a ‫ ﺘﻌﻴﻴﻥ‬-1

3 £ 4 + sin x £ 5 : ‫­ ﻭﻤﻨﻪ‬1 £ sin x £ 1 : ‫ﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎ‬

v ( x ) £ f ( x ) £ u ( x ) : ‫ ﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺃﻥ‬-2
3 £ 4 + sin x £ 5 : ‫ﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎ‬
3 4 + sin x 5
2
£ 2
£ 2 : ‫ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬
x x x
3 5
2
£ f ( x) £ 2 : ‫ﻭﻤﻨﻪ‬
x x
: ‫ ﺍﺴﺘﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻴﺎﺕ‬-3

3 5
lim = lim =0 : ‫ﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ‬ ·
x ®+¥ x2 x ®+¥x2
lim f ( x ) = 0
x ®+¥
: ‫ﻓﺈﻥ‬

3 5
lim 2
= lim =0 : ‫ﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ‬ ·
x ®-¥ x x ®-¥x2
lim f ( x ) = 0
x ®-¥
: ‫ﻓﺈﻥ‬

4 + sin x
lim f ( x ) = lim = +¥ -4
x ®0 x ®0 x2
. 10 ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥ‬
: ‫ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻴﺎﺕ‬

lim f ( x ) ;
x ®-¥
lim f ( x )
x ®+¥

1
f ( x) = ­ : a =1 ‫ﺃﻱ‬ a ­ 1 = 0 ‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ‬ ·
3
1
lim f ( x ) = xlim f ( x) = ­ : ‫ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬
x ®+¥ ®+¥ 3
 a + 1= 0 ‫ﺃﻱ‬ a­1 ¹ 0 ‫ﻭ‬ a2 ­ 1 = 0 : ‫· ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ‬
. a = ­1 : ‫ﻭﻤﻨﻪ‬

­2x + 1 2 1
f ( x) = = x­
­3 3 3
2
lim f ( x ) = xlim x = ­¥
x ®-¥ ®-¥ 3
2
lim f ( x ) = xlim x = +¥
x ®+¥ ®+¥
3
a Î ¡ ­ {­1 ; 1} ‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ‬ ·

( a ­ 1) x a­1 1
lim f ( x ) = xlim = 2 =
x ® -¥ ® -¥
( a ­ 1) x a ­ 1 a + 1
2

( a ­ 1) x a­1 1
lim f ( x ) = xlim = 2 =
x ® +¥ ® +¥
( a ­ 1) x a ­ 1 a + 1
2

. 11 ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥ‬
: ‫ ﺘﻌﻴﻴﻥ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ‬-1

D f = ]­ ¥ ; 1[ È ]1 ; + ¥ [ : ‫ﺃﻱ‬ D f = ¡ ­ {1}
: -1 ‫ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ‬-2
3
x +1 (x + 1) (x 2 ­ x + 1)
lim f ( x ) = lim = lim =3
x ®-1 x ®-1 x + 1 x ®-1 x +1
. -1 ‫ ﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭﺓ ﻋﻨﺩ‬f ‫ﻭﻤﻨﻪ‬ lim
x ®- 1
f ( x ) = f ( -1 ) : ‫ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬
 ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥ ‪12‬‬
‫‪:‬‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺩﺍﻟﺔ ‪f‬‬ ‫¡‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬

‫ﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭﺓ ﻷﻨﻬﺎ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻨﺎﻁﻘﺔ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ‪f‬‬ ‫[‪x Î ]1 ; +¥‬‬ ‫ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل‬ ‫·‬

‫ﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭﺓ ﻷﻨﻬﺎ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺓ ﺤﺩﻭﺩ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ‪f‬‬ ‫[‪x Î ]­¥ ; 1‬‬ ‫ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل‬ ‫·‬
‫‪2‬‬

‫= )‪f ( 1‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ‪:‬‬ ‫= )‪f (1‬‬
‫)‪( 1‬‬ ‫·‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪( 1) + 1‬‬
‫‪x2‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪lim f ( x ) = lim‬‬ ‫=‬
‫>‬
‫‪x ®1‬‬
‫>‬
‫‪x ®1‬‬ ‫‪x2 + 1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪-1‬‬
‫‪lim f ( x ) = lim 2 + 1 = 0‬‬
‫‪x ®1 x‬‬
‫<‬ ‫<‬
‫‪x ®1‬‬
‫ﻷﻨﻬﺎ ﻻ ﺘﻘﺒل ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ‪.1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭﺓ ﻋﻨﺩ‬ ‫ﺇﺫﻥ ‪f‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥ ‪13‬‬
‫‪:‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭﺓ ﻋﻨﺩ‬ ‫ﺘﻌﻴﻴﻥ ‪ b‬ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ‪f‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪ f ( 0 ) = 2 ( 0 ) + 1‬ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ‪f ( 0) = 1 :‬‬ ‫ﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ax + b b‬‬
‫‪lim f ( x ) = lim 2‬‬ ‫=‬
‫>‬
‫‪x ®0‬‬
‫>‬
‫‪x ®0‬‬ ‫‪x +4 4‬‬
‫‪lim f ( x ) = lim 2 x 2 + 1 = 1‬‬
‫<‬ ‫<‬
‫‪x®0‬‬ ‫‪x®0‬‬
‫ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭﺓ ﻋﻨﺩ‬ ‫ﺤﺘﻰ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ‪f‬‬
‫‪b‬‬
‫‪b=4‬‬ ‫ﻭﻤﻨﻪ‬ ‫‪=1‬‬
‫‪4‬‬
 ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥ ‪14‬‬
‫‪f ( x) = 0‬‬ ‫ﺘﻌﻴﻴﻥ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺤﻠﻭل ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭﺓ ﻭ ﻤﺘﺯﺍﻴﺩﺓ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎ‬‫]‪]­¥ ; ­3‬‬

‫ﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎ ‪f :‬‬ ‫‪ (1‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎل ‪:‬‬

‫‪lim f ( x ) = ­¥‬‬
‫‪x ®-¥‬‬
‫‪f ( -3 ) = 1‬‬
‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻭ ﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎ ‪:‬‬

‫[‪]­¥ ; ­3‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪f ( x) = 0‬‬
‫ﺤل ﻭﺤﻴﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎل‬ ‫ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‬

‫‪f‬‬
‫ﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭﺓ ﻭ ﻤﺘﻨﺎﻗﺼﺔ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎ‬ ‫]‪[ ­3 ; ­2‬‬
‫‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ‬ ‫‪ (2‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎل‬

‫‪f ( -2 ) = ­3 f ( -3 ) = 1‬‬
‫ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ﺤﺴﺏ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻡ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎ‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫[‪]­3 ; ­2‬‬ ‫‪f ( x) = 0‬‬

‫ﺤل ﻭﺤﻴﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‬

‫‪f‬‬
‫ﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭﺓ ﻭ ﻤﺘﺯﺍﻴﺩﺓ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎ‬‫]‪[ ­2 ; 3‬‬
‫‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎل‬ ‫‪(3‬‬

‫ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ﺤﺴﺏ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻡ‬‫‪f ( 3 ) = 4 f ( -2 ) = ­3‬‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎ ‪:‬‬

‫‪.‬‬‫[‪]­2 ; 3‬‬ ‫‪f ( x) = 0‬‬

‫ﺤل ﻭﺤﻴﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‬

‫¡‬
‫ﻫﻲ ﺜﻼﺙ ﺤﻠﻭل‪.‬‬ ‫‪f ( x) = 0‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ‪ :‬ﻋﺩﺩ ﺤﻠﻭل ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥ ‪15‬‬

‫‪ (1‬ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ‪D f = ¡ :‬‬
‫‪: D‬‬ ‫‪ (2‬ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫‪f‬‬

‫‪ì‬‬ ‫‪x ­1‬‬

‫‪ï‬‬ ‫‪f‬‬ ‫(‬ ‫‪x‬‬ ‫)‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪;x>1‬‬
‫‪x ­1‬‬
‫‪ï‬‬
‫‪ï‬‬ ‫‪x­1‬‬
‫­ ‪í f ( x) = x‬‬ ‫‪;x <1‬‬ ‫ﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ï‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬ ‫­‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫‪ï f (1) = 2‬‬
‫‪ï‬‬
‫‪î‬‬
 ‫‪ì f ( x) = x + 1 ; x > 1‬‬
‫‪ï‬‬
‫‪í f ( x) = x ­ 1 ; x < 1‬‬ ‫ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ï‬‬
‫‪î f ( 1) = 2‬‬
‫ﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎل [‪ ]1 ; +¥‬ﻷﻨﻬﺎ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻭﺩ‬ ‫· ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ‪f‬‬

‫ﻷﻨﻬﺎ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺓ ﺤﺩﻭﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫[‪]­¥ ; 1‬‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫· ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ‪f‬‬

‫‪lim f ( x ) = lim (x ­ 1) = 0‬‬

‫<‬ ‫<‬
‫·‬
‫‪x ®1‬‬ ‫‪x ®1‬‬

‫‪lim f ( x ) = lim x + 1 = 2‬‬

‫>‬ ‫>‬
‫‪x ®1‬‬ ‫‪x ®1‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪Df‬‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ‪ f‬ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭﺓ ﻋﻨﺩ ‪ 1‬ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ‪f‬‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥ ‪16‬‬

‫ﺘﻌﻴﻴﻥ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺤﻠﻭل ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ‪f ( x ) = 2‬‬
‫ﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭﺓ ﻭ ﻤﺘﺯﺍﻴﺩﺓ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎ ﻭ ﺘﺄﺨﺫ‬ ‫‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ‪f‬‬ ‫] ‪] ­¥ ; 0‬‬ ‫‪ (1‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎل‬

‫ﻓﺈﻥ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‬ ‫]‪2 Î ]­4 ; 4‬‬ ‫ﻭ ﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ‬ ‫]‪]­4 ; 4‬‬ ‫ﻗﻴﻤﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎل‬

‫ﺤل ﻭﺤﻴﺩ ﺤﺴﺏ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁﺔ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪f ( x) = 2‬‬

‫ﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭﺓ ﻭ ﻤﺘﻨﺎﻗﺼﺔ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎ ﻭ ﺘﺄﺨﺫ‬ ‫‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ‪f‬‬ ‫[‪[ 0 ; +¥‬‬ ‫‪ (2‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎل‬

‫ﻓﺈﻥ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‬ ‫[‪2 Î ]­2 ; 4‬‬ ‫ﻭ ﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ‬ ‫]‪[ ­2 ; 4‬‬ ‫ﻗﻴﻤﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎل‬

‫ﺤل ﻭﺤﻴﺩ ﺤﺴﺏ‬ ‫‪f ( x) = 2‬‬

‫ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫¡‬ ‫ﺤﻠﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫‪f ( x) = 2‬‬ ‫ﺇﺫﻥ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‬

 ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥ ‪17‬‬
‫ﺒﺂﻟﺔ ﺒﻴﺎﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﻨﺸﺎﺀ ﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ‪f‬‬
‫ﺘﻘﺒل ﺤﻼ ﻭﺤﻴﺩﺍ‬ ‫‪f ( x) = 0‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫[‪]1,78 ; 1,79‬‬ ‫ﻤﺤﺼﻭﺭ ﻓﻲ‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥ ‪18‬‬

‫‪é‬‬ ‫‪pù‬‬
‫‪êë‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫;‬ ‫ﺘﻘﺒل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻗل ﺤﻼ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎل‬ ‫‪2 x ­ cosx = 0‬‬ ‫ﺇﺜﺒﺎﺕ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪6 úû‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫¡‬ ‫ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺘﻴﻥ ﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭﺘﻴﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫¡‬ ‫ﻫﻲ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ ﺩﺍﻟﺘﻴﻥ ﻭ ﻤﻨﻪ ﻓﻬﻲ ﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫· ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ‪f‬‬
‫‪æp ö‬‬ ‫‪p‬‬ ‫ﻭ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ‪3 :‬‬ ‫‪æp ö‬‬ ‫‪2p‬‬ ‫· ‪p‬‬
‫‪fç‬‬ ‫= ÷‬ ‫­‬ ‫‪fç‬‬
‫= ÷‬ ‫‪­ cos‬‬
‫‪è6ø‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪è6ø‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬
‫‪æp ö‬‬ ‫‪æp ö‬‬ ‫ﺇﺫﻥ ‪2 p ­ 3 3 :‬‬
‫‪ f‬ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ‪f ç ÷ > 0 :‬‬ ‫= ÷ ‪ç‬‬
‫‪è6ø‬‬ ‫‪è6ø‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬
‫‪f ( 0 ) = ­1‬‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪f ( 0 ) = 2 ( 0 ) ­ cos0‬‬ ‫·‬
‫‪æp‬‬ ‫‪ö‬‬
‫ﻭﺤﺴﺏ ﻤﺒﺭﻫﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁﺔ‬ ‫‪fç‬‬ ‫‪÷ ´ f (0 ) < 0‬‬ ‫ﺇﺫﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫‪è6‬‬ ‫‪ø‬‬
‫‪ù‬‬ ‫‪pé‬‬ ‫‪f ( x) = 0‬‬
‫‪úû 0 ; 6 êë‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺤل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻗل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎل‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥ ‪19‬‬

‫‪:‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪ -1‬ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ‬

‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬
‫‪x sin x‬‬ ‫‪2 x sin‬‬ ‫‪cos‬‬
‫‪lim‬‬ ‫)‪f (x‬‬ ‫‪= lim‬‬ ‫‪= lim‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪x® 0‬‬ ‫‪x® 0‬‬
‫‪1 ­ cosx‬‬ ‫‪x®0‬‬
‫‪æ‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪ö‬‬
‫÷ ‪1 ­ ç 1 ­ 2sin 2‬‬
‫‪è‬‬ ‫‪2ø‬‬
‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬
‫‪2 x sin‬‬ ‫‪cos‬‬ ‫‪x cos‬‬
‫‪= lim‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2 = lim‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪x® 0‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪x®0‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬
‫‪2 sin‬‬ ‫‪sin‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
 ‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬
‫‪cos‬‬ ‫‪cos‬‬ ‫‪2 cos‬‬
‫‪= lim‬‬ ‫‪2 = lim‬‬ ‫‪2 = lim‬‬ ‫‪2 = 2‬‬
‫‪x®0‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪x® 0‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪x®0‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬
‫‪sin‬‬ ‫‪sin‬‬ ‫‪sin‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬
‫‪2.‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭﺓ ﻋﻨﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ‪f‬‬ ‫‪lim‬‬
‫‪x®0‬‬
‫)‪f ( x ) = f ( 0‬‬ ‫ﺇﺫﻥ‬

‫‪:‬‬ ‫‪Df‬‬ ‫‪ -2‬ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬

‫‪x sin x‬‬

‫= )‪f ( x‬‬
‫ﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎ ‪:‬‬
‫‪1 ­ cosx‬‬
‫ﻭﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎ‪ x a x sin x :‬ﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ¡ ﻷﻨﻬﺎ ﺠﺩﺍﺀ ﺩﺍﻟﺘﻴﻥ ﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭﺘﻴﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ¡ ‪.‬‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎ ‪ x a 1 ­ cosx :‬ﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ¡ ﻷﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ ﺩﺍﻟﺘﻴﻥ ﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭﺘﻴﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ¡‬
‫ﺇﺫﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ‪ f‬ﻫﻲ ﺤﺎﺼل ﻗﺴﻤﺔ ﺩﺍﻟﺘﻴﻥ ﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭﺘﻴﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ¡ ﻓﻬﻲ ﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ‬

‫‪é p‬‬ ‫‪é ù pù‬‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪Df‬‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ‪f‬‬
‫‪ê­ 2 ; 0ê È ú 0 ; 2 ú‬‬
‫‪ë‬‬ ‫‪ë û‬‬ ‫‪û‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥ ‪20‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻫﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ‪a‬‬
‫‪:‬‬

‫]‪[ 0 ; 1‬‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎل‬ ‫ﻨﻌﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ‪ g‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ ‪g ( x ) = f ( x ) ­ x :‬‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫]‪[ 0 ; 1‬‬ ‫]‪[ 0 ; 1‬‬
‫ﻷﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ ﺩﺍﻟﺘﺎﻥ ﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭﺘﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫‪g‬‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﺍل‬ ‫·‬

‫‪g ( 1) = f ( 1) ­ 1‬‬ ‫)‪g ( 0) = f ( 0‬‬

‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎ‬ ‫·‬

‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪£ f ( x) £ 1‬‬ ‫]‪[ 0 ; 1‬‬

‫ﻓﺈﻥ ‪:‬‬ ‫)‪f ( x‬‬
‫ﺘﻨﺘﻤﻲ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎل‬ ‫ﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ‬

‫‪0 £ g ( 0) £ 1‬‬ ‫‪0 £ f ( 0) £ 1‬‬

‫ﻭ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ‪:‬‬

‫‪g ( 0) ³ 0‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺇﺫﻥ‬

‫‪­1 £ f ( 1) ­ 1 £ 0‬‬ ‫‪0 £ f ( 1) £ 1‬‬

‫ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﻜﺫﺍﻟﻙ‬

‫‪g ( 0 ) . g ( 1) £ 0‬‬ ‫‪g ( 1) £ 0‬‬ ‫ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺇﺫﻥ‬

 ‫ﺒﺤﻴﺙ‬ ‫]‪[ 0 ; 1‬‬ ‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎل‬ ‫‪a‬‬ ‫ﻭﺤﺴﺏ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁﺔ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻗل ﻋﺩﺩ‬

‫‪g(a) = 0‬‬
‫‪f (a) = a‬‬ ‫ﻭ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪f (a) ­ a = 0‬‬ ‫ﺃﻱ‬

‫‪ -2‬ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺴﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﻲ ﻟﻠﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻴﺘﻘﺎﻁﻊ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺼﻑ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴل ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﺩﺍﻟﺔ ‪f‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ ‪ a‬ﻫﻭ ﺤل ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ‪f ( x ) = x‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﻭل ‪ y = x :‬ﻓﻲ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﻓﺎﺼﻠﺘﻬﺎ ‪. a‬‬

‫] ‪[a ; b‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -3‬ﻟﻨﺩﺭﺱ ﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎل‬

‫‪g( x) = f ( x) ­ x‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪g‬‬ ‫ﺤﻴﺙ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ‬

‫] ‪[a ; b‬‬ ‫] ‪[a ; b‬‬

‫ﻷﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ ﺩﺍﻟﺘﺎﻥ ﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭﺘﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫‪g‬‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ‬ ‫·‬

‫‪g (b ) = f (b ) ­ b‬‬ ‫‪g(a ) = f (a ) ­ a‬‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫·‬

‫‪a £ f (a ) £ b‬‬ ‫‪a £ f ( x) £ b‬‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎ ‪:‬‬

‫‪f (a ) ­ a ³ 0‬‬ ‫‪0 £ f ( a ) ­ a £ b­a‬‬

‫ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ‪:‬‬

‫‪g(a ) ³ 0‬‬ ‫ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ‪:‬‬

‫‪g(b ) £ 0‬‬ ‫‪a £ f ( b) £ b‬‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ‪:‬‬

‫‪g(a ) . g (b ) £ 0‬‬ ‫ﺇﺫﻥ ‪:‬‬

‫] ‪[a ; b‬‬ ‫‪a‬‬

‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎل‬ ‫ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ﺤﺴﺏ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁﺔ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻗل ﻋﺩﺩ‬

‫‪f (a) = a‬‬ ‫‪f (a) ­ a = 0‬‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺒﺤﻴﺙ‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪a‬‬ ‫ﻴﺘﻘﺎﻁﻊ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺼﻑ ﺍﻷﻭل ﻓﻲ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﻓﺎﺼﻠﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫) ‪(C‬‬ ‫‪f‬‬

‫ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬

‫ﺇﺫﻥ ﺘﺒﻘﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ‬

 ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥ ‪21‬‬
‫‪x 2 ­ 13x + 36 = 0‬‬ ‫‪ (1‬ﺤل ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫‪D =25‬‬
‫ﻭ ﻤﻨﻪ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺤﻠﻴﻥ ‪:‬‬

‫‪13 + 5‬‬ ‫‪13 ­ 5‬‬

‫= ‪x2‬‬ ‫ﻭ ‪=9‬‬ ‫= ‪x1‬‬ ‫‪=4‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪ (2‬ﺤل ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ‪x 6 ­ 13x 3 + 36 = 0 :‬‬
‫ﺒﻭﻀﻊ ‪ x 3 = z‬ﻨﺠﺩ ‪z 2 ­ 13z + 36 = 0 :‬‬
‫‪x3 = 9‬‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻴﻥ ‪ z 1 = 4‬ﻭ ‪ z 2 = 9‬ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ‪x 3 = 4 :‬‬
‫ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ‪ x = 3 4 :‬ﺃﻭ ‪x = 3 9‬‬
‫‪ (3‬ﺤل ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ‪x 2 n ­ 13x n + 36 = 0 :‬‬
‫ﺒﻭﻀﻊ ‪ x n = y‬ﻨﺠﺩ ‪y2 ­ 13y + 36 = 0 :‬‬
‫‪y2 = 9‬‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫‪y1 = 4‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻴﻥ ‪:‬‬

‫‪xn = 9‬‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫‪xn = 4‬‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ‪:‬‬

‫‪x=n9‬‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫=‪x‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫‪4‬‬ ‫ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ‪:‬‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥ ‪22‬‬

‫ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺘﻪ ﻓﺭﺩﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔ ‪n‬‬ ‫ﻨﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺓ ﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﻤﻥ‬
‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬
‫‪f ( x) = a n x + a n­1 x + . . . + a1 x + a 0‬‬
‫‪an > 0‬‬ ‫ﻋﺩﺩ ﻓﺭﺩﻱ ﻨﻔﺭﺽ‬ ‫ﻭ‪n‬‬ ‫‪an ¹ 0‬‬ ‫ﺤﻴﺙ‬

‫· ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ‪ f‬ﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ¡‬

‫‪.‬‬

‫‪lim f ( x ) = xlim‬‬
‫‪x®-¥‬‬ ‫‪®-¥‬‬
‫‪n‬‬
‫‪a n x = ­¥‬‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫‪lim f ( x) = lim a n xn = +¥‬‬
‫‪x®+¥‬‬ ‫‪x®+¥‬‬

‫‪ .‬ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ‬ ‫¡‬ ‫ﺤل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻗل ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺤﺴﺏ ﻤﺒﺭﻫﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ‪f ( x) = 0‬‬
‫)‪ f ( x‬ﻴﻨﻌﺩﻡ ﻤﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻗل‪.‬‬