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✷ ❚❤❡r♠♦é❧❛st✐❝✐té ❛♥✐s♦tr♦♣❡ ✽
✷✳✶ ❊①❡♠♣❧❡ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧è♠❡ ❞❡ t❤❡r♠♦é❧❛st✐❝✐té ✐s♦tr♦♣❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽
✷✳✷ ◆♦t❛t✐♦♥ ❞❡ ❱♦✐❣t ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽
✷✳✸ ❈❛s ❝❧❛ss✐q✉❡ ❞✬❛♥✐s♦tr♦♣✐❡ é❧❛st✐q✉❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾
✷✳✸✳✶ ▼❛tér✐❛✉① ♦rt❤♦tr♦♣❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾
✷✳✸✳✷ ▼❛tér✐❛✉① ♦rt❤♦tr♦♣❡ ❞❡ ré✈♦❧✉t✐♦♥ ♦✉ ■s♦tr♦♣✐❡ tr❛♥s✈❡rs❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵
✷✳✸✳✸ ▼❛tér✐❛✉① à s②♠étr✐❡ ❝✉❜✐q✉❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶
✷✳✹ ❊①❡♠♣❧❡ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧è♠❡ ❞✬é❧❛st✐❝✐té ❛♥✐s♦tr♦♣❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶
✶
P❡t❡r ❋❛✈r❡❛✉ ❚❆❇▲❊ ❉❊❙ ▼❆❚■➮❘❊❙
❛✈❡❝ X ❧❡s ❝♦♦r❞♦♥♥é❡s ❞❛♥s ❧❛ ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥✐t✐❛❧❡ ❡t x ❧❡s ❝♦♦r❞♦♥♥é❡s ❞❛♥s ❧❛ ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛t✐♦♥ ❝♦✉r❛♥t❡✳
P♦✉r ✉♥ ♠✐❧✐❡✉ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉✱ ♦♥ s✉♣♣♦s❡r❛ Φ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❡✱ ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss❡ C 1 ❡t ❜✐❥❡❝t✐✈❡ ❞❡ Ω0 → Ω ❡t ♦♥ ♥♦t❡r❛ Ψ
❧✬❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥✈❡rs❡✳
❉é✜♥✐t✐♦♥✳ ❚r❛♥s❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❘✐❣✐❞✐✜❛♥t❡ ✿ ✉♥❡ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ Φ ❡st ❞✐t❡ r✐❣✐❞✐✜❛♥t❡ s✉r ✉♥❡ ♣❛rt✐❡ ω0 ⊂ Ω0
s✐ ❡t s❡✉❧❡♠❡♥t s✐ ❡❧❧❡ s✬é❝r✐t ❝♦♠♠❡ ✉♥❡ ❝♦♠♣♦sé❡ ❞✬✉♥❡ tr❛♥s❧❛t✐♦♥ q(t) ❡t ❞✬✉♥❡ r♦t❛t✐♦♥ R(t) ✿
❉é✜♥✐t✐♦♥ ✶✳✶✳✶✳ (
Φ = q(t) + R(t).X
avec R(t).t R(t) =t R(t).R(t) = I
∂Φ
F= =∇ Φ
∂X
❖♥ ♥♦t❡ é❣❛❧❡♠❡♥t ❧❡ ❥❛❝♦❜✐❡♥ J ❞❡ ❧❛ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❝♦♠♠❡ ✿
J X, t = det (F)
❋♦r♠✉❧❡ ❞❡ tr❛♥s♣♦rt
dM = F.dM0
dΩ = J.dΩ0
da = J.t F−1 .dA
✸
P❡t❡r ❋❛✈r❡❛✉ ❈❍❆P■❚❘❊ ✶✳ ❇❆❙❊ ❉❊ ▲✬➱▲❆❙❚■❈■❚➱ ■◆❋■◆■❚➱❙■▼❆▲❊
❱❡❝t❡✉r ❞é♣❧❛❝❡♠❡♥t
1 1 t
E= (C − I) = F.F − I
2 2
❯♥❡ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❡st r✐❣✐❞✐✜❛♥t❡ s✐ ❡t s❡✉❧❡♠❡♥t s✐ E = 0✳
∇ (u) ≪ 1
1
ε= ∇ (u) +t ∇ (u)
2
❙♦♥ ❥❛❝♦❜✐❡♥ ❡st ✿
J = det F ≃ 1 + tr ε
❖♥ ♣❡✉t réé❝r✐r❡ ❧❡ t❡♥s❡✉r ❞❡s ❞✐❧❛t❛t✐♦♥s ❡♥ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥ ❞❡ ε ✿
C = 1 + 2ε
■♥t❡r♣rét❛t✐♦♥ ❞✉ t❡r♠❡ εii ✿ ✐❧ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞ à ❧❛ ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥ ❞✬❛❧❧♦♥❣❡♠❡♥t r❡❧❛t✐❢ ❛✉ ✶❡r ♦r❞r❡ ❞❛♥s ❧❛
❞✐r❡❝t✐♦♥ ei ✿
|dM | − |dM0 |
εii =
|dM0 |
▲❡ ❣❧✐ss❡♠❡♥t ❡♥tr❡ ❞❡✉① ✈❡❝t❡✉rs✱ ❞✬✉♥❡ ✈❛❧❡✉r θ ❡st ❞♦♥♥é ♣❛r ✿
sin θ ≃ 2εij
❖♥ ♣♦✉rr❛ r❡t❡♥✐r q✉✬✉♥❡ s❡✉❧❡ éq✉❛t✐♦♥ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣❛t✐❜✐❧✐té✱ q✉✐ ❡♥❣❧♦❜❡ ❧❡s ❞❡✉① ♣ré❝é❞❡♥t❡s ✿
εij,kh + εkh,ij = εik,jh + εjh,ik
◗✉❛♥❞ ♦♥ rés♦✉t ❧❡ ♣r♦❜❧è♠❡ ❡♥ ❝♦♥tr❛✐♥t❡✱ ✐❧ ❢❛✉t ❡♥s✉✐t❡ ✐♥té❣r❡r ✉♥ ❝❤❛♠♣ ❞❡ ❞é❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❛✜♥ ❞❡
r❡tr♦✉✈❡r ❧❡ ❝❤❛♠♣ ❞❡ ❞é♣❧❛❝❡♠❡♥t✳ ❖♥ ❞♦✐t ❞♦♥❝ ✈ér✐✜❡r q✉❡ ❧❡ ❝❤❛♠♣ ❞❡ ❞é❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❞ér✐✈❡ ❜✐❡♥ ❞✬✉♥
❝❤❛♠♣ ❞❡ ❞é♣❧❛❝❡♠❡♥t✳ ■❧ ❢❛✉t ♣♦✉r ❝❡❧❛ ✉t✐❧✐s❡r ❧❛ ♣❛rt✐❡ ❛♥t✐s②♠étr✐q✉❡ ❞❡ grad (u)✱ q✉❡ ❧✬♦♥ ♥♦t❡r❛ ω ✳
❖♥ ❛ ❞♦♥❝ ✿
0 ω12 ω13
1
ω= t
grad (u) − grad (u) = −ω12 0 ω23
2
−ω13 −ω23 0
❖♥ ❛ ❡♥s✉✐t❡ ❧❛ r❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣❛t✐❜✐❧✐té ♣♦✉r tr♦✉✈❡r ❧❡s t❡r♠❡s ωij ✿
ωij,k = εik,j − εjk,i
P✉✐s ♦♥ ❢❛✐t ❧❛ s♦♠♠❡ ❞✉ t❡♥s❡✉r ω ❛✈❡❝ ❧❡ t❡♥s❡✉r ε ♣♦✉r tr♦✉✈❡r ❧❡ t❡♥s❡✉r grad (u)✳ ■❧ ♥❡ r❡st❡ ♣❧✉s
q✉✬❛❧♦rs à ✐♥té❣r❡r grad (u) ♣♦✉r ♦❜t❡♥✐r ❧❡ ❝❤❛♠♣ ❞❡ ❞é♣❧❛❝❡♠❡♥t u✳
❘❡♠❛rq✉❡ ✿ q✉❛♥❞ ♦♥ ♦❜t✐❡♥t u ✱ ♦♥ ❛ ❜❡❛✉❝♦✉♣ ❞❡ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡s q✉✐ ❛♣♣❛r❛✐ss❡♥t✳ ❈❡♣❡♥❞❛♥t✱ t♦✉t❡s ❧❡s
✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s q✉✐ ❞é♣❡♥❞❡♥t ❞✬✉♥❡ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡ q✉✐ ♥✬❡st ♣❛s ✉♥❡ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡ ♠❛tér✐❛✉①✱ s♦♥t ❞❡s ♠♦✉✈❡♠❡♥ts ❞❡
❝♦r♣s r✐❣✐❞❡s✳ ❈✬❡st ♣♦✉r ❝❡❧❛ q✉❡ ❧❛ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥ ❡st ❞♦♥♥é à ✉♥ ♠♦✉✈❡♠❡♥t ❞❡ ❝♦r♣s r✐❣✐❞❡ ♣rès ✭s✐ ✐❧ ② ❛ ✉♥❡
❝♦♥st❛♥t❡ s❛♥s ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡✱ ❝✬❡st ✉♥ ♠♦✉✈❡♠❡♥t ❞❡ tr❛♥s❧❛t✐♦♥✱ s✐ ✐❧ ② ❛ ✉♥❡ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡ ❛✈❡❝ ✉♥❡ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡ ❝✬❡st
✉♥ ♠♦✉✈❡♠❡♥t ❞❡ r♦t❛t✐♦♥✮✳
❋♦r❝❡s ❞❡ ✈♦❧✉♠❡s
dF = ρ (x, t) f (x, t) dΩ
dF = T (x, ∂ω, t) da
❙❡❝♦♥❞ P♦st✉❧❛t ❞❡ ❈❛✉❝❤②
▲❡ ✈❡❝t❡✉r ❝♦♥tr❛✐♥t❡ T ❡①❡r❝é s✉r t♦✉t❡ ❢❛❝❡ ✐♥tér✐❡✉r ❞✬✉♥ ♠✐❧✐❡✉ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉ ❞é♣❡♥❞ ❧✐♥é❛✐r❡♠❡♥t ❞❡ n✳
■❧ ❡①✐st❡ ❞♦♥❝ σ (x, t) t❡♥s❡✉r ❞✉ ✷♥❞ ♦r❞r❡ t❡❧ q✉❡ ✿
T (x, n, t) = σ (x, t) .n
❛✈❡❝ ε = α (T − T ) ✱ C =
th
0 ijpq ❡t K
∂ 2 ρ0 Ψ
ij = ∂ 2 ρ0 Ψ
✳
▲❡ t❡♥s❡✉r C à ✷✶ ❝♦❡✣❝✐❡♥ts ❞✐✛ér❡♥ts✳
∂εij ∂εpq ∂T ∂εij
▲♦✐ ❞❡ ▲❛♠é
σ = λtr ε I + 2µε ✭✶✳✹✳✶✮
▲♦✐ ❞❡ ❍♦♦❦❡
ε=
1 ν ✰ ν
σ − tr σ I ✭✶✳✹✳✷✮
E E
JσK.n = 0 ✭✶✳✺✳✷✮
σ.n = Td ✭✶✳✺✳✸✮
1 t
ε= ∇ (u) + ∇ (u) ✭✶✳✺✳✹✮
2
th
ε = α (T − T0 ) ✭✶✳✺✳✺✮
th
σ =C: ε−ε ✭✶✳✺✳✻✮
❱♦✐r ❝♦✉rs ❡t ❚❉
❡t
σ11
σ22
σ33
σ=
✭✷✳✷✳✷✮
σ12
σ23
σ31
❘❡♠❛rq✉❡ ✿ P♦✉r ❝❛❧❝✉❧❡r σ : ε = σij εji = σ11 ε11 + σ22 ε22 + σ33 ε33 + σ12 ε21 + σ32 ε23 + σ13 ε31 ... ✱ ❛✈❡❝ ❧❡s
σ : ε = σ.γ ✭✷✳✷✳✸✮
❛✈❡❝
∂σi
Cij = et symétrique
∂γj
✽
P❡t❡r ❋❛✈r❡❛✉ ❈❍❆P■❚❘❊ ✷✳ ❚❍❊❘▼❖➱▲❆❙❚■❈■❚➱ ❆◆■❙❖❚❘❖P❊
❉é✜♥✐t✐♦♥
❈❡ s♦♥t ❞❡s ♠❛tér✐❛✉① q✉✐ ♣rés❡♥t❡♥t ❞❡s s②♠étr✐❡s ♠❛tér✐❡❧❧❡ ❛✉t♦✉r ❞❡s ✸ ♣❧❛♥s ♣❡r♣❡♥❞✐❝✉❧❛✐r❡s
x1 x2 , x 2 x3 , x 3 x1 ✳
❊①❡♠♣❧❡ ✿ ▲❡ ❜♦✐s✳
▼❛tr✐❝❡ C
❖♥ ✈❛ ❝❤❡r❝❤❡r ❧❡s s✐♠♣❧✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥s ❞❡ ❧❛ ♠❛tr✐❝❡ C ❞❛♥s ❧❡ ❝❛s ❞❡ ♠❛tér✐❛✉① ♦rt❤♦tr♦♣❡s✳
❖♥ ❛ ✿
ε11 σ11
ε22 σ22
ε33
σ = C.γ ; γ = ; σ = σ33
2ε12 σ12
2ε23 σ23
2ε31 σ31
❖♥ ❡✛❡❝t✉❡ ✉♥❡ s②♠étr✐❡ ♣❛r r❛♣♣♦rt ❛✉ ♣❧❛♥ x2 x3 ✿
ε11 σ11
ε22 σ22
ε33 σ33
γ= ; σ=
−2ε e −σ12
e 12
2ε23 σ23
−2ε31 −σ31
❉é✜♥✐t✐♦♥
❖♥ ♣❛r❧❡ ❛✉ss✐ ❞❡ ♠❛tér✐❛✉ tr❛♥s✈❡rs❛❧❡♠❡♥t ✐s♦tr♦♣❡✳ ❈✬❡st ✉♥ ♠❛tér✐❛✉ ♦rt❤♦tr♦♣❡ q✉✐ ❛❞♠❡t ✉♥❡
s②♠étr✐❡ ❞❡ ré✈♦❧✉t✐♦♥ ❛✉t♦✉r ❞✬✉♥ ❛①❡ ❞✬♦rt❤♦tr♦♣✐❡✳
❊①❡♠♣❧❡ ✿ ❧❡s s♦❧s
▼❛tr✐❝❡ C
❖♥ ❝❤♦✐s✐t q✉❡ ❧✬❛①❡ ❞❡ ré✈♦❧✉t✐♦♥ ❡st e3 ✳ ❖♥ ❛ ❞♦♥❝ ♣♦✉r ❧❛ ♠❛tr✐❝❡ C ✿
C11 C12 C13
C12 C11 C13
C=
C13 C13 C33
C44
✭✷✳✸✳✷✮
C55
C55
❉é✜♥✐t✐♦♥
❈✬❡st ✉♥ ♠❛tér✐❛✉ ♦rt❤♦tr♦♣✐q✉❡ ❞♦♥t ❧❡s ❛①❡s ❞✬♦rt❤♦tr♦♣✐❡ s♦♥t éq✉✐✈❛❧❡♥ts✳
❊①❡♠♣❧❡ ✿ ❝r✐st❛✉① ♠ét❛❧❧✐q✉❡ ✭❈❈✱ ❈❋❈✮
▼❛tr✐❝❡ C
C11 C12 C12
C12 C11 C12
C12 C12 C11
C=
C44
C44
C44
■❧ ♥✬② ❛ ❞♦♥❝ ♣❧✉s q✉❡ ✸ ❝♦❡✣❝✐❡♥ts ✐♥❞é♣❡♥❞❛♥ts✳
❘❡♠❛rq✉❡ ✿ s✐ ❞❡ ♣❧✉s ♦♥ r❛❥♦✉t❡ ❧✬✐s♦tr♦♣✐❡ tr❛♥s✈❡rs❡✱ ♦♥ r❛❥♦✉t❡ ❧❛ r❡❧❛t✐♦♥ 2C44 = C11 − C12✱ ❡t ♦♥
❛ ♣❧✉s q✉❡ ❞❡✉① ❝♦❡✣❝✐❡♥ts ✐♥❞é♣❡♥❞❛♥ts✱ ❞♦♥❝ ❧❡ ♠❛tér✐❛✉ ❡st ✐s♦tr♦♣❡✳
▼❛tr✐❝❡ ❞❡ ❞✐❧❛t❛t✐♦♥
α = α.I
❱♦✐r ❚❉
X
mi γ i = F i + f j→i
j,j6=i
✷✳ Pr✐♥❝✐♣❡ ❞✬❛❝t✐♦♥✲ré❛❝t✐♦♥ ✿ ♣♦✉r ❝❤❛q✉❡ ❝♦✉♣❧❡ (Mi , Mj )✱ ❧❡s ❢♦r❝❡s f j→i ❡t f i→j s♦♥t ❝♦❧✐♥é❛✐r❡s ❡t
✸✳✶✳✷ ❉é✜♥✐t✐♦♥s
✖ ❆ ❝❤❛q✉❡ ♣♦✐♥t ♠❛tér✐❡❧ Mi ✱ ♦♥ ✐♥tr♦❞✉✐t ✉♥❡ ✑✈✐t❡ss❡ ✈✐rt✉❡❧❧❡✑ q✉❡ ❧✬♦♥ ♥♦t❡ v ∗i ✭❝❡ ♥✬❡st ♣❛s ❞✉
t♦✉t ❧❛ ✈✐t❡ss❡ ré❡❧✱ ❝✬❡st ✉♥ ✈❡❝t❡✉r ❝♦♠♣❧èt❡♠❡♥t ❛r❜✐tr❛✐r❡✮✳
∗
✖ ❖♥ ✐♥tr♦❞✉✐t Pe ✱ q✉✐ ❡st ❛♣♣❡❧é ✑ P✉✐ss❛♥❝❡ ✈✐rt✉❡❧❧❡ ❞❡s ❡✛♦rts ❡①tér✐❡✉rs✑ ✱ q✉❡ ❧✬♦♥ ❞é✜♥✐t ♣❛r ✿
N
X
Pe∗ = Fi .vi∗
i=1
✖ ❖♥ ✐♥tr♦❞✉✐t Pi∗ , q✉✐ ❡st ❛♣♣❡❧é ✑P✉✐ss❛♥❝❡ ✈✐rt✉❡❧❧❡ ❞❡s ❡✛♦rts ✐♥tér✐❡✉rs✑ ✱ q✉❡ ❧✬♦♥ ❞é✜♥✐t ♣❛r ✿
X
Pi∗ = fi→j .vj∗
i,j;i6=j
✖ ❖♥ ✐♥tr♦❞✉✐t Pa∗ ✱ q✉✐ ❡st ❛♣♣❡❧é ✑P✉✐ss❛♥❝❡ ✈✐rt✉❡❧❧❡ ❞❡s q✉❛♥t✐tés ❞✬❛❝❝é❧ér❛t✐♦♥s✑ ✱ q✉❡ ❧✬♦♥ ❞é✜♥✐t
♣❛r ✿
N
X
Pa∗ = mi γi .vi∗
i=1
✶✷
P❡t❡r ❋❛✈r❡❛✉ ❈❍❆P■❚❘❊ ✸✳ ▲❊ P❘■◆❈■P❊ ❉❊❙ P❯■❙❙❆◆❈❊❙ ❱■❘❚❯❊▲▲❊❙
✭❜✮ ❖♥ ♠♦♥tr❡ à ♣rés❡♥t ❞❛♥s ❧✬❛✉tr❡ s❡♥s ♣♦✉r ❧❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ ♣♦✐♥t ❞✉ PP❱ ✿ s♦✐t ✉♥ ♠♦✉✈❡♠❡♥t
r✐❣✐❞✐✜❛♥t ♣♦✉r ❧✬❡♥s❡♠❜❧❡ ❞❡s ♣♦✐♥ts✳ ❖♥ ❛ ❞♦♥❝ ✭❝❢ ❝❤❛♣✐tr❡ ✶✮ ✿
vi∗ = v1∗ + ω ∗ ∧ M1 Mi
❖♥ ❛ ❡♥s✉✐t❡ ✿ X X
Pi∗ = fi→j .vj∗ = Pi∗ = fi→j .v1∗ + ω ∗ ∧ M1 Mi
i,j;i6=j i,j;i6=j
X X
Pi∗ = fi→j v1∗ + ω ∗ M1 Mj ∧ fi→j
(i,j);i6=j (i,j);i6=j
X X
Pi∗ = fi→j + fj→i vi∗ +ω ∗
M1 Mj ∧ fi→j + M1 Mi ∧ fj→i
i<j i<j
❖r ♦♥ r❡♠❛rq✉❡ q✉❡ ♣❛r ❧❡ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❡ ❞✬❛❝t✐♦♥ ré❛❝t✐♦♥✱ ❧❡ ♣r❡♠✐❡r t❡r♠❡ ❡st ♥✉❧✱ ❡t ❧❡ s❡❝♦♥❞
❛♣♣❛r❛ît ✜♥❛❧❡♠❡♥t ❝♦♠♠❡ ❧❡ ♣r♦❞✉✐t ✈❡❝t♦r✐❡❧ ❞❡ ❞❡✉① ✈❡❝t❡✉rs ❝♦❧✐♥é❛✐r❡s✱ ❞♦♥❝ ✐❧ ❡st ♥✉❧✳ ❖♥
❛ ❞♦♥❝ ✿
Pi∗ = 0
✷✳ ❖♥ ♠♦♥tr❡ ❧✬✐♠♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥✈❡rs❡ PP❱ →▲♦✐s ❞❡ ◆❡✇t♦♥✳
✭❛✮ ❖♥ ♣❛rt ❞❡ ✿
X N
X N
X
Pe∗ + Pi∗ = Pa∗ ⇔ fi→j .vj∗ + Fi .vi∗ + mi γi .vi∗
i,j;i6=j i=1 i=1
!!
X X
⇔ mγi − Fi + fj→i .vi∗ = 0 ∀vi∗
i j6=i
❖♥ ❛ ❛❧♦rs ✿ X
mi γ i = F i + f j→i
j,j6=i
✭❜✮ ❖♥ ❝♦♥s✐❞èr❡ ❧❡ s♦✉s s②stè♠❡ (Mi , Mj ) ✳ ▲❡s ✈✐t❡ss❡s r✐❣✐❞✐✜❛♥t❡s ❛ss♦❝✐é❡s s♦♥t ✿
vi∗ = vj∗ + ω ∗ ∧ Mj Mi
(
fi→j = −fj→i
Mi Mj fi→j
ˆ ˆ
Pe∗ = ∗
ρf (x) .v (x) dΩ + T (x) .v ∗ (x) dΓ
Ω ∂Ω
❛✈❡❝ ✿
1
D∗ = ∇ (v ∗ ) +t ∇ (v ∗ )
2
❘❡♠❛rq✉❡ ✿ ♦♥ ❛ ❜✐❡♥ Pi v ∗ rigidif iant = 0 ❝❛r D v ∗ rigidif iant = 0
❋♦r♠✉❧❡ ❞❡ ●r❡❡♥
ˆ ˆ
f,i dΩ = f.ni dΓ
Ω ∂Ω
❛✈❡❝ f ✉♥ ♦❜❥❡t q✉❡❧❝♦♥q✉❡ ✭❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥✱ t❡♥s❡✉r✳✳✳✮✳ ❖♥ ❛ é❣❛❧❡♠❡♥t ❧❛ ❢♦r♠✉❧❡ ❞❡ ❧✬■PP ❣râ❝❡ à ❝❡tt❡ ❢♦r♠✉❧❡✳
❖♥ ❛ ✿
ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ
Pe∗ + Pi∗ = Pa∗ ⇔ ∗
ρf (x) .v (x) dΩ + ∗
T (x) .v (x) dΓ − ∗
σ : D dΩ = ργ (x) .v ∗ (x) dΩ
Ω ∂Ω Ω Ω
∗ 1 ∗ ∗
1 ∗ ∗
∗
σij Dji = σij vj,i + vi,j = σij vj,i + σij vi,j = σij vj,i
2 2
❝❛r σij = σji ⇒ σji vi,j
∗ ∗
= σij vj,i ✳ ❖♥ ❛ ❞♦♥❝ ❜✐❡♥ ✿
σ : D∗ = σ : ∇v ∗
❉♦♥❝✱ ♦♥ ♦❜t✐❡♥t ✿ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ
∗ ∗ ∗ ∗
σ : D dΩ = σij vj,i = σji vi,j = σij vi,j dΩ
Ω Ω Ω Ω
P✉✐s ♣❛r ■PP✱ ♦♥ ♦❜t✐❡♥t ✿ ˆ ˆ ˆ
∗
σij vi,j dΩ = σij vi∗ dΩ − σij,j vi∗ dΩ
Ω Ω Ω
❉♦♥❝ ❧✬éq✉❛t✐♦♥ ✿
ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ
∗ ∗ ∗
ρf (x) .v (x) dΩ + T (x) .v (x) dΓ − σ : D dΩ = ργ (x) .v ∗ (x) dΩ
Ω ∂Ω Ω Ω
❞❡✈✐❡♥t ✿
ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ
∗ ∗
ρf (x) .v (x) dΩ + T (x) .v (x) dΓ − σij vi∗ dΩ + σij,j vi∗ dΩ = ργ (x) .v ∗ (x) dΩ
Ω ∂Ω Ω Ω Ω
❙♦✐t ✜♥❛❧❡♠❡♥t ✿ ˆ ˆ
(ργi − (ρfi + σij,j )) .vi∗ dΩ + (σij nj − Ti ) vi∗ dΓ = 0 ∀vi∗
Ω ∂Ω
P❛r ❛✐❧❧❡✉rs Ti = σij nj ✳ ❖♥ ❛ ❞♦♥❝ ✿
ˆ
(ργi − (ρfi + σij,j )) .vi∗ dΩ = 0 ∀vi∗
Ω
❡t ❛✐♥s✐ ✿ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ
∗
− σij vi,j + ρfi vi∗
+ σij nj vi∗ = ργi vi∗
Ω Ω Ω Ω
z }| { z }| { z }| {
P uissance Pi∗ P uissance Pe∗ P uissance Pa∗
✹✳✶✳✶ ❉é✜♥✐t✐♦♥
❡st ❧✬❡♥s❡♠❜❧❡ ❞✬✉♥ ✈❡❝t❡✉r rés✉❧t❛♥t❡ R ❡t ❞✬✉♥ ❝❤❛♠♣ ✈❡❝t♦r✐❡❧ M ✱♠♦♠❡♥t ❛✉ ♣♦✐♥t ❆✳ ▲❡
{τ }
♠♦♠❡♥t ❡♥ ❞❡✉① ♣♦✐♥ts q✉❡❧❝♦♥q✉❡ ét❛♥t r❡❧✐é ♣❛r ❧❛ r❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ✿
A
MB = MA + BA ∧ R
❊①❡♠♣❧❡s ✿
✶✳ ❚♦rs❡✉r ❞✬❡✛♦rts ✿ ´
{F} = ´ Ω fM dΩ
Ω
AM ∧ fM dΩ
✹✳✶✳✷ Pr♦♣r✐étés
✖ ❖♥ ❛ ❧❛ ♣r♦♣r✐été s✉r ❧❡ ♣r♦❞✉✐t s❝❛❧❛✐r❡ ❞❡ ❞❡✉① t♦rs❡✉rs ✿
R1 R2
{τ1 } . {τ2 } = = R1 .M2A + R2 .M1A
M1A A
M2A A
f (s)
m (s) P (s)
F1 F2
{Fs1 } = et {Fs2 } =
M1 s1
M2 s2
❖♥ ♣❡✉t é❣❛❧❡♠❡♥t r❛❥♦✉t❡r ❞❡s ❡✛♦rts ♣♦♥❝t✉❡❧s ❧❡ ❧♦♥❣ ❞❡ ❧❛ ♣♦✉tr❡✱ ♦♥ ♦❜t✐❡♥t ❛❧♦rs ✿
ˆ s2
∗
Pext = {f (s)} . {V ∗ (s)} ds + {Fs1 } . {V ∗ (s1 )} + {Fs2 } {V ∗ (s2 )} + {F0∗ } {V ∗ (s0 )}
s1
❖♥ ❛✱ ❞✬❛♣rès ❧❡ PP❱ ✿
Pe∗ + Pi∗ = 0
s2 s2
d
ˆ ˆ
∗ ∗ ∗
{f (s)} . {V (s)} ds + {Fs1 } . {V (s1 )} + {Fs2 } {V (s2 )} − {τ (s)} . {V ∗ (s)} ds = 0 ∀ {V ∗ (s)}
ds
❖♥ ❢❛✐t ✉♥❡ ✐♥té❣r❛t✐♦♥ ♣❛r ♣❛rt✐❡ ❞✉ ❞❡r♥✐❡r t❡r♠❡ ❞✉ ♠❡♠❜r❡ ❞❡ ❣❛✉❝❤❡ ✿
s1 s1
s2 s2
d d
ˆ ˆ
{τ (s)} . {V ∗ (s)} ds = [{τ (s)} . {V ∗ (s)}]ss21 − ({τ (s)}) . {V ∗ (s)} ds
s1 ds s1 ds
❙♦✐t ✜♥❛❧❡♠❡♥t ✿
s2
d
ˆ
{f (s)} ({τ (s)}) . {V ∗ (s)} ds + [{Fs1 } + {τ (s1 )}] . {V ∗ (s1 )} + [{Fs2 } − {τ (s2 )}] {V ∗ (s2 )} = 0
s1 ds
d d dOP (s) dR
⇒ M0 = (M (s)) + ∧ R (s) + OP (s) ∧
dt ds ds ds
❊♥ r❡♠❛rq✉❛♥t q✉❡ dOP (s)
ds
=t ✱ ♦♥ ♦❜t✐❡♥t ✿
d d dR
M0 = (M (s)) + t ∧ R (s) + OP (s) ∧
dt ds ds
(
{τ (s1 )} = − {Fs1 }
{τ (s2 )} = {Fs2 }
R (s1 ) = −F1
M (s ) = −M
1 1
⇒
R (s2 ) = −F2
M (s2 ) = −M2
F0
{F0 } =
M0
■❧ ❢❛✉t ❡♥s✉✐t❡ r❛❥♦✉t❡r ❧❡ t❡r♠❡ {F0∗ } {V ∗ (s0 )} ❞❛♥s ❧✬❡①♣r❡ss✐♦♥ ❞❡ Pe∗ ✳ ❈❡♣❡♥❞❛♥t✱ {τ (s)} ♣rés❡♥t❡
♠❛✐♥t❡♥❛♥t ✉♥❡ ❞✐s❝♦♥t✐♥✉✐té ❡♥ s0 ✳ ❉♦♥❝ ✐❧ ❢❛✉t ❢❛✐r❡ ✉♥❡ ✐♥té❣r❛t✐♦♥ ♣❛r ♠♦r❝❡❛✉ ❞❡ ♥♦tr❡ ♠✐❧✐❡✉✱ ❞é❝♦✉♣é
❞❡ ❧❛ ♠❛♥✐èr❡ s✉✐✈❛♥t❡ ✿ ˆ s0 ˆ s2
+
s1 s0
´s
❖♥ ♦❜t✐❡♥t ❛✐♥s✐ ❧❛ ♠ê♠❡ ❝❤♦s❡ q✉❡ ♣ré❝é❞❡♠♠❡♥t ❛✈❡❝ ❡♥ ♣❧✉s ✉♥ t❡r♠❡ ❞❡ s❛✉t ✿ ♣♦✉r ❧✬✐♥té❣r❛❧❡ s10 ✐❧
´ s2
❢❛✉t r❛ ❥♦✉t❡r − τ s−
0 {V ∗ (s0 )} ❡t ♣♦✉r ❧✬✐♥té❣r❛❧❡
s0
✐❧ ❢❛✉t r❛❥♦✉t❡r τ s+
0 {V ∗ (s0 )}✳ ❖♥ ♦❜t✐❡♥t
❞♦♥❝ ✿
dR
+ f (s) = 0
ds
d
(M (s)) + t ∧ R (s) + m (s) = 0
ds
[|R|]s0 + F0 = 0
[|M |]s0 + M0 = 0
R (s1 ) = −F1
M (s1 ) = −M1
R (s2 ) = −F2
M (s2 ) = −M2
R = N.t + V
M = Mt t + Mf
❛✈❡❝ N ❧✬❡✛♦rt ♥♦r♠❛❧✱ V ❧❡ ✈❡❝t❡✉r ❞✬❡✛♦rt tr❛♥❝❤❛♥t✱ Mt ❧❡ ♠♦♠❡♥t ❞❡ t♦rs✐♦♥✱ Mf ❧❡ ✈❡❝t❡✉r ❞❡ ♠♦♠❡♥t
✢é❝❤✐ss❛♥t✳
❛✈❡❝ Ω ❧❛ r♦t❛t✐♦♥ ❡t u ❧❡ ❞é♣❧❛❝❡♠❡♥t ❞✉ ♣♦✐♥t P (s)✳ ❖♥ ❝❛r❛❝tér✐s❡ ❡♥s✉✐t❡ ❧❡s ❞é❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥s ♣❛r ✿
d γ (s)
{U (s)} =
ds ε (s)
❛✈❡❝ ✿
dΩ
γ (s) =
ds
ε (s) = du + t (s) ∧ Ω (s)
ds
u (M ) = u (s) + M P ∧ Ω (s)
❛✈❡❝ M P = (0; x2; x3) ❡t Ω = (Ω1; Ω2; Ω3)✳ ❊♥ ❞é✈❡❧♦♣♣❛♥t ❧✬❡①♣r❡ss✐♦♥ ❞❡ u (M )✱ ♦♥ ♦❜t✐❡♥t ✿
ε11 = u′1 − x3 Ω′2 + x2 Ω′3
ε2 = 2ε12
q✉✐ ❝❛r❛❝tér✐s❡ ❧❡ ❣❧✐ss❡♠❡♥t ❡♥tr❡ e1 ❡t e2 ✱
ε3 = 2ε13
q✉✐ ❝❛r❛❝tér✐s❡ ❧❡ ❣❧✐ss❡♠❡♥t ❡♥tr❡ e1 ❡t e3 ✳
■❧ ② ❛ ❞❡✉① ♠❛♥✐èr❡ ❞✬♦❜t❡♥✐r ❧❛ ❧♦✐ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❡♠❡♥t ✿ ❡♥ ✉t✐❧✐s❛♥t ❧❡s ❧♦✐s ✸❉ ❡t ❧❡s ❧✐❡♥s ❡♥tr❡
❞é❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ✸❉✱ γ ❡t ε✱ ♦✉ ❡♥ ✉t✐❧✐s❛♥t ❞❡s s♦❧✉t✐♦♥s ✸❉ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧è♠❡ ❝❧❛ss✐q✉❡✳ ◆♦✉s ❛❧❧♦♥s ✉t✐❧✐s❡r ❧❛
s❡❝♦♥❞❡ ♠ét❤♦❞❡✳
❖♥ s✉♣♣♦s❡ q✉❡ P (s) ❡st ❧❡ ❝❡♥tr❡ ❞❡ ❣r❛✈✐té ❣é♦♠étr✐q✉❡ ❞❡ ❧❛ s❡❝t✐♦♥ ❡t q✉❡ P (s) x2 ❡t P (s) x3 s♦♥t
❛①❡s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✉① ❞✬✐♥❡rt✐❡
❚r❛❝t✐♦♥ s✐♠♣❧❡ ❞✬✉♥❡ ❜❛rr❡
Mt = µJγ1
❛✈❡❝ J ❧❡ ♠♦♠❡♥t ❞✬✐♥❡rt✐❡ ♣♦❧❛✐r❡✱ µ❧❡ ❝♦❡✣❝✐❡♥t ❞❡ ▲❛♠é✳
Mf 2 = EI2 γ2
Mf 3 = EI3 γ3
❖♥ s✉♣♣♦s❡ ❡♥ ♣❧✉s q✉❡ ❧❡s s❡❝t✐♦♥s ✐♥✐t✐❛❧❡♠❡♥t ❞r♦✐t❡s r❡st❡♥t ❞r♦✐t❡s✱ ❝✬❡st à ❞✐r❡ ✿
ε2 = ε3 = 0
✖ u ❡t Ω s♦♥t ✐♥❝♦♥♥✉❡s
✖ ✿ u(0) = 0 ❡t Ω (0) = 0
▲✐❜r❡ ✿
❆♣♣✉✐ s✐♠♣❧❡
❖♥ s❡ ♣❧❛❝❡ ❞❛♥s ✉♥ ♠✐❧✐❡✉ ✸❉ Ω✱ ♦ù ❧❡s ❝❤❛♠♣s ❞❡ ❞é♣❧❛❝❡♠❡♥t ✐♠♣♦sés s♦♥t s✉r ❧❛ ❢r♦♥t✐èr❡ ∂Ω ❡t
❧❡s ❝♦♥tr❛✐♥t❡s ✐♠♣♦sé❡s ❧❡ s♦♥t s✉r ∂Ω✱ ♦✉ ❞❛♥s ✉♥ ♠✐❧✐❡✉ ✶❉ ✭♣♦✉tr❡✱ ♦r✐❡♥té❡ ❛✈❡❝ t ❡t n✮
u
✖ ❊♥ ✸❉ ✿
u = ud sur ∂u Ω
✖ ❊♥ ✶❉ ✿
U∂ = Ud
✖ ❊♥ ✸❉ ✿ (
div σ + ρfd = 0 dans Ω
σ.n = Fd sur ∂Ω
✖ ❊♥ ✶❉ ✿
d
{T } + {f } = 0
ds
{T (0)} = {Td }
✖ ❊♥ ✸❉ ✿
∂w
σ= = C: ε
∂ε
ε = 1 ∇ (u) +T ∇ (u)
2
✖ ❊♥ ✶❉ ✿
∂w
{T } =
∂ {ε}
d
{ε} = {U}
ds
✷✹
P❡t❡r ❋❛✈r❡❛✉ ❈❍❆P■❚❘❊ ✺✳ ▲❊❙ ❚❍➱❖❘➮▼❊❙ ❉❊ ▲✬➱◆❊❘●■❊
✺✳✶✳✷ ◆♦t❛t✐♦♥s ❣é♥ér✐q✉❡s
❖♥ ♥♦t❡ ❧❡ ❞♦♠❛✐♥❡ Ω ❡t ❧❡ ❜♦r❞ ❞✉ ❞♦♠❛✐♥❡ ∂Ω✳ ❊♥s✉✐t❡ ♦♥ ❛❞♦♣t❡r❛ ❧❡s ♥♦t❛t✐♦♥s s✉✐✈❛♥t❡s ✿
✖ ❉é♣❧❛❝❡♠❡♥t ✿ U ✭u ❡♥ ✸❉ ❡t t♦rs❡✉r {U}❡♥ ✶❉✮
✖ ❉é❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ✿ E = E (U )
✖ ❱✐t❡ss❡s ✈✐rt✉❡❧❧❡s ✿ v ∗
✖ ❊✛♦rts ❡①tér✐❡✉rs ✿ F ♣♦✉r ❞❡s ❡✛♦rts ✈♦❧✉♠✐q✉❡s ❡t T ♣♦✉r ❞❡s ❡✛♦rts s✉r❢❛❝✐q✉❡s
✖ ❊✛♦rts ✐♥tér✐❡✉rs ✿ S
d d
ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ
∗ ∗ ∗
− SE (v ) dΩ + Fd v dΩ + Td v dS + T v ∗ dS = 0 ∀v ∗
Ω Ω ∂t Ω ∂u Ω
❡t ✿
∃α0 > 0 tel que ECE ≥ α0 EE
✖ ■❧ ❡st ✐♥✈❡rs✐❜❧❡ ❡t s♦♥ ✐♥✈❡rs❡ C −1
❡st ❛✉ss✐ ♣♦s✐t✐❢
✭❛✮ ❙✐ ✿ ˆ ˆ
Fd ρdΩ + T d ρdS = 0 ∀ρ ∈ R0
Ω ∂Ω
T
❛✈❡❝ R0 = R Uad0
❡t R = {ρ, E (ρ) = 0} ❧✬❡s♣❛❝❡ ❞❡s ♠♦✉✈❡♠❡♥ts ❞❡ ❝♦r♣s r✐❣✐❞❡s✳ ❆❧♦rs ❧❛
s♦❧✉t✐♦♥ ❡st ✉♥✐q✉❡ à ✉♥ ♠♦✉✈❡♠❡♥t ❞❡ ❝♦r♣s r✐❣✐❞❡ ❛❞♠✐ss✐❜❧❡ ♣rès ✳
✭❜✮ ❙✐♥♦♥✱ ♣❛s ❞❡ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥✱ ❝❛r ❧❡ s②stè♠❡ ❞✬❡✛♦rt ❡①tér✐❡✉r ♥❡ s❛t✐s❢❛✐t ♣❛s ❧❛ ❝♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥ ❞✬éq✉✐❧✐❜r❡
❣❧♦❜❛❧✳
✿
❈❡tt❡ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥♥❡❧❧❡ ♠❡s✉r❡ ✉♥ é❝❛rt à ❧❛ s❛t✐s❢❛❝t✐♦♥ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧♦✐ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❡♠❡♥t✳
❘❡♠❛rq✉❡s
✶✳ ψ (V, S) ≥ 0 ❝❛r C ❡st s②♠étr✐q✉❡ ❞é✜♥✐ ❡t ♣♦s✐t✐❢✳
−1
❖♥ ❛ ✿
1 1
ˆ ˆ ˆ
−1
ψ (V, S) = SC S+ E (V) CE (V) − SCE (V)
2 Ω 2 Ω Ω
❖♥ ❞é✜♥✐t ❧✬é♥❡r❣✐❡ ♣♦t❡♥t✐❡❧❧❡ ✿
Ep (V) = W (V) − φ (V)
❛✈❡❝ ✿
1´
W (V) = E (V) CE (V) dΩ
2´ Ω
´
φ (V) = Ω Fd V + ∂f Ω Td V
❊t ♦♥ ❞é✜♥✐t ❧✬é♥❡r❣✐❡ ❝♦♠♣❧é♠❡♥t❛✐r❡ ✿
Ep∗ = W ∗ − φ∗
❛✈❡❝ ✿
1´
W (V) = SCSdΩ
2´ Ω
φ (V) = ∂u Ω T Ud
❖♥ ❡♥ ❞é❞✉✐t ✿
min ψ (V, S) = min Ep (U ) + min Ep∗ (S)
(V,S)∈Uad ×Sad V∈Uad S∈Sad
❚❤é♦rè♠❡ ✿
✶✳ P❛r♠✐ ❧❡s ❝❤❛♠♣s ❈❆✱ ❧❡ ❝❤❛♠♣ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥ ♠✐♥✐♠✐s❡ ❧✬é♥❡r❣✐❡ ♣♦t❡♥t✐❡❧❧❡ ✿
P❛r ❛✐❧❧❡✉rs✱ ♦♥ ❛ ✿
ψ (Usol , Ssol ) = Ep (Usol ) + Ep∗ (Ssol ) = 0 ⇒ Ep (Usol ) = −Ep∗ (Ssol )
❖♥ ♣♦✉rr❛ ❛✉ss✐ r❡t❡♥✐r ❧❛ ❢♦r♠✉❧❡ ❞❡ ❈❧❛♣❡②r♦♥ ✱ q✉✐ tr❛❞✉✐t ❧❡ ❢❛✐t q✉❡ ❧✬é♥❡r❣✐❡ é❧❛st✐q✉❡ t♦t❛❧❡
W (Usol ) ♣♦✉r ❧❡ ❝❤❛♠♣ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥ ❡st é❣❛❧❡ à ❧❛ ♠♦✐t✐é ❞✉ tr❛✈❛✐❧ ❞❡ t♦✉s ❧❡s ❡✛♦rts ❡①tér✐❡✉rs ❞❛♥s ❧❡ ❝❤❛♠♣
s♦❧✉t✐♦♥✳ !
1
ˆ ˆ ˆ
∗
W (Usol ) = W (Ssol ) = Fd Usol + Td Usol + Ssol Ud
2 Ω ∂f Ω ∂u Ω
dim (Uad ) = +∞
2 2
2ψ Û , Ŝ = Û − U + Ŝ − S ∀Û ∈ Uad ∀Ŝ ∈ Sad
C C −1
❛✈❡❝ ✿ ˆ
kVk2C = E (V) CE (V) dΩ
Ω
ˆ
kSk2C −1 = SC −1 SdΩ
Ω
2
Ŝ − S ≤ 2ψ Û , Ŝ ∀Ŝ ∈ Sad
C −1
❖♥ ❝♦♥s✐❞èr❡ ✉♥❡ ♣♦✉tr❡ ❡♥❝❛stré❡ ❞✬✉♥ ❝ôté✱ ❡♥ ❛♣♣✉✐ s✐♠♣❧❡ ❞❡ ❧✬❛✉tr❡ ✭❡♥ ❇✮✳ ❖♥ ❝❤❡r❝❤❡ ❧❛ ré❛❝t✐♦♥
❞✬❛♣♣✉✐ ❛✉ ♣♦✐♥t ❇✱ ❡♥ s❛❝❤❛♥t q✉❡ ❧❛ ♣♦✉tr❡ ❡st s♦✉♠✐s❡ à s♦♥ ♣♦✐❞s ♣r♦♣r❡ p✳
❊q✉❛t✐♦♥s ❞✬éq✉✐❧✐❜r❡
dR
− pey = 0
dx
dM
+ ex ∧ R + 0 = 0
dx
❈♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥s ❧✐♠✐t❡s
✖ ❊♥ x = 0
⇒ u (x = 0) = 0
⇒ ω (x = 0) = 0
✖ ❊♥ x=L ✿
⇒ u.ey = 0
⇒ R.ex = R.ez = 0
⇒ M (L) = 0
❘és♦❧✉t✐♦♥
❖♥ ❛ ❞♦♥❝ ✿
R=" [p (x − L)2 + Xb ] e2 #
T = (x − L)
M (x) = − p
2
+ Xb (x − L) e3
Ep∗ = W ∗ − φ∗
∂Ep∗ 3pL
= 0 =⇒ Xb =
∂Xb 8
▼ê♠❡ ♣r♦❜❧è♠❡ q✉❡ ♣ré❝é❞❡♠♠❡♥t✱ ♠❛✐s s❛♥s ❧✬❛♣♣✉✐ s✐♠♣❧❡✳ ❖♥ s♦✉❤❛✐t❡ tr♦✉✈❡r uB ✳
❖♥ ✈❛ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❡r ❧❡ ♣r♦❜❧è♠❡ ❡♥ ✉♥ ♣r♦❜❧è♠❡ ❤②♣❡rst❛t✐q✉❡✱ ❡♥ r❛❥♦✉t❛♥t uB ❛✉ ♣♦✐♥t B ✳
▲❡s ❝❤❛♠♣s st❛t✐q✉❡♠❡♥t ❛❞♠✐ss✐❜❧❡ ♦♥t ❧❛ ♠ê♠❡ ❢♦r♠❡ q✉✬❛✈❛♥t ✿
R=" [p (x − L)2 + Xb ] e2 #
T = (x − L)
M (x) = − p
2
+ Xb (x − L) e3
❊♥s✉✐t❡ ✿
Ep∗ = W ∗ − φ∗
❛✈❡❝ W∗ ❧❡ ♠ê♠❡ q✉❡ ♣ré❝é❞❡♠♠❡♥t ❡t ✿
φ∗ = uB × R2 (L) = uB × XB
∂Ep∗ ∂W ∗
=0= − uB
∂Xb ∂Xb
❖♥ ♣❧❛❝❡ ❡♥s✉✐t❡ ❧❛ ❝❤❛r❣❡ à ✵ ✭t❤é♦rè♠❡ ❞❡ ❈❛st✐❣❧✐❛♥♦✮ ✿
!
∂W ∗ pL4
ub = =−
∂Xb 8EI
Xb =0
❖❜s❡r✈❛t✐♦♥s ✿ ❡♥ ❍PP✱ ♦♥ ❛✈❛✐t ❧✬✉♥✐❝✐té ❞❡ ❧❛ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥✳ ❖r ♣♦✉r ✐♥tr♦❞✉✐r❡ ❧❡s ♥♦♥✲❧✐♥é❛r✐tés ❣é♦✲
♠étr✐q✉❡s✱ ✐❧ ❢❛✉t ❛❜❛♥❞♦♥♥❡r ❧❡ ❝❛❞r❡ ❍PP✳ ❊♥ ❡✛❡t✱ ✐❧ ❢❛✉t ♠❛✐♥t❡♥t❛♥t ♣r❡♥❞r❡ ❡♥ ❝♦♠♣t❡ ❧❡s ❣r❛♥❞s
❞é♣❧❛❝❡♠❡♥ts ❡t ❧❡s ❣r❛♥❞❡s r♦t❛t✐♦♥s✳ ❖♥ ♣❡r❞ ❞♦♥❝ ❧✬✉♥✐❝✐té ❞❡ ❧❛ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥✳
✻✳✶ ●é♥ér❛❧✐tés s✉r ❧❛ ✢❡①✐♦♥ ♣❧❛♥❡ ❞❡s ♣♦✉tr❡s ❡♥ ❣r❛♥❞ ❞é♣❧❛❝❡✲
♠❡♥t
❖♥ ❝♦♥s✐❞èr❡ ✉♥❡ ♣♦✉tr❡ ❞r♦✐t❡ ✭♦✉ ✉♥ ❛r❝✮ ❞❛♥s ✉♥❡ ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛t✐♦♥ ♥❛t✉r❡❧ ✭❝✬❡st à ❞✐r❡ ❧✐❜r❡ ❞❡
❝♦♥tr❛✐♥t❡✱ ❞❡ ❞é❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥✮✱ ❞❛♥s ❧❡ ♣❧❛♥ e , e ✳ ❖♥ ❛✉r❛ ✿
1 2
R = R1 e1 + R2 e2 et M = M e3
dϕ
C (s) =
ds
dR
= 0 ⇒ R = −F e1
ds
dM
+ t (s) ∧ R = 0
ds
✸✷
P❡t❡r ❋❛✈r❡❛✉ ❈❍❆P■❚❘❊ ✻✳ ■◆❚❘❖❉❯❈❚■❖◆ ❆❯❳ ◆❖◆✲▲■◆➱❆❘■❚➱❙ ●➱❖▼➱❚❘■◗❯❊❙
❛✈❡❝ t (s) = cos (ϕ) e1 + sin (ϕ) e2 ✳ ❉❡ ♣❧✉s ♦♥ ❡st ❞❛♥s ✉♥ ♣r♦❜❧è♠❡ ♣❧❛♥✱ ❞♦♥❝ ❧✬éq✉❛t✐♦♥ q✉✐ ♥♦✉s ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡
❡st ❝❡❧❧❡ s✉✐✈❛♥t e3 ✿
dM
+ F sin (ϕ (s)) e3 = 0
ds
❖♥ ✉t✐❧✐s❡ ❡♥s✉✐t❡ ❧❛ ❧♦✐ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❡♠❡♥t ✿
d2 ϕ
EI 2 (s) + F sin (ϕ (s)) = 0
ds
❖♥ s✬✐♥tér❡ss❡ ❛✉ ❝❛s ♣♦s✐t✐❢ ✭❧❡ ❝❛s ♥é❣❛t✐❢ ❡st ❧❡ s②♠étr✐q✉❡ ♣❛r r❛♣♣♦rt à e1 ✮ ✿
s
ϕ0
dϕ 2F
ˆ
√ = LR
0 cos ϕ − cos ϕ0 EI
❖♥ ❛ ❞♦♥❝ ✉♥❡ r❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ❡♥tr❡ F ❡t ϕ0 ✳ ❖♥ ♣♦✉rr❛✐t ♠♦♥tr❡r q✉❡ ❝❡tt❡ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥ ❡st ✉♥❡ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥ ❝r♦✐ss❛♥t❡
❞❡ ϕ0 ✳ ❖♥ ❢❛✐t ❡♥s✉✐t❡ ❧✬ét✉❞❡ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐♠✐t❡ q✉❛♥❞ ϕ0 → 0✳ ❖♥ ❛ ❞♦♥❝ ✿
1 1
cos (ϕ0 ) = 1 − ϕ20 + ... cos ϕ = 1 − ϕ2 + ...
et
2 2
s
√ 1 2
⇒ cos ϕ − cos ϕ0 = (ϕ − ϕ2 )
2 0
√ ˆ ϕ0 dϕ √ ˆ 1 du √ π
2 p = 2 √ = 2
0 (ϕ20 − ϕ2 ) 0 1 − u2 2
ϕ
❛✈❡❝ u = ✳ ❖♥ ❛ ❞♦♥❝ ❧✬❡①♣r❡ss✐♦♥ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❝❤❛r❣❡ ❝r✐t✐q✉❡ ✿
ϕ0
EI π 2 EIπ 2
FC = × 2 =
2L2R 4 4L2R
d2 ϕ
❘❡♠❛rq✉❡ ✿ ❞❛♥s ❧✬éq✉❛t✐♦♥ ❞✐✛ér❡♥t✐❡❧❧❡ EI 2 (s) + F sin (ϕ (s)) = 0✱ ♦♥ ♣❡✉t ❢❛✐r❡ ✉♥ ❉▲ ❞❡ sin (ϕ)
ds
à ❧✬♦r❞r❡ ✶ ❡t ♦♥ tr♦✉✈❡ ❧❛ ♠ê♠❡ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥✳ ❖♥ ♦❜t✐❡♥t ❞♦♥❝ ❧✬éq✉❛t✐♦♥ ✿
s s
2
dϕ F F
EI (s) + F (ϕ (s)) = 0 ⇒ ϕ (s) = α1 cos s + α2 sin s
ds2 EI EI
❆✈❡❝ ❧❡s ❝♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥s ❧✐♠✐t❡s✱ ❡t ❧❡ ❢❛✐t q✉✬♦♥ ♥❡ ✈❡✉t ♣❛s ❞❡ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥s ✐❞❡♥t✐q✉❡♠❡♥t ♥✉❧❧❡✱ ♦♥ ♦❜t✐❡♥t ❧❛
❝♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥ ✿ s
Fn π
LR = (2n + 1)
EI 2
π 2 EI
❈❛s ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧✐❡r ✿ F0 = ✳
4L2R