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Elaboré par :
Mr AIT YAHIA Mohamed Morad Elhanafi (Maitre Assistant-Classe «A»)
Chef de Cours d’analyse 3
Edition : 2014/2015
✷ ❋♦♥❝t✐♦♥s é❧é♠❡♥t❛✐r❡s ✷✹
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✷✳✺ ❊①❡r❝✐❝❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶
✹ ❚❤é♦r✐❡ ❞✉ rés✐❞✉ ✽✵
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R
+∞
✺✳✺✳✹ ■♥té❣r❛❧❡s ❞❡ ❧❛ ❢♦r♠❡s R(x) ln xdx ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✾
0
✺✳✻ ❊①❡r❝✐❝❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✸
■■■
❈❤❛♣✐tr❡ ✶
❞ér✐✈❛❜✐❧✐té ❞❛♥s C
(x, y) z = x + iy ✭✶✳✶✮
✷
✶✳ ❋♦♥❝t✐♦♥✱❧✐♠✐t❡s ✱ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉✐té ❡t ❞ér✐✈❛❜✐❧✐té
z = x + iy z = x − iy
z + z′ z − z′
ℜz = ℑz =
2 2i
❡t ❧✬♦♥ ♥♦tr❛ q✉❡ ❧❡s ♥♦♠❜r❡s ré❡❧s s♦♥t ❝❛r❛❝tér✐sés ♣❛r♠✐ ❧❡s ♥♦♠❜r❡s ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❡s
♣❛r ❧❛ ♣r♦♣r✐été ❞✬êtr❡ é❣❛✉① à ❧❡✉rs ❝♦♥❥✉❣✉és ✿
z∈C
{ } ⇐⇒ z ∈ R
z=z
✸
❋✐❣✉r❡ ✶✳✷ ✕ r❡♣rés❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ❞❡ z ❡t z
❜✳ ▲❛ ❜✐❥❡❝t✐♦♥ ❞é✜♥✐❡ ♣❛r ✭✶✳✶✮ ♣❡r♠❡t ❞❡ tr❛♥s♣♦rt❡r s✉r C ❧❡s ❞✐✛ér❡♥t❡s str✉❝t✉r❡s
❞❡ R2 ✿ ❛✐♥s✐✱ ❡❧❧❡ ♣❡r♠❡t ❞✬✐❞❡♥t✐✜❡r C à R2 ❛✈❡❝ s❛ str✉❝t✉r❡ ❞✬❡s♣❛❝❡ ♣♦♥❝t✉❡❧
❡✉❝❧✐❞✐❡♥✳ ❖♥ ❡♠♣❧♦✐❡ ❧❡ t❡r♠❡ ❞❡ ✧♣❧❛♥ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❡✧ ♣♦✉r ❞és✐❣♥❡r C ❛✈❡❝ ❝❡tt❡ ✐❞❡♥✲
t✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥✳✱ ❧❡ ♣♦✐♥t m = (x, y) ∈ R2 ❡st ❛♣♣❡❧é ✐♠❛❣❡ ❞✉ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❡ z = x+iy
q✉✐ ❡st ❧✉✐ ♠ê♠❡ ❛♣♣❡❧é ❛✣①❡ ❞✉ ♣♦✐♥t m✳ ▼❛✐s ♦♥ ❞✐r❛ ♣❧✉s s♦✉✈❛♥t ✧❧❡ ♣♦✐♥t z ✧
♣❧✉tôt q✉❡ ✧❧❡ ♣♦✐♥t m ✐♠❛❣❡ ❞❡ z ✧ ✿ ♣❛r ❡①❡♠♣❧❡ ✧ ❧❡ ♣♦✐♥t 2 + 3i✧ ❞és✐❣♥❡ ❧❡ ♣♦✐♥t
(2, 3) ∈ R2 ✐♠❛❣❡ ❞✉ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❡ ✷✰✸✐✳
▲❡ ♣♦✐♥t m ✐♠❛❣❡ ❞✬✉♥ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❡ z 6= 0 ❛❞♠❡t ✉♥❡ ✐♥✜♥✐té ❞❡ s②stè♠❡ ❞❡ ❝♦✲
♦r❞♦♥é❡s ♣♦❧❛✐r❡s (r, θ) ♣♦✉r ❧❡sq✉❡❧❧❡s r = |z|✱ ❧❛ s❡❝♦♥❞❡ ❝♦♦r❞♦♥é❡ θ ❡st ❛❧♦rs ❧✬✉♥❡
q✉❡❧❝♦♥q✉❡ ❞❡s é❧é♠❡♥ts ❞✬✉♥❡ ❝❧❛ss❡ ❞❡ ♥♦♠❜r❡s ré❡❧s ❞é✜♥✐❡ ♠♦❞✉❧♦ 2π
✹
✶✳ ❋♦♥❝t✐♦♥✱❧✐♠✐t❡s ✱ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉✐té ❡t ❞ér✐✈❛❜✐❧✐té
❡t ♦♥ é❝r✐t ω = f (z)✳
❖♥ ♣❡✉t ✈✐s✉❛❧✐s❡r ✉♥❡ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❡ ❡♥ ❞❡ss✐♥❛♥t ❞❡✉① ♣❧❛♥s ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❡s ❡t ❡♥ ❢❛✐s❛♥t
❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞r❡✱ ♣❛r ❞❡s ✢è❝❤❡s✱ ❝❤❛q✉❡ ♣♦✐♥t ❞❡ s♦♥ ❞♦♠❛✐♥❡ Ω à ✉♥ ♣♦✐♥t ♦✉ ♣❧✉s ❞❛♥s ❧❡
❞❡✉①✐è♠❡ ♣❧❛♥✳
✺
❙✐ U ⊆ C ❡t ❡st ♥♦♥✲✈✐❞❡ ❡t s✐ f : Ω −→ C ❡st ✉♥❡ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❡ ♦♥ ❞é✜♥✐t
f (U ) = {ω ∈ C : ∃z ∈ Ω ∩ U ❛✈❡❝ f (z) = ω}
✭❇✐❡♥ sûr✱ s✐ Ω ∩ U ❡st ✈✐❞❡ ❛❧♦rs f (U ) ❡st ✈✐❞❡✮✳ ❊♥ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧✐❡r✱ ❧✬❡♥s❡♠❜❧❡ f (Ω) s✬❛♣♣❡❧❧❡
❧✬✐♠❛❣❡ ❞❡ f ✳
❙✐ Q ❡st ✉♥❡ ♣❛rt✐❡ q✉❡❧❝♦♥q✉❡ ❞❡ C ❡t f ✉♥❡ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❡ ♥♦✉s ❛❞♦♣t♦♥s ❧❛ ❝♦♥✈❡♥✲
t✐♦♥ q✉❡
f −1 (Q) = {z ∈ dom(f ) : f (z) ∈ Q}
❖♥ ❞é✜♥✐t ❛✐♥s✐ ✉♥❡ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❡ f ♣❛r ❧❛ ❞♦♥♥é❡ ❞❡ s♦♥ ❞♦♠❛✐♥❡ f (Ω) t❡❧ q✉❡
❡t ♦♥ é❝r✐t z = f −1 (ω)
f −1 ❡st ❛❧♦rs ❛♣♣❡❧é❡ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥ ré❝✐♣r♦q✉❡ ❞❡ f ✳
❆ ❝❛✉s❡ ❞❡ ❧✬✐s♦♠♦r♣❤✐s♠❡ ✭✶✳✶✮ ❡♥tr❡ C ❡t ❧❡s ♣♦✐♥ts ❞❡ R2 ✐❧ ♥♦✉s ❡st ❛✉ss✐ ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡
✻
✶✳ ❋♦♥❝t✐♦♥✱❧✐♠✐t❡s ✱ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉✐té ❡t ❞ér✐✈❛❜✐❧✐té
❞✬é❝r✐r❡
ω = f (z) = φ(x, y) + iψ(x, y).
❛✐♥s✐ ✉♥❡ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❡ f ♣❡✉t êtr❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞éré❡ ❝♦♠♠❡ ét❛♥t ✉♥❡ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ♣♦♥❝✲
t✉❡❧❧❡ ❞✉ ♣❧❛♥ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❡ R2 ❞❛♥s ❧✉✐✲♠ê♠❡ s♦✉s ❧❛ ❢♦r♠❡
m(x, y) −→ M (φ(x, y), ψ(x, y))
♦ù m(x, y) ❡t M (φ(x, y), ψ(x, y)) s♦♥t ❞❡s ♣♦✐♥ts ❞❡ R2 ❞✬❛✣①❡ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❡ z = x + iy ❡t
ω = f (z)
❊①❡♠♣❧❡ ✶✳✷✳✶ ✿
✶✳ ▲❡s ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥s ♣♦❧②♥ô♠✐❛❧❡s
❊❧❧❡s s♦♥t ❞é✜♥✐❡s ♣❛r
Pn
z −→ ω = Pn (z) = an z n + an−1 z n−1 + . . . + a1 z + a0
F Pn (z)
z −→ ω = F (z) =
Qm (z)
❊①❡♠♣❧❡ ✶✳✷✳✷ ✿
✶✳ ❙♦✐t z ∈ C − {0}✱ ❧❛ r❡♣rés❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ♣♦❧❛✐r❡ ❞✬✉♥ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❡ ❛ss✉r❡ ❧✬❡①✐st❡♥❝❡
❞❡ ❞❡✉① ♥♦♠❜r❡s ré❡❧s r ≥ 0 ❞é♥♦♠♠é ♠♦❞✉❧❡ ❞❡ z ♥♦té |z| ❡t ξ ∈ ]−π, +π] ❛♣♣❡❧é
✼
❛r❣✉♠❡♥t ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧❡ ❞❡ z ♥♦té❡ Arg(z) ✭♣❛r ❝♦♥✈❡♥t✐♦♥ ❞❛♥s ❝❡ ❝♦✉rs ✧❆✧ ❡♥ ♠❛✲
❥✉s❝✉❧❡✮ t❡❧s q✉❡ z = |z|(cos ξ + i sin ξ)✳
◆♦t♦♥s q✉❡ s✐ ♦♥ ❧è✈❡ ❧❛ r❡str✐❝t✐♦♥ ξ ∈ ]−π, +π] s✉r ❧✬❛♥❣❧❡ ξ s❛ ✈❛❧❡✉r✱ ♣♦✉r ✉♥
♥♦♠❜r❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❡ ❞♦♥♥é✱ ♥❡ s❡r❛ ♣❧✉s ✉♥✐q✉❡ ❡t ♦♥ ❛✉r❛ z = |z|(cos(ξ + 2kπ) +
i sin(ξ + 2kπ)) ♦ù k ❡st ✉♥ ❡♥t✐❡r q✉❡❧❝♦♥q✉❡✳
❝❡❝✐ ♥♦✉s ♣❡r♠❡t ❞❡ ❞é✜♥✐r ✉♥❡ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❡ ♥♦té❡ ” arg ” ❛♣♣❡❧é❡ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥ ❛r✲
❣✉♠❡♥t ✭♣❛r ❝♦♥✈❡♥t✐♦♥ ❞❛♥s ❝❡ ❝♦✉rs ✧❛✧ ♠✐♥✉s❝✉❧❡✮ ❝♦♠♠❡ s✉✐t ✿
arg
z −→ arg(z) : arg(z) = {Arg(z) + 2kπ ❛✈❡❝ − π < Arg(z) ≤ +π ❡t k ∈ Z}
q✉✐ ❛ss♦❝✐❡ à ❝❤❛q✉❡ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❡ ♥♦♥ ♥✉❧ ✉♥ ❡♥s❡♠❜❧❡ ❞❡ ✈❛❧❡✉rs ré❡❧❧❡s✱ ❞❡
♣❧✉s ♦♥ ♣❡✉t é❝r✐r❡ ✿
[
arg(z) = {Arg(z) + 2kπ ❛✈❡❝ − π < Arg(z) ≤ +π}
k∈Z
♣♦✉r k = k0 ✜①é ❞❛♥s Z ❧❛ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥ arg|k0 (z) ❡t ♣♦✉r ❝❤❛q✉❡ z ∈ C − {0} à ✈❛❧❡✉rs
✉♥✐q✉❡ ❞❛♥s ❧✬✐♥t❡r✈❛❧❧❡ ]−π + 2k0 π, +π + 2k0 π] ❞é✜♥✐❡ ♣❛r
arg|k
z −→0 arg|k0 (z) : arg|k0 (z) = Arg(z) + 2k0 π
z 1/n
p Arg(z) 2kπ Arg(z) 2kπ
z −→ { n |z|(cos( + )+i sin( + ) : ❛✈❡❝ : k ∈ {0, 1, . . . , n−1}}
n n n n
✽
✶✳ ❋♦♥❝t✐♦♥✱❧✐♠✐t❡s ✱ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉✐té ❡t ❞ér✐✈❛❜✐❧✐té
❊①❡r❝✐❝❡ ✶✳✷✳✶ ✿
❙♦✐t T ❧❡ ❝❛rré ❞✉ ♣❧❛♥ ❞❡ ❧❛ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡ z ❞❡ s♦♠♠❡ts (0, 0) , (1, 0) , (0, 1)✱ ❞ét❡r♠✐♥❡r ❧❡
❞♦♠❛✐♥❡ ❞✉ ♣❧❛♥ ❞❡ ❧❛ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡ w, tr❛♥s❢♦r♠é❡ ❞❡ T ♣❛r w = z 2 ✳
❙♦❧✉t✐♦♥ ✿
❚ ét❛♥t ❧❡ tr✐❛♥❣❧❡ ❞❡ s♦♠♠❡ts ✿ (1, 0) , (0, 1) , (0, 0) ❡t w = z 2 ❧❛ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❞✉ ♣❧❛♥
❞❡s z :
❖♥ ♣♦s❡ A : (1, 0) , B : (0, 1) , O : (0, 0)
❧❡s s❡❣♠❡♥ts OA, OB, AB s♦♥t ❞é✜♥✐❡s r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❡♠❡♥t ♣❛r ✿
OA z = x ❛✈❡❝ 0 ≤ x ≤ 1
OB z = iy ❛✈❡❝ 0 ≤ y ≤ 1
AB z = x + i (1 − x) ❛✈❡❝ 0 ≤ x ≤ 1
❧❛ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠é❡ ❞❡ OA :
w = z 2 = x2 ❛✈❡❝ 0 ≤ x ≤ 1✱ ❝❡ q✉✐ r❡♣rés❡♥t❡ ✉♥ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ré❡❧ ♣♦s✐t✐❢ ♦✉ ♥✉❧ ❡♥tr❡ 0 ❡t
(+1)✱ T (OA) = O′ A′ ♦ù O′ : (0, 0) , A′ : (1, 0) .
❧❛ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠é❡ ❞❡ OB :
w = z 2 = −y 2 ❛✈❡❝ 0 ≤ y ≤ 1✱ ❝❡ q✉✐ r❡♣rés❡♥t❡ ✉♥ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ré❡❧ ♥é❣❛t✐❢ ♦✉ ♥✉❧ ❡♥tr❡ 0 ❡t
(−1)✱ T (OB) = O′ B ′ ♦ù O′ : (0, 0) , B ′ : (−1, 0) .
❧❛ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠é❡ ❞❡ AB ✿
w = z 2 = [x + i (1 − x)]2 = x2 − (1 − x)2 + 2ix (1 − x)
= (2x − 1) + 2ix (1 − x) ❛✈❡❝ ✿0 ≤ x ≤ 1
✾
wx = ℜ (w) = 2x − 1, wy = ℑ (w) = 2ix (1 − x) , ✐❧ ✈✐❡♥t q✉❡ ✿ −1 ≤ wx ≤ +1✱
1 1
wy = 2ix (1 − x) = 2 (wx + 1) 1 − (wx + 1)
2 2
1
= (wx + 1) (1 − wx )
2
1
= (1 − wx2 ) ❛✈❡❝ − 1 ≤ wx ≤ +1
2
1
❞✬♦ù ❧✬✐♠❛❣❡ ❞✉ s❡❣♠❡♥t AB r❡♣rés❡♥t❡ ❧✬❛r❝ ❞❡ ♣❛r❛❜♦❧❡ y = (1 − x2 ) ❛✈❡❝ −1 ≤ x ≤
2
+1✳
Do (l, r) = {z ∈ C; |z − l| < r}
❉é✜♥✐t✐♦♥ ✶✳✸✳✷ ✿ ❖♥ ❛♣♣❡❧❧❡ ❞✐sq✉❡ ❢❡r♠é ❞❡ ❝❡♥tr❡ l ❡t ❞❡ r❛②♦♥ r q✉✬♦♥ ♥♦t❡ ♣❛r
D(l, r) ❧✬❡♥s❡♠❜❧❡ ❞❡s ♣♦✐♥ts z ❞✉ ♣❧❛♥ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❡ t❡❧s q✉❡ |z − l| ≤ r
D(l, r) = {z ∈ C; |z − l| ≤ r}
❉é✜♥✐t✐♦♥
.
✶✳✸✳✸ ✿ ❖♥ ❛♣♣❡❧❧❡ ❞✐sq✉❡ ♦✉✈❡rt ♣♦✐♥té ❞❡ ❝❡♥tr❡ l ❡t ❞❡ r❛②♦♥ r q✉✬♦♥ ♥♦t❡
♣❛r Do (l, r) ❧✬❡♥s❡♠❜❧❡ ❞❡s ♣♦✐♥ts z ❞✉ ♣❧❛♥ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❡ t❡❧s q✉❡ 0 < |z − l| < r
.
D(l, r) = {z ∈ C; 0 < |z − l| < r}
Do (l, r0 ) = {z ∈ C; |z − l| < r0 } ⊂ Ω
✶✵
✶✳ ❋♦♥❝t✐♦♥✱❧✐♠✐t❡s ✱ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉✐té ❡t ❞ér✐✈❛❜✐❧✐té
❊♥ ❞✬❛✉tr❡s t❡r♠❡s ✿
♦♥ é❝r✐t
limf (z) = L.
z→l
❈❡ q✉✐ ✈❛✉t à ❞✐r❡ q✉❡ ❧❡s ♣❛rt✐❡s ré❡❧❧❡ ❡t ✐♠❛❣✐♥❛✐r❡ ❞❡ f (z) ❛❞♠❡tt❡♥t r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❡♠❡♥t
❧❡s ♣❛rt✐❡s ré❡❧❧❡ ❡t ✐♠❛❣✐♥❛✐r❡ ❞❡ L (A, B) ❝♦♠♠❡ ❧✐♠✐t❡s ❧♦rsq✉❡ z t❡♥❞ ✈❡rs l.
❊①❡♠♣❧❡ ✶✳✸✳✶ ✿
✶✳ lim (z 2 − 5z + 10) = lim z 2 − 5 lim z + 10 = (1 + i)2 − 5(1 + i) + 10 = 5 − 3i
z→1+i z→1+i z→1+i
z3 + 8
✸✳ lim ,❞❛♥s ❝❡ ❝❛s ❧❡ ♥✉♠ér❛t❡✉r ❡t ❧❡ ❞é♥♦♠✐♥❛t❡✉r t❡♥❞❡♥t ✈❡rs 0✱
iπ z 4 + 4z 2 + 16
z→2e ( 3 )
✶✶
t♦✉t❡❢♦✐s ♣❛r ❞é❝♦♠♣♦s✐t✐♦♥ ❡♥ ❢❛❝t❡✉rs ♥♦✉s ♥♦t♦♥s q✉❡ ✿
❈♦♥t✐♥✉✐té ❡♥ ♣♦✐♥t
❉é✜♥✐t✐♦♥ ✶✳✸✳✼ ✿ ❯♥❡ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❡ f ❞é✜♥✐❡ ❞❛♥s ✉♥ ✈♦✐s✐♥❛❣❡ ❞❡ z = z0 , ❡t ❡♥
z0 ❡st ❞✐t❡ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❡ ❡♥ z = z0 s✐ ❡t s❡✉❧❡✉♠❡♥t s✐ lim f (z) = f (z0 )
z→z0
❡♥ ❞✬❛✉tr❡s t❡r♠❡s
◆♦t♦♥s q✉❡ ♣♦✉r q✉❡ f s♦✐t ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❡ ❡♥ z0 ♦♥ ❞❡✈r❛ ❛✈♦✐r s✐♠✉❧t❛♥é♠❡♥t ❧✬❡①✐st❡♥❝❡ ❞❡
♥✉✐tés ❞❡ ❧❛ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥ f,
Pr♦♣♦s✐t✐♦♥ ✶✳✸✳✷ ✿
f
✶✳ ❙✐ f ❡t g s♦♥t ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❡s ❡♥ z = z0 ; ❧❡s ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥s f + g, f g, f − g, ❡t , (g(z0 ) 6= 0)
g
❧❡ s♦♥t é❣❛❧❡♠❡♥t✳
✷✳ ❙✐ w = f (z) ❡st ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❡ ❡♥ z = z0 , ❡t s✐ g ❡st ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❡ ❡♥ ξ = ξ0 ❛✈❡❝ ξ0 = f (z0 )
❛❧♦rs ❧❛ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥ w = g [f (z)] ❛♣♣❡❧é❡ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥ ❝♦♠♣♦sé❡ ❡st ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❡ ❡♥ z = z0 .
✶✷
✶✳ ❋♦♥❝t✐♦♥✱❧✐♠✐t❡s ✱ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉✐té ❡t ❞ér✐✈❛❜✐❧✐té
✸✳ ❙✐ f ❡st ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❡ ❞❛♥s ✉♥ ❞♦♠❛✐♥❡ ❢❡r♠é✱ ❡❧❧❡ ② ❡st ❜♦r♥é❡ ✐❡ ∃M > 0; t❡❧❧❡ q✉❡
|f (z)| < M, ∀z ❞❛♥s ❝❡ ❞♦♠❛✐♥❡✳
✹✳ f ❡st ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❡ ❞❛♥s ✉♥ ❞♦♠❛✐♥❡ s✐ ❡t s❡✉❧❡♠❡♥t s✐ s❛ ♣❛rt✐❡ ré❡❧❧❡ ❡t ✐♠❛❣✐♥❛✐r❡ ❧❡
s♦♥t é❣❛❧❡♠❡♥t✳
❈❛✉❝❤②✲❘✐❡♠❛♥♥
✶✳✹✳✶ ❉ér✐✈é❡
❙♦✐t f ❡st ✉♥❡ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥ ✉♥✐❢♦r♠❡ ❞é✜♥✐❡ ❞❛♥s ✉♥ ❞♦♠❛✐♥❡ D ❞✉ ♣❧❛♥ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❡✳
′ f (z) − f (z0 )
f (z0 ) = lim
z→z0 z − z0
✶✸
❧❛ ❢♦r♠❡ ❧✐♥é❛✐r❡ ❞é✜♥✐❡ s✉r C ♣❛r ✿ u −→ lu, ❡st ❛❧♦rs ❛♣♣❡❧é❡ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ❞✐✛ér❡♥t✐❡❧❧❡ ♦✉
❞✐✛ér❡♥t✐❡❧❧❡ ❞❡ f ❛✉ ♣♦✐♥t z0 ; ❧✬✐♠❛❣❡ ❞❡ ❧✬é❧é♠❡♥t ❣é♥ér✐q✉❡ dz ❞❡ C ♣❛r ❝❡tt❡ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥
❡st ♥♦té df, df = ldz.
❖♥ ♣♦✉rr❛ ❝♦♠♠❡ ♣♦✉r ❧❡s ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥s ré❡❧❧❡s à ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡ ré❡❧❧❡s ❛✣r♠❡r ❧❡ rés✉❧t❛t s✉✐✈❛♥t
f (z) − f (z0 )
❛✈❡❝ ε(u) −→
′ ′
f (z0 ) = lim ⇐⇒ ∃ε : C −→ C : f (z0 +u)−f (z0 ) = f (z0 )u+uε(u) 0
z→z0 z − z0 u→0
z = x + iy
f (z) = P (x, y) + iQ(x, y)
❖♥ ♣♦s❡ ✿ z = x + iy
0 0
f (z0 ) = P0 + iQ0
0
′
f (z0 ) = A + iB
ε(u) = α(z) + iβ(z)
✐❧ ✈✐❡♥t q✉❡ ✿ P (x, y) − P0 + i [Q(x, y) − Q0 ] = (x + iy − x0 − iy0 ) [A + iB + α(z) + iβ(z)]
(
P − P0 = (x − x0 )(α + A) − (y − y0 )(β + B)
Q − Q0 = (x − x0 )(β + B) + (y − y0 )(α + A)
❛✈❡❝ z→z
lim α(z) = lim β(z) = 0
❡t ❝❡❧❛ q✉❡❧❧❡ q✉❡ s♦✐t ❧❛ ❞✐r❡❝t✐♦♥ s✉r ❧❛ q✉❡❧❧❡ z t❡♥❞ ✈❡rs z0, ❡♥ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧✐❡r ✿
0 z→z 0
✶✹
✶✳ ❋♦♥❝t✐♦♥✱❧✐♠✐t❡s ✱ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉✐té ❡t ❞ér✐✈❛❜✐❧✐té
❞❡ ❧à
P − P0 ∂P
A = lim = (x0 , y0 )
x→x0 x − x0 ∂x
Q − Q0 ∂Q
B = lim = (x0 , y0 )
x→x0 x − x0 ∂x
❞♦♥❝ s✐ f ❡st ❞ér✐✈❛❜❧❡ ❡♥ z0 : P ❡t Q ❛❞♠❡tt❡♥t ❡♥ (x0 , y0 ) ❞❡s ❞ér✐✈é❡s ♣❛rt✐❡❧❧❡s
♣r❡♠✐èr❡s ♣❛r r❛♣♣♦rt à x ❡t
′ ∂P ∂Q
f (z0 ) = +i (x0 , y0 )
∂x ∂x
′ ∂Q ∂P 1 ∂P ∂Q
f (z0 ) = −i (x0 , y0 ) = + (x0 , y0 )
∂y ∂y i ∂y ∂y
♦♥ ✈♦✐t ❞♦♥❝ q✉❡ s✐ ✉♥❡ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥ f ❡st ❞ér✐✈❛❜❧❡ ❡♥ z0 ✱s❡s ♣❛rt✐❡s ré❡❧❧❡ ❡t ✐♠❛❣✐♥❛✐r❡
P (x, y), Q(x, y) ❛❞♠❡tt❡♥t ❞❡s ❞ér✐✈é❡s ♣❛rt✐❡❧❧❡s ❡♥ (x0 , y0 ), t❡❧❧❡s q✉❡
∂P ∂Q ∂Q ∂P
(x0 , y0 ) = (x0 , y0 ) ❡t (x0 , y0 ) = − (x0 , y0 ) ✭❈✲❘✮
∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y
′ ∂P ∂Q ∂Q ∂P 1 ∂P ∂Q
f (z0 ) = +i = −i = +i
∂x ∂x z=z0 ∂y ∂y z=z0 i ∂y ∂y z=z0
✐❡
′ ∂f 1 ∂f
f (z0 ) = =
∂x z=z0 i ∂y z=z0
❡♥ rés✉♠é ♦♥ ❛ ✿
❚❤❡♦r❡♠ ✶✳✹✳✷ ✿ ❙♦✐t f ✉♥❡ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❡ ✉♥✐❢♦r♠❡ f (z) = P (x, y) + iQ(x, y) ❀ ♦ù
z = x + iy ❞ér✐✈❛❜❧❡ ❡♥ ✉♥ ♣♦✐♥t z0 ❞❡ s♦♥ ❞♦♠❛✐♥❡ ❞❡ ❞é✜♥✐t✐♦♥ ❀❛❧♦rs P ❡t Q ❛❞♠❡tt❡♥t
❞❡s ❞ér✐✈é❡s ♣❛rt✐❡❧❧❡s ❡♥ z0 q✉✐ ✈ér✐✜❡♥t ✿
∂P ∂Q ∂Q ∂P ∂f 1 ∂f
(x0 , y0 ) = (x0 , y0 ) ❡t (x0 , y0 ) = − (x0 , y0 ). ⇐⇒ =
∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y ∂x z=z0 i ∂y z=z0
❉é✜♥✐t✐♦♥ ✶✳✹✳✸ ✿ ❯♥❡ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥ f ✱ ✉♥✐❢♦r♠❡ s✉r ✉♥ ❞♦♠❛✐♥❡ D ⊂ C✱ ❡st ❞✐t❡ ♠♦♥♦❣è♥❡
❡♥ ✉♥ ♣♦✐♥t z = z0 ❞❡ D s✐ ❡t s❡✉❧❡♠❡♥t ❡❧❧❡ ❡st ❞ér✐✈❛❜❧❡ ❡♥ z0 .
✶✺
❉é✜♥✐t✐♦♥ ✶✳✹✳✹ ✿ ❯♥❡ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥ f ✱ ✉♥✐❢♦r♠❡ s✉r ✉♥ ❞♦♠❛✐♥❡ D ⊂ C✱ ❡st ❞✐t❡ ❤♦❧♦♠♦r♣❤❡
s✉r D ❀ s✐ ❡❧❧❡ ❡st ❞ér✐✈❛❜❧❡ ❡♥ t♦✉t ♣♦✐♥t ❞❡ D✳
❉é✜♥✐t✐♦♥ ✶✳✹✳✺ ✿ ❯♥❡ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥ ❡st ❞✐t❡ ❤♦❧♦♠♦r♣❤❡ ❡♥ ✉♥ ♣♦✐♥t z ✱ s✬✐❧ ❡①✐st❡ ✉♥ ❞✐sq✉❡
0
❉✉ t❤é♦rè♠❡ ♣ré❝é❞❡♥t✱ ♦♥ ❞é❞✉✐t ✉♥❡ ❝♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥ ♥é❝❡ss❛✐r❡ ♣♦✉r q✉✬✉♥❡ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥ f (z) =
P (x, y) + iQ(x, y) s♦✐t ❤♦❧♦♠♦r♣❤❡ ❞❛♥s ❞♦♠❛✐♥❡ D ❡t q✉❡ ❧❡s ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥s P ❡t Q ✈ér✐✜❡♥t
❧❡s ❝♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥s ❞❡ ❈❛✉❝❤②✲❘✐❡♠❛♥♥ s✉r t♦✉t D✳
❙✐ ❞❡ ♣❧✉s ❧❡s ❞ér✐✈é❡s ♣❛rt✐❡❧❧❡s ❞❡ P ❡t Q s♦♥t ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❡s ❞❛♥s D ✭✐❡ ✿ P ❡t Q ∈ C 1 (D) ✮ ❧❡s
❝♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥s ❞❡ ❈❛✉❝❤②✲❘✐❡♠❛♥♥ s♦♥t ❞❡s ❝♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥s s✉✣s❛♥t❡s ♣♦✉r q✉❡ f s♦✐t ❤♦❧♦♠♦r♣❤❡
❞❛♥s D✳
P ❡t Q ∈ C 1 (D)
f (z) = P (x, y)+iQ(x, y) ❡st ❤♦❧♦♠♦r♣❤❡ ❞❛♥s D ⇐⇒ ∂P ∂Q ∂Q ∂P
= ❡t =− s✉r D
∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y
❧❡s ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥s P ❡t Q s♦♥t s♦✉✈❡♥t ❛♣♣❡❧é❡s ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥s ❝♦♥❥✉❣✉é❡s s✐ ❧✬♦♥ s❡ ❞♦♥♥❡ ✉♥❡
❞✬❡♥tr❡ ❡❧❧❡✱ ♦♥ ♣❡✉t ❞ét❡r♠✐♥❡r ❧✬❛✉tr❡ ✭à ✉♥❡ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡ ❛❞❞✐t✐✈❡ ♣rés✮ ❞❡ t❡❧❧❡ s♦rt❡ q✉❡
❧❛ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥ f (z) = P + iQ s♦✐t ❤♦❧♦♠♦r♣❤❡✳
❙♦✐t f (z) = P (x, y) + iQ(x, y) ✉♥❡ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥ ❤♦❧♦♠♦r♣❤❡ ❞❛♥s ✉♥ ❞♦♠❛✐♥❡ D✳ ❙✐ ❧❡s
❞ér✐✈é❡s s❡❝♦♥❞❡s ❞❡ P ❡t Q ♣❛r r❛♣♣♦rt à x ❡t y ❡①✐st❡♥t ❡t s♦♥t ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❡s ❞❛♥s D✱ ❛❧♦rs
❧❡s ❝♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥s ❞❡ ❈❛✉❝❤②✲❘✐❡♠❛♥♥ ❡♥tr❛✐♥❡♥t
∂ 2P ∂ 2P ∂ 2Q ∂ 2Q
+ = 0 ❡t + =0
∂x2 ∂y 2 ∂x2 ∂y 2
❖♥ ❞é❞✉✐t ❞❡ ❧à q✉❡ s♦✉s ❝❡s ❝♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥s✱ ❧❡s ♣❛rt✐❡s ré❡❧❧❡ ❡t ✐♠❛❣✐♥❛✐r❡ ❞✬✉♥❡ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥
❤♦❧♦♠♦r♣❤❡ ✈ér✐✜❡♥t ❧✬éq✉❛t✐♦♥ ❞❡ ▲❛♣❧❛❝❡ ∆P = 0 ❡t ∆Q = 0 ✭❡❧❧❡s s♦♥t ❞♦♥❝ ❞✐t❡s
❤❛r♠♦♥✐q✉❡s✮ ❡t s♦♥t ❛♣♣❡❧é❡s ❞❛♥s ❝❡ ❝❛s ❈♦♥❥✉❣✉é❡s ❤❛r♠♦♥✐q✉❡s✳
❚❤❡♦r❡♠ ✶✳✹✳✸ ✿ ❚♦✉t❡ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥ ❤♦❧♦♠♦r♣❤❡ ❡st ❤❛r♠♦♥✐q✉❡
f ❤♦❧♦♠♦r♣❤❡ s✉r D ⇒ ∆f = ∆P = ∆Q = 0 s✉r D
❘❡♠❛rq✉❡ ✶✳✹✳✷ ✿ ❧❡ ❝♦♥tr❛✐r❡ ❡st ❣é♥ér❛❧❡♠❡♥t ❢❛✉①✱ ✐❧ s✉✣t ❞❡ ♣r❡♥❞r❡ ❧❛ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥
f (z) = P (x, y) + i × 0 ♦ù P ❡st ✉♥❡ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥ à ❞❡✉① ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s ré❡❧❧❡s à ✈❛❧❡✉rs ré❡❧❧❡s
❡t ❤❛r♠♦♥✐q✉❡ ❡①❡♠♣❧❡ ✿ P (x, y) = e cos y, ♦♥ r❡♠❛rq✉❡ ❜✐❡♥ q✉❡ ∆f = 0 ❡t ♣♦✉rt❛♥t f
x
❞✬♦ù
1
∂r Q = − ∂θ P
r
1
∂r P = ∂θ Q
r
dw
✷✳ f ét❛♥t ❤♦❧♦♠♦r♣❤❡ ✐❡ = ∂x P + i∂x Q, ✐❧ ✈✐❡♥t q✉❡
dz
1 1
∂x P = − sin θ∂θ P + cos θ∂r P ∂x Q = − sin θ∂θ Q + cos θ∂r Q
r r
1 1
∂y P = cos θ∂θ P + sin θ∂r P ∂y Q = cos θ∂θ Q + sin θ∂r Q
r r
❞♦♥❝
dw
= ∂x P + i∂x Q
dz
1 1
= − sin θ∂θ P + cos θ∂r P + i − sin θ∂θ Q + cos θ∂r Q
r r
1 1
− (−r) sin θ∂r Q + cos θ∂r P + i − r sin θ∂r P + cos θ∂r Q
r r
= [sin θ∂r Q + cos θ∂r P ] + i [− sin θ∂r P + cos θ∂r Q]
= [cos θ − i sin θ] ∂r P + [sin θ + i cos θ] ∂r Q
= [cos θ − i sin θ] ∂r P + i [−i sin θ + cos θ] ∂r Q
= [cos θ − i sin θ] [∂r P + i∂r Q]
✶✼
♦♥ ❛❧♦rs ✿
dw ∂w
= e−iθ
dz ∂r
❊①❡r❝✐❝❡ ✶✳✹✳✷ ❛✳ ❉ét❡r♠✐♥❡r t♦✉t❡s ❧❡s ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥s Q : R → R ❞❡ ❧❛ ❢♦r♠❡ g (x) h (y)
2
✶✽
✶✳ ❋♦♥❝t✐♦♥✱❧✐♠✐t❡s ✱ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉✐té ❡t ❞ér✐✈❛❜✐❧✐té
♦ù C ∈ R
❞♦♥❝ f (z) = P + iQ = (− cos x cosh y + C) + i sin x sinh y, ♣♦✉r f (0) = 1✱ ✐❧ ✈✐❡♥t
q✉❡ C = 2
f (z) = (− cos x cosh y + 2) + i sin x sinh y
f (z) = 2 − cos z
✶✾
✶✳✺ ❊①❡r❝✐❝❡s
❊①❡r❝✐❝❡ ✶✳✺✳✶ ✿
❉ét❡r♠✐♥❡r ❧❡s ♣❛rt✐❡s r❡é❧❧❡s ❡t ✐♠❛❣✐♥❛✐r❡s ❞❡s ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥s ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❡s s✉✐✈❛♥t❡s ✿
1 1−z −
z 7→ 2z 2 − 3iz z 7→ z +z 7→ z 7→ z − iz 2
z 1+z
z 7→ e3iz z→ 2
7 z +1 z →7 sin 2z z →7 z 2 e2z
−
1 z
z 7→ cosh (z − i) z 7→ z2 z 7→ z 7→ ln2 z
z
❊①❡r❝✐❝❡ ✶✳✺✳✷ ✿
2z + 1 1
✕ ❙♦✐t ❧❛ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥ f (z) = ❞ét❡r♠✐♥❡r f ( ), f (f (z)).
3z − 2 2
z+2
✕ ❙♦✐t w = f (z) =
2z − 1
✲ ❞ét❡r♠✐♥❡r f (0), f (i), f (1 + i).
✲ ❚r♦✉✈❡r t♦✉t❡s ❧❡s ✈❛❧❡✉rs ❞❡ z ♣♦✉r ❧❡sq✉❡❧❧❡s f (z) = i, f (z) = 2 − 3i, f (z) = z.
❊①❡r❝✐❝❡ ✶✳✺✳✸ ✿
❚r♦✉✈❡r ❧❡s ✐♠❛❣❡s ❞❡s ❛①❡s ré❡❧ ❡t ✐♠❛❣✐♥❛✐r❡ ♣❛r ❧❡s tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥s ✿
z+1 1
✶✲ w = , ✷✲ w = 1 + .
z−1 z
❊①❡r❝✐❝❡ ✶✳✺✳✹ ✿
❙♦✐t S ✉♥ ❝❛rré ❞✉ ♣❧❛♥ ❞❡ ❧❛ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡ z ❞❡ s♦♠♠❡ts (0, 0) , (1, 0) , (1, 1) , (0, 1) , ❞ét❡r♠✐♥❡r
1
❧❡ ❞♦♠❛✐♥❡ ❞✉ ♣❧❛♥ ❞❡ ❧❛ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡ w tr❛♥s❢♦r♠é ❞❡ S ♣❛r a) w = z 2 , b) w = + 1.
z
❊①❡r❝✐❝❡ ✶✳✺✳✺ ✿
1 1
❈❛❧❝✉❧❡r u ❡t v (z = x + iy, w = u + iv) s✐ w = z+ .
2 z
❉ét❡r♠✐♥❡r ❛❧♦rs ❧✬✐♠❛❣❡ ❞✉ ❝❡r❝❧❡ ✉♥✐té ♣❛r ❝❡tt❡ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥✳
2z − 1 1+z
▼ê♠❡ q✉❡st✐♦♥ ♣♦✉r ❧❡s tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥s ✿ a) w = z3, b) w= , c) w=
2−z 2−z
❊①❡r❝✐❝❡ ✶✳✺✳✻ ✿
❈❛❧❝✉❧❡r ❧❡s ❧✐♠✐t❡s s✉✐✈❛♥t❡s
4 2 z2 (2z − 3) (4z + i)
lim (iz + 3z − 10i) , lim 4 , lim ,
z−→2i z−→eiπ/4 z + z + 1
z−→i/2 (iz − 1)2
2
z2 + 1 z−1−i z
lim 6 , lim , lim z − eiπ/3 3
z−→i z + 1 z−→1+i z 2 − 2z + 2 z−→eiπ/3 z +1
✷✵
✶✳ ❋♦♥❝t✐♦♥✱❧✐♠✐t❡s ✱ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉✐té ❡t ❞ér✐✈❛❜✐❧✐té
❊①❡r❝✐❝❡ ✶✳✺✳✼ ✿
❆ ❧✬❛✐❞❡ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❞é✜♥✐t✐♦♥✱ ❞ét❡r♠✐♥❡r ❧❡s ❞ér✐✈é❡s ❞❡s ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥s s✉✐✈❛♥t❡s ❛✉① ♣♦✐♥ts ✐♥❞✐✲
q✉és ✿
2z − i
f (z) = 3z 2 + 4iz − 5 + i, z0 = 2, g(z) = 3z −2 , z0 = 1 + i, h(z) = , z0 = −i
3 + 2i
❊①❡r❝✐❝❡ ✶✳✺✳✽ ✿
▼♦♥tr❡r q✉❡ ❧❛ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥ (z 2 z) ♥✬❡st ❞ér✐✈❛❜❧❡ ❡♥ ❛✉❝✉♥ ♣♦✐♥ts ❞❡ C − {0}✳
❊t✉❞✐❡r ❧❛ ❞ér✐✈❛❜✐❧✐té ❡♥ 0.
◗✉❡ ♣❡✉t✲♦♥ ❞✐r❡ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥ |z|2 ✳
❊①❡r❝✐❝❡ ✶✳✺✳✾ ✿
▼♦♥tr❡r q✉❡ s✐ w = f (z) = u + iv ❡st ❤♦❧♦♠♦r♣❤❡ ❞❛♥s ✉♥ ❞♦♠❛✐♥❡ D ❞❡ C ❛❧♦rs
dw ∂w 1 ∂w
f ′ (z) = = =
dz ∂x i ∂y
❡t q✉❡
∂w
= 0.
∂z
❊①❡r❝✐❝❡ ✶✳✺✳✶✵ ✿
❊①♣r✐♠❡r ❧❡s ❝♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥s ❞❡ ❈❛✉❝❤②✲❘✐❡♠❛♥♥ ❡♥ ❝♦♦r❞♦♥é❡s ♣♦❧❛✐r❡s✳
❊①❡r❝✐❝❡ ✶✳✺✳✶✶ ✿
❊t✉❞✐❡r s✉r C ❧✬❤♦❧♦♠♦r♣❤✐❡ ❞❡s ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥s ✿
2
z 2 z, zez , |z| z, |z| ℜ(z), ez .
❊①❡r❝✐❝❡ ✶✳✺✳✶✷ ✿
❊t✉❞✐❡r ❧✬❤❛r♠♦♥✐❝✐té ❞❡s ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥s ✿
y
x2 + 2x − y 2 2ex cos y arctan ln(x2 + y 2 )
x
❊①❡r❝✐❝❡ ✶✳✺✳✶✸ ✿
❉ét❡r♠✐♥❡r ❧❡s ❝♦♥❥✉❣✉é❡s ❤❛r♠♦♥✐q✉❡ ❞❡s ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥s s✉✐✈❛♥t❡s ✿
❊①❡r❝✐❝❡ ✶✳✺✳✶✹ ✿
❚r♦✉✈❡r t♦✉t❡s ❧❡s ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥s ❝♦♥❥✉❣✉é❡s ❤❛r♠♦♥✐q✉❡s q✉✐ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♥t ❛✉① ❢♦r♠❡s s✉✐✲
✷✶
✈❛♥t❡s ✿
u = F (x2 + y 2 ) u = F (ax + by) u = F (xy) u = F (y/x)
❊①❡r❝✐❝❡ ✶✳✺✳✶✺ ✿
❙♦✐❡♥t U ✉♥ ♦✉✈❡rt ❝♦♥♥❡①❡ ♥♦♥ ✈✐❞❡ ❞❡ C ❡t f ✉♥❡ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥ ❤♦❧♦♠♦r♣❤❡ s✉r U. Pr♦✉✈❡r
q✉❡ ❧❡s ❝♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥s s✉✐✈❛♥t❡s s♦♥t éq✉✐✈❛❧❡♥t❡s
✶✳ f ❡st ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡✳
✷✳ P = ℜ(f ) ❡st ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡✳
✸✳ Q = ℑ(f ) ❡st ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡✳
✹✳ f ❡st ❤♦❧♦♠♦r♣❤❡ s✉r U ✳
✺✳ |f | ❡st ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡✳
❊①❡r❝✐❝❡ ✶✳✺✳✶✻ ✿
❉ét❡r♠✐♥❡r ❧❡s ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥s ❤♦❧♦♠♦r♣❤❡s Z = P + iQ ❞❡ ❧❛ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡ z = x + iy t❡❧❧❡s q✉❡ ✿
✶✳ P ♥❡ ❞é♣❡♥❞❡ q✉❡ ❞❡ x cos ϕ + y sin ϕ ♦ù ϕ ❡st ✉♥ ❛♥❣❧❡ ❞♦♥♥é✳
✷✳ P ♥❡ ❞é♣❡♥❞❡ q✉❡ ❞❡ x2 + y 2 ✳
✸✳ P 2 + Q2 ♥❡ ❞é♣❡♥❞❡ q✉❡ ❞❡ x✳
P
✹✳ ♥❡ ❞é♣❡♥❞❡ q✉❡ ❞❡ x✳
Q
x (1 + x) + y 2
✺✳ P (x, y) =
(1 + x)2 + y 2
x y
✻✳ P (x, y) = ln (x2 + y 2 ) − y arctan
2 x
sin 2x
✼✳ P (x, y) =
cosh 2y − cos 2x
❊①❡r❝✐❝❡ ✶✳✺✳✶✼ ✿
❙✐ P (x, y) ❡st ❤❛r♠♦♥✐q✉❡✱ ♠♦♥tr❡r q✉❡ ✿
" 2 2 #
∂P ∂P
U (x, y) = ln +
∂x ∂y
❡st ❤❛r♠♦♥✐q✉❡✳
❚r♦✉✈❡r ❧❡s ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥s ❤♦❧♦♠♦r♣❤❡s ❞♦♥t U ❡st ❧❛ ♣❛rt✐❡ ré❡❧❧❡✱ ❝♦♥♥❛✐ss❛♥t ❧❛ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥
❤♦❧♦♠♦r♣❤❡ f (z) ❞♦♥t P ❡st ❧❛ ♣❛rt✐❡ ré❡❧❧❡✳
❊①❡r❝✐❝❡ ✶✳✺✳✶✽ ✭P❛rt✐❡❧ ✶✲ ✷✵✶✸✴✷✵✶✹✮ ✿
❙♦✐t f ✉♥❡ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❡ ❤♦❧♦♠♦r♣❤❡ s✉r ✉♥ ❞♦♠❛✐♥❡ Ω ❞❡ C ❞é✜♥✐❡ ♣❛r z 7→ f (z) =
P (x, y) + iQ(x, y) ♦ù P ❡t Q s♦♥t ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss❡ C ∞ (Ω)
▼♦♥tr❡r q✉❡ ✿
✷✷
✶✳ ❋♦♥❝t✐♦♥✱❧✐♠✐t❡s ✱ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉✐té ❡t ❞ér✐✈❛❜✐❧✐té
∂P ∂P
(x, y) 7→ U (x, y) = x +y
∂x ∂y
✷✸
❈❤❛♣✐tr❡ ✷
❋♦♥❝t✐♦♥s é❧é♠❡♥t❛✐r❡s
❯♥❡ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥ ❤♦♠♦❣r❛♣❤✐q✉❡ ❡st ✉♥❡ ❢r❛❝t✐♦♥ r❛t✐♦♥♥❡❧❧❡ ♥♦♥ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡ s✐ ❡t s❡✉❧❡♠❡♥t s✐
ad − bc 6= 0 P♦✉r c
6= 0, ❧❛
❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥ ❤♦♠♦❣r❛♣❤✐q✉❡ ❡st ❛❧♦rs ✉♥❡ ❜✐❥❡❝t✐♦♥ ❤♦❧♦♠♦r♣❤❡ ❞✉
d nao
❞♦♠❛✐♥❡ D = C − − s✉r ❧❡ ❞♦♠❛✐♥❡ D′ = C − .
c c
❊♥ ❡✛❡t✱ w ∈ C ét❛♥t ❞♦♥♥é✱ ❧❛ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥ f ♣r❡♥❞ ❝❡tt❡ ✈❛❧❡✉r ✉♥❡ ❢♦✐s ❡t ✉♥❡ s❡✉❧❡ ❞❛♥s
✷✹
✷✳ ❋♦♥❝t✐♦♥s é❧é♠❡♥t❛✐r❡s
b − dw a
D ❛✉ ♣♦✐♥t z = ✱ ♣♦✉r✈✉❡ q✉❡ w s♦✐t ❞✐✛ér❡♥t ❞❡ . ❈❡❝✐ ét❛❜❧✐t ❛✉ ♠ê♠❡ t❡♠♣s
cw − a c
q✉❡ ❧❛ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥ ✐♥✈❡rs❡ ❞❡ f ❡st ❧❛ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥ ❤♦♠♦❣r❛♣❤✐q✉❡
b − dz
z −→ f −1 (z) =
cz − a
❈♦♠♠❡ ❞❛♥s ❧❡ ❝❛s ré❡❧ ♦♥ ❛♣♣❡❧❧❡ ❢r❛❝t✐♦♥s r❛t✐♦♥♥❡❧❧❡s ❧❡s ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥s ❞❡ ❧❛ ❢♦r♠❡
P (z)
f (z) = , ♦ù P ❡t Q s♦♥t ❞❡s ♣♦❧②♥ô♠❡s ❞❡ ❞❡❣ré r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❡s n ❡t m✳ ▲❡s ❢r❛❝t✐♦♥s
Q(z)
r❛t✐♦♥♥❡❧❧❡s s♦♥t ❞❡s ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥s ❤♦❧♦♠♦r♣❤❡s s✉r t♦✉t C − {❧❡s ③ér♦s ❞❡ Q} . ❙♦✐t zk ✉♥❡
r❛❝✐♥❡ ❞❡ Q ❞❡ ♠✉❧t✐♣❧✐❝✐té k ❛❧♦rs s✐ ✿
✶✳ zk ♥✬❡st ♣❛s r❛❝✐♥❡ ❞❡ P (P (zk ) 6= 0), f ❛❞♠❡t zk ❝♦♠♠❡ ♣ô❧❡ ❞✬♦r❞r❡ k
✷✳ zk ❡st r❛❝✐♥❡ ❞❡ P (P (zk ) = 0) ❞❡ ♠✉❧t✐♣❧✐❝✐té p ✿
✕ s✐ p ≥ k ✱ f ❛❞♠❡t ❡♥ zk ✉♥ ♣r♦❧♦♥❣❡♠❡♥t ♣❛r ❝♦♥t✐♥✉✐té✳
✕ s✐ p < k, f ❛❞♠❡t zk ❝♦♠♠❡ ♣ô❧❡ ❞✬♦r❞r❡ k − p.
♣❡r❜♦❧✐q✉❡s
❉❛♥s ❧❡ ❝❛s ré❡❧✱ ♥♦✉s s✉♣♣♦s♦♥s ❝♦♥♥✉❡s t♦✉t❡s ❧❡s ♣r♦♣r✐étés ✉s✉❡❧❧❡s ❞❡s ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥s✱
❡♥ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧✐❡r ❧❡s ❞é✈❡❧♦♣♣❡♠❡♥ts ❡♥ sér✐❡s ❡♥t✐èr❡s ❞❡s ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥s ❡①♣♦♥❡♥t✐❡❧❧❡s✱ ❝♦s✐♥✉s✱
s✐♥✉s✱ ❝♦s✐♥✉s ❡t s✐♥✉s ❤②♣❡r❜♦❧✐q✉❡ ✿ ❝❡s ❞é✈❡❧♦♣♣❡♠❡♥ts ♦♥t ✉♥ r❛②♦♥ ❞❡ ❝♦♥✈❡r❣❡♥❝❡
✐♥✜♥✐✱ ✐❧s s♦♥t ❞♦♥❝ ❝♦♥✈❡r❣❡♥ts ♥♦♥ s❡✉❧❡♠❡♥t s✉r t♦✉t R✱ ♠❛✐s ❛✉ss✐ s✉r t♦✉t C ❡t
♣❡r♠❡tt❡♥t ❛✐♥s✐ ❞❡ ♣r♦❧♦♥❣❡r ❡♥ ❞❡s ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥s ❤♦❧♦♠♦r♣❤❡s ❞❛♥s t♦✉t C ❧❡s ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥s
❝♦♥s✐❞éré❡s✳ P♦✉r ❝❤❛❝✉♥❡ ❞❡ ❝❡s ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥s ♣r♦❧♦♥❣é❡s à C✱ ♦♥ ❣❛r❞❡ ❧❡ ♠ê♠❡ ♥♦♠ ❡t ❧❛
♠ê♠❡ ♥♦t❛t✐♦♥ q✉❡ ❞❛♥s ❧❡ ❝❛s ré❡❧✳ ❈❡❝✐ ❝♦♥❞✉✐t ❛✉① ❞é✜♥✐t✐♦♥s ♣ré❝✐s❡s s✉✐✈❛♥t❡s ✿
❉é✜♥✐t✐♦♥ ✷✳✸✳✶ ✿
❋♦♥❝t✐♦♥s ❡①♣♦♥❡♥t✐❡❧❧❡s ✿ ❖♥ ❛♣♣❡❧❧❡ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥ ❡①♣♦♥❡♥t✐❡❧❧❡✱ ❧❛ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❡ ❞é✲
✜♥✐❡ ♣❛r
∞
X
z zn
z → exp z = e =
n=0
n!
✷✺
✕ ❈♦s✐♥✉s ❤②♣❡r❜♦❧✐q✉❡ ✿
∞
X z 2p+1
z → sinh z =
p=0
(2p + 1)!
✕ ❙✐♥✉s ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❡ ✿
∞
X z 2p+1
z → sin z = (−1)p
p=0
(2p + 1)!
▲❛ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥ ❡①♣♦♥❡♥t✐❡❧❧❡ ét❛♥t ❞é✜♥✐❡ ♣❛r ✉♥❡ sér✐❡ ❡♥t✐èr❡ ❞❡ r❛②♦♥ ❞❡ ❝♦♥✈❡r❣❡♥❝❡
ρ = ∞ ❡❧❧❡ ❡st ❞♦♥❝ ✧ ❝♦✉r ❞❡ ✷ ❛♥♥é❡ s✉r ❧❡s sér✐❡s ❡♥t✐èr❡s✧ ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss❡ C ∞ s✉r C t♦✉t
❡♥t✐❡r✱ ❞❡ ♣❧✉s ♣♦✉r t♦✉t z ∈ C ❡t k ∈ N
∞ n
dk z dk P z
k
(e ) = k
dz dz n=0 n!n
∞ dk
P z
= k
n=0 dz n!
P
∞ z n−k
= n (n − 1) · · · (n − k + 1)
n=0 n!
P
∞ z n−k
=
n=k (n − k)!
P∞ zp
= = ez
n−k=p p=0 (p)!
❞✬ ♦ù
❚❤❡♦r❡♠ ✷✳✸✳✶ ▲❛ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥ ❡①♣♦♥❡♥t✐❡❧❧❡ z 7−→ ez ❡st ✉♥❡ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥ ❤♦❧♦♠♦r♣❤❡ s✉r C
t♦✉t ❡♥t✐❡r✱ ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss❡ C ∞ ✱ ❞❡ ♣❧✉s
dk z
∀z ∈ C, ∀k ∈ N; (e ) = ez
dz k
❈♦♠♠❡ ❞❛♥s ❧❡ ❝❛s ré❡❧✱ ❧❛ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥ ❡①♣♦♥❡♥t✐❡❧❧❡ ✈ér✐✜❡ ❝❡rt❛✐♥❡s r❡❧❛t✐♦♥s ❢♦♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧❡s
é♥♦♥❝é❡s ❝♦♠♠❡ s✉✐t❡ ✿
✷✻
✷✳ ❋♦♥❝t✐♦♥s é❧é♠❡♥t❛✐r❡s
ez e−z = e0 = 1, ❝✬❡st✲à✲❞✐r❡ e −z
=
1
ez
.
e z1
ez1 −z2 = ez1 e−z2 = .
e z2
(ez )m = emz , m∈Z
P∞ zn P ∞ zn
1 2
e z1 e z2 =
n!
n=0 n=0 n!
P∞ P z1m z2p
=
n=0 p+m=n
m!p!
P∞ 1 P n! m ′p
= z1 z2
n=0 n! p+m=n m!p!
P∞ (z + z )n
1 2
= = ez1 +z2
n=0 n!
❞✬ ♦ù
ez1 ez2 = ez1 +z2
|z + z +{z· · · + z}
z m z z z z
(e ) = e| × e × ·{z
· · × e × e} = e m❢♦✐s
= emz
m ❢♦✐s
1 1
(ez )m = = = emz
(ez )−m e−mz
Pr♦♣♦s✐t✐♦♥ ✷✳✸✳✷ ✿
✷✼
✶✳ P♦✉r t♦✉t y∈R
eiy = cos y + i sin y
tr✐q✉❡s s♦♥t
ez = ex (cos y + i sin y)
|ez | = ex
y ∈ arg(ez )
Pr♦♦❢✳
✶✳ ❞✬✉♥ ❝ôté ♦♥ ❛
∞
X ∞ n
X
iy (iy)n i × yn
e = =
n=0
n! n=0
n!
P∞ in × y n
❞✉ ❢❛✐t❡ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❝♦♥✈❡r❣❡♥❝❡ ♥♦r♠❛❧❡ ❞❡ ❧❛ sér✐❡s ❡♥t✐èr❡ s✉r t♦✉t ❝♦♠♣❛❝t❡
n=0 n!
❞❡ R ✐❧ ✈✐❡♥t q✉❡
∞
X ∞
X
(−1)n × y 2n (−1)n × y 2n+1
cos y = , sin y =
n=0
(2n)! n=0
(2n + 1)!
❞✬♦ù
r❡❧❛t✐♦♥✱ ✈❛❧❛❜❧❡ q✉❡❧s q✉❡ s♦✐❡♥t ❧❡s ♥♦♠❜r❡s ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❡s x ❡t y, ❡t ❢♦✉r♥✐t ❞❛♥s ❧❡
❝❛s ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧✐❡r ♦ù ✐❧s s♦♥t ré❡❧s ❧❡s é❧é♠❡♥ts tr✐❣♦♥♦♠étr✐q✉❡s ❞❡ ex+iy , ✈✉❡ q✉❡
(
x ∈ R =⇒ ex > 0
p
y ∈ R =⇒ cos y ∈ R, sin y ∈ R, |eiy | = cos2 y + sin2 y = 1
✷✽
✷✳ ❋♦♥❝t✐♦♥s é❧é♠❡♥t❛✐r❡s
❞♦♥❝
|ez | = ex = eℜz
arg ez = {y + 2kπ} = {Imz + 2kπ} , k ∈ Z
❈♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥ ✷✳✸✳✶ ✿ ▲❡s r❡❧❛t✐♦♥s ❞❡ ❧❛ ❞❡r♥✐èr❡ ♣r♦♣♦s✐t✐♦♥ ✐♠♣❧✐q✉❡♥t ❞✬✉♥❡ ♣❛rt q✉❡
❧❛ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥ ❡①♣♦♥❡♥t✐❡❧❧❡ ♥❡ s✬❛♥♥✉❧❡ ❡♥ ❛✉❝✉♥ ♣♦✐♥t ❞❡ C ❀ (|ez | = ex 6= 0 ∀x ∈ R)✱ ❡t
❞✬❛✉tr❡ ♣❛rt q✉✬❡❧❧❡ ❡st ♣ér✐♦❞✐q✉❡ ❞❡ ♣ér✐♦❞❡ 2πi, ❝❡ q✉❡ ❧✬♦♥ ✈ér✐✜❡ ❞✐r❡❝t❡♠❡♥t ❣râ❝❡ à
❧❛ ♣ér✐♦❞✐❝✐té ❞❡s ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥s ❝✐r❝✉❧❛✐r❡s ❞❛♥s ❧❡ ❞♦♠❛✐♥❡ ré❡❧ ✿
P❛r s✉✐t❡ ✿ ❧❛ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥ ❡①♣♦♥❡♥t✐❡❧❧❡ ♣r❡♥❞ t♦✉t❡s s❡s ✈❛❧❡✉rs ❞❛♥s ❧❛ ❜❛♥❞❡ B0 =
{z ∈ Cℑz ∈ ]−π, π]}✱ ❝❛r ♣♦✉r t♦✉t z ∈ C ✐❧ ❡①✐st❡ z0 ∈ B0 ❡t k ∈ Z t❡❧s q✉❡ z = z0 + 2ikπ
❝❡ q✉✐ ✐♠♣❧✐q✉❡ ez = ez0 .
❘é❝✐♣r♦q✉❡♠❡♥t✱ s✐ w ∈ C − {0} , ✐❧ ❡①✐st❡ ✉♥ ❝♦✉♣❧❡ ✉♥✐q✉❡ (x, y) ∈ R2 t❡❧ q✉❡
(
z x+iy ex = |w| ⇐⇒ (x = ln |w|).
e =e = w ⇐⇒
y ∈ arg w = {y0 + 2kπ} , y0 ∈ ]−π, π]
❝✬❡st✲à✲❞✐r❡ q✉✬✐❧ ❡①✐st❡ ✉♥ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❡ ✉♥✐q✉❡ z0 = x + iy0 ∈ B0 t❡❧ q✉❡ exp z0 = w.
▲❛ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥ ❡①♣♦♥❡♥t✐❡❧❧❡ ❡st ❞♦♥❝ ✉♥❡ ❜✐❥❡❝t✐♦♥ ❤♦❧♦♠♦r♣❤❡ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❜❛♥❞❡ B0 ✈❡rs C − {0}✳
✷✾
✷✳✸✳✷ Pr♦♣r✐étés ❞❡s ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥s tr✐❣♦♥♦♠étr✐q✉❡s ❡t ❤②♣❡r❜♦❧✐q✉❡s
❝♦♠♣❧❡①❡s
sin z
❘❡♠❛rq✉❡ ✷✳✸✳✶ ✿ ❖♥ ❞és✐❣♥❡ t♦✉❥♦✉rs ♣❛r tan z ✭r❡s♣ tanh z ✮ ❧❡ q✉♦t✐♦♥ ✭r❡s♣
cos z
sinh z
✮✱q✉✐ ❞é✜♥✐t ❧❛ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥ t❛♥❣❡♥t❡ ✭ r❡s♣ t❛♥❣❡♥t❡ ❤②♣❡r❜♦❧✐q✉❡✮ ❀ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥ ❤♦❧♦✲
cosh z
♠♦r♣❤❡ ❡♥ ❞❡❤♦rs ❞❡s ③ér♦s ❞❡ cos z ✭r❡s♣ cosh z ✮✳
✸✵
✷✳ ❋♦♥❝t✐♦♥s é❧é♠❡♥t❛✐r❡s
ez + e−z ez − e−z
cosh z = sinh z =
2 2
eiz + e−iz eiz − e−iz
cos z = sin z =
2 2i
❞✬ ♦ù ♦♥ ❛
ez = cosh z + sinh z eiz = cos z + i sin z
e−z = cosh z − sinh z e−iz = cos z − i sin z.
cos2 z + sin2 z = 1 cosh2 z − sinh2 z = 1
✹✳ ▲❡s ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥s cosh, sinh s♦♥t 2iπ− ♣ér✐♦❞✐q✉❡s ❡t ❧❡s ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥s cos, sin s♦♥t 2π−♣ér✐♦❞✐q✉❡s✳
Pr♦♦❢✳
❙♦✐t z∈C ♦♥ ❛
P
∞ (−z)2p+1 P∞ (−z)2p+1
sin(−z) = (−1)p sinh (−z) =
p=0 (2p + 1)! p=0 (2p + 1)!
P∞ (−1)2p+1 z 2p+1 P∞ (−1)2p+1 z 2p+1
= (−1)p =
p=0 (2p + 1)! p=0 (2p + 1)!
P
∞ z 2p+1 P z 2p+1
∞
= − (−1)p = − sin z =− = − sinh z
p=0 (2p + 1)! p=0 (2p + 1)!
P
∞ (−z)2p P∞ (−z)2p
cos(−z) = (−1)p cosh (−z) =
p=0 (2p)! p=0 (2p)!
2p 2p ∞ (−1)2p z 2p
P∞ (−1) z P
= (−1)p =
p=0 (2p)! p=0 (2p)!
P∞ 2p P∞ z 2p
z
= (−1)p = cos z = = cosh z
p=0 (2p)! p=0 (2p)!
t❛♥❞✐s q✉❡ ❧❡s ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥s cos ❡t cosh s♦♥t ❞❡s ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥s ♣❛✐r❡s✳
✸✶
✷✳ ∞ n ∞ (−z)n
∞ n
ez + e−z 1 P z P 1 P z + (−z)n
= + =
2 2 "n=0 n! n=0 n! 2 n=0 n! #
2p
2p
1 P z + (−z)
∞ Pz
∞ 2p+1
+ (−z)2p+1
= +
2 p=0 (2p)! p=0 (2p + 1)!
∞ 2p 2p 2p+1
1 P z +z Pz
∞ − z 2p+1
= +
2 p=0 (2p)! p=0 (2p + 1)!
1 P ∞ z 2p + z 2p 1P ∞ 2z 2p P∞ z 2p
= = = = cosh z
2 p=0 (2p)! 2 p=0 (2p)! p=0 (2p)!
∞ n ∞ (−z)n
∞ n
ez − e−z 1 P z P 1 P z − (−z)n
= − =
2 2 "n=0 n! n=0 n! 2 n=0 n! #
2p
1 P
∞ 2p
z − (−z) P∞ z 2p+1
− (−z)2p+1
= +
2 p=0 (2p)! p=0 (2p + 1)!
∞ 2p 2p 2p+1
1 P z −z Pz
∞ + z 2p+1
= +
2 p=0 (2p)! (2p∞+ 1)! 2p+1
p=0
1 P ∞ z 2p+1 + z 2p+1 1 P 2z P∞ z 2p+1
= = = = sinh z
2 p=0 (2p + 1)! 2 p=0 (2p + 1)! p=0 (2p + 1)!
∞ ∞ n n
eiz + e−iz 1 P (iz)n P ∞ (−iz)n 1 P i z + in (−z)n
= + =
2 2 "n=0 n! n=0 n! 2 n=0 n! #
2p
1 P ∞ i z 2p 2p 2p
+ i (−z) P∞ i 2p+1
z 2p+1
+ i2p+1 (−z)2p+1
= +
2 p=0 (2p)! p=0 (2p + 1)!
∞ 2p 2p 2p+1
1 P p z +z P∞
p z − z 2p+1
= (−1) + i (−1)
2 p=0 (2p)! p=0 (2p + 1)!
2p 2p1
1 P ∞ 2z P∞ z
= (−1)p = (−1)p = cos z
2 p=0 (2p)! p=0 (2p)!
∞ ∞
eiz − e−iz 1 P (iz)n P∞ (−iz)n 1 P (iz)n − (−iz)n
= − =
2 2 "n=0 n! n=0 n! 2 n=0 n! #
2p
2p 2p
1 P i z − i (−z)
∞ 2p Pi
∞ 2p+1
z 2p+1
− i2p+1 (−z)2p+1
= +
2 p=0 (2p)! p=0 (2p + 1)!
∞ 2p 2p 2p+1
1 P p z −z P∞
p z + z 2p+1
= (−1) + i (−1)
2 p=0 (2p)! p=0 (2p + 1)!
2p+1 2p+1
1 P ∞ z +z 1 P ∞ 2z 2p+1
= i (−1)p = i (−1)p
2 p=0 (2p + 1)! 2 p=0 (2p + 1)!
P∞ 2p+1
z
=i (−1)p = i sin z
p=0 (2p + 1)!
✸✷
✷✳ ❋♦♥❝t✐♦♥s é❧é♠❡♥t❛✐r❡s
❞✬ ♦ù ♦♥ ❛
ez + e−z ez − e−z
cosh z + sinh z = + = ez
z
2 −z 2
e +e ez − e−z
cosh z − sinh z = − = e−z
2 2
eiz + e−iz eiz − e−iz
cos z + i sin z = +i = eiz
iz
2 −iz 2i
e +e eiz − e−iz
cos z − i sin z = −i = e−iz
2 2i
❞❡ ♣❧✉s ♣♦✉r t♦✉t z ∈ C
eiz + e−iz
cosh iz = = cos z
iz
2 −iz iz
e −e e − e−iz
sinh iz = =i = i sin z
2 2i
ei(iz) + e−i(iz) e−z + ez
cos iz = = = cosh z
2 2 −z z
i(iz) −i(iz) −z z
e −e e −e e − ez e − e−z
sin iz = = = −i =i = i sinh z
2i 2i 2 2
∀z ∈ C, ∀k ∈ Z : ez+2ikπ = ez
✐✳❡✳ q✉❡ ❧❡s ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥s tr✐❣♦♥♦♠étr✐q✉❡s ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❡s s♦♥t 2π ♣ér✐♦❞✐q✉❡ ❡t ❧❡s ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥s
✸✸
❈♦♠♠❡ ❝♦♥séq✉❡♥❝❡ ❞❡ ❝❡ q✉✐ ♣ré❝è❞❡✱ ♦♥ ♣❡✉t ét❛❜❧✐r ❧❡s ❢♦r♠✉❧❡s ❞✬❛❞❞✐t✐♦♥ q✉✐ s♦♥t
Pr♦♣♦s✐t✐♦♥ ✷✳✸✳✹
❞❡ ♠ê♠❡
cosh(z + z ′ ) = cosh z cosh z ′ + sinh z sinh z ′
cosh(z − z ′ ) = cosh z cosh z ′ − sinh z sinh z ′
sinh(z + z ′ ) = cosh z sinh z ′ + sinh z cosh z ′
sinh(z − z ′ ) = sinh z cosh z ′ − cosh z sinh z ′
Pr♦♦❢✳
′ ′
′ ei(z+z ) + e−i(z+z )
cos(z + z ) =
′
2 ′
eiz eiz + e−iz e−iz
=
2
(cos z + i sin z)(cos z ′ + i sin z ′ ) + (cos z − i sin z)(cos z ′ − i sin z ′ )
=
2
= cos z cos z ′ − sin z sin z ′
′ ′
′ ei(z+z ) − e−i(z+z )
sin(z + z ) =
′
2i ′
eiz eiz − e−iz e−iz
=
2i
(cos z + i sin z)(cos z ′ + i sin z ′ ) − (cos z − i sin z)(cos z ′ − i sin z ′ )
=
2i
= cos z sin z ′ + sin z cos z ′
✸✹
✷✳ ❋♦♥❝t✐♦♥s é❧é♠❡♥t❛✐r❡s
❣râ❝❡ ❛✉① ❢♦r♠✉❧❡s ❞❡s tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥s ❞❡s ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥s ❤②♣❡r❜♦❧✐q✉❡s ❡♥ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥s tr✐❣♦♥♦✲
♠étr✐q✉❡s✱ ♦♥ ❛ ✿
Pr♦♦❢✳
✶✳
cos z = cos(x + iy) = cos x cos iy − sin x sin iy = cos x cosh y − i sin x sinh y
sin z = sin(x + iy) = sin x cos iy + cos x sin iy = sin x cosh y + i cos x sinh y
✸✺
cosh z = cos iz = cos i (x + iy)
= cos (−y + ix) = cos (−y) cosh x − i sin (−y) sinh x
= cosh x cos y + i sinh x sin y
|cos z|2 = cos2 x cosh2 y + sin2 x sinh2 y , |sin z|2 = sin2 x cosh2 y + cos2 x sinh2 y
= cos2 x(1 + sinh2 y) + sin2 x sinh2 y , = sin2 x(1 + sinh2 y) + cos2 x sinh2 y
= cos2 x + sinh2 y , = sin2 x + sinh2 y
|cosh z|2 = cosh2 x cos2 y + sinh2 x sin2 y , |sinh z|2 = sinh2 cos2 y + cosh2 x sin2 y
= cosh2 x(1 − sin2 y) + sinh2 x sin2 y , = sinh2 x(1 − sin2 y) + cosh2 x sin2 y
= cosh2 x − sin2 y , = sinh2 x + sin2 y
r❡❧❛t✐♦♥s q✉✐ ♠♦♥tr❡♥t ❡♥ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧✐❡r q✉❡ cos z ❡t sin z ♥❡ s♦♥t ♣❛s ❜♦r♥é❡s ❞❛♥s C✱ ♥✐✱
♣❧✉s ❣é♥ér❛❧❡♠❡♥t✱ ❞❛♥s t♦✉t ❞♦♠❛✐♥❡ ♦ù y = ℑz ♥✬❡st ♣❛s ❜♦r♥é❡✳
◆♦✉s ❛✈♦♥s ✈✉ q✉❡ ❧✬✐♠❛❣❡ ❞✉ ♣❧❛♥ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❡ C ♣❛r ❧❛ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥ ❡①♣♦♥❡♥t✐❡❧❧❡ ❡st t♦✉t
❧❡ ❞♦♠❛✐♥❡ C − {0}✱ ❡t q✉❡ z 7−→ ez ❡st ♣ér✐♦❞✐q✉❡ ❞❡ ♣ér✐♦❞❡ 2iπ ✱ ♣r❡♥❛♥t t♦✉t❡s s❡s
✈❛❧❡✉rs ❞❛♥s ❧❛ ❜❛♥❞❡ B0 = {x + iy0 ; x ∈ R, y0 ∈ ]−π, +π]}✱ ❧✬❡q✉❛t✐♦♥ ez = w ❛❞♠❡t
❞♦♥❝ ✉♥❡ ✉♥✐q✉❡ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥ z0 ∈ B0 ❞é✜♥✐❡ ♣❛r
✸✻
✷✳ ❋♦♥❝t✐♦♥s é❧é♠❡♥t❛✐r❡s
” expk ” r❡♣rés❡♥t❡ ✉♥❡ ❜✐❥❡❝t✐♦♥ ❞❡ Bk ✈❡rs C − {0} , ❡t ❛❞♠❡t ✉♥❡ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥ ✐♥✈❡rs❡ ♥♦té❡
k : C − {0} −→ Bk t❡❧❧❡ q✉❡ ∀z ∈ C − {0} : exp0 (z) = ln |z| + i [Arg (z) + 2kπ]✳
exp−1 −1
❞❡ ❢❛ç♦♥s ❣❧♦❜❛❧❡✱ ♦♥ ❝♦♥str✉✐t ✉♥❡ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥ ♠✉❧t✐❢♦r♠❡ ❞é✜♥✐❡ ❞❡ C − {0} ❞❛♥s C ♥♦té❡
♣♦✉r ❧✬✐♥st❛♥t ✧exp−1 ✧ ♣❛r
q✉✐ ❞é✜♥✐t t♦✉t❡s ❧❡s s♦❧✉t✐♦♥s ❞❡ ❧✬éq✉❛t✐♦♥ ez = w ❞♦♥♥é❡s ♣❛r exp−1 (w) = ln |z| +
i [Arg (w) + 2kπ] , k ∈ Z✳
❈❤❛q✉❡ ❜r❛♥❝❤❡ ❞❡ ❝❡tt❡ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥ r❡♣rés❡♥t❡ ✉♥❡ ✐♥✈❡rs❡ ❞❡ ❧❛ r❡str✐❝t✐♦♥ ❞❡ ❧✬❡①♣♦♥❡♥t✐❡❧❧❡
à ✉♥❡ ❜❛♥❞❡ ✜①é❡ Bk,k∈Z .
ez = w
❖♥ ❞é✜♥✐t ❛✐♥s✐ s✉r C − {0} ✉♥❡ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥ ♠✉❧t✐❢♦r♠❡ ❛♣♣❡❧é❡ ❧♦❣❛r✐t❤♠❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❡✱ ♥♦té❡
ln ❝♦♠♠❡ s✉✐t❡
ln C − {0} −→ C , k∈Z
z 7−→ ln(z)=ln|z|+i[Arg(z)+2kπ]
❞♦♥t ❝❤❛q✉❡ ❜r❛♥❝❤❡ r❡♣rés❡♥t❡ ✉♥❡ ré❝✐♣r♦q✉❡ ❞❡ ❧✬❡①♣♦♥❡♥t✐❡❧❧❡ ❞❡ C − {0} ✈❡rs Bk,k∈Z ✳
✸✼
▲❡ s②♠❜♦❧❡ ln ❛♣♣❛r❛✐t ❞♦♥❝ ❝♦♠♠❡ ❝❡❧✉✐ ❞✬✉♥❡ ✧❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥ ♠✉❧t✐❢♦r♠❡✧✳ ❉❛♥s ❝❡s ❝♦♥❞✐✲
t✐♦♥s✱ s✐ ❧✬♦♥ ✐♥t❡r♣rèt❡ ❛✉ss✐ ❧✬❛r❣✉♠❡♥t ❝♦♠♠❡ ✉♥❡ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥ ♠✉❧t✐❢♦r♠❡ à ✈❛❧❡✉rs ré❡❧❧❡s
❧❛ ❞❡r♥✐èr❡ r❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ♣❡✉t s✬é❝r✐r❡ ♣❧✉s ❜r✐è✈❡♠❡♥t
ln w = ln |w| + i arg w
ln z1 z2 = ln z1 + ln z2 mod 2iπ
z1
ln = ln z1 − ln z2 mod 2iπ
z2
♣❛r ❝♦♥tr❡ ✉♥❡ ❢♦r♠✉❧❡ t❡❧❧❡ q✉❡ ln(z m ) = m ln z (m ∈ Z) ♥✬❛ ♣❛s ❞❡ s❡♥s✳
❞❡ ❞ér✐✈é❡
1
(ln z)′ =
z
✸✽
✷✳ ❋♦♥❝t✐♦♥s é❧é♠❡♥t❛✐r❡s
▲❡ ♠ê♠❡ rés♦♥♥❡♠❡♥t q✉❡ ❞❛♥s ❧❡ ❝❛s ❞❡s ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥s tr✐❣♦♥♦♠étr✐q✉❡s ✐♥✈❡rs❡s✱ ♦♥ ❛✉r❛
√ √
arg sinh z = ln(z + z 2 + 1) arg cosh z = ln(z + 2
z − 1)
1 1+z 1 z+1
arg tanh z = ln arg tanh z = ln
2 1−z 2 z−1
❊①❡r❝✐❝❡ ✷✳✹✳✶ ❉❛♥s ❝❡t ❡①❡r❝✐❝❡ ♦♥ ❝♦♥s✐❞èr❡ ❧✬❛r❣✉♠❡♥t ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧❡ ❞❛♥s ]−π, π]
√
✶✳ ▼♦♥tr❡r q✉❡ t♦✉t❡s ❧❡s ✈❛❧❡✉rs ❞❡ (1 − i)i 2 ❛♣♣❛rt✐❡♥♥❡♥t à ✉♥❡ ❞r♦✐t❡ q✉❡ ❧✬♦♥
√
❞ét❡r♠✐♥❡r❛✱ ✭ 2 ❞és✐❣♥❡ ❧❛ r❛❝✐♥❡ ré❡❧❧❡ ❞❡ 2 ✮
√
✷✳ ❉ét❡r♠✐♥❡r ❧❡ ❞♦♠❛✐♥❡ ❞✉ ♣❧❛♥ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❡ C ♦✉ ❧❛ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥ f (z) = z 2 + 1 ❡st
❤♦❧♦♠♦r♣❤❡ ❡t ❝❛❧❝✉❧❡r s❛ ❞ér✐✈é❡✳
✸✳ ❉ét❡r♠✐♥❡r t♦✉s ❧❡s ♣♦✐♥ts z ❞❡ C q✉✐ ✈ér✐✜❡ |cos z| ≤ 1.
❙♦❧✉t✐♦♥ ✿
√ √ √ π
✶✳ ❖♥ ❛ (1 − i) i 2
=e i 2 ln(1−i)
❛✈❡❝ ln (1 − i) = ln 2 + i − + 2kπ ♦ù k ∈ Z
4
√
"
√ π !#
i 2 ln 2+i − +2kπ
❖♥ ♣♦s❡ w
"k = e
4
√ √ √ π !#
√ π !
i 2 ln 2− 2 − +2kπ √ √ 2 −2kπ
wk = e 4 = ei 2 ln 2 e 4 ,k ∈ Z
π√
!
2 −2kπ √ √
❞♦♥❝ |wk | = e 4 ❡t arg (wk ) = 2 ln 2 ♣♦✉r t♦✉t k ❞❛♥s Z ▲❡s ♣♦✐♥ts wk
√ √
❛♣♣❛rt✐❡♥♥❡♥t ❞♦♥❝ à ✉♥❡ ✉♥✐q✉❡ ❞✐r❡❝t✐♦♥ ✭❞❡♠✐✲❞r♦✐t❡✮ ❞✬éq✉❛t✐♦♥ y = tan 2 ln 2 x,
❛✈❡❝ x > 0.
√
✷✳ ❉ét❡r♠✐♥❛t✐♦♥ ❞✉ ❞♦♠❛✐♥❡ ❞✬❤♦❧♦♠♦r♣❤✐❡ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥ f (z) = z 2 + 1 :
√
❖♥ ❛ f (z) = z 2 + 1 = e1/2 ln(z +1) ✳ ❖♥ s❛✐t q✉❡ ✿❧❡s ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥s exp : C → C − {0}
2
✸✾
♣♦✉r x = 0 ♦♥ tr♦✉✈❡ ✿ −y 2 + 1 ≤ 0 ✐❡ |y| ≥ 1
♣♦✉r y = 0 ♦♥ tr♦✉✈❡ 1 + x2 ≤ 0, ❝❡ q✉✐ ❡st ✐♠♣♦ss✐❜❧❡✳
❛❧♦rs z 2 + 1 ∈ R− ⇐⇒ z ∈ {iy, ❛✈❡❝ |y| ≥ 1}
f ❡st ❤♦❧♦♠♦r♣❤❡ s✉r ❧❡ ❞♦♠❛✐♥❡ D = C − {iy, ❛✈❡❝ |y| ≥ 1} .
❝❛❧❝✉❧❡ ❞❡ s❛ ❞ér✐✈é❡ ✿
′
f ′ (z) = e1/2 ln(z +1)
2
1
= (ln (z 2 + 1)) e1/2 ln(z +1)
′ 2
2
1 2z 1/2 ln(z2 +1)
= e
2 z2 + 1 √
z
= √ 2 z 2 + 1
z2 + 1
z
=√
z2 + 1
z
f ′ (z) = √
z2 +1
✹✵
✷✳ ❋♦♥❝t✐♦♥s é❧é♠❡♥t❛✐r❡s
✷✳✺ ❊①❡r❝✐❝❡s
P zn
✶✳ ▼♦♥tr❡r q✉❡ ❧❛ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥ z 7→ ez = ❡st ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss❡ C ∞ s✉r C.
n≥O n!
✷✳ ▼♦♥tr❡r q✉❡ ✿
✐✐✲ ∀z ∈ C; ez 6= 0.
1
✐✐✐✲ ∀z ∈ C; e−z = .
ez
✐✈✲ ∀z ∈ C, ∀n ∈ Z; (ez )n = enz .
R −→ R ♣❛r C −→ C
x 7→ z 7→
x2n+1 z 2n+1
(−1n ) (−1n )
P P
sin x= sin z=
n≥0 (2n + 1)! n≥0 (2n + 1)!
✹✶
R −→ R ♣❛r C −→ C
x 7→ 2n z 7→
P x P z 2n
cosh x= cosh z=
n≥0 (2n)! n≥0 (2n)!
R −→ R ♣❛r C −→ C
x 7→ z 7→
P x2n+1 P x2n+1
sinh x= sinh x=
n≥0 (2n + 1)! n≥0 (2n + 1)!
✐✲ ∀z ∈ C :
eiz + e−iz eiz − e−iz
cos z = , sin z =
2 2i
ez + e−z ez − e−z
cosh z = , sinh z = .
2 2
❡t ét✉❞✐❡r ❧❡✉rs ♣❛r✐té ❡t ❧❡✉rs ♣ér✐♦❞✐❝✐té✳
✐✐✲ ∀z ∈ C :
cosh iz = cos z, sinh iz = i sin z
cos iz = cosh z, sin iz = i sinh z
✐✐✐✲ ∀z ∈ C :
✐✈✲ ∀ (z1 , z2 ) ∈ C2 :
sin (z1 ± z2 ) = sin z1 cos z2 ± cos z1 sin z2
✹✷
✷✳ ❋♦♥❝t✐♦♥s é❧é♠❡♥t❛✐r❡s
tan z = tan z0 ⇐⇒ z = z0 + kπ ;k ∈ Z
tanh z = tanh z0 ⇐⇒ z = z0 + ikπ ;k ∈ Z
✐✐✐✲
✹✸
✈❛❧❡✉rs ❞❛♥s ❧❛ ❜❛♥❞❡ B0 .
✐✐✲ P♦✉r t♦✉t w ∈ C−{0} ♠♦♥tr❡r ❧✬❡①✐st❛♥❝❡ ❞✬✉♥ ✉♥✐q✉❡ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❡ z0 ∈ B0
t❡❧ q✉❡ ez0 = w.
✐✐✐✲ ❉é❞✉✐r❡ ❛❧♦rs ❧✬é①✐st❛♥❝❡ ❞✬✉♥❡ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥ ré❝✐♣r♦q✉❡ ❞❡ ❧✬❡①♣♦♥❡♥t✐❡❧❧❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❡
❞é✜♥✐❡ ❞❡ C − {0} ✈❡rs B0 ❡t ❞♦♥♥❡r s♦♥ ❡①♣réss✐♦♥✳
✷✳ ❉❡ ♠ê♠❡ q✉❡ ❞❛♥s ❧❛ ♣r❡♠✐èr❡ q✉❡st✐♦♥✱ ♦♥ ❝♦♥s✐❞èr❡ ❝❡tt❡ ❢♦✐s ✉♥❡ ❜❛♥❞❡ q✉❡❧❝♦♥q✉❡
Bk ; k ∈ Z ❞é✜♥✐❡ ♣❛r ✿
ln z1 z2 = ln z1 + ln z2 (mod 2π)
z1
ln = ln z1 − ln z2 (mod 2π)
z2
❊①❡r❝✐❝❡ ✷✳✺✳✻ ✿
❊t❛❜❧✐r q✉❡
e z1
= ez1 −z2 , ez = ez , |eiz | = e−Im(z)
e z2
|ez − 1| ≤ e|z| − 1 ≤ |z| e|z|
❊①❡r❝✐❝❡ ✷✳✺✳✼ ✿
✹✹
✷✳ ❋♦♥❝t✐♦♥s é❧é♠❡♥t❛✐r❡s
❉é♠♦♥tr❡r q✉❡
❊①❡r❝✐❝❡ ✷✳✺✳✽ ✿
❉ét❡r♠✐♥❡r t♦✉t❡s ❧❡s ✈❛❧❡✉rs ❞❡ z ♣♦✉r ❧❡sq✉❡❧❧❡s
❊①❡r❝✐❝❡ ✷✳✺✳✾ ✿
❘és♦✉❞r❡ ❞❛♥s C ❧❡s éq✉❛t✐♦♥s ✿
✶✮ e−z + 1 = 0 ✷✮ ez + i = 0 ✸✮ ez = a, a∈R
❊①❡r❝✐❝❡ ✷✳✺✳✶✵ ✿
▼♦♥tr❡r q✉❡ t♦✉t❡s ❧❡s r❛❝✐♥❡s ❞❡s éq✉❛t✐♦♥s
sin z = a , cos z = a
♦ù −1 ≤ a ≤ 1, s♦♥t ré❡❧❧❡s✳
❊①❡r❝✐❝❡ ✷✳✺✳✶✶ ✿
❊①❡r❝✐❝❡ ✷✳✺✳✶✷ ✿
❈❛❧❝✉❧❡r ❧❡ ❧♦❣❛r✐t❤♠❡ ❞❡s ♥♦♠❜r❡s s✉✐✈❛♥ts ✿
−4, −i, −1 − i,
√
1 3 √
− − i, 3i, 3 − i.
2 2
✹✺
❊①❡r❝✐❝❡ ✷✳✺✳✶✸ ✿
√ √ i √
❉ét❡r♠✐♥❡r t♦✉t❡s ❧❡s ✈❛❧❡✉rs ❞❡ ✿ (1 + i)i , 1 2 , 2 , i 2.
❊①❡r❝✐❝❡ ✷✳✺✳✶✹ ✿
h i h i
❈❛❧❝✉❧❡r ✿ Re (1 − i)1+i , (−i)−i .
❊①❡r❝✐❝❡ ✷✳✺✳✶✺ ✿
❊①❡r❝✐❝❡ ✷✳✺✳✶✻ ✿
1 1 1
▼♦♥tr❡r q✉❡ ❧❡s ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥s f (z) = (z 2 − 1) 2 ❡t g(z) = z 2 + z 3 , s♦♥t ❞❡s ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥s ❛❧❣é✲
❜r✐q✉❡s ❞❡ z.
❊①❡r❝✐❝❡ ✷✳✺✳✶✼ ✿
❚r♦✉✈❡r ❧✬❡rr❡✉r ✿
√ √ p √
1= −1 −1 = (−1) (−1) = 1 = 1
❊①❡r❝✐❝❡ ✷✳✺✳✶✽ ✿
▼♦♥tr❡r q✉❡ ✿
1 √ 1 z−1
arccos z = ln z + z 2 − 1 , arctan z = ln
2 2i z+1
√ 1 z+1
arg sinh z = ln z + z2 + 1 , arg coth z = ln
2 z−1
❡♥ ✐♥❞✐q✉❛♥t ❧❡s r❡str✐❝t✐♦♥s ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡s✳
❊①❡r❝✐❝❡ ✷✳✺✳✶✾ ✿
❉ét❡r♠✐♥❡r t♦✉t❡s ❧❡s ✈❛❧❡✉rs ❞❡ arcsin 2, arccos i, arg coth i, arg sinh ln (−1) ;
❊①❡r❝✐❝❡ ✷✳✺✳✷✵ ✿
√ √
✶✳ ❙✐ ❧✬♦♥ ❝♦♥s✐❞èr❡ q✉❡ ❧❛ ❜r❛♥❝❤❡ ❞❡
√ f (z) = z 2 + 3 ♣♦✉r ❧❛q✉❡❧❧❡ f (0) = 3, ❝❛❧❝✉❧❡r
z2 +3−2
lim .
z−→0 z−1
✷✳ ▼♦♥tr❡r q✉❡ s✐ ❧✬♦♥ ❝♦♥s✐❞èr❡ q✉❡ ❧❛ ❜r❛♥❝❤❡ ❞❡ f (z) = arg tanh z, t❡❧❧❡ q✉❡ f (0) = 0
❛❧♦rs lim f (z) = 3iπ/4.
z−→−i
❊①❡r❝✐❝❡ ✷✳✺✳✷✶ ✿
✹✻
✷✳ ❋♦♥❝t✐♦♥s é❧é♠❡♥t❛✐r❡s
❊①❡r❝✐❝❡ ✷✳✺✳✷✷ ✿
√
❙♦✐t f ❧❛ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❡ ❞é✜♥✐❡ ♣❛r z 7→ f (z) = z 2 + 2z + 2✳ ✭♦♥ ❞♦♥♥❡ ❧✬❛r❣✉♠❡♥t
♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❞❛♥s ❧✬✐♥t❡r✈❛❧❧❡ ] − π, +π]✮
✶✳ ❉ét❡r♠✐♥❡r ❧❡ ❞♦♠❛✐♥❡ ❞✬❤♦❧♦♠♦r♣❤✐❡ ❞❡ f ✳
√
✷✳ ❉ét❡r♠✐♥❡r ❧❡s ❜r❛♥❝❤❡s ❞❡ f ♣♦✉r ❧❡sq✉❡❧❧❡s f (0) = 2
✸✳ ❈❛❧❝✉❧❡r ❧❛ ❧✐♠✐t❡ √
√ 3
z 2 + 2z + 2 −
lim 2
1 1
z→−1+ i z+1− i
2 2
✹✼
❈❤❛♣✐tr❡ ✸
❚❤é♦r✐❡ ❞❡ ❈❛✉❝❤②
❙♦✐❡♥t C ✉♥❡ ❝♦✉r❜❡ ♦r✐❡♥té❡ ❞✉ ♣❧❛♥ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❡✱ ❡t f ✉♥❡ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥ ❞✬✉♥❡ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡
Z n−1
X
f (z)dz = lim f (ξk ) (zk+1 − zk )
n−→+∞
C k=0
✹✽
✸✳ ■♥té❣r❛t✐♦♥ ❞❛♥s ❧❡ ❞♦♠❛✐♥❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❡✳ ❚❤é♦r✐❡ ❞❡ ❈❛✉❝❤②
❞✬♦ù ❧❛ ♣r♦♣♦s✐t✐♦♥
Pr♦♣♦s✐t✐♦♥ ✸✳✶✳✶ ✿ ▲✬✐♥té❣r❛❧❡ ❝✉r✈✐❧✐❣♥❡ ❞❡ f (f (z) = P (x, y) + iQ (x, y)) ❧❡ ❧♦♥❣ ❞✬✉♥❡
❝♦✉r❜❡ ♦r✐❡♥té❡ C ❡st ✉♥ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❡ ❞♦♥t ❧❡s ♣❛rt✐❡s ré❡❧❧❡ ❡t ✐♠❛❣✐♥❛✐r❡ s♦♥t ❞♦♥✲
♥é❡s ♣❛r
Z Z Z
f (z)dz = P (x, y) dx − Q (x, y) dy + i Q (x, y) dx + P (x, y) dy
C C C
❊①❡♠♣❧❡ ✸✳✶✳✶
R R
(z 2 + 2z + 1) dz = (z + 1)2 dz
C C
R
= (x + iy + 1)2 d(x + iy)
C
R
= (x + 1)2 − y 2 + 2iy (1 + x) (dx + idy)
C
R 2 2
= (x + 1) − y dx − 2y (1 + x) dy
C
R 2 2
+i 2y (1 + x) dx + (x + 1) − y dy
C
✹✾
✸✳✶✳✶ ❈❛❧❝✉❧ ♣r❛t✐q✉❡ ❞❡ ❧✬✐♥té❣r❛❧❡ ❞✬✉♥❡ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❡ ✿
ϕ : I ⊂ R −→ R2
t 7−→ ϕ(t)= x(t)
(y(t))
t❡❧❧❡ q✉❡ (A = ϕ (α) , B = ϕ (β)) ♦✉ (A = ϕ (β) , B = ϕ (α)) ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ q✉✐ ♣❡✉t êtr❡ ❡①✲
♣r✐♠é❡ s♦✉s ❢♦r♠❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❡ ♣❛r
ϕ : I ⊂ R −→ C
t 7−→ ϕ(t)=x(t)+iy(t)=z(t)
❖ù (zA = x (α) + iy (α) , zB = x (β) + iy (β)) ♦✉ (zA = x (β) + iy (β) , zB = x (α) + iy (α))
❖♥ ❛ ❛❧♦rs ✿
ϕ : I ⊂ R −→ R2
t 7−→ ϕ(t)= x(t)
(y(t))
Z Zβ
f (z) dz = ± f (z(t)) z ′ (t)dz
C α
Z Zβ
P (x, y) dx − Q (x, y) dy = ± [P (x (t) , y (t)) x′ (t) − Q (x (t) , y (t)) y ′ (t)] dt
C α
Z Zβ
Q (x, y) dx + P (x, y) dy = ± [Q (x (t) , y (t)) x′ (t) + P (x (t) , y (t)) y ′ (t)] dt
C α
✺✵
✸✳ ■♥té❣r❛t✐♦♥ ❞❛♥s ❧❡ ❞♦♠❛✐♥❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❡✳ ❚❤é♦r✐❡ ❞❡ ❈❛✉❝❤②
❞♦♥❝
!
R Rβ
f (z)dz = ± [P (x (t) , y (t)) x′ (t) − Q (x (t) , y (t)) y ′ (t)] dt
C α
!
Rβ
±i [Q (x (t) , y (t)) x′ (t) + P (x (t) , y (t)) y ′ (t)] dt
α
Rβ
=± (P (x (t) , y (t)) + iQ (x (t) , y (t))) (x′ (t) + iy ′ (t)) dt
α
❛✈❡❝ P (x (t) , y (t)) + iQ (x (t) , y (t)) = f (x (t) + iy (t)) = f (z (t)) ❡t (x′ (t) + iy ′ (t)) dt =
d (x (t) + iy (t)) = dz (t) = z ′ (t) dt ❞✬♦ù
Z Zβ
f (z) dz = ± f (z(t)) z ′ (t)dz
C α
R R R R
C
zdz, C
Re (z) dz, C
|z| dz, C
Arg (z) dz.
♦ù C ❡st ✿
✶✳ C ❡st ❧❡ s❡❣♠❡♥t [0, 1] ✉♥❡ ♣❛r❛♠étr✐s❛t✐♦♥ ❞❡ C ❡st ❞♦♥♥é❡ ♣❛r t ∈ [0, 1] 7−→ z (t) =
t ❞♦♥❝ dz = dt
R R1 1 R R1 1
C
zdz = tdt = 21 t2 0
= 12 , C
Re (z) dz = tdt = 21 t2 0
= 12 ,
0 0
R R1 1
2 1
R R1
C
|z| dz = tdt = 2
t 0
= 12 , C
Arg (z) dz = Arg (t) dt = 0.
0 0
Z Z+π
1 +π
zdz = i e2it dt = e2it −π = 0
C 2
−π
✺✶
Z Z+π Z+π Z+π
it 2
Re (z) dz = i cos te dt = i cos tdt − cos t sin tdt = 0
C
−π −π −π
Z Z+π
+π
|z| dz = i eit dt = e2it −π = 0
C
−π
Z Z+π
+π
Arg (z) dz = i teit dt = (t + i) eit −π = − (π + i) + (−π + i) = −2π
C
−π
(1 + 2ix) dx
Z Z1 Z1 1
2
3
2
1 2
zdz = x + ix (1 + 2ix) dx = x − 2x + 3ix = x − x4 + ix3 =i
2 0
C 0 0
Z Z1 Z1 1
1 2i 1 2
Re (z) dz = x (1 + 2ix) dx = 2
x + 2ix dx = x2 + x3 = +i
C 2 3 0 2 3
0 0
R R1 √R1 √ R1 √
C
|z| dz = x2 + x4 dx = x x2 + +1dx + 2i x2 x2 + 1dx
(1 + 2ix)
0 1 0 0 1
1 2 3 1 1
= (x + 1) 2 + 2i sinh 4 (arg sinh x) − arg sinh x
3 0 32 8 0
1 i 1
= + sinh 4 (arg sinh 1) − arg sinh 1
3 4 4
Z Z1 Z1 Z1
Arg (z) dz = (1 + 2ix) arctan (x) dx = arctan (x) dx + 2i x arctan (x) dx
C
0 0 0
❣râ❝❡ ✉♥❡ ✐♥té❣r❛t✐♦♥ ♣❛r ♣❛rt✐❡ ♦♥ ♣❡✉t ♠♦♥tr❡r ✭✈♦✐r ❝♦✉r ❞❡ ✶ ❛♥♥é❡✮ q✉❡
R 1
arctan (x) dx = x arctan(x) − ln(1 + x2 )
2
R 1 2 1
x arctan (x) dx = (1 + x ) arctan(x) − x
2 2
✺✷
✸✳ ■♥té❣r❛t✐♦♥ ❞❛♥s ❧❡ ❞♦♠❛✐♥❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❡✳ ❚❤é♦r✐❡ ❞❡ ❈❛✉❝❤②
❞♦♥❝
Z 1 1
1 1 1
Arg (z) dz = x arctan(x) − ln(1 + x2 ) + 2i (1 + x2 ) arctan(x) − x
C 2 0 2 2 0
π 1
= (1 + 2i) − ln 2 − i
4 2
✸✳✶✳✷ ♣r♦♣r✐étés ✿
Pr♦♣♦s✐t✐♦♥ ✸✳✶✳✸ ✿ ▲❡s ♣r♦♣r✐étés ❞❡s ✐♥té❣r❛❧❡s ❝✉r✈✐❧✐❣♥❡s ♦r❞✐♥❛✐r❡s✱ s✬ét❡♥❞❡♥t ❛✉①
✐♥té❣r❛❧❡s ❞❡s ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥s ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❡s ❝♦♠♠❡ s✉✐t ✿ ❙✐ f ❡t g s♦♥t ❞❡✉① ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥s ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❡s
✐♥té❣r❛❜❧❡s ❧❡ ❧♦♥❣ ❞✬✉♥❡ ❝♦✉r❜❡ C ❞✬❡①tré♠✐tés a, b ❛❧♦rs
✶✳ R (f + g) (z) dz = R f (z) dz + R g (z) dz.
C C C
✷✳ R Af (z) dz = A R f (z) dz, ∀A ∈ C
C C
✸✳ R f (z) dz = − R f (z) dz.
C C
a→b b→a
✹✳ R
f (z) dz =
R
f (z) dz +
R
f (z) dz, ♦ù c ∈ C.
C C C
a→b a→c c→b
✺✳ R R
f (z) dz ≤ |f (z)| |dz|
C C
✻✳ R
f (z) dz < M L,
♦ù ❡t L ❞és✐❣♥❡♥t ❧❛ ❧♦♥❣✉❡✉r ❞❡ C.
M = sup |f (z)| ,
z∈C
C
✼✳ ❈❤❛♥❣❡♠❡♥t ❞❡ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s ✿ ❙♦✐t z = g(ξ) ✉♥❡ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥ ❝♦♥t✐♥û♠❡♥t ❞ér✐✈❛❜❧❡✱ ❞❡ ❧❛
✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❡ ξ = u + iv, s✉♣♣♦s♦♥s q✉❡ ❧❛ ❝♦✉r❜❡ C ✱ ❞✉ ♣❧❛♥ ❞❡ ❧❛ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡ z
s♦✐t ❧❛ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠é❡ ♣❛r g ❞✬✉♥❡ ❝♦✉r❜❡ C ❞✉ ♣❧❛♥ ❞❡s ξ, ♦♥ ❛ ❛❧♦rs ✿
′
Z Z
f (z) dz = f (g(ξ)) g ′ (ξ)dz
C C′
✺✸
1
❧❛ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥ f (z) = 2 ❡st ✉♥❡ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❡ s✉r ❧❡ s❡❣♠❡♥t γ ❞♦♥❝ ✐♥té❣r❛❜❧❡✱ ❧✬✉♥❡
z
❞❡s ♣❛r❛♠étr✐s❛t✐♦♥s ❞✉ s❡❣♠❡♥t γ ❡st
❛✈❡❝ dz = (1 + i)dx
Z Z0
1 (1 + i)
dz = dx
z2 x+i(1+x) [x + i(1 + x)]2
γ −1
❞✬♦ù 0
R 1 R R0 (1+i)
(1+i)
2 dz = [x+i(1+x)]2
dx ≤ [x+i(1+x)]2 dx
γ z −1 −1
R0 |1+i|
≤ |x+i(1+x)|2
dx
−1
√ R0 dx
≤ 2 x2 +(1+x)2
−1
√ R0 dx
≤ 2 2x2 +2x+1
−1
❡♥ ♣♦s❛♥t g(x) = 2x2 + 2x + 1, ❧✬ét✉❞❡ é❧é♠❡♥t❛✐r❡ ❞❡ g ❞♦♥♥❡ q✉❡ ♣♦✉r t♦✉t x ∈ [−1, 0] :
1 1
≤ g(x) ≤ 1, ✭❧❡ ♠✐♥✐♠✉♠ ❞❡ g ❡st ❛tt❡✐♥t ♣♦✉r x = − ✮✱ ❡t ❞♦♥❝ q✉❡ ♣♦✉r t♦✉t
2 2
1
x ∈ [−1, 0] : 1 ≤ ≤2
g(x)
❞✬♦ù
Z Z0 √ Z
0
1 √ dx √
dz ≤ 2 ≤ 2 2 dx = 2 2
z2 2x2 + 2x + 1
γ −1 −1
❉é✜♥✐t✐♦♥ ✸✳✶✳✷ ✿
✕ ❯♥ ❞♦♠❛✐♥❡ D ❞✉ ♣❧❛♥ ❡st ♣❛r ❞é✜♥✐t✐♦♥ ✉♥ ♦✉✈❡rt ❝♦♥♥❡①❡✱ ❝✬❡st à ❞✐r❡ q✉❡ ❞❡✉①
♣♦✐♥ts q✉❡❧❝♦♥q✉❡s ❞❡ D ♣❡✉✈❡♥t êtr❡ ❥♦✐♥ts ♣❛r ✉♥❡ ❝♦✉r❜❡ s❡ tr♦✉✈❛♥t ❡♥t✐èr❡♠❡♥t
❞❛♥s D.
✕ ❙✐ t♦✉t❡ ❝♦✉r❜❡ ❢❡r♠é❡ ❞❛♥s D ♣❡✉t êtr❡ ré❞✉✐t❡ ♣❛r ❞é❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❡ à ✉♥
♣♦✐♥t s❛♥s q✉✐tt❡r D✱ ❧❡ ❞♦♠❛✐♥❡ ❡st ❞✐t s✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t ❝♦♥♥❡①❡✱ s✐♥♦♥ ♦♥ ❧✬❛♣♣❡❧❧❡
♠✉❧t✐♣❧❡♠❡♥t ❝♦♥♥❡①❡✳ ✭■♥t✉✐t✐✈❡♠❡♥t✱ ✉♥ ❞♦♠❛✐♥❡ s✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t ❝♦♥♥❡①❡✱ ♥✬❛ ♣❛s ❞❡
✧tr♦✉s✧✱ ✉♥ ❞♦♠❛✐♥❡ ♠✉❧t✐♣❧❡♠❡♥t ❝♦♥♥❡①❡ ❡♥ ♣♦ssè❞❡✮✳
✕ ❖♥ ❞✐t q✉❡ ❧❛ ❢r♦♥t✐èr❡ ❞✬✉♥ ❞♦♠❛✐♥❡ ✭❡❧❧❡ ♣❡✉t êtr❡ ❝♦♠♣♦sé❡ ❞❡ ♣❧✉s✐❡✉rs ❝♦✉r❜❡s
❢❡r♠é❡s✮ ❡st ♣❛r❝♦✉r✉❡ ❞❛♥s ❧❡ s❡♥s ❞✐r❡❝t✱ s✐ ❧❡ ❞♦♠❛✐♥❡ ❡♥ ❝♦♥s✐❞ér❛t✐♦♥ s❡ tr♦✉✈❡
à ❣❛✉❝❤❡ ♣♦✉r ✉♥ ♦❜s❡r✈❛t❡✉r s❡ ❞é♣❧❛ç❛♥t ❞❛♥s ❧❡ ♠ê♠❡ s❡♥s s✉r ❧❛ ❢r♦♥t✐èr❡✳
✺✹
✸✳ ■♥té❣r❛t✐♦♥ ❞❛♥s ❧❡ ❞♦♠❛✐♥❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❡✳ ❚❤é♦r✐❡ ❞❡ ❈❛✉❝❤②
❖♥ s❛✐t q✉❡
Z Z Z
I= f (z)dz = P dx − Qdy + i Qdx + P dy
C C C
✺✺
❧✐♠✐té ♣❛r C ✐❧ ✈✐❡♥t ✿
Z Z
∂Q ∂P ∂P ∂Q
I= − − dxdy + i − dxdy
∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y
∆ ∆
R ∂Q ∂P
− − dxdy = 0
∆ ∂x ∂y
R ∂P ∂Q
− dxdy = 0
∆ ∂x ∂y
❞♦♥❝ Z
I= f (z)dz = 0
C
❘❡♠❛rq✉❡ ✸✳✷✳✶ ▲❡ t❤é♦rè♠❡ ❞❡ ❈❛✉❝❤② ❡st ✉♥❡ ❝♦♥séq✉❡♥❝❡ ❞✐r❡❝t ❞❡ ❧❛ ♥♦t✐♦♥ ❞✬❤♦❧♦✲
♠♦r♣❤✐❡✱ ♦♥ ♣♦✉rr❛ ❝❡ ❞❡♠❛♥❞é ❛❧♦rs✱ ♣❡✉t✲♦♥✲ ❛✈♦✐r ✉♥❡ ❝♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥ ♥é❝❡ss❛✐r❡ ❡t s✉✣s❛♥t❡
❞✬❤♦❧♦♠♦r♣❤✐❡ ❞✉ ♠ê♠❡ t②♣❡ q✉❡ ❧❡ t❤é♦rè♠❡ ❞❡ ❈❛✉❝❤② ❄
▲❛ ré♣♦♥s❡ à ❝❡tt❡ q✉❡st✐♦♥ ❡st ❞♦♥♥é❡ ❞❛♥s ❧❡ s✉✐✈❛♥t rés✉❧t❛t✱ ❛♣♣❡❧é t❤é♦rè♠❡ ❞❡ ❈❛✉❝❤②✲
●♦✉rs❛t✳
❘❡♠❛rq✉❡ ✸✳✷✳✷ ✿
✕ ❈❡ t❤é♦rè♠❡ ♣❡✉t ❛✉ss✐ êtr❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞éré ❝♦♠♠❡ ✉♥❡ ♥♦✉✈❡❧❧❡ ❞é✜♥✐t✐♦♥ ❞❡ ❧✬❤♦❧♦♠♦r✲
♣❤✐❡ ❞✬✉♥❡ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❡ s✉r ✉♥ ❞♦♠❛✐♥❡✱ ♥♦t❡③ ❜✐❡♥ q✉❡ ❧✬✐♥té❣r❛❧❡ ❞❡✈r❛ êtr❡
♥✉❧❧❡ s✉r t♦✉t❡s ❧❡s ❝♦✉r❜❡s ✐♥❝❧✉s❡s ❞❛♥s C ✳
✺✻
✸✳ ■♥té❣r❛t✐♦♥ ❞❛♥s ❧❡ ❞♦♠❛✐♥❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❡✳ ❚❤é♦r✐❡ ❞❡ ❈❛✉❝❤②
Pr♦♣♦s✐t✐♦♥ ✸✳✷✳✶ ✿
✶✳ s✐ a ❡t b s♦♥t ❞❡✉① ♣♦✐♥ts ❞✬✉♥ ❞♦♠❛✐♥❡ D✱ s✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t ❝♦♥♥❡①❡✱ Γ1 , Γ2 ❞❡✉① ❛r❝s ❞❡
D✱ r❡❧✐❛♥t a ❡t b✱ ♣❛r❝♦✉r✉s ❞❡ a✱ ✈❡rs b✱ f ✉♥❡ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥ ❤♦❧♦♠♦r♣❤❡ s✉r D ❛❧♦rs
Z Z
f (z)dz = f (z)dz
Γ1 Γ1
Pr♦♦❢✳
✺✼
Z
f (z)dz = 0
Γ
❡t ❞❡ ♣❧✉s Z Z Z
f (z)dz = f (z)dz + f (z)dz
Γ Γ1 Γ2
a→b b→a
❡♥ ❞é❞✉✐t ❞♦♥❝ Z Z Z
f (z)dz = − f (z)dz = f (z)dz
Γ1 Γ2 Γ2
a→b b→a a→b
❞✬♦ù ❧❡ rés✉❧t❛t✳
✺✽
✸✳ ■♥té❣r❛t✐♦♥ ❞❛♥s ❧❡ ❞♦♠❛✐♥❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❡✳ ❚❤é♦r✐❡ ❞❡ ❈❛✉❝❤②
❞♦♥❝ Z Z Z Z Z
f (z)dz = f (z)dz + f (z)dz + f (z)dz + f (z)dz = 0
Σ C1+ γ1+ C2− γε−
✐❡ Z Z
f (z)dz = f (z)dz
C1+ C2+
❉✬❛♣rés ❝❡ q✉✐ ♣ré❝è❞❡✱ s✐ a ❡t b s♦♥t ❞❡✉① ♥♦♠❜r❡s ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❡s✱ é❧é♠❡♥ts ❞✬✉♥ ❞♦♠❛✐♥❡
Rb
D✱ s✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t ❝♦♥♥❡①❡ ♦ù f ❡st ❤♦❧♦♠♦r♣❤❡✳ ●râ❝❡ ❛✉ ❢❛✐t q✉❡ ❧✬✐♥té❣r❛❧❡ I = f (z) dz,
a
❡st ✐♥❞é♣❡♥❞❛♥t❡ ❞✉ ❝❤❡♠✐♥ r❡❧✐❛♥t a ❡t b✱ ♦♥ ❧❛ ❝♦♥s✐❞èr❡ ❝♦♠♠❡ ét❛♥t ❧❛ ✈❛❧❡✉r ❝♦♠♠✉♥❡
R y
❞❡ t♦✉t❡s ❧❡s ✐♥té❣r❛❧❡s f (z) dz ✱ ♦ù ab ❡t ✉♥ ❝❤❡♠✐♥ q✉❡❧❝♦♥q✉❡ ❥♦✐❣♥❛♥t a à b✳
y
ab
Rz
P♦✉r a ✜①é✱ ♦♥ ❞é✜♥✐t s✉r D ❧❛ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥ ϕ (z) = f (u) du q✉✐ ❡st ✉♥❡ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥ ❤♦❧♦♠♦r♣❤❡
a
Rz2
s✉r D ❀ ✈ér✐✜❛♥t ϕ′ (z) = f (z), ϕ (a) = 0 ❡t f (u) du = ϕ (z1 ) − ϕ (z2 )✱ ♦♥ ❞♦♥♥❡ ❛❧♦rs ❧❛
z1
❞é✜♥✐t✐♦♥ s✉✐✈❛♥t❡
❉é✜♥✐t✐♦♥ ✸✳✷✳✶ ✿ ❙♦✐t f ✉♥❡ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥ ❤♦❧♦♠♦r♣❤❡ s✉r ✉♥ ❞♦♠❛✐♥❡ s✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t ❝♦♥♥❡①❡
D, a ✉♥ ♣♦✐♥t ❞❡ D, ❖♥ ❞é✜♥✐t ❧❛ ♣r✐♠✐t✐✈❡ ❞❡ f ❞❛♥s D q✉✐ s✬❛♥♥✉❧❡ ❡♥ a ❝♦♠♠❡ ét❛♥t
❧❛ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥ ❤♦❧♦♠♦r♣❤❡ ❞é✜♥✐❡ ♣❛r
Zz
ϕ : z → ϕ (z) = f (u) du, ♣♦✉r t♦✉t z∈D
a
❞❡ ♣❧✉s
ϕ′ (z) = f (z)
❊①❡r❝✐❝❡ ✸✳✷✳✶ ✿
✺✾
R
❊♥ é✈❛❧✉❛♥t ez dz s✉r ❧❡ ❝❡r❝❧❡ ✉♥✐t❛✐r❡✱ ♠♦♥tr❡r q✉❡
C
Z+π Z+π
cos t
e cos (t + sin t) dt = ecos t sin (t + sin t) dt = 0.
−π −π
s♦❧✉t✐♦♥ ✿
❧❛ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥ z → ez ❡st ❤♦❧♦♠♦r♣❤❡ s✉r C✱ C ❞és✐❣♥❡ ❧❡ ❝❡r❝❧❡ ✉♥✐t❛✐r❡✱ ❞✬❛♣rés ❧❡ t❤é♦rè♠❡
❞❡ ❈❛✉❝❤② Z
ez dz = 0
C
R R
+π
it
ez dz = iee eit dt
C −π
R
+π
=i ecos t+i sin t eit dt
−π
R
+π
=i ecos t ei(t+sin t) dt
−π
R
+π
=i ecos t [cos (t + sin t) + i sin (t + sin t)] dt
−π
R
+π R
+π
=− ecos t sin (t + sin t) dt + i ecos t cos (t + sin t)
−π −π
♦♥ ❞é❞✉✐t ❞♦♥❝
Z+π Z+π
cos t
e cos (t + sin t) = ecos t sin (t + sin t) dt = 0
−π −π
❊①❡r❝✐❝❡ ✸✳✷✳✷ ✿
✶✳ ❱❡r✐✜❡r q✉❡
Zb
dt
= i [ln (z0 − ib) − ln (z0 − ia)]
z0 − it
a
✻✵
✸✳ ■♥té❣r❛t✐♦♥ ❞❛♥s ❧❡ ❞♦♠❛✐♥❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❡✳ ❚❤é♦r✐❡ ❞❡ ❈❛✉❝❤②
✷✳ ❈♦♥❝❧✉r❡ q✉❡
Zb
xdt y−a y−b
= arctan − arctan
x2 + (y − t)2 x x
a
♦ù x > 0, ❡t y ∈ R✳
s♦❧✉t✐♦♥ ✿
✶✳ a, b s♦♥t ❞❡s ré❡❧s q✉❡❧❝♦♥q✉❡s✱ ❡t z0 ❡st ✉♥ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❡ ❞✉ ❞❡♠✐✲♣❧❛♥ D = {z ∈ C : ℜ (z) > 0}✱
♣♦✉r ❝❤❛q✉❡ t ∈ [a, b] ♦♥ ♣♦s❡ z = z0 − it ❛✈❡❝ A = z0 − ia, B = z0 − ib, ♦♥ ❛✉r❛
D ❡t ♦r✐❡♥té ❞❡ A ✈❡rs B.
❋✐❣✉r❡ ✸✳✻ ✕ ▲❛ ❝♦✉r❜❡ ❞✬✐♥té❣r❛t✐♦♥ ❡st ❜✐❡♥ ❞❛♥s ✉♥❡ ③♦♥❡ ❞✬❤♦❧♦♠♦r♣❤✐❡ ❞❡ ln
dt Rb 1
❆✐♥s✐ ❧✐♥té❣r❛❧❡ ♥✬❡st ❛✉tr❡ q✉❡ ❧✬✐♥té❣r❛❧❡ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥ f (z) = ❧❡ ❧♦♥❣
a z0 − it z
❞✉ s❡❣♠❡♥t ♦r✐❡♥té [AB]
Zb ZB
dt 1 1
= dz
z0 − it i z
a A
❛✈❡❝ dz = idt
1
▲❡ ❞♦♠❛✐♥❡ D ét❛♥t s✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t ❝♦♥♥❡①❡✱ ❧❛ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥ f (z) = ❤♦❧♦♠♦r♣❤❡ s✉r
z
D ❞❡ ♣r✐♠✐t✐✈❡ F (z) = ln z ✭♦ù ln ❞és✐❣♥❡ ❧✬✉♥❡ ❞❡s ❞ét❡r♠✐♥❛t✐♦♥ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥
✻✶
❞✬♦ù
Zb
dt
= i [ln (z0 − ib) − ln (z0 − ia)] ✭✶✮
z0 − it
a
y ∈ R✱ ♦♥ ❛✉r❛
Rb dt Rb dt
=
a z0 − it a x + iy − it
Rb dt
=
a x + i (y − t)
Rb x − i (y − t)
= 2 dt
2
a x + i (y − t)
Rb x Rb y−t
= 2 dt − i 2 dt
2 2
a x + i (y − t) a x + i (y − t)
✐❧ ✈✐❡♥t ❞♦♥❝
1 2 2 y−a
ln (z0 − ia) = ln x + (y − a) + i arctan
2 x
1 y−b
ln (z0 − ib) = ln x2 + (y − b)2 + i arctan
2 x
✻✷
✸✳ ■♥té❣r❛t✐♦♥ ❞❛♥s ❧❡ ❞♦♠❛✐♥❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❡✳ ❚❤é♦r✐❡ ❞❡ ❈❛✉❝❤②
❞✬♦ù
1 2 2 y − b
Rb x Rb y−t 2 ln x + (y − b) + i arctan
dt − i
dt = i x
2 2 2 2 1 y−a
a x + i (y − t) a x + (y − t) − ln x2 + (y − a)2 − i arctan
2
x
1 2 2 1 2 2
ln x + (y − b) − ln x + (y − a)
= i 2
y−b
2
y−a
+i arctan − arctan
x x
y−b y−a
= − arctan − arctan
x x
1
+ i ln x2 + (y − b)2 − ln x2 + (y − a)2
2
z − a = reiθ − π < θ ≤ +π
Z Z+π Z+π
1 rieiθ
dz = dθ = i dθ = 2iπ
(z − a) reiθ
C+ −π −π
❞❡ ❧❛ ♣r♦♣♦s✐t✐♦♥ ✭✹✮ ❝❡ rés✉❧t❛t r❡st❡ ❞✬❛✐❧❧❡✉rs ✈❛❧❛❜❧❡ s✐ ❧✬♦♥ r❡♠♣❧❛❝❡ ❧❡ ❝❡r❝❧❡ C ♣❛r
✻✸
❡♥t♦✉r❛♥t ❧❡ ♣♦✐♥t a✱ ♦r✐❡♥té❡ ❞❛♥s ❧❡ s❡♥s ♣♦s✐t✐❢✱ ❛❧♦rs
Z
1
dz = 2iπ.
(z − a)
C+
❝❡❝✐ q✉❡❧ q✉❡ s♦✐t ❧❡ r❛②♦♥ r ❞❡ γ ✭♣♦✉r✈✉ q✉❡ γ r❡st❡ ❞❛♥s ❧✬✐♥tér✐❡✉r ❞❡ C ✮
❞♦♥❝ ❡♥ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧✐❡r Z Z
f (z) f (z)
dz = lim+ dz
(z − a) r−→0 (z − a)
C+ γ+
▼❛✐s ✿
R f (z) R f (z) − f (a) R f (a)
dz = dz + dz
γ+ (z − a) γ+ (z − a) γ + (z − a)
R f (z) − f (a)
= dz + 2iπf (a).
γ+ (z − a)
❝♦♠♠❡ f ❡st ❤♦❧♦♠♦r♣❤❡✱ ❞♦♥❝ ❞ér✐✈❛❜❧❡ ❡♥ a ✐❧ ✈✐❡♥t q✉❡
f (z) − f (a)
= f ′ (a) + g(z).
(z − a)
✻✹
✸✳ ■♥té❣r❛t✐♦♥ ❞❛♥s ❧❡ ❞♦♠❛✐♥❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❡✳ ❚❤é♦r✐❡ ❞❡ ❈❛✉❝❤②
❞♦♥❝ Z Z Z
f (z) − f (a)
dz = f ′ (a) dz + g(z)dz
(z − a)
γ+ γ+ γ+
R
❛✈❡❝ R
dz = 0 ❞✬❛♣rés ❧❡ t❤é♦rè♠❡ ❞❡ ❈❛✉❝❤②✱ ❡t
γ +
g(z)dz < ε2πr −→ 0;
r−→0
✐❧ ❡♥ rés✉❧t❡
q✉❡ γ
+
Z
f (z)
dz = 2iπf (a).
(z − a)
C+
Z
1 f (z)
f (a) = dz.
2iπ (z − a)
C+
♦ù u ∈ D.
z − a
❱✉ q✉❡ u − a < 1; ❝❛r |z − a| < r ❡t |u − a| = r ✐❧ ✈✐❡♥t
X n X (z − a)n
1 1 z−a
= =
(u − z) (u − a) n≥0 u−a n≥0
(u − a)n+1
✻✺
sér✐❡ ♥♦r♠❛❧❡♠❡♥t ❝♦♥✈❡r❣❡♥t❡ s✉r ❧❛ ❝♦✉r❜❡ C ✳
✐❧ s✬❡♥ s✉✐t q✉❡ ✿
1 R f (u)
f (z) = du
2iπ C + (u − z)
1 R P (z − a)n
= f (u) n+1 du
2iπ C + n≥0 (u − a)
1 P R f (u) n
= n+1 du (z − a)
2iπ n≥0 C + (u − a)
P
= cn (z − a)n
n≥0
❛✈❡❝ Z
1 f (u)
cn = du
2iπ (u − a)n+1
C+
❞✬♦ù ❧❡ rés✉❧t❛t ✿
X
f (z) = cn (z − a)n
n≥0
✻✻
✸✳ ■♥té❣r❛t✐♦♥ ❞❛♥s ❧❡ ❞♦♠❛✐♥❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❡✳ ❚❤é♦r✐❡ ❞❡ ❈❛✉❝❤②
Z
1 f (u)
cn = du
2iπ (u − a)n+1
C+
❛✈❡❝ C ❡st ✉♥❡ ❝♦✉r❜❡ ❢❡r♠é q✉❡❧❝♦♥q✉❡ ❝♦♥t❡♥✉❡ ❞❛♥s D ❡t ❞♦♥t ❧✬✐♥tér✐❡✉r❡ ❝♦♥t✐❡♥t ❧❡
+
P
f ′ (z) = ncn (z − a)n−1
n≥1
P
f ′′ (z) = n (n − 1) cn (z − a)n−2
n≥2
✳ ✳
✳ ✳
✳ ✳
P
f (p) (z) = n!
c
(n−p)! n
(z − a)n−p
n≥p
1 (p)
c0 = f (a), c1 = f ′ (a), . . . , cp = f (a)
p!
X f (n) (a)
f (z) = (z − a)n
n≥0
n!
Z
(n) n! f (u)
f (a) = du
2iπ (u − a)n+1
C+
❞✬♦ù ❧❡ t❤é♦rè♠❡
❚❤❡♦r❡♠ ✸✳✷✳✺ ✿ ❚♦✉t❡ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥s ❤♦❧♦♠♦r♣❤❡ ❡st ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss❡ C s✉r s♦♥ ❞♦♠❛✐♥❡ ❞✬❤♦❧♦✲ ∞
♠♦r♣❤✐❡ D✳
✻✼
❉❡ ♣❧✉s ♣♦✉r t♦✉t a∈D ♦♥ ❛
Z
(n) f (u)
2iπf (a) = n! du
(u − a)n+1
C+
❛♣♣❡❧é❡ ❢♦r♠✉❧❡ ✐♥té❣r❛❧❡ ❞❡ ❈❛✉❝❤②✱ ❡t ♦ù C ❞és✐❣♥❡ ✉♥❡ ❝♦✉r❜❡ ❢❡r♠é❡ ❝♦♥t❡♥✉❡ ❞❛♥s D
❡♥t♦✉r❛♥t ❧❡ ♣♦✐♥t a✳
❊①❡r❝✐❝❡ ✸✳✷✳✸ ✿
❞❛♥s D.
❙♦✐t z1 ❡t z2 ❞❡✉① ♣♦✐♥ts ❞❡ ❧✬✐♥tér✐❡✉r ❞❡ C ❞é♠♦♥tr❡r q✉❡
Z
1 f (z) f (z1 ) − f (z2 )
dz =
2iπ (z − z1 ) (z − z2 ) (z1 − z2 )
C
∂Ω+ +
1 = C1 ∪ γA→B
∂Ω+ +
1 = C2 ∪ γB→A
✻✽
✸✳ ■♥té❣r❛t✐♦♥ ❞❛♥s ❧❡ ❞♦♠❛✐♥❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❡✳ ❚❤é♦r✐❡ ❞❡ ❈❛✉❝❤②
f (z)
R f (z) R (z − z2 ) R g1 (z) f (z)
dz = dz = dz = 2iπg1 (z1 ) = 2iπ
C1+
(z − z1 ) (z − z2 ) C1+
(z − z1 ) C1+
(z − z1 ) (z1 − z2 )
f (z)
R f (z) R (z − z1 ) R g2 (z) f (z)
dz = dz = dz = 2iπg2 (z2 ) = 2iπ
C+
(z − z1 ) (z − z2 ) C+
(z − z2 ) C+
(z − z2 ) (z2 − z1 )
2 2 1
❞♦♥❝
Z
f (z) f (z1 ) f (z2 ) f (z1 ) − f (z2 )
dz = 2iπ + 2iπ = 2iπ
(z − z1 ) (z − z2 ) (z1 − z2 ) (z2 − z1 ) (z1 − z2 )
C+
❞✬♦ù Z
1 f (z) f (z1 ) − f (z2 )
dz =
2iπ (z − z1 ) (z − z2 ) (z1 − z2 )
C+
❞♦♥❝
f (z) 1 f (z) f (z)
= −
(z − z1 ) (z − z2 ) z1 − z2 (z − z1 ) (z − z2 )
✻✾
❡t
Z Z Z
1 f (z) 1 f (z) f (z)
dz = dz − dz
2iπ (z − z1 ) (z − z2 ) 2iπ (z1 − z2 ) (z − z1 ) (z − z2 )
C+ C+ C+
R f (z) R f (z)
dz = 2iπf (z1 ) ❡t dz = 2iπf (z2 )
C+ (z − z1 ) C+ (z − z2 )
✐❧ ✈✐❡♥t q✉❡
Z
1 f (z) 1 f (z1 ) − f (z2 )
dz = (2iπf (z1 ) − 2iπf (z2 )) = .
2iπ (z − z1 ) (z − z2 ) 2iπ (z1 − z2 ) z1 − z2
C+
f (z1 ) − f (z2 )
lim = f ′ (z1 )
z2 →z1 z1 − z2
❞✬♦ù Z
1 f (z) ′
2 dz = f (z1 )
2iπ (z − z1 )
C+
❊①❡r❝✐❝❡ ✸✳✷✳✹ ✿
R
❈❛❧❝✉❧❡r ❧❡s ✐♥t❡❣r❛❧❡s f (z) dz ❞❛♥s ❝❤❛❝✉♥ ❞❡s ❝❛s ✿
C
sin 3z
✶✳ f (z) = ♦ù C ❡st ❧❡ ❝❡r❝❧❡ |z| = 5.
z + π/2
e3z
✷✳ f (z) = ♦ù C ❞és✐❣♥❡ ✿
z − iπ
❛✮✳ ▲❡ ❝❡r❝❧❡ |z − 1| = 4,
❜✮✳ |z − 2| + |z + 2| = 6.
❧✬é❧❧✐♣s❡
cos πz
✸✳ f (z) = 2 ♦ù C ❞és✐❣♥❡ ✉♥ r❡❝t❛♥❣❧❡ ❞❡ s♦♠♠❡ts
z −1
❛✮✳ 2 ± i, −2 ± i
✼✵
✸✳ ■♥té❣r❛t✐♦♥ ❞❛♥s ❧❡ ❞♦♠❛✐♥❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❡✳ ❚❤é♦r✐❡ ❞❡ ❈❛✉❝❤②
❜✮✳ −i, 2 − i, 2 + i, i.
ezt
✹✳ f (z) = ❛✈❡❝ t > 0 ❡t C ❡st ❧❡ ❝❡r❝❧❡ |z| = 3.
z2 + 1
s♦❧✉t✐♦♥ ✿
sin 3z
✶✳ f (z) = ♦ù C ❡st ❧❡ ❝❡r❝❧❡ |z| = 5 : ❧❡ ♣♦✐♥t z0 = − π2 ❡st ✉♥ ♣♦✐♥t ✐♥t❡r♥❡ à
z + π/2
❧❛ ❝♦✉r❜❡ |z| = 5 ❝❛r − π2 < 5, ❡st ❧❛ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥ z → sin 3z ❡st ❤♦❧♦♠♦r♣❤❡ s✉r t♦✉t
C✱ ❞♦♥❝ s✉✐✈❛♥t ❧❛ ❢♦r♠✉❧❡ ✐♥té❣r❛❧❡ ❞❡ ❈❛✉❝❤② ♦♥ ❛
Z π
sin 3z
dz = 2iπ sin 3 − = 2iπ
z + π/2 2
C
e3z
✷✳ f (z) = , ❧❛ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥ z → e3z ❡st ❤♦❧♦♠♦r♣❤❡ s✉r t♦✉t C
z − iπ
❛✮✳ C ❞és✐❣♥❡ ❧❡ ❝❡r❝❧❡ |z − 1| = 4, ❧❡ ♣♦✐♥t z0 = iπ ❡st ✉♥ ♣♦✐♥t ✐♥tèr♥❡ à ❧❛ ❝♦✉r❜❡
√
C, ❝❛r |iπ − 1| = 1 + π 2 < 4✱ ❞♦♥❝
Z
e3z
dz = 2iπe3iπ = −2iπ
z − iπ
C
cos πz
✸✳ f (z) = , ❧❛ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥ z → cos πz ❡st ❤♦❧♦♠♦r♣❤❡ s✉r t♦✉t C
z2 − 1
❛✮✳ C ❞és✐❣♥❡ ❧❡ ❝❛rré ❞❡ s♦♠♠❡ts ✿ 2 ± i, −2 ± i, ❧❡s ❞❡✉① ♣♦✐♥ts z0 = 1, z1 = −1
s♦♥t ❞❡s ♣♦✐♥ts ✐♥tèr♥❡s ❛✉ ré❝t❛♥❣❧❡ C, ♦♥ ♣♦✉rr❛ ✉t✐❧✐sé ❧❡ rés✉❧t❛t ❞✉ ♣ré❝é❞❡♥t
❡①❡r❝✐❝❡ ♣♦✉r ❛✣r♠❡r
Z
cos πz cos (π) − cos (−π)
2
dz = 2iπ =0
z −1 1 − (−1)
C+
✼✶
ezt
✹✳ f (z) = ❛✈❡❝ t > 0 ❡t C ❡st ❧❡ ❝❡r❝❧❡ |z| = 3, ❧❛ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥ z → ezt ❡st
z2 + 1
❤♦❧♦♠♦r♣❤❡ s✉r C✱ ❧❡s ♣♦✐♥ts z0 = i ❡t z1 = −i s♦♥t ✐♥t❡r♥❡♥t ❛✉ ❝❡r❝❧❡ C, ❞♦♥❝ ❡♥
❛♣♣❧✐q✉❛♥t ❧❡ ♣ré❝é❞❡♥t ❡①❡r❝✐❝❡ ♦♥ ♦❜t✐❡♥t
Z
ezt eit − e−it eit − e−it
dz = 2iπ = 2iπ = 2π sinh(it)
z2 + 1 i − (−i) 2i
C+
❊①❡r❝✐❝❡ ✸✳✷✳✺ ✿
R 1 f (z) R 1 f (z)
2+ z+ dz , 2− z+ dz
|z|=1 z z |z|=1 z z
❉é❞✉✐r❡ q✉❡
2 R2π iθ
2 θ
f e cos dθ = 2f (0) + f ′ (0)
π 0 2
2 R2π 2 θ
f eiθ sin dθ = 2f (0) − f ′ (0)
π 0 2
s♦❧✉t✐♦♥ ✿
R 1 f (z) R f (z) R R f (z)
2+ z+ dz = 2 dz + f (z)dz + 2
dz
|z|=1 z z |z|=1 z |z|=1 |z|=1 z
R 1 f (z) R f (z) R R f (z)
2− z+ dz = 2 dz − f (z)dz − 2
dz
|z|=1 z z |z|=1 z |z|=1 |z|=1 z
R
f (z)dz = 0
|z|=1
R f (z)
dz = 2iπf (0)
|z|=1 z
R f (z)
2
dz = 2iπf ′ (0)
|z|=1 z
❞♦♥❝
R 1 f (z)
2+ z+ dz = 4iπf (0) + 2iπf ′ (0) = 2iπ (2f (0) + f ′ (0))
|z|=1 z z
✼✷
✸✳ ■♥té❣r❛t✐♦♥ ❞❛♥s ❧❡ ❞♦♠❛✐♥❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❡✳ ❚❤é♦r✐❡ ❞❡ ❈❛✉❝❤②
❡t
R 1 f (z)
2− z+ dz = 4iπf (0) − 2iπf ′ (0) = 2iπ (2f (0) − f ′ (0))
|z|=1 z z
❆ ❧✬❛✐❞❡ ❞❡ ❧❛ ♣❛r❛♠étr✐s❛t✐♦♥
R 1 f (z) R2π
2+ z+ dz = 2 + eiθ + e−iθ e−iθ f eiθ ieiθ dθ
|z|=1 z z 0
R2π
=i 2 + eiθ + e−iθ f eiθ dθ
0
R2π eiθ + e−iθ
= 2i 1+ f eiθ dθ
0 2
R2π
= 2i [1 + cos θ] f eiθ dθ
0
❡t
R 1 f (z) R2π
2− z+ dz = 2 − eiθ + e−iθ e−iθ f eiθ ieiθ dθ
|z|=1 z z 0
R2π
=i 2 − eiθ + e−iθ f eiθ dθ
0
R2π eiθ + e−iθ
= 2i 1− f eiθ dθ
0 2
R2π
= 2i [1 − cos θ] f eiθ dθ
0
s❛❝❤❛♥t q✉❡
2θ 2 θ
1 + cos θ = 2 cos 1 − cos θ = 2 sin
2 2
✐❧ ✈✐❡♥t
R 1 f (z) R2π 2 θ
2+ z+ dz = 4i cos f eiθ dθ = 2iπ (2f (0) + f ′ (0))
|z|=1 z z 0 2
R 1 f (z) R
2π θ
2− z+ dz = 4i sin2 f eiθ dθ = 2iπ (2f (0) − f ′ (0))
|z|=1 z z 0 2
❞✬♦ù
4i R2π 2 θ
cos f eiθ dθ = 2f (0) + f ′ (0)
2iπ 0 2
4i R2π 2 θ
sin f eiθ dθ = 2f (0) − f ′ (0)
2iπ 0 2
✼✸
✐❡
2 R2π 2 θ
cos f eiθ dθ = 2f (0) + f ′ (0)
π 0 2
2 R
2π θ
sin2 f eiθ dθ = 2f (0) − f ′ (0)
π 0 2
✼✹
✸✳ ■♥té❣r❛t✐♦♥ ❞❛♥s ❧❡ ❞♦♠❛✐♥❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❡✳ ❚❤é♦r✐❡ ❞❡ ❈❛✉❝❤②
✸✳✸ ❊①❡r❝✐❝❡s
❊①❡r❝✐❝❡ ✸✳✸✳✶ ✿
❝❛❧❝✉❧❡r ♣♦✉r ❝❤❛q✉❡ ❝♦✉r❜❡ C ❧❡s ✐♥t❡❣r❛❧❡s
R R R R
C
zdz, C
Re (z) dz, C
|z| dz, C
arg (z) dz.
♦ù C ❡st ✿
✕ ▲❡ s❡❣♠❡♥t [0, 1]✱
✕ ▲❡ ❝❡r❝❧❡ |z| = 1✱
✕ ▲✬❛r❝ ❞❡ ♣❛r❛❜♦❧❡ y = x2 , 0 ≤ x ≤ 1✳
❊①❡r❝✐❝❡ ✸✳✸✳✷ ✿
C ❞és✐❣♥❛♥t ❧❡ ❝❡r❝❧❡ ✉♥✐té ♣❛r❝♦✉r✉ ❞❛♥s ❧❡ s❡♥s tr✐❣♦♥♦♠étr✐q✉❡✱ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❡r ❧✬✐♥t❡❣r❛❧❡
Z 2n
1 dz
z+ , n∈N
z z
C
❊♥ ❞❡❞✉✐r❡ ❧❛ ✈❛❧❡✉r ❞❡
R
+π R
+π
cos2n tdt ❡t sin2n tdt
−π −π
❛✐♥s✐ q✉❡
R
+π R
+π
cos2n+1 tdt ❡t sin2n+1 tdt
−π −π
❊①❡r❝✐❝❡ ✸✳✸✳✸ ✿
R
❊♥ ❡✈❛❧✉❛♥t ez dz s✉r ❧❡ ❝❡r❝❧❡ ✉♥✐t❛✐r❡✱ ♠♦♥tr❡r q✉❡
C
Z2π Z2π
ecos t cos (t + sin t) dt = ecos t sin (t + sin t) dt = 0.
0 0
❊①❡r❝✐❝❡ ✸✳✸✳✹ ✿
❱❡r✐✜❡r q✉❡
Zb
dt
= i [ln (z0 − ib) ❴ ln (z0 − ia)]
z0 − it
A
✼✺
❈♦♥❝❧✉r❡ q✉❡
Zb
xdt y−a y−b
= arctan − arctan
x2 + (y − t)2 x x
a
♦ù x > 0, ❡t y ∈ R✳
❊①❡r❝✐❝❡ ✸✳✸✳✺ ✿
❉❡♠♦♥tr❡r ❞✐r❡❝t❡♠❡♥t q✉❡ ✿
Z
√
z dz ≤ 2 2
−2
γ
❊①❡r❝✐❝❡ ✸✳✸✳✻ ✿
❙♦✐❡♥t D ⊂ C ❡t f ✉♥❡ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥ ❤♦❧♦♠♦r♣❤❡ s✉r D ❡t C ✉♥ ❝❤❡♠✐♥ ❢❡r♠❡ s✐♠♣❧❡ ♣❛r❝♦✉r✉❡
❞❛♥s ❧❡ s❡♥s ♣♦s✐t✐❢ ❡t ❝♦♥t❡♥✉ ❛✐♥s✐ q✉❡ s♦♥ ✐♥t❡r✐❡✉r ❞❛♥s D.
❙♦✐t ❡♥✜♥ z1 ❡t z2 ❞❡✉① ♣♦✐♥ts ❞❡ ❧✬✐♥tér✐❡✉r ❞❡ C ❞❡♠♦♥tr❡r q✉❡
Z
1 f (z) f (z1 ) − f (z2 )
=
2iπ (z − z1 ) (z − z2 ) (z1 − z2 )
C
✼✻
✸✳ ■♥té❣r❛t✐♦♥ ❞❛♥s ❧❡ ❞♦♠❛✐♥❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❡✳ ❚❤é♦r✐❡ ❞❡ ❈❛✉❝❤②
❊①❡r❝✐❝❡ ✸✳✸✳✾ ✿
R
❙♦✐t α ∈ C✱ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❡r z α dz ❞❛♥s ❝❤❛❝✉♥ ❞❡s ❝❛s s✉✐✈❛♥ts
γ
❊①❡r❝✐❝❡ ✸✳✸✳✶✵ ✿
❙♦✐t ❧✬✐♥t❡❣r❛❧❡ Z
1 f (ω zg(ω
I(z) = + dω, |z| =
6 1
2iπ ω − z zω − 1
γ
❊①❡r❝✐❝❡ ✸✳✸✳✶✶ ✿
❉é♠♦♥tr❡r q✉❡ Z
f (z)
In = dz = n(2iπ)f (0)
z
γn
❊①❡r❝✐❝❡ ✸✳✸✳✶✷ ✿
❈❛❧❝✉❧❡r
R cos z
✶✳ I(a) = 3 dz, |a| =
6 1 ♦ù γ : |z| = 1 ♦r✐❡♥té❡ ♣♦s✐t✐✈❡♠❡♥t✳
γ (z − a)
R ln z
✷✳ J(a) = 4 dz, |a − 2| =
6 1 ♦ù γ : |z − 2| = 1 ♦r✐❡♥té❡ ♣♦s✐t✐✈❡♠❡♥t✳
γ (z − a)
❊①❡r❝✐❝❡ ✸✳✸✳✶✸ ✿
❙♦✐t γ ❧❡ ❝❡r❝❧❡ ❞❡ ❝❡♥tr❡ O ❡t ❞❡ r❛②♦♥ 4 ♦r✐❡♥té ❞❛♥s ❧❡ s❡♥s ❞✐r❡❝t ❡t s♦✐t f ❧❛ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥
❞é✜♥✐❡ ♣❛r
2
(z 2 + 1)
f (z) =
(z 2 + 2z + 2)3
✼✼
1 R f ′ (z)
❈❛❧❝✉❧❡r ❧✬✐♥té❣r❛❧❡ I = dz
2iπ γ f (z)
❊①❡r❝✐❝❡ ✸✳✸✳✶✹ ✿
✿ ❙♦✐t γ ✉♥ ❝♦♥t♦✉r ❞♦♥t ❧✬✐♥tér✐❡✉r ❝♦♥t✐❡♥t ❧✬♦r✐❣✐♥❡ O✱ ✈ér✐✜❡r ❧❡s ❢♦r♠✉❧❡s s✉✐✈❛♥t❡s
❡♥ ❝❤♦✐s✐s❛♥t γ ❝♦♠♠❡ ✐♥❞✐q✉é ✿
✶✳
Z2π
dt 2π
2 =
a2 cos2 2
t + b sin t ab
0
y2
❛✈❡❝ a, b 6= 0 γ ✿ ét❛♥t ❧✬é❧❧✐♣s❡ ❞✬❡q✉❛t✐♦♥ x2
a2
+ b2
= 1✳
✷✳
Z2π
cos2 t sin2 tdt 2π
6 6 =
cos t + sin t 3
0
❊①❡r❝✐❝❡ ✸✳✸✳✶✺ ✿
s♦✐t Z
I= z n dz
γr
✶✳ ▼♦♥tr❡r q✉❡
Z r n
z+
I = ran a dz
zn
γ
❊①❡r❝✐❝❡ ✸✳✸✳✶✻ ✿
❙♦✐t Z
1 dz
f (a) = , a 6= 0, |a| =
6 1,
2iπ (z − a)(z − 1/a)
γ
♦ù γ(t) = eit , 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π ✳
✼✽
✸✳ ■♥té❣r❛t✐♦♥ ❞❛♥s ❧❡ ❞♦♠❛✐♥❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❡✳ ❚❤é♦r✐❡ ❞❡ ❈❛✉❝❤②
✶✳ ❱ér✐✜❡r q✉❡ a
s✐ 0 ≤ |a| < 1,
f (a) = a2 − 1
a
s✐ |a| > 1.
1 − a2
✷✳ ❊♥ ❝♦♥❝❧✉r❡ q✉❡
Z2π 1
1 dt s✐ 0 ≤ |a| ≤ 1;
= 1 − a2
2π 1 − 2acost + a2 1
0
2
s✐ |a| > 1.
a −1
❊①❡r❝✐❝❡ ✸✳✸✳✶✼ ✿
❙♦✐❡♥t γ ❧❡ ❝❡r❝❧❡ ✉♥✐t❛✐r❡ ❞é❝r✐t ✉♥❡ ❢♦✐s ❞❛♥s ❧❡ s❡♥s ♣♦s✐t✐❢ ❡t a ✉♥ ré❡❧ str✐❝t❡♠❡♥t
s✉♣ér✐❡✉r à 1✳
R
✶✳ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❡r I(a) = ln(z+a)
z
dz ♦ù ln ❞és✐❣♥❡ ❧❛ ❞ét❡r♠✐♥❛t✐♦♥ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧❡ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥
γ
ln ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❡✳
Rπ Rπ
✷✳ ❊♥ ❞é❞✉✐r❡ ❧❡s ✈❛❧❡✉rs ❞❡s ✐♥té❣r❛❧❡s ln(a2 + 2a cos t + 1)dt ❡t ln(λ + cos t)dt
0 0
♣♦✉r λ > 1.
✼✾
❈❤❛♣✐tr❡ ✹
❚❤é♦r✐❡ ❞✉ rés✐❞✉
P
❙✐ c1 = f ′ (a) 6= 0, f (z) = (z − a)ϕ(z), ❛✈❡❝ ϕ(z) = cn+1 (z − a)n ❤♦❧♦♠♦r♣❤❡ ❡t
n≥0
ϕ(a) 6= 0.
❧❡ ❞✐sq✉❡ |z − a| < ρ t❡❧ q✉❡ ϕ (z) 6= 0✱ ❝❡ q✉✐ ✈❡✉t ❞✐r❡ q✉✬✐❧ ❡①✐st❡ ✉♥ ✈♦✐s✐♥❛❣❡ Va ❞❡
a ✐♥❝❧✉❡ ❞❛♥s |z − a| < ρ t❡❧ q✉❡ a ❡st ❧❡ s❡✉❧ ③ér♦ ❞❡ f, ♦♥ ❞✐t ❛❧♦rs q✉❡ a ❡st ✉♥ ③ér♦
′ 1 ′′
✐s♦❧é ❞❡ f ✳ ❙✐ c0 = f (a) = 0, c1 = f (a) = 0, c2 = f (a) 6= 0, f (z) = (z − a)2 ϕ(z), ❛✈❡❝
X 2
ϕ(z) = cn+2 (z − a)n ❤♦❧♦♠♦r♣❤❡ ❡t ϕ(a) 6= 0
n≥0
❖♥ ❞✐t q✉❡ a ❡st ✉♥ ③ér♦ ❞✬♦r❞r❡ 2 ♦✉ ③ér♦ ❞♦✉❜❧❡ ❞❡ f, ❞❡ ♣❧✉s ❞❡ ♠ê♠❡ q✉❡ ❞❛♥s ❧❡
♣r❡♠✐❡r ❝❛s✱ a ❡st ✉♥ ③ér♦ ✐s♦❧é ❞❡ f ✳ ❉✬✉♥❡ ❢❛ç♦♥ ❣é♥ér❛❧❡ ✭s❛✉❢ s✐ f ❡st ❧❛ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥ ♥✉❧❧❡✮✱
✽✵
✹✳ ❚❤é♦r✐❡ ❞✉ rés✐❞✉
❛❧♦rs
X
f (z) = cn (z − a)n = (z − a)p ϕ(z)
n≥p
P
♦ù ϕ(z) = cn+p (z − a)n ét❛♥t ❤♦❧♦♠♦r♣❤❡ ❡t ϕ(a) 6= 0
n≥0
♦♥ ❞✐t q✉❡ a ❡st ✉♥ ③ér♦ ❞✬♦r❞r❡ p ❞❡ f, ❞❡ ♠ê♠❡ a ❡st ✉♥ ③ér♦ ✐s♦❧é ❞❡ f✳ ❞✬♦ù ❧❡ rés✉❧t❛t
❚❤❡♦r❡♠ ✹✳✶✳✶ ❙♦✐t f ✉♥❡ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥ ❤♦❧♦♠♦r♣❤❡ s✉r ✉♥ ❞♦♠❛✐♥❡ D, ♥♦♥ ✐❞❡♥t✐q✉❡♠❡♥t
♥✉❧❧❡✱ a ✉♥ é❧é♠❡♥t ❞❡ D t❡❧ q✉❡ f (a) = 0, ❛❧♦rs
a ❡st ✉♥ ③ér♦ ❞✬♦r❞r❡ p ❞❡ f s✐ ❡st s❡✉❧❡♠❡♥t s✐ f (a) = f ′ (a) = f ′′ (a) = · · · = f (p−1) (a) =
0 ❡t f (p) (a) 6= 0
❞❡ ♣❧✉s a ❡st ✉♥ ③ér♦ ✐s♦❧é ❞❡ f ✐❡ q✉✬✐❧ ❡①✐st❡ ✉♥ ✈♦✐s✐♥❛❣❡ Va ❞❡ a ✐♥❝❧✉ ❞❛♥s D t❡❧ q✉❡
∀z ∈ Va − {a} : f (z) 6= 0.
❘❡♠❛rq✉❡ ✹✳✶✳✶ ❙✐ ✉♥❡ t❡❧❧❡ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥ ϕ ❡st ❞é✜♥✐❡ ♣❛r ✉♥❡ sér✐❡ ❡♥t✐èr❡✱ ❧❡ ré❡❧ ρ ♥❡
s❡r❛ q✉❡ s♦♥ r❛②♦♥ ❞❡ ❝♦♥✈❡r❣❡♥❝❡✳
❊①❡r❝✐❝❡ ✹✳✶✳✶ ✿
❚r♦✉✈❡r ❧✬♦r❞r❡ ❞✉ ③ér♦ z0 = 0 ❞❡s ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥s s✉✐✈❛♥t❡s
z3
1) w= , 2) w = esin z − etan z
z − sin z
z6 2
3) w= (z/2)2 −sin2 (z/2)
, 4) w = ez − ez ln (1 − z) .
s♦❧✉t✐♦♥ ✿
✶✳ ❧❡ ♣♦✐♥t z0 = 0 ❡st ✉♥ ♣♦✐♥t ❞❡ ♥♦♥✲❞é✜♥✐t✐♦♥ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥✱ ♠❛✐s ✈✉❡ q✉❡ ♣♦✉r t♦✉t
✽✶
z ∈ C − {0}
z3 z3
w= =
z − sin z P z 2n+1
z− (−1)n
n≥0 (2n + 1)!
z3
=
P z 2n+1
(−1)n+1
n≥1 (2n + 1)!
z3
=
P z 2n−2
z3 (−1)n+1
n≥1 (2n + 1)!
1
=
P z 2n−2
(−1)n+1
n≥1 (2n + 1)!
P z 2n−2
❧❛ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥ ϕ (z) = (−1)n+1 ❞é✜♥✐❡ à ❧✬❛✐❞❡ ❞✬✉♥❡ sér✐❡ ❡♥t✐èr❡ ❡st ✉♥❡
n≥1 (2n + 1)!
❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥ ❤♦❧♦♠♦r♣❤❡ s✉r s♦♥ ❞♦♠❛✐♥❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♥✈❡r❣❡♥❝❡ ❝❡♥tré ❡♥ ③ér♦ ❡t ❞❡ ✈❛❧❡✉r ❡♥
1
③ér♦ ϕ (0) = − , ✐❡ q✉❡
3
lim w = −3 ∈ C
z→0
1 tan z
w′ = cos zesin z − e (w′ ⌋z0 =0 = 0
cos2 z
1 tan z sin z
w′′ = − sin zesin z + cos2 zesin z − 4
e − 2 3 etan z w′′ ⌋z0 =0 = 0
cos z cos z
w(3) = − cos zesin z − cos z sin zesin z − 2 cos z sin zesin z w(3) z0 =0 = −3
sin z 1 tan z cos2 z + 3 sin2 z tan z sin z
−4 5 etan z − 6
e − 2 4
e − 2 5 etan z
cos z cos z cos z cos z
z6
✸✳ w = ✱ z0 = 0 ♥✬❡st ♣❛s ✉♥ ♣♦✐♥t ❞❡ ❞é✜♥✐t✐♦♥ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥
(z/2)2 − sin2 (z/2)
✽✷
✹✳ ❚❤é♦r✐❡ ❞✉ rés✐❞✉
z6 z6
w= =
(z/2)2 − sin2 (z/2) (z/2)2 − 21 − cos2 z
z6
= cos z
− 21 + (z/2)2 +
2
z6
=
P z 2n
− 21 + (z/2)2 + 12 (−1)n
n≥0 (2n)!
z6
=
− 21 + (z/2)2 + 12 1 − z2 + z4! − · · · + (−1)n (2n)!
2 4 z 2n
+ ···
z6 z6
= = 1 P
+ 1 z − · · · + (−1)n z + · · ·
4 2n
2
(−1)n (2n)!
z 2n
2 4! (2n)! n≥2
6
z 2z 2
= 1 P = P
2
z 4 (−1)n z 2n−4
(2n)!
(−1)n (2(n+2))!
z 2n
n≥2 n≥0
❞♦♥❝
z6
w= = 2z 2 ϕ (z)
(z/2)2 − sin2 (z/2)
1
♦ù ϕ (z) = X , q✉✐ r❡♣rés❡♥t❡ ✉♥❡ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥ ❤♦❧♦♠♦r♣❤❡ s✉r ✉♥
nz 2n
(−1)
n≥0
(2 (n + 2))!
1
❞✐sq✉❡ ❝❡♥tré ❡♥ z0 = 0 ❡t t❡❧❧❡ q✉❡ ϕ (0) = 4!
6= 0, ✐❡ q✉❡ z0 = 0 ❡st ✉♥ ③ér♦ ❞✬♦r❞r❡
2✳
✹✳ ♦♥ ❛
z z2
P zn P z 2n P z n
w = e −e ln (1 − z) = − −
n≥0
n! n≥0 n! n≥1 n
P z n−1 P z 2n−1 P z n−1
2
= −z −
n≥1 n! n≥1 n! n≥1 n
2
= −z ϕ (z)
♦ù !
X z n−1 X z 2n−1 X z n−1
ϕ (z) = −
n≥1
n! n≥1
n! n≥1
n
✐❧ ❡①✐st❡ ❛❧♦rs ✉♥ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ρ > 0 t❡❧❧❡ q✉❡ ❧❛ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥ ϕ s♦✐t ❤♦❧♦♠♦r♣❤❡ s✉r ❧❡ ❞✐sq✉❡
|z| <ρ, ❞❡ ♣❧✉s
ϕ (0) = 1 6= 0, ❞♦♥❝ z0 = 0 ❡st ✉♥ ③ér♦ ❞✬♦r❞r❡ 2 ❞❡ ❧❛ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥
z z2
w = e −e ln (1 − z) .
✽✸
✹✳✶✳✷ Pô❧❡s ❞✬✉♥❡ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥ ❤♦❧♦♠♦r♣❤❡ ✲ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥ ♠ér♦♠♦r♣❤❡
❖♥ r❡♠❛rq✉❡ q✉❡ ❧❛ ❞é✜♥✐t✐♦♥ ❞❡s ③ér♦s ❞✬✉♥❡ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥ ❤♦❧♦♠♦r♣❤❡ ❡st ❛ss❡③ ♣r♦❝❤❡
❞❡ ❧❛ ❞é✜♥✐t✐♦♥ ❞♦♥♥é❡ ❡♥ ❝♦✉r ❞✬❛❧❣è❜r❡ ❞❡ ♣r❡♠✐èr❡ ❛♥♥é❡ ❝♦♥❝❡r♥❛♥t ❧❡s r❛❝✐♥❡s ❞✬✉♥
♣♦❧②♥ô♠❡ ❡t ❧❡✉rs ♠✉❧t✐♣❧✐❝✐tés✱ ❞❡ ♠ê♠❡ ♦♥ ❡♥✈✐s❛❣❡ ❞❛♥s ❝❡tt❡ ♣❛rt✐❡ ❞❡ ❞é✜♥✐r ❧❛ ♥♦t✐♦♥
❞❡ ♣ô❧❡ ❞✬✉♥❡ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥ ❤♦❧♦♠♦r♣❤❡ à ❧✬✐♠❛❣❡ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❞é✜♥t✐♦♥ ❞❡s ♣ô❧❡s ❞✬✉♥❡ ❢r❛❝t✐♦♥
r❛t✐♦♥♥❡❧❧❡s✳ ❈♦♠♠❡♥ç♦♥s ♣❛r ❞é✜♥✐r ❧❛ ♥♦t✐♦♥ ❞❡ s✐♥❣✉❧❛r✐tés✳
❉é✜♥✐t✐♦♥ ✹✳✶✳✶ ✭❙✐♥❣✉❧❛r✐tés ❞✬✉♥❡ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❡✮ ✉♥ ♣♦✐♥t a ❡st ❞✐t s✐♥❣✉✲
❧❛r✐té ❞✬✉♥❡ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❡ f s✐ ❡t s❡✉❧❡♠❡♥t s✐ f ❝❡ss❡ ❞✬êtr❡ ❛♥❛❧②t✐q✉❡ ✭❤♦❧♦♠♦r♣❤❡✮
❛✉ ♣♦✐♥t a, ♥é❛♥♠♦✐♥s ❞❛♥s t♦✉t ✈♦✐s✐♥❛❣❡ ❞❡ a✱ ✐❧ s❡ tr♦✉✈❡ ❞❡s ♣♦✐♥ts ❞✬❛♥❛❧②❝✐té ❞❡ f ✱
❞❡ ♣❧✉s ❧❛ s✐♥❣✉❧❛r✐té a ❞❡ f ❡st ❞✐t❡ ✐s♦❧é❡ s✬✐❧ s❡ tr♦✉✈❡ ✉♥ ✈♦✐s✐♥❛❣❡ ♣♦✐♥té ❞❡ a ❞❡ ❧❛
❢♦r♠❡ 0 < |z − a| < ρ ❞❛♥s ❧❡ q✉❡❧ f ❡st ❛♥❛❧②t✐q✉❡ ✭❤♦❧♦♠♦r♣❤❡✮✳
z+1
❊①❡♠♣❧❡ ✹✳✶✳✶ ▲❛ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥ f (z) = ♣♦ssè❞❡ tr♦✐s s✐♥❣✉❧❛r✐tés ✐s♦❧é❡s ✿ z0 = 0,
z 3 (z 2
+ 1)
z1 = i ❡t z2 = −i.
▲❛ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥ ln ❞ét❡r♠✐♥❛t✐♦♥ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧❡ ❞✉ ❧♦❣❛r✐t❤♠❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❡ ❞é✜♥✐❡ ♣❛r ln z = ln |z| +
iArg(z) ❛✈❡❝ Arg ∈ ]−π, +π] ❛❞♠❡t ❧❡ ♣♦✐♥t z = 0 ❝♦♠♠❡ s✐❣✉❧❛r✐té ♥♦♥ ✐s♦❧é❡✱ ❝❛r t♦✉t
✈♦✐s✐♥❛❣❡ ❞❡ 0 ❝♦♥t✐❡♥t ❞❡s ♣♦✐♥ts ❞✉ ❞❡♠✐✲❛①❡ ré❡❧ ♥é❣❛t✐❢ ✭❧✬♦r✐❣✐♥❡ ❡st ❞❛♥s ❝❡ ❝❛s ❛♣♣❡❧é
♣♦✐♥t ❞❡ ❜r❛♥❝❤❡♠❡♥t✮✳
❉é✜♥✐t✐♦♥ ✹✳✶✳✷ ✭♣ô❧❡s ❞✬✉♥❡ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥✮ ❙♦✐t f ✉♥❡ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❡ ❛❞♠❡tt❛♥t ✉♥
♣♦✐♥t a ❞❡ C ❝♦♠♠❡ s✐♥❣✉❧❛r✐té ✐s♦❧é❡ ✭✐❡ q✉❡ f ♥✬❡st ♣❛s ❛♥❛❧②t✐q✉❡ ❡♥ a ♠❛✐s ❛♥❛❧②t✐q✉❡
❞❛♥s ✉♥ ✈♦✐s✐♥❛❣❡ ♣♦✐♥té ❞❡ a) ❧❛ s✐♥❣✉❧❛r✐té a ❞❡ f ❡st ❞✐t❡ ♣ô❧❡ ❞✬♦r❞r❡ k ∈ N ❞❡ f s✐ ❡t
s❡✉❧❡♠❡♥t s✬✐❧ ❡①✐st❡ ✉♥ ✈♦✐s✐♥❛❣❡ ♣♦✐♥té ❞❡ a ❞❡ ❧❛ ❢♦r♠❡ 0 < |z − a| < ρ ❡t ✉♥❡ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥
ϕ ❤♦❧♦♠♦r♣❤❡ s✉r t♦✉t ❧❡ ❞✐sq✉❡ |z − a| < ρ ✭ a ✐♥❝❧✉✮ t❡❧❧❡ q✉❡ ϕ (a) 6= 0 ✈ér✐✜❛♥t
ϕ (z)
f (z) =
(z − a)k
z+1
❊①❡♠♣❧❡ ✹✳✶✳✷ ❘❡♣r❡♥❛♥t ❧❛ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥ f (z) = q✉✐ ❛❞♠❡t ❧❡s tr♦✐s ♣♦✐♥t z0 =
z 3 (z 2
+ 1)
0, z1 = i ❡t z2 = −i ❝♦♠♠❡ s✐♥❣✉❧❛r✐tés ✐s♦❧és ❡t ét✉❞✐❛♥t ❧❛ ♥❛t✉r❡ ❞❡ ❝❤❛❝✉♥ ❞❡ ❝❡s
♣♦✐♥ts ✿
❖♥ ❛
z+1
z+1 z2 + 1
f (z) = =
z 3 (z 2
+ 1) z3
z+1
❧❛ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥ ϕ0 (z) = 2 ❡st ❤♦❧♦♠♦r♣❤❡ s✉r s♦♥ ❞♦♠❛✐♥❡ ❞❡ ❞é✜♥✐t✐♦♥ ✭❢r❛❝t✐♦♥ r❛t✐♦♥✲
z +1
♥❡❧❧❡✮ q✉✐ ♥✬❡st ❛✉tr❡ q✉❡ C − {i, −i}, ❞♦♥❝ ❛✉ ♠♦✐♥s s✉r ❧❡ ❞✐sq✉❡ ♦✉✈❡rt |z| < ρ0 = 1, ❞❡
✽✹
✹✳ ❚❤é♦r✐❡ ❞✉ rés✐❞✉
z+1
❧❛ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥ ϕ1 (z) = ❡st ❤♦❧♦♠♦r♣❤❡ s✉r ❧❡ ❞✐sq✉❡ |z − i| < min{d (i, 0) , d (i, −i)} =
z 3 (z + i)
1+i
min{|i| , |2i|} = 1, ❞❡ ♣❧✉s ϕ1 (i) = 6= 0, ❞✬♦ù z1 = i ❡st ✉♥ ♣ô❧❡ s✐♠♣❧❡ ❞❡ f, ❞❡ ♠ê♠❡
2
♦♥ tr♦✉✈❡ q✉❡ z2 = −i ❡st ✉♥ ♣ô❧❡ s✐♠♣❧❡✳
❊①❡r❝✐❝❡ ✹✳✶✳✷ ✿
P♦✉r ❝❤❛q✉❡ ❝❛s ♠♦♥tr❡r q✉❡ t♦✉t❡s ❧❡s s✐♥❣✉❧❛r✐tés à ❞✐st❛♥❝❡ ✜♥✐❡ ❞❡s ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥s
3
z2 + 2 z ez
f (z) = , g(z) = h(z) =
z−1 2z + 1 z2 + π2
✽✺
eπ
❤♦❧♦♠♦r♣❤❡ s✉r t♦✉t C − {−π} ❞❡ ✈❛❧❡✉r ❡♥ z1 q✉✐ r❡♣rés❡♥t❡ ❛✉ss✐ ✉♥ ♣ô❧❡ s✐♠♣❧❡ ❞❡
2π
h.
❉é✜♥✐t✐♦♥ ✹✳✶✳✸ ❖♥ ❛♣♣❡❧❧❡ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥ ♠ér♦♠♦r♣❤❡✱ ✉♥❡ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❡ ❞♦♥t ❧❡s s✐♥✲
❣✉❧❛r✐tés à ❞✐st❛♥❝❡ ✜♥✐❡ ❞❡ ❧✬♦r✐❣✐♥❡ s♦♥t t♦✉t❡s ❞❡s ♣ô❧❡s✳
❙♦✐t f ✉♥❡ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❡ ❛❞♠❡tt❛♥t ✉♥ ♣♦✐♥t a ❝♦♠♠❡ ♣ô❧❡ ❞✬♦r❞r❡ k, ❧❛ ❞é✜♥✐t✐♦♥
✭✶✳✷✮ ❛ss✉r❡ ❧✬❡①✐st❡♥❝❡ ❞✬✉♥ ré❡❧ ♣♦s✐t✐❢ ρ ❡t ❞✬✉♥❡ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥ ϕ ❤♦❧♦♠♦r♣❤❡ s✉r ❧❡ ❞✐sq✉❡
|z − a| < ρ, ♥♦♥ ♥✉❧❧❡ ❡♥ a t❡❧❧❡ q✉❡ ✿
ϕ (z)
♣♦✉r t♦✉t z : 0 < |z − a| < ρ : f (z) = . ▲❡ ❞é✈❡❧♦♣♣❡♠❡♥t ❡♥ sér✐❡ ❡♥t✐èr❡s ❝❡♥tré
(z − a)k
❡♥ a ✭❞é✈❡❧♦♣♣❡♠❡♥t ❞❡ ❚❛②❧♦r✮ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥ ϕ s✬é❝r✐❡ ✿
X
ϕ (z) = cn (z − a)n
n≥0
ϕ(n) (a)
♦ù ❧❡s ❝♦é✣❝✐❡♥ts cn s♦♥t ❞♦♥♥és ♣❛r cn = ❡t ❛✈❡❝ c0 6= 0 ❝❛r ϕ ❡st ♥♦♥ ♥✉❧❧❡ ❡♥
n!
a.
❞✬♦ù ♣♦✉r t♦✉t z : 0 < |z − a| < ρ :
P
cn (z − a)n
ϕ (z) n≥0
f (z) = k
=
(z − a) (z − a)k
P
= cn (z − a)n−k
n≥0
c0 c1 c2 ck−1 P
= + + + ··· + + ck + cn (z − a)n−k
(z − a)k (z − a)k−1 (z − a)k−2 (z − a) n≥k+1
ϕ (z) c0 c1 c2 ck−1 X
f (z) = = + + + ··· + + cn (z − a)n−k
(z − a)k (z − a)k (z − a)k−1 (z − a)k−2 (z − a) n≥k
| {z } | {z }
(A) (B)
✭⋆ ✮
✽✻
✹✳ ❚❤é♦r✐❡ ❞✉ rés✐❞✉
❘❡♠❛rq✉❡ ✹✳✶✳✷ ▲✬♦r❞r❡ k ❞✉ ♣ô❧❡ a ❛♣♣❛r❛✐t ❞❛♥s ❧❡ ♠❡♠❜r❡ (A) ❡①❛❝t❡♠❡♥t ❞❛♥s ❧❡
c0
t❡r♠❡ q✉✐ ❡st ♥♦♥ ♥✉❧ ✈✉❡ q✉❡ ❧❛ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥ ϕ ♥❡ s✬❛♥♥✉❧❡ ♣❛s ❡♥ a, ❧❡ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ❞❡
(z − a)k
t❡r♠❡s ❞❛♥s ❧❡ ♠❡♠❜r❡ (A) ♣❡✉t ✈❛r✐❡r ❞✬✉♥❡ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥ à ✉♥❡ ❛✉tr❡✱ ❝❡ q✉✐ ❡st sûr ❝✬❡st
q✉✬✐❧ ❡st t♦✉❥♦✉r ❝♦♠♣r✐s ❡♥tr❡ 1 ❡t k ✭❧❡s ❞ér✐✈é❡s ❞❡ ❧❛ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥s ϕ ♣❡✉✈❡♥t s✬❛♥♥✉❧❡r ❡♥
a ✮✳
Pr♦♣♦s✐t✐♦♥ ✹✳✶✳✶ ✿ ❙♦✐t f ✉♥❡ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥ ❤♦❧♦♠♦r♣❤❡ s✉r ✉♥ ❞♦♠❛✐♥❡ D s❛✉❢ ❡♥ ✉♥ ♣♦✐♥t
a ❛❧♦rs f ❛❞♠❡t ❧❡ ♣♦✐♥t a ❝♦♠♠❡ ♣ô❧❡ ❞✬♦r❞r❡ k s✐ ❡t s❡✉❧❡♠❡♥t s✬✐❧ ❡①✐st❡ ✉♥ ré❡❧ ρ > 0
t❡❧❧❡ q✉❡ ♣♦✉r t♦✉t z : 0 < |z − a| < ρ ❧❛ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥ f ❛❞♠❡t ✉♥❡ ❞é❝♦♠♣♦s✐t✐♦♥ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❢♦r♠❡ ✿
1
∀z : 0 < |z − a| < ρ : f (z) = P + g(z − a) ✭✹✳✶✮
z−a
❛✈❡❝ c0 6= 0, ❡t X
z → g(z − a) = cn (z − a)n−k
n≥k
❘❡♠❛rq✉❡ ✹✳✶✳✸ ✿ ▲❛ s✉✐t❡ ❞❡s ❝♦❡✣❝✐❡♥ts (cn )n∈N ✐♥t❡r✈❡♥❛♥t ❞❛♥s ❧❛ ❞é✜♥✐t✐♦♥ ❞❡s
♣❛rt✐❡s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧❡ ❡t ❛♥❛❧②t✐q✉❡ ❞❡ f ♥✬❡st ❛✉tr❡ q✉❡ ❧❛ s✉✐t❡ ❞❡s ❝♦❡✣❝✐❡♥ts ❞✉ ❞é✈❡❧♦♣♣❡✲
♠❡♥t ❞❡ ❚❛②❧♦r ❞❡ ❧❛ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥ ϕ (z) = (z − a)p f (z) ❡♥ a.
❊♥ ♠✉❧t✐♣❧✐❛♥t ❧✬é❣❛❧✐té (⋆) ♣❛r ❧❡ t❡r♠❡ (z − a)p ♦ù p ❡st ✉♥ ❡♥t✐❡r ♥❛t✉r❡❧ ♥♦♥ ♥✉❧✱ ✐❧
✈✐❡♥t
c0 c1 c2 ck−1 X
(z − a)p f (z) = + + + ··· +
1−p + cn (z − a)(n−k)+p
(z − a)k−p (z − a) k−1−p
(z − a) k−2−p
(z − a) n≥k
1 h i X
= c0 + c1 (z − a) + c2 (z − a)2 + · · · + ck−1 (z − a)k−1 + cn (z − a)(n−k)+
(z − a)k−p n≥k
✽✼
♣♦✉r ❧❡s ❞✐✛ér❡♥t❡s ✈❛❧❡✉rs ❞❡ p ❞❛♥s N − {0} ❝❛❧❝✉❧♦♥s ❧❛ ❧✐♠✐t❡
♦♥ ❛
1 h i
lim [(z − a)p f (z)] = lim c0 + c1 (z − a) + c2 (z − a)2 + · · · + ck−1 (z − a)k−1
z−→a − a)k−p
z−→a (z
X
+ lim cn (z − a)(n−k)+p
z−→a
n≥k
❞✬♦ù ❧❡ rés✉❧t❛t ✿
Pr♦♣♦s✐t✐♦♥ ✹✳✶✳✷ ❙♦✐t f ✉♥❡ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❡ ❛❞♠❡tt❛♥t ✉♥ ♣♦✐♥t a ❞❡ C ❝♦♠♠❡ ♣ô❧❡
❞✬♦r❞r❡ k ✱ ❡t s♦✐t p ✉♥ ❡♥t✐❡r ♥❛t✉r❡❧ ♥♦♥ ♥✉❧ q✉❡❧❝♦♥q✉❡✱ ❛❧♦rs ✿
✶✳ P♦✉r p < k : lim [(z − a)p f (z)] ♥✬❡①✐st❡ ♣❛s✱
z−→a
✷✳ P♦✉r p = k : lim (z − a)k f (z) = c0 6= 0,
z−→a
✸✳ P♦✉r p > k : lim [(z − a)p f (z)] = 0✳
z−→a
❈♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥ ✹✳✶✳✶ ✭❝❛r❛❝tér✐s❛t✐♦♥ ❞✬✉♥ ♣ô❧❡✮ P♦✉r ✈ér✐✜❡r s✐ ✉♥ ♣♦✐♥t a ❡st ✉♥ ♣ô❧❡
❞✬✉♥ ❝❡rt❛✐♥ ♦r❞r❡ ♥♦♥ ♥✉❧ ❞✬✉♥❡ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥ f ✐❧ s✉✣r❛ ❞❡ tr♦✉✈❡r ✉♥ ❡♥t✐❡r ♥❛t✉r❡❧ ♥♦♥ ♥✉❧
p 6= 0, t❡❧ q✉❡ ❧❛ ❧✐♠✐t❡ lim [(z − a)p f (z)] ❡①✐st❡ ❡t s♦✐t ♥♦♥ ♥✉❧❧❡✳ ❧❛ ✈❛❧❡✉r ❞❡ p ❛✐♥s✐
z−→a
tr♦✉✈é ❡st ❛❧♦rs ❧✬♦r❞r❡ ❞✉ ♣ô❧❡ a.
❊①❡r❝✐❝❡ ✹✳✶✳✸ ✿
✽✽
✹✳ ❚❤é♦r✐❡ ❞✉ rés✐❞✉
s♦❧✉t✐♦♥ ✿
1
✶✳ f (z) = , ❧❡s s✐♥❣✉❧❛r✐tés s♦♥t zk = 2ikπ ♦ù k ∈ Z
z 2 (ez
− 1)
❘❡♠❛rq✉♦♥s ❞❡✉① ❝❛s ❞✐st✐♥❝ts k = 0 ❡t k 6= 0 ✭ ❧❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❡ z0 ❛♥♥✉❧❡ s✐♠✉❧t❛♥é♠❡♥t
z 2 ❡t ez − 1, t❛♥❞✐sq✉❡ zk ❛♥♥✉❧❡ s❡✉❧❡♠❡♥t ez − 1 ✮
k = 0 : z0 = 0
1
lim zf (z) = lim , ♥✬❡①✐st❡ ♣❛s ❞❛♥s C.
z−→0 z−→0 z(ez − 1)
1
lim z 2 f (z) = lim z , ♥✬❡①✐st❡ ♣❛s ❞❛♥s C.
z−→0 z−→0 (e − 1)
z 1
lim z 3 f (z) = lim z = d z = 1 6= 0.
z−→0 z−→0 e − 1 (e )z=0
dz
4 z2 z
lim z f (z) = lim z = lim z × lim z = 0.
z−→0 z−→0 e − 1 z−→0 z−→0 e − 1
(z − zk )
lim [(z − zk )f (z)] = lim
z−→zk z−→zk z 2 (ez − 1)
1
= lim 2 ez −1
z−→zk z
z−z
k −1
1 ez − 1
= lim 2 lim
z−→zk z z−→zk z − zk
1 d z −1
= 2 dz (e )z=zk
zk
1 1
= 2 z = 2 6= 0.
zk e k zk
1 + cos z
✷✳ f (z) = , ❧❛ s✐♥❣✉❧❛r✐té ❡st z0 = π, r❡♠❛rq✉♦♥s q✉❡
z−π
✽✾
❞é✈❡❧♦♣♣❡♠❡♥t ❞❡ ❚❛②❧♦r ❞❡ f ❛✉ ♣♦✐♥t
P (z−π)2n
1− (−1)n (2n)!
1 + cos z 1 + cos [(z − π) + π] 1 − cos (z − π) n≥0
f (z) = = = =
z−π z−π z−π z−π
(z−π)2 (z−π)4 2n
1− 1− 2!
+ 4!
− ··· + (−1)n (z−π)
(2n)!
+ ···
=
z−π
(z−π)2 (z−π)4 (z−π)2n
2!
− 4!
+ · · · − (−1)n (2n)!
− ···
=
z−π
P (z−π)2n P (z−π)2n−2
(−1)n+1 (2n)!
(z − π)2 (−1)n+1 (2n)!
n≥1 n≥1
= =
z−π z−π
P (z−π)2(n−1)
(z − π)2 (−1)n+1 (2n)!
n≥1 P (z−π)2n
= = (z − π) (−1)n+2 (2(n+1))!
z−π n≥0
= (z − π) ϕ (z)
P (z−π)2n 1
♦ù ϕ (z) = (−1)n+2 (2(n+1))!
❛✈❡❝ ϕ (π) = 6= 0
n≥0 2
❝❡ q✉✐ ♠♦♥tr❡ ❜✐❡♥ q✉❡ ❧❡ ♣♦✐♥t z0 = π ❡st ✉♥ ♣♦✐♥t ré❣✉❧✐❡r ❞❡ f ✭✉♥ ♣♦✐♥t ❞✬❤♦❧♦✲
✾✵
✹✳ ❚❤é♦r✐❡ ❞✉ rés✐❞✉
❞❡ ❈❛✉❝❤② ♦♥ ❛
Z Z
I= f (z)dz = f (z)dz
C+ γr (a)+
❞♦♥❝
Z Z Z
1 1
I= P + g(z − a) dz = P dz + g(z − a)dz
z−a z−a
γr (a)+ γr (a)+ γr (a)+
▲❛ ♣❛rt✐❡ ❛♥❛❧②t✐q✉❡ ét❛♥t ❤♦❧♦♠♦r♣❤❡ s✉r ❧❡ ❞✐sq✉❡ |z − a| < ρ q✉✐ ❝♦♥t✐❡♥t ❧❡ ❝❡r❝❧❡
γr (a) , ❞✬♦ù
Z
g(z − a)dz = 0
γr (a)+
❡t ❞❡ ♣❧✉s
Z Z Z Z Z
1 dz dz dz dz
P dz = c0 +c1 +c2 +. . .+ck−1
z−a (z − a)k (z − a)k−1 (z − a)k−2 (z − a)
γr (a)+ γr (a)+ γr (a)+ γr (a)+ γr (a)+
❈❛❧❝✉❧♦♥s Z
dz
Jp = ❛✈❡❝ p ≥ 1
(z − a)p
γr (a)+
P♦✉r p=1 ♦♥ s❛✐t q✉❡ J1 = 2iπ, t❛♥❞✐s q✉❡ ♣♦✉r p > 1 ❧❡s Jp ❝❡ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❡♥t ♣❛r s✐♠♣❧❡
R dz R2π
Jp = = ireiθ r−p e−ipθ dθ
γr (a) + (z − a)p z−a=reiθ ,0≤θ≤2π 0
1−p
R2π i(1−p)θ r 1−p
2π
= ir e dθ = (1−p)
ei(1−p)θ 0
=0
0
✐❧ ✈✐❡♥t ❞♦♥❝
I = 2iπck−1
✾✶
♣♦✐♥t a ❝♦♠♠❡ ♣ô❧❡ ❞✬♦r❞r❡ k✱ ♦♥ ❛♣♣❡❧❧❡rés✐❞✉ ❞❡ f r❡❧❛t✐✈❡♠❡♥t ❛✉ ♣ô❧❡ a q✉✬♦♥ ♥♦t❡
♣❛r Res(f, a) ❧❡ ❝♦❡✣❝✐❡♥t ❞✉ t❡r♠❡ 1
❞❛♥s ❧❛ ❞é❝♦♠♣♦s✐t✐♦♥
z−a
1
f (z) = P + g(z − a)
z−a
♦♥ ❛ ❞♦♥❝
❊①❡r❝✐❝❡ ✹✳✷✳✶ ✿
❉❛♥s ❝❤❛q✉❡ ❝❛s✱ ❞ét❡r♠✐♥❡r ❧❛ ♥❛t✉r❡ ❞❡s s✐♥❣✉❧❛r✐tés à ❞✐st❛♥❝❡ ✜♥✐❡ ❞❡s ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥s
s✉✐✈❛♥t❡s ❡t ❝❛❧❝✉❧❡r ❧❡✉r rés✐❞✉s
s♦❧✉t✐♦♥ ✿
❛✮✳
2z + 3 2z + 3 1 1
f (z) = = = +
z2 + 3z + 2 (z + 1) (z + 2) z+1 z+2
f ❛❞♠❡t ❝♦♠♠❡ s✐♥❣✉❧❛r✐tés ❧❡s ♣♦✐♥ts z0 = −1 ❡t z1 = −2 q✉✐ r❡♣rés❡♥t❡♥t ❞❡s
♣ô❧❡s s✐♠♣❧❡s✱ ❞❡ ♣❧✉s
1 1 1 1 1 1
f (z) = + = + = +
z+1 z+2 z+1 z+1+1 z + 1 1 − [− (z + 1)]
1 X
f (z) = + (−1)n (z + 1)n
|z {z
+ 1} n≥0
A | {z }
B
P
♦ù A = 1
z+1
❞és✐❣♥❡ ❧❛ ♣❛rt✐❡ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧❡ ❡t B = (−1)n (z + 1)n ❧❛ ♣❛rt✐❡ ❛♥❛❧②t✐q✉❡
n≥0
r❡❧❛t✐✈❡♠❡♥t ❛✉ ♣ô❧❡ z0 = −1, ❧❡ rés✐❞✉ ❞❡ f ❡♥ z0 = −1 ❡st ❛❧♦rs Res(f, −1) = 1.
❞❡ ♠ê♠❡
1 1 1 1 1 1
f (z) = + = + = −
z+1 z+2 z+2−1 z+2 z + 2 1 − [(z + 2)]
✾✸
♣❧✉s s✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t✱ ✈✉❡ q✉❡ ❧❡s s✐♥❣✉❧❛r✐tés z0 ❡t z1 s♦♥t ❞❡s ♣ô❧❡s s✐♠♣❧❡ ❞❡ f ♦♥ ❛✉r❛
❞✬❛♣rès ❧❛ ♣r♦♣♦s✐t✐♦♥ ✹
2z + 3
Res(f, −1) = lim (z + 1) f (z) = lim =1
z→−1 z→−1 z + 2
❡t
2z + 3
Res(f, −2) = lim (z + 2) f (z) = lim =1
z→−2 z→−2 z + 1
❜✮✳
2 2
g(z) = =
z2 − 1 (z − 1) (z + 1)
g ❛❞♠❡t ❧❡s s✐♥❣✉❧❛r✐tés z0 = 1 ❡t z1 = −1 ❝♦♠♠❡ ♣ô❧❡s s✐♠♣❧❡s✱ ✐❧ ✈✐❡♥t ❞♦♥❝
2
Res(g, −1) = lim (z + 1) g(z) = lim = −1
z→−1 z→−1 z−1
2
Res(g, +1) = lim (z − 1) g(z) = lim z+1 =1
z→+1 z→+1
❝✮✳
1 1
h(z) = 2
=
(z + 2) (z + 1) (z + 2) (z − i) (z + i)
h ❛❞♠❡t ❧❡s s✐♥❣✉❧❛r✐tés z0 = −2, z1 = −i, z2 = i ❝♦♠♠❡ ❞❡s ♣ô❧❡s s✐♠♣❧❡✱ ✐❧ ✈✐❡♥t
❞♦♥❝
1
Res(h, −2) = lim (z + 2) gh(z) = lim 2 = 15
z→−2 z→−2 z +1
1 i
Res(g, +i) = lim (z − i) h(z) = lim = − 2(2+i)
z→+i z→+i (z+2)(z+i)
1 i
Res(g, −i) = lim (z + i) h(z) = lim =
z→−i z→−i (z+2)(z−i) 2(2−i)
X z 2n
1− (−1)n
n≥0
(2n)!
1−coz
W (z) = z6
= z6
z 2n
(−1)n+1 (2n)!
P
n≥1
= z6
z2 z4 z 2n
(−1)n+1 (2n)!
P
2!
− 4!
+
n≥3
= z6
P z 2n−6
= 1
2!z 4
− 1
4!z 2
+ (−1)n+1 (2n)!
n≥3
✾✹
✹✳ ❚❤é♦r✐❡ ❞✉ rés✐❞✉
❙♦✐t f ✉♥❡ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥ ❤♦❧♦♠♦r♣❤❡ s✉r ✉♥ ❞♦♠❛✐♥❡ s✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t ❝♦♥♥❡①❡ D s❛✉❢ ❡♥ ❝❡rt❛✐♥s
❞❡ ❝❡s ♣♦✐♥ts q✉✐ r❡♣rés❡♥t❡♥t ❞❡s ♣ô❧❡s ❞✐st✐♥❝ts ❞❡ f ✳
❙♦✐t C ✉♥❡ ❝♦✉r❜❡ ❢❡r♠é❡ ❞❛♥s D ♥❡ ♣❛ss❛♥t ♣❛r ❛✉❝✉♥ ♣ô❧❡ ❞❡ f ❡t ❡♥t♦✉r❛♥t ✉♥ ❝❡rt❛✐♥
♥♦♠❜r❡ n ❞✬❡♥tr❡ ❡✉①✳ ♥♦tés a1 , a2 , . . . , an . ❈♦♥s✐❞ér❛♥t ❧✬✐♥té❣r❛❧❡
Z
I= f (z)dz
C+
❙♦✐t (Cj, )1≤j≤n ❧❛ ❢❛♠✐❧❧❡ ❞❡s ❝♦✉r❜❡s ♦r✐❡♥té❡s ♣♦s✐t✐✈❡♠❡♥t ❡t ❡♥t♦✉r❛♥t ❝❤❛❝✉♥❡ ✉♥ s❡✉❧
♣ô❧❡
✐❧ ✈✐❡♥t q✉❡
Z Z Z Z j=n Z
X
I= f (z)dz = f (z)dz + f (z)dz + · · · + f (z)dz = f (z)dz
j=1
C+ C1+ C2+ +
Cn Cj+
✾✺
♦ù ❧❡s (aj )1≤j≤n s♦♥t ❧❡s ♣ô❧❡s ❞❡ f ❡♥t♦✉rés ♣❛r ❧❛ ❝♦✉r❜❡ C.
❚❤❡♦r❡♠ ✹✳✷✳✶ ✿ ❙♦✐t f ✉♥❡ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥ ♠ér♦♠♦r♣❤❡ s✉r ✉♥ ❞♦♠❛✐♥❡ D ❡t C ✉♥❡ ❝♦✉r❜❡
❢❡r♠é❡ ❞❡ D ♥❡ ♣❛ss❛♥t ♣❛r ❛✉❝✉♥ ♣ô❧❡ ❞❡ f ❡t ❡♥t♦✉r❛♥t n ❞✬❡♥tr❡ ❡✉①✱ ❞❡ rés✐❞✉ r❡s♣❡❝t✐❢
R1 , R2 , . . . , Rn ❛❧♦rs ✿
Z n
X
I= f (z)dz = 2iπ Rk
k=1
C+
❊①❡r❝✐❝❡ ✹✳✷✳✷ ✿
1
❈❛❧❝✉❧❡r ❧✬✐♥té❣r❛❧❡ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥ f ❞é✜♥✐❡ ♣❛r s✉r ❧❡ ❝❡r❝❧❡ C ❞❡
(z 2 + (3i − 1)z − 3i)
❝❡♥tr❡ O ❡t ❞❡ r❛②♦♥ r ∈/ {1, 3}✳
s♦❧✉t✐♦♥ ✿
▲❛ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥ f ❛❞♠❡t ❧❡s ♣♦✐♥t z1 = 1 ❡t z2 = −3i ❝♦♠♠❡ ❞❡s ♣ô❧❡s s✐♠♣❧❡s✳ ♦♥ ♥♦t❡ ♣❛r
R1 , R2 ❧❡ rés✐❞✉ ❞❡ f r❡❧❛t✐❢ à z1, z2 r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❡♠❡♥t
1 1 1 1
R1 = = , R2 = =−
z + 3i z=1 1 + 3i z−1 z=−3i 1 + 3i
R
❞♦♥❝ s✐ ♦♥ ♥♦t❡ ♣❛r I ❧✬✐♥té❣r❛❧❡ f (z)dz ✐❧ ✈✐❡♥t q✉❡ ✿
C+
✾✻
✹✳ ❚❤é♦r✐❡ ❞✉ rés✐❞✉
✹✳✸ ❊①❡r❝✐❝❡s
❊①❡r❝✐❝❡ ✹✳✸✳✶ ✿
❚r♦✉✈❡r ❧✬♦r❞r❡ ❞✉ ③ér♦ (z0 = 0) ❞❡s ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥s
z8 sin z tan z z6 z z2
w= z−sin z
, w=e −e , w= (z/2)2 −sin2 (z/2)
, w = e −e ln (1 − z) .
❊①❡r❝✐❝❡ ✹✳✸✳✷ ✿
■♥❞✐q✉❡r ❧❛ ♥❛t✉r❡ ❞❡s s✐♥❣✉❧❛r✐tés à ❞✐st❛♥❝❡ ✜♥✐❡ ❞❡s ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥s s✉✐✈❛♥t❡s ✿
1−cos z 1+cos z ez −1 sin πz
w= z6
, w= z−π
, w= z
, w= 2ez−1 −z 2 −1
,
1 sin z 2 ez 1
w= cos z−1+z 2 /2
, w= z 3 −πz 2 /3
, w= (z+1)2 (z−2)
, w= z 2 +4
tan z z
e −1−z z 2
w= z 2 −πz/4
, w= (1−cos 2z) sin z
, w= (z−3)3
.
❊①❡r❝✐❝❡ ✹✳✸✳✸ ✿
❉♦♥♥❡r ❧❛ ❞é❝♦♠♣♦s✐t✐♦♥ ❞❡s ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥s s✉✐✈❛♥t❡s s♦✉s ❧❛ ❢♦r♠❡
1
P + g (z − a)
z−a
❊①❡r❝✐❝❡ ✹✳✸✳✹ ✿
❙♦✐❡♥t f ✉♥❡ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❡ ❤♦❧♦♠♦r♣❤❡ s✉r ✉♥ ❞♦♠❛✐♥❡ D ❡t a ✉♥ ♣♦✐♥t ❞❡ D t❡❧ q✉❡
f (a) 6= 0
❙♦✐t ❧❛ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥ g ❞é✜♥✐❡ s✉r D ♣❛r
f (z)
g(z) =
(z − a)k
✾✼
♦ù P ❡st ✉♥ ♣♦❧②♥♦♠❡ ❞❡ ❞❡❣ré ✜♥✐ à ❝♦é✣❝✐❡♥ts ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❡s ❡t ϕ ✉♥❡ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥ ❤♦❧♦✲
♠♦r♣❤❡ s✉r |z − a| < ρ
✷✳ ❊①♣r✐♠❡r ❡♥ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥ ❞❡s ❝♦é✣❝✐❡♥ts ❞❡ P ❧❛ ✈❛❧❡✉r ❞❡ ❧✬✐♥té❣r❛❧❡
Z
f (z)
dz
γ (z − a)k
❊①❡r❝✐❝❡ ✹✳✸✳✺ ✿
❈❛❧❝✉❧❡r ❧❡ rés✐❞✉ ❞❡s ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥s s✉✐✈❛♥t❡s r❡❧❛t✐✈❡♠❡♥t à ❧❡✉rs ♣ô❧❡s ✿
sin z 2 ez 1
w= z 3 −πz 2 /3
, w= (z+1)2 (z−2)
, w= z 2 +4
,
tan z z
e −1−z z 2
w= z 2 −πz/4
, w= (1−cos 2z) sin z
, w= (z−3)3
.
❊①❡r❝✐❝❡ ✹✳✸✳✻ ✿
❈❛❧❝✉❧❡r ❧❡s ✐♥té❣r❛❧❡s s✉✐✈❛♥t❡s ✿
R e2z
R z9
R ez
(z+1)4
dz, z 10 −1
dz, (z 2 +π 2 )
dz, n ∈ N − {0}
|z|=3 |z|=4 |z|=n
R 2 1
R 1000z+1 R z 17
z sin z
dz, 1+z 1224
dz, (z 2 +2)3 (z 3 +3)4
dz.
|z|=1 |z|=2 |z|=3
❊①❡r❝✐❝❡ ✹✳✸✳✼ ✿
❙♦✐t f ✉♥❡ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥ ❤♦❧♦♠♦r♣❤❡ s✉r ✉♥ ❞♦♠❛✐♥❡ D s❛✉❢ ❡♥ ✉♥ ♣♦✐♥t z0 ❞❡ D✳
✶✳ ▼♦♥tr❡r q✉❡ z0 ❡st ❛✉ss✐ ✉♥❡ s✐♥❣✉❧❛r✐té ♣♦✉r f ′ ✳
✷✳ ❉ét❡r♠✐♥❡r ❧❡ rés✐❞✉ ❞❡ f ′ ❛✉ ♣♦✐♥t z0 ✿ Res(f ′ , z0 ).
❊①❡r❝✐❝❡ ✹✳✸✳✽ ✿
❛✳ ❉♦♥♥❡r ✉♥ ❡①❡♠♣❧❡ ❞❡ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥ f ❛❞♠❡tt❛♥t ✉♥ ♣♦✐♥t a ❝♦♠♠❡ ♣ô❧❡ s✐♠♣❧❡ t❡❧❧❡ q✉❡
Res(f, a) = 0✱ s✐♥♦♥ ♠♦♥tr❡r q✉❡ ❝❡❝✐ ❡st ✐♠♣♦ss✐❜❧❡✳
❜✳ ❉♦♥♥❡r ✉♥ ❡①❡♠♣❧❡ ❞❡ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥ g ❛❞♠❡tt❛♥t ✉♥ ♣♦✐♥t a ❝♦♠♠❡ ♣ô❧❡ ❞♦✉❜❧❡ t❡❧❧❡ q✉❡
Res(g, a) = 0✱ s✐♥♦♥ ♠♦♥tr❡r q✉❡ ❝❡❝✐ ❡st ✐♠♣♦ss✐❜❧❡✳
❊①❡r❝✐❝❡ ✹✳✸✳✾ ✿
❙♦✐t g ✉♥❡ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥ ❤♦❧♦♠♦r♣❤❡ ♣♦ssé❞❡♥t ✉♥ ③ér♦ z0 ❞✬♦r❞r❡ n✳
′ (z)
▼♦♥tr❡r q✉❡ ❧❛ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥ f (z) = gg(z) ✱ ❛❞♠❡t z0 ❝♦♠♠❡ ♣ô❧❡ s✐♠♣❧❡✱ ❡t q✉❡ Res(f, z0 ) = 0✳
✾✽
✹✳ ❚❤é♦r✐❡ ❞✉ rés✐❞✉
❊①❡r❝✐❝❡ ✹✳✸✳✶✵ ✿
❙♦✐t a ∈ C ✉♥ ♣ô❧❡ s✐♠♣❧❡ ❞✬✉♥❡ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥ ❤♦❧♦♠♦r♣❤❡ f ✱ γρ+ ✉♥ ❛r❝ ❞❡ ❝❡r❝❧❡ ♦r✐❡♥té ❞❡
♠❡s✉r❡ ❛♥❣✉❧❛✐r❡ α ❞❡ ❝❡♥tr❡ a ❡t ❞❡ r❛②♦♥ ρ✱ ♠♦♥tr❡r q✉❡
Z
lim f (z)dz = iαRes(f, a)
ρ→0 γρ+
❊①❡r❝✐❝❡ ✹✳✸✳✶✶ ✿
▲❡ ❜✉t ❞❡ ❝❡t ❡①❡r❝✐❝❡ ❡st ❞❡ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❡r ♣♦✉r t♦✉t t ∈ R ❧✬✐♥té❣r❛❧❡
Z +∞
2
e−x cos 2txdx
0
−R, +R, +R + it, −R + it ♦r✐❡♥té ❞❛♥s ❧❡ s❡♥s ♣♦s✐t✐❢ ♦ù R ❡t t s♦♥t ❞❡✉① ré❡❧s ♣♦s✐t✐❢s✳
R
✶✳ ◗✉❡ ✈❛✉t ❧✬✐♥té❣r❛❧❡ ΓR
f (z)dz
✷✳ P❛r s✐♠♣❧❡ ♣❛r❛♠étr✐s❛t✐♦♥ ❞✉ ❝♦♥t♦✉r ♠♦♥tr❡r q✉❡ ❧❛ s♦♠♠❡ ❞❡s ✐♥té❣r❛❧❡s ❝✉r✈✐✲
❧✐❣♥❡s ❞❡ f s✉r ❧❡s ❝ôtés ✈❡rt✐❝❛✉① ❡st é❣❛❧❡ à ✿
Z t
−R2 2
2e ey sin(2Ry)dy
0
❡t q✉❡ ❧❛ s♦♠♠❡ ❞❡s ✐♥té❣r❛❧❡s ❝✉r✈✐❧✐❣♥❡s ❞❡ f s✉r ❧❡s ❝ôtés ❤♦r✐③♦♥t❛✉① ❡st é❣❛❧❡
à✿ Z +R Z +R
2 2 2
2 e−x dx − 2et e−x cos(2xt)dx
0 0
✸✳ ❊♥ ❞é❞✉✐r❡ q✉❡
Z R Z +R Z t
−x2 −t2 −x2 −(R2 +t2 ) 2
e cos(2tx)dx = e e dx + e ey sin(2Ry)dy
0 0 0
✹✳ ❙❛❝❤❛♥t q✉❡ Z √
+R
−x2 π
e dx =
0 2
▼♦♥tr❡r q✉❡ Z √
+∞
−x2 π −t2
e cos(2tx)dx = e
0 2
✾✾
❈❤❛♣✐tr❡ ✺
❤♦❧♦♠♦r♣❤❡
❙♦✐t f ✉♥❡ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥ ❤♦❧♦♠♦r♣❤❡ s✉r ✉♥❡ ❝♦✉r♦♥♥❡ ∆ ❞é✜♥✐❡ ♣❛r ❞❡✉① ❝❡r❝❧❡s ❝♦♥❝❡♥✲
tr✐q✉❡ Γ1 , Γ2 ❞❡ ❝❡♥tr❡ a ❡t ❞❡ r❛②♦♥ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❡♠❡♥t R1 , R2
∆ : z ∈ C; R2 < |z − a| < R1
✶✵✵
✺✳ ❈♦♠♣❧é♠❡♥t ❡t tr❛✈❛✉① ♣r❛t✐q✉❡s
♦ù Σ+ = C1+ ∪ C2− ∪ L+ ∪ L−
✈✉ q✉❡ R (uf (u)
− z)
du +
R f (u)
du = 0 ✭❝❛r
f (u)
❡st ❤♦❧♦♠♦r♣❤❡ s✉r L✮
L (u − z) (u − z)
✐❧ ✈✐❡♥t
L+ −
Z Z
1 f (u) 1 f (u)
f (z) = du − du
2iπ (u − z) 2iπ (u − z)
C1+ C2−
♦ù
g(z) =
1 R f (u)
2iπ C + (u − z)
du ❡t h(z) =
1 R f (u)
2iπ C − (u − z)
du
1 2
❡t C1, C2 s♦♥t ❞❡✉① ❝♦✉r❜❡s ❡♥t♦✉r❛♥t ❧❡ ♣♦✐♥t a ♥❡ s❡ ❝❤❡✈❛✉❝❤❛♥t ♣❛s✱ ✐♥❝❧✉s❡s ❞❛♥s ❧❛
❝♦✉r♦♥♥❡ ∆, ❡t t❡❧❧❡s q✉❡ z s♦✐t ❞❛♥s ❧✬✐♥tér✐❡✉r ❞❡ C1 ❡t ❞❛♥s ❧✬é①tér✐❡✉r ❞❡ C2 ✭z ❡st ❞❛♥s
❧✬❡s♣❛❝❡ ❝♦♠♣r✐s ❡♥tr❡ ❧❡s ❞❡✉① ❝♦✉r❜❡s✮✳ ▲❛ r❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ♣ré❝é❞❡♥t❡ r❡st❡ t♦✉❥♦✉rs ✈❛❧❛❜❧❡ s✐
♦♥ ♣r❡♥❞ à ❧❛ ♣❧❛❝❡ ❞❡ C1 ❡t C2 ❞❡✉① ❝❡r❝❧❡s γ1, γ2 ⊂ ∆ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr✐q✉❡s ❞❡ ❝❡♥tr❡ a ❡t ❞❡
r❛②♦♥ r❡s♣❡❝t✐❢s r1 ❡t r2 t❡❧ q✉❡ z ∈ {r1 < |z − a| < r2} ⊂ ∆.
❈❡ q✉✐ ❞♦♥♥❡ q✉❡ ∀z ∈ ∆
g(z) =
1 R f (u)
2iπ γ + (u − z)
du ❡t h(z) =
1 R f (u)
2iπ γ − (u − z)
du
1 2
(z − a)
❙✉r γ1 : ♦♥ ❛
(u − a) < 1 ❞♦♥❝
1 1 1
=
(u − z) (u − a) (z − a)
1−
(u − a)
1 P z−a n
=
(u − a) n≥0 u − a
✶✵✶
♦♥ ♦❜t✐❡♥t ❛❧♦rs
1 R P f (u) n
g(z) = (z − a) du
2iπ γ + n≥0 (u − a)n+1
1 " #
1 P R f (u)
= du (z − a)n
2iπ n≥0 γ + (u − a)n+1
1
❞♦♥❝
X
g(z) = cn (z − a)n
n≥0
❛✈❡❝ Z
1 f (u)
cn = du
2iπ (u − a)n+1
γ1+
(z − a)
❙✉r γ2 : ♦♥ ❛ > 1 ❞♦♥❝
(u − a)
1 1 1
=−
(u − z) (z − a) (u − a)
1−
(z − a)n
1 P u−a
=−
(z − a) n≥0 z − a
❞♦♥❝
X qn+1 X qn
h(z) = − = −
n≥0
(z − a) n+1
n≥1
(z − a)n
❛✈❡❝ Z
1
qn = (u − a)n−1 f (u)du
2iπ
γ2+
✶✵✷
✺✳ ❈♦♠♣❧é♠❡♥t ❡t tr❛✈❛✉① ♣r❛t✐q✉❡s
r❡♠❛rq✉♦♥s q✉❡ ❝♦♠♠❡ f ❡st ❤♦❧♦♠♦r♣❤❡ s✉r ∆ ❧❡s ❝♦❡✣❝✐❡♥ts cn ❡t qn ♣❡✉✈❡♥t êtr❡
❝❛❧❝✉❧és ♣❛r ✐♥té❣r❛t✐♦♥ s✉r ✉♥ ♠ê♠❡ ❝❡r❝❧❡ γ ❞❡ ❝❡♥tr❡ a ❡t ❞❡ r❛②♦♥ r ❝♦♠♣r✐s ❡♥tr❡ R1
❡t R2 ✭ ✉♥ ❝❡r❝❧❡ ❞❡ ❝❡♥tr❡ a ✐♥❝❧✉s ❞❛♥s ❧❛ ❝♦✉r♦♥♥❡ ∆ ✮
♦♥ ❛✉r❛ ❛✐♥s✐
1 R f (u) 1 R
cn = n+1 du ❡t qn = (u − a)n−1 f (u)du
2iπ γ + (u − a) 2iπ γ +
1 R f (u)
qn = du
2iπ γ + (u − a)−n+1
= c−n
❞♦♥❝
X
f (z) = cn (z − a)n ✭✺✳✶✮
n∈Z
♦ù Z
1 f (u)
cn = du ♣♦✉r t♦✉t n ∈ Z
2iπ (u − a)n+1
γ+
❉é✜♥✐t✐♦♥ ✺✳✶✳✶ ✿ ▲❛ r❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ❡st ❛♣♣❡❧é❡ ❞é✈❡❧♦♣♣❡♠❡♥t ❡♥ sér✐❡ ❞❡ ▲❛✉r❡♥t ✭❛✉ ✈♦✐s✐✲
X c−2 c−1
f (z) = cn (z − a)n = . . . + 2
+ + c0 + c1 (z − a) + . . .
n∈Z
(z − a) (z − a)
♦ù Z
1 f (u)
cn = du, ♣♦✉r t♦✉t n∈Z
2iπ (u − a)n+1
Γ+
✶✵✸
❛✈❡❝ Γ ✉♥ ❝❡r❝❧❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr✐q✉❡ à Γ1 , ❡t Γ2 ❞❡ r❛②♦♥ R : R2 < R < R 1 .
2z + 3
w= , ❞❛♥s ❧❛ ❝♦✉r♦♥♥❡ 1 < |z| < 2.
z2 + 3z + 2
2z + 3 1 1
w= = +
z2 + 3z + 2 z+2 z+1
1 1 1 1
= z + , ✈✉❡ q✉❡ 1 < |z| < 2
21+ z 1
2 1+
z
1 P z n 1 P
n
1
= − + −
2 n≥0 2 z n≥0 z
n n
P (−1) 1 P (−1) n
= n+1
+ z
n≥0 z 2 n≥0 2n+1
❯♥ ♣♦✐♥t ❡♥ ❧❡q✉❡❧ ✉♥❡ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥ f ❝❡ss❡ ❞✬êtr❡ ❤♦❧♦♠♦r♣❤❡ ❡st ❛♣♣❡❧é ♣♦✐♥t s✐♥❣✉❧✐❡r
♦✉ s✐♥❣✉❧❛r✐té ❞❡ f.
✶✳ ❙✐♥❣✉❧❛r✐té ✐s♦❧é❡ ✿ ✉♥ ♣♦✐♥t z = a ❡st ❛♣♣❡❧é s✐♥❣✉❧❛r✐té ✐s♦❧é ❞❡ f ; s✐ ❧✬♦♥ ♣❡✉t
❞ét❡r♠✐♥❡r δ > 0,t❡❧ q✉❡ ❧❡ ❞✐sq✉❡ |z − a| < δ ♥❡ ❝♦♥t✐❡♥t ♣❛s ❞✬❛✉tr❡ s✐♥❣✉❧❛r✐tés
❞❡ f.✭ ✐❡ ✿ q✉✬✐❧ ❡①✐st❡ ✉♥ ✈♦✐s✐♥❛❣❡ ♣♦✐♥té ❞❡ a ♥❡ ❝♦♥t❡♥❛♥t ♣❛s ❞❡ s✐♥❣✉❧❛r✐té ❞❡ f
✮
❙✐ ❧✬♦♥ ♥❡ ♣❡✉t tr♦✉✈❡r ✉♥❡ t❡❧❧❡ ✈❛❧❡✉r ❞❡ δ ✱ ♦♥ ❞✐t q✉❡ a ❡st ✉♥❡ s✐♥❣✉❧❛r✐té ♥♦♥
✐s♦❧é✳
✷✳ Pô❧❡s ✿ s✐ ❧✬♦♥ ♣❡✉t tr♦✉✈❡r ✉♥ ❡♥t✐❡r ♣♦s✐t✐❢ n, t❡❧ q✉❡ lim [(z − a)n f (z)] = A 6=
z−→a
0,❛❧♦rs a ❡st ❛♣♣❡❧é ✉♥ ♣ô❧❡ ❞✬♦r❞r❡ n ❞❡ f.✭❞é❥à ❞é✜♥✐✮✳
✸✳ ❙✐♥❣✉❧❛r✐té ❛♣♣❛r❡♥t❡s ✭❛rt✐✜❝✐❡❧❧❡s✮ ✿ ▲❡ ♣♦✐♥t a ❡st ❛♣♣❡❧é s✐♥❣✉❧❛r✐té ❛♣♣❛r❡♥t❡ ❞❡
sin z
f s✐ lim f (z) ❡①✐st❡ ✭❡① −→ 1 ✮✳
z−→a z z−→a
✹✳ ❙✐♥❣✉❧❛r✐té ❡ss❡♥t✐❡❧❧❡ ✿ ❯♥❡ s✐♥❣✉❧❛r✐té q✉✐ ♥✬❡st ♥✐ ✉♥ ♣ô❧❡✱ ♥✐ ❛♣♣❛r❡♥t❡ ❡st ❛♣♣❡❧é
s✐♥❣✉❧❛r✐té ❡ss❡♥t✐❡❧❧❡✳
❘❡♠❛rq✉❡ ✿
❙✐ ✉♥❡ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥ ✉♥✐❢♦r♠❡ ♣♦ssè❞❡ ✉♥❡ s✐♥❣✉❧❛r✐té ❝❡❧❧❡✲❝✐ ♥❡ ♣❡✉t êtr❡ q✉✬✉♥ ♣ô❧❡
♦✉ ✉♥❡ s✐♥❣✉❧❛r✐té ❡ss❡♥t✐❡❧❧❡✱ ♣♦✉r ❝❡tt❡ r❛✐s♦♥ ✉♥ ♣ô❧❡ ❡st q✉❡❧q✉❡ ❢♦✐s ❛♣♣❡❧é
✶✵✹
✺✳ ❈♦♠♣❧é♠❡♥t ❡t tr❛✈❛✉① ♣r❛t✐q✉❡s
P P c−n
♦ù cn (z − a)n s❛ ♣❛rt✐❡ ❛♥❛❧②t✐q✉❡ ❡t✱ ❧❛ ♣❛rt✐❡ n ❡st s❛ ♣❛rt✐❡ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧❡
n≥0 n≥1 (z − a)
❛❧♦rs
c−n
✳ ❙✐ ❧❛ ♣❛rt✐❡ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧❡ ♥❡ ♣♦ssè❞❡ q✉✬✉♥ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ✜♥✐ ❞❡ t❡r♠❡s ❞♦♥♥é❡s ♣❛r +
(z − a)n
c−2 c−1
... + 2
+ , ♦ù c−n 6 0 ❧❡ ♣♦✐♥t a ✈❛ êtr❡ ✉♥ ♣ô❧❡ ❞✬♦r❞r❡ n ❞❡ f.
=
(z − a) (z − a)
✳ ❙✐ ❧❛ ♣❛rt✐❡ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧❡ ❡st ♥✉❧❧❡✱ ❝❡ q✉✐ ✈❡✉t ❞✐r❡ q✉❡ ❧❡ ❞é✈❡❧♦♣♣❡♠❡♥t ❡♥ sér✐❡ ❞❡
▲❛✉r❡♥t r❡✈✐❡♥t à ✉♥ ❞é✈❡❧♦♣♣❡♠❡♥t ❡♥ sér✐❡ ❡♥t✐èr❡✱ f (z) = c0 + c1 (z − a) + . . . =
P
cn (z − a)n , ❞♦♥❝ ❧❡ ♣♦✐♥t a ❡st ✉♥❡ s✐♥❣✉❧❛r✐té ❛♣♣❛r❡♥t❡✳
n≥0
✳ ❙✐ ♠❛✐♥t❡♥❛♥t ❧❛ ♣❛rt✐❡ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧❡ ♣♦ssè❞❡ ✉♥❡ ✐♥✜♥✐té ❞❡ t❡r♠❡s ❛❧♦rs a ❡st ❞✐t s✐♥❣✉❧❛r✐té
❡ss❡♥t✐❡❧❧❡✳
1 1
❊①❡♠♣❧❡ ✿ e z = 1 + + . . . + n + . . .❛❞♠❡t ❧❡ ♣♦✐♥t z = 0 ❝♦♠♠❡ s✐♥❣✉❧❛r✐té
1
z z
❡ss❡♥t✐❡❧❧❡✳
✶✵✺
♦ù Z
1 f (u)
cn = du, ♣♦✉r t♦✉t n ∈ Z
2iπ (u − a)n+1
Γ+
❚❤❡♦r❡♠ ✺✳✷✳✶ ✿ ❙♦✐t f ✉♥❡ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥ ❤♦❧♦♠♦r♣❤❡ s✉r ✉♥ ❞♦♠❛✐♥❡ D s❛✉❢ ❡♥ ✉♥ ♥♦♠❜r❡
✜♥✐ ❞❡ ♣♦✐♥ts s✐♥❣✉❧✐❡rs✱ ❞✉ t②♣❡ ✿ ♣ô❧❡s ♦✉ ❡ss❡♥t✐❡❧s✳ Γ ✉♥❡ ❝♦✉r❜❡ ❢❡r♠é❡ ❞❡ D ❡t ♥❡
R
♣❛ss❛♥t ♣❛r ❛✉❝✉♥ ♣♦✐♥t s✐♥❣✉❧✐❡r✱ ❧✬✐♥té❣r❛❧❡ I = f (z)dz ❡st é❣❛❧❡ ❛✉ ♣r♦❞✉✐t ♣❛r 2iπ
Γ+
❞❡ ❧❛ s♦♠♠❡ ❞❡s rés✐❞✉s ❞❡ f ❡♥ s❡s ♣♦✐♥ts ✐♥tér✐❡✉r à Γ.
▲❡s ❝r✐tèr❡s ❞❡ ❝❛r❛❝tér✐s❛t✐♦♥ ❞✉ t②♣❡ ❞✬✉♥ ♣♦✐♥t s✐♥❣✉❧✐❡r à ❧✬✐♥✜♥✐ s♦♥t ❧✐és ❛✉ ❞é✈❡✲
❧♦♣♣❡♠❡♥t ❞❡ ▲❛✉r❡♥t ❞❡ ❧❛ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥ f ❛✉ ♣♦✐♥t z = ∞, ❞é✈❡❧♦♣♣❡♠❡♥t ❞é❞✉✐t ❞❡ ❝❡❧✉✐ ❞❡
1
❧❛ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥ g(u) = f ( ) ❛✉ ♣♦✐♥t u = 0✳ ❈r✐tèr❡s ❞✐✛ér❡♥t ❞❡ ❝❡✉① ét❛❜❧✐s ♣♦✉r ❧❡s ♣♦✐♥ts
u
s✐♥❣✉❧✐❡rs à ❞✐st❛♥❝❡ ✜♥✐❡✳ ❙✉♣♣♦s♦♥s q✉❡ z = ∞ ❡st ✉♥ ♣♦✐♥t s✐♥❣✉❧✐❡r ❞✬✉♥❡ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥
f (z).
❚❤❡♦r❡♠ ✺✳✸✳✶
✶✵✻
✺✳ ❈♦♠♣❧é♠❡♥t ❡t tr❛✈❛✉① ♣r❛t✐q✉❡s
♦ù γ − : |z| = ρ ❡st ✉♥ ❝❡r❝❧❡ ❞❡ r❛②♦♥ ❛ss❡③ ❣r❛♥❞ ♣❛r❝♦✉r✉ ❞❛♥s ❧❡ s❡♥s rétr♦❣r❛❞❡ ✭❡♥
s♦rt❡ q✉❡ ❧❡ ✈♦✐s✐♥❛❣❡ ❞❡ z = ∞ r❡st❡ à ❣❛✉❝❤❡ ❝♦♠♠❡ ❞❛♥s ❧❡ ❝❛s ❞✬✉♥ ♣♦✐♥t z = z0 ✮✳
■❧ rés✉❧t❡ ❞❡ ❝❡tt❡ ❞é✜♥✐t✐♦♥ q✉❡ ❧❡ rés✐❞✉ ❞✬✉♥❡ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥ à ❧✬✐♥✜♥✐ ❡st é❣❛❧❡ ❛✉ ❝♦❡✣❝✐❡♥t
1
❞❡ ❧❛ ♣✉✐ss❛♥❝❡ z −1 = ❞✉ ❞é✈❡❧♦♣♣❡♠❡♥t ❞❡ ▲❛✉r❡♥t ❞❡ f (z) ❛✉ ✈♦✐s✐♥❛❣❡ ❞❡ z = ∞,
z
♣r✐s ❛✈❡❝ ❧❡ s✐❣♥❡ ♦♣♣♦sé
1
R∞ (f ) = −c−1 = − ▲❡ ❝♦❡✣❝✐❡♥t ❞❡
z
z+1 1
❊①❡♠♣❧❡ ✺✳✸✳✷ ❙♦✐t f (z) = = 1 + . ❉✬✉♥ ❝ôté ❡♥ r❡♠❛rq✉❡ q✉❡ ❧❛ s✐♥❣✉❧❛r✐té z =
z z
1
∞ ❡st ❛rt✐✜❝✐❡❧✱ ❡t q✉❡ f (∞) = 1✱ ❞✬✉♥ ❛✉tr❡ ❝♦té ♦♥ ❛ R∞ (f ) = − ▲❡ ❝♦❡✣❝✐❡♥t ❞❡ =
z
−1.
❘❡♠❛rq✉❡ ✺✳✸✳✶ ❖♥ ✈♦✐t ❞❛♥s ❝❡t ❡①❡♠♣❧❡ q✉❡ ❧❡ rés✐❞✉ ❞✬✉♥❡ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥ ❤♦❧♦♠♦r♣❤❡ ❛✉
♣♦✐♥t à ❧✬✐♥✜♥✐ ✭s✐♥❣✉❧❛r✐té ❛rt✐✜❝✐❡❧✮ ♣❡✉t êtr❡ ❞✐✛ér❡♥t ❞❡ 0.
❚❤❡♦r❡♠ ✺✳✸✳✷ ❙✐ ✉♥❡ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥ f ♣rés❡♥t❡ ❞❛♥s ❧❡ ♣❧❛♥ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❡ ❝♦♠♣❧été (C ∪ {∞})
✉♥ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ✜♥✐ ❞❡ ♣♦✐♥ts s✐♥❣✉❧✐❡rs z1 , z2 , . . . , zn , ❧❛ s♦♠♠❡ ❞❡s rés✐❞✉s ❡♥ ❝❡s ♣♦✐♥ts✱ ②
❝♦♠♣r✐s ❛✉ ♣♦✐♥t à ❧✬✐♥✜♥✐✱ ❡st ♥✉❧❧❡ ✿
n
X
R∞ (f ) + Rzk (f ) = 0
k=1
♦✉ s♦✉s ❧❛ ❢♦r♠❡ ✿
n
X
R∞ (f ) = − Rzk (f )
k=1
✶✵✼
❊①❡♠♣❧❡ ✺✳✸✳✸ ❈❛❧❝✉❧❡r ❧✬✐♥té❣r❛❧❡
Z
dz
I=
1 + z8
(|z|=2)+
▲❡s s✐♥❣✉❧❛r✐tés ✐♥tér✐❡✉r❡s ❛✉ ❝❡r❝❧❡ s♦♥t ❧❡s r❛❝✐♥❡s ❞❡ z 8 = −1, . ♥♦té❡ zk ❛✈❡❝ k ∈
{0, . . . , 8} .
❆✉ ✈♦✐s✐♥❛❣❡ ❞❡ ❧✬✐♥✜♥✐ f ❛❞♠❡t ❧❡ ❞é✈❡❧♦♣♣❡♠❡♥t s✉✐✈❛♥t ✿
1 1 1 1 1
f (z) = 1 = − + − ...
z 8 1 + z8 z 8 z 16 z 24
❞♦♥❝ I = 0.
▲❡♠♠❡ ✺✳✹✳✶ ❙♦✐t f ✉♥❡ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❡ ❞❛♥s ❧✬❡♥s❡♠❜❧❡ E ❞❡s ♣♦✐♥ts z ∈ C t❡❧s q✉❡
|z − a| < r, α1 ≤ arg(z − a) ≤ α2
✶✵✽
✺✳ ❈♦♠♣❧é♠❡♥t ❡t tr❛✈❛✉① ♣r❛t✐q✉❡s
▲❡♠♠❡ ✺✳✹✳✷ ❙♦✐t f ✉♥❡ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❡ ❞❛♥s ❧✬❡♥s❡♠❜❧❡ E ❞❡s ♣♦✐♥ts z∈C t❡❧s q✉❡
|z − a| > R (≥ 0) , α1 ≤ arg(z − a) ≤ α2
❝❛t✐♦♥ ✿ Z
lim (z − a)f (z) = 0 =⇒ lim f (z)dz = 0
|z|→+∞ ρ→+∞
γρ+
Pr♦♦❢✳ ✿ ❉❛♥s ❧❡s ❞❡✉① ❝❛s✱ ❧❛ ❧♦♥❣✉❡✉r Iρ ❞❡ γρ ❡st ✐♥❢ér✐❡✉r❡ à (α2 − α1 )ρ; ❞✬❛✉tr❡ ♣❛rt✱
❧✬✐♥é❣❛❧✐té
|(z − a)f (z)| < ǫ ♣♦✉r z ∈ γρ
✐♠♣❧✐q✉❡
ǫ
|f (z)| < ♣♦✉r z ∈ γρ
ρ
✶✵✾
❡t ♣❛r s✉✐t❡
R ǫ
f (z)dz < Iρ
γ + ρ
ρ
ǫ
< (α2 − α1 )ρ = (α2 − α1 )ǫ.
ρ
❖r✱ ❞❛♥s ❧❡ ❝❛s ❞✉ ❧❡♠♠❡ ✶ ✭r❡s♣✳✷✮✱ ♣♦✉r t♦✉t ǫ > 0 ✐❧ ❡①✐st❡ ηǫ t❡❧ q✉❡
|(z − a)| < ηǫ ( r❡s♣✳ |(z − a)| > ηǫ ) =⇒ |(z − a)f (z)| < ǫ
R
❝✬❡st✲à✲❞✐r❡ f (z)dz t❡♥❞ ✈❡rs ③ér♦ q✉❛♥❞ ρ t❡♥❞ ✈❡rs ③ér♦ ✭ r❡s♣✳+∞ ✮✳
γρ+
▲❡♠♠❡ ✺✳✹✳✸ ❙♦✐t g(z) ✉♥❡ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❡ ❞❛♥s ❧❡ ❞❡♠✐✲♣❧❛♥ ℑ(z) ≥ 0 t❡♥❞❛♥t ✈❡rs
③ér♦ q✉❛♥❞ |z| t❡♥❞ ✈❡rs ❧✬✐♥✜♥✐ ❞❛♥s ❝❡ ❞❡♠✐✲♣❧❛♥ ❀ ❡t s♦✐t Cρ ❧❡ ❞❡♠✐✲❝❡r❝❧❡ ❞❡ ❝❡♥tr❡ O
❡t ❞❡ r❛②♦♥ ρ ❞❛♥s ❝❡ ❞❡♠✐✲♣❧❛♥✳ ❆❧♦rs q✉❡❧ q✉❡ s♦✐t m > 0 ✜①é✱ ♦♥ ❛
Z
lim g(z)eimz dz = 0.
ρ→+∞
Cρ+
✶✶✵
✺✳ ❈♦♠♣❧é♠❡♥t ❡t tr❛✈❛✉① ♣r❛t✐q✉❡s
Pr♦♦❢✳ ✿ P❛r ♣❛r❛♠étr✐s❛t✐♦♥ ❞✉ ❞❡♠✐✲❝❡r❝❧❡ Cρ+ ♣❛r z = ρeiθ (θ ∈ [0, π]) ✐❧ ✈✐❡♥t
Z Zπ
imz
Iρ = e g(z)dz = eimρ(cos θ+i sin θ) g(ρeiθ )ρieiθ dθ
Cρ+ 0
s♦✐t
Zπ
Iρ = ρi g(ρeiθ )e−mρ sin θ eimρ cos θ eiθ dθ
0
❞✬♦ù
Zπ Zπ
|Iρ | < ρ g(ρeiθ ) e−mρ sin θ dθ < ρM (ρ) e−mρ sin θ dθ
0 0
❡♥ ❞és✐❣♥❛♥t ♣❛r M (ρ) ❧❛ ❜♦r♥❡ s✉♣ér✐❡✉r❡ ❞❡ g s✉r Cρ . ❉✬❛♣rès ❧❡s ♣r♦♣r✐étés ❞❡ s②♠étr✐❡
❞✉ s✐♥✉s✱ ♦♥ ♣❡✉t ❞✬❛✐❧❧❡✉rs é❝r✐r❡ ❧✬✐♥é❣❛❧✐té ♣ré❝é❞❡♥t❡ s♦✉s ❧❛ ❢♦r♠❡
π
Z2
|Iρ | < 2ρM (ρ) e−mρ sin θ dθ
0
sin θ
P♦✉r ♠❛❥♦r❡r ❝❡tt❡ ❞❡r♥✐èr❡ ✐♥té❣r❛❧❡✱ r❡♠❛rq✉♦♥s q✉❡ ϕ(θ) = ❡st ✉♥❡ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥
h θ
πi cos θ i πi
❞é❝r♦✐ss❛♥t❡ ❞❡ θ s✉r 0, ♣✉✐sq✉❡ ϕ′ (θ) = (θ − tan θ) ❡st ♥é❣❛t✐✈❡ s✉r 0, ; ❝❡❝✐
2 θ2 2
π 2 2
✐♠♣❧✐q✉❡ ϕ(θ) ≥ ϕ( ) = ❡t ♣✉✐sq✉❡ m ❡st ♣♦s✐t✐❢✱e−mρ sin θ < e−mρ π θ . P❛r ♠❛❥♦r❛t✐♦♥
2 π
♦♥ ❛✉r❛
π
Z2
2 1 − e−mρ π
|Iρ | < 2ρM (ρ) e−mρ π θ dθ = 2ρM (ρ) 2 < M (ρ) .
mρ π m
0
▲❡♠♠❡ ✺✳✹✳✹ ❙♦✐t a ✉♥ ♣ô❧❡ s✐♠♣❧❡ ❞✬✉♥❡ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥ f ❤♦❧♦♠♦r♣❤❡ ❛✉ ✈♦✐s✐♥❛❣❡ ❞❡ a, s❛✉❢
+
❡♥ a ❡t γρ ✉♥ ❛r❝ ❞❡ ❝❡r❝❧❡ ♦r✐❡♥té ❞❡ ♠❡s✉r❡ ❛♥❣✉❧❛✐r❡ α ❞❡ ❝❡♥tr❡ a ❡t ❞❡ r❛②♦♥ ρ✳ ❖♥
❛ ❛❧♦rs Z
lim f (z)dz = iαRa (f ).
ρ→0
γρ+
✶✶✶
❋✐❣✉r❡ ✺✳✺ ✕ ❧❡♠♠❡ ✹ ❞❡ ❏♦r❞❛♥
✐❧ ✈✐❡♥t ❞♦♥❝ Z Z Z
dz ǫ(z)
f (z)dz = Ra (f ) + dz.
z−a z−a
γρ+ γρ+ γρ+
Z
ǫ(z)
lim dz = 0
ρ→0 z−a
γρ+
❉✬♦ù ❧❡ rés✉❧t❛t✳
✶✶✷
✺✳ ❈♦♠♣❧é♠❡♥t ❡t tr❛✈❛✉① ♣r❛t✐q✉❡s
❣r❛❧❡
P (x)
❙♦✐t f (x) = ✉♥❡ ❢r❛❝t✐♦♥ r❛t✐♦♥♥❡❧❧❡ ✈ér✐✜❛♥t ✿
Q(x)
f (x) ♥❡ ♣♦ssè❞❡ ♣❛s ❞❡ ♣ô❧❡ ré❡❧ ✐❡ ✿ Q(x) 6= 0, ∀x ∈ R
▲❡ ❞❡❣ré ❞❡ Q(x) ❡st s✉♣ér✐❡✉r à ❝❡❧✉✐ ❞❡ P (x) ❞✬❛✉ ♠♦✐♥s ❞❡✉① ✉♥✐tés ✐❡ ✿ dP + 2 ≤ dQ.
R
+∞
❝❡ q✉✐ ❛ss✉r❡ q✉❡ ❧✬✐♥té❣r❛❧❡ I = f (x)dx ♣♦ssè❞❡ ❜✐❡♥ ✉♥ s❡♥s✳ ❙♦✐❡♥t ❛❧♦rs ✿ ❧❛ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥
−∞
P (z)
❝♦♠♣❧❡①❡ f (z) = ✱ ❧❡ ❝♦♥t♦✉r CR ❢♦r♠é ♣❛r ❧❡ s❡❣♠❡♥t [−R, +R] ❞❡ ❧✬❛①❡ ré❡❧ ❡t
Q(z)
❞✉ ❞❡♠✐✲❝❡r❝❧❡ ΓR ❛②❛♥t ❝❡ s❡❣♠❡♥t ♣♦✉r ❞✐❛♠ètr❡ ❡t ❝♦♥t❡♥✉ ❞❛♥s ❧❡ ❞❡♠✐✲♣❧❛♥ ℑz ≥ 0,
♦r✐❡♥té ❞❛♥s ❧❡ s❡♥s ❞✐r❡❝t✳
P♦✉r R ❛ss❡③ ❣r❛♥❞✱ ❧✬✐♥tér✐❡✉r ❞❡ CR ❝♦♥t✐❡♥t t♦✉s ❧❡s ♣ô❧❡s ❞❡ f (z) ❞❡ ♣❛rt✐❡ ✐♠❛❣✐✲
♥❛✐r❡ ♣♦s✐t✐✈❡ ❡t ❞♦♥❝ ❞✬❛♣rès ❧❡ t❤é♦rè♠❡ ❞❡s rés✐❞✉s✱ ✐❧ ✈✐❡♥t
Z Z+R Z X
f (z)dz = f (x)dx + f (z)dz = 2iπ Ra (f )
+ ℑa>0
CR −R Γ+
R
zP (z)
❖r zf (z) = t❡♥❞ ✈❡rs ③ér♦ q✉❛♥❞ |z| t❡♥❞ ✈❡rs ❧✬✐♥✜♥✐ ( dzP + 1 ≤ dQ ) ❡t ❞✬❛♣rès
Q(z)
R t❡♥❞ ✈❡rs ③ér♦ q✉❛♥❞ R t❡♥❞ ✈❡rs ❧✬✐♥✜♥✐✳
❧❡ ❧❡♠♠❡ ✷ ❞❡ ❏♦r❞❛♥✱ ❧✬✐♥té❣r❛❧❡ ❞❡ f s✉r Γ+
❖♥ ♦❜t✐❡♥t ❞♦♥❝ ♣❛r ♣❛ss❛❣❡ à ❧❛ ❧✐♠✐t❡ ❞❛♥s ❧✬é❣❛❧✐té ♣ré❝é❞❡♥t❡ q✉❛♥❞ R t❡♥❞ ✈❡rs
✶✶✸
❧✬✐♥✜♥✐ ✿
Z+∞ X
P (x) P (z)
dx = 2iπ Ra
Q(x) ℑa>0
Q(z)
−∞
Z+∞ Z+∞
x2 dx 1 x2 dx
I= 2 =
2 2
(x + 9) (x + 4) 2 (x2 + 9) (x2 + 4)2
0 −∞
z2
▲❛ ❢r❛❝t✐♦♥ r❛t✐♦♥♥❡❧❧❡ f (z) = ❛❞♠❡t ❧❡s ♣ô❧❡s s✐♠♣❧❡s ±3i ❡t ❧❡s ±2i,
(z 2 + 9) (z 2 + 4)2
❡t ❡❧❧❡ s❛t✐s❢❛✐t ❛✉① ❤②♣♦t❤ès❡s ♣ré❝é❞❡♥t❡s ❞❡ s♦rt❡ q✉❡ ❧✬♦♥ ❛✐t
❖♥ ♦❜t✐❡♥t ✐♠♠é❞✐❛t❡♠❡♥t
(3i)2 3i
R3i (f ) = 2 = .
(6i) (3i)2 + 4 50
′
z2 13i
R2i (f ) = lim 2 =−
z→2i (z 2 + 9) (z + 2i) 200
❞✬♦ù
π
I=
200
✶✶✹
✺✳ ❈♦♠♣❧é♠❡♥t ❡t tr❛✈❛✉① ♣r❛t✐q✉❡s
❉✬❛♣rès ❧❡ t❤é♦rè♠❡ ❞❡s rés✐❞✉s✱ I ❡st ❞♦♥❝ ❧❡ ♣r♦❞✉✐t ♣❛r 2iπ ❞❡ ❧❛ s♦♠♠❡ ❞❡s
1 1 1 1 1
R1 (z) = R z+ , z−
iz 2 z 2i z
Z2π
dx
I= , ❛✈❡❝ a > b > 0
(a + b cos x)2
0
z
♦ù F (z) = .
(bz 2 + 2az + b)2
♣♦✉r a > b > 0, ❧❡s s✐♥❣✉❧❛r✐tés ❞❡ F s♦♥t ❧❡s ♣ô❧❡s ❞♦✉❜❧❡s
√ √
−a + a2 − b2 −a − a2 − b2
z1 = , z2 =
b b
❞♦♥❝
2πa
I= 3 .
(a2 − b2 ) 2
✶✶✺
❧❡s ✐♥té❣r❛❧❡s
Z2π Z2π
I1 = R(cos x, sin x) cos mxdx, I2 = R(cos x, sin x) sin mxdx
0 0
Z2π
J= R(cos x, sin x)eimx dx
0
Z
1 1 1 1 dz
J= R z+ , z− zm
2 z 2i z iz
C+
Z2π
cos mx
I= dx; (m ∈ N).
5 − 4 cos x
0
Z2π
eimx
J= dx
5 − 4 cos x
0
q✉❡ Z
1
J= F (z)dz
i
C+
zm
♦ù F (z) = , ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥ ❞❛♥s ❧❛ s❡✉❧❡ s✐♥❣✉❧❛r✐té ✭♣ô❧❡ s✐♠♣❧❡✮ ✐♥té✲
−2 z − 21 (z − 2)
✶✶✻
✺✳ ❈♦♠♣❧é♠❡♥t ❡t tr❛✈❛✉① ♣r❛t✐q✉❡s
1
r✐❡✉r ❛✉ ❝❡r❝❧❡ ✉♥✐t❛✐r❡ ❡st z0 = ❡t ♦ù ❧❡ rés✐❞✉ ❞❡ F ❡♥ z0 ❡st
2
m
1
2 1
Rz0 (F ) = =
1 3.2m
−2 −2
2
❞♦♥❝ Z
2iπ π
J= F (z)dz = Rz0 (F ) =
i 3.2m−1
C+
π
I=
3.2m−1
R R(x)
+∞
✺✳✺✳✸ ■♥té❣r❛❧❡s ❞❡ ❧❛ ❢♦r♠❡ sin mxdx
0 x
❙♦✐t R(x) ✉♥❡ ❢r❛❝t✐♦♥ r❛t✐♦♥♥❡❧❧❡ ♣❛✐r❡ s❛♥s ♣ô❧❡s ré❡❧s ❡t ❞❡ ❞❡❣ré ✭d( ♥✉♠ér❛t❡✉r
) − d( ❞é♥♦♠✐♥❛t❡✉r )✮ ♥é❣❛t✐✈❡ ♦✉ ♥✉❧ ❡t s♦✐❡♥t ✿
❧❛ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❡
eimz
f (z) = R(z)
z
R(z)
♦ù ❧❛ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥ g(z) = ❡st ✉♥❡ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥ ❤♦❧♦♠♦r♣❤❡ s✉r C s❛✉❢ ✿ ❡♥ 0 q✉✐ r❡♣rés❡♥t❡
z
✉♥ ♣ô❧❡ s✐♠♣❧❡ ❡t ❡♥ ✉♥ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ✜♥✐ ❞❡ ♣ô❧❡s ❞♦♥t ❧❡s ♣❛rt✐❡s ✐♠❛❣✐♥❛✐r❡s s♦♥t ♥♦♥ ♥✉❧❧❡s✳
❉❡ ♣❧✉s lim |g(z)| = 0
|z|→+∞
❧❡ ❝♦♥t♦✉r Cr,R ❢♦r♠é ♣❛r ✿
✳ ▲❡s s❡❣♠❡♥ts [−R, −r] [+r, +R] ❞❡ ❧✬❛①❡ ré❡❧✳
✳ ▲❡s ❞❡♠✐✲❝❡r❝❧❡ ❝♦♥t❡♥✉s ❞❛♥s ❧❡ ❞❡♠✐✲♣❧❛♥ ℑz ≥ 0 ✿ ΓR ❞❡ ❝❡♥tr❡ O ❖♥ ♦r✐❡♥t❡ ❧❡ ❝✐r✲
❡t ❞❡ r❛②♦♥ R, γr ❞❡ ❝❡♥tr❡ O ❡t ❞❡ r❛②♦♥ r.
❝✉✐t Cr,R ❞❛♥s ❧❡ s❡♥s ❞✐r❡❝t❡✳ ❖♥ ❝❤♦✐s✐t R ❛ss❡③ ❣r❛♥❞ ❡t r ❛ss❡③ ♣❡t✐t ❞❡ t❡❧ s♦rt❡ q✉❡
❧✬✐♥tér✐❡✉r ❞❡ Cr,R ❝♦♥t✐❡♥t t♦✉s ❧❡s ♣ô❧❡s ❞❡ R(z) ❞❡ ♣❛rt✐❡s ✐♠❛❣✐♥❛✐r❡ ♣♦s✐t✐✈❡s
✶✶✼
❋✐❣✉r❡ ✺✳✼ ✕ ❧❡ ❝♦♥t♦✉r CR,r
❛✈❡❝
Z−r Z+R
eimx eimx
I (R, r) = R(x) dx + R(x) dx
x x
−R +r
❞❡ ♣❧✉s
|zf (z)| = R(z)eimz = |R(z)| → 0
|z|→+∞
✶✶✽
✺✳ ❈♦♠♣❧é♠❡♥t ❡t tr❛✈❛✉① ♣r❛t✐q✉❡s
R
+R eimx R
+R eimx
I (R, r) = − R(x) dx + R(x) dx
+r x +r x
R R(x)
+R R R(x)
+∞
= 2i sin mxdx → 2i sin mxdx.
+r x r→0,R→+∞ 0 x
✐❧ ✈✐❡♥t q✉❡
Z+∞ X
R(x) π
sin mxdx = π Ra (f ) + R(0).
x 2
0 a: ♣♦❧❡ ❞❡ R(z), ℑz>0
R
+∞
✺✳✺✳✹ ■♥té❣r❛❧❡s ❞❡ ❧❛ ❢♦r♠❡s R(x) ln xdx
0
❙♦✐t R ✉♥❡ ❢r❛❝t✐♦♥ r❛t✐♦♥♥❡❧❧❡ s❛♥s ♣ô❧❡ s✉r R+ ,❡t ❞❡ ❞❡❣ré ❛✉ ♣❧✉s é❣❛❧❡ à (−2)✳ ❙♦✐t
❧❛ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❡ ❞é✜♥✐❡ ♣❛r
❱✉❡ q✉❡ ❧❛ ❢r❛❝t✐♦♥ R ♣❡✉t ❛❞♠❡ttr❡ ❞❡s ♣ô❧❡s s✉r R∗− , ♦♥ ❝❤♦✐s✐t ❝♦♠♠❡ ❜r❛♥❝❤❡ ❞✉ ln ❧❛
❜r❛♥❝❤❡ ❤♦❧♦♠♦r♣❤❡ s✉r ❧❡ ♣❧❛♥ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❡ ❤♦r♠✐s ❧❛ ❞❡♠✐✲❞r♦✐t❡ ❞❡s ré❡❧s ♣♦s✐t✐❢s ♦✉ ♥✉❧ ✿
C − {z ∈ R; z ≥ 0} ❞♦♥❝
✶✶✾
A′ ✳
♦ù ♦♥ ❝❤♦✐s✐t R ❛ss❡③ ❣r❛♥❞ ❡t r ❛ss❡③ ♣❡t✐t ❞❡ t❡❧ s♦rt❡ q✉❡ ❧✬✐♥tér✐❡✉r ❞❡ Cr,R ❝♦♥t✐❡♥t
t♦✉s ❧❡s ♣ô❧❡s ❞❡ R(z)✳
❉✬✉♥ ❛✉tr❡ ❝ôté
Z Z Z Z Z
f (z)dz = f (z)dz + f (z)dz + f (z)dz + f (z)dz
+ y + y − →
CR,r −→
B′B A′ A AB B ′ A′
❞♦♥❝
t 2
|zf (z)| = ρ ln ρ R(ρe ) 1 + 2
2 it
ln ρ
❊♥ ❢❛✐s❛♥t t❡♥❞r❡ ρ → +∞ : ✐❧ ✈✐❡♥t q✉❡ ✭✈✉❡ q✉❡ dR ≤ −2 ✮ lim zf (z) = 0, t❛♥❞✐s
|z|→+∞
q✉✬♦♥ ❢❛✐s❛♥t t❡♥❞r❡ ρ → 0 ✐❧ ✈✐❡♥t q✉❡ lim zf (z) = 0,
|z|→0
✶✷✵
✺✳ ❈♦♠♣❧é♠❡♥t ❡t tr❛✈❛✉① ♣r❛t✐q✉❡s
✳ ❉❡ ♣❧✉s ✿
❞✬♦ù
R R RR RR RR RR
f (z)dz + f (z)dz = R(x) ln2 xdx − R(x) ln2 xdx − 4iπ R(x) ln xdx + 4π 2 R(x)dx
→ r r r r
−→
AB B ′ A′
RR RR
= −4iπ R(x) ln xdx + 4π 2 R(x)dx
r r
❞♦♥❝
R R RR RR P
f (z)dz + f (z)dz − 4iπ R(x) ln xdx + 4π 2 R(x)dx = 2iπ Ra (f )
y + y − r r a: ♣♦❧❡ ❞❡ R(z)
B′B A′ A
Z+∞ Z+∞ X
1
R(x) ln xdx + iπ R(x)dx = − Ra (f )
2
0 0 a: ♣♦❧❡ ❞❡ R(z)
❞✬♦ù " #
R
+∞ 1 P
R(x) ln xdx = − ℜ Ra (f )
0 2 a: ♣♦❧❡ ❞❡ R(z)
" #
R
+∞ 1 P
R(x)dx = − ℑ Ra (f )
0 2π a: ♣♦❧❡ ❞❡ R(z)
R
+∞
✧ ❈❡tt❡ ♠ét❤♦❞❡ s❡rt ❛✉ss✐ à ❝❛❧❝✉❧❡r R(x)dx; dR ≤ 2 ❛✈❡❝ R ♥♦♥ ♣❛✐r❡ ✧✳
0
✶✷✶
❊①❡♠♣❧❡ ✺✳✺✳✹ ❈❛❧❝✉❧❡r ❧✬✐♥té❣r❛❧❡
Z+∞
ln x
dx
x2+ a2
0
1
❖♥ ❡st ❞❛♥s ❧❡ ❝❛s ♦ù R(x) = 2 ✱ ❢r❛❝t✐♦♥ r❛t✐♦♥♥❡❧❧❡ ❞♦♥t ❧❡s ♣ô❧❡s ✧s✐♠♣❧❡s✧ s♦♥t
x + a2
±ia, ❞❡ ❞❡❣ré ≤ −2
ln2 z
❊♥ ❝♦♥s✐❞ér❛♥t ❛❧♦rs ❧❛ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❡ f (z) = 2 ❡t ✉♥ ❝✐r❝✉✐t ❛♥❛❧♦❣✉❡ ❛✉ ❞❡r♥✐❡r
z + a2
♦♥ tr♦✉✈❡ ❞✐r❡❝t❡♠❡♥t q✉❡
Z+∞
ln x 1
dx = − ℜ [Ria (f ) + R−ia (f )]
x2+a 2 2
0
π2 π2
ln2 a − ln 2
a − 9
Ria (f ) = − 4 i + π ln a , R (f ) = − 4 i − 3π ln a
−ia
2a 2a 2a 2a
❞♦♥❝
Z+∞
ln x π
dx = ln a.
x2+a 2 2a
0
❡t ❞❡ ♣❧✉s
Z+∞ X
dx 1 π
= − ℑ Ra (f ) = .
x2 +a 2 2π 2a
0 a: ♣♦❧❡ ❞❡ R(z)
✶✷✷
✺✳ ❈♦♠♣❧é♠❡♥t ❡t tr❛✈❛✉① ♣r❛t✐q✉❡s
✺✳✻ ❊①❡r❝✐❝❡s
❊①❡r❝✐❝❡ ✺✳✻✳✶ ✿
❉♦♥♥❡r ❧❡ ❞é✈❡❧♦♣♣❡♠❡♥t ❡♥ sér✐❡ ❞❡ ▲❛✉r❡♥t ❞❡s ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥s s✉✐✈❛♥t❡s ❞❛♥s ❧❡s ❝♦✉r♦♥♥❡s
✐♥❞✐q✉é❡s
2z + 3 2
w= , 1 < |z| < 2, w = 2 , 1 < |z + 2| < 3,
z2
+ 3z + 2 z −1
2
1 z −z+3
w= 2
, |z| > 4, w = 3 , 1 < |z| < 3.
(z + 2)(z + 1) z − 3z + 2
❊①❡r❝✐❝❡ ✺✳✻✳✷ ✿
❉é✈❡❧♦♣♣❡r ❡♥ sér✐❡ ❞❡ ▲❛✉r❡♥t ❧❡s ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥s s✉✐✈❛♥t❡s s✉r ❧❡s ✈♦✐s✐♥❛❣❡s ❞❡ ❧❡✉rs s✐♥❣✉✲
❧❛r✐tés
z−1 2z − 3 1
w= , w= , w= .
z2 − 5z + 6 z2 − 3z + 2 z2 +z
❊①❡r❝✐❝❡ ✺✳✻✳✸ ✿
1 − cos z 1 + cos z ez − 1
w= , w= , w= ,
z6 z−π z
1 sin πz 1
w = sinh , w = z−1 , w= .
z 2e − z2 − 1 cos z − 1 + z 2 /2
❊①❡r❝✐❝❡ ✺✳✻✳✹ ✿
sin z 2 ez 1 e1/z
w= , w= , w= , w= ,
z 3 − πz 2 /3 (z + 1)2 (z − 2) z2 + 4 1−z
tan z ez − 1 − z z2
w = cos z sin(1/z), w= 2 , w= , w= .
z − πz/4 (1 − cos 2z) sin z (z − 3)3
❊①❡r❝✐❝❡ ✺✳✻✳✺ ✿
R e2z R z9 R 1000z + 1
4
dz, dz, dz,
|z|=3 (z + 1) |z|=4 z 10 − 1 |z|=2 1 + z
1224
R z 17 R ez R 2
2 3 3 4
dz, dz, n ∈ N∗ , z sin(1/z)dz.
|z|=3 (z + 2) (z + 3) |z|=n (z 2 + π 2 ) |z|=1
❊①❡r❝✐❝❡ ✺✳✻✳✻ ✿
✶✷✸
❙♦✐t f ✉♥❡ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❡ ❞é✜♥✐❡ ♣❛r ✿
1
f (z) =
(z 2 + z)(z 2 + 1)(z − 1)6
1 1
(i − 1) (i + 1)7
7
✷✳ ❈❛❧❝✉❧❡r ❧❡ rés✐❞✉ ❞❡ f
✕ ❊♥ s❡s ♣ô❧❡s s✐♠♣❧❡s✳
✕ ❆ ❧✬✐♥✜♥✐
✕ ❆✉ ♣♦✐♥t z = 1
z z3
f (z) = , g(z) =
(2sinz − 1)2 e1/z − 1
z2
h(z) =
(z − 1)(z − 2)
z 2 − 5z + 6 3
ϕ(z) = 2 2 4
+
(z + z)(z + 1)(z − 1) z
1 1
4
,
(1 − i) (1 + i)4
✷✳ ❈❛❧❝✉❧❡r ❧❡ rés✐❞✉ ❞❡ ϕ
✕ ❊♥ s❡s ♣ô❧❡s s✐♠♣❧❡s✱
✕ à ❧✬✐♥✜♥✐✱
✕ ❛✉ ♣♦✐♥t z = 1✳
✶✷✹
✺✳ ❈♦♠♣❧é♠❡♥t ❡t tr❛✈❛✉① ♣r❛t✐q✉❡s
❊①❡r❝✐❝❡ ✺✳✻✳✽ ✿
❙♦✐t f ✉♥❡ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❡ s✉r ❧✬❡♥s❡♠❜❧❡ E ❞❡s ♣♦✐♥ts z ∈ C t❡❧s q✉❡
❊①❡r❝✐❝❡ ✺✳✻✳✾ ✿
❙♦✐t f ✉♥❡ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❡ s✉r ❧✬❡♥s❡♠❜❧❡ E ❞❡s ♣♦✐♥ts z ∈ C t❡❧s q✉❡
|z − a| < ρ, α1 6 arg(z − a) 6 α2
❊①❡r❝✐❝❡ ✺✳✻✳✶✵ ✿
❙♦✐t a ∈ C ✉♥ ♣ô❧❡ s✐♠♣❧❡ ❞✬✉♥❡ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥ ❤♦❧♦♠♦r♣❤❡ f ✱ γρ+ ✉♥ ❛r❝ ❞❡ ❝❡r❝❧❡ ♦r✐❡♥té ❞❡
♠❡s✉r❡ ❛♥❣✉❧❛✐r❡ α ❞❡ ❝❡♥tr❡ a ❡t ❞❡ r❛②♦♥ ρ✱ ♠♦♥tr❡r q✉❡
Z
lim f (z)dz = iαRes(f, a)
ρ→0 γρ+
❊①❡r❝✐❝❡ ✺✳✻✳✶✶ ✿
❙♦✐t
P (x)
F (x) =
Q(x)
✉♥❡ ❢r❛❝t✐♦♥ r❛t✐♦♥♥❡❧❧❡ ♦ù P ❡t Q s♦♥t ❞❡✉① ♣ô❧②♥♦♠❡s ✈ér✐✜❛♥ts ✿
✕ Q ♥❡ ♣♦ssè❞❡ ♣❛s ❞❡ r❛❝✐♥❡s ré❡❧❧❡s ✐❡ ✿ Q(x) 6= 0 ∀x ∈ R✳
✕ ▲❡ ❞❡❣ré❡ ❞❡ Q ❡st s✉♣ér✐❡✉r à ❝❡❧✉✐ ❞❡ P ❞✬❛✉ ♠♦✐♥s ❞❡✉① ✉♥✐tés ✐❡ ✿ dP + 2 ≤ dQ
✶✳ ❊t✉❞✐❡r ❧❛ ♥❛t✉r❡ ❞❡ ❧✬✐♥té❣r❛❧❡
Z +∞
F (x)dx
−∞
✶✷✺
✷✳ ❙♦✐❡♥t ✿ ❧❛ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❡ ✿
P (z)
F (z) =
Q(z)
CR ❧❡ ❝♦♥t♦✉r ❢♦r♠é ♣❛r ❧❡ s❡❣♠❡♥t [−R, +R] ❞❡ ❧✬❛①❡ ré❡❧ ❡t ❞✉ ❞❡♠✐✲❝❡r❧❡ ΓR ❛②❛♥t
❝❡ s❡❣♠❡♥t ❝♦♠♠❡ ❞✐❛♠ètr❡ ❡t ❝♦♥t❡♥✉ ❞❛♥s ❧❡ ❞❡♠✐✲♣❧❛♥ Im(z) ≥ 0 ♦r✐❡♥té ❞❛♥s
❧❡ s❡♥s ❞✐r❡❝t✳
❛✳ ▼♦♥tr❡r q✉❡
lim zF (z) = 0
z→+∞
❊①❡r❝✐❝❡ ✺✳✻✳✶✷ ✿
❉❛♥s ❝❡t ❡①❡r❝✐❝❡ ♦♥ ❝❤❡r❝❤❡ à é✈❛❧✉❡r ❧✬✐♥té❣r❛❧❡ ✿
Z+∞
1
I= √ dx
x(x3 + 1)
0
1
f (z) = √
z(z 3 + 1)
√ 1
♦ù z = e 2 ln z ❞és✐❣♥❡ ❧❛ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥ r❛❝✐♥❡ ❝❛rré ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❡ ❡t ln ❞és✐❣♥❡ ❧❛ ❞ét❡r♠✐✲
♥❛t✐♦♥ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧❡ ❞✉ ❧♦❣❛r✐t❤♠❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❡✳
✶✷✻
✺✳ ❈♦♠♣❧é♠❡♥t ❡t tr❛✈❛✉① ♣r❛t✐q✉❡s
✸✳ ▼♦♥tr❡r q✉❡
√ R 2π √r
R 2π R
f (z)dz ≤ , f (z)dz ≤
+ 3 (R3 − 1) γ + 3 (1 − r3 )
ΓR r
Z+∞
1
I= √ dx
x(x3 + 1)
0
❊①❡r❝✐❝❡ ✺✳✻✳✶✸ ✿
sinθ
ϕ(θ) =
θ
e2iz
f (z) = 2
z + π2
✶✷✼
❡t ❧❡ ❝✐r❝✉✐t CR ❝♦♥t❡♥✉ ❞❛♥s ❧❡ ❞❡♠✐✲♣❧❛♥ ❞❡s ✐♠❛❣✐♥❛✐r❡s ♣♦s✐t✐❢s ♦✉ ♥✉❧s✱ ♦r✐❡♥té
❞❛♥s ❧❡ s❡♥s tr✐❣♦♥♦♠étr✐q✉❡✱ ❝♦♥st✐t✉é ♣❛r ❧❡ ❞❡♠✐✲❝❡r❝❧❡ ΓR ❞❡ ❝❡♥tr❡ ❧✬♦r✐❣✐♥❡ ❡t
❞❡ r❛②♦♥ R (R > 4) ❡t ❧❡ s❡❣♠❡♥t ❞❡ ❧❛ ❞r♦✐t❡ ré❡❧❧❡ [R, +R]
✷✳ ▼♦♥tr❡r q✉❡
Z+R Z
cos2x
dx = e−2π − f (z)dz
x2 + π 2
−R Γ+
R
Z+∞
cos2x
dx
x2 + π 2
0
❊①❡r❝✐❝❡ ✺✳✻✳✶✹ ✿
❈❛❧❝✉❧❡r ❧❡s ✐♥té❣r❛❧❡s s✉✐✈❛♥t❡s
R
+∞ x2 R
+∞ dx R
+∞ dx
2 2
dx, 2 2 2
, ,
0 (x + 4) 0 (x + 1) (x + 4) −∞ x6+1
R x(x + 1)
+∞ R
+∞ xdx R
+∞ dx
2 2
dx, 2 2
, ; p ∈ N∗ .
−∞ (x + 4) −∞ (x + 4x + 5) −∞ (1 + x2 )p
✶✷✽
✺✳ ❈♦♠♣❧é♠❡♥t ❡t tr❛✈❛✉① ♣r❛t✐q✉❡s
R
+∞ sin 3x R
+∞ cos x R cos 2x
+∞ − cos 5x
2
dx, 2 2
dx, dx,
0 x(x + 4) −∞ (x + 1) 0 x2 +1
R cos2 x
+∞ R sin4 x
+∞ R
+∞ cos mx
2 2
dx, 2
dx, dx; (m > 0),
0 a +x −∞ 1 + x 0 (x2 + 1)5
R x3 sin x
+∞ R
+∞ x3 sin x R
+∞ eiax
2 2 2
dx, 4 2
dx, 2
dx.
0 (a + x ) 0 x + 5x + 4 −∞ x + x + 1
❊①❡r❝✐❝❡ ✺✳✻✳✶✺ ✿
❈❛❧❝✉❧❡r
Z+∞
2
A= e−x /2 cos axdx
0
♦ù a ❡st ✉♥ ré❡❧ ♣♦s✐t✐❢✳ ✭❖♥ ✐♥t❡❣r❡r❛ ❧❛ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥ f (z) = e−z s✉r ❧❡ r❡❝t❛♥❣❧❡ y = 0, y =
2 /2
a, x = ±R✮✳
R
+∞
❉❡ ♠ê♠❡ ♣♦✉r A = e−3x cos 5xdx✳
2
−∞
❊①❡r❝✐❝❡ ✺✳✻✳✶✻ ✿
❙♦✐t ✉♥ ❡♥t✐❡r n ≥ 2✱ ♠♦♥tr❡r q✉❡
Z+∞
dx π
=
1 + xn n sin π/n
0
Z+∞
xα
1 + xn
0
❊①❡r❝✐❝❡ ✺✳✻✳✶✼ ✿
❉é♠♦♥tr❡r q✉❡
Z+∞ √
x ln x
dx = π
(1 + x)2
0
√
z ln z
❡♥ ✐♥té❣r❛♥t ❧❛ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥ f (z) = s✉r ✉♥ ❝✐r❝✉✐t ❜✐❡♥ ❝❤♦✐s✐❡✳
(1 + z)2
❊①❡r❝✐❝❡ ✺✳✻✳✶✽ ✿
1
❊♥ ✐♥té❣r❛♥t ❧❛ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥ f (z) = ; a > 0 ❧❡ ❧♦♥❣ ❞✬✉♥ ❝♦♥t♦✉r ❜✐❡♥ ❝❤♦✐s✐
(z 2 + a2 ) ln z
✶✷✾
❞é❞✉✐r❡ ❧❛ ✈❛❧❡✉r ❞❡ ❧✬✐♥té❣r❛❧❡
Z+∞
dx
(x2 + a2 )(ln2 x + π2)
0
❊①❡r❝✐❝❡ ✺✳✻✳✶✾ ✿
R
+∞ln x R
+∞ ln2 x R
+∞ ln x
2 2
dx, 2 2 2
dx, dx,
0 x +a 0 (x + a ) 0 (x2 + a2 )3
R
+∞ ln2 x R
+∞ xα
2 2 3
dx, 2 2
dx; α ∈ R.
0 (x + a ) 0 (x + 1)
❊①❡r❝✐❝❡ ✺✳✻✳✷✵ ✿
▼♦♥tr❡r q✉❡
Z+∞
cosh ax π
dx = |a| < 1
cosh x 2 cos(πa/2)
0
❊①❡r❝✐❝❡ ✺✳✻✳✷✶ ✿
cot πz
f (z) = π
z 2 + a2
1 1
❙♦✐t γN ❧❡ ❝❛rré ±(N + ) ± i(N + )✱ ♠♦♥tr❡r q✉❡
2 2
Z
lim f (z)dz = 0
N →+∞
γN
+∞
X +∞
X
1 1
,
n=1
n + a2
2
n=1
n2
❊①❡r❝✐❝❡ ✺✳✻✳✷✷ ✿
▼♦♥tr❡r q✉❡
Z+∞
sin ax 1 a 1
dx = coth −
e2πx −1 4 2 2a
0
eiax
❖♥ ♣♦✉rr❛ ✐♥té❣r❡r f (z) = 2πx ❧❡ ❧♦♥❣ ❞✬✉♥ r❡❝t❛♥❣❧❡ ❞❡ s♦♠♠❡ts O, R, R + i, i✳
e −1
✶✸✵
✺✳ ❈♦♠♣❧é♠❡♥t ❡t tr❛✈❛✉① ♣r❛t✐q✉❡s
✶✸✶
Liste des élèves prêteurs
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
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11
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13
14
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