Annales Mathématiques Africaines

Volume 6 (2017) pp. 35-44

On a characterization of EP biltrations
on commutative rings
∗
Moussa Sangaré , Daouda SANGARE
∗∗ , and Yoro Diakité
∗

Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Département de Mathématiques et

∗

d'Informatique, Université des Sciences, des Techniques et des Technologies de

Bamako, Mali
∗
e-mails : moussasangare12@hotmail.fr, yorodiakite@yahoo.fr
∗∗
Université Nangui Abrogoua, UFR-SFA, Laboratoire de Mathématiques et
Informatique, Abidjan,Côte d'Ivoire
e-mail : dsangare@yahoo.fr (corresponding author)

Abstract. In this paper, we introduce the concept of Essentially Powers Bi-

ltraton (EP biltration for short) and then, starting from a given biltration
F on a commutative ring A, we determine a biltration H on A which is an EP
biltration. We deduce a necessary and sucient condition for the biltrations
in some class to be EP.

1. Introduction
Throughout this paper, A denotes a commutative unitary ring. Essentially
powers ltrations (EP ltrations for short) have been introduced by W. Bishop [Bi].
They play an important role in Commutative Algebra, in particular in the Theory
of Filtrations. Various characterizations of EP ltrations on Noetherian rings have
been given in the literature namely by L.J. Ratli,Jr. [Ra] and other authors.
Here we introduce the concept of EP biltration and, similarly to ltrations, we
associate to each biltration F = (Im,n )(m,n)∈N2 of A and each pair (N1 , N2 ) of
positive integers, a biltration H on the ring A which is shown to be EP . We
deduce a necessary and sucient condition for the biltrations in some class to be
EP.

2. Biltrations
Definition 2.1. The set Z is partially ordered as follows :
2

For all m, n, p, q ∈ Z, (m, n)  (p, q) if and only if m ≤ p and n ≤ q.

(2.1.1) A biltration on the ring A is a decreasing family F = (Im,n )(m,n)∈Z2
of ideals of A such that I0,0 = A and Im,n Ip,q ⊆ Im+p, n+q for all m, n, p, q ∈ Z.
It follows that if m ≤ 0, then (m, 0)  (0, 0), hence A = I0,0 ⊆ Im,0 , so Im,0 = A.
Similarly, if n ≤ 0, then I0,n = A.

2010 Mathematics Subject Classication. 13A02, 13A30, 13J30, 16W50, 16W70.

Key words and phrases. Filtration, Biltration, EP Filtration, EP Biltration ..
35
36 M. SANGARÉ, D. SANGARE, AND YORO DIAKITÉ

(2.1.2) Let F = (Im,n )(m,n)∈Z2 and G = (Jm,n )(m,n)∈Z2 be biltrations on A.

We set F ≤ G if and only if Im,n ⊆ Jm,n for all (m, n) ∈ Z2 .
(2.1.3) Let us recall that by a ltration on the ring A, we mean a family
f = (In )n∈Z of ideals of A such that I0 = A, In+1 ⊆ In for all n ∈ Z and Ip Iq
⊆ Ip+q for all p, q ∈ Z. It follows that if n ≤ 0, then In = A.
(2.1.4) If I is an ideal of A, then the ltration fI = (I n )n∈Z , where I n = A
for all n ≤ 0, is called the I -adic ltration of A.
(2.1.5) The ltration f = (In )n∈Z on the ring A is called an Essentially
Powers Filtration ( EP ltration for short), if there exists a positive integer N
N
such that In = In−p Ip for all integers n > N, see [Bi], [Ra] and [RR] for more
X

p=1
information.
(2.1.6) We dene the biltration F = (Im,n )(m,n)∈N2 on the ring A to be an
Essentially Powers Biltration ( EP biltration for short), if there exist two
integers N1 ≥ 1 and N2 ≥ 1 such that for all (m, n) ∈ N2 , if m > N1 or n > N2 ,
then
Im−p,n−q Ip,q , with the convention that, for all (k, l) ∈ Z2 ,
X
Im,n =
0≤p≤N1
0≤q≤N2
(p,q)6=(0,0)
Ik,l = Ik,0 if k ≥ 0 and l ≤ 0 and Ik,l = I0,l if k ≤ 0 and l ≥ 0.

(2.1.7) With each biltration F = (Im,n )(m,n)∈N2 on the ring A and each pair
(N1 , N2 ) of positive integers, we associate the family H = (Hm,n )(m,n)∈N2 of ideals
of A dened as follows :
For all (m,
Xn) Y ∈ N2 , Hm,n = Im,n if m ≤ N1 and n ≤ N2 and
Ii,ji,j if m > N1 or n > N2 ,
k
Hm,n =
0≤i≤N1
0≤j≤N2 ,

where i, j and ki,j are nonnegative integers with i ≤ N1 and j ≤ N2 , the family
(ki,j ) being subjected to the following conditions :

 N2 X
X N1



 iki,j = m

j=0 i=1
(∗) N1 XN2
 X
jki,j = n





i=0 j=1

Remark 2.2. Under the hypotheses and notations of (2.1.7), let r and s be two
integers such that 0 ≤ N1 and 0 ≤ s ≤ N2 . Then we have
r ≤Y
Ii,ji,j , where the family (ki,j ) fullls the following
k
X
IN1 −r,N2 −s =
0≤i≤N1
0≤j≤N2 ,
conditions : 
 N2 X
X N1
iki,j = N1 − r





j=0 i=1
(∗) N1 X
N2
 X
jki,j = N2 − s





i=0 j=1
 CHARACTERIZATION OF EP BIFILTRATIONS 37

Indeed, under conditions (∗),

k k k k k k k k k k k
1,0
I1,0 2,0
I2,0 ...INN1 ,0
1 ,0 0,1
I0,1 1,1
I1,1 2,1
I2,1 ...INN1 ,1
1 ,1 0,2
I0,2 1,2
I1,2 2,2
I2,2 ...INN1 ,2
1 ,2
..
k0,N2 k
1,N2 k
2,N2 k
..I0,N 2
I1,N 2
I2,N2
...INN1 ,N
1 ,N2
2
⊆ IN1 −r,N2 −s .
Therefore
k
X Y
Ii,ji,j ⊆ IN1 −r,N2 −s
0≤i≤N1
0≤j≤N2 ,

Conversely if we take kN1 −r,N2 −s = 1, then

0 0 0 k
IN1 −r,N2 −s = I1,0 I2,0 ...IN I 0 I 0 I 0 ...IN
1 ,0 0,1 1,1 2,1
0
1 ,1
0
...I0,N I0
2 −s 1,N2 −s
1 −r,N2 −s
...INN1 −r,N 2 −s
0
...IN 1 ,N2 −s
...
k
under conditions (*).
X Y
0
..I0,N I 0 ...IN
2 1,N2
0
1 ,N2
⊆ Ii,ji,j
0≤i≤N1
0≤j≤N2 ,

Hence
k
under conditions (*).
X Y
HN1 −r,N2 −s = IN1 −r,N2 −s = Ii,ji,j
0≤i≤N1
0≤j≤N2 ,

Example 2.3. Let f = (In ) and g = (Jn ) be two EP ltrations of the ring
A. Then f n g : = ( Im Jn )(m,n)∈N2 is an EP biltration on the ring A. Indeed set
Im,n = Im Jn for all (m, n). Then by denition there exist positive integers N1 and
N2 such that,
 N1
Im−p Ip for all m > N1
 X
 (1) Im =



p=1
N2
Jn−q Jq for all n > N2
 X
 (2) Jn =



q=1

Then for all all m > N1 and n > N2 , we have

N1 X
N2 N1 N2
(3)
X X X X
Im−p,n−q Ip,q = Im−p,n−q Ip,q + Im−p,n Ip,0 + Im,n−q I0,q
0≤p≤N1 p=1 q=1 p=1 q=1
0≤q≤N2
(p,q)6=(0,0)
N1 X
N2
From equalities (1) and (2) above, we deduce that
X
Im−p,n−q Ip,q = Im Jn .
p=1 q=1
As for the two remaining sums of equality (3),
N1
X N1
X
Im−p,n Ip,0 = Im−p Jn Ip ⊆ Im Jn
p=1 p=1

N2
and
X
Im,n−q I0,q ⊆ Im Jn .
q=1
Therefore Im−p,n−q Ip,q = Im Jn = Im,n for all m > N1 and n > N2 .
X

0≤p≤N1
0≤q≤N2
(p,q)6=(0,0)
38 M. SANGARÉ, D. SANGARE, AND YORO DIAKITÉ

N1
If m > N1 and n ≤ N2 , we have Im = Im−p Ip by hypothesis and
X

p=1
N2
Jn−q Jq as easily checked.
X
Jn =
q=1
N1 X
N2
So Im Jn = with similar ar-
X X
Im−p Jn−q Ip Jq = Im−p,n−q Ip,q
p=1 q=1 0≤p≤N1
0≤q≤N2
(p,q)6=(0,0)
guments as above.
The case m ≤ N1 and n > N2 is similar to the previous one.
Therefore the biltration f n g : = ( Im Jn )(m,n)∈N2 is EP.
As a consequence, let I and J be ideals of the ring A. Consider the I -adic
ltration fI = (I n ) and the J -adic ltration fJ = (J n ) of the ring A. Then the
biltration fI n fJ is EP.
2.4 Condition (C). The following condition (C) will be used in parts ii) and
iii) of the following theorem.
Let F = (Im,n )(m,n)∈N2 be a biltration on the ring A. Then F is said to satisfy
condition (C) if :
(1) For all (k, l) ∈ Z2 ,
Ik,l = Ik,0 if k ≥ 0 and l ≤ 0 and Ik,l = I0,l if k ≤ 0 and l ≥ 0.
(2) ThereXexist positive integers N1 and N2 such that
I1,0 I2,0 ...IN1 ,0 , for all integers m > N1 where the αi are nonnegative
α1 α2 αN1
Im,0 =
integers such that
X β αβ1 + 2α 2 + ... + N1 αN1 = m and
I0,1 I0,2 ...I0,N2 for all integers n > N2 , where the βi are nonnegative
1 2 βN2
I0,n =
integers such that β1 + 2β2 + ... + N2 βN2 = n.
Let H be the family associated with F in (2.1.7). It is proved in the following
theorem that H is a biltration. This biltration satises condition (C). Indeed
by convention, we set, for all (k, l) ∈ Z2 , Hk,l = Hk,0 if k ≥ 0 and l ≤ 0 and
Hk,l = H0,l if k ≤ 0 and l ≥ 0.
For all integers
XY m > N1 , we have
Ii,j , (ki,j ) with the conditions :
ki,j
Hm,0 =

 N2 X
X N1



 (1) iki,j = m

j=0 i=1
(∗) N1 X
N2 .
 X
(2) jki,j = 0





i=0 j=1

Equation (2) implies jki,j = 0 for all i = 0, 1, .., N1 , and for all j = 1, 2, .., N2 .
Therefore ki,j = 0 for all i = 0, 1, .., N1 , and for all j = 1, 2, .., N2
Equation (1) is then equivalent to
(3) k1,0 + 2k2,0 + ... + N1 kN1 ,0 = m
So Hm,0 = under the condition k1,0 +2k2,0 +...+N1 kN1 ,0 = m.
k1,0 k2,0 k
X
I1,0 I2,0 ...INN1 ,0
1 ,0

Consequently Hm,0 = , with α1 + 2α2 + ... + N1 αN1 = m.

α 1
X
α1 α2
H1,0 H2,0 ...HNN
1 ,0
 CHARACTERIZATION OF EP BIFILTRATIONS 39

Symmetrically H0,n = H0,1 for all integers n > N2 , where each βi

β1 β2 N2 β
H0,2 ...H0,N 2
is a nonnegative integer such that
β1 + 2β2 + ... + N2 βN2 = n.
Theorem 2.4. Let F = (Im,n )(m,n)∈N2 be a biltration on the ring A and let
N1 and N2 be two positive integers. Consider the family H = (Hm,n )(m,n)∈N2 of
ideals of A dened as follows :
Y if m ≤ N1 and n ≤ N2

 X Im,n

Ii,ji,j if m > N1 or n > N2 ,
k
Hm,n =
0≤i≤N1


0≤j≤N2 ,

where ki,j are nonnegative integers which satisfy conditions (∗) of (2.1.7), that is

 X N1
N2 X



 iki,j = m

(∗) j=0 i=1
N2
N1 X Then
 X
jki,j = n





i=0 j=1

i) H is a biltration on A which satises the inequality H ≤ F. In addition H

is EP and is the smallest biltration on A whose (N1 + 1)(N2 + 1) rst terms are
those of F.
ii) Assume that F is EP with dening integers N1 and N2 and let H = (Hm,n )
be the biltration associated with F and the integers N1 and N2 as dened in (2.1.7).
If F satises condition (C) of section 2.4. with respect the integers N1 and N2 ,
then F = H.
Conversely, if F = H, then F is EP and satises condition (C) of section 2.4.
iii) A given biltration F on the ring A which satises condition (C) of section
2.4, is EP if and only if there exist two positve integers N1 and N2 such that F is
the smallest biltration on A whose rst (N1 + 1)(N2 + 1) terms are those of F.
Proof. i) We have Hm,n ⊆ Im,n for all (m, n) ∈ N2 .
Indeed if m ≤ N1 and n ≤ N2 , then by denition Hm,n = Im,n .
If m > NX 1 or n > N2 , then
k
Y
Hm,n = Ii,ji,j ,
0≤i≤N1
0≤j≤N2 ,
where ki,j are nonnegative integers which satisfy conditions (∗) of (2.1.7).
It follows easily that, under conditions (∗),

k k k k k k k k k k k
Y
Ii,ji,j = I1,0
1,0 2,0
I2,0 ...INN1 ,0
1 ,0 0,1
I0,1 1,1
I1,1 2,1
I2,1 ...INN1 ,1
1 ,1 0,2
I0,2 1,2
I1,2 2,2
I2,2 ...
0≤i≤N1
0≤j≤N2 ,
k k k k k
...INN1 ,2
1 ,2 0,N2
...I0,N2
1,N2
I1,N 2
2,N2
I2,N 2
...INN1 ,N
1 ,N2
2

⊆ Ik1,0 ,0 I2k2,0 ,0 ....IN1 kN1 ,0 ,0 I0,k0,1 Ik1,1 ,k1,1 I2k2,1 ,k2,1 ...IN1 kN1 ,1 ,kN1 ,1
...I0,2k0,2 Ik1,2 ,2k1,2 ...IN1 kN1 ,2 ,2kN1 ,2 ...I0,N2 k0,N2 Ik1,N2 ,N2 k1,N2 I2k2,N2 ,N2 k2,N2 ..
..IN1 kN1 ,N2 ,N2 kN1 ,N2 ⊆ Im,n .
40 M. SANGARÉ, D. SANGARE, AND YORO DIAKITÉ

Therefore Hm,n ⊆ Im,n for all m, n.

Let us show that Hm+1,n ⊆ Hm,n and that Hm,n+1 ⊆ Hm,n for all m, n.
It suces to show the rst inclusion, the second one being similar.
If m ≤ N1 and n ≤ N2 , then by denition Hm,n = Im,n .
We have m + 1 ≤ N1 + 1
So if m + 1 ≤ N1 , then Hm+1,n = Im+1,n ⊆ Im,n = Hm,n .
If m + 1 = N1 + 1, then m = N1 . We have
HN1 +1,n ⊆ IN1 +1,n ⊆ IN1 ,n = HN1 ,n .
Suppose now thatXm >Y
N1 and n ≤ N2 .
Then Hm+1,n = k
Ii,ji,j ,
0≤i≤N1
0≤j≤N2 ,
where ki,j are nonnegative integers which satisfy :

 X N1
N2 X



 iki,j = m + 1

j=0 i=1
(∗) N1 X
N2
 X
jki,j = n





i=0 j=1

Therefore
N2 N2 X
N1
k '1,0 + iki,j = m, where k1,0 = k '1,0 + 1
X X
k1,j +
j=1 j=0 i=2
with the convention that if k1,0 = 0, then k'1,0 = −1 and I1,0
k 1,0
=A
'

So I1,0
k1,0 k
= I1,0 I1,01,0 ⊆ I1,0
'

For any dening product in Hm+1,n , we have

k k k k k k k k k k k
1,0
I1,0 2,0
I2,0 ...INN1 ,0
1 ,0 0,1
I0,1 1,1
I1,1 2,1
I2,1 ...INN1 ,1
1 ,1 0,N2
...I0,N 2
1,N2
I1,N 2
2,N2
I2,N2
...INN1 ,N
1 ,N2
2
=
k' +1 k2,0 k 1 ,0 k0,1 k1,1 k2,1 k 1 ,1 k0,2 k1,2 k2,2 k 1 ,2
I1,01,0 I2,0 ...INN1 ,0 I0,1 I1,1 I2,1 ...INN1 ,1 I0,2 I1,2 I2,2 ...INN1 ,2 ...
k0,N2 k1,N2 k2,N2 kN1 ,N2
..I0,N2 I1,N2 I2,N2 ...IN1 ,N2
k' k2,0 k 1 ,0 k0,1 k1,1 k2,1 k 1 ,1 k0,2 k1,2 k2,2 k 1 ,2
= I1,0 I1,01,0 I2,0 ...INN1 ,0 I0,1 I1,1 I2,1 ...INN1 ,1 I0,2 I1,2 I2,2 ...INN1 ,2 ...
k0,N2 k1,N2 k2,N2 kN1 ,N2
..I0,N2 I1,N2 I2,N2 ...IN1 ,N2 ⊆ I1,0 Hm,n ⊆ Hm,n
since I1,0 and Hm,n are ideals of the ring A.
Consequently Hm+1,n ⊆ Hm,n .
If m ≤ N1 and n > N2 , or if m > N1 and n > N2 then it can be shown exactly
as above that Hm+1,n ⊆ Hm,n .
Let m, n, p, q ∈ N. Let us prove that Hm,n Hp,q ⊆ Hm+p,n+q .
If (m and p) > N1 or (n and q) > N2 , then consider two dening products of
Hm,n and Hp,q ,
k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k
1,0
I1,0 2,0
I2,0 ...INN1 ,0
1 ,0 0,1
I0,1 1,1
I1,1 2,1
I2,1 ...INN1 ,1
1 ,1 0,2
I0,2 1,2
I1,2 2,2
I2,2 ...INN1 ,2
1 ,2 0,N2
...I0,N2
1,N2
I1,N 2
2,N2
I2,N 2
..INN1 ,N
1 ,N2
2

and
k' k' k' k' k' k' k' k' k0 k' k'
I1,01,0 I2,02,0 ...IN1N,01 ,0 I0,10,1 I1,11,1 I2,12,1 ...IN1N,11 ,1 ...I0,20,2 I1,2
1,2
I2,22,2 ...IN1N,21 ,2 ...
k'0,N2 1,N2k' 2,N2 k' k'
I0,N 2
I1,N 2
I2,N 2
...IN1N,N
1 ,N2
2
,
 CHARACTERIZATION OF EP BIFILTRATIONS 41

where
N2
X N1
X
(k1,j + 2k2,j + .... + N1 kN1 ,j ) = m (ki,1 + 2ki,2 + .... + N2 ki,N2 ) = n
j=0 i=0
N2 N1
(k '1,j + 2k '2,j + .... + N1 k 'N1 ,j ) = p (k 'i,1 + 2k 'i,2 + .... + N2 k 'i,N2 ) = q
X X

j=0 i=0
If we write the product of these two products, then we get :
0 0
k1,0 +k1,0 k2,0 +k'2,0 k 1 ,0 +k'N1 ,0 k0,1 +k'0,1 k1,1 +k1,1 k2,1 +k'2,1
I1,0 I2,0 ...INN1 ,0 I0,1 I1,1 I2,1 ..
k +k'N1 ,1 k0,2 +k'0,2 k1,2 +k'1,2 k2,2 +k'2,2 k 1 ,2 +k'N1 ,2
..INN1 ,1
1 ,1
I0,2 I1,2 I2,2 ......INN1 ,2 ..
k0,N2 +k'0,N k1,N2 +k'1,N k2,N2 +k'2,N k +k'N1 ,N2
...I0,N2 2
I1,N2 2
I2,N2 2
...INN1 ,N
1 ,N2
2

Take li,j = ki,j + k'i,j . Then

N2
X
(l1,j + 2l2,j + .... + N1 lN1 ,j ) =
j=0
N2
(k1,j + k '1,j ) + 2(k2,j + k '2,j ).... + N1 (kN1 ,j + k 'N1 ,j ) = m + p
X

j=0
N1
X
(li,1 + 2li,2 + .... + N2 li,N2 ) = n + q
i=0
It follows that Hm,n Hp,q ⊆ Hm+p,n+q .
All the remaining cases can be proved using Remark 2.2.
Therefore H = (Hm,n )m,n is a biltration on A which satises the inequality
H ≤ F.
We claim that H is the smallest biltration on A whose (N1 + 1)(N2 + 1)
rst terms are those of F. Indeed let G = (Jm,n ) be a biltration on A whose
(N1 + 1)(N2 + 1) rst terms are those of F. Then H ≤ G. Indeed let (m, n) ∈ N2 .
If m ≤ N1 and n ≤ N2 , then by denition Jm,n = Im,n . If m > N1 or n > N2 , then
k
X Y
Hm,n = Ii,ji,j ,
0≤i≤N1
0≤j≤N2 ,

where ki,j are nonnegative integers which satisfy conditions (∗) of (2.1.7). So
k1,0 k2,0 k 1 ,0 k0,1 k1,1 k2,1 k 1 ,1 k0,2 k1,2 k2,2 k 1 ,2 k0,N2 k1,N2 k2,N2 k 1 ,N2
I1,0 I2,0 ...INN1 ,0 I0,1 I1,1 I2,1 ...INN1 ,1 I0,2 I1,2 I2,2 ...INN1 ,2 ...I0,N 2
I1,N2 I2,N2 ...INN1 ,N2

k k k k k k k k k k k
1,0
= J1,0 2,0
J2,0 ...JNN1 ,0
1 ,0 0,1
J0,1 1,1
J1,1 2,1
J2,1 ...JNN1 ,1
1 ,1 0,2
J0,2 1,2
J1,2 2,2
J2,2 ..JNN1 ,2
1 ,2
..
k
0,N2 k
1,N2 2,N2 k
3,N2 k k
.....J0,N 2
J1,N 2
J2,N 2
J3,N 2
...JNN1 ,N
1 ,N2
2

⊆ Jm,n .
Therefore Hm,n ⊆ Jm,n and H ≤ G. It follows that H is the smallest biltration
on A whose (N1 + 1)(N2 + 1) rst terms are those of F.
Now let us show that the biltration H is EP.
Let m, n be nonnegative integers such that m > N1 or n > N2 . We will show that
X
Hm,n = Hm−p,n−q Hp,q .
0≤p≤N1
0≤q≤N2
(p,q)6=(0,0)
42 M. SANGARÉ, D. SANGARE, AND YORO DIAKITÉ

It suces to show that Hm,n ⊆

X
Hm−p,n−q Hp,q
0≤p≤N1
0≤q≤N2
(p,q)6=(0,0)
1st case : m > N1 and n > N2 .
Let ki,j be nonnegative integers which satisfy conditions (∗) of (2.1.7). Then there
exist integers s and t with 1 ≤ s ≤ N1 , 0 ≤ t ≤ N2 such that ks,t ≥ 1. Take
k 's,t = ks,t − 1. Then we have s ≤ sks,t ≤ m and Hs,t ⊆ Hs,0 since 0 ≤ t.
Similarly there exist integers u and v with 0 ≤ u ≤ N1 , 1 ≤ v ≤ N2 such that
ku,v ≥ 1. Take k 'u,v = ku,v − 1. We have Hu,v ⊆ H0,v since 0 ≤ u.
Then taking k's,t and k'u,v into account in conditions (∗) of (2.1.7) we get

 X N1
N2 X
iki,j = m − s





j=0 i=1
(∗)0 N2
N1 X
 X
jki,j = n − v





i=0 j=1

We have the following inclusions starting from a dening product of Hm,n ,

k k k k k k k k k k k' k
1,0
Is,t Iu,v I1,0 2,0
I2,0 ...INN1 ,0
1 ,0 0,1
I0,1 1,1
I1,1 2,1
I2,1 ...INN1 ,1
1 ,1
......I0,t0,t I1,t1,t I2,t2,t ...Is,ts,t ...INN1 ,t
1 ,t
..

k k kk'u,v k k k k k
0,v
...I0,v 1,v
I1,v 2,v
I2,v ...Iu,v ...INN1 ,v
1 ,v 0,N2
...I0,N2
1,N2
I1,N 2
2,N2
I2,N 2
...INN1 ,N
1 ,N2
2

⊆ Is,t Iu,v Hm−s,n−v = Hs,t Hu,v Hm−s,n−v ⊆ Hs,0 H0,v Hm−s,n−v

N1 X
X N2 X
⊆ Hs,v Hm−s,n−v ⊆ Hm−p,n−q Hp,q ⊆ Hm−p,n−q Hp,q
p = 1q = 1 0≤p≤N1
0≤q≤N2
(p,q)6=(0,0)

It follows that
Hm−p,n−q Hp,q if m > N1 and n > N2 .
X
Hm,n =
0≤p≤N1
0≤q≤N2
(p,q)6=(0,0)

2nd case : m > N1 and n ≤ N2

Consider the integer k's,t = ks,t − 1 as dened in the proof of the rst case.
Then as above we have
k k k k k k k k k k k' k
1,0
Is,t I1,0 2,0
I2,0 ...INN1 ,0
1 ,0 0,1
I0,1 1,1
I1,1 2,1
I2,1 ...INN1 ,1
1 ,1
...I0,t0,t I1,t1,t I2,t2,t ...Is,ts,t ...INN1 ,t
1 ,t
...

k
0,N2 1,N2 k2,N2 k k
I0,N 2
....I1,N2
I2,N 2
...INN1 ,N
1 ,N2
2

X
⊆ Is,t Hm−s,n = Hs,t Hm−s,n ⊆ Hs,0 Hm−s,n ⊆ Hm−p,n−q Hp,q
0≤p≤N1
0≤q≤N2
(p,q)6=(0,0)

3rd case : m ≤ N1 and n > N2 .

This case is similar to the second one.
It follows that H is EP.
 CHARACTERIZATION OF EP BIFILTRATIONS 43

ii) Let F = (Im,n )m,n∈N be a biltration on A. Assume that F is EP and let

N1 and N2 be positive integers such that
X
Im,n = Im−p,n−q Ip,q
0≤p≤N1
0≤q≤N2
(p,q)6=(0,0)

for all integers m, n with m > N1 or n > N2 .

Let H = (Hm,n ) be the biltration associated with F and the integers N1 and
N2 as dened in (2.1.7). Suppose that F satises condition (C) of section 2.4. with
respect to the integers N1 and N2 . We claim that F = H. Indeed we know already
that H ≤ F. To show that H = F, it suces to prove that Im,n ⊆ Hm,n for all
(m, n) with m > N1 or n > N2 . Consider such a pair (m, n).
1st case : m > N1 and n > N2
Then
X
Im,n = Im−p1 ,n−q1 Ip1 ,q1
0≤p1 ≤N1
0≤q1 ≤N2
(p1 ,q1 )6=(0,0)
N1
X N2
X N1 X
X N2
= Im−p1 ,n Ip1 ,0 + Im,n−q1 I0,q1 + Im−p1 ,n−q1 Ip1 ,q1
p1 =1 q1 =1 p1 =1 q1 =1
N1 X
N2
Consider the sum
X
Im−p1 ,n−q1 Ip1, q1 .
p1 =1 q1 =1

 m − p1 ≤ N1
If (Ineq1) and take km−p1 ,n−q1 = kp1, q1 = 1.
n − q1 ≤ N2 ,


k
Then we have Im−p1 ,n−q1 Ip1, q1 = Im−p m−p1 ,n−q1 k
1 ,n−q1
Ip1,p1q,q1 1
with (m − p1 ) km−p1 ,n−q1 + p1 kp1, q1 = m and (n − q1 )km−p1 ,n−q1 + q1 kp1, q1 = n
So Im−p1 ,n−q1 Ip1, q1 is a dening product of Hm,n
Therefore Im−p1 ,n−q1 Ip1, q1 ⊆ Hm,n for all p1 , q1 which satisfy inequalities (Ineq 1).
If m − p1 > N1 or n − q1 > N2 , then
X
Im−p1 ,n−q1 Ip1 ,q1 = Im−p1 −p2 ,n−q1 −q2 Ip2 ,q2 Ip1, q1
0≤p2 ≤N1
0≤q2 ≤N2
(p2 ,q2 )6=(0,0)
N1 N2
X
P
= Im−p1 −p2 ,n−q1 Ip2 ,0 Ip1, q1 + Im−p1 ,n−q1 −q2 I0,q2 Ip1, q1
p2 =1 q2 =1
N1 X
X N2
+ Im−p1 −p2 ,n−q1 −q2 Ip2 ,q2 Ip1, q1
p1 =1 q1 =1
N1 X
N2
Consider the last sum
X
Im−p1 −p2 ,n−q1 −q2 Ip2 ,q2 Ip1, q1 .
p1 =1 q1 =1

 m − p1 − p2 ≤ N1
If (Ineq2) and
n − q1 − q2 ≤ N2 ,

44 M. SANGARÉ, D. SANGARE, AND YORO DIAKITÉ

then, as above we see that Im−p1 −p2 ,n−q1 −q2 Ip2 ,q2 Ip1, q1 is a dening product of
Hm,n for all p1 , p2 , q1 , q2 which satisfy (Ineq 2). Therefore
Im−p1 −p2 ,n−q1 −q2 Ip2, q2 Ip1, q1 ⊆ Hm,n for all p1 , p2 , q1 , q2 which satisfy (Ineq 2).
If we apply this process to each ideal Iu,v with u > N1 or v > N2 , which is a
component of the previous sums and which does not belong to the set {Ipi ,qi , Ipi ,0 ,
Io,qi } with 0 ≤ pi ≤ N1 and 0 ≤ qi ≤ N2 , then it can be seen that the process
stops after a nite number of steps, since all the integers pi and qi are ≥ 1. Actually
we get the following types of ideals in the nal dening products at the end of the
process :
Im−p,n−q , where p = qj with
X X
pi , q =
i j
m − p ≤ 0 or n − q ≤ 0.
If m − p ≤ 0, then by condition (C), Im−p,n−q = I0,n−q
If n − q ≤ N2 , then Im−p,n−q = I0,n−q = H0,n−q
If n − q > N2 , then by condition (C),
where the βi are nonnegative
P β1 β2 βN2 P β1 β2 βN2
I0,n−q = I0,1 I0,2 ...I0,N 2
= H0,1 H0,2 ...H0,N 2
integers such that β1 +2β2 +...+N2 βN2 = n−q. Hence Im−p,n−q = I0,n−q ⊆ H0,n−q
We have a similar conclusion if n − q ≤ 0.
It follows that Im,n ⊆ Hm,n for all (m, n) with m > N1 and n > N2 .
2nd case m > N1 and n ≤ N2 or m ≤ N1 and n > N2 .
In each case, we proceed like the 1st case taking into account condition (C).
It follows that Im,n ⊆ Hm,n for all (m, n), hence F = H.
Conversely if F = H, then F is EP since H is EP .
iii) From the above results one can deduce that if the bitration F satises
condition (C), then F is EP if and only if there exist two positve integers N1 and
N2 such that F is the smallest biltration on A whose rst (N1 + 1)(N2 + 1) terms
are those of F 

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[HD] B. Hama, Y. Diakité, Fonctions quasi-polynomiales de Hilbert et de Hilbert-Samuel, bil-
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[Ra] L.J. Ratli,Jr. Note on Essentially Powers Filtrations, Michigan Math.J. 26 (1979)
[RR] L.J. Ratli,Jr. and D.E. Rush, Note on I-good ltrations and Noetherian Rees Rings, Comm.
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