citoyennet6 dds

d'avoir trouv6 parmi les l6gionnaires thraces morts d Lyon dans la premiire moili6 du IIIU s. un T. Flauius Florus domo Philippopoli ex prou(incia)
Thracia
-

beaucoup d'6gards dans I'histoire de I'Empire romain. On ne s'6tonne plus

le F. s. et en particulier

l'6poque llavienne, si d6cisive

et de Ia cullure thrace. Plo\ div, 3-17 oclobre 1980,

pULPUDEVA. Semaines philippopolilaines de I,hisloire

4

Quelles conclusions? Elles n'6tonneront personne; c'est pourquoi je craignais en commenCant de n'enfoncer que des portes ouvertes. D'abord la pr6sence thrace dans les Gaules et les Germanies est i I'Evidence une militaire, dds le ler s. dans les unit6s auxiliaires, plus tard dans les l6gions slrtout les l6gionnaires 6tant sans doute souvent les fils ou les petita-lils des auxiliaires devenant citoyens au moment de leur retraite. En setond lieu, cette pr6sence est trds limit6e: pour le moment, quelque cinquante Thraces rep6r6s dans six provinces d'Occident en quatre sidcles. . . c'est bien peu. . . Le bilan n'est gudre difl6rent en Afrique.2s Les Thraces et leur pays lointain
devaient dans ces conditions 6tre bien mal connus dans ces provinces, N'est-ce pas ce qui peut expliquer les fantaisies orthographiques qui alfectent non seulement la gravure de I'ethnique Sappaus (pour Sapaeus), mais mme celle des mots qui d6signent la Thrace el son peuple? On lit en effet parfois Thracia et Thrax - Thracum, mais aussi Tracia, Traex, Trex, Trhaces, Trachum et mme Traecerum. N'est-ce pas r6v6lateur?

PHILIP

II

AND THRACE

ERNST BADIAN (Harvard)

ol

something happened, we must

what barbarian state in the north was destined to rule lhe oihum?ni, he u.ould at first have refused to consider the.possibility. II assured thal ihe gods had foretold it. u'as. to happen. bu_t-had'not named the state concerned, tiere is no- doubt that his guess would have been the Odrysian kinpdom.l He would- certainly not have thought of Macedon. The greai reien of"Sitalces js outside our immediale terms ol reference here. But by 360 EC, Cotvs slood ai-the height of his power, while Macedon, as alway! after the deith ol a ruler and.olten. at olher times, was_beset by enemies and torn asunder by court Iac(ions that seemed likely to lead to ihe collapse ol a unilied Argeai kingdom.'1 Yet tithin 23 years, Philip It wai *"rt6. oi-C-r"".f is- we as ol. lhrace, and preparing to challenge the persian Empire in its Asian dominions. We are accustomed to think in terms of slow change in antiquity, as compared lo the speed. of developmenls in_our own revolutionary ige.'yet our eneration has nothing al all comparable lo offer. The mere stitement oI thal parudoxon, the rise of Philip and (in. particular) his relatilely easy qonqugst o.f_ Thrace, shows that theie are indeed questi'ons to be anss.ered'. But alas, there is not enough. posilive knowledge to attempt a meiningful ans$er. I Iear ue musl, for lhe moment, continue to work'away at try"ing t H"a t" ben told to think ol a second possibility, he might have thousht ol the Scythians. I:or the a.sessmenl here suEgested, see Thui. ll 97." - --',See the lurid story in Justin Vtf4, T and V 4li. and cf. the scholiasi on Aesch. z,29.-Hammond s Judgment (Hammond ind Grillith, A Histotg
336 BC, 1979, 183: heflceforth referred to onty by the name of ttrjpa'rticutar irGor eiieal lhat 'tbewholestory is poppycock'is perhrfs exaggerarea, una fii.,"ison Ueari ro. relallon lo.the procedure in the Assembly of the Macedones 6gainst those \r.ho \rere detected ill a lreasonab]e plol'could be desiribed in similar I.Ig"uaee. Thouph some ol the-delaibre probably liler Iiction, we do not know enough fo-."i?.i if.," iiflof"

ue can. begin to lheorize abofi ahg firsl know wilh aierlain degree oi orecisioi rc,ftal happened..The ques_tion of_Maced_onia and Thrace in th"e fourtti century is inded a major one. It would uell deserve an illuminatine hroolhesij. Il, either_around 425 BC or again fifty years laler, an Athenian hid beln asked

We all know that there is no delinitive answer to lhe great questions of hislory; but even the propounding of a serious hypolhesis re"quires'iminimum
precise .lactual knowledge: before

ol itatedonia

fi: rtii.it

SSO-

ont_

,s H. C. P f I a u m. Pannoniens et Thraces. . ., 53-67. Douze Thraces seulement dl6 jusqu'ici rdpertorids dans la legio lll Augusta et ses units auxiliaires de Nu-

and_il.litsjn well-enough uilh the traditions ol the Argeadhouse,'as ia1"i by Philip II ind Alexandcr III after their respective aiessions. "iempfitied

oiii,

50

51

preliminary labour that this p-aper

to estabhsh_ the actual course of everts, and_we must hope that further archaeological and (in particutart epigraphicrt jii.rrir'# *iiii"fp f. g"t us to a stage where we can hesin io"atiempt

"ilf
I

"r.ipi.r"il"r.'ri Ui aevoi"S--' ilri"iola'it"

is to such

must be lhe !::l::Il.!, at presents PhiJip,.in what into Thrace, first year of his reign, as aovancrng least lhree davs, march ll see'm1 anj arrrving at one o[ cotys' pataces - r. hich rheopompus ;;ilcii, i; e"i;iiti;,; ,1" u"riuing that barbarian's IiIe and chnracleri a;;;;i .?;;t;;r;iu""iir.g!"rt.a

Our problems start. at onca,. with. piilip's accession. Did that event precede or foliow the dealh oI Coiys?.tf.trr. rlwo" men the great king

ander I. Berisades il lhe Ietter was froia neurvas probably lorgo en by lhe time

memory.) Demosthenes 1.,,rr",r. '-l ll9.,i- Stsassin ,f,J,,i: Macedonian i..i,e ;i,;",iiii'ii:',i,1":"'*:':!#,i ,iT;[I,ifl',;,,:",t",.r'" ol Ptataea and twice ca s him perd iccas'tzi, 'zoijj, 'i

.5hs-\r; ii;i'i;;r;i't;t1i jitiiiiiriirJ ti,,r"tt. :)S1"r:,r,jf"",',:"f iilJTfil::I:d.19.i,,u.t"ir"i'l,i"i also musl belbng"....,ion, to,living

lo destroy that kinpdom and tro claim its heritage dealings with each olhcr? --did they have iny A fragment of an anecdotalisl3.mentionsphilip as receiving a letter from ^. cotys. It is the ontv reDorted Iink beiu.een.them, "r;;';;;i ;l?ri;,s _ e. g. Grote.and Beloch, io niention only.the _'ilru?j".i.l.it. unrro_ ported, it is nol good evidence. In'Jact, "rir"ni "t,",,"t f iri ig"t'ur;.r';.t:r; i ,;#i; oI,a Thracian king dealing. wilh pt iiti, 9l-l^.o^11!""; rr rs agreed, at any rale, that Colys died-aroud it"*""i.a"iiii"ierriporis.n tin.,uii'nf,ilp. sion; the queslion is onlv: u.as it ;ust before oilusfrii;;; ii.rl#i,otu" ".."._ ,,Ili ,ot"a that, even if lhe anecdoti itseli is'not.pure ti.ii,jr, 'lhracian king u gru"t haphazardtv inserted,,tire r;;;';;'r;;;";;;'l.iliiu..,rorg. "iiiiit" ureeks did not care a ereaI deal auout rlracian I'lacedonian kings as oersons- They easily.confui"j "i io"rirli'pi, iilii,",ven about them as types. The rhetor uho 2'gsnsljlion'l"iti, ir,"ir'r"rlrr)."g"rairg *i"t"'Eiiir]p,s .Letter lo the Alhenians'that survir.es as i"rn.. fz,","f.i"'to.r.itri,iiil lire Si. talces (1.9), where the coniext ,-.tq21ly

at lhe end of his Iife r,ii tirljor:i'gi"rr,l'JirJllj,rt" yorrg man succeeding, apparen y, to a disintegrat"ing mon-rrcfry, l,i1i'.,lus destined

rri

lhe ,r..aof"'"r, o, "iiii& Yel some have sought sunnort for. lhe.sltspect leller. There is a puzzling

lim

i'ijri,"oi' i"o,rl", er.*_ rufeJtniV itr". y.rrs 'ri,.ora.O

ff Ti-i,?'"J"1iria,1,;1,:i
sources

:l,T:ul,iilll;iil l.llri*lr.;;*"#:1j*
rlmol cenainty aia i,irt ftna ,'nj,nu'i"jii. io"ur"", ,. i. th.t ih rery snort reign

not named
suggested

lor ancrtores ,,,"n],?"I:it".i;';i;0."1::,,iv,ii{"ul,,lT",T'fJl!:lJ;f,i?;),H.lli;"ii,iEii!,liily;

in the text. it could

(ip. vt 248e), one,of,a series of anecdotes person ol the parasite 4ih.cn. ^J!!!rna". Cleisophus. H(lgesanoet s L.onmcnlarirs are woven around the among Alhenaeus; ravou.te

indeed. he ;";; h;;;-u'."n"folii.ti' to "ould it. The thought of - summit meeting at totyi:-f.f the "rorgr, rrri'di'lUrna*"a. On lhe olher hind. il wilt noi rto lo ^" _cta-im rf,ri nfiifil'* ri-_ ,iiaing tlrruru, thar he uas rhere as an enemv. ;;;ih. +;;"ch it'.ffi't" t.rpt"rteico[:ii ing to posit a show of force ipainst rte'[irg-*r,o i^" b"i"jiirr"iiil. ,O ** 'n'o iupp.orting a Maccdonian .o,inr.r-.trirunii i;.;"';r;';#;i; ri." to, it. He had to hunt down and kirr one oi tirit'iirli liJ*".r'riii. iiners rrea;, then meet an invasion bv the n.siqnder A;g;;;."'i;ffi'uli'J".ipporrua ry Alhens), then (parlty on'ihe sr'rengrh of . . ii"ii]ri'.".oi!rirut" *," f^",[9lll,j"d Ma.cedoiian army, ro"be ;;;Ji Ioltowrng spring. In the circurnstances, qi must surely Ln"riiriiu in u,u betieve,bioaorus, -"rij'ir,iiiiuilt'rr the kingibf grrts _ :lit.T:^l!.tl1_lg bought ofr ambcssadors.Tpr;,,ll senr,properly, through -very tiowever u.e look at it. the Iragrnent about philip.s three.day march into.Thrace wi not fit. t must suggeit ihat iil;';nj; That is not an outr.ageous suggeslii"n. It is.k;;;;?;;'; gfrn.u"ui ,nr*.r. "rn"rarilJrii, t".ouy,, apparatus will confjrm it) lh;t book numbers in it" .itu'iion oiirrg*.nf, are frequently corrrpt. A,lany t"v. U""n ,-f;;;;.;irinly _or" await emendarion.s i have no doubt thatin iliis i";i;;;;fi;:;;s "*"raua; "rJ an easy remedy. We must read iv rfir (j[ for tv rir d: re lragment belongs . in Book XI, not in Book I. noi sijik x i a*, i'.rir.irruivl'"ni'.,,iiu, ,, vasion. of. Thrace, in lact with the major *; ;c;il;; Cdr;-bj"ri". tn tn. asg or.352 (see below); Ft0l, mentioning lmdaocml*lit firr-poii""r'i'#. alion,.which must be based on lhe itual .oriu^i in f't "^pt.n_ tt. of this "oioriuri,'utt.rt, . The result This long discussion has been negativel Br.it ifiai at teast the air. 1lea1s t-i-Th-ragment fragmint, in its urong lt;.;;T;;'f", i;; ioig invitea
do

]. I ij'llx*,:,"-'*:,1 i.L:il slill alive at lhe time; and rhe-suggesled.";;';;i;i:;ri;i, iiii\cutt ^I#';:lf ro UeIieve. First,_ireaties were made tfrri"ugfr amfaiiaOo^. rneetings.' The reason is obviols, onie u.e attend to ifr"r"'*.i"'r'o tr..it ii in aeia-ii. had taken an army adeouate ro. nis prolection-ii;;";ry;,';ar;iiiiito fi nlillp Thru"", Cotys.would have had g;od reason t6 be inal"a.'ri. .#'!" .rr" t. woutd never have periitted it. If, houevei. Fhrtip"iri"io,ie'ilittort "orr,"J ,r.t a protecting force, he u.ould ha'e had-''ery gooJ i[rio, to i.rr"ir,rt t. o.r" walking into a trap
I

[,H'.,

*;**

ttut jlr*ilil'#iiy:!

hi;;;;;; i;;-;;;ii;:r

ir ihe [e]t.

Diodoru\
be

"j - ,, ;i'; ;i';,il'ii 'ii',ll,fi.liii':ii:1"ffi:"'#::,",lii'l"q iiji;ll';: ffi:'" .l.ll.,;it"lr it'irrtiilu,ulrri*iil$i ffi

ol Berisades had l.en forgotlen and that it was indeed h" u.ho Hege'aiaer\ ,n"caore.is toJe ,i."ri "rnoor," ,!'ii.,."j,lili,i,r{i::"#,iir":3"fl

,T,:.,";:T.:: 5 Thar documrni is shor-ttrrougli wrth rrstorica.r errors it is not - so much so lhat r"ri"u"a. there and nowhere

q r rls recenr touowers incr udehisrory "i ir" 6aii,iirr''iv,i,ri",')il,,,i),,JX?iil elis'liiriiii ij Lii'fi1,1,'"iiiL'i') mperiatisnt cired by aurhor's n,.,efrs aiia F<ii. in e.'iv"iiiiiii'il[.1],;ar",;r; lll,r,;l"i;;ii"il, 7
lq9!.
-

appears in Forflis/ as Is F3r. The inrerpretario, here menlioned is nol based on anyrhidg in rhe frasmen-t_ (see r",r1, ii ii iiir"a',i'ivi'rJ"iir'urion lhe contents oi the'tetrer'recorded"by H"g"*ra"i fi""i. i rii* "tort -i"iur,il"l. rr, ,. I have been able ro rrace it, rhe view w,1, ia.fi ;il,;;-;y';. HIit, ;",i'i;iliiii ler v useiul (and at the time cxcellnt) survcv or rhe

_--

ini:i:

See.Diod. XVI 2.3 and cf. Justin -rheopompus

thc

f,::I"JT"X:,',i,r:,."..,

t My colleague T. R. ilartin, in a forthcoming articie, has removed a patent never belore noticed - error in F34-48

r-g,""ti,a-in" i"i,i

VIII 3,

IO. Well discussed

,-ni"i',i"ir,urt'r,'iiio,y iu,u.

by Gr;liith

210 f.

but

53

ths.1s'bsi;5;iii;;. 1il..A;i";i;ni, trying to recover Chersonese lor the "kingdom. lvtiltocyt hes -uzs'ca reil i';n?'ih r.lau_r, ]9^.hi: execution. (Demoithenes givei us rhe irformarion (.23. I69) that Thracian princes, ur,* u:r,"n tfiey'io-rjrii.fil'Jilti"r, krrf one anolher in cold blood: this indicates (tr" i"Ti"liiitv'lrj'iis aio ""t ex potte arcount.) .Demosthenes then asserts, iont'rary iii-rr'"riiiiirrt'rllnent, that

he uas alreaav-a"ri'i ln lact, the Kine of Thrace{nbt named for ur) i.iro suiportea against phitip may quite possiuty nave'oeen d"i#ti"ii#[ri"".i'in a pretender fact Chari_ demus), ralher lhan eithei Cotvs or Berisades. ft aepienison ri,lat happened straight arter Cotvs' assassina"li6r, ;;i;;-;;r';;,;f;trv his old. enemy Miltocythes.ro lJemosthenes is confused ii"Irri, about bv ,na p*tirln"in fir. accouni; but it Iooks as if chariaemui ioi a tir. i..r'i"a l'L""lil transition pouer for Colys' young c"r.ebi"pt"i. tij"^r i,iririirr""i:#'Jgu ir., Mit. 9t tocythes, he also struck ioainsf "on

at the time of tLe'tetieir;i.;il-t;;y"h;$rAr';ili; believed), he certajnty diea too,soon',iiei it'i;;;;:;."1r;i'iJilu" '" "' rua ,ry consequ-ences. But more probablv
accession

irresponsible specuration.

(i. e., if lhe name in

If

cotys. was

stiI

arive

philio,s

the Athenia-n! who dictated the terms ol the treaty, preferred to weaken the,pou'er of,Cersebleptes (i..e., ofCharidemu., rto'naa'ito*n iii'toriifiiy to them) and not to have him as their sole neighbour lhere.r3

II
That must have been in 358 or Bi7 (we cannot tell). At this time, philip was a-frierd and ally of Athens, engiged in the lanious seirei nesotiation! rn whrch-he promised lo get Amphipolis back for the Athenians, a-nd in the srege ol Amphipolis itself.ta He had no part in the Thracian set ement, in_ deed no interest (so far) in Thracian affairs. The first time we hear of iuch an interest is in connection rvith the appeal oI Crenides for help against a

::I

,;";;;i;i

nmaaocui agairri"iiiJ rrt""iii'u. ,g"in.t Cersebteptes). no doubt \,,.iih Athenian supptrtilj1;i, Athenian advisers.It The coalition \r.a, ou.iJrf,"irirg] ;l#;; liqrir"a pro. to make an.imposed ireaty u.ith Lnares, recogrrsing cLr"i'a"Lir'rro r. tor..O Alhens. righls in Chersorrese an.the partilion of the krngdom among lhe three clairiants.r: It is 'ir,.it an r-nteresling detait of this irezly ih.at, attho;Et ii,riiiei,:, *.r" ,pparenlty given separateparrs or th'" ki;sd; i;";; iu'iro,igi ri i"ir,lr.. ,."rion. ajrgned east to $.esl). thev alt maintained an inlerest in ehe;;o;;s;. it was too imporrant for any of th"* i;;r;;;;; ;orpr"r.i'Jiy"j'lia perhaps

to the rebeltion o[

rt

uas onty lhe Thracians' tn,ror

Berisades

,nt

it

crriiijemrr: orilrii"".iiije tnrt

reo

p"rt

"p,

--'&" "

18

lrelow.nd text-

Thracian threat-15 .. Crenides had been founded by the Thasians in 360i89, apparenfly on the advice ol the Athenian Callistratus.t6 fne poirl'iip"rt p,lr*ing..There can be little doubt that the founditjon, pieciset'y at-iils'time, "i.'rloiiii must be due-lo Col ys' death: he would never have peimitieJ irirelen'intrusion In a place ot such strategic importance. It is idle to waste u.ords on uhether or nol.nrs lmmediate successor gave .permission' Ior the set ementr? _ the lacts show that it was made at a time when Thracian weakness could be exploiled. The beginning of Thracian recovery at once endangered its existence. Eut betore we pursue the story, a furlher consequence should be indicated: il weiccpt Collart-s suggestion,s that the foundation can be shown to pre_ cede.Philip's accession, it uould lollow lhal we can ccnfiden y date Coiys' death b-efore Philip's accession: the foundation of ttre Jtonv *oritjinterr"n". co art, houever, is also responsible for lhe unfortunate idea that it was Cersebleptes, in the course oi his attempt to eliminate his oartners in the treaty-dividing.lhe kingdom, -who launched the altack that indangered rne crry, ihrs-idea h-as gained wide acceptance.ro It should never have been consrdered. lt Cersebleptes, in an attack on both his immediate western l",l ines 5 and.tO cities ole tribute to one ot ihe three kinps (separated Dy 1).. lne crtres.'n Cherso_nese, Iowever. owe lribute to all three (lines l3 ihd names are rorne0,Dy xot,. as welt as the .conlribuiion' (slnlaxisl lo Athens. thev paid all r.nese exacr,orls,.lhe treaty provids for them lo be .lree and autonomous and'jttied lo AInens ano Ee sades and Amadocus and Cerseb)eples': any failure lo Dav. or attemr,t 10 leave any one o[.the allia-nces, is to be puntshed'by ait%i,r-prrt,i"* iSUiti* rrealy (or one rn thrs general context) that Demoslhenes (173) discribes is .beit and most

#lfl;,#,lilit.,:uill;'ill
dcarh

fi,",i:".,i:fi,-,"tnll;Tlll.il."i,i,ii,,;3::iff",if,,1,J;i:

;""t^*tl:t

Il

fi:

i5iEl'tij:lii,iffiT.l:ilt:#:.,:,1:ii::r,gllL*ll;"1*ii'.."""'i,,1$"t"":,;giit rr
.
.

evcr. \\'e lrler find rhar Chnrirlemrr. \irrr.rhe onty or (jb. t63) ind rhat thc alliance or rhc rwo orhir Inrrir;;y i"i.&, i...i,ii.iie; lt,".,^r,or" kingi rid Ari,Jnii..i,ll.io"r tt,"r ri_" 't -iii"i"iii"'11"*i'iix; applarenuv.:,n.independent (ondofliere (onrv ca,ne ; u.ijt or Ililro.

-pre.umrbiyi";;,;";i,,,a;it"%3ih:l,,iilJ$H!;t1i,,iii;..',fli;f;l",31.,::t.

Demonsthenes s'tarts bv savin

Ii]iii,ii

iT,i#it1

l::",,ll.,Aii,Ti,r,;lu*;ioi;"#':,illq"cus. ":h'";'i#ft,:lii.,;;;;ii;,,r independenr__ ."";r;;":,iliisiii,ili:",f-6i:;:,.;l:"li?i:drA,henodorus wis s{il ,?

See Dem.

rre obvioudi, c,;;i: l';i ;".*',1i"":::HIX,".*,".i[:l .lrhens, \ince they ue.e ctven Arh.ni,n cirizenshi.p: ir.. rzi r,jrl i,ii.Ji] i." irl,.pr",

+J"",',?:lij

f,Flx,ifi:iri:iii "iili.p,

;;

il;;i

[:;i;:r. E:,;i

rr" ruin'rx
.u,,u-

:*"iiiiXi ilialjTji

rit i. cr"- ir,oi

r'SeeS/u.298.convenienllyco e(tinglheevidence.Ste.Croix(CQ13, 'rr1ir,, tried .lo.show that there can haie been ;; .;;c;i l;;;it j 'ij""i; ;il; r'"ii, 1963, IlOIl.) ,o extent that, as he poinis out, a treaty would hrve to Ue a"6atJ ana i"i"iii it i*"-rr u," DUr searer nego alrons, and even a commitmenI by the Boule (\hich exercised a sre;t " ". !:"t. gLllg:pjldi"!agreement, in toreign arairs) ";f i'ri; Ki;g-, ;i;.h ,1,i"'i,,lieiti&jff a -genrremen s "uthority are by no means excluded, a-nd Demosthenes-seem; to -as i m!,ll just that. Etlis (52, with norej 30 If. on p. rsrj ioitb*s st".-biiillii,i

lust.

.itu,

23,

l70lf.

Raisino th,

#*:l;,"'#Ii,".jty",T,,"rfllf,h",,ifii{9:,j,u:iriij:iii:?JtillTI,r"i:lii: l,i[ll;,t," :g,llfii,'"]'i"ii;.li",i"Tii,"r :]"'i;:','iX:;,J::':,1[:"i61.';j[".J:;,,,J,;.

54

r: qee GriIIith 2{6 II. Ior sources and discussion. ri On the foundation oI the cotony, see the tull ireatment by C.olla , philippes, 1937. r33 17 Griffitl, l..c.,.discusses 'f. this at length and tries to conjecture reasons for such _ '----''pernrission.' Clearly, the permission, il Ei;en, woutd b" tB Philippes I37, with notes. (tI depEnds,i, tt" iO"rriiiiiiio,iot Datos. mcnrioned "rd;iil.-. a doclment staitrt alter in Thasds, wiitr Crenia"il
D Thus Ellis 68. Griftith 248.

tt"

neighbour Amadocus and the king to the west oI Amadocus (for whom, see further below), had already peneirated so far as to be attacking Crenides, al {he_foot of Mount P,angaeum, then (as a glance at a map will sh;u) the two rival kings uere cul oif from the sea and uire both bevond helo. yei the lact is that even the \r,esternmost king, Cetriporis, son ol Berisailes, conlinued his rule long enough to be well e;tablish;d in his region:ro whereas Amadocus'. kingdom. was prominently involved in the war- betu'een philip and Cersebleptes, a few years after this (see below). Cersebleptes'lorces can never have been within striking distance of Crenides. 'We must return to the simple and obvious truth. In the alliance later concluded.'t the Athenians pledged their support 1o .Cetriporis and his brothers' in caplurjng Crenides: indeed, that ilause, just betrire the end o, the_surviving fragment of the treaty, is the only posiiive war aim of which we happen to know. There is no reason to doubi that it u,as CetrjDoris who had originally wanted to_caplure Crenides, and that it was this threit against which lhe cilizens appealed to Philip for aid. We do not know precisely\'hen Berisades (a shadowy figure, not long on the throne) died and'uas suc'ceeded by 'Cetriporis and his brolhers' - nor indeed do u.e know anvthing about lhe brothers." But ihe shortness ol Berisades'reign suggests a p6u,er s-truggle in his kingdom, and it is even possible that he was eli"m"inated by Cetripo'ris. In any case, the young king, especially as he could observe philip II, in a srmrlar position, capturing Polidaea and laying siege to Amphipolis, must have lried to eliminale the foreign body that had been planted in lhe middle ol Thracian territory at a lime of Thracian ueakness irrd that cut him off from l{ount Panqaerrm and lhe road to lhe louer Slrymon. The cilizens, expecting his attack, quickly called on Philip for help. Aithoueh he was some distance auay, yet he uas presumably lhe-nearest 'possible p-rotector (since Athens. even if in principli availabli, rvas lriendly touard's the Thracian kings and - we must not forget - at this time must have been far more suspected.of imperial ambitions in this area than the young Macedonian). It is in this way lhat Philip. who (as we have seen)-canriot be shou.n io have had any Thracian interests or anrbilions hilherto, became involved in Thrace.,With.characlerislic speed and opportunism, he accepted the appeal and slrengthened lhe city \r.ilh a garrison. Cetriporis, Ioilid in his it_ tempt, thereupon seems to have allied himself with'the kinps of pamnia and Illyria in an aitempt to encircle Philip and make him;ithdraw. lt is-lhis (apparently pre-existing) alliance thaI was joined by Athens in Juty 356, in lhe treaty we have already relerred lo.2s It ls intere;tinp 1o note thai the initiative on the Athenian side had apparently come fromthares (mentioned in Iine I7 as sending an envoy rega-rding [he matter): he, of course, had brought about the original tripartite divjsion ol the kinsdom, and he retained a special interest in the aiea, where ue shall meet him again.
:o His name wrs later used to define a region ol Thrace: see Dittenberger, l/e/r!ds 1873,298 If. (showing that'Cedripolis'is-the Hellenized iorm ol the nirne, in the
sources).

The coalition was a tolal failure, and Philip apparently managed to defeat the-kings one at a time belore any conceited' iction was lauiched. He probably launched his attack before the Alhenians had even ioined the kings' alliancc.2r It rvas presumably only after his victorythat he openly annexed the city that had giren him the iretext for intenention and estab'Iished it as a colony in his oun name (Philippi). As is well known, the control ol Pan-gaeum and its mines uhich the possession of Philippi, together with that of Amphipolis secured lor him, tu-rned out to be the'econoriic foundation of his success. The cilizens of Crenides, however, found out loo late tbat they.had escaped a master \\'ho might \\'ell have been temporary by imposing

on themselves one uho uas there lo stay.

III
We next come to the least satisfactory parl of this survey puzzle lhat - a does-not at present appear to be soluble. At a time not daied in our sources, we find Philip ?ppearing at llaronea and negotiating with an envoy oi Cersebleptes: had not Amadocus forbidden him passage through his kingiom (so says Demosthenes 23, I83, our most reliable souice), thele would have been war between Athens and Cersebleptes, r,;ith Cardia bn his side.r5 Philip apparently withdrew, and u'as almost iaught by a force under Chares. Whatever one chooses to do about this, grave dilficulties arise. Philip, ue are. told, was accompanied by Pammenes the Theban. This, it was recognised_ long.ago, must be connected with Diodorus' report that, after Char6s had left the rebel satrap Artabazus, Pammenes rvai sent with a force of 5000 men to assist him.,0 Of course, Philip was bound to Pammenes by old ties: the tu,o men had been closely assoCiated (whatever the true deiails) when Philip stayed in Thebes as a hostage.r? It is not surprisinp that he turnl ed to Philip ior protection on his way-to Asia, since hi would have to go there by the long overland route. But praclically all else is puzzling, dn

this

view.

XlV,

lilerarv

ihe sons of Berilades secms certain:-see Dem. 23, I0.

!3 Sro. 309 (n.22 above).

..

"r S/u.300, lines 45 i.: see u.24 below and texl. r' Except.thsl Monunius, Cetriporis'envoy, uas one ol ihe brothers, That they were

The chronology depends on unreliable lilerary sources. Justin Xll 16, 6 has the well-known slory ('improved'by PIut. ,4ler. 3, 8) th;t philip rvas inlormed at the same time ol an Olympic victory. of Alexander's birth and ol Parmenio's viclorv over the Illyrial|s. (Plularch adds that he heard lhis just alter capturing polidaea.)'Alexander was probably born on 6 Hecaiornbaeon: whethei lhis is a geriuine,rd precise date depends on whether ihe Athenizn date as such uas known in hia liletime (v:hich is verv likelv) or Nhelher it was laier calculated on the basis ol a known Iqacedonian dale. as piutarch'.i $ording might suggest (,4/e.r. 3, 5). S,1.309 is dated on lhe elevenrh dav ol the first Drvtany ol 356/5, which should be later. lt would foltow that parmenio haa teg'.,n his i i,rian campaign long belore lhe conclusion of the treaty. The OlymDic vicroiv was abdut July 26 (see S. G. Miller, MDAI(A) XC, ,975. 229't.). Thouih bne shouli nor irv ro present precise equivalents for Athenian dates, il spems sa[e tdsav that Alexander'( reported birth'date must be 1\.ithin a reek of that. Ihe general credibility ol the anecdote is lhereby conlirmed (pro!ided we do not imagine PhiIp s hcarine all tle reDorts on lhe \_ery sam-e da!-)..Not much can be rescued from Diod6rus vague account lXVl 22,3, under.356/5) oi the alliance and the defeat ol the kings beiore ihey were reaay to fieht: tiough the absence oI arry menrion ol Athens in conneilion with the treaty itdt, perh_aps does mea, that the Athenians did not get round lo doing any fiehlinE at'all. Griflith 264 L clearly sets out;nd discusse< the'evidenci: tho-ugh I do qith '3 interpretalion ot it, (his his made the whole matter rnuch easier lonot asrce his disjusss

"

Diod. XVI 34, l-2 (under 353/2). See Plut. Pelop.26,6: the details need not be discussed

here.

56

57

regard Thebes as poie_ntiatty I Xirg "i'if.r" ioito* oio_ 119!qh,ll. hoped it uou-ld_ not be against tettowlCreek'sl,i' uorus, no\\'ever, we are asked to believe. that in 353/2 the Thebans suddeniy decided to break that otd a iance ,rd ro ,up;;rt ;;"1'.i ,euffi"ti," xine; not only thal, but that they did so at the pr"dii. rnor*nl'*t had to recall-Chares, who ijad been supporting tfat same En'iiri Art.rirn. ielei,'uni", p".sian pressure.3. Asain: Boeoiian .rupiaity mui? j;r;;a"ss trsert; I j:l^y purpose.. rn 3s r,b 1or;a_xniio, r .no,er, l:1:l Arraxerxes tor a subsidv apainsl the phocians; r :l::l ro asx inO h! is stupia enoulii to give them 300 talents. ,, And.if.this is.not enough. there is a further, and ditferent, puzzle. ln lhe incident here discussed it was 1as ue saw) Amadocus-riro iiolpr"O ptilip's f"ghemes. And this is where rhe to shifl, as we all know. But Diodorus prti it" ir.iae,iiin 5s#,'rna is precisely lhe year u.here one ought lo put ehilii,, uiir.ir'#6.r'r"ot.pru., partty in support of Amadocus /sei betow). j;it"G'too quict<. H_ence schotars detach lhe incident from it, oLJi,?jiana''pt"ace 354/3, where it can also be happit), tittea into- ihe-pre-siriJ'"pJr." tt in tn tt"

puzzles, not usualty even noricea. auove ati;t;;i;; i;;j;jil"yl p'ri'a"o t"r. selfon beinsa Iriend and allv or rhe Kirg. A f*; y;;;;iriii"r]i#J rra p"ia ofl vcry rvetl under the skiriul diprornii];i ir'is+rs, o"mosthenes could

iiiti"il ,, j'iri., ii al't'. tri, a"p:rlure uithin a,space.of 1at th6 moit) , t", inlenllons uele not vet clear- one still has tO ask: why $,as pamnrenes "l"l,ti-*tr"n'br""rnr..i,rr, called? Surely the-Thebans uould not-continue i, tfi"ii,".oiriiiii'io nOt retheir..mililary slrength in the face of tis opn"'f,oriiiifv. " ""-' ' rmpair lI lnls seems elcessive- cvcn for Boeotian inlelligenCe, there are Other
if
one does.assume such

the same methods. Those who propose theircof rtion; foi' if,"? p"a ;;;;; ition of Pammenes do nol dcny this: i;de'ed, ii ir rr-iri"girf irrt'ot'i{"'rnrona,, reconstruction that On6marchus U.gr" hiir.;,"*;i?i ir,'"-i*i'iri'ti. *int., and spring of Bs4/3. Now, I ldrnetani-iotriiy-rn""ri"- oi'itiil unr".. ",ere one postulates lhat thev scnl pammenes out on'his forg-rui.h ttrorgh Macedonia and Thrace iir mid-winiei,-they-;;r.t; ;;;#'?,r*'il'"n. rir"n
and at once

9rry necessary to put the_erpedition at a time when the Sacred War apparenua at an end, or could, be belieted to be; and an occasion is readily fou.nd: after l he death ol philomelus a t N"or, t i.fi rn"y Uu -priin-ii," rrr urn, oI354 BC.,8 Yet this is a liure makeshift. ,;A;;;; " ';;;;'l ir, ,f,ori_f iu.A _ it is.worth) makes it quite ctear thal th. hop; ;i i;;i ;;r'vllri.". io, *r,"t merely uhile both arniies went home. no, O'norrr.irw nra ,riii.a tf," *mains of the defealed phocians
]-1-," \\,as

shoutd i::::9 ro,asstst a rebet.against theb.e able_to spire sorio rn.r'iir"rrrir rres., ^Y:l;.1h. _rhebans King. This can

Firrt, a lact that even Diodorus notices: that, in the middle of

the

be resolved, after a fashio;:

l, r,"p:

Sacred War.

d;aia;d-i;;;;Tr;;'iil

military trlir,iori,

sti

iil,ip,d;:;il, *fioit.i

ii'*"

6;;r;;;;j

ir"i,i",lii"

drtt;;iji;.'il;po.i'ui""t#}ri"r.". fii, Tt;;f,;;;'is; jrti

JrS LVll,

1g37, ff., in the of a major chronoloEical discussion. This is gnerally accepted (e. 58 Criffilli context ZOlt. e.

23

For this date. see IJanrmond's rrgument,

of that speech. (Thus atso Len<chau. pf, s. v. pammenes, i,ji.iU"! rfl,r,i"r"if, ara haps to the lvar u.rilten independenilv.i - - "- " ' "--o\ring lhe wnote point ol Diodorus' version:'sie XYI 34, with "" lhrs rs 22,3.
58

,,

; ?."J;lh.i',i;,lii.,i":1"$t,jil;t",lx

[1"*,tgi;?i:;:**i:[t;ljru",iiilt:

p*-

argues -ftrit--rittitt, 282 L. He thereforethe-son lor a di(tinction between ihe t\r.o: the Ama. docus uho supported phitio mav be ot rt"or" ii.to, i f"*.""itl'i"iiili 1", crtrI ilh-s own date) had oppdsed r,im. rrri" i" b";d ;;i H;ri;;;ii;r:J',iiiiS 'iibra;r rrs FI0l),1hai there uere riro Iings ca ed Amadocu., thar'rh;; \!;;; fiii,"i ,i,a" *n, rnat.lheson.supportedphilipagain\rCersebteptes.Buarh;iir;k;;s;;;;"i;,'qrs,..,- "na recuy rdentrrred by A. H6ck, op. cit. (n.6 above) 85 I. and I0o: it"jlrit, r'rio rrr". oocus, rs knoun-as a conlemporarv o[ Xenophon, and il was only ihe i".Jr"J*no *". """rria contemporary of Philip II. " 'r e. g., u 5ee, accounlBloch, OO IIlr 286. The in Poln, IV 2,22 is,-as ,. , an armv and .manv shiDs: vFt oflen. un.alisfcclory. Thus he says thal phi. rrp had he L"n iuiit"" it ptiiip managed ro evade Charc., \iho had o;lv rwe,rry .r,ip, i,iir, "'ii.,rt"s;,;; iy"i".i,i.t rlirn. Ci*ii,l,ptiiii, r,,a i,, Iewer. It is in the same liEhr thar one mrist reg-aritti. serz,ns (xoror-op6v) Abdira and Maronea. -Gritirh "i,t".""i iiiriil'i*;i iJi'rJl,"g ,rr* ii,;;;;;;;ii;i'iJ.oopuua, ";"ri;

s'ith.his previousl.v. qcgriliq connections i, itr;;;;"i"h; cr-? in ";;r;;;, ora", to be ol use to his.old friend philip, giving useful atplomatic uiriiirn.". ,1.:"r^1gg,"r t: an obvious date..No-thing is moie natural than that, in ...,., roo/o, wnen ne acceDted thp ,nneal of crenides against celriporis, phllip s,ould irave,lried^to intist rhe iia c",i"ni"it", ,?rir".i EliiiSJiii Arnenlan antes. Unlv about a veal [qfq1s, Grsebleptes had bein ,ro r,i, "r forced by A I hens .to recogn ise ihe n depe;den;-;J i h; ;;;i ;i; ;;;i-"i)iii'r, n gao,n, be positively..delighted lo seize his chance ti iue"inInE [?,]-,9yla, r n!,pl even at the price ol recognising philip's occipalio-n it "itt of Cref,r] l1p nroes -,urlch, as $e have_seen, uas at lhe time remo[e from ]jis ou.n domin_ rons and tnterests, Nalurally, again, Amadocus could not permit lhis. His own tenure of his kinedom jeoinded. on th" ;;;;l;;iy' t'rr"i't*r"ul"pt.i piesumabiy ptit,p rnrri rrri,"'i and ,Philip uanled to 5reak. norii'it ir, ,ra must have oflered him some inducemenis t" el r.fogrillo, ence); but Amadocus took no chances "i-rrii'iraipJa-ir t6la Ftiiip io iit'l,ri. etiLip, nol h.avjng really strong lorces with him_,. ttorlr,i ii i,iie ["."rnplV, ,fili plundering the territory of Maronea and aUa"irit" .l""iiv f,-ra joJf"* *"n with him to resist everi Amadocrs, a" i;fti;i;;l.i;;-i",i,rg"l itr_ug"a to get home, evading chares, *t o us tltrg ,rit-t 'i".'.iitv iiiii", ". irJapoti5."r " "ri
i i

or a.large body of men, lo earn rheir "v Kins, at the same lime. rn ihar caie, p;r;E,;;- p;il;:.',iiir'r,nirip t. "-;-iir;;;;;j';;ffi itiiiiii.no, ut Ilaronea h"as no.direct connectio, *iit. ti, -iiirr.'iii.'iinii'ir'"'ntir.ry, crealion of scholarty interpretation. of couiie.i'U; :;;- ji;;;rj biodorrr, surprise u,ith his chrixotogy and see ihat, ;; ah( ;i'i,i."pi,r,,,.r"r,

mise that Diodorus hai created conlusion _ jli,ol.' rt i, t"i v known that he manages to conllate the King's ,nrr;.;;;i;i '6sv;ri.n o."tt "'rf .rrnpa ign oI (perhaps) 3sr7o s tih tris sucieiirrii;r.'i ai'+",3, ii,lting"tlr'"'.orpouna under lhe former vear.32 I uorrtrt,suggest th"t, ,i;it;'.i;ii;;iy,'it".rpport sar ir ll "r,l:*. a(arnsl :^o"r* bc o ngs l o r"ri" t i m" o'r, point 6 r i-r r',o..."a " ren a i n g rIlc ,\tnA "1": 1} :, rebeltjous salraos, indeed to the oI being imprisoneri by.Autophradates (see Dem. 23,' )54 t.\: DioOoruJ i,as'frairnoi"i'it to period of his later rebetlion. tn ihe perioJ Ji"i,,urrti,i*,'f fi"'i"ti'i'ans reatty 'iitgii' had no major u,ar on rheir handsrjnd it li"iirlr'"'i tJ'iipr r rr.

to.tflly sarisfactory nsu.er to ihis: but one ought at ,-".,,,1.,11 ::^b-" .19 ol the Drohlems, reasr lo De more a\rare instead of 'u!."a"'in I suspect that nothing less Ihan ,"di;l;i"g"; cheu.ing over old solu-tions. ,-;i i' iol t" pru.

has retently admiued, {he reversal

But a few extra months still strain credulity, and c Griffith ' qrru as

,"rriri'"irif ir?;i"r
f

i,ji

ii"

i,

fl.

59

If this reconstruction is even approximalely c-orrec-t, u.e see philip, as eiseuhere, taking advantage of op'portunitieJofi;;;;,'y;i pi.pui"a here his.loss.es.if his schimes did n'ot u.oiti out. It is fhe utiifi,ie'ii,o'":r'in in h.is.dash to seize the cates, at once given ,p ];ir; j'n-imsetf'SSIZ tore_ s ta Iled.

to.rt

",idi,;

in lhe area. In lact, they now proposed an alliance with Athens, and this is presumably the background to lhe decree attacked by Demosthenes in Ag.. Arislocrates (23), of 35211. Charidemus had promised io get Amphipolis back Jor Athens,. a bail. always likely to lure them, and Ce-rseblepies now actually invited them to lake possession of the long-coveled Chersonese,
Alhenian sphere lrom his own kingdom).x? Philip, at this lime, was setiling Thessaly.-Wben he heard of developments in Thrace, he at once decided lo move to the area, coverinq lhe enormous dislance.\/ilhoul a major break, as Demosthenes (1, l3) seeris to imply. The move. though a characterislically suilt reaction, was nir more than tirai.
except for Cardia-(uhich rcmained a buffer under his control, separating the

IV
In any..case, nothing much came oI it all. Cersebleples did not become phi_ Iip's ally,3' and he iid nol po io war with Athensl ,L-fe* ,ont-t" irt"r, Uy the^end of 35S,3s u.e find p[itip, no doubl after iinlitirg'ii"'orqrnirrrio, ."j lhillepj, taking advantage.oi a[,"^' rrar ano raylng siege to Methone, A curtain of darkness now i'iiflu so.i,r "ir,,',iii";;i descends on and il begins lo liit onty in aSr Z. nliin lrre-ciionotogy ,,"hji:.,,.",,].:r"Il:, rs oouDrrut. bul u.e cannot invesiigate it in de_tail here."lt u.as certainlt;; the course of that year that Charon"conqu"r"J $rir;;;; i;;'iit"Jnirr. ,"rt il,.Bs There is no sign of :f::,*^r_l: "XlpiDalterns of allialce \,,ereresista;;'fr;;c.riuililpt", o, Lnanoemus. lhe changing, Philip's dangerous'ambition and the need' loi' ,' ,ii"""c as lhev rec6gnised Ath;rl,i' ir.,"n..

iii8;;

The new alliance of Athens and Cersebleptes posed an obvious danser to him a challenge, and perhaps the prelude.toan ,ttack. Charidemus' 5'oast regardingAmphipolis might seem absurd, but it could not be ignored. There were ready-made allies, too. As we have seen, a few years earlie"r (on the view here

t"* iJiilliTi{!1i+:$frj',;i't}Ti..1";*.,::iq*E ui4r*i""-*',ii'.',ii';*,i,j . Nonerheless, I inciine to tfe Ia"tier soluiion.-if,?'"urnuiitio" o, stalement on-Cersebteptcs age (to some exlent,supporieJ rrv ii j".i'"ii Demo(thenes, ii iir,"r, a"pendcnce on charidemus) irnai o[ the omiqsion of hi'.';;;ari"'i; " ih;'ail*Liir,* too puzzlins. Ir, on the other hand, it is indeed 34lio _'; ii;;";i;;; "'piirjr"'i^," isozs Dglph d had.i usr aeposea _ ir i'i"ii,ii' ,'i,jitiI L .'"" ln""",, l:i-:lrul anorneri concttlatorv pAtrtrp ceriiui"pieifowrds iii_ crqenr as ! by philip i quick lo do rhis. when it ann',-aied nnr;ricalty.pi"ili"ui"-ir!, defial;d opponent: he \r.as lioii !il'*i'n"r y i, ihe case or.Arhens. after chiironea),'rnd il ;r,i!r,l ,;"iiil-iri_ifiil. ". i'ri"iJ'p",i.i"tt
a a n

('havi,ng laid w-aste'), righfly poinring o,,t that philip did nor o..upg the ciries in rhis oteration (p. 266). But ihp i,nie",r"riin is rectmicatiy'impiarliiti" p"',t'ji" ,r""""r_ i3J{:.jt el""s Potyaenus more creait itan he deservei. i *r,"t u," radrrron gives us. Ho\rever. rhat ihc actuat *"i" ciiiiiri, rh", i, beyond question. EIIis (76 "r"nri uncriti """iilie". or irr" .iries a.r ir,rs iim", i" ,i;1, ,ipiiii'iiiJ,""fi:P:irlX""#lii'r"Jlilrl,;lllgii::H,r;:,,7 one resutl or Ihe atrair mav h,v; hpen ro rrishren Ni"poii.' i;i" ;iik;iiu"i'iprying ror Athenian aid: sru. 3t2, or rhe erh orvtc.ny o, 5r{t;s. d;e-i;;bi'i'i r"';ie";'J ils erarorate decoralion) is a record ol a treaty'oi allrance. al lhe request o[ Neapolis. The slorv ifl Poryaenus susse(ts .houeh hir wordins.does not quit" the city-had offered intormat cooperaiion at phiiiD,s iomiei r'r.e-ii,li,lri,Jt'iiiJij'ir,Ii ."- rs perhaps here thai we should mention ltie Deiihic lour (named) sons at Detphi: rhe decree was published in ab, honours for CersebleDtes, iis-6, ;oiii., dare musi be revised. rr'rhe arrr", r- a1sgt191los. ii i; 3;6d'ib;;l,,iil'notogie det. phique 119.43\ IJ). see rhe conjectures in SlG3'195j N Li,i,i ti-"t il,ioil'i u rt ,r,*. "r*,-, Eood reason for.suggestiirg a visit.ro arneni uy-ii; ::.19 \rorryrnq point is thai Dem. 2t. t63 tpls his audienie rtat ii Coiis; aiaii-Ler.seUldptes, 'ir,i and indeed aI or corvs'sons. wcrc mere boy", 1.,.;;;;jii;o;' i. i","#,#,"ppri". to cersebtepres. Even ir ihis is exaqser3led, ;iArr?;?6o.iii:;;ra i'ii rii"r" r,ra sons (tet alone lour so,rs ore<umii i" r," p".i"i,iry-. ". li".i"iii*bl'iiiii'di," jit',iir o" olher hand. as the first editnr nolpd if \ve reslore thi archon as Ari.st;Jnimloc, Civing us 341/0 (see Etudes delohiiues. award arter th; ;;;;"rri;';i#;;ii;i":fflr,lip#l;q1u;"13r];o1ll;'f,'.; ^larchetti, other*ise is much inore ol a otzzte rhin edirors t r,E ,i;rrriie"ii; it"rii"iii r,;.

,.)

iii {rii".i'i" i}"i!';',ii ,l

Philip had sought and almost obiained Cersebleptes' alliance, and Amadocus had prevented il. Cersebleptes' hostility to$.a;ds Amadocus nalurally continued, and ue now find Amadocus co-operaling with philip. Cersebleptes had also involved himself in a dispute wittr g-vzantium arid Perinlhus, and Philip seized lhe chance of beconiingthecham'pion of Greek cilies against the barbarian,3s as he had in lhe casiof Crenidis. Before the
presented)_,

;;;;;;;h - "- ''"' ii.

Dem. l, l3).30 His reaclion, surprising in its speed, hid obvio'uslv been successful. It was the same technique that had broken lhe alliance of the three kings and Athens against him a few years earlier. So seriouslv was thesituation laken in Athens that alarge citizen force and an eisphora urreimmediate-

end oI the.year he**as besieging Heraeon Teichos, near the Sea oi.A,larmara, after installing adherents of his in porver on his way through Thrace (see

iiiih:

r;;;.'Jt;;;i+i;.:i'ii: iiil

r"* t"

Then Philip fell ill. How long the illness lasted, we do not know. But was certainly serious enough for a rumour to reach Athens that he was dead.ar Demoslhenes was lo cbmplain that it was only because the Athenians at once abandoned the expedition voled that Philip escaped disaster. However: lhey perhaps had reason to be confident, although ie confidence in the end turned out to be mistaken. For it was at this timell would suggest) that one of Philip's more llamboyant commanders, Adaeus surnamed.'-,th6 Cock', suffered a crushing defeat at the hands ol Chares, we do not know

ly

voted.{o

it

,i::lr"":*rj:i *".,

rr

lor him felt by the Odrysian royal Iine ,o r!

36

The date is given by /O

/c II,

1613,297 r.'; cr. Diod. XVr

il,

t3O,

oi the lilrh orvtanv ol 3SS/4. "'"--'''

exrr"mu._

"

r,utr"a

il,

a'O'iC'rij.',

Hammond-Crilfilh. T. R. t"tarrin, 353. There are dilficulties on either view. Dem.23, as-signed lo 352/l by Dion. Hat. (t Amrn. 4), does not mention philip s invasion ol lhrace; but it does nol mention the caplure and colonisation ol Sestus iither, even lhoughihat had certainly already laken plaie. For the disputes and the preiexi. see Schol. Aesch- 2,8l; FAtHist ll5 Fl0l (Amrdocus; cf. n.3l above). st _ On Criffilh s ]iiew that Phitip cooperated with a y6sneer Amadocus in a rebellion againsl lhe lalter's father, see n. 3l above. There was (ai thiitime) onlv one Amadocr.rs, and_on tie interpretation here advanced, he had plenly ol lime lo cha'nge fiis mina lo adapi to lhe chanqinq Dolitical situalion. -3, 4 L 'o De;. {r Dem. l, 13; 3, 5. I agree with Ellis (Cp LXXII, t977, 33) thrt Demosthenes is . saylng lhe expedll,on \vas abandoned because of lhe report ol philip s illness. (lndeed, I cannol see how it can be laken any other way.) But Eltis later seims lo Drocied to a rather lar-letched reconslruction not (as lar as I can see) based on any source (pp.3g ff.).

in

. u.The clronology is doubiful, as it depenils on Diodorus. Uammona'(op. assigned lhe invasion Io 352 and this is aacepted in
an arlicle lorlhcoming

::

Diod.. XVI- 34.4; Dem. 23,

t4i

tO7 (rhe cession

oi

Chersonese);

t8l

cii., n. Z]j

(Cardia).

in CP, argues for

60

6l

. tn lact, Phjlip recovered, and at once had_to leave for _&Iacedonia, especiatty since rhe Chalcidic League_ had irrfu;e;.i 'ii''r,i, i"irn ,"ar.,, His precipitale departure mat e5'it tit<ety tt i'i frli1j.i*r'":ir"i, prrt.rrce ed. our by. his i ness. cerrainty, it iJ aiiri.uif r" r"l,:;";'ih;; it was as complele as the Scholiasl on Aesctiines Z,Sl *"ri t;ifiii. f t,rr, 'puiii"inrn. ,f rt._ ment lhat the son of cersebteptes *hr; Aeschi;;; .;*', i s+o brought home at this rime srri,uio te taren wiii;'; "=. i;;lr-;i know whelhcr lhe scholiast hari any evidence fo, lioi'"". ]iii,',r" ao not irri advancing his ou.n conieclure lo exolain itestaiemeniin-rtr.1"it..; s"?Jli'ue dynasls he had insta,ed presumab tv remain"d i; C;;;;Lr*iii'Jil'a i.", trarv t;;;;i;pf,ifipt hurt in his prestlge, as it u.as clear.lhat'ortv iil'*'"_"r'ii.,i'd"pnrrrr. had saved him. But he - and the AthenianJ f h;[ ;#..Iii.tiv in the end. We must resist the inevitable tendency to- exagliiri"'f, i. ,ii."'.. ,, porr f acto. W e know, f or instance. t hat tf,.'.i U"r-oilii. if,r.'"il"riyrrnt i rrn, which he had ctaimed to aid in their a irpii.- *iirr^C"r."li"p tL'J] ui ro..un. remained at his beck and call: they..."i to t_"u" t rJ oritv i'O"f"ri"iu" tru"tv with him.a? And Cersebteptes tirir..elj now iinew' jiri" Fr,irip'' o l', ri,. ."rt enemy. There was a furlheigain for Athens: Chaiijerrr, eirir[ r;ih" XinC,. "luristrn.e servjce, now ioined lhe Athenians, no to _doubt ,"rihi;E ih;i Philip must ultimateiy depend on lhem. He i""riii" nii"r.trrid'"i, Ath"n. with his.family,{B and-his'tocat experience ;rd-.;;;;.;i";".;'iil o."u *ur" henceforth at Athens' service. tf," incident see TheoDorn -*triT* i'""'j'ir,it ,",r". ri
ti'""1,.,i1,?,1Tli"J'Bi"",if;

*,"t became famous: it was immortatised by ;o;ic-'po"i"H'er;ii;es.,, II, as u,ould sug.gest, this incident plice Ourirg eiifip.i'iffresi, rvouta help to explain lhe Athenians ,took. .decrslon ro cancer their expedition: chares. boastful_ generosity could uell have misled th;;. "

where.a, Chares got some money, ouj of-lhe Delphic spoiJs, from a phocian Iriend, ard he uied lo feasialr tii r"ii"* iiiii.rJ"i", 'r' JiiJilr" t ion

it

ti;

"'t'"""

it

CJifti-lh 281 t. is unsalisfactory. He dates t}e marchus, but I cannot rind Onomarchus named any\hereepisode by the command ol Onoin connection with this incident. He seems lo imaqine Adaeus Fs (t,ii6ned ror".,it n"ri i."n-i;;;';;i',;";;" rnu*"." ot the fact thal his post w"s al Cvnsere. on 'iili.S.ri. "." .the Iow", H"b;". (Ai;;;. lhis does not sive u! the site ot tii, u"t e..it,uas pr",urr.tf y.ri.i.ri"ry.i"iXly,errr,.rgr, p"rr,"p. near lhe moulh ol the river (Aenr.l ..csstbte to Chares,.fleet. But iri any ca.e, the conneclion \ilh Crerrides, and the date Gr ,",'r*ll"l";.r,"#g,",ri,^t;i is. on our present in.on."iu,lrii'if:qi!i,lrliI sela before the campaien of 3s3 2 H;cerhe proba6itity "uia"n"".

'.{3

t'1,,T;"I1,"?riiJ;:l:J#il"il:iii:H

Philip did not make another appearance in Thrace until 346, when he had practically won the Sacred War. It is tempting to ascribe this to his free choice and lo discuss it in terms of his aims.'e But we should not forget the risks inherent in such a campaign, as he had discovered them in 353/2, nor neglect developments in the area itself. Far lrom being a loyal vassal of Philip, his obedience guaranteed by his having a son held hostage at Pella, Cersebleples is now fully committed to Athens, no doubt largely through the mediation of Charidemus. We cannot follow the development of military cooperation between him and Athens, since the sources do not mention it as it proceeds. The miserable mission oI Charidemus with l0 ships (without men, we are told), which Demosthenes upbraids the Athenians for sending a year after they had abandoned the major expedition voted (Dem.3,5), may have something to do with it. By then, presumably, Philip had not only recovered, but departed. The ships u'ithout crews, of course, imply a commission to hire mercenaries; and the lact that Demosthenes plays the whole operation down, u'hen trying to reproach the Athenians with neyer doing anything effective, need cause no surprise.5o In fact, it must have been at least the beginning of the reassertion of Athenian support for Cersebleptes that was now the only appropriate policy in Thrace and that was to bear fruit in due course. A few years later, when Olynthus uas under siege, we happen to hear that Charidemus was commanding an Athenian force in the Hellespont area: he was ordered to take it to Olynlhus.sr By then he had a field Iorce of l8 triremes, 150 horses and 4000 peltasts: it need not be thought that he had taken all he had, denuding the area under his command, which still had to be guarded. In any case, it seems certain that he had in fact been commanding in that region (Thrace and lhe Hellespont) for the whole oI those two or three years, gradually building up his forces. He had clearly transIerred his services to Athens for a good reason, and was (at least in principle, and most of the time) allowed to carry out the policy he had mapped out. The results can be glimpsed only in 346. But by then, Athenian policy
was disintegrating; the war was lost; and scholars who do not scrutinise maps and are given to writing off the defeated have shown little interest in what

:iii,l,,"ifi:[:f,,:l:.i.*""1,.i",[i"iln:,gi1i;;,',ii:i,ii,ui'Ji'r,ii[ri;'i'li li |.:i:i,i;,.'1;"ti;"l,,lX'i"%:il, i" 42) 3s ror discu<sion.

sourc_e i.,

,iiit" t,iirf

riri,,erto rh" iril,i ,.i," ,"a

is revealed. The evidence, though scattered, is overwhelming. It was not until 346, when the Athenians were ready to make peace and had already sent an embassy to Pella for that purpose, that Philip dared to invade Thrace again. Later, Demosthenes (fortunately for us) was constantly to complain
that he had seized some fortresses unlawfully, after the peace had been sworn in Athens and, of course, that it was all the Iault of the venal embassy

siven

ror'ii's.'ri;i";jb;.;;;;l,"iifrtd86t)h#:i{.:ryj:11.

;lf

hTi il",i."}:"ii""i,}j are among the sthorars who

have rejecied it'and

with treating his Athenian citizenship as a nominal one

nltur;4#o*"r"r. '"

Isocr. S, it, ofln cited ''#i:i1"?li'ii:'n";,i*3,y1;."' as evidence for this, refers to the state of aflairs {7.See-the discussion

in Stu.

3t8,

:lut',:::lir"u,tl;t$rr,',:',"*"?3fi;1i,"...**+*
rrme

lJli:,'"'Ji11-,-"T?ii"x"f

of

see ,(/:, s. v. Charidemos. In the sperch against Aristocrales, delivered about lhe the end or the campaien (see n. 3a1, Demoithen;;:lr;"iiiiiil

;l;

Jr:jiil!.Snariaemus

(as so many others who received had done): 23, I26 ff. 284 'c Thus. e.8., Gritfith Ellis I. cit. (n. 4l) 39) that lhe expedition o[ Charidemus (op. I cannot ,gree vith was intended only 'io ascertain the damaEe lo lAthenianl interests.' He seems to be lakerr in by Demosthenes'rhetoric. Ten ships uere not needed Ior such a mission as he imagines; and he does no[ ask or explain why they \rere xcvci. The implication (suppressed by Dmosthenes) appears to be lhat lhere was a commission lo hire mercenaries, though the Alhenians refusad to lund it. (On this, cf. text, belowi it was not an uncommon practice at this time.) The number ol ships suggests that quite a lew mercenaries might be carried. 5r Philochorus. F6flrir1 328 Fs0.

it

62

63

and.Doriscus, frequently named together, are.in that R'orghtyon ih; coastline between Thasos and Sarn=othrace, they u.ould munica-tions "orr-wilh Athens, as well as control ol tire coast road. bn the coast of the Sea oI Marmara, Ganos and Serrium Teichos ,pprr*ily tu.LJ up?gainst,the Sacred Mountain, ca-lled by Strabo (VII f..iliJ :tt"'i.ropoli, "=i" rr-,",. Ergisce ([Dem.] 7,_37) seems to be in rhe same area; ?l.ll._y]"1: .ivryflenum cannot De placed on the evidence. Thus both the Thracian coasi and the, 'acropotis' of CerseUeptes' kinedo; i.."r,in.r, In_a we -known passage, makes fun of.lhe obscure barbarian

lhat allowed him to do so. Various names are mentioned in this category at times- We car piece,a picture- together. ffere aie some p-osts aion! .various the.Aegean coast near the mouth of the Hebrus and lo the $.est oi it: Serriuri

It must be Charidemus who planned and initiated this oDeration. Sent oxt wi.lh 'empty' ships, as we saw, slraight afler his permarien i iwitch to
Ulynthus) and to. set them up, with Thracian collaboration, in slrategic locations, uhere they would protect both Cersebleptes and Athens' Thraciin and Hellesponiine interests. We may take it that-he was assisted (and per. haps succeeded) in this by Chares, the old ,Thracian expert, who hail always been there at crucial times. , this,period ,.At this point it should be stressed that such general commissions were 1t ly no means unique. There is amplievidence that the people dld.not normally ualch its distant generals and keep a tieht rein on theh. As lon as Athenian inlerests were safeguarded, and irovid-ed it did not cost the city too much, they were largely laft free. This'independence had been rncreasing,.with the unwillingness ol lhe people to spend'money on defence, $ hich_ yet did not imply any willingness to give up Aihens' impeiial position. flow r1 vas done is perhaps best illustrated by the case of Diopithis, a few years_later, since it was discussed at length iri surviving speeches. It seems that,Diopithes.(atsol-eft to look after his"ou.n tor.il t uJ'U.-in piundering the coastal areas of the Hellespont and holding merchant ships toiansom (5em. E, 9), and extracting protection money fiom the Greeli cities, both'allies and others (ib.24 ff.)..As Demosthenes makes ctear in this Iamous passage, 'AIl lhe generals who have ever sailed out from here. [he obviousfy refiri only to Iiving memory, of coursel ,. ...take funds. . .
the Alhenian service, he had presumably been allowed i free hand _ which wou.ld be the Dargain he had struck for himself. He used his position, both rn Athens and in Thrace, to hire mercenaries (some of them'later used at

-.r. .r.ri.'irjtt

;;;; iir-ly'i.ij.

light for them? Oddiy enough, g,f aprees that -many ol you do not even know of.[Serrium and Doriscus];. The'strilegy u.as not that of the Athenian people. yit he states (9, o.ilv ,'i"*'v"rr.

O.roirt.*ifrii, lji, lheir caplure by phitip,_ thai rn" rorc"i lf S.ril;;'i"j;;'"r-;;; .your ,ll9l,]yl! u-ere ptaced
Athenians

1a made-up ".."-?T.-r..-"] -_A-o.pi:rov..xoi no one had knou.n their names rqr I cvo6 xoi I ovrddq befori:

'Epyiorlv roi Muplionlv

names: X6pprov

irhy strould

;of," ,""'r"t

----EiG",

general.' We do not know precisely now they uere garrisoned; at the end, in 346, at least Serrium, Mvrleirum anil Ergisce uere held by Thracians (18,27y.s2'

rrere.by

"ft". ihe sacred

lioned atter 3s2. rI rhe Hebru, had been hii easr[r'n- t"],,i"iv not know either), then some of the {orts were in his territory: nia i":iia'ri] i"tirrr", '," ao f" aecia"a to-coop"rater or was he Iorced to acouiesce? or h:d som-e terrirory U.err 'seiiei tyt"r."dfJi,.., no* in a iance with Arhens, from his otd e,emy? rtr,itipt li,i i"i; ,'* r iini'"" rii'":1 ou,"r*i.u unknown, as an a,v or phirin whn ri,as *",idi,d ii:;iii tli beinR expett.ed and having hii kingdom anrrexea rloem.l-rzl io, il"o"iin". menlions lhis character). lt is gene'rally assumed iio. no'r"iu oooJ i*."n", iir, ,orr." t. *r. Amadocus successor. Note. howevcr thlt.Crrsebleites hrd ;ioi-bt iili t"* SIO 195 (n. 3s)1. perhaps thar son had ioined lr,tr,p.'.nri1ipr""r_eii"it. "j." rpp* t"a. *ili,i"r,l'" should not be {akeri as eviden.F fnrir,".tacrs arrigea. fhl piizic clnroi''tJi",oru"a, ,r Ieast not..unlil furrher epigraphic evidence ap;ears. .- _-Another problem is due to lailure lo unddr!land t8, 70 (reruting chlrces of \vcr. monserins. by ih;; i;;i;,r Demo(rhenes.rhelorical devices. in various cases ol iusr re.islance r; philidt his bu"',, ,u"d;;i;;"j;.'i"ii,i!"iii".or*rr"o i;-;ty'ihri' j"?L" nu^inc Serrium and Dorircus u'ere movpd l,v EuDuruc. Anstophon and Diopithes. (.lhus Ellis t0{, with no_tes 60 r.. p. 26s.) Bur ar .h'is poinr only ir, 73.7s are some bunched. rotrnw;d by _ocmosiheiei iii"i!-"."1i!iili iir,,i*i r, r t.". phiriq; reiili.ii ,"rn:piliilil"ri,i ,.r"r"t t"r even hou, manv decrees u.ere rcad. ter at^ne \ihich. H.'^ .-iri" iri"r- jl'" ,ir'a ltn we can be sure l.hat rhe whore ,1"".,,oi sd;i u,;iii pi,tti';:: i"iirii'"'fin"" o.a"rt, """i, Il"thus has rorhins ro do \irh ihe lorts seizea in ilO. noi- ivir'h'oiher "r,ip. ",rr _By:p.l.ll_rT earrier resorLrllons. lhose are never documpnted,..(\Va,rkel,s etaboralc jii.u.sion, Rede lnr Kte\iphon iibct den Ktonz rqzn. (l) +r2. rg i. uns,,i;il,";;lil;;;h iczolrreres, jrae.

.."f "n.es: Dcm. 8,64i IO,65; I9, 156 and 334: cf. also 12,8 f[. There are manilotd. puz_zles.", First. we do nor know whai t,pp1"i,a- i" ii,iai,'""i., ih"o'i. ,ot ,"n-

i;:i;.ii;; iii'ir,l,iiiii

iiir.

*,i*

;";'r%;:''/,.:;. , ,tt"#11!"r"f:lii^!i$#lif',ror ';irh -i#",;;::;

uses ure. irriiie thrs Serr,um ought 10 be Serrium

an atlempt zt deliberare obfu.crrioD. Ar.so.otren..it hri rrii," i"-"ei; ,Ui.l',j For lhe Iocalion of the foris lesnecrar.ry rne-bastc dtstrnction bel\\een lu.."rrrrr. Serrium and borh and i..noi ;rr,*.

ii."i or m_enL).Aeschines.and Demosrhenes agree on the ract rhrt ;;;i-Aiil;;ia.i]',iia nor xnow rie ol some imDor trnt Thrarian forls: rtris rereats ttre-liue ..ii ritilor'regurOing "u"n 'larr.s lheir Jortification and defence. As so oiten, o.mo.rte,i"irrvoiaan.i o'ili'""ilto" larrr. XHiJ;,I,1' #iJ1*,.1t,.,j1;,iJ,''ir,(".I;l,j.ll. rrrlos. on the proponris,'nim"a-joe;iher'with ErRiv"' (pri;i ;:"ri i"v rii'ii'!iiiiri'1","p-"a t

"i!,iii.,nri'*"

+';:";;*:1;g:Lll;'iJ::;'lr"
64

'E;-,1,::

they can. Those who have one or [wo ships take less, those who have a'larler Iorce take.more.' He goes on to say that'those who iry"ru Uriing'*t"ty ?,ii their merchant ships and such thin!s, and that lhis is called etvoi"ac 6r6ovor. And as Demosthenes. points out, since_Diopithes is not getting ariy public lunds lrom Athens, his forces cannot be maintained by-anv othei means, Now th-ere were people who objected to such methods (Demollhenes accuses them of being Philip's agents),'and it is clear that the peoDle did not know in detail $hat was going on. But in principle, jt must have'been well known lor a long time; and it is this system of complele independence, as long as the resulls were satisfactory to the People, tliat enabled DioDilhes, and"be_ Iore himCharidemus, to pursue their policies. Athenian ginerals, by the middle of the fourth century, had becoire licensed condollieli in the service ol .their own country - an effect, not often noted, of the policv associated with lhe name of Eubulus. How strong their position could de is igain shown bylhe uproar over Diopithes: when ii was ciaimed that te t,rO s-o;; too trr and.should-be put on trial, it was actually proposed that anotEer general, in charge of a lleet, be sent to bring him liome lDem. 8, 28 fl.). The case of Diopithes enables us to undersiand how Chaiidemus had managed .lo build up the strong position that he wanted for Athens and Cersebleptes, in an area about whiih (as Demosthenes and Aeschines agree) Ath.enian citizens in the Assembly knew and cared very litfle. In fact; th6 position wasro doubt stronger lhin ue know. For we heir only ol the piaces that. Demosthenes claimed (rightly or wrongly) were unlawfully seizfd by Phili,p after the Peace: there must iurely havd 5ien more, where s'uch a clairir could not even plausibly be attempted,'e. g. Iortresses further inland, which
65

tri- *trai"rui

peopfu

while lhe Sacred War was going on.

cam_paign at such a distance from home u,as tne one thing he-mirta not atforO

Fhilip t'ouid^have less dilficulty in storming. ln ahy case, it now becomes uhy P}ilip did not care to return l"o ftraii aiG g-Si,""s tors I]l,hg lo support tts generals, he would ", -ttiil:,yT.l] he had ever encounlered before. And, ofhave had far greZter di icutty than course, a proiracted
clearer

tli'J.TXoIn'*.'

had tsh molile of freeing the Creek cttres once once-moi_e ahnounced his unseri ^phirip 'q,-tril;;;' Daran; )et it could be foreseen,in Athens,and for all from fear of lhe bar_ even ;X iigtting lhat his next oblective wiuii-be riy,-,niirl,L;,'wr,rt i,

tion and conrror.sE It

seems that

i,ra

gj

ofwhat had i" OoiyJiri tingAtm ::: uj.: h9:!g:,,rrd,Philip'sconrrot at this time, Ue"n'that thi u,estern"part was now comDlete. It was DrohAbly too,

oemonstraDty, (as Aeschines .has .no difficulty in poinling out: 2, g9 ff.) Derore rhe embassy that uas to administer the oaths to philip had even lefi Athens. At the time oI the aeUate, in Aitreni,'", shoutd be.admitted "t.fll".iC,iii5lietes rle gl ?tty to lake the oath, the'quisli,on *asJrea-iilmoot. sw rness ol.phrttp s movemenls, as already a decade earlier, hid undercut alt dlptomallc manoeuvres, Cerseblep.tes. surrendered, probably gave up a

our own day, lhe war could be u,on (indeed, won in a very short time) only when lhe prolectins Dou.er lost its nirve and *r, ;o lorg; ;lliing to'Itghi. From Pella, Philip- ieems to trave made straight']Li iirl-'S..i"a" ,,,lorn t"in area, where.Cersebleptes himself was entrenched. And it fell to him at once _

in .^ ,lJ y3: onlJany346, with Alhens unwit.ting lo go on fighting and eager Io Duy peace at price, lhat he Iaunched his invision.6s"Like'Vietnam"in

*fl?.;:uiltJifr .,X[:i;ffi ]r,tT],f curir, uis d,s;;,;;;i;';,;iirlll,?i,JXiS,,,,li,ispflfiTthii:s:jtta?ii"i.rd.fiJ,ihH:::l,xlriffi;: arter rons negrecr, in wr,icriir migrriiiiii;;;;t ;li,iiiili,fi:.,i,rll Yi,l: ous embassies for
this ouroosea

"?9!-bfl we can glimp-se "^'::1:. ,-r.. motives. First, as on earlier occisionL. th.;"";;: '-:::i"r"^'- a series of connected

As alu.ays, lhe evidence,.

li

ilrli,I'ilii.

fi,':fj":,ffi

,,1i1,115

*$[ffi ,ry;;,g,,;ffi i;i",t;

i?i:',:""i:1",1::.ii;'*d'hi,';rffiv'';i'"'i.,'i,i*n*,,, u,i 'x,",:,,,-xil.:",ff

lilg9"r.,,n ..rhraie tne Doundar),ot \r'hich \.\'as rnoved forward lo lhe

VI

,1.-

or

cei,ipoiiilj ;;;i,'."",i;;;i.;';,)iacedonia,
Nestus.Er

Almost certainly, Diopithes had

ganisons on Chersonese and to sain possesston of been anri.Athenian and had hadan a iance witi mitiflt"f."l.Ji

*l[:l*i,liir"rfrTi;:+,;f

";l4iiiifi l{-l; taijir,-*ii.i,ita ,l*uy.

ii"n.. eao.",

a"r"t" on making. peace in 34-6 (FI55). We ca;no_t te lpaitiluiaify'in a" u-rr'r,oi't roril, ro, otrun ignoring. chronologicat order, how rhe Thracian'op".rtiori titl"a-irio'XXiii. rt"" presumably anticip-a.ted 346. There is no reason for'making rni. i"io in unrii"ri"a-"niii'"i campaign in 347 (Ellis 104 uith n.62), let alone_fo. reg;rding it as a iesponie to quiG recent Athe.ian cooDeraIion with ctr's;btepies. Ellir' p'r,r; A;r;: ftii"iiiirii"iid,ii Drys'in the area of Hieron Oros'and thus arrives at'a smail precautioiary'operation 347.. Aprosjs,rhere{pliny. t..t. {rasi n;i"ir;i.-l'. rv+z ll rererencc I ou.e to.Dr. Hatzopoutos)); but Drys is west of Zone (Scyl. 67); so Ihe operai g is atso mintririsei ii.," irpo.ianc" llol:_"lj_y:.y.:It,.n:ire indeed, henc proba.bti 346. or rne rorrs, \hrch 'presented no serious military problem (they quict<ly arid overturned...later).'One miRht compare the lait that *".ioi were t-'iiiriii easiiv F*r"i lhe Germars in neeks, and sot6'viernuh t"tt in *liir'ir.,'i *iiri id'iii"rdlri"'ri
Xiir'"iri"n

Philip now. seemed to be secure in control of Thrace, or at least of the old Odrysian kingdom. Yet in 342 $e not only. find tri* inurJinfft rr.e ,grin, 'conOitLns, .b_rt,(1, ?*9:l!:n5s ,notes) waging a. winter war, tn appiilinf ln the"uplands.ol ljulgaria, not merely in lhe coastal -aiea or-et.en in the ptaln.rr /rtost ol this area was now thoroughly subdued and some of it colon-t ised. (thus .Phil ippopol is was founded), so-as'to be ..ir."lV .Ij;-"na rently a tribute was imposed, so as aI least to pay loi the;-p;;;; ;ail;i;"ppuby Antipater near.Apros in Thrac_e is ciled from Theopornpus (l I5 ^.-_.a.A _operalion ,i;;t F160); the Thracian Drjs is cired kom the same ooo* iFrorl. in-""ti,"i fx^i'vif iit" the arri.{al or rhe Macedonian envoys
lincruaing-Anrii;r'r";ii6

campatgn, especialiy his extensior

:i:,,,ffi ilf,-,'ffi rhrs $-"iilH;i;*lft:d',me#j,[ nowever,

does not suffice to account"Ior

ile

iiioiiugnness oi

lis

riA;"[i;

trt

ill!,1!",:,jl

;; Iiiiii.Tiil",i."

intJiiif, to ,ttr.t iiir"'ir'ir."iiri] p"^irn t"'i?:::'il'$:: il':#,i?fffl'fi:d;n9"'; rn rh"-*;; ii;;i ;"';'de"vioping in conquered. Egypt for ttrd
.was

rrur there was u.orse than lhat. By.this time, his Asia was well knoun to Artaxerxes, and'l here

tr${!!',:ir,:,r[,t":turir*itTld.ili'it+rH{lif r[*]Lfi that soon folloued. Theintv nt:r15j!,tq sn51yqp i, ifrji fil i#'I.iirv"ly pre*u', v *'u r'ii'ii I ; i,'u.' fr'J',i"l|?i if ii?J Tf, [:: flil'; "-iv' "' ":ll:l irt*,i1.T,1+[:irftt[fi *'rif :H,p,t?,.,,';",,;ff :t1ifi1,1:iii{ lorced him to beat a haity retreat lrom fhrrcp it<atf in -a<e/o
u no

ri"

as a result, he had secured

6_'Diod. XVI ?t,

. 346 rnd conrecrs it uith the I6undation oi philippi. 11976) 343) puts the annexation " i, ^ -" in'ih;i'c;;;: ir-i; l;il.rli i;;;; Nhere lhe kingdom ot Cet.iporis $outd te, or trow trJdorrtJ tau" il, Iicant part of Ihrace (see n. 2 t). It musr essenrialry be i;;i;j c-iu"; "r;"i" , "igri: ts;i;;niiiiii Si.v.on una lhe Nestus.
.

had colhosed
RP,

it"* iiii

f"ii'il

brofter.in.r'aw-aiilri',,J',irri
i]

ir,,'1-o-1lJ'it

xing:

lii:,I?:ffi,::: Ji:,t:?ll.:,#:iil:,r:fX,t*
stiu faired to
see

v. Thrakc, c. {28 (sim. Danov, Attthtuhien

"'

""''
n"

-ti l3:ili

I f. Dem. 8.13 ff . h" ... ,Tlrt,,1l,;H::;*,^li,l:p"?^ rklh",Byzanrines J"'b:il:'," f

i'3$
"i

f jl,il,,",,"xi,Ji,t#irr:rg;:,igi",ir,j,:jy:r
;;;;i;;"
;"i
il",:;i"
d;i'p J.ll:

it,

but soon

Dem.8,44:10,15.

Alhen, rollo*s"an Tt is rightty re.iectea Ov Crtiji I.), uho delcribes tt ;;#ir]C;ii crrelul rtetaii ii:li,!ir,'ff'",lr*H'c.#rir"6dllr?$.l"ff'"",,,,i:':;i}ii}il'{i!t"{l ;; :i;i"i'i: Ino oesc.rbes the campainln ";;;;it";;li '"""'.!tl'ij b u r dois n'or l,iit but does not irllv.tii",,.. rr detail,
di;.
67

".,11:#'1,;',',i$

oreece s6.t) thar

66

Artabazus' rebellion, had been exiles at the Macedonian court'o0 Mentor tuas Dut in charge of Asia Minor. It was, among other things, one of the great inleliipence stor'ies ol all time. For the two returning exiles, obviously, could bring -with them good information about Philip's plans: this, as much as Menior's distinction in Egypt, is clearly uhat secured them their lull acceptance and later advancement. It is revealing that Mentor at once turned aqainst Hermias of Atarneus, with whom Philip had been intriguing (probably uiing lhe connection established through Aristotle) for some time, and whom he no doubt hoped to use as an ally in the coming invasion. Hermias uas caotured. sent io Susa, tortured lor evidence on lhe extent of co'operation wiih Philip, and after his famous heroic silence, brutally executed.6t The precise dati of Hermias'capture is a complex problem, and it may come altel philip's invasion of Thrace;o'but the lirst report of lhe repercussions of the exilei' return must have reached Philip long before - if he could not n'ork them out for himself. It is surprising that this real-life spy story has been missed: it certainly played an important part in the events of these years. philio was now certlin- not onlv to lose all the connections he had built up in'Asia in rccent years, and (in due course) to iind Asia efliciently defended bv Mentor and Memnon and not by weak and mutually antagonistic salraps, birt to find them actively opposing him wherever they could, long belore he would be ready for his planned invasion. Philip had to make sure that Persian resources u'ould not begin to stir up trouble for him in Thrace and do so - in viev of the nature oI lhose resources - far more effectively than Athens had been able to do. Moreover, there was (of course) the threat of Persian coooeration u'ith Athens. He had been able to avoid it so far;6r but when hi attacked Perinthus, lhe Persians were in fact there, Playing their part in his defeat. Nor (as has somelimes been thought) uas that merely a local action, even at the level of tr{entor in Asia Minor: we have no reason to disbelieve Diodorus' positive statement (XVI 75, I f.) that the King himself, now suspicious

kings had controlled, and to the esiablishment of permanent supervision over it. Cersebteptes and Teres (perhaps the successor of Amadocus, at one time clearly friendly to Philip) were driven out, though they probably survived.d We cannot follow the details ol Philip's campaign: it would take an extended study in itself.65 The limits and the nature of his control must at least be touched upon. Despite his defeat of the Scythian king Atheas, and the retreat of his tribe across the Danube, Philip clearly did not annex the whole ol the vast territory up to the Danube. Some independent tribes are attested, thus the Getic people whose king Cothelas sent Philip gifts and a daughter in marriage;66 and, above all, the powerful Triballi, who later required Alexander's attention.6T Whether the'autonomous Thracians' whom'Alexander also had to light had done homage to Philip, we cannot tell. The epilhet certainly cannot be construed to mean independence of Macedonia (i. e., before Alexander), since Arrian makes it quite clear that the name was a lraditional one, dating back to the time \r.hen they had not been subiect to the Odrysian kingdom; and so u,e find it in Thucydides' register of Thracian tribes.68 We have no u,ay ol telling whether Philip had nominally reduced some or all of them. Further west, the Agrianes (not a Thracian lribe, oI course) seem to have entered into alliance, but were in fact lelt fairly independent. Alexander later is found to have a special connection with them, begun before his accession - presumably when Alexander was left as regent during Philip's last Thracian campaign, for we are told that King Langarus had personally gone on an embassy to Alerander while

of Philip, gave the orders to oppose him. Not only is Diodorus noiiceably better infoimed on the whole aflair of Perinthus than about any other rnilitary action in his treatment of Philip, but we have seen from' independent evidence lhat the King had in fact found out about Philip's plans.'As it happened, Athens does not seem tq have actively sup' por{e-d Pbrinthus, though an Athenian lleet appears to have been standing bv. Probably it simply proved unnecessary. ' This is ihe bactigrorina to Philip's lasi campaign in Thrace, which led to the pacification of most ol the region, uell beyond what the Odrysian
n. 33)i cl. Dem. 23. 157. Diod. xVI 52. misdated bv 6r Diod., l. c. oir Hermias, iee Jaegei, Ariitotle, 1918, l12 ft. (with full sources); on the capture and death ol Hermias, esp"iially tt6 f. Note that he was queslioned about
60

Philip was still on the lhrone.oe Direct rule was almost certainly not extended beyond the borders of the old Odrysian kingdom; lhough those borders themselves, of course, had fluctuated over the course of lime. Beyond the borders, as usual in antiquity, there would be a penumbra of client states, more or less closely atlached for as long as lhe suzerain's power uas effective. [t was left to Alexander to show lhem that his accssion did not mean a diminution in lhat pouer; and he knew what was required.

docus is pure conjecture. Their

levairt (see n. 35). 6i For a long and careiul discussion, see Griffith 554-64, 581-3. (Naturally, no one

On Teres (attested only in 'Philip's Letter'), see n. 52: his relalionship to Amasurvival also rests entirely on lhat same source; though it may be thai, in one way or the oiher, the Delphic honours for Cersebleptes sons are reagree wi

will

several vears (see

lhe'secret treatv with PhiliD. t, see Cawftwell, C0 I3; 1963, I34 t. (But lhcre are nanv uncertainlies in detail.) Thestatement in a suoooled iettcr oi Alexander to Darius lll (Arr, II 14,5) that Artax' erxes Ochus had serrt'd lorce into Thrace, apparently ,lter hia assistance to Perinthus,

\xould not deserye a mention, had the lelter not been regarded by reputable scholars as a serious and even an authe;tic document. It should, of course, be classed vith other such ouoled 'documents' in ancieDt writers. In any case, by lhe time Perinthus rvas under siese. there can hale been no ouestion o, assislance to lhe Thraciens ' '0$ seeCavkwell. op. cit. I'27 ff. (Thoueh the'treaty between Philip and Artaxe.xes,' Nhich he attempts to dite, is entirely a mddern figmeit, due to mi sunderstanding of a
source-)

by the city ol Islros (560 ff.) shoutd by now surely be buried. See Pippidi, An(ient Alaidoniall, 1977,381 If., with ample bibliography (most ol it rot ciled by Criitilh). For slrikinE archaeoloEical evidence, see especially p. 385. .t Gritfilh 560, \'ith sources, especially the Iamous pcssage oi Satyrus. .7 See Justin IX 3,1 lt. for Philip's deteat; Arr. I 2 for Alexander's later vjctory. .r See Arr. I I,5 for the name, and cf. Thuc. Il 96.2. Arriin s careful phrase tdv oirov6uov ,eX.ou!6vov Opgrdv is decisive. Brunt, in his Loeb dition ol Arric,r (vol. I, 1976, 5 and 7) Iails lo translale lhe key *ord (he renders, 'the independent Thracians') and, ill his note, lakes the epithet as distinguishing them 'ltom the Thracian principalities nea. the coast lsi.l which philip had annexed.' Cf. Griffith 673, with a different intetpretation, oddly decisive xotrou!6\t)v. - o See Arr. enough atso ignoring lhe2) could hardly be put at any other time. For I 5,2-4. The embassy (s. the're(ency,'\[hich also led to lhe loundaiion oi Alerander's first colony, 'Alexandropolis'i-n Tlirace, see Plut. ,4&x. L As is well known, the Agrianes, an allied contingent in his army, \'ere Alexander's Iavouriie unit,
69

th all the details.) The story lhal the Scylhian ki ng Aiheas was being altacked

68

The final question is: lrow uas direct control exercised by philip? No uay olher llan.the appointment of a governor seems conceiva6le, and it is that this has recenlly been denied.To Since lhe Odrysian irinldom -.!,rprl:i,lg uas.abolrshed and lncorporated, it is hard to think of anv other form of admtnrslration: c,ertainly, Thrace could not be left withouI a qot.erflment. The collection o[ tribule also implies supervision; and the nErv colonies, of.course, uould act as, slrategic aird political .enties, tllpine-io ensure its ellcclrveness. Uarrjson lorces uere. certainly left there. It hai been suggested;r that a 'satrap' on lhe Persian model was irirposea. Wfratevei ."1]'1" iforgt,t, in general, of suggestions lhat philip imilated the piriian a'Omlnstraive modet rn h is. reorg anizalio_n oI Macedonia _ and the view seems to me, on the $hoie. ralher implausible and certainly not supported bv anv e\'idence _ tn lhis instance the idea, lhough it cannot be realili proved, is u.orlh bearing in mind.-For P_hilip, as q.e have seen, sas now seiiously piannins ior an invasron ol lhe Persian Empire; he must hat.e known _-and knoi.n in some oelarr - ot tts adminislrative practices, and uould obviouslv flike Alexander lr"i9 essentjally maintained lhem,-.since he had nothing better lo pul. l:,9tJ ptace, rn lherr ,lhe slrulcgos \\hom $r lind a esled under Atexander, ind $ho must.ha\e been Jirst imposed by philip, may \r.ell bear some of the Iear.ures. ot lhe salrzp. Ho\ e\er: in detail there is no evidence for imitation. we do not elen know uhelher there was a capital and residence for the pro_ vince..lt $ould be hard lo localise one, and thi Thraciin kinsi, *l; th.,i,ort powerful of them, had never had one.t, When Seuttei lit"i *rnied one, in or9-er^ to act as a legitimate Hellenistic king, he had'io Uuifa on"-io, tim-pra*rnuUiv self.rB Under the ilacedonian suzerainty, iiror" tra not Uaa, such. a centre. There uas also (it qould iollow) no i.niiri tr"rrriu. u, ,n l,ersran satrapy, and no ce-nlral garrison o[ the capilal _ bolh royai appoint. " ments,n Persia, uhich Alexander was to take-over when he sol ihere.'l Thus, allh-ough lhe idea ol a .viceroy' u.ith supi#e- powii' ou'"r"i'prouin.. u.nder-the King may r.ell have originaied (tor pdifipjln'A.t r"r"nii i,ru.ti.", lt seems to have been established in a much simpler and less soph]sticated form: just as-much of it u,as used ,. u,r, n"ed.J'in-, fiovirrce-"fii.f,, ,tt"r all, rvas nol far from the royal capitat and hrd witn it.

velopments in thearea by preventive attacks, as was his custom, and making what prolit he could after victory. In 353/2 he probably did not make as muc[ as is often_ thought. It uas only in 346 that Athenian war-weariness gave him a sudden chance to overrun the strong position that had been built up against him in Thrace and that (he now knew) would not be seriously defended. In a lew ueeks he turned Odrysia into a'vassal state. In 342-0, again, a sudden change in the iniernalional siluation the revival of Athe;ian energy and lhe belrayal of his plans to lhe King - Persia of forces him into a diJlicult campaign, b1' uhich Thrace is finally secured, within the limits ue have sketched, and (above all) the Odrysian kingdom eliminated. But he did nothing to change its social bases: like other ancient conquerors, he had to use lhe system; he could not overthrow it. The result was [hat, when Alexander uas far arvay and his salrap and army were disastrously defeated, the old royal family could rally the Odrysians to reclaim their independence,?s aJter surprisingly close involvement in Alexander's empire hid brought
them

sible and enable us only to glimpse palterns ralher than trace them. But this study has been long enough, and the Iurther pursuit must be left for another time. _ We hale seen thal Philip, almost at ihe start of his reign, becomes involved in Thracian alfairs by seizing the opportunity presented by the appeal of Crenides. If the inteipretatidn here'idvanced ii correct, hi ai onie lried to lest his luck and follow it as far as it rvould lead, by calling on his friend Pammenes to make him an important factor in Thracian folitics. That scheme Iailed, for Philip did not as yet have the pouer to support his ambitions, nor the time to devote lo Thrac;. But he had established i sphere of interest; and as so often happens, thereafter he seems to drift into fuither involvement ralher than plan it countering potentially dangerous de-

little

profit.76

";y-;;;;;ni;;iioni

Achno@ledeernenl.l sish to thank ihe Organizers of lhe Semaines Phitippopolitaines and my [riend Prolesso-r C.,uihailov ior giring me {he opporlunily of propounding these ideas (in much shorler form) in lhe heart of Thrace; and the Instirule for Advinced-Study in Princeton, whose.hospitality enabled me, among many other s(holarly pursuits, ti) preDare lhcm

lor

DuDlrcallon.

VI
interesting to.lo ow the theme.through into Alexander,s reign: 1l Atexander's connection \ ilh Thrace- and Thracians is more importanl, "on closer investigation, lhan our Greek sourcei ,.u.if i" tt" .aii,"a reao"r; yet those same sources, by their lack ol interist,-mJ" J.triLj.ti,ay i.po..

lqllj !:
''

Rekid* (Io real argumellL bu! ,ollenbrr'), ctnhoriting a suggesrio, OV Adnimenide\,197t,2.19 Il. S"n;ts;;. ifi"j-her Thrace had eler been a Persian satranv a cp"i',ry and a triti earlicrjlor diri;;;io;,;;; Ki"nr.i; l. c.) ?'?C[. course. irrelevani'Lo this. is, ol Theooomous on Cotr< f6'Ilis, ll5 F3l (see first section oi rhis ariicle). 'knot.n 7s
uon Makettoni?a unddas

io Grittith 559 (but uith useiul discus5ion in delaill.

Kienast, Philipp

ll

the rr This is rcporttd in dclail Thtocians, igZZ, eS.lq6'1.i. lor lhe t"ri tir.i."trrpv iio Iook ovcr, . sce Arr. I t7. 7 , passase rh,r his bcrn mirin r"ipi"iJ i,y i.i,oiiri,ii,i, lhat oi Lvdi.: i"ir"j'r"'ilii: -

frofi _. and Seulhopoiis. Fol ,\larazov, Thrcce and

archaeotogical

u*"uiriior"ti"",-".'e-'Oiiiii,f,

SSii

pare Persian techniquc: oT goternment.

7A

On,this . enougtl. long

]! See Curt. X 1,45; ct. Justin XII 1,4 fi.; 2, 16 (with mistaken chronology). rG there \ould be a Breat deal more to say, but lhis discussion is-iiready
7l