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Spss Book 2
Spss Book 2
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w h is k e rs
M e d ia n
Q 1 (h in g e )
hspread
L a rg e s t V a lu e (n o t o u tlie r)
s m a lle s t v a lu e (n o t o u tlie r)
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leaf
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S t em #
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S t em #
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S t em-an d -L eaf
VAR1 Stem-a n d -L ea f
F r eq u en c y
2 . 0
3 . 0
3 . 0
1. 0
8 9
Stem &
0
0
Stem w i d th :
E a c h l ea f :
.
1 .
2 .
3 .
P l o t
L ea f
5 7
2 5 6
0 13
0
10 . 0 0
1 c a s e( s )
. + B (
)
: H i s to g r a m
+ B S;
4 K
3 - (<. $ ) <- )
- -
: 5 , 6 E x pl o r e
E x p lo r e
!
OK 4 3
T A L L
V a lid
56
P e rc e n t
1 00. 0%
C a s e s
M is s in g
N
P e rc e n t
0
. 0%
T o ta l
56
P e rc e n t
1 00. 0%
Descriptives
T A L L
M e a n
9 5 % C o n fid e n c e
In te rv a l fo r M e a n
L o w e r B o u n d
U p p e r B o u n d
5 %
T r im m e d M e a n
M e d ia n
V a r ia n c e
S td .D e v ia tio n
M in im u m
M a x im u m
R a n g e
In te r q u a r tile R a n g e
S k e w n e s s
K u r to s is
S ta tis tic
68.1607
63 .5 618
S td .E rro r
2 .2 9 4 8
72 .75 9 6
68.5 63 5
70.0000
2 9 4 .9 01
17.172 7
3 2 .00
9 9 .00
67.00
2 6.2 5 00
- .3 14
- .63 9
S ta nd a r d E r r o r
.3 19
.62 8
.
I
+ )
E .
#= #
C
N
S PS S
Co m pu te V a r i a bl e
!
5 1 9 $ 1 ,
n-1=5 5
I DF .T(p,d f ) Tr a ns f o r m
Co m pu te
I DF .T(0.9 7 5 ,5 5 ) = E D "3
d f = 5 5
p = 1-0.025 = 0.9 7 5 )
# # p 7
: " .
"
% 95 9
D "3
= t.0.025,55 2
90
% 95 +
7 2. 57
6 3. 57
1 ?
.
N
2
# + #- # Pr 7
7 F = 3 De s c r i pti v e s
:
#
<= S PS S 5 1 % C "3 %
)0
)
4 A
J 1
D
F o nt .
N
J De c i m a l s $ )
;
3 J #
S PS S V i e w e r
;
".
#
1 K
.. 9 3 (
3 J Al i g nm e nt ?2
3 $ $ )
#0
% 5
C "3
% 5 H < 3 !
; )1 B
. 9 $
1
+
1
"
.
;
; D + 2. 8 +
% 5
2 56
ta l l
2 3 #
: " ; $
.
2 B 7
68.1607* 56 99 95 32 33 0.8 * 93 0.8 * 35 3455.5992
TrimmedMean =
=
= 68.5635
50.4
50.4
C = 33
32
2 C "3 = 95
99
2 56 N
# 6 8 .16 07 *5 6 7
C "3 "! 2
. ;
C "3
")
"
")
= 35
93
:
#
E x tr e m e s .
"
S PS S 5 1 %
F
Extreme Values
T A L L
H ig h e s t
L o w e s t
91
2
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
C a s e N u m b e r
28
38
6
16
23
43
41
5
42
44
V a lu e
9 9 .0
9 5. 0
9 3. 0
9 2. 0
9 2. 0
32. 0
33. 0
35. 0
37 . 0
41. 0
0
2 )1 C
3
Q1,Q2,Q3 2 = Qu a r ti l e s % )1
2 C
3
Pe r c e nti l e s %
( % )1
H ) #
Bo x pl o t . . ? )
% 1
% 95 D "
< 3 ! , 3 % 1
% 5 D 1 >
+
.
% 1
% 90 D "
< 3 ! , 1 3 % 1
% 10 D 1 $ )
(25 th Pe r c e nti l e ) 25
#1 Q1 #
?1
<"3
(5 0th Pe r c e nti l e ) 50
#1 Q2 (.
)
?1
(7 5 th Pe r c e nti l e ) 7 5 #1 Q3 7 ?1
: % "
5 1
% #
#
Percentiles
5
T A L L
2 5
P e r c e n tile s
50
75
9 0
9 5
W e ig h te d
T A L L
34.7000 43.1 000 55.2 500 70.0000 8 1 .5000 9 1 .3000 9 3.3000
A v e r a g e ( D e fin itio n 1 )
T u k e y 's H in g e s
1 0
Q1= 5 5 . 2 , Q2= M e d i a n = 7 0
I n t e r q u a r t i l e R a n g e = 8 1. 5 - 5 5 . 2 = 26 . 25
W e i g h te d Av e r a g e
Q3= 8 1. 5
4
.
. %
; )1
.
V a l u e s #
) 35
3 , 1
33
2 , 1
: "
1 I nte r po l a ti o n . # / E 1
2 C "3
5 th Pe r c e nti l e = 33 * 0.15 + 35 * 0.8 5 = 34 .7
D
+ )
E .
C
S k e w ne s s /
- #) 1 6 = )1 .
?4
1
F 1
0.314 / 0.319 = - 0.9 8
? 1
#2 1
%
(
C
) <1
</
" ?4
) , 2 1 1
%
. (
C
) <1
W /
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M-E s ti m a to r s 1
.
"
!
%
1
B
.
1 ;
.
.
F ;
1 ;
.
1 >
3 6 =
92
M-Estimators
H u b e r 's
M - E s tim a to ra
69.1469
T A L L
a .T h e w
b .T h e w
c .T h e w
d .T h e w
T u k e y 's
B iw e ig h tb
69.3 8 5 9
e i g h t i n g c o n s t a n t i s 1.3 3 9.
H a m p e l's
M - E s tim a to rc
68 .97 5 4
A n d re w s '
W a v e d
69.3 7 49
e i g h t i n g c o n s t a n t i s 4.68 5 .
e i g h t i n g c o n s t a n t s a r e 1.7 0 0 , 3 .40 0 , a n d 8 .5 0 0
e i g h t i n g c o n s t a n t i s 1.3 40 * p i .
? 4
? 1
# D
#
.
S te m -a nd -L e a f
S t em-and-L eaf
. . # B
. .
#
<1 <=
1
, )1 .
P l o t
F r eq u en c y
Stem &
4 .
5 .
7 .
9 .
1 4 .
9 .
8 .
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
4
5
7
Stem w i d th :
E a c h l ea f :
8
.
.
.
Lea f
2 3
1 4
0 1
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
.
.
5 7
7 8
2 3
1 3
0 0
0 2
1 2
9
5 6
3 4
1 1
3 3
2 3
5 6 8
2 2 3 4 4 6 6 9
4 5 8
5 9
1 0 . 0 0
1 c a s e( s )
H is t o g ram - . /
+
)1 .
?4
C D
H @ 2
#
.
+
B
#
. .
. ( +
B
#
#! 0
4
% . .
#! ? ) .
#
<=
1
16
Histogram
14
12
10
8
Frequency
6
4
Mean = 68.2
N = 56.00
97
.5
.5
.5
87
77
.5
.5
67
57
.5
7.
-9
07
-1
7.
-8
7.
-7
7.
7.
-5
-6
7.
-4
7.
-3
93
.5
47
.5
37
.5
27
TALL
B o x p lo ts
9 $
. 2
3 6 = D
Ta l l "
Bo x pl o ts . . #
B
. ( /
3 ) <)1 . N 4
C
$ <1
!
.
.
?2
120
100
80
60
40
20
N=
56
TALL
1
: % . .
N o r m a l Q-Q Pl o t De tr e nd e d N o r m a l Q-Q Pl o t )1 .
? 4
"
")=
% 1 - )
: ( , ) " 0 K o mo g ro v -S mirno v ) .1
B
C "3 #
!
2
. <)1 . N 4
- % 1
E 1 "
" 1
@ 0
@
)1 .
?4
?1
Tests of Normality
T A L L
K o lm o g o r o v - S m ir n o v a
S ta tis tic
d f
S ig .
.096
5 6
.2 00*
*. T h i s i s a l o w e r b o u n d o f t h e t r u e s i g n i f i c a n c e .
a . L illie fo r s S ig n ific a n c e C o r r e c tio n
?4
# Fs (x) 7 D = sup FS ( x ) FT ( x ) 1 - D ! & 7
x
?
(#
)1 .
?4
) + 6
?4
# FT (x)
)"
)
6 =
. ( )
) n %
)
- M
1 Ko l m o g r o v #
D
6
M
1 )
@ #
1 2 C
3 P-V a l u e = 0.20>0.05
D= .09 6 #
. )1 .
?4
?1 #
. ?4
+ % 5
-
N o rmal Q -Q
94
P lo t
.2
?4
2 #1
C "3 "! % 1
9 $ # . .
; . #
R a nk Ca s e s ? ) E x pe c te d Z S c o r e
,
)2
)1 .
Expected Normal
1
0
-1
-2
-3
20
40
60
80
100
120
Observed Value
? 4
%
)2
.
1 # F = 3 . .
.
C "3 . #
C "3
C "3 % 1 "
)1 .
?4
"
)
%
#1 +
)
C "3 )1 .
<)1 . N 4
? 1
)
% .
(1.5 ,1.5 ),(0,0),(-1.5 ,-1.5 )
# $
D et rended N o rmal Q -Q
P lo t
.3
.
3 % -
M + C
Q . +
#'
)1 .
?4
?1 - % 1
5
. . (
C "3 "! % $
# 7 (
, De tr e nd e d N o r m a l Q-Q Pl o t
.,
)2
)1 .
?4
2 3 % $ "
)
% # 1 +
)
(-2,2) M @
? ( % 90
% 95 1
) $ - # $ . 6 ) % P
. 3 (-2,2) M @
. L !
> )
% 1 "
)1 . ?4
F . .
< )4
N 4
#
. D "3
( % - % 90 ; + ) <1
. <)1 .
95
.2
.1
0.0
-.1
-.2
-.3
-.4
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Observed Value
% 1 "
% =
# 3 D E <)1 . N 4
- % $ E 1 B -
:
tall
96
8 0
8 4
7 1
7 2
3 5
9 3
9 1
7 4
60
63
7 9
8 0
7 0
68
9 0
9 2
8 0
7 0
63
7 6
48
9 0
9 2
8 5
8 3
7 6
61
9 9
8 3
8 8
7 4
7 0
65
51
7 3
7 1
7 2
9 5
8 2
7 0
3 3
3 7
3 2
41
44
49
47
50
59
55
53
56
52
64
60
66
factor
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
Tr a ns f o r m a ti o n
0
#
. # C
22 1 3
Ta l l "
1
#
2
;G
% 1
0
#
. #
34
% 1
C
# A ;
F 9 C "3 3
#
! A #" /
+ E x pl o r e
% 1
!
F a c to r L i s t 2 (F a c to r D
) 4
:
# $
1 D 1
: "
Da ta E d i to r % 1
;
9
! 1 B
A 0
#
(
D at a E dit o r ( * )
) %
E E x pl o r e
: " (
0 3
Extreme Values
F AC T O R
A
T AL L
H ig h e s t
L o w e s t
C a s e N u m b e r
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
H ig h e s t
L o w e s t
:
Bo x pl o ts
6
16
7
15
22
5
21
9
19
10
28
38
23
30
24
43
41
42
44
45
V a lu e
93
92
91
90
90
35
48
60
63
63
99
95
92
8 8
8 5
32
33
37
41
44
120
100
80
60
TALL
40
20
N=
22
34
FACTOR
?1
3 )1 , 7 35 , 2
5 2
A 0
Ou tl i e r 9 $ 2
6 =
4
1 ,
4
18 . 7 5
!
#
. 3 3 #
1. 5 3 4 1 Q1=6 6 .7 5 C
L a be l
3
@ -
5
2 (
. ( E x pl o r e
!
1 +
>
L a be l Ca s e s by
) 4
; 1
Bo x pl o ts . .
( 2 6 )
AN OV A 1
#" / 3
1
% @ 0
. % 2 C
#!
"
+ ' H
K
E . $
3
0 (% = )
) %
)
. ( %
)
.
+
) % = )
E +
1 !
@ 0
1 3
"
)
@ 1 7 L e v e ne Te s t
1
>
1 S PS S 5 1
G % 1
3 <1
G
. 1
>
)1 " " 1 @ 0 @
# ) % =
F , 1
1
>
1 - +
@
1
. $
%
)
# )1 .
?4
. $ 3 C
+ ' K
E
;
F
. ~ N (0, 2 ) )1 . ?4
D
$ )
E .
( 0 7 % @ 0
97
>
% =
3 2 C
#
!
"
! $ 9 Bo x &
Co x Q 2
; ) )
,
%
)
.
1 2 = 3
C "3 9 ) . % 1
G
#
; 7 . ( 1
>
% =
(
)1 F
Po w e r > # 1-b
"! % 1
# y 7 y1-b
!
Trans f o rmat io n
P o w er
S
S q u a re
2
1
N o ne
S q u a re R o o t
1\2
0
L o g a r i th m
R e c i pr o c a l o f S q u a r e R o o t
-1\2
R e c i pr o c a l
-1
.
) , 1 +
#
2 % 2 C
1 Q
+ 1
>
<6
: #)- ) $
lo p b
-1
0
1\2
1
3\2
2
> 6 =
#
C
% 1
B -
1
)
, 3 " %
)
E 0. 329
1-b > E 0. 6 7 1 C
#
") %
0 +
>
E 1 +
> V
1/2 1 2 0. 329 "! % 1 "
)1
"
1 >
1 A (< 1
. .
.
1 1
>
S p read v s . L ev el w it h L ev en Tes t
Pl o ts
!
, 6 + ) L
# 7 (. 1 1
? Bo x &
Co x ;
" > 0 # ) S pr e a d V e r s u s L e v e l Pl o t
M
G
#
. .
,
C "3 (L e v e l M
) %
)"
.
G
1 2 = 3
3
0 (S pr e a d 3 1
) +
)
C "3 I nte r Qu a r ti l e R a ng e )1
1 >
>
C
$ +
(S l o p=0) . ? . .
. E 3 1
M
3
1
2 = 3
) Tr e nd 3 F . #
.
? E K
> 3
%
)
3 % 2 #
"3
(
#
)1 . .
1
5 1
#) & 1
. (0 !
;2
#
+ ) 1
>
98
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
: ) #
A
8 9 5
540
1020
470
428
620
760
1520
1610
1900
1350
980
1710
1930
43300
32800
28800
34600
27800
32800
28100
11000
8600
8260
9830
7600
9650
8900
8
9
10
11
12
. 4 9R
.>
537
845
1050
387
497
670. 75
1960
1840
2410
1520
1685
1701. 25
18900
31400
39500
29000
22300
30775
6060
10200
15500
9250
7900
9395. 83
Me a n
S td . De v i a ti o n 233.9 2
35 6 .5 4
6 6 8 8 .6 8
2326 .04
J 1 ) J ;
#"
! J , $
"3 #
, $
. : !
1 ;
".
7 (
0 !
)
S PS S 5 1
Da ta E d i to r 9 C
% 1
# A
#
)
"
4
tr e a t
( )
) % $
# d e pe nd
:
%
.
?1 % 1
>
E x pl o r e
!
!
Pl o ts 4
.
.
?1 ( Tr e a t 4
<6
:
# $
C "3 D 1 1
+
s pr e a d v s . L e v e l w i th l e v e ne te s t
E x pl o r e
99
. $
<- )
+
)
, 6 7 Po w e r E s ti m a ti o n : 2 3
:
9
.
F H ,
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
C
B
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D ep en d
8 9 5
5 4 0
1 0 2 0
4 7 0
4 2 8
6 2 0
7 6 0
5 3 7
8 4 5
1 0 5 0
3 8 7
4 9 7
1 5 2 0
1 6 1 0
1 9 0 0
1 3 5 0
9 8 0
1 7 1 0
1 9 3 0
1 9 6 0
1 8 4 0
2 4 1 0
1 5 2 0
1 6 8 5
4 3 3 0 0
3 2 8 0 0
2 8 8 0 0
3 4 6 0 0
2 7 8 0 0
3 2 8 0 0
2 8 1 0 0
1 8 9 0 0
3 1 4 0 0
3 9 5 0 0
2 9 0 0D 0 E P E N D
2 2 3 0 0
4 0 0 0
8 6 0 0
8 2 6 0
9 8 3 0
7 6 0 0
9 6 5 0
8 9 0 0
6 0 6 0
1 0 2 0 0
1 5 5 0 0
9 2 5 0
7 9 0 0
1 00
. L e v e ne
! A .
1 1
>
! & 1 - .1
? 1
#= $ -
M
1 2 = )
1 .2
Po w e r Tr a ns f o r m a ti o n
. (>
% 1 "
=
#
N
G 1
+ ) 2 = 3
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3 ) " 1 @ 0 @
Me a n .
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te d d
ia n
ia n a n d
f
B a s e d o n tr im m e d m e a n
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S ta tis tic
10.783
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d f1
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10.779
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16
14
12
10
Spread
8
6
4
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
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)
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> E D "3
0. 07 8 +
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7
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=
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0 D E Pl o ts
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( % 1
#
1 ) "!
Spread vs. Level Plot of DEPEND By TREAT
7000
: # $
6000
5000
4000
3000
Spread
2000
1000
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
Level
#) - . .
<"3 )1
M
.
1 2 = )"
3 F
6 =
!
( 3 6 )
Opti o ns 4
1 9
0 <2 +
% -
)1 0
:
O p t i o n s
!
C "3 +
% (%
) , " 1
)1 - #): E x c l u d e
, 6 E x p l o r e
: 7
C a s e s
L is tw is e
F a c t o r 4
D e p e n d e n t )
+ 9
0 2
. @ -
%
=
+ 9
0 2 ,
% -
)1 : E x c l u d e C a s e s P a i r w i s e
@ & 0
F ,
5
(
3
" 0 4
9
0
#) : R e p o r t V a l u e s
: D a t a E d i to r $ $ % " % 1 (
1 03
0 1 L @
d e p 1 d e p 2
1
10
2
11
.
.
4
13
5
14
.
6
.
7
8
A n a ly z e
D
fa c
1
1
1
2
2
2
e s c r ip tiv e S ta tis tic s
E x p lo r e
0
1
: " ?1 E x p l o r e
!
. F a c t o r L i s t C
D "
f a c 0
. D e p e n d e n t L i s t C
, "
d e p 2
d e p 1
. E x c l u d e C a s e s l i s t W i s e
O p t i o n s 4
: , 6 O K 4
D E P 1
D E P 2
F A C
1
2
1
2
V a lid
2
2
2
2
P e rc e
6 6
6 6
6 6
6 6
n t
.7
.7
.7
.7
N
%
%
%
%
C a s e s
M is s in g
1
1
1
1
P e rc e n t
33. 3%
33. 3%
33. 3%
33. 3%
T o ta l
3
3
3
3
P e rc
10
10
10
10
e n t
0 .0
0 .0
0 .0
0 .0
%
%
%
%
Descriptives
D E P 1
D E P 2
F A C
1
M e a n
S ta tis tic
1.50
M e a n
5.50
M e a n
10.50
M e a n
10.50
S td .E rro r
.50
.
.
1.50
.
.
.50
.
.
2.50
.
.
Facto r List
D epend ent List 2 %
+ 9
0 2 C " 3 +
+ ) 1
C " 3
2
1
C " 3 3 -1 fac 4
1 "
d ep1 "
.
; <= .
; 4
1 "
d ep2 .
1
1 4
2 "
7
4 %-
.
... 2
1
C " 3 3 -1
1 04
D E P 1
D E P 2
F A C
1
2
1
2
V a lid
2
3
2
2
P e rc e n t
6 6 .7 %
100. 0%
6 6 .7 %
6 6 .7 %
C a s e s
M is s in g
1
0
1
1
P e rc e n t
33. 3%
. 0%
33. 3%
33. 3%
T o ta l
3
3
3
3
P e rc e n t
100. 0%
100. 0%
100. 0%
100. 0%
Descriptives
D E P 1
D E P 2
F A C
1
M e a n
S ta tis tic
1.50
M e a n
5.6 7
M e a n
10.50
M e a n
10.50
S td .E rro r
.50
.
.
.8 8
.
.50
.
.
2.50
.
.
1
1 2
1 %-
; 2 fac 4
d ep1
.
6-
? E x pl o re
!
# ! 7 " 9
! 1
#
9
0 2 C " 3
%-
) 1 1
F
. 1
%.
"
C " 3
Descriptives
D E P 1
D E P 2
M e a n
M e a n
S ta tis tic
4.17
11.2 0
S td .E rro r
.9 5
1.0 7
11. 0 2
d e p 1 "
7
6
5
4
2
1 %-
.
4. 17
. d e p 2 "
7
5
4
2
1 %-
.
C
fac
? . Repo rt V al u es 9
0
"
9
1 #
!
105
Repo rt V al u es
$ E ? E x pl o re
!
:
5
C " 3 # ! E x pl o re
!
O K
Facto r List
4 3 . O ptio ns
D E P 1
D E P 2
F A C
. ( M is s in g )
1
2
. ( M is s in g )
1
2
V a lid
1
2
2
1
2
2
P e rc e n t
100. 0%
6 6 .7 %
6 6 .7 %
100. 0%
6 6 .7 %
6 6 .7 %
C a s e s
M is s in g
N
P e rc e n t
0
. 0%
1
33. 3%
1
33. 3%
0
. 0%
1
33. 3%
1
33. 3%
T o ta l
1
3
3
1
3
3
P e rc e n t
100. 0%
100. 0%
100. 0%
100. 0%
100. 0%
100. 0%
Repo rt V al u es
2
1 <= ! D
Fac 4
6-
: " V al u es
Descriptives
D E P
1
D E P
2
F A C
1
M e a n
S ta tis tic
1.50
M e a n
5.50
M e a n
10.50
M e a n
10.50
S td .E rro r
.50
.
.
1.50
.
.
.50
.
.
2.50
.
.
7 E x cl u d e Listwise . > 0 1 2 .
;
9
0
) 1 6=
106
(
3
0!
Crosstabs
) 2 2 Tabl es 2 - #
# 3 Cro sstabs # )
) M u l tiway Tabl es 9 )
#
<= 1 .
7
1
9 1 9 ,
.
! & % 1 -
#
F ,
.1 -
) @
a B = )
) @
C @ "
9 $ 22 , 3 #
#
: 1
3
a1 / 0$ "
4 (
$ $ % 1
%" 2
7 O
f
"
m (
treat
a
b
b
b
a
a
b
a
b
a
a
b
a
b
a
b
b
b
a
b
a
b
reco v er
a1
a1
b1
b1
a1
a1
b1
b1
b1
a1
a1
a1
a1
b1
a1
b1
b1
b1
a1
a1
b1
b1
>
g end er
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
1
= - 1 ? reco v er
treat
1 2 = ) "
2 #
.1
1
= - 1 ? reco v er
treat
1 2 = ) "
2 #
.2
:
%
.
? 1 #
;
" .
0
.1
.(
/ 0$
B = )
.) 1
) 2 = 3
1 +
. g end er >
107
;
Anal y z e
D escriptiv e Statistics
. #
<
0!
: " D 1
+
Cro sstabs
!
D # ) ;G
. #
9 3 D # ) ;G
. $ E
3 1
. $ (
. $
, 6
: 7
+ @ : Row(s)
+ @ : : C ol u m n (s)
) : D i sp l a y C l u st e r e d b a r C h a r t s
. $ E
3 9 )
#
2 - #
/ 0 -: S u p r e ss t a b l e s
: " D 1
+
Statistics
!
, 6 Statistics 4 3
: 7
. 9 3 3 H
0!
= 1 - , "
ch i-Sq u are ! A ;
: C h i -S q a r e
; D <" 3 <) Pearso n
Spearman
.1 - " ) ;
: C or r e l a t i on
108
H
0!
= 1 3 1 Spearman .1 # ) ; Nu meric 3 "
%
2
$ $ M easu re
)
O rd inal
) O rd ered V al u es 1 2 3 9 1 3 9 3
Scal e
1 , 3 1 )
Q u antitativ e V ariabl es % 9 3
H
0!
= 1 3 1
.I nterv al <@ ,
$
V ariabl e V iew $ $ M easu re
3
H
0 !
<=
(.1 ) 2 =
%= ) ) 1 ;
F L : N om i n a l
(7 A J
) >
. (9 ! 1 J # !
J 1 ) 6
9 3
H
0 !
=
2 =
%= ) ) 1 ;
F L : O r d i n a l
. 1 %
9 @
. g end er >
#
. , 1
.No minal V ariabl es - % " 2 = Ph i and G ramers v > ? = -
Cro sstabs
!
o k Statistics
!
Co ntinu e 4 3
: % C " 3 # !
T R E A T
T otal
a1
a
b
R E CO V E R
8
3
1 1
b1
T otal
2
9
1 1
1 0
1 2
22
Chi-Square Tests
P e a rs o n C
C o n tin u ity
L ik e lih o o d
F is h e r 's E
N o f V a lid
h iC o
R a
x a c
C a
S q
rre
tio
t T
s e
u a re
c tio n
e s t
V a lu e
6.600b
4 .5 8 3
6.9 9 4
2 2
d f
1
1
1
A s y m p .S ig .
( 2 - s id e d )
.010
.03 2
.008
a . C o m p u te d o n ly fo r a 2 x 2 ta b le
b . 0 c e l l s ( .0% ) h a v e e x p e c t e d c o u n t l e s s t h a n 5 . T h e m i n i m u m
5 .00.
109
E x a c t S ig .
( 2 - s id e d )
E x a c t S ig .
( 1- s i d e d )
.03 0
e x p e c te d c o u n t is
.015
@
/ 0$
3 B = )
= + 9 3 3 H
0!
= 1 "
)
@ 1
:
!
;
9 3 3 c
H
0!
3 # r 7 (r-1)(c-1)
2
2 = (Oi Ei )
Ei
6. 6 ! & 2 % 2
? 2
# Ei
$
# Oi 7
1 2 = 3
+ %5
- M
1 )
@ (
C
3 p-v al u e= 0.010 < 0.05 2
.(
/ 0$
B = )
Symmetric Measures
N o m in a l b y
N o m in a l
N o f V a lid C a s e s
P h i
C r a m e r 's V
V a lu e
.548
.548
2 2
A p p r o x .S ig .
.0 1 0
.0 1 0
a . N o t a s s u m in g th e n u ll h y p o th e s is .
b . U s in g th e a s y m p to tic s ta n d a r d e r r o r a s s u m in g th e n u ll
h y p o th e s is .
2
=
n
6 .6
= 0.548 Ph i = 2 >
22
1
= - 1 - 2 ! A # ) 7 J % 5
- M
1 2 -
)
. (r-1)(c-1)
.
=
!
; 2 2 #
+
+
Ei
>
,
)
2*2 2 - #
? # ) <1
G Ph i 2 > : 2
:
2 = )
r*c 9 ) #
; +
Cramer Co efficient C 1 H )
C=
2
=
N ( L 1)
6 .6
= 0.548
22
#
9 3
H
0!
1 ! )
L
)
# N 7
>
2 6=
(r-1)(c-1) 1
= - 1 - 2 ! A # ) 7
) Co nting ency Co efficient
# ) 1 H ) ; > K : 3
r*c
#
+ ;
(<0
Cro sstsbs:Statistics
!
110
No minal
: 2 = )
2
=
2
+N
C=
6.6
= 0.480
6.6 + 22
1
= - 1 - 2 ! A # )
)
# N 7
10
RECOVER
Count
a1
0
b1
TREAT
!
: 4
Cel l s 4
1 K
Cro sstab #
%
(
) 1
.1
: @ + Co u nts
:
%
+
+
Cel l D ispl ay
!
, 6 7 Cro sstabs
. Oi $
1 #
= I 7 @ -
: O bserv ed
. Ei ? 2
1 #
= I
;
1 : E x pected
. H !
N
'
;
1 #
= I : Ro ws
.
)
N
'
;
1 #
= I : Co l u mns
. "
N
'
;
1 #
= I : To tal
: % = @
: Resid u al s
Oi Ei ? 2
$
1 0
1 #
= I : U nstand ard ised
C " 3 <
? 2
$
1 0
1 #
= I : Stand ard iz ed
. D
+ )
E .
. .
3 + )
H - %
1 D 3 < 1 ) 1
> 0 : Ad j .Stand ard ised
!
111
Fo rmat 4
1 <
4
< 3 ! #
H
0!
; : 5
Cro sstabs
Anal y z e
D escriptiv e Statistics
:
%
.
? 1
;
" .
0
Cro sstabs
: " D 1
9 .
1 H )
( 1 .) Lay er 2 @
. $
+
Cro sstabs
!
.2
, 6
g end er # A D 6=
m
"
D + 9 .
2 2 #
>
;
reco v er
. f 7 O
O K
T R E A T
T otal
T R E A T
a
b
a1
a
b
T otal
R E CO V E R
2
1
3
6
2
8
b1
T otal
1
4
5
1
5
6
3
3
5
8
7
7
14
Chi-Square Tests
G E N D E R
f
P e a rs o n C
C o n tin u ity
L ik e lih o o d
F is h e r 's E
N o fV a lid
P e a rs o n C
C o n tin u ity
L ik e lih o o d
F is h e r 's E
N o fV a lid
h iC o
R a
x a c
C a
h iC o
R a
x a c
C a
S q u
rre c
tio
t T e
s e s
S q u
rre c
tio
t T e
s e s
a re
tio na
s t
a re
tio na
s t
a . C o mp u t e d o n l y fo r a 2x 2 t a b l e
V a lu e
1.742b
.3 20
1.76 2
8
4.6 6 7c
2.6 25
5 .0 0 4
14
d f
1
1
1
A s y mp . S i g .
( 2- s i d e d )
.187
.5 72
.184
1
1
1
.0 3 1
.10 5
.0 25
E x a c t S ig .
( 2- s i d e d )
E x a c t S ig .
( 1- s i d e d )
.46 4
.286
.10 3
.0 5 1
b . 4 c e l l s ( 10 0 .0 % ) h a v e e x p e c t e d c o u n t l e s s t h a n 5 . T h e mi n i mu m e x p e c t e d c o u n t i s 1.13 .
c . 4 c e l l s ( 10 0 .0 % ) h a v e e x p e c t e d c o u n t l e s s t h a n 5 . T h e mi n i mu m e x p e c t e d c o u n t i s 3 .0 0 .
112
. ) 1 2 = 3
3 Pearso n Ch i-Sq u are ! & p-v al u e 2 # = 6=
1
1 2 = 3
C " 3 ! & ' 7 & C @ "
1
1 (
C " 3 R
/ 0$
/
. %5
- M
C @ "
2 2 N
#
Ch i-Sq u are 1 - %@ 0
M A
5 C
H
1 - E -
#
= + # + E 1 5 3 # - ; Ei ? 2
#
%100#
=
5 3 # ? 2
6=
#
" " 6
. 1 - 5 3
;
7 &
Symmetric Measures
G E N D E R
f
N o mi n a l b y
N o mi n a l
N o fV a lid C a s e s
N o mi n a l b y
N o mi n a l
V a lu e
.467
.467
8
.5 77
.5 77
1 4
P h i
C r a me r ' s V
P h i
C r a me r ' s V
N o fV a lid C a s e s
A p p r o x .S ig .
.1 87
.1 87
.0 3 1
.0 3 1
a . N o t a s s u mi n g t h e n u l l h y p o t h e s i s .
b . U s i n g t h e a s y mp t o t i c s t a n d a r d e r r o r a s s u mi n g t h e n u l l h y p o t h e s i s .
GENDER=f
GENDER=m
4.5
4.0
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
RECOVER
1.0
a1
a1
.5
b1
Count
TREAT
113
Count
RECOVER
1.5
TREAT
b1
Compare Means
Means
( 1 8 )
H - J #
J .
J 4
3
"
%-
3 J N
) # M % $ '
>
1
;
C J B J A 0" ? 3 C
;
. 16 % ? 4
1
#
: :
# $
C " 3 D ata E d ito r $ $ ,
A
G end er
d eg ree
70
90
8 8
8 6
6 8
6 4
76
8 3
79
5 5
97
100
6 4
5 9
90
73
g ro u p
A
B
A
B
C
C
B
A
B
C
B
A
C
C
A
A
g end er
Femal e
M al e
M al e
M al e
M al e
M al e
M al e
Femal e
Femal e
Femal e
M al e
M al e
Femal e
Femal e
M al e
Femal e
+ )
H -
%-
3
C J B J A 3 0
?
; %
.
;
S:
%
.
? 1 3
#
!
114
, 6 Anal y z e
Co mpare means
M eans
. $
S:
# $
C " 3 D 1 1
+
M eans
S: 7
?
#
#
. ANO V A 1
# "
;
Stand ard
. 1 " . % 4 # ) + g ro u p 4
O ptio ns 4
D ev iatio n
S: 5 , 6 O K
115
Co ntinu e 4
Report
DEGREE
GRO U P
A
B
C
T o ta l
M e a n
8 4 .0 0
8 5. 60
62 . 0 0
7 7 . 63
6
5
5
1 6
S t d . De v i a t i o n
1 1 .1 9
8 .4 4
5. 0 5
1 3 . 65
. 4 3
# ; D eg ree "
1
" .
% $ '
; D 6=
: 2 #
%
+ )
H -
%-
3
.
; ;" . 1 #
% 1 > 0
9
%
.
> 0 ? 1 K
0
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! 1 g end er >
;
g ro u p ?
;
:
# $
C " 3 M eans
!
; 1
1 #
M e a n
8 4 .0 0
8 5. 60
62 . 0 0
7 7 . 63
6
5
5
1 6
S t d . De v i a t i o n
1 1 .1 9
8 .4 4
5. 0 5
1 3 . 65
DEGREE * GENDER
DEGREE
GENDER
F e m a le
M a le
T o ta l
116
M e a n
6 9. 0 0
8 4 .3 3
77. 6 3
7
9
1 6
S t d . De v i a
1 0
1 2
1 3
tio
.2
.4
.6
3 #
1 .
1
K
0
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?
# # (7 A J
) >
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1 .
g ro u p
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1 .
M eans
!
:
# "
; M eans
!
Lay ers
, 6 3 % 1 .
F # 3
g end er
. Lay er1 C
1 .
I nd epend ent List C
g ro u p
#
1 # $
4 3 ;
Report
DEGREE
GRO U P
A
T o ta l
117
GENDER
F e m a le
M a le
T o ta l
F e m a le
M a le
T o ta l
F e m a le
M a le
T o ta l
F e m a le
M a le
T o ta l
M e a n
75.33
92.67
8 4.0 0
79.0 0
8 7.25
8 5.60
59.33
66.0 0
62.0 0
69.0 0
8 4.33
77.63
3
3
6
1
4
5
3
2
5
7
9
16
S t d . De v i a t i o n
6.8 1
6.43
11.19
.
8 .77
8 .44
4.51
2.8 3
5.0 5
10 .28
12.43
13.65
.1
.2
.3
( Test o f Linearity . E 1 ) : 4 #
%
)
.
+
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H $ 0 1 -
!
Test fo r Linearity
)
1
# "
; 1
(1S9) 1
1 #
9
ANO V A and
eta
$ E 1
P R O D U C T * M E T H O B De tw e e n
G ro u p s
W ith in G r o u p s
T o ta l
( C o m b in e d )
L in e a r ity
D e v ia tio n fr o m
S u m o f
S q u a re s
402.000
86 .400
L i n e a r 315
i t y .6 00
15 2.000
5 5 4.000
d f
3
1
2
8
11
M e a n S q u a re
134.000
86 .400
15 7 .800
19 .000
F
7 .05 3
4.5 47
8.305
Measures of Association
P RO D U C T * M E T H O D
R
-.395
RS q u a re d
.1 56
E ta
.8 52
E ta S q u a re d
.7 2 6
1 - F 2 ;
118
S ig .
.012
.06 6
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%
)
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+ %5
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2S8 1
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0
(pro d u ct) )
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1 # E ta-Sq u are J .1 C
E ta-Sq u are = SS. between G ro u ps / SS. To tal = 7 (M eth o d ) #
402/5 5 4= 0.726 .
(pro d u ct)
1 Simpl e Co rrel atio n .1
.1 - # ) # R 2
#
4C
1 %
1 D 3 1 ) 1 3 1 (M eth o d )
B
9
>
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O ne S am p l e T-Test
T ( 2 8 )
?
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Sig nificant D ifference +
) H =
H $ 1 - 0
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9 A C
@ A .
Co nstant 1 2 3 ) D %1 +
# A 2
<
52 ) 1 B
4
10 , 3 # W eig h t
#
. D ata ed ito r $ $
W E I G HT
1.10
1.10
.90
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.8 0
1.20
1.20
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H 0 : = 1.25 or - 1.25 = 0
H 1 : 1.25
t=
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119
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Anal y z e Co mpare M eans
O ne sampl e T-Test
: " D 1 1
+
O ne sampl e t-Test
! , 6
: # $ D 1
+
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!
, 6 O ptio ns 4
1 1
7 ( #
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1
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0
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5
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+ ' - #
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C " 3 Test V ariabl es /
-
12 0
O K
4 3
T-Te s t
One-Sample Statistics
W E IG H T
10
M e a n
1. 02 0
S td . D e v ia tio n
. 16 2
S td . E rro r
M e a n
5 . 12 1E - 02
One-Sample Test
T e s t V a l u e = 1 .25
W E IG H T
t
-4.492
d f
S i g . ( 2-ta i l e d )
.0 0 1 5
M e a n
D iffe r e n c e
-.23 0
99% C o n f i d e n c e
I n te r v a l o f th e
D iffe r e n c e
L o w e r
U p p e r
-.3 96
-6 .3 6 E -0 2
F
t = ( 1.020-1.25 )/ 0.05 12 = -4.492
!
;
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M
v = 9 1 )
t(tab
t 1 , +
t(cal .) 1
t 1 H )
B )
t 2 7 t (cal.) t (tab.), v, / 2
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7 -
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P-v al u e
Sig .
SPSS 5 1 # 1 2 9 $ 1 , 1
%) 4
#
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7 . ) @ 3 (
. P-v al u e ; . L @
..
. # 2 P-v al u e % )
@ (
T-d i s t r i b u t i o n
0.0007
5
0.0007
5
-4 . 4 9 2
4 .4 9 2
12 1
P-v al u e <0.01
P-v al u e < 0.05
1
M e an Di f f e r e n c e ?
.
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0.8536
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0 !
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9.4
8 .4
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9.7
7 .0
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8 .2
6 .9
1 2 .7
7 .3
9.2
-
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1
1
1
:
5
%
,
1
1
A
12.5
H 1 : A B
% 2
9.4
1 1 .7
1 1 .3
9.9
8 .7
9.6
1 1 .5
1 0 .3
1 0 .6
9.6
9.7
.
1 +
)
1 ;
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H 0 : A = B
122
1
1
#
:
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1 + . %1
%5
Pr o te n
:
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0
7
# $
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. 4
G r o u p
Proten G rou p
12.50
9 .4 0
11.7 0
11.3 0
9 .9 0
8 .7 0
9 .6 0
11.50
10.3 0
10.6 0
9 .6 0
9 .7 0
9 .4 0
8 .4 0
11.6 0
7 .20
9 .7 0
7 .00
10.4 0
8 .20
6 .9 0
12.7 0
7 .3 0
9 .20
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
% 1
# P 1
1
1
#
. $
An al y z e C o m p ar e M e an s I n d e p e n d e n t
Sam p l e s T Te s t
+
I n d e p e n d e n t Sam p l e s T Te s t
! , 6
: " D 1
Te s t V ar i abl e s 2 Pr o te n
# P 1 2
G r o u p i n g V ar i abl e 2 ( 4 ) G r o u p
7 De f i n e G r o u p s 4
. 3 B
A ?
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C
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A 4 2 D
G r o u p
D < " 3 2
1
E
( d i c h o to m o u s V ar i abl e
!
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9 !
9 1
H
1 4
;
C u t Po i n t # ! . # = ? M . K
4
10 # 2 2 ,
% -
# ( 10
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E
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9
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> 0 D " I n d e p e n d e n t s am p l e T Te s t
!
.
1 0
1 1
+ Te s t V ar i abl e s
O p ti o n s 4
. O n e Sam p l e T Te s t
!
2 # A : 6 =
. < ) % 9 )
3
:
5
, 6 I n d e p e n d e n t s am p l e T Te s t
!
O K
Group Statistics
P R O T E N
123
G R O U P
A
B
12
12
M e a n
10 . 4 0 0 0
9 .0 0 0 0
S td . D e v ia tio n
1. 13 14
1. 8 7 4 2
S td . E
M e a
.3
.5
rro r
n
26 6
4 10
4 3
P R O T E N
E q u a l v a r ia n c e s
a s s u m e d
2.776
t- te s t f o r E q u a l i ty o f M e a n s
S ig .
.1 1 0
d f
2.21 5
1 8 .0 8
2.21 5
E q u a l v a r ia n c e s
n o ta s s u m e d
.0 3 7
1 .4 0 0
S td .
E rro r
D iffe r
e n c e
.63 20
8 .9 3 6E - 0 2
2.71 0 6
.0 4 0
1 .4 0 0
.63 20
7.267E - 0 2
2.7273
S ig .
( 2- ta i l e d )
22
9 5 % C o n fid e n c e
I n te r v a l o f th e
D iffe r e n c e
L o w e r
U p p e r
M e a n
D iffe r
e n c e
)
, 9
E
)
1 +
( 0 C
M 1 - 6 =
2 % 1
+
3 ( 0
2 = 2 +
E C
0 . 2A B
B
A
+ %5
- M
1 )
@ ( C
) P-V al u e = 0.03 7 <0.05 2
E %1
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1 1 -
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1
1
.
1
)
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1 )
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P-V al u e > 0.01
)
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E 1 >
L e v e n 1
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)
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) >
2
1 "
P a i r e d -S a m p l e s T-Te s t
T
( 4 8 )
7 9
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1
0
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1
.
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4 C " 3 )
% $
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9
(B
A) 0 !
: ) . 2 # #
!
#
% 1
B H
A
B
!
1 M % 3 4
A H
N 4
! 1 A
10
127
135
195
200
162
160
170
182
143
147
205
200
168
172
175
186
197
194
136
141
. %5
- M
1
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B & .
+
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An al y z e C o m p ar e M e an s Pai r e d Sam p l e s T Te s t
. $
:
# $
C " 3 D 1 1
+
Pai r e d Sam p l e s T Te s t
!
124
:
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7 b
a 0 !
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a
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1 3 1 Pai r e d v ar i abl e s 2 % 2
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4 1 a
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Sh i f t Q 0 . @ .2
2 C #
Pai r e d v ar i abl e s
.1
4 .3
: "
1 - 5 C " 3 #
! "
O K
4
P a ir
1
M e a n
167.80
171.70
A
B
10
10
S td .D e v ia tio n
2 6.5 8
2 4 .60
S td .E rro r
M e a n
8.4 0
7.78
A & B
10
C o r r e la tio n
.9 7 8
S ig .
. 000
P a ir 1
A-B
M e a n
-3.90
S td .
D e v i a ti o n
5 .7 4
S td .
E rro r
M e a n
1 .8 2
9 5 % C o n fid e n c e
I n te r v a l o f th e
D iffe r e n c e
L o w e r
U p p e r
-8 .01
.2 1
-2 .1 4 7
d f
S ig .
( 2 -ta i l e d )
. %1
%5
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)
0.9 7 8
1 . 1 - # ) ; 7
.06 0
+ H 0 : A = B )
@ #
1 2 C
3 P-v al u e =0.06 0>0.05 2 E T 1 - 1
1
. .
0 !
B & .
1
) % =
3
125
Analysis of Variance
% 1
3
"
% ) 1
N
1 !
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1
# " 1 !
. AN O V A Tabl e 1
# " #
1 H ) #
# "
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3
% .
+
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9
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)
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+
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. ) 1 %
:
#
1
.
5 0
3
4 8
47
55
61
64
64
55
52
52
49
55
45
41
44
50
1
2
3
4
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#
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J 19 89
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# 7
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126
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%
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C " 3 Data E d i to r 2
% 1
# A
m e th o d
1
1
1
2
2
2
3
3
3
4
4
4
p ro
5
4
4
5
6
6
5
4
5
5
4
4
5
d u c t
8
5
An al y z e
4
5
C o m p ar e M e an s
O n e -W ay N O V A
+
O n e -W ay AN O V A
!
9
: " D 1 1
2
0
4
1
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: 7
< 1
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1
#
)
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F
Fac to r %
)
> 0
(%
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@
%
3 1 1
# " #
3 C " 3 # !
#
3 !
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N
#
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#
# : Fac to r
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;
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5 1
(
) O K
4 3
ANOVA
PRODUCT
S u m
S q u a
4 0 2
1 5 2
5 5 4
B e tw e e n G ro u p s
W ith in G r o u p s
To t a l
) @ (
127
? .
o
re
.0
.0
.0
s
0 0
0 0
0 0
d f
3
8
1 1
M e a n S q u a re
1 34 . 0 0 0
1 9 .0 0 0
F
7 .0 5 3
S ig .
.0 1 2
,
0.05 # 2 F ! & 1 !
P-V al u e =0.012 2
. ? 1 3 !
.
% .
1
)
+ %5
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# 2 C " 3 . .
+
3 ) , .
% .
1
)
< 6
M u l ti p l e
9 )
%
C
E " %
)
B
4 #
0
) 1 -
Po s t H o c
!
:
%
.
N 1 E 1 Du n n e tt
L.S.D. . 1 C o m p ar i s o n s
, 6 O n e -W ay AN O V A
!
: " D 1
Po s t H o c 4
+ M u l ti p l e c o m p ar i s o n s
.2
9 I
1
1
Du n n e tt
LSD $ E 1 2 7 9 )
% "
9 3 .
6 =
.
Fi r s t 2
( Fi r s t , Las t ) C o n tr o l C ate g o r y 9 .
3
;
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H . ) 1 - N
? , 1
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9 .
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. Si g n i f i c an c e Le v e l %5 ;
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)
M
<
. Te s t
:
%
C " 3 # !
O K
4 C o n ti n u e
Multiple Comparisons
4 3
( I ) M E TH OD
1
L S D
2
3
4
Du nnett t ( 2- s ided)
2
3
4
( J ) M E TH OD
2
3
4
1
3
4
1
2
4
1
2
3
1
1
1
M ean
Dif f erenc e
(I-J )
- 11. 0 0
- 2. 0 0
5 .0 0
11. 0 0
9 .0 0
16 . 0 0
2. 0 0
-9 .0 0
7 .0 0
-5 .0 0
- 16 . 0 0
-7 .0 0
11. 0 0
2. 0 0
-5 .0 0
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S td. E rro
3. 5
3. 5
3. 5
3. 5
3. 5
3. 5
3. 5
3. 5
3. 5
3. 5
3. 5
3. 5
3. 5
3. 5
3. 5
r
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
128
S ig .
. 0 15
.5 9 0
. 19 8
. 0 15
. 0 35
.0 0 2
.5 9 0
. 0 35
.0 8 5
. 19 8
.0 0 2
.0 8 5
. 0 37
.8 9 6
. 40 9
9 5 %
L o w er B o
-
Co nf idenc e I nterv
u nd
Upper B
19 . 21
10 . 21
- 3. 21
2. 7 9
.7 9
7 .7 9
- 6 . 21
17 . 21
- 1. 21
13. 21
24. 21
15 . 21
.7 5
- 8 . 25
15 . 25
al
o u nd
- 2. 7 9
6 . 21
13. 21
19 . 21
17 . 21
24. 21
10 . 21
-.7 9
15 . 21
3. 21
-7 .7 9
1. 21
21. 25
12. 25
5 . 25
% .
1 %5
- M
1
)
% , 6 LSD . # ) 1 D 6 =
=
3
? 0.05 # 2 Si g .
P-V al u e 2 % 7 (4
2)J(3
2)J (2
1) %
)
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C " 3
C
.
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1 >
. 1
# " / ,
(
)1 (
: 7
) : De s c r i p ti v e
1 - : H o m o g e n e i ty -o f -V ar i an c e
0 1 >
1 ) 7 . Le v e n e ! A
. %
)
.
# . . (
) : M e an s p l o t
$
% "
9
0 < 2 +
% -
) 1 : E x c l u d e C as e s An al y s i s by An al y s i s
. . # " 1
. %
+ 9
0 < 2 +
% -
) 1 : E x c l u d e C as e s Li s tw i s e
O n e -W ay
. 9
0 2 C " 3 % 1
/
)
+ $ E , - #
!
O K
4 F = 3
!
C o n ti n u e 4 3
: 5 (
3 AN O V A
>
PRODUCT
L e v e n e
S ta tis tic
.6 6 7
d f1
3 ) " 1 @ 0 @
d f2
( 1 >
S ig .
.5 9 6
) ) @ 1 1 F = 3 B
@ #
1 2 C
3 P-V al u e =0.5 9 6 >0.05 2 7 Le v e n e ! A 1 ( 1
. ( Le v e n e ! A #
E x p l o r e ? ).% 1
>
M e a n s Pl o t s
129
1 " )
:
) #
1
.
#
. .
70
Mean of PRODUCT
60
50
40
METHOD
. G
%
)
(
) 1 1 / E 1 7 1 , ; 6 )
C o n tr as t 1 H )
"
%
t-1
D E t 3 ( % 3
) %
)
]Q = Ci Yi. w i th
: . 2 = ) E + (% = 1 )
Ci = 0
C o e f f i c i e n ts % = ) Ci
i
)
N
# Yi. 7
O r th o g o n al ( ) ) "
, E Q2 = C 2i Yi.
Q1 = C1i Yi.
D
+
SSt%
)
% ) 1 N
D " 3
C1i C 2i = 0
A
#
) 1 & 1
9
, #
"
%
t-1 C
t-1
:
#
E 1 L @
. 9 C " 3 %
F
:2 #
) 1 E 1
4
3 % 1 % "
^ 0
C " 3 = )
N
E
1 %
Yi.
16 8
18 8
16 8
17 2
144
40
42
46
43
36
W e i g h t
42
47
44
45
37
40
48
42
42
36
#
% 6
N
#
%
46
51
36
42
35
1
2
3
4
5
:
. :
. 56
: " ;" .
. %
)
% .
1 0
) 1 - 1
# " /
Q1 = 4Y1. Y2. Y3. Y4. Y5. = 0
13 0
:
t-1 "
) 1 %
) 1
.1
.2
Q4 = Y4. Y5. = 0
tr e at
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
: " Data E d i to r 2
C
% 1
# A 1
w e ig h t
:
4 6
4 0
4 2
! " # A n a l y z e C o m p a r e M e a n s O n e -W a y A N O V A
4 0
: % & '
O n e -W a y A N O V A
$
5 1
4 8
4 7
4 2
3 6
4 2
4 4
4 6
4 2
4 2
4 5
4 3
3 5
3 6
3 7
3 6
!
, 6 O n e -W ay AN O V A
!
C o n tr as ts
4
# A C
"
1
1 M
" 9
%
# P 1
7 C o n t r a s t s
: " , = )
4# )
@ A A d d 4 4 2
; C o e f f i c i e n ts "
? 1
. # 0 # . C
- # )
@ A A d d 4
C o e f f i c i e n ts "
? 1
-1 2
;
. # 0 # . C 1
- # )
@ A A d d 4
C o e f f i c i e n ts "
? 1
-1 2
;
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- # )
@ A A d d 4
C o e f f i c i e n t s "
? 1
-1 2
;
. # 0 # . C 1
- # )
@ A A d d 4
C o e f f i c i e n t s "
? 1
-1 2
;
. # 0 # . C 1
131
N e x t 4
% = ) # & . C
% = ) " 2
, 1
, 6 . %
1
. C
% = ) # A . > 0 1 % = )
# P 1 1
: " C o n t r a s t s
!
<= C
% = )
.P r e v i o u s 4
1 C
9
) "
N e x t 4
C
# =
5 1
O n e -W a y
A N O V A
!
O K 4 C o n tin u e 4
:
B
(
)1
ANOVA
WEIGHT
S u m
S q u a
2 48
1 3 0
3 7 8
B e t w e e n Gr o u p s
Wi t h i n Gr o u p s
To t a l
o
re
.0
.0
.0
d f
s
0 0
0 0
0 0
4
1 5
1 9
M e a n S q u a re
6 2 .0 0 0
8 .6 6 7
F
7 .1 5 4
S ig .
.0 0 2
. %1
%5
- M
1 ( = )
) %
)
% .
1
0
) C
$ F 1
Contrast Coefficients
C o n tra s t
1
2
3
4
4
0
0
0
-1
1
1
0
T R E A T
3
-1
1
-1
0
-1
-1
0
1
-1
-1
0
-1
%
)
t 1 1
#
. ) 1 %
% = ) 1 F = 3 #
: " B V al u e o f C o n tr as t
2 " )
? . % 1
+
(
V al u e o f C o n tr as t = Ci Yi. / r
. 4
:
132
: r
Contrast Tests
V al u e of
Contrast Contrast S td . E rror
W E I G H T A ssu m e e q u al v ari anc e 1s
.00
6 .5 8
2
1 0.00
2 .9 4
3
5 .00
2 .08
4
7 .00
2 .08
D oe s not assu m e e q u al1
.00
6 .3 9
v ari anc e s
2
1 0.00
2 .9 7
3
5 .00
2 .8 6
4
7 .00
.8 2
7 1) J
3
2
3
3
1
8
t
.000
.3 9 7
.4 02
.3 6 3
.000
.3 6 5
.7 5 0
.5 7 3
d f
4 .7
6 .8
5 .8
4 .8
S i g . ( 2- tai l e d )
1 .000
1 5
.004
1 5
.03 0
1 5
.004
2 7
1 .000
2 3
.01 2
8 0
.1 3 2
00
.000
1 5
J . % 1 C
%
)
% ) 1 N
4
# "
0
%
)
3 # t 7 t-1 +
Polynomial
)
0 " % <= # )
%
3 9 1 3 , %
)
;
0!
1 3 9
(
0"
% 1
) 1
H ,
)
. >
# )
# M
1
)
M
D + 5-1=4 +
) E 1
# "
%
)
% ) 1 N
# "
7 . ) 1
J 1) J
J .
1
C "3 #
!
& 1
: " Contrasts
!
6 - . Contrasts % % 0 !
1
> 0 ,
, @ ) 1 3 "
% 1
F < " 3
)
Polynomial ) 1 Coef f icients % = )
1 C
B
C "3 # !
133
O ne-w ay AN O VA
!
O K
4 Continu e 4 3 .4th
:
ANOVA
WEIGHT
B e tw e e n
Gr o u p s
( C o m b in e d )
L i n e a r Te r m
Q u a d r a tic
Te r m
Wi t h i n Gr o u p s
To t a l
S u m o
S q u a re
248 . 0 0
10 2. 40
C o n tra s t
D e v ia tio n
C o n
D e v
C u b i c Te r m
C o n
D e v
4t h - o r d e r Te r m C o n
tr
ia
tr
ia
tr
a s
tio
a s
tio
a s
n
n
f
0
4
1
M e a n S q u a re
6 2. 0 0 0
10 2. 40 0
145 . 6 0 0
9 2. 5 7 1
5 3. 0 29
1. 6 0 0
5 1. 429
5 1. 429
130 . 0 0 0
37 8 . 0 0 0
1
2
1
1
1
d f
15
19
F
7 . 15 4
11. 8 15
S ig .
.0 0 2
.0 0 4
48 . 5 33
5 .6 0 0
.0 0 9
9 2. 5 7 1
26 . 5 14
1. 6 0 0
5 1. 429
5 1. 429
8 .6 6 7
10 . 6 8 1
3. 0 5 9
. 18 5
5 . 9 34
5 . 9 34
.0 0 5
.0 7 7
.6 7 4
. 0 28
. 0 28
- M
1 1 3
) % , 6 % 1
? 1 #
9
/ . 3
. Cu bic term 1 ) 1 3 % 5
Tw o W ay AN O V A
(29)
C
@ A #
# )
%
) % .
+
1 )
1
# " 0
R CB
$ )
"
% 3 .
! ; B
# )
% .
+
1
. ;
! Desig n
: 3#
K 0
1 +
#
C "3 #
!
$ 3 " % 3 . 2 1
(#
# )
) % . & N
) 1 % 2
) ? . 2 ) 1 ( )
) .
: !
(
)
(
# )
1)
% 3 .
) % ) 1 %
-1
-1
-3
-4
1
1
0
-2
-2
-4
-5
1
0
0
(
)
1
2
3
4
" #
:
. 83 #
! "
N
% .
1 0
) 1 - )
1
# " #
7 1
; G
. % 5
- M
1
car%
N
1 0
) K
Tyre % . &
: "
Data E ditor 2 % 1
# P 1
1
134
car
A
A
A
A
B
B
B
B
C
C
C
C
D
D
D
D
tyre
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
1 % @
th in
4
1
0
0
1
1
0
-5
-1
-1
-3
-4
0
-2
-2
-4
:
$ * %
:
+
" # ,
% 1 # ) 6 - . R andom Factors # ) E # ) % ) 3
K
Fu ll Factorial <- 1 Cu stom J M odel
!
)
(car*tyre) 1
# " #
: " D 1 ) 1 M odel
!
I nteraction # 3 0
, 6 ; G
-
.
B
% 1
@ C " 3 # ) I nclu de I ntercept in M odel $ E 7
. B
F 13 1 )
# " #
, 6 A
E f f ects % E
N
)
# ) Bu ild Terms
1 M odel C
Factors &
135
E ) 1 ) M ain E f f ects % E , 6
: B C "3 # !
Between-Subjects Factors
T Y R E
CAR
A
B
C
D
1
2
3
4
4 4 1 , #
U niv ariate
!
O K
Continu e 4 3
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
Tests of Between-Subjects Effects
Ty pe III S u m
o f S q u ares
69. 37 5 a
14 . 0 63
30 . 68 8
38 . 68 8
11. 5 63
95 . 0 0 0
8 0 . 938
df
6
1
3
3
9
16
15
M ean S q u are
11. 5 63
14 . 0 63
10 . 2 2 9
12 . 8 96
1. 2 8 5
F
9. 0 0 0
10 . 94 6
7 . 962
10 . 0 38
S ig .
.0 0
.0 0
.0 0
.0 0
9
7
: 6 #
Ty pe III S u m
o f S q u ares
30 . 6 8 8
38 . 6 8 8
1 1 .5 6 3
8 0 . 938
. % 5 . /
df
M ean S q
1 0
1 2
1
u are
.2 2 9
. 8 96
.2 8 5
F
7 . 96 2
1 0 . 0 38
S ig .
.0 0 7
.0 0 3
0 ) # , F 2 C "3 # !
136
3
3
9
1 5
:
1 # 3 0 , 6 &
:
%
.
? 1 (
%
.1
!
I nteraction
Bu ild Terms # 0
tyre
1 ) % 2
> 0 Factors &
D ,
.M odel
. (car ? S h if t Q 0 . @
. M odel C
#
. M odel
!
4
)
.
B
# )
.2
.
)
1
# " / GL M
( 1 9
#
9 $ # ? )
1
# " ) : 4 #
S h elf L ocation H
? 2
;
" "
3
1 % ) 1
#
#
#
$ % 2
(
# )
) S tore S iz e
( #
# )
)
S h elf L ocation H
? 2
D
48
53
60
57
7 1
7 5
# 3 %
) % .
1
C
65
7 1
7 3
8 0
8 2
8 9
0
)
B
56
63
69
7 8
7 5
8 2
1 ? )
S iz e
:
A_
45
S mall
50
57
M ediu m
65
7 0
L arg e
7 8
1
# " #
; ".
- M
1 S iz e*L ocation # 3 0
) 1
L ocation ? 2
%
) 1
S iz e
. < 1 K
L @
? % 5
location
A
S
A
S
A
M
A
M
A
L
A
L
B
S
B
S
B
M
B
M
B
L
B
L
C
S
C
S
C
M
C
M
C
L
C
L
D
S
D
S
D
M
D
M
D
L
D
L
137
size
m all
m all
ed iu m
ed iu m
ar g e
ar g e
m all
m all
ed iu m
ed iu m
ar g e
ar g e
m all
m all
ed iu m
ed iu m
ar g e
ar g e
m all
m all
ed iu m
ed iu m
ar g e
ar g e
sales
4 5
5 0
5 7
6 5
7 0
7 8
5 6
6 3
6 9
7 8
7 5
8 2
6 5
7 1
7 3
8 0
8 2
8 9
4 8
5 3
6 0
5 7
7 1
7 5
: "
Data E ditor % 1
# P 1
1
:
- . $ -
Analyze
:
+
G ener al L i near M o d el U ni v ar i at e
:
% + & # '
U ni v ar i at e
$ !
" # ,
I nteraction # 3 0
C " 3 #
!
; G
Fu ll Factorial
M odel 4
.
$ )
E. "
% 3
< " 3 ( 1
" .
% E
Cu stom % E
/ 4 ; G % A )
. Def au lt @ -
Fu ll Factorial
# = D " 1
C " 3 siz e
% D # . . 3 Plots 4
!
, 6 L ocation "
? 1 % .
6
B
)
"
% .
D 0 +
I nteraction Plot
: "
: " F = 3
!
%
# A
.# 0
. 7
# 3 %
M
# 3 . . # 3 , 0 S eparate Plots 2
. U niv ariate
!
C
N
"
Continu e 4
:
# $
1 O ptions
!
138
) O ptions 4
6 7 location*siz e
. 5 C "3 # !
U niv ariate
!
O K
Continu e 4 3
T y pe I I I Su m
o f Sq u ares
30 19 . 333a
10 8 27 2. 667
110 2. 333
18 28 . 0 8 3
8 8 . 9 17
25 8 . 0 0 0
1115 5 0 . 0 0 0
327 7 . 333
df
M ean Sq u are
27 4 . 4 8 5
10 8 27 2. 667
367 . 4 4 4
9 14 . 0 4 2
14 . 8 19
21. 5 0 0
11
1
3
2
6
12
24
23
F
12. 7 67
5 0 35 . 9 38
17 . 0 9 0
4 2. 5 14
. 68 9
Sig .
.0 0 0
.0 0 0
.0 0 0
.0 0 0
. 663
B
? < =
D . 1 & 1
)
.
B
"
- 5 # #
Tests of Between-Subjects Effects
: "
1
# "
T y pe I I I Su m
o f Sq u ares
1 1 0 2. 333
1 8 28 . 0 8 3
8 8 .9 1 7
25 8 . 0 0 0
327 7 . 333
df
M ean Sq
367
9 1 4
1 4
21
3
2
6
1 2
23
u are
.4 4 4
.0 4 2
.8 1 9
.5 0 0
%
) 1 K
L ocation # )
%
) 1
) % 2
F
1 7 .0 9 0
4 2. 5 1 4
. 68 9
Sig .
.0 0 0
.0 0 0
. 663
C A $ F 1
Esti m a te d M a r g i n a l M e a n s
LOCATION * SIZE
139
SI Z E
Larg e
M ediu m
Sm all
Larg e
M ediu m
Sm all
Larg e
M ediu m
Sm all
Larg e
M ediu m
Sm all
M ean
7 4 .0 0
6 1 .0 0
4 7 .5 0
7 8 .5 0
7 3 .5 0
5 9 .5 0
8 5 .5 0
7 6 .5 0
6 8 .0 0
7 3 .0 0
5 8 .5 0
5 0 .5 0
0
Std. Erro
3 .2 7
3 .2 7
3 .2 7
3 .2 7
3 .2 7
3 .2 7
3 .2 7
3 .2 7
3 .2 7
3 .2 7
3 .2 7
3 .2 7
9
9 5 % Co
Lo w er Bo u
6 6 .8
5 3 .8
4 0 .3
7 1 .3
6 6 .3
5 2 .3
7 8 .3
6 9 .3
6 0 .8
6 5 .8
5 1 .3
4 3 .3
nf idenc e I nterv
nd U pper Bo
5 6
8 1
5 6
6 8
5 6
5 4
5 6
8 5
5 6
8 0
5 6
6 6
5 6
9 2
5 6
8 3
5 6
7 5
5 6
8 0
5 6
6 5
5 6
5 7
al
u nd
.1 4 4
.1 4 4
.6 4 4
.6 4 4
.6 4 4
.6 4 4
.6 4 4
.6 4 4
.1 4 4
.1 4 4
.6 4 4
.6 4 4
.
.
6 = 7 S iz e
L ocation " )
1 # 3 0
1
. .
4
.
.
1 - ? 2
0
C
$ < 1 4
. F 1 1 . 1 D
" !
3
location
siz e " )
1 # 3 0
3 $ '
P r o f i l e P l o ts
90
80
70
LOCATION
60
A
B
50
40
Large
Medium
Small
SIZE
( 1 ! ) " #
3 K ;
!
1
# " D
# $
,
4
, "3 %
)
E > 2
9 6
C "3 '
X
4 1 , 4 Cov ariates
)
"
,
4
1 % = - % A ) ? . -
R
" (
1 , 7 1 E
. 1
1 4
3 /
3 ( 1
,
. -
1
# " 1 ? ;
"
K $
1
# "
X ; !
: 5 #
4
9 4 C " 3 0 " (%
)
) = 3 ) 1 E
^ C " 3 1 %
, Y ^ 4
9 4
1
#
.
) #
% $
%
^
. 1
1 3 X ^ 4
1 1
140
O bserv ations
2 9
1 5 1
33
1 6 7
2 1
1 5 6
2 0
1 30
2 5
1 7 0
2 0
1 8 0
2 6
1 6 1
2 0
1 7 1
29
172
36
1 8 9
30
160
2 8
1 4 2
35
190
35
1 9 3
35
138
30
2 00
X 1
1 4
4 A ) 1 %
# 1
X
Y
X
31
2 4
1 6 9
1 8 0
Y
32
X
34
1
5
6
189
Y
X
32
4 1
1 7 3
2 01
Y
)
% .
1
0
) 1 ;
2 7
1 7 0
30
1 6 5
141
X
30
27
20
21
33
29
24
31
20
26
20
25
34
32
35
35
30
29
41
32
30
35
28
36
Y
165
170
130
156
167
151
180
169
171
161
180
170
156
189
138
190
160
172
201
173
200
193
142
189
treat
T1
T2
T3
T4
".
. (K $
1
# " ;
" )
:
# $
1 Data E ditor 2
#
% 1 ;
treat
T1
T1
T1
T1
T1
T1
T2
T2
T2
T2
T2
T2
T3
T3
T3
T3
T3
T3
T4
T4
T4
T4
T4
T4
(
1
:
/ +
$ - .
:
*
2 1 ! $ O K
0 1
" # ,
T y pe I I I S u m
o f S q u ares
2 8 45 . 9
6 9 38 . 6
6 8 2 .8
16 0 9 . 5
5 2 5 5 .0
6 9 9 32 3. 0
8 10 0 . 9
S o u rc e
C o rrec ted M o del
I nterc ept
X
T R E A T
E rro r
T o tal
C o rrec ted T o tal
5 6
df
0 2
31
9 5
0 2
0 0
5 8
4
1
1
3
19
2 4
2 3
M ean S q u are
7 11. 48 9
6 9 38 . 6 0 2
6 8 2 . 8 31
5 36 . 5 32
2 7 6 .5 7 9
: "
K $
1
# " 9
!
F
2 .5 7 2
2 5 .0 8 7
2 . 46 9
1. 9 40
S ig .
.0 7 1
.0 0 0
. 133
. 15 7
F = 3 #
. 1 2
Dependent Variable: Y
S o u rc e
T R E A T
E rro r
T o tal+ E rro r
T y pe I I I S u m
o f S q u ares
1 6 0 9 .5 9 5
5 2 5 5 .0 0 2
6 8 6 4 .5 9 7
df
M ean S q u are
1 9
2 2
5 36 . 5 32
2 7 6 .5 7 9
F
1 .9 4 0
S ig .
.1 5 7
% 5
- M
1 )
@ #
1 2 C
3 P-Valu e= 0 . 157 > 0. 05 2 6 =
. X ; !
4 A ) 1 = )
) 1 N
% .
+
C "3 R
142
Correlation & Regression Analysis
Correlat ion ( 1 10 )
, 1
K = , -
#
1 2 = )
<= Correlation . 1 - 1 6 1 2 = )
C
) " ) N 0 ( . 2 = 3 ) %
? "
D = , 9 4 C
+ ' 0
# 9 4
. G
L inear < .
2 . 1 - < " 3 ( 3 2 = 3 ) , " 3 ; " .
C
+ '
?
. %
1 . 2= 3
(
1 . 1 . . 1 - # ) ;
1 2 = 3
3 ) - # )
,
( 0 !
1 2 ) 9 !
2 C "3 #
!
")
. ( . G . 1 )
2= 3
% @
1
L ang "
1 ; = . 10 ,
%
#
% 1
L ang
6 0
6 8
6 0
7 4
8 0
8 4
8 0
7 2
6 2
8 2
M ath
5 6
6 0
6 4
8 2
7 6
7 2
7 4
6 6
6 4
8 6
: " ;
".
. S pearman
;
. 1 # ) J Pearson
. 1
.
. 1 - # )
. % 5
- M
1 . 1 - # )
) 1
!
143
:1 #
:
%
.
? 1 F = 3 ;
.
0
. $
.1
.2
. % " . 1 . . 1 - # ) B - : Pearson
R anks ;
# ) 1
" ) =
.
1 . 1 - # ) B - :K endalls Tau
# )
+
@
D . 1 9
! 1 . 1 - # ) 1G
4
3 ! < 1 , . 3 A
( % %
) G =
6
M A
. " !
<- 1 6 "
9 6
;
# A
F
. K endall # )
1
1 #
; "
. 1 # )
: S pearman
. S pearman
Pearson
$ 2
. O ne Tailed $ '
H . @ 0
. ( S tar = 3 , 6 A )
)
% . 1 - " )
: Flag S ig nif icance Correlation
:
5
, 6 O K
Correlations
L A NG
M A T H
P e a rs o n
S ig .( 2 - ta
N
P e a rs o n
S ig .( 2 - ta
N
C o r r e la tio n
ile d )
C o r r e la tio n
ile d )
L A NG
1.000
.
10
.7 7 6 * *
.008
10
* * . C o r r e l a t i o n i s s i g n i f i c a n t a t t h e 0.01 l e v e l
( 2 - ta ile d ) .
4 3
M A T H
.7 7 6 * *
.008
10
1.000
.
10
@ 0
1 - r = 0. 776 M ATH
L AN G 1
1
.
. 1 - # ) 2
H 0: = 0
H1 : 0
144
: ( . 1 )
3 k
?
# n 7 n-k 1 T ? 4
? 1
T ! A
T =r
P- C " 3
nk
1 r2
= 0.776
10 2
1 0.776 2
#
!
K
"
T ? 4
)
# ) Transf orm
. %
= 3.48
Compu te # = Valu e
+
) H = - ) % 5
- M
1 0 !
3 <
) H " % @
"
. (< @ % 1
- M
1
: 1 ; . 1 # ) # B
Nonparametric Correlations
Correlations
S p e a r m a n 's r h o
L A NG
M A T H
C o
S ig
N
C o
S ig
N
r r e la tio n C o e ffic ie n t
.( 2 - ta ile d )
r r e la tio n C o e ffic ie n t
.( 2 - ta ile d )
* * . C o r r e l a t i o n i s s i g n i f i c a n t a t t h e .01 l e v e l ( 2 - t a i l e d ) .
L A NG
1.000
.
10
.7 8 6 * *
.007
10
M A T H
.7 8 6 * *
.007
10
1.000
.
10
. % 1 K
% 5
- M
1 # )
) C
$
!
O ne Tailed $ '
:
H . . 1 - # ) @ 1 -
: 1 I
Biv ariate Correlations
:
@ 0
1 1 5 1
1
9
. 1 - # ) 2 %
H 0: = 0
H1 : f 0
:
! "
0.766
145
.1
Correlations
L A NG
M A T H
P e a rs o n
S i g . ( 1- t a
N
P e a rs o n
S i g . ( 1- t a
N
L A NG
1.000
.
10
.7 7 6 * *
.004
10
C o r r e la tio n
ile d )
C o r r e la tio n
ile d )
* * . C o r r e l a t i o n i s s i g n i f i c a n t a t t h e 0.01 l e v e l
( 1- t a i l e d ) .
#
!
3. 48
+
M A T H
.7 7 6 * *
.004
10
1.000
.
10
. 1 - , 0
T ! A ; 7
? 4
)
# ) Transf orm Compu te # =
P-Valu e C " 3
H . 1 - 2 ; @ -
6 -
% @
"
1 . 1 - C
$ P-Valu e=0. 004<0. 05 1 2 .
. (< @ % 1
- M
1 +
) H = - ) % 5
- M
1 0 !
1
:
@ 0
1 1 5 1
1
9
. 1 - # ) 2 %
H 0: = 0
.2
H1 : p 0
2 C "3 # !
2 <= . 7
%
1 1 1 2 = )
9
2 4
. 1 - # ) >
1 ") 2= 3
- /
"
/ @ 1
"
) 1 2= ) "
. 1
. 1 - # )
3
)
M
) 1 ) I
)
M
7
# ) 1 E
=
# 2 2 C " 3 #
!
/
/ @ 1
"
) 1 2 = )
> 2 3 (D 1
) ) I
> 2 3 %
3 + ) 1 D < " 3 . 4
. 1 - 1 H )
. 1 - # )
. 6 1 2= )
( 3 4 S 10 ) 1
6 #
9
% 1 "
. X3 % 1 1 X2
Y 1 4
. 1 - # ) ;
. X4 X3 % 1 1 X2
Y 1 4
. 1 - # ) ;
:2 #
.1
.2
.% 5
- M
1 ( . ) . 1 - % = )
) 1 .3
!
146
, 6 Analyz e
Correlate Partial
: #
;
". "
" D 1
. $
+ Partial Correlation
:#
J ,
4
. 1 - # ) ;
%
# A Variables
. F ) 1 +
(%
)
# A Controlling f or
.
C "3 # !
--- PAR TI AL
CO R R E L ATI O N
Controlling f or. .
CO E FFI CI E N TS
1 . 0 0 0 0
0 )
P = .
. 2 8 5 1
1 0 )
P = . 3 6 9
X 2
. 2 8 5 1
1 0 )
P = . 3 6 9
1 . 0 0 0 0
0 )
P = .
( C o e f f i c i e n t
"
i s
---
X 2
X 3
Y
"
O k 4 3
( D . F . )
p r i n t e d
i f
2 -t a i l e d
S i g n i f i c a n c e )
c o e f f i c i e n t
c a n n o t
> 0 # ) ( .
) 4
. 1 - # )
) 1 -
b e
c o m p u t e d
r yx 2.x3 = 0.285 7
F = 3 #
, 6 +
2 # 10 2
6 - . . 1
. 1 - # ) 1 - T ! A
2 T
df = n k = 13-3 = 10 7 T 1 - 4 =
%
)
# T =r
147
nk
1 r2
= (0.2851)
13 3
1 0.28512
: " % 1
= 0.941
0 !
3 <
) H " > 0
?
" ) E ,
P-Valu e=0. 369 >
CO R R E L ATI O N
Controlling f or. .
X 3
CO E FF I
1 . 0 0 0 0
(
0 )
P = .
. 2 3 3 8
(
9 )
P = . 4 8 9
X 2
. 2 3 3 8
9 )
P = . 4 8 9
1 . 0 0 0 0
0 )
P = .
( C o e f f i c i e n t
i s
p r i n t e d
148
: " 5 , 6
C I E N T S
- -
( D . F . )
i f
2 -t a i l e d
c o e f f i c i e n t
S i g n i f i c a n c e )
c a n n o t
. % 5
- M
1 0 !
3 <
) H "
!
;
1
%
.
X 2
"
;
X 4
Y
. % 5
- M
1
(
;
" .
) X 4 X 3 % 1 1 X 2
Y 1 4
. 1 - # )
--- PAR TI AL
-
"
0. 05 2
b e
c o m p u t e d
r yx 2.x3 x 4 , 6 D
:
O ptions 4 1 Pearson . 1 . 1 - # ) B
1
Dependent Variable ) 1 2 = 3 3 1 ) - B
# C " 3 B
M
R eg ressors
I ndependent Variables "
%
# M
L inear M odel
$ % & M u ltiple reg ression M odel )
- B
,
. N on L inear M odel . G
( 1 4 10)
Y = B0 + B1 X + e :
)
!
E
: 7
)
: Y
#
: X
. I ntersection Parameter + !
? - . ? . " )
% 1
: B0
Y
S lop Parameter #
" ) : B1
X
7 residu al 1
1 H )
Y
Y
1 0
$ )
E .
:e
. e = Y Y
B1 =
M !
% ) 1
. B1
B0 -
) < 1
G ) 1
.
% @ 0
; . 1
.
- B
< " 3 (O L S ) L east S q u ares M eth od
. X
Y 1 . 2 = 3
E .
1 >
+
@
:
. 0! "
+
.
1 N 4
$ )
/ .
@ ) 2 +
% 1 1 ,
$ )
/ .
D
O L S . 1
)
<
@
. B1
B0
. ( H omoscedasticity
$ )
>
. $
< ) 1 . N 4
/ .
.
$ )
/ . 1 Au tocorrelation . 1
3
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
y # 1 S catter plots . . # = . 1
.
B
% @
1
.
# $
L @
C " 3 es ,
4
149
e o r es
e o r es
R es id u als
(a
(b
e o r es
e o r es
(c
. (
$ )
E .
1 >
(d)
. ( " $
3 ) # "
% @
(a )
. y 9 4 1
$ )
E .
1 9 4 (b )
3 " $ )
$ )
E.
1 R
2
9 4 (c )
. (
B
<= M B # ) ;
) .
2 = )
= 3 (d)
2
R
$ 10
)
( 1 4 " ) Y
O bs.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Y
112
128
130
138
158
162
140
175
125
142
X
35
40
38
44
67
64
59
69
25
50
: 3 #
. @
X )
#
% 1
: "
Data E ditor 2
% 1
# A
: " ; ".
. B
)
) 1
.
2 = )
< @ 0 Y/X
) B
. B1
B0 - " ) #
% 9 5 9 B
15 0
.1
.2
. ANOVA 1
# " #
B
$ )
/ . # " ? ( R2
# ) # ) 1 ) .
B
9
1
. 1
1
. < 1
$ )
/ . I
) 1 .
? 4
1
L i n ea r An a l yz e
.3
.4
.5
: #
:
%
.
? 1 F = 3 ;
.
0
Reg res s i o n L i n ea r
5
:
Reg res s i o n
: 7
. ) # :D ep en d en t
# "
%
3
# A . ( "
%
)
: I n d ep en d en t
Next 4 1 C Bl o ck
# -
" " 2 D
Bl o ck @
# 3
? Z # D
B
X #
. Prev i o u s
Z
Bl o ck 1 X
# A
F
=
Y
)
. Bl o ck 2
. ( E n ter 3 - .
) -
.
N
: M eth o d
) 2 ,
% -
) 3
# "
# ) : S el ecti o n
Va ri a b l e
(5 1 Ob s erv a t
2 ,
% -
C " 3 - B
! 2 <= ) -
. Ru l e 4
.
1
. S ca tterp l o ts $ # $ .
) D 2 : Ca s e L eb el s
: " D 1
151
+
S ta ti s ti cs
!
, 6 S ta ti s ti cs 4
: % $ E 2
.
t % 1
- B
)
: E s ti m a te
. - " ) #
% 9 5 9
: Co n f i d en ce I n terv a l
. ANOVA
R2 (
1 - No rm a l Pro b a b i l i ty Pl o t
$ Pl o ts
!
) : M o d el Fi t
, 6 Pl o ts 4
, 6 S a v e 4
. (>
;
" .
) )
$ )
/ . I
) 1 .
? 4
: " D 1
152
+
S a v e
!
S ta n d a rd i z ed
K
y + U n s ta n d a rd i z ed Pred i cted Va l u es
6 -
? 1
;
" .
. $ "
S ca tterp l o ts
# ) es + Res i d u a l s
X % ; C
D a ta
E d i to r 2
C
(5 1
$ 3 )
@ A D < " 3 J
H @
Pre_ 1 E 1 U n s ta n d a rd i z ed Pred i cted Va l u es
H @ 7 Ob s erv a t
Y
. Zre_ 1 E 1 S ta n d a rd i z ed Res i d u a l s
Op ti o n s "
# $ % &
# '
( )
.L i n ea r Reg res s i o n
: ,
-
. + $ L i n ea r Reg res s i o n OK " +
5
Coefficientsa
U n s ta n d a r d i z e
d C o e f f i c i e n ts
M o d e l
1
( C o n s ta n t)
X
B
85.044
1.140
a . D e p e n d e n tV a r ia b le : Y
S td
E rro
9 .9 7
.19
.
r
0
5
S ta n
r d iz
C o e
ie n
d a
e d
ffic
ts
Be ta
.9 00
9 5%
t
8.53 0
5.846
S ig .
.00002 7
.0003 8
C o n f i d e n c e I n te r v a l
fo r B
L o w e r
Bo u n d
6 2 .052
.6 9 0
U p p e r
Bo u n d
108.03 6
1.589
: " B
1 F = 3 #
# =
1.140 1 . @
y = 85.044 + 1.140 x
(9. 97) (0. 195)
9 4 C
+ ' 9
)
9 4 C
$ #
")
) @
H1 : B1 0
" 1 @ 0
H 0 : B0 = 0
) @
: B 0 (% 1
) ? .
" )
@ 0
1 - T 1 # )
H1 : B0 0
" 1 @ 0
. % 1
- M
1 )
@ (
P-Va l u e < 0. 05 %
P-Va l u e < 0. 01 %
. ) @ # 1 > 3
" )
P-v a l u e
0 . 0 1 # 2
0 . 0 0 0 38 +
#
" )
P-v a l u e
= + ") # ) @ (
,
0 . 0 1 # 2
0 . 0 0 0 0 2 7 +
% 1
. B
)
> )
) #
" )
, 6 0 !
3 <
H " " )
153
B
"
#
" ) , Beta 1 ,
$
S ta n d a rd i z ed Co ef f i ci en t " )
+
-
" !
# 1 )
#
#
( X X ) / S )
# ) 1
. ) % x *
y * 7 y * = x * "
B0 ? . " ) C " 3 B
: " % 1
"
% 9 5 9 1
Pr(62.052 B0 108.036) = 95%
: " # " ) % 9 5 9 1 # - # 1 Pr 7
6 - ) #
" )
T 1 - < a 1 -
B1 #
" ) 1 !
@ 0
.F=T2 < " 3 ( 1 =
P-Va l u e 2
ANOVAb
M o d e l
1
R e g r e s s io n
R e s id u a l
T o ta l
S u m o f
S q u a re s
2661.050
622.950
3 284 .000
a . P r e d ic to r s : ( C o n s ta n t) , X
b . D e p e n d e n t V a r ia b le : Y
d f
1
8
9
M e a n S q u a re
2661.050
7 7 .869
F
3 4 .17 4
S ig .
.0003 8a
Co ef f i ci en t Of
# )
- B
$ ' @
#
1
# " #
;
. B
9
< 1 )
R2 D
4
D eterm i n a ti o n
R2 =
: "
0 R2 1
@
, % K
E
$ 3 #
3 C
? % 1
% 19
- B
. B
9
C " 3 K
# % 10 0 R2 2 % 1 2 "
)
C " 3
. B
. #
") 9 $ A > 0
r 9 $ A
1
. 1
.
. 1 - # ) r 7
r = R2
Model Summary
M o d e l
1
R
RS q u a re
.900a
.8 10
a . P r e d ic to r s : ( C o n s ta n t) , X
A d ju s te d
RS q u a re
.7 8 7
S td .E rro r o f
th e E s tim a te
8 .8 2
K
C ? 0 D 2 E B
"
# H @
D E 1
# ) H !
R2 9 4 C
+ ' - B
C
# @ A 7 B
#
"
154
,
S S T "
% ) 1
N
% 1 ? S S R =
9 )
% ) 1
N
9 4 ; 1 1
% # ! ! 1 3 - 1 E + Ad j u s ted R S q u a re L ! # ) ;
#
,
% 7 9 #
(L !
G )
# ) 2 # 2 < D 2
.
B
C "3
) $ ' , 9 !
2 C " 3 #
!
-
. $ - # $ . - .
y
# 1 S ca tterp l o ts $ - # $
< 1
$ )
/ . # "
: ( 1
% . .
# ! ? ) "
+
)
C " 3 e s )
/ .
! , 6 G ra p h s S ca tter
S i m p l e
. $ 5
. S ca tter
!
. S ca tterp l o ts
Y C D & Zre_ 1
. S PS S Vi ewer $ $ . . , 6 OK 4
. X C D & Pre_ 1
. S PS S Ch a rt E d i to r $ $ C # = . .
C
Ref eren ce L i n e @ & Ch a rt Ref eren ce L i n e
. $
: " . .
, 6 . 0 !
#
1.5
1.0
.5
Standardized Residual
0.0
-.5
-1.0
-1.5
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
# "
% @
C " 3 # 0 !
#
+
. $ # $ 1 N 4
.
6 =
-
-
$ )
E .
1 >
155
3 " $ B
) - 7 3 9
! 1
. C "3 % 2= 3
:
C "3
y )
"
# 1 , 1 $ . 1 < 1
$ )
/ . # "
D 1
+
Pl o ts
!
. . "
; . . C
# !
7 +
)
C " 3 e s )
/ .
: "
1
, 6 L i n ea r Reg res s i o n
!
Pl o ts 4
: "
) , % 2 ) + D E PE ND E NT # 1 2
)
( 2
1
) / . " X & C
(< " ; %
F
!
O K 4
!
Co n ti n u e 4 3
Y
& C
Z R E S I D
" !
+
B - > 0 C
+
$ - # $
. . (
Scatterplot
1.5
: 1 . . # = D
Dependent Variable: Y
1.0
.5
0.0
-.5
-1.0
-1.5
110
156
3 L i n ea r Reg res s i o n
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
C
: . 1 (>
;
" .
)
$ )
/ . I
) 1 .
? 4
1
N 4
/ . E (-2, 2) M
@
C "3 #
/ . % 95 % ) 2
)
/ . ! # =
D
(-1. 5, 1. 5) M
M ) - )
/ . 6 =
+ No rm a l p ro b a b i l i ty Pl o t . . (
. . J < ) 1 .
3 #
.
. ) 1 . N 4
/ .
: 5 1 0 3 . . (
) 7 P l o t
!
F $
Dependent Variable: Y
.75
.50
.25
0.00
0.00
.25
.50
.75
1.00
/ . I
) 1 .
? 4
C " 3 #
.
; 2 ? < 1 .
6 ) 6 =
.
$ )
H o m o s ced a s ti ci ty
$ )
E .
1 >
@ 3 . F
% 1 , 6 <
Cro s s -S ecti o n D a ta @ )
? .
% 1 " $
F , 6 < 1
G
. 4 # =
Y Q
#
4 ? 4 C K = , - 1 9 4 7
1 <= 6
1 !
7 Y #
? 1 ? < 1
;
< 1
- E .
1 E D " 3
Wei g h t 4
# W = 1 / y 2
1 3 var e = 2Y 2 "
$ )
E .
C = 0 + 1Y + e
:
!
E - B
W = 1 / Y
1
)
. L 1
$ )
E .
1 % 1 & 1
:
B
1
7
C B0
e
=
+ B1 +
Y
Y
Y
" ; B
"
$ )
E .
1
e
1
1 2 2
;
.
$ )
E . "
% 1 1 C " 3 " ! + var =
var e =
Y =2
Y Y2
Y2
157
" )
? . #
" ) % 1 ! 2 B0
B
< 1 < % 1 ! 2
B1 6 =
B - " ! B
)
F B
)
; 1
S PS S 5 1
H ) .
F . %
G
S E E , R 2 ;
1
# " #
2
1
. G L S )
M !
% ) 1
. 1 < @
(
4
M !
% ) 1
. C " 3 ) : 4 #
# 2
.2 9 30 3 )
y Q
#
c K = , - #
#
: ( ) 1 ; w
) " S PS S 5 1
D a ta ed i to r $ $ C
c
y
w
10600
108 00
11100
114 00
117 00
12 100
12 3 00
12 600
13 2 00
13 000
13 3 00
13 600
13 8 00
14 000
14 2 00
14 4 00
14 9 00
15 3 00
15 000
15 7 00
164 00
15 9 00
165 00
169 00
169 00
17 5 00
18 100
17 2 00
17 8 00
18 5 00
1 >
12 000
12 000
12 000
13 000
13 000
13 000
14 000
14 000
14 000
15 000
15 000
15 000
16000
16000
16000
17 000
17 000
17 000
18 000
18 000
18 000
19 000
19 000
19 000
2 0000
2 0000
2 0000
2 1000
2 1000
2 1000
6. 9 4 4 4 E-09
6. 9 4 4 4 E-09
6. 9 4 4 4 E-09
5 . 9 17 2 E-09
5 . 9 17 2 E-09
5 . 9 17 2 E-09
5 . 102 0E-09
5 . 102 0E-09
5 . 102 0E-09
4 . 4 4 4 4 E-09
4 . 4 4 4 4 E-09
4 . 4 4 4 4 E-09
3 . 9 063 E-09
3 . 9 063 E-09
3 . 9 063 E-09
3 . 4 602 E-09
3 . 4 602 E-09
3 . 4 602 E-09
3 . 08 64 E-09
3 . 08 64 E-09
3 . 08 64 E-09
2 . 7 7 01E-09
2 . 7 7 01E-09
2 . 7 7 01E-09
2 . 5 000E-09
2 . 5 000E-09
2 . 5 000E-09
2 . 2 67 6E-09
2 . 2 67 6E-09
2 . 2 67 6E-09
: " ; ".
1 OL S 3 - M ! % ) 1 . 1 Y C " 3 C ) B .1
var e = 2Y 2
2 = )
1 Y ? . 1
>
. 1
$ )
E .
G
$ )
E .
1 (
1 .2
. - B
4
M !
% ) 1
.
. 217 .
158
1982
: #
2
1
#
) 1
%
.
> 0 1 OL S . 1 . 1
.
- B
.1
:
B
C
# !
R 2 = 0.97
C = 1408.0 + 0.788Yd
(4 4 9. 6) (0. 27)
E .
1 > 3 " $
1 - .
) "
+ )
E .
# >
2 # 2
/ .
$ - # $
C " 3 C )
"
' 1
# 1
< 1
$ )
:
%
.
? 1 K
0
J S ta n d a rd i z ed Res i d u a l s +
)
C " 3 )
L i n ea r
!
L 0
. $ An a l yz e Reg res s i o n
$
!
S a v e
!
" 5 1 (
L i n ea r
L 0
!
S a v e 4 Reg res s i o n
)
Pred i cted Va l u es #
U n s ta n d a rd i z ed
S ta n d a rd i z ed
$ ( Pre-1 E 1 $ $
, 6 ) D a ta ed i to r $ $ C )
!
. ( Zre-1 E 1 , 6 ) ) / . 5 1 (
) Res i d u a l s #
, 6 G ra p h s S ca tter S i m p l e
. $
: "
!
; S ca tterPl o ts
. Y-a xi s # C
Zre-1
#
. X-Axi s # C
Pre-1
#
. OK 4
: "
D
A Ref eren ce L i n e @ A ) 1
. .
, 6
3
Standardized Residual
-1
-2
-3
10000
12000
14000
16000
18000
20000
E .
1 9 4 < 3 K
0 !
#
6 1 N 4
- $ - # $ . 6 =
. ,
) ;
E .
1 > 3 " $
C
$ Y % 4 "
$ )
159
1.
" var e = 2Y 2
2 = )
1 Y #
? . 1 E .
1 ( 1 .2
; 1
W = 1 / y 2 1
;
"
4
4
M !
% ) 1
.
F = 3 #
D a ta E d i to r $ $ C
D @ A
Tra n s f o rm
) 1 L i n ea r Reg res s i o n
!
Co m p u te 1
, 6 7 .
- / %
. > 0 1 .
: " D 1
. WL S 4 ) 1 WL S Wei g h t W 4
# P 1 2 6 :
B
, 6 OK 4 3
Coefficientsa,b
M o d e l
1
( C o n s ta n t)
Y D
U n s ta n d a r
C o e ffic ie
B
S
1421.278
.79 2
d iz e d
n ts
td . E r r o r
3 9 5 .49 6
.0 25
S ta n d a r d i
z e d
C o e ffic ie n
ts
Be ta
.9 86
a . D e p e n d e n tV a r ia b le : C
b . W e i g h te d L e a s t S q u a r e s R e g r e s s i o n - W e i g h te d b y W
t
3 .5 9 4
3 1.5 11
S ig .
.0 0 1
.0 0 0
: "
4
M !
% ) 1
. 1 9
)
1
C = 1421.278 + 0.792Yd
R 2 = 0.97
(3 95. 4 96) (0. 25)
N 4
% 1
E "
)
/ . 1
2 = )
$ - # $ #
.
$ )
E .
1 % 1
1
0 !
#
. $ # $ 1
( 3 4 10 )
:
!
)
.
B
E
y = 0 + 1X 1 + 2 X 2 + ... + k X k + e
16 0
7
. % 1
# : 0
. 4
#
Pa rti a l reg res s i o n Co ef f i ci en ts 4
- % = ) : 1, 2 ,..., k
.
$ )
E .
: e
"
%
3 # K) P = K+1
)
.
B
) 3
7
. (B
3 @ K
C
H @ . 1
B
% @ , 0 )
.
B
% @
. (M u l ti co l l i n ea ri ty) "
%
1 ) . . 1
1 ) x1 3 4
" )
9
1
D a ta
y
6
8
8
7
7
12
9
8
9
10
10
11
9
10
11
? ( -
H
) y 0
# @
#
: 5
$ $ % 1
% " 2
.19 8 13
15
x2 "
" )
%
.
(
x1
9
10
8
7
10
4
5
5
6
8
7
4
9
5
8
:
#
E d i to r
x2
8
13
11
10
12
16
10
10
12
14
12
16
14
10
12
: ;
" .
. 5
0
x2
x1 C " 3 y
) ;
. % = )
) 1
ANOVA 1
# " #
!
, 6 An a l yz e
:
%
.
? 1 9
;
.
0
Reg res s i o n
L i n ea r
. $
: ; + L i n ea r Reg res s i o n
. D ep en d en t C
D "
Y
. I n d ep en d en t C
, "
X1, X2
$
. E n ter 3 - .
- . N
E M eth o d
. 17 2
16 1
.1
.2
.3
5
1982
7 Statistics
!
, 6 L ine ar
Re g r e ssio n
!
Statistics
: " # $ E 1
.
% / ! &
B
)
: E stim ate
:
5
(
.D W
.A N O V A
R2
: M o d e l Fit
! A ; : D u r b in - W atso n
3 L ine ar r e g r e ssio n
!
O K
4 3
Model Summaryb
M o d e l
1
R
.833a
RS q u a re
.6 9 3
a . P r e d ic to r s : ( C o n s ta n t) , X 2 , X 1
b . D e p e n d e n t V a r ia b le : Y
A d ju s te d
RS q u a re
.6 4 2
S td .E rro r o f
th e E s tim a te
1.0 1
D u r b in - W
a ts o n
.9 4 6
Coefficientsa
M o d e l
1
( C o n s ta n t)
X 1
X 2
a . D e p e n d e n tV a r ia b le : Y
U n s ta n d a r d i z e d
C o e f f i c i e n ts
B
S td . E r r o r
6.203
1.8 62
- .37 6
.133
.4 5 3
.120
S ta n d a r d i
z e d
C o e ffic ie n
ts
Be ta
- .4 61
.615
t
3.331
- 2.8 34
3.7 8 6
S ig .
.006
.015
.003
: " )
- B
1
)
y = 6.203 0.376 X 1 + 0.453 X 2
R 2 = 0.64
(1.862) (0.133)
(0.120)
%1 1 3 4
" )
M
1 9 4 C
$ X1
" )
9 4 X2 % 1 (
J X1 % 1 (
1 -
37 6 1 0
# ! C
+ ' " )
M
1 -
453 1 0
# 9 4 C
+ ' 9
" )
%
.
. B
"
.
9
C
A $ R 2 2
SST "
% - % ) 1 N
# "
1
# " #
; (
E .
% ) 1 N
SSR =
9 )
% ) 1
N
C
( y y ) 2 )
:
@ 0
1 , 0
F ! A ; . SSE
H 0 : 1 = 2 = 0
H1 : 1 2 0
:
1
# " #
C " 3 #
!
. B0 ? .
" ) # $ - F 1 6 -
162
ANOVAb
M o d e l
1
Re g r e s s i o n
Re s i d u a l
T o ta l
Su m o f
Sq u a r e s
(SSR)27.728
(SSE )12.272
(SST )4 0
a . P r e d i c t o r s : (C o n s t a n t ), X 2, X 1
b . D e p e n d e n t V a r ia b le : Y
d f
(p - 1) 2
(n - p ) 12
(n - 1) 14
M e a n Sq u a r e
(M SR) 13 .86 4
(M SE ) 1.0 23
F
13 .5 5 7
F = M SR/ M SE
Si g .
.0 0 1a
# n
)
3 #
P = 3 7
"
+
) - + %5
- M
1 )
@ (
C
3
H " B2
B1 - " ) # 2 C " 3 9
- C " 3 +
) E ,
)
. 0 !
3 <
)
#
) t 1 C
E " 0 9
! 1 )
C " 3 # # E )
D " 3
%5
- M
1 X2
X1 #
#
" )
) L @ D
(C " 3 C o e f f icie nts
. - B
, 1 P 1 C !
'
=
1
%5
- M
1
$ )
/ . I
. 1 -
1 3
.
$ )
/ . ;
. 1
C
$ 1
D W
! A p = 3
n =15
( B
# @ ? / .
)
" $
1 ) :6 #
2
% "
X1, X2, X3 "
%
Y )
@ 4
#
Y
43
63
71
61
81
44
58
71
72
67
64
69
68
X1
5
9
10
8
11
12
9
7
8
13
4
10
11
X2
3
5
7
4
6
5
4
7
5
8
5
9
10
X3
18
27
34
24
33
22
28
32
23
20
21
36
30
X4
12
9
11
10
6
8
9
7
8
5
4
10
11
. )
.
-
)
.2 7 7 "
163
1988
.1
.2
.3
.1
!
.
!
, 6 A nal y ze Re g r e ssio n
. $
L ine ar
: ; + L ine ar Re g r e ssio n
. D e pe nd e nt C
D "
Y
$
. I nd e pe nd e nt C
, "
X1, X2, X3 %
$
. E nte r 3 - .
- . N
E M e th o d
Statistics
!
, 6 L ine ar Re g r e ssio n
!
Statistics 4
" # $ E 1
7
.
% / ! &
B
)
: E stim ate
.A N O V A
R2
: M o d e l Fit
. . 1 - % = ) : Par t &
. . ) " $ R
: 5 (
3 L ine ar r e g r e ssio n
!
O K
4 3
Model Summary
M o d e l
1
A d ju s te d
RS q u a re
.4 84
R
RS q u a re
.810a
.6 5 6
a . P r e d i c t o r s : ( C o n s t a n t ) , X 4 , X 1, X 3 , X 2
S td .E rro r o f
th e E s tim a te
7 .7 2
Coefficientsa
U n s ta n d a r d i z
e d
C o e f f i c i e n ts
M o d e l
1
( C o n s ta n t)
X 1
X 2
X 3
X 4
47.06
- .43
1.19
1.15
- 2 .03
a . D e p e n d e n t V a r i a b le : Y
0
9
3
8
S td .
E rro r
13 .0
1.010
1.48 6
.476
.9 5 0
S ta n
d a rd
iz e d
C o e f
fic ie
n ts
Be ta
- .104
.2 3 2
.63 1
- .462
S ig .
- .42 5
.8 07
2 .42 3
- 2 .1
.68 2
.443
.042
.064
3 .611
.007
Z e ro o rd e r
C o lli n e a r i ty
S ta ti s ti c s
C o r r e la ti o n s
.2 10
.5 40
.63 4
- .3 3 1
P a r ti a
l
- .149
.2 74
.65 1
- .604
P a rt
Tolerance
- .08 8
.167
.5 02
- .445
.713
.5 2 0
.63 3
.9 2 8
: " )
- B
) 1
y = 47.06 0.43 X 1 + 1.199 X 2 + 1.153 X 3 2.038 X 4
R 2 = 0.48
(13)
(1.01)
(1.486)
(0.476)
(0.950)
! , 3 E $
2 9
9
2 9 4 C
$ X1
" )
1 0 .
> 0 1
. X3
X2
164
% 1 (
1 9
0.430 1 )
. B
)
V IF
1.403
1.9 2 5
1.5 8 0
1.077
) % , 6 2 . X3
" ) t ! &
P-v al u e 2 # =
6 =
< 1
@ 0
L !
# ) 2 . (% 1
" ) C
@ & 1 ) %5
- M
1
. 9 9
! 1 .
2 = )
3 1 ) - B
C
$
: "
% . 1 - N
= B
. )
#
1
1
. 1
. 1 - # ) : Z e r o -o r d e r C o r r e l atio n
%
% 1 1 ) #
)
1 4
. 1 - # ) : Par tial C o r r e l atio n
. (M "
%
) 1 1 #
)
1 / 4
. 1 - # ) :Par t C o r r e l atio n
. . #
3 "
)
"
%
# 1 4
% . 1 - ) )
- B
. )
#
1 . 1
. 1 - # ) . 1
- B
) X4
#
To l e r ance # )
; 1
)
.
. 1 - " $ R $ (
To l e r ance = 1- 7 "
%
# ) ? 1 # R 2
7 R2
X i .others
X i .others
# #
V I F # ) B . "
%
1
i #
1 )
. 1 -
1
E
< # )
1 ) . VIF =
7 (V ar iance I nf l atio n Facto r )
Tolerance
N 0 1 .
)
" $ 4 ) #
" ) 1 9 4 C " 3 "
%
1 . 1 -
G
1 t ! A 2 (
0
) " )
, 6 3
1
B
) 1
5 3 4 "
%
V I F # )
2 C " 3 #
!
. (B
< ,
2
$ B
%
V I F 2 , .
)
" $ 1 E
" )
C
$ 10
0 ! X ) .
)
" $ R
, . ) " $ 1 , + E 3 C
$ X X
0 !
9 4
)
" $ C " 3 #
, 0 !
1 2 9 4
9 3
0 ( "
%
C o nd itio n
#
1 H ) # ) "
%
1 . . 1
1 - . .
<= 9 4
# C " 3
4 1 2 # !
) 1
3 9 1 3
I nd e x
Condition Index =
4.813
=1
4.813
: " ; X1 " 1 1
condition Index =
165
4.813
= 7.020
0.09868
3 % 4 A . .
)
" $
A C " 3 $ ' , 15 3 #
2 % 4
A + 16 #
"
2 1 6 =
1 1
#
. " $
9
. C " 3 $ ' , 30
. " $
#
V ar iance Pr o po r tio n 1 H )
" $ "
>
" $ 1 ) 7 4 #
Pr incipl e C o m po ne nt
.
1 0
< 1
? 0 C o nd itio n I nd e x
#
A 9 ' .
)
>
#
. "
%
1 9
! 1
:
#
L @
% 1
Collinearity Diagnosticsa
M o d e l
1
D im e n s io n
1
2
3
4
5
E ig e n v a lu e
4.813
9 .7 6 8E - 0 2
4.345E - 0 2
2.9 0 7 E - 0 2
1.6 6 9 E - 0 2
a . D e p e n d e n t V a r ia b le : Y
!
C o n d itio n
In d e x
1.0 0 0
7 .0 20
10 .525
12.86 8
16 .9 83
V a r ia n c e P r o p o r tio n s
(C o n s ta n t)
X 1
X 2
X 3
.0 0
.0 0
.0 0
.0 0
.0 1
.0 6
.17
.0 0
.0 1
.7 1
.29
.0 8
.30
.0 5
.26
.22
.6 8
.18
.28
.7 0
X 4
.0 0
.35
.0 1
.6 3
.0 1
: "
)
=
3 - %
.
? 1 #
7
;
" .
0
, 6 A nal y ze
Re g r e ssio n
L ine ar
. $
: ; + L ine ar Re g r e ssio n
. D e pe nd e nt C
D "
Y
$
. I nd e pe nd e nt C
, "
X1, X2, X3 %
$
B
# @ -
%
, 6 # 0 I
D
,
M e th o d
:
. ( - 0
+ 3 - ;
" ) - B
C
"
%
# A : E nte r
) 1 ? B
C
A " " %
. 1 ) 1 <
%
# A : Ste pwise
. %
1
1 9 ' G L 1 !
%
. B
9
9
. 1 ,
G %
) 1 : Re m o v e
. " " %
. 1 ) 1 <
9 '
G %
) 1 : Back war d
L 1 !
%
) 1 -
B
C
) 1 <
%
# A : Fo r war d
. B
) 1 9 ' G
. ( .
# @ 1 ) ) Ste pwise - . N
166
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
Statistics
!
, 6 L ine ar Re g r e ssio n
!
Statistics 4
" # $ E 1
7
.
% / ! &
B
)
: E stim ate
O ptio ns
!
. A N O V A
R2
: M o d e l Fit
, 6 L ine ar Re g r e ssio n
!
O ptio ns 4
: "
) 1
# A , 1
1
F 2
)
M
C
Ste pwise . B
:
;
1 K
Ste pping M e th o d cr ite r ia # . B
%
# & 9
. # +
)
M
: U se Pr o b ab il ity o f F
) 1
- M
# 2
; %
# &
-
M
%
) 1
1 3 ) 1 - . E ntr y 2 4 B
% @
. D
%
. Re m o v al 2 # " 2 B
%
%
) 1
# & 9
. # +
F 2 : U se F V al u e
% @
. %
) 1 - F 2 C " 3
; %
# & F 2
2 4 B
%
1 3 ) 1 - . E ntr y 2 # " 2 B
. Re m o v al
+
Par tial F Te st 4
F 1
%
) 1
#
1 -
. 9
" )
) 1
B
) / 4
) 1
E $ 1 2 C
# !
B
C
#
, 0 @
% ) 1
N
) 1 -
1 # )
t 1 - < <
F 1 - " 3 J B
D 1
F ) 1
. . 9
" )
) 1 - F
0.10
# O
0.05 + U se Pr o b ab il ity o f F #
"
@ -
3
. ) 1 =
167
: 5 (
3 L ine ar r e g r e ssio n
!
O K
4 3
Variables Entered/Removeda
M o d e l
1
V a r ia b le s
E n te re d
V a r ia b le s
R e m o v e d
X3
2
X4
a . D e p e n d e n t V a r ia b le : Y
S te
P ro
< =
P ro
e >
S te
P ro
< =
P ro
e >
M e
is e ( C
b ility - o
0 ,
b ility - o
= .10 0 ) .
p w
b a
.0 5
b a
th o d
r ite r ia :
f-F -to -e n te r
f-F -to -re m o v
p w
b a
.0 5
b a
is e ( C r ite r ia :
b ility - o f- F - to - e n te r
0 ,
b ility - o f- F - to - r e m o v
= .10 0 ) .
< " 3 B
C
) 1 <
) 1 %
# Ste pwise
. ;
1
. M %
1 D
) 3 % 1 A =
%
.
) 1 =
@ 3 #
)
? . 1 . 1 # ) 1 D
B
C
"
%
#
X3
2 6 =
C o e f f icie nts =
#
. t ! & 2 1
1
,
( E ntr y # O
-
M
) 0.05 # 2
0.02 +
t ! &
P-V al u e
D " 3
( 4
F 1 < a F " ) +
t 1 6 - ) B
C
X3 # P 1 L
: " C
9
.
B
L 1 !
y = 33.007 + 1.158 X 3
% 1 1 )
? 4 . 1 # ) C " 3 D
+
# A
9
.
#
) D
T ! A ; 1
) E
<-
;
X4
X3
( E ntr y # O
-
M
)0.05 # 2
0.033 +
t ! &
P-V al u e =
:
# $
C " 3 L 1 !
B
C
X4 # P 1 L ,
1
+ X4
X3 "
t ! & # 2
-
M
) 0.10 # 2
0.033 +
F = 3 B
X4 "
% 2
t ! &
P-V al u e
. B
= C 1 ,
( Re m o v al ) 1 =
X2
X1
@ -
B
# @ #
,
B
F = 3 B
. 0.05
- M
1 )
1 . 1 C " 3 D
+
) , 6
7
. ,
B
C
#
!
1
B
1
#
168
Coefficientsa
M o d e l
1
2
( C o n s ta n t)
X 3
( C o n s ta n t)
X 3
X 4
S ta n d a r d i
z e d
C o e ffic ie n
ts
Be ta
U n s ta n d a r d i z e d
C o e f f i c i e n ts
B
S td . E r r o r
33.007
11.6 4 8
1.15 8
.4 26
4 6 .15 2
11.011
1.34 5
.36 0
- 2.14 7
.8 71
.6 34
.737
- .4 8 6
a . D e p e n d e n tV a r ia b le : Y
( ,
)
B
(2)
t
2.8 34
2.720
4 .19 1
3.735
- 2.4 6 6
S ig .
.016
.020
.002
.004
.033
#
B
(1)
#
1 L
t2 > F (E nte r ) %
. B
/ 1 1 L
A # A ) ) 1 -
# O
F ! & 9
t2 > F(Re m o v e ) % A B A 3 . B
C
:
#
# ) 1
%
1
#
Excluded Variablesc
M o d e l
1
2
X 1
X 2
X 4
X 1
X 2
B e ta I n
.027a
.26 7a
- .4 8 6 a
- .012b
.175 b
.108
.9 4 1
- 2.4 6 6
- .05 8
.721
S ig .
.9 16
.3 6 9
.03 3
.9 5 5
.4 8 9
a . P r e d i c to r s i n th e M o d e l : ( C o n s ta n t) , X 3
b . P r e d i c to r s i n th e M o d e l : ( C o n s ta n t) , X 3 , X 4
c . D e p e n d e n tV a r ia b le : Y
P a r ti a l
C o r r e l a ti o n
.03 4
.28 5
- .6 15
- .019
.23 4
C o llin e a r it
y
S ta ti s ti c s
T o le r a n c e
.9 15
.6 8 2
.9 5 5
.9 09
.6 6 3
. =
9
.
B
C
#
"
)
" )
# Be ta in 7
169
Factor Analysis
( 1 11)
3
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Facto r s #
)
3
C
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Re spo nse
V ar iab l e s 1 - % 1 3
3
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Facto r s 9
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9 $
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1 3 1 . V ar iab l e s
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#
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%
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V ar iance -C o v ar iance M atr ix
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C o r r e l atio n M atr ix
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Stand ar d ize d
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17 0
r e g io ns .
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M
3 - %
(
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l ite r acy
30.1
44.2
35.2
33.5
49.4
37.9
44.1
44.3
61.6
36.7
44.1
47.7
46.2
35.2
33.5
33.8
34.4
53.6
%
h ig h e d u c
1.09
1.85
1.18
1.01
1.85
1.32
1.93
1.58
4.04
1.11
1.82
1.53
1.59
.95
.84
.73
.90
2.24
0
; ! #
d o cto r s
17
14
13
10
18
15
10
16
36
28
18
24
27
9
18
12
11
25
) # g d p
h o spb e d
139
172
163
115
143
80
153
144
280
199
145
173
190
195
178
144
301
219
7
: SPSS
9 3 # h o spb e d
100000 #
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Stand ar d
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Statistics
J M e an # % " . 1 % ! & (
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J C o m m u nal itie s % $ =
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Communalities
G D
L IT
H IG
D O
H O
IR A
H E
C T
S P
C Y
D U C
O R S
B E D
In itia l
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
E x tr a c tio n
.7 9 7
.8 4 3
.8 9 6
.7 04
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E x tr a c tio n M e th o d : P r in c ip a l C o m p o n e n t A n a ly s is .
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