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DIDIE,R,ANZIE,U

jACQUES,WES MARI'rN

LA DINAMICA
DE LOS GRUPOSPEQLEOS
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Sofa Vidaurraz asa Zimmerman

BI I]I,IOI'I,,(,AN TJI.,VA

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boracin con C. Il:trchcux desdc l4(r7 y los acerca a publicacioncs esencialmenre
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h a e r l p r e n d i d o u c l c . s i g n aarl g u n o s d e l o s e l c m e n r o s c o n c c r t u a l e . vs
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r l a n l i s i s d c l a i n f l u e n c i le n s u s
c l i v c r s rrsn o d a l i d a d e s : n o r m a l i z - a c i n .c o n f b r m i d a d , i n n o v a c i r i n , .
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Su evolucin consiste,prinrcro en adoptar Lrn punro de vista nuevo, ccntrad o y e n o e n l o s f e n r n c n o s d e c o n f o r m i d a d - c l e s v i a n z a ,s i n o s o b r c l a e x i s t e n c i ao e
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c n r o n c c s r l v i c l a . i a", i m p l c i t " . I g u a l l t r c t l t cc o r l l p l o b t l t r c l o ' sr r c o r l a t l t ier . t o st i c n e n r c n c i c n c i : ra f i r r m : r i s c c n l o s t l c s t r t t t i t o s ,e l g r t t l o , c l l r t l n i t o r , c l o b s e r v a c l o r . c l o s c 1 ec s o s t l r r i n o s , t i c r t c i c n r l c l ) t r : l r c n c o l u s i t i r v a c x c l u i r a l t e r c e r o i c l c
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c i a r e t . t i c L r l epro. r p r r e d c l o s p e r r i c i p a n t c s , : r . r ' i Vl iar c x r c r i c r r c i . r ! i r u P ( ) , q u c
s c 1 . , p r , , p , r r r ci,, ' , a r p . t t t . t t ' c l t ( r c c l g r u p o Y e l l o s , u n " t ' t l " r l t r c v i t ' ' [ ' t t r t l l l z ' r c i , i n . i . t i , r " p a l a b r a ' a b s r r , r c t ay d c s i n c , r n t a c l , t i c l t c c o n i o . P a r t i a l a r e s i s t e t i c i a
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d c j a l r r g e r n i a l o s c l e r r r , i si i a i r " n s a " , i . n r o . _ lI a t r l e r p o l h a b l e r . p a r : r l r r t c c rt r u l t o '
c s o t r : l - f o n n : r c l e r c s i s t e t l c i : 1l,a d e l s ' n l u r a l l a s s o n o r : l s D '
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