Annual report of the

Bureau of American
ethnology to the
Secretary of the
Smithsonian institution
Source gallica.bnf.fr / Bibliothque nationale de France

Bureau of American ethnology (Washington, D.C.). Annual report of the Bureau of American ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian institution. 1895-1964.

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SECOND ANNUAL REPORT

OF

THE

ETHNOLOGY

OF

BUREAU

TO

T1IE

SECRETARY OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION

1880-'81
BY

J.

W.

POWELL
a

DIRECTOR

WASHITGTOT
GOTEBKMENT

PKINa?INGr
1883

OFFICE

SMITHSONIAN

BUREAU

INSTITUTION,

F.

SPENCER

Sir

I have

nual
The

the

honor

as Director

report
first

herewith
of

Bureau

volume

fiscal

the

Bureau.
It

four

of the

be seen

will
great

facts

in each

field

that

the

the

In
of

knowledge
their

of

true

meaning

that
each

upon

the

other

of curiosities

arts,
The

study

and

the

not

leads

customs

but

unless

the

from

study
and
collection

aseertained

and

arts, languages,
of language
is but

research

philologie
the

and

languages,

of institutions

is discovered

but

collection

institutions,

habits

institutions,

is

being

without-injury

manner

is

to pros-

the

is but

curious

arts,

of opinions

light

arts,

viz,

arts

unless

words

in the

pursued

It is believed

such

of

to the others.

thereof
like

second,
methods

direction

activities,

the design

throw

between

of

human

of

be neglected

discovered.

meaning

opinions.

study

relations

discovery

deeper

study

the

of

are

opinions
to

cannot

the
the

been

manner.

of research

field

one

have

an-

account
the

year

under

opinions;

in a systematic

study

unless

and

my

illustrating

prosecuted

investigations
of objective

languages,

research

The

that

departments

institutions,
ecute

researches

C:

second

Ethnology.
of a brief

consists

for the
of the Bureau
operations
of a series of papers
by my assistants,
results

D.

Washington,

to transmit
of the

of the

part

Institution,

the

and

9, 1882.

Baird,

Smithsonian

Secretary

ETHNOLOGY,

D. C., September

Washington,
Prof.

OF

is

based
So

opinions.
of
in the

mythic
history

th

upon
also
stories
of
m
nr

a
the
if-

arts,.

LETTER

IV

institutions,

and

departments

of

TRANSMITTAL.

OF

For

languages.

this
have

activities

objective

reason

the

been

the

four

great

subject

of

investigation.

systematic
Permit

me to express

co-operation

in the

counsel

direction

and
I am,

with

thanks

my

prosecution
you

respect,

to yourself

of the

have

given.

your

obedient

work

for your hearty

and for the wise

servant,

\Y~U~J
Director.

OF

TABLE

CONTENTS.
THE

OF

REPORT

DIRECTOR.

Page.
xv

Introdnctory
Publications..

XVI

Houses
Linguistie
The
The
The

and
work

egiha
Klamath
Dakota

language,
by
language,
by A. S. Gatsehet

language,
by S. E. Riggs
of

Bibliography

North

American

and

Sign language
Mortuarycustoms,
cessions
Indian

by
pictographs,
C. Yarrow
byH.

O.

xvm
xx
:ss-

Dorsey

:KSX
XXI

by

xxi

00..00

J. C. Pilling

xxrE

work

Garrick

by C. C. Royce

ofland,

J.

philology,

Ethnologie

Field

xvi

of Indian
by J. W. Powell
study
languages,
H. Morgan.
house-life
of the American
by Lewis
aborigines,
-
to the

Introduction

xxn

Mallery

xx

-.

xxni

xxrsr

work

xxn

report

accompanying
this
Papers
Zui
ftiches,

by
F.
by E. A. Smith
of the Mississippi
Mounds

Myths of the Iroquois,

from
Animal
carvings
..
shaw

H.

xxvi

Cushing
by H.

Valley,

xxix
Hen-

W.

x^

Matthews
by "Washington
H. Holmes
aucient
by William
Amerians,
from the Indians
obtained
of the collections
catalogue
Stevenson
in 1879 and 1880, by James
and Arizona,

xxxm

Navajo
Silversmiths,
Art in Shell of the
Ulustrated
Mexico
Classification

of

expenditures

ZUSl

of

Power
Prey

00

philosophy
of animais
Worship
Origin
TheZuDiUiad
six
-u.

Their
Their

as

Preygods
Their
Their
Their
Their
Their

power

12
12
15

ftiches
----

rgions
mediators

.n.u

fetichism
the

n.00

CITSHING.

n' -00

00-

u--

..n

.u.

16

,00

.00.00

n' 00

to the

relation

others.

19
of

20

thehunt

20
20

origin
varieties
relative

24
30

values
.00'
custodian
rites
power

16
18

worship

The
Their

00 u--

ZuSi
of

godsof
the
Their
origin

HAMTLTON

BY FRAHK

FETICHES,

Oonoo n' n.

xxxvi
xxxvn

PAPERS.

ACCOMPANYING

ZuSi

xxxrv
of New

00 .00'
of

their

.n

.n n-

oo u--

31

.nn.

32

worship

39

TABLE

VI

Prey

gods of thePriesthood
The knife-feathered
Their

resemblance

The rites
Otherfetiches.n.

of the

MYTHS
CHAPTER

I.-Gods

mountain

and

II.Pigmies
III.-Practice

.00..n.

CARVINGS

FROM

THE

--00

_'0000

Tonan 0000 00--

The
The

40

bear.

ofphenoffiena
00-.00.

-00'
u.00

00-- -00'
00 --00 ..nu

.00'

"_00'
u.

000000

"00

'00-

--00

.0000.00 .00..

00-

VALLEY,

0000..00

BY HENRY

"00 00

'00

alligator

nun

"u-

00-

"00

.000000

000000

nu

149
150

'0000

,u
00 n. '0000'

.00
..un "'00'
0000.U-0.00.'

--00-nu
00-- --0000

--00--

NAVAJO

art compared
00" 0000_'

SILVERSMITHS,

00 0
.0000.

00 0 0 .00'
un _00.00 --00--

BY DR. WASHINGTON

00
00
00.00'
.un-

166

U. S. A.

MATTHEWS,

171

ART IN SHELL

OF THE ANCIENT

AMERICANS,

BY WILLLIhi

H. HOLh2ES.
185
189

Implements
andutensila..
Unworked sheIla
Vessels 0000.' -00

_00'
--00--

;0000.00'00_00 .00'

'0000'

"_00' "'00.n.
.n.U --nU --00--

_00000 00---00 U'

189
192
198

.
.

SOI
203

Celts....--

205

Scrapers
Agrieultural

en. u. u.

implements

Fiahingappliajices.
"'00'
_00'
Weapons
--00.
Tweezers

u.

n'

u.

00..

207
207

'un'
-.u

.u.
.00-

--0000 0000-00-- _00-

nU

00--00
.00.

_U'U
-00'

210
211
213

Oraa.ments-
0000.0.00'
_00. --00 '00,"00

0000-- ._00

.0000.00.000000
_00' u-- .00.

00,
_0000- .u.
00--0000 0000-- .un.

gorgets

213
219
255

264

Per&ra.tedpla.tes.
Engraved

158
164

00.

Introductory.

Beads
Penda,nts

152
160

Silversmiths.

Pins un.

144

152
--0000
.00.

mound
mound

Indian and mound.builders"

General
conclusions

Spoona
Knives

142
148

Huntansoniptnres.

Navajo

135
139

..00

of th Mound-Bnilders-
not designed
'0000-

W.

125
00.00

_00_00 00'.00'

75
83

123

.00-

elephant

51
65

112

MISSISSIPPI

0000.:

00--

MOUNDS OF THE
HENSHAW.

oftropicalanimalsbyMound-Builders
00-errors
of idntification

monnds

44

A. SMITH.

"'00'
00"

origin

41

44

_00'

-1.

totemic

41

68

0000 '00'

in sculpture
Generalization

Animal

beings
'0000'

-.-

Probable

white

great

ofsorcery-

Introductory
Ma.na.tee-.

SkUl

Page.
40

..0000

_0000-

BY EBMINNIE

supernatural
'00-00'

Knowledge
Other

the

00'

OF THE IROQUOIS,

other
--nu

VI.-Religion

Paroquet

and

lion,

"00--

44
.00'

IV.-Mythologie
explanation
V.-Tales
_00 00.0000 00 nu

ANIMAL

u..

the

of Navajo origin
and charms
..00.&

Amulets

000.00-

prey~ods
of the hunt.
00_00-.0000'00'
un
..un -00"00
-00'
0000 ou. 00 0000 00.00..
worship
nU
-00uu
.00- -00'

oftheir

Fetiches

CONTENTS.

Bow "00the

monster,
to

OF

00--00 ..n..

--00,'

..u..

_00' 00" .00.

-00'

00"

'00'

267

TABLE
ILLUSTRATED

CATALOGUE
NEW

Letter

OF

MEXICO

OF

CONTENTS.

THE COLLECTIONS
ARIZONA IN 1879,

AND

VII

OBTAINED

EKOJI

BY JAMES

THE

INDIANS

Page.
311

of transmittal.

Introduction
Articles
Articles
Vgtal
Collection,
Articles
Articles

319
ofstone

334

of stone
of clay

of stone

00'

00-

Collectionfrom
Articles
Collection
Articles
Articles
Vgtal
Collection
Articles
Collection

from

375
378

of clay .
substances

369

substances

396
from

of clay
Cochiti

of
Acoma

-00'

0000

00 00"

of clay
Santo

404

00-00

'00.

'00_00

00--

n..

00'"

409

of stone

-0000.

from
00 00""

00--

Tesuke
n.

410

00 00'"

n.uu

.00.

410
4100

of clav
substances

414
from

of clay
from San

n
Juan

Jemez

Santa

Clara
00

_00'

00

_"00"

o.

.00.

00'

.oo

ofclay
00
00

"'00'

Pecos

wood

"00

"'00'

00"

..00.00.

415
416
416

n'

00..

00

Apaches

417

.00'

00--00 -00'

.00

'00

0de Cnelly
00-- '00- -n.

'00'

.0000.
clay
--00

'00

417
417
418

00"

418
418
00..

--0'00..

Canon

from Pictograph
of clay .=
of clay

419

Bocks

420
c-

--00

CATALOGUE
NEW

--nu

OF THE
MEXICO

419
419

from

other
"'00'

localities
00-00

'00'

420
421

n.

COLLECTIONS
OBTAINED
FBOM
IN 1880, BY JAMES STEVENSON.

Introduction
from
Articles
ofstone
Articles
of clay

415

00" 00" 00"-

417
JicariUa

ofclay
from Old

of

405
409

Domingo

of clay

from the
of clay
Articles

404
405

00-

of

Collection

399-

clay

from

ofstone

UiUSTRATED

399

Lagnna

from

Collection

337

375

Wolpi

Articles
Articles

Collection
Articles

000000 00

368
3733

Articles

Collection
Articles

00..

343

Articles
of clay
Collection
from the
Collection

00-

substances

Articles
Collectionfrom

Articles

337

Zuni

'00'"

Collection

Articles

S22

from

Collection
Articles

Collection

320

clay

substances

substances

Articles
Collection
Articles

J
of

Vgtal
Animal

Articles
Vgtal
Animal

OF

STEVENSON.

--0.
THE

--0000.
INDIANS

421
OF

429
Cuyamunqne

435
435
436

TABLE

VHI

OF

Collection
Articles
Articles
Collection
Articles
Articles
Articles
Collection
Articles
Articles
Collectionfrom

CONTENTS.

ftom

436

of stone
of
fromPojuaiue.

Collection

438

ofbone

439

clay

440

an&horn
00--

fromOldPqjuaque

'00

of
of clay
Santa

,.00..

00"

00"

00

of

441

00

441

stone
of

443

clay

substances

449

from

450

Tesuque

of

450

stone
-00"

ofolay
from Turquoise

450
0

Mine
fromSanto

450
00-- ..00 00..
from

451

--00

452

Jemez

452

Articles

of stone
of clay
Articles
Miscellaneous
articles
Collection

452
454
from

of

454

stone

454
from

of

456
458

clay

articles
from

Santa

458

Ana

458
of

Sandia,

<

clay

from

459

Cochiti

459

of
articles

00"

,"00"

ooU .00'

.00'

clay
.00'

459
0'_00'

460
460

Sanlldefonso

460

of stone

of clay
Miscellaneous
from Taos .00
Collection

458
458

N.Mex

of stone

Articles
Miscellaneous
from
Collection
Articles

456
456

Juan

of stone

Articles
Collection
from
Collection
Articles

San

of stone

Collection
Articles

455

Collection
Articles

454

Silla

of clay
Miscellaneous.

Articles
Miscellaneotis

450
450

Domingo

of clay

Collection

Articles
Articles

441
441

stone

441
.00

Clara

Collection
of stone..
Articles
Articles

438
of

Articles

Articles

437

clay

of stone

Articles
Vegetal
Collection
Articles

Page.
436

Namb

461

Articles

articles
0000 '00'

464
nu

".00.00.'

00" _00'

00'"

464

Articles

of stone

464

Articles

of clay

464

pLA.TEl.Preygod
II.Preygod
III.-Prey
IV.-Mountain

Page.
12

ftiches.
fetiches

16

of the six rgions..0000

of the hunt .00'"
god fetiches
of the chase
lion fetiches

V.-Coyote
VI.Wildoat
VII.-

ILLUSTRATIONS.

OF

LIST

fetiches

ofthe

ftiches

of

W 01 fetiches

ofthe

--00"

~o--

20

.00"

24
26

chase.000'.00.H'
th

27

ohase.

chase

u 00

aud groundowl
fetiches
..00-of the Priesthood
and fetioh
of the Priesthood
and fetich

--0.000
of the
of the

28

00

29

VIILEaglefetichesofthechase
iX.M:ole
X.-Shield
XI.-Shield
XIII.Stonegia.nt

or cajmibal.
war ohie.

XIV.-Atotarho,
XV.Th

FlyingHea.d

XVI.Objectsinsilver.

put

XVIII.Crncible,

in

40
40
52

Bow.
00"

..00--

56

00'

60

.00'

64

toight.

172
.0000
for

shaping

175

"00" "00.00.
silver
abjects

175
177

silver.-

XX.-Navajo
Indian
with
XXI.Shellvessels-
.XXII.-Vessels
XXIII.-Engraved

Bow.

00--00""

Spirit

silversmith
ofNavajo
molds
and sandstone

XVII.Wor'kshop
XIX.Objects

Great

to the

thanks

XII.-Returning

30

-00'

vessel

silver

ornaments

178
-192

-00-

196

200

XXIV.Shelispoons.
XXV.-Sheneelts.

204
206

XXVI.Shellimplements.

208

XXVII.Shellimplements.
XXVIII.ShellsMnga.pplia.nces.XXIX.Manufacture
XXX.Pins,

eastern

and

coast

-00'"

Pacific
XXXI.Pins,
XXXn.Per&ratedshellbeads.
XXXIII.Discoidalbeads
XXXIV.Massive

210

ofimplements
forms .0-00'
forms..

00"

_00 0 00

bends

214

ornaments.

and pearls

00-00..
0"

216

00'

n' -00"

..00"
'00

218

.0-

220
222
224

n'

00 .00.

226

XXXV.-Bea.ds.----
XXXVI.Rnnteebeads

228

240
242

y~xyn.Mseofwampumbeltsinindianconnoil.
XXXVin.Wa.mpumbelts-
XXXIX.Wampum
XL.-Wampum

belts,
belt,

XLi.~ajnpTun

belomgmg
belonging
belt, belonging

to th
to the
to the

XLiI.Wampumbelt,belongingtothe
XLIUThePennbelt.--

244

Onondagas
Onondagas.n.

246

'00'

248

Onondagas.
Onondagas-

252
254

XLIV.Stringsofwampnm.
XLV.AiLcient
pendants.-
XLVI.-Pendant
ornaments,
'XT/VTI.PIainDenda.nts.Paoino

256
easternformscoastforms

258

n.

0 n. u.

0'"
IX

260

PlAT

LIST

XLVIII.-Pendant

OF

ILLUSTRATIONS.

ornaments

of the

XLIX.-Plain

Pacifio

pendants,
L.PerforatedpIates.

LI.Shell
LII.-The

Pacifio

coast

coast

"00

forms.

00.

Page.
262

'00'"

-00..

264
266

gorgets,
th cross.
cross of the Monnd.Bailderso.

268
'0000.

o.

'00'"

270

LIII.Thecross.

373

LIV.SoaIJopedsheRdisb

274

LV.Shelldisbs.

276

LVI.Soallopedshelldis'ks-

278
280

LVU.ScaIIopeddisks.
LVIII.SheU

gorgetth

Mrd.

282

LIX.Thebird

LX.Thebird.

284
286

LXI-SpidergorgetsLXII.-Rattlesnake

288
"00

gorgets

LXIII.Rattlesnake

00'00'

'00'

290
290

gorgets,

LXIV.Rattlesnake
LXV.En.ttlesna.'ke

gorgets.

292
'_00"

gorgets

'0000.

0000

"00"

292

LXVI.Theserpemt-

292

LXVII.Thehnmanface.

294
294

LXVm.SheRmas'b.
LXIX.ThehTima.nface.
LXX.-The
LXXI.Shell

human

LXXII.SheU
LXXIII.-Shell

296
face..

00

'00""00

296

the

gorget,

human figure.u
the human
figure
the human figure.

gorget,
gorget,

LXXIV.Engra.vedgorget,
LXXV.ThehumanRguie

'00.

00"

298
'OO.

"00"

'0000'

.00.

"'00'

302
302
304

FiG.l.Concrtion.
3.Mineralfetich.

45
45

3.Fossilfetich4-Otter.
FroIh

45
ancient

monuments.u..

5'Otter&omSquierandDavis6.-Otter
of Rau.
Manatee
7.Manatee&omStevensS.-Lamantin
or sea-cow

0'

128

StevPllS

..00.n.

0000"

13.-Cincinnati

Squier

and

Davis

130

Squier.

Tablet-back.
ofSqnier

130

a.nd

From

Short

133
.00.

134
135

and

Davis.u.

_00'

17.-Toucan
18.-geel-billed

by Stevens
of Southern

Mexico

figured
toucan

"_00'

132
132

Davis-

M.TotLca.nofSqnierandDavis.
16.-Toucan
of Squier
as

129
129

from

side view '0000.

(tlTanatus
~m,ericanns,
Cuv.),
(Manatus
dme~icanics,
Cnv. ), front vie~f
Tablet-back.
From
and Davis.
Squier

12.-Cincinnati
M.Toucan

nu

128
of

orsea-cow&om

11.-Manatee

300
300

ghtingBgures,00'
-00'

LXXVI.Composite
Bgures.
LXXVH.Frogs,
Arizona
-

9.Lamantin
10.-Manatee

298

135
'00'00

"u.

136
137

"00

139

19.ParoquetofSquierandDavis-

140

30.Owl&om

Squier

144

31.Grouse

fromSqtiier

22.Tur~oy-buzzard
23,-Cherry-bird

audDavisand

Davis.

jrom Squier
from Squier
and

24.Wbodpec'ker&omSquierandDavis-

and Davis
Davis '00

144
145
..u.

145
146

LIST

FiG.

OF

25.
Eagle
from
26. Kattlesnake

from
Squier
and Davis
Squier
in Grant
Mound
Connty,

27.-Big

Elephant
pipe.
28.-Elephant

from

the

Human carvings

from

the

mounds

Mound

Human

carvings

Human

carvings

from the motmds

from the motmds

carvings

from

Zufii

379. Zufii
380.
381.

water

eating

400.

Znni

eanteen

401.

Zufii

eating

water

cups

410-412.

Zufii

eating

"'0000"

486.
487.
488.
489.
490.

350

..U"

--00.00

--00

35

'0000'"

350
350

-00

350
eating

bowls

eating

eating
eating

352

354

bowls

356

bowls
Zufii
bowls

eating
-

357

bowls
'
..

--

358

359

Zufii
Zuii

360
361
paint
condiment

Zuni

364

cnps
cups

364
365

effigies

Zuni effigies

481-483.

Zufii

basketry

Zuni pad
Zuni toy cradle
Zui basketry
Zufii
toy cradle
Zufii

491._Zufii
492-493.

"00"

Zufii
cooking vessels
.-
Zuni ladles
.
Zuni clay baskets

454-457.
458-459.

484-485.

350
350

Zuni

460-471.
472-480.

350

vase

canteen

Zuni

442-453.

350

00" .00.00

bowls

413-415.

FlGS.

n'
water

pitcher

Zuii

FiG.

349
--00

pitchers

408-409.

431-436.
437-441.

347
34^

Zufli

Zufii

347

bowl

403-406.
ZuHi water
FiG. 407. ZuSi water

425-427.
428-430.

347

vase
bowl

ZuSi

402.

Zufii

347

bowl

Zuni

416-418.
419-424.

346
347

Zni
Zuii

399.

345

vases

canteen

eating
FiGs. 383-384.
Zuni water vases
385-391. ZuEi canteens
392-397.
Zuni canteens
Zuni canteen
FiG. 398.

FlGS.

343
344

vases

vases

water

382.

163
340
342

Zufii
ZuBi

163*

mounds

3^

water

371-374.
375-378.

162

00'"

vases

water

00

Zunistoneimplements
vases

Zuni water
ZuHi

162
00"

axes

Zuaigrooved

363-370.

the

162

"0000

.0000

34,

361-362.

159

near

33.

359-360.

Figs.

156

carvings

347-352.
353-358.

153
155

31.

147

Iowa
Ohio
Granville,
.n.00'"
mounds

Haman

Page.
146

Davis

Wiseonsin

Iowa

35._Human

FiG.

and

29.-Elephantpipe.
30.-The
"Alligator"
32.

FiGS.

XI

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Zufii

ladle
war-club
dance

Zuni
n
'U'"

moccasins
u,

366

00"

367
n 370
370

u.
n"

nOO

370
3700
370

'00'

00 00.
n' .u'"
oruaments

U
U u.u,

n.
n.

370
372
372

XII

LIST

FIG.

OF

ILLUSTRATIONS
Page.
372

494.ZnSirotarydrUI.
495.ZuBiwoodenspade.

372

4M.ZuBlwoodendigger.

372

497.ZuSirattIe-

371

498.ZuSirattle.J

373

499.ZuBihopple.

373
373

FiGS.500-503.ZuBiwovensashes
FiCr.503.ZuBihead.dress.
FiGS.504-507.Wolpi
FiG.508.oIpimetate-

374

axes.JJ

375
375

allcient

509.-Wolpi

pipe-

510.Wo]pistoneeESgy511.-Wolpi
neek
FIGS. 512-513.-Wolpi

.ou

m-

378
378

ornameut

00

378

effigies.

FiG.
FiGS.515-516.Wolpipots.

514.-Wolpi

378
379

water

379

517-519.Wolpivessela.
520-522,-Wolpi
water
FtG.

00"

533.Wolpi
524.-Wolpi

381
jars.

ea.ting

382

bowl.

cooking

385

vesseL.

00 .00.00.

-0000

385

525.WolpiladJe.
FIG8.536-5S9.Wolpiladies.
FIG. 530.-Wolpi

385
386

basket

0-0'

Ou,

'00'

-nu.

531.Wolpibasm533.Wolpi
Fies.

388

vase

533-534.-Wolpi

a,nd.bovlattached.

clay

388

statuettes

388

535-536.Wolpibaskets.

389

537-539.Wolpibaskets-J~

390

FiG.540.WolpiRoormat.J..

390
390

FiGS.541-543.WoIpibaskets543-545.WoJpibaskets.J~
FiG.

546.Wolpi

391

weavingstioT!

392

547.Wolpispindiewhorl.
Fies.

386

548-549.Wolpirabbit

392
sticks

-00".

m. m.

--u

.0

392

FlG.550.Wolpirake.
551.Wolpidrnmstio'k-

393
393

553.Wolpitleasnre-box-

393

553.Wolpidancegonrd-

393

554.Wolpitceaaure-box.
FiGS.
555-55S.Wolpidamceornaments
FiG. 559.Wo~phead-dress.

393
-m..

00-

--00.

'00'"

393
394

560.Wolpigonidra.ttle.

394

561.WolpimTisicalmstrnment563.Wolpigonrdra.ttle.
FiGS.563-565.-Wolpiornamenfs

-m.

566-569.Wo~pieBagies
570-573.WolpiefBgies.
FiG. 573.-Wolpi
horn

394
394
"'00.

_ou

oo--oo

397

396
ladle

397
397

576.Wolpiarrowatraightener
577.'Wolpii.viistletmoccasin
wriatlet

580.Wolpiridingwliip

394
395

574.-Wolpi
horn rattle
575.'Wolpiperforator.

578.-Wolpi
579.-Wolpi-

00

.J~JJ~

397
398
398
00'.

--uu

oo.ou

00.

00'0000

398
398

FIG.

581.

FlGS.

OF

drum

--00

u. --00

Figs.

593-59G.

Laguna

water

Laguna

water

Laguna

water

623-626.
627-634.

CocHti

water

Tesnke

655.

vases

00..00

.00.00

water

41

668.-Santa
669.-Santa

Clara

water

414

effigy

414

vessel
,00.00 ..0000

414

'00'

414
416
416
416
41

eating

bowl

416

platter
jars

416

bowls

417

vessel

Water

vessels

from

681-683.

Water

vessels

from

from

416
416

bowl

eating
water

677-680.

687-692.-Pitchers

jar..

effigies

Clara
670-672.-Santa
673-675.
San Juan
eating
Fig.
676.
Jemez water

-Bowls

410
412

vases

Tesuke

Clara
Clara

409

andpestle

Tesuke

Clara

.-

vessels
mortar

water

406
407

.u"

vessels

Tesuke
cooking
.00.
-00
00" ,00
effigy
659. Tesuke cookingvessel
vases
660-662.
Santa Clara water
Clara
663-664.-Santa
eating l)owls

684-686.

403
404

Tesuke

665-666.-Santa
Fig. 667.
Santa

FlGS.

water

drinking

Domingo
Tesuke

656.

FiGS.

402
403

effigies

effigies

648-649.-Santo
650.
Fig.

FiGs.

CocMti

645-647.-Cochiti

657.
658.

400
400

00--

vessels

635-644.

Fig.

399

Laguna

618-622.

651-654.

399

pitcher
-jars

Laguna
bowls
eating
vases
Acoma water
vessels
CocMti water

613-617.

Page.
398

-0000

anklets

Laguna

610-612.

"00--

blanket

Wolpi
vases

597-609.

FiGS.

'00'

Wolpi

584.

585-591.
Fig. 592.

XIII

ILLUSTRATIONS.

582-583.
Fig.

Figs.

Wolpi

LTST

Canon
Canon

418

De Chelly
de Chelly

42J>
420

--

de Chelly
de Chelly
Canon

Canon

from

420

<

420

de Chelly
from Canon
vessels
693-696.-Cooking
Rocks
vessel
from Pictograph
FIG. 697.
Corrugated
693.
699.-Santa
700.-Santa
701.

Clara
Clara

Santa

Clara

703.

Santa

Clara

704.

Santa

Clara

702.

Pojuaque
polished

black

ware

440
443

444

Clara

445

bowl

445

image
meal basket

705.-Santa

Clara

706.-Santa

Clara

canteen-

707.

Domingo

708.

ware

polished
Sauta

pipe
canteen

Santo

black

420

pitcher

446
446

447

---

449

tinaj
vase ...

451

453

---

Jemez water
water vessel

709.-Silla

n'
weaver
The blanket
vessel
00 .00
water
711.
San Juan
vessel.
water
712.
San Ildefonso
stone
713.-Taos
polishing
Map
Map

vessel
714.-Taos
of the pneblos
location
showing
of ancient
Tusayan

of Arizona

and

455

,00'

710.

00"

457

00"

461
464
465

New

319

Mexico

429

REPORT

SECOND ANNUAL
OE

ETHNOLOGY.

OF

BUREAU

BY

J.

W.

THE

DIEECTOR.

POWEIil/,

INTRODUCTORY.
Researches

North

the

among

American

as directed

Indians,

hve
been
prosecuted
diligently
by act of Congress,
has
The plan of operations
the fiscal year 1880-'81.

during
consisted

inThe

First.
to conduct

of
employment
and
prpare
investigations

and

scholars

direct

the

results

specialists
for publica-

tion.
In

Second.
ducted

by
of Ethnology.

Bureau
ful

not

already
lower
great
America.
wide

and
inciting
collaborators
in

only
received

of

stages
value

in
This

circulation

this

research
guiding
immediately
with
connected
not
directly

This
but

from

in

many

culture
elucidating
collaboration
of the

branch

First

of

parts

among
the

of effort
lands.

distant

the

other
problems
has been

Annual

has been
The

world
peoples

conthe

success-

contributions
to the
relating
have
been
of

presented

in

North

obtained,
first, by the
Bureau
and
of
the
Report

which
it, viz, "Introduction
preceded
publications
"Introduction
to the
of Indian
to the Study
Languages,"
the
to
and "Introduction
of Mortuary
Study
Oustoms,"
Study
circulation
of subsealso by the similar
of Sign Language,"
hereinafter
mentioned;
second,
by correpublications
quent
abilities
and
ascertained
whose
with persons
opporspondence
a reasonable
afforded
tunities
co-operation.
hope of their useful
of the

three

XV

ANNUAL

XVI

REPORT

it has
By these agencies
butions
of the character
published

become

THE

DIRECTOR

known
that contrigenerally
were invited
and would
be

explained
due crdit.

with

speedily

OF

numerous

The

and

im-

to requests
for. assistance
have been and will
responses
to be thankfully
in
the several
acknowledged
publications
to which
are
The
of savage
they
germane.
objects
and barbarie
art contributed
the agencies
mentioned
through
portant
continue

have

been

in the

deposited

propriate

public

National

Museum

and

receive

PUBLICATIONS.
TO

INTRODUCTION

THE

STUDY

BY MAJOR
In

the

1877

year

"Introduction

OF

INDIAN

J. W. POWELL.

Director

the

to the

of the

Bureau

of Indian

Languages,"
Study
for the purpose
of giving
the
for the proper
collection
necessary

distributed

widely

explanation
material.

More

vised

knowledge
encountered

edition

enlarged
and
phrases,

was

of words,
issued
by the

of

an

published
which

was

direction

and

of linguistic
and the

preparawith reimproved,
sentences
to be collected,
in 1880.
It now consists

Bureau

in those
mainly
explanations
been
found
to best meet
the

LANGITAGES,

subject
demanded
the

much

schedules

which

on the

thorough
of difficulties

exprience
tion of a new

ap-

therefrom.

acknowledgment

and

characteristics

wants

which

have

of

persons
practically
at
on languages
with which they are not familiar.
the explanations
of a strictly
such
philologie
character,
branches
of
were
added
to other
anthropology
(em-

in the field

work
Besides
relating

bracing
fact, the

arts,

habits,

subject-matter
as would

languages)
A language,
latter.
turn the key to most

and opinions-in
customs,
institutions,
in the several
of thought
embodied
assist
when

in

the

full

mastered

interesting
The scope

and

of the
comprehension
in this manner,
affords in
undiscoverable
otherwise

facts.
of -the attention
anthropologie
given to such
as they are connected
with language,
is exhibited
subjects,
by
the list of the schedules
of words and phrases
other than those
used

for grammatic

purposes,

viz,

Persons,

Parts

of the

Body,

OF

and

Dress

Dwellings,

and

Implements
Divisions

Measures,

Numerals,

XVH

ETHNOLOGY.

of Time,

Meteorologie
Social
Kinship,

Customs,
Mortuary
In each of the schedules
of certain

given

understanding
as possible
whose

facts

anthropologie

an

mentioned

above

necessary
the student

so that
subjects,
of the thoughts
in
possession
put
to compile.
he was endeavoring
must
of an unwritten
language
of the

be

Utensils,
Standthe

Terms,
Plants,
&c., Gographie
Phenomena
and other Physical

Animais,

Government,
Organization,
Amusements.
Medicine,

Objects,

was

OF

BUREAU

Omaments,

Colors,
Food,
ards of Value,
Firmament,

THE

and

Religion,
explanation
to the proper
as far
might
Indian

of the

language
commence
As the study
by
used
as
no
it to writing,
alphabet
by a civilized
and
committing
lanof Indian
all the sounds
will represent
distinctly
people
of
became
of a proper
the adoption
prime
alphabet
guages,
sewas
the
Roman
reasons
For
alphabet
many
importance.
funthe following
for use, with numerous
modifications,
lected
observed:
rules
damental
being
and
must be used without
additions,
I. The Roman
alphabet
fonts
in
as
are
found
marks
with only such diacritical
ordinary
of

type.
II. Each
III.

Each

sound

must

character

have

a letter

must

be

used

of its own.
to

but

represent

one

sound.
IV.
Indian
the

The

Roman

the
tongue
are used
letters

guages.
This

be
must
alphabet
same as or kindred

scheme

alphabetic
has proved

amples
accustomed

so

to former

their
labor,
copied
fest advantages.

the

in

English

manuscripts

for

to the
and

sounds

which

civilized

lan-

sounds

other

in the

for

illustrations
copious
that
in operation

with

successful

schemes

used

by excollectors

at great
though
voluntarily,
such maniinto that possessing

have

was also
to Indian
languages
adapted
specially
and
number
of
new
words,
gender
introduced
upon the topics
and
and adjective
demonstrative
personal
pronouns,
of nouns,
intransitive
verbs,
transitive
verbs, possession,
article
pronouns,
and
used as verbs,
nouns
and
adverbs,
prepositions
adjectives,
n e
Instruction

XVIII

ANNUAL

voice,

and

mode,
of

suggestion

REPORT

tense.

OF

THE

Further

DIRECTOR

sections

additional

investigations,
and to
collected,

materials

were
to

the

the

rank

devoted

to the

best

mode

of Indian

studying
as instruments
for the expression
of thought.
The
guages
therefore
was designed,
describe
Indian
first, to briefly
in those
characteristics
found
and
guages
commonly
to the

student

of
lan-

work
lanmore

to lead the
uninitiated;
second,
from
that
which
is
atinvestigation
by
steps
easily
tained
to that which is more difficult;
to
the
student
third,
put
in possession
of such general
facts as are necesanthropologie
of his work;
to
and, fourth,
sary to the intelligent
prosecution
necessary

yet

natural

a practicable
to writing.

provide
guage
HOUSES

AND

method

of reducing

HOTTSE-LIFE

NES,

THE

OF

BY LEWIS

an

lan-

unknown

AMERICAN

ABORIGI-

H. MORGAN.

In

the year 1881 the comprehensive

and important
work
of
H.
Hon. Lewis
Houses
and House-Life
of the AmeriMorgan,
can Aborigines,"
was issued as Volume
IV of Contributions
to
North

American

Its distinguished
and lamented
Ethnology.
of
American
and
pioneer
anthropology,
recognized
the world
as a leader
in that
has died
science,
of this his last scientific
conpublication
production,

the

author,

throughout
since the

the matured
taining
dustrious
life.
The

results

main

of the
purpose
domestic
institutions

life and

as explaining
with greater
nately
to be more

highly

been

previously
of mankind
in
and

Period
Mr.

the

America.

studies

work

was

of the
have

been

inquiry.
and
developed

of his long

to set

North

of Indian

and
supposed,
two well-marked

Morgan,
and several

quois
or ancient

the

the characteristics

opportunities,
inattentive
to this

by

of

forth

the

Earlier

faithfully
ethnie

appear
had
than

established
portray

house-

writers,
unfortu-

and
markedly
These
institutions

firmly

in-

Indians

American
life.

and

the

condition
the

viz,
periods,
Older
of barbarism,
as they are called
the first being
well represented
by the Iroand the second
other
tribes,
by the Aztecs,

Middle

Period

and the Indians

Mexicans,
In no part
of the earth

of Yucatan
now

understood

and

Central
through

THE

OF

XIX

OF.ETHNOLOGY.

BUREAU

of human
two stages
were these
or exploration
proghistory
tribes
of North
Indian
as
the
ress so well
by
exemplified
of advanceas varying
with such diversities
degrees
Ameiica,
tribes
of the several
of environment
ment and varying
degrees
would

laws

the ascertained

From

produce.
from the

naturally

governand
operation,

of their

uniformity
ing that advance,
of intelliof the development
limitations
from the necessary
that our own remote
it may be inferred
ancestors
passed
gence,
inand
a
similar
corresponding
possessed
exprience
through
of
the
lost
some
this
stitutions.
therefore,
portion
study,
By
the Aryan
of our own race may be recovered,
family
history
unconand that
to
a
limited
but
extent,
preserved
having
of
to the closing
the data of its history
period
prior
sciously,
barbarism.
Mr.

concludes
Morgan
the above-mentioned

during
an organization

to face

for itself

shelter
lies.

The.

house

out

his

researches

in large
for a single

was exceptional
family
house
while
the
large

America,
several
families

aboriginal
accommodate

was

the

rnle.

also

of gentile
same gens

throughenough

to

the
Moreover,
There
houses.

tenement
as joint
occupied
households
on
the
to form
a tendency
children
with
their
kin, the mothers
were

habitations
was

that the family,

was too weak
of
progress,
stages
a
of
alone the struggle
life, and sought
several
famiof
households
composed
from

the
being

principle
of the

or clan.

which
is illustrated
the volume,
by many
social
and
include:
and sketches,
organizagovernmental
plans
comand its general
the law of hospitality
practice;
tion
land
to
with
and customs
in living;
munism
respect
usages
classed
of the houses of Indians,
as,
and descriptions
and food;
those of the sedentary
New
north
of
those
Mexico
2d,
lst,
of the sedentary
in ruins
of New Mexico;
Indians
3d, houses
and
its
river
tributaries;
4th, houses
Indians
of the San Juan
The

of the
cans
tral
The

contents

of

mound-builders;
and, 6th, of the

5th,
sedentary

of the

Aztecs,
Indians
of

or

ancient

Yucatan

and

MexiCen-

America.
work

exaggerations

is of the
still

highest

prevalent,

value

in

in removing

errors
and
correcting
the misconceptions

ANNUAL

XX

and

erroneous

made

THE

DIRECTOR

the

records
original
further
redirecting

encumbering
and in
observers,

interprtations

by incomptent
on philosophie

search

OF

REPORT

principles.

Lr&TGUISTIO

WOEK.

in the First Annual

explained
Report,
prime imporresearches.
Without
fundamental
is attached
to linguistic
which
can
still
be
of
those
successfully
languages
knowledge
As was

tance

of the tribes speakall other anthropologie

studied,
peculiarities
The
early publication
ing them will be imperfectiyunderstood.
with which are texts, or
of grammars
and dictionaries
connected
obtained
from Indian
to illusa body
of literature
authorities,
trate

the

cording

of the language,
facts and principles
and
the genuine
philosophy
aboriginal
as essential.
Interest
been regarded

therefore,
which
hitherto

while

also

re-

traditions,
has,
in the Indians,

and ill-directed,
when
even
vague
most active, will by this means
be gratified
with ansabundance
and the models furnished
will be imitated
of authentic
material,
workers
not connected
and doubtless
scientific
improved
by
the

with

Three

this

visions,
THE

been

Bureau.
and
slow

character,
they have
JBGHA

in

progress

among

yet

printed

attention

and

many

re-

issued.

BT

spoken
which

EBT.

by
is

J.

that

OES".DOESEY.

of
linguistic
group
of the Ponka,

composed

and Kwapa
has for a number
tribes,
Kansas,
Osage,
who
was long resident
studied
Mr.
been
Dorsey,
by
them
for this
those
and
has
since
revisited
Indians,

His
purpose.
spcial
historical
-with myths,
more

have been
linguistics
the year, but on
during
the press of publications

through
minute

IiASTGTTAGE,

iegiha
language,
Siouan
stock
great

Omaha,
of years

part

requiring
not yet been

The
the

to Indian

contributions

important

partly
prepared
of the
account
of

has

Dictionary
accounts

thorough
presentation
been published.

of

accompanied
and Grammar,
and dictated
will be a
papers,
an Indian

language

than

has

THE

OF

THE

KLAM1TH

This

BUREAU

istics.

and

was

visits
of his personal
attainments
linguistic
of

prosecution
and more

expeditious

the

characterimportant
discussion
by Mr.
texts on the general
to the
of a

the

special
His

accurate.

is in press.
THE

The

DAKOTA

constant

the

repute,

BY

LANGUAGE,

Dakota

of the

study
his life

S.

REV.

R.

RIGGS.

by Rev. S. R.
of that stock,
in 1852
published

language
the Indians

among
passed
his Dictionary
and Grammar,
of high and
Smithsonian
Institution,
though
and enlargement.
revision,
correction,
required

during
Riggs,
has shown that
by

more

rendered

and

Modocs

the

spoken
by
shows
many
and intelligent

with a copious
Gatschet,
dictionary
is the result
mentioned,
plan before
with the advantage
of high
tribes,
which
the
character,
by
general
study
work

XXI

ETHNOLOGY.

BY MR. A. S. GATSCHET.

liANGITAGE,

Oregonian
language,
of Klamath
Lake,
Its
comprehensive

Indians

OF

deserved
This

665
the year 1 88081,
he commenced
during
embraced
The
dialects
of it are now in type.
quarto
pages
known
as
the
of
Indians
are those
popularly
body
spoken
by
of
Dakota
division
Bureau
as
the
Sioux, and designated
by the
the Siouan linguistic
family.
undertaking

and

r
NORTH

OF

BIBIJOGRAPHT

MR.

The

work

of

most

to ail the languages

a Bibliography
being

J.

AMERICAN
C.

which
relates
utility,
Mr
is by
J. C. Pilling,
America,
It is
American
North
Linguistics.

general
of North
of

linguistic

to give, in alphabetic
an attempt
full titles, in chronologie
order,
in or upon any of the languages
for the first time affords
pertory
mation
several
it

will

prominent

of

ail that

directions
save

has

been

toward

BY

PHILOLOGY,

PHiUSTG.

done
which

arrangement
of ail editions
of North
to students

the
by authors,
of works written

America.
the

essential

This

re-

infor-

in the
by their predecessors
their
studies
may be turned.

in many
cases duplication
notice material
indispensable

into
of labor, and bring
to thorough
knowledge

XXH

ANNUAL

which
this

otherwise
volume

spondence,
for personal

REPORT

would
Mr.

be

OF

THE

DIRECTOR

unknown.

In

has, in addition
been compelled
to visit distant
examination
of libraries
and

the
to

Pilling

of
preparation
extensive
corre-

parts of the
collections.

country

Other
ing
thse

the

volumes
were in course
of preparation
durlinguistic
no
of
which
was
year,
part
printed
therein.
Among
it is proper
to mention
the work
of Mrs. Erminnie
A."
of Jersey
of the Iroquoian
and
City, on several
dialects,

Smith,
of Prof.

Otis

T. Mason

on the

Chata

ETHTOLOQIC
The

First

Annual

Report

of

language.

WORK.
the

for the fiscal

Bureau,

year
a volume,
printed
during
year 1881, forming
of 638 pages.
In addition
to the papers
in
octavo,
that Report,
which it is not deemed
now to recapitnecessary
work
was continued
or commenced
ulate,
upon other
papers
the
as
follows:
during
year
was

1879-'8O,
in large

the

AND

IiASTGOAGE

SIGN

The

researches

gesture
speech
with philology

and

by

pictographs,
on the other

Col.

BREVET

Garrick

Mallery,
on the one

are connected

expression,

dians, though
most instructive

not

been

of anthropomany points
elucidate
the attempts
of the

confined

its systematic
exhibition

upon
hand

with

interest.
These
studies
logie
mind in the expression
human
of ideas independent
or not prior t, the use of oral language.
They
of ideas, as distinct
from
rect visible
expression
has

LIEUT.

U. S. A.

MAI1I1ERT,

continued
and

BY

PICTOGRAPHS,

COL. GARRICK

to the

North

and general
use
of it now remaining

of, whether
show that ditheir

audible

American
by

them

Inis the

among
speakof it as practiced

and that a thorough

comprehension
is
to any full discussion
of the subject.
by
indispensable
of
it
hve
been
collected
from
Sufficient
examples
many other
and
bodies
of men, ancient
to suggest
relamodern,
important
ing

men,
them

tions,

not

only

between

ail

the

modes

of

expression,

but

be-

OF

the

tween
for

ples

the
and

copied
as to awaken

BUREAU

visible

particular
several

ideas.

First

in the

language

THE

forms

Annual

XXIII

ETHNOLOGY.

produced

Colonel
Report

in scientific

noticed

OF

by

different

on signhas been

to such

an extent

publications
and collaboration

of gre'at value
in which
he
subject

correspondence
on the
of the monograph
in the completion
he has commenced
In addition,
has been engaged.
with

of Pictographs,
in that study,

to the

duction

peo-

paper
Mallery's
of the Bureau

an Intro-

the

of obtain-

hope
Study
with
connected
so closely
assistance
ing similar
direct
the
transient
the one last mentioned
sign language
being
direct
the
and
expression,
permanent
pictographs
expression,
the indirect
The latter became
of ideas to the eye.
expression
when
To

applied
the forms

the

structure

The

subject
conventionalized

parison
America

of

to record

writing

oral

speech.

of pictographs,
therefore,
may probably
be traced
of
used
of ail the characters
writing
by man.
of
the interpretation
besides
includes,
ideographs,

of
and the evolution
designs
symbolic
from
the
comresults
are
expected
Interesting
collected
frforn North
of material
amount
of the large
of
the world.
in
other
to exist
with that known
parts
or

MORTUARY

has

with

North
them

parisons
and ail authorities
correspondence
mulated
for the

continued
American
and

in print
conducted

DR.

BY

CUSTOMS,

Yarrow
of the

toms

shape

art.

graphie

Dr.

the

in

into

researches

parallels
or otherwise
and

the

the mortuary
discussion
of

with

Indians,
to

TT. S. A.

H. C. TAEEO,

them

taken

from

attainable.

fund

cuscom-

history

The

of information

large
accu-

in preparation
on this subject,
by
monograph
of facts
while
the
correlation
it
render
will
exhaustive,
him,
in relation
to the philosophy
its importance
collected
increases
of
The scope
human
of the whole
and psychology
family.
as
is
as
well
in
which
the
interest
scientific,
this work,
popular
Annual
in the First
has been already
Report.
explained
INDIAN
Mr.
aration

CESSIONS

OF

LAND,

BY

ME.

the
was engaged
C. C. Royce
during
Indian
Atlas
of
of a Historical
affairs,

C. C. ROYCE.
year

in the

designed

prpto show

XXIV

ANNUAL

REPORT

by a sries of charts
of land made
to the
various

Indian

principal
incidents

the

cipal
with

The
chains,
of the

a schedule

the
date.

the

different

time

of

organization
This work
the

cessions

to time
will

date

the

by the
Federal

also

include

of each

treaty,
abstract
of

an

with a narrative
of
thereof,
together
with its negotiation
and the causes
atlas will also contain
a list of the prinand
other
natural
rivers,
lakes,
objects,

provisions
connected

mountain

of

text, giving
with which
concluded,

tribes

thereto.

leading

DIRECTOR

from

States

from

present
a historical

its scope
of tribe or

name
the

tribes

THE

boundaries

United

to the

Government
within

the

OF

names
by which each has been
to the present
discovery
day, giving
reference
to authorities
and dates.
In the progress
of this
work much laborious
research
has been made among
the maps
known

from

its

different

earliest

and

in the Library
of Congress
plats
Office.
and reports
Original
diagrams
ined and an extended
correspondence
uals

and

historical

The necessary
the present
limits

in the

societies
data

and

the

have

General

also

conducted'with

several

for indicating
the cessions
States
of Ohio, Indiana,

Alabama,
Georgia,
obtained.
wholly
in a like manner
with the

Mississippi,
and
Much
progress
States

Minnesota,
Kansas,
Arkansas,
This
when
paper,
completed,
authoritative
detail manyparticulars

individ-

of land

within

TenIllinois,
havebeetv
Michigan

has

also

of Wisconsin,
and Nebraska.
will

exam-

States.

of the

nessee,
almost

Land

been

not

been

Iowa,
only

made

Missouri,

exhibit

with

now

onlyvaguelyknown
and migrations
the habitat
of the several
tribes,
concerning
but will be of special
convenience
to lawyers
and officials
concerned
in the investigation
of original
titles
to land
in the
larger

The

of the

part

and

of classifying
on a linand extinct,
of North
remaining
has been
and progress
has
by the Director,
been made
in their synonomy,
or the reference
to a correct
standard
of their multiplied
and confusing
titles as shown
in
guistic
America

literature

difficult

States.

United

basis

and

ail

tdious

undertaking

the

tribes,
continued

in common

usage.

The

system

of nomenclature

0
OF

OF

BUREAU

THE

XXV

ETHNOLOGY.

the
with a series of charts
displaying
upon, together
at
discovered
and
when
of ail tribes
habitat
subsquent
periods,
stuaid to working
as the most acceptable
will be published
dents of Indian
history.
in a
the year
was engaged
Prof.
Otis T. Mason
during
decided

of

presentation
Indians,
direction

embracing
and their

subject

civilized.
industries
H. W.

the
of education
among
subject
in that
made
ail
the
attempts
historically
with the present
several
results,
together

important

of advance

condition
The

the

of the

industries,
and means

in literacy
education

with

and
and

general
advance
account

an exhaustive

of

culture.

was

subsistence,

of

the

of their

commenced

tribes

in

pristine
by Mr.

Henshaw.

are
papers
to the study
of North
tribal
governments
to-the
Introduction
study
The

following
Introduction

Introduction

in preparation:
of Sociology,
America;
of North

to the

study

of North

to the

study

of the

as suggested

American
American

by the

Mythology;
Technology;

and
Introduction
American

North

Medicine

Practices

of the

Indians.

FIELD

WORK.

in pera large
part of the year
spent
Pacific
on the
of the tribes
sonal examination
slope, including
visited
Hinman
Rev.
S.
D.
of Washington
those
Territory.
besides
and Rev. Clay MacCauley,
upon
the Dakotas,
reporting
of
the
Semifirst
made
the
the Ojibwas,
exploration
ethnologie
The
ever successfully
of Florida
copious
noles
attempted.
in
future.
will be utilized
notes of these gentlemen
amount
of field work performed
The large
by Mrs. ErminStevenson
and Mr. James
H. Cushing,
Mr. Frank
nie A. Smith,
in
connection
with
mentioned
is hereinafter
papers
presented
Mr.

by

H. W.

them.

Henshaw

XXVI

PAPERS
It
will

REPORT

ANNUAL

has
be

been
to

American

AOGOMPANYnfG-

before

object.
with the

has its proper

THIS

REPORT.

plan,
only

so that
by the

every
amount

to
papers
appended
the scope
place in the general
scheme,
with
the other
before
publications
and each was
with
a
prepared
special

together
they,
to indicate,
The line of research

pursued
by the several
papers,
their
be
attending
preparation,
may
remarks
designated
b-y some introductory
upon
in the order which they follow in this volume.

circumstances

conveniently
each of them

ZirSl

DIRECTOR

that the effort of this Bureau

promised
work
in the various
branches
of North

prosecute

serve

noted,

THE

on a systematic
anthropology
field may be cultivated,
limited
Each
of the
by Congress.

important
appropriated
this report
of which

OF

BY

FETICHES,

MR.

FRANK

HAMILTON

CTJSHESTG.

Mention

was made
in the First
Amrua
that
Mr.
Report
H. Cushing,
of the Smithsonian
had
Institution,
proceeded
to and was at the time
at the pueblo
of Zuni, New
residing
to study
the language,
and art
Mexico,
mythology,
sociology,
of its inhabitants.
the winter
of 1879-'80
he had by
During
a conversational
of the landiligent
acquired
study
knowledge
of the Zunis,
and had made
numerous
sketches
and
guage
Frank

notes

on

their

secret

their

sacred

dances

and

on the

he succeeded

which

of some
meetings
in observing.

of

societies,
the succeeding
summer
and autumn
he continued
his investigations
into the mythology,
and sacerdotal
traditions,
as well as governmental
institutions
of the Indians,
and exof
the
traditional
ruins
within
a
radius
of 50
plored
many
During

miles
quired
position
This

of Zuni.

Before

knowledge
in councils,

the

end

of the Zuni
and was

of the

language
made chief

year he had so far acas to take an important

councilor
of the nation.

increased
also enabled
him to learn tradiknowledge
on historie
matters.
bearing
these was one concerning
the ruin of Ke'i-ki-me,
Among
at the base of T-ai-yllon-ue
a mesa
(Thunder
Mountain),
three miles east of Zuni, which related
to the death
stronghold
tions

THE

OF

of

Black

"The

nized

the
Marco

and
1539

in the

nition

led

all

Negro
known

Cities

the "Seven

in whom

lips,"

of

Estevanico,"
been

killed

to have

Inquiries
dtermination

neighborhood.
to the specifie

XXVII

ETHNOLOGY.

thick

with

Mexican

"Barbary
de Nia,

OF

BUREAU

Cabea
about

instituted
of

the
this

year
recog-

of nearly
of which-A-ha-

the

the

of Cibola,"

by
sites

he recogda Vaca

principal
at Ojo
Zuni)
was situated
from
was
derived
that
Cibola
also,
conjectured,
which
or Shi-wi-na,
She-wo-na
name of their country,
the Zuni
old
confirmed
records,
Spanish
led to the belief,
by
ultimately
were
ail
but
that
of
no
one
together
there
was
Cibola,
that
city
name.
known
by that
a trip with
he made
of January,
the month
1881,
During
the
sites of the
one companion
along the line of ruins marking
as far west
ritualistic
recitals,
to in the Zuni
referred
pueblos
disHe not only
of the Colorado
as the valley
Chiquito.
the
correctverified
but
also
of
a
series
monuments,
covered
of the mythto by a study
referred
above
ness of the recitals
surroundand
the
of
them
with which many
ologie pictographs
ing rocks were covered.
or Barthe town of San Juan,
from
south
Some 15 miles
cus, in Spanish
He
Caliente.

hills,
by
these

in the

he found

deto,

containing
the ancestors
he had

in

(Ha-wi-kuhs,

the

same
the

craters,
of the
good

a remarkable
valley
of which
caverns
as

Zunis
fortune

sacrificial

to discover

line
had

of conical,
used

been

In
depositories.
numerous
well-predecconventionally

and many
plumed
basket-work,
or
bows, arrows,
altar-tablets,
orated
prayer-slats
One of
the
of
inhabitants
ancient
valley.
of the
and fabrics
and
cornof
cane
was that of ancient
his discoveries
cigarettes
served

sacrificial

sticks,

the
that
leaves,
proving
American
origin.
the succeeding
During

cigarette,

as well

as

the

pipe,

was

of

and a citizen,
with one soldier
spring,
not only
cave
re-exploring
he again set out
country,
on
other
also
visited
but
grottoes
before
important
the caverns
as
sacrificial
used
depositoand the caves still
the Rio Concho,
del
Colorado
near
La
Chiquito,
the
ries
Laguna
Zunis,
by
of
the greater
The collections,
portions
of San Juan.
north
over two thousand
specimens.
were cached,
which
aggregated
for the

XXVni

ANNUAL

On this
ruins, many
on a mesa

expdition
of which

teiTuptedly
successive
The

30
over

miles

REPORT

he

THE

examined

were

perfectly
south
of San

3 miles

occupation
results
obtained

OF

and

in

length,
abandonment.

DIRECTOR

also

numerous

important
One, situated
to be uninJuan,
proved
an example,
of
doubtless,
preserved.

in Zuni,
by Mr. Cushing's
explorations
have
of
the
and
remains,
been
worthy
industry
the courage
and self-denial,
with which theyhave
ability,
been
facts of the most varied
character
prosecuted.
have
Important
been
to
of
them
substantiated
or illusbrought
light, many
trated
discovered
and transmitted.
notes
by objects
Copious
on the several
branches
of study
have been made by him, and
on some of them he has commenced
to write
which
treatises,
he has withheld
from publication
to
insure
their
only
completeness and accuracy.
The paper
now presented,
on Zuni
Fof the novel and curious information
tiches, is a specimen
which
his researches
furnish.
where

he still

The

of the Zunis is an admirable

of that
philosophy
example
where
a transition
is shown
from zootheism
stage in savagery
into physitheism,
with
survivais
of hekastotheism.
In this
fetichism
is
the
chief
means
of obtaining
stage
success
religious
and protection.
The fetiches
most valued
are
by the Zunis
natural
concretions
or eroded
an
obvious
rock-forms,
having
or fancied
resemblance
to certain
or objects
of that
animals,
nature
in which
the evident
resemblance
has
been
original
means.
It is supposed
heightened
that these feby artificial
tiches
are actual
of
the animals
petrifactions
represented
by
their vital forces for certain
them, which retain
magie
powers
and religious
This belief is explained
in a remarkapurposes.
ble epic, metrical
and sometimes
and
filled
with
rhythmical,
archaic

which is in part translated

expressions,
by Mr. Cushing
A noticeable
in
the
is
the elaborate
and systempoint
paper
atized
shown
and between
the animals,
relationships
among
the animal
animal
gods, and other supernatural
beings
having
or combined
animal
and human
This
constipersonalities.
tutes a theistic
with
an
elaborate
and
society
hierarchy
regulated
and obligations.
Such
domains,
minuteness
in
powers,
as well as the precision
of the beliefs
and ceremultiformity,

THE

OF

monials
have

to those

but

will

stated,
been

be
the

taught
who

have

chaotic.

and
vague
corroboration

OF

BUREAU

to
only
Indian's

not

surprising,
old fiction

of the

his religious
are presented

regarded
The
facts

XXIX

ETHNOLOGY.

who

persons

monotheisin,
to
philosophy
the

with

be

same

used so successfully
in language
of etymologies
and with further
in the study
of Eurasian
myths,
in the
in
the
National
Museum,
figured
by objects

by scholars
verification
illustrations.

(XF THE

MYTHS

BY

IEOQUOIS,

ERMESTNIE

MRS.

A. SMITH.

or barof a savage
tales, and folk-lore
In
civilization.
the
literature
of
with
barian
correspond
people
in
embraced
to
the
attention
with
archseology
them,
proper
are
exin
which
the language,
studied,
they
scientifically
and
ail of its hisail
of
its
found
be
philosophy
may
pressed,
that can ever be known.
customs
tory and prehistoric
often
with
and
are
tales
These
repeated,
constantly
myths
them
heard
and
the
audiences
and ceremony,
having
publicity
of
characteristic
verbal
with
the
memory
precise
times,
many
as
are critical
is unknown,
tribes to whom
writing
intelligent
certain
words,
of rendition.
to accuracy
Furthermore,
espesomeare
in
the
and
titles
narratives,
preserved
cially names
than
the modern
better
times archaic,
etymologists
requiring
and
are
their
true
Indians
to ascertain
meaning,
only underThe

stood

myths,

when

mythic

to writing
has been reduced
by linlanguage
or pretend
do not understand
The narrators
to them,
as
handed
down
have
received
they

the

scholars.
guistic
what
to explain
but

simply
with
lected
collation
presented

what

produce

they

memorized.

"When

of the language,
these
oral traditions

and

have

understanding
thorough
of the several
versions,
with
in substantial
purity

antiquity.
tales
Many
of the Indian
life, institutions,
from blunder
of interpreters

have

been
and

gods
and
or
was

published
and
heroes,

customs,

perversion.
necessary,

but

intrinsic
of the
some
few

evidence

col-

with

may be
of their

and doings
their.
hometo
have been free

sayings

relating
of these

medium
the dubious
Generally
or
to poetize
and the disposition

XXX

ANNUAL

color

with

spirit and
It has been
the

and

one
fore,
both

in

their

THE

DIRECTOR

by the
several

that,
of the

even

apparent,
did not

own

when
the

destroy

plan of the Butribes

are prewith interlinear

languages,
or addition,
in
foreign
coloring
dictionaries
of those languages.
A. Smith,
not at this time
though

without

the

of Mrs.

several

Erminnie

conThe

preis written
after her reductions
original
language,
to writing,
in the course
of her linguistic
original
work,
after prolonged
residence
the Iroquois
into
among
tribes,
the

senting
of the
and

mentioned
folk-lore

myths
rcorded

translation,
nection
with
paper

before
and

and

served

OF

sentiment
was often
European
in support
of favorite
theories
real significance
of the original.

distortion

reau,

REPORT

of which,
the
an authoritative
in their

in other

letter

forms

will

Tuscarora,

she

rendering
and spirit.
be favorably

of some

was

Such

It is, thereadopted.
of the Iroquoian
myths,
of them as have appeared

contrasted
with those versions
in European
and
others
have
been for the first time
languages,
collected
interest
will be awakened
by her.
Special
by the
character
of the Great
the Stone
purely
aboriginal
Heads,
and the Echo
God as now disclosed.
Giants,
ANIMAL

CARVINGS

While

FEOM
BY

VALLEY,

MR.

MOUNDS
HENRY

is required
and ail

industry

OF
W.

to rescue

THE

MISSISSIPPI

HENSHAW.

from

oblivion

the

lan-

of the
institutions,
anthropologie
peculiarities
so fast disappearing
no less care is
by absorption,
to correct,
the many
false stateby carefuil
analysis,
ments
which
the
mass
of
literature
corrupt
concerning
them,
theories
have been based.
Even
after
upon which
prevalent
facts have been established
and errors
the science
eliminated,
guages,

Indians,
needed

of anthropology
mine the value
of study.
past no real
America
material,
unordered
Of

the

must

call

in tbe

and application
The discreditable
advance

has

bulk
costly

and
libraries

filled

fact

been

is by no means
but rather
to its

aid of other

of the data
that

devoted

to deterin its field

until

comprised
within
a few

made in the

to
owing
enormous
with

sciences

the

ethnology
of
paucity

quantity,
contradictions
to

collections

of

years
North

published
confused
by'its

and

absurdities.

on this

special

THE

OF

OF

BUREAU

ETHNOLOGY.

XXXI

of which
are ponderous
tomes, but few
catalogues
value
to a trained
scholar
who can
are of actual
except
pages
and
discern
the germ of truth
even in a blundering
statement,
of spuwhose
own knowledge
is a touchstone
for the detection
rious productions.
subject,

the

The

most

active

cause

in the

distortion

and

now

fabrication

methods
of examination,
but once
exposed
by scientific
to
as
as
was
the
resolve
general
designate
accepted
verity,
ail other
of
interest
the
before
and above
points
particular
to which
the Indians
hemisphere
body of men in the eastern
easily

belonged
did corne

and

from

from

the

and
postulated,
more
confidently
most

which
"old"

world, the
the so-called

as ail

authorities,
in the
Americans

classification.

their
one

it was
then

As

exodus.

That

to history,
of mankind"

known

"races

in

enumerated

recent

of the

made

they

by the
to fix the place
undoubted
now rejected
though
connected
but closely
obligapast
deemed

generations
essential

a secondary
of migration
within
this continent
the unscrupulous
zeal common

ail observations

were

better
Upon
mounds

the discovery
in the great
to enthusiastic

opened
of the historie
these

that

some

are

were

the

whose

of the
the

advance
their

tions,
art, and
not illegitimate

set

partial
of the

theorists.
have
still

the

Indians.
and
origin,
of their

religions
nor impracticable

was

the

exploration

fact

field

the

extinct
superior
size and

contained

populato that
forms

a scientific

It
training.
devote
careful

of

in them,
institu-

numbers,
This attempt
if made
excution

in

was

that

many
of mounds,
building
it was assumed
that

migration,
builders.
of

of the
of those

a new
the

and

objects

polemics,
to a

of the numerous

much

From

to be

adapted

phantasies

Mississippi,

them,
a dense

were
to

perversion

exploration

and comparison
the
requisite
special
experts
possessing
of Ethnology
to
duty of the Bureau

complete

and

Ignoring
the

building

location,
forth the

medium

practised

of
vestiges
in civilization

American

known

mounds,
writers
have

and
basin

Indians

works

indeed
tion

the
through
the garbling

while
theory,
of writers
supplemented
intentioned.

preconceived
lower
class

were

than

tion, their lines

defined.
With

made

they
was

was
after

spirit,
by
will be the
attention

XXXII

ANNFAL

to this
hitherto

interesting
conducted

nation

to find

REPORT

by

into

serious

frauds

and

jects
afterthe

manufactured

population,
even when
Some

forgeries.
for

sale

and

even

ferences

from

animal
portrayal
the same

the

of the

carvings
of the

taken

from

forms

of

Mr.

who

latter,
consisting
the manifested
tablets

hve

of obcraving

suggesting

been

recently

alphaby the

exposd

of the writers
respected
have deduced
important
of excellence
in
degree

indicated

asserted

those

a predetermi-

to supply
inscribed

or phonetic
have
systems,
of this Bureau.
agency
Some
of the most deservedly
of research

But

betrayed
on the simple
hypothesis
and were swept
by blind
were
not
they
imposed
upon

inexplicable

errors

marvelous,

branch

DIRECTOR

of archseology.
th researches
have

betic

the

THE

field

something
of a continuous
Indian

zeal

OF

high
the

mounds,
animals

certain

and

their

not

on
inthe

apparent
found
in

now

H. W.

skilled
as a naturalist,
Henshaw,
and
familiar
exespecially
ornithologist,
by personal
with
a
of
our
national
was led
ploration
large
part
territory,
to examine
into the truth
of these
from
statements,
repeated
author
to author
without
or
and
used
as
criticism,
question
data
in

in ail discussions
the

important
from the

which,
are

ble,

of

there

the

presence
are

eign animals
"Second.
being,
reality
animals

That

as

to

That

mounds.

published.
seem

The
His

to be
that

consequence

result

is

conclusions,
incontrovertiare

here

mounds

which

can

of birds

or animals

they

c
from the
carvings
no representations

are
the

Mississippi
of origin
for the
in

the

mounds

without

there

Valley;
Mound
of

and

consequently,
Builders
suggested
of supposed
forcarvings

basis.

a large
exact

assumed,
the most
only
of the region

represent.
"Third.

to the

adduced,

material
of the

That,

indigenous
the theories

that
by

such

identified,

not

relating
now
paper

evidence

as follows

repeated,
"First.
be

region.
as an

majority
likenesses

of the

carvings,

instead

from

of
in

nature,
possess
resemblance
to the birds
and
general
which
intended
to
they were doubtless
is

no

reason

for

believing

that

the

THE

OF

masks

and

nesses

than

as

illustrated

Builders,
overestimated."

greatly
Mr.

Henshaw's

destructive
much

from

of

parison
modern

th

BY

SHiTEESMITHS,

Dr.

Army,

in

distinguished

of
nography
and Philology
has spared
time
from
works,
his studies
to -continue
gate
from

his post.
the
notice

into
smiths

of

the

tribes

Mexican

inference

has
used

Mexico

at

had

the

forge.
the art
may have learned
tation to it is suggested
by
stock-the
same
linguistic
habitat,
Alaska

whose
gold
are remarkable
the

However
their
notice

art

productions
of European

ployaient
The paper
of Indian
m

of the
of

Dr.

industries,
e

the

and

Win-

accessible

of the
processes
interest
connected

brought
silverwith

of aboriginal
invasion
Spanish

exhibition
of

the

that
from
the

skill

and their
sources,
of
other
tribes
expertness
these

though
in British

for beauty.
become
may have

known

improved

appliances,
fine files and
and

other

Fort

lie has

Athabaskan,
made
ornaments

Matthews

"Eth-

and

in metallurgy,
and
Indians
of New
the sedentary
from
their
proximity,
Navajos,

The

in it have

at

United

his

tribes

industry

peiiod
some

MAT-

in the

duties

Indian

to this

attained

made

been

'the

Some

is attached

the

of

conventionalism

surgeon

his officiai

peculiar
the Navajos.

inquiries
prehistoric
that
art.
It is known

of

anthropology
Hidatsa
Indians"

the

com-

that

from

appliances

among

with

"WASHESTGUOT

his persevering

With

of research

A.

assistant

Matthews,

Washington

States

S.

a successful

art.

DR.

U.

THEWS.

as
field

an instructive

relations

of graphie

the
by
has been

carvings,.

of high value
an extensive

like-

correct

reached

criticism,
liberating
also furnishes
error and fraud,
in
the art shown
the mounds

and exhibits
Indians,
in the volution
to imitation
NAVAJO

more

their

by

while

paper,

XXXHI

ETHNOLOGY.

of human
faces
are
sculptures
are the animal
carvings.
state
of art-culture
That
the

"Fourth.
Mound

OF

BUREAU

especially

of

late
their

far

distant

Columbia
to the
years

adapin the
in
and

Navajos,
by their

emvoluntary
now procurable.

emery
paper
to the study
is a valuable
chapter
additional
evidence
that the
presents

1
XXXIV

REPORT

ANNUAL

mind

aboriginal
civilized
able
work

ART

LPT

that

provided

This

at

arriving

in

success

or

intermin-

compulsion
be exercised

in

judgment

the

required.

SHEtli

paper
into

to be studied

DIRECTOR

of

incapable
without
violent

THE

OF

WILLIAM

research

THE

is not

industries

training,
at first

OF

AKCIENT
H.

MB.

BY

AMERICANS,
HOLMES.

is an example
mode of conducting
of the proper
as it is
the archseology
of America,
especially
from the mounds-one
of the main respositories

of ail that

human
life.
This
of precolumbian
may be learned
is the correct
classification
of accurately
observed
facts,
such limits as to be practically
exhaustive
of the field
within

mode

and by an observer
especially
to that selected
field.

selected,
training
The
is

and

talent

by

well-defined
of art in shell, though
limits,
range
having
known.
extensive
than
has hitherto
been
generally
at a very early
shells
of mollusks
used
were doubtless

more

The
period
known

as vessels
to pristine

the

great
estuaries
found
its

adapted

and water,
and were
commonly
the
food
of
who, attracted
products
by
of
resorted
to the sea. shore
or the banks
for

food

men

waters,
for residence

that

usefulness,

or annual

modifications
and

of the

the

breaking
were
readily

In

migrations.
natral
shell
of

away

time

would

useless

it was

increase
parts

and

of edges
As transportasuggested.
sharpening
made
for
that
tion
became
were
desirable,
changes
object,
one obvious
device
the
artificial
of perfobeing
repetition
which
were
rations
natural
to certain
shells,
through
they
on vines
or cords
of fiber
and suspended
about
the
strung
neck-probably
originating
ornaments.
The
personal

the
farther

from the source

of supply,
ported
the higher
became
or in barter,
in their
the greater
the varieties
the

use
in
the

prized.

as mere
pendants
transbecame
objects

the

course

value

forms,

uses to which
they were applied.
ers among
far inland
the shell
tribes,
with their superstitions,
come connected

highly

of

the

of migrations
to them,

attached

and

the more

As is known
of the
and

sea

has

diverse
to traveloften

are consequently

be-

THE

OF

BUREAU

OF

XXXV

ETHNOLOGY.

and the objects

made from them, are so destructible
Shells,
to tell
that they have not often been preserved
from antiguity
the stories
of a prehistoric
world
more
enduringly
impressed
them
in stone.
of burying
Had
not the practice
prevailed
or tumuli,
with the dead in the repose of protected
graves
they
instruction.
as
articles
of
would
rarely
appear
archseologic
But

in North
America
great
region
discloses
mounds,
exploration
a number
and in such a variety

in

artificial

so great
tant division
from

which

the

to artificial

functions

art

upon

who

of the people
effort
unwonted

deposits
as to form

has

products,
products
built the

in other

has

its forms

impressed
materials.

The

given
and

shell

records

a noteworthy
distinctive
in the

mounds

of

an imporIt is shown

age of stone.
the nature
of the material
and

with

shells

of

to the

supplementary
that
discoveries

these

a bias

is filled

art
and

forms
mind,
in some
and so unprecedented
as in the material,
developed
of the ideas represented
as not yet to be fully comprehended.
an essential
constitutes
What is ah-eady
ascertained,
however,
in the

chapter

of the

pursuits

have

training
The artist

he

of human

evolution
Mr.

Although

human

Holmes

also

been

scientific,
fitted
exceptionally
of excution
appreciates
beauty
and

ruling

motives

illustrations,
graphie
requisite
lished
excels.
The examination
relegation

categories,
was also devoted
study
of ail that can be gleaned

the

subject.
With equal

caution
with

suggestions
In the
ories.
that

discussing
tends for their
of

and

the

from

the

idea, can detect

the
can provide
now
paper
pub-

discussion

demanded
to the

and
and

of the

scientific

comparison
literature

and

applica-

bearing

and

upon

modesty

and

significance
trinkets
into

and
a serious

for

their

elevation

from

the

for

others

the

art, leaving
made
A
deduction
not
interpretation.
by the author
the
from art and
be
comparisons
by
haps
suggested
category

objects,
methods.

Mr. Holmes,
while offering
no thehas announced
penetration,
and
of
his
workindividual
part
original
congorgets-he
simply
engravings
upon

force

most

in art,
which

in

to

Severe
tion

as an artist,
his
repute
combination
of
by which
for the work
undertaken.

high

enjoys

is

resemblances

with

culture.

may perliterature

REPORT

OF

THE

by him, to the effect

Builders
are traceable

that

the

XXXVI

ANNUAL

furnished
Mound

to

North

no marked

racial

ILLUSTRATED

artistic
the

among

methods
historie

of the
tribes

of

show

to the once
that, contrary
on the same evidence,
there is

America,
tending
belief based
exclusively

current

DIRECTOR

distinction

between

CATALOGUES

OF

them.

THE

COLLECTIONS

OB-

OF NEW MEXICO AND ARITAINED

FROM THE INDIANS
ZONA IN 1ST9 AND 1880, BY MR. JAMES
STEVENSON.
the field

During
ing into

1881,

to make
occupied
The most

explorations
in part by
important
valuable

but

Zuni,

of the years 1879 and 1880, extendStevenson

was in charge
of a party
in and obtain
collections
from the country
the Indians
of New Mexico
and Arizona.

seasons

Mr. James

and

most

fruitful

field

specimens
San
Cochiti,

were

also

thousand

hundred

was

secured

the

of
pueblo
from Wolpi,
Santa Clara,

Acoma,
Domingo,
Tesuque,
Laguna,
Old Pecos,
the Canon
de Chelley,
and from
San Juan,
Jemez,
The
these
the Jicarillas.
objects
procured
by
expeditions,
and enumerated,
in the National
Museum
tonow deposited
in
the
with
sufficient
description,
catalogue
gether
published,
amount

to three
and

nine

and

of them

teresting
students

unable

typical
to examine

sixty-eight
war and

hunting,

figures.

The
articles

five, the most infor the benefit

of

being illustrated,
the originals,
in three hundred
and
consist
of implements
of
specimens
used in domestic
clothmanufacture,

and

horse trappings,
ornaments,
personal
basketry,
images,
stone
musical
used in religious
tools,
instruments,
objects
toys,
ceremonies
and in games, fabrics,
paints,
dye stuffs, medicines,
other
articles.
The most precious
and many
part of the collecis the pottery,
which Mr. Stevenson
divides
into
tion, however,
ing

six classes:

1, the red or uncolored;

2, the brown
ware;
3, the
in colors;
decorated
the
red
4, the cream white
5,
and
the
ancient
decorated;
6,
pottery.

black
ware

ware;

Mr.

Stevenson's

remarkable

success

has

been accomplished,
but by tact and skill in winning
great
energy,
of Indian
the
from his exprience
tribes,
resulting
His catalogue
in former
is by no means
a mere
expditions.
but
is
a
amount
of disenumeration,
accompanied
by
judicious
not

only
by
confidence

THE

OF

cussion

and

stantial

value.

the

life

and

have

the paper in itself

a further
and more

upon
technical

secured

XXXVII

ETHNOLOGY.

render

which
comparison
He is engaged
of industries
and

presentation
These
expeditions
for
permanent
posited
stand

OF

BUREAU

only
materials

plorations,
other
many
some

the
study,
a
most
of
history

tribes

yet

of this

purpose

whose
to reward

Bureau

and

de-

to urider-

necessary

body of people.
exexhaustive

interesting
that similar
be regretted
always
had not
shown
now to be feasible,

remain

minute

processes.
just in time,

it will

While

of sub-

to
applied
been
lost,
which it is the

been
have

original
possessions
well-directed
effort,

to continue.

THE

MADE DURING
OF EXPENDITURES
CLASSIFICATION
JUNE 30, 1881.
FISCAL
YEAR ENDING
J2

ooS
'.,
e-n
I?
Classification.

S
s
M~
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l

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2s

Si

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A.-Servioes

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st.

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$3,322

St.o.

r-1

U
m

Ph

$4,666

40

32

$,860

92
852

TotaL

80

91

65

50

80

87

$1,136

19
44

25

$12,985

83
988

70

B^Svelingespenses
2
C

Transportation

50

72

17

DKeiasubsistenoe.

E.eld

supplies

F.

Fieldmateiial

and

50
5

espenses

156

00

m"

G.

?^Lh?togr^cmmteriai:
K.
Booksaiamaps.
L-Stationeryanadrawinginaterial.
M. Illustrations
for
rents
N.-Office
a-officeBfumLre"
P.
Office
supplies
q storaff
K.-correpnenc:i:
S Articles

Total

for

324

54
93

22

55

60

40

498

n.

50
S

22

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60

Instruments

R-Laboratorvmaterial

T.-Specimens

87

155

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76
10

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reports

29
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4
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4,299

322

490
1 00
555
364 62
365 05

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7,39195

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AOOOMPANYrN"G

PAPERS.

1-~

ZUlSri

FETICHES-.
BY

FRANK

HAMILTON

OUSHING.

a-4

CONTENTS.

Page.

Prey

of animais
Fetiohism..

The
Power

Drying
of

12
12

of

th
Ftiches

th

13

"World

15
*

Six Rgions

Godsofthe
Their origin

Il

"

Origin of Zufii
TheZuSilliad

16
j

Pd-shai-an-Kia..
Their

power

as

18

mediators

Mttsi
Their

worship

Prey

Godsof
Their

the

Theirorigin
The distribution

to
of the

the

Monntain

The
The

Lion

21
24
God

of the

Coyote
Wild

Hunter
Cai^-Huntor
God of the East
Wolf
Hunter
God of the TJpper
Eagle
Hunter
God of the Lower
Mole-Hunter

The
The
The

North.0.
God
God

,00'
of
of

.000-

the
the

West
South

'00'

of
the

TheDayoftheConncilof
of thehunt
Ceremonials

their
Ftiches

resemblance

The
Other

rites

32

the

Mountain

of
Lion,

39
40

theBow
the Great
and

White

Prey

40

of

Gods

41

of the Hunt

their

41

"worship

44

Ftiches
Ftiches
The

pony

Amulets

The
andoharms..

30

33

Monster,
to the

2S

31
32

-worship

Bear
Their

27

30

rites

Theirpower
Prey Gods of thePriesthood
The Knife-Feathered

26

30

Rgions

custodian

The

25

29

Rgions

TheGroundOwlandtheFalcon.
values
relative

Their

20
20

animais

Hunter

19
20

others

varieties
The

Their

Hunt

relation

Their

"
9

ZuHiphilosopliy
Worship

of

favajo

44

origin

44
44

sheep

44

ILLUSTRA

NS.

To face page.
12

PLATEl.PieyGodfetiohes
n.PreyGod
ni.PreyGod
IV.-Mountain
V.-Coyote
VL-Wild
VU.Wotf
Vin.Eagle
IX.-Mole
X.-Shield

fetiches

of the

Six

fetiches

of the

hunt.

Regions..

of the chase.
Lion fetiches
of the ohase.n.
--00.
fetiches
of the ohaseCat fetiches

ftiches
of th ohase-
fetiches
of the chase
andGroundOwl
and fetich

XI.ShieId

and

fetioh

0000 ,H'

fetiches
of

the

Frieathood

of the Priesthood

00 ou.

00

,00
00'00'

.00

n.

24

'00
.0000'

..on.

16
20

"_00'

.00;"

26
27
28

.0000

.00-

00'00"00'

29

00
00'00'

30

n n.
"00
of the Dow.. 00--00
of the Bow .00:
.U-

00.

40
40
Page.
45

FiG.l.Concrtion.

45
45

3.Mineralfetich3.Fossilfetich.---
7

ZUNI
BY

ZUST

FETICHES.
FBANK

H.

CUSHING.

PHUiOSOPHY.

or Zunis, suppose
the sun, moon, and stars,
the sky,
A-shi-wi,
and elements;
and ail inanimate
and sea,, in ail their phenomena
and men, to belong to one great sysas well as plants, animals,
objeets,
and interrelated
of relatem of all-conscious
life, in which the degrees
if not wholly, by the degrees
seem to be determined
tionship
largely,
In this system of life the starting
of resemblance.
point is man, the
at least, the lowest
most finished,
because
yet the lowest
organism;
In just so far as an organism,
most dependent
and least mysterious.
actual or imaginary,
resembles
to be related
to him
his, is it believed
in just so far as it is mysterious,
and correspondingly
is it
mortal;
The

earth,

and immortal.
considered
remo ved froni him, further advanced,
powerful,
because
alike mortal
and endowed
It thus happens
that the animals,
functions
and organs,
are considered
more nearly
with similar physical
to man than are the gods;
more nearly related to the gods than
related
and characterized
is man, becanse more mysterious,
by specifie instincts
and powers which man does not of himself possess.
Again, the elements
of nature,
because
more mysterious,
and imand phenomena
powerful
to the higher
seem more closely related
gods than are the animortal,
to the animals
than are the higher gods, bemore closely related
mals
often resemble
the operations
of the former.
cause their manifestations
the confusion
of the subjective
In consequence
of this, and through
in nature,
or phenomenon
which is bewith the objective,
any element
is endowed
with a personality
lieved
to possess a personal
existence,
whose
most resemble
its
to that of the animal
operations
analogous
the
form
of
a
For instance,
is
often
manifestation.
lightning
given
an arrow-pointed
because
its course
with or without
tongue,
serpent,
its stroke instantaneous
and destructive;
the sky is serpentine,
through
a word derived
not from the name of the
yet it is named Wi-lo-lo-a-ne,
its gliding,
but from
that
of its most
obvious
trait,
serpent
itself,
For
this
the
is
to be more
motion.
reason,
serpent
supposed
zigzag
more nearly
related
to man
to lightning
than to man;
nearly related
and less mysterious.
As further
than
because
mortal
is lightning,
9

10

ZUNI

illustrative

of

the

interminable

which
are
relationships
the
flint
actual,
arrow-point
as originaUy
by man, it is regarded
the
made
of lightning,
and
by the
power

resemblances

fancied

Althoughfashioned
of lightning,

as

effective
the
idea,
A chapter

might

to explain

help
ing

"elf
In

like

with
and
in

the

animals
unlike
are

the

marks

this

concerning

the

idea,

and

Scandinavian,

of man's

beings

like
those
elements
mon;
because,
and
are connected
with
animals,
they
identical
with
their
existence
supposed

To the

above

should

be

forms

either

man.

phenomena,
tradition
and

to-day,

there-

of Zuni
beings
Theology
these
are given
the
beings
of man
and beast,
or
compounded
by far the largest
class.

Creators
"causes,"
and
"A-ta-tchu"

beings-the

(Surpassing
to ail others

Beings),
in wonder

Finishers

of existence.

and

and

are

classed

the animals
Likewise,
natural
having
beings,
are designated
aJities,

and
animal

animal

gods,
or combined

by one term
onlyb. K'ia-pin=-h-i,
from Wia-]?in-na=mw,
three
divisions
are made
however,
K'ia-pin--h-i=game
flesh
to man.

animals,

and

specifically

beings
superior
as well as the
the

under

even

and

human

^-7i-i=beings.
applied

supernatural
one termim-

recurring,

sometimes

and

con-

"Pf-kwain=-h-i"

with

animal

it be

and

the
(All-fathers),
and
the
"Makers"

power,
These
last

unless

gods,"

Masters,

of nature,
personalities
beings,
object
beings,
etc.,
a. l-shothl-ti-mon=-h-i,
from i-s1iot1il-ti-mo-na=Q\&:
and ^-7t-i=beings.
mortal,

(1.)

remote

of the supernatural
descriptions
the
statement
that
ail of

added
The

trolling

possibly
concern-

immortal.

of animals,
of monsters
animal
gods
comprise
In the Zuni,
no general
name
is equivalentto
the
the two expressions
which
relate
onlytothehigherorcreating
of

and

men

considered

arrows.

fancy
the "master
to the personalities
are endowed
than
to

tobemorenearlyrelated
and phenomena
of nature

elements

cited.

of which
of

may
beliefs

Japanes
"bolts."

and

supernatural

which

on

be

gift or "flesh"
rendered
more

pursuant
element;
added
to the shafts

"thunder-stons,"

supposed

may

dread
are

or

a manner

fore

Celtic,

and

manner,
are

which

either

the

-shafts,"

existences"

with

or lightning
be written

zigzag

established

or

connections

by these

FETICHES.

to those

the

superperson-

Of these,
animais

furnishing
(2.)

K'ia-shem--h-i,
the
water

Aa-i=beings,
but also
to
credly
(3.)

with

ail

animals

water,

W-ma--h-i,

Beings,"

applied
the gods.
among
o. Ak-na=-h-i,
beings,

and

the

"Done

alike

from

Wia-we=water,

animais,
and
animal

specially

and
s7te-ma=wanting,
not
to them,
only
to be associated
sasupposed
applied

gods
which
water
is supplicated.
through
from
and
we-m=prey,
-Ji-i=beings,
"Prey
to the
and
their
prey
animals
representatives

we hve
Finally
from
M-na=d(me,
Beings,"

referring

the

terms-

cooked,orbaked,ripe,and-7t<ii=
to mankind;
and

'ANIMAL

cushwg.]

11

GODS.

and -h-i=beiags,
d. sh-i-k'ia=-h-i,
from ci'sh-Ma=mad.e,
finished,
"Finished
the dead of mankind.
iucluding
Beings,"
distinction
is made between
these orders of life, or
That very little
seems to be indicated
that they are at least closely related,
by the absence from the entire language
of any general term for God. True, there
are many beings in Zuni Mythology
anthropomorgodlike in attributes,
and elemental,
which are known as the "Finishers
or
phic, monstrous,
of ail is called the
makers
of the paths of life," while the most superior
Not only
Holder of the paths (of our lives),"
H'-no-o-na
wi-la-po-na.
these gods, bnt ail supernatural
beings, men, animals,
plants, and many
are regarded
as personal
and are included
objects in nature,
existences,
in the one term -h-i, from , the plural
particle
siguifying
"ail," and
leads
us to the
or
"the
This
Beings."
again
h-, being
life,="
Life,"
deistic
and interesting
conclusion
that
ail beings,
whether
important
or animistie
and mortal,
to
and supernatural,
are regarded as belonging
believed
to be related
one system;
and that they are likewise
by blood
are spokenofas
seems to be indicated
beings
by the fact that hnman
to as "the
the "children
of men," while all other
beings are referred
the
and
Our
Fathers."
All-fathers,"
Fathers,"

THE

WORSHIP

OF ANIMALS.

of life, that his worIt naturally

follows from the Zuni's philosophy
to the more mysterious
and remote
powers of naship, while directed
more especially
should
relate
them, existences,
ture, or, as he regards
to himas more nearly related
to the animals;
that, in fact, the animals,
more nearly related
to these existences
self than are thse existences,
made
to serve
as mediators
beshould be frequently
than to himself,
We find this to be the case.
It follows likewise
tween them and him.
from the subjective,
that in his inability
to differentiate
the objective
between
natural
he should establish
objects which resemrelationships
thathe
should even ultimately
and the animals
ble animals
themselves;
for the sake of establishing
such relationships,
imitate
these animals
resemblances
as his motives, and thus developing
using such accidentai
in ail art connected
with his worship.
It follows that
a conventionality
of his life or of the life of his ancestors
should
the special requirements
or aids those
animals
him to select as his favored mediators
influence
characteristics
and powers,
which seemed best fitted, through
peculiar
to meet these requirements.
This, too, we find to be the case, for, prea man of war and the chase, like ail savages,
the Zuni has
eminently
those which
chosen above ail other animals
supply him with food and
with the animals
which preyon
useful
together
them, giving
material,
while the name of the former class is
to
the
latter.
preference
Hence,
applied

preferably

as a general

term

to ail animals

and

animal

gods,

as

12

ZUNI

the

previously
explained,
ence
as a term
for all
themselves

or

since

ural,
the

power
that
gods,
even
give
relate

the

animals

his

to ail
the

with

physical
or animal

animals
to

animal

This

fetichism

to

and

to,

account

those

for

fetiches

seems
to
most

man

is used
with
equal
prfrof the prey
animals
whether
Of course
it is equally
nat-

and

OF

ZUNI

to have

relationships.
valued
by

both

in the

more

of being
are the

than

and

to the

prey

in

higher
and

outnumber
greatly
the Fetiches
of the

principally

Zunis

gods.

FETICHISM.

arisen

from

on the

myths
It

the

scale

nearly

should
gods
We find that

gods,

be founded

those

latter

wants

others.

ORIGIN

alluded

of the

(W-ma-we),
and beings.

connected

character

mostly

name

fetiches

of other

are
they
to supply

FETICHES.

is

the

relationships
which
have

therefore

Zunis

should

heretofore
been

invented

not
be

that

surprising
either
natural

conin which
the
evident
(Plate
I, Fig.
6), or objects
reoriginal
semblance
to animals
has been. onlyheightened
by artificialmeans
(Plate
7; Plate
IV, Fig.
Y, Fig.
4; Plate
VI, Figs.
3, 6, 8; Plate
YHI.
Figs.
1,
3, 4, 5; Plate
IX,
Fig.
1).
Another
class
of fetiches
on the
highly
prized
are,
those
contrary,
which
are
carved,
but
show
in their
elaborately
and
evidence,
polish
dark
of great
patina,
either
such
as have
antiquity.
They
are
been
cretions

found

about
by the Zufiis
tribal
possessions

or are
to

until

generation,

their

of the
by any member
the priests
(-shi-wa-ni)
are

either

such

actual

inhabited

pueblos
formerly
which
have
been
and

makers,
have

that
of

petrifactions

even

been

tribe,

of Zuni

handed
fact

the

only

animals

this supposition
Upon
as are others
to follow,
from
tion,
taken,
which
I have
entitled
the Zuni Iliad.

is

these,
they

founded

a remarkable

their
from

that
It

forgotten.

not

originally.

the

by
down

but

ancestors
generation
were
made

they
is supposed
ail true

represent,
the following

by

ftiches,
or were
tradi-

mythologie

epic,

THE
Althongh
in

ILIAD.

this
oral,
epic is of great
even
length,
rythmical
metrical,
filled
with
archaic
nowhere
to be found
in the
expressions
It is to be regretted
diction
cannot
here
that the original
I have
been
to record
even
unable,
however,
literally
this piece
of aboriginal
as it is jealously
literature,
guarded
who are its keepers,
and is publicly
repeated
by them
only
and then
of the
years,
only in the presence
of the
priests

and

parts,
modem
Zuni.
be

ZUNI

preserved.
of

portions
by the
once
varions

in

priests,
four

orders.

As

member

of

one

of

the

latter,

I was

enabled

to

BUREAU

SECOND .SNNUBLHEFRT

OF ETHNOLOGY.

PREY

GOD

FETICHES.

1881 PL. I.

THE

cusHms.]

of

Lo one-fourth

listen
February,

1881.
and greatly

memory,
by

go,

of the

one

last

the

it during

1 therefore

mere

give

which

recitation,

mostly

abstracts,

but

condensed,

above-mentioned

13

ILIAD.

ZUNI

from

so far

as they

correct,

pronounced

in

occurred

furnished

priests.

THEDETHfeOFTBEWOBtD.
of the
in the
four
caverns
men
lived
ail was new,
when
days
of th
"Four
Wombs
regions
(-wi-tnt-huthl-na-kwn=the
of their
to know
men&rst
came
one of these
In th lowermost
World").
one
as men increased
and
It was dark,
they
began to crowd
existence.
into
existence
men
came
Wise
among
and were
another
unhappy.
very
obtain
deliverthem
that
whose
children
they
should
supplicated
them,
a condition
of life.
such
ance
from
In

the

lower

It

then

was

created

the

that
his

from

own

them

a bow

=
(W-lo-lo-a-ne,
his
of magie
own,

dwelt.

he made

own

war knife
the
great
magie
a mere
netwas
(Pi-al-Ian-ne)
and to
= cotton)
on a hoop of wood,
knife.
attached
the magie
of flint,

of

with

world

the

into

shield

upon
the
leaders

as

Rain

these

and
power,
and an arrow
Bow)
also a shield
like unto

as his

shield

of

their

down

There,

face

endowed

Sun-father
even

power

the
Sun-father,
Life,"
for the
to earth
good

feil

The

a knife

was

the

cut

children

borne

were

and

nct-shield

of this

center
These

who

(A-mi-to-Ian-ne,=the
For
them

power,
The
a/-tchi--ne).
cords
(Pf-tsau-pi-wi,

(S-wa-ni-k'ia
of sacred
work
the

Lightning).

of

Paths

children,

tch-pi-ah-k'oa).
with
youth,

beings
(Ir-a-nam
with
immortal
children
for

two

being

of ail

created

of the

"Eolder

the

lived

they

men,

their

magie
knife,
in which
ail

caverns

their

with

and
men

children,

mankind.
to th
listened
They
to the roof of the first

of the

supplications
cave
and

widened

built
a ladder
They
flint knife
and shield

priests.
with their

Then
had
entered.
which
they led men forth
they
through
aperture
so dark.
and not quite
which
was
the second
larger
cavern,
as before.
their
condition
and
bemoaned
Ere
men
multiplied
long
once
more
were
whose
their
supplications
priests,
besought
Again
they
into
As before,
children.
to by the divine
they led ail mankind
listened
for the light
and like twilight,
Hre
it was
world.
the third
still
larger
To these
down
the opening.
himself
sifted
poor
of the Sun
through

th

into

creatures
But

at

as
last,
listened
first
The

of

(children)
as time
went
first,
to their

saw

the

world

the

been

great
father,

their

its

th
water,
th Sun.

of

children
It

blinded

itself
seemed
opening
had
even
as they
condition.

and

it was
the

father,

covered

Earthqua.kes.disturbed
animais
and
monsters

the

multiplied

bemoaned

supplications,
of their
light

had

dark

on men

with

and

then

th
th

children

and

at

children
of men

Sun.
It

was

damp

beings
an island

rose

water.

surface.
prey.
of men

Again
that

sun.

a blazing
before,
two

Strange
As

upon
were
led

heated

forth

them

into
so that

in

and
up
the

the
they

unstable.

through
middle

of

it,
a

of their
light
cried
to one

14

ZUNI

another

in

bare

hands

from,

and

and
covered
anguish,
their
with
their
andfelldown,
eyes
a?d arms,
for men were
black
like
the caves
came
then,
they
save
for a covering
at the
loins
of rush,
naked,
like yucca
sandals
of the same,
and their
unused
eyes, like the owPs, were

and
fiber,
to the daylight.
Eastward
the
the

FETICHES.

two

children

began

to

lead

two

children

it happened
Now,
dried
and
hardened,
gathered-as
which
rose

wet

earth.

Then

the

wherever

be

seen

from

the

his

By

the

for

consulted

they
Sun-father.

the

that

may
forth

fore

They

brother

take

the

saw

the

even

in

the

said

they
lines

to

that

foot

the

Home

of

must

be

the

advice

placed

their

a step

apart

yonnger,

And
across

thon

lead,~
the

upon

said

th

younger.

last

line,"

when

they

it the

arrows

had

said

the

npon

the

magie
ail

laid

themselves

th

let

head,

way,where
in
ning
the

every

two

of

the

the

selves.

th

magie
upon

the

thon,

children

The

be
and

the

but

the

poor,
Whenever

to

beings
across
the

drew

provided
of earth,

I, take

was
his

ready,
arrow
to

arrows
midlightning
shot th
arrows
of lightthe
face
of the earth,
and

hardened,

said

for,"

all

the

oflightning.
even

(gods)
themselves,
Two thought
it was

live,
of the

are

prey

the

sands.

or shall

When

arrows

was

fathers

children

animais

of
finished

earth
and

permitted

over

of their

the

of men;

and

rolled

soft

the
the

the
and
rainbow,
of the world,
quarters
the right.
Th older

brother

~!M-~M

courses

like

older

rainbow

of the

and

should
ail
they
children
ofmen

the

Instantly,
and nre

surface

powerful

prey,
devoured

struck

crossed.

direction,
followed

gods
that

Now

and

ny,

they

The

There-

shield

both

rnn.

monsters

men.

older.

the younger
brother
took

to

the
of

water

cra tor,
shield
npon

Wilt

toward
the
of lightning,
brother
tookhis
station
toward
facing
his station
toward
the left.
facing

braced

soil

of their

lead?"
Stand

earth
the

to-day-and
children

the

the

the

touched

rocks

devoured
deep
and songht
together

directions,
drew
four

older

[ will

are

toward

them,

Sun-father.

they,
of prey

animais
with

animais

would

have

not

well

alike

will

multiply
and teeth;
the weaker.~

talons

therefore

the

that
the

themmen

of one of these animais,

they came
were
pathway
mountain
lion or but
a mere
great
struck
him with
the
mole,
they
nre of lightning
which
carried
in their
shield.
TM'M/ and
they
magie
he was shriveled
and burnt
into
stone.
instautly
he

Then
"That

said
ye

to

they

may

not

the

be

animais

evil

unto

have
we changed
them,
of prey,
by the heart
to serve
instead
ye be made
breath

Thus

was

of ail kinds
find,

here

the

surface

of beings
and there

of
changed

thronghont

that

had thus
to stone,
they
changed
but that
be a great
ye. may
good
rock
everlasting.
By th magie
that
shall
endure
forever
within
shall
you,
of to devour
mankind."

unto

the

men,
yn into

earth
to

hardened

stone.
the

Thus,
their
world,

and

and many
it happens
that
we
sometimes
forms,
large

too,

scorched

MA&IC

onsmxG.]

like

th

we

often

beings
see
which

longer,

ns

POWER.

sometimes

themselves,
the
among
shows

SPIRIT

rocks
that

the
ail

15

shriveled
forms

was

of

and

that

many
beings
in th
days
concretions

different

And

distorted.
live

of the

no

new."

which
are
ofcoursemere
Of these
petrifactions,
or strangely
eroded
the
Zunis
Whomsoever
of us may be met
with
rock-forms,
say,
the
of such
see (discover,
fortune
them
great
light
good
may
find)
and should
treasure
them
for the sake of the sacred
which
power
(magie)
was given
them
in the days
of the new.
For the spirits
of the We-ma-h-i

still
and
are
to receive
from
us the
Sacred
Plume
live,
pleased
and sacred
necklace
oftreasure
(of the heart-L-sho-a-ni),
(Thi-thle-a)
in our direction
hence
turn
their
of their
brothers
ears and the ears
they
that
hearken
to our
and know
our
they
may
prayers
(sacred
talks)
wants."

POWER
This

tradition

belief,
fetiches.
are
of

shows
It

infused
the

not

only
but

statements.

preceding

quite
clearly
is supposed
with
a spirit

animais

they

prey

OF

THE

furnishes

FETICHES.

additional

taken
in
also,
to the
native
that
or

the

upon,

of

lies

animais

following
of his
power

animais

great
influence

game

to the

the

the

the

of magie

or the

relative
with

wherein

hearts

medicine

evidence

connection

over

of

prey
hearts

the

(K'ia-pin--h-i)

thattheirbreaths(the"BreathofLife"H-i-an-pi-nan-neandsoulare
in Zuni
derived
from
synonymous
Mythology),

their
and breathed
hearts,
or far, never
fail to overcome
piercthem,
and causing
their
limbs
to stiffen,
and the animais
theming their
to lose their
the
roar
or cry of a beast
selves
of
strength.
Moreover,
its S-wa-ni-k'ia,
or magie
is accounted
medicine
of destruction,
prey
upon

which,
their

their

prey,
hearts

whether

near

heard

by

the

game

senses,

as

does

the

is fatal
animais,
breath
their
hearts.

the

blood

for

lives
example,
and by these
mals,
but with
pecnliar
these
since

powers,
his heart

as
still

by

alone,
powers
derived
lives,

(~'lifo
he is endowed
in

the

from
even

nuid")
not

senses
his
though

of

heart,
his

to

them,
Since
and

only
sight
are
person

nesh

because
the

it charms

mountain
of the

with

the

and

smell.

game

above

in
preserved
be changed

lion,
ani-

powers,
Moreover,
his fetich,
to

stone.

PREY

GODS

0F

THE

THEIR
Therefore
with

the

these

it happens
To

be

may

shai-ai)-k'ia,
of
orders,
ent pueblo
poorly
of the
other

that

chase.

partly
the God

which
and

use

explained

there

tribes.

clad,

the

of these
there

is chiefly

connected

some

exceptions.

One

and
Indians
Taos,
Oraibi,
Coonino
their
of worship
systems
by means
to have
their
medicine
organized

Znni,
arts,

prayer-sticks;
have
disappeared

toward

his

home

in

their
of

agricultnral
and

the principal
ders,
as any identity
can
erroneous

usually

and

Sb-pa-pn-Ii-ma,

of

of the

Finisher
be

the

(from

lesser

of the
gods
of our Lives."

Paths
th

established,
Mexican
tradition.

"Montezuma~

painted

and

societies;

SM-pa-pu-li-ma

and ~-M!o-M<t=sitting
vapor,
u-lin=surrounding;
place
and to have
vanished
mist-enveloped
beneath
the worid,
city"),
he is said toliave
for the
home
of the Snn.
He is
departed
conscious
anditor
of the prayers
of his children,
the
invisible
spiritual

and

plumed

mist,

the

of

P6following
myth
concerning
Medicine
societies
or sacred
esoteric

and others
the differZuni,
among
to have
in human
appeared
form,
to have
the ancestors
by mon;
taught

snpposed
reviled

therefore

fetiches

are

the

by

of the
(Father)
are twelve
in

He

REGIONS.

ORIGIN.

however,

this,

SIX

then

to

s7~=
of"The
whence
still

the

rler

of

medicine
Se is,

of

orso

popular

far
and

Fd-SBAlAyK'IA.
In

ancient

while

all beings
times,
to one
yet
Pbelonged
family,
the father
of our sacred
lived
with
his children
shai-an-Ma,
bands,
(disin the City of the Mists,
the middle
ciples)
of the Medicine
place
(center)
societies
of the world.
There
he was
on ail sides
guarded
by his six
wan'iors,pi-thIansM-wa-ni(~M=bow,sM-!p<t-~=priests),theprey
toward
the North
gods;
by the Mountain
West

by the

Mark

Face)

(Clumsy
toward
the

Eagle
forth

(White

Cap);

and

world,

he

the

into

Place
of

the

North

place)
of the
the

Bear

the

Home

lam-n-kwn
16

of

divided

the

universe

toward
the
(Long
Tail);
South
bythe
Badger
(Black
(Hang
When
into

above
Tail)
by the
he was about
to go
six regions,
namely,

th-na==Direction
of the
(Prsh-Ian-kwn
West
th-na=Direction
(K'ia~-Ii-shi-m-kwn

the
Waters);
ofthe
Beautiful

Direction

Lion

toward
the
Foot);
East
by the Wolf
below
by the Mole.

South

of

or Barren
the

Home

th-na=Direction
of
(A-Ia-ho-n-kwn
the East(T-lu-a-n-kwm
th-na=Direction

Red);
of Day);
the
Upper
the
Home
of the
High);

th-na=Direction

Swept

of

the

Regions
and
Home

(1-ya-ma-n-kwn
the
Lower
Regions
ofthe
Low)."

the'

tah-na=
(Ma-no-

BUREAU

OF

ANNUA.L

ETHNOLOGY

PREY

GOD

FETICHES

OF

THE

SIX

REGIONS.

REPORT

1881

PL.

II

THE

cnsiBNG.]

save

AU,
th

West,

the

"Th
nas),
Below."
the

Place
center

ancient

sacred

North

the
the

Sonth

the

do

terms,
and
Upper

the

Monntain

not

referred
its

blue

the many
hnes
east,
"caves
and holes
of
and

graphs
directions

Tail,
thee

said

in

ail

the

of men,
thon
become

that

that

ail,

thon

Thither

To the
strong

and

the

and

master

of

the

to

as

natnral

colors

anroral

hnes,
of

white

daylight
darkness

black
are

to

Znnis,
connected

to the

with

North

of

the

Paths

them.

evil

npon
my
to me,
orders

messages
medicine

sacred

lives)."
(of men's
said P-shai-an-k'ia

Then

art

thon

stout

West,

to

of heart
of

brother

yonnger

the

of

coming
their

qnarter
of the

coat

for

thy

art

stont

Mole
2E

3), "Thon
I thee
the

II, Fig.
make

the

and

and

day
etc.

hills,"

strong
Monntain

the
is of

the

the

for

East,

land

the

color

but

heart
and

stout

of

brother

coat

and

heart

Bad-

is white

and

gray,

etc.

da.wn,"

Fig.

Bear,
marked

of the

Eagle

II,

not

of the

of snmmer,
which
and
are
thy homes

night,

thy

of

brother
is mddy

art
Fig.
4), "Thon
I thee
th yonnger

of the

and~naster

yonnger
thy coat

for
Sonth,
of
the colors

of th

eqnally,
between
the

(Plate

the

and

art

"Prey

pictothe

indicate

"White
Cap (Bald
II, Fig. 5), he said:
(Plate
heart
and
of
will.
Therefore
stout
of
strong
passing
and master
the gnardian
thee
the
brother
of the Wolf,
yonnger
withont
the skies
for thon
fliest
throngh
tiring,
Upper
regions,
coat
is speckled
like
the clouds,"
etc.
And

thou

the

of the

in the

nsed

of
the

etc.

master

day

quarter
in that

Lion.

Mountain

(Plate
II,
make
Therefore

guardian
of the

its

Lion

Monntain

2), "Black
Bear,
make
I thee
the

of
sides
sunny
the White
Wolf

color

and

above

White,

to the

north

the
south,
and the
sky,
these
colors

of the

white

stands

of will.

Black.

symbolism
referred

in the

father

(Plate
Therefore

and

black

strong
ger,
the

mythic

a Maker

the

Badger

and

Indeed,

from
that
guard
that
thon
receive

gnardian
of night,"

th'gnardian

To

rosy

the

of will.

is red,
on the

the
clouded

become

went

land

with

Pacific,
of the
earth."

Mountain

II, Fig. 1),

Long
(Plate
Therefore
and strong
of will.
heart
give I nnto
of prey,
of the gods
children
forever
the mastership
Northern
Worid
coat
is of
of the
thy
(for
great

(Plate
H, Fig.
of will.
Therefore

Lion,
of the

barren

(Las Saliand "Th

Above,"

the

reference

clear

respectively
to the

Bear

the

this
the

the

thy

gnardianship
that
thon

yellow),
children

in

for

respect-

signifying
Salt Lake"

Monntain

East

the

names

a very
these
stood
regions
In
a great
mountain
peak.
the Mountain
in
West
Blue,

of

in the

the

P-shai-an-Ma
art stont
of

thou
and unto

and

in
Red,
and below

modern

"The

Day,"

each

to-to

or regions

Then

of

the

the

regions
west
with

the

place
(T-thi-shi-na-kwn),
the Monntain
Yellow,
All-color,
fail to see

Regions
of the

Th Place

sea

great

The

archaic.

Lower

was

Mountain
We

are

of these

of

17

REGIONS.

East,
of Evening,"
whence
comes

South,
The Place

iYely"

In

first

SIX

6),

thon

art

stont

of

heart

and

Eagle),
make
of
and

strong

the
thy
of

FETICHES.

ZIJNI

18

Therefore

will.

and

the

without

earth

and

caves

make

gnardian

master

Lower

and

tiring,
etc.

of earth,"

THEIR

not

it may
be seen
gnardianship
only the

not

merely
to

that,
means

aside

prey

gods

from

of

the

who

to

his
and

bear

his

animaIs

are

regions,
medicine

but

the
that

the

high
to

messages

that
duties

religions

of

illustrative
"still

who

lives,

backsiiding

any

the

of this,
but

member

such

of

the

men.

orders

medicine
liable

is rendered

to

punish-

P6-shai-ai)-k'ia

by

of

of an adventure
story
is told by the
priests

limps,"
member.

and

as it were, memoranda
are,
of
the
of men, they
prayers
gods
him
and
his associated
men
from

(Ha/-ti-a-k'ia-nark'ia=reprehension)
one of his warriors.

As

latter

which

any
as

possess

it may not be amiss

to add
men to P-shai-an-Ma,
by
the
it is supposed,
wMch,

plumes,
and

presence,
other

the

between

wishes

prayer

to

supposed
also the

mastership,
are
which
powers,
etc.,
are the mediators
between

they

conversely,
of this relationship

it is believed

instance,

some

to

into

six

M[EDIATORS.

and

to him

neglects

ment

of
them;

representing
of the

take

AS

these
the

but
from

spirits

quippus)
(like
are
also made
gods.
For

all
of

geographie,
emanate

of the Eagle,
the
brother
younger
for thon
burrowest
through
regions,
of the holes
the color
coat is of black,

POWER

P6-shai-ai)-ki'a,
further
illustrative

As

thy

that

Thus

snpposed
men and

the

thee

of th

throngh
an

M-tsi,

with

great

Indian

emphasis

Mf-TSI.
Fire
order
a faithM
member
of the Little
long
and
his sacrinces,
he grew
neglected
careless,
mere
laziness.
from
of the
Medicines,"
"Keeper

M-tsi

was
but

na-kw~e),
rank
as

him.

warned

fathers

He

the

mesas

to

dinner.

A great

black

bear

leisnrely

approached

went

on

np

neighboring
M-tsi

too.

it,

"Alas,"
he

dead

little

promised

began

only

hot

grew
corral

cnt

posts.
of the

walked

out

him.

M-tsi

pine
to have

tree.

dropped
The bear

sad

thonghts
fatherfromthe

"pity
me, my
Ma-ke-ts-na-kwe.
a good

heoried,
to be

with

down
near

dinner

his

followed
of the

not

his

hand

and

climbed
and

of

words
West-land!"

Had

at

and
him

his

day M-tsi
to eat his

One

anger.
Ee
sat
thicket

(Ma-ke-tsresign-ed
In vain

his

climbed
fathers.
In

vain

P-shai-an-Ma

commanded'!
So

th

him
ont

to
of

black
from

screamed
the
him

bear
pain;

gronnd.
so that

M-tsi
foot
and
him
pallednntil
by the
to the tree,
the bear
as he would
pnlled
cling
the wind
and
he lay down
on M-tsi
pressed
to
but
The
black
bear
started
eyed
go;
forgot.
seized

but,
Then
he

POWER

cusHiNs-l

M-tsi

M-tsi.
It

AS

Black

kicked.

bear

and
he said
M-tsi,
father
thinks
I am not

to

hurt

The
BIack

bear

started

and moved
growled
went
slowly
away,
a little
knoll.
M-tsi

passed
when
Then,
was

long

limps,"
ai)-k'ia

and

19

pressed
his
wind out again.
dear
me! what
shall
I do ?

"Oh

enough.~
and looked

stopped

stopped
again,
the black
bear
he

came

himself,

punished

then

again,

MEDIATORS.

for

off,

M-tsi

So he

kept

kept

very

still.

very
started

at M-tsi,

still.

and
Then

at

ail the while,

Mi-tsi
until
and
hid
under
a log.
away
man enough,
he started
for ZuBi.
He
had eaten
his foot.
He
still
lives and
looking
crawled

he thought
himself
for the black
bear
sick,
but he is a good Ma-ke-ts-na-kwe.
did not command!
1

Who

shall

say

that

P6-shai-

THBIE WORSHBP.
The
of

the

belief,
varions

their
to Pd'shai-an-k'ia,
as
Makers
prey gods,throngh
relationship
Paths
of Life,"
are given
the gods.
With
this
high
rank among
their
fetiches
are
held
"as
in captivity"
of the
by the
priests
and
medicine
venerated
as mediators
orders,
greatly
by them

between
they
Grand
made

are

themselves

and

exhorted

with

sacrifices

a-shi-wa-ni)
month
lesser
"Prey

of

annually

gentes"

of

by
these

the

and

plumed
the

sacrifices
(W-ma

animala

they

elaborate

"Prey

medicine
of the
-no-ti-we)

painted
Brother

ritnals,

prayer-sticks
Priesthood"

societies,
kind
same
of

In

represent.

prayers,

the

and

at

by the
tribe.

and

this

character

ceremonials.
are

(Tthl-na-we)
the
male

(W-ma
full
moon
members

-pa-pa
of each
of

the

PREY

THEIR

GODS

OF

RELATION

THE

TO

THE

HUNT.

OTHERS.

Th fetich worship
of the Zaius naturally
reaches
its highest
and
most interesting
in its relationship
to th chase, for the
development
We-ma--h-i
are considered
Of
par e.cceMeMce the gods of the hunt.
this class of fetiches,
the special priests
are the members
of th "Grt
or the Hunting
Coyote People"
(Sa-ni-a-k'ia-kwe,
Order), theirkeepers,
the chosen
members
of the Eagle and Coyote
gentes and of th Prey
Brother
priesthood.
The fetiches
in question
with two exceptions,
III) represent,
(Plate
the same species of prey animais
as those
to guard
the six
snpposed
These
regions.
exceptions
are, the Coyote (Ss-ki, Plate
III, Fig. 2),
which replaces
the Black Bear of the West, and the Wild
Cat (T-pi,
Plate III, Fig. 3), which takes the place of the Badger
of the South.
In the prayer-songs
of the S-ni-a~ka-kwe,
the names of ail of these
of the Rio
prey gods are, with two exceptions,
given in the langnage
Grande Indians.
This is probably
one of the many devices for secnring
the ceremonials
of the Hunter
greater
secrecy, and rendering
Soeiety
to other than members.
The exceptions
mysterious
are, the Coyote, or
Hunter
god of the West, known by the archaic name ofThIa/'Ma-tchu,
instead
name of Ss-M, and the Prey Mole or god of
of byits ordinary
the Lower regions
also
(Plate III, Fig. 5), which is named
Mai-tn.pn,
instead
of E'ia~-ln-tsi.
Yet in most of the prayer
and ritnalisarchaic,
tic recitals
of this order ail of these gods are spoken of by the names
which

distingnish

them

in the other

THEIB

orders

of the tribe.

ORIGIN.

to
While ail the prey gods of the hnnt are snpposed
and those of
both from those of the six regions
differing
of the Bow, spoken of further
on, they are yet referred,
divisions
of the world.
Ih
the first class, to special
another
is
This
quite
myth
given.
myth,
this, however,
from the epic before referred
is derived
to, and occurs in

have

fonctions
the Priesthood
like those of
of
explanation
like the &rst,
the latter third

the tribes
of the Zunis, nnder the
bf the long recital, where it pictures
and the E~-k at K-thhi-l-lon-ne,
of the Two Children,
gnidance
sitnated
on the eastern
shore of the Colnow a marsh-bordered
lagnne
and west from the pueblo of
orado Chiquito,
abont fifteen miles north
20

ANKUAL
BUREAU

OF

tTHNOLOaT

_-,

FRET

GOD

FETICHES

0F

THE

HTJNT.

EEPOET

1S81

rL.

In

cusniNG.]

ORIGIN

THE

OF

HUNTER

GODS.

2J.

and nearly
th
mouth
of the Rio Concho.
opposite
Arizona,
in the
basin
or crater
of some
extinct
is probably
formed
lagune
and
similar
or volcanic
as th
two
wonderfully
spring,
high
geyser
with
those
in which
in formation
mountains
on either
side are identical
San

Juan,

This

cave-craters

occur

the

ever,

been

largely
here

which

River,
fies th

farther
filled

in

joins

the

south

on

the

dbris

by
Colorado

the

same

how-

has,
by the
E-thiu-l-lon

Zuni

down

brought

signicontraction

Chiqnito.
E~-k"
(&om.Ea=a

of the
"standing
place
(city)
the sacred
and thlu-l-lon=standing
dance,

of E'-k,

It

river.

place).

THE DISTEIBCTION OF THE ANUtAIS.

Men
lived,
People
lived

from
the
their
journey
began
at E-thiu-l-lon-ne,
as it does
now,
as may be inferred,
(not snails,
in

Znni

where
forked

now

in the

animais

of

valley

althongh
and

horns

their
round

of

(line)
no
corral,
could
pass.

game

rained

it

even

animal,

children
mountains,

of men,
although
on the mesas

ofprey.
Thus

it

walked
the

mighty

happened
th
Even

in
zigzag
E~-k

had

before

and

even

cast
the

sought
His
erty.
was
neshy
crackling
He
circled
Valley,

and

game
sides

that

after

great

strong
alike

men
at

and

into

last

ornaments

the

or

their

their
and
AU
made

or the

E~-k

find

Deer,

animais

these
the

as

even
Buck

ail

over

and

plains

or trace

prey

hungry~lmost
grew
the swift
S-Ia-mo-pi-a
of

weakness

of

whole

road,

the

day

were
to

th

so that

strong

of

they
and

compelled
devour
the

great

People

which

canon-valleys,

Sh'-la-k'o

game

the

and

Snail

could

after

day

the

in

thunder,
a dry ibrest.

in

tracks

the

manydays
from

trails,

and

storm

Nowhere
the

andalong

to
soles

dresses

At

hunger.
the

they
moccasins

of their

for

first

bones

eat

want

of the

flesh

animais.
weak
day, though
in the
mountains.
shook

with

spread
it, his horns
hoofs
eut
the
sands
far

thus

away.
hunted

they

their

away,
deer-tail

ofE'iap-in--h-i.&ame
day after
Still,

and

many
days,
were
washed

tending

ail

power,

insurmonntable,
the game animais,
distant
the SQundof
of

still
Snail

who
name),
of
far
south

that

together
to be hidden.

wonderfnl
passing
and
sacred
meal,
Elk
though
great

these

medicine

thither

famished.

of

E~-k

wonderfnl

of

tribe

gather
there

and

togetherlike
like
the
sonnd

canon

magie

to

the

th

and

high
full

filled

but

town,

were

was

rattled

the

road

Now,

canon

crackled

about

their

and

River,
when

(E'i-ma-k'ia-kwn),
of their
magie

by means
round
abont

under

large

rumbled

Snails"

the

is, caused,
whole
world

canon-valley
walls
of this

The
feet

"Place

the

Red

off
the

toward
northern

the

and
At

disheartened,
last
a great

his
dewlap
tallow,
out like
branches
and
Red
canons.

even

the

rocks

and

men
Elk

the

was

like
hung
of a dead
tree,
as he

ran

through
passed
River,
was
The Sh'-la-k'o

K'-

given
libso
a bag,
and

his

westward.
the
ont

Round
hunting.

22

ZUNI

He
1~n

neniarl

+hn

the

espied
swift
and

`lnn"

tracks

deep

of

was
strong
he,
in sight
of th great

came

but alas!
him;
the hiding-place
lowed
until
him,
the

+"nnlr~41.

brink

th

Elk

of his

the

elk

to

the

.cl.c7~

and

sight
distance

as he
On

of

edge

him.
and

turned

and

on

Passing
ere

and

gladdened

animais.
the

.L'11_I

followed
fleetly
from
hunger,

The

his

kept
brother

.a

weak

though
Elk.

he came

discovered

FETICHES.
"77~

toward
again
Sha'-la-k'o
fol-

the

a great
canon,
and peering
an the
animais
game

of

hiding-place

he

long

strengthened

of

over
the

world.
"Aha!

so here

ail

you

who

P-u-ti-wa,'
the wind

he.

Sh'-la-k'o
and word
was
E~-k,
We-ma--h-i
for connsel

the

to all

the

were

now

the

Fathers

of

the

the Wild
Coyote,
Cat,
the
Mole
were
Owl, and
and
K~-k
the
children
animais.

hasten

back

alas
and
flesh,
grows
returned
to Ko-thiu-l-lon-ne.

the

formed

said

are,"
for

hungers

sent

swift
for

assistance,
the
E~-k.

and

the

Wolf,

the
ail

Mountain

fi

Lion,
Ground

the
as

lean,
flesh

the

in-

he

S-Ia-mo-pi-af
We-ma--h-i

Falcon,

and

hungry
of
want

from

the

The
the

Eagle,

my father,
And'like

Entering,

the

by

and

men

summoned,
of men,

out

to

weak."

of

were
the

the
gante
them-

anxions
for th hunt
and moved
they were
one another
in their
Then
the passirig
among
anxiety.
swift
the
of ail colors,
the
the blue,
runners,
the
S-la-mo-pi-a,
yellow,
the
the
and
the
were
red,
white,
summoned
to
many
colored,
black,
the We-ma--h-i
to th
the
accompany
Snail
canon-vaUeyof
People.
Well
knew
that
wonderfal
were the Snail
they
and that
passing
People,
no easy matter
would
it be to overcome
their
medicine
and their
magie.
But
hastened
forth
until
came
near
to the canon.
they
they
Then
the
who
directions
that
Sh'-Ia-k'o~
guided
should
make
them,
gave
they
themselves
for the hnnt.
ready
selves

Nevertheless,

quickly

When
corral

game,
threw

on

all

were

the

northern

the
Long
Tail,
seize
him!"
the

Th

corral

Deer
was

he

prepared,
corral

has

With

to

and

side,

the

opened

great

ground,
on the

his

opened
by
forth
rushed

been

opened

the
leaps
and fastened
western

sacred

the
power
buck
Deer.

a great
for thee.

Forth

Mountain
his

side.

Lion

teeth
Forth

magie

comes

thy
and

overtook

in his
rushed

throat.
a Mountain

Sheep.
seize

Coyote,
him!"

dodged

him

the

corral

has

been

opened

TheCoyotedashedswiftly&rward.
and ran off toward
the

for

thee.

Forth
Th

west.

Th

Coyote

comesthy

game,

Mountain
crazily

ran

Sheep
about

"Th chief god of the K~-k, now represented

by masks, and the richest costnming known to the ZuBis, vMoh aje~wom during the winter ceremonials
of the tribe.
tThe Sa-Ia-mo-pi-a,
are. monsters
with round heads, long snonts, huge feathered
bodies.
necks, and human
to live beneath
They are snpposed
th waters, to come
forth or enter snont foremost.
They also pla,y an important
or
part in th E&M
sacred dances of winter.
tMonsterhumanbird
chiefs of Pa-n-ti-wa,
forms, the warrior
the representatives
of whioh visit ZuBi,
western
homes in certain springs, each New
fmm their snpposed
Year.
feet high, and are carried
They are more than twelve
swiftly abont by peraona concealed
nnder their dresss.

cDsmNGj

DISTRIBUTION

after
and barking
yelpiug
from
rock to rock and was
until

about,

Then

ger.

Lion

that

said

to

th

him

disdainfully,
thon

for

to-day
like thee

spilled,
descendants

thy

Mountain

Still

so also

thy hnnger,
he throws

blunder
the

by

shall

away

Satisiy

thy

missed

thy
chase.

hast

in the

blood

the

that

hun-

forever

descendants

thy

being."

The

was

corral

forth.

With

albino

opened
less

Wild

Cat

was

opened
The

corral

antelope).
let ont.
The

was

him.

upon

The

and

hole

seized

on the
Wolf

the
toward

Mountain

tbenorththe

followed

andherded

the
ain, below
Ont through
driven

them,

thebreaks
the

Buffalo,

ern

in all

rushed
and

the

Mice,
toward

cled
high above,
mountain
ancient
and

the

the

the

sight
and
Mole
four

from

that

places
Into

caverns

monntain.

then
swooped
moment,
in his
Mole
waited
made

Falcon

him

earth
of

the

the

of
their

the

(wombs)

the

Eagle,

the

great

of

the

their

hunger,

in the

corral.

great

Elk,

prey;

the

game

Forth

throngh

andthe

Deer,

and

swiftly
S-Ia-mo-pi-a
stands
the yellow'monnt-

the

0-ho-li,
toward

wherein
Jack

Rabbit,
and

"Sky
and

they
they
colors
the

Rabbits,
and

the

thither

S-la-mo-pi-a
beneath

which

drove
could
rose
Rats,
Ground
followed
stands

and

the

Cotton

the

Ground

the

them

the
th
in

ail

them.

assisted

Owl,

cir-

ail

them

watch

the

stands

over

them

the

driven

Tail,
Owl

which

of

is
say"
white

they
ancient

the

and

driven
land

and

herded

and

west-

great

great

where

above

ocan,"

air

the

and

herded

herded

stands

Falcon,

many

Falcon,

of earth,

the

the

many
colors,
in the
homes

S-la-mo-pi-a
burrowed
Eagle,
black

his

him.

the Antelope,
gap rushed
red
S-la-mopi-a,toward
ancient
red mountain.

directions

and

(or

Rabbit

Jack

ocan.

rushed
the eastern
Ont
gap
through
and
the
white
S-la-mo-pi-a,
by the Wolf
th
the eastern
Ocan of day",
ocean,
mountain.

earth,

The

the

ocan,
the southern
Out
through
and
the
Cat
by the Wild
the
where
stands
summer,

Rats,

ground.
6-ho-li
the

ran

the Mountain
western
gap rushed
Sheep,
the
and the blue S-la-mo-pi-a,
toward
the Coyote
the ancient
blue
monntain.
where
stands

by

Forth

sprang
but

Lion,

Prey

Lion,
andtheyellow
where
to the world

northern

grat

The

quickly
caught
thus
satisfying

were

to escape
through
door
rnshed
the

began
northern

to the
him.

for
the

Antelope

Mountain

Forth

threw

and

Bat,

Owl

the

him

side.
and

seized

An

of

threw

eastern

Wood

the

him;

side.

those

himself
poised
Tail
came
forth.

Eagle
Cotton

and the Ground

Monse,
While
the We-ma--h-i

animais

southern

the

on

than
strong
seized
him and

bounds

the

nimbler,
The

the

the

I have

and thus
ever will
game
As thon
this day satisfiest
ter spills
or the nesh
that
have

bounded
Sheep
rushed
crazily
Coyote
But the
him to be quiet.
commanded
and was beside
himself
with
hun~
Der

of the

Mountain
blood

the

23

ANIMALS.

but
game,
far away.

Lion

blood

the

the

on

hunger

his
soon

Mountain

the

smelled

Coyote

THE

OF

Mice,

from

the

Prey

but

toward
ancient

the
black

24

ZUNI

Then

the earth

and

winds

were

FETICHES.

filled

the departing
and the Snail
animais,
hence the world was lled
escaping;
and the children
of men.
Snail People,
Thus were let loose the game animais
the Great
Deer
Elk, and th largest

with rumbling
from the feet of
People saw that their game was
with the wars of the E~-k, the

of the world.
Eence th BuSalo,
are found
mostly in the north,
where they are ever pursued
Mountain
by the great
Lion; but with
them escaped other animais, and so not alone in the north are the Buffalo,
the Great Elk, and the Deer found.
the mountains
and the canons
of the west are ibnnd
the
Among
Monntain
but with them escaped many
by the Coyote;
Sheep, pnrsued
other animals;
hence not alone in the west are the Mountain
Sheep
found.
Toward
Yet with

the south
the Antelopes,
escaped
pnrsned
by the Wild Cat.
them
hence not alone in the
escaped
many other
animais;
sonth are the Antelopes
found.
Towardthe
the 0-ho-Ii,
east escaped
butwith
pursnedbythWolf;
them escaped
hence not alone in the east are the
many other animais;
0-ho-li-we
found.
Forth in all directions
the Jack Rabbits,
Cotton Tails, Rats,
escaped
and Mice; hence over all the earth are they fbnnd.
Above them in the
skies circle the Eagle, the Falcon,
and the Gronnd
Owl; yet into the
earth escaped many of them, followed
bythe
Prey Mole; hence beneath
the earth burrow many.
Lion is the
Thus, also, it came to be that the Tellow Mountain
the blue,
Prey Being of the north, but his younger
brothers,
and the black Mountain
Lions wander
red, the white, the spotted,
the other regions
of earth.
Does not the spotted
Lion
Mountain
of the south 1
dently the Ocelot) live among the high mountains
Thus, too, was it with the Coyote, who is the master of the West,
whose younger
brothers
wander
over all the regions;
and thus,
with the Wild Cat and the Wolf.
ter

Ih this
distribution
prey,
than

tradition

masthe
over
(evibut
too,

there

is an attempt,
not only to explain
the special
the
six regions,
of the Prey animais
and their
tbroughout
but also to account
for the occurrence
of animais in regions
other
those to which,
to this classification,
according
they properly

belong.

THEIR

VAEIETIES.

We find, therefore,
that each one of the six species
of Prey animais
is again
divided
into six varieties,
to color, which deteraccording
mines the location
of each variety
in that one or other of the regions
with which its color agrees, yet it is supposed
to owe allegiance
to its

H
a
x
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0
x
x
0
0
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0

s
0
ci

r
z
t>1
a
G
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Et
en

0
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ts

o
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t'J
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x
!Li
j<a
Q
o
o

r
13
s

z
0
x

g
x

THE

cuBHiKG.l

the

instance,

this

whatsoever

representative,

Lion

Monntain

LION.

MOUNTAIN

to have
a representative
snpposed
another
bine
Monntain
Lion),
in
the
Upper
regions
White),
Mountain
Lion).
(the black

or

be

may

is

which

with

inlaying.

it

III,

(Plate

(yonnger
in

the

to

According

tingnished
of
wise

by
the

back

well

by

the

as

the

prominent.
The fetich
or

na),
bas

been

is

bonnd
its

from
The

the

thli-a-na),
of finely
posed

is

with

blue

the

cordage
been

Mountain

represented
veined
aznrite

in

is represented

k'6-ha-na),
in

prodnced

The

Plate

of

composed
and
the

whole

latter

IV,

compact

is nnnsnally

carefnlly
is ont aronnd
were
bonnd

large,
The

its

neck

(H'k-ti
dnction.

only

fetich

ta/sh-a-na

eyes

*I am indebted
determine

any

of

rounded

and

The

blood.
An
which

and

of flint
however,

latter,

the

Fig.
of
is

West
2.

copper,
almost

eyes,

ta'sh-a-

(H~k-ti

The

is com-

original

although
blue.

which,
entirely

month,

nostrils,

It

tail,

ta/sh-a
of the
East
(H~k-ti
are retwo of whieh
specimens,
former
is very
small
and
The

4.

the

dtails

being
usual

than

more

pronounced,
elaboration.

or alabaster,
gypsum
inlaid
with
turkoises,
the beads
of shell,
which

been

of

arrow-head

the

along
red

collection

one

chalcedony

side

Mountain
was

of the

qnite
there

coral,
has

&c.,
been

body.

Lion,
too

and
and

imperfect

of

the
for

for assisting
of the Geological
to Mr. S. F. Emmons,
Snrvey,
the mineralogical
character
of these specimens.

approximajtely

not

anns

arrow-point

of compact

in the

the

added.

recently
of
Lion,

and

have

representing

of

fetiches

Lion,

a groove
by
A large
natwise

-ho-na),

regions

are

partly

several
3

the

uniformly

nodules,
the
ears,

fastened.
originally
with
cords
of cotton

The

(the

Lower

2.)

drilling.
of cotton,

limestone,
finished
with

specimen

carved.

(the

East

t~sh-a-na
thip-tsi(H~k-ti
It
limestone.*
1), is of yellow
as shown
of great
antiqnity,

IV,
carbonate

or

by

Figs.
white

as

Plate

with
harder
serpentinons
specked
and
has
been
carefnlly
finished,
are
eut.
and
clearly
legs
anns,
of the white
Monntain
Th fetich
na

West

in the

disinvariably
They
and laid lengthvery
long,
as
to the
or qnite
shoniders,

IV, Fig.
is evidently

to have

Fig.

is native,

Lion

Monntain
(Plate
and

seems

he is

representing
by the

IV.

nearly
qnite

latter
the
patina,
holes
made
by

back

newness,
fetich
of

na

which

carved,

marked

quite
to

rnmp
are

yollow

smoothly
and

which

is represented

the

North

polish
are

eyes

the

of the

but

GOD OF THE NOETH.

Plate

on

represented
which

tail,
from

fetich

determined

or
painted,
VII,
4, and Plate

is

classification,

ears,

of

God

its

by

this

North,
in the

as
color,
or the
is formed,
th
fetich
by
example,
otherwise,
as, for

Fig.

are

Lions

the

For

placed.

the

Red),
in the

(the
and

Spotted),

(the

of
brother)

Sonth

THE MOUNTAIN HONnCfiTEE

Mountain

wheresoever

god

primarily

of
are
six varieties
there
Hence,
also,
the
one
of these
being
variety
divisions,
material
of whioh
either
expressed
by the
pigment

25

Sonth
repro.
me to

26

ZUNI
The

fetich

ta/sh-a-na

of

the

represented

su-pa-no-pa
by two

aragonite

in

or many-colored
spotted
or i-to-pa-nah-na-na),
specimens
thin

alternating
and
blue.

low,
and

is, indeed,

white,

eyes,

nostrils,

FETICHES.

the

Fig.

most

Mountain

Upper
rgions,
5 and
of
6); both

with

white

perfect

in the

fetich

collection.

and

shell

of an
fetich

(H/k-ti
is also

(Plate
fibrous
IV, Figs.
and thick
or bands
of grayish
laminae,
yel5 is by far the
more
elaborate
of the two,

month,
tail, anus,
genital
organs
the
further
fully
carved,
elaborated
eyes
being
turkoises.
To the
side
of the body,
"over
right
with
blood-blackened
cotton
cords
a dlicate
flint
figure
The

Lion

of the

and

coral
beads,
in haliotus,
or
of the black
Mountain

arrow

(Pl. IV, Fig.

7) is of gypsnm,
black
traces
of
by pigment,
surface.

The legs,
ears,
are care(of the male)
of minute
by mosaics
the

is

heart,"

arrow-point,
a small
brest,

a,nd,
at the
abalone.

bound

together
triangniar

Lion

t~sh-a-na
(Ea/k-ti
sh-k'ia-na)
but has
been painted
limestone,
are
still
on portions
of its
lodged

or white
which

THE OOYOTE-HtTNTEE GOD OF THE WEST.

The

ftiches

of

the

or

God
of the
and
his younger
West,
an archaio
V, are called
Tthl-po-Ma,
word
Ss-M
w-ma-ve
from
ttlbl(Coyote
fetiches),
M<tK, = a sacred
or locality
on or toprayer-plume,
andpd-an,
= an object
ward
which
is placed,
a
and
anything
Ma = th
active
depository,
are
participle.
They
or slightiy
usnally
distinguished
by horizontal
or small
drooping
and
erect
pointed
ears.
tails,
the
snouts,
Although
of the West
is regarded
as the
Coyote
master
of the
of the
Coyotes
other
nve
and
recitations
of the
rgions,
yet, in the
prayers,
songs,
brothers,
form
of

represented
the modern

S-ni-a-Ma-kwe,
is mentioned

and
first.

Coyote,
on Plate

Brother
Prey
Priesthood,
1 therefore
the
preserve

the
same

Coyote

of

theNorth

in
the Mountain
Lion fetiches.
describing
The fetich
of the yellow
of the North,
Coyote
is
(Ss-k'i
thip-tsi-na),
in Plate
1.
Th original
represented
is of compact
white
lmeV, Fig.
stone
stained
The attitude
is that
of a coyote
yellow.
about
to pursue
his prey
which
bas reference
to the intemperate
(l-hi-na
haste
-mo-na),
on the part
of this animal,
whieh
as in th foregoing
usually,
tradition,
resnlts
in Silure.
The
ing
na),

fetich

in reality
is shown

of

fetich

observed

th

blue
of the West
Coyote,
(Ss-M
16-M-nasigni~the color
of the coyote,
instead
gray,
ofbIue==tHi-ain Plate
2.
This
fetich
is aiso of compact
white
V, Fig.
a yellowish
traces
of blue
gray
color,
and
although
paint
blue

of
limestone,
turkois
that
it
large
eyes indicate
to represent
the God of the West.
The

squence

of the

red

was

intended,

like

Plate

III,

Fig.

3,

of the South,
is repre(Ss-k'i
-ho-na),
of white
semi-translucent
4, which,
although
stained
with
red paint.
calcite,
deeply
Two examples
of the fetich
of the white
of
Coyote
(Ss-k'i
k'6-ha-na),
the East,
are shown
in Plate
4 and 5.
both
of com.
V, Figs.
They
are
sented

by Plate
bas been

V,

Fig.

Coyote

tz
s
c
0

'=)
e4
r
0

x
s
Q
0
g0
H
S
"f

s
CQ
0h
H
M
H
n

x
a
s
M
ci
K
M
C
0c
0
3
ta

!>

M
M

E~'
-<:

s0.

<1

0
0
CQ
H
s
~hFa
0.
a
0
o

03
c
g
S
s
&<
h
o
m
R
a
0
F
Fa
f
C
Ca
a

>;

0
g
P
M
0

M
W

THE

cusHiNs.l

limestone.

white

pact
feet

but

being

the

deep

horizontal
form

The

the

tail,

the

and

smaller

size

conjoined
of other

powers

The

form
black

sented

by

limestone

a natural
the
mouth

eyidently

by grinding,
the
eyes
by

resembles

specimen
fetich
of

the

together,
shorter

the

of the

male

than

those

latter

being
are
They
fetiches
female

and

chin,
yet in

a coyote.
of

-to-pa-nah-na-na),
repreaents
6, which

Fig.

merely
by the
This
aragonite.
and is significant

indicated
both
of

tail.

the

reoive

pointed
and
carved,

(Ss-k~i
V,

ont

dpressions,
to

merely
the

than

Coyote
in Plate

the

fragment,
by a deep

drilled

deeply

a weasel

more

many-colored
is reproduced

Upper
regions,
and female
male

the

is

first

27

WILD-CAT.

nesk.being
designed
is more
second,
however,
elaborate,
ears being
and
distinctly
pricked-up

the

The

THE

the

around

groove
The

necklace.

AND

indicated
slightly
the
and
snont,

across

straight

COYOTE

is rare,

hunt.

of the

Lower

of the

sh-Ma-na),
Coyote
(Sns-k'i
Plate
original
V, Fig.
7, the
and
or yellowish-gray
marble,

of

is repreregions,
of compact
white
of black
or
paint

is

which

traces

shows

staining.
eOD OF THE SOCTH.

THE WHD.CATHONTES
The

fetiches
are

South,
horizontal
erect

in

than

Plate

of.the

with

figure,
stone

black
Plate

VI,

thli-a-na),
and

color,
which

on
in

Cat,
Plate

the

principal

VI.

cases

by

They
vertical

most

fetiches

th

is bonnd

cedony

Wild

the

of the

Fig.
1, represents
of the North.

VI,

thip-tsi-na)
black
nearly

of

of

represented
tails
and

A long,
blood-stained

and

a necklace

shell

with

an

from

of

arrow-point

the

fetich

of

of

malachite

and

and

has

been

red

Wild

VI,

South.

Althongh

Fig.

4, represents
formed

the
from

gypsum

changed
by the application
of
necklace
and arrow-point

of

been

usual
of sinew
Both
Cat

(T

carefully

jasper

animal
the

Cat (T-pi
it is stained
of
right
with

but

vernis),
to the

side
one

upon
back
Plate

represented.
Wild
Cat of the
little

chal-

(T-pi
of a grayish-blue

(jasp
secured

and

less

West.

or

green
from
its

aznrite,
changed

condition.

original
Plate
has

of copper,

clay

the

short

ears,

arrow-point
the
along

both

vein

carbonate

Wild

limestone,

basaltic

with
specimen
represents
VI, Fig.
3, likewise
from
a thin
It is a fragment
blue

short

beads

of turkois,
fragment
sinew
taken
from
the

the

of

yellow

yellow

of
by

(E-ha-kwa),
encircles
the neck.
among
them,
Cat
the
fetich
of the
blue
Wild

2, represents
It is formed
West.
small

and

clearly-chipped
cotton
cordage

of whit

(Kewi-na-kwa)

is furnished

is laid

the

is God

which

characterized

faces

of
of

Although

blood.
with

Fig.
of th

Coyote.
the fetich

of
are

and

cotton.

Figs.

5 and

pi k'-ha-na),
fashioned

6 of Plate
of
and

the

polished,

VI
East,

the

of the
Cat
-ho-na),
(T-pi
or yellow
its clor
limestone,
the
It is supplied
with
paint.

represent
and are
the

one

fetich,

secnred

by

the

fetich

of the

white

of

compact

perfect

to represent

white
the

perfect

bands
Wild

limestone
animal,

28

ZUNI

FETICHES.

the other the ftus.

This specimen,
Uke Plate Y, Fig. 6, has a significance other than that of a mere fetich of th
conchase, a significance
nected with the Phallic
of the Zunis, on which
worship
subject I hope
to produce
ere manyyears
evidence.
interesting
Plate VI, Fig. 7, represents
the fetich of tho many-colored
Wild Cat
of the Upper
(T-pi s-pa-no-pa),
which is made
of basaltic
regions,
black with pitch and
clay, stained
and furnished
with a flake
pigment,
of flint and a small fragment of
both of which are attached
chrysocolla,
to the back of the figure with a
of sinew.
binding
Plate VI, Fig. 8, represents,
to the Zunis,
a very ancient
according
and valued fetich of th black Wild Cat
of the Lower
(T-pi sh.Ma-na),
It is little more than a concretion
regions.
of compact
basaltic
rock,
with slight
traces of art.
Its natural
is suggestive
of
form, however,
an animal.
Long use has polished
its originally
black
surface
to the
hue of lustrous
jet.
THE WOLPHCNTEB

The fetiches

GOD OF THE

EAST.

of the Wolf, God of the

East, and of his younger brothers
are represented
(l-na-wi-ko
on Plate yil.
w-ma-we)
They are characterized
by erect attitudes,
usually
oblique faces, pricked-up
ears, and
tails."
"hanging
Plate VU, Fig. 1, is a representation
of the fetich of the yellow Wolf
of the North.
(lu-na-wi-ko
It is of yellow indurated
thip-tsi-na),
claystone.
In this example
the legs are mnch longer than in most
specimens, for nearly all these figures are either
natnral
or confragments
cretions
on by art, or are figures which have been
slightly
improved
suggested
from such fragments
by and derived
or concretions.
Moreto be described
over, the ceremonials
further on require that they should
be able to stand
therefore
alone";
furnished
they are usually
with
only rudimentary
The tail is only indicated,
legs.
while in nearly
ail
other Wolf fetiches it is clearly eut down the
rump, nearly to the gainbol joint.
Plate VII, Fig. 2, represents
a fetich of the Mue Wolf
(l-na-wi-ko
of th West.
It is of gray
thli-a-na),
stained
first red, then
sandstone,
color being further
blue, the latter
indicated
of green turby settings
kois on either side and along the
back, as well as in the eyes.
Plate VII, Fig. 3, represents
the fetich of the red Wolf
(l-na-wi-ko
of th South.
It is but crudely
a-ho-na),
formed from a fragment
of
siliceous
the feet, ears, and tail
limestone,
being
represented
only by
mere protuberances.
the material
is naturally
Although
of a, yellowishgray color, it has been stained
red.
Plate VIT, Fig. 4, represents
the fetich of the whiteWolf
(I-na-wi-ko
of the East.
It is of very white, compact
k'-ha-na),
limestone.
The
hnging
tail, erect ears, attitude,
shown in this than
&c., are better
in any other specimen
perhaps
of the class in the collection.
It bas,
been broken through
however,
the body and mended
with black pitch.

BUREAU

OF

ANNUAL

ETHNOLOGY

WOLF

FETICHES

OF

THE

CHASEHDNTER

GOD

OF

THE

EAST.

REPORT

1881

PL.

VII

BUREAU

01.'

EAGLB

ETHKQI.OGY_

FETICHES

jUiNUAL

0F

THE

CHASEHUNTER

GOD

OF

THE

DPFER

REPORT

REGIONS.

1881

PL

V]H

THE

cuBHiNG.]

WOLF

AND

THE

29

EAGLE.

Wolf
the fetich of the many-colored
Plate VU, Fig. 5, represnts
The original
is
of th Upper
regions.
-to-pa-nah-na-na),
(l-na-wi-ko
in some places faintly
sandstone
of a gray color, stained
of fine-grained
The mouth, eyes, ear tips, and tail have been
with red and other tints.
more prominent.
with black to make them appear
touched
Wolf (l-na-wi-ko
the fetich of the black
Plate VII, Fig. 6, represents
and
of the Lower
uncommonly
large
rgions.
Although
shi-k'ia-na),
the
it
in
form
the
oblique
uppossesses
face,
bear,
resembling
greatly
ofthe Wolf.
characteristics
tail, and other accepted
right ears, hanging
THE

EMLE-HCNTEE

GOD OB THE

UPPEB

BEGIONS.

of the Eagle, God of the Upper

The fetiches
regions, and his yonnger
are represented
of the other regions
brothers
w-ma-we)
(E?ia/-k1a-li
bird forms,
are characterized
on Plate
VIII.
merely
by rude
They
carved
or very conventionally
with wings either
(Figs. 3 and
naturally
ail the
from the fact that
are rarely attempted,
Farther
details
6).
and
the
animals
are
other principal
simple
suggestion
quadrupeds,
prey
the eagle among any of them.
to identif~
of the bird form is sufficient
the fetich of the yellow Eagle (K'i~Plate VIII, Fig. 1, represents
skies.
It consists
of the Northern
k'ia.-li thlp-tsi-na),
merely of the
of white limestone
and painted
head and shoulders,
very rudelyformed
doubtless
a
natnral
is
ocher.
This
fragment
with yeUow
specimen
by art.
very little altered
the fetich
of the blue Eagle (K'ia/Plate
Fig. 2, represnts
VIH,
It is quite elaborately
skies.
of the Western
M-li l-k'ia-na),
carved,
the body to facilitate
and pierced
with a pedestal,
through
supplied
to be described
further
For during crmonials,
on, the fetsuspension.
like
are usually
iches of the Eagle
although
sometimes,
suspended,

by
they are placed on the floor, as indicated
quadrnpeds,
of compact
white
this
to
furnished
Although
the pedestal
specimen.
the blue Eagle by means of
this fetich is made to represent
limestone,
A small pink chalstain over the body.
turkois
eyes and a green
between
the wings
to
the
back
is
attached
by
arrow-point
cedony
the tips of the latter and
means of a single sinew band passed around
the tail and under the wings over the shoulders.
the fetich of the red Eagle (E?ia/-k'ia-Ii
Plate VTII, Fig. 3, represents
a nearly
Like Fig. 42, this is doubtless
skies.
-ho-na), of the Southern
red
the
of
sandstone,
wings
being
natural
fine-grained
very
fragment
indicated
by deep lines which cross over the back, and the rump grooved
the cord with which to secure to the back an arrow-point.
to receive
is perforated.
The breast
natural
of compact
white
fragment
Plate Vlii,
Fig. 4, is a nearly
of
th
white
the
Eagle (KW-k'i-Ii
k'6-ha-na),
representing
limestone,
save the eyes, which are faintly
No artificial
skies.
Eastern
details,

those

of the

indicated,
Plate

have

been

attempted
VIH, Fig. 5, represents,

on this specimen.
in compact yellowlimestone,

the speckled

30

ZUNI

FETICHES.

Eagle

of the
(E?ia~-k'ia-Ii
the
s-tchn-tchon-ne)
Upper
drab
regions,
of the body
varied
being
of. pure
by fragments
turkois
inserted
into the eyes,
and
back.
A notch
in the
and
front
breast,
of the
top
head
indicates
that
the
probably
was
once
with
a
specimen
supplied
either
of turkois
or of white
beak,
shell.
It is perforated
lengthwise
the breast.
through
color

of a thoroughiy
Fig.
Plate
Vin,
6, is a representation
conventypical
tional
fetich
of the black
of the
Eagle
Lower
re(E?ia/-Ma,-Ii
kwin-ne)
It is of calcite,
stained
gions.
lustrous
black.
A cotton
cord
around
the neck
the place
of the original
supplies
"necklace."
THE MOtB-HCNTEB
Th

fetiches

of

in the

w-ma-we,

the

are
represented
Plate
II, Fig.
6, and
IX,
from
one of my sketches
Hnnt),

orders;
in the

God

of the

Ma-tn-pn
collection

1.
The
Fig.
of the original

Lower

These
those

fetiches
of

cretions

being

are
of prey,
form
(Plate

larger
gods
with
no definite

consists

value

is sometimes

burrowing
it is supposed
to do

which

with

represented

white

less
powerful
either
rude

than
con-

limestone.

to the
for

traps

III,

the

fact

of earth,
game
it is sometimes

largest
this reason

as in Plate

fidelity,

from

Mole,

the

For

consciousiy.

surprising

are

rude
Fig.
6), or almost
eqnaly
the
fetich
of
represents
1, which
of the
Eastern
Lower
rgions.

attached

to lay

by

and

II,

art, as in Plate
IX,
Fig.
Mole
(Mai-tu-pu
k-ha-na)
of a naturl
slab
of fine
merely

Nevertheless,
that
it is able

Plate

taken
specimen,
is given
on Plate
III,

Zuni,

rare,

(KW-lu-tsi
order
of the

specimens,

considered

very

of

examples
the white

only two
of a third

by
figure
in

becanse

nnpopnlar,

the

regions
in the

w-ma-we,

5.

Fig.

It

or

Mole,

sacred

GOD OF THE MWEB EE8NNS.

6.

Fig.

THE GROUND OWL AND THE FALOON.

The

lection

the
of

w-ma-we)
less

even

of

fetiches

po-ke'-a'

tban

prized

is

pension.
The Falcon
as they

areof

place

the

red

Plate

white

fetiches
called

(Pi-pi
the

Eagle

The
tain

relative

rank
Lion

of

value
the

is not

Animal
only

are

(the Prairie
still
more

Mole.
2.

Fig.

IX,

limestone,

The

and

Dog
only

The

.is

varietyThI-po-

rarely

and

represented
in the

example

original

perforated

is

quite
to facilitate

col.
caresus-

are included
in the Eagle
w-ma-we)
speeies,
brothers
of the Eagle,
and
the
supply
is met with
variety
very
rarely.

younger
which

THEIR

the

Owl

regions,
those
of the
in

reproduced
formed
of soft

fully

Ground
all

RELATIVE

VALUES.

of these

varieties

god
master

they

represent.

of the

North,

of fetiches

depends

For
which

largely
the
instance,
takes
precedence

upon
Mounover

BUR)!AU

THE

0F

MOLE

ANNUAL

ETHNOLOGY

AND

THE

GROUND-OWL

THE

NAVAJO

GODS

FETICHESHUNTER
ANDALL

FETICHESPHALLIO

OF

REPORT

THE

REGIONS.

GODS

Oli'

THE

FLOCKS.

LOWER

1881

FL.

IX

REGIONS

cusHiNG.]

RELATIVE

VALUES.

31

or regions,
"ancient
sacred
the other
spaces"
(T-thia-shi-na-we)
of all the other Prey
gods, if not of ail other
but is also the master
the Coyote, in the
th fact that
animais.
Notwithstanding
terrestrial
is given
Order of the Hunt (the Coyote society or th S-ni-a-Ma-kwe),
Mountain
rank
than
the
sacred
reasons
Lion, he
for traditional
higher
of the West, which folone
lower,
god
as
a
being
degree
Prey Being,
is,
Hence we find the Mountain
in order of importance.
lows the North
and
than
more
fetiches
far
any of the others,
Lion and Coyote
prized
is younger
in rank
The
numerous.
more
Coyote
correspondingly
brother
of the Mountain
brother
Lion, just as the Wild Cat is younger
and
on
to
the
and
so
Wild
of
the
Mole,
th
Wolf
of the Coyote,
Cat,
the
Owl.
In relationship
Ground
by blood, however,
less important
of
th
brother
older
blue, red, white,
yellow Monntain Lion is acconnted
spotted,
and black Mountain Lions; theblueCoyote,olderbrotherofthe
So the Wild
and black Coyotes.
or spotted,
red, white, yellow, mottled
the
Wild
Cats of ail
brother
of
the
older
as
Cat of the South is regarded
with the Wolf, the
And thus it is respectively
the other nve regions.
all the
in the North
that
We find, therefore,
and the Mole.
Eagle,
as
th
Monntain
as
well
only
they
are
Lion,
represented,
gods of Prey
as well as th Coyote, only
Li the West all are represented,
are yellow.
four regions.
th remaining
and thus throughout
they are blue;
of the
hunter
the
believed
to
be
is
further
special
Lion
The Mountain
His
an inhabitant
of New Mexico).
Bison
and
longer
(no
Elk,
Deer,
animais.
of
these
th
hunter
So,
also,
fetich is, therefore,
by
preferred
of the Mountaiu
by the hunter
is the fetich of the Coyote preferred
that of the
of the Antelope
the hunter
Wild
of
the
that
Cat,
by
Sheep
of the
those
and
the
rare
hunter
of
0-ho-li
highly-valued
Wolf, by the
and that of the Mole, by
hunter
of
the
aud
Rabbits;
by
Falcon,
Eagle
of other small game.
the hunter
and founded
upon the belief
to this rule is individual,
The exception
extentthe
huntsto
some
game of
special
oneof
the
of
Prey
gods
that any
discover
either
who
may
anyperson
ail the other gods of Prey.
Hence,
to mind or reancient
or
an
fetich
calling
or natural
a concretion
object
it as his special fetich,
any one of the Prey gods will regard
presenting
meted
it to have been
since
he
believes
and almost invariably
prefer it,
to" him (an-ik-tchi-a-k'ia)
by the gods.
ail

THEIR

CUSTODIAN.

members
are thus often individual
property,
these fetiches
Although
as well as
and
of
the
and
Coyote
gentes,
the
Eagle
of
S-ni-a-k'ia.kwe,
to deposit
are required
in the Prey God Brotherhood,
included
priests
of the
of
theMedicine
the
in
with
when not
"Eeeper
their fetiches,
use,
member
thehead
is
who
if
not
always,
usually,
Deer" (Nl-e-ton-lo-na),
of th Eagle gens.

32

ZUNI

It

rests

when
worship
When
tribal

with

these

not

the

House

the

dwelling

in use,
are

of

and

memberships
to carry
on at
with them.

and
found,
connected
fetiches

FETICHES.

the
place

either

for

these

stated

such

alone'to

intervals

ceremonials

or

in

a very
ancient
Deer
Medicine
(Nl-e-ton
of the keeper.
kept

THE

RITES

OF

THEIR

the

perfect
the

vessel

fetiches

ceremonials

for
of

in-kwn),

and

the

these
hunt,
in
wicker-work,
which
is usually

WORSHIP.

THE DAY OF THE COCNOtL OF THE FETICHES.

The

ceremonial
principal
takes
either
place
New
Year.

Beings
national

is due

This

to the

connected
a little

with

before

or

th
after

worship
the winter

of

the

Prey

solstice

or

fact

that
of the
members
of the above-menmany
to other
and
are required
belong
on
societies,
th exact
of th New
Year
to perform
night
other
duties
than
religious
those
connected
with
the fetich
the
fetiches
or gods
worship.
Hence,
have
their
NewYear's
ofprey
special
caIledW-ma-a-wa
day,
-pn-Ma
t-wa-ne
conncil
of the &tiches").
(~The
day ofthe
On this
occasion
is held
the grand
council
of the fetiches.
are
They
all taken
from
their
of deposit
and arranged,
place
to species
according
and color,
in front
of a symbolic
slat altar
on the
noor
of the
council
tioned

associations

also

chamberinawayThave
the
arrangement

attempted
of
whilethe

placed
upright,
from
the rafters
other

and

into

the

of cotton
debarred

at
following
The
ceremonials

Each

member

in hand
of whieh
his

hand,

members
close

of

At

he

scatters

and

takes

the

each

stanza

conclusion

ritual,
recitations,

the

the
his

priest
in

the
of

and

the

in the

cries
the

assemblyof
over
them,
council.
An

is

then

of

the

of

th
the

two-thirds

altar,

to the

prayer
prayer-meal
place

latter
the

approaches

my

recent
never

describe
details

of

sung at
constant
beasts

and

of

with

fetiches,
breathes
opening

intervals,
rattles,

represented

night.

prayer-meal
at
on

the

close

and

from

prayer-chant,
inwhich
varions
imitating
by the

at

the

fetiches.

of the
Deer
"Keeper
Medicine,"
leads
off in the recitation
of a long
occasion,
he is followed
with
by the two warrior
priests
from
another
by a prayer
priest
(of uncertain

of the
which

right,

by

possible,

until
entrance,
I have
Bow,
unfortunately
save by stealth,
andcannot
to correct
therefore,
any

the

throughout

entering
a long

as

quadrupeds
being
fetiches
are snspended
in observing
engaged

day.

to threehours,
to the
sound

dance

is master

metrical
shorter

addresses

of

future
last

on

from one

lasting

who

some

otherwinged
cords.
Busily

ceremonial

anypart
of this
it as a whole.
I reserve

far

the

&om.actual

Priesthood

witnessed

the

and

Eagles

as

to indicate,
the
plates,

on

figures

by means

ceremonials

initiation

the

song,

these

During

rank).
their

at

close,

peat,

may

libral

sunrise,
a concluding

in

principally

gods,

portions

of game,
recitations

additional

which

is brought

and

ceremonials.
by

by

the
are

sacrificed

are

which

of

This

which

taken

several

plume-sticks,

prayer

are

of food

kind

assembly,
altar
aroundthe

ock

out

of th

those
whole

invocation.

hand,

feast,
with
women,
of each
tions

like
the

from

members

ail

or after

prayer-meal

heard

be

33

GODS.

HUNTER

responses

recitations,

of England

Church

the

THE

0F

WORSHIP.

cMiuNG.1

is

in

and

re-

served

At

this
for

member

by a
the

by

por-

feast,
the

Prey
with
the

together
by each

priests,
supplied

at

foUowed

in and

every

litany
and

member.

CEREMONIALS OF THE Ht'NT.

on the occaare observed
briefer,
are nxed
for which
times
the
hunts,
of the
sion
great
of
warrior
and
master
priests
the
Deer
of the
Medicine,
by the Keeper
and
observances
accompanying
the
and
religions
the S-ni-a-Ma-kwe;
conchapters
most interesting
one of the
form
would
which
following
Similar

tribal

midwinter

nected

with

the

fetich

worship
of the Znnis.
are
hnnts
and
tribal

ceremonials

These

but

ceremonials,

midnight

of the

on account
served,
warrior
of the
since

above

of the

and

of game

scarcity

priest

and

more

more

without

mentioned,

of

hood

for

preparing
a favorite

ticular

Facing
fetich

vessel

sacred

in

in

meal

and

t6--tip,
have
we-ma
P~

wani
i-plikin
(plumes,

ifteiaJIy
tives

of

etc.,

relathe

apecies.)
3

to

designs
or medicine

hand,
the
utters

the

of

region

sprinkles
Then

th

region

over

which

to

use.he
meal.

when
himself,
but also with

holding
of his

fetiches

the

before

placed

the

belongs
and

a small
heart,

Deer

the

of

into

he

latter

the

par-

over

the

quantity

he

removes

following

prayer
hom
tsi-ta,
tom lithl
t~M,
mother, (to)thee here
father
my
Ea-k
-t-tch
Hothl
yam
~.redd~nce
Soever for my Fathers

hom
yt-ton-n,
my
day,
l-Ie-te-k'i.
o-n
overtaken.
trail
(by) road
-wa-m,
priest-(gods),

weapons,
&c.,
order
to procure
House
to the
containing
and
substitute,

some

or

Keeper

Tabove

in the

vessel

the

where

direction

yel-le-te-u-k'o-n

~t~~deready

only
In
prey fetich.
before
starting,

he

prayer
his left

L~
This

Whyl
kwn-te
S~S

the

his

be

Priest-

the

of

brother-supplies

with

~n-kwin),

the

which

head-band

his

a Prey

one
will

which

to participate

privileged

not

chase,

(Nl-e-ton
forth
by

is brought

the

the

or appropriate
or later
sooner

proceeds,
Medicine

of

be one

ceremonials-namely,

described

him.

he

provided

and

renlled,
to ~itness

Bow.

the
hunter,

Any

years

assistance

whose

has beenrecently
position
cannot
performed.
they
not only
to be enabled,
winter
the coming
1 hope
during
a privilge
in it;
to join
also
but
of these
observances,
in the order
of my membership
to me on account
granted
This

be

ob-

rarely
a few

death

K'ia-pin-a-h-
the

animal beings
goda

te-li-ki-na.
(wM.h)Ba.rcdtMng.~th(me)Mn~~

i-thle-a-nn

h
1

awn
~irs

h
I

A'-shipnes~

lithl
here

yam
my
for them
h

tomlithl

tun-

o-n

here
thee

I~~dby

trail

ZUNI

~~s.ss
overtaken
~2~

nnto

(have);

wishing for

6-ne
trail

here

thee

good

to my

hence,

yathl
over

FETICHES.

fortune.

s~
mother

all earth

tom

te-ap-~o-nn
sho-hi.t-tom
wherewith (thoniL (the) deer

world

hast

encircleabont

Their

hence wanderaround.
a-k'1Ie-hok
t-u-su
~SS'

flesh

a k'ia

(from me)

pi-nan
wind

thy

being)

breath

soo,er

k'ia-n.
(mabi.do).

Why

hothl

their

6-ne

Life

flnid

80ever

(blood)
kwa
k'ia-na.

ythl

yam
thy
forme

t-ap-k'o-nan

FREE

TRANSLATION.

a-k'i~a

hom

t
ke-tsa-tithon
happy

hast being)
t-~o-ha-nan-ktcM-a-t.
meet
(the) light
with (do).

Hom
t
Unto me thon

(of course)day,
my father
(or,
thee
with
whatsoever
the

fathers,

priest

gods

here

my
I

mother),
have
maile

of

the

I, (as if) unexpectediy,

of the sacred
things

ready

sacred

the

dances,

These

priest

of

ofthe

gods

sacred
I have
things
bringing
here
overtaken
fortune
I here
good
address
thee.
for
WishiDg
thou
hast
whereby
I shall
being,
from here
go forth
prayerfally
j'
upon
the
trails
of
my
earth-mother.
the whole
Throughout
of this grt
thon
country,
they
hast
whereby
the
being,
command
deer,
by the
of thy wind
of life
wander
(breath),
about.
It is wishing
for their
flesh
and blood
that
I shall
go forth
yonder prayerfury
out over
the trails.
Letit
be without
fail
that
thon
shall
make
me happy
with
that
thon
hast
whereby
Grant
unto
being.
me the light
of thy favor.
Prey(beings).
and

with

thee,
that

their

Then

scattering
on the
hunt,
to or toward
his

forth

take

Hal

he
lips

the

in the

prayer-meal
from
the

chooses
breaths

hom

-Iah-kw,

from
ta-tch

vessel

it and
(hom

direction

he

proposes

to

fetich,

and

pressing

it

the

exclaims
tsi-t~,),

l-k'ia

father,

h-kw
ahead

over

ta-pan
taidng

h
1

a-k'i,
with

:prayer

Tha~ks,
over the

Should
of the

my
trails.

a party
Deer

father

(or,

~S~~
go ont shall.

TBANSIATKMr.

this

my mother),

Prayerfully

be going

o-n yathl
trails
over

o-n

y'at-ton-n6

this'

FREE

forth

(of

~-ti-she~.n
wanting
wanting

~S~

with
hothl

K'wa-1-uo-ti-nam

my

(tho1J

life)

by

This

wherewith

hast being)
t-u-su
a-k'i
(witb prayer)
hence,
er
(-&.m),pr~er
`

here

a-k'i

meet

own

thy

kwai-Ma-n.
kwai-k'ia-n..
goonta'haH.

T~h~~
T~~(~

(ad)dresa

to the

over
hunt

one
Medicine,
repeating,
ceremonial
as the fetiches
are drawn.
The fetich
is then
in a little
placed

the

together,
by

dayl

trailsl

one,

crescent-shaped

shall
shall

all
the

follow

repair

to the

above

prayers

bag

(thee)

out.

go

of

Honse

buckskin

and

THE EUNT.

cnsniNG.J

35

the
left breast
by a
over
(or heart)
suspended
it
he
With
shoulder.
above
the
is tied
right
whieh
backskin
thong,
a favorable
and
awaits
room
in
his
it
he hangs
where
up
returns
home,
th
retaining
a few days
if but
elapse,
or snow
meanwhile,
rain
storm,
orders
of'
the
a
member
not
be
If a hunter
in his own house.
fetich
for
a fetich
to secure
a member
ask
must
above
mentioned,whilehe
to use it as
as
he
is
still
privileged
manner
quite
in the
described,
him,
are not supfor success
chances
his
although
is the member
himself,
owner.
as those.of
the proper
to be so good
posed
of th yucca,
the heart
from
out the hunter
picks
During
his journey
where
the
on
point
reaching
a few thin leaves,
and,
or Spanish
bayonet,
it has
or whence
has
to
rested,
he
wishes
which
capture
an animal
to
hereinafter
sacrifices
with
he deposits,
together
newlytakennight,
mu
made~of~ou~
knot
kw-ton-nej,
a spider
be mentioned,
(h-tsa-na
must
be tied Hke-he
ordmary
This knot
leaves.
strands
offheseyucca
ends
of the four
the
so that
to left,
invana.Ny'Bomrght
cat-knot/but
its
from
as the legs of a spider
the center
out from
shall
strands
spread
.r.
tied quite
awkwardiy,
characterized
by being
knot
is
further
The
body.
the heart
which
over
on
the
spot
child.
It is deposited
as if by a mere
a forked
Then
rested
to have
or passed.
is supposed
animal
of the
so -that
the
into
ground,
and
stuck
obliqnely
is
cut
very
of
cedar
twig
taken
course
of
the
by
that
to
in a direction
opposite
stand
the prongs
of its
fore part
of the
as
it
in
were,
and immediately
front,
the animal,
in the knot.
as entangled
is represented
which
heart,
the
which
of the
roar
the
animal,
This process,
in conjunction
with
on the concluhunter
is
imitated
which
by
the
and
fetich
represents,
of
the
to limit
power
is supposed
various
ceremonials,
of these
sion
a narrow
within
and,
him
to
confine
cycle,
the
animal
of
sought,
Bight
is invariably
which
performed,
ceremonial
an additional
with
together
is
This
it. a sure
to
render
prey.
is
th other,
without
supposed
even
the
animal
until
either
followed
has been
the track
only after
performed
m
lain
down.
it has
Then,
where
is discovered
or a place
is in sight,
to have
is supposed
of
th
heart
which
over
th spot
the
animal
exaetly
blackwar
sacred
a saorince
ofcorn.ppllen
(t-n-ia),
he deposits
rested,
shining
particles,
containing
f pl~nbago,
~tsu-ha-pa)-akind
paint
and
from
the
from
Ha-va-su-pai
(Coconinos),
barter
by
andprocured
from
made
or
saered
meal,
westr-and
the
prayer
toward
mines
sacred
of manor of the foods
terrestriallife
white
seed-corn
(emblematic
of
turkois
sometimes
and
sand
from''the
ocean,
of shell,
fragments
kind),
in
carried
by
pouches
and
invariably
very
fine,
or green-stone.
ground
sacred
mixture
To this
of Zuni.
societies
the
sacred
ail
members
of
out the fetich,
added.
taking
are sometimes
Then,
or coral
beads
shell
"th
which
and
exclaims
signifies
from
"Si!
on it-and
it,
he breathes
The exact
meaning
in
readiness.
is
or
that
everything
time bas come,"
all preparations
When
clearer
be made
by an example.
mav,
perhaps,
uttered
the
word
by
a
"Si!
for
ceremonial,
made
been
complete
have
which

the

hunter

wears

36

ZUNI

the

master

priest
ceremonials.

the

foregoing

the

It

is

the

With

this

Ln~'ia
This

ay

he

ta-tchu.
father

tom
thy

an o-n6
own trail

te-lin

tsi-tau-n
to-pin-t
mother (with)
one
k'lah-kwn
an-h-shi-ma-na.,
blood
wanting,
h hal-lo-wa-ti-nn
1
goodforttmea

one

me

ing thy
treasure.

one

and

fathers,
The

breaths

hunter

vines

favor

me.

then

of

used

in

and

the
cere-

prayer:

to-pin-t
h-i,
one
being,

thl
-thle-a-.
tresanre
(ad)dress.
Hom
My

Le-we
t-knthl
po-ti~
ThMmnchwoodsrommBlIed
all the
ahomt
hom
ton n-k'o-ta-tch,
to me yon
atl.&thers,
favor

n-ik-tehi-a-nap-t.
meet with do.

TRANSLATION.

country)
beseeches

shall'
impede
Grant
unto

takes

from
deeply
of the God of

out

them,

to-

yat-ton.n,
da.v

Hothl
u-lap-nap-t.
-wiyam
ronnd about (even) However to me arth
thongh.
yoor
hom
t an-k'o-ha-ti-n.
Tom
an
to me thon ehalt grant (favor).
Thy own
shi-i-nan
n-ti-shi-mn
a-M
tom
hence tothee,
wanting,

thon
father,
even
game
animal,
hast
night
round
(been
made)
about;
of my earth-mother.
step
Wanting
thy
hence
I here
address
to thee good
fortune,

flesh,

brambles,

accompanying

my

Ail
that
fill (th
ye woods
me strongly.
[This
expression
My

commencement

"Ma!
sacrifices

yathl
over

ya/t-M-na
ts-ma-Me-n.
grasping
BtrongahaJI.
Hom
ton t-k'o-ha-na
To me you
light (favor)

Thisday,
day and one

unto

the

for
like

k'ia-pin
game
raw

-thle-a-
(ad)dress,

FREE

Si!

the

i-te-tchn-n
etep
tom
an
thy own

life.lluid

hom an tom
to me mineyon
ha-ti-na-w.
do(H).

for

preparations,

utters

hom
my

ton-n,
day

teh-thli-na-n,
night

lithl
here

a signal
substitnted

prayer.

introduction

yat

is

occasion,
therefore

whenever

prayer,
precede

monials,

pin-t
one

of

FETICHES.

his
as

the
me

round

about

that

the

progress
the light

fetich,
though

though

(do)

sticks,

of the
of your

chased

its
places
to inhale

nostrils

near

bas

left

the

its

horns

favor,

trail
grant
want-

life-blood,
address

me,

logs,

thy

however,

to thee
for

grasp
branches,
animal.]
do.
his

lips,

the

supposed
magie
breath
and puffs
Prey,
and qnite
long
in the genloudly
ral
direction
whither
the
tracks
tend.
He then
utters
three
or four
times
a long
low cry
It is supposed
of, "HtMMMiP
that
the
breath
of the god,
breathed
in temporarily
and
by the
breathed
outhunter,
ward
toward
the heart
of the pursued
will overcome
the latter
animal,
and stiffen
his limbs,
so that
he will fall an
and that
the low
easyprey~
as of the beast
of prey,
will enter
roar,
his consciousness
and
frighten
him so as to conceal
from
him the
of any approach.
knowledge
The hunter
then
his fetich,
rises,
replaces
and pursues
the trail
with
all possible
until
ho either
strikes
the animal
ardor,
down
of
by means
his weapons,
or so worries
it bylong-continued
chase
that
it
becomes an
easy capture.
be such),
he

Before
places

th
its

breath
fore

feet

of
back

life
of

fallen
and,

deer

grasping

(if

it
its

37

CAPTURE.

THE

~1

and
while he applies his lips to its nostrils
mouth, holds it firmly closed,
from th
inhaling
as
into
them
again
wind
possible,
nmch
as
breathes
Then letting
go he exclaims:
into his own.
Inngs of the dying animal
t

t-sho-na-n,

ohild.

my

t t-k'o-ha-na,

Hom

an-ik-tchi-a-nap-t.

k'ia-she-ma
water

father,

Hom

tcha-I.

hom

1 hom ta-tch,

Hal 1 -lah-kw~a

o-n,

(want)

-ythl'klokover

good

(favor)

n-ik-tchi-a-nap-t&.

shi,

meet(gr~t)do.

Ah!

~BEETRANSIATION.

my father, my child.
and the gift of water.

Thanks,

bread")
("daily
favor, do.

Grant unto me the seeds of earth

Grant unto me the light of thy

cuts through
animal is dead he lays open its viscera,
in the aorta, or in the sac which
incision
an
makes
the diaphragm,
on it,
out the prey fetich, breathes
He then takes
incloses the heart.
it thus
and addresses
As soon as the

and

~.SSS

lithl
Si

this

father

My

a-kli

ts i'-ke-i-nan

-k'iah-k'Wi-n,

a-k'i~a ts

here

day

~Sl'with,

i'-te-li-a-u

Ufe-flui(l

(blood)

n~

TRANSLATION.

thon shalt
this day of the blood of a game being
thy heart:
shalt
unto)
it
thon
enlarge
With
(add

Si! My father,
(water thyself).
He then
continuing
les
a-k'ia, h's
I shall

the blood which

as follows:
prayer,
into

dips the fetich

the
meanwhile
ak'n'

tik-l-a

cooked
done

likewise

lithl
here

yam
my

h-i~, k'i-pin-h-i
game
raw

being,

heart

being

th

sac still

its

amd(ofMe)

add nnto

flesh

(enlarge).

TRANSLATION.

the flesh
being, with the blood,
likewise,
I, a "done"
heart.
my
shall enlarge
(add nnto)
(game. animal),

Which

contains,

an shi~an

an ~h~,
its

drink

i-te-li-a-a-n.

i-ke-i-nan
FREE

being

its

animal

with
BEEB

hence
with

Game

he scoops np, with

finished,
forth the liver,
then, tearing

his hand,
ravenously

some

of a raw

of the blood and

a part of it,

devours

sips it;
andexclaims,"-lah-kw'"(Thanks).
the game he takes care to eut ont the
and quartering
While skinning
within the heart
of
its
lobe
ear, the clot of blood
tragus or little inner
Before leavsome of the hair.
and to preserve
(a'-te mul n-li-k'o-na),
of turbeads
corn
black
pollen,
and of the
paint,
ing, he forms of these
shell and coral beads
or
broken
shell
sacred
and
dust,
kois or turkois
ceased to
the animal
a ball, and on the spot where
before mentioned,

38

ZUNI

breathe
meal,
Si!
Sil

yat-ton-n,

This

~?~

te-kwn-t

thns

mnch

was it

Tarn

address.

Bythy

dressa

Tom

addreas

thie-a-u.

thy

thon

tMe-a-.

To&ee

h-i

~d.

come

hom
tome

and

to

Hom t

addressed.
thon

children

ciroledabont
(even)

here

to thee

l-k'ia
this

npward pnlling 9
embraced.

here

corn pollen
the yellow

address.

Iia'1-Io-wa-ti-nan,

Tom
T.thee

6-ne-an,

good fortune,

here

tbl

'treaa.
nre

thi -thle-a-n-

t6n-sn=D-Dan

arMa

prayer-speech

hence
with,

thon

E~a-pm--h--te-kwia-M

here

relative
inthedirection

good fortune,

light
grant
(meet) do.
an'-ik-tchi-a-nap-tli,
il-lii~p 6-na y-Ma-Dap-tu.
with,
trail

lithl

'theyeUc~t.-c~~eM)~
nre,

to

finish,
FREE

Kwa

with.

Not

hom
mine
~

of

6-ne-an,

thl,

the yellow,

t-k'o-ha-na

together

day

h ha~l-Io-

Totbeehere.Ig~d

thie-a-.

Game beings
raw
animais

yat-ton-n

Tom lithl

-ne-an.

an

one

thongh

own

t-pin-ta

tapot

lithl

hom

prayerprayer:

day,

h an-ah-~hIa-M.

-ya-Ma-nan

go (shall).

hence,

To me thon

t tchw'

-Iap-na-Ma

over

with

yat-ton.n

one

~~n.~gs~be
(thysalt7

y~-sIiu-a.i-tlohMa-n.

fail

trail

knowledge-hence

new

conversing

o-n ythl

aa-i-kwaD.-a-M

thli-mon

t-pin-ta

gamebeing,
raw

tom lithl

~P~

~t~'
fortune

k'ia-pin-h-f,

day

night,

a~Hian

FETICHES.

he digs a grave, as it
were, and deposits
therein,
this strange
meanwhile
mixture,
saying the following

Trail
O-n

treasme

y~

over

a,thle{!mve):tll

~sM
good

do.

TRANSLATION.

Si! This day, game

even though,
for a day and a
animal,
night, thy
trail above (the earth) circled abotHr-this
day it has come to pass that
I have embraced
thee upward
To thee here 1 address
( -om it ).
good
fortnne.
To thee here 1 address the
To thee here 1 ad(sacred) pollen.
dress treasure.
By thy (magie) knowledge
with this
dressing
thyself
with this yellow, with this
good fortune,
do thou, in becoming
treasure,
a new being, converse
with (or, of) my prayer as yon wander-to
and &o.
That I may become unfailing
toward
the Game animais
all, I have
here addressed
unto thee good
the yellow and treasore
fortune,
Grant unto me the light of
thy favor.
Grant unto me a good
over the trail of
(journey)
life, and, together
with children,
make the road of my
do.
existence,
the performance
Dnring
of these ceremonials
the fetich is usually
placed in a conrenient
spot to dry, and at their conclusion,
with a blessin the pouch.
mg~-it is replaced
The hunter
either seeks further
for
a pack of his game in its own skin
game, or, making
by tying the legs
and crossing
together
them over his forehead
like a burden
restrap
turns home and deposits
it either at the door or
just within.
Thewomen then come, and, breathing
from the nostrils,
take the dead animal
to the conter of the
room, where, placing its head toward the
East, they
lay on either side of its body next to the heart
an ear of corn (s~gni&-

39

GODS.

HUNTER

THE

OF

POWER

cuBBNG.]

are not less

though
short,
which,
say prayers,
but
than
those
already
given,
of
th
subject
and
interesting
>
for word.
word
I
cannot
produce
unfortunately,
which,
with
Medicine
Deer
of th
to the
is returned
Keeper
The
fetich
but
it forth,
on taking
uttered
that
not
unlike
and
a
prayer,
thanksgivin
g
a
sentence
It
contains
consignto reproduce.
also 1 am unable
vhich
of its quenched
its relatives,
with
speaking
to its house
ing the fetich
etc.
future
of
conquests,
and
th
prospects
satisfied
hunger,
thirst,
of

cant

life), and
illustrative

renewed

POWER.

THEIR
It

is

believed

of

cine

the

represented,
his
great
thus

is

Indeed,

th

of
wearing
of amulets

wearing

since
they
tribes;
not only
or holders,
or Priests
Warriors

dian
sors
the

of

fetiches,

able
the

fetiches

and

"Medicines"

are

supposed
in

success
of

forth

the

the

Bow),

to their

rightful

his

chase

fore
ter,
ter

yield

with

argued
there
and

him

must

food,

possessions
A man therefore

happens

to

nnd either

animais

of

prey.

Brotherhood,
desirable
finishing

apparel,

of

that
counts

a natural
He

presents
th
with

together
of ornaments
amount
(-ya-I~ia-na),

as soon

possession,
and

ornament,

even

that,
logic
strange
exist
a connection

th

tiches

of

is typical

hunter

successful

between

though
the

one, and that.

it the greatest
or artificial
it

to

appropriate
for
(thia-)
as possible.

since

the

distinction.
one

may

other

of
products
It is therenot

possessions

resembling

a hun-

be
the

of

hunth

principallythrough
of good fortune

when

fehe

one

of the

the

Prey
the

of
member
proper
flint
arrow-point
dressing

In-

possescase of

(in the
in
fortune

good

object
a

and

in war

and

matters.
The

as is

as universal
nations

also

but

even
a fetich,
mentioned.

other

among

prey
them.

to weary

heretofore
almost

bring
chase

Medi-

however

man,

without

becomes
to

no

tribe,
of

animais
or

overtake

to

memberships

these

the
and

venture

hnnters

none

to

belong

the

or

unconquerable;

game is
accounted

few

that

happens
they

of

powers

larger

endurance,

game
the chase.

attempt

the

Deer,
the

though
the

to

and

or to.prayers
the deer
especially
Untrammeled
by th
fetiches

these

animals.

the

toward

useless

be

it would

to

recourse

without

inducements

other

It

that

(thi-a-k'ia-na)

and

and

PREY
THE

GODS

0F

ENIFE-FBATHERED

THE

The

Priesthood

of

We-ma--h-i,
is sometimes
classed

the
(Plate
with

Bow
X,

WHITE
possesses
Fig.

0F

THE

MONSTER,
GREAT

of the

PRIESTHOOD

2, and

MOUNTAIN

THE

BO~.

LION,

AND

THE

which

are

BEAR.
three

fetiches,

two

of

Plate

The other
XI,
Fig.
2.)
sometimes
with the higher
these,
and
beings,
said to form
may be safely
a connectinglink
between
the
idolatry
proper
of the Zufiis
and their
fetichism.
These
three
beings
Mountare, th
ain Lion
(Plate
White
X, Fig.
great
Bear
2), the
(Plate
XI,
Fig.
2),
k'6-ha-na-the
(Aii)-shi
of the
god
and
scalp-taking
the
ceremonials),
Kniie-iathered
Monster
(A-tchi-a
l-to-pa),
(Plate
X, Fig. 1).
This curions
god is the hero
of hnndreds
of folklore
and the tutales,
telar
of several
of the societies
deity
of Zuni.
He is represented
as posa human
sessing
furnished
form,
and
with
nintknife-featheredipinions,
tail.
His
dress
consists
of the conventional
terraced
cap ~reprsentative
of his dwelling-place
among
the clonds),
and the
ornaments,
badge,
and
of the E~-k.
garments
are the Great
His
weapons
Flint-Knife
of
the
Bow of the Skies
War,
and the Arrow
(the Rain-bow),
of Lightand his guardians
or warriors
ning,
are the Great
Mountain
Lion
of the
North
and that
of the Upper
regions.
He was doubtless
the
War
God of the
original
now
Zunis,
although
in the order
of war,
to the two children
secondary,
of the Snn mentioned
at the outset.
Anciently
in the

he

was

inimical

skies

the

women

to man,
and carrying
stealing
to his
away
all nations,
until
subdued
by other
gods
men of magie
At present
powers.
he is Mendiy
to them,
rather
in
the sense
of an animal
whose
food temporarily
satisfies
him than
in the
beneficent
charactr
of most
of the gods
of Znni.
Both
the Great
White
Bear
and the Mountain
Lion
of the War
Priesthood
as well
as the
are,
Enife-feathered
of the
skies.
Dmon,
beings
For this
reason
the fetich
of the Mountain
Lion
of the skies
(of arago~
nite) is preterred
of the Bow
by a Priest
above
all other
kinds
or colors.
none
of th
fetiches
of this
Dnibrtanately,
are to be found
priesthood
in the collections
of the
and but
Bureau,
has been
one, with its pouch,
from
the
reproduced
which
is in my possession.
original,
It was not
to me with
presented
my other
on th night
paraphernalia
of the final
crmonials
of my initiation
into
the
Priesthood
of the Bow,
but some
months
afterward
when
I was about
to start
on a dangerous
expedition.
At
this time
I was
with
charged
it during
carefully
life as
preserving
my special
and
instructed
in the varions
fetich,
connected
usages
with
40
40
city
and

of

7'-

BUREAU

OF

SECOND AHNUAL REPORT 18 8~ PL X.

ETHNOLOGY.

SHIELD

AND

FETICH

OF THE

PRIESTHOOD

OF THE

BOW.

BUREAU

OF ETHNOLOGY.

SECOND janmBLHEPOBT

SHIELD

AND FETICH

OF THE

PRIESTHOOD

OF THE

BOW.

Sinclair

1881

PI, XI.

S: Son..I.lHh..

cnsHBto.]

it.

GODS

The

other

THE

OF

was

drawn

PRIESTHOOD

from

OF

a sketch

THE

made

BOW.

by

41

of

myself

a fetich

in

Zuni.
These

fetiches-more

and

in

of the
when

very
rarely
the warriors

others;
ried by

a similar

manner.

of the
quarters
other
paraphernalia
always

of

their

Hunters,
a minute
the

fetich

perfect
save

that

heart

of

Mountain

tached,

or
coral,
the ocean,

kois,
from
theoliva
and

members
taken

from

the

the

is

fetich,
and
n-n),

feet"

or
or

effacing
the

is

medicine

magie
behind

TO
of

those

use,

with
being
regarded,
of his S-wa-ni-k'ia,

but,

as parts

the

returned

to the

headthe
are

this

turkois

PREY

order

black
are

differs

elaborate

bound

The
of

the

side

little

other

those

of

th

figure
is
with

cord.

the

invariably
of shell,

beads

precious

of

with
supplied
with sinew
of
attur-

small

univalves

These

univalves,

are, aboveallothershells,
order.
The wrist

shells,

when

power
the

from

When

the
is, through
same
power,
of the wearer,
that
his trail

the

back

the

placed
considered
not

may

of

a/-tchi-

(S-wa-ni-k'ia
of S-wa-ni-Ma

wearer

quarters.

on

placed

War

of

sacred;
of the
badges
a thong
of buckskin

on

strung

arrow-point,
the.Knife

unexpected

HUNT.

from

arrow-point

The

of the

THE

is sometimes

the

the
through
('!) to protect

supposed,
of war"

from

but
and

to

OF

varied
stone,
occasionally
bound
over all with
a,cotton

enemy.
emblematic

it
belly,
the tracks

GODS

or

be

th
from

enemy
"under

the

capable

of

followed

by

enemy.

The
be

THE

it is more

THE

in

of

not

possessor,

(tsu-i-ke-i-nan-ne=heartsbell),
is emblematic
of a god
are also
made
of these

each

like

than

carconstantly
of the Hunters,

however,

with
Lion,
which,
also,
to the back
or belly.

usually

Lion

Demon-are

him.

RESEMBLANCE
The

Mountain

in pouches

abroad

They
are,
when
not in

society

near

kept

of the
usually
Ehif-feathered

ceremonial

country
taken
as

order
Under

are

where
most

RITES

OF

THEIR

observed

by a Priest

danger
illustrative

is

WORSHIP.

of the

to

be

apprehended

of

the

regard

when

Bow,

from
in which

alone

traveling
the

the

enemy,
fetiches

of

may
his

held.
such

circumstances

scattering
pouch,
and,
four
with
th
quarters

the

warrior

or two
pinch
his right
hand,

takes
of

out

sacred

liolds

it

his

flour
in

his

fetich

from

toward
left

each
hand

the
of
over

42

ZUNI

his

and

breast,

'compnying
Si!
Si!

kneels

or

FETICHES.

on

squats

the

while

uttering

K'ia-pin--h-i
Animal Beinga,

l-we
(all)
thus

ground

the

ac-

prayer:

L-Ma
This

hom
my

yat-ton-n,
day,

a-ta-tehd
Tathera,

-na-kwe
(by) enemies
muoh

Ethl
t-hi-a-na-w.
tel-i-kwn-te
Not
that (in any) way
precious render
(ail do).
unexpected
hom kwa'-hothl
a-k'ia
a-tsti-ma-na-vam-i-Ma-D.
whatsoever
with
my
daring (existence) (pi.) shall.
hom
to le'-na

i-jia-kwe
enemy
ton-n

to

in

[At
the

to

the

ton
ye

hom
me

p-ti-tap-t
filled through

me

back

or feet

Not

6l)elter(pl.)aha]lgive.
shieltl

ton
ye

of the
Ethl

m~-yl-la-na-w.
hom
~ome

the
continuing
the edge
of the
a line about
fetich,

while-still
point,
or sands
with

earth

tMothl-tcha-

that

late

taken

into

from

either
be

may
the

he

[Hre

heart

scratches

second

sacred
other

many

Hk-tiTail-Iong

made
of

points

the

since

in

immediately
the

compass,

it is

front

other

two

of

a fourth

the

respeaker,
not being
to bring
harm

regions

for the
enemy
on which
th
plane
subject
four (the
that
nnmber
of the
true
also,
of the
as with
most
ail Indian
Zunis,

or below

to

add,
numeral
lower

[scratehes

snaU give.

impossible

the

moves.

It

is
fingers)
tribes
and

races.]
TREE

Si!

line.]

shelte)'sMeM(pL)

althongh

account,
above

well

henoe

(give),

ye

[Thse
lines,
to the four

a-k'i

i-pi-kwai-nam-tun

(ofthe)enemypaaathemaelvesfh]'onghto

a third
ta~sh-a-n,
[scratches
line.J
.-tchi-a-la~-to-p,
(Mountain Lion),
Enife-feathered,
hom
ton
i-ke-i-nan
ai-yal-la-na-w..
line]
my

yatday

he scratches
or cnts
prayer,
which
is lashed
arrow-point,
five or sixinches
in length].

-na-kwe

whomsoeTer

a-yl-la-na-w.
shelter shield (pl.)
shati

Lu-Ma
This

thus

ye

this

tchu-a
thlothl
eoever whom (ofthe)

This

TRANSLATION.

animal

this
my fathers,
be
day,
ye
gods,
although
country
render
me precious.
That
enemies,
my existence
may notbe
dared
0
shelter
in-any
way so ever
unexpectedly
by the enemy,
thus,
that
none
of the
give ye to me
(from
them).
(In order)
enemy
may
0
shelter
pass
through
(this
line) hence,
give ye to me (from
them).
Tail [Mountain
Enife-feathered
Long
Lion],
[God of the Knife
Wings],
'0
of my heart
from
them.
give ye shelter
nlled

with

On

the

song
with
dng

conclusion
or

,placed,
and

others,
protection

of

this
prayer
withheld.until

sometimes
other

chants

named
donbly

in which

the

fetich

after

the

is

breathed
completion

and reupon
of the
war-

the three
mentioned
above
gods
are,
in the
native
renderexhorted,
belief,
thereby,
certain.
I am of course
familiar
with
thoroughly

and

cnsHBfG.]

thse

RITES

war

fraught

chants,
with

most

THEIR

etc.

rituals,

great

of Zuni

partment

0F

They

than

recitations,
chants,
with
this worship.

Before

the
following
and
destroying

overtabing

are

prayers
chse,

save

subject
is fed

in
on

trail

much
uttered,
that
they
are
hand.
As with

the

life-blood

etc.,
of

of

in

43

archaic

terms

properly

mere

fetichism;

as, indeed,

the War

society,'in

any

an

to

performed,
relative

more

irre!evant

of the

elaborate

Hunter,
slain.

and
so

with

more
the

his

Warrior,

are

another

on finding
enemy,
ceremonials
are
him, many
the same
as those
described

th

and

more

belong
that
of the

other

nected

abound

but

interest,
worship

WORSHIP.

dedo
con-

way

camp,

or on
many
to the
to

the

the

fetich

FETICHES.

OTHER
FETICHES

0F

NAVAJO

ORIGIN.

THE PONY.
othr

Among
are

several

th

to which

collection
the

representing
3 and
Figs.

horse

these

notes

relate

of
sheep,
are of Na-

domesticated

and

Both
examples.
4, are the best
and used.
The
much
tribe
are
prized.
they
and
has
been
a saddled
3 represents
carefnlly
pony,
veined
like Italian
white
limestone
block
of compact
from
a small
to the Znnis,
is manufactured
This
kind
of fetich,
according
carried
about
and
members
of the Navajo
nation,
by privileged
the
to insure
excursions
in
"medicine
and
war
bags,"
hunting
of the animais
and endurance
they
represent.
safety,

which

Plate

vajo

IX,

importation,
of Fig.
original
carved
marble.
at

in

specimens

pieces

will

dnring
strength,

which

by

THE SHEEP.
Plate
pink

a snperb

either
with

certain

the

flocks,
or death
by

with

to the

addition

1.
of

amulets

AND

fetiches

animal

proper

Concretions

their

forms;

weapons,
withals

and
are

implements,
of

2. The

Being).
sacred

may
other

thought
and

relies

The

productive
~contained"
44

magie

by
of

"medicines~

agencies,
and th

be

buts,
secnre
the

purplishare

Snch
together

and,

of

fecundity

animals

of

prey,

CHARMS.
heretofore

and

roughly

The

divided

into

strange

formations,

to

been

portions

have

ornaments,

their

gods,

their
which

possessors,

worship,

others
many
and as amu-

painted

and

described,

of their

rock

of the

to man
directly
given
"fts
and include
th
3.

to

of

accident.

found

The

in their

or kept

the Zunis
as implements
among
for
a variety
of purposes.
lets or charms
are
of
this
character.
prayer-sticks
are

fetich
sheep
small
turkoises.

not only
are supposed
ceremonials,
them
but
also to guard
against
disease,

AMULETS
ta.

large

4, represents
inlaid
the
eyes
being
about
by the shepherds

Fig.

IX,
nnorspar,
carried

three
of

classes:

on
which,
the gods,

t-ap-kn-na-we
are
in

supposed
th

plumed

days

account
of

(the
to
of

have
the

their

wherebeen
new,"

the

Gods "(yl-le-te-li-we).
are used
as protective,
which
and
as the t-we
are known

"medicines").

curative,
-kwa-we

and
(th

crsmNG.]

AMULETS

One

a mere

object,

an

ing
then

of

organ

be

as the

not
prized,
only
the
of the god to whom
spirit
once
but
also
as
belonged,
man

young

woman

Again,
(Fig.

3),

in his

it
a

is supposed
valuable
aid

with

conqnests

in her

certain
will
be

45

have
something
for example,
(See,
of some
ancient
genital
organ
as a means
of approaching

highly

young

CHARMS.

will
concretion,
human
body.

the

regarded

AND

to

hope

mmerals

bear
(Fig.

as

regarded
will
be

th
male

Fig.

1.)
and

being,

saggestIt will

to

the

children.

or

belonging
as medicines

etc.
fossils,
to, or parts
ofwar
or

l.Concrtion.
or crops
stimof strength,
to the

and
regions,
&re
va,lnaMe

are

prayers

give

efficacy

paint

with

Upper
thereto
to the
which
of

plume-sticks
is
shape,

Fig.
3, irom.K6
supposed
or tooth
of a god, and
weapon
therefore
enthe power
and hence
is preservd
for genof S-wa-ni-Ma,
an interminable
varidecorated;
theTelic
of the

to represent
dowed
with
eranonswich
of other

ety
the

be

to the

used
of, the gods,
yet
the
or
means
of
which
water
be produced
by
chase,
may
to say nothing
of their
as cures,
or sources
ulated,
efficacy
etc.
For instance,
2 is of aragonite,
hence
referred
Fig.

rain

will

to have

women,

2),

aboutit

Wa-rriors,
medicine
of

the

things-in
as

the

while

Order

of

"protective

war"
(Shom-i-t-k'ia).
of it, rubbed
on a stone
and
mixed
with
much
is a powerwater,
ful medicine
for protection,
with
which
A little

his

whole
These

-National
facts

before
and

Musum,
conneotedwiththem

acteristics
this

body
amulets

matter

NoTB.It

and
forth

entering

of
implements
and
th
subject
will throw

beliefs
more

of

the

the

warrior

fails

not

to

anoint

battle.

ZnBis.

worship
merits
much
At

are

well

extensive

lllustrated

in

treatment.

the
light
upon
some
future
time

mental
1 hope

the
The

charto

set

fully.

is to be regretted
that
the haate in whichthis
was prepared
paper
by tho
before
his depajtme
to resnme
his researches
for New Mexico,
tho
among
made
it
for
him
to
discuss
further
ZnBis,
impossible
this interesting
Thc
aubject.
abundant
material
in his possession,
from
actual
in the order or
gained
niembersnip
under
have
wcnid
rendered
this
society
discussion,
other
comparatively
easy nnder
oiroumstajices.Ed.
author,

SMITHSONIAN

INSTITUTION-BUREAU

OF

ETHNOLOGY.

MYTHS
OB
TEE

IROQUOIS.
BTT
ERMINNIE

A.

SMITH.

47

CONTENTS.

CHAPTER

54

animals

giant

Hi-nu~destroyingthe

Page.
0
51

BEINGS

AND OTHER SUPERXATDBAL

I.GODS

54

ASenecajIegendofHi-nu~a.ndNiagara,
The Thunderers.

55
58

EchoGod-.
of the

Extermination

Stone

59

Giants-

59

TheNorthWind

59

GreatHead.
story of tlie dispersion
Giamt'swife
Stone
Stonc&iant's
challenge.

Cusic'k'a
Th
Th

Hiawatha

th

and

of th

Great

62

Heads-

62
63
64

Iroquoiswa.mpnm.

65

CHAPTERlI.Pl&MIES
The

65

warriorsa.vedbypigmies.

66

Th pigmies
a.ndthe
greedyhuntersmission-
Thepigmy'a
CHAPTEBlII.PRACTICBOTSOROER''
and.-mtoho'ha.rms
of'wT.tches
Theorigin
th Sneca,
Originof
A "trne"witoh
story
A case of witchcra,ftto

Aninea.nta.tion
Acnrefora.Il

67
08

69
70

medicime
-

72

bringram.

hodily

injuries.

Awitohimtheshapeofa.dog.
the

Ama,n

who

assnmed

Witoh

transformations

shape

about flies
A superstition
CHAFTER JV.MTTHOLO&IOEXP.LANATIOX
Ongin
Formation

of th

hnma,n

of th

74
74
75

OF PHEKOMENA-

76

race.

TurHe

77

Clan.

77

losthistail.
Howthebear
of medicine
Origin
Origin

'
78

of wampum.

79

Originoftobacoo.
of plumageOrigin

79

theblacT~stripe
chipmunbha.a
of th constellations.
Origin
The Pole Star -

Whythe

CHAPTERY.TALES-

man and

Thehoyandhis
Thedadhnnter
Ahnnter's

his

80

on hishacl:

80
81
83

.
.
.

Boyrescuedbya.bear
nfa.ntnnrsedbybea.rs
The

83
84
83
86

step-son
g.andmother.
...

87
88

adventures

89

Theoldman'slessontohisnephew
Th hunter
andhisfaa.thless'tvifeE

73
73

of a hog.

90
49

50

CONTENTS.

CHAPTER
Th

V.TALESConthmed.
charmod

Page.
92

suit-

Th boy
audthe
Th lad and the
The gniltyhuntera
Mrs. Loga.n'sstoryThehunter
and
A sure revenge.

96

oom.
chestmuts.

97
99

100

-
his

dead

103

wife.

104
107

Tra.veler'sjokes
EingBshera.ndMs
Th wild-catMidtho
CHAPTEB

108

nephew.
whitera.bbit.

110

VI.RELIGION

112

N'ewTear'sfestiva.l.
Ta.ppingthe
Planting

corn

maple
.

112
trees-

115
115

Stra.wberryfeativa.lGreen-eom
festival.
Ga,thering

the corn

115
115
115

j~~n~T~~Tj~y~.
PLATE

XII.EeturDmgt~n'kstotIieGrea.tSpMtXIII.Stone
or ca.nmiba.1.-
giant

52

XIV.Atota.rha.,

60
64

XV.TIieFlymgHead

-n'aroliief.
put

toBight..

56

OF

MYTHS

BT

THE

IROQUOIS

A.

ERMIXNIE

SMITH.

OHAPTER

AND

GODS

The

monuments

principal

myths
these

folk-lore,
are
monuments

European
in

civilization,
to trace
order

of their

customs,
by the

them

forgotten
handed
been
to

eration
The
his

and,

like

place
the white
terious

or

gratitude,

the

animals

Many
intellect

Most

the
who

animals
to

incomprehensible

most

being
their
that

in its

(the

of

particular
child-like

were

whose

been

long
have

they
from

genyou

Spirit,"
a careful

with

awe,
reverence,
endowed
themselves
must

vengeance

be

propiti-

thank-offerings.

and
which.the
regarding
deities,
their
most
remote
ancestors-cerinto

by their
or clans.
stage
state,

tell

but
honor
that
in the
clearly
very
of
earliest
conception
All the mysnumerous.

recompensed
by
or incense.
dances,

these

Thunder,

do,

them
inspired
or beings
like

beings

gentes

of

hve

with
among
records

the

his

in

gods

goodness
of feasts,

preserved

power

search
and

will
many)
the
Great

still
to

proves
Indian's

obscure,
were
were
transformed

later

designate
in
races
is still

form

of these

are

dances
tribes

deities,

ancient

most

are

and

which

attributes,
or

mercy
implored,
were
in the
latter

his

of mind

As

contact

as
to repeat
traditions
and
fathers'
fathers
fathers,

these

became

supernatural

them

laws

beliefs.

great
spirit
the
Iroquois
that

their

through
hasten

their

centuries..

many

of

they

continue

feasts

God)
all
nature,

in

the

of

their

their

through
for

man's

Among
traditions
tain

who

are
Iroquois
are embodied.

powerfuf
which

away,
must

ethnologist

historyof
and
laws,

held
himself,
the mythology
of one prevailing

terror,
with

in

the

of

study

once

crumbling

the

people,

generation,

the

language

there
of to-day
Iroqnois
(and
pagan
as he continues
ancestors
worshiped,

that

ated,
The

fast

ideas,

down

of
the

with

BEINGS.

SUFERTSTATITRAL

OTHER

and

I.

being
have

human

shape,
who

descendants,
of

names

have

used

human
when the
the
awffiland
by

savagery
impressed
classed

the

it

foremost
~mvau

a:mvu~
among
51

52

MYTHS

their

with

deities,

the

attributes

THE

IROQUOIS.

to the

proportioned

or status

disposition

of

worshiper.
the

Hi-nu~,

beneficent

with

favorably
companied
stood
to
isolated
It

OF

the
his

by
be

only

his

most

bas

become

equaUy
to promote

God
as

god

of

the

worshiped

powerful
the

by

demand
might
to make
unto
him,

safe

his

mission

was

under-

favored

his

though
people,
a just retribution.
to earth,
approach

him

from
on

most
compares
races.
Ever
ac-

Iroquois,
other

assistants,
welfare
of that

offenses

personal
therefore

was

Thunder

same

near

the burning
and
so nrnuy
rooted
offering,
tobacco,
ancient
that
th
custom,
aged
superstitions
Iroquois
of to-day
can
often
be seen
on the near
this little
making
offering
apof every
thunder-storm..
It is not difficult
to follow
the
crude
proach
vas
ascribed
to Hi-nu~
the goodness
and
of
reasoning
by which
glory
the giant
monsters
wbich
either
the waters
having
destroyed
poisoned
acceptable
that

or infested
often
Hi-nun

the

in

myths

his

be

from

Iroquois

in

the
the

the

The

North
corn

Wind
and

cries

of

Of

These

are

is contained
As,
age."
boundaries
ern

divinities,
ceremonies.
The

"Grt

own

th

the

bones

Thunder
this

God

an

almost

natural

itself
has
myth
was an indigenous

expla-

traveled.

It
of the

god

crude

reasoning
povers.
West
Wind,
who,
with
and who finallyassistedthe
rain,

was

only
the

the

stone

powerful
deity

calamity

giants.

or spirit.
in its train,

from

thus
depriving
rivers,
th mere
tonch
of his

stiff

in

propitiated.
of the Iroquois,
in which,
tribes,
insured

death.

This

ranked

Therefore,

often
the

him,

people

killing
of

th
their

the beicy fingers

as an evil
deity

is little

there
earth

their

only

exercised

his

by repeating
almost
certain

power
the

among
victory.

their

during
hills

their

He

was

ever

of

Eolder

thanksgiving.

T-rhu-hyia-wa,h-ku~

Heavens)
their
mother

the

regarding

Hi-nu"

vivifying
of the

brought

he
Go-weh,
with
special

-th

destruction

as a beneficent

freezing
and

from

boit
of
crashing
The simlarity
dis-

and

the Mars
Echo,
wars
with
other

honored

their
the

sustenance,
hunter
became
be fared

th

that

Hi-nu~

ranks

evident

than

peoples

that

extermination

Wind

unripe
needed

of

was

other

giant
making
animals,
traceable
to this
and
simple

assumed

great
clouds

existed

their
many
to

is probably
no argument

product

of

brought

nighted
ever to

of

destruction

safely

th

West

had

power

presents

then,

Iroquois,
Brother

the

of

myth,
and

nation,

such

what

accomplished

the

mission

universal

may,

That
and

coverable
and

land.

discovered,
could
have

bore

the

known

important
than

that

office
he brought

out

of
from

tribes
th Iroquois.
composing
a knowledge
of whose
existence
Iroquois
gods,
for they
to the charmed
only in myths,
belong
mythologie
the Iroquois
tribes
have
not
the
entirely
passed
however,
to mention
some of their
of that
more modage, it is proper
some

the

(who
more

six

of the

in whose

Spirit,"

worship
so popularly

are

intermingled
and

poetically

many
known

of their

ancient

as

god

th

of

c:
0
7
H

g
S

h
H

:I~.
i
>-3
J'i
..l'll:~
m
m 1
>-3101
CI>
I~
o
Pi
Il'
t,
Gj
F~
t<I

Ili!I~1
11,

17>
N
j'Jl(~~
,
1,

g
t<
ro
3
g
N
s

S
r
q

GODS

sMim.]

the

and

red man,

th

idea

theindian's

OTHER

AND

Happy

of

man's
of the white
conception
as
of their
carefnl
past
study
existence.
prehistoric
It

be

may

white

trne

men

in

tained

th
ing
same
time

many
thunder

as

his

still

their

They
former
and

voice
into

introduced

they

is

which

were
to

obtained,
former

and

there

gods
winds

as his
as

was
as

beliefs,
Great

and

Good

evil
the

Among
over

ogy.

the

preside
are represented
peace
and
soil

spirits

also

good
favorite

spirits

as loving
The
unity.

and

in

blossoms

liant

under

about

nitting
festivals

play
are

an important
the three

vegetables-corn,
each
other
vines

of

held

supporters."
the
as

This

pure

literature
always
the

of
the

and
of the

Spirit,

the

rle

at

the

trinity
and
Sun,

in Iroquoian

sisters
beans,

very
the

AlthoughAtotarho
names
are
whose
which

dearly

who
and

The

becoming
attributed

with

are

they

Iroquois.
enemy

for
th

wonderful

influence
to

distarb
and

still
have

his

invested
to

of
of

together
the same
upon
of corn
is sup-

sisters
to

to

credulity
were

Hiawatha

the

to

donne

marvelous

may,

hair,

day

as

yearly

Our life,

and evil genii

good
serred
hair which
or of

destruction.
in the

largely
in those

of

the

eager

contemporary
of chiefs
of the

around

accumulated

of the former,
and
skill,
cunning,
of
with
the
title

his

list

in

name

of
bril-

be seen

can

To this

appealed

sister

The
garments
with the

un-

stone

days
final
extermination
butwhose
man,
stories
of daringdeeds
performed
or magie,
but
never
in too
charms

the

continued

They

dwelling

grow

figures
imagination
There
were
also

to

continue

squashes.

the
nights
tall corn.

bright
the

mythol-

still

and

vegetables
other.
The

corresponding

Indian

it is impossible
fiction.
from
They

demigods.
together

the

that

fact

In

among
and

beings

mortal

a manner

myths
varied

honor,

the

theme

under

~oftentimes
marvelous

their

of

product

giants,
furnished

is

re-

but
consider-

breath,
a form

and long
with everwatchfui
eyes,
Heads,
of mercy
them
on missions
to bear

wings

written

arating

in

rustling

supernatural

Great

them

care.

her

or heard

are

Among
were
the

and

fonda-

Spirit,

each
around
spirit
lovingly
cling
and
silken
tassels.
leaves
with
its long
to be draped
posed
with
of its velvety
th bean
has a wre'ath
who guards
pods
of squashes
is clothed
while
the spirit
the delicate
tendrils,

the

in-

no

no

attributes,
his

in poswith

contact

Earth.

Mother

our

of their

them

found
in

the

ready
from
a

myths

been

worship
pagan
of the
Great

consisting

preserved,

their

is evident

numerous

accepted

the

their

but

long

had

ideas

reqnired.
instances
their

the

missionaries

them

those
adding

simply
was

change

first

Indians

the

This

Heaven.
from

gleaned
of the

many
but

ideas,
whom

from
in

congruity
mental

that

such

of

session

and

God

to Le

reported

generally
of them

Eunting-ground,"
are both
state,

a future

53

BEINGS.

SUPEBNATUBAL

listener.
personages,

present
day,
~re
so many
history
line sepboundary

their
the

vague
classed
as
be properly
therefore,
which
signifies
"th entangled,"
in his
cruelty
in war, soon resulted

a wizard.
which

The
consisted

of
origin
of living

his

name
snakes,

6
MYTHS.OF

54=,

and

thus

regarded

he

is represented

by

his

THE

the

by
as having

tribe

the

Among

same

"Hiawatha
that

stories,

be

they
may
the
Hiawatha

Hiawathas,
important

th

tribe,
legends."

of his

pictographers
been
a being

ments.
th

IROQUOIS.

are

Onondagas,
So numerous
the

being
the

functionaries

in

HI-NU~

DESTROYING

Heisstill
endow-

what

histories

official

name

be termed

may
different

yet

the

tribal

time.-

supernatural

found

and

as

regarded

with

are

these

of
of

a long
line of
one
of th
most

These
in
stories,
through
many
last become
generations,
to
applied
(.'ne. person,
who
is thus
most
as far snrpassing
marvelously
endowed,
ail in goodness
as did Atotarho
in the opposite
attributes.
To him
is
ascribed
the honor
of having
established
the Great
of the
Collifederacy
which
so long
Iroquois
rendered
them
invincible
in war.
His
name,
which
"He
who seeks
the wampnmbeit,~
signifies
to the
probablyled
of his having
superstition
invented
To accomplish
wampam.
his wonderfal
he was provided
with
a magie
feats,
canoe
which
his bidobeyed
The
ding.
legendary
accorded
in which
apotheosis
he is reprehim,
sented
as ascending
to Heaven
in a white
to be of
appears
canoe,
modern
origin.
their

relation

A hunter
he

heard

himself
which

in the

woods

calling
the
clonds,

inthe
seemed

to

be

to be their

old

man

the

him.
below
depths
kill this
to
enemy
to

accomplish
foe.
He was

shelter
was

from
man's

and

assistants,
man
race,

and

A
A

of many

surrounded
He

beautiful

by

the
first
it he

protected

SENECA

was

He

which

had

now

their

where

Thunder

AND

to be

number

place

the

not,
monster

in

to try
hunter

the
failing,
drew
his bow

friendly

serpents,

HI-NU"

could
the

he

and
had

ceased.

the
were

they

about

he

his

he found

ground.
Beings
them
who
amdng
and
tell whether

see

of

Upon

dragons,

OF
was

that

accordingly
back
to the
with

that

it from.

maiden
old

race.

acquaintance
learned

the

could
one

when

thunder-shower,
he did until

from

trees

ordered

conducted

storm,

a
This

Replying
which
he

feat.

LEGEND

Indian

a hideous

then

in

ANIMALS.

with
one
him,
told to look
below

then
They
the
human
th

GIANT

caught
to follow.

a huge
water-serpent.
anointed
his eyes,
after

the

to marry

once

see

told

sought
This

THE

him

height

chief.

could

killed

upon

men

he

and

was

a voice

seemed

was

government.
have
at

and

God

and

his

toward

the

hu-

other

enemies.

NIAGARA.

compelled

by

her

family

Indian.

This
is th mterpreta,tio[i
as Pre Cuoq suggiven by the tribe, the real meaning,
which implies
allia.mce between
gests, being a "river
maker,"
and as wamnations,
the original
pum was used for treaties,
idea seems to have been retained
after th
word itselfhas
become denotive.

~,TH.i

TTT-NI~

was

Despair

heart.

in her

going
tested

her death,

her

into
leaped
of Niagara.

waters

th

preferring

and

canoe

it

from
was

she

not

to the

waters

angry

for

escape

pushed
that

heeded

She

no

was

there

that

55

ANIMALS.

&IANT

knew

She

she

her, so in desperation
on the roaring
shore
to

THE

DESTROYING

of her

arms

de-

lover.
who watches
and Bain,
Hi-nun,
God of Cloud
deity
the
th great
Now,
From
his
waters.
th rnshing
behind
dwelt
in a cave
over
the harvest,
her
saw
maiden's
of
the
canoe;
home
he saw the desperate
lannching
and flew
ont
his
He
wings
destruction.
certain
spread
to almost
going
on the
was dashing
bark
as her frail
and
to her rescue,
herjust
canght
rocks
below.
cave.
He
in Hi-nn~s
weeks
for many
Indian
The grateful
girl lived
died
her
him
from
She learned
people
why
new things.
her many
tanght
He told her how
them.
was always
sickness
among
bnsy
so often-why
and how he
beneath
the village,
th gronnd
a snake
up nnder
lay coiled
behnman
he
lived
because
upon
the
ont and
springs,
poisoned
crept
never
he could
that
and
so
get
more
flesh
craved
their
and
more,
ings
causes.
from
natural
died
if they
enough
was
that
the ugly
in till he learned
old suitor
the maiden
Hi-nn"
kept
she had learned
what
and tell her tribe
her return
Then
he bade
dead.
of

the

Hi-nu".

great

She
their

was

pent
self

Ei-nu."

too

him
at

thunderbolt

his

as he

and

As

way

and

in

death

had

creek,
ail
awoke

former

he

lannched

dwellers

the

one.

th

then

the

pre-

a
the

by

was forced
Hi-n~
not killed.
injured,
and another,
and another
finally,
before,

was

to
the

His

them.

following
an Indian
it from
distinguish

story,
chief,
the

laid

Indians

the

arrow

than

flights,

twenty
as if a mountain
it was
Niagara
so it
to pass the rocks,
was too large
corpse
it monntains
rose
over
them
and the waters

the

Indians

more

of

waters

the

in between

the

over

when

that

so enormons

it stretched

down

The

to

for

as he

up

words

for the seragain,

himEe dragged
influence
Hi-nn~s

out

but

to break

her

and

ontwitted.

noise

had

monster
pressed
that
remains
form,
in
fever
no more

THE

seems

them

begged

lake;
it broke

and
people,
settlement

neared

terrible

of th
weight
horseshoe

the
thus

But

ioned.

he

only

snake

floated

wedged

high.

A
was

and
the

slain.
dead

above

appeared
became

new

thunderbolt,

was

great
out
body

the

nntil

him.

snake

but the
lake,
launch
another

to

the

undermined

watched

poisoner
Th

after

surely

her

but
ceased,
be so easily

to

cnnning

but

slowly
have
would

told
nearer

had

sickness

a while

far

he
travel

and

For

vailed.

ail

them

taught
settlement

myths

to
their

rocks

they

this

day,
settlement.

was

gave
fash-

THUNDERERS.
to

as related
shows

the

on

that
of

me

by

Horatio

snstained
th

Iroqnoian

Haie,

imaginative
family.

who
power

received
which

56

MYTHS

On

one

occasion

in

When

pedition.
had the
of

the

They

formed

others

far

IROQUOIS.

time

three

distant

warriors

from

their

set

own

litter,

out

on

an

ex-

one of them
land,
law it became
th

his

to convey

a rude

THE

ancient

they were
to break

misfortune

duty

the

OF

Indian
leg.
By the
their
comrade
injured
him upon
and, laying
it,

back

to

bore

his

him

home.

for

some

distance.
At
the

length
exertion

the

ground.

to a ridge
of mountains.
they came
severe.
To rest
themselves,
they
withdrew
to a little
distance
They
There

was

The

way was hard

their
burden

placed
and

took

evil

and
on

counsel

a deep

or pit,
into
the ridge
of the
hole,
opening
from
the
where
place
they were
sitting.
to the
took
Returning
carried
litter,
they
up their
him
helpless
load,
near
the brink
of the pit,
and
hurled
him in.
Then
set
suddenly
they
off rapidly
for their
own
When
arrived
country.
they
they
reported
that
he had died of wounds
received
in figlit.
Great
was
the grief
of
his mother;
whose
he had
a, widow,
been.
To soothe
only support
her
told her that
her son had not :fallen into the enemy's
feelings
they
hands.
had
rescued
from
that
had
They
they
tended
him,
said,
fate,
carefully
together.
mountain

a little

at

distance

him

in his last hours,

and
that
They little
imagined
comrades
by his treacherous

pit.
?"

Indian

will

promise

What

to

warrior

in

autumn.

and

the

old

for

one

man,
man

the

pit,

in

bringing
of the
enormons
feel

its

behind
he

strange
asked.
(Hi-uu").
everything

and

bear,
fatness

snows

He
and

In

reply
They
upon

old
he

winter

old

return

that

you

game

man
recovered.

with
you
you."
you

kill."

The

herbs

applied

to

his

This

happened
in the service

hunted
youth
he killed
any
himself
and
help

come

saving
recover.

you

the

whenever

he replied,
"if
man,

for

when

me the

bring
the
outil

that

in

you
Oniy

and

woold

too
game
to convey

of

large
it to

to reside.
When
the spring
arrived,
he continued
his pursuit
frequent
showers,
more
One
an
dimculty.
day Le encountered
vas lucky
to kill.
As he stooped
to
enough

and

with
he

judge
had
not

that

cloud-like

of

die,"

continued

and

him.
to

he

they

though
which

require

the

through
told him

I suppose,"
said
the

to die,
not

promised,
him skillfully

to carry,

melting

here

shall

youth.
me and

All
who

game,

I
the

huntfor

readily
attended

which

way
turned

what

asked

remainhere

me

"Ton

do

is that

the

thrown

stoieism.

young
wound

their

have

They

true

will

his remains
a becoming
burial.
given
he was still alive.
Wheu
he was thrown
down

he lay for some

time
insensible
at the botWhen
he recovered
his senses,
th pit.
he observed
an old grayman
seated
near
into
a cavity
him, crouching
on one side of the
friends
done
to
Ah, my son,"
said
th old man,
what have
your

tom of
headed

you

had

louely
saw tbree

of

its

region

at

men,

or

that

him

it in

good

that
order

their

human

time

for

that
mission
the

a murmur

heard

any

of

in th
figures
near
him.

garments,
standing
informed
him
they
told

he

weight,
that

imagined

they
was

benefit

the

year.
"Who

were
to

the

find

in
men,
clad
are
you ?" he

the

keep

voices

Astonished,
of

shape

of

of
wold

beings

Thunderers
the

human

earth
race.

and
If

0
5
Q

a
n
0
?
Q

tm
9

f
M
O
g
t-t
s

~j
s
m

a drought,
it was their
noxious
cratures,
to do away
and, in short,
their
told
him that
present
was

there

them,
They
whom

he

had

bound
of

who,
what

them

and

fice

his

seeming
a bear
and

killed

and

anxious
if

see

any reluctance
benefactor.

overcame

ances

was

that

th

and

the

hollow

make

andlooking
haste,
bear
cut
it up
they

the

directed

the

though
off hastily

yonth
astonished

for

rumbled

in

to

The

run.

shoulders.

and

they

and
The

and
burst,
its den.

upon
into

old

out

of
to

old

youth
complied,
The old man set

man

a boit

finally

and
man

reached
man

the

and
appeared
down
his load
th

was

constantly

When

knives,
strength.

threw

nearer,

him

had

he
man

the

thunder

and

started

assumed
the

his

bushes,
thunder

the

struck

the

huge

have
said
to the
young
man,
"Now.thatwe
home
and
we will take
to your
your
mother,
you
here,
for you a.U. the time."
grieving
a cloud-like
like
that
which
him
a dress
they
robe,
wore,
gave
to be moved.
were
on its shoulders,
and told him how thse
wings

our
is

They
having
Then

lifeless

his

that
old

which
fled through
porcupine,
backward
as it ran.
But
arrows

enormous

fell

their

to sacri-

sky carefully
The young
then
came

man

anxiety.

great

man

old

old
urging

assur-

their

Thunderers

the

Then
donc

an

like
qnills
with
burst

him,
which

animal,

who

of

just
The

the

visible.

with

companion's
then
a cloud

rumbled

thnnder
its

discharging
followed

but

pit,
distance.

on

his

at

the

the

form

proper

with

upward

hurriedly
it ail
to place

much

cloud

a good act,
see his

felt

The

examine

speck
The
clear.
perfectly
the
yonng
hunter,

sky was
followed

the

of

smallest

ser-

destroy
mankind.

would

and

it home.

youth

do

he

have
might
and told him

him

to bring

help
the

bade

would

proposai

man

young
went
to

He

he

where

home,
This

the

his
He

uueasy.

there

replied

needed

were
to

to
injurions
to
to destroy
the old man
would
show
was a
as they
him,
For
this
to be.
he pretended

would
assist
his aid.
required
would
him
back
to his
convey
they
to take
care
of her.
mother
and be able

they

there

was

object

from

being
If he

if
rain;
commissioned

bring

they
were
with
everything

and

himself,

sort

different

very

to

duty

or other

pents

57

THUNDEBERS.

THE-

sMiTE.]

work

in his mother's
himself
in the air, and soon found
them
and drew
aside
the mat
He went
to her cabin,
was night.
and
at him
The
widow
started
th
which
covered
up
gazed
opening.
that
she
saw
her
son's
with
in the
ghost.
thinking
moonlight
terror,
he said;
"it
her
"Do
not be alarmed,
He guessed
mother,"
thoughts.
he rose

with

cornneld.

is no

It

It

ghost.

be

supposed,
lost
son with
a

son,
comrades

is

is your

son

poor

woman

delight.
rest

the

for
in

noticed

the

not

the

He
of

the

recorded.
story,

which

come

back

was
remained
year.

What

They
now

take

to

overjoyed,
with
were

assumes

care
and

of you."

As

his

her, fulniling
was donc
to

his

insignificant
a more
decided

longduties
as

trcacherous
to be

too

may

her

welcomed

further

mythological

character.
When
him,

~We

the

Thunderers
will

leave

bade
the

farewell

cloud-dress

to the
with

you.

young
Every

man

they

spring,

said
when

to
we

58

MYTHS

retnrn,
you can put
the good
of man."
that

no

derers

one

and
thirsty,
he rejoined
with
which
with

oil.

In

and

Accordingly,
see it, and

might

and

returned,
over
th

clouds

it on

he

earth.

"Where

fly with
the

IROQUOIS.

us

to be witness

waited

Then
came
grub,
of th

fields

the

the robe,
and
above
they
passed
him a pool he descended
looked
at him,
they
moist
had caused
them

have

been

you

answered,

drinking~

pointing
in that

is something
it for years,
and now you
sought
cast a mighty
thunderbolt
into
they
At the bottom
of it, blasted
dry.
by
of th kind
which
the corn
destroys

Theysaid,
We bave

hid

youth
until

and

gardons;

the

chief),

but

this

was

to what

the

dress

mountain
to drink

and

saw

to

shine

they
to where
pool
have

woods,
Thunbecame

of it.

When

that

the

water

smeared

asked

him

it lay

still

eagrly.
in sight.

which

we must
found

happily
pool,

the

thunder,
beans
and

a vast

in the

he

as if

the
and

we do for

in the

Then
th
spring.
noatedwith
them

As

he

pool,"
"There

THE

resumed

below
seeing
his companions
his lips were

yonder

OF

destroy.
it for ns."

which

bepresently
was an immense
other

products

big as a
and
of ail
special
patron
rpresentative
his
grnbs.
After
friends
to some
accompanying
and
spirit
distance,
more
of their
deeds
of the
like
seeing
th
good
returned
sort,
youth
home
and told
his friends
that
the Thunder
was their
divine
protector,
and narrated
th proofs
which
he had witnessed
of this benignant
character.
the honor
in which
the Thunder
Thence
originated
isheldamong
the Indians.
still
call Hi-nun
their
Many
Iroquois
grandfather.
said

house,"

When
At

served
the

engaged
for

coming
on the

were

out

God

would

in

wars

ont

up

would

on

throngh

the

repeated.

and

sent

out

the

Echo

continued

make

runners,
God
it
calling,

toaskthecanseofhisanger.

voice

warrior

war-path.
it

up

god.
as

and
as

it

carry
this

had

was

gained
When

there

Fm telling
But if one

ont,"0h-weh!0h-weh'~meamng"0nrown'"
After
any of these
signais
council

the

the

Goh-weh
and

nations

When

to this
praise
as manytimes

weh

different
only
used

able
to hear
being
it,
Therefore
when
they
give

with

GOD.

as it would
signais,
of evening
it was

take

("as

the

ECHO

God

crature

th
a

respond
by them

to

special

great

enemies
were

to the

god
a
victory
were
killed

persons

These
you
of their
own

calls
call

of

the

Echo

of Iroquois.
in those
who

th
Echo
whoop
not
air, the enemy
of the
Six Nations.
dance

was

their

victors

held

to

called

the
'~Gohkilled,
cry being
words
th Echo
God took
tribe

was
3e

killed

they

called

were
all assembled
given
to
together
for an attack
or pursuit.
arrangements
Then
who
aiso
If no response
proclaimed.
was
made
was
an omen
that
should
not
they
but
start,
and if the god still
a service
was
remained
silent,

hold
wero
by
they
held

ECHO

EMiTH.]

a warfare

When
and

God
dead

the

and

wars

are

th

the

feast

to
of

the

and

EXTERMINATION

The

ing out on
were
bidden
and

a time
appeared
a mighty
down

th
to

the
were

th

accept

This

place.
at the

from

abyss,
the God

was

the

warned

of

which

the

West

to fight
the stone
At
the
appointed
near

the

day

north,

his
soon

children
North

custom

at

a certain
people;

where

precipitated
were never
they
Wind
was ever

start.

and
danger
and appoint

giants
time

after

and

Wind,

punish
and ranks

the

season

for

but

had
icy figure
the Thunder

an

was

man-Iike

a common
creature,

and

covered

promontory,

belief

are
too

over

far

offender.
an

the

giants

in reverence

held

long
which

also
God

and

chased

demon

icy

and

heard,
towards

his

termed

to go about
deappeared,
was appealed

to

th
remain.

ngure
To

when

ven.
any
his frosty
or
KS-tash-haht,
abode

spirit.

HEAD.
Indians

that

of

a head

simply
hair.
his

men

medicine

is

ne

evil

among

consisting
with

the

blustering

to intrude
as

th

assistants

doomed

GREAT

ness.

just

WIND.

whereupon
his
with

they

howling
dares

mortal

turesome

eyes
rifted

to

resolved

Then
there
came
gulf.
race
of giants
the whole
themable to extricate

a great

NORTH

gifts
a man as a sacrifice;
he came
to the rescue

into

It

the
was

of Cornplanter.

the far West,

of Senecas,
party
their
impending

inhabited
A

which

from

of the

manding
to, and
this

God

Senecas.

demanding

far

grandson

Indians.

THE
It

BEILLE,

was

west

the
of

STONE

challenge
did.

they
which

place,

the

and

selves,
by the

Echo
for

GIANTS.

OF THE

principally

war-path,

wind

into

ME. O'BEILLE

by

who
giants,
and exterminate

stone
East

come

to th

mourn

th
since
now
warfare,
ceased
to be a
have

during
Echo
God

emergencies
dance
to the

to

Echo

As

captives.

in

held

was
first

rejoice-but

crmonies.

Iroquois

Related

a dance

victoriously

fate

except

upon
the

over

of

part

ended
assembled

on

decide

called

never

was

nations

59

ETC.

GOD,

His
long

home
hair

there
made
was
streamed

was

a strang,
with

terrifie
a

upon
in

hug
shaggy

hularge
a
rock,
fierce-

60

Seen

or nnseen,

growled:

if

MYTHS

OF

he

anything

"Ku~-kn",

there

all
dren,
followed

boys.

their

were
They
a while
resumed

-by
uncle.

but

after
As

was

and

the

turn

of

The

younger
seemed

of
the

greatly
their
older

staid

a man

events

t!ie

and

th

breath

his

father

went

home.

One

in vain;
the

Then

to

they

day
also

oldest

of

of life

that
wife

with

and

thus

his

it

uncle.
aged
brother
was
One

to dig into
and
taking

mould,
and
were

over

at

last

for

that
bear's
well

for him
caring
and
talk.
eyes
how
he

th

ten

chilwith

of

their

both

hunting
looked

they
looked
those

to go away
ont
in

heard

log,

The

where

for

th

home

said,

"I

brought,

to see

returning
him on

first

fed

man
then
strange
been
ail
that
there,

he had
long
went
out -was to hunt.

home

they
rnbbed
consciousness.
oil until
told
he

night.
also did

He

was
lest

saw some
up they
Then
the old man

'When

at

that

left

he too

conrepeated,
they
a man coveredwith

being
discovered

oil."

grounds
the re-

th
woods,
wheu
like
a groan,
which

a noise

setting
was alive.

for

the

groan

they
him

parents

brother

from

sobn

in vain
at

youngest

were

he

pleased
they
The

until

tw.o

earth.

earth,
him
and

the

were

the

all

forbidden
th

day

th

convinced

~Bun

was with

he

"Isee

is,

and
was
died,
now
left
alone

who
were
boys,
af&icted
loss
by the
for support.
hunting
brothers

at

brother
retnrn.

one, stepping
to come
from

cluded

time

elder

youngest
be lost.

should

know

of

the
ones

their

return,
alone
with

his

mother

brother's

lived

course

customary,

not

In

th

had

wa~h-tci'-ha~-i-h";
"thon
shalt
suffer."

and he went
go to look them
up
off, but did not retnrn
next
brother
then
went
to hunt
for his lost brothers.

The

lad,
and

the

younger

second
will

In

IROQUOIS.

that

Ku~n~-kn~,
shalt
die," or

I see
thou
tbee,
a distant
wilderness

thee,
In

saw

THE

them
knew

he

to

the

it over

him,

to

move

began
that

was

of life

signs
said

he
that

did
the

not
last

him to stay with

They
persuaded
them,
th nine
brothers
who had so mystestoryof
then
discovered
riously
disappeared.
that
the stranger
They
was somewhat
for he told
them
supernatural,
very
strange
things.
One night
he said,
hearken
to th great
noise
in this
I cannot
sleep;
direction.
1 know
what
it Mit
is my brother,
the Great
who
Head,
is howling
this
hurricane.
He
through
is an
for he
awful
being,
those
who go near
him."
"Is
he your
destroys
brother~'
own
~Tes,
brother."
"If
sent
for him would
he corne
you
here~
he re'~Nb,"
but perhapsimightentice
him to corne hre.
plied
but if
Iwilitry:
he comes
make
for him;
you must
great
cut a huge
provision
you must
tree
into blocks,
for that
is what
maple
he eats."
The stranger
inquired
how far he would
be obliged
to go to find th home
of the
Head."
Th
nncle
<' Tou would
replied,
get there
about
noon."
the next
mornEarly
his bow and
ing he took
started.
When
he came
to a hickory
tree
he
it up, and from
its roots
he made
pulled
and
then
ran
onward
arrows,
until
he came
to a place
the
near
answering
description
given
him,
which
he was to find th end of his
that he was
journey.
Remembering
whereupon

he related

the

0
s

r
0

G
0

M
a
M'
-S
p

r
g
3
3

t~

M
<:

to

warned
he

him,
tion
be

look

I want

and
seeu."

mark

Head,
became

when

it

toward

then

owl,

he

but

th

coming

of

Unshaken

by

th'is,
down

down

under

th

which

the

he

would

"I

said,

mole,

at

am

Thereupon,
had

he

shot

It

continued

he

until

run

to

"Head"
flew
as
he

riding
that
the

was
the

into

it

as

arrow,
he heard

see

direc-

you will not

Head
Grt

became

saw

this

arrow

arrow

to

sure

in

the
an

far when
gone
Head
was the Great

not

a storm.

he

his

be

going

where
grass
last
saw
th

bow,
The
you."
it was
returning
the
taking

as

but

large,
very
bow.
the

home;

Eyes,"
be

drawing
came
after

"I

crying,

left

to

Everwatchftil,theheadcriedout"Ku"ngrass.
that
mole
saw
man
in the
The

thee."

an

watching

like

mole,
to creep
into
gone

you

Great
which

the

Having

throughthebladesof
"I
see
ku""
Great

for

out
for

called

61

HEAD.

GREAT

Em-m]

to

its
as

small

ran

swiftly

a great
noise
on a tempest.
Head

Great

he drew
when
where
he was,
his.bow
to the
spot
coming
as it sped,
and
bow
it
became
arrow
left
the
as
th
larger
and
agaiu,
maneuvers
done.
These
it had
Head
drove
the
Great
away
as before
uncle
had prepared
the
In the meanwhile
times.
were
many
repeated

was

and

a mallet,
and said,
door

now

"Th

and

said,
Head
came

Great

mallets

their

plied

the
and

main,
Then
lost

about

and

the

hve
gone;
they
and who
a witch
Now,

the
this

Great

young
I will show

home;
witch,

have

they

gone

which,
Head
Great

the
to

Head
man

grow
as it cornes
a

bird,

him

had

Head

Great

a place

see
Great

the

where

to
began
brother.
to

Head

rehim.

for

prepared
brothers

who

were

1 know

said,
lives

the.

industriously
Head
his

to

been

abont

and
where

Great

th

heard

they

this

song:

which

the

this

said
all

"Schis-t-ki-an";
to dry
turned

anything

else,'

started

Head

gi-di-on-ni-ah,"

and

or

Great

where
who

a woman

"lhavebeenherelongenough;
said,
and if he wishes
is pretty
bright,
df his
and ail the bones
her abode

I will bite
and then
fast,
it from
take
off you must

it will

men

pleased
asked
the

As

mallet."

this
two

the

Head

heard,
"I will ask the question,
said,
will fall from
the hair
my head

and

a fox,

take
the

is

continually."

sings

spoke

here,

which

Then

stranger.

when

at

blocks

hurricane
coming
now went
to
the

the
He

door,

uncle

the
Great

he~-on-we-ni~-S-h
she

length

the

came

he"-on-we,

hereT

si-h,"

subsided,
to eat the

roar
home."

proceeding,
he was

for

of

and
him

him;
the

through
At this

he
consenting,
to a place

man
young
and finally
At

hammer

him
gave
told
two men

the

allared

has

si-h
had

tumolt

rush

the

heard

bursting
to it.

"Si-h

thus:

laugh,
When

he

stranger
"We
must

it

was

bones.

Upon

I want
to go to see
brothers."
on

th

to go
this
The

morrow,

Dy-gin-ny-de,
was singing.
witch
the

magical
this

hearing
have

word
the

been
you
long
replace
it, and
you must
and pull
it from
her flesh
her, and
it
and
throw
mouth
off, saying
my
to
run off never
and
it will.then
~How

and

return."
and when
had planned,
did as they
They
had
no mercy;
"You
Great
Head
said,
and so they killed
die":
her, and her flesh
the

birds,

and

fish.

the
see

witch
the

dry

was turned

begged

for

you
bones;
into
animals,

mercy
must
and

62

MYTHS

OF

THE

IROQUOIS.

the Head
"Let
us burn
her to ashes."
When
When she had died,
said,
was done,
the Head
"Let
us searchfor
the year-oldbones
and
said,
cause
them
to lie in rows,"
and
worked
those
they
together
selecting
were bones
of the nine brothers,
and placed
them. together.
they
thought
When
this was donc,
the Great
Head
1 am going
to my old home
said,
in the great
and when
I fly over here
on a tempest
then
mountain,
you
'Ail
and
all will
rise and
say to thse
bones,
they
arise,'
you
may
go
this

home

with

terrifie
brothers
each

them."

other

and

CUSICK'S
An

old

STORY
who

was
it

In

the

DISPERSION

THE

settled

of

disappeared,

was

He

the

days
It

hunters

THE

GREAT

HEADS.

in her

one
wigwam
one of th

acorns

that
the
Thinking
monsters
were
put to

none

of its

kind

G-IANT'S

WIFE.

took

always

a -wife's

and

set

cook

have

been

seen

he

had

another

to

fetch

wives

with

home

the

them

on
that

game

it.

a hunting
npon
so much
that
game
day

their

to

dnty

forth

found
in

sent

STONE

was

prepare

One

she

returned
at

surprised

prise
chief's

changed
child.

the

wife

husband,
with
the
Stone

ful

what

be

well

the

seeing

these

whieh

by
and

fire,

at

joy

gone
collect

excursion

and

took

his

wife

a, wigwam
built
nnallyhe
in one direction
while
hunting

and

the

the

pre-

game,
her

sur-

he

game

had

killed

his

day.

When

the

OF

at Onondaga
was alone
fire parching
some
by the
its appearance
at the door.

coals

hunter

was

vious

as

olden

down.

wife

for

shonting

again.

day.

great
him.

with

to life,

OF

made

expeditions.
kitled
and

was

arose
brother

THE

their

ail

they

resided

eating

suddenly

that

and then
arose
a storm
and a
departed,
Head
out of the wind
called
to the nine

Great

youngest

sitting

heads

woman

Head
the

and

their

squaw
While

evening.
monstrons

night,
since

Great
and

hurricane,
to awake,

to

towards

home

one

a woman's

hearing
for

fear,

she

saw

"Donotbea'&aid.~saidthegiantess;
she told
her
that
obeyed

who
hunter's

wanted

to

kill

her,
She had

and

laden

evening,

voice,
a stone

and

as

she

with
entered

woman

giant

"corne
she
that

had

awayfrom
wished
to

And

her
stay
th

come
from
family.
veryfar,from
and
was very tired,
and added
that
must
Giants,
they
food they
her.
She
could
not eat raw food,
but
gave

so thoroughly
cooked,
cooked,
for if she once tasted
blood
blood,

the

nursing
in."

run
she

that
she could
indeed,
she might
wish
to kill

she

cruel

a while
land

of

be careit must
not

them

tste
and

STONE

sMiTH.]

the

and

child

eat

mighty
hunter,
now she would
would

it and
After

she

his

then

the

she

husband

-woman's

in

wife
said

that

in

one

was

the

brought
she knew

a
but

game,
to
where

find

once.
bringing
carried.

The

a load

hand

cooked

woman

which

four

and

they

it,

together.

meet
hunter

much

was

In

the

morning,
"Now

giantess

on

he

days

the

and

Stone

tell
to

pleased
after

he

I have

said,

three

will

be

Giantess

him

of

her

hear

of

the

had

gone

secret

here.

and

and

and

and

the

hunting
expdition,
is after
husband

me.

so
she

help
his

on
for

must

woman
she

go

started,

had

given.
the

My

you:
have

shall

We

husband

out

the

bade
visit;

a terrible
me

help

to

he

when

fight
him."

kill

your
you
husband
must
remain
"Now
afterwards
she
your
days
said,
kill him,
we shall
But
do not be afraid;
for mine
is coming.
to strike
and hold
him.
1 will show
must
catch
you where
help

cornes,
In' two
at

that

that

returned,
not
hve

could

came
evening
her
husband

As

In

and

men

dined

knew

do it instead;
start
after
it at

a while

ordinary

She

63

ETC.

WIFE,

knew

them.
she

CHANT'S

home,
you

oniy
him

so that

and

his

wife

were

both

and

they

all

three

awaited

self

in the

him

and

the

blow

on the

go

as he

on the
back

right

through

to his

at.

but

frightened
the coming

and

entrance,
him
threw

now

will

came

in

So she

giant.
she vas

sight

neck";
ont and

hunter

reassured

them,
placed

her-

She

ready.

him
strike
Nbw," she said,
killed.
and so he was finally
whieh
she did.
bury
him,"

ground.

of the

arms,
"Iwill
take
him
said
she,
a while
She
staid
quietly

this,
of the

The

heart."
she

seized
on the
Then

his -wife, fetching

hunter
and
with
the
and return
were
to leave
useful
ready
they
being
until,
must
home
to mypeople,
she
"Nowl
Then
go
said,
farewell.
them
fear nothing."
So she bade

and
game
settlement.

the
the
for

1 need
And

this

end

is the

of the

THE
A

Stone

Giant

accepted,
The hunter

due
over

race

wom
Giant
hunter
recourse

distance
his

off

feet.
no

had
was
to

At

he
last

he

to raise
power
once
he was

when
a

it upright
placed
him to go.

charm,
upon

and
his

to a race.

chief

two

appointed
a pair
making
was

hunter

over

bushes,
was

Giantess.

start

in

time
The

through

until

the

began
his
head

took

from

hand,

and

to

him,
his

The

challenge
later.

days

and in
of-moccasins,
he led th way
in advance;
and went
and around
brooks,

and

verytired

above

to

CHALLENGE.

a Seneca

the

Stone

the

GHANT'S

for

time

began.

and

cornfields

a weary

the

employed

th

time

STONE

challenged

and

was

of

story

in

his

moccasins
rocks.

climb
and

could

and

in

pocket

it immecliately

were
the

Now,
not
tell

this

where

dilemma

a human
pointed

nearly
Stone
he

He

finger.
the

the
had

way

for

64

MITES

the

Nbw,
snatched

hnnter

the

and

said:

can

always

had

charm

0F

THE

turned

and

"You

have

find

game

him,
whereupon
won.
You
have

and

HIAWATHA
In

one

Der

of

came
he

should

of which
ing
the

their

bed

vas

air
From

pum
thereby

his

missions
the

upon

cross

finally
thirst
in

one

all

you

filled
these

which

want,

the

the

him

do

the

giant

taken
for

it,

my

the

IROQUOIS

so he

oharm,
will

finger

and

stooped

commenced

crying
now yoa

and
direct

to

yon

WAMPUM.

th

of the Mohawks,
country
Hiawatha
While
in what
mandeliberating
the whole
filled
with
wild
sky became
all
ducks,
the surface
of the water.
upon
After
quench-

mass,
shells.
wise

THE

into

borders
it,

afterward

forming

AND

of a lake.

alighted
and
soaking
great
with

seen

from

it."

once

IROQUOIS.

chief

their
and

lo!

and

so firmly
great

Iroquois

ascended
they
again
had
become
while
dry,

plumage
the lake

counselor
cemented

proceeded
the
union

Confederacy.

to make
of

the

the
six

into
its
wam-

tribes,

t;I

0
0
0
S
0

n
h
H

r
3
n
F3
o
r
s

tE~

CHAPTBEH.

PIGMIES.

of

beauties
with

endowed
whioh

the

that

race,
to the

witness

It

was
of

One

thse

to
had

they
abandoned
were

grow
reached
him

they

he

that

have

must

night
of a canoe's

animals

ont

up

the

of
the

Reaching
the

from

buffalo

three

the

of

missing
what

war-chief.

in th

"Sonthern

had

raids

lie

about

home

to

In

conwhen

and

they
warriors

reply,
of him,

ground.
Th
buffalo

animals,

the

They

returned,

they
many
of

They
beast
cows
after

hid

themselves

strange
them

looked

around

arose

ont

and

of

the

their

quenching

not

had

animals
and

SE

to

to

began

come
a

saw

soon

drink,

the
shoot

animals

thirst,

them,

were
and

to the

man

and

told

him

that

male
and

lick.
lay

down

upon

in

they

would

killing
care

the
and

restless

becoming
succeeded

cows.

returned

soft
hur-

landing

some

for

the

that

found

pigmies

that
seeing
pigmies
to
concluded
wisely

uneasy,
two buffalo

and

the

heard

bank.
The

they

country."

where

watch

its

of

man

the

home

pigmies
nntil

"salt-Iiek"

two

one

Mountains

bank

there

the

upon

become

on the
lying
male
saw three
to

Homo

Florida.

from

Alleghany
at
arrivai

know
chief

deluge.

th

earth.

place

approach.
two
immediately
The

the

and
approach,
him
bade
they
Finding
him,
to
a
were
neighboring
going
where
and
theywere
watered,

sounds
riedly.
as they

out

sick

the

of

story

make

away

their

or killed

lost

been

th

During

corne

to
regard
not
exactly

in
did

animals

homeward
journey
a long
consultation
(th
to leave
concinded
him,
of

the

attested

giant
as did the

of

the

After

shore.

the

to

swamps

been

of

evening

very

on

questioned
that

said

had

parties

After
ill.
quite
the
party
wrse),
rivers
one of the

taken

was

tinuing

the

tribes
th

of

carved

were
they
animals

Hi-nun,
monster

grotto

the

race

the
They

PIGMIES.

BY

Iroquois
inhabited

latter

raiding

on

and

years,
number

the

for

customary
while
the

the
bones

of

truth

SAVED

WABRIOB

THE

Cherokees

ago

like

existence

their

to the

deed.

and

rock,
Cliff,
exhumed
of

truth

of a centiiry

and

but also,
cave,
of destroying
th

and

of

consists

fancy
in skill

mighty
and

power
of man.

mightier
the life

departed

as perfect
testis"
dilnvi

bore

Indian

but

cliff,

rock,

endangered
of

fertile

the

in size,

Lilliputian

pigmies,
out th

skill

of

creation

Another

for

S5

th

him.

66

MYTHS

This

they

learned
ingly

that

OF

and
did,
brought
the
returned

THE

him

to

warriors

IROQUOIS.

his

who

friends,

were

and

false,

from

his

story

were

they

accord-

punished.

From

a strong
desire
it surrounded

and

found

the

pigmies.

THE
The
Mr.

were

obliged
and
preserve
Several

PIGMIES

and

the

a large
serched
for it
"lick,"
party
of various
animals
killed
large
by

with'bones

AND

is told

story

following
Johnson

ing expdition
arrivai
at the

to see

others

GREEDY

as having
Seneca

quite

grounds

from
found

away
the skins

carry

months

large
quantities
of the many
their
arrivai
they

after

occurred:

Reservation

remote
they

HUNTERS.

actually

of th

to a region
hunting
to throw

THE

their

went

out

homes.

on

so plentiful
game
of meat
to enable
animals
moved

had

they

a hunttheir

Upon

farther

that
them

they
to

slain..
into

the wilto their

that
was growing
found,
scarcer
each
sorrow,
game
could
find
none.
As a consequence
they
of their
prodigality
were
soon
in want
of that
meat
which
they
so wantonly
very
they had
thrown
and were
to the verge
away,
of starvation.
finally
pushed
At length
a pigmy
td the
and
appeared
said
that
hapless
hunters,
their
condition
was a just
present
to them
for their
punishmerit
wastefulness
and greed
for gain.
the hunters
In despair
inquired
of the pigmy
what
must
do to obtain
food.
they
The
said
that
must
pigmy
they
either
starve
or give
and furs
which
had collected
up ail the skins
they
derness,
day until

and

and

for

prepared
to

permitted
had
they
a rock,
Nbt

use.

consider

decided
and

then

The

hunters

asked

the

they
they

proposition.
could
call
one

could

tell

their

The
of his

how

long

they

pigmy
replied
race
by simply

would
that

be
when

tapping

on

decision.

after
a long
agreeing
upon
any answer
called
they
consultation,
of the pigmies
to ask for botter
terms.
The hunters
said they
would
rather
die than
if the amount
of food
were
submit,
with
a
small,
since,
small
and
in a strange,
supply
being
unknown
could
not
country,
they
find their
possibly
further
way home.
asked
him
to show
They
them
their
homeward
The pigmy
said that
journey
he could
not grant
their
without
the full concurrence
request
of his race,
but that
he would
give
them
food
to satisfy
them
in their
enough
distress.
He then
present
showed
them
into a capacious
and furnished
in which
were
cavern,
they
to await
the answer
of the pigmies.
On the
the
following
returned
and
said
day
had
pigmy
been
they
for their
forgiven
and that
would
be furnished
wastefulness,
with
they
without
provisions
with
their
furs.
He
said
that
parting
the hunters
one

must
be

remain
called

for.

in the

cavern,

and

that

some

tiine

in the

night

they

would

THE

8mTH.]

Aboat

midnight

were

they

67

MISSION.

PIGMT'S

and

awakened

found

themselves

in

their

by

their

first

camping-gronnd.
The
Senecas
were

informed

pigmy

ever-vigilant

THE
There
hunter
The

was
in

once

a wigwam.

hunter

went

themselves
people
berries
and
other

that

they

were

there

brought

friends.

pigmy
The

accordingly,
in great

MISSION.

PIG~fT'S
living

in

pigmy
and

sent

numbers,
had
they

saw

little

cave.

to him

and

many wonderful
and
th
corn

Near
bade

him
him

dwelt
visit

a
him.

the little
things;
hncMeberries
and

to eat.
And.the
in plenty
pigmy
and
alto us free,
is given
and
ail we have
home,
he showed
him
th
Then
than
I am small
I am stronger
you."
thongh
the war dances
and the dances,
even
and
arrows
and
the
bows
games,
But
the
"Let
me go."
he had
seen it all,
hunter
said
when
and
the
I
am
called
Go
Ga-Ah
know
name
?
1
Do
my
you
Stay
'pigmy
said,
1
I will
let
out when
of name.
1 had
choice
you
my
fellow).
(little
have
never
inand
we
We are to help
have
told
yon,
yon our mission.
We are gofrom
here.
to move
now we are going
but
away
you,
jured
we may
that
from
the
there
is more
giant
animals,
danger
ing where
his
he
finished
our
aid."
Then
who
need
speech,
those
having
help
on his way.
hunter
door
and
let
the
the
go
opened
said

This

is onr

which

CHAPTER

III.
OF

PRACTICE
The
in

of the
races
of mankind,
early
history
its course
known
to us by a belief

all

influences.

Sorcerers,

been

among

known

men

believed

them

all.

or magical

arts

among

interest.
peculiar
In none
of the

myths

sorcery

antedate

the

belief
word

for

tion

of the

that

after

or a separate
that
they

Heaven

in the

Christian
the

living
a higher
the
Among

tirely
the

of the
that

of

their
npon
faith
and fear

lives

whom

himself

Th

had

met

I have

although
world,
had
such
a notion.
is

desire

man
the

in

being

followers.

tribe.

believe

The

only

transla-

wonid

seem

intermediaries

th

first

Greeks,
masses
and

the

it.

Among

more

th
the

Indians

sorceress

expert

Their

the

to-

step

and

Ohaldeans,
Egyptians,
the
of
ignorance

of

It
for

indicating

practiced
and
the

to

a
indicating
some
of their

a literal

evidently
th
sky."

world,

who

reason

anything

is

success

endepends
and upon
gifted,
that
the Iroquois

supernaturally
I do not believe

is not
at

quail

ever

by holding

own

body
belief

tribesisthereforeof

I find

dialects

medicine
the

of their

who

to-day

time
night
understand.

which
do

have

a spiritual

philosophy.
civilized
highly
depended
upon
of the few
learning

above

barbarie

in
signines
idea
came the

of that

of magie

comparative
the
knowledge

be

spiritual

and

idea,

is marked
civilized,
and
mysterious
powers
skilled
in occult
have
arts,
into the actual
of
practice

and

savage

may
different

possession
men and

ward

to

now

in

examination

Iroquois
of Europeans

indicate

between

success

An

of the

appearance

in Heaven

cnstoms

little

SORCERY.

a believer
in sorcery
or Tvho would
in the
not
a bright
the nature
of whioh he did not
seeing
light
most
the wisest,
and
the best
Christian
intelligent,
them
told
me of the
wonderful
among
marvels
he

wrought.
forth
his

He

had

the

stayed

hand.

He

had

flames
lamed

for

of a burning
life a man

church

was
his finger
at him.
Few bad Indians
by pointing
came
without
him not
to "bewitch"
presence
them.
This
begging
Tuscarora
ranks
as one of the leading
Christians
of his tribe
good
and
lives
of the Bible,
from
which
up to ail the moral
precepts
he can quote
a text
considered
to be appropriate
for each
of the superstiby himself
stealing
into his

cherries

tions

in

whieh

few

Tuscarora

he

right

so firmly
names

believes.
with

their

definitions

and beliefs
of th Iroquois.
practices
lM-X!M-!Ct-s~
A person
within
himself
possessing
call from
he could
his mouth
or nose.
The crystal
some

water,

who

will

serve

to illustrate

of the

rendered
68

visible

the

apparition

of

person

a live
placed
who

which
crystal
in a gourd
of
had bewitched

ORIGIN

Bmni] ]

another.

By

and

some

either

else

one

see

the

who

M~c&&:

their

who

enemy

boiled

and

holding
bewitched

had

feats

leaves,

who

had

in a skeleton.
dead

its
all

whom

from

ont

drawing
who

man.

revisit

will

by

people

from

forth

bodied

ghost

departing
ghost
An evil
spirit,

&c.,

medicine

Snperior

~M~CfA~s~:

kettle

a blanket

miraculous

performed

A carnivprons
A

of a. small

use

with

of an

image

~KM~M;M-<cf/m-M~7M
P'-7t

the

by
head

of skin,
pieces
hairs,
with
these
things.

Cs-/eM"7~~A

straws,

or himselfJ

One

TS-<yM~-y4~r
aider
with
tubes,
bewitched
been

who
the

covering

by
could

kettle

the

hairs,

bewitched,

forth.

drawn

man

one

69

CHARMS.

WITCH

to

crystal
be

&c.,
A medicine

~AM~a-yct
or herbs,

it over

this
could

roots

AND

WITCHES

applying

pebbles,

leaves,

OF

body.
received

witches

power.

7-7~-M~-SM

Une

)-7~~

who

The

TS-sim"m

~S<M''K:M-7t-&!PCt-&M?:
light.
P-7t-t-M"

be

in

belief

in

one

much

in

abonnd

The

witch

TS-s&M~-mM-M~,
exist
and its body

locality

of the

fessions

these

the
or

personages
or that
at th

of witchcraft,
who
by those

phenomena
made

oftentimes

could

or ghost.
witch
nnder

which

person.
which

apparition

natural-born

animal

a partly

of a living

jy~-yM'7~Ka-My~-f7~My~<t
witch.
of a superior
Stories

assume

could

ghost
An

spirit

influence
are

same

time

and

acconnts

were

known

or power
introduced.

a person

of

of

flames

emit

spirits

the

shape.

could

in another,
explains
confor the strange
to have

been

unjustly

accused.
still

customs

Many
tinue

to

some

time

often

dealt

the

death

out

for

the

tnrn

When
of

pinch

the

hands

of the

the

bereaved

white

to

great
and

learn

many
other
from

dead
is

taken

rubs

it

on

trouble

because

years
game

practice

so that

child

child

ORIGIN

spirits
after

its

spirit

not

may

re-

mother.

nursing
ashes
and
with

THE
A

an

snpposed
of cloth

will not
spirits
hold
intercourse

birds

of

pieces

a living

that

of humanity

two

in
placed
to hannt

and

to conare
supposed
For
the body.
leaving
of
foodis
his accnstomed
adult
portion
on the death
of a
and
hungry
spirit,
milk
with
the
mother's
are satnrated

show

existing
wants

after
child

nursing

the

exprience

it,
the

spirit

OF

they
world

WITCHES

were
boys
ago
for the
support
how to hunt.

ont

the

at

face

child

still
a child
say that
whence
it so recently

AND

their
certain

that

the

continues

to

so

came.

CHARMS.

WITCH

instructed
of

takes

mother

the

night
of the

to

go

respective
while
boy

out

and

families
out

hnnt
and

hunting

70

MYTHS

came
and

a beautiful

across
carecl

for

he kept it.
th snake,
From
this

soon

fact

he

found

that

another

to

and

swamp

he

experimenting
so he
sharp,

see

climbing
hidden.

tree
that

Finding
he

found

this

snake

concluded

sight,
more

into

put

of

some
that

he

more

making
He then

liquid
come
After
liquid,

its

lively

learned

and

pointing
bewitched.

He

that

by

it at

any

sensation.
duced
a peculiar
a great
by
placing
light;
could
all kinds
go through
he

for

would

could

even

into

if

bowl.
eyes
and

eyes,
they

were

to

improve

his

the

waters

the

a large

hung

water,

the

even

enough
into

simply

one

patting
that

person

nnmber
its

increasing
of his

person

were

power

poisonous)
mouth
and

his

into

fingers

the

into

the

found

snake

that

it pro-

it from bis mouth

it would
By Mowing
some
in his eyes he could
see in the
dark
of impassable
he could
become
places;
and

invisible,

wouldimmediatelybe-

not

into

become

dis-

on their
his

put

therefore
the

and

so he went

things
on

things

with

beings.
endowed

inhabitants.

strange

some
roots
placing
(which
he put
some
of the mixture

a snake;
any other

see

into

water

was

put

snake-water

was
liquid
powerfnl
th
more
snakes
he

that

he

caught
it
in which

living

snake

putting

could

the

experiments,
became
alive;

which

this

it, he
bowl

become

the

water

snakes,
Indians

would
be the liquid.
powerfiil
'of snakes
so that
their
oil dropped
and

had

things

tbis

other
got
saw other

rabbed

he

these

that
conjectured
He then
continuedhis

naturally

supernatural
powers.
covered
that
whatever
he
While

IROQUOIS.

a great
to
Taking
fancy
on birds,
a bark
&c., and made
and small
feathers
into
down,

with
to

THE

snake.

it, feeding~it
He put fibers,

and

OF

could

travel

give
and
like

faster

than

mortal.
An
arrow
dipped
even if it did not hit its
living
being,
A feather
into this snake
water
dipped
ways
found

game,
kill

it,

in it.

he took

into

required
which

Having
consideration

this

complish

end,

qualities,
would
work

two

Nearly

the

upon

ing
th

of

a drum.

direction

of

the

he

OF

was

THE

He

could
sound.

not
To

sleep
his

feather

of this

connteracting
for roots
and

rewarded
he

a man

ago

the

power

was
snake

agents.
herbs
having

MEDICINE

went

any

the

antidotes
obtaining
bewitched
or wounded.

into

the

woods

on

He camped
out in a field
of singing
asd
a noise
like
surprise

always
extraet,
To ac-

by

had

SENECA

Hewasquitealone.
night
by th sound
the

great
of

which

objects

years

dissected

finding
searched

he diligently
and finally

hundred

was

game
discovered

ORIGIN

ing expedition.
wakened
in the

start

immediately
when
the

and

into this
and
shot
at any
liquid
would
nevertheless
kill it.
object,
and then
at any wishedpointed
for the desired
and would
althing

so

more,
the

he
place

rose
had

and
ail

a huntand
th

went
the

was

beatin
ap-

EMim.]

of

pearance
the other

WITCH

"TRUE"

On

inhabited.

being

vine

the

with

71

STORY.

hand

one

was

hill

of corn,
on
three
ears

and

on

three

a large
squashes
it,
squash
to guess
what
He was
unable
all the others.
from
apart
grew
to reonce
determined
started
off on his hunting
it meant,
but
more,
In the night,as
he
curious
and uneasy.
both
some
turn
evening,
being
saw a man lookand awakening,
heard
a
near
he
noise,
slept
again
by,
saw was
what
after
"Beware!
1 1 am
yon
you;
said,
ingathim,who
who
now
die."
But
th
deserve
to
gathered
people
yon
sacred;
him
the secret
tell
would
they
around
said
they
pardon
it, and would
man
who
the
had
for
said
medicine
<'The
wounds,"
great
possessed:
and
I will teach
corne
with
me
and
~is
awakened
corn;
squash
him,
of corn

you."
He
he

led

saw

danced

and

to tell
then

could
time

were

a tune;

turned

tions

which
foxes,
one
to take

and

to

him

how

and

always
made

He
made

This
sing
when

take

one
from
np

before

enongh
was
over

th
its

the

up
the

prescription
he died

origin

and

of th
to

The

medicine

is prepared

A.

they

bea~

ers,
direc-

him

given

it very
andpound
fine,
and
then
showed
they
pound
that,
a runningspring,
from
to take
water
cob

down.
it with

to last

over

one

time

the

they

with

very

th

WiTCE

great

hundred
of the

medicine

a'patient

~TRUE"

taught

that

bears,

animals,
had
They

used

now

and

perceived

but

the

dry

accompaniment,
In
as prayiug.
is the
same
ing tobacco
a bad
or a,ny event which
frightens
dream,
tobacco."
went
out and burned
they

begged

song,"

he

once

deer
and

times

of

them,
addition

and

success,

years.
The

Senecas.
his

changes
the

sing

as

a gourd-shell

he

and

never

great

crowds

and

"medicine

and

every

preparation

there

The

his cheek,
it right
through
it
to him how
to prove
quickly
All the
same
to his leg.
did
the

it the

it up
Hewas

eut

stream,

it is administered
rattle

corn

of

iron.

thrust

and
all at
home,
as he had thonght,
beings,
ail flew off as he looked.
stalk

like

gourd-shells,

go

squash,
for a dose.

mnch

they
called

they

to

nothuman

and

medicine

and

assembled,

were

looked

rattling
it for.

a stick
Then

wound.

the
sang

he

Then

and

of the

people

which

did

they
heated

some

the

bush

singing,

what

applied

they
him.

it to

spot
a laurel

of them

heal

where

the
it

him

one

Then

and

to

fire

around

them
and

him
a

medicine

song,
tobacco.

burn

or fear,

trouble
they

people
and

coat,

while
Burnafter

My mother

say,

of-meat.

STORY.

who
dwelt
an old woman
the
Senecas
Among
in
her
to
snS'er
Once
she
eye.
at
pain
great
began
it with
and covered
out to a bush
who went
jurer,

was
She

very
stingy.
consulted

a tent

and

then

All
a conbegan

72

MYTHS

to
and

time

keeping
sing,
said:
"You

woman

who

with

are

his

THE

IROQUOIS.

hand.

bewitched.

After

You.

a while

refused

had

he

returned

to

to

she

to her

milk

give
bewitched

of you,
she bas
and
beg
her honse
revealed
to me, and 1 saw her, but
over her face, so I could
not see her iatnres.

har

came

OF

to

you.
was

poor
I hve

her
combing
not recognize

I would

her

again."
Next
he tried
then
day
again;
So they
sent
for a chief
and told
woman

before

them.

She

her

he

said:

him

a Chippewa
woman's
cabin.

water

covered

instead

was

not

of

The

in this

victim

in her

concluded
chest,
who
applied
doctors,
her.
She
saw
a dog
friends
a

manner

to

shoot

cat,

whieh

finally
and

witcher,

recovered,
who was

AN
In

the

case

owned

she

is."
the

brought
The chief

that

she

had

had

be-

of a beaver
from
thigh-bone
child
of GovernorW.
Johnson."
arrived

she

it.

As

CASE

tobacco

was

supposed

secretlymade~

OF

had
soon

scoured
as

a brass

she

received

the

old

woman

but

the

WITCHCRAFT.

was

their
as an

apparition

they
it, but
was
invisible
but

who,
and

she

Andrew

outwitched,

INCANTATION

the horizon
season,
to burn
what
customary
an offering
to bring
rain.
On occasions
of this
natare

that

left

pain

a Mary
Jemison,
was bewitched,
extractive
bandages,

a dry

that

The

spider.

that

it was

heralds

She

who

he

restored.

She

know

was hollow,
it against
th eye that
was not
she placed
it.
a while
After
she ceased
and
spat
through
spitting,
in the wter.
She
A spider.
was running
around
in the kettle.
it over
with
her handkerchief,
then
removed
it, and a feather

there

sight

her

and

into

poured

it, and
a witch.

and

painfnl
looked

lay

clean

about

was

to the
old
brought
witched
and
~Fetch
me the
her,
said,
man who is the child
of Molly
the
Brant,
The bone
was brought,
and by the timeit
and
had
kettle,
the
vhich
bone,

"New

all

having
consulted

severe
the

which
greatly
toward
coming
her, and
did not sncceed
in killing
it.
to other
was
seen
people,
John,
is now

TO

who

was

BRING

relieved
directed
In

like

by her.
her be.

pronounced

from

dying

pains
witch-

consumption.

RAIN.

filled
with
being
is called
by the

distant
Indians

thunder-heads,
real tobacco

as

the
were
notified
people
by swift-footed
or sons,
of Thunder
were
in the horizon,
and
children,
must
be burned
in order
to get some
rain.
Every
family
to have
a private
altar
which
its offerings
were
upon

the

afterwhiehsaid

familymust

repair,

bearing

its

tithe,

sMiTH.]

FOR-

CURE

where

to the

council-house,
council-fire.

the

ALL

the
the

While

tithes

gathered

tobacco

73

INJURIES.

BODILY

was

were

of tobacco
the

burning,

burned
and

agile

in

athletic

the-rain-dance.

danced

this

When

was

tobacco,
of

charge
earth.

the

Hi-nn

want

was

with

pleased

done,
Hi-nn",
forth
dark
huge
storm
gathering

called

of

banks
to guide
a great

considered

it

incense

the

rain
to

the

wet

lover

of
and

clouds

the

burning

took

personal

and

dry

parched

but

of tobacco,

in

aiways

of it.

A CURE
was

This
bird,

made

from

which

compound,

was

and

could

Reservation

fire

streaming~from

her

the

man

and

returned

a log,
upon
fired
Th man
go near
where

not
saw

it by

ing
where
He

means
the

followed
the

found

when
home.

the

retaliated
reason
searching
laughed

creek,
to

saw

it

by

its

shapes.
witch-woman~

as it was
he

morning
of blood

from

until

path

trail

to

had

died

the

from

ASSUMED

THE

which

which

reaching

it had

fhat

found
What

it

itself

on
do yon

one
seek~

of

the

he

down
a hill,
coming
to follow
to find its
kicked

the

and

it,

toward

banks

They

where

A HOG.

OF

in

dared

and
spot
Tracka bridge,
the path.

tracksin

disappeared.

suddenly

drowned

wound.

Reservation,
of the shot.

were
boys
concluded

three

Reservation

SHAPE

he

th

reached

dog's

effect

to

its

it had

the

dark

very
went

they
hog,
the
continually
hog
they
pursued
It retreated
at them
at times.
biting

said,

into

A DOG.

of the
place
Tonawanda
the

took

WHO

they

known

every
mixed

medicine-men.

OF

but

fall,

following
the marks

a large

suppose
for it
and

animal

saw

the

She

Tonawanda

by

a small

had

bloody

woman.

saw
they
As they

SHAPE

were

coming,
with
and obtaining
his gnn
a creek
Crossing
its foredistance
a dog at no-great
resting
and
nostrils.
from
its
month
fire
streaming

tracks

A MAN
On

THE

he followed

woman~s

the

it

on
but
it;
it had fallen,

this

among

flesh

month.

it and

at

true

of

flesh

pulverized
of this
all

a man

saw

and

feet

and

assume

did

theBuffalo

On

IN

INJURIES.

BODILY

portions

Equal
divided

A WITCH
Witches

ALL

dried

th

fish.

and

beast,

FOR

the

of

saw

no

They
stream;
an
old

answered,

it

bank
but

while

who
man,
<' A hog."

74

MYTHS

After

some

had

they

moments

been

the

0F

old

and

chasing,

by

WITCH
A Canadian
with

streaming
He had

the

reservation.

pursued.
upon
into

Indian

fire

a man

with

IROQUOIS.

man

said

this

the

that

it was

he, himseli,
that
he was

knew

boys

whom
a witch.

TRANSFORMATION.

on the road,
a white
bnll
says he saw, one evening,
from
its nostrils,
after
it
had
he
passed
which,
him,
never
seen so large
a bull,
or in fact
any white
bail,
As

THE

large

it passed
in front
of a house it was transformed
white
who was ever
afterward
known
blanket,

as a witch.

A
There
smell

was

once

of them

of woodpecker
homes
were
They

often

move

after

infected,
the animal
Around

for

forth

from

These
ased
thus

eat

the

was
the
only
on which
trees,
entered
the horns

died
the

the
trees

and

was

its

home
were

as charms,
made
potent

them.
destroy
tracks
could
be

Their
traced.

hunter's

first

if

were
they
the moment

insect

colored
in

could

poisonous

would
from
the hom.
emerge
lived
deer
ever
they
congregated,
fierce
and noxious
little
nies.

which

by these
deerskin

food
birds

in

that

thing
their
was

would
fatal

FLBES.

of a deer;
the Indian
hence,
to examine
its horns,
and
run
since
he knew
that
away,

a deer

shooting
the
hnnter

ABOUT

of fly so poisonous
that
sometimes
the
merely
nose
from
a man's
face.
A certain
species

in

Bncksidn
them

a species

would

bewitched

ingly

SUPERSTITION

were

a hollow

canght

used

black
with

fastened
being
would
snrely

to catch
and

tree

them.

and

sconred

buckskin
arrows

bring

down

th
and

traps

to the

The
In

yellow.

of the
the

deer.

the

seem-

bird

that

forests
their
hunter.

killed
it came

evening
for
feathers
An

them.
were
arrow

CHAPTERIV.

The

the

count

for

in man

desire

instinctive

solve

enigma
the marvels

of

he

ever

presented

and
imagination
the
phenomena
explain

cited

the

To
seized

analogy
crude

upon
every
has aided
the

tion

to fathom

whence

PHENOMENA.

OF

EXPLANATION

MYTHOLOGIC

the

came

and
to

he

senses,

has

his

speculation.
and nature

originated
of life

the

suggesting

of

mystery
whither

the

human

goes,
in all

untutored

slightest

and

clew,

and

lii~e, to
to ac-

times

ex-

mind

has

imagina-

faculties.

reasoning

anito the
of both
relating
origin
myths
of the
a reflex
in nature
there
inanimate
mate
and
appears
objects
of
mind
as he solves,
to his entire
Indian's
many
satisfaction,
mysteries,
of this
which
are th
enlightened
age.
burning
questions"
In

the

numerous

These

tales
on

the

and

hearts
the

embodying

lore,

of our
own
igines
of "fadedmetaphors",
might
for
ization
other

peoples,
traditions

oral
To

many
for

ties,
to

themselves

first

oft-told

be

they
rid

himself

who

sees

by

comparative
them
accept
which
nature.

trace

the

either
ideas

inherited

narrator
have

or

in time

th
been

as

or folkmyths
a previous
age,
them.

of

in

Iroquois.
been

they

To
left

what
to

reach

dignity
their
a lettered

from
know;
but,
judging
hve
would
accepted

cannot

th

of
daily

mythology

received

writer
these
only

considered

should
not

search

the

they

the growth
of the
mythology
the abormore
rich
than
harvest
among
in this
lore
and
among
prominent
these,

among
as the

tales

has

yet
and

people
and

knowledge
who have

chroniclers

whom
remain

Nor

forms,

of the

repeated

folkcivil-

of
history
of
these
many
the

as facts.
from

there

their

minds

had

we

their

oft

is the

attained

of

temperament

by those
who would

country;
are

have

the
Where

fossilized

perhaps,
misinterpreted,
For the
ethnologist
nowhere
human
mind,

lore

with

only vary
the locality.

of

exigencies
recorded

Iroquois

forest

his
and

shackles
household
its

myths
those

they
who

were

reali-

still

cling
to a happier
them
past.
binding
who
tales
by the civilized
man,
of superstition
in a thousand

link
as idle

the

these
chiidren

allied

tom
gods
sciences.

down
Let

before
him

him
rather

mind
in its
human
of the infant
as the striving
reverently
in man
inherent
that
the unknowable,
something
revealing
in
or beings
of hidden
the
existence
powers,
forces,
presupposes
debut
as man
is
a
mere
blind
At first,
this
feeling,
perhaps,
an ar.
an idea,
then
a recognized
it becomes
later,
possibility;
after

velops,
ticle
of religions

faith.
(75)

76

MYTHS

OF

ORIGIN

OF

The

of
Iroquois
legend
creation
of the
spirits

the

origin.
In the
nlled

great

dncks

hnge
crature

overlapping

but

the

conncil

force

HUMAN
the

and

this

was

able

this

which
includes
race,
is undoubtedly
of modern

all

were

the

of her

fall.

earth.

in possession
from
falling

by them
and
resolved

a giant
his back.

except

hnman

covered

The
of

air

the

the

waters,
Then

sky.

meet
this
wonderful
arose,
and, with pinion
the
burden.
Then
th
dusky
conncil
to decide
which
should

tortoise,
There

they

from

th

who

terrors

of

volunteerd

the water
endure

to

lasting
weight
upon
she was gently
placed,
in size, soon
constantly
became
a large
increasing
island.
were
after
a
time
boys
forth
brought
by the woman-one
the
who made
all good
good,
and caused
the maize,
and
things,
fruit,
to grow;
the other
the spirit
of evil, who created
the weeds
and
min.
Ever
the world
was increasing
in size,
occasional
although
were
cansed
ings
of the monster
felt,
by the efforts
tortoise
to
or by the
contraction
of his mnscles.
ont,

while

he,

After

the

hia-wah-kn~,
which
should
from
npon

the

lapse
the

bosom

of

ages

Sky

surpass
of

the

from

the

time

resolved
Holder,
all others
in
great

island,

vas

to

So

received
pinion,
unitedly
the deep
also gathered
in
celestial
and protect
her
being

none

RACE.

evil,

of

monsters
hold

in

gathered
break

and

water

IROQUOIS.

of

good

monsters
great
woman was seen

birds,
a beantifnl

when

THE

origin

of

deep

past,
and

with

an

THE

of
upon

beauty,
where

his

creation

general
a special

creation

strength,

and

theyhad
out the

previonsly
six pairs,

Twin
of

spirit
tobacco
ail

ver-

quakstretch
Ta-rhun.

of

a race

bravry;
snbsisted

so

Ta-rhn"-hiS,-wah-kn~
moles,
bronght
which
were
to become
the greatest
of all people.
The Tnscaroras
tell us that
the first pair
were
left near
a great
river,
now called
the Mohawk.
The second
were directed
to make
family
their
home
by the side of a big stone.
Their
descendants
have
been
termed
the Oneidas.
Another
were left on a high
pair
ever
been
hill, and have
called
the Onondagas.
Thus
each pair
was left with careful
instructions
in different
of what
is now known
parts
as the State
of New
exYork,
the Tuscaroras,
who were
cept
taken
River
np the Roanoke
into North
where
Carolina,
Ta-rhu~-hia-wah-ku"
also
took
his abode,
np
teaching
them
nsefnl
arts
many
before
his departnre.
This,
accounts
say they,
for the
of the Tuscaroras..
superiority
But
each
of the
six tribes
will
tell yon that
his own was the favored
one with
whom
made
Sky Holder
his terrestrial
while
the Onondagas
claim
home,
that
their
of
possession
the council
fire prove
them
to have
been the chosen
people.
asthennmerons
families
became
Later,
scattered
over the State,
some
lived
in localities
where
th
bear
was
the
and
were
principal
game,
called
from
that
circnmstance
the clan of the Bear.
Others
lived
where
the beavers
were trapped,
and
were
called
the Beaver
they
clan.
For
similar
reasons
the Snipe,
and
Deer,
Eel clans
Wolf,
received
Tortoise,
their
appellations.
destined

sMiTH.]

THE

HOW

BEAR

in

turtles,

summer

this

travels

over

exercise.

of his

effect

exertions

from

the

dinary
mation

off
threw
effort,
and development,
turtle
fat and
lazy

his

thus

The

was

following

became

Brant,
accounts
A
ruse

cunning
to obtain

laid

himself

ing

the

and

drove

ont

himself.

and

advised

mean

fox

saw

set

thereupon
habitation.
from

hot

very

out

their

on

One of them,
unaccustomed

this

blistered

under

he, finally,
The
process

shell

his

an extraor-

by

of transfor-

time
on, and in a short
of the
was
the
progenitor

who

HIS

LOST

to

me

the

on

of

the

the

he

Soon

met

TAIL.
"Six

try the
discoveredthe

fox

a bear

who

the

the

fox

at

pearing
fox
the

bear

clambered

Having

was

fox

the

fish,

informed

wolf

who,
his

he
dead,
thinkwagon
crawled

slyly

of his

luck,

good
in

had,

a good

received

of

following

be

fisherman

Th

approaching

anxions
yon
as 1 did

and
a dog

appointed
into
with

frightened,

accomplished

also

Th

very
angry
as his seconds

greatly

th

Feigning
must
pass,
him
into
tossed

th-river

instead

was

th
was

to

to

at

down

cold,

awaited

hog,

It

resorted

was

"down

weatherbeing

chose

who

experiment.
and th
trick,

the

bear

in

delicacy:
the fisherman

a wolf

replied
fox,
tail
your
just
put
ice;
fish as fast as you wish."

The

Reserve"

grandchildxen
Indian
story.

Nations

the

thrashing

dinner.
met

next

"Well,"

the

and

same

to

fox

coveted

by which
fox worth
preserving,
out
several
throwing

After

on.

of fish

load

a wagon
of

road

in the

skin

The

the

BEAR

recounted

some

time,
of a fish

instead

The

known
a

During

one
of the
few
surviving
by Ka-an-er-wah,
a modern
be termed
and
the
might
Mohawk,
of the bear.
condition
for the tailless

Canada,

but,
off.

pool.

went

commenced;
a man,

THE

HOW

the

or

clan.

Tnrtie

the

the

and

in walking,
shell
altogether.

fashion.

straightforward
kind
familiarly

of

country
a good
deal
particularly
fat, suffered
became
a time
his shoulders
After

was

this

CLAN.

and

The
turtles
dry.
for a new
to look

became

pool
the

77

TAIL.

TURTLE

clan

were

as mud

who

HIS

in a simple
originated
times
tortoises
many
early
a small
lake
inhabiting

Tortie

The
There

THE

OF

FORMATION

LOST

this,

two

into

it

bear

followed

of secnring

to

some

procure

will

an

tind

can
yon
directions

and
the
a fish

his

fish.
in

air-hole

tail

draw

ont

carefully,
was frozen

a duel
with
the fox.
to fight
proposed
chose
a hog, and
the bear
and a cati
latter
was late in aphour.
As the
that
and reported
a tree
to prospect,
men

armed

with

to be covered
begged
returned
to
the
bear

Therenpon
gnns.
with leaves.
his

post

in

the

tree.

78

MYTHS

The

fox

proved
cat,

soon

made

his

to be

a dog
the

and

perceiving

sprang

motion

slight

Chief

Mt.
old

of one

scorn,
old man
wam

each

of

OF

of th

with

to

with

pared
soon

old

A few days
a search
for other
he
and
in
tree

to signify
that
she

at

to go

his

directions,
commanded

last

its

whose
that
and

he

told
she

her

was

and
that

reach

should
should

take
increase

A man
his

people
beautiful
which
riors,

while

a heavily

coating

chiefs,

whereupon
one who

and

one barely
lucky
covcted
coating,

a forest

clustered
to

daughter

apparently
with bows

in

walking

had

corne

and
hit

arrows,
the

which,

bird
like

OF

herbs,

and
This
his

ail

with
her

th

wigwam
into the

high
of
precedence
and multiply.

he

she

was

which

in-

she

pr.

he

was

this

up

se-

commanded

again
being
mission

times

many

secrets

was

accom-

for

curing
a hem-

shonld
air

grow
above
all

ail

other

others,
and

clans,

WAMPUM.
saw

another
tothe

it would
the

This
refreshed

through
their'efficacy
she should
treasure

that

would

went

over

of
object
the abject
at a wig-

owner.

of certain

an unusually

of wampum.
the
head

from

arrived

its

immediately
bed.
Then

healed.

before

an

he
of

a fever

endowed

him
bidden

his

benefactress
that

where

had

weary,

for

search

should

Bear
clan

in

now

and

forms,
branches

the

his

rendered
Hron

and

skins

once
village

of its possessor;
for inclan, the deer skin the Deer
man applied
for food
and a

clanship
woman
who

ORIGIN

with

on a time

the

he sickenedwith
and was again

after,
herbs

that
all

that

Indian

clan

old

tired

out

man

Then

cret.

plished,
disease

Torcoise,

spread

an

appearance
and the

a kind-hearted

to

according
healed.

repeated

put the whole

of avenging

relates

clan,
entered

the

rpulsive

the

by
and

the

by

pig
satisfaction

MEDICINE.

of the
sign
the Beaver

on.
At length,
pass
a bear
skin
betokened
food

structed

companions
their
the
turn,
ears of the hog,

invisible

the

Bear

sores,

wigwams

his

Wolf,

inhabited

him

these

but

lodging,
and the

where

found

lock

one

Pleasant,
covered

man,

At

night's

of the
had

his
in

tail.

was placed
the
wigwam
the beaver
skin
denoting

stance,
clan.

men

awaiting
of the uncovered

squeals
bear
never

ORIGIN

sickly
each

of

instead

While

the

it, whereupon
to night,
and the

of his

IROQUOIS.

but

appearance,
a lame
cat.

upon

company
the loss

THE

OF

Lernsean

He
chief
the

capture
world.
"tree
throw

bird

large
immediately
offered
as
bird,

dead

Whereupon

covered
informed

a prize
his
or alive,
the war-

of promise,"
and
off a large
quantity

hydra's

heads,

multiplied

as each
of the
by

BMiTH.]

ORIGIN

skill

with

this

at

archery,
"He
said,

chief
who

are

with

brave

the

married,
decreed

that

was

wampum

between

of

was

declared

violated

the

Hence
honor,

boat

filled

disobeying,
some,
for and fonnd,
A loud

voice

tures

men

were

in

a great
into
decoyed
and

in

them.

the

Then

with

you

the

boy,

boy

and

had

husband
which

blood,

belts

of

where

of giving

or national

he

marriage,
which
he

into

of peace
price
arose
the
enstom

near
passed
inhabitants

th

The

next
at

being
that

the

to the
blessing
a neighboring
and

burned,

terms

privilge.

TOBACCO.

a strange
heard
saying

containing
was then

to death

put

medicine

to ail
proclaimed
died immediately.

result

would

So they
were

with

had

voice

to try his
the head

But

chief
that

by
were.

people

warriors

equal

and

hospitality,

OF

as his

death.

head

tribe

between
be

ORIGIN

lond

the

own

curiosity

decision
being final,
bird
to the ground.

coveted

his

bis

the

on

shoot

of success,

despairing

by
with

His

daughter

should
wampum
by al] nations.

to satisfy

him

the

brought

oh-ko-ah

adopted

permitted
threatened

let
boy;
wrriors."

fearless
the

peace

79

were

not

even

is a mere

skill,

and

wrriors

tlie

was

he

and

received

divided

ETC.

TOBACCO,

tribe
came
to satisfy
neighboring
bird
of which
he had heard,
but

tribe

and

unequaled

Having

when

last,

from
a
boy
the wonderful

seeing
at war

was

At

cropped.

being
a little

OF

from

river

bank,

but
indoors;
boat
was sought
both
fast
asleep.

to remain

day the
each end,

of

destroying
Indian.

their

council-house,
rose
ashes

these

crea-

where
th

they
tobacco

plant.

ORIGIN
In

the

beginning
ashamed
den, being
council
and
a great
long

were

They

ering.

way

another
plumage,
bazzard

off,
council

and

but

each

th

birds,

volunteered

th

petitioned
told
that

their

must

had

to

go

beautifully

the

and

coverings,
colored

one,

but

or send

go

some
for

seinshiy
finding

were

coverings

bring
whence

at

to give

gods

excuse
and

hidremained
naked,
last
assembled
in
they
them
some
kind
of cov-

created
But

induce

a long
to the
journey
place
was
been
a clean
bird
heretofore)
nature.
hence
his present
kinds;
found

been

either

some

to

PLUMAGE.

having
nakedness.

of their

they
was
held

OF

the
he

for

bird
not

a
but
were
ready,
them.
Accordingly,
to go in search
of the
ail

must

to
obliged
At length,

At

going.

uniforms.

iathery

last

a turkeyIt

being

he (who had
them,
of all
and filth
carrion

bring
eat

appropriated
not
he could

directed
to
fly

he
by the gods,
himself
the
most

in this,

he continued

80

MYTHS

them
on until
trying
is the least
beautiful

he

WHY

THE

Once
the

upon

a time

th

Soon

after

animals.

and

or daylight
and a violent

question,
the sun
The
to

the

presented

darkness,

come;
the bear

their

for

bear,

huge
in a hollow

has ever
chipmunk
continued
to alternate.

since

ORIGIN
tradition
Iroquois
creation
of the earth,
mais
and birds.
Seven

little

and

feast,
danced

Indian

beans

the

sumptuous
But
the
feastless

feast,

boys
little

and
Their

until
mound,
The inconsolable
Higher

until,

transformed

ment,

where,

as

a very
important
for daylight
and

wishing

weeks

began
continued

he

and months,
"Th
singing,
to repeat.

we must

have

and
light

night
will

Meanwhile

darkness."

th

sun

had

and

which
imprint,
ever
day have

moon

been

existed

before

or favored

mortals

accustomed

upon
would

the
sit

occasion

to contribute
the

needed

to bring
at eve
of which,
after
top
and sing for his mates
they

resolvd

towards

a
and

supplies,

on
savory
met

they

the
anitheir
their
who

a more
soup.
for a

as they
flew around
grew lighter
whirled
off into
the air.
company
called
in vain
for them
to return,
but it was
parents
and higher
around
their
they arose,
whirling
singer,
into
took their
in the firmabright
they
places
stars,

suddenly

th

Pleiades,

and

and

ail

once

mound,

was

black

night

CONSTELLATIONS.

stars

them

its

leaving
But

tree,
retained.

were

each
heads

the

together
time
and

night.

day,

singers
On
one

mound.

refased

parents
dance.

late.

all

ail

of ail

leader

them

night
was

BACE.

was

that

the

of their
the

the

too

to

sweetest

around

us

but

HIS

to be the

some

he

THE

OF

tells

featherygar-

ON

called

the

through

to dawn.
Then
the
day began
and were very
prevailing,
angry;
the
who
to
pursued
managed
chipmunk,
of the bear
his back
as
paw
simply
grazing

the

the

corn

and

chipmunk

the

suit.

This

arose,
continuai

night

colored

have

is best;
"Night
was singing,
the
the

hole

we

sunshine?"

for

the

STRIPE

he

although

which,
ride

bearing

appointed

Shall
its

so
days,
which
light,"

that

leader,

escape
uninjured,
he entered
his

was

the

have

saw

party

and

wished

BLACK

appointment

discussion

began
singing,
the chipmunk

While
other

his

others

from

separate
we must

THE

porcupine

question,
with

and

to rule,
chipmunk

be

HAS

CHIPMUNK

returned,
his present

chose

in

present
suit,
so gracefully

can

then

turkey-buzzard
good
from
which
each
bird

IROQUOIS.

his
he

The

ments,

THE

selected
of any,

it

air.

OF

the

hearts

whole

they

are

dancing

still,

the

brightness

of

THE

BMiTn.t

the

earth.

A party
attacked

by

three

of

sky,
with
his

were

hunters
with

the

th

bear

the

bow,

gathering
the
bear,
for a time

pierce
Then
An

old

staff

into

below,
chant

his
he

she

because

For

end.

this

is clearly
boiling

cat,

ever

were
frosty

pole
to

ever

the

his

foliage.

when
to

transported

the
singing
him
slowly

began
saw
him,

the
the

where

moon,

Once

a forehead-strap.

and

ever

was

the

indication

follow
bloodshed:
of a good

harbinger

and

bundle

he

was
unhappy
divination,
come
to an
world
would

of

power

foretell

also

the

would

war

man).
with

weaving

star
him

weather

predicted
the
ever

reappears.
took
people,

to

this

day

a monthshe

Indian's

so
guide,
events.

of

coming
disease
if yellow,
a mottled
and
corn

THE

and
sky

the

northern
Were

she
stirs

which
of hominy
before
occupation
her,
during
continue
unravels
her net,
and
so she must
side,
be finished.
will her work
for never
until
then

her

of time,

the

autumn

watching
it
and
fainter
fainter,
until
growing
where
his stooping
in th heavens,
place
and
are pointed
been
ever
since
visible,

have

was

seen

kettle
by

end
As

not

she

be

to

the
the

could

The

ever
his

took

and
bnndie
figure,
staff,
ont as Na-g-tci
(the old
old
An
gifted
woman,

were

they

bewho, farther
hunters
of the

the

where

mountain,
who
were

to

up into
spirits
hunter
the first

invisible

tinges
his

by

rejected

high

when

by
pursued
the third,
arrows
do the

blood

desire

his

destroyed.

and

afterwards

but

a bear,
three

but

seen,

dripping

into

air,
as

ceased

nnally

his

Those

the

kettle,
in fall

is invisible,
and
despised

chant.

death

be

the

he

up

by

Oniy

when

man,
went

and

carried

still

of

account

of

with

sticks.

on

in pursuit
and all

giant,
were

bear,
can

second

is

hind,

once

stone

81

STAR.

however,

dimmed,

a monster

together,
where

the

rise

been

having

singer
to
return

POLE

the
until

lights

they
white,
red
while

pestilence,
in the springtime

was

season.

STAR.

POLE

in sarch
of new
while
of Indians,
hunting
A large
moving
party
At last
but little
on for many
wandered
finding
game.
moons,
grounds,
to
unknown
a great
banks
of
arrived
at
the
entirely
them,
river,
they
boats.
Lost
to build
the material
not having
had
to stop,
where
they
with hunger,
famished
nearly
to hold
a council
it was
decided
and
old
little

homes.
being

Accordingly
Preceding
until
their

devise

chief

was

means

for

taken

very

returning

ill, and
to their

a
tobacco
was
and while
the
the dance,
burning,
During
to
be
their
she
was
sent
came
like
a child
guide.
up, saying
her that
and started
with
night.
broke
up their
camp
they
on
she led them
or small
a gi-wah,
with
war-club,
only
them,

daylight
food.
n
6E

head

the
to

and
This

then
they

commanded
did,

and

them
when

to

awakened

rest
by

while

she

her

they

prepared
found

82

MYTHS
1

feast
great
the assurance
True
from

jug,

in

to her
which

readiness

for

she

had
the
for

At

earlymorn
the day,
her

of which

she

but

retamed,
how they

would

be

goes,

stand

still,
but
to

then
where

all they
she
night,

at

own

reach

chief

their

would

the
while
as

star

the

other

follow
would

its
find

own
of

guide
and

whenever
told

them

moved
in his
they

they
a

sign,
they
that

about,

with

farewell,
with

her

they
followed
she bade
them
who

of the

follow

were

a herd

in

again

be

had
and

and

her,
rest
to

warriors

her

a skin

bade
cup, and
but at lastyieldthem
that
they

shown
accom-

of

then,

deer,
again
she

At night-fall
to explain
to them

in safety.
In a short
and immediately
all

race,
that

them

guide
and
light

soon

homes

his

Indians

stars

Indian's

so,
informed

encountered
they
wished
in her absence,
took
leave
of them.

would

teach

a sure
pole

to do

warriors
Two

them

evening.

bringing
into'a
horn

feared

they

of a few

kill

her

to them
out

pointed
never

them

who

first

bade

She then
strong.
that
night..
Again
a great
where
plain,

of game.
distance
when

a great
number
and informed
the

together
the
pigmies,

reappeared,
some
liqnid

plenty

a short

she
in the

again

she

exception

fine

bade

saying
could

with

at

the

to return

promising

rived,

with
could

where.they
panied

arrived

IROQUOIS.

Then

them

out

poured

to feel very
they
began
a long journey
to make

THE

them.

of returning
to
at evening
word,

themeachtotasteofit.
ing

0F

were

now

this

particular
and

that

return

to

time
held

he

ar-

council

in the territory
of
in the
which
already
sky,
were lost;
and the pigmies
in the north,
where
the sun

wanderings,
would
soon

star
they
their

should
were
tribe,

of game,
&c.
plenty
the good pigmies,
and
traveled
until
every
night
in their
they
when
safely
had
homes,
recounted
all
where,
they
their
the head
chif
called
a meeting
adventures,
of all the
tribes
and
said they
to give this star
a name.
ought
So they
called
it ti-yn-sou-da.star
whieh
never
go-rr
(th
name
it is called
by which
unto
moves),
this
day.
they

Then

they
arrived

thanked

CHAPTER

V.

TALES.
Distinct
and natural

from the myths, which relate to the gods, supernaturalbeings,

hints
are th tales, from which must be gleaned
phenomena,
of
the
and
life
and
the past hunter,
family
history
warrior,

regarding
Iroquois.
In time of peace, during the long winter evenings,
among his grdup of
or some famous
hnnter narrated
his achievements,
friends, the returned
could
told of those days in the past when men and animais
story-teller
If
with one another.
transform
themselves
at will and hold converse
the entertainer
would relate ingenious
mnsical,
fables, with songs introduced, to give zest to the narration.
All these bistorical
of war and hunting,
fairy tales,
traditions,
legends
the ages, kindling
the enand fables have been handed
down through
thnsiasm

of the marvel-loving
listener.
and
with such imaginative
These
were gifted
story-tellers
powers,
were so free from the trammels
of adapting
their tales to any standard
who seeks
of possibility,
that no easy task lies before the careful student
a
to detect
in them the scabIding
of truth around which so elaborate
has
been
reared.
superstructure

BOY RESCUED

BY A BEAR.

with wild animais

Indians'
stories of transFrom their close relations
and
formations
of men into beasts
and beasts
into men are numerous
In nearly
all of these, wherever
the bear is introdnced
ho
interesting.
of benevolence,
while many other animais,
such as
figures as a pattern
One of these bear
the porcupine,
are always
as noxious.
presented
of
as told me on the Cattaraugus
Reservation
by a grandson
stories,
a.
was as follows:
A party of hunters,
who were encamped
Cornplanter,
from home, discovered,
as they were preparing
to return~
long distance
was missing.
After searching
that a young boy of their company
vainly
that he had been killed, and sadly defor several
days they concluded
than the lost
without
him.
They were no sooner gone, however,
parted
in
an
almost
was
discovered
famishing
by a very kindchild,
condition,
hearted
thus:
"If I attempt
to relieve the child in
bear, who reasoned
I will therefore
to death.
my present
form, he will surely be frightened
transform
myself into a woman and take the boy home with me to become
a playmate
for mylittle
cubs."
The boy was accordingly
rescued
from
starvai;ion,
and, living in the same hollow tree with the bear family, fed
83

MYTHS

84

with

of

saying:

boy,

yonr
she resumed

The

boy

shape
and disappeared
her'proper
to kill
when
was known
grown,

even

never,

INFANT
A man

and

his

and

wife

and

a long

encamped
who
hunter,

NURSED

child

luck

went

for roots,
found
searching
bear.
This
she succeeded

a hole

some

for

herself

husband.

and

Bnt

Then
very
weary.
whom
he forced
to
to

which
Then

tree.

the

hunter

After

this

the

same

his

little

seen

had

saw

a little
be

been

dead

are

my

hunter

had

would

wherenpon
and

west

had

time

not

native

the

west,

threw

been

for
and

The

he

next
he

entered

Mil

the

child

th

his
was

wife,
in
a black

and

up

cook-

remainder

from

who soon retnrned,

condnct
of his wife,
with
her little
infant

infant

into

the

hollow

his

had

son

bow

told

the

home

and

said

where

and

to

that

and

he

supposed

to

the

and
him,
the hunter

a friendiy
took
some

be

arrow,
a small

watched

what

nnderstand

kind

him

father

placed

not

were

foot-prints
small

day

his

could

boy

little

a second

used,

where

the

At

emptyresolved

hunter

camp
which
it

the

game.

returned
the

the

village

attended

other

the

died,

Indian

and
continued
to live in
luck,
In the course
of time
he found
that

him.

bear.

child,
was
disThe

but
of the soft
benefactor,
child
had
been
to
his home,
accustomed,
and
-contented
to remain
with
his
happy

to which

the

was

brother.
the

two

the

great

home
where

and
the

in

excelled

Finally,

hunter,
who perceived
was
afraid
of them
his

and

woods.

better

boy.

Then

hanter

she
hour.

company,
So he left

tree

but

the

and
ran
to the tree,
away
uneasy,
been
nourished
and
cared
for by

bark,

birds.
to kill

little

the

until
same

wife

hunter

child.

and
he

father
In

the

with

dfer

a piece
for his father,
was
at the
enraged
meat

wigwam.
he found
had

luck

in

the

child";

of dried

strange

of the

had

an

leaving,
he had leit

after

birth
given
buried
his

playing
boy leave

the

frightened
covered
bed

his

in time,

boy

"You

the

with
his
place
son must
have

around

which,

to

had

she

in

boy hid
hunter

eat

from
good
and

a large
tree
in
and
after
killing,
cutting
she carefally
secreted
the

child

th

day
Before

hunger.
Soon

ing
her

once

of

the

into
a bear.

BEARS.

off hunting
At first,

after

and day

more.

his

BY

home.
way from
into
camp
plenty

brought
became
game
last,
scarce,
handed
and famishing
with
to try

IROQUOIS.

upon

return

rejoin
which

THE

and berries.
But when
fall came,
and with
nuts,
corn,
th hunters,
th good
bear
her device
to the
explained
cubs
must
now take
care
of themselves,
and you can
"My
but
feel kindly
toward
the bear tribe
always
upon
friends

them

it the

OF

they

get

the

three

were

of
would

they

harming
were
Then

th

brought
were

father

children

consented.

warriors

and

hnnting
their

whioh

beasts
that
and

told

bravest
find

the

th

carcasses

owls

and

to the far
going
human
race.
The

becpming
bade
they
warriors

home

very
strange,
him
to
go back
to follow
them
t6
of

the

animais

MAN

THE

BMiTH.]

warriors

kill.
would
they
and
started
out

found

the

which

mon

the

tale

was

of

rid

getting
very

ing

said

here,"
into the
boy
the

of him.
and

MAN

one

he,

catch

obeyed,
and

as

he

When

had

an

he

woman

and

asked

what
The

being~
he

still

can't

The

council

Then

the
could

none
Last

of

with

live

bear

The

him,
and

he
to

like

law

was
at
on

was
took

grow
bear.
last

that

hunter

so

and

So

that

creep
The

in."
closed
till

cried
was

he

Then

th

which
and

food

might
fowls.

his

useless

for
told

him
what

he

in

that

up
cried

a room.

lived

she

on,
a human

support
m
take

but

him,

might
at

wigwam,

hunting
and

and
was

the

to assume
lived

they

charge.
but

upon,

him
he
ran

cubs

for

several

means

to

chop

barking
up,
were killed.

be still

another

like
the
just
his
appearance
tamed
him,

killed

instantly

a bear,
killed~

and

on nuts,
AU

to.

boy

he

can

animais

the

was

given
One

years.
down

the

to

over

the

day
tree."

and

the

tree

cub,

so he looked

eut.

was

into

cubs.

The hunter
caught
instead
of killing
that,
him
to speak
and
taught
lived
he had
he forgot

After
some
a man.
years
up like
of the hunter,
a daughter
He
married
home
he never
because
brought
angry
stick

to

to
him something
brought
animais
she called
many
She told them
and deer.

She

in turn

kept

a noise

astonished
to

and

cried

said
live,"
he,
was
this
agreed
and the
the
nuts,

two

there
made

boy

very
See

step-father

"I

getting
He

bear

thought

hunt-

The

a lad.

for

is coming
day a dog

next

him

it was

food

in

always
he went

a sharp

the

means

out

crawl

Come,

found

geese

animal

spoke.
ones."

bear.

old

on

live

"I

he
he

to give

advise

each

of the

the

of

food."

proper
bear

the

The

and

fll

said,
raw

offer

hunter

tree.

him,

So

fox
eat

enough,
and

down
the

they

and

"A

said,

True

time

ail

step-son.
1 want
you

the

in,

foxes,
bears,
not eat
could

who

there

decided

keeping

the

in

his

called
ones.

around.

would

my young
to assist

promised
the

a boy

deer
all

and

Two

hole.

nest.

he refused.

that

eat, but it was

her to a council-wolves,
around
was

he

were

awakened

walking

so bitter

there

story,
and

boys,
to bones.

porcupine's

a prisoner.
himself
betrayed

found

old

home

heels

as his

When

that

his

the

STEP-SON.

a porcupine's
of the young

some

soon
him

asleep.

saw

told
of

reduced

HIS

saw

came

found

and
made

he

he

have

and

himself

and

traces

almost

AND

day

When

hole

hole

He

had

often,
said he.

thing,"

home

found

of Brant.
by a granddaughter
He devised
he hated.
a step-son
whom
He went
struck
him.
At last
an idea

narrated

man

A certain

went

he

85

STEPSON.

stench.

THE
This

HIS

Rnally
of the animais

carcasses
of

died

So

AND

but

but

his

tender

on his

return

mother-inbear-meat.
home

he

86

MYTHS

THE

0F

THE

BOY AND HIS

IROQUOIS.

GRAIFDMOTHEE.

An old woman
lived with her grandson
in the wilderness.
The boy
amnsed
himself
with his bow and arrows, and was very
by shooting
His grandmother
cooked and cleaned.
happy.
She talked
mnch to
him of th future
and the time when he should go out into the world.
she would
my grandson,"
"Never,
say, "never
go west-go
always to
the east."
And the boy wondered
he said,
very mnch at this, becaase,
all other boys went west, and they found
much game there.
But he
promised.
one day he asked his grandmother
so often why she always
However,
forbade him to go west, that she told him
"Far away in the west," said
there lives one who waits to destroy
she,
ns, and if he sees you he will
I warn yon do not go that way."
injure yon and me.
But the boy qnestioned
how and why, and thonght
to himself
that on the first opportunity he would see for himself.
So he struck
ont for the west, keeping
a sharp lookont for the
his grandmother
had taught
him
man, because
he should always bow first.
As he neared
the lake he heard
the man's voice, but, although
he
looked ail around,
he could see no one.
The voice said
"Ah 1 ah my
little fellow, 1 see yon."
Still he could see no one.
What shall 1 do
now
he.
Then the voice said, "What
thought
would you think if I
sent a hurricane
to tear your grandmother's
cabin ail np?"
The boy
like it.
We have hard work to get wood.
replied,
Oh, 1 should
It
would be a good thing."
And the voice replied,
You had better
run
home and see."
So he went home to his grandmother.
As he neared
his cabin he heard
a great
called to him,
noise, and his grandmother
Corne in, come in; we shall be blown away.
You have disobeyed
me;
now we shall be destroyed.
Th hurricane
is upon us."
But the boy
and said,
We will throw the house into a rock."
onlylaughed
And he
it into a rock, and when the hnrricane
turned
was over they were unand found plenty
of wood to burn.
harnuid,
Then said the boy, '< Grandmother,
we are all right."
But th old
woman said,
Do not venture
any more; next time he will destroy ns."
But the lad thonght
he would try again.
In the morning
he started
off east as long as his grandmother
could see him, then he tnrned
to
the west, and kept a sharp watch right and left as he neared the
pond.
Then, ail at once, he heard the man's voice again.
it asked,
What,"
would
you say if a great hailstorm
came down upon your mother's
cabin,
with spears
as sharp as needies~"
"Oh," replied the yoiingster,
"Ihave
some spears;
1 wouldbe
always wanted
Ton
glad of some."
had better go home and see," said the voice.
So home he sped, hearing
the gathering
of a great storm.
The grandmother
We are going to be destroyed
said,
with a hailstorm of spears."
But he laughed
alond and said,
1 need spears for
let them come.
We will turn the honse into a rock
nshing;
again."

THE

BmTH.]

And

"I

he

pole

Th

his

grandmother
No matter,"
said
when
he brought

ont

he;
the
his

87

HUNTER.

and
was
ended
he
the
storm
did, and when
with
was covered
and tha
spears.
ground
but
on for nshing"
will get poles
and fit them

he

came

DEAD

not

could

grandmother
boy was
do

cani
said

his

But
him

to

lake
Ha

"How
spears.
are melted-they

is this?"

he

were

ice."

and

mourned

disappointed
old

him

leave

"and

He

determined.
his

round
heard

neck

the

as

voice,
a
with

a great

he

fellow~"

mocked

air

the

through

and

ail

face

on

it

ever

morning
th animais

had

been

came

once

every

A
came
man,
corn
bed,

man

and

to an

lake

alarge
killed

frogremained,into
the frog,
and

laid

They

placed

night
The

they

his

hunter
here";
go for

heard

dried

more

bas

up and
the man

which
no

ail

one

trouble

ever

went

of

a noise,

the

bread

the

We

np.
sprang
so he made

are

a hard
and

march

day's
found

in

it

they
a

dead

found
fine things.
They
to
ail went
and
then
they
bread,
other.
her
on
the
woman
and
baby

between

and

after

entered
they
and
all his
made

sqnaw
side
and
the

and

hunting,

the

one

HUNTER.

DEAD

So
wigwam.
tomakawk
his

and
on

it all

found

her

no

grandmother.

wife

some

the

into

told

but

again,
him."

to the

boy

and

and

cabin

over

the

home,"
he had.

feil

and

oniy

So

the

<'Go

and

large

out,
lake

it if
which

ston

of

cried

boil.

and

empty
ont with

in plenty,
the man

the

very

He

you like
voice.

the

in

middle

in the
it.

with

taking
direction

more,
th

of

went

or his

What

mywarning,"

saw

side

should

said
do,"
he threw
became

he

he

turned.

to him

once
watched

dead,

THE

main

at

to

Next
ail

off

the water
at once,
began
to his
grandmother's
boy returned
tried
She said,
It bas been
it.
again
able to hunt
or bas been
seenhim
before

about

aloud.

"Heed

He

How

lake,
when,
Then
the

And

asked.

alone."

charm.

head,
now.
I have
you
uncle,
Il "That
it will
never
up~"
And
the lad,
and see!"

it whirled

cried.

started

ha!

dried
As

much
the

punish

he had

the

any
They

very

grandmother,
the lad was

a stone

which

and

said,

dead
ail

and in the middle

them,
man
was
sitting
up and
dead
cried
folks,"
he, "if

and whispered
a pretense,
the child."
As
1 will mind

to the
soon

squaw,
as she was

of

the

eating.
we reTon

gone,
follow
the
said
he, "Imnst
Oh,"
He
the water."
will die;
she is too long
or the
child
fetching
mother
him
came
but
behind
the
soon
hastened
and
woman,
up with
caught
themselves
To save
a lighted
torch.
they
put
th dead
holding
man,
hand
his wife's
hunter
seized
and
the
on the
down
the child
ground,
behind
sound
of steps
but
the
and
her on faster
and hurried
faster,
his wife go, and fled on
let
So
th
man
and
was plainer
them
plainer.
he came
to a hollow
Soon
as he could.
log, into
as hard
by himself

must
he

pinched

water.
the

baby

till

it

cried.

88

MYTHS

which
felt

he

Th

crept.
strokes

th

of

the

OF

THE

steps

came

dead

man's

IROQUOIS.

nearer

Ah
saying,
you are here.
took a pole and tried
to poke
the
not.
At last
his hatchet
broke,

voice
man
could

1 must

say,

my night

go
out
of the
crept
hollow
returned
to the settlement
burnt

the

up

dead

This
A

was

hunter

rived

at

He

until

wigwam

HUNTER'S

told
by Mr. Snow,
far from
home
had
lake.

caught
hunter
out
and

until

nearer,
heard

and

the

Then

you."
of the

then

at

last

dead

he

man's

the

dead

but he
hollow,
him
hunter
heard

the

is coming
on."
a while,
the hunter
So, after
and
went
after
his
wife
and child,
and
log
and told all about
and the chief
sent and
it

man's

and

hatchet,
1 have

it was

but

nothing

ashes.

ADVENTUEES.

Seneca

Reservation:
ail

expended

saw

a great
number
reflected
the
upon

of his

when

arrows,

of wild

geese.

he

ar-

been

Having

he
now
best means
of capturing
some
unsuceessfui,
of these
and he finally
concluded
to pursue
the following
geese,
plan
He procured
a quantity
of second-growth
bass-wood
which
he tore
bark,
into
withes.
These
he fastened
to his belt,
out into
the
then,
swimming
he dove
down
nnder
the floating
nock
and
succeeded
in tying
a
lake,
few of the geese
to his belt,
the struggling
with
their
whereupon
geese,
companions,

flew

unfastening
the ground

a few
in

into

up

the

women

miserable

cries

of

so much

the

man

that

prison

on
went

they

to

a large
south.

had

excellent

stock

of arrows,

Having
luck
in

oil of which
game,the
he concluded
to return
perience
made

in
'from

friends,

let

flying,

in the

when

so

at

to his

home

he

prepared

his
had

perilous
again

to this

he

deer-skin.
but
him,
day

friends
for

Taking

as he passed
he

threw

do not

know

from

which

when

he

with

the

stump
frightened
of aid to secure
the

his

and

broke

game

stump.

he

wings

to

ones

the

from

saily
until

arrived

thinly-dressed

who

down

While
down

and also the

stump,
the stump
for wood,

started
anew
he
destination,
numbers
of deer,
killing
large
he carefully
in leathem
preserved

last, he started
homeward,
women
who had rescued
good

them.
be

days,

of the

in search

away
found

had
they
supposed
they
hunter
was finally
delivered
remained
with his kind
rescuers

the

ontside

cutting
inside
of

the

The
with

with

might

two

nearly

upon the
who were

which
he

he

the whole
of the captured
manner,
fell into a tall and hollow
stump,
to free himself.

a thumping
sound
joy heard
of women
voices
choppers,
the

hunter

that

graduai
hunter
poor

and the
away,
he found
it impossible
He remained
in-this

but

the

air, carrying
tied
so
ones,

of th

down
from

he

th

several
whence

himself
farther

built

a lodge
and
and other
bears,
bottles.
When

remembered

which
himself,
his bottles
of

over

and

situation,

provided
for a hunt

lodges
bottles
they

his
wings
oil for
of the
to these

came.

exhe
balgood
his

After

<.

THE

BMiTE.]

this

the

to his

was

of

narration

hnnter's

THE
and

A man
man

one

And

his

which
"I

attempt.

Then

the

sbonid

man

old

TO

a solitary

bear
the

saw

claw

the

and

returned
old

The
to

marks

of
his

told

said,
aronnd

knock

the

"I

nncle,
believe

the

outside

man

now

he
and

man

said

tree

he

and

home

retnrned
himself
"to
go

lucky
every

see a bear
go
may
of the bear's
claws

you
again
the marks

in a tree,

a hole
he

old
Ton.

support."
best
bow

the

thonght
to his nncle,

showing
in the morning
they
inside
is a bear
there
the

our
him

When

saw

The
man.

young

gave

that

bear,
and

of

to the

place.

a deer-for

or

old

said,
if you
see a hole in the tree and
up a tree;
of the bear."
yon cn be sure
man
was ont he
So one day as the yonng
da.y."

return

listen

NEPHEW.

HIS

are

"Ton.

like,"
"Now

His

home.

adventures.

together'in

nephew,

his

assembledto

he departed.
morning
deer-and
he had killed-a

in the

that

lived

ail

89

NEPHEW.

to

safely

LESSONS

MAN'S

larger
game-a
Then
1 will go."

hnnting

replied,
and
arrows,

he brought
for a first

his

HIS

and

rnnners,
and
exploits

nephew
to his

he

and

and

swiftly
by

OLD

said

day
be

should

flew

annonnced

TO

LESSONS

MAN'S

hunter

flying
clan

OLD

had

make
and

gone
started

he

so he

together.
is
Our plan
bear
uneasy;

now.
the
the

and

np,

first

they
thing
said the
"Nbw,"
shoot
If yon
will
to shoot.
jnstwhere
"Iwill
tell
you
when
uncle,
man
saw that
him."
The
Idll
will surely
is no hair,
yonng
there
you
en
the
the
bear
and
he
hit
fore-paw.
hair
were
without
the
paws
the
Then
the other
So he shot
uncle.
said
th
paw.
"Shoot
again,"
aimed
and
And
the
here."
Shoot
and
nephew
old man
pointed
said,
hurt
hand
the
old man's
Then
of his nncle's
the
shot
finger.
point
with
and
ont
his
he pursed
his nephew
lips
pointed
so
to
direct
him,
came
the
bear
his
Then
man
shot
lips.
and the yonng
throngh
them,
his
that
nncle
was
the
explaining
made
his way off, while
and
down
man
The yonng
the fore legs.
under
asked,
been
to shoot
had
meaning
for that
started
home
Then
day
not
did
they
say so?"
"Why
you
for if
the
said
"To-morrow
nncle,
"watch,
morning,"
withont
game.
find a bear
of the
the roots
yon
may
large
trees
you will look between
he

presently

th

knew

in

that

will

was

bear

out."

come

sticking

So they
his head

knocked,
ont of the

way."

Accordingly,
of the tree

the
and

next

saw

day-the
bear
a large

young
inside.

man

hole.

fonnd

So he

went

a hole
home

near
and

the

root
asked

The old man began

how
to get at th bear.
he could
not understand.
in a way that
but, unfortunately,
them
and
stuck
the
corn-stalks
corn field,
into
th
Ee went
gathered
where
the place
he
surrounded
so
that
the
entrance
to
the
aronnd
hole,
side of the tree,
on th other
he knocked
Then
must
corne ont.
the bear
his

nncle

to

explain,

for

instructions

90

MYTHS

and

the

bear

not,
went

for

the

"You

did
as

was
out, as, of. course, there
fell before
him.
The young
Then
the
unele'
asked what
he

have

One
them.
Then

go
stick

one
So

the

right."
old man

the

nnd

you
went

nephew

"could
and

by

Once

the

He

He

would

One
were
got
deer
self

and

was

very
lived

child

grt
children.

th
him

up very
alone
all
would

of

day

the

fellow

went

become

AND
was

hunting
deer

clearer
at first
You

all

can

You

in-

invite

stick

there.

and

place,

HIS
a

off in the

tired

FAITHLESS

man

world

of his

leave

to learn

uncle's

his

parables.

WIFE.

whose

name

was

"Hemiock

had
luck.
day and
always
good
could
not
them
all home.
carry
He was determined
to carry
them
ail
and shook,
and shook,
till they
them,

every
that
he

on his
One

him
on

He

father

go and
fine and

hurry

shot
"After

used

and

so he could
wigwam
a boy was
born
he planted
a few hills

mat.

until
home

had

make

After

the

child

large

boxfui

born

the

After
her

skins

the

himfather
but

beans,
mother
birth

husband.
all

for
the

him;
of corn and

was

of

clothes

unto

day

the other
side of the nre-place.
a little
more
was born.
years
girl
the wife seemed
to car no more
for

worker.

When

have

other."

explanations
told me this

swamp-bad

asked

had

deer.
thirty
them
and shook

skins

mostly
it on

three

many

children.

fond

with

second

make

so

the

his

After

all

told.

as sqnirrels,
and he carried
them
all home,
and when
he
and
and
till
were
shook,
shook,
shook,
they
good-sized
Sometimes
when
he killed
so many
he would
sit up all

he

again.
to fix

he

there
to go

killed

as small

night

they
alone

kill

there

your
yon

and

he

and

should
the

should

arms

sticks
and
returned.
up the
old
man.
said
he.
"Tes~
th
feast
was
came.
nobody
ready,
~e
come
th
nobody
How,"
inquired
and the swamp
corne here~"
So they

tree

for

time

sohetook

home,

on

he

why
his

done,

"Ton

then
Had

and

young

HUNTER

used

he

day

tall
th

exprience,

on

had

man.

"make

a place

around

then

THE

Bows."

took

Pm going
to make
a feast.
to represent
so many
friends.
tree
this
you can find and leave

done
as 1 said?"
you
Yet
when
the
came
and
day
asked
the uncle,
"bas
Why,"
young
man,
ate together,

old
side

reason

man

said,
sticks

"Hve

lessons

no

&c.

there,"

the

the
one

man,
illustrations.

highest

till

along

on

young

many

1 ont

gaests.
Go to

first

the
so

been

day

th

said

understand,"
the den;

left

this,"
expostulated
and do not give

vite

IROQUOIS.

came

not

he

would

THE

stalks

home.

him

OF

dressed

slept
of her

He

was

for

his

went
the
mother
would
call
the
hunting
boy and
her some
and she would
wash
and dress
bring
water,
take
a long
and an ax and
leave
the
strap
children
almost

time

to cook

for

for
the

the
man.

father

to come

home.

Then

she

THE

EMiTH.]

One

the

night

little

every
day.
to follow

away
solved

felt

her

his

told

boy

He

HIS

AND

HUNTER

very

father

ail

about

he

heard

when

badly

day
and find where
off.
The
and went
cabin

the

91

WIFE.

FAITHLESS

his
it,

at

going
re-

once
The

went.

she

next

mother
and

next

the
he left the
early
started
with
her ax and
she
had
after
some
dressed,
and,
water,
her husShe
wood.
in drawing
which
was used
passed
the long
strap
but
he
tracked
her
see
closely.
but did not
very
on her way
band
him,
and
which
was
upon
black-ash
to a large
hollow,
Soon
she came
tree,
ont of
came
man
ax.
with
her
nice-looking
she pounded
A very
which
feathers.
filled
with
a turban
her.
He
wore
bright
to meet
the tree
much
seemed
and
delighted
and
kissed
very
to
her
He
went
her,
up
and
when
them
ail the
husband
was watching
tune,
Her
to see her.
the man,
shot
at
arrow
and
and
drew
his
bow
her
he
man kissed
the
morning
boy for

and

the

and

arrow

went

club

fire

Soon

saw

when

he

must

go after

in

the

the

boy
of large
ran

burned
came

their

and

white

it a bear
bear.

tnrkeys,
bnshes
to
and

came
The

boy

the

children.

day

find
felt

must

started

on

they
his little
for

off the

little

very

girl,
cried

He

bad.

He
mind

felt
the

boy and girl

walk.
a long
she
on his back

one.
little

the

and

snow,

the

sister

wanted

she

very
angry,
Then
she

see.

then

set

off.

boy he
dog nxed

the

one

carried

in th

was

not

and

cold

fonnd

with

along

conid

went

The

next

he

till
and

told

mother.
the

and

She

woman.

the

girl ont
it down

and
he

but

traveling

in the

the

and

them,

snow,

was

and

and

hnsband

her

boy

father

the

beat

and

put
home,
to the cabin

him

between

went

took

sent

soon

woman

The

boy
but

girl,
and

the

While
saw

a Bock

down
puther
while
he was

the

and

badly
very
for he
dog,
in a honse

dog

cried,

followed

and
after
after

wished

and

that

Then
he
broke.
but
the strap
himself,
he might
die.
he
was
unhurt.
but
still
of
a
lot
a steep
down
stones,
place
jnmped
into
the water,
He plunged
came
to a lake.
on and soon
He traveled
he saw a great
when
a little
He walked
shallow.
way,
but it was very
notfar
wide
month
its great
him with
open.
Now,
towards
fish coming
of
had
fences
and
her daughter.
a woman
They
lake
lived
from
this
went
ont
the
In the
fish.
morning
girl
to catch
nxed
in the lake
osier
one.
a very
saw
and
she
large
were
to see if there
caught,
any fish
found
there
cnt
when
they
and
it
np
and
dressed
they
killed
it,
They
he told
and soon
the boy,
to find
were
the boy alive.
very
glad
They
all

them
Some
be
had
and

about
time

to

himself

and

this

after

better

go
went

the

kill

and

found

and

hang
onto

they
man.

to another

married
he

He tried

family.
heard

that
woman

The
man

them.

and

his

There

was going
mother
boy's
told
the boy she thought
him
nxed
So they
mother.
the

was

number

of

cabins

to
he
up
and

was
an eagle,
a long
stick
put
up, and on it
the woman.
She was very
was to marry
eagle
He saw his father
near her,
and sat on a raised
dressed
platform.
nicely
the wigwams,
around
went
sad.
The
among
and
sick
boy
very
looking
and near
in a chimney
to a crane
his sister
hanging
and in one he found
back
went
and
then
and
his
dog away,
father,
sister,
He got
her the dog.
between
and

the

two

one

of

that

them

shot

was

the

92

MYTHS

and

set

could
the

ure

not

and

her

ont
and

ground,
His

owl.

to the
get

father

cabin
and
ont

of

got

daughter.
and so they

daughter,

his
she
the

well,
The old
were

old

man

THE

mother

died.

THE
An

OF

IROQUOIS.

was
When

ashes
and

of

happy

It
head

his
ail

they

man

in.
her

married

mother
went
the

burned

so fast

cracked
there
to

live

woman,

that

rose
with
and

she

it shook

open

a screech

up

the
the

woman
boy

the

at last.

CHARMED

SUIT.

in a solitary
up his son very
quietly
As
place.
sent
him
into the woods
daily
and
told
him
to
home
and tell what
he had
heard.
So the
boy sat on
a log
and waited
to hear
what
come.
He heard
a sound
might
at last,
so he ran to tell
the old 'rnan and
Ch-B-Oh,"
then
he would
thonght
wait
till
he heard
it again.
The Ch-R-Ch
was repeated,
and he ran to
his home
and cried
"I
have
heard
it! I have
heard
ont,
it!"
Wait! 1
<' till I
wait
said
the old man,
and
when
get my pipe,"
he had
lifted
it he said,
what
did
"Nbw,
you hear'
the
"I
replied
"Oh,"
lad,
heard
twiceitwas
said th father
Ch-R-Ch;
repeated."
"is not
That,"
what
I wanted
that
was only
yon to hear;
a snow-bird."
So the
after
boy went,
and heard
morning
varions
sounds
morning,
from
still
snow-birds,
wolves,
never
owls,
what
the
old man
&c., but
One day whilst
he was listening
expected.
he heard
a new sound
quite
and
as the
sun
to rise, it was like
began
a voice
"That
is
singing.
said
1 never
heard
strange
that
before."
The song was like this
he,
he

grew
up, his
listen
and corne

brought

fathr

HS-hm-weh
HS-hm-weh
Wa-he-dm-na
Sr&-guShe.
H hflm weh
H hum weh.
Which

means
1
1
I
I

It

was

a sweet

belong to
belong to
am going
am going

the wolf clan.

the wolf clan.
to marry him,
to marry him.

voice.
So the boy listened
and said to himSo he shouted
for glee,
song."
and
ran
and
he was so excited.
he cried,
door,
1 bring
th
Now,"
<' Wait
but th father
<'
wait!
news";
till I get my pipe."
said,
Now
said
tell me."
he, as he smoked,
So the boy began.
"As I listened,"
said
1 heard
a voice
from
the west,
he,
a wornan's
so 1 turned
voice,
and listened
to it singing"
self, "Surely
fell near
the

this

wornan's
is

the

Ha-ltm-weh
Wa-he-dm-na
Sr~-gnS-hi.

THE

sMiTK.]
the

Ah! said
a distant

of

and

back
the

same

"that

father,
sends

village
see if you

can

his
hear

what

was

are
and

at

once

to

them

again."

So he

Sit

here.

threw

ashes'all

and

went

chief

The

Run

half

way

heard

again

&c.

when

nncle.

his

down

the

said

"Now,"

th

by

old

he

And

ashes."

man,
the

took

bed and
put on him his best
boy's
not look at
"Do
mnch
by saying,
boy very
hold
corne
to see me, not
come
yon:
they
in;
over

the

th

astonished

maidens

told

and

almost

and

feathers
the

for.

waiting
see ns.

daughters

song.

returned

"they
shovel

I was

two

H-hm-weli,
He

93

SUIT.

CEARMED

they

down
while
head
they
stay."
your
th song:
Then
heard
they
HMirn-weh.
H&-hm-weh.
Sr.-gna-he.
The
keep
Soon

were

feathers

on his

ail

the

still

head;

old

man

"Now,

repeated,

still."
th

younger
near
down
called
around

said

When
to

thonght,
the old
stood
saw
clear

do

with

The

boy

man
on

basket
around

looked

tbe
door.
The
opened
her back;
this
she set
and his father
a little,

looked
The visitors
head
down."
your
sit
a place!"
"Sit
what
"What
a place!
down,
removed
the
but
to the visitors,
man
they
although
hold

on quietly.
So he smoked
the boy sat
it was where
began
they
dirty
did not
the lad
passed
np, and as the evening
a clean
bed
nxed
themselves
himself.
They

they
they
and

aronnd

man.

old

<'Dirtyboy;

old

the

a beautiful

carried

two

the

ont,
and

down,
blankets

what

the

and

arrived

maidens

of

still.

to go
know

how

on

the

and when
to sit by the old man,
refused
They
wigwam.
ont
of
his
lifted
him
dirty
bed, strewn
the boy
at last
they
went to sleep
bed.
clean
him
into
their
and
with
put
ashes,
What
a
him
and
one
admired
the
said,
In the
younger
morning
had
better
cook
some"We
Then
man!"
they
beautiful
said,
young
and
the boy ate with
and rice,
and
corn
them,
cooked
So they
thing."
can
clean
he
After
a while
Good wornan;
smoked.
the old father
said,
The
Then
he let the
boy look up.
can make
good wife."
up, can cook,
other

side

of

the

visitor

yonnger

again:

sang

BS-Mun-weh..
HS-hm-veIi.
So the

old

man

Then

the

thought

of the

beantifnl

become
uncle
chief's

pipe

lived

two

people.
One

his

smoked

qnietly
maidens.

were
as they
conversing
must
man
a young
go."
yon

day

replied,
danghters.

before
them
try
he kept
where

"You

must
Ton

must

go

th

sisters

together,

but

and

the

old

man

"Which

went
the

asked

maidens
yonng
here
and arrows;
Then
in hunting."

those
where
fine bows
have

They
give luck
you go.
for th
une
all the
things

yonng

warriors

their

man

"Now

said,

way,"

to

back

yonng

often
have

yon
and

he,
are

who

they
he
and

the
are
are-

looked
dressed

94

MYTHS

him

well

up

with

a swan

OF

THE

IROQUOIS.

stuSd.

"Now,"
said he,
when you take this
but
it will soon
corne
back
to life, and
head,
when
that
run in a circle
and return,
and you will see
happens
you must
that
deer
and
bears
will
follow
many
track."
So off he went.
your
When
he retnrned
he said that
so many
bears
and so many
deer
came
out every
time
as he crossed
the
track
and he shot
and took
the
them,
best
out
and
sent
them
home
to show
them
to the old man.
And
all
ontside

the

it will

time
The

done

the
old

be

swan

man

your

was

alive

exclaimed

said

well,"

on

his

at

uncle.

and

beautiftil.

his

luck

"We

as

must

he

told

save

all

his
the

tale.

Toi

have

meat.

hold
Now,
in your
dangers
stands
a man

to go to-morrow.
1 warn
ready
there
are
you
There
is_a'stream
that
path.
must
cross.
you
There
and he will try to kill yoa.
He will call ont to yon that
he has a couple
of wild cats
and will say,
'My
no
friend,
come,
help me kill these.'
Pay
on along,
or yon will be in danger
go right
attention
and never
get to
the
town."
The nephew
to obey,
and his nncle
promised
out
brought
curions
made
of colored
and
elk hair
thing,
of deep
a
string
red, abont
foot long.
I shall
this by me,"
said he, "and
keep
so long
as you are
well it will hang
as it is;
but
if yon are
doing
in danger
it will corne
down
itself
almost
to the
and if it does reach
the ground
ground,
yon
will die."
"I will be carefnl,"
said
the young
and
so he started
man,
with his directions,
his nncle's
advice.
He had almost
following
reached
his destination
when
he heard
and
there
in his path
a
a noise,
stood
man
while
he watched
two animais
and he tried
going
up a tree,
in vain
to make
them
corne down.
As the young
man approached
him he said,
butkill
one of these
"Pleasehelprne,
ifyoncan~
animais;
itwill
be agood
Do
me."
So he begged,
thing.
and
the
help
man
it
yonng
thought
conid
do no harm,
so he took
ont
bis arrow
and said,
"Don't
be in a
Then
the
old
man
hurry."
handed
him
the
arrows
and
asked
him,
"Where
are you going?"
and he told
and the
him;
strangersaid,
"Stop
aU night
that
is a long
with me;
way you are
go on to-morrow."
going;
Now
the nncle
at home
was watching
the signal.
He saw it
go down.
almost
to the
and
he cried
out
in his alarm,
ground,
Oh!
oh
my
is in danger,
he will get into
nephew
trouble
with
that
old man."
But
yourself

the

man

young
to remain
to tell
they
tending

with

stories
sat

as

down
it

listened
him

gave

all

they
he had

to

the

gathered
a good
light,
1 can fix him."

of

persuasions

and
night,
sat
beside

the
it

old
till

man
the

the
made

youth

and

tempter
up
fell

a fire
asleep.

and

agreed
began
Before

some
together
sharp
prickly
prebark,
and
as the
man
he said to
young
slept
So he took
some
of the-sharp-pointed

himself,
"Now,
bark
and
in agony.
Then
he took off th
placed
it on him; so he writhed
man's
handsome
clothes
and dressed
yonng
him up instead
in his own
old rags,
and rotten.
"I shall
dirty
keep
thse
things,"
said he; "they
are mine,"
and
forthwith
he started
off to th chiePs
honse
where
the
beautiful
women
and
he had the yonng
man's
and his spotted
were,
pipe
deer skin,
and
the
handsome
made
ont
of it, with
little
bag
birds
to

THE

s:mm.]

the

light

When

pipe.
sister

yonnger
she said,

was

This

he

had

all

was

the

filled,
for a

be

not

the
birds

to light
the

and

then

from

come

his

he

in

went

But

pipe."
heard

people
east
and

the

and

the

The

younger
man
young
see him and

to

when
it
which,
would
but
they

pipe,

light,
there

sister

older

the

the

came

got

to

still

that

many
his

he

length
were
expected
it was
becanse

birds

so he said
stranger,
be alone.
and he must

aronnd,

cabin

chiePs

At

little

two

the

when
she saw him,
so disappointed
sister
said:
man."
But her elder
the yonng
and the deerand the deer.skin,
fine clothes

movements.

his

95

SUIT.

was

She

cannot

expected

watched

reached

there.

He has
it ishe.
"Yes,
skin
and the little
bag,
sister
was disappointed,
they

CHARMED

were

ail
people
him.
Then

believed

ont a deer
I spit it makes
"When
so-spread
warnpnrn,
So he spat
times
and
she did as he
many
my spittle."
he did it
became
and saved
it np, but it never
said
although
wampum,
not
but
he killed
Each
only things
day he went
every
night.
hunting,
his
cook
them.
who
became
to
and
made
the
wife,
older sister,
good
eat,
him.
Even
when
he
never
would
The younger
go near
one, however,
he

told

skin

too:

her,

and

save

the

commanded
that

it did

One

not
she

day

her

task

Ee

was

she

little
obey
went

ont

the

to

fields

a man

observed

fast

deer-skin

spotted
him.

She

asleep.
but
how

in

a fire
his

at

face

stand

and

she

up

and
corn,
the field.

to husk

near

gazed

to

-bag

as

observed

she

She
the

recognized
stood
for

finished

drew

near.

beautiful

a while
She
looking
changed!
<' whencedo
"Whoare
you
sheasked;
you~'
"I corne,"
frorn the far east;
said
come
where
are you going
he,
and told how nicely
And
he related
his story,
I came
only last evening.*
of the
satisfied
started
until
~he was
he had
been
quite
by his uncle,
of the
him
she was the daughter
She
did
not
tell
of bis story.
truth
She
and fetched
food for him.
but she went home
whom
he sought,
chief
and while
he ate she
returned
to her
before
meat
and drink
laid
him,
young
at him

man,
till he

task

of husking

had

asked

corne

to

At

last

th

old

his

nne

the

things
back.

a sickly

and
I will

the
make

in the
the

told

robbed

sister'!

I smoke

out

man

him

The

home.

young

whilst

sister

younger
had
that

went

the

near

or sit

me,
herself

she

"Whereis

often,

man

Then

corn.

see

for

found

greatly

awakened.

old

fellow

pipe?

my
field."

May
she

man
who
young
in the chiefs

cabin

and

said,

was

man
young
a dream.

felt
Go

botter,
and tell

meanwhile
she

does

Why

be

never
she

bas

and that
was,
all
and had
1 want

my

the

chief,
your
father,
things
mnst
come
to hear
a dream
and ail the people
I have
dreamed
that
it,
are
and
then
the old
man
bas
and I will tell how ail the things
mine,
alive
will come
and all the things
the birds
will obey,
again."
of his youngest
to the entreaties
the old chief
listened
Then
daugha great
and called
ter,
and
form
of a dream,
his

pipe,
life, and

and
his

the
spittle

and the

council
when

swan

skin

became

he

of

spoke

when

placed

wampum.

young
the

man

told

birds

upon
So the

his

they
his
chief

in the
story
came
and filled

head
knew

also
he

came
was

to
the

96

MYTHS

OF

THE

IROQUOIS.

owner

of the
clothes
and they
were
to resume
his old rags.
obliged
to the
faithful
and
returned
maiden,
he became
in time
a noted
chief.

rightful
married
where

THE
An

returned

was

impostor

old

man

BOY

AND

THE

to him,
and
the
man
was then
young
his home
in safety,

The
to

CORN.

in a solitary
nephew
One day as
place.
an car ofcorn,
but he did
the uncle
picked
the boy,
that
1 never
see him eating
thought
Strange,"
and
he watched
him
when
the
old
man
he was
thought

theywalked
not eat it.

brought

through

anything,"

his

up

the

field

He saw
him go to.a hole
and take
out a kettle
asleep.
of corn,
which
he put into it.
Then
he took
a magie
the kettle
till it grew
then
he ate some
corn
and
big;
kettle
till it became
small
once
more.
In
did

the
as he

when
morning
had seen him

the
do,

nncle

left

home

the

and

afew

wand

and

grains

tapped
the
tapped

again

as he tapped
the
it went
on growing

boy got at the hole and

kettle
it grew
so large
until
his nncle
came

to feed

who

but

that

he could
not stop
it, and
who was very
"You
do not
know
what
harm
angry.
have
home,
you
been
said he;
we can
no more
it
in a place
doing,"
get
grows
corn;
that
is so dangerous
that
few who
come
back
alive."
We e
go there
have
in the
said the boy.
"And
when
it is gone,
plenty
what
honse,"
then ?
But
the boy persisted
that
he knew
where
the
corn
and
grew,
could
fetch
some.
he
~tell
me how
easily
to proSo, uncle,"
added,
ceed."
I shall
never
see
moaned
the
uncle.
you again,"
Oh, yes,
the boy, and he started.
the
you will,said
uncle
had
warned
Now,
him that
he would
come
to a lake
where
the woman
witches
and
lived,
that
he never
could
them.
But
he made
himself
escape
a canoe
and
some
nuts
and launched'himself
picked
the
water.
peculiar
Then
upon
he
that

threw

the

they

nuts

before
not

might

him

betray

his

the

fowls
He

coming.

landed

guarded
on the

th

shore,
side

other

and filled
with
and was hastening
safely
his
pockets
to put off in
corn,
his boat,
but before
he did so was curions
to know
what
was in a lodge
on the
shore.
So he peeped
in and stole
a bear's
he saw.
leg which
Now,
alarmed
and
he

ail

cords.
broke

nuts
set

But

were
so when
he passed
the birds
gone;
they
call and out came
th witches
up their
with
their
he launched
his canoe,
and when
a hook
reached

it off, and
of ducks,

a number
and

his

and

started

home.

reached
and
As

the

shore
in safety.
opposite
he stripped
a tree
of its bark
and

he

neared

his

home

a dirge"My
1 shall
never
poor nephew,
had
been
th
old man
sad
tales
telling
knocked
at the door he did
not
believe

of

the

his

boy

heard

the

Hi-Wadi,

and

he

knew

he

see
that

heard

hirn

his

death,
it was

uncle.

his

again."

There

him
he

uncle
The

nephew.

So he said,

saw

them

caught

so when
his

were
hooks

singing
animais
the

boy
But
Uncle,

THE

BMiTH.]

AND

BOY

THE

97

CORN.

uncle
His
I am coming;
mourning."
thought
stop
your
coming,
hand
and
he called
an animal
on the outside,
your
out, "Put
and
his
hand
the
the hole."
So
through
caught
put
nephew
through
it to a post,
and then
itoat
and tied
and pulled
opened
hold of the rope
"So
he called
man
saw his
And
when
the old
the
door.
nephew
ont,
1 am

it was

you

home
got
And
the

have

inquiries.
at
how,

he

last,

safe;

where

young

man

had

returned

T.AT) AND

THE
is another

This
A
ness.

was

Game

his

younger
staid
hunter's
return.
"I

said,
The

he

smoked

food,
him

replied,
to lie
went
want

would
and

when

he

himself.
to help
lad wondered,

ened
die.

mnst

He

he lay

bedtime

although
open,
a while
After
below
drew

must

"He

watched.

the
out

poured

he

seemed

the

elder

bade

his

boy
"I

younger.

to be

sound

brother

began
and-commenced

to

and

last

it,

at

instead

th

tasting
and
bed,
same

the

found

left

brother

leave

thing
without

This

alone.

him

younger,

of

to

go

had

he

the

awak.

and
he
said
he;
watch,"
"or he would
to himself,

will

no notice.
to take
pretended
one
but
he kept
to sleep,

rose

asleep.
and opened

make

strange

scraping
he took

a trap-door,

and,

and
motions,
it on the bottom.

a whip

struck

and

At
eye
when

presently
Then

he

th

kettle,
will
kettle

my
burning
wood,
"Now,
with
it became
every
blow;
bigger
larger";
grow
he set it to cool, and began
greedily
it was very
and
at length
large,
as he watched,
the younger
brother,
thonght
to eat the contents.
"Ah,"
to sleep
h went
he eats,"
and
nnd
out.what
I
will
to-morrow,
~now,
as

saying,

he

the
it over
placed
as he struck
and

When
said

elder

he added

believe

made

hunted

one
younger
for supper."

1 eat."

leave

wilder-

deep

brother

bnildthenreagainst

he

the

mornings
the
bade

the

the
deer,
to prepare

slept
brother

Still

obeyed.

he

onto

water

and

told

of corn.

plenty

think,"

he

no,

something,"
So he
night."

down

ground,
a kettle

But

eat

at

eat

he
the

and

before

En the

every
day.
in the evenings
of
the
curiosity

happened
eating;

he

elder

bringing
it to me

give
smoke

he

but

in

The

1 should

awakened

The

alone

plentiful.
sticks

now."

andhemademany
and
to him,

tale:

foregoing
brother

down.

eat

to

everything
home
with

CHESTNUTS.

THE

venison;
1 will

one

elder

"yon

th

been~"

yon

gather
he came,

When

cook

will

yonnger

plentifolvery
home
to

the

it;
th

of the

version
with

lived

man

have

explained
to his
safely

it,
and

content.
At

the

daylight

Cautiously
In

kettle.
brother

eats;"
7E

elder

set

off

to

and

he thought

Now

hunt.

the
trap-door,
boy lifted
the
"Now
a chestnut.
it lay half
to himself,

was

the

opportunity.
saw
once

the

said
I know,"
he, "what
for
"I will fix it ail ready

my
him

and

there

he

at

98

MYTHS

before

he

comes

back."

As

saying,

per."
struck

the

th

and
kettle,
it to its place.
not
get
up, nor

restore
would

drew

on

roof

to stir

and

took

the

he

the

younger,
"now
elder,

blow,

But

by every
he was sorrowful.

eat

of

but

venison,

He

brother

do,
on

it

the

kept

whole

room,

outside.
are

you

getting
die."
He

I must

it

and

stick.

but

"What
said,
"and
was

the

the

his

did;
it filled

until

kettle

the

it

it from

returned

reduced

he

and ibund
water,
kettle
as he had
seen

the

replied
th
said

kettle,"
Woe is me,"

IBOQUOIS.

grow
large;"
to his surprise,

and larger,
growing
larger
and he had to go up on th
When
the
elder
brother
found

THE

night
in some

put
up the
chestnut,
commenced
whipping
kettle
will
"Nbwmy

scraped
at once

"I

OF

until

at

When

doing?"

last

and

he

could

came

morning
for his

asked

sup-

your
struck

he
and

pipe

smoked.
He grew
weaker
each
day passed.
Hah geh-he
geh, Non ta ge je 5 dh!"
die."

Day

by

sang,
let me

The younger
lad was very
anxious.
did you get the chestnuts
Let me
at length
the
brother
many
questions
river,

which

great
my

distance,
forefathers

it is almost

for

there

a house;
chestnuts

gathered

stands

and

night

day

and
as

There

there

is set

for

Then

his

for

you."

far
away
"Far,
On the
further
a chestnut
nownone
the

watching
by

them

the

for

this

try

your
sake;
on his way;
He walked

So he

departed
inches
long.

the

come

three

reached

and

drew

the

river.

and

on

nut

tree.

and

the
it out

he

It

then

followed
the
them

and

out

he made
until
he

is like
th
hron.

called
a little

mole

he

and

it was

could
a mole

and

After
a large
at a
side,

is

there
tree;
can reach
it,
and

folks;
If he

lookhalf

hears

outwithwar-clubs
the chestnuts,
of being
a man.
"I
musb b
said,

die."
a little

canoe

about

until
on, day and
night,
ont of his pouch
his little
a good
and
in it he
size,

at

last.

cano,.
crossed

it in his pouch.
put
and
before
it the
house,
of the
The
mole
ground.

again
see the
out

you
made

and

the
seed of
plant,
Some
of these
seeds

to its

Then

he

took

it small
he

a bean.

had

on

until

Then

around

likes.

Then

walked
Then

sniffed

neared

river.

have

after

smoke

brother,

tree

women

he watches.

women

I cannot

each
my pipe

asked

some

on their
always
gitard
lest any one should
gather
fall on the ground.
Even
a mouse
is suspected
is no chance,
no chance
at ail."
But
the
brother

and

go

saw

he

seek

long
ago,
hron
a white
and

me

are
many

he

and

it is a tree,
but

near

He
on every
side.
ing around
dozen
of them
take
care of him,
sound
he makes
hisThr-hr-hr.

after

"Where,"
go

said,
to cross.

impossible

stands

and
Bring

day,

and
crept
hole,
he threw
the
seeds

which
the
under
to

the

heron

lad
young
the
leaves
th

bird.

On
chestcame

dearly
took
and
until

The

h&

heron

and began
them.
was occupied
and noticed
Whilst.he
eating
his bag with
chestnuts
and
set off homeboy filled
else, the
no longer
with
his
oh nhi,
susbut
now the
heron,
occupied
wards
and gave his warning
Thr-hr-hr.
But the lad was already
pected
danger
the
river.
Once
more
he took
out his canoe,
and
far away
near
grt
nothing

THE

BMTm.]

the

was

on

Une

and

the
Again
and so on
fearful
home

his

he

him
th

well,

that

still

will

THE
was

There
fish.

In

this

tribe

other.

its

happened
One
of these

luck

fine

of

the

and

whose

pipe*
narrated

his absence,
Fm
brother,
he began
And
all his exploits,
I shall

now

favor,

which

of

be

was

there

father

the

different

and

to

clans

of

near
to
quite
had
an infant,

camps

While

luck.
poor
went
to

to hunt

was

occupation
families

two

respective

in

families,

other

loose,
length,

during
"Nbw,

a great
`

fish
loose.

got
cut

HUNTERS.
main

their

died

your
he

me

excursions

hunting
to pitch

had

shouted,

and

GUILTY

tribe

a certain

one

he
but
again
him,
at
home
he reached

and

them,
donc

it and

So

have

you

liked
have

eut

bit

brother

alive,

a long

threw

They
he

in,

caught
left.

his

barely

"You
said,
be happy."

will

we

lines

chestnuts,
his brother

as
cookingjust
and the brother
and

pull
a line and
no

out.

rushed
him

to

find

should

found
with

had

they

women

the

canoe

threw

second
till

lest
he

but

when

water

caught

99

HUNTERS.

GUILTY

of

the

each
very
was

child

to get
some
stream
a. neighboring
and
the water
into
she looked
her vessel
dipped
a
the
young
veryhandsome
stream,
sparkling
up through
saw,
peering
returned
she told him
When
her husband
cheeks.
man
with
painted
came
to
the conclua
after
they
what
she had
consultation,
seen,
and,
for what
the woman
to
about
was
that
happen,
sion
strange
something
branches
in the
one hidden
of some
reflection
the
seen was but
had
an evil
was
that
this
stream.
the
judged
They
rightly
overhanging
th
to avert
must
be done
knew
that
and
something
naturally
omen,
face
the
she
said
that
for the woman
recognized
misfortune,
impending
out

water,

the

hunting,
but

When
must

be

night
saved.

with

the

child

and
which
heard
not

and
nearer

they

"You

She must

say,
She
from

emerged

morning,
it, she took
to

an

her

when

opening,

until

refuge,
she came

and

they
then

her

the

log
woman

the

near
had

she

me."

for

reached

She
a

heard

left

traveled

and

appeared

like

the

came

to

noise

great
Soon

she

the

child;

child

started

then

a holin

saw

the
the

nearer
into

(her hiding-place),
remained
quiet,

and

she canany way,

here;
befor&
and ail was quiet
on as fast as she could

to which,
a trail,
upon
did
not
see any
and
course,

which

and

"You

until

on

bitten

searching

sticks,
be somewhere

waited

a parallel

have

but

their

wife,
alone."

misfortune

and went
forest,
and then
she
crept,

saying,
borne
by people
until
they
came,

long."

until

meet

camp.
to his

said

the

pushed

they
them

came

adjoining
husband

I shall
she

which

of torches

live

through

the
the

a voice

she

ing
she

from
came
Go;

into

log,

camp,
light

she

of a man

as that

low

mother

before

of follow-

instead
signs

a camping-ground.

of

life

until
In

the

MTTHS'

100
center

of

this

and

climbed,
Soon

after

which

said,

In

the

early

dawn

way
remained

down

the

her

were

until

out

course

of

with

she

bit

you."

saw

and

the

woman

of

the

party
returning,
homeward.

one

his bow, again

started
he, finding
she
her
child
brought
down,
to the
she hurried
onward
trail,
at

just

When

twilight.

once

of th
the

When
were

tribe

to

time

yon

and

you

tell

why

refnsed

to tell

about

the

about
anything
other
party.

Th

head

chief,

woman

be

brought

narrative
himself
skins

severely

forth
as

of facts,

your

duty
the

said

gravely
and
wicked

stated

to

must

old
the

man
man

with
they,
hunters.

and
went

his

the
during
day
she related
what

and

friends

many
matter

had

who

se-

investigated.
to ail the mem-

little

hunting,

her

above,
he was
who
they

but

the

honters

to be
requests
have
corne
to

chief

"We
said,
and
been
preserved
that
have
happened

the

affairs

other
and

that

bitten

by her

took

from

had

bronght

The

party."

her

from
to

ordered
that
them,
she'had
nnished
01

one

you

hnnters

to knownoth-

pretended

When

story.
she told

the

MRS.

day

the

"runners"

cross-examining

to tell

that
explaining
these
aginst
robbers,
and
the
meats
which
chief

An

their

bitten,

head

death

after

head

prospered

things
withont

retnrned

have

a,Il

When
again

to a general
council.
had
all to assemble
none
come,
came
after
and persistent
repeated

did
come the
they
in that
you have
to us all th
relate

congratulate
harm.
Now,

thumb

they

the

make
so she

them

When

present.

ing

for

and

absent,

call

her

to

began

taking

and,

home

to herself,
and
to
happened
child,
hnsband,
creted
and
made
her,
preparations
to have
Th head
chief
was informed,
and he sent ont
bers

she

heard

departed

but

which
could.

one of
approaching
voices,
as to go forther."
They
were
&c.
the night
one of
During
meat,
The
woman
whatshalllsaybitrne?"

skins,

men

as slie

here

stay

a beaver

the
trec,

she

into

tree,

sight

parallel
home

reached

tree

as well

"Mythnrnbispamiul;
answer:
Say

IROQUOIS.

and
the

ascending
~We
might
laden

hunters,.heavily
themsaid,
heard
th

herself

THE

hemlock
large
child
as comfortable

stood

clearing

made

OF

them

husband

his

in defending
husband
the

murdered
home.

had

the
her

the

Hereupon
Go,

do

soon

put

to

once lived
in a dark
woods.
nephew
and just
before
leaving
told~the

boy

waitingand
their
war-clubs

LOGAN'S

impatient
and

warriors,

tomahawks,

STOBY.
One
he

But
the
tired
of playing
in one
go eastward.
boy became
and was one day tempted
to go in the forbidden
direction
until
place,
he came
to a large
where
he stopped
to play.
While
thus
enlake,
gaged
from?

not

a man
The

came
boy

up to him and
told him thathe

said,
came

"Well,
boy, where
from
the woods.

do
Then

you corne
the
man

MES.

sMiTH.]

us

"Let

said,
their

play
up into
man
said,

arrows

Then

the

and-

breathing,"
Let us
they
swans

go

man

island,
canoe.

began

and

singing,
traveled

they

boy's

clothes,

go
deserted

for

he
and

he

some
to

began

went

dark
to grow
very
began
a voice
"Hist!
heard
say,
on

skeleton
it

boy,

and

to

them

found

and

the

dogs

was

escape

he

again

many
the

he

full

skeleton
coming
must

island

times,
ail

felt
to

three

dogs,
Then

animal."
became

taking
Then,
out
from
his
still
you
th man

alive

and

must

you

run

fast,

and

keep

still,"
which

over

so that
over,

canoe

who

and

to

them
he

Corne,

boy
down

perceived
and
cried,

three

canoe

the

let

us

swans,
that

he

was

for

he

was

I will
on

help

Then
west

the

a pipe,
skeleton.

the

"Put

so.

man

tracked
at

last

into

ashore,
the
man
all

ran
that

over

he

when

it
he

cover

comes

one
to
come

where

of

a man

tree.

In

three

with

and

in

to

order

water

you
not

dogs

skeleton,
Well,"

the
saw

out,

away.
the

the

and

ont

Then, after
tracknear
by, and stay
into
the
and
jumped

over

Tes."

said

boy saw
the smoke.

tree

the

went

he

trail.

looking

of

mouth,"
the

him,
into
the

said,
My dogs,
the island,
but

killed

and

kill

the

and,

you here will

to the
shore
in

all

into

come

that

a hollow

island

went

and

a flint;
and the
It then
"Fill
said,

smoked,
because

jump
lose the

skeleton

of it,

and

and

would
get
the

the

side

it in my

to

night

island

must

when
frightened
he saw a
around,
and said,
"Poor
you if you will do

greatly

consented.

he
remaining,
and
went
hiding-place,
The boy replied,

and

was

and,
looking
beckonedhim

but

that

the

the
he

whom

brought
go down
lie down

he

to

did

island

all

they
so angry
the
two

and
long
pit
cannot
see you,
the

were

around
island,
took
off ail the

man

as th skeleton
Then,
of mice,
which
went
away
and
the boy
told
better,

the

So the
night.
boy
water
and
many
times,
he heard
a canoe
ing

man

the

the

said,

so.

ail

with

then

by, and dig

full of tobacco,

brought
and

it;"
did

bodywas

Then

ing

and

light

and

skeleton;
that
its

near

go to a tree
a tobacco-pouch

find

pipe

at

said,
So

birds."

in the

seated

off

higher.
without

latter

the

many
pretty
uf the
canoe

were

sat

the

farthest

Then

arrived

they
and

near
him,
ground
same
with
thing
me,
me."
The
boy
readily

the
for

something
told him

boy
the

the

was

would

as they

canoe,
When
the

bank

the

swim

man.

shot

they

much

cold.

It
he

went

see
you will
on either
side

sing.

the

up

can
the

time,
into
his

So

arrow

which
beat

soon

very

jumping

and,
and

home,"

see

boy
where

Now,
As soon

it.

propelled

which

naked

the

the

entered
wbich

the

arrows."

shooting
the boy's

and

air,
us

Let

again

to

at

together
th

101

STORY.

LOGAN'S

early
another

must

mornman

catch

this

finding
him,
and ate him
ail

The

boy
who
said

then

the

up.
came

Are
said,
the skeleton,

to drink
to-night
your
he will come
in, and

blood,

a
dig
the
sand
so he
up with
is off, you must
get into
and
if the
man
calls
home,'

yourself
ashore
and

let's
go
say,
Corne,
swans,
for you to come
not turn
around
or look
at hirn."
back
you must
him came
Th boy promised
to obey and soon the man who had brought
on the
island.
Then
th
into
the
ashore
boy jumped
canoe,
saying,

102

MYTHS

let's
swans,
had done.

"Corne,
the man

to

go

They

OF

THE

our

place;"

had

gone

IROQUOIS.

and
but

as

went

they

a little

he

sang

when
the
way
do come
back!"

as
just
man
saw

them.
He
to cry, "Corne
back!
began
but
the
Oh,
and they
boy did not look around
on their
kept
way.
-By
and by thoy
came to a large
rock
in which
there
was a hole,
and the
swans
went
up
into the rock until
came
to a door which
the boyproceededto
they
open.
the
cave
he found
his
own
Upon
clothes
and many
entering
others,
and also a fire and food
ail prepared,
but no living
After
person.
puton his clothes
he went
to sleep
for the
ting
In the morning
he
night.
found

a fire

and

but
saw no one.
food,
he found the swans
the cave
into the canoe,
he said,
and, jumping
Come,
When
he arrived
there
he found
the
man
Uponleaving

eaten

theti

up..He

went

to the

still

at the entrance,
waiting
let's go to the island."
swans,
had
been
killed
and nearly
which
You are a very
said,

skeleton,
sister
whom
this
man
cargo and get
your
off many
You mnst
start
years
and go east,
and by
ago.
to-night
by you will come to some
rocks
where
she goes for water,
very
high
and she will tell you what
yon will find her there
to do."

smart

now

boy;

ried
and
and

The

must

you

and

in three

at the rocks,
where
he found
with
but she
go home
corne,
me";
dear
a bad man
me here,
and
replied,
"No,
brother,
go;
keeps
here."
But
as the boy
yon mnst
go, for he will kill you if he nnds
yon
would
not be persuaded
to leave
without
her she allowed
him to stay.
his

boy

Now

started

to whom

sister,

this

arrived

days

"Sister,
1 cannot

bad man
had
to a great
wher
women
and
gone
swamp
cranberries.
The
sister
then
went
to the honse
picking
over which
her bed was made,
she dng
a pit
up the planks
it sufficiently
her brother
to sit in;
then she went
to
largefor
and
him
bade
follow
and
to be sure
and
in her
her,
step

taking
and,
underneath
brother

tracks

called,

very
were

children

her

he

and

touch
with
his
hands
or his clothes.
So she
anything
for him,
and made
her bed
np in the
pit she had prepared
over the place.
She then
cooked
a little
up again
boy for the man, put it
and water
and then
with
wood
went
and
Soon
by his bed,
lay down.
and dogs
then
the man
the dogs
immediately
returned;
began
barking
mad.
and tearing
around
as if they were
The
man
"You
said,
surely
havevisitors";
and
ter"
she

not

him

covered

sherepIied,"N'onebutyou."
he took
a stick
and commanded
Eill

denied

it, saying,
to his bed and

went
She
called
own

some

her

to

fire."

plied,
Now
In

has

build
Then

1 am
the

dinner.

th

girl.

A
As

a
he

he

morning

short
soon

down

to

hidden;
but

fire,

seen
started
distance

as

he

Andhesaid,"Iknowbetto tell him the

if

but
youlike,
eat his supper;

1 will

kill

she

replied,
take

said,
Corne,
take
them
off

tired,
she has

I know

his

sat

one

me

her

him

but

in the
You

off

have

my

none."

he

said

morning."
have
wood,

moccasins";
Then
he said

but

tmth,
Ee
to

then

himself,
Se
then

build
but

she

your
re-

to himself,
yourself."
so saucy~
one, for she was never
off for the swamp
to get some
children
for
from
home
he concealed
himself
to watch

some

was

gone

she

called

her

brother

and

said,

LOGAN'S

biRS.

BMTTH.]

let

Corne,
the

us

his

take

canoe

into

and

canoe

went

and

So they

go qnickly."
the
man
saw

but

off,

103

STORY.

ran
and

them

and

jumped

throwing
ran,
it ashore
the

which
the
but as he was
pniling
caught
canoe;
hook.
of the
canoe
and
broke
th
a stone
from
th
bottom
boy took
the enraged
man
resorted
fast.
Then
Then
very
they
proceeded
again
to
the shore
he began
himself
down
to another
apon
expdient
Laying
boat
to return
from
the
which
caused
the
drink
the
water
very
lake,
a hook

fast.

The

water

in

man

man

The

saw

that

"Yon

bad

and

him,
was dead

he

be

Then

dogs,

which

sisterbring

the

water

and

grew
very big with so much
hit the
and
threw
it and

he

another

stone
ran

back

into

thelake.

boy said to the

You must go into
now;
and
became
the woods

went
they
back,
no one will have
you
and they
starbed
for

wolves~
the boy

skeleton,

took

boy
and

so it killed

until

to drink,

continued

him.

and

the

When
two

they
dogs,

the woods
wolves.

to the
The boy went
to the island.
smart
a very
your
boy to haverecovered
the boy did, and the skeleton
continued,
in a pile;
then
bones
push
yon see and put them
and they
folks
will all
and
~All dead
say,
arise';

his

sister

went

Ton are
said,
This
her to me."

gather
np all the
Now,
the largest
tree you see
arise."
The boy did so, and
with
but
one leg,
but
some

all

the

all

had

dead

arose,
bows

their

some
and

but

having
arrows.

one

arm,

When
to his sister,
let's
said
they
go home."
boy then
"Corne,
For
their
own
he
home
lookedveryold.
they
found
nncle;
and put ashes
for his little
he had cried
upon his head
nephew,
years
to think
he had retnrned.
now he was very
happy

The
arrived
ten
but

The

then

boy

"Let

ns build

Then

the

to

the

told

the

a long
went

back

where

they

boy

house,

THE
Once

far

the

lived

peacefully

and

he
in

in the

never

a day
cabin.

a wooden
wear.
Then
doll
ashes
and

doll
Then

he
and

went
brush

would
making

had
He

was

about
he

put

fire,

onto
for

years.

DEAD
and

WIFE.

his

wife

who

in

lived

the

toused
to go hnnting
They
a time
were
so many
for
the
there
things
and
he went
alone.
When
he went
home
tribe.

One
The

the

day

man

felt

woman

was

badly

very
after

taken

and

buried

sick,
her

and
a day or two he made
very
lonesome;
to
her size
and
dressed
it in ,the clothes
she used
in front
of the
and
felt better.
it down
fire-place

hunting;
the ashes
rattle

many

man

of the

luck.
good
she died.

or two

for

HIS

AND
was

rest

who
he had
done,
said,
so, and put in six fire-places.
them
his people
and
brought

that
did

to the

there

from

all

they
island

after
but
gether
very
often,
at
wife to do that
she staid
alone

man

And

HU~TER

a time

upon
very

forest,

old

honse."

now

and
off
the

when
from

he

face,
He had

face.
there

came

the
was

no

one

he

back
for
to
to

as the
do

his

help

would
woodfell

go up to
down

cooking,
and
him;

th
the

mending,
so a year

104

OF

THE

IROQUOIS.

he

came

home

from

door.
The
next
by the
night
of meat
ail cooked
in the kettle.

there

MYTHS

One

passed
away.
fire
and wood
and

a piece

who

had-done

when

day

but

this,

could

find

no

one.

He
The

there
was a
hnnting
was wood
and
fire
looked

next

ail

over

to

he went

time

see

hunt-

he did not go far and went

back
and when
he came
in
quite
early,
of the cabin
he saw a woman
into
the
house
with
wood
on
sight
going
her shoulders;
he saw,
and opened
the door
and there
was his
quickly,
wife sitting
in a chair
and the wooden
doll was
Then
she spoke
gone.
ing

to him,
"Th
Great
felt
for you,
so he let me come
Spirit
sorry
saying,
back
to see you,
but yon must
not touch
me till we have
seen
all of our
if you do, you will kill me."
So they
lived
people;
along
for some time,
when
one day the
man
~'It is now two years
since
Let
said,
you died.
us go home.
So you will
be wei."
So he prepared
mat
for th jourof deer
meat
for her to carry
and one for himself;
and so
ney-a
string

more
seen

and
his

clasp
ont

his
yet."

and

were

their

skins
in

bis

she

would

Far

in the

banks

of

their

of

ages

Lake

in great

came

off with

Erie.

man

the

wooden
and

camp
and

doll!

there

he

went
they
of the two
doll.

His
told

back

to once
up to her
We have

her

in his

sorrow
them

all

with

him

in the
people
man
was
ever

The

was
that
and
snow,
after

numbers

a tribe
of the
Senecas
settled
the
past,
upon
eventful
winter
their
the
enemies,
Illinois,
the peacefui
the people
upon
surprised
settlement,
in spite of a stout
a large
killed
number
resistance,
One

to the

captives.

was

for

night.
deed.

pitched
ed over the
their

songs
well he

sang

their

the

bloody
of trinmph,
might

language,
that
they

knowing

and
and

while
again,

"I

REVENGE.

the

restlessness

again

listen

SURE

homes,
and,
and took a middie-aged
the
and
the
prisoners,

of them

agreed,

the

unhappy.

sing

of

and
he went
great,
him away
and said,
to her, and he caught

saw the track

doll;
they
also
track
like
the
foot
of th
just

the

to get to the rest of

of the camp
it. began
fir
and partook
of

days

journey

too

motioned

not

six

they
lighted
but the desire

the

very

in

them
a day's

very
weary
to sleep;
arms
was

but

hands;
He

take

within

he was
behold,
holding
He pushed
on to the
him.
Some
doubted,

very
great.
had-befallen
found

were

they
wife

one

and,

arms,

as

to

going

they

spread

put
no

was

when

tribe;

to snow,
food and
and

It

started.

they
their

woman
first

a. boy

journey
foot-sore

captive.
was

one

They started
of pain
aud
when
camp

and weary
They
were
Then
around
a roaring
fire the warriors
called
the boy and bid him join
They

adding

that

himself.
enjoy
but said that
could

and
day's

not

shouted
they
shall
never

they
The
he would

comprehend
out

their

forget.what

had
lad

no

desire

pretended

to hurt
that

their
sing
song
a word
of it.
jubilant
you

have

delight
donc

he

gloatthem
in

him; if he
could
not

in his
To

tongue,
this
they

he repeated,
to my people.

6MiTn.

Ton

have

stolon

never

shall
Illinois
their

and

boyfrom

will

were

amongthem.

all

lose your
The
scalps."
he was joining
in
thought

spared
you
not a word;
they
that
he would
satisfied

nnderstood

triumph,

105

a little

If I am

it.

forget

and

woman

a helpless

warriors

REVENDE.

SURE

soon

his

forget

own

people.

and

three
the
had
marched
days
they
further.
to be dragged
she was too faint
to the Seneca
she meanwhile
boy
spoke

my

blood!"

and

them

how

cease

to

slam

and

"and
she;
cruel
Illinois

when

said
th
be

a Seneca."

left

dead

took

on

the

in

earnest
to

tones.
me

all

promising

you

she

the

fate

of

the

had

boy

with

to

be

determined.

and

gestures
The

exaggerated
chief,
the snccessfnl
expdition.

she

asked,

was

gronnd.

harried
their
own settlement
Then
nearing
they
forward,
rnnners
were
sent
to th village
Next
day two
evening.
and all the population
turned
out
and return,
their
success
to meet
them.
and cries
ofjoy
Now

exhausted,
a council,
Avenge
tell
people
will
never

own

your

Promise

life.

my
finished

he

As

held

Thewarriors

return

you

became

woman

After

He

exclamations,

shouts

listened

as

an

the

proclaim

with

gave

as theyiistened,
clubs
and wished

people,
their

in

early
to

the

account

of

so excited

grew

excould
they
to kill the boy, but
longed
there
was stuff
in him,
and
a council
and decided
that
the chiefs
him
and if he stood
the
would
therefore
torture
test,
adopt
they
him,
had
dreamed
a dream,
in which
The boy meantime
into
their
own tribe.
would
inaict
horrible
tortures
forewamed
that
the Illinois
he had been
that

beat

they

terminate

heat.
his

with

a needle

nint

stones.
In

House

and
life.
of
but

song,
give
scalps."
forward
to hit

rushed
skin

upon
ance
au

the
and
Illinois;

he

into
on

but

told

wild-cat

the

all
the
If

his
words:

I am

th

Long
an old

House;
warrior
his

remembering
"Ifwe
again,
he

knows

chief,

with
on
the

pierced
blisters

"he

burning
the coals
blisters

with
"run

sharp
twenty

reach
the Long
would
vote
him worthy
skin,
they
in his
heart
rose
the
but
up
for his start
was given
he comthey

his
who

Indians,

agony.
stood

branches,

their

thought,

forget
one
every

could

never
this;
of you lose

for-

your
bounded

He

in rows
not

war

touch

ready
him.

a wildbut
he spied
it was crowded,
and he managed
to seat
himself
sat,
chiefs
noticed
his endurdream.
The

spare
the

the

recommended;
that
if he could

you shall
He forgot

spared

they
up the

as
saying,
shall
never

might,
"I

him courage.
so swiftly
that
the
with
thorn-brier
passed

which

tail,
said

had

filled

they

race,"
been

said
tortures,"
fire glowed
red
him
barefooted
Then

was
agony
intense,
and as the signal

flew

as he

held
and

bone
a

on

tribe;
with

cruelty.
This
gave

him

cat

dream
His

and

He

run

his

and
of blisters.

fish

"Now

singing
in reality

your

of

They

our
through
Th
council

mass

a seat

world.

captive

one

made

find

his

live

the

were

his

memory
menced

can

the

minois."

seized

They
feet

until

rods."

he
an

become

of

ground
Seneca
in

"If

him.

upon
shall

with

the

every
held

trail,

his

life

so we

he
had

will
better

be

to
worthy
kill him."

become

106

MYTHS

A solemn

council

tortures

well,
said.

the

they
to

forget,"
he onght
that

he

be

must

When

were

to
ready
the forest.

He

stood

and

will

take

him.

He

"Drink!"

he

water

him

to
toolt

he

should

nre
and

he
as the

was

well

He

customs

then

and

Ga-geh-djo-wa.
expditions,
And
so
as a hunter,

became

as

ho had

lost

all

the

the

years

his

not
in

joined

passed
and
strength

led

will

innict

him

into

him

our
the

last

tribe."

to a spring.
down
under

away

he pressedhim
Three
times

he

snbjected

although
very
alive,
weak,
and told him henceforth
feet,

that
had

was in

revenge
a chief's

his

him

permit
their

war

on he

was

endurance

heart.
as his

daughter

of his capture.
memory
was
as one of them.

and

Illinois,
did
They
he

and

guessed
man.
He

but

his

one

adopt

and

stooped,

dressed

that

snddenly
approached
other
Indians.
captive
"His
eye is bright.

said,
him.

of

nigh
strangled.
as he was
still

No

thought
of

he

boy,

lad

warrior
trained

1 will

the

may

opinion

knota
was prepared,
and
pine
him in the midst.
Torches

had

survives

borne

He

decided
nnlly
the stake.

majority
be burned
at

of

he had

their

gave

The

placed
an old

Then
boy.
a warrior

bound

Illinois.

warlike

the

if

And

named

feats

th

that

he

Time passed.
wife.
The tribe

turned.

a large
stake,

make

and

said.

be an

the

at

1 will

and

severely.
should
days

three

barbarity;
to his wigwam

him

he

more

to them,
when
the chief
who

looked

to

disagreed

It was

nntil
this

lowed

fire

that
agreed
make
a warrior.

warriors

in him

others

in

IROQUOIS

the

stuff

still

and

upon
him,
the
thongs

eut

th

tried

set

Ail

had

arrived
day
lad to a
the

bound

tortnre

held.

Still

die,

the

they
from

was
and

THE

OF

to join
dances

He

fol-

He

them

in their

when

mnch

esteemed

were

by-words

was
re-

they
for

his

among

Illinois.
He

had

been

an expdition

fifteen

with

delight

when

more

scalps

than
he

permission
in

Early

the

morning
readiness

the
how

guessing
Seneca

expdition.
his heart

them

among

Senecas.

he declared

any.
craved.

and

eloquence
chief
of

years

againstthe

He

that

"He

is ono

the

go

They
beat

against
marched

as

settlement.

he heard
to join,

them
and

and

approached
issue
orders

the

home

bring

him

gave

the

with

started,
delighted
and,
his own tribe,
they
on and on for many

they

of

speak

theylistened

would

he, Ga-geh-djo-wS,
of us," they
said,

warriors

to

when
begged

his

elected

him
little

days,

of the

wigwams

He began
to
for the attack.
"Send
"to the sugar
and
let
them
hide
in a bush,
and
said,
camp,
return
and tell us what
have
seen."
they
his directions,
but retnrned
Two warriors
there
were no
obeyed
saying
Then
he sent
others
in a different
direction.
Their
signs
of the tribe.
was
the same.
Ashes
but no smoke
report
everywhere,
they
reported,
he

scoats,"

and

no

that
This

night
was

five

or

arate

The

nres.

six
and

Senecas

Ga-geh-djo-wa.

must
proposed
set
they

to, and
the
chief
wily
miles,
each
take
a diffrent

agreed

have
to
ont
said

left.

Then

go himself,
together.
to his

pathway.

at

the

council

with

another

When

they

companion,
You
go over

held
warrior.

had
Let
the

gone
us

hills;

sep1

mnrn.1

will

guessed
a family

he

Th

a heron's

for the
signal
He is true."

to the

Returning
hastened
and

at

We

saw

morning

the

will

hundred
As

entered

scalps
they

to miss

ing
Senecas
rejoined
The
were
nois.
triumph

his

footing,

rushed
own

his

their

from

knew,

AU

and

have

nothing,
these

bravest

warriors

seized

settlement.

the

by
Around

listened
they
woman's
death.

kept

his

sacred

name

See

after

Senecas."
every
dreamed

warrior
that

anxiousiy
bushes.

gazed
the
mon

forward

the
left

pantingfor
five

already

march

The

commenced.
around

and

Now

he

knew

then,

pretendthe

war-cry
his

sounded;
foes
treacherous

and

two

the

rear

of the

Illi-

but

warriors
the

revenged

scalps

was

in

treachery
and

Senecas

jubilant
as
the
nres,
to his recital

they

in

borne

the

displayed

of
of their
cruelty,
did he leave
them.
E
again
Senof the
and chief
warrior

Never

the most
esteemed
years,
him
buried
he died
they

many
when

the

seen

hiding-place.
two warriors
Send

valley.

Illinois

the

it is the

remember

"I

people.

Ga-geh-djo-w
to their

and

he had

that

I will

valley.

of Ga-geh-djo-wa.

word

me

Instantly
and he

ambush,

was great.
slaughter
hundred
slain.
Three

lived

ecas,

fell.

he

of Senecas:

I stumble

their

the

of their
enemies,
scalps
and of the
his tortures,
He

the

tribe

when

said:

in-activity,
Little
they
in

th

the

to

valley
Ga-geh-djo-wa
of a face
among
sight
caught
him.
He led his
had heeded

delightedly
the Senecas

all

Give

them

way,

above

the

wigwams.
the
surprise

camp

to procure.
he yearned
awaited
them
Senecas

the

hide.

Senecas

distance.

a short

Early

th

camp.

1 can
track
go ahead.
of their
the smoke
rises

will

below

there
us

where

1 know
we

tell

and

he reported
he
Then

spot

the

He

explained
Warn

dusk."

at

where
he
sped
he
as
found,
expected,
to theni
their
danger:

his

tribe.
he

Go

appointed
to

old

mountain

the

you.
the range
along
and
on my crest,

to attack.

back

on

remembering

upon

hide
plume

Senecas

meet

will

words

are

and

early

with

hills.

hurried

Illinois

come

there

and

In

knew.

treacherous

them

be

We

valley.

and Ga-geh-djo-wS.,
parted,
find some
of his
he should

they

bid

the

through

go

So

107

REVENGE.

SURE

in

with
the

the
legends

highest
of th

honors
tribe

they
to this

day.

TRAVELER'S
An

Indian

is for
and

tired

traveler,

ate'an-excitement
or

runners,
the

gather

This

of

after

the

those

carrying

people
together
the traveler

his

JOKES.
uneventful

following

fashion:

news,

important
by

crying,

undertook
journey,
Indian
An
old

in

to

singing
and when

announce~the

to

fact

"Goh-weh,
tones,
called
the
crowd

began
doing,
I came
~As
he began,
and tell bis news,
stop
news
with
were
so
my
the
last
delighted
people
village
This
he told
me."
and kissed
and shouted
danced
for joy,

goh-weh."
him
upon

to crecustom

through
that
they
so earnestly

the
ail

108

MYTHS

OF

THE

IROQUOIS.

and sincerely
that
the people,
not wishing
to be ontdone
by any other
also began
and kissing
him and making
tribe,
singing
and while
merry
the excitement
was at its height,
with
his snccess,
pleased
the facetious
traveler
and
continued
his journeyings.
escaped
Arrived

ple

at
and

weh"
hear."

the

tha

And

he

at

wept

next

he again
village
began
and
cbiefsgatheredaronnd
As I passed
answered,
through

calling,

people

my
his

news,

others

began

quarreling,

goh-

"Goh-weh,

"Letns

him, crying,
the last town

some

peo-

and

kicking,

fighting."
in the confu-

news
its effect,
contagions
and
produced
to himself
"What
fools
escaped,
saying
are."
people
That
as he was preparing
to camp
night,
who inpassed
out, a man
the
distance
to the
next
quired
but
the
traveler
You
village;
said,
cannot
reach
it to-night.
Let
ns camp
As they
were
each
together."
and the new-comer
recounting
was boasting
stories,
cunof his superior
the
traveler
"What
ning,
inquired,
log is that
yon now use for a pillow?~
and he guessed
&c.
But
the traveler
hickory,
it
elm,
said,
"No,
is everlasting
In the morning
sieep."
took some pitchy
th traveler
resin
and robbed
over
the eyes of his sleeping
comrade
and left,
at
laughing
the probable
the man
would
feel
when
chagrin
to open
his
attempting
and in the recollection
of the warning
eyes,
regarding
everlasting
sleep
and his boasts
of superior
cnnning.
No further
aoconnts
of the traveler's
are told.
jokes
Immediately
sion he again

KINGFISHEB
An

AND

HIS

NEPHEW.

man
and his nephew
were
in a good
living
home
together
where
themselves
river,
they
after
enjoyed
One
day
day.
the old man said to his
morning
"When
rememnephew,
yon are a man,
ber in hunting
never
to go west;
always
go to the east."
The young
man
refiected
and
said
to himself,
should
this
be
"Why
so T My nncle
To-b-se-ne
and brings
always
goes west,
home
of
plenty
fish.
should
he tell me not
to go?
Why
does
he never
take
Why
me
withhim~
near

He
about
the

old

the

made
th

marsh

land

now 1 know
his
into

his

up
advice.

mind
So

near

where

deep

water

sharp
and

then

returned

and

nice

last
off in

river

his

sticks
corne

and

up
home.

that

he

saw

his

them
a

nice

fish.
the

and

nncle

minding

as he

"Ha!"

he watched

in his

never

go,
way,

nncle.

and

nsh
put

with

would

a roundabout

he

he catches

two

some

at
set

the

pocket

fully

he

he
him

and
nose,
He watched

passed

thought
take
from

then
him

plunge
care-

came
back,
bringing
had seen him.
nephew
The
man
now
felt
that
young
he could
fish
as well
as his
uncle.
one day when
the old man had gone
Accordingly,
deer hnnting,
he thonght,it
a good
to try the
new
opportunity
method.
He hunted
fish,

but

he never

Presently
that

guessed
certain

the

EINGFISHEB

EMiTE.]

uncle's

his

among
to the

same

above

the

at

once

went

sticks

sick.

very
the

stuck

abont?"

the

river.
his

his

ails

yon~

He

nose

"Itookyour
young
man;
done
have
very
wrong,"
and
the
ont the sticks,

the

and

pains
hve

nncle;
man
promised

and got well.

west,
he thought
After
a while,
however,
been
forbidden.
he had
althongh
more,
boys
laughing,
him
invited
gay

to

he had
with
At

time

together.
Then
he saw

too."

"There
said,
there-over
the

and
swim

air,

far
and

river;

is an
the

island";

island

tall

he

tree

he

very
looked

down

in the

and

replied
you
confessed

with,

would

go
west.

so he

been
th

and

and

drew
in

fish
see
He

joined
them.
and
had
they
to

"I

"Ton

wrong."

started

accepted,
"It
is time

he,

have

pincers
to
again

of

and

the
once

heard
They
a very

you go,
home;
him a pair
and
never
been
np
you
So they
started
corne."
up in
air;
of the
sides
till
could
see both
they

trees,

happy.

he

felt

die

should

the

never

So he

they
said,
and
had
they
wings,
where
ail is lovely;

up
the

took

the

he

groaning,

fishing,"
I have
donc

that

to play
and he

last

above

away
he felt

and

that

none
them

he
him

off

Then
and

been

Iknow
but

in.

uncle,"
"What

me."

set

projected
so he
abont,

dreadfully,

"Yes,
"I

and

young

swimming
plunged

thinking
heard

lay
down,
he
home

came

things,
said the

fishes

he

then
which

sitting,

and
nose,
made
it ache

and

and

sticks,

uncle

his

severely.

nncle,

two

saw

109

NEPHEW.

his

Areyou.sick~"
is sore and

My head
the

found

into

uncle

HIS

seen

hurried

he

When

asked

he

had

sticks

into

deep
Home

agony.

he

two

the

"What
said,
thinkishalldie.

until

things
where

log
water
in

AND

they

go

gave
have

said
they,
"Nbw,"
of
saw
the print
Then
said
there.

you
their

can
tracks

see
on

the
th

"Let
us go in
they,
island;
"Let
Then
into the water.
they
said,
again."
swimming
and
tried
the
can
down
and
come
us see which
they
up
farthest";
go
and
while
so he must
and he was the last,
one at a time,
go the farthest;
his also,
rest
on their
in ,the water
the
he was
wings
taking
put
and,
flew
as

up
though

so he

knew

in the

air.

speaking
Then
they

been
they had
weht
So they

He
to

plead
some

in vain
one

ibr
else,

thern

to

wait;

"Uncle,here
of his entreaties,

but

they

called,

is

game for
yon
and he thought
animal."
some

spite
flew awayin
be destroyed,
perhaps
by
surely
had
clawed
of dogs
which
around
he perceived
tracks
looked
tear
and
then
he
concluded
that
the different
perhaps
they
would
trees,
he climbed
each
to confuse
them
in their
scent
In order
him to pieces.
tree
on the
he reached
the
last
and
so went
on until
a little
tree
way,
He soon heard
and listened
in suspense.
he
remained
in
which
island,
he concluded
one calling
the dogs.
Then
and some
a canoe
on the river

to-night."

to himself,
As he

1 shall

a fire the man

sent
out his
After
were
true.
making
conjectures
and
both
behind
man
had
a
The
before,
horrid-looking
face,
dogs.
Then
the dogs besee by the fire-light.
could
which
the poor
nephew
tothe
first tree;
traced
the tracks
they
made snch
having
gan barking,
to
had found
the game,
and went
that
the man
concluded
a noise
they
and the next,
So they
went
on to the next,
but found
the tree,
nothing.
his

110

MYTHS

with

the

OF

THE

IROQUOIS.

and this
Then
exprience,
they
continued
thenightlong.
"There
is no game
said,
very
angrily,
here;
my nephews
have
deceived
me."
And
he returned,
the
last
tree.
leaving
After
snnrise
the poor
fellow
came
down
from
the
"I
tree,
saying,
think
1 have
for if those
fellows
return
I will watch
escaped,
young
the

same

old

them

man

and

himself

contrive
and

saying,
to warm

to get their
from
wings
awaited
their
patiently
coming.
Nbw we will
have
a good
time."
out,

calling

away,
when

they

treat
where
and

he
So

taking
"Uncle,
him

same."

found

after

where

out,
entreated

the

yon
he

and,

time

still

resides.

THE

my old
Jamieson

The

wild

cat, roaming
utter
loneliness

of

must

have

but

or

rabbits
His

ditty.
pathetic

to

die.

AND

he

at

on

THE

by Zachariah

there
possible
a white

to

the

entice

He
soon

then

concealed

heard

no

on me
1 only
mercy
came
to his old home,
recounted
the whole
story;

chief

grandfather,
to me

it might
be
soul craved

enough

nntil

whom

the

he

home

with

his

good

told
Warrior,
Seneca
Reservation.

WHITE

nncle,

me

that

RABBIT.

Ja.mieaon.]
in

the
th
experienced
woods,
A friend
he
companionship.
were
none
within
speaking
distance,
to entice.
He commenced
a plaintive
rabbit
ail else, and -his song
above
was

disconsolately
which
calls
Cats

on

peacefully

WILD-CAT
[Told

sense

Ton had

replied,
he flew

old uncle,
he remained

many
times
said Zachariah

story,"

he

Then

his

that

He

ther
voices,
first
around
They
jumped
then
Let us ail dive together."
Then
said,
ail the wings,
he put
on one
and flew
pair,
now there
is plenty
of game
for you";
and

and

themselves,

he rushed

them."

most

for

obdurate

He gah yah neh

He gah ya.h! He gh yh
Di ho ni shn gu da-se
He yah gah.
His

meaning

sweet
He
bit

in

his

"Heigho
Ihear
his
tion
had
and

was

you
rabbit,
was wise in
lair;

run

as his
simple
in a circle."

his
hearing

A short
distance
gnration..
th
melodious
he
ditty
"that

exclaimedhe,

voice;
1 mnstscud";
in whieh
the
voice
came

but
gone
listened.

a short
There

"When

song,

distance
was

the

you.

are

off lay

a white

priokednp
the wild-cat,

dangerous
fellow,
and awayhe
ran, turningfrom
and
with
all his
hastening
when
song

He gSh yaJi'
Di ho-

he

stopped,

again
He gh

yh 1

turned

frightened,
rab-

his.ears.
is around; J
th direc-

might.
back
his

He
ears

THE

smTH.]

WILD-CAT

AND

THE

WHITE

RABBIT.

111

then
once morehe
for a while;
time the song was nearer.
sarelytMs
but he
on" said
he
1 will go straight
more
He was still
frightened.
and
on he sped,.
direction.
On
an
he
was
opposite
following
thonght
nearer-nearer
alas!
the singris
thenapause;
scarce
daring
to breathe;
and run in a
could
but follow
his instinct
rabbit
he
Unfortunate
yet.
Still
the
time
nearer
his
him
each
which
enemy.
song
circle
brought
a victim
to the
rabbit
fell
ever
white
went
circling
nearer,
on,nntil,
Hewaitedto

laid

back

wild.cat.

hearno

his

ears

and

more.

halted

On

again;

he sped

CEAPTBB

VI.

RELIGION.
In

a former

it was concluded
that
the
chapter
'< Grt Spirit"
is the
of the white
man's
God.
conception
This belief
in God is common now to ail of the
but
the
Christian
is professed
Iroquois,
religion
one-half
of their
number.
The other
by only about
halfbf
th
people
are usually
denominated
The so-called
Ohristian
Indians
are
pagans.~
distributed
varions
in churches,
and profess
among
Chrisworship
sects,
tian
creeds.
Indian's

The
spirits

pagan

Indians

rather

vaguely

the

worship
defined.

snn,

But

of the
they
freqnently
speak
seems
to be no very well-defined
nsed
in a confused
manner.

and
stars,
thunder,
in talking
with
white
in their
yet
worship

moon,

though

Great

Spirit,

of the

recognition
Their

rites

religious

of festivals.
these
so-called
Among
pagan
is known,
unless
the offering
of
sional
as practiced
solitary
dance,
ered.

of

Iroquois
by

some

no
to

of the

men
there

the term
same,
being
are chieny
in the form

to-day

tobacco

burning

other

private

Hinun,
be

squaws,

worship
or the occaso consid-

The
annnal
national
and
festivals
public
are eight
in numreligions
with
the occasional
addition
of those
ber,
As the
specially
appointed.
nucleus
to the ceremonies
observed
at these
festivals
we find many
of
their
ancient
such
as dancing,
practices
the use of inretained,
games,
&c.
And
these
have
been grafted,
to their
cense,
upon
according
pecnvaried
forms
from
the Romish,
or Protestant
liarinterpretation,
Jewish,
which
to them
seemed
suitable
and
churches,
adaptable.
Although
the Tuscaroras
of western
New
York
retain
many
of the old superstitions
none
of the
national
festivals
are
there
and
observed,
hardly
a
trace
now remains
of their
old religions
cnstoms.
About
among

half

of

the

ionsly

Onondagas
after
observed,

of

New-Year

the

Senecas

the

still

that
the

all

the

adhere
old
and

sequence

to
festivals

manner

but
paganism,
are strictly
of the following

it

is

only

and

religaccount

Festival

NEW.IEAB FESTIVAL.
At
weeks

the

first

after
112

new
New

moon
Year's

of the

new

Day,

the

year,
chiefs

which
assemble

sometimes
and

occurs
call

what

threo
they

[:erm

table

holy

is placed

Seneca

fifth

day

all

religion.

Speeches

principal
in this
words

chiefs,

&e.

sinned,"
of confession.
the

among
At

the

or
na,
formed.
be

On

sixth

the

day

For

accompanied.

The
and

center

clans

although

clans

are

then

ail

the

pure,

have e
form
around

wampum

speeches
man
old

or

to

of

following

to

a number
and

yelling

the

hour,
unblemished

white

dog

white

stand

call

even
each

day

of
The

House.
The

days.

gammen, run
to the
repair

as medicine
on

all

to

of

th
"scaring
begins
are
or chants
sung

day
songs

wish

to
desired.
He

or

she

for

search

Should

or

the

th

receives

guess
it, and

dance.

evening

on their

per

houses,

Council
more

ashes
this

Indian

made;
woman

the

three

appearing
enters,
atthe
object
assembly
guessing
is made.
a reply
of "thank
you"
to

is

always

follows

separate
the
fourth

costumed

Indians,
up the

as

games

in

th

proceeds

U-stu-a-gu-

peace,
it roust

Wolf.
Beaver.
Snipe.
Turtle.
Turtle.

continues

evening

the

On

repairs

raking

are

the
of

Indians

of

in

Shaking
up th

groaning.

costumes

frightful
their

rattles,
The

knees,
ashes.
stir
to the
council
they
fire, where
proceed
are commanded
and they
Indian
to
them
then
tobacco,
present
for th evening.
and act as the messengers
all the errands
form
on
the
forth
that
it
is
ensuing
same
On this
evening
given
given

put

same

by which
men
are chosen

feasts

chant,
two

the

divided.

and

and
In

for

be

concluded,

houses,
House.

something,
be correct,
as a return
On

the

"I
"I

or,
the

dance

the

costume,
Two

their

hold

singing
commences

the

witches";
an
while

enter

drunk";

through
pass the

into

On

say:

ceremonies

their

called

a~
ns
agamst

f
J

wife

and

betting

Council

go

days.

wampum,

been

chiefs

by
divided

')

divided

thus

divisions,

gambling
and
bling
into

the

form

a new
four

dancers.

encircled

th

husband

of

is a particular
dance
is simple.

Bear
Deer
Eel
Hawk
Eelg

these

of

have

the

portion
sometimes

are

dance

this

Th

or

placed
a. long
o
teachings

and

occupy

warriors

of this

dance,
there
this

After

ago,
kind

"I

following

bench

assembly.
conclusion

feather

in the

maxims,
introduced

hold

the

day

follows

sayings,

taking

wampum";

the

On

as

of chiefs,
nponwhich
are
and
makes
rises
then

One
the

is

which

a centnry
of this

nearly

who,

th

my

of
circle

wampum.
introduces

he

HandsomeLake,
the

conter

Indian

of
strings
in which
speech,
their

order
of the

th

meeting,"
in th

113

FESTIVAL.

NEW-YEAR

MUTH~

will

For

be roasted.

dog is selected,
chosen
to kill

and

five

this

purpose
men
young

they
chiefs
to

per-

day, at a
a perfectly
of the most

whose
neck
two
around
dog,
till the
the ropes
men
then
and
the
dog
pull
young
fastened,
ropes
to the victorious
is presented
Whendeadit
gambling
party,
is strangled.
It is then decwith
teasels.
out its hair
who proceed
carefully
to comb
reputation

spotless

are

8E

are

the

114

MYTHS

orated

puts
beads,

the

being
while

which

fire,

leading
this first

and

Council
is

accepted

unites

Protestant

Episcopal
in place

translation,

the

praises

that
Lord,"
have
charge
The feast

for
and

the

fourth

in

Indian

they

dog

AU

roasting.
the Grt

up at th
all the clans.
of the
the

This
dance

makes

then

an
to-

proceed

While

the

fire

is.

Spirit,

after

dance"

is repeated,.
of the,

which,
is thrown
into.
dog
is followed
by chants.
for th following
day.

"feather
the

entire

Benedicite
omM~
canticle,
of commanding
the works
works
themselves.
Instead
0 ye four
&c.

with

the

sun,

almost

pass

division

chief.

praise

or dancing
embraces

the

tobacco;

as

th

second

defeated

fourth

and

dog

the
dog;
basket
trimmed

Indian

follows
the

the

the

extra

with

clothed,
where

is rendered,
we praise
thee,"

passage
of ns,

an

filled

smalt

ofbuckskin,

aronnd

around

carries

the

strips

a cirele

chants

notice

gives

dayof
rejoicing
is sung
which

a chant

praise,

ceremony
chief
then

shooting

in

chief

by
place
chant

IROQUOIS.

tobacco,

form

first

House,

to the
appointed
th chiefs
lighted
th warriors
are

gether

At

The

the third
back;
and ribbons,
and
and
scantily

other

which

offering,

the

his

brooches,
bareheaded

chief,
file to

The

chiefs.

leading
it upon

THE

Jhdian

with
wampum,
ribbons,
silver
&c.
brooches,
fonr winning
clans
then

baskets,
The
four

0F

langnage

but
opera
Domini
of God
to render
of

persons

ye
who

angels
made

the.
him

of

the

us

and

then
of meats
with
follows,
consisting
sonnowergarnished
The third
is devoted
oil, &c.
day of dancing
to the
war dance,
which
is dedicated
to the
and
thunder.
The feather
snn,
moon,
dance
stars,
is again
the women
this time participating
in it.
In itself
introduced,
the
dance
is very
for the
except
introdnced
monotonous,
variety
by
the Boor with the war clubs,
whooping,
beating
occasional
and
speeches,
to the dancers.
offerings
At

the

conclusion

of

the

feather

follows.
This
is executed
dance,
their
feet
from the floor.
The men
rattles.
four

men

Then

succeeds

stand

inside

the
a circle

dance
solely
keep

guide
and

dance,
sing

the

by
time

or

Si-ti-ga-ni-ai,
who

do

thewomen,
by

drumming

performed

as

and
follows:

a dance

while
all
song,
each
other.
facing

shufflenot

lift
the.

using
Two
the

or

peo-

in th dance
in pairs,
join
th
couples
Consetwo out of each four
have
to go backwards,
quently,
but
at a signal
in
the music
ail change
This
is invariably
places.
the
dance
of
closing
the
new year~s
but it is then
that
seven
festival,
later
arranged
days
the medicine
men shall
ail reappear,
and for a day and a night
go about
in the
houses
and
chase
all diseases,
&c.
This
away
closes
by ail reto th Council
pairing
where
a large
kettle
of burnt
sweetHouse,
corn,
ened
with
is prepared
for the medicine
maple
sugar,
who
eatit.
men,
from
the kettle.
From
this Council
House
fire the medicine
men throw
ple

the

ashes

witfthes
after

upon
and

a duration

the

disease.
of

assmbled
This
three

weeks.

for

people

concludes

the

new

the

purpose

year's

festival

of

dispelling
crmonies

sMnB.]

115

TAPPIN&TEEMArLETREES,ETC.
TAPFHfG THE MAPLE TBEES.

and couof the maple

service
is at the tapping
trees,
public
it
is
of
the
bring
war
hoped,
sists
of the
which will,
performance
dance,
cause
th sap to now.
weather
and
on warmer
often
the dancing
warriors
favor
to ambitions
As a special
parents,
inured
to
become
are
infant
who
in
their
arms
early
bear
supposed
boys,
The

next

with
inspired
the close
of

and

for

a desire

life.

a warrior

follows
the maple-sugar
season
sngar
ail
with
the
of
which
are
seasoned
sngar.
newly-made
soups
lasts
but
number
of dances
are introduced,
in
a
which
val,
At

the

the

festival,
This
one

festi-

day.

PLANTING CORN.
in-

of the new
similar
to that
festival
is very
year,
corn-planting
the
feather
sins
the
confession
of
the
dance,
by
chiefs,
troducing
This lasts
seven
days.
STEiWBERET FESTIVAL.
The

the

During

each

dancing
The

the

by

previously
the
berries.

The

a vesabout
two children
afterwards
carry
follows
and
it
and
mixed
with
water
present
sugar,
berries,
it.
More
as he receives
to give
thanks
who is expected

the

person,
ensues.
bean

proceed

dance

feather
great
sel containing
to

at a time
appointed
season,
and
to the
fields
gather

strawberry

women

th

chiefs,

&o.

next

festival

occurs

is

and

very

similar

to

the

strawberry

festival.
eBEE!f.COE!r FESTIVAL.
This
use

for

is preceded

by

a hunt

by

warriors

the

for

deer

or

bear

meat

to

the

soups.
of confession
absence
the ceremony
their
During
women
are
and the
New Tear's
engaged
festival,
in the kettle
with
to its being
placed
preparatory
the hunters
If the weather
cotash.
is very warm

takes
in
the

place,

beans

bring

home

as in the
the

roasting
for

the
the

corn
sucmeat

and
commence
and
the feasting
dancing
a religious
is considered
which
gambling,
bead
war
silver
is then
jewelry,
clubs,
brooches,
introduced,
ceremony,
the
clans
as
th
Sometimes
against
used
play
wagers.
&c., being
work,
and
are
the
the
women
but
each
play
against
men,
frequently
other,
the
oftener
party.
winning
in
and ail appear
of the Indian
season
festival
is the
This
year,
gala
an
intrinof
the
costumes
some
fancifui
having
their
most
dcorations,

baked.
ready
continue
for

sic

value

On

four

their

return

days.

The

dollars.

hundred

of several

SATHEElNft THE COBN.

The
After
of

sins

festival

last

public

the

thanksgiving

and

the

feather

of
dance
dance.

the

year
In

the

of the corn.
the gathering
of the
confession
rptition
latter
the
corn is
gayly-colored

is
is

there

at

116

MYTHS

used
being
Th

as a dcoration,
sometimes
worn
as ornaments.
above

form

occasionallyother
dance
and the
but

OF

the
dances

THE

whole

eight
public
yearly
are introduced.

snake
the
dance,
more
of a gliding,
partaking
Private
dances
are held
by the

IROQUOIS.

strings

of it,

festivals

still
of

Among
latter
similar
being
snake-like
motion.

these
to

upon

the
are
the

the

cob,

but
Roquois,
th raccoon
guide

dance.

medicine
are introduced
mon, in which
or eagle
the Tai-wa-nn-ta-ai-ki,
or dark
dance;
dance,
the
or pantomime
dark;
and
the
Ea-hi-tu-wi,
dance;
or witches~
dance.
On the death
of a. medicine
W-na-tai-nn-u-ni,
man a
dance
is held by his
special
the giving
of certain
fraternity,
and, during
medicine
tunes
are chanted.
medicines,
No dances
are
held
the
upon
death
of private
but
at the
individuals,
of ten days
a dead
expiration
feast
is celebrated
and the property
of the
deceased
is distributed
by
or otherwise.
gambling
are made,
but no singing
Occasionally
speeches
or dancing
is indulged
a condolence
in, except
when
deduring
council,
ceased
chiefs
are mourned
and others
chosen
in their
places.
the

K-nai-kwa-ai,
in the
performed

Private

the
licly

dances
are not infrequently
given
by
conceived
a great
affection
who,
having
cement
it by a friendship
dance.

tribe,

individual
for

members
each

other,

of
pub-

SMITHSONIAN

OF

INSTITUTION-BUREAU

ETHNOLOGY.

OARVINGS

ANIMAL

FROM

MOUNDS OF THE MISSISSIPPI VALLEY.

RY

HENRY

W.

HENSHAW.

117

CONTENTS.

_0. __n. 0.
0.u"
Introduotory
tntrodnotoly.
Majia,tee.
Toucan.-
Paroquet-
Enowledge of troplc:ila.nima,ls byMonnd-BuildeTS.
Otlieren'oraofid.enti&ea.tion.
SkillinsoalptnreoftheMonnd-BnUders
Genera.liza.tionLnotdesigB.ed.
ProbabletotenticoriginA-niina.intoluidsT]ie"ElepIia,nt"moumd-
rhe"AlIiga.toT"moTmd.H'nmansoniptiu'es.
compa.red.""
Jndan and moumd-bmiders'art
Gnral conclusions-

Page.
123
n- n_'u 00" UU_'
~g
~.n
-144
148
] 49
~n

g
164
166
19

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Page.
Fis.

1~

Davis.

4.Otter&omSqnierand

1SS

g.Otter'omSqnierandDavis.

1~9

Stevens

orSea-Cowfrom
8.Lamantin
9.~La,ma,ntinorSea-Cow&om
10.Ma.na.tee
ll.Ma,na,tee

Squier
Squier

13.Cnioinna,ti
IS.CuicimnatiTa.Netba.ok.
:&oro.

15.Toncam&om
le.~Tonoa.n&om

130

Da-vis.

130
132

Cu.v.)
From Sqnier
From

Squier

and

Cu.Y.)-

(MaM<!ta~mer:CMms,
(A&natttSj'tmertmmMS,
Ta.bletba.ob.

14.Toucan

129

ManateelromStevens-

6.Otter&omBaTi.
7.-Manateefrom

132
and

133

Duvis.

134

Short-

135

a.ndDa.vis.

135

SquierajidDa.vis.

136
137

SquierajidDavis-

17.Tonca.n

byStevensas figured
18.Eeel-biUedToTica.nofSoTitliem

139

Mexico.

140

Sqniera.ndDa.vis.

19.-Paroquetfrom

144

20Owl &omSq)iiera,ndDa,viaSI.Grouse
fromSqniera-ndDavis-

144
145

38.Turkey-bfizzMd&omSqniera,ndDa,Yis

145
'14

33CIien-y-bird-
34.WoodpecTi:er25.EagIeirornSquier
a.ndDa.vis
26.Rattlesna.kefromSquiera.ndDa.viB
Gramt
Moundin
Elepliant
27.-Big

County,

Wisconsin

153

155

lowa,
lowa,

38.Etepha.ntPipe.
39.ElephantFipe.
30.~TIie

146
147

156
159

Alliga,torMo[uidnea]~Gra,nvi!le,0]ilo.-

31.Oa.rvingBoi'JleadB
of]iea.ds.
32.-Carvings
ofliea.ds33.Ca,rvinga
34.Ca.rving
33.Carving

162
1""

ofhead-
ofhead.

121

ANIMAL CARVINGS FROM MOUNDS OF THE

MISSISSIPPI VALLEY.
H.

BY

W.

BENSHA.W.

INTEODirCTOBTT.
considerable

The
the

so-called

have

been

Mound-Builders,
from

exhumed

of archologists.

tention

for

assert

the

people
far

skill

Indians

as they

have

design

asserted

artistic

very

which

upon
to the

gument
periority
Eminent
tistio

ability

the

of

them,

are

indeed,

to that
attained
superior
to history.
been
known
for

of

part

th

attained
skiU
by
the
relies
that
of
many
by
the atnot
failed
to arrest
artistic

designated

conveniently

as is much

attainments

evidenced

mounds,.has

the

th

an

of

of their

the

in the
some

of

far

same

sMUin
the

by

of arand

from

in

of
of

for

advance

su-

an

ar-

of

the

one
questionis
ofartistie
products
the

line,
best

the

chain

the

contends

thus

Mound-Builders
if

degree
race
present

this
very
fact,
as indicated
in

who

a few

difference

which

authority

Indian
and

by

link

important

theory
Indian.

of the

present

above

In

not

found

as

Mound-Builders,

American

North

on

the

left;, forms
the
is based

have

they

sculptures

as

Among

artistic

and

decorative

of

degree

argument;
of a similar
with
Indians
be compared
of the present
objects
if the artistic
than
doubtful
it is more
from
the mounds,
taken
nature
can
be substantiated.
Indian
Deferring,
of the
latter-day
inferiority
the artistic
between
ability
the
for
any
comparison
prsent,
however,
be turned
attention
and the modern
may
.of the Mound-Builder
Indian,
for the skillwith
from
the mounds,
of objects
indeed,
to a class
notable,
and
first in another
way
but to be considered
are wrought,
which
they
admitting

handicraft

for

another
As

the

and
paper,
on account
ployed
here
the
people
Taised
that
in

the
by

any

Tace

mere
than
purpose
Mound-Builders

term

its

as

the

of

its

its

who
mounds

has

indefiniteness,

with

use

phrase

commonly

formerly
of that

the
th

writer

lived

artistic

theory
way to
American
from
the North

recurmanytimes

been

objected
b
may

it

accepted

to
well

Indian.

also

be

this

arcbseologists
it is emthat
as

clearly

considered

as committing

Mound-Builders

were

be

the

throughout
by some
to state

viz
signification,
the
Mississippi

throughout
It should

region.
is not to
that

comparison.

will

of

to
applied
and
Valley
understood
himself
a different

133

124

ANIMAL
the

Among
being

the

a place
the
it is certain

art

of

pipe
that

may be
American

called,

varied

was

Indians,
uses
the

of

objects,

passing,

which

identification

them.
and

the

Indians

interest

in

minds

ofmuch
a

to

have

been

United

States

bird

carvings
were
species
by the
led to

the

of

in behalf

the

the

ings

are,
naturalist

they

had

therefore,
than
the
concerns

importance
kind

of critical

they

from

the

of his
their

tact,
result

The

the examination

discussion

study
hands

of

with

the

the

and

to

be

in

breadth

from

the

of

mounds

and

have

and

to examine
of

of

it may be said
art
productions

proper
It will

importance.

paper

pipe

byWilson,
imitation

archseologists,
examination

identincation

own

critically

the more

the

important
that
serious

case,
will

attention

to propose

critical

of

accident.

Ancient
of

received
hre

the

be

called

series

considered

archseologist.
their
actual
is applied
a modern

of

the

as

writer

being

to

of

the

a whole,
and
of various
from

Believing
resemblances,
to them
which
zoological

those

glanced
curious
to

identification

hands

rather

of

place

almost
may
made
the
birds

Having
the
years,

Monuments

at

in

examination

study
for several
in the
most
cursory
manner,
The iuaceurate
represented.
of

North

pipe,

out

pointed

length

present

of the

his

athors

so it

the

among
than
the

out in which
certain
pointed
theories
have
natufrom
the
thus
premises
established.
erroneously
that
the writer
undertook
th examination
of the

resulted
enough
be premised
with
no theories
carvings
In

for

institution,

animais

their
speculation,
matter
of considerable

purpose

manner

advanced.

necesover

displayedin

well

throughoutthe
sculptured

may

erto

not

sculpture

however,
prominent
the
Mound-Builders,
esteem
and reverence

one

feature
been

of these

rally

It

pipe

long
usage
of them,

some

main

offered

less

no

artistic
as bas

as is believed
If it shall
prov,
of identification
have
been
made,

mistakes
thse

basis

be the

evidence

of

As

becomes

therefore

no

were

they

exhibited
toward
tendency
birds
a remark,
and animais,
with
almost
truth
to the
equal

present

much
the

of

Certainly
nxed
by

characteristic

applies

excited
made

that

significance.

especially

of the
generally
North
America.

of their
pipes
of sculpture.
In
were
-th an-

way

Mound-Builders

nrmiy
or more
characteristic

and

the

least,

object

Mound-Builders,
Man, is the

Prehistoric

natural

an

history.

more

most

the

the
at

construction
in

of their
superiority
no surprise,
since,
in the affections
of

held
been

of

in the
skill

or,

excites

mayhave
it bas

Indians

Perhaps

the

who

that

greatest
hold
that

works

the

in bis

those

fact

Indians,
the
race,

among

sculpture

their

present
different

other

its

to the

the

of

sarily
their

more

of

of

have

objects
leftbythe
Mound-Bnilders,
pipes
This is partly
due
to their
place.
number,
pipes
more
common
articles
unearthed
labors
of
by the

exhibited

minds

cestors

been

interesting

the

among
but

explorers,
this people

ail

more

a prominent

occupy

CARVINGS.

that

artist.

see

of these

Th

first

question

Such

carvof the

stand-point
the

the
what

Valley
to the

subsequently

substantially
would
they

the

over

of some

the

said

of

Mississippi
authors.

hithbe

the
receive
a course

in

same
were
bas

125

MANATEE.

BEKSHAW.]

since
disadvantages,
a semi-civilized

obvions

it

the

places

condition

work

but
best,
other
facts

answer

be made
may
were
accurate

carvings
them
have
tion

been

could

been
they
of modern

deemed

it is precisely
from
nature
copies

that
as

artists,
in their

adopted

that

by
been

promulgated
have
theories

such

much

on

the

that

men

who

were

in,

seems

to

On

archseologists.
advanced.

be not

So

no

the

other

sapposihave

indeed
with

best,

th

respecting

accurate

compared
Hence

only

that

supposition
theories

the

directly
have been
noticed
hereafter.

they
will be

study

to produce
likely
If it be found

on

of

than
higher
plane
inIt may be urged,
as the writer
would
seem
to justify.
for the specific
identification
that
the accnracy
sufficient
deed
believes,
of men
in the
state
of culture
is not to be expected
of thse
carvings
To which
are generally
attained.
the Mound-Builders
supposed
to have
at

the

the

method

but

the

work
here
one

only

results.

definite

reasons
for pronouncing
th carvgood
from
and
of
a
lower
artistic
copies
ings
nature,
has
been
it will
remain
for the
standard
than
archseologist
supposed,
how far their
unlikeness
to the
animais
have
been
to determine
they
not

supposed

can

be
out

represent

by

sculptors'

the

plane

can

Indians.
can

of

art
If

be

ence

attributed
he

choose
in

although
them

to represent,

from

but

identified,.owing
indeed
go

even

may

basis

for

them

dductions

minority
inaccuracies

and

on
carv-

their
that

conclude

their

the

Ameri-

of the

and
owe

that

th

to
respect
a position
North

further

to

adequate
abandoned

a small
to

copies

skill

with

by

really
animais

the

the

occupied

per-

were

as close

have

practically

one

that

prove

are
of

archaeologists
forced
to accord

to the

naturally
they
uniike

they

possessed

he will

skill,
not
superior

specifically

not

prominent
and will be

it should

to shortcomings
assume
that

to

manyparticulars
and that

sculptors

conceptions,
many

resemblance,
form
a very
unsafe
to assumed
accurate

they

be
If

he

general

are

can
art.

expected
their
rude

taken

position
mound

ings

to

there

accurate

as imitations,
to believe

he wishes

carry

be

to barbarie

taining
intended
as

that

to

very

exist-

imitation.

MANATEE.
In
of

1848

th

and

Squier

Mississippi

men

prosecuted
mark
which

Davis

since

On
an

and

zeal

work
on the
great
with which
these

Mounds

gentleand th
and delity
ability
field,
are
suffiof their
results
to the
public
alike
the mine
that
this
volume
has proved
in the

the
prsentation
attested
ciently
by the fact
writers
have
from
which
subsequent
for the vast
and the chief
inspiration
tion

their

published
skill

The
Valley.
researches
their

drawn
amount

their

most

of work

important
in th same

facts,
direc-

undertaken.

251
pages
animal
which

and

253

is there

of

the

called

above-mentioned
~Lamantin,

work
Manitus,

appear
or Sea

figures
Cow~

of
con-

~26

ANIMAL

which
animalitis
cerning
.have
been
taken
from

stated
the

of

the

These
animais

living

tached
be

and
one

of

comparison
the most

have
singular

shown

that

animal

they

produc-

possible
to the

apparent

to have
been
the
appear
first to note
the
supposed
of the
forms
found
in the
scnlptured
mounds
to
in remote
That
regions.
to perceive
they
were not slow
interest
and value
of the
is shown
discovery
by the
was
adduced
as affording
a ciew to
immt'diately
by them
of the
Mound-Builders.
Th
origin
importance
they ataud their
of its significance
discovery
interpretation
will
from
the following
quotation
(p. 242)

certain

ethnological
that
it

the

were

they
of

sculptured
reprsentations
first discovered,
the authors
monstrous
creations
of iancy:

world."

of

fact

seven
When

authors

likeness
the

that

mounds."

"it
was
continue,
snpposed
but
subsequent
investigations
are faitbfui
representations
tions

CARVINGS.

Some of these sculptures

have a value, so far as ethnological
research
is concemed,
mnch higher than they can claim as mre worbs of art.
This vaine is derived from the
fact that they faithMJyteprsent
animals and birds peenHar to other
thus
latitudes,
a migration,
a very extensive
establishing
intercommunication
or a contemporaneous
existence
of the same race over a vast extent of
conntry.
The
writer
race

idea

thus

who

has

different

fell

suggested

on

to

attempted
from
the

fruitful

show

that

aud each
ground,
th Mound-Builders

sncceeding
were
of

or had
other
than
an
NorthAmericanIndian,
autochthonous
has not failed
to lay especial
stress
origin,
the presupon
ence in the
mounds
of sculptures
as well
as of other
of themanatee,
beasts
and birds,
carved
strange
by the same
hands
that
evidently
porof our native
trayed
fauna.
many
that
the theories
Except
based
the
upon
bav
sculptures
by recent
writers
been
annunciated
more
a wider
positively
and given
range
they
have
been
left almost
as set forth
of the "Anprecisely
by the authors
cient
while
Monuments,"
to have
absolutely
nothing
appears
been
brought
evidence
perfect

to

since

light

of the

same

their

time

character.
with

nnanimity
as at once

the

to

their

in
It

which

most

the way
of additional
is indeed
a little
curions

sculptnred
to note the

writers

fall
back
the
above
upon
in support
of the
they
adduce
several
and as their
theories,
final,
Now and
nay, their
only,
authority.
then
one will be found
to dissent
from
some particular
bit of evidence
as
announced
and Davis,
or to give
a somewhat
by Squier
different
turn
to the conclusions
derivable
from
the
offered
But
testimony
by them.
in the main
the
theories
first
announced
authors
of "Ancient
by the
as the result
of their
of th mound
Monuments,"
study
are
sculptures,
those
that
current
pass
Particular
to-day.
attention
to
may be called
the deep
and lasting
made
impression
statements
of these
by the
authors
as to the great
and high
standard
of excellence
beauty
exhibited
mound
by the
Since
their
time
sculptures.
writers
to be well
appear
authors

satisfied
Squier

and

express
Davis.

source

One

own

of th

data

admiration

might,

indeed,

in the
almost

terms
suppose

made

use
that

of
recent

by

writers

have

not

or

their

carvings
authors

of

hidden

the

from

Builders

evidence
preferred

animais

foreign

and

of remains

the

foundin

to

artistic

which

"Ancient

Davis

betweenthese
domestic

of common
render
are

workmanship
mounds

"-th

the

that
intercourse,
animais.

these

also,
foreign

had

harbor

perhaps

supposed

evidence
have

remark,

were

Monuments,"
of

similarity

those

by the original
the word
of the

take

carvings

or

known

and

to

beauties

of the

from

and

as Squier
which,
so far as material

afforded

incontestible

affording

regions
evident

the

for

these

origin,

migrated

the

with

indeed,

as

to

authors

of

have

for

trust

owneyes.
of the
lead

offered

must

supposed
able,
class

to

to theories

or indirect,

ilarity

the

but
have
fac-simils,
"Ancient
Monuments

th

are

animais

dared

their

Following
with
respect

not,

127

MANATEE.

HENSEAw.]]

them

Mounddirect
it

Were

of

arvings
forms-a

sim-

"indistingoishentire

from
an
concerned,
of most
of them

could

prsence

the far reaching

nafor throughthe
of trade,
be accounted
agency
readily
the wilder
is well
understood.
ture
of which,
even
Trade,
among
tribes,
no more than
like the
found
for instance,
in the case of an animal
manatee,
where
the sculpture
was dug up,
a thonsand
miles
distant
from
the point
of the matter.
But inif not a probable'solution
would
offer
a possible
of all the
that
the praetically
identical
character
of trade
th
.quite
very
pertinent
theory
untenable,
if these
manatee
were
derived
by
snpposed
pipes
why,
in those
have
not similar
been
found
carvings
regions,

of the

dependently
carvings

question
arises,
trade
other
from
as, for

regions,
th

archaeology

his

civilized

seven,
ter of
no

trade.

Asit

at

present

its

presenee
ancient
people

Nor

is the

possession

cupancy
but of
area
justify

manatee

the

as far

been

north

is too

the
been

true,

it would

it
in

If

to

neediess

supposing

therefore,

that

people

the

into
no
of

and
South

known

will

facts

blood

to

have

of

worthy

graves

Mexico,
and
Central

one

matter

oc-

contemporaneous

Southern

say,

a wider
a

contemporaneous
the
animais
whose

oftheSouthern

notonly

into
stretching
of some
authors,

their

involve

of it.

comparatively
other
traces
leaving
at the hands
of

of

exhumedfrom

cen-

furnished

has

possessed
But as

held
range

not

the

in

ranged,

without

the

with

that

at

suggestive

times
overlooked.

ever

in

embraced

Mound-Bnilders,

is

manatee

Mound-Builders

have

region
ideas

abundance;
be found
should

th

of which
case

so

his

as Ohio

to

the

man,

representations
sculptured
small
to be entertained.

that

which,
us

to have

that

of

pipes
home
of

supposition
of the country

by
the

out

a region
as is the

States,

or of anything
in past
having

manatee

seems

Gulf

a few

are
supposed
discussion.

to the

ing

than

th

Primitive

usually
manatee

seven,

probability
times
at least,

modern

effigies
serions

trades

of the

possibility

and

known.

known
is, th
of the manatee

either

than
range
of fact
the

an

well

many

carvings

of

in Florida

instance,
is fairly

brother,
times

but

The

fact

the

render

United

States

even,

accord-

an
America,
a moment

for

con-

occupied

temporaneously.
Assuming,

the

sculptures

in

question

are

the

work

of

128

ANIMAL

th

Mound-Builders

the

agency

of

assuming
to

a,nd,

supposed

that

theory

and

are

of

trade,
that

th

CARVINGS.

derived

not

sculptures

the

was

from

the

made
would

worthy

of

however,
account

for

4.Otter.

Before

TromAnoient

Monuments.

in detail

noticing

the

to

it
th
represent
manatee,
animal
another
by the
figured
a close connection
with
them.

the

4 is

Figure
(Fig.
it to

156)
be a

broad

head

as

identified
an otter,

very
and

expanded

tion
same

to

knowledge
the
next

zoological
to refer

case

istO

be

it

to seek

the

far

the

of

sup-

trusted.

and

Davis
of

carvings

has

Monuments

hesitate

animal;

to
the

is believed,

"Ancient
will

in

pronoTmcing
broad
ears,

short

seem
strong
short,
legs, would
Addecl
to ail these
is the indica-

the

Having

thus

it certainly
them,
and
of the authors

figure

in this

authors

which,

nn-

necessary,
theories

consider

Squier
at the

that

with
snout,
the otter.

habits.
before

of

is

snpposed
by
well to glance

carvings
will be

distant

how
question
these
carvings

animais

foreign

by the anthorsofthe
few naturalists

likeness

good

to belong
unmistakably
tion of its fish-catching
and with
it
animal,
the

and

of

ani-

these

stibseqnently
be
not

to
It

and

themselves,
to

'answer

same

they

advancing
to first

facts

have
been
said-the
far

region

seem

before

posed

attention.

identification
Kg.

with

in

to which

one

migrated

an

they
to be

Mound-Builders

mals

facts

parts
through
be little
doubt,

remains

something

of

distant

appear
to
animais

representthe

which

represent-of
th
acquaintance

from

wonid

there

which

(Ancient

correctly
reflcts
their

Monuments,

this

identified
little

powers
Fig.

credit

upon
of discrimina157)

to

the.

animal.

Tig.5.OtterofSqmerandDa.via.

Of
otter
ever
radely
way

different

totally
it certainly
implies
it is assuredly
not
execnted
a good

idea,

ground
the

if intended
and
as an
shape
physiognomy,
an amazing
of sbill in its author.
Howwant
an
is doubtless
an unfinished
or
but
otter,

squirrel,
characteristic

of which
attitude

animal
of this

it conveys
m a general
little
sitting
rodent,

with

np
small

in

extended

paws

in

rodents

similar

carving.
In illustration

of

as to what
of

carving

and

62.

a second

represents
evidently
executed
is a better

Fig..61

and

but

Davis,

entertained

idea

vague
is like,
it
a fishinits

with

otter

exhibited

Stevens's

somewhat

manatee

the

are

157 of Sqnier

the

of
Carvings
displayed.
"Flint
in Stevens's

being.well

front,

attitudes

61
p. 428, Figs.
Chips,"
animal
as Fig.
the same

gists

129

MANATEE.

HENBHA.W.]

interest

is of

has

mouth

byarchseolonote
that

to
been

made

the
do

to

to eat
never
animal
is well known
the latter
as a manatee,
although
Thus
Stevens
herbivorons.
to
be
gives
on
the
strictly
contrary,
nsh, but,
65 and 66, callin
his
Flint
Figs.
of
two
p.
429,
Chips,"
carvings
figures
the sculpIn one
and
however,
says:
particular,
ing them
manatees,
is
committedan
tors
of the mound-period
error.
Although
the lamantin
and littoral
plants
chieny
nponsubaqueons
feeding
strictly
herbivorous,
animal
is
one of th stone
smoking-pipes,
Fig.
66, this
yet upon
herbs,
Mr.
Stevens
in
its
mouth."
prewith
a
fish
apparently
represented
dnty

ferred
of

to

the

credit

rather

manatee,
by th

sessed
Stevens's

than

carving

fish-catching

in the

Collection

Archological
180, where

p. 47,
which

Fig.
can

is here

reproduced
writer

latter

To

afford

to

also

of the

bad

should

fish-bearing
-mg.
Fig.

Davis,
Wilson's

in

of the
the

be

noted

although
unquestionably
so-called
eral
manatees,
the

to

from

one

Fig.

154,

an

National'Museum,
tter.
This

from

the

ont, y

66),
(Fig.
manatee

by Stevens
given
the second
snpposed
"Ancient

Monu

of Stevens.

Tig. 7.M:m!itee

is
The
figure
8).
22.
vol.
Fig.
i, p. 476,
Man,
article
from Squier's
Fig. 9, is taken
vol. ii, p. 188.
Ethnological
Society,
as Fig.
153, p. 251, of th
appears

is introdnced

same

(Fig.

Prehistoric

lamantins,
American
wood-cut

same

be

Monaments."

Ancient
It

and

snpposed
of

print

States

United
stated

7).
(Fig.
of comparison,

Transactions

m th

the

of Rau; Manatee of Stevens.

of Squier
be found

Another

of

correctly

6), togetherwith

(Fig.

a means

Fig. 6.0tter
ments"

it is

be distinguished

scarcely

of th

of the
habits
with
ignorance
sculptor
gross
of
the
one
or
tittle
claim
to abate
posjot
animal.
of that
a representation
to be considered
is th same
manatee
by Dr. Rau,
carving
given

mound

the

6u thus
t;u.).ta
9E

that

the
of

an

of Fig.

physiognomy
otter,

whichare

first
mentioned,
otter,
as a connecting
serves
a'

agrees

more

represented

6,

above

closelywitli

without

fishes,

the

-given,
sev-

than

with

4.

Fig.
link
in the

sries,

uniting

the

un-

130

ANIMAL

mistakabl

with
otter,
less readily

and

cuted
It

was

of the

donbtless

otteM

Stevens
On

the

the

in

recognized.

the

and

fish

astray.

They

contrary,

while

are
no

than

greater

doubtiess.
of th

reasons

sculptures

Now,
ear,
precise

the

manatee

a small

ornce,

language

vol.
Society,
in diameter,

more

which
bear

th
to

exe-

clumsily
animal.

same

several

each

spcimens
that
led

other'

of the
are

other.
perhaps

or sea-oov of Sqnier amd Davis.

b& expected

is considered
that
they
whose
artists,
knowledge
skill
in carving,
would
differ
naturally
Stevens
felt
that
the
general
likeness,
perhaps
In
at least,
he is probably
and
this,
correct,

when

of

Fig.

9.Lamantin

are

deemed

external

or

sea-co~r

of

suf&cient

ear.

In

not

the

a probe

absence
could

Squier.

to

show

another
are

not

tbs
particular
trace
of a

of
be

otters

manatees.
is not
or

pinna

pinna,
passed,

To

London

a small
alone

most

found
all

they

organ.
of the

the
or not,

The

which

that

whether

that,
are

author

sculptures,

the
slightest
a slit, representing
of Mnrie
in the Proceedings
"In

it

different

like

8, p. 188:
into
which

the
the

no means
facsimiles
one
by
two are just alike,
the differences

by one and
most
they
assuredly
possessed
by the

has

of

manatees

figured

as here
maintained,
character
important
the
is an
manatee,

to

mouth,

carvings

conceptions
as whose

Recognizing
was all were.

following

several

to

as well

animal,

widely.
what
one

the

is
the

embody

its

resemblance

general
so-called

the

Fig. 8.Lamamtin
not

CARVINGS.

in

agre.
external

quote

the

Zoological
a line
ori&ce,

represents

the

BENSEAW.]

131

MANATEE.

meatus."

external

and

visible,

In

even

in

dried

the

the

museum

slitis

wholly

is

no

this

spcimen
animal

or ireshiyidlled

live

it

by

in-

means

and
Eeen
observer
of natural
as savage
apparent.
objects,
too far to suppose
him capable
of
man
certainly
is, it is going
far
as
the
an
earless
animalearless
at
least
so
purposes
representing
be
ears.
are
concerned-with
of sculpture
prominent
f, then, it can
are
to be relied
as in th slightest
that
these
assumed
sculptures
upon
readily
barbarie

degree

to

suffice

sent

it must

imitative,

alone

manatee.

the

be

that

show

But

unquestionable
equally
This
animal
bas
manatee.
in flexible

shapeless

flipper.
and if

each
their

and

a short,
in
as indicated

th

The

which

with

ears

intended

would

to

all

of

repre-

them

pr-

from

dissimilarity
fore
stout

of

nails

of

presence
been

in
of

instead

or paws,

fingers

paddle-like

the
have

evidence

sent

ing

that

admitted

cannot
they
feet
shown
the

several

the

terminat-

leg,

sculptures,

the

termi-

nipper

shown
at ail
in carving,
which
is wholly
very
small,
would
be
indicated
and
as
too
they
barely
being
insignificant,
nnUkely,
th
marked
a very
different
from
would
distinctly
appearance
present
nates

are

digits

common

others,

the

discrepancy

truncated
lamantin
The

manatee
round

tails
the

tin,"

are

pose
the 'West

African

lives

and

coast.

of

the

Elastic

as has

of

the

round

rivers

of

of the
and

tail,

with

those

is

with

Lamanand

Senegambia
that
the

in

manner
an

which

animal

above

they

sup-

inhabiting

to be the
thread
upon
proved
would
seem
to be hardly
capable
it to reach
from
the Mississippi
Valit

with

acquainted
would
never

so far

first

a variety

as

have

known,

almost

of th

requisite

the

to belong,

in distinction

sculptured
bear
they

no

anatomy

been

made,
exactly

genus

Manatus,
from
the

of
since
alike.

th
the
A

to which
forkedtail

Halicore.

genus

Whether
ters

two

tail
the

both

suggestion
forms
are,

is, in tact, the

alluded
manatees

rounded

the

acquainted

hangs
the migration
theory,
for
the strain
required
bearing
ley to Africa.
better
Had
the
authors
been
tails

the

explain

above

has

is to be regretted

became

of

the

in
It

which

manatees

is however

if. J.MtefMOtMMs, while

~<Round-tailed
so-called

the
the

Africa.

not go further
Mound-Builders

the

p.
Monuments,
(Ancient
ont
if it means
means,
anything,
to the
tail is the
one
referable
only

with

which

~Me~~sM,
coast
of Western

from

tail

shaped

reconcile
attemptto
exhibits
a flat
sculptures

which
Desm.)
manitus."

a flat

to be-identified

of
There

southward,

did
the

one

thrown

thus
exhibiting
and

a differently
Monuments"

Oniy
round.

are

if.

the

along
authors

of the

suggestion

sculpture
of Florida

has

carvings
"Ancient

Senigalensis,
(Manitus
as th
round-tailed

distinguished
the

sculptures.

the

as follows
the others

tail;

252.)

several
of

one

the authors

the

that

to the
that

Noticing

the

tails

either

little,
however,
of the round

any

sort.

In

many

of

the

since
or flat
of

the

tailed
animal

manatees

varietis,
carvings

be round

resemblance
or, for that
the head

to

or flat

manatee

mat-

tails,
of
to tails
matter,
the,
alone
engaged

132

ANIMAL
the

sculptons
attention,
else
roughiyblockedout;
given
same

off

shapd
Withont,
of a real

artistic
differences

members
in

as, for instance,

the
hind
are
parts
no attempt
at their

a manner

followed
best

had

suited

to

omitted

being
the

or
entirely,
the
sqnirrel

of

case

ronnded
simply
ofEinto.condelineation.
Somewhat
the

i& the

cavities

case

of the

been

excavated

serve

the

manasupposed
the block
was
of

purpose

attemptmgtoinstitatefarthercomparisoiis,twoviews
are liere
which
are fac-similes
subjoined,
in Trans.

photo-lithograph
brief
A very

1873-'74.
modern

in

however,
manatee

admirable

ten

which

and

body

with
shape,
method
was evidently
the
oniy after
pipe

tees,

able

in

above,

venient

CARVINGS.

comparison
of
representation
them

between

London
of

that

better

Zoological

the

supposed

a handle.
of

Murie's
vol.

Soeiety,

8,
a

manatees,
with
show
the irreconcil-

will
animal,
than
anynumber

of pages

of writ-

criticism.

Side

TlE.10.M~n!ite6(J[&7M!hM.AmerMt:?:!M,Cmv.).

There
animal
resemble

would
sculptures
that

to
seem;
then,
have
~hich
whichis

animal,

be

no escape

from

any
as to render

it

sculpture,
As the

had

and

easy
several

eral

likeness

with

considerable

Moreover,
mythology

the
and

otter

must
is

folk-lore

one

have
certainly
of the animais
of

the

natives

in

as asabject

for
<

certain.
bear

a genandresemble

closenessthe
nsh-eating

well
this
~uium.i
animal
being
utnug
FIG.
<
~IG.11.ManateefJtMmaftMAmertCttTKM,
,i
of tnem,itseemshigMy
C)iv.).rron<iev.
is th otter
that
is rndeiy
in all these
portrayed
The otter
was a common
resident
of ail the

th e

otter,

of

proclvities

shown
Huuwn.

in

at ieasc
ai;
least

two
that

probable

it

sculptures.

been
whieh
of

animal

identification

sculptures
each
other

to

known

and

its

th

really
and so

aspects
of the

other

served

really

that

do not

allits

soextraordmarym
unlike

case

conclusion

manatees

passedcurrentas
totally
cration

Monnd-Bailders,

the

view.

rgion
well
figures

America,

occnpied
known

by
to

th

them.

in the
largely
and
has
been

in many tribes
as their
adopted
totem.
this
animal
Hence,
to be a pecnliarly
for embodiment
in scnlptnred
apt
subject
matters
whether
very
these
little,
however,
sculptures
were

would-seem
form.

It

intended

as

133

TABLET.

CINCINNATI

HENSHAW.l

being that they

or not, the main point in the present
connection
manatees.
as
cannot have been intended
attention
of the manatee,
the subject
may be called
Before leaving
i( of which
with the Cincinnati
to a curious fact in connection
Tablet,
Monuments
in
The
Ancient
a wood-eut
is given
(p. 275, Kg. 195).
with the same view as
side as there shown be compared
If the reverse

otters

of

Americans
a

107,

the

In
less

meaning
to

special

and

used.

in
to

seem

been

tlie

as will

form,
which

having
of

the

-g^ i2._CinciimaiA

cor-

same

view

difference

obser-vable

of

and
Squier
in relation

th

position
seen by

to

reference

mysterious

waybeen
manatee.

the

suggests
has
nor

calli-ng

Short's
side

archseologists

resemblance
justify

peculiar
attached
to
In

some

enough

oddly

attention

to

in

be

it j

with

different

exwould

front

the

depression

somewhat
but,

This

although

(Short)
tablet.

'responds'closely
is a notable
there

proprobably
the instrument

and

whil

engraving,

let,

grooves,

reasonable,

of

stone

evidently

sculpture."
of the depressions

be

of

side

of the

the

significance"

formless

concerned.

of this

dispnted,

side

resemblance
is

depressions,

planation

this

its

by rubbing,
in sharpening

duced

has

formless
as

is intop,
a shapeand
un-

longitudinal

deep

several

caused

the
to be

The back

tablet,
three

has

observed.

object
remark

authors

the

be

or
p.
be-

discrepancy
will

depression,
so far

any

The

two

near
former,
what
appears

the

dicated

45,

p.

Mound-Builders,

remarkable

tween

North

The

Antiquity,

MacLean's

in

in

Short

by

presented

exists
it a vritable

ever

indeed

been
is the

manatee.

cut

Davis
the

the

top

not
it

figure,

to

directed
resemblance
with

Squire

Davis,
the
For

a
occupies
of the tab-

only

and

sides

a distinct

assumes

metamorphosed
It does not

But

From

(Ba.dk.)

and
Squier
by
side.
reverse

given
on the
to

Tablet.
andDilTis-

into

appear
the fact

a figure
the
that

that

suf&ciently
of
the
aid

sch
close
a little

head
its earless
animal,
way
snggest
it
imagination
of likein fact
the only,
the most
point
aMthe
striking,
flipper
being
hint
a rude
affords
that
the figure
as given
ness.
by Short
Goncding
on this
for its presence
is how to account
the question
of the manatee,
Mr.
to Short,
of the
tablet
according
the .latest
which,
representation
of
the
correct
the
first
its owner,
representations
pronounces
Guest,
Institution
in the
Smithsonian
The cast
of this
tablet
agrees
stone."
may in

rnde

that

134

ANIMAL

more

closely

tioned

than

with

CARVINGS.

Short's

to the
representatofi
details
menin respect
in th
"Ancient
Monuments."
given
IsTevertheless,
if this
cast be accepted
as the faithful
of the original
it has
been
copy
to be, the engraving
in Short's
supposed
volume
is subject
to criticism.
In the cast
the outline
of the figure,
wbile
better
defined
than
Squier
and Davis
it to be, is still very
represent
the outline
not only
indefinite,
but
in
being
broken
into,
being
toward
the
especially
places,
head,
from
the surface
of the tablet
indistinguishable
into
which it insensibly
ts ith

that

3TIG.13

In the
grades.
and indefiniteness
clearly
whole

view

Cincinnati

as found

of outline,
from
just

as though
the nearest

claimed
object
and from
the

to
fact

Tablet.

From

(Back.)

in Short

there

the

figure

the

sculptons

artists

have

is none

of this irregularity
and
perfect
standing
hand.
As perhaps
on
a manatee
appearingon'any

being

to theform
of
approach
have
at the hands
originated
tha.t

Short.

interpreted

of the
its

outline

Mound-Builders
so differently,

out
the

this

figure,

is believed
not

need

subject

seemed

tablet
by

of

worthy
is

itself

not

to

tablet,
the

however,
on the
but,

As,

suspicion,
of grave
admit

conthe

doubts,

here.

farther

pnrsued

Cincinnati

mention.

above

archsBologists

many

be

on th

commentators

latest

lias

and
of the

authenticity

the

by

given

is interesting,
trary,

135

TOUCAN.

HENBHAW-]

TOUCAN.
The

probability
apriori
much
ers is, of course,
farther
occurs
of toucan
itat

militates

also

they

which

to

of

given
evidence
in the

toucan

let

us

from

as to the

the

pipes

hab-

could

Mound-Builders
with

southern

by way

of trade.

intercourse

toucan

species
have
tribes,
With-

have

pipes

the

examine

first

presence
of the

of sculptures

mounds

bird

the

supposed
~L.
theories
several

the

offered

that

idea

Mound-Build-

the

wnto

no
was, since
Mexico.
Its
distant

Southern

the

the

rise,

than

the

against

received

discussing

was kno
toucan
that the
that
the manatee
than

north

a knowledge

acquired
or that
out

less

toucan.
is a little

It

to find

perplexing

and

that

the

outset

not

content

Squier
one
with

three,
figured
other
from
each

so

to
to

ideas,

nithological

differing
as to be

widely

according

referable,

toucan,

thse

and

at

Davis,
have

or-

modern

very

distinct

orders.
of the

Monuments

the
the

authors

It

represents

guardedly
with

is executed
head

This
bill

the
tion

the

with

to
the

bird

Of the
tere

is vaguely
nostrils,

position
known

say that
toucan.

in no
second

Valley

Mississippi
remark

suggestive

H TO 14 Toucan t>I OUUlO-tUiuu.j-io>v ao.

toucan
of

of a bird,
the head
much
spirit."

of which,

of the

.of no

th

aUusionto

Thefirst

a bird's

is

somewhat
of

found

head

resembling

a young

on

in terra

eagle,

page
194, where
cotta
(Kg. -79),
and
the toucan,

the

of

proportions

The posiare considerablydistorted.

someage,
of the mandibles,
together
and the contour
however,
it is a likeness
that
show
enough
of the eyes,
clearly
for our present
It is enough
purpose
to ornithology.
to
resemblance
conceivable
bear
does
it
any
particular

untilof

toucan
(Ancient
supposed
remark
the authors

Monuments,

p., 260,

'illustrated,
which is delicately
the original,
The engraving
very well represents
the toucan-a
to represent
tropical
It
is
limestone.
suppose!
compact

icn\
Ib9)

Fig.

carved
bua,

from a
one

and

136

AJTnVTAT,

not

known

to exist

within
anywhere
in supposing
it to represent
of the manitus
will hre apply

the

mistaken
tures

This

easy

asked,

is

or a raven,
the
sculptures,

and

is one

nasal

of

of

the

bill
to

the

being

Toucan

most

truly

of Ohio

of a toucan

suggestion

to page
266
as a toucan.

and

Squier

happily
plainly
corvine.

Davis

of the
and

shown,
It would

(lg.

is to be

found

another

and

178)

than

remark

of

this

that

probably
a raven

the

raven

in this

head

very.

avian

the

from

The
crow,
crow

was.

bird

proand
was
What

it is not

different

genbe

easy

is held

Davis.

sculpture

of its bill, and the circnmstance

of its having
two
toes before
and
two behind,
the bird intended
to be represented
would seem to belong
to the zygodacthe
tylous
toucan.
The
toucan
rder
probably
of Lin.)
is found
on
(Ramphastos
this continent
countries
of Sonth
only in the tropical
America.
In
will
five,

the

and Davis.

executed

are

Kg. 16. Toucan of Sqnierand.

From

of Squier

a rude
of
distingnish
sculpture
to the general
resemblance
of the two.
here
shown
those
of the
are, however,
renders
it vastly
more
that
the
likely

tif habitat
question
known
to the Mound-Builders

Turning
to view

15.

which

feathers,

the

up

the sculp-

<e~
.

practically
impossible
that
of a crow,
owing
of the
head
portions

possible
to see.

we are not

has
The.

common

contour

If

dis-

crow
eral

States.
made respecting

been
a

voice
senting
been
heard.
bird

United

or-

nithologists,wliose
have
opinions
not

of the

bird, the remarks

with double
force.

of

several

Among

limite

this

is

sculpture

fortunately
identification.

CARVINGS.

size

contradiction
be

to

shows
noticed,
which
makes
the

the

terms

three
bird

of
toes

an

their
in

front

ornithological

description
and
two

their
behind,

curiosity,

own
or
indeed.

figure,
a total
How-

as
of

TOUCAN.

BENBHAW.]

one

toe

was

four
the

to

the

as thecastin

ever,
and

toe

behind,
the result

before

added

that

on

the

of the

part

The

quota.

proper
in

In

it behind.

poor

on

the.

the

what

Smithsonian,
toucan
onght

assumption

reflects
to

credit

more

look

like

of

surface
across
the. upper
etchings
are not only
made to assume
called
fingers,
of tne artist
the
accommodating
fancy
in the
a roundish
has
object
provided
bird
about
which
the
appears
palm,
having

dcidedly
has

The

up.

pick

altered,

In

that

was

likeness

of

much

short,
towards

front
hind

so that
artist,
then
chargeable
transferred

one

came

way

their

the

modern

the

artist's

the.
his

knowledge
as an exact

fidelity

base

of

a hand-like

the

mis-

pipe,

but

appearance

been
and

the

tail

also

abbreviation,
of likeness
to the

direction

his

while

toucan-like,

undergone

the

has
too,
rounded

bill,
become

on
on

than

copyist..
The

to

modern

they
curious

this

in

toes

additional

mistake

discussion

their

three
th

in Flint
5.
Chips,
p. 426, Fig.
by Stevens
exhibits
changes,
one, and
certain
important
is at all well
illustrated
that
the pipe
by the

is fignred

pipe
is

in

cast
of

is that

and

shows

assume

bird.

wood-cut

which,

safe

mistake
as its

zygodactylous
This
same
The

of

may be accepted
above
authors

from

collection
to

Smithsonian

it is probably

137

in

toucan.
in

lacking
a toucan

the

has

in

aboriginal
this
figure

artist'd

conception

been

by

supplied

interprter.

in
with
the cast
in the
Sinithsonian
This
eut corresponds
collection,
of toes,
in front
and one behind.
the normal
number
four-three
having
from
the
common
to the
toucan
This
arrangement
family,
departure
At
seems
to have
Stevens's
attention.
is zygodactylous,
which
escaped
least

he

no

volunteers
in

influenced

his

of the

explanation
of

bird

discrepancy,
as a toucan

of Squier
and
the
toucan

and
Davis,
is "imitated

the

acceptance

doubtless,
statements

being,
the

by

of others.
follows

Wilson
with

five

toes,
He

accuracy."

the
stating
adds:

is, it has

of detail

eut

three

that

"The

most

toes

instead

behind."
represented
mistake
consists
sculptor's
to
it would
be difficult
behind

in

sity

a toucan

of having

of toes

this

aside,

carving

at

all
in

wise

correctness

from

the two
are
although
before,
that
Wilson
is guided
to the belief

adding

explain,
hazards.
no

dviation

important
of two

How

correctly
the

the bird
represents
considerable
with

a toe
unless,
The

resembles

in

front

of

instead
he

indeed,
truth
is that,
a toucan.

felt
the
Its
neck

the

one

neces-

question
long
and

legs

with the rather

long
bill,
long
coupled
proportionally
toes,
and
in default
of
of some
a wading
bird
with
indicate
Idnd,
certainty
if
inan
ibis
be
comes
that
though
may
suggested;
nearer,
anything
that
the
as an ibis, candor
tended
compels
the statement
by the sculptor
and

ibis

family

has

no

reason

to feel

complimented.

138

ANIMAL
The

less

identification

to

stance

of

connected

the
others,
it wouldbe
difficult
bear

pipe

intended

to

little

the

was

bird

to

fanciful

is represented

than
nature.

in the
the

say.
Certainly
resemblance
to

would
they
an impossible

fingers
of the pipe,

as a toucan
that

it of a rather

bird

for

sculpture
bears
to

it

with

.several

-of the

this

resemblance

any

CARVINGS.

act

four

the

due

As

circum-

in the

case

of

feeding,
upon
the
across
etchings

human

have

hardy

doubtless
another

hand.

been

Had they
to extend

made

side
unless
the
position
Yet
uppermost.
this fancied
probably
just
itras
out of which
the bird
is supposed
hand,
to be feeding,
of the toucan.
suggestion
and Davis,
For,
say Squier

back

'be

of

what
base
been
over

of the

hand

resemblance
that

to a

led

to

the

266

p.

In those districts
(i. e., Guiana and Brazil) the toucan was almost the only bird the
to domesticate.
The fact that it is represented
aborigines
attempted
its
receiving
food from a human hand would, nnder these
favor the conclusion
that
circumstances,
the sculpture
was designed
to represent
the toucan.
Rather

a slender

thread

one

would

think

-so far-reaching
in its consequences.
Nor
was it necessary
to go as far
of the domestication
stances
of wild

which

upon

to hang

as

Guiana

fowl

by aborigines.
means
uncommon

and

Brazil

inour
to

practice
of

the

speaks

"to

dwellings
into
the

Lan-

The Zunis
and other
p. 220.)
Pueblo
Indians
time
numbers
of eagles
and
great
immemorial,
obtainable
as also
every
for the sake
of the
species,
turkies,
The Dakotas
and other
western
tribes
for the same
keep eagles

and

keep,
hawks

of

feathers.
purpose.

also

They

hawks

and
tame

the

cranes

they

fowl.

They
than
six
that

byno

to have

been
in the

a correct
parison
from
the
the

n'y, and
had a tame

even
from

-feeding
we are

means

mounds.

family

has

them

crane

at

that

as

been

savannas.
and

of these
been

account
the

striking
For
this

has

there

driven

order

bird

purpose
selected
as

kind

and

(Lawson's

to

affable,
History
have
an

take

They
familiar

as

them

as a dung-hill
was scarcely

that

by many
is no sufficient

be

writers,

evidence,
as appears
conclusion,
be no other
than
a toucan.

to the
could

been
to

with

as well
hand,
in Lawson

Congarees

cabins

assumed

fact

sculpture
it has
in

are

"thse

as tame

one

the

is a reference

53)
their

of which

manatee,
of a toucan

very

in

breed

hand,
on this

believed,
cass
of the

(p.

fed from

"they
savannas."

of their

again
cranes

in height."
if the
bird,

a human

drawing
of this

JMound-Builders.

and

can

feet

storks

And

51.)
storks

of

before

which
are
crows,
case nearer
in point
Carolina.
He says,

and

p.

Carolina,
abundance

As

of North

Congarees

So

tame

magpies.

of

-of

find

of America,
1643,
have kept
from

.guage

iless

to

Among

North
American
Indians
it was a by no
and
tame
birds.
capture
for
Roger
Williams,
instance,
New
Indians
tame
hawks
England
about
keeping
their
the
little
birds
from their
corn."
keep
(Williams's
Key

the
and

a theory

well
thought
afford
opportunity

its

the

most

the

one

supposed

for

com-

representations

northern
nearest

to introduce

the

representative
home
of

the

HENSHAW.]

The
many
tail.

139

PAROQTET.

wherein
it differs
from
the
particulars
and striking
that
it will
be superfluous
will be obvious
at a glance.
They

supposed
to dwell

toucans
upon

them

are

so

in

de-

Thus
we have
seen that
th sculpturedrepresentation
of three birds,
todissimilar
from each other,
and not only not resembling
the toucan,
tally
but conveying
no conceivable
hint
of that
marked
formed
very
bird,
of Squier
and
the basis
Davis'
as to the
of the
speculations
presence
in the
mounds.
These
three
toucan
have

toucans
supposed
and
recopied
by

ben

later

in full the
hve
accepted
dductions
accompanying
At least
two
exceptions
statement
find

to

ing

that

apparently
tifications
drawn
Eau,
tions

by Squier
Hne
at

in
of

two

accepting
the

The
the

figure
appear

remarks
them.
to

the

46-47,
(neither
to have

writers,
the
and
the

although
other
idenhave

Davis,
toucan.

Thus
Collec-

States

National

states

that-

of the

writers

been

aware

that

was more than one supposed toucan)

of

sufficient

distinctness

and t.
1
last

It is refresh-

Archseological
United

pp.

Museum,
The
tioned

made.

maybe

copied
who

authors,

to

identify

the

menthere

ia not
orig-

ma. 18. Keel-Mllea Toucan

Mexico

Whamshastos

of

Southern

carinatus.)

inal that was before the artist's mind, and it wonId not be safe, therefore, to make
this specimen the snbject of far-reaching speculations.
on he adds,
Further
Leaving aside the more than doubtful
toucan,
animals
to the North American
the imitated
belong, without
exception,
to the idea that the supauna."
exception
Barber,
also, after taking
a zygodactylous
represents
posed toucan
carving
bird, adds in his arti.cle on Mound Pipes,
Naturalist
for April, 1882),
pp. 280-281 (American
of confidence
that no
"It
with a considerable
may be asserted
degree
of an exclusivelyexotic
fauna figured in the pipe sculptrepresentative
>ures of the Mound-Builders."

PAROQUET.
of a carving
of the paroquet
in one of the Ohio mounds
The presence
on account
of the supposed
extrme
sonthhas been deemed remarkable
Thus Squier
and Davis
remark
-ern. habitat
of that bird.
("Ancient
the
Monuments
of the Mississippi
Valley," p. 265, Fig. 172), "Among
of ancient
art found in
most spirited
and delicately
executed
specimens
.the mounds,
is that of the paroquet
hre presented."

140

ANIMAL

The

a southern
is essentially
occurrence
above
is of rare
of no doubt
seem to admit

paroquet

the

along

language
resemblance

CAEVIUGS.

Gulf,
would

borne

this

by

carving

to

based

ail

parrot

defined
tribe
tified

byfeathers

below

will

in the

place
association
tations

of

in

by

as the

Ohio

manner

in

with

which

bird,
authors

inhabited
it is true,
ited
areas
farther
York,
Up

be

Squier
River

the

above

hawks

its

Michigan.
occurrence

casual

their
to

extremely

not
But

in

it

bill

to the
of -a rap-

distincttooth,

open
as one

the

well
con-

nostril,
of the

hawk
iden-

figuredand
figures

given
a prom-

occupied

in

especially

representhem
a simi-

distribution

of the

afford

an

easy

very

as far

be

north
of

explanation
become

might
have
with
it

The

paroquet.

is found

paroquet

the

acquainted
But
the

proved.
idea
of the

incorrect

region
The present
species.
distribution,
to limit being almost
whollyeonfined
it ranged
much
-IForinerly,
however,

evidence
that
it occurred
in New
positive
and
Nebraska.
Illinois,
Indiana,
Michigan,
abundantin
Southern
as Mr.
Illinois,
and,
wasfoundthereas
late as 1861?
Specimens
of

from.
the

understood,
as it is known

winter

sculpt-

spread

writer,
collection
much

prsence

related

of sculptured
for
argue

would

the

acquaintance
have
had
a

is

Ohio,

is

the
that

southern,
Gulf
States.

there

the

Indians,

number

relies

itself

widely

Over

visitor.

Pennsylvania
than
th line
and

of

the

Mound-Builders

could

th
Ridgwayinforms
are in the Smithsonian
and

would

American

doubt,
have

Mound-Builders.

as to
Davis

appear
this once

and

of th

and

by
is decidedly
within
the

north,

and
ideas,
the mound

added

the

Pennsylvania,
to 1835 it was

North

upon

that

with

carvings
as comparisonwith
to have
appear

always

thus

bird

mound

the

of the

authors,

of our

among
minds

th

should

word

statement

The
totemic

hawks

position

above

the

its identity

places

several

the

conclusions

and

paroquet,

the

above
decided

a paroquet,
without
have,

as shownby
in connection

this,

paroquet,

interest

with

the

resembles

show.

inent

in

present
in the

doubt.
beyond
fact it closely
as hawks
by

In

lar

not

cere,

cealed

and-

ParoatietofSluierandDa.

Yet

distantly
It has the

family.

torialbird,
19

of the

concerning
the

bird'among
not even

is

fact

The

as

the

publishd
that

ures

kg.

as to the

identification

which
been
been

common

though
River."

paroquet.
identified

the

positively

of

and

bird,
the'Ohio

may

region
whether

once

justindicated,

andhave

as it certainly

did,

as far north
as Chicago
points
indicated
the exact
nature
of
resident

that

it was

or
found

more

as

far

or

less

north

as

have

even
farther
north
ranged
beenfound
in Southern
Wisconsin

Minnesota.

Occurring,
culiar
habits

of the

paroquet,

over

especially

most
its

of the
vociferons

mound
cries

region,
and

the
manner

pe-

hbnshaw.]

141

PAROQUET.

have
made it known
it would
seem,
flocks,
must,
with
which
it is trapped
Indeed
from
the ease
them
as it
an
article
of
food
formed
among
probably

in large
of associating
to the Mound-Builders.
and

killed,

has

among
as it is that
quet,
art.

there

it very
the

and

whites

th
appears

recent

Mound-Builders
to

be no

tribes
were

evidence

of Indians.

Probable,
with

acquainted
well
of the fact
among

their

however,
the paroworks

of

KNOWLEDGE

The

ancient

discussed
historie
His

Man
ideas

of

dwellers

seems

to

he

on

of

have

a knowledge
tbe

much

be

BT

understood

MOUND-

animals

tropical

which

Valley

from

possessed

has

of

the

been

just
in

and

impressed
Wilson,
to the consideration

space

will

subject

of

Mississippi

powerfully

devotes

the

AINIMAIiS

TROPICAL
JBTJILDERS.

evidence

supposed

the

by

OF

his

the

Pre-

matter.

following

quota-

tion
of the representations
By the fidelity
of so great
animal
evidence
of a knowledge
life, they furnish
fauna peculiar
not only to southern
but
to tropical
Isthmus
into the southern
and suggestive
continent;
and of an intimate
interconrae
eign source,
maintained

a variety
of subjects
from
copied
in the Mississippi
of the
Valley,
the
latitudes,
extending
beyond
either
of arts derived
from a for-

with the central

of ancient
America
attainedits
or
highest
development:
of migration,
and an intrusion
into the northern
of the race
continent,
of Central
and Southern
graves
with them
the arts
America,
bringing
and models
derived
from
the animals
familiar
to their
fathers
in the
the race.
(Vol. 1, p. 475.)
the

where
regions
else indicative

civilization

The

author

on

being
himself

the

been

of

supposed

words
But

the

race

of

whole

with

just

shows

subsequently

of

migration

the

more

exotic

forms

1, p.

by

known

from

the
his

strengthens
to

the

for

preference

Wilson

afforded

but

(vol.

his

Mound-Builders

probable.

vidence

discussed,

we must

the

ancient

of the

tropica,

not,

and

the

content
which

have
the

extending

Mound-Builders

a
as

regions

hbwever,

by

of

theory

animais

argument

of

parent-land

southem

does
birds

of the

in the

list

following

477)

account

of accurate
by other means for the discovery
miniature
repreof it (i. e. the Manatee)
the sculptures
of the'far-inland
among
mounds
of
and the same remark
to
Ohio;
the
or
the
equally
applies
the
jaguar
panther,
congar,
to the buzzard
toucan;
and also to the paroquet.
possibly,
Themajority
of thse animais are not hnovm
m the United States;
some of them are totally
unknown
within any part
sentations

of the North American continent.

of the present
(Italics
writer.)
Others
may be classed
with
the paroqnet,
a. southern
which,
and common
in the
thongh
essentially
bird,
does occasionally
make
its appearance
Gulf,
and might
become
inland;
possibly
known
to the untraveled
Mound-Builder
the fanna
of his
own northern
among
home.
The
range

information
of

by
vernacular

as

appears
of

animal
of

the

the

North
in

the

the

question.
y~n
142

Felis
but

Mexico,
far north

as

the

the

begin
onca

its

Red

River

among

well

be
or

meant,

into

the

of Louisiana.
a

by

range

sculptured
no means

the

several

relative

paragraph

may

the
with,
jaguar
is presumably

extends

although

However,

above

mentioned

Hence

America.)
mounds,

in

animals
To

names

Northern

mals

contained
of

naturalists.

prise
in

some

to

viewed

with

panther,
is not

only

United

States

(See

.by

carvings

is

which
found
and

Baird's

not
of the

Mamof

representation
likely,

entirely
cat

the
sur-

this
out

family

KNOWLEDGE

HBNBHAW.i

that

have

one

which

this

been

species
The cougar,

North
It

which

to

at

toucan,
this
but,
stated,
is to-day
common

As

to
to

ings

the

such

was

lived

at

It
"the

paroquet,
that
it was

show
the
their

appears
ar-e not

majority

is found

in North

United

sippi
As

Valley.
a further

which

that

while

States,

of

known
within

of the

so

almost

After
as

shell

exposing
unknown

abundant
with
the
219,

lyrula

on the

no

the

any

on

five

the

small

animais

United
and

that
have

been

States,.

Mississippi
in

in

found

Mexico.

the

Valley.
of carv-

way

that

although
the

that

fact

it

ibid,

Wilson

mounds,

from

Southern

North
from

of Hindostan,

coast

he

but

which
and

Wilson

American
one

states

"some

of them

continent,

residents

limits

the

within
of

Missis-

the

ta
knowledge
zoological
theories
advanced
respectbe
illustration
may
following

of the

gerversa.
Mr. John
of

ail

common

inaccurate

share

of

States,"
North

of the

America,
were
three

coasts

the

in the

p. 272),

one
not

United

entire

the

be no evidence

part

(now Busycon)
the blunder
of

its

presence
Mound-Builders

of

of
Valley.

should

the

may
the
of the Mound-Builders,
ing the origin
this
taken'from
author,
however,
Wilson,
in fault.
The error
is in
who
are
equally
shell,

the

most

is to-day,

thewhole

Mississippi
and
striking,

has
seen,
in Southern

been

over

in the

of

illustration

be ascribed

conch

and

Mound-Builders,
from
highly'probable

rendered

unknown

are

animal

is found

to

but
of

of the

as.

cougar.
doubt
little

doors.

very

therefore

totalLy
one
every

is

ease

known

with

resident

bird

throughout
there
seems
to

the

folk-lore,
Mound-Builders.

common

especially

can

is not

identified

of America

whole

as has

the

be

and

of the

as

mounds;
The buzzard
is

the

there

known

probability,
animal
named,

if an.

hands

the

made

and
of

carvings

totemism

143-

ANIMALS.

discovery
a common

byman,
of course

resembling

Nothing

of the
of the

time

therefore,
in Indian

so largely
figured
at
received
attention

and

from

exterminated

has

the

mounds

degree
the next

several

the

America,
be surprising,

the

a fair

including

would

TROPICAL

from

exhumed

even
can, with
in distinction
was

be referred,
where
not

OF

assumes
Asia

being
regard

but

one

to the

of

the

many

habitat

of

this

Delaneld,whodescribes
and
South
America,
which

but

as

coupled
fact,
on the part
of

supposed
a migration

(Prehistoric

the

Manj.

vol.

1, p.

states.

ca exist as to the tropical

and marine origin of the large shells exNo question
and Tennessee,
but in the northern
humed flot only in the inland regions of Kentucky
shore&
the Ontario and Huron Lakes, or on the still remoter
peninsula
lying between
of upwards
of three thousand
miles from
and islands of Georgian
Bay, at a distance
on the mainland,
the nearest point where the Pyrula jperversa is
th coast of Yucatan,
of the present
writer.)
found in ita native locality.
(Italics
are that
facts
on the authority
of Mr. Dall
plain
in the United
is not
only found
States,
gerversa
the coast
S. 0., with rare
specimens
along
up to Charleston,
have
as Beaufort,
N. C.
usually
archologists
Moreover,
Now

{Pyrula)

the

the
but

Busycon
extends

as far

north

confounded

144

ANIMAL

this

with

species
mounds.

the
cited
the

the

The
a very

put

CARVINGS.

occurrence
in
Busycon
carica,
which is of common
latter
The facts
is found
as far north
as Cape
Cod.
on the presence
of these
in
diffrent
shells
complexion

mounds.

OTHER
The
eral

erroneons

other

certain

identification

animais

others

ERRORS

having

of the

of
been

OF

IDENTUTCATIOK.

the

manatee,

pointed

sculptured

the
toucan,
it may
be well
the identification

out,

animalforms,

of

and

sev-

to glance
at
of which

FiG. 20. "Owl," from Squier and Davis.

by

Squier

mining
is to be
much

and
how

trusted,
landed

Davis
far

the
and
fidelity

has

passed

of
accuracy
how successful
to

nature"

without

with

dispute,
authors

these
they
of the

in

deterline

in interpreting
have been
mound
sculptures.

th

Valley,
a tube
carved,
the
figure

and
of

Fig.
p. 225,
of steatite,
as is stated,

its back

of
to

th

authors

bold

and

the

bird

and

drawn

elevated
This

to

particular

20 (Squier
Fig.
cient
Monuments

fense

a view

this

the

and

represents

upon
"in

which.

high
attached

owl,
tube."

state,

as

Mississippi

123)

an

spirited,
with
its

An-

Davis,

the

is
and
claws

is

relief
with

This carving,
<l
remarkably
represents
contracted

head
and
up, and
if in an attitude

beak
of

defiance."

differs
from
of th
avian
carving
markedly
any
sculptures,
was not intended
to represent
a bird
at all.
The absence
probbly
of feather
and
the
of the wing
etchings
peculiar
shape
are especially
It"
more nearly
"noticeable.
if it can
be saidto resemble
resembles,
a bat,
with
the features
much
distorted.
anything,
very
and

de-

hehskaw.]

Fig.

EEEOES

21

hawkr

170-from

Squier

as intended

to

(Fig.

be recognized
The
cere
of

and
what

plainly

22

species

vague

toiepresent
one.

The

of

zard.
than

sary

for

Fig.

wood

serrtions,

As

rant

.bles

the

for

meant

suggested
anything

its
23

(Fig.

10E

this

carving
to say:

impossible

clearly

173

readily
a

indicate

TurieyBDzzard," from Squier and Davis.

23.

of

(Fig.
which
Mx.

by
else,

from

"Clerry-bira,"

cluck

satisfactory

thetufted

of

"will
stated,
th grouse."

is

head-of

from

FIG.

carving

be

it

Davis)
the

and
it is said,
Squier
Davis)
was,
buzzard."
If so, th suggestion
a turkey
as in the
in the
notches
eut
mandibles,

171

(Fig.

and

it would

145

IDENTIFICATION.

represent
bill
notched

!Fig. 22.
Fig.
intended

OF

168,
there

Ancient
is no

Ridgway,
not

although

and

Sqnier

"probably
is a very
case

of

the

Davis.

Monuments),
in the
trace

are
bill

it is perhaps
nearer
the
executed
with

of

perhaps
the buz-

the

cormo-

detail

neces-

recognition.
from

cherry-bird,"

Squier

and
which

it

Davis)
is by

no

much

is claimed
means

the

case,

as

resemthe

bill

146

ANIMAL

bears

tufted

174

and

cardinal
which

175,

takable

likeness

series

of bird
merest

may

of

from

The

spirit,

to be
and
it

a badly
The

likeness

is

true

of

of
Figs.

cherry-birds."
of which

and Davis
Squier
is an unmisrepresent,
of the best executed
of the

Davis),
intended

is

executed
same

a woodpecker,
and
To undertake

to

is one
to

carvings.

name

the

would

species

be

guess-work.

heads

shown

24.

in Fig.

to represent
and

said

Squier
bird

what

3?IG.

intended

as
however,
or red-bird.

pass,

grosbeak
are also

179
24 (Fig.
is uncertain

Fig.
say it

the

It

witness.

the

CAKVINGS.

the

truthfulness

from

Woodpecker,

25,

which

tne

and

"are

eagle"
to any

and

Squier

Davis.

authors
far

miniature

assert

superior

carving,
'1.
which
have

-L.1.

notice
be

of

sort,

probably

fallen
the

of finish,

modern,
1
under
the

-P-

identified

theyare

"was

in point
or
ancient

cannot

authors,"
further
than

of

raptorialbirds
not
probably

to say
some
but

eagles

hawks.

authors,
a snake,but

certainly
there

represents
is no hint

it wouldwhich,
indeed,
this
without
showing-the
19o.
The
heads

extraordinary
of the hawks

be

excellence

objects

for

criticism.

in it of the

peculiarities

difficult

portray

rattle.

terms
just

of

asserted

praise

While

the

to,

is done

the

any

well

in

as

whether
adquate

carvings,
of course
for

and
the

of the
in

bestowed
as

question

afford
for

to
This

alluded

sculptured
suggest
animals,
in the Ancient
Monuments
artistic

the

26 (Fig.
Fig.
180 from
Squier
and
to the
Davis),
according
rattlesnake."
It certainly
represents
a rude
another

rattlesnake
carving

like

carving,

Fig.

by the authors
on many
other
the illustrations
idea

of the

so whether
purpose

on
of

of this

the

given
and

beauty
they

the

are
paper

fair
an-

EEKOES

HEiNSHAw.]
of the

examination

as the

Smithsonian

curacy
afford

no

of

criticism

the
higher

drawings
idea

With
that

to
Dr.

have

as the

given,
of their

and,
artistic

these

illustrations
to the

been
casts

contains

rfrence

147

IDENTIFICATION.

casts

preferable,
attest

which

illustrations

excution,
must
in the

yet, in as much
the general
acauthors
by other

it would
in

the

main

Smithsonian

seem
apply

that

any
to the

collection

it

opportunity
to acquaint
who hacl abundan't
informs
of Mr. D avis,
while
in the possession
with
the originals
and for purposes
the carvings,
that
the writer
represent
they
accurately
The latter
as the originals.
as good
of study
are practically
are, as is
well known,
in the Blackmore
Museum,
England.
may be
himself

stated

would

originals

Institution

applicable

originals.

OF

Fia.

Rau,

26.

"Eattleanake,"fromSq.uier

and

Davis.

into further
detail
the matter
up as folmay be summed
going
a fewpf
which
of the animal
including
clay,
Of forty-flve
carvings,
are left unnamed
and Davis's
eleven
in Squier
by the
are figured
work,
in
are identified
nineteen
as not being
correctly,
authors
recognizable
are
demonsixteen
a
as
of
a gnerai
toad,
&e.
hron,
way,
wolf, bear,
the
is corbut five of which
species
leaving
strably
wrongly
identified,
Withont

lows

rectly
given.
From
this

authors'
either
the above
it appears
that
zoological
showing
in the extrme,
or else the mound
ability
was faulty
sculptors'
the
However
has been
overestimated.
just
in animal
amazingly
carving
true.
is
the
last
first supposition
certainly
may be,
knowledge

SKTLIi
Tn considering
in their

the

delineation

of the

utmost

which

have

exactness
to

owing

of skill
degree
of the features

the

which

most

of some

possession

beaver,
utterly

dissimilar
habits

ing
rattle

of

of

the

the

has

crvings

or salient

praise
as to the
those
which,
are excharacteristic,

body

broad

expressions
of
are uniformly
copied

been
unusual

The

stout

and

to that

of the
physiognomy
of other
the
animals,

hron,

the

fail to .portray.
by the delineation
not
the
sculptor's

wild

flat
and

cat

head

tufted

bill and
raptorial
ail features
which

are

rattlesnake,

sculptors
the.mound
of animals,
it is
of birds
and animals

by
characteristics

the

extravagant

nature

easy of imitation.
the characteristic

exhibited
and

that

to note

importance
evoked
the
with

ceedingly

(M? MOUND-BUHiBEES..

HT SCULPTURE

claws

of

the

rudest

tail

of th

so
panther,
and fish-eat-

the

the
hawk,
could
skill

scarcely

is

It
and

that
acteristics,
of the carvings

enables

of

marked

these

and

to express

power
the

unmistakable

features,
of animal
char-

subtleties

of a comparatively
that
the
is true

identity

to be established.

the

It

small

number
has

contrary

often

has been claimedfor

the crvand that
almost
everything
asserted,
that
would
be
claimed
for
the best
in
th
of
artistic
way
excution,
ings,
and
Davis
in fact
of modern
skill.
go so far in their
products
Squier
been

admiration
(Ancient
is concerned,
many
the
side of the best
statement
from

which

cannot

being
fail

with

our

recognize
either
not
the

true
common

birds

any one, who

and
animals,

specifie
intended

features

in the

Some
Mound

skill
remarks

Pipes

to the

to be
was
by

in the

that
subject
to a request

sponse

Dr.

American
are
they
to identify

that

great

our

own

day-a

to
impossible
simply
of them.
were
They
speeies,
or, if so intended,

his
an

for

reprinted.

a bird

it

is

majority

quotedin
Naturalist
here

in

of fact, is thia
in-point
of animal
sculptures
well
acquainted
tolerably

is even

inadequate

Coues,

so far as fidelity
that,
deserve
to rank
by

naturalists

of particular
for

copies

wholly

carvings)

So far,
of the
sries

is simply
preposterous.
an examination
that

to convince

artist's

as to say

p. 272),
Monuments,
of them
(i. e.,
animal
efforts
of th
artist

purpose.

article
April,
The

by E.
1882,

A.
are

paragraph

Barber
so

on

apropos
is in re-

pipe

case in such matters,

I am inclined
to think the
As is so fceqnentlyvtlie
probable
his rude carving.
bird in mind in exeonting
It is not
had no particnlar
or indeed, permissible,
to suppose that particular
ta
species were intended
necessary,
bird is so good as to
Not unfrequently
the likeness
of some marked
b represented.
instance
I
be unmistakable,
but the reverse is oftener the case; and in the present
than you have done, excepting
that if any parcan make no more of the carving
ticular
does not suffice for
species may have been in the carver's mind, his excution
its dtermination.
sculptor

148
7AQ

The

entertained

views

carvings

will

Another

prominent

their

naturalist,
that
they

general
intended

were

specimens
a workman,
with

are

out

for

the
essary

the

ideas

be

just
of

of
copies
about
what

of

of

resemblances

the

must

be

admitted

does

not

follow

to be
that

of

their

of

most

the
and

general

the

the

supposition

Many
when
expeeted
down
with
intentto
be

might
sat

if

even
stone

the

of

possessed
details

nec-

DESIGNED.
carvings,
not
of a

was

type

to

vidence

species.

NOT

a general

verbal

given

species.

particular

a particular

GENERALIZATION

also

with

expression,
the
desire,
the
to impress
upon

likeness

above.

afford

art

the

expressed

has

without

instance,
of skill,

of

-resemblances

those

accords

entirely

to

fact

in

crude

a bird,

degree
requisite
it the
to make

While

to

with

coincide

likeness

not

the

carve

as

Coues

to

Mr. Ridgway,
ornithologist,
views.
similar
to precisely
themselves
as the
carvings
therefore,

expression
So far,

of

Dr.

by
seen

be

tlms

149

DESIGNED.

NOT

GENERALIZATON

hekbhaw.]

the

as indicated
special

result

above,
it

character,

of

design.
resemblances

character
and
of their
is,
Such
an explanation
general
facts
certain
well-known
with
regarding
inconsistent
entirely
indeed,
To the mind
or semi-civilized
of primitive
man.
the mental
operations
not enwhile
doubtless
man
of primitive
abstract
conceptions
of things,
of nudefined.
The
are
at
best
but
exprience
vaguely
tirely
wanting,
to obtain
it is, for instance,
difficult
attests
how
merous
investigators
a parfrom
in distinction
of animals
of a class
from
a savage
the name
of the
the names
it is easy to obtain
Thus
of
that
class.
ticular
species
rehis mind
but
known
to a savage,
obstinately
of bears
kinds
several
is
doubtless
class.
It
or
of
bear
the
idea
a
genus
fuses
to entertain
to the
due simply
confusion
is in no small
that
this
part
true
difficulty
from

arising
ent
does
very
those

from

classify
crude
upon

vestigators
for believing
as distinct

fact

the
of

that

sort,
which

modern
prone

that
from

the

savage's

questioner.
concrete
things
and has for a basis

all

are

that

his

the
some

to

science

For,
into

particular
further

of -classification

is diffr-

although

man
primitive
the
classification

actually
is of

groups,

a very

different

is established-a
Still

overlook.

conception

method

there

fact

for instance,
of a bird,
would
or species
in

culture

ideas

which

from

many

in-

to be

seems

kind

advanced

of

train

than

good
ground
in the abstract

never
their

be

entervarions

no
by a people
thereIn his carving,
been.
to have
Mound-Builders
the
prove
that
it seems
or a fish,
probable
a bear,
a heron,
highly
of
a
hawk,
fore,
as we understand
a
distinct
in
mind
had
species,
mound
the
scuiptor
in a recogfeatures
to reproduce
his failure
Hence
spcifie
the term.
his
skill
was
that
to
the
fact
inadequate
to be attributed
nizable
wayis
and not to his intention
in his mind,
the exact
to transfer
present
image
class.
of the-avian
to carve
out a general
reprsentative

tained
relies

ANIMAL

150

CAEVITGS.

and to suggest,
To carry
the imitative
idea farther
as has been done by
of the
sat down
-to his
that
the carver
Mound-Building
epoch
writers,
animal
or a model
of it before
the accurate
work
with
the
as does
him,
artist
of our own day, is wholly
dezoological
insupported
by evidence
rivable

from

acter
cifie

to be

the carvings
entertained.

resemblances

some

of

in the

them

and

have

as

spirit
to
fidelity

and is of too imaginative

a charthemselves,
above
remarks
as to the
lack
of speBy the
animal
it is not
intended
to deny
that
carvings
a considerable
of skill
executed
with
degree

been

well

within

as,

nature.

that

have
been
they
of attainments
average
best
efforts
of individual
That

they

received

will

with

all

in

of

as a whole

with

a skill
of

art

With

nature

in

to the

artistic
that

appearance
that
whatever

the

above
but

tribes,

not

general

above

the

bear

the

indiscriminate

exact

as

praise

imitations

of

have

they

nature

be

may

as-

TOTEMIC

ORIGIN.

to the
to the

in character,
the
sense

origin

considerably
Indian

expressed,
be asserted

perhaps

confidence.

reference
inclined

our

heretofore
it can

tribes.

PROBABLE

appear
mental

limitations

them

no means
art and

by

as works

serted

certain

Taking
carved

of these
animal
writers
origin
sculptures
many
view
that
are purely
decorative
and ornathey
i. e., that
are attempts
at close imitations
of
they
demanded
and
that
owe
their
by high
they
art,

instinct
suggests

alone.
they

of ornamental

But

there

character

is much

been

have

may

they

in

their
in

totemic

general
and

origin,

may possess

is

of secondary

American

tribes

importance.

means
these

follows
tribes

the

or

that

carvings,

American

North

practiced

it by
and,
although
of birds
or animais

forms,

be
and

how

out

pointed
animals

that
are

as totems
tribes
by many
wild
crow,
beaver,
otter,
ail figured
in the
largely
Indians.
Their
sacred
nature
naturally

of

to
the

would

pipes
It

representations.
for individuals
plements
of ideas,

the
various

the

birds

recognizable
have
been used
woodpecker,
have
others,

ail

it may

the

stand

exceptions,
of its
other

no

and etchings
carving
by
are totems,
true
that
the totemicidea
yet it is undoubtdly
in no small
of their
artistic
whatmajority
representations,
form.
As
rather
the idea
of the totemic
favoring
meaning

is traceable
their
ever
of

no

perhaps,
in one

With,
totemism

is also

carve
more

superstitions

out

known
or etch

be

their

the

of Indians.

number
oues

The

too

would

hawk,

as the

a custom
totems

and highly
important
prized
and
are
associated
other,

enable

us

upon

heron,
and

class,
with

North
totemic

Indian

weapons
and
the

to

to underfor

mdium
among

of

known

cat,
squirrel,
rattlesnake,
totemic
divisions
of our

selected
to be

a considerable

precisely

tribes
and

im-

a variety
usage;

as,

for
to
a

impart
mark

regarded
Often,
gens
As

case

greater

of
to

and

endeavor

cially

when

his

friends.

are

almost

latter

the

totemic
the
It

As
always

away
what

is

the

and

may,
that

from
home,
are deemed

and
the

exaggerated,
noticeable

to

the
the

used

kinds

was

individual.
totem

of

his

name.
of these

character
as

as tenable

any.

The

animal
origin

different
involve
many
however,
of Indians
it is a common
practice
or beast,
espeto
may be shown
of the animal
marvellous
features
of
that
it is in this way
many

of any

image

certain

not

lais own

number

is certain

greatly

for

perhaps

carvings

to perpetuate
seen

property
or gens
and
individual
the

the

theory

of

where

enase,
serve
as

also

etching

tribe

or mark

ot une

or implements
would

The

them.

case

symbol
for
account

of
significance
ideas.
distinct

and

to

war

of

weapons

especially
to the

ownership,
as belonging
in the
indeed,

instead

of

efficiency

of

a theory
the
arvings

to

the

in

instance,

151

ORIGIN.

TOTEMIC

benbhaw.]

in

strange

order

that

bird
it

art
hve
in savage
originated.
astonishing
productions
individand many
is very
this
habit
the
prominent,
Esquimaux
Among
the
of
birds
and
animais
or
exhibiting
uals
can show
etchings
carvings
and
doubtless
which
stoutly
aver
most
they
extraordinary
characters,
seen.
have
to believe
have
come
they
actually
the

ATSmVTAT,

MOTINDS.

As

for the purposes

of the present
a close
connection
having,
paper,
the animal
another
class
of remains
left by the Moundcarvings,
Builders
the animal
next
attention.
As in the
mounds-may
engage
case of the carvings,
the resemblance
of particular
mounds
to the animals
whose
names
bear
is a. matter
of considerable
they
interest
on acwith

count

of

The
rely

the

theories

conclusion
their

upon

and

striking
tions,
none

applies
of th

to

and
the

intended
wings
statement

enabling
others
have

have
rise.
given
to the carvings
that
respect
only in the case of animals
they

with

identification
characters

unique
with

far

latter

resemblances
specifie
So general
are

open

to

represent
of birds.
Other
that

or presenting
force
to the

greater

can

determination.
precise
that
it has been
an
were

which

reached

are

the

forms

are

resemblances

that

whatever
to

them,

the

for

of the play
of mythologie
strongly
suggestive
methods
of representing
totemic
ideas.
animal
the latter
is perhaps
carvings,
suggestion
with
their
charaeter.
responds
general

THE
far

the

"ELEPHANT"

most

of the

important
it has given

deductions

one

class

or

they
bodies

the
to

admit

of

as

they
eyes of
to have

likely

may
modbeen

as

rise

to,

that

shapes
or

but

extinct,

are

By

of

whether

significance
uninstructed

tional

the

of

but
without
animals,
as to the kind.
Of

made

and
are
meaningless
animate
objects.
the
animal
many
examples
among
no hint
of animals
affording
living

to

in
Perhaps
for their

sufiieient

archeologists
arms
of men,
dfined
sufficiently

safe

and propor-

mounds.
found

are

investigators
they
intended
for inanimate
There

be

are doubtless
intended
they
as a reasonable
to be
guess

so much

peculiarities

animal

forms

question
among
the bodies
and

it can
be asserted
again
had
to the race
that
built

ern

unusual

it is

possessed

possess
which

or of convenfancy
in the
case of the

As
the

one

that

best

from

the

nature

cor-

MOUND.
animal

is the

mounds,
so-called

"Elephant

of

Mound,"

of Wisconsin.
By its
as to the
an interest

to
bringing
same
animal,
archologists
152

and

discovery

light
as

of the
to

be

in

Iowa

of

well

as

a tablet

to have

the

description

contemporaneousness
which
is likely

been

two

interesting
Mound-Builder

further
pipes

showing
intended
for

question
and the

enhanced
carved
two
the

in

by
the

the

was

semblance

asserted
figures
same
animal.

raised

mastodon,
more
recent
of
by

the

some'

ELEPHANT

BBNSHAW.]

tapir,
consideration.

peccary,
from

with

acquainted
owing

Referring
the

to

their

to

the

bones
which,
animal
tion

is

as

is proved

hve

been

in

absurdities
with

the

with

the

mastodon.

were?

ogists

is-the

have

been
carry

the

cannot
their

it

mounds,
at

the

the

thse
been

has
are

no

were

made

were
over-

inherent

acquainted

been

acquainted
that

there
by

within

entirely

there

is

certain

actthey
archseol-

to the udb.
Wisconsin.

Connty,

monnds

animal

peculiarities

very
or more

time

erection

have

animais

is

the

may

identified

a thousand

of

proof

Mound,*

extinc-

The

certainly

they

Grant

a depth
the

that

implies
years.

what

M feat

precision
Mastodon
at

country

was

living
of their

Scala

among
be

after

this

in

dposition,
hundred

the

time

that

Elphant

that

called
out

the

of

animals.

living

that
therefore,
Mound-Builders
the

that

27.-The

to

known

was

arises,
this
question
of Wisconsin.
Mound,

Elephant

the fact
Recalling
which
occur
shapes
resemble,

of

question
to
answer

FIG.

which

that

Granting

The

the
an-

degree

any

upwards

was

admitted,

the

animal,

of

animal

belief

the

that

likely

with

speaking,

antiqnity
to some

even
be

of
five

within

geologically

this

granting
It must

np,

estimated.

these

antoptically
were
above-named

mastodon

among
beds

peat
rate

the

by
alive

that

fix

frm

the

years
the
possibilities

th
to

from

exhumed

may

thrown

that

impossible

mastodon,
as an
event,
and,
has
been
assignd

recent

ually

southern

so far
of

more

perhaps

to

in turn

exclude

habitat.

disappearance

been

have

to

safe

the

possibility
it

of its

time

is

Yalley
Mississippi
Upper
with
either
of the
than
mastodon

the

Mound-Builders,

it

armadillo,
is indeed

referred

been

have

pipes

the
It

of

inhabitants

ancient

and

and

the

animals

imals,

mound

the

both

Although
the

153

MOUND.

at

ail,

appear

they
only

and

in

the

many
as

nondescript

many
to most

most

vague

others
nearly
and

154

ANIMAL CAEVETOS.

gnerai

it

way,

which

this

is

has

effigy

little
been

difficult
asserted

to

understand

the

to

the
represent
in the Smithsonian

confidence

mound

of

for

be said to closely
of the animal
whose
peculiarities
of this,
as of so many
other
of the
effigies,
be guessed,
that
the
resemblance
is of the

(a copy
1872 is here

shape,
proportions,
In fact,
it is true
-of

which

.and

general

than

any

must
of

as figured
can by no means

the
a

figure
simulating
score
or more
mounds

head
viz,. the
particular,
which
is its chief,
in fact

important
.appendage,
ter.
If this
it
.animal,
far as this

given)
and

kind,
one

which

is too

appendage
is certainly
one character

of the
gestive
of tusks,
ears,

mastodon

too

short

long
for

has
its
for
the

the
in
a

trunk

identity

most
more
or

prolongation

of

the

vague
closely
in one

except

Wisconsin,

the

Report
the
represent
nameit
bears-

no

elephant

only real,
the
snout

with
for

mastodon;
Annual

snout-like
charac-

elephantine
of any other

known

a mastodon.

it is doubtless
true
that
goes,
than
of any other
animal.
No
and
were
it not for the
snout
the

so
Still,
it is more
sughint
is afforded

or tail,
animal
effigy
be called
a bear,
it nearly
readily
in its general
makeresembling
of the so-called
bear mounds
.up many
and Davis
from
figured
by Squier
this
same
in Wisconsin.
The
county
latter,
too, are of the same
gigantic size and proportions.
If it can
be assumed
that
an animal
safely
witheffigy
without
tusks,
out
and without
a tail was really
intended
to represent
a mastodon,
ears,
it would
be stretching
but a step farther
to call all the largeimagination
animal
bodied,
heavy-limbed
hitherto
named
effigies
bears,
mastodons,
thelack
as well as ears,
attributing
to inattenof trunks,
tusks,
and tails,
tion to slight
dtails
on the part
of the mound
artist.
It is true
that
one bit of good, positive
of a negproof
is worth
many
.ative
character.
But
here
the one positive
the
trnnk
of
resemblance,
the
falls
far short
supposed
of an exact
elephant,
as the
imitation,
and,
other
features
to a good
likeness
of a mastodon
necessary
are
wholly
is not this an instance
where
the negative
wanting,
should
b held
proof
.suffieient
to largely
the positive
outweigh
?
might

In

connection

that,

among
this
where,
todon.
As

with

the great
is th'e only
the Mound

this

the
question
number
of animal

fact

should

not

be

in Wisconsin
effigies
even thus
one which
remotely
suggests
Builders
were
in the habit
of repeating

overlooked
and

else-

the

mas-

the same
and again,
not only in the same
again
but in widely
distant
if this
was really
intended
localities,
why,
for a mastodon,
are there
no
.others
like it?
It cannot
be doubted
that
the size and
extraordinary
features
of this
monster
mammals
would
have
among
it beprevented
ing overlooked
by the Mound-Builders
when
so many
animais
of inferior
interest
their
attention.
engaged
The fact
that
the mound
is a nondewith
no others
.script,
lessens
resembling
it, certainly
the .probability
that
it was an iutentional
of the
representation
and
increases
mastodon,
the likelihood
that
its slight
resemblance
was accidentai;
a slide
of earth
.from
the head,
for instance,
be interpreted
might
readily
by the modern
.animal

form

as

.artist
is more

a subject.

.such

.scure.

the

which

investigations
the so-called
guishes
more
ble of a much

the

to

artist

his

in
no

known,
an exact

task

copy
of
uncon-

avoid

that

for

of art

by

an

many

from

its

than

forthcoming,
by a very

the

this

Mnd,
pentheory
be

is
has

that

distin-

which

fellows

explanation

of

theerring

ingenious
well
may

It
suggested.
the one
peculiarity

Mound

Elephant
commonplace

lessons

warning
works

really susceptihitherto
been

it.

given

if such

Even

be not
explanation
be supplemented

should

of Wisconsin
corroborative

testimony

.acquaintance
As regards

of the

Natnralist

ican

entirely

posed

to

be

before

if the

the

intendedfor
the

as-proof
mastodon.

the

amount

of

of

positive

the

before
alluded
the
the
to,
pipes
mastodon,
in Ameron Mound
Barber's
articles
in
Pipes
given
while
and 18, are here
presented,
for April,
1882, Figs.17
been
what
nearer
are
mnch
suptheyhave
above criticism,
mentioned.
than
the mound just

tw,

to

28.-Elephant

29 is certainly
figure
imitations
are intentional

pipes
as having

garded
.as pointed

with

Monnd"

Elphant

considerable

as

ig.

Of

accepted

being

IVIound-Builders

likeness

of which

-copies

with

of

full

have

show

will

future

not

are

never

would

original

for

it

to ancient
given
are responsible

interpretations
artist
the modern

cilof

is

a shape

assume

to his own
down
according
peculiarities
the case,
as is often
when,
originally
intended,
oband outlines
to render
combined
have
shape

treatises

Archologie
the

and

to

Asis well
to paper

or toning
was

elements

the

made

maker.
to transfer

hard

Especially

be

head

original

artistthan

the

magnifying
of what

sciously
conceptions
and
time

the

the

by
for

difficult

thus

and

a trunk,
intended

not

sketch

155

PIPES.

ELEPHANT

NsiiA-w.]

been

intended

for

Pipe,

the

Iowa

most

of any
any other

natural.in

appearance,
can
neither
animal,
the
mastodon.
than

it is certainly
and
surprising
by Barber
otbers,
the tusks,
to indicate
was made
mastodons
no attempt
external
marked
the most
peculiarities
constitute
trunk
out

as affording

most

The tusks,
that
too,
the
elephant
kind.
be th
would
duetin
naturally
industries,
ivory,
primitive
relied
would
have
artist
the ancient
which
of ail others

be

Yet,
if
that
which
of

important
on
upon

but,
re-

ail
pro-

peculiarity
to fix

the

J
156

ANIMAL

CARVINGS.

of the animal.
identity
It is also remarkable
that in neither
of these
pipes is the tail indicated,
a glance a.t the other sculptures
although
will show
that in the full-length
this member
is invariably
figures

PlG.

shown.

In

respect,

ingly
suggestive
liarities
ofwhichthe
be
upon
from

to
supposed
as a curions
the

should
In

so closely

the

in

mind

that

been

their

gion,

it

has

with

whether

and

of the

authenticity
in

question.

in

certainly
found
at
the

bringing

of that
by

good

especially
been
fortune

remarkably
of no

are

strik-

with

the

pecu-

mightalmost
must
be Jpoked
so remote
other

hands,

mound.

these

Possibly
to light

Iowa

a point
of

work

of

pipes

Mound-Builders'

th

fact

both
when

that

the
it

active
one

a knowledge
be borne

it should

Mound-Builders,
of the
as specimens

suspicion,
have

explorers
fallen
to the

It

presumably

part

the

from
pipes
of Wisconsin,
ancient
or modern,

carvings

imperfections'
evidence
afforded

the

the

acquainted.
that

Mound,
the
copy

Iowa.

Pipe,

omissions,
Mound

coincidence

seriously
instrumental

do
-largelyto
that
although

Elphant

Elephant

sculptor,
have
been

on

called
was

person

the

the

considering
mastodon

of
has

Elphant

thse

to
of

29.

else

pipes

was

same

has

had

remembered

in the
to

art
the

find

same

re-

anything
the
man-

conveying
the-most-distant
suggestion
of the mastodon.
As
ner of discovery
of such-relies
forms
an important
always
of their
part
the
account
of the
history,
following
as communicated
to Mr.
pipes
Barber
Mr.
W..H.
by
of the
Pratt,
president
Davenport
Academy
for April,
Naturalist
(American
1S82, pp. 275, 276), is here
subjoined:
The first elephant
pipe, .-whioli we obtained
(Fig. 17) a Iittle niore than a year ago.
wasfonndsomesixyear3b6forebyanmiterateGermanfarnieriiained.PeterMare,wliil6
corn on a farm in tlie
moand region, Lonisa
planting
He did not care
Connty, Iowa.
whether
it was lphant
or kangaroo
to" him it was a curious
'Indiaa
stone,' and
andhe
aotaingmore,
kept it and smoked it.
In 1878 he removed
to Kansas,
and
when he left he gave the pipe to his
a farm laborer,
who also smoked
brother-in-law,
it.
Mr. Gass happened
to hear of it, as he is always
about
such things,
inqxiiring
hnnted
up the. man and borrowed
the pipe to take photographs
and casts from it.
He ooald aot bny it.
The man said his brother-in-law
gave it to him and as it was a
curions
wanted
to keep it.
thing-he
We were, however,
nnfortnnate,
orfortunate,

157

PIPES.

ELEPHANT

hekbhaw.]

make some
to break
spoiled it for him and that was his chance to
it; that
and we wonld, as in duty
claimed
He could hve
any amount,
out of it.
Durhe was satisfied with three or four dollars.
bonnd, have raised it for him, but
Lutheran
another
German
Rev.
Ad.
this
in
Blumer,
first
week
month,
the
April,
ing
went
resided
in Louisa
County,
having
formerly
now of Genesee, Illinoie,
minister,
being well
-with Mr. Gass to open a few mounds, Mr.-Blumer
down there in company
ten of them, and found nothing but ashes
explored
They carefully
acqainted
there.
one was a layer of red, hard-burned
one.
In that
and decayed bones in any, except
at th center, which
in thickness
inches
and
thirteen
feet
across
five
about
clay,
ashes resting upon the
th
the
in
in
one
foot
middle,
of
ashes
a
bed
depth
rested upon
In the ashes, near the bottom of th layer, they found a part
undisturbed
natnral
clay.
a very small beautifullysome bird;
stone pipe, representing
carved
of a broken
This pipe was first discovpipe (Fig. 18).
formed copper 'axe,' and this last elephant
tumed
over to the
solicitation,
and by him, at our earnest
ered by Mr. Blumer,
enough

money

Academy.
It

be

will

seen

from

supply
The

the

to light

iii bringing
of elephant

mental

above
the

same

the

that
two

specimens

gentleman
constituting

which

instinct
archseologic
more
to even
him

has led
important
pipes
rod he has succeededinunearthing
of his divining
far
which
have thus
tablets
inscribed
remarkable
not
It
is
necessary
of the mound
search
explorer.
or of the

varions

that
including
support,
tion
to the fact that
by
a

among
way

the

number
mastodon
asserted

confidently

present

of

of

phonetic

a curious

familiar
again,
them

some

writing,
coincidence

animals,
animal
which
to

be.

is,

however,

by

means

one

figures
indeed

The
as close

of the

some

resemblance
as

exhibited

most

rise and
given
attento eaU

have
than

which

of
the

diligent
detail
of

in

to speak

they

of the
the

rewarded

fnrther

By

tablets

archseologists
they

contains,
a rude

in

snggest

have

to that
bear
carvthe pipe

by
from
differ
Both
figures
not reproduced
are therefore
they
ings
and also tusks.
lack
both
in
trunks,
the pipes
having
tails
of the
that
outside
it unfortunate
deem
must
certainly
Archologists
the Moundof
co-existence
of
the
evidence
the
mound
Wisconsin
only
world
the scienfcific
throughthe
reach
should
and the mastodon
Builder
of the
each
carving
So
succeeding
of one individual.
derived,
agency
of being
by
instead
accepted
or less
be
it
more
accurate,
mastodon,
the genuineto establish
evidence
as cumulative
tending
archeologists
and
Mound-Builder
the
that
showing
of the sculptured
testimony
ness
with
ever
suspicion.
increasing
will
be
viewed
were
mastodon
coeval,
to
allusion
without
not
be concluded
should
of the subject
This
part
be
must
a
of
sort,
negative
of
although
class
a certain
which,
evidence,
vexed
much
this
question.
in considering
accorded
weight
very
great
were
mastodon
and
the
Mound-Builders
if
the
be asked
It may
why,
exhumed
ever
been
tusks
of the ivory
have
no traces
contemporaneons.
for the pnrposes
so perfectly
adapted
k
No materialis
from
the mounds
much
were
Mound-Builders
we
have
seen
the
which
an art to
of carving,
it is
which
the
ease with
and
its beauty
from
both
as
ivory,
addicted,
animal

no

to which

theories

finder

the
guided
discoveries.

has

aid

hre,

instru-

the

pipes.

remarkable

these

thse

was

here.

158

ANIMAT,

CABVINGS.

to say nothing
of the other
manifold
uses
to which
worked,
it is put,
both
and
civilized
man.
The mastodon
an abunby primitive
affords
dant
of this
not
a particle
supply
of which
highly
prized
substance,
has ever
been
exhumed
from
the mounds
either
in the
of impleshape
ments
or carving.
Yet the
close
texture
of ivory
enables
exceedingly
it to successfully
resist
the destroying
influences
of time for very
long
as compared
with
certain
periods
very long indeed
articles
which
comreward

monly

no means

the

the

Among
from
the

search

articles

mounds

of the

claws

cludes

the

mound

a perishable
numbers
large
as well as the

are

very durable,
of deers'
horns

sections

of the

of

of animais,
of the

bones

have

also

a still

more

of

shell

as well

found,

in

been

are

varions

by

animals;

as ornaments

made

The list

as of other

turtle,
into
the

exhumed

which

material.

perishable

and

have

ornaments,
teeth
of

perforated

been

muskrat

explorer.
nature
that

also
not

animals,

inonly

their
natural
but carved
form
of small
shape,
of implements
etc.
Human
in
have
size, as awls,
been exhumed
bones,
too,
abundance,
in a sufficiently
well preserved
state
to afford
a basis
for various
thories and speculations.
But

of the

of its
ardent
from

existence

is told

a single
mastodon

coeval

have

life

of

slightest
the

regards

the

of

evidence
to
show

of

much

the

truth

until

less

to its
owing
Mound-Builders

to them
the

mound

through
from
the

The

alligator

mound

described

the

three

frauds

that

a right

re-

to demand

deductions

as

should

be

th

above

to

wait

to theories
time

for

further

which
when

may
future

MOUND.
the

mound,

habitat,
Ohio.
That

or hearsay

"Ancient

most
be far

but as
resemblances,
are not
bove
sus-

indefinite

than

alligator
of

the
to

nature.

illusory

southern

suptaie

The

which

Wisconsin,

itself

that

importance

travel
was

commit

'ALLIGATOR

so-called

alligator,
known
to the
either

to

their

THE

as to the

and

than

are

remains.

must
acknowledge
an inscribed
tablet,

to their
only in respect
of discovery.
If they
can better
afford
archseology

prove

Although
added

trace

not

suspicion

stumbling-blocks
shall
investigations

Mound-Builders

at archaeological
have
archseologists
for such
important
and
the
mastodon,

Mound-Builder

circumstances

the science
picion,
and more
certain

of

theory

to light,
a basis

brought
which
afford

dead

a palpable
mound
in

and
two carvings
of a single
explorer.
in mind
the many
attempts

Bearing
cent
years
that
objects

be

these

not

by

of the

supporter

which

a fac-simil,
the finds

latter

the

with
mastodon,
been
acquainted,

to have

posed

is of

Monuments"
under

this

a word
mastodon,
may
more
becaus&
especially
is not likely
to have
been
it may

have

course

possible.

is subjoined.
name
for no

been

known
A copy

other

reason

ALLIGATOR

benshaw.]

than

because

it was

been

adopted

by

a better,"
the lizard

known

Squier

MOTJND.

1591

as such, this designation

having
vicinity
"for
want
of
as they
frankly
say,
Davis,
to
a
resemblance
bears
as
close
the
figure

in the
and

"althotigh
p. 99.)
as any other
Monuments,
reptile."
(Ancient
anito almost
likeness
any long-tailed
it bears
a suiperficial
In truth
has
not

the
its
tail-which
of
alligator
has the power
mal which
curling
tothe merest
Ifc
guess-work
the
for
is,
however,
opossum.
instance,
as,
Neveranimal.
to any particular
its resemblances
to confine
attempt
mound"'
the
this
as
described
have

aUigator
writers
recent
theless
resemof positive
as to its want
of doubt
a word
-without
suggesting
saurian.
to that
blance

a?
o

o~;
t
H

adding

HUMAN

The

conclusion

tures

are

not

reached

SCUIiPTTTRES.

in the

"exactand

foregoing

faithful

copies

of a generalratherthan
of art
state

that
the animal
pages
sculpfrom
but are imitations
nature,"
suchas
betterwith
comport

of aspecialcharacter,
as developed
certain
of the
Indian
tribes
than
among
a people
that
has achieved
advance
in culture
is imamorig
any notable
not only in its bearing
on the questions
noticed
in
portant
previously
this paper,
but in its relation
to another
and highly
class of
interesting
the

sculptures.
If a large

animal
are
so lacking
in artiscarvings
to identify
few
possible
positively
only the
the most
marked
faith
is to
how much
possessing
strongly
characters,
be placed
in the ability
of the Mound
to fix in stone
the features
sculpter
and expressions
of the humancountenance,
more
difficult
subinfinitely
for portrayal
as this
is?
ject
confessedly
tic

That

of

proportion
as to make

accuracy

the

it

Wilson

the
human
as affording
a basis
for
regards
sculptures
deductions
is evident
from
the following
ethnological
paragraph,
taken
from
Prehistoric
Man,
vol. 1, p. 461:
Alike from the minute
of many of the sculptures
of animais,
hereafter
accuracy
referred
to well known features
of the modern
Red
to, and from the correspondence
Indian
by some of the hnman
suggested
heads, these minature
portraits
may be aswith
to
include
faithful
the
of
sumed,
every probability,
representations
predominant
features
of the ancient people by whom they were executed.
physical
the
idea
that
are faithful
and recpopular
Short,
too, accepting
they
sound

from
in the North
remarks
Americans
of Anognizable
copies
nature,
p. 98, ibid.,
p. 187:
tiquity,
There is no reason for believing
that the people who wrought
stone and clay into
have not left us sculptures
of their own faces in the images
perfeet effigies of animals
from themounds;"
exhumed
"The
of
the animal reprsentaand again,
perfection
tions furnish
us the assurance
that their sculptures
of the human face were equally
trne.to
nature.
and

Squier

pression
enable
of

the

of

the

that

Davis
of the

capabilities
are
They

not

only
sufficient

them

also
appear
Mound-Builders
able
for

to point

Mound-Builders,
Indians.
present
all

of fine

excution

to discern
the
out

to have

had

inthe

direction

the

sculptured

in

discrimination
such

and

as

are

those

Their
and

of
main

finish

no doubt

of

heads

the

undoubtedly
a more
recent
criterion

were

of

the

work

sexes,
ancient

After

in detail
discussing
and tattooing,
the

lines,
160

the

methods

features

of

niceties

of ex-

as well,
to
but,
and'the
work
the

origin,

of arranging
human

the

of the

portraiture.

product

origin
is, apparently,
of the Mound
sculp-

done
and "immeasurablyinferior
and those
roughly
tors,
the mounds,"
to use their
own words,
handicraft
were the
in the
found
whites.
Conclusions
so
country
by the
strike
are open
to criticism,
however
well suited
some,
meet
the necessities
of preconceived
theories.
paint

whatever

of human

to the
of

relies'of
thetribes
it

derived,
they
the
carvings,

may
be to

may
hair,

the

Squier

mntsnAw.j

and

HUMAN

Davis

istics

arrive

of

American
Of

later

that

American

heads

hitherto

duce

the

Indian

sculptures
`

says

Indian

The

varying
indicate

same

th

by a rude
faces
is to
a master

by

on the

be

all

tends

been

lived

in

impossible
demanded

of

to the

to the
the

it;

that

that

latter

seen
the

asserting
and

features,
it must

the

mound

and

by

the
them

but

to

slight

embody
was

heads

the

wuld

of accident

rather

by

individual
had

the

of

the
in
of

animal

state

hu-

stone
skill

sculptwould

portraiture
the

of
ac-

demands

unexacting
character

afforded

of culture

he

A glance
at
improbable.
assumed
to
nature
fidelity
excution
which
has been
relied

the

human

basis

in

be

faithful

to
exact

as in the

racial

fact

the

to be

As
sculptures."
main'
argument
of

representations

characters

last

adequate

sem

but

exact

falls

degree
improbable
for-the
task
of accurate

to the
that

this
for
phys-

ground,
the art of

human
porthe evidence
upon
of our knowledge
state
present
unscientificand
utterly
misleading.

important
ethnologie
human
in the
sculptures
would

with

is altogether
that
it is the

sculptures

admitted

sculpter
To base

concerning
11

have

human
be

traiture.
afforded

to

repro-

1, p. 469.)
th human

perpetuation
to a want
simply

sculptor

will show
quotations
and their
fine
animal
carvings
in support
of a- similar
claim for
is

not

animals
sculptured
form
and
expression,

or the

sculptors

mound

do
vol.

the
of

features,
vidence

conclusion

and,
is of
work,
from
the
type
human
sculptured

469.
these

by
resuit

so the diversified
art,
not to the successful
The

sculpter.

Ibid,

represented
are the

reason

p.

the
with

Davis,

among
familiar

were

more."

of the
of

found

type

differences

above
the

upon
claim
ical

skill

ascribed,
of individual

of the

have

same

great

varying
condition

ures

the

of

Mound-Builders

great

his

majority
of
aneient
depositories
Prehistoric
Man,

their

diversity

the

display

hand

i>art

the

For

species
to

cording
made
man

the

that

and

throughout
of a distinct

were

(Wilson's

that

Squier

the

believing
rather

agree

"the

but nothing
type,
of physiognomy
type
that
their
resemblances

better
than
of intention.
the

from

by

of

in

Davis
others

visible

that

features."

"proves

American

and

Indian,
recovered

and

Squier

predilections
Mound-Builders

character-

"physiologicl
from
those

to be Indian;
view expressed

the
the

Wilson

Again,

the

the

essentially

with

heads

from

that

differ

agree

thse

with

opinion

not

some

by
dissents

North

eoiiclusion

do

family."
writers

who
Wilson,
in conformity
the

the

heads

illustrated

type

at

thse

161

SCULPTURES.

deductions

162

of
Copies
ments"
(pp.
physiognomy

ANIMAL

several
244-247)
illiistrated

of

the

are

CARVINGS.

heads
here

as

-they
to

subjoined

appear

in

show

the

by them

Bg.

31.

FIG.

32.

rie
Human

Carvings

33.
from

the

Mounds.

"Ancient
various

Monutypes

of

hbhbbaw.]

HUMAN

SCULPTURES.

Bg.

34.

Fig.

Human
Coulcl
face
it

the

which
would

best.
there
origin

be seen

In

not

is little
or

thatthe

a few,
their

in

contain

and

appearance
deeper

find
can readily
and ail assumptions

of

any

it will

at

of

once
in

are

distinctly

that

they

similar

the.many
be perceived
the
series
they

may

the

human

be reproduced
are among
the

above

grotesque
to suggest
than
meaning

different
support

illustrated

As each

of

sculptures

Mound-Builders

specimens
traces
of the

Indians.
other,

terra-cotta

to the

among
present
less
from
every
theories

35.

from the Mounds.

Carvings

other
stone
many
have been
ascribed

163

had

Yisible,.and
a diffrent.

productions
differ

carvings
that

the

abundant
choose

to

here
very

found
more
or

advocates

of

testimony
advance.

in

from

Turning

as

compared
of the

some

Among

exhibits

nature,

in

of
its

the

general
tribes.

Indian

our

artistic

and often
finds expression
in crations
of the most
tional
forms,
character.
and imaginative
true
of
of some
tribes
it is by no means
this is true
While
it true

all

of

art.

ventional
than

the
But
if

doubtful

grotesque
animais
for

not

eras

distinct

diffrent

the

dents

art

of

origin

steps

highly
interesting.
and
clew to the origin
art.
imitative
The

natural

purely

expression
or supplment
ences,
nection

its
to

seem

been

but

primitive
art grew
of

have

nature

been
of

with

races
and

to

very

note

probable
in the mere

and

termed,
a study

Such

instructive.

sufficient

peoples,
its
from

of

of
designs
to mark,

conventional
different

over-

greatly
introduction

the

a difference

merely,

significance

not

discernin
of

portrayal,

as they

most

broadest
has

substitution

decorative

all, nor isto congiven

it
is
more
terms,

tribes

fact

grotesque

would

be

should
as

conventional

the

origin
accinot

only
us a

afford

contrasted

with

to be from.
of art would
seem
of the
volution
process
for artistic
the tendency
to the conventional,
imitative
being
.character
to supplant
or wholly
of a partially
imaginative
the

especially
it

in

adornments

readily
recognized
of manufacture,"

those

of the

expression.
of art among

which

by

even
true

culture

but

the

the

natural
art

of

the

successive
in

and

more

modes
trace

it

significance
indeed
authors

element

the

of

products
even
were

the

Some

estimated.

To

art

Mound-

more

its
while
deriving
instinct,
animated
from
Mound-Builders,
of conventowards
the production

the

latter

as among-the
features,
a decided
tendency

characteristic

skill

artistic

to their
art
may be paid
with
art as fonnd
among

attention

and

features,

of the

illustrations

special

brief

Builders,

ART COMPARE.

AND MOUND-BUHiBBES'

INDIAN""

imitative
those

is interesting

the

for

whose

instance,

Haidahs,
are
animais

almost

productions

may

influto external
only in obdience
kind.
In- this
conor superstitions
tribes
of the Northwest,
even among

form

of a religions
to note
that

carvings
in

or

be,

evidences

of

an

of

paintings

birds

and

convenso highly
invariably.
and
caricatured
as to be nearly
or are
so distorted
tional
or quite
bird
or
natural
as a well known.
it is still
some
object,
unrecognizable,
to
the
Howunderlies
and
that
shape
design.
gives
primary
animal,
artistic
or grotesque
in appearance
such
conventionalized
ever
highly
treated

manner

imitative

underlying

that
the
seemingly,
always
detected
proof,
the more natural
of art superimposed
upon
stage
fancies.
mythologie
of savage
As it is with
example
any particular
be

with

th

164
YCA

art

of

certain

tribes

as

a whole.

Nor

conventional
by the

may
later
of

requirements

artistic
does

design
is a

it

fancy,
seem

so is it
possible

hkkshaw,)

CONVENTIONALISM

of the
growth
or outgrown
the
a dominating
influence
that

the

show

strongly

its

development
over it, and

effect

has

of development,

phase
having
Indians

concerned,
imitation.

than

argument,
to
another

sarily
than

it has

which

the

not-to

sayunmeaning,

be

in

had

art

the

165

of

such

tribes

its natural
may be termed
conventional
without
stage
imitative
era..

so far, at least
as the
to conventionalism

because

methods

of

culture,

is

of
stage
received.

first

as most

the

North

road

that

pre-

what

intermediate

therefore,
conventional

a higher
sometimes

that

reached

suppose,
that
the

are

through
The

has

the

passed
through
is more
natural
to

It

never

but

ART.

or mythologie
sentiment
has so far
of art as to.have
had from
the

religions

ceded

IN

a tribe

or peopleis

it
art,
entitled

therefore
to

American

has

led

always
less
must

much

given
neces-

less

weight

and Davis,
for instance,
referSquier
to the
state
that
of
these
ring
"many
Mound-Builders,
(i. e., sculptures)
exhibit
a close
observance
of nature
such
as we could
to
only expect
find among
a people
in the minor
to
considerably
advaneed
arts,'and

approach."
It is clearly
tire

size

the

of

the
of

stances
tures

of

of

many

the

carvings
of actual

effect

showpeculiarities
the

inations

however

Mound-Builders,
and no little

Decided

traces

authors

above
of

treatment

ungraceful,
but a slight

claim
to

in

claim

an

en-

of the

specimens
to what

been

has

trifled

to science
else

with

and which

prove

lively

imag-

possessed

endowed,

and

andbirds
go far*to

creative

fancy.
conventionalism

of

animal

the

of

of being
copied,
unknown

instead

nature,

that

the

and

clumsy
can

call attention
they
appears
as well as to the disproportionate
face,
the
animal
Not
are the
only
carvings.
of disproportionate
in insize, which,
but
in not a few of the sculpdistortion,

human

of the

heads

many
has the

animals

of

method
grotesque
since
elsewhere
art,

a caricature

heads

intention

of the

Mound-Builder's
be

but usually
of th
savage

laborious,
productions

not

absence

to

and

elaborate

and

also

are

to

be

in

found

method

the

many
andfeath-

of

what

is

carvings,
of indicating
the wings
of birds,
the
scales
of the
precisely
serpent,
&c., are almost
to be observed
in modern
Indian
of a similar
kind.
productions
ers

and faint
as are.tliese
towards
and conFew
tendencies
caricaturing
with what
in the artistic
as compared
may be noted
proventionalizing
of the
ductions
Haidahs,
Chinooks,
and othertribes
of theNorthwest,
they
are yet sufficient
to show that
in theseparticulars
no hard
and fast line
can be drawn
between
the art of the Indian
and
of the Mound-Bnilder.
As
and

showing
imitative

the

Esquimaux
In their
side.

how

narrow

methods
th

two

curious

and
in many
grotesque,
do of a half
half
human,
of

what

authors

hve

is
of

art,

stages

the

line

it
of

that
of

is
art

are

to

found

into
forms
masks,
carved
of their
of animals,
carvings
animal
we have
character,

characterized

the

separates
interest

as savage

taste

conventional

note

flourishing
the
most

that

among
side
by
and
quaint

partaldng
abundant
in sculpture.

as they
evidence
But

ANIMAL

166

the

tribes

same

bears,

are

blance,
be

modeling.

cuted

carvings

from

with
parison
As deducible

modern

the

state

of

productions
tion

in

tion

with

lead

to

the

the

and

more

erroneous
art

reliable

of

which

say

the

other

tribes

are

by
Iroquoian
produced
by the Esquimaux,
yet the
a very
advanced
as compared
position

GENERAL

That

of

no

the

that

resemblance

general
Third.
ures

of

That
human

them
the

and

will
ingea

affording
Esquimaux

a
tribes,
more gen-

from

of artistic

evidences
to

comparable

the

former

have

usually

with

other

American

tribes.

foregoing

paper

in the
which

mounds

the

can

not

been

be

work

assigned

may

identified

there

to the

Missis-

indigenous

for the
of origin
of carvings

theories

in

mounds

Mound
of

Builders
for-

supposed

basis.

to the

there

while
hand,
in no way

or animals

of

majority
from

intended

doubtless

the

presence
without

large
likenesses

exact

be accorded

reached

the

of birds

animais
are
eign
a
Second.
That

were

from

carvings

sippi
Valley.
And
consequently
suggested
by the

as

accepted

the
culture,
rank
of American

front

it

skill

as follows

representations

assumed,

conv

CONCLUSIONS.

conclusions

important
summed
up

measurement

instance,

be
etching
in general

cannot

On the

the

of

for

If,

and

carving

to

left

standards

conclusions.

needless
position
eral
considerations.

are

for

objects

while
the above
it may be observed
premises
that,
as exemplified
artistic
among
primitive
peoples
by their
index
their
relative
in determining
may be a useful
posiand in connecscale
of progress,
unless
used
with
caution

the

more

worthier

and
exe-

work.

people's
progress
be placed
in

The

whales,

modeling
resemspecifie

from

other

be briefly

much

and.are

mounds,

artistic

idea
of a
proper
of Alaska
should

skill

sea-lions,
careful

art

very
in

nuity

as seals,
in the
wanting
and
for absolute

animals,

Now
and thenindeedis
likenesses.
recoguizable
excution
which
is noteworthy
for spirited
The best
of them
are
far superior
to the
best

generally
a carving

found

faithful

of

carvings

generally
which,
though
to constitute
fine sculpture,

&c.,

necessary
to

execute

CARVINGS.

the

nature,
and
birds

instead
of being,
as
in reality
only the most
of the region
which
they

carvings,

possess
animais

to represent.

is no reason

faces

are

the

'state

more

for
correct

that

believing
likenesses

the

masks

than

are

the

Mound

and
the

sculptanimal

carvings.
Fourth.
as illustrated

That
by

their

of art-culture

carvings,

lias

reached
been

greatly

by

overestimated.

Builders,

SMITHSONIAN

INSTITUTION-BUREAU

OP

ETHNOLOGY.

NAVAJO SILVERSMITHS.
BY

Dr.

WASHINGTON

MATTHEWS,

U.

S.

A.

167

IliliTJSTBATIOIirS.

Plate

XVI.
XVII.
XVHI.

Objecta

in silver

Navajo

-worishop
and Sandstone

Crucible,

XIX.
XX.

Page.
172

molds

Objecta
Navajo

Indiaa

for

shaping

silver

175

175

objecta

177

inailver..
with

silver

ornamenta

178

169

SILVERSMITHS.

NAVAJO
BY
the

Among
iron
forge
art

the
able

to

bave

with

inferred

in

that

among
seen the

the

beautiful
and

Columbia
Navajos,
higher
The

Navajos

in

may
culture

Navajos
in a spacious
he
that
a height
living

dwelling
confrre,
constructs
day,
after

described.

which

the

latter
to

conceded

the

sedentary

either

their
made

of

the

whom

by
are

the
allied

derived

latter

those

in
art

their

smiths

among

of

British

people

to

language
from

are

the

much

But

sanie

artisan,
at such

on a frame
a permanent
forge
fortunate
his less
Navajo
standing,
while
he
which
any
or
may abandon
in a low hut
shelter,
manner
herein the
on
the
a temporary
gronnd
forge
under
the
disadvantages
greater
Notwithstanding
the
or

equal

made

ornaments
even

of these

A large
majority
as buttons,

made

superior

cases,
the

as

such
and

belts,
shape

of

savage
and

rosettes,

articles,
in

the

among

Pueblo

the

builds

house,
can work

cles

tobacco

have

who

to

by his hand
those
made

are
by

generally
the Pueblo

Indian.

elaborate

been

Mexico

first

Indians

rude

has

New

the

but

trade;

it

of

sources

of these

learned

and

metal,
tribes

had

of Mexico

tribes

of

working

of the smith
processes
Indians.
Pueblo
the

labors,

be

civilized

so-called
the

themselves.

and
as

the

rsidents
_pfrthe
within
their

the

many

than

appliances

been

present
introduction

From

that

how

not

ago do not compare

this
and
they attribute
time;
of fine files and emery-paper.

ornaments

gold
Alaska,
doubt

and

1 have

greatly

improved
fifteen
years

made

have

may

white

Qld

has

the

period

forge.

art.

their

in

same

the

at the

wrought

recent

Conquest
skill

considerable

attained

at

them

among

sometimes

When

that
for supposing
they
reasons
to the
are not indebted
that
they
and
from
American
obtained
tools

art

the

made

to the
of the

time

the

that

who

smiths,
silver.

many

believe

ornaments

those

largely

change
At the

me
the

that

favorably

are

influenced

tell

recollection;

there

have

country

introduced

many
it;
Doubtless

possessed
for it.

many
in
chiefly

work

was

but

traders

Navajo

who

metals

working

Europeans
Mexican

also

brass,

determine;

long

but

are

there

Indians

Navajo

and

of

MATTHEWS.

WASHINGTON

an

smiths

bracelets

make
those

army

canteen,

are
such

make

few.
as

simple

arti-

the

more

"beads

round

powder-chargers,
ornaments
bridle

such

only
who

that

(Pl.
Tobacco
represented

XVI),
cases,

171

in

172

NAVAJO

SILVERSMITHS.

Fig.
three
or four
6, are made
by only
men in
is of very
recent
origin.
Their
tools
and materials
are few and
simple
of their
labor
it
is surprising
that
may appear,
imperfect
which
consist
of
appliances,
usually
forge,

an

bellows,

anvil,
matrix

crucibles,
and die

molds,

the

and

tribe,
and

rude

the

design

astheresults

they do so well with

the following
articles

tongs,

such
A

pliers,
files,
awls,
for molding
cold-chisels,
wooden
buttons,
implement
used
in grinding
wooden
buttons,
tools
and
stake,
basin,
charcoal,
materials
for soldering
braid
of cotton
(blow-pipe,
soaked
in
rags
grease,
and
wire,
materials
for polishing
borax),
(sand-paper,
emery-paper,
powdered
and
solid
sandstone,
sand,
ashes,
and
materials
for
stone),
minerai
whiteuing
(a native
substance
almogen
saltand
water).
Fig.
from
a photograph,'represents
1, taken
the
of a silvercomplete
shop
which
was set
sm,ith,
in a summer
up temporarily
or liogan,
near
lodge
Fort
of
Wingate.
Fragments
picked
the fort,
boards,
up around
were
in the
used;
in part,
construction
of the
an old raisin-box
hogan,
was
made
to serve
as th
curb
or frame
of the
and these
forge,
dethings
tracted
somewhat
from
the aboriginal
of th place.
aspect
A forge
built
in an outhouse
on my own premises
by an Indian
silverwhom
to work
smith,
Iemployed
where
I could
observe
constantly
him,
was twenty-three
inches
sixteen
inches
long,
five inches
in height
broad,
to the edge of the
fire-place,
and the latter,
which
was bowl-shaped,
was
in diameter
inches
and three
eight
inches
No other
deep.
Navajo
forge
I have
that
seen differed
materially
in size or shape from
this.
Th Indian
thus
constructed
it
In the first
he obtained
a few straight
place,
sticks-four
would
have
sufficed
and laid them
on the ground
to form
a frame
or curb
then
he prepared
some mud,
with
which
he filled
the
and which
he piled
frame,
up two inches
above
the latter,
the
leaving
for the
depression
the
fire-place.
Before
structure
of mud
was
comhe laid
in it the
pleted
wooden
nozzle
of the
where
it was
bellows,
to remain,
with
one end about
six inches
from
the
and
the
fire-place,
other
end projecting
about
the same
distance
beyond
then
the'
frame;
he stuck
into
the nozzle
a round
of wood,
piece
which
reached
from
the
nozzle
to the fire-place,
and when
the mud
work
was finished
the stick
was withdrawn,
uninllammable
leaving'an
tweer.
When
the structure
of mud was completed
a fit rock
about
four
inches
thick
was laid
on
at the head
of the forge-the
end next
to the bellows-to
form
a back
to the fire, and lastly
th bellows
was tied
on to the
nozzle
which,
as
mentioned
was built
into the
above,
with
a portion
forge,
to
projecting
receive
the bellows.
The task of
this forge
constructing
did not
occupy
more
than
an hour.

bag

A bellows,
of
of goatskin,

diameter,
cular
disk

tied

one

for

above

of

at

the

kind

about
one

in
wood,
a handle

scissors,

most
twelve

end

to

commonly
consists
used,
inches
in length
and about
its nozzle
and
nailed
at the

which
and the

is

the

valve.

other

below

This
for

disk

a support.

of

ten

tube

or

inches

in

other
has

to a cirtwo

Two

arms
or

more

BUBEAU

01?

JfflNE-tl

ETHNOLOGY

OBJECTS

IN

SILVEB.

REPORT

1881

PL.

XVI

and

thus

The

nozzle

on

into

is

in

with

diameter,

arm.
with

a sheet-iron

seen

among
one

the

the

Pueblo

was

above.

It

chamber

one

was

about
one

end
at

not

bellows,

at-

that

the
of

carrent

constant

too,

as the

size

time

same
as

the

horizontally,
other
and

to the

the

one
of

bellows

moved

a more
but

three

about

same

the

also

gave

implement,
Such

single-chambered
blacksmiths.
our

and

movements

was

opened

This

rounded

and
long
center

double-chambered

from

versa.

vice

and

one

passing

of

bellows

the

rod

the

horizontal

by

Navajos
bellows

described
iron

an

closed,

than

air

This

in

hole

quadrangular
is
worked
the

tweer.

chambered
single
of
and by means
to the'disks,
tached
was

ten

about

a cylinder

bellows

The

together
inches

pieces

so as to form

square.
I have

other

four

of

to

with

f compartments,
tied
of wood

a number

made

outside

the

inches
inch

is constricted

divided

keep it distended,
bucksldn
thongs,
in PI. XVII.
as shown

placed
in the skin-tube
the hoops
between

are

of wood

or hoops
the tube

rings
while

173

WORKSHOPS.

NAVAJO

mattbews.]

as

a blast
steady
I have
seen

in

Zuni.

of

of iron
suitable
they
may
piece
such
as
a
or
old
large
boit,
wedge
to pick
up,
happen
of iron may
other
A
or
a
large
fragment
wedge
the king-bolt
wagon.
of
in position
A boit
is maintained
it.
to steady
in the ground
be stuck
for
used
are
still
sometimes
stones
Hard
into
a log.
driven
by being
anvils
one
the
at
they
posonly
and
time,
anvils
they
were,
perhaps
an

For

anvil

use
usually
as for instance

they

any
an

sessed.
are

Crucibles
and

are

they

made

three-cornered

having
about.two

fire

two
for

used
Pueblo

pottery,

throughoutthe
The moulds
a home-made

which
Navajo
in

bottoms.

dimension.

they

often

of

which

chisel,
he moves

may

be

they
are
so

become
and

their

fall
mtal
around

picked

up

or

purchased

country
cast
easily

their

which

very

being
porous,

to pieces.
in suitable

waterin

Some

the

in

the

when
smiths,

fragments
in many
localities

ruins
from

put
and

the

Pueblo

eut in soft sandstone

ingots,
leaves
that
the smith
formed

their

earthen-

inexprience
After

durable.

crack

melt

crucibles,

making

used

and size,
one of ordinary
shape
represents
their
are not good potters
The Navajos
and
a few unornamented
crucibles
to these

time

a longer

instead

rounded

and

baked
hard,
clay,
by our metallurgistsf
are usually
They

smiths-of

as those

probably
in consquence
are not
crucibles
their
and
swell
times
they

or three
of

shape

every

Fig.
1, Pl. XVIII
hve in niy collection.
limited
ware
being
it is
and
jars
art that
ceramic

more

edges
in

inches

carefnl

the
same

by
the

nearly

of

Indians.
with
them

eut approximately
Each
mouldis
cast
out of the ingot
is to be wrought
which
of the article
shape
in.
themetalis
In
Figs.
poured
in it, and it is greasedwithsuetbefore
for
of sand-stone,
graven
are
pieces
2 and 3, Pl. XVIII,
represented
dimensions
one-third
the
are
The figures
now in my possession.
molds,
in Fig.
shown
or mould
middle
2, PI.
In the
cavity
of the subjects.
the
was wrought
from
which
arrow-shaped
cast
the
was
ingot
XVIII,

behind
in

the

when

his

residence.

174

NAVAJO

handle

of

the

in the

depicted
of this

right
the

which

shown

powder-charger
same
figure
was

charger

lower

corner
sides

of

was

formed.
of

The

Tongs
are often
made
saw had a
U-shaped
spring
angles
so as more
downwards,
ble.
Often
or scissors
nippers
scissors,
after
it

metal

shears

do

Some

of

more

tongs,
their

regardless

the

dian

temper
to eut

one

or

two

and

thin
smiths

loose

consequences,
and
jointed

plate

of silver

are

use
and

called

to

hold

the

will

be

asked

to

spread
in the hand.

which
at

for

scissors

when

the

the
efforts
blunt,
curious
to see.

are

being

bent

used

their

another

spreading.
to th desired

ofthese

The
plates.
metal
been imported
for their

perhaps
to keep
them

from

from
made.

right

flat-sided

are

whites,

bystanders

by

dividers,

of

in th&

cruci-

as tongs.

to have

or ignorant

the

cavity
bowl

ingot
6) was

were

grasp

the

tho

One
ends

to
the

into

provided

thick

(Fig.

silversmiths.

from

is wrought
seem
as yet

become

tobacco-case

effectually
are used

poorly

a rather

and

position,
scissors

not

to

the

lower

which
delineated

depression,
form

and

joint,

the

from

piece

gave

XVIII,

purchased

in

XIX

the

circular

ca-nteen-shaped
by the Navajo

Ordnary
their
metal

in PI.

monlded

3, Pl.

Fig.

the

SILVEESMITHS.

Scissors
distance

in

plate
hold
are
and

th

benefit.
also

shears
of

for
lose

the

In-

Often
then
a horizontal

points

sometimes
held

cutting;
saw and

in

of

th&

used

as-

position

by being
grasped
By this means I have seen them
attempt
to find centers,
but not to describe
circles.
It is probable
that
had they
trusted
to the eye they
have
might
found
their
centers
as well.
Their
iron pliers,
and files
hammers,
from
they
purchase
the whites.
both
and
Pliers,
flat-pointed
are
used
as with
round-pointed,
us.
Of
files they
usually
employ
and the varieties
only small
sizes,
they
prefer
are
the fiat,
and
rat-tail.
Files
triangular,
are used
not only for their
as with
legitimate
purposes,
the shanks
us, but
serve
for punches
and
the points
for gravers,
with
which
are engraved
figures
on silver.
The Indians
make
their
usually
own cold-chisels.
Thse
are not used
where
the scissors
and file
can
be
conveniently
and economically
emThe
ployed.
re-entrant
on the
bracelet
rectangles
in Fig.
represented
PI.
were
eut
with
a cold-chisel
4,
XIX,
and finished
with
a file.
Awls
are used
to mark
on the silver.
figures
Often
eut out
of
they
a pattern,
which
paper
they
lay
on the silver,
the
outline
tracing
with
an awl.
These
tools
are sometimes
and sometimes
purchased
made
by
the
Indians.
I have
seen
one
made
from
a broken
knife
which
had
been
around
picked
the fort.
up
The blade
had been ground
down
to a
point.
Metallic

for beads
hemispheres
and
buttons
are made
in a concave
means
of a round-pointed
boit which
I will call a die
Thse
tools
are always
made
On one bar of iron there
by the Indians.
may
be many'
of different
matrices
sizes;
only one die fitting
the smallest
is
to
work
concavity,
the
required
metal
in all.
In the pieture
of th&
in the right
smithy
lower
(Pl. XVII,
corner
beside
the tin-plate),
a pieco
of an old
horse-shoe
may be seen imrhich
a few matrices
have
beenbeside
worked,
and,
it, the die used
in connection
with
the
matrices.
matrix

by

BTOEAUOFEUmOLOGY

AMfPAL

REPORT

r--

CRTJCIBLE,

AND

SANDSTONE

MOLDS

FOR

SHAPING

SII.VER

OBJECTS.

1881

PL.

XVUI

~s
F

Sj
00

i
j
s

K
Pi

|
|

i
CQ

.S
s
0
,
0
a
tn
ni
0

10-

0
il
a
x.
al

E
E-7
r~
1'<

l'ii
9
~D
A
1'1

TOOLS

matthews.1

instrument

little

hmisphres,
about
a

three

or four

that

it will

size

to project.
of
piece

edges
a flat
the

wooden
Their

that

usually
however,
of New

when

it has

they

smother
at

kindled

is eut

of

of the metallicedges
a cylinder
of wood,

roundish

a small

of

uses

charcoal
our

by
not

the

is much

more
the

on

to
well

and

earth

with

the

more

for

than.

next

juniper-covered
and
coals,
fire is.

morning.

by beating
intothis
bending
at
and curved
a foot long,
is about
tapering
The pipe
slightly
the
moistnre
for
proceeding
there
is no arrangement
retaining
one end
method
our
understand
of
Indians
do not
These
mouth.
from
the
undistended
with
blow
the
an
air
chamber
of
they
mouth;
making
is intermitting.
on the -flame
of air directed
the current
hence
cheeks,
a thick
from
is derived
the blow-pipe
with
in soldering
The flame
used
Their
or other
suet
soaked
in mutton
grease.
of cotton
braid
rags
is derived
the
same
source
and
from
from
the
is purchased
borax
whites,
I
to be soldered.
the parts
bind
which
together
the fine wire with
they
thesince
is
not
that
it
many
years
told by reliable
been
have
persons
own
in their
a flux
mined
country
-r
by themselves
employed
Navajos
to be much
the traders
borax
introduced
better,.
the
by
pure
finding
but,
substance.
the use of the former
abandoned
gradually
they
and
have
emery-paperpurchasedfrom.
sand-paper
For
they
polishing,
are
required
only
are expensive,
usually
but as these
they
the whites;
with,
done
the
work
first
of
the
being
part
for the
touches,
finishing
or withare used
with
ail of which
or ashes,
sand,
sandstone,
powdered
articlessome
of
the
in the progress
work,
At certain
out water.
stages
to smooththe
surfaces
reduce
to
of
sandstone
on
a
are rubbed
piece
file:
for the
a substitute
is more
in this
instance,
but the
stone,
ness
a
subthe
file
is
that
1
should
say
for the sand-paper.
Perhaps
than
and ashesdoubt
that
is little
for there
stone,
sand,
stitute
for the stone,
Indian
smith.
of the
in the shop
file and paper
preceded
use a minis done,
the forging
they
when
the
For
silver,
blanching
I am inof their
country,
in varions
which,
found
parts
substance
eral
The

Smith
of

a piece
a tube.

formed
sulphate
a metal
first
time

thick

brass

own

his

wire

of

byMr.Taylor,
of alumina,"
basin,

slightly
becomes

with
heated
very

blow-pipe,
a flat
into

called
the
in

the

the

of brass,
and then

strip,

Smithsonian
almogen.

addition,

white.

out

use

of
are-

wasteful

dry juniper,
of glowing
If the
cool.

it to

leave

is ready

charcoal

base

stake

fire
of
a large
build
They
to a mass
flame
and is reduced

Mexico.

on

rubbed

expditions

but

economized

uneven-

the

wooden

the

charcoal-burners,
be

yet

and

basin

such.

of

cavity
the

allow

hemisphere
tightly,
in this,
and then
is placed
with
are
worn level
edges

The

employed
need

sunset,
makes

end

hemisphere
until
the

of preparing

it

one

but

the

sandstone

ceased

In

long,

the

levelling

effective.

inches
hold
The

method

wood,
mesas

but

cylinder.
on.
farther

described

in

employed

rude

is

175-

EMPLOYED.

forge,

usually

Institution,
This

sometimes,
is boiled

dissolve
they
The
of salt.

i this

solution

is

a"hydrous
in water,

in

being
silver,
and in a short

1^6

NAVAJO

SILVERSMITHS.

The processes
of the Navajo
silversmith
may be bestunderstood
from
of the ways
descriptions
in which
he makes
some
of his silver
ornament.
I once engaged
two of the best
workmen
in the tribe
to come
to
Fort
and work
under
Wingate
for a week.
my observation
They
put
np
their
in'a
forge
and early
small
outbuilding
next
at night,
morning
they
were
at worlt.
Their
labor
was almost
all performed
while
were
they
on the ground
sitting
or crouching
in very
constrained
yet
positions;
1 never
saw men who woiked
harder
or more
often
lasteadily.
Thy
bored
from
twelve
to fifteen
hours
a
their
meals
with
disday,
eating
and returning
patch
to their
toil the moment
Occasionthey
had done.
ally

they

they
their

lost

to roll

stopped
very

few

moments

cigarette
in this

were
such
that
they
made
was
thing
they
of a dart
shape
(Fig. 2, Pl. XIX).
PI. XVIII)
the necessary
grooves
melted
two
Mexican
dollars-one
for the handle-and
each
poured
The

each
other

prices

first

smith
when

went

to

necessary.

work

on
The

or consult

about

worked
way.
They
earned
about
two dollars
apowder

charger

with

their

but
work,
by the job and
a day each.
a handle
in the

Having
eut
in sandstonerock(Fig.
2,
for molds
and greased
the sam,
they
for the- bowl
or
and one
receptacle,
one
into its appropriate
mold.
Then
but
separate
one anpart;
they
helped

cast for the receptacle

was beaten
into
a plate
in shape,
(triangular
with
obtuse
of a size which
the
corners),
smith
would
be large
guessed
for his purpose.
enough
Before
the process of bending
was quite
completed
the margins
that
were
to form
the
seam
were
straightened
and filing
by clipping
so as to assume
a pretty
accurate
and when
the
contact,
was
a small
bending
still
done,
gap
left in the
seam
was filled
with
a shred of silver
beaten
in.
The
cne
at this
indented
and irregular,
stage,
being
the workman
thrust
into it
a conical
stake
or mandrel,
which
he had
formed
out
of hard
carefully
and with
of the
wood,
gentle
taps
hammer
soon
made
the
cone
even
and shapely.
the stake,
he laid
Next,
on the seam
withdrawing
a mixture
of borax
and minute
of silver
clippings
moistened
with saliva,
put
the
article
into
the fire, seam
with
the
bellows
up, blew
until
the silver was at a dull
and
then
the
red-heat,
applied
and flame
blow-pipe
until
th
was
In the meantime
soldering
completed.
the
other
smith
hammer
and file, wrought
had, with
the handle
until
it was sufficintly
formed
to be joined
to the
the
base
of the
handle
receptacle,
being
filed down
for a length
of about
a quarter
of an inch
so that
it would
fit tightly
into
the orifice
at the apex
of the receptacle.
The two parts
were
then
and bound
adjusted
with
a fine wire
firmly
together
passing
in varions
over the
base
of the
directions,
across
the
cone,
protuberances
on the dart-shaped
and around
both.
This
handle,
the parts
done,
were
soldered
in the
manner
together
the
already
described,
ring
by
which
it is suspended
was fastened
of the
was
on, the edge
receptacle
and
and the whole
clipped
was brought
filed,
into
good
shape
with file,
&c.
sand,
emery-paper,
The chasing
was the nextprocess.
To make
the round
indentations
on
ingot

m
s
e;
S

C
M

s
s.
0

C
Ca

0n
a

0
E=<
0

177

EMPLOYED.

TOOLS

M~TTHEws-t

while
the other
the
article
on the anvil
apheld
one smith
handle,
struck
rounded-and
of
a
of
th
shank
the point
file-previously
plied
with
the sharpwere
made
other
The
a hammer.
the file with
figures
of the hand.
motion
with
a zigzag
forward
of a file, pushed
ened
point
bewas blanched
was done
the silver
by the process
When
the chasing
of
solution
the boiling
referred
fore
occasionally
taken
from
being
to,
both
hours
For
about
five
and
sand.
with
ashes
to be rnbbed
almogen
for
on this powder-charger;
subsequently,
worked
of the
smiths
together
on it; so that,
there
was only one man engaged
hours'
about
three
more,
the

in

in

hours

thirteen

ail,
about

hours

ten

and

ling

labor

it.
Of this
in constructing
spent
about
one and one-half
in forging,
in ornamenting
the
same
time
about

was

consumed

were

and

rubbing,

cleaning.
In
beat

out

it in
they

eut

circular

other
rest

the

of

with

spheres
cavity
them

to

enough
out

then

was

with

pieces
planchets,
his matrix

from

until

it was

the

it,

with

that

they
of
a bead

circle)
make
half

partner
die.
He

and

to

get

did

their

not
final

the

melt

awl,

used

but

silver,

the

figure
would
a

them

shape,

was

plate

by
a

(which,
include

disk

The

size.
as

proceeded
into
them
put

and

tenuity-frequently
When

conjectured
the
required

formed

his

while

an

and
trimmed,
of the
smiths

scissors,
One
by.

they
or more

work
on

were

which

did not
they
of the proper
advanced.

beads

as
forge
described

the

carefully
call
we will

courtesy,
disk
large

silver

dollar

a Mexican

annealing
ready

hollow

the

making

time,
hours

pattern
to eut
hollow

to

eut

out

the

hemi-

at

once

into

but

first

worked

the

so as to bring them
gradually
cavities,
at the edges
were
leveled
hemispheres
and subsequently
perforated
by holding
already
described,
by a method
and
a piece
of wood,
driving
on
convex
surface
downwards,
them,
a
hammer.
of
file
with
blows
shank
of
a
By this
th
them
through
was
which
from
the hole,
left
a neek
was
means
of boring,
projecting
now
were
The
done.
was
the
hemispheres
off until
not filed
soldering
in pairs
on a stout
wire
forming
globes.
say,
spitted
strung
or, I may
a
and
with
bent
at one end
to was
supplied
referred
or spit
The wire

to

in one

a little

form.

desired

the

Next

Jarger
the

ail the pieces

being
slipping
off, and
of finer
in
wraps
Tjy
many
position
closely
together
pressed
and
of borax,
The
mixture
end
of the
saliva,,
at the other
wire
spit.
were put
of
ail
the
seams
to
they
was
next
the
beads;
silver
applied
from
the
When
taken
at one
into
the fire and ail soldered
operation.
and
finished
blanching.
were
fire they
polishing
by filing,
two
are shown
In PI. XIX
in design.
fertile
Indians
are quite
These
I have
seen
in form.
I consider
which
very
graceful
powder-chargers,
washer

to keep

the

from

heads

were

many
in

of

cases

upon

these

duplicates
and rings
bands
of broad

bracelets

12E

all very

powder-chargers,

where

consisting
most
entirely

secured

conceal

the

had

been

graceful,
specially

but
ordered.

no two

alike

Their

except
designs

for
OrnameDts
of great
bridles,
variety.
number
to alin size and
sumeient
of silver,
but
not
are
particularlyhandsome,
leather,

are

178

NAVAJO SILVERSMITHS.

are greatly
in demand
among
factured
bythem.Leather
are favorite
articles
of apparel,

the

Navajos

and

belts

studded

with

and

often

are

contain

manu

extensively

of silver
plates
to the value
of

large
metal

or fifty
dollars.
Pl. XX represents
an Indian
such a belt,
foriy
wearing
in vhich
of the plates
are shown.
and double
crosses
only three
Single
of silver
are represented
attached
to his necklace.
The
cross
is much
worn
I understand,
it is not intended
to
by the Navajos,
among
whom,
th
Cross
of Christ,"
but
is a symbol
of the
star.
represent
morning
The
usual

of the lower
lengthening
limb,
form
of the Christian
emblem.

much

in working
ingenuity
new
to them.

entirely

from

is probably

however,
These

from
the
copied
smiths
also display
of objects
drawings

savage
and from

models

are
wasteful
of material.
They
very
and melt
them
in th crucible,
clippings
make
no attempt
to save
the metal
they

They
usually
or use them
in

the

preserve

but

soldering;

carried
off in-filing,
polishing,
in the forge,
all of which
is considerable.
In one artiby oxidizing
cle of silver,
for whicb,
for clippings
8.36 grains
were
allowing
saved,
to the smith,
and the work
I watched
on wbich
so closely
given
throughout that
I am certain
none
of the material
was stolen,
there
was a loss
and

of 120
or
ure,
scissors
with

instrument

used

as

the

14 per cent.
I have
seen wr]dngbad
of

and

a rule

before

they

stated,

and engrave
ail figures
by the unaided
Often
eut out
their
in
organ.
they
designs
mark
off patterns
on the metal.
Even
in th

them

to know
the
cutting
patterns
they do not seem
of doubling
the paper
in order
to secure
lateral
uniformity.
Here
ends
of the smithcraft
of a rude
my description
some
talents,
of the

people.
of

aspects

their

but
art

withstanding
troduction

to
possibly
of the metalist
the
and

fact

others

seen
centers

nndapproximate

of

progressive

meas-

square,
1 have

shapes

unreliable
from

as

no dividers,
As

precision.
but

compasses,
and cut all

eye,
of this

first

matter

whom

any

guidance
paper

or over

grains,
smiths

The

trust
mental
shed
in

that

it

serve

may

condition,
some
light

their
on

not

the

the

prehistoric

days

some

elements

of their

of doubtful

origin.

that

only

inventive
condition
of

our

craft

device

simple
but
to

docile

and

illustrate

and

imitative

and

diffusion

continent,
are of recent

notin-

BUREAU

OF

ANKUAI.

ETHKOLOGY

NAVAJO

INDIAN

WITE

SILVER

REPORT

1881

ORNAMKNTS.

PL.

XX

SMITHSONIAN

INSTITUTIONBUREAU

ART

ETHNOLOGY.

IET SEELL
OF

ANCIENT

OF

THE

AMERIOANS.
BY

WILLIAM

H.

HOLMES.

179

CONTENTS.
Page.
185

tntrodnotory.

189

ImpIementsa.ndTitensils
Unworked.s'hells-

189

Yessela.

19~

Spoons.Knives.

198
201

Celta.

203

Sora-peTS-

205

AgiicnMnra.timplements.
Fiallinga.pplia.noes-

207

Weapons
Tweezera-

210
211

207

Orna.memts-

213

Pins.

213

Beads.

219

Perfora.ted.s'hells.

219

DiBoodalbea.ds-

221

Massivebea.ds.
Tubularbeads-

223

Rnntees.

228

BeadaaBonia;ments-

230

Beadsasourrenoy.
MnemonicuseofbeadB

234

33G

240

Pendants

255

Perforatedplates.

264

Engra.vedgorgeta-
Thecross.

267
268
273

Thescallopeddisk.
The Mrd.

280
?3

Thespider..
Theserpent.
Thehmna.nfa.oe.

289

TheImmamBgnre.

?7

393

181

ILLUSTRATIONS.

PLATE

abolis

YXT.Natnial
XYTT-Veasels

artificially

XXIII.VesseIwith

Page.
192

as veasela.

engraved

194

shaped
surface.

196
200

XXIV.Spoona-
.
XXV.Celts

204

XXVII.Weapons,

etc.

agrioulturalimplements,

208
210

XXVm.Fishingappliancea.
'~XTX-Manufacture
Trxx.Puis,
XXXI.Pins,

206

andsorapingimplements.

XXVI.Cntting

Atlantio

of pins andbeads
ooaatibrms.

214

216
218

Pacinccoaatforma.

XXXII.Beads,

perfora.tedaliells
discoidalinfonn.
massive
inform-

YTr~TTT.Beads,
XXXIV.Beads,

220
222
224
226

XXXV.Beada,t)ibularinforni.
"Enntees"
XXXVI.Beads,
XXXVII.Th
wampnmbeit
XXXVIII.Wampumbelts.

228
in

240

treatiea-

XXXIX.Wampumbelta.

242
244

XL.Wampnnibelt.

246

XLI.Wampnmbelt.

248
250

XLII.Wa.mpnmbelt.
XLIII.ThePennbeIt
XLTV.Strings
XLV.Anoient

-
.

pendant

ornaments

pendants,
pendants,

Paoino
pendants,
L.-Perforated
plates
the
LI.Engravedgorgets,
gorgets,

T.TTT.Engravedgorgets,
LIV.-Engraved

256
coast

gorgets,

LV.-Engraved

gorgets,

LVI.Engraved
LVH.Scalloped

gorgets,
disks,
gorgets,

LX.Engravedgorgets,
LXI.-Engraved
gorgets,
LXn.Engravedgorgets,
LXIH.Engraved
LXIV.-Engraved

gorgets,
gorgets,

LXV.-Engraved

gorgets,

258
260
.

363
264

coaat&'nns-

266
cross

268
270

the cross
th cross
scalloped

disks.

scalloped
acaJIoped

disks-

272
274
276
278

disks.

280

etc.

282

etc.
etc.

LVIH.Engravedgorgeta,theMid,
LIX.-Engraved

forms

Paonc
coastforius
Pacifie
coast
forms

XLIX.-Plain

LII.-Engraved

254

Atlantio

XL VI.PIainpenda.nts,
XL VU.Plain
XLVHI.PIain

252

ofwampum

the bird,
the budth spider
thera.ttlesnake.
the rattlesnake

284
286

the

292

288
290
290

rattlesnake

292

therattlesnake

183

184

ILLUSTRATIONS.
Page.

PLATE

LXVI.Th

292

serpent.
the

LXVII.Engravedgorgeta,
LXVili.Engra.ved

gorgets,the
th

LXX.Engra,Yedgprgets,
LXXII.Engra.ved
LXXIII.Engra.ved
LXXIV.Engravedgorgets,

gorgets,
gorgets,
gorgets,

the

human

face.

the

human
human
human

th hnma.n
th human

LXXV.Engra.vedgorgets,thehnma.nngnreLXX'VI.ThehnmamBgnre
LXXyn.SonIptnredfroga-

face-..

thebumanface.

LXIX.Engmyed.gorgeta,
LXXI.Engra.ved

hnma.n

294

294
296

face.

296

gttre.

298

mgnre.

298

Ngnre.

300

ngure-

300
302
302
304

ART IN SHELL OF THE ANCIENT AMERICANS.

H. EOLMES.
BT WILLIAM
INTRODUCTOBY.
Th

studentwill

literature

frequent
of shell
uses

vidual
few

but

authors,

scattered

but

casual
to

Worksof ancient
been

have

Stone
almost

are

Metals
ples,
Animal
and

are

shell,

restricted

animal

and

with

is employed

it

foremost

be readily
culture

place

employed
is attained

in

of utility

works

by
are

peoused.

primitive
but
little

such
as. bone,
horn,
character,
compact
destructible
in their
use, and the more
however
employed,
extensively
vegetable,

genius
as the only records
appearance
in th form
Each
material,
uses
as it is by nature
to such
are

they
finally
made,
forward
carried
being

of nature.
steps
Had
the materials
as

as uniform
but

countries,

ivory,
subhave

importance.
archseologio
to man
and in one way
subservient
are made
however,
of
influence
the
under
of culture;
the agents
magie
become
disafter
his
remain
forms
which
new
into
are moulded
they

his

ments

ma-

arts.
a

of

as

range,

of

this

in

in ail
bronze,
and illustrated.

described,

the

man

by
task

the

primitive
and

clay,

widest

takes
to

of

length

materials,

or another

tions

undertaken

in

little

comparatively
AU

also

both

the

grade
of

substances

considrable

bas

studied,

intractable
a high

at

one

works

stone,

ail

and

used

too

until

and

in

readiness

equal

stances,

in

peoples

npon

no

the

view

thoroughly
pretty
to have
would
seem

is widely
Clay
and taste.

dwlt
time

this

one

of archseologic
Indishell.

a wide range
throughout
of art
mention
ofworks

been

have
up
in

together

bringing
terial.

find

little

are

and
products,
in other
ducts

in the

material
its

follow
in

forms

materials.

art

when

fitted,
the suggestions
harmonious
lines

the

of

disposal

and

functions

Thus

natural
and

products
natural

in the
and

existence.

convenient

best

at
placed
their
wants

variation

of a partieular

of his
of

unusual

capacities,
of the
state

objects,
artificial

is applied
modifica-

of nature,
th

initiatory

peoples
primitive
would
have
there

but the
world;
bias
a strong
gives

impress
resources

improve-

with

themselves
engender

been
been

utilization
to artificial

upon

art

unique

185

proarts

186

ART

and

achieved

In
we

a broad

of

age
It

is not

art,

but

had

stones

its

new

venience.
which

markable

to

become

rivers
leaves

and

glowing
led up

which

steps
not

been

built

and fallen,
a heap
of ruins.
histori
into
and
ages
left

culture

followed

creases

with

tered

in the

to

in the

sort

some

of

links

our

information

will

be

extent

supplement

as

an

outline
of

monograph
first

of the
the

art

clubs

gathered
-from
the

shells

of

by

of

in

from

sea-shore

been

have

the

concrete,
in this

to
subject,
shell
of ail
the

woods,

for

weapons
modified
by
their
con-

become

construction
and

pebbles
Rude

huge
by

period
the
re-

reached.

curions

is represented
with
color.

rafts
and

ships,
and

palaces

and
shells

ma-

are

which

the

served

the

original

temples,

glitter-

to these
results
are by no means
clear
to us;
in any one place
or by any one people.
Nations
and have
to others
that
in turn
given
place
have
We find
it impossible
to trace
back
the
through
the

beyond
one

any
backward

every
a ehain

have

present

weapons

of

not
as a
manner,
the
whole
of
part,of
body
of th evolution
of culture.

phase

man

the

in a tangible

simply

and

to

anthropo-

in the
phases
ancient
American

th

and
the
complication,
in ail materials.
works

numerous

light

have
risen

elementary

of the

have

primeval
of bark
and

with

results

an

peoples.
when
bed,
hands

tribes

mound-building
art
distinctive

his
these
became
simple
objects
or were
altered
to increase
forms,
intentionally
This
was
the
the
of culturea
infancy,
inception
a tedious
but steady
advance
has been
made
until

of

prototypes
to cross

measnre

of its

of

the

exhaustive

of marvelous

The

and
a

certain
art

a particular

beginning
the
river

clubs

chinery

at extended
discussion
attempt
various
of
interesting
questions

regarded

achievements

Rude

in

to

present
but
as

In

utensils.

they
have

the

by
enbrtan

developed,
of shell,

age

to present
of the

by a more
American

from

into

ing

an

the

rather

objects,

ancient

house

has

apprehend,

occupied
original

here

npon

illustrating
is to be

paper
be followed
Art

art

and

This

from

time
an
forms

is

embodiment

of

hnman

use

in the

intention

this

material,

catalogue

and

one

It

my
of

logie
science,
to study
the

the

AMERICANS.

stone.

bearings

one

ANCIENT

a resuit,

and

represented.

THE

America.

at

rgion
a peculiar

employed,

ideas

OF

Such

in North

observe

material

SHELL

cultures.

unique

been

IN

that

bas

prehistoric

and we
step,
a thousand

the

shadows,

The

people.

for

necessity

pick
times

up

one
been

by

to

pathway

in-

groping
one the

broken.

scatSo far

is meager
and
and
centuries
of research
fragmentary,
to round
required
to such
a funness
up our knowledge
as to enable
us to rehabilita
te the ancient
a result
to be reached
races,
only bv
an exhaustive
of the art products
comparative
of all peoples
study
and
of ail ages.
By
fragment
are

collecting
to this

seldom

the
great

preserved

various
work.
from

relies

of art

in

Destructible
remote

periods,

shell

1 shall

be

in their

character

and

it is only

able

to

these
by

add

relies

reason

of

187

INTRODUCTORY.

aoiNEs.]

their

inhumation

all.

the

dead
that
among
they
appear
and
from
taken
graves
objects,
in North
race
of the white
advent

with
of such

majority

the

even

to

post-date
so far decayed

that

unless

most

handled

carefully

at

antiquities
known

tumuli,

are

America,
to

crumble

they

pow-

der.
It

is

of

coast

are

they

specimens
an estimate

discovery
from

of time.

The

widely

art

the

conceptions
Deified
ages.
stages

a certain

mastery

of flinty
not a full

lets
if

of

as

not
one

on

had

representation
of their

most

art

of

important

by

certain

side

works

so recent,

in the

back
that
rocks

and

in

after

were,

on tabwe have,
a
least

at

ancient

works,

forgotin the

were

engraved
achieved,
rare objects
in these
the

to base

less

be never

may

skins

been
that

it is probable
of the

still

far
origin
creatures

mythical
and
bark

of

evidence

imof first
not, however,
interest.
a much
deeper

engraved
their

have

Yalley

point

peoples,
of excution

as

conception.
his most

to the seahave
resorted
must
condition
primitive
were
or other
it affords.
which
appliances
Weapons
or
to
break
the
a
stone
of
in the capture
shell,
mollusks;
necessary
for ail pursumced
valves
of the
shells
of the massive
themselves,

Man
shore

and

materials

and

shell;

number

large
well

have

depicted
over

are

designs

that

whieh

side

place

have

of these
Atlantic

certainty

upon

is rendered

is

them

the

years.

data

which

in

ancestors

rudely

beyond
relies

any

of

Mississippi
th internai

reliable

interments,

themselves

th

no

of

with

say
hundred

the

of

periods.
relies
themselves
th

which

npon

cannot

but

of these

age

antiqnity
shell
heaps

a few

mounds

embodied

ideas

we

than

antiquity,
we have

separated
of the

antiquity

earlier

the

of intrusive

presence

portance
The tablets
yet
ten

more

great
the

but

ancient,

of great
themselves

appearance

very
The

from

obtained

the

the

the

obtained

very

the

Specimens

by
of

demonstrate

those

Many
doubtless

antedate

the

to

impossible

relies.

in

for

poses.
The
early
natural

of

shells
and

a long

venience
for

hance

their

sharpening
it

became

be

made

neck,
pendants

use

a very

at

as utensils

afforded

world

vegetable

water.

the conto increase

the form
were
shells
the
natural
and
suggested
In
were
best
fitted.
by
however,
time,
they
purpose
enwould
modifications
that
it
would
be
found
suggestions
and the
of useless
and the breaking
parts
away
usefulness,
to.
Farther
be resorted
would
of edges
and points
on, as

in

some

for

way,
personal

strung

from

them
of

species
be

of modifying

been

to carry

convenience

would

in this

idea

have

necessary
for

naturally
the shells

and

the

period
not
may
whatever

accidental

into
came
probably
of the
with
products

mollusks
mutnally
for food

date,
vessels

For
used

food

the

of

point

transportation.
would
shell,

on

in time,
may
ornament.

be

or cords

vines
have

to point,
Perforations

changes
which

produced

artificially,

and

the

originated

Following

suspended

this

custom
would

would

about

occur
and
the

of wearing
bethetrans-

188

ART

of

portation

IN

SHELL

such

articles

to

would
take
changes
place
be developed
and a future
Results

similar
of

employment
closely
inently
The
the

into

Having
become

these
the

an

other

foregoing
other

the

ANCIENT

AMERICANS.

places
by wandering
extribes,
and
a trade
would
tribes,
finally
of nations
be inaugurated.
would
doubtless
from
spring
the

than

but
that
material
shell,
of food would
corne first

acquisition

use.

farther
of the

distant

commerce

the

with

THE

with

substances

associated

greater

shell

to

OF

sea
origin

useful

value
might
more

articles
that

easily
or

were

would
become
less

carried

attach
an

shrouded

to

from

the

and
them,
of unusual

object
in mystery,

source
far

most
prom-

of supply
the

inland

consideration.
it would

in time
dear
to the
heart
of the
donbly
superstitious
savage.
perhaps
an object
of actual
or at least
one of such
veneration,
esteem
that
high
it would
be treasured
and baried
by the living
with
the dead.
The material
so plentifal
on the sea-shore
that
it was thought
of only
as it proved
useful
for vessels
and
became
a valued
treasimplements,
nre in the
its functions
were
interior~
and
gradually
diSrenenlarged
it was
worked
into
varied
tiated~
such
as pendants
for the
shapes,
beads
for the neck,pins
for the
ears,
and elaborate
for the
hair,
gorgets
it served
its turn
as fetich
and charm;
breast;
andwas&equentlyused
in the ceremonial
of the mystie
dance.
jugglery
The slightest
modification
of these
relies
of man attracts
by the hand
our attention,
and
from
that
infant
of the art until
stage
the highest
and most
elaborate
forms
are reached
they
have the deepest
interest
to
the student
of human
progress.

UTENSILS.

AND

IMFLEMENTS

SHELLS.

UNWORKED

account

that

from

shells

the

mystery

appear,
and

by

f their

however,
that
fresh

sacred

attaohed

become
as

interior
not

esteem,

only

properties
to them.

for
chiefly
marine
varieties

their

valued

as well

water

of th

peoples

in especial
of some
reason
sea

origin,
were

shells

that

beauty,

the

also

but

rarity,

aneient

the

that

suggested
held

of their
from

had,

would
and

have

must

districts
on

have

writers

Some

It

utility

were

con-

for their
beauty
alone,
state,
employed.
stantly
from
the savage
of culture,
in ail grades
treasnred
are
by
peoples
they
As they
state.
most
civilized
to the
the barbarian
stages
up through
have
and
utensils
they
for
implements,
most
are
conveniently
shaped
of the greatest
were
thus
imporand
in the arts,
of great
service
been
to primitive
tance
peoples.
were
in graves
shells
found
the natural
that
not be snpposed
It must
doubtiess
but
should
they
for use in an unworked
destined
state,
always
for
material
intended
raw
as highly-valued
be regarded
in many
cases
in the tempering
and taste,
of ntility
of articles
use in the manufacture
tribes.
with
or in effeeting
neighboring
exchanges
clay,
ofpotter's
for
and
as
many
species
and
cups
paint,
for food
As vessels
drink,
in the
be found
Good
examples
may
most
are
shaped.
conveniently
of the Pacific
the .EeMomMCMs
Pacinc
on
the
so
coast,
plentiful
mKo<M,
of
or the
Pecten
South
and
Central
F~eH~of
America,
the
islands,
their

state

they

unworked

seas.

many
In

natural

their
are

they

the
in

evolved

more

give

their

aboriginal
beauty

They

figure

bolic

in the

pain~ngs

rattles,

and

heaps
appear
for food and

are

and

the

many
to
drink.

the

collections,

very
have

of

inhabitants

examples

exhumed

been
They

used
are

from
and

culture,
the

and

as

Middie

the

They
of

from
utensils,

graves,
cups

may

be found

us-as
that

their
and
and

utensils
have

been

distribution
of

migrations
on

account
ail

of

favor

with

Ages
have

and in the symbeen

employed
and
ornaments

as

America

plentiful
especially
Schumacher
which

specimens

in

commerce

Mexicans.

ancient

have

forms

elaborate

widelydistributed,
been in great

devices
ancient

anoientCalifornians,

excellent

into

color

heraldic

of
by

stages

of

iusight

Pectens
of form

extensively

more

advanced

important
owners.

Pectens.-The
their

many

to

interest

a twofold

have

of

forerunners

us

they

the

In

peoples.

refuse
and
mounds,
and vessels
for paint,
in the
cemeteries
of
and

Bowers

in the

great

have

made

museums
.nn
189

190

ART

of

the

IN

SHELL

THE

ANCIENT

AMERICANS.

of this
shell
is
A very
good
example
(Janira
dentata)
which
a paint
Santa
represents
3, Plate
XXI,
cup from
Cal.
This
is still
filled
with
Barbara,
cup
partially
dark,
purplish,
indnrated
Some
were
for asphaltum,
while
paint.
receptacles
others,
which
are quite
were
for domestic
employed
probably
empty,
purposes.
The species
used
on the Atlantic
coast
are the
Pecten
irradians
chie&y
country.
in Fig.

shown

and

-P. coMceH~CMS.

7t<M~Ms
it

is

are

probable

our

collections
Olams.-Clams

seaboard

ical

visits

clam-baker,
to

the

like

who,

sea-shore

and
scrapers,
the manufacture

knives,
used
in

Pacifie

coast

to

fish

and

hoes,
of

the

ancient

and

soft-shell

but

th

J!~& <M'eM<M'M~ has

not serviceable
in

valves

which

has

from

also

of

great
domestic

in the
Their

the

for

such

have

or have
are

use

and

in

the

spirit

frequently
their
part

played

in the

generally
mounds
will

artificial

~1 am greatly
the identification

land.

probably

to identify

over
have

little
Very
the numerous

indebted
to Prof.
of Paoifio coast

but

an important
The

article

PMM~

have

held
an
always
of the savages
of
the
most
plentiful

arts
among

shells

and
with

are

probable,
knives

corne
they
the
pearly

ail

well

feast

and
and

importance
has been

to

adapted
most

the

satisof

portions
and
that

however,
and
scrapers,
of the primitive

scalp-taking
the country,

species

to some

.P~y~esm~

used.

graves

little

of food,
Maetra

clam,
nsed

clam,

burial-places,

trouble

W. H. Dall,
varieties.

by

periodused
as

of the valves,
has
portions
A southern
the
variety,
furnishes
excellent
dishes.

are

is

of

bloodywork

a great
and

were
also
They
have
been
extensively
hard-shell
Te~MS merclam,

been

these

It

in

deep,
even

makes

has also
valves,
coast
the large

as
employed
in the barbarie

distributed

distribution.

writers

and
large
not scorned

for food
make
enough
vessels,
they
and cups,
and are frequntly
found
to retain
left from
th last
toilet
of the
warrior
primeval

pretty

in the

are

JP.
and

ancient

in

large

more

assisted

of the

hen

recent

of

Not

much

more
shell.

man.

tined

the

utilized

arts.

the

remains
chalky
and
other
ancient
and

food

been
are

and

rattles,
found

of the

mechanical

emptied

use

been

similarly
of the

family
and

varieties

of

were

to be

many

valves

factory
spoons
the pigments

larger

freshly

delicacy
The
of

the

middens

of

much

of

purpose.
and

handsome
large
On the
Pacific

mounds

kitchen

color

purplish
for this
used

is known

important
place
North
America.
the

the
is

utensils.

ctYMsa~eHoMes,
C?Mos.Shells

of

caurinus

times
The

The

clam,
are

feast.

wampum.

of

relies

Pecten

inhabitant,

in histori

on account
cenaria,
been
most
extensively
.Mercenaria
~ftspafc~,

ponderosa,
extent
for

the

a very important
part
shells
have
and the emptied
The valves
of many
species
and dishes,
and as such
cups

of ways.
variety
are available
for
modern

the

formed

tribes,

the

On

and other
Indiansbr
employed
by the Makah
that
some
of the
rudely
perforated
specimens
were
for the same
intended
purpose.

and

desthey
as

village,

torture.

They
occurrence

their
in

taken

th

study

by

explorers

of
s

collected.

of th Coast

Snivey,

for

assistance

in

USE

HOLMES.]

OF

UNWORKED

SHELLS.

191

of the varied
one of the best examples
has been applied
by savage
peoples.
in
conducted
Rcent explorations
parties
by the government
exploring
and th world the
have brought
to the notice of archssologists
California
of the ancient
existence
of a new field of research-the
burial-places
of this region are
tribes of th Pacific coast.
Many of the interments
shell were
Several
species of this beautiful
probably
post-Columbian.
Haliotis.-The

uses

to which

.B~Ho~s

affords

th natural

shell

the pearly lusters

and are taken from th graves in great numbers,
and
were
used
as
almost
Many
paint-cups,
perfectly
preserved.
being
one of these, a fine examstill retain dark pigments;
probably
ochers
Some
ple of th .B~KotM c<tK/bfMMMM<s,is shown in Fig. 4, Plate XXI.
and
in
cases
still
retained
the
much-esteemed
a
few
had contained
food,
which was employed
were found asphaltum,
cM~ seed, while in others
the
rows
of
in
a
of
these
eyes in the H~Ho~s
variety
arts,
by
peoples
with it, and in one case, as shown in a specimen
usually
being stopped
it has been used to deepen a cup by building
in the National
Museum,
are quite
th edge of a, shallow
shell.
Many others
up a rim around
used

served as bowls, dishes, and spoons, or-were ready

empty, and doubtless
Buried
of implements
and omaments.
'at hand
for th manufacture
for which they
to serve the purposes
with the dead, they were designed
were used in life.
of
a factor in the commerce
This shell probably
formed as important
coast in that of the
these tribes as did the large conchs of the Atlntic
In recent times they are
known
mound-builders
and their
neighbors.
Putnam
statesl
to them, and Professor
to have a high value attached
for a single shell
that a few years ago a horse could be had in exchange
favorite
toward
the
This
is
a
of the Haliotis
species
great
~</sceMS.
which furnishes
a dark greenish
and the ~aKo~s
~ouKse/t~~m~
north.
nacre, is much used farther
The rougher
and more homely oyster-shell
has also enjoyed
the favor
of the mound-building
served many usefnl purtribes, and has probably
with
to peoples
unacquainted
poses, such as would only be suggested
of the Fissurella
and J)eKtaKMMt shells
use of metal.
the
Many species
were in common use, advantage
being taken of the natural
perforations
south,

for stringing,
the latter
used for money.on
the
being quite extensively
Pacific slope.
In Fig. 2, Plate XXI, a eut is given of a Mytilus shell paint-cup
from
an ancient
Peruvian
It is copied from Plate 83 of the Necropolis
grave.
as still containing
of Ancon.2
It is represented
red paint,
probably
cinnabar.
A great variety
of the larger
univalve
sea-shells
were used in the unaltered
the most important
taking
place,
state, the BMsycoms probably
the Cassis, the Nautilus
and -P~MC:o!~<t followspecies of th Strombus,
ing in about the order named.
PtLtnaBi: in Surveys West ofthe MOth Meridian, Vol. VII, p. 251.
Beiaa and Stnbel: Necropolis of Ancon, Pern, Plate 83.

ART

192

The

Busycon
and

shell,
wide.

which
and

this

that
pretty

however,
paper.
From

the
for

easily

accomplished-holes

and

the

were

used

of

used

used

extensively
in

Atlantic
the

AMEEICANS.

one

and

for

Gulf

than

any other
is very
from
Massa-

or

other

coasts

States

it

in their
complete
a slight
and when
step,
are
handles
are
bored,
are
parts
removed

state

for

and

away,
the

breaking
and grinding.
but
later
mechanically

perforating;

modifi-

is
suggested
carved
or added,

broken
from

their

once

a grt
of purposes.
variety
been
such
as flint
very
simple,

stones

for

United

form

shells

is but

have

employed
and rough

cutting,
at first

more

useless
down,
columell
are

ground
The

parts

devices

been

ANCIENT

distribution

the
along
and within

employment
convenience

cation

are
margins
are
polished.

THE

is artificially
disof the
Atlantic
The
uses
to
greater
part
slope.
has been
Americans
are so numerous
put by the ancient
1 shall
not attempt
to enumerate
them
here.
They are,
out in the subsequent
of this
thoroughly
brought
pages

shell

varied

has
its

to Mexico,
over
the

tributed

OF

jper~e~Mm,

consequently
is o tained

It

chnsetts

SHELL

IN

large
The

surfaces
univalves,

mechanical
for

implements
Hand-drills

were
drills

revolving

devised.

VESSELS.
I shall
the

not

to take
attempt
of their
development,

order

utensils,

weapons

as celts,
used

knives,

according
with

the

vaj*ious

as it would

ornaments

were

first

be hard

of objects
in shell
in
to say whether
food

used.

It

classes

shells

of

dence

which

various
that

impossible

kinds

bears

as

directly

the

vessels.

We

upon prehistoric
shells
used
by the

very
the
identical

were

it seems

briefly

ail

earliest

historic
With
earthen
of fruits,
Herrera
banquets

recorded

use

of

these

objects

variously

to go
of the
portions
the natives
of

in this

case

customs.
natives
first

histori

Indeed,

evi-

it

is

not

encounteredby
from
so recently
burial
have
associated
objects

are
ones
exhumed
Europeans,
of the finer
of shell
as many
places,
specimens
with
them
articles
of undoubted
manufacture.
European
the

to
such

arts,

convenient

in many
the
use by
have

difficult

in the

implements
employed
as it is probable
hammers,
etc.,
they
to the needs
of their
possessors.

vessels

American

is also

from

proper

treated
of natural
vessels,
shaped
by art.
Earlyexplorers
continent
in their
record,
writing,

Having
on

or

weapons,

distinguish

up

introduces

naturally

notice
the

of
pre-

use.
nations
that
many
and stone
vessels,
the sea-shell
was
describes
of the

the
elegant

use

were

with
convenient
supplied
as others
of the
hard
shells
perhaps
nevertheless
a favorite
for drinking.
vessel
bountifully

as

well

of

silver,
gold,
Montezuma

monarch

shell,
II,

and
who

gourd

cups
sometimes

at

th

drank

BUREAU

0F

ANNUAL

ETHKOLOGr

1.
2.

in
Froma.p1a.te
From
a. Peru.viaji

Do

S.Pecten.CalifomiiLgra.ve.
4. Haliotis,
OiJiforma

Bry.

grn.ve.
SHELL

VESSELS.

gra.vo.

REPORT

(H
S)

1S81

11,.

XXI

noLMEs.]

out

DRINKING

of cocoas

make

and

natural

AND

shells

statements.

similar

FOOD

Clavigero

formed
curiously
naturally
vessels,
Florida
feasts
of-the
the periodical

of

a few

and
ago,
a covered

shells

and

one

custom

has

that

in

enstoms

of

rites.
in their
sepulchral
importance
furnishes
ofhis
"Brevis
Narratio,"
a procession
of nude
females
shows
of

a row

on

graves,

probably
shell,
another
we have
the

of

heap

which

of

each

earth

of

raised

has

been

this

above

for

custom,
of

the

Moquis

of that

tribe

containing

the

four

sea-

large
the

which

the

with

be

of

remarkable

of snch
locks

use.

hair

of their

upon

placed
the
dead,

a large
nnivalve
40
and
in Plate

the

being
placed
chieftain.

shell

a departed

grave
is given;
of the
shell
represented
"X~T,
Fig.
1, an ontline
drawn
the pearly
sembles
most
by th
being
nearly
nautilus,
but,
we
are
at
to
the
shell
from
or
liberty
suppose
memory
description,
nsed

and

others

or less

more

altered
times

peoples.
the
dead
the

consider
exposure,
within

Haywood,
of shells

Indians

are

use~

of
we

such

marvel

a limited
there

the

of
period
may be found
of white
traders,

agency
less from
purely
that
th
show
speaking
the
when

aboriginal
whites
have

of early

trade

traders

"exhibited

thse

Indians,

~De Bry:
13

neighboring

to

have

put

we

which

~rtist
actu-

Adair,

Bartram,
and

vessels,
them
to

In
it re-

probably

coast,

Tonti,

Hakiuyt,
for drinking

known
with

quantity

and

mounds

the

by art.
the use

the

on

in much

a similar

can

use.

know

noth-

rapidity
they
decay,
of shells
or even
by comparatively
by prehistoric
deposits
articles
the custom
of burying
valued
It is only througb
we
of
these
relies
are
to
us.
that
preserved
When
any

of surface

with

from

Busycon

of the

account

recent

large

mention

recent

On
ing

was

first

plates
Plate
19

Plate

ally
more

men

associated

natnrally

in

scatter

or drink

food

containing
uinstration

of
thus

would

who

which

altar

is are-

th

among
dance

the

composition,
Vessels

two

It

assembly.~

snake

Bry,
instances

favor,
men
two

which
drink,
Ilex
C~s(probably
was
offered
to the

contained

savages
De

ot

high

dances

noticed
of

in

the

drink

front

or

many

of black

cassine

the

earthen

of
full

been

In

were

entire

witnessed

states

ceremonial

important

to the

vessel,
unknown
of some
liqnid
drank.
the
snakes
freely

handled

who

then

Bourke

Lieutenant

snakes

stage

and

prsent,
a similar

of Arizona.
years
was

a certain

authors

sea-shells

used."

shells

conch-shells
very
large
bearing
in, each
of the
leaves
of the
an infusion
young
this
After
prolonged
ceremonies,
L.).

Other

jewels."
"beautifui
were

varnished,
Indians

it is

to the whites
king,
markable
fact that

at

says

that

came

sine,

how

with

and
was

related

set

nchly

193

VESSELS.

latter

at

necessarily
objects
numbers
the vast

majority
instances
Many
in the
trade

engaged
the Ojibways

were
Pars

large

astonished,
2.

by

vast

sources.

a une

Colleotio

obtained

specimens
but the

with

inland.

carried

years,

destroyed
that
must

Brevis

of Lake
shell
saying
Narratio,

and

by
have

In

the

the

Indians

were
in

more

time,
been,
recent

through

derived

doubt-

be

shells.

Kohl,
in
states
that

Superior,
held
it to
theyheard
1591, Plate

the
th

29.

cited

to

could

ears
roaring

of

194:

ART

IN

SHELL

OF

THE

ANCIENT

AMERICANS.

of the ocean in it, and paid for such a marvelons

shell furs to th value
of $30 or ~40, and even more." 1
and "hearts
Cabeca de Vaca" traded in sea-shells
of sea-shells
among
the Charruco
Indians
of the Gulf coast nearly three hundred
and Bfty
years ago.
The form of vessel of most frequent
occurrence
is made by removing
the whorl, columella,
and about one-half
of the outer shell of the large
nnivalves.
The body of the lower whorl is cnt
longitudinally,
nearly
the lip and parallel
opposite
with it.
The spire is divided
on the same
plane, a little above the apex, giving a result well illustrated
in Fig. 1,
Plate XXII.
and capacious
A very convenient
bowl is thus obtained,
the larger
a capacity
of a gallon or more.
specimens
having
The work
of dividing
the shell and removing
neatly the interior
parts must have
been one of no little dimculty,
the compactness
of the shell
considering
and the rndeness
of the tools.
For nomadic peoples these vessels would have a
over
great superiority
those of any other material,
as they were not heavy and could be transwithout
of breaking.
ported
danger
of these vessels the Busycon perversum
In the manufacture
seems to
have been a great favorite;
this may be the result
of the less massive
character
of the shell, wheh permits
more ready manipulation.
The
and the walls more uniform
spines are less prominent
in thickness
than
in shells of most other varieties
found
seaboard.
along the Atlantic
of the Strombus,
Specimens
were occasionally
Cassis, and Fasciolaria
used.
The specimen
illustrated
in Fig. 1, Plate XXII, is from a mound
at Bitcherville,
Museum at Washington.
Ind., and is now in the National
It is made from a Busycon perversum,
and is ten and one-half inches in
length by six and one-half in width at the most distended
part.
The body
and spire have been eut in the manner
described
above, and the interior
whorl and columella
have been skillfully
taken out.
The rim is not very
The outer surface of the shell bas been
evenly eut, but is quite smooth.
well polished,
but is now worn and scarred
The substance
of
by use.
the shellis very well preserved.
A second example,
now in the national
is from an ancient
mound atNaples,
III.
collection,
Itisverysimilarto
being made from the same species of shell.
It is eleven
the.preceding,
inchesjn
The body of the shell is well prelength
by seven in width.
served, the apex, however,
A small specimen,
also
being broken
away.
in the National
from a mound at Nashville,
Museum, was obtained
Tenn.,
Powell.
It is three and a half inches in length,
by Professor
and very
of the lower whorl of a Busycon.
shallow,
being but a small portion
the more recent
to th national
Among
collection
are
acquisitions
two very fine specimens
of these Busycon
vessels.
One of these was
obtained
from a mound
at East
Dl.
It is eleven
inches
Dubuque,
in length
by seven in width at the widest part;
th exterior
surface is
~Kohi: EitsqM-Ga.mi, vol. I, p. 186, Rau, trans.
Ca.besa de Vaca Relation et Naufrages.
Paris, 1837, p. 181. Spa,msh e., 15Rh.

BUREAU

0F

ANNUAL

ETHNOLOGY

1.
2.

a JEMSt/com
made
from
Shell
vessel
made
in imitation
Earthen
vessel

VESSELS.

yerBermtm,
of shell,

Ind
Mo.

(;)

(;

REPORT

1881

l'L.

XXU

ENGRAVED

Hoi.MEs.!

VESSEL

FBOM

ARKANSAS.

195

from
suffered somewhat
the interior
is less so, having
polished;
has
been
used
as
a
hanand
and
the
beak
is
very long
slender,
decay;
die.
Tho whole vessel has a dipper-like
appearance.
was
to my notice
of these vessels
The finest example
yet brought
in Octofrom a mound
at Harrisburg,
obtained
Ark., by Dr. Palmer,
in having
an
described
It differs from the other specimens
ber, 1882.
on
the
exterior
surface.
elaborate
ornamental
In
shape
design engraved
it corresponds
figured, no part of the
closely to the first specimen
pretty
the interior
parts have been removed,
being eut away;
spire, however,
and th ridges on the inner suras usual.
The surface is quite smooth,
highly

and polished.
Its length
is eleven
face of the spire are neatly rounded
XXHTis
devoted
to the illusPlate
and its width
seven.
inches,
from apex to
The entire
exterior
tration
of this specimen.
surface,
base, is covered with a design of engraved lines and figures, which are apwell with the expandas to accord remarkably
plied in such a manner
is unusually
of
the
the
shell.
The
surface
of
spire
nat,
upper
ing spiral
to Fig.
It will be seen by reference
and has been ground quite smooth.

at nearly
a series of lines, interrupted
that
regular
XXIII,
figures, has been
intaglio
by short cross lines and rectangular
sries of lines
toward the lip. Another
from the apex outward
carried
the
next
the
inner
the
on
passes around
lip
of
shell,
margin
begins
upper
over
and extends
downward
of the upper surface,
the circumference
the
entire
in
the
other
as
shown
the carina,
body
figure,
covering,
The base of
the extrme
of the vessel, excepting
point of the handle.
The
has a small a'dditional
the shell, which is perforated,
group of lines.
series are, on the more expanded
lines of the principal
portion of the
by two
body of the shell, about eight inches long, and are interrapted
2, Plate
intervals

The
lines and two rows of incised
rectangnlr
figures.
feature
of
the
the
most
the
latter
contains
between
interesting
space
two inches in length
Three arrow-head
by one
shaped figures,
design.
near
one near the outer lip, another
in width, are placed,
and one-half
the inner lip, and the third in the middle of the body, a little belowthe
a.
and resemble
are neatly cut and symmetrical,
These figures
center.
of each is a
Near the center
and blunt-pointed
arrow-head.
barbed
to a variety
of
small circle, which gives the figure a close resemblance
of which has been found
one specimen
stone implements,
perforated
of this design,
Whatever
near Osceola, Ark.
may be the significance
it is at least a very remarkable
and it is undoubtedly
piece
significant,
The pottery
of
effort at decoration.
of work and a highly successfol
with painted
and indecorated
which is generally
this region
highly
similar
to this, and it is
of a character
nothing
cised lines, contains
rnle
in
such matters
to
consider
a
that
what
I
have
corne
approbable
or ideographic,
plies in this case; the design on the shell is significant
is purely ornamental.
that on the pottery
of vessels made
of showing
the very wide distribution
For the purpose
I introdnce
here
the Busycon perversum,
from large seashells,
especially
heretofore
of
most
of'the
reported.
specimens
descriptions
rows

of short

196

ART

Dr.

in his

Bau,

states

in

that

vessel
has

SHELL

OF

on
paper
collection

the

THE

ANCIENT

trade
in Nrth
aboriginal
Colonel
of Brooklyn,
Jones,
which
is eight
and a half
inches

from
of

seven

inches

where

stone

grave

near

from
1

Two

fine

and

had

cnps
From

Prof.

been

a stone

interior

exterior

the
were

some

been

the

three

grave

large
sea-shells,
at the
and
the
ton, another
foot,
fourth,
terior
eut out and
the exterior
apartments
4
face
and forehead
of the skull.
In

small

Jones

found

which

had

been
shells

large
were

moved,

ures
tire
These
way
same
the

more

a foot
its

length
shells

into

were

size

gigantic

in'length,
could

probably
Tennessee

found

mannictured

from

be

first

visit

of these
in

Florida.

in Third

Annnal

rd,

spots.3
the

following
of th skele-

side

with

the

in-

covered

beak

the

the

been

than

off.

Gulf

of
The

from

and
are

those

found

or from

those,

as will

Report,

their
in

the
at

be seen

The
in
great
similarity
it quite
that
probable
they
number
of similar
made
dishes,

rendors
A

en-

inches.

in Florida

mounds.

dishes

but
meas-

found
made

of

says
made

When

or fifteen

Mexico,
dishes

re-

east

Tennessee,
or dishes,
cnps
as the preceding,
One of them

broken

of

Troost.~
been

miles

sixty

fourteen

trame.

bnrial

had

of Eastern

has

less

Dr.

by

~Rau, in Smititscmiam
Report for 1872, p. 376.
"Jomes: Antiqnitiea
ofthe
Sonthern
Indians,
p. 233.
~Jonea
of Tennessee,
Aborigina.1 Remains
p. 59.
<JM< p. 60.
5Ibid., p. 45.
in Eleventh
Annnal Report,
~Pn.tnam,
Peabody
Mnseum,
~'Wyman,

drink-

painted

coinmellae

mounds,

monnds

been
of

been

observed

the

well-preserved

distinguished
of the Enropeans,

ancient

the

of

circular

a large
specimen,
surface
carved,

~Msyco~
~e?'~rsMNt]
than
those
now found.

came
to

length
and
colu-

whoris

had
large

as in a case

are

articles

in

in

of Nashville,
Professor
city
Tenn.,
The
interior
or spiral
portion
it was
used
as a drinking
probably

of the

the

not
in

and-make

ont;
idol

though
not have
as

mounds

pnrpose

just
mentioned,
one on each

from
which
Busycon,
from
the
Lindsley
Pntnam.~

Professor

and
way,
of the
time

further,
the style

of

Wyman,
writing
the
implements
of shell
species

that~among
of the same
mnch

the
opposite
sea-conch."

obtained

by

Nashville,
Professor

large

ont
carefully
shrine
of an

or as the

vessel,
Two

of

mound
~a

from

Big Harpeth
Biver,
of which
was much

one

sea-shells,
these
shells
with

near

on the

Franklin,

large
of

marked

of a ohild,
grave
found
FoTir

County,

inches

the

was

sort.~

near

surface

had

Habersham

answered

they

and

long,
It

is widest.

periphery

were
taken
flammea
were
ten
nearly
The
interior

They
diameter.

mound
grave
Jones
took
two

The

decayed.
and the
In

of

its

Clarksville,

Cassis

so that

removed,

or .rceptacles

Joseph

relies

ofthe
Georgia.
inches
in

Valley,
seven

abont

mellse

a Cassis

specimens

Nacoochee

America,
there
is a

of

formed

Georgia.

AMERICANS.

ancient

a diameter

obtained

ing

IN

Peabody

Museum,

p. 355.
p. 7.

BUEEAtJ

0F

ANNUAL

ETHNOLOGY

BNGRA.VED

narriaburg.Arb

VESSEL.

RETORT

1881

TL.

XXUI

HOLMES.]

from

DEINEINS

the

same

were

shell,

Professor

by

AND

FOOD

from

obtained

VES8ELS.

mounds

at

197

Cedar

Eeys,

Florida,

Wyman.~

had charge
of the excavation
informed
Colonel
WhittleCanal,
several
at the depth
of twenty-five
feet in the alluvium
shells
sey that
to the species
were
taken
out.2 2
.BMsyco~jMf~e~Mm
belonging
Dr.
of the
Cincinnati
mentions
several
writing
mounds,
Drake,
to the
ont in
marine
belonging,
genus
large
perhaps,
Buccinum,
shells,
Francis

known

a way

such
a state

as

Atwater

in snch

a mound

to serve
3

for

states
the

Ohio

domestic

that

a manner
on

in 1828,

eut"

"deep

of chalk.~

Mr.
eut

C. E., who,
on the

Cleveland,

as the

several

as to be

used

and

utensils,
marine

shells,
probably
Buccinum,
domestic
were
fonnd
utensils,

for

Miami

Warren
River,
from
which
the

Little

Ohio.
County,
inner
whorls
and

of large
t A Cassis
size,
had been
removed
to adapt
it for use
on Paint
Scioto
Valley,
Creek,
mound,
and

inches
in length
It is farther
part.
are found
in the tumuli

shells

In

ers.
mouth,

stated

that

and upon
and Erie
the Ohio
Canal,
digging
its southern
terminus
on th Ohio
which

shells,

large
the

as a vessel,
was found
Ohio.5
This
specimen
in circumference
by.twenty-four

half

largest

hand

of man.
of

columellse

appeared
were

They

some

large

abont

three

probably

of

fragments
altars
the
there

Clark's
is eleven
at

these

of the

and

mound-build-

carefally

beneath

the

~fONt&Ms

Ports~
or six

deposited

th

the

other

near
found,
a cluster
of five

feet

in

columella
in

was

River,
thus

been

to have

shells,

into

converted

nearly

surface.
were

~<ts,

by
The
also

discovered.~
in a moundnear
Grand
marine
shells
were found
Rapids,
Severallarge
Mich.
were
all
hollowed
for
or storing
They
apparently
carrying
out,
and
in one
case perforated
at the npper
on opposite
sides
edge
water,
or thong.7
for suspension
by a cord
Mr.
obtained
through
by

a vessel

mentions
Farqnharson
from
a mound
near
an

about
in

seven

width,

a large

describes

inch
and
specimen

above

made

Davenport,
the center;

has
of

a capacity
from
Cassis

from

Iowa.

a .BMsyco~
The

shell

it is thirteen
of

nearly
a monnd

two

has

inches

pints.~
in Muscatine

perversum,
been
ont
in

length
He also
Cotmty,

lowa.~
Long,

in his

expdition

from

Pittsburgh

to

the

Rocky

Mountains

1 Wyman, in Third Animal Report,

Peabody
Museum,
p. 8.
~Foster:PreMatodcBaoeaoftheUiutecLSta,tes,p.78.
is qnite sma,U it; is probable
that th specimens
3 Since the shell here named
were .B~ycons.
to the Rocky Mountains,
Vol. I, p. 361.
4Long's Expdition
American
in Transactions
Antiquarian
Society, Vol. I.
6Atwater,
ofthe Mississippi
Ancient Monuments
Valley, p. 283.
"Sqnier and Davis:
'JBta'
p. 284.
of the Am. Association,
1875, page 296.
s Farqnharson,
in Proceedings
9J6M.,p.397.

in

found

198

ART

-IN

OF

THE

ANCIENT

AMERIOANS.

of a large
shell
which
seems
to have
been
reverenced
as a
This
been one of the large,
may bave
brilliantly-colored
Baculites
so common
in the upper
Missouri
His descripregion.

speaks

1819,
kind

of oracle.

fossil
tion

will

In

be

the

drinking

in full

given

Naturalist

was
beads,
the Mohawk
These

found

The

shell

the

by

art,

other

relies,
in
grave

have

also

that

surprising
In the Peabody

itated.

classjust
described,
It is about
nine

neatly

made,

and

vessel
eleven

wide,

ornamented

with

of

four

the

New

York,

models

for

copied
features

in

common
shell
and

is

XXII.
Fig.
2, Plate
the middle
Mississippi

well

spire
nodes.

ferior
others

It

wide

and

five

somewhat
vessels,
to the opposite
sides

added

being

inches

shell

represent

beaks

The

imIt

Stanley

vessels

is ilware

nearly
surrounded
one-half

so

of

the

symmetrical
by four

in-

shape

are

is

peculiar

blackish

general

and

well

deep.

shell

it

vessel

ail

designs
one of the

ordinary

however,
sides,
a central
node,

by

is four

is of the
district.

the

represented;
is represented

the

It

and

a shell

being
and four

the
of this
It was
taken
from
pottery
region.
Saint
Ark.
Francis
mounds,
River,
A small
earthen
vessel
made
in imitation
of these
in

primitive
district
were

from

to

lustrated

the

long
and white

red

in

in clay,
objects
of the shell.

form

and
shell

many
probably

Mississippi

natural

characteristic

inches

sea-she

a length
which
were

the

is an earthen
the

having

as

of

of shells.

describes

middle

imitate

uses

Frey

among
eastern

served

should

they
Museum

sacerdotal

Mr.

of the
peoples
in the
reproduction

is not

the

of
1879,

ancient

skillful

extremely

treating

October,
modified

with
This,
in ancient

Valley.
vessels
of

potter.

in

for
somewhat

vessel,
inches.

one-half

of

SHELL

Three

long.

less
the
closely,
of ordinary
cups.

and

spires

SPOONS.
As

domestic

in

importance
varieties
have

bivalve
of

that

been

of form,

all

stages
anterior

notches,
anterior

handle,

burning

the

The
and
tip

angle

is

with

the

outer
in
for

then

purpose

a place
Marine

of

consisting
device
hot food
The

handie,

by

of
the

away

the
shell,
leaving
from
the opposite
the valve
by a more

bandle

a round
of

is

frequently
has
perforation

suspension.

In

one

add

to
a

however,
present
in the carving
chiefly
could

the

natural
or

beauty

which

cutting

nuviatile

in the

generally
their
not,

inferior

hardly
and

be

eaten

may

be

salient
sides
or

less

withseen
of

portions

undercut

body

of
edge
a few cases
the

held

alteration

by which
the fingers.
is produced

of development,
and
basal
margins

this
jecting
is connected
neck.

of

of

danger

have
univalves.

large

and
indiscriminately,
altered
by art to enhance
The
artificial
do
utensils

occasionally
convenience.

very
greatvariety
out of a kind

shells

the

used

but

state,
their

out

utensils
to

angle
proso that
it
restricted

ornamented
been
case

in
the

made
a rude

with
near

the

design

UNIO

noLMEs.]

circular

of small
th

nmshed

the

implement

the

away,
neat

has

depressions

thick

dorsal

been

a very

the

probable
lections

lateral

notches

no

examples

slightly

all the
Nearly
from
are made
Left valve
are

they

fact
of the

most

from

iently
By
ing

and

left

valve

ing

of

now

most

shell,

a smooth,

leaving
to
The

the

purpose

have

been

carefully

it is not

im-

Our

colman-

in this

have
have

regarded
as
more labor

used.

worked

univalves

surface

most

must
be
spoons
and has cost mnch
which

in

lips

whole

been

cut

been

reported.
to my notice

corne

7?no.
of

which

utensils

these

gives

such

by
these

the

used
of

made

from

handle

that

thus
indicating
hand,
In the national
collec-

right
from

one

been
to the

have

a position

peoples.

specimens,

in

the

Nashville,

Tenn.,

and

that

course

he

museum

will
th
using
spoon
of the shell
is used

corner

hinge
In

be

seen.

have
dead.

of the spoon
point
much
less convenient

been
The

the

living.
shown

specimen

the

Powell,
left
valve

has

been

ficially
ornament

from
of

finished
shaped,
th

inches
were
made

the
outside

in length
obtained
from

the

also

be

observed

right-handed
is

presented
that
pnrpose.

for

that

the

suppos-

spoon,
to the

lips,

the

been
occasionally
of them
many
very
with
the
vessels
in th graves
placed
the
ail probability,
were
the receptacles
of food,
had
could
dead
as they
that
be usedbythe
they

in
vessels,
so placed

being
used
by

will

the

the

being
to the

The

spoons

It

to make

use
of these
regard
it shold
for ornaments,
earthen
been
found
within

taken

are

down,

In

been

of thse
has
examined
over
thirty
made
from
the
and ail are
[Peabody],
as to. be most
convenvalves
of TMMMM~B, and
so shaped
[left]
1
with
the right
hand."
used
manner
of graspto Fig.
the
reference
probable
I, Plate
XXIV,

right

mens

that

of

have

presented

however,
specimens,
of carved
that
spoons

Ky.
Connty,
Pntnam
states
that

Professer

four

marine

surface..

upper

teeth

Union

shell-spoons

fesser

of

the

polished.
has

savages,
a hanclle,
for
at times
may

conveniently
on the part
two left-handed

right-handedness
are
tion there
one

altered

specimens
a few species

is a curious

It

specimens
of these

for
of

attachment

furnish
a few

ner

and

fashioning

performance

ingenious
would
th

than

the

the

Altogether,

to
and

carefully
ground
which
was
point,

and
the anterior
edge,
was well rounded
or drinking,
eating
finished
of the shell
in th
more
dressed.

added

ligament,

hinge,

margin

199

SPOONS.

in

vhich
objects,
be mentioned

have

that

was
3, Plate
XXIV,
near
Tenn.
Nashville,
delicate
of the
specimen

obtained

Fig.

monnd

a very
with
more
natural
of
and
from
Unio

than
shell

the

usual

two
the
o~MS,

much

being

handle.
and

care.

The
one-half

same
one

locality
only

It
Unio

The

reduced,
bowl
of the

by
made

is

entire

o'ccttMs," and
rim is arti-

and
spoon

six

notches
is nearly

other
Eight
Professor
Powell.

in width.
by
being

Profrom

left-handed.

in Eleventh
Annual
Report, Peabody
Museum,
p. 235.
~Pntnam,
of the Geologioa.1 Survey, for
21 am indebted
to Dr. Charles A. White,
in this paper.
cation of the numerous
of PK!o?:M(B mentioned
specimens

speciAil
Ail

are

the identi&-

200

ART

IN

SHELL

0F

THE

ANCIENT

AMERTCANS.

inferior in finish to the specimen

illustrated.
The handles
of a number are rndimentary,
and th margins
and surfaces
are but slightly
worked.
The spoon illustrated
in Fig. 4, Plate XXIV,
is made from the left
valve of a Unio alatus (?) and was obtained
from a mound at MadisonIt is an unusually
well-finished
and handsome
ville, Ohio.
specimen,
and notwithstanding
its fragile character,
is well preserved.
Aportion
ofthe
been broken
The handle is ornapoint bas, unfbrtnnately,
away.
mented
with four shallow
the anterior
notches,
point
being
neatly
rounded
and perforated
for suspension.
The edges of the utensil have
been carefnlly
finished, and both the inner and outer surfaces have been
down and polished
so that all the natural
are obliterground
markings
and the surface shows the pearly marbling
of the foliation.
This
in an interesting
specimen isngured
paper,~ prepared
by Mr. Charles F.
this use being suggested
Low, as an ornament,
by its finish and decobut as it was found in what was presumably
a food vessel, and
ration
at the saine time resembles
so closely the spoons of other localities,
1
take the liberty of classifying
it with them.
One of the most interesting
collections
of these utensils
was made in
Union County,
Our information
in regard
to this
Ky., by S. S. Lyon.
lot of speciinens
as Mr. Lyon's report
quite meager,
is, un&rtnnately,
gives them but casual mention.
illustrtes
the finest
of these specimens
on a
Fig. 2, Plate
XXIV,
scale of one-half.
The shell used is a large specimen
of Unio ovatus,
the bowl of the spoon being about four inches long and three wide.
As
ated,

the right valve has been nsed, the utensil is left-handed.

The handle
is ornamented
with two marginal
the basal point is long and
notches;
and is deeply undercut.
The anterior
in
spine-like,
point is beak-like
to it, the position
shape, the nicely made perforation
holding, in relation
of an eye, which, together
with the comb-Iike
notches
above, gives a
close resemblance
to a bird's head.
The point of the spoon is
pretty
broken
away.
The seven remaining
from
this locality
have a variety
of
spoons
ail
handles,
are deeply
Unio ovatus
Another

of which are notched

on the outer margin,
while a few only
all have been made from the left valve of th
undercut;
finish.
(~) and are of medinm size and ordinary
in the national
collection
specimen
comes from Henderson
The shell used is th Unio o~a~~
the handle is notched
Connty, Ey.
on the onter margin, bnt~ is only slightly
the thick margin
under-cnt;
of the shell about the hinge has not been removed.
A spoon made from the left valve of a Unio silignoidens (?) has recently
been obtained
from a mound at Osceola, Ark.; it is but slightly
worked,
having a series of small notches eut in the basal margin,
toward the front.
The Natural
Musum of New York contains
a specimen
of this
History
'Aro'hological Explorations
1879.

bythe

Literary

and SoientiRo Society of Madisonville,

BUTAU

0F

ANNUAL

ETHNOLOGY

IMajmerofgtaspiDgapoon.
2. T~amomi~
&

B'entm~y.

REPORT

3.Trom.a.mouDd.pearmslrvi!Ie.(i)
a,
monn~m
Ohio.
4. Fiom

(;).
SHELL

SPOONS.

188).

(t)

rL.XXIV

labeled

class,
either

the

near

Several

lost.

were

were

more
the

"a

These

artificially

fine

Harrisburg,
more

at

dipping

have

appeared
been

up

food

have

east

but

drink."
been

Joseph

were

much

from
compared

Jones
altered
been
as

also

and

as

of

one

have

to

shape

Two

1
in

Prof.

obtained

worked

slightly

region.

ornaments
s

as

Bowling
and

handled

skeletons,
of Nashville.~

their

from

and

same

the

Pm~K~<B,

the

being

River,
which

used

recently

are

on

miles

Harpeth

Big

of

one

two

mnssel-shells,

to

and

at

graves
with

the

been
have
ligaments
leavremoved,
margin
postero-dorsal
The
for a handle.
basal
projecting
margin
subtriis
the
shell
of
outline
The
general
is
and
in length
one-half
and
wide
by four
Th

and

teeth,

hinge,

of th

and
point
smoothed.
inches

it is three

angular

th

large
mnssel-shells

posterior
are well

surfaces

on

specimens.
and a portion

down

ground
ing the

vessel
sixty
Lebanon,

specimens
Ark.
They

elaborate

from

between

consisting

collection,
from
made

superior
of these,

obtained

earthen

mound

carved,
for
or cnps

spoons
Three

were

fresh-water

few

time.

by

without

aroundedhandie,

crumbled
others
Tenn.;
in
were
obtained
others

monnds

a stone-cist

fonnd

localises.
ovatus,

an

in

found

Lindsley
In

Unio

Nashville,

a very
Six

contains

several

from

of specimens
from
mostly

Ithas

Georgia.

or notches.
Museum

Peabody

mounds

from

as coming

perforation

The

201

SPOONSENIVES.

HOLMES.!

U~to
cuneatus.
the
and wife.
man
two Virginia
Indians,
a
illnstrating
plate
gives
Beverly
some.
which
a
they
the
woman
is
CocHe-SheU,
mat
on th
at dinner;
by
The Spoons
which
they
eat with,
do gentimesuseinsteadofaSpoon~
small
for
at
the
using
and
English
a Pint;
half
langh
hold
they
erally
that
to their
so often
Mouths,
forc'd
to
must
be
carry
which
they
ones,
their
before
Belly.
Arms
are in Danger
of being
tir'd,
their
made

probably

from

KNIVES.
From-a
sively

very
by

the

early
ancient

as appliances
the
chase,
as Imives,
scrapers,
gougers,
It is a noteworthy
fact,
however,
and our
of these
classes,
objects
Our interest
on th subject.
tion
find

been

ipatnam,

hand

the

shapedby

it instructive

to

the

study

in Eleventh

'I6M.,p.344.
Jones:
Antiquities
History
4Beverly:

as

implements,
as
fishing,

for

of

man,
varions

Annua.1

of Tennessee,
of Virginia,

in snch
chiefly
but to illustrate

Report,

extenfor

weapons

but

furnishes

literature
lies

quite

war

implements,
agricultural
of arts.
in a variety
etc.,
in
do not abound
collections

perforators,
our
that

and

have

employed

as

Americans

and

been

have

must

shells

date

ways

in

Peabody

whichthe
Mnsenm,

p. 64.
1722, pl. 10, p. 154.

informa-

little

of these
their

as
objects
use we will

natural
p. 334.

shells

202

ART

have

been

As

we

have

of the
ning
manufacture
in

the

manner

in

we may

trace

the

origin

in

the

modification

early
and

cutting

are

do possess
It

endnring.
so frequently
and
display,

early

of

food

utensils
in

which

shaping
shell,
and probably

is also

not

objects
of
of

th

so

time

in

beginto the

an

preparing

led

various
important
a number

in

food,

step
and
the

rude

machines

of

numerous

such

vessels

must

coast

the

have

as food

I will present
consideration,
of
the
American
knives
majority
Indians,
and flint
were
in general
use, but it would
and sharpened
also sometimes
were
shaped
clay,

the

of

these

as the material
is not
date,
such
that
as
objects
would,

deposited

American

shells
and

ancient

improbable
in graves,

under

in

devel-

an important
proved
so in this
convenient
art,
mechanical
we witness
arts,

of very

deposited

explorers

employment
are interesting,

and

and

forms.

of objects
of taste,
of native
American

as we

personal

wood

AMERICANS.

of

suSiciently
a rule,
be.

notices

of

this

ANC1ENT

material,

objects

of the

In

THE

in the
as employed
human
and in the
industries,
many important
from
shell
behold
the
probably
prototypes
stone
and
metal.
It cannot
be
that
supposed

workable

peared.
The

seen
art

OF

evolution

inception
constructed
works

SHELL

employed.
artificial

of

opment

IN

or objects
of
have
disap-

soon

make

occasional

mention

arts.

As

of

bearing
of them

for

these

subject

Among

obsidian,
jasper,
shells
artificially

stone,
seem that
used

the

upon
here.

of

dressing

many

shaping
and

game,

in
objects
in human

butchery.
that
of the Hakluyt
when
Society,
or tresany notorious
enemy
punish
to be tyed
to a tree,
and with
muscle.
shells
or
reedes
th executioner
cutteth
off his joints
one after
ever
castanother,
off into the fier;
then
doth
he proceede
with
shells
and
is cutt
ing what
1
to case the skyn
from
his head
and face."
reedes
women
for
Such
knives
were
aiso
ased
off
by Powhatan's
cutting
2
their
hair'
Stracheyinforms

us,

in volume

the

Powhatan
omnipotent
he causeth
him
passer,

A number
Ealm,

of

authors

speaking

of

mention
the

were
satisfied
they
knives,
kind
or else some
other
hard
which

they
encountered

the

Indians

of

of bone,
piece
The
Indians

VI

"would

had

with

use
of

little

of a stonc,

of

New

shells

as scalping-knives.
that
instead
says
of flint or quartz,
pieces
a sharp
or with a
shell,

Jersey,

sharp
or with
3

sharpened."
Hudson
by Henry
during
him welcome,
"killed
a fat dog,
and skinned
in making
4
shells
which
with
they
had.
asserts
that
before
the English
the
Beverly
supplied
with metallic
their Knives
were either
sharpen'd
tools,

his

first

it in great

Indians

Virginia
Reeds,

or Shells,

vol. VI, p. 52.

Hatdtiyt
Socety Publications,
Strachey,'in
~6M.,YoI.YII,p.67.
~K~Im's Travels,
London,
1772, vol. I, p. 341.
~Collections
New York Hiatorioa,!
Society, vol. I, 3nd series,

voyage,
haste

p. 198.

and

203

KNIVES-CELTS.

HoutEB.)

Axes

their

with

the

By

Turpentine.
Tree.

Locust

to the

bonnd

Stones

sharp

of

help

these

of

end
they

and

a Stick,
their

in

glued
of

Bows

made

the

of the sonthof some

speaking
~their
that
says
the
Patagonians,
probably
America,
and a foot
of mussel-sheUs,
being
great
are made
and knives
hatchetts
them
broken
whereof
grind
off, they
brickle
being
the
in length,
part
and as it seemeth,
very
and very
a.
fine
labor
to
sharpe,
edge
by great
use in entting
which
they
Their
working
tools,
durable.2
and monof most
made
are
knives
huge
and such
thse
other,
things
of
or-heard
been
seen
have
not
like
whereof
shels
mussell
strous
(the
and
savourie
thereof
good
the meate
being
very
by any travelers,
lightly
and
brittle
thinne
off the
broken
have
after
they
in eat~ng),
which,
them
rub
and grind
upon
stones
had for the
of the edge,
substance
they
that
an edge
and set such
upon
them,
have
till they
tempered
purpose,
3
the same.
with
will cut it at pleasure
but they
no wood
is so hard
Vanof
th
Indians
used
were
knives
by
shell
to Sproat,
According
over
wooden
curions
placed
in carving
the
images
Island
conver's
in

Drake,
ern tribes

his

of

graves.~
Ancient

or

will

knives

probably
valves.

far

be

were
mentioned

in

wrong

simply
were

sharpened

portions

that
as

bivalve
whorl

of

from

th

such

for

cutting.
The
shells.

th

often

lower

spec-

scrapers

concluding

doubtless
the

Such
as

classed

as well

digging

of

be

well

and

scraping

proper

so frequently
more
frequently

scrapers

not

probably
for

as

could

notice

in collections.

found

rarely

very

used

were

implements
As a ruie,

are
to my

corne

We

celts.

Encompassed,"

knives

shell
have

as

imens

"Worid

South

the

same,

but

large

uni-

CELTS.

and

handles
the

blade

Nearly
in this

all

specimen
is extremely
typical
width,

and

The
from

massive,
It

celts.
nearly

one

three

very

of

having
is five

the

fine
than

1 is more

Fig.

inch

base

a variety
the shell

examples

at

th

Life,

p. 86.

have

almost

two

thickest

and

lower
been

are

and

1733, p~ 197.
Beverly: History of Virginia,
vol.
SooietyPnblications,
~Dra~e,
in Hakluyt
3 Ibid, p. 78.
4 Sproat's Salage

of the

well

proportions
in length,

throngh

ways,
forms
the

usually

inches

lower
of

in

used

wall
broadly
expanded
collection
the national

XX.V
in

made

generally
probably

spine-like

the
in

specimens
In Plate

illustrated

stone

were

without.
cnt

are

class

They

being
the

way.

this

of

Implements
univalves.
large

shaft,
whorl.

obtained

figured.
fashioned,
the weight
three-fourths

part.
XVI,

of
part
with

p. 74.

The
and
of
in

204

ART

SHELL

OF

THE

ANCIENT

AMERICANS.

The edge is even and sharp,

and but slightly
the beveled
rounded;
faces are quite symmetrical,
and meet at an angle of about
35; the faces
are cnrved
the original
curvature
of the shell, and
slightly,
following
the sides are evenly dressed
and taper
toward
the upper end
gently
whieh shows some evidence
of battering.
The surface of the specimen
is slightly
It has been made from a
chalky from deca,y.
jS'~om6Ms~M,
or some equally massive
shell.
It was collected
at Orange Bluff, Fla.,
A proBle view of the same specimen
by T. S. Barber.
is presented
in Fig.
2. The spcimen
shown in Fig. 3 was found in Madison
Connty, Ey.,
and is the only one in the national
collection from the Mississippi
Valley.
It was obtained
from a mound, but in what
relation
to the human
remains I have not learned.
It is fashiond
much like the specimenjust
it is one and a half inches
in width
at the npper end, and
described;
two inches
wide near the cntting
It has also been made from a
edge.
shell.
very massive
a specimen
Fig. 4 illustrtes
from St. MichaePs
Parish,
Barbadoes,
West Indies.
It is made from the basai portion of a
Busycon perversum.
The handle is curved
and neatly rounded,
and the edge is beveled
or
on the inside only.
sharpened
In the national
collection
there
are about
twenty
of these objects;
six are from Tampa,
Fia.; four of these are fragmentary;
the remaining
two are short and triangular,
and have been made, one from a
Busycon
the other from a Busycon
or Strombus.
perversum,
The cntting
edge is
wide and well sharpened.
Two are from Cedar Eeys,
Fia., and are
made from thin-walled
of the Busycon perversum.
speciniens
The larger
is six and one-half
inches in length
the
by three in width toward
base.
the other is about one-half
as large.
Both are rudely made, and show
the effects of use.
Five came from East Pass, Choctawhatchie
Bay,
FIa.
Two of them are fragmentary;
one of the entire
is
specimens
very well made, and has a regularly
beveled,
oblique edge, while another
is remarkable
in having a curiousiy
worn edge, which is deeply serrated
The majority
byuse or weathering.
of these specimens
are from ancient
shell heaps.
Three are from St. Michaers
West InParish,
Barbadoes,
been described.
dies, one of which has already
Professor
in the Naturalist
for October,
Wyman,
two
1868, illustrtes
of these celt-like implements
from the fresh-water
shell heaps near St.
One is made from a triangular
Johns, Fla.
piece out-from
a Busycon
a portion
of the rostrum,
carica, so as to comprise
which serves as a
and a portion
of a swollen
handle,
part of the body, which terminates
in the cutting
The sides and apex are smoothed
edge of the tool.
and
while the base is regularly
rounded,
rounded
and ground
to an edge
like that of a gouge, but with the bevel on the inside.
This authorstates
that another
obtained
at Old Enterprise,
specimen,
shows clearly that it was detached
from the shell by first cutting
a
off the fragment.
groove and then breaking
He also gives two views
of a smaJl shell celt which, from th exterior
and the thick
markings

AJmUAL
BUREAU

OF

REBOBT

1881

ETHNOLOGY

1.

Orange

BInff,

T]a.

()

2.

Onu~e

BtnN;

Fia.

(~

8.

Madison
Barbadoea,

SHELLCELTS.

County,
W.

Ky.
1.

()

()

PL.

XXV

CELTS-SORAPERS.

HOLMES,j

205

to have been cut from the base of a ~romon the inside, is thought
to a blunt edge like that seen in
broad
end
is
"Th
ground
busgigas.
most of the stone chisels from the other States, and the other is ground
to a binnt point."
In
are frequently
mentioned
These implements
by early explorers.
an Indian
is representedl
with
Plate 12 of the "Admiranda
Narratio,"
from the interior
a shell implement,
away the charred
portions
scraping
The same implement
out by fire.
of a. canoe which is being hollowed
ridge

used.
the bark from the tree trunks
for removing
employed
Indians
of Vancouver's
of the Klahoquat
Island,
Catlin, in speaking
found
in
the
various
a
of
mnssel-shell
of
a
that
large
size,
species
says
at the edge and
inlets where fresh and salt water meet, are sharpened
which
is used with
a
sort
of
set in withes of tough wood, forming
adze,
to its size; and the flying chips show the
one hand or both, according
in the soft and yielding
is made
the excavation
facility with which
man to work and ride
made
for
infant
and
no
doubt
designed
cedar,

was

in.

"their
Indians
of New England,
says that
whichbefore
of Pine-trees,
acquainted
theywere
them smooth with Clamscraping
theyburnedhollow,
with-BK~K~tooles,
stone-hatchets.
out-sides
with
their
and
shels
cutting
Oyster-shels,
used for axes and
when
of hafting
these
The method
implements,
for
stone implements
the
same
as
that
employed
adzes, was doubtless
Plate
th
in
This
is
illustrated
of similar
Fig.
2,
XXVII,
shapes.
It will be seen that
fastend
handle
by cords or sinews.
being secnrely
and that
cornes from the interior,
mentioned
but one of the specimens
Wood,
Cannows

from

speaking
be made

Madison

of the

either

Connty,

Ey.

SCRAPERS.
from the
obtained
of the seraping
The great
implements
majority
valves
of Unio or clamare simply
and shell heaps
graves,
mounds,
class
except by use; yet there is a widely distributed
shells, unaltered
a rough perwhioh have been altered
by making
of worked
specimens,
down and
near the center of the valve, and by the grinding
foration
in Fig. 3,
fine
is
illustrated
A
of
th
specimen
edges.
very
notching
It
It is formed of the left valve of a Unio tuberculosus.
Plate XXVI.
in
the
and
is
now
at Madisonville,
from a mound
was taken
Ohio,
is illusfrom the same locality
A similar specimen
collection.
national
and
the
Scientific
conducted
of
the
trated in an account
by
exploration
I have seen four other fine speciSociety of Mdisonville.*
~De Bry: Collectio Pars 1. "AdmiTa.nda, Narratio," Plate 12.
'Catlin: Indians of the Rocky Mountains and Andes, page 101.
3 Wood: New England Prospect, p. 102.
and Soientifie Society of Madisonville,
<Archological Explorations by theLiterary
Ohio, Part I, p. 17.

Literary

206

ART

IN

SHELL

OF

THE

ANCIENT

AMERICANS

from the same locality;

ail are made
tuberculosus
(?). It will be seen by reference
point of the shell is much worn, as if by use,
near th hinge, the margin bas been slightly
men, figured in the Madisonville
pamphlet,
are also much worn
ples from this locality,
mens

slightly

notched

made, and nearly

I have carefally

of the shell of the Unio

to Fig. 3 that the posterior
while at the opposite
end,
notched.
The large spcias well as ail other examat the posterior
end, and
The perforations
are roughiy

on the anterior
margin.
one-half an inch in diameter.
examined
ail the specimens

of this class within my

in ail, most of which are in the national
reach, probably
twenty-five
and I find them all very much alike.
collection,
They are from two to
five inches in length,
have rude central
and are worn by
perforations,
use at the posterior
on the anterior
The
point, and notched
margin.
of one end by use calls for no explanation,
but the purpose
blunting
of
the perforation
is a little obscure.
It may have been used for convenience in transportation,
but more probably
for attaching
a handle.
On
that a notch had in ail cases been made at the upper end, 1
discovering
became convinced
that the latter use was intended.
Whether
the suphandle
has been long or short, or attached
posed
or
longitudinally
I am unable to determine.
transversely,
In Plate XXVI,
of hafting
are illustrated.
Figs. 4 and 5, two methods
If used for striking,
the long handle would be the more
but if
suitable,
for scraping,
wood or clay, th
dressing
skins, scaling
fish, or shaping
handle suggested
in Big. 6 would be the most convenient.
The clamsheIL agricultural
so frequently
mentioned
implements,
by explorers
to handies
in the manner
of
along the Atlantic
coast, were attached
hoes or adzes, as shown in Fig. 2, Plate XXVII.
It is possible
that the
under consideration
specimens
may have been hafted in this manner.
A perforated
valve of a Unio gibbosus, which has probably
been nsed
as a knife or scraper, is shown in Fig. 1,. Plate XXVII.
It was obtained
from a cave near Nashville,
and is now in the national
collection.
Another
is shown in Fig. 1,
interesting
variety
of shell implement
Plate XXVI.
It was obtained
from the Oconee River, near MilledgeIts
ville, Ga., and is made from the left valve of a Unio vericosus.
indicates
that it is of quite recent manuperfect state of preservation
facture.
A deep, sharply
eut groove
encircles
the beak and hinge of

the shell, and the posterior

are considerably
worn.
A few shalmargins
low lines have been engraved
on the smooth
convex
surface of the
valve.
of the groove suggests
the method ofhafting
shown
Theposition
in Fig. 2.

a perforated
Fig. 6, Plate XXVI,
represents
Pecten, which may have
been used as an implement
or as part of a rattle.
It was collected
by
Mr. Webb on the west coast of Florida.

BUREAU 0F ETHNOMGT

1.
2.
3.

Scraper,
Probable
Implement

Gorgie
manner
from

jmNUAL

(;)
ot hafting.
a mound.,

Dhio

4.
5.
6.

(})
SHELL

IMri,BMENTS.

ProM'I
Probable
Perforated

manner
manner
pecten,

of
of

ttEBOBT 1881

hafting,
hafting.
TIorida.

S)

PL. XXVI

HOMiES.]

SCRAPERS-FISHING

AGBICULTUEAL

APPLIANCES.

207

IMPLEMENTS.

found many of the tribes

seaboard
of th Atlantic
explorers
corn
a
limited
to
the
soil
being the chief product.
extent,
cultivating
and the imwere exceedingly
and appliances
primitive,
The methods
or
whether
shell, possess but little
wood, bone, stone,
employed,
plements
interest
to art.
as
served ail the purposes
to rude handles,
Unworked
shells, lashed
firm
manner.
The
most
fanciful
in
the
ont
large,
well as if wrought
exwere most frequently
of clam-shells
valves
used, as the following
The first

will show.
use of amore convenient
learned of the Englishthe
Before the Ihdians
made
of these
with
hoes
their
corn
tilled
shells, to
they
instrument,
which purpose
by their size."l
they are well adapted
Prosto this shell is found in Wood's New England
reference
A fnrther
a Juggler:
little
botter
than
connted
was
"The
first
plowman
pect
in a day, than tlieir
the Indians
seeing the plow teare up more gronnd
to see the workemanClamme shels could scrape up in a month, desired
it to be
and share, perceiving
well the coulter
ship of it, and viewing
as
as
almost
almost
hee
was
cunning
ji&ftmoc/M,
iron, told the plowman,
"An other work is their
And again the same author says:
th Devill."
tracts

of corne, wherein
keepthey exceede our English husband-men,
planting
as if it were a garden rather
Clamme
with
their
it
so
cleare
shell-hooes,
ing
his andaweede to advance
a choking
not suffering
than a corne-field,
to spoile
an
worme
or
infant
undermining
cions head above their
corne,
3
his spurnes.
De
of this subject.
make but the most casual-mention
Other writers
of
natives
in
which
a
number
a
picture
XXI, Vol. II,
Bry gives, in Plate
I give
Li Fig. 3, Plate XXYH,
their fields.
in cultivating
are engaged
drawthe original
eut of one of the implements
an enlarged
employed;
and the cut
the
made
from
been
artist,
has
memory
by
ing
probably
to give an idea of the general
shape of the
serves no purpose
except
if
indeed
the
of
the
manner
and to suggest
implement
hafting,
implement
stick.
is not made wholly from a crooked

FISHI~G

APPLIANCES.

bf nshing
implements
The use of shell in the manufacture
been almost unknown
among the tribes of the Atlantic
of a few pendant-like
the exception
objects, resembling

have
with

~Mass. Hist. Soc. Coll.,vol. VII, p. 193.

~Wood: New England Prospect, p. 87.
~Wood: New England Prospect, p. 106.

seems

to

coast, and
plummets

ART

.208..

or sinkers

of
of

mounds

stone,

quently

so

employed

apparatus,
by the

numerous

tribes

well

been

or

in

natives
northwest

AMERICANS.

obtained

from

Hooks
onr

the

of

shell,
Pacinc

of the

burial-places
as to excite

present
for

ANCIENT

Valley.

whole

ofthe

favor

higher
cannot

We

shaped
in

THE

has

nothing

Mississippi
the ancient

fishing

much

OF

the

in

plentiful

SHELL

IN

of

and

coast,
Hooks

shell,
islands

are

bone

and

although

coast,

are

however,

admiration.

made
part
of the Pacinc

burial

ancient

are

and

very
fre-

other

extensively

and

the

among
are

ivory

in

these

purposes.
for
certainty

say with
what
the varions
sinkerpnrpose
of shell
were
used.
In ail cases
objects
are
so perforated
or
they
as to be suspended
grooved
but it is the custom
of all savby a string;
to employ
age peoples
as ornaments
for the ears
very
heavy
pendants
or for suspension
about
the neck,
and where
stone
could
be secured
for
snch
uses
as the sinking
of nets
or lines,
ordinary
it seems
improbable
that
of shell,
which
form
objects
would
be so emsuperb
ornaments,
like

ployed.
That

hooks

is proved
by
am not aware
scribe
and

were
the
that

atlength,
nets.
The

showing

the

suggested.
In the

absence

custom
The

of the
smaller

In

of

use

bas

the

by

hooks

been

in

by

positive

as to

proof

will

specimens

be

exact
for

de-

spears,

many
drawings
and lines
is not
in

present

whieh

the

follow

the

as sinkers.

specimens

as pendant

handsome

who

of arrows,

manner
the

relies.

writers,

of hooks

heavier

described
a very
Ohio

X-x.viil,

the

shall
the

early

contain
use

Indians

ancient

means

by

the

were
I
objects
utilized,
best authors
and classify

coast

other

noticed

but

fishing,

Atlantic

with

the capture
of fish
Mexican
mannscripts

nets

of

extent

of bone

their

Fig.
8, Plate
on Blennerhasset

heap
from

to some

however,
ancient

use

plummet-like

used

association

ornaments.
from

specimen
shown.

a refuse

is
It bas
been
eut
Island,
River,
the
columella
of a
the
reverse
whorl
~MsyeoM
~ce~M~
being
indicated
by the -well-preserved
and was
spiral
groove,
suspended
by
means
of a small,
well-made
near
the upper
perforation
end.
The surface
is weathered
and chalky
with
age.
Another
the

this;

from

specimen,

the

end

perforated
the more

same

is broken

locality,
the

away;
stand

and
laminse
ered,
compact
Two specimens
from
Sarasota
Bay,
Fla.,
in shape
and
instead
of a perforation,
size;
near
the upper
end.
are
made
from
They
coM~er~e~MM.
It is possible
be perforated
such
specimen,
th

national

a small
A

shallow

attaching

but

One

of them

that

a number

for

use

as

collected
collection.

of

has

the

ornaments

been

near

in high

these

however,
they
the- columell

from:
weath-

the

basal

very
closely
are grooved
of the Busy-

in Fig.
XXVIII.
9, Plate
small
shells
usually
supposed
have
been
used
for sinkers.

dextral-whorled
cut

but slightly
is deeply
relief.

surface

resemble

Velie
by Professor
It is made
from
an

univalve-a

compact
groove
a Une.

is shown

out

differs

to
One

in Florida.,
is preserved
in
almost
entire
of
specimen
or a Strombus.
Busycon
point

for

the

purpose

of

BUREAU

0F

1.
2.

Shell
implement,
Probable
manner

3.

ImptemeDtilInstra.ted.inDeBry.

REMET

ANNUAL

ETHNOLOBT

4.
5.

Tennessee.
of Iia.ftin!;

celt.

SHELL

JMPLEMENTS.

Shell
Shell

1881

~i,
implement,

Fem.

PL.

XXVII

Homm.t

FISHIN&

APPLIANCES.

~03

is represented
by a cast presented
from Florida,
A fourth specimen,
and
in
nearly one inch in
three
inches
it
is
length
Velie;
by Professor
of a -Busyconperfrom the columella
and has been derived
diameter,
with
a long, sloping
near
the
upper end,
It has a broad groove
versum.
of
Other
below.
conical
spcimens
somewhat
the body being
shoulder,
collection.
national
to
the
been-added
have recently
similar character
at
from a mound
size was obtained
of medium
A grooved
specimen
Afewsmaller
spciand
is
explorers.1
fignred
bythe
Ohio,
Madisonville,
but theywere
mens come from New York, and others from Kentucky,
to
class them.
I
as
such
and
prefer
for ornaments,
intended
probably
one of
of examples,
From the Pacifie coast we have a large number
It
is
a
XXVIII.
Plate
nattish,
in Fig. 7,
the finest being illustrated
and has a neatly eut groove near the
somewhat
pendant,
pear-shaped
of Santa
Bosa,
It was collected
by Bowers on the island
npper end.
AmMK<M.
or
from
a
made
F~c~~s~
Cal., and was probably
carved from a flat bit
from Santa
Barbara,
A new-looking
specimen
a fish, the mouth,
gills, body, and tail
of pearly Haliotis,
represents
as
a bait.
used
have
been
It
shown.
may
being distinctly
ancient
of fishing implements_of
most
examples
the
interesting
Byfar
are
well
these
repin
from
California
graves
date have been obtained
A number
Bowers.
and
made
Schumacher
collections
by
in
the
resented
one sinker from this
Museum;
of specimens
may be seen in the National
constitute
described.
however,
Fish-hooks,
has already
collection
been
are of such unof
them
and
th
many
of
the great majority
specimens,
The
for ornaments.
forms that they have been mistaken
precedented
of the hook,
the
of
width
body
in
the
consists
great
marked
peculiarity
it
making
of the barbless
character
point,
involuted
and the deeply
be
that
It
at
all.
be
may
that a fish should
impaled
seem impossible
for securing
bait, and
only as a contrivance
this hook was intended
to disgorge
it, and in
swallowed
that th fish, having
this, was unable
this way was secured
by the fisherman.
The method
three
of these hooks are illustrated.
In Plate XXVIH,
form
does not
and
the
them to the line is not well known,
of fastening
is
shaft
in
which
the
enlarged
slightly
cases
in
a
fe~
it, except
suggest
but is frequently
Th head is never
end.
perforated,
at the upper
in a head of some other material
and may have been inserted
pointed,
of this
The fact that
portions
of
means
and secured
asphaltum.
by
this conof th shaft confirms
to the upper part
still adhere
material
hooks of bone, exSimilar
None of these hooks are barbed.
jecture.
near the
barbs
on
the
have
outside,
in
the
national
collection,
hibited
the
these are nsed by some tribes to secure
Hooks
resembling
point.
of beads.
ends of strings
a number
of these hooks which
has described
Prof. F. W. Pntnam
The largest is two and three-fourths
Musum.
to the Peabody
belong
-Lichmologica.1 Explorations
&g.31.
14= E

J~y the Literary

and SoentiR Society, part H, p. 38,

210

ART

IN

SHELL

0F

THE

ABOIENT

AMEBICANS.

inches in length
and one inch wide at the middle of the shank.
These
came from San Clemente,
San Miguel, and Santa-Cruz
and the
islands,
mainland
about Santa Barbara,
and are accompanied
by stone imple1
ments used in their manufacture.'
The natives
of Tahiti
had fish-hooks
made of mother-of-pearl,
and
made them for himself.
every nshennan
served for the
They generally
double purpose
of hook and bait.
"The
shell is first cut into square
into a form correpieces, by the edge of another
shell, and wrought
with the outline of the hook by pieces of
sponding
coral, which are sufficiently
rough to perform the office of a file; a hole is then bored in the
the drill being no other than the first stone they pick np that
middle;
has a sharp corner;
this they nx into the end of a piece of bamboo and
turn it between
the hands like a chocolate
mill; when the shell is perand the hole snfficiently
forated,
wide, a small file of coral is introduced,
of which the hook is in a short time completed,
by the application
few
more time than a qnarter
of an hour.~ a
costing the artincer
The specimens
illustrated
are made from the thicker portions
of species
of the Haliotis or of the valves of the dark purplish JK~Ms
c~K/bfmMMUM.
their sur&ces
They are handsome objects,
being well roundedandpolished.
In the collection
there are specimens
whioh illustrate
very well
the process of manufacture.
A series of these is given in Plate XXVIII.
broken ont roughly
Fig. 1 shows a small fragment
from th shell, probably by a stone or shell implement.
in
Fig. 2 shows a similar
specimen
which an irregular
has been made.
In Fig. 3 we see a conperforation
siderable

advance
toward
the hole has been enlarged
completion;
or filing with some small
by rnbbing
and the outline
implement,
apthat of the nnished
hook.
proximates
Figs. 4, 6, and 6 represent
typical examples
of the completed
hooks.
These range in size from one-half
to three inches in length,
the width being but slightly
less.
The skill
acquired
portance
material

in the manufacture
of such objects of use is of the greatest
imin the development
of art.
It is only through
the mastery
of
thus engendered
that the arts oftaste
become possible.

WEAPONS.
It would hardly
seem at first glance
that shells or shell substance
could be ntilized
for weapons
to any advantage.
A close examinaof some of the more massive
tion, however,
varieties
will convince
us
that they could be made available.
The specinc
of some vagravity
snch as the Strombus and jBMsycoM, is equal to that of
rieties,
moderately
compact
stone, and with their long, sharp beaks they would, with little
make formidable
modification,
certainly
weapons.
Dr. Charles Ban seems to have been the first to call attention
to the
~Pntnam, in Explorations West of the 100th Meridian, vol. Vn, p. 223.
'Cook: Voyage Aloundthe World, 1770, vol. IIj p. 218.

BUBEAU

0F

ANXCALREfOMiSSJl'h.XXnt)

ETHXOMOf_

1, 2, 3.
4, 5, 6.

Manufacture
Hooka
from

of
graves,

7.
8, 9.

hooks.
Cfttifornm.

SHELL

FISHIN&

APPLIANCES.
(l)

Pendant
Pendants,

or

sinker,
Atlantic

California.
alope.

WEAFONSTWEEZEBS.

Hommj

211

In his valuable
by the tribes of Florida.
he gives
Museum
the
National
of
collections
archological
foll:
in
whiehicopy
a very good description,
shells of the
Indians
that
th Florida
applied
It further
appears
to be used
them
as clubs or casse-tetes
by adapting
Busycon perversum
the shell.
to
through
made
transversely
was
which
pass
with a handle,
wall of the last whorl
in
the
onter
hole
a
This was effected
pierced
by
while
to the left of the columella,
as to be somewhat
in such a manner
the handle
confined
the
to
hole,
onter
a notch in the
lip, corresponding
of the
th outer edge of the lip and th inner edge
or stick between
more
nntil
the
off
broken
the
end
of
The anterior
canal,
columella.
nearly in
to a cntting
edge
then
was
brought
solid part was reached,
surface
A hole was also made in the posterior
the plane of the aperture.
for
receiving
last
in
the
evidently
the carina
whorl,
of the spire behind
to the
was more firmly lashed
a ligature
by means of which the shell
1
handie.
in a recent
pamis also made by Knight
Mention
of these objects
illustrated.~
method
being
the
ofhafdng
phlet,
amdiRnstrates
for 1878, describes
in the Naturalist
Professor
Wyman,
to
which he is inclined
from
a
made
Busycon,
this
of
an object
class,
Indians
the
been
used
have
said to
by
as one of the conch-shells
regard
on the St.
from one of the shell heaps
It is prcsumably
for trumpets.
Johns River, Fla.3
Museum
one of the National
I illastrate
In Fig. 4, Plate
XXVII,
the apex
reduced
much
is
by
grinding,
The
point
posterior
spcimens.
and the whole surface of the shell is
battered,
and nodes are somewhat
in the National
a dozen specimens
are
abont
There
worn and discolored.
made from heavy walled speciare
ail
cases
they
in nearly
collection;
from three to eight inches
and range
mens of the Busyoon perversum,
St. Johns
from
three localities,
as
described
coming
in length
They are
Fla.
AU were probably
Sarasota
and
Bay,
Clearwater
River,
River,
two of the spcimens
ancient,
from shell heaps, and although
obtained
of wood.
hand1es
and
rude
insignincant-looking
still retain
been emthat shells have actually
It will be seen from the foregoing
have
never
would
which
probably
a use, however,
ployed as weapons,
the sonthem
of
stone
along
the
for
scarcity
but
great
been suggested
coast.

use of shells
paper onthe

as

club-heads

TWEEZERS.
is mentioned
Indians
by
novel use of shells by the ancient
A rather
or clams were made to
of small mussels
two
valves
The
writers.
early
ont their hair.
for pulling
do service as tweezers
67.
iRan: A!-chsologioal CoUeotionofthe National Museum, page
10.
ExMbitioD,
page
at
the
Centennial
Weapons
Savage
Enight
for October, 1878, p. 453.
Naturalist
American
'Wyman:

212
Adair,
hair
off

ART

IN

SHELL

0F

THE

ANCIENT

AMEBIQANS.

ofthe
speaking
Choctaws,
their
bodies
with
a Mnd

that
"both
says
sexes
ail the
pluck
of
made
tweezers,
formerly
of clam
sheUs.~
Strachey
states
that
shells
were used
bytheVirginianLidians
for cutting
hair.
of th Virginia
Beverly
says
Didians
that
they
"pull
their
Beards
up by the Roots
and
both
Men
and
withMuscle-sheUs,
Women
do the
same
other
by the
Parts
of their
for Cleanliness
Body
sake."2
Heckewelder
states
that
Before
the Europeans
came
into the
their
country
for performing
apparatus
this
work
consisted
of a pair
of
on a gritty
mussel-shells,
sharpened
whieh
answered
stone,
the purpose
3
somewhat
like pincers.
very well,
being
Fig.
5, Plate
from
a plate
XXVII,
reproduced
in the
of
Necropolis
Ancon~
two
represents
small
shells
~~s
at th
pierced
beak
and
bound
with
a cord.
together
found
in one of the
They
were
ancient
and may
have
ofPera,
been
used
for a similar
graves
purpose.
'Adair:

History
of the American
Indians,
p. 6.
~Beverly:
History
of Virginia,
p. 140.
3 Heckewelder's
Indian
Nations,
p. 205.
<Reiss and Stubel:
Necropolis
of Ancon, Plate 83, fig. 17~.

OBNAMENTS.

PINS.
ntilitato th varions
of shell material
studied the application
Having
of what may, with more or less pro.
rian arts, I turn to the consideration
be called the arts of taste.
priety,
the homely
in shaping
artisan
Th sMH acquired
by the primitive
in the more elegant
a good purpose
arts,
served
rude
celt
or
the
spoon
and
neld for the development
and opened the way to a new and unique
It probably
of these savages.
art instincts
remarkable
of
the
display
labor to fashion the various
no great skill and no very extended
required
or the thin
of
the nnivalves
walls
of
the
outer
and implements
utensils
and polish the
eut
but
to
grind
down,
clams
and
ont,
of
valves
mussels;
effort and no little
a protracted
of the large conchs required
coinmell
the columellse,
from
Of
the
varions
shaped
skill.
objects
mechanical
but a large class ofpin-shaped
the most important;
beads are probably
come first, as they consist of entire or nearly entire
articles
natnrally
down to the desired shape.
dressed
columellse
As they are found in
is still problematical.
The use of these-objects
doubtless
were
highly
with
human
they
remains,
most cases deposited
in well-established
a
dennite
have
served
must
purpose
valned.
They
over a district
as they are found distributed
and wide-spread
cnstoms,
of marine
other
shell
that
vestigia
with
occupied
by
almost co-extensive
origin.
numA considerable
of manufacture.
Let us first study th process
into
been brought
have
univalves
marine
of
the
ber of
larger
species
offer
and
JFsscM~Mt
Varions
species of .B~sycoK, ~om&MS,
rquisition.
seemsto havebeen
decidedly
the former, however,
almost equalfacilities;
at least threefurnished
having
the jBMsycoM jpe~~M~
the favorite,
however,
This result may be attributed,
used.
of the columns
fourths
was so
the
reasons
perversum
for
mentioned,
fact
aiready
to the
that,
from
these
being
the axes extracted
for vessels,
employed
universally
The outer case of the shell being
manipulation.
then ready for further
broken
that the sea has very frequently
somewhat
fragile it is probable
in a
ashore
to
be
washed
columella
the dismantled
it away, leaving
If the demand
trade.
for
inland
or
for
manufacture
shape convenient
that on shores
for these objects was very great, it is to be presumed
the columns
and
broken
shells
were
these
open
where they abound
is found to be
Tennessee
The
State
of
of
trame.
for
extracted
purposes
objects of shell.
of these as well as other ancient
the great store-honse
where they
far
that
causes
inland,
to
two
first,
This is probably
owing
were
esteemed,
and
highly
they
to
very
costly,
dimcult
were
procure,
213

214

ART

IN

SHELL

OF

THE

ANCIENT

AMEBICANS.

and hence consecrated

to the use of the
dead;
and, second, the conditions under whichthey
wereburied
had much to do with
them
preserving
from rapid decay, while on the coast or
when exposed
to the atmosphre
they soon disappeared.
An interesting
series of specimens
the varions
illustrating
stages of
manufacture
of articles from the columella
is presented
in Plate -X~T~.
In Fig. 1 a section of a
Busycon perversum
is giveri.
The position
of
the columella
and its relations
to the exterior
parts
may be clearly
seen.
The reverse whorl of the
spire will be noticed, and the consequent
sinistral
character
of the groove.
the extracted
Fig. 2 illustrates
columella in its untrimmed
state.
A similar
is shown in Fig.
specimen
3
Plate XXXI.
It was obtained
from the site of an old Indian
lodge on
the island of Martha's
Vineyard.
of smaller speciThis, with a number
mens, may be seen in the National
Musum.
They show no signs of
use, and were probably
destined
for manufacture
into pins or beads.
ColumeIIsB in this state are
very frequently
found in the mounds
and
graves of the interior
a majority
States;
the Busyprobably
blongto
cons, but a considerable
number
are derived
from the ~omM~.
A
few specimens
of large size may be seen in the national
collection.
Fig. 3 represents
a roughly
dressed
to the
pin, of a type peculiar
Pacinc coast.
a completed
Fig. 4 illustrates
pin of the form most common
in the
aniddie Mississippi
province.
Fig. 5 shows a rather
rare form of pin, pointed
at both ends.
Bone
pins of this form are quite common.
6 represents
a nearly symmetrical
cylinder.
the manner
of dividing
Fig. 7 illustrates
the cylinders
into sections
for beads.
lu 1881 some very important
additions
to the National
Museum
were
of Tennessee.
These include a great wealth of
made, from the mounds
From the McMahon
objects in shell.
mound at Sevierville,
Tenn., there
are a dozen shell pins, all made from the
The entire
Busycon perversum.
in length;
specimens
range from three to six inches
two are fragmentlost their points by decay.
In shape these objects are quite
ary, having
as a rule, more slender
uniform,
being, however,
in the shaft than the
The heads range from one-haf to one inch in
average
pin.
and
length
are generally
less thau one inch in diameter.
They are somewhat
varied
in shape,
some being
others
conical
above.
cylindrical,
Th
being
shaft is pretty
but is seldom
evenly rounded,
or straight.
symmetrical
It is rarely above one-half
an inch in diameter,
and tapers
to
gradually
a more or less rounded
The groove of the canal shows
point.
distinctly
in all the heads, and may often be traced
far down the 'shaff;.
lu a
number
of cases the surface retains
the fine polish of thenewly-nnished
somewhat
object, but it is usually
and frequently
discolored
weathered,
or chalky.
These specimens
were found in the mounds
along with deand generally
posits of human
in close proximityto
remains,
the head
this fact suggests
their use as ornaments
for the hair.
Fig.

BUREAU

OF

ANNUAL

ETHXOLOGY

1.

Section

of

.BMsycoK

ZEonEHvtrimmetLcoInmeHa.
SH~SlMs~wM~Ti&im
4. Tennessee
form.
at both
5. Pin
pointed
6. (Omitted)
of cntting
7. Manner

of a. celt
8. Derivation
&omBnsyoom.
g.Deriva.tmnofoma.mentairomnaJiotM.
M.DeriT!).tm!iofomament3fromBusyeon.
countersnnk
with
11. Bead
cylindrical,

~ermrsKm.

ends.
into

beads.

MANUFACTURE

OF

12.

Bead

with

conical

13.
14.

Bead
Bead

with

bi-conical

BMPLEMENTS

imperfectly

AND

perforation.
perforation.
perforated.

ORNAMENTS.

REPORT

18S1

perforation.

PL.

XXIX

HOLMES.]

PINS

FROM

TENNESSEE.

215

a fine
Fig. 1 represents
The
head
is
deeply
grooved,
in length.
example,sixandaquarterinches
the shaft
eut from tho middie
part of the columella,
and is apparently
The
basal point.
spiral canal, which
being formed from the spine-like
of the
the
entire
in
length
revolution
but
one
is clearly defiried, makes
Two fine
is represented.
similar
a
somewhat
specimen
5
In
Fig.
pin.
The
River.
Tennessee
Island,
come from a mound on Fain's
specimens
th
of
some
probably
shell,
the
columella
heavy
from
larger one is made
but
imperand th shaft large,
The head is cylindrical,
jS~o~MS
the head
in length,
The smaller is a little more than two inches
fect.
Another
more than nsuallyblunt.
being small and conical, and the point
near
Dandridge,
from a mound at Taylor's
Bend,
specimen
was obtained
and the point broken
off; the
The head is almost
spherical,
Tenn.
of bone
A number
and
polished.
new
highly
is
whole surface
looking
besides
Fain's
from
Island,
at both ends were obtained
pins pointed
of bone.
well-made
other
implements
and
many perforators
of shell pins without mentiona number
Prof. C. 0. Jbnes describes'
from
such
pins have been obtained
however,
that
stating,
ing localities,
He pubGa.
below
Columbus,
the
Chattahoochie
River,
on
a mound
type, is five and
of two varieties.
One, ofthe ordinary
lishes illustrations
distance
occupied
by the
that
inch
of
being
one
a half inches in length,
is an
shank
The
in diameter.
and a quarter
head, which is an inch
is
quite
while
somewhat,
tapering
and,
inch and a half in circumference,
rare occurrence,
being
of
somewhat
is
other
The
the
at
blunt
point.
is given in Fig. 4,
of this variety
An example
at both ends.
pointed
three
seldom
and
exceeding
small
short,
Plate ~X.
They are usually
Two illustrations

are given

in Plate

XXX.

inches in length.
L.
by
there are ten fine pins,
obtained
collection
In the national
miles above
fifteen
Broad
French
on
the
monnd
River,
from a
Stratton
perversum.
Fonr
Tenn.
only are made from the ~tsyco~
Knoxville,
head, with an exhas a very large, cylindrical
The largest
specimen
and
The shaft has been at least five inches long,
deep groove.
tremely
is
five
fine
Another
specimen
an inch in diameter.
one-half
is nearly
almost
A
small,
and
symmetrical.
nearly
inches
long, very slender,
in
is peculiar
a half inches in length,
headless
pin, not quite one and
a
as
been
strnng
It
has
probably
a longitudinal
perforation.
having
in length.
inches
and
is
five
three-qnarters
A
fourth
bead.
specimen
to a slenThe head is well rounded
above, and the shaft tapers gradually
are
from
the
same
locality
other
The
specimens
der symmetrical
point.
destroyed.
entirely
the
of
being
points
advanced
in an
decay,
stage
a large number of very fine specimens
contains
Museum
The Peabody
from the
of these were obtained
The
most
important
of this class.
of
mounds
by the Rev.
Tennessee,
Lick Creek, and Turner
Brakebill,
of
sixinches
in length.
these
is
of
The largest
upward
E O. Dunning.
from th Lick
and
specimen
well-preserved
An unusually
symmetrical
'Jones: Antiqnities of the Southern Indians, pp. 234, 518.

216

ART

IN

SHELL

0F

THE

ANCIENT

AMERICANS.

Creek mound is nearly seven inches

in length.
Ono specimen
only in
this collection
differs from the type aiready
this has been
described;
made from a dextral-whorled
the head is somewhat
shell;
spherical,
but
is unusual
in having
an. umbonate
at the top.
It is illusprojection
trated in Fig. 6, Plate XXX.
Another
small pin, whioh is about one and one-half
inches in length,
has a poorly defined head, and would seem useless for the
orpurposes
for the larger specimens.
dinarily
suggested
A recent collection
from Pikeville,
a number
of speciTenn., includes
mens madefrom
th spike-like
base ofthe.B~n/coK.pe~e~M~.
They
are roughly
and taper to a point
at both ends.
finished,
The larger
ones are six inches in length
and nearly
one inch in diameter.
Ail are
perforated
This perforation
longitudinally.
is neatly made and abont
of an inch in diameter.
one-eighth
In one specimen
which has been
broken
open two perforations
may be seen running
almost parallel
with
each other, as if they had been bored from
ends and had failed
opposite
to meet.
The length
of these perforations
is quite remarkable,
and it is
dif&cult to understand
tools at the disposai
how, with the primitive
of
these people, a uniform
diameter
could be given throughout.
One of
these objects is shown in Fig.' 3, Plate y~
Other States
besides Tennessee
have furnished
a limited number
of
in a mound near
shell pins. Their occurrence
Coinmbus,
Ga., has already
been mentioned.
The national
collection
contains
a fine specimen
from Macon, &a., collected byJ. C. Plant.
The Peabody
Museum has a number from mounds
on th Saint Francis
One of these is illustrated
River, Ark.
in Fig. 8,
Plate XXX.
They differ from th pins heretofore
deseribed,
being in
all cases nnsymmctrical.
The shaft
is nat and somewhat
curved, and
joins the mnshroom-shaped
head near one edge.
This results from the
peculiar
shape of the portion
of the shell from which the pin is
derived,
the head being eut from th
peripheral
ridge and the shaft from the
body below or the shoulder
above.
Two specimens
of this class have
been obtained
recently
from a mound at
Ark.
A profile view
Osceola,
of one is shown in
Fig. 10, Plate XXX.
A pin of this class, from a bnrial
mound
at Black
Hammock,
Fla.,
is described
and illustrated
by Professor
From the fact ofits
Wyman.'
at the point, he regards
being perforated
it as a pendant
ornament.
He
states that it is eut from the
~here
a whorl joins th
suture,
preceding
one.
In this respect
it resembles
the specimens
from Arkansas.
It is
made from a .BMsycoKjpef~eMMm.
In the National
Museum
we have two specimens
from Florida.
One
of these, from
is illustrated
in Fig. 2, Plate XXX,
Pensacola,
and is of
the ordinary&rm.
The other is a short, broad-headed
illusspecimen,
tra,tedinFig.7,PIateXXX.
<"
In the Peabody
Museum
are two small spcimens of the
ordinary
type,
in
the
~Wyman,
American Naturalist, November, 1868, Plate
X, p. 455.

NNUAL
BUREAU

OP

ETHNOLOGY

FISSEASTERN

FORMS.

EEBOUT

1881

rL.

XXX

HOLMES.]
.1

PINS

FROM

THE

PACIFIC

COAST.

217

a small,
Va.
One of these,
near Jamestown,
pointed
in
Plate
XXX.
is
Fig.
given
9,
variety,
of shell,
Indian Tribes, a pin, probably
In Volume VI of Schoolcraft's
relies from South Carolina.
is shown in a plate illnstrating
have furnished
A fw localities
bone, stone, and clay pins similar to
of the latter may be found both in the Nathes in shape.
Specimens
intended
as stopmnsenms.
tional and Peabody
They were probably
from

a monnd

headBone pins are generally

for bottle-sbaped
earthenvessels.
for perfbratas implements
cases
been
intended
and
have
in
most
less,
found a pin-like
Mr. Schumacher
object of bone
ing and for sewing.
the shell pins pretty
Cal.
It resembles
on the island of San Clemente,
It is figured
head.
a somewhat
by Professor
spherical
closely, having
Fntnam
in a recent work.~
th exact uses to which these pins were applied
As already
stated,
tribes are nnknown;
varions uses have been sngthe
mound-bnilding
by
were
favorite
idea
seems to be thatthey
The
archseologists.
by
gested
It would
th hair.
to dress and ornament
nsed by the savages
hair-pins,
when
seem that many of them are too clumsy for snch use, although
and headThe shorter
new they must have been very pretty
objects.
pers

Similar
be quite useless.
would certainly
ss varieties
objects of bone
of Alaska
for
are nsed by the natives
or ivory, often tastefnlly
carved,
seems improbable
that this should have
the head, althonghit
scratching
function.
been their most important
that some of the shell pins may have been
Professor
Dall suggests
of the northwest
coast.
of th Indians
nsed as were the "blood-pns"
in
the
is
inserted
the
an
arrow
or
is
MUed
When
pin
by
ballet,
game
nat head, so that the
and
over
the
sldn
drawn
stitched
and
the
wound,
A small, very
from escaping.
blood may be prevented
much valned
in
Plate
of
these
is
carved
pins
given
XXXT, Fig. 4.
specimen
tastefully
A similar
from the Indians
of Oregon.
It was obtained
specimen
Cal.
comes from San Mignel Island,
in the arts or
that they may have served some purpose
It is possible
the very
yet when we come to consider
peoples;
games of the ancient
we return
natoby ail barbarians,
given to ornaments
great importance
for
decothe
view
that
were
to
personal
they
probably
designed
rally
ration.
From
the Pacific
coast we have shell pins of a very different
type
and
of large marine nnivalves,
They also are made from the columellm
doubtless
to a great
extent as pendused as ornaments,
were probably
from the
in great
numbers
have been obtained
ants.
These objects
at Dos Pueancient
Barbara,
graves of the California
coast, at Santa
islands
of Santa
Clara, Santa
Catalina,
blos, and on th neighboring
Professor
Dall is of the opinion that
and Santa
Rosa.
San Clemente,
the smaller
used is the Purpura
the shell mostly
specimens
c~spa~,
maura.
derived
from
the
J~~o
probably
being
ipntna.m, in Snrveys West of the 100th Meridian, Vol. VII, p. 830.

218

ART

IN

SHELL

OF

THE

ANCIENT

AMERICANS.

Snch a very concise description

of thse objects is given by Prof. F.
W. Pntnam
in a recent
that 1 beg leave to qnote it here, omitpaper
to figures
"A columella
ting his references
was ground.
down -to the
size and shape,
and made into a pendant
required
a hole
by boring

the larger end.

In order to make this pendant
still more at.
the spiral groove is filled with asphaltum,
or a mixture
tractive,
of that
material
and a red pigment.
Sometimes
the spiral groove was so nearly,
or even wholly, obliteratedin
the process
of grinding
the columella
into
to enlarge
or even recut the groove in
shape as to make it necessary
order to make a place for the much-loved
Another
asphaltnm."
form,
made from another
the whorls of which are "loose
shell, is described,
and open, so that a natural
tube
exists throughout
the length
of the
at th same time the spiral groove in th central
is very
spire;
portion
it has to be artincially
for the insertion
narrow;
consequently
enlarged
of the asphaltum,
which
thus winds spirally
about the shell.
As the
natnral
orifice at the large
end of the shell seems to have been too
and confining
the ornament
as desired,
large for properly
adjusting
this dimcnlty
was overcome
a small shell of Dentalium,
or
by inserting
by making a little plug of shell, which is carefully
fitted and bored." 1
The national
collection
contains
upward
of fifty of these pins, which
come from ancient
at Santa
Barbara
and Dos Pueblos,
graves
Cal.,
and from the islands
of Santa Cruz and San Miguel.
These vary in
length from one to five inches, the well-finished
seldom reachspecimens
At the npper end they round off someing one half an inch in diameter.
what abruptly
to an obtuse point, but taper to a sharp point at the lower
like a cigar.
Two fine examples
are shown in Figs. 1
end, something
and 2, Plate XXXT.
AU show the spiral groove,
and nearly
all have
of th asphaltnm
The coinmellse
from which they
portions
remaining.
are made may be to some extent natnrally
but are certainly
perforated,
not snmciently
so to permit the ready passage
of a cord.
The points
are seldom sharp,
and are often broken off.
A bit of Dentalium
inserted
into the perforation
and set with asphaltum
helps to enforce the point and
to gnard
further
The larger
are seldom
against
breakage.
specimens
throngh

at either end, while th smaller ones are almost

perforated
transversely
at th larger end, which is slightly fiattened.
always perforated
A good
is shown in Fig. 5, Plate XXXT,
example
is illustrated
in Fig. 6, Plate
A peculiar
bulb-pointed
specimen
XXXI.
The bnlb is made from the upper end of the columella.
There
are six of these pins in the collection.
The consideration
of these pins leads naturally
to the presentation
of other classes of objects manufactnred
from the colinmellse
of marine
univalves
and important.
among wbich beads are the most numerous
'Pntnam,

in Surveys Weat of the MOth Meridian, Vol.

VU, p. 259.

BUREAU

or

ANXUAL

ETHNOT~OCT

l.SMlpm&omSan'M~elNand.
from
Dos
2. SheJl
Pueblos,
pin
columela.
3. An untrimmed

4.
5.
6.

Cal.

FINSrAOFIC

COAST

,)

Bone
SM1
SheU

pin
pin
pin

yORMS.

from
from
from

REMMT

Oregon.
.iT.i.iI~n.I.
San
Miguel
Island.
San
Mignel

ISSI

Bt,.

XXXt

BOLMEs.]

CLASSIFICATION

OF

BEADS.

219

BEADS.
within the limits of this paper to give more than
I shall not attempt
of my subject.
division
of this important
an outline
with peoples
seems to have been almost universal
The use of beads
and the custom of wearing
of culture,
of all times and of all grades
a long way
to be carried
that promises
them is a relie of barbarism
into
been
have
natural
brought
AU
suitable
objectsinto the future.
Shells from the sea, preand minral.
vegetable,
rquisitionanimal,
from the forest have been
and fruits
cious stones from the mountains,
and even the nails of the
of
teeth
claws
of
and
animais,
birds,
ntilized;
to gratify the barbarie
into ornaments
hand have been worked
human
of the shells of
substance
The
untutored
fiinty
of th
savage."
vanity
at all times and with ail peoples.
material
mollusks
has been a favorite
of North
natives
America,
is this true of the shell-loving
Especially
into the prehistoric
far
back
been
in
use
have
shell
beads
among whom
to
themselves
burden
to Florida,
from Oregon
ages, and who to-day,
and
of
their
favorite
this,
with multiple
ornament;
discomfort
strings
to their value as money or their service as charma.
too, without reference
I have seen necklaces
and unkempt
savages
On the necks of brawny
iridescent
nacre of the pearly
or
of
the
made of the highly
glazed Oliva,
at
and have marveled
shame
a
would
not
that
wardrobe,
regal
Haliotis,
of beauty
displayed.
the untaught
appreciation
based upon derivation,
Beads made of shell may have three divisions
and three based upon function.
of natural
varieties
shells, pierced
First, they consist of an smaller
add
to beauty or convenience
to
or
for suspension,
altered,
only slightly
and the outer walls of
second, they are made of the shells of bivalves
cut to the
of
the
columellae
of
the
larger univalves
or, third,
univalves
taste.
and polished
to suit the savage
desired sizes, and shaped
as money,
as personal
ornaments,
As to function,
they may be classed
records.
for
mnemonic
and as material
PEEB'OEATED

SHEHS.

or alterTJnder this head I shall examine briefly the manner of piercing

The multito stringing.
of
shells
varieties
smaller
preparatory
the
ing
from the graves of our ancient tribes
shells exhumed
tudes of perforated
of more recent
and
our large collections
of
&'uitful
neld
afford a
study,
in which they were employed.
manner
illustrate
the
to
serve
specimens
methods
the various
are given showing
illustrations
In Plate ~XXTI
th J~a~meHa, the
In North America
and perforation.
of manipulation
lead in importance.
Oliva, and the C~p~e~ seem to
away
an Oliva, the apex of which has been broken
Fig. 1 represents
for a thread,
a passage
and the rough
edge ground down, producing
This is
below.
th natural
aperture
through
which may be introduced

220
a

ART

common

and

SHELL

method

with

from

IN

of

0F

Atlantic

in

of

many
shells.

Tenn.

It

variety

Cocke

ANCIENT

in

perforation

a, considerable

a mound

THE

County,

AMERICANS.

widely
The
is

separated

districts,

specimen

an

0~

is

figured
from

literata

the

coast.

2 shows
a very
usual
Fig.
method
of treating
small
univalves.
most
prominent
of the lower
part
whorl
is gronnd
down
until
the
is quite
and a small
round
hole
is then
thin,
drilled
it.
through
illustrated
specimen
is a large
Olivella
obtained
from
biplicata,
island
of Santa
Cal.
Bosa,
3

Figs.

these
from

and

convolution

5 is simply
one-half
It is made
by

Fig.
a central

The

perforation.

of an

Olivella

cntting

the

specimen

Cal.
6 illustrates

Fig.

the

a bead.

making
Indians

of

This

the

One

of

the

The

bution

in

the

beads

New

County,
Ohio.

specimens

the

perforation

entire

of the
length
9 represents

Fig.
Island,
with

Cal.
small

of
parts
are said

and

The
shells

the

the

ancient

United

th

from

in

ground

perforated
method
of
this

form.

States.

Three

a small

Cerritltidea
perforating
Similar

Beads

has

of these

rude

specimen

been

removed

specimens

of
spcimens
a rather

mound

Fig.

11 illustrates

of

the

original

In

slope.

so deeply

as

sacrata,

from

to

bead

made

method
Fig.

and

found

the
of

wampum
from

the

in

Santa
a

burial

perforated
<%p~<t
which
illustrates
an

from

from

th

a rather

peculiar

method

of treating

one
many

of

of

the

body

the

border.

near

mound

ancient

Rosa

usual

preceding
variety
the Atlantic
sea-

spire
Most

made

of perforation.
13 shows

making
the

expose

come

specimens

of~M~eo~~e~e~Mm.
and
a perforation
were

is

employed
this

specimen

Santa

in Monroe
grave
in Perry
County,
has
a wide
distri-

at

boro.DI.
is a recent

of

time.

present
from

the

spiral.

constituted

10 illustrtes

Fig.

small

which
conoidalis,
of the Atlantic

board.

probably
the shell

the

to

preparatory
used
by

off, leaving
on the island

graves
at

disk

from
ground

8 is
Fig.
is from
a

other

JM~Me~

interior

made
are

worn

burial-places
shoulder
is often

of

to have

are

is frequently
nnish.

perforated,
additional

without

frequently
shown

out

breaking

when

originals

are

York,
shell
is

the

of

with the interior

&tpKM~
parts
shell
and drilling
longitndinaUy
is from
San Mignel
figured
Island,

of beads
examples
both
extremities
The

cylinder.
Snch

manner
disk,
coast

Pacific

7 shows
two
Fig.
th
OHpeHa
6~Ke~a./
clumsy
Rosa.

the

from
Mexico.
spcimens
Some
thin-bladed
bas
been
nsed
to saw a slit
ofstone,
or notch
in
of the shell
near
the
inner
3 has
one of
lip.
Fig.
and Fig.
4 bas two.
The
shell
is the
Oliva
literata,
coast.

perforations,
the Atlantic

extracted.

The

4 illustrate

probably

implement,
the first

The
wall

Pacifie
as well

univalve,

Murphys-

coast.
as

Cyprea

of

This

a modern
shells

by

BUREAU

OB

.ANNUAL

ETHNOLOGY

SHELL

FEBFORATBD

(~

BEADS.

REPORT

1881

PL.

SSXU

the

221

VAKiETIESOFBEADS.

HomEs.1

the

of

tribes

Pacifie

and

coast

the

islands.

Pacific

The

prominent

and the
columella
is partially
ground
away,
the full size of the natural
a passage
being
aperture
or wholly
removed,
method
of
as well as a modern
This
is also an ancient
thns
secured.
of the

part

or

is cut

back

treatment.
bivalve

Small
more
in

which

versal

they
use

are

by

the

center

are

to

the

have

include

I shall
central

even

fonr,
button-like

under

outer
are

forations

of

forms

that

the

artincially

from

very
natural

The
and

enlarged,
Examples

margin.

existence;
from
the

walls

with

most

beads

ail

small
the

made'for

or

faces,

addibe

may

seen

beads,
can be

of stringing

described

and

the

that

any

savage

with

objects,
classed
with

of

transverse

varied

the

them;
classified

natural

shells

with

along

But

profusion.
and
XXXIV,

time

smooth

afford

the

class

could

XXXV
and

mercenary
of massive

columellse
ground

of

perforating
could

in

or

three,
to thin,
th cyl-

but

shapes,
these
objects

them.

down

out,

having

objects

purpose

forms

cylindrical

pendant-like
be
might

small,
and

of mnch
expenditure
to
in a measure,
or cut

broken

many

so

~~XTTTj
the

the

with

and

accomplished,
with
this
jewelry

of

perforation,

resembling

grinding

Plates

the

the

with

nearly

The

too,

by Europeans,
of ail sections.

from
of univalves,
and
the
disks
the coinmellse
of bivalves.
Of course,
the shells
or from
same,
with
snch
as disks
no classification,
fall under
per--

from

walls

exceptions,

ont

often

uni-

and~e~~M,
varieties

foreign
and

from
straw-like
In shape,
cylinders,
they
range
with
inches
perforations,
longitudinal
long,
In general
inches
in diameter.
or more
two

five

paiallel
while

perforations,
are strung
most

is
near
head

the

central

disks,
made

are

inders

are

made

and

peoples,

imported
the tribes

by

.FMSM~

in numbers.

there

used

are

or nearly
and

the

largely

been

almost

in

modern.

Fissitrellas

as the

coast

or

manner

XLIX.

Plate

them

snch
west

and

one

drilling
to the

by

according
been
have

ancient

both

peoples,

been

have

of the
perforation
tional
perforations
in

strung.

perforations,
employed
by th

latter
times

early

be

stringing

for

margin,
Such
beads

natural

extensively

of

prepared
or near
the

primitive

with

Shells

are

shells

in

holes

about

to

of beads

not

and
labor,
motives.
shells,
the

edges,

decorate

have

been

is
his

illustrated
made
owe

doubtless
As
they
and

they
must

easily
person

were
have

perforated;

in
withtheir
made
been
this,

tools.

primitive

DISOOIDAL BEADS.
of
sections
from
the concavo-convex
range
forms
in
such
to
artificial
outlines,
totally
the curved
In size
the
disks
and
spheroids.
as doubly-convex
disks,
cylinders,
and onein diameter
one-tenth
of an inch
from
forms,
very minute
vary
and nearly
to two
inches
in diameter
of an inch in thickness,
thirtieth
is
beads
of -the
finished
The thickness
in thickness.
an inch
one-half
In

shape

discoidal

walls-of

beads

the

shell

222

ART

IN

SHELL

OF

THE

ANCIENT

AMERICANS.

in a great measure
of the shell &om which
governed
by the thickness
they are manufactured.
The TeKM mercenaria
of the Atlantic
coast and th heavier
Unios of
the Mississippi
of from one-eighth
thickness
to
Valley give a general
of an inch, while others,
such as the heavy clams of the
three-eighths
The walls of univalves,
near
Pacific, are very much thicker.
especially
the base, are often extremely
of shells
heavy, while the smallervarieties
furnish
of wafer-like
thinness.
specimens
In Plate
XXXIII a series of beads of this class is given, beginning
with the smaller
disks and ending with those of large, thongh
not the
size.
largest,
In fig. 11 present
two views of a minute
with many
disk, obtained,
others
of similar
on Lick Creek, Tenn.
shape and size, from a monnd
The perforations
in thse specimens,
as well as in most of those that
and suniciently
in form to indicate
that
irregular
follow, are bi-conical,
Beads of this general
have been fbund
they are hand-made.
appearance
in a multitude
of graves and mounds,
distribnted
over a large part of
North as well as of South America.
A vast majority
of these beads are
doubtless
of aboriginal
make, as they are found in the oldest monnds.
a minute form from Santa
Cruz Island,
Cal.
The
Fig. 2 represents
surface is ornamentedwith
a net-work
of incised lines.
peripheral
a small cylindrical
from
Fig. 3 illustrates
bead, with large perforation,
a mound near Prairie
du Chien, Wis.
It was found, with a number
of
of a child.
others, near the neck of the skeleton
a small spheroidal
bead from the great mound near
Fig. 4=represents
it is neatly made and well preserved.
Sevierville,
Tenn.;
of roughiynnished
concavo-convex
specimens
Figs. 5 and 6 illustrate
and modern tribes of California,
Ari.
disks, much used by both ancient
zona, and New Mexico.
I essayed
at one time to purchase
a long necklace
of thse homely
from a Navajo
Indian in Arizona,
ornaments
but soon discovered
that
it was beyond
considered
a fair
my reach, as my best mule was hardly
for it.
These
beads are made from the Oliva chieny, but to
exchange
some extent from small bivalves.
This bead is not common
in the mounds
of the Mississippi
Valley,
but is used by many modern
It seems to be the form called,
savages.
of Virginia,
to Beverly,
is
by the Indians
which, according
roenoke,"
made of the'cockle-shell,
broken into small bits, with rough edges, and
in the same manner
drilled through
as beads.
a smoothly
eut bead of medium size, said to have been
Fig. 7 represents
obtained
from a grave at Lynn, Mass.
It has been eut from the curved
waU of some large univalve,
and is very similar to modern
specimens
in use over a greater
States.
part of th United
to a necklace
Fig. 8 belongs
brought
is very much like the specimen shown
from
Fig. 9 is a well-made
specimen

from the
in Fig. 7.
Sevierville,

northwest
Tenn.

coast,
The sides

and
are

BUREAU

OF

ANNUAL

ETENOL06Y

@HD

@~

iD,i
S

1881

r:(t

12

REPORT

8S

16
12

il
13

14

15

17

16

BEADS.

DISCOIDAL

(~)

PL.

xxxm

VARIETIES

BOLMEs.t

OF

~23

BEADS.

The shell is very

flat and the edges are weU rounded.
ground perfectlv
to bone o,close
resemblance
a
and
bears
and well preserved,
compact,
ivory.
nois.

a thin, fragile disk, from a mound in Southern

10 represents
into thin sheets or nakes,
It is made of a PmM, and separates

Illilike.

mica.

specimens
two compact,
nearly symmetrical
Figs. 11 and 13 illustrate
Tenn.
froin a mound at Paint Rock Ferry,
in shape.
and is hemispherical
Fig. 13 is from the same locality,
with large conical
perforation,
button-like
a
disk,
14
represents
Fig.
been made
It bas probably
Tenn.
from a monnd at Paint Rock.Ferry,
from th wall of a large marine univalve.
in Cocke
in Fig. 15 comes from a mound
shown
The nne specimen
is
It
very
compact,
well
and
is
unusually
preserved.
County,
Tenn.,
been made from the
has probably
and
of
the
ivory,
appearance
having
is extremely
The perforation
large,
of a large univalve.
basal portion
side.
from
one
bored
been
entirely
and is conical, having
from California.
They
two fine spcimens
Figs. 16 and 17 represent
The
convex.
flat
or
faces
slightly
the
being
are nearly symmetrical,
substance-the
result,
one bas been coated with some dark
smaller
the
exposing
has broken
away in places,
of decaywhich
probably,
notches.
or
lines
with
shallow
are
ornamented
The edges
chalky shell.
formed th central piece
probably
Such disks, when nsed as ornaments,
As
to
the
nxed
or were
hair, ears, or costume.
singly
of a necklace,
of the
color
and
iridescence
the
retained
these
specimens
larger
long as
but in their
handsome
ornaments,
shell, they were extremely
original
ob.
not prepossessing
are
state
and
discolored
they
chalky
present
jects.

as a sort of key for reference

Thisplate will serve
are typical.
as
the
spcimens
beads of this class,
MASSIVE

in

the

stndy

of

BEADS.

a number
have generally
from the columeU of univalves
and
and massive,
are
large
characteristics.
They
of distinguishing
sections of roughly dressed columns.
in
being
ontline,
rarely
symmetrical
as
the spiral
and often retain
groove
cylindrical,
They are somewhat
form
cases
where
the
In
surface.
the
natural
of
well as other portions
by the sinuous character
artificial
is entirely
they may be distinguished
with the axis of the
is
always
The perforation
nearly
of the foliation.
a series of cuts
In Plate XXIX
cases bi-conical.
in
most
is
bead,
and
and shows
of
various
methods
the
perforation
is given which illustrates
and the
rude workof
savages
betweenthe
th
differences
very distinctly
Beads of this class
modernmanufacturers.
work
of
mechaniclly
perfect
than those of any other group,
in character
are more decidedly
aboriginal
ancient
They are widely dis.
donbt
of
origin.
very
and are withont
an area
and
mounds
covering
and have been fonnd in graves
tribnted,
Beads

made

224

ART

IN

SHELL

OF

TEE

ANCIENT

AMERICANS.

outlined

Canada, West, Minnesota,

by Massachusetts,
and the
Missouri,
and Atlantic
coasts.
and 14 of Plate XXXIV
Figs. 1, 6,7,11,
represent
typical
specimens
of this class.
In every case they are considerably
altered
by decay,
Ail come from ancient bnrial
rarely retaining
any of th original polish.
some of the interments
of which
mounds,
while
probably
antedate,
others post-date,
the coming of the whites.
The bead shown
in Fig. 1 is made from the columella
of a Busyoon
It is a rude, tapering
perversum.
with rounded
ends and deep
cylinder,
The perforation
is bi-conical
spiral
and somewhat
groove.
irregular.
This, with many similar beads, made of both dextral
and sinistral
shells,
was associated
with human
remains
in the great mound at
Sevierville,
Tenn.
The bead illustrated
in Fig. 6 has been made from the column of some
Gulf

dextral
whorled
shell.
It was obtained
from a mound on Lick Creek,
East Tenn.
It is a typical
of average
specimen
size, and illustrates
of this class of relies made by Dr. Troost.
very well the large collection
from a mound at Frankiin,
Fig. 7 was obtained
Tenn.
It is eut from
the columella
of a jBMsycom~e~erMMm,
and is of the usual form, being a
short cylinder, rounded
at the ends until it is somewhat
heavy,
globular.
The perforation
is.very
large, and has been made almost entirely
from
one end.
The surface is much weathered,
the nrmer !aanM<B being.disOther
from the same locality
tinctly relieved.
specimens
are much
smaller.
Fig. 11 is from a grave in an ancient
at Swanton,
cemetery
Yt., and
is similar to the preceding,
been cut, however,
if correctly
having
repfrom a dextral
whorled shell.
The eut is copied from a paper
resented,
Il
by G. H. Perkins.
a very large specimen
Fig. 14 illustrates
of these
beads from th
Lick Creek Mound, East Tenn.
The surface is encrusted,
and
stained,
It has been made from the broad beak of a Strombus or dexdecayed.
tral
whorled Busycon.
The perforation
is symmetrical
and bi-conical.

of two inches
in length
and one and one-fourth
Specimens.upwards
in
width come, from the same place.
Th larger
are threeperforations
at the ends and quite small in the middle.
eighths -of an inch in diameter
a large
bead of symmetrical
Fig. 12 represents,
made from
outline,
the columella
of a jBM~coMFe~ersMM.
The shape is artificial,
with the
of a small portion
of the spiral
exception
canal.
The surface
retains
much of th original
has commenced
polish, but exfoliation
on.one side,
The perforation
is about
three-sixteenths
of an inch in diameter
at
the ends and one-sixteenth
in th middle.
There
is a slight
offset
where the perforations
meet.
It is from a bur~al mound
at Harrisburg,
grh.
Thebead

shown

in Fig.

9 is one of a large

number

obtained

from

tPerIdns, on An Ancient Btu-ial-Gronnd in Swamton, Vt., Proceedings of theAmeriean

Aasociation, 1873.

BUREAU

OF

ANNCAL

ETHKOLOET

MASSIVE

BEADS

AND

(H

PEARLS.

REPORT

1S81

PL.

XXXIV

mound

at

inder.

The

East

and

made

doubly
of this
bead

dition

Its

facture.

225

BEADS.

Ills.
It is a symmetrical,
cyl.
well-polished
Louis,
indicates
whieh
remains
of the spiral
groove
portion
The perforation
is neatly
a B~sycoK.
from
~e~efSMM.
and fine conThe symmetry,
in shape.
conical
finish,

St.

small

it is derived

that

OF

VARIETIES

HouiEs.]

form

lead

to

is by

no

it may

that
suspicion
a common

the

one

means

be

of recent

manu-

ancient

mound

among

relies.
The

bead

and
rine

This,
Ohio

in the

mound

univalve,
5 is a

Fig.
York.

and

the

material,
of some
tusk

on

convex
diameter
In

to the

angles
right
has been
excavated,
use by
in common
We

Tenn.

from

Santa

at

sunk
of

producing
tribes.

It

a bead
at

purplish
same

the

of

the

from

shape

middle

resembling
a mound

of similar

on

shape,

but

one

is

made

uniform
fromthe
are

perforation
of the

portion
a labret
on

and

side

of

and

at

bead

or lip-block,
Broad

French

which

has

a lateral

Tenn.
on
from an ancient
grave
and th persymmetrical
and slightiycounterconical,

bead obtained
is unusually

Island,
doubly
small,
being
neatly
made,
is smooth
The surface
one end.
hue

it
and

is from

Nashville,
form

shape;
axis

The

a form

many
have

The

of lamination.

a spheroidal
The
Cal.

Eosa

foration

plane

unusual

univalve.

heavy

a mound

perforation,
2 illustrates
Fig.

of

a bead

4 1 present
of some

portion

River,

New
Oounty,
been
obtained

have

concave
slightly
made
is neatly

perforation

ma-

of some

Monroe

may

by Squier
from
a

taken

columella

symmetrical.
from
ivory,

is

It

animal.

the

was

bead

polished
resembles

The

from

and

illustrated

thronghont.-

Fig.

basal

is made

wrought

highly
which

other.

the

many
It

Yalley.
is well

ftattish,

and
10 is described
similar
specimens,

Fig.

with

The

from

inal

in

represented

Davis.'

and

retains

a little

a HetM~es
~<t~eMs.
probably
shell,
exhibit
like characteristics.
this locality

of the

orig-

Others
A few

Island.
Miguel
specimens
8.
It
in Fig.
is shown
from
this
locality
Another
large
specimen
in
the
middle
wide
tapering
and
is
portion,
is somewhat
quite
flat,
and
The
is small
The perforation
regular.
the ends.
towards
rapidly
characare not
but
sufficiently
are distinctly
of foliation
lines
marked,
is derived.
from
which
the bead
of the shell
the part
to indicate
teristic
collection
in the national
romarkable
beads
of the most
~<M-!s._Two
come

similar

from

San

is an enormous
13.
The
latter
3 and
pearl,
Figs.
It is somewhat
pearfrom th Zaliotis
Californianus.
probably
The transbent.
and th apex
a little
rounded
base
the
being
shaped,
for an unknown
been
buried
is subtriangular.
section
Having
verse
and has
from
has
suffered
it
in
the
soil
or
greatly
decay,
sand,
period
lamell
The
chalky
lost
thin,
by exfoliation.
considerably
probably
nacre
iridescent
the
in
concentric
exposing
come
scales,
readily
away
of an inch in diameter,
one-sixteenth
is about
The perforation
beneath.
of the pearl.
in the interior
a natural
and seems
to pass
cavity
through
to the
similar
in
3
is
in
many
respects,
The smaller
Fig.
given
specimen
~32.
of th Mississippi
Ancient
Monuments
Valley,
p.
and
Davis:
'Squier
15 E
are

illustrated

derived

in

226

ART

IN

SHELL

one.

large
marked

of

Another,
resemblance

button

like

These

to

OF

THE

about

the

a lima

ANCIENT

same

size

and

beau,

AMERICANS.

is

as

3 bears

Fig.

pierced

laterally,

a
a

appearance.

specimens

were

obtained

from

on

graves

San

Miguel

Bowers.

Stephen

quite
giving
Island,

by

beads,

to-

TCBCLAB BEADS.
In

Plate

XXXV

with

gether

a few

1 and

Figs.

valve,
The specimens
served
in the
It

is not

est

historical

by

the

th

example
dark
one

being
from

represented
rooms
of the

known
in

employed

a number
arranged
of unclassified
form.

2 illustrate

th white
and the

pum,

I have
others

positively

pre-Columbian

most

common

made
the

belong
Historical
that
times;
which

of

cylindrical

form

from

the

of

the

columella

ancient
of

of a Venus
purple
portion
to the celebrated
"Penn

but

it

is

one

certainly

uni-

mefceKafM.

of Pennsylvania.
this
particular

Society
beads
of

wam-

a small

beit,"

pre-

shape
of the

earli-

were

and one
has been
forms,
manufactured
extensively
as well
as. by the whites.
both
in
They
may be found
old
and
in very
recent
very
in widely
of the
graves,
separated
parts
United
States
and British
and have
formed
an nporAmerica,
always
tant
of the stock
of the Indian
part
trader.
Indians

3 and
Figs.
These
are from
with

ders,

4 represent
the island

a very
large
of San Miguel.
bi-conical
irregular

somewhat

be

class

of

They

Pacifie

are

coast

perforations.

forms.

white

simple
Many

cyHn-

examples
are coated

found
which
toward
taper
the ends.slightly
They
a rnsty-looking
which
breaks
deposit,
the
away
easily,
exposing
substance
of the shell.
chalky
from
one-haf
to three
They
range
inches
in length,
and from
to three-eighths
one-eighth
in diameter.
are
They
made
from
the thick
probably
valves
of the ~c~esNt<[
cf~s<KeMo!~es
or the ji~M<tM<M callosa.
were probably
used
They
as beads
for the neck
and as pendant
ornaments
for the
ears.
The
longer
specimens
may
have
been
worn
in the
nose.
It is also
said
that
beads
of this
class
were
used
as money.
may
with

Fig.

5 illustrates

has

been

It
and

a half

made

a very
from

the

tubnlar
bead
long,
columella
of some

inches
and one-fourth
of an
long
is smooth,
but a little
and
the
uneven,
which
has
perforation
been
made
apparently
is an offset
near
th middle,
is quite
regnlar,
near
the ends.
face

found
at
Md.
Piscataway,
univalve.
large
Itisfour
inch
in diameter.
The surends
from
though

taper
both

The

slightly.
ends,

slightly

as

there

enlarged

A large
number
of beads
of the
class
illustrated
in Fig.
6, Plate
were
obtained
from
the
XXXV,
ancient
of San Miguel
graves
Island,
Cal.
have
been
made
from
They
one of the large
bivalve
shells
of the
Pacinc
the .Pac&y<~MM
probably
coast,
crassatelloides.
The
curvature
of the bead
is the result
of the
natural
curve
of the valve
from
which
it is fashioned.
The
are nearly
larger
five inches
spcimens
in length.
In the
middle
are
portion
of an inch
they
in diameter.
three-eighths
They
towards
the
taper
ends
to the size of the
gradually
perforation,

BUREAU

CE

ETHXOLO&r

from
the
Penn
1, 2. Beads
coast
forms.
3, 4. Pacifie
5. Bead
ftom
Marytand.
6. A Pacifie
coast
form.
7.

Pai-Ute

nose

ornament

Belt.

8. Bead
Beads
Bead
Bead

9, 10,11.
12.
13.
(bone).
ar..nne

en

ANNUAL

REfORT

from
made
made
from
made
from
from
monnd,

a Haliotis.
of
hinge
a Dentalinm.
Tenn.

188L

Hennites.

PL.

XXXV

HOLMm.1

VARIETIES

OF

about
one-sixteenth
averages
is so great-that
there
has been
forations
from
ends
opposite
meet,

which

of

bead

much

will

the

permit

when

surface

broken

been

used

composite

the

exposes
away,
as nose
ornaments,
ornament
for the

obtained

forations
reduced

at

minute
In

from

are

able
from

Dos

Cruz.

ornament

by accident
been
bushed

have

La

art

of

The

similar

and
the

the

add

the

holes

are

the

end

for

th

some

cnrved
or rim

lip

specimens,
The
per-

hole

shell,

which,
have

Pai-Ute

has

been

through
of

which

rather

remark-

Hennites

results
shape
curve
of the shell;

natural

is the

piece

a large

giganteus,

The

tinge.

become

a small

thick
Cal.

Pueblos,
case

natural
or to

generally
very
to the curvature

has

perforation
in
by setting

the

of a bead

appearance

owing

the
of the

of similar

of

of the

hinge

the

may
of
parts

have
been
specimens
brought
islands
of San Miguel
and
Santa.

convexside
to

one

bits

illustrations

the

near

Dos
In

small

of

Patera,
from

to

at

film,

from

from

per-

be observed

that

a number

the

specimens
conlap

beads

formed

8 is made

grave

two

difficnlty,

attempted.
11 shows
one of
hinge
in the

used
national

manufacture.
number

these

no

in
and

and

thq
the

some-

completing
have
been

bead.

at
The

from

often

pit,

assist

small,
of th

enlarged
of shell.

suspension,

similar

beads.

as artificial,
and
the stringing.

that

the
surface

The

"notches
of

curved

were
the

bead

He

the

Where
it

end,

specimen

longitudinal

has

ngured

perforation

'Pntnam,

as

unfinished
ont
of

it a device

Professor

Putnam,
filled

subsequently

in
and

rounded

portion

rounded.

slightly
this
class

described
the

the

state,

and

We

all

of

stages
illustrated

notch

near

a
the

to help
out the perforation
in the same
states
work/
with
even
with
asphaltum

shell."
illustrated

(?) by removing
are much
sections,
and

an

describes

considers

~MMOfM~
ornaments

in
broken

spcimens
Haldeman
has

or facilitate
the

beads

being
roughly
collection

Professor
of

middle

or in

larger

Snch

uniike

with

of
the

been

having
Fig.
the

the

obtained

symmetrical.

number

made

by

is perforated

of

Fig.

This,

inserting
been
made.

large

perforation.
with much

made

in

by

middle

.notchnearthe
what
altered

difficulty
none
of

is not

shape

a delicate
having
purplish
the hinge;
the curve~is
the

bivalve,
form
of

curvature
in making

probably

nose

ancient

have

Pueblos,
are

more
or ear.

Its

and

10 1 give

They

the

an

ail
large
the
ends

passages
9 and

Figs.
form.

The

shell.

neck

described.
bead just
Th large
rude
bead
given
of the Haliotis
Ca~bfm~MMs.
was

inch.

and

natural

but

7 Tepresents
a boneby ProfessorPowell.

Fig.
Indians

an

of a wire,
the
passage
althongh
perforations
water
It will
passes
through
quite
freely.
of these
is coated
with
a dark,
objects
rongh

and

siderably
that
the

227

BEADS.

used

a medium

in Snrveys

in Fig.
conical

the

by
of

West

the

12 is made
point.
Indians

from

a Dentalium

These

shells,

of

northwest,

the

either

exchange.
of the

lOSi Meridian,

Vol. VII,

p. 266.

inentire

both

as

228

ART

IN

OF

SHELL

THE

ANCIENT

AMERICANS.

BUNTEES.
In

Plate

relies

XXXVI

winch

have

are

represented
semble
beads

1 present

rather

more

number

of

in our

1 shall

pendants,
considers

class

and

in literature,
As these

collections.

than

closely

of

illustrations

mentioned

been

occasionally
to some
extent

refer

of

which

reobjects
to them

Mr. Schoolcraft
them
of honor
badges
although
place,
He describes
them
as consisting
or rank,
and treats
them
as gorgets.
in
to two inches
cironlar
of fiat
from
one and a half
of a
piece
shell,
th
devices
of
dots
bewith
double
having
diameter,
quartered
lines,
in th
of the
This
kind
ws
tween
them.
doubly
perforated
plane
1
circle.~

in this

In

Notes

on the
Ho

description.
of an exact

from

apparently,
an inch
to

ovate.
conch.

Its

"this

a little

rarely

circle,

repolished,
fonrths
of

a much
fuller
we have
author,
found
in the form
is generally
down
and
It has
been
ground

by the

Iroquois,"
that

says

the

same

article

diameter

inches;
thickness,
It
ont a little
towards
the edges.
two
on th face
and its reverse,
with

thinning
figured
longitudinal

lines
Its

equal

parts.
in
sponding
thus
quartered

nfty-two.~

width

to

has

1 and
Figs.
was obtained
larger

from

found

at

on

making
various

center,
is marked

is doubly

and

four

each

In

specimens.

2 are

from
Plate
25 of
copied
an ancient
at Upper
grave
Indian
at Onondaga,
cemetery

an

according
of objects,

to

and
Lafayette,
Mr.
Schoolcraft,

inner
division

dot.

Th

similar

center,
It is

nnmber

two
four
correcircle

latitudinal

and

and
dots,
these
circles

and
of

one

and
into

circle,
of the

circles

the

three-

the

area

Each

The

thirty-seven.

the

dividing
with
an

parallels.
a central
with

from
in

perforated.
latitudinal

parallel

there

figured

Schoolcraft.

The

are~

smaller

and the
Sandusky,
Ohio,
Others
have
been
N. T.

from

Jamesville,

Indians,
this class

cardinal

circles,
or fillets
have

center,

however,
2

the

five

bands

longitudinal
one
in its
varies,

crossing
circumference

in its

varies

two-tenths

two

in

Manlius,
have

the

no

latter

The

State.

traditions

respecting

in the dark
as to their
we are quite
significance
were
used.
they
Mr. W. M. Beauchamp,
of Baldwinsville,
N. Y., has very
sent
kindly
obtained
from
me sketches
of two of these
The originals
were
objects.
a duplicate
of
an ancient
site
at Pompey,
N. Y.
One is almost
village
or the

the

manner

in

and

which

smaller

illustrated
central
consists

of six

oval
sharply
of a wheel.
These

apokes
Unes,

arranged

similarly
spcimens
The

from
but the
specimen
copied
Schoolcraft,
in Fig.
some
novel
presents
4, Plate
XXXVI,
of the
face
is occupied
portion
by a rosette-like

in couplets.
Mr.

figured.
are

of

specimen
~Sct.oolcra.ff!
'Schoolcraft:

The

from
with

is encircled

margin

Beauchamp

European
shown

that
radiate
figures
are ornamented
rays

the

expresses

the

which
is
other,
features.
The
design,
center

which
like

the

a series

of oblique
by a narrow
band,
that
these
opinion

origin.
in

Fig.

belongs

of the Indian
History
Notes on the Iroquois,

Tribes,
p. 233.

to

necklace

Yol. 111, P. 79, Plate

now
25.

in

the

BUREAU
0F HTHNOLOGY

].
2.
3.

New
New

ANNUAL

York.
York.

REPORT

4.:Nev'EbrT:.

Arizona.

RTJKTEES.

G)

5,

6.
7.

Sections.
Manner

of

wearing.

1881

PL.

XXXVI

USE

Hoi~EB.]

New

Mexico

shell

ornaments,
are

the

are

and

at

strung

circlets

specimens.
of the
substance

The

pearance
of the
mens

Ail

6.

the

outline
at

wear
It

these

and
of

only

portion
be seen

reference

affirmed

is,

ing
on

all

shown

notches

have
close

by
abra-

produced
by the

strung.

probablybeen
resemblance

between

an
gives
Beverly
earlywriters.
of
a necklace
as wearing
as the Peakis,
Conch
the
Shell,

th

under

objects

A.

Edge-ways.
XXXVI.
of

It

in the

which

cross,

any

of the

signification
forever

remain

the

that

however,
of the

the

that
will

has

particular

I have

with

the

occurs

which

designs

wouldt

engraved

of

conjecture.
of
the
faces

on

significance,
Tbat
it may

compass.
not impossible.

specimens

of
a matter

upon
cannot

It

of

most

it

may
emblematic

represent
mean-

counted

number

of circlets

am

the

The

acquainted.

10
10
11
9
12
9

total
of the

number
three

on

Notes

circlet
of

is

result

table:

following

'Schoolcraft:

the

although
have
some

N'o.l(Fig.l)..No.2(Fig.3)-
XTo.SfFig.Z).
TTo 4'
iro.5'
No.6~-

central

wi~ 1

corre--

stringing

consideration

Inthecrosa.
In ththe

ex eircle,
Transverse
Longituai~~~
nalann.
arm.

The

5
of

is described
of

in which

Figs.

theregularity

accelerated

be

will

strung.

probable
ornaments

spcimens,
the points

but

and
drill'd
a Cheese,
in Fig.
is copied
5, Plate
manner
eut
that
the
this

method

the

speciThe

in

given

like

and
to

is

these

fiat

three

of

circular
shallow
been

ap-

lamination

machinery.
and
spcimens,

disks

quite
the

of

boy
"aremade

illustration

this

by

spondswith
have
to be
It

Indian

of

is
who

which
is

the

which
there

"runtees"

the

an

Shape

the

with
that

the

sections

use.

by

ivory-like

in these

these

by
bas

wear

an
eut

the

New

worn

much

bas

use

two

nearly

marred

This

beads

"runtees,"

are

specimens
cases
some

noticed

objects

illustration

by

in

perforations
the

the

to

reference

perforations.
small

be

will

in

is

the

of the

these

of these

and

suggest
in all

symmetrical,
is identical

quite

and

be

and

perforation
understood

readily

The

seen.

distinctly

of

method

sion

is

shell
are

specimen

are

surfaces

and

precisely
York

arranged
of the

bands

preserved,
shown

illustrated

specimen

pits,

The

beads.

porcelain

encircling

edges

the

in

although

and

of these

of three

The

conical

minute

is well

shell

small

of

Indians

the

from

consists

fifty
intervals.

regular

The

Ohio

and

about

in
a design
in the crosses

with

obtained

was

Whipple,
with

together

is ornamented
as

Lieutenant

by

beads

shell

necklace

This

collection.

national

229

BEADS.

0F

Iroqnois,

circlets

p.

ben

having
in

each

233.

2From

9
12
9
9
11
9

sketch

counted

with

specimen

will

be

Mr.

by

one

History

of Virginia,

p. 145,

Plate

of

less

columns.
lBeverly:

M
27
23
20
29
20

41
48
42
97
51
37

Beancliamp.

arm

each

~otal

VI.

the cross,
the

than

the
sum

230

ART

These
some

may

the

badge

gests
These
form,

so far

beads

are

they

are

found

form

when

the

npon

face

of

of

of

significant
a clan.

these

The

disks

sug-

American

in origin,
as nothing
of a similar
in European
conntries.
The fact that
localities
indicates
that
were
they

held

in
by

of the whites.
This is possibly
esteem
of the Atlantic
coast
high
by tribes
the whites
who have taken
up its manufacture
BEADS AS OBNAMENTS.

already
but it will
ment,
at tbis point.
are

of the use of beads

casuaUy
be better
to enlarge
a little

spoken
probably

found

generally

disconnected

of ancient
graves
on which
they

strings
We

decayed.
necklaces
and

ancient

in the

the

state,

since

long

figures

be

may
totem

of trade.

I have

ing
the

design
or the

order,

occurs

learn,

encountered

Beads

the

doubtless

bead

purposes

or

The

AMEBICANS.

in widely
separated
in trade
since
the advent

of

first

ANCIENT

numerals.

of a secret
of

as I can

used

some

THE

calendar.

incipient

probably

OF

be

arrangement
an

for

SHELL

circlets
rank,

general

IN

cannot,

for

the

subjeot

in
peoples
were
secured

with

therefore,

orna.

personal

upon

a loose
havrestore

certainty,
but we

other

can form
composite
ornaments;
of the
of which
by a study
objects
they
were
made
and the positions
held
at th period
of exby these
objects
humation.
Mnch
can
also be learned
of the ornaments
of
by a study
modem
in similar
of culture.
peoples
stages
some

As

idea

of

their

a rule,

American

combinations

seem

to

have

without

practically

Their

savage,
turbed
cause

the

character

of

metals,
were

tastes

the

by

that

ornaments

pendant

of

the

ancient

withont
and
quite
simple.
Being
glass,
had few of the resources
of the modern
they
and

simple
influence

debasing

so mach

in the
been

of

is tawdry

and

not

congruous,

been
dishaving'
which
is the

foreign

innovation,
in the
incongruous

art

of

modern

barbarians.
A curious
who

man,
European

small
coins,
cloves
pierced

smallcopper
numerous

an

and

of cane,
use

remains
be

spheric

upon
of burial.

'Ha.ldeman,

of
necks

cases

in Surveys

West

the

of
just

ancient
by

generally,
for

sculptures-such,
or the

manuscripts
are given

in

the

of

fragment

of

practices
ornaments

necklaces

of skeletons,

sides,

the

pendant
and
paintings

Goldsborongh
of which
examples

the

the

and

in the

of Waldeck,
In a number

necklace
an

through

phylactery."
learned
of

be

of beads

of their

found

found

Arab

can

Something
in the

Haldeis given
by Professor
necklace
of
Abyssinian
"composed
a triangular
of glass,
two
plate
shell),
brass
buttons,
cornelian,
date-seeds,

of a modem
example
had in his possession
cowries
beads,
(Cyprea

Plate
were

of th lOOth Meridian,

of the
as

may

lithographs

XLV.

mound-builders

as they

Americans
a study

instance,

superb

a bit

wood,

placed

have

been

at

time

the

Vol. VII, p. 263.

HOLMES.]

USED

BEADS

the

in describing
Atwater
Captain
that
makes
the statement
Ohio,
with

ornament,

two

a string,
passed
On
er's neck.

were
by time,
necklace
similar

nial

Report,
so made

was
almost

much

Matson

varied
four

describes

found.

In

fourth,
strands

nearly

thirty

uses

of

near

each

on

ofthe

center
the

On

back.
of

each

which

about
the
placed
used.
had
been

been
beads

wearin1

or bone."
ivory
Cententhe Ohio

in

page
are

ornaments

which

much

very

of
neck

Marietta,
a stone

through
around
the

of
in

Matson,
skeleton

the

at
"lay

and

made

beads
Mr.

by

end,

suspended
of sinew,

made

on

they
yards

Qne

of bead

skeletons,
had

cases

three

of a skeleton

many

a great
placed
is described

more

breast

was

which

a mound

of

contents

the

it was

found
It was
p. 127.
in the
as to be larger
of
at the middle
a point

to

volume

perforations,
of which
means

by
the
string,

jured
A

on

231

ORNAMENTS.

AS

a little

girl,

front,
129 of

tapering
th
same

and

Mr.

suggested.
beads
shell

were

in the
only;
four
were

neck
There

and passand back

on the breast
over
crossing
neck,
the
to the feet,
down
legs
the
passed
Strings
legs.
ing
the wrists.
and around
the arms
also found
and were
along
of pendof
a
necklace
or string
of
the
varions
The arrangement
parts
of a strand
the
alike
consisting
to be much
ants
is found
world
over,
the midin size toward
and
the ends
toward
of beads,
small
increasing
size
form
or unusual
of peculiar
or pendant
a
central
bead
where
dle,
is placed.
of beads
as
in the
barbarians
of modern
employment
The practices
in dressing
the
are
are extremely
varied.
employed
ornaments
They
the

about

down

between

and
in head-dresses
hair,
and
to the hair,
ears,
nose,
and
sashes
waist
for the
and

anklets
Father
says:
other

"If

they

form

which

you
ornaments
into

to see

wish
but
the

string
they
with
great
figures
bind
up and plait

him

beads;
of

shape

thrown

the
in
these
little

in such
together
It
exactness.

to these;

pendants
and

necklaces

to ail

of

writing

as

lips;
to be

ornaments

pendent

Rasles,

and

plumes,

of the

parts

are

and

acrosstheshoulders;
of

grains,
a wayas

some

is with

these

Canada

in

you will find he

of shell
or stone,

finery,
a kind

as

costume.

Indians

Abnaki
aU his

as pendants
as belts

bracelets;

white

and

to represent
beads

1723,
no
has
which

others

black,

different

showy
Indians

that

our

make
of
they
behind;
or
six
five
sashes-of
large
them
collars,
garters,
ears,
pendants
themkinds
of ornaments
on thse
and
they
pride
in breadth,
inches
2
would
on all his gold and jewelry."
a European
more
than
mueh
selves
a hunmore
than
Indians
that
New
of the
It is related
England
and
about
their
necks
of
money
dred
~hung
strings
they
ago,
years
and
children.
of
their
wives
and
wrists
the
necks
as also
upon
wrists,
and
five
of one, two,
make
also
three,
four,
Thev
curiously
girdles,
to the
of
this
and
which,
sometimes,
inches
money;
thickness,
more,
and
as a
wear
about
their
or more,
of ten
middle,
value
they
pounds
their

for

hair

on

their

ears

and

the

Western
'Atwa.ter:
Antiqnities,
p. 86.
for bone or ivory.
mistaken
was usually
Jesuit Missions,
p. 25.
"Eip

In the early

days of mound

exploration

ahell

232

ART

IN

SHELL

0F

THE

ANCIENT

AMERICANS.

scarf

about
their
shoulders
and breasts.
th princes
make rich
Yea,
caps
or'small
breeches
of these
thus
into
aprons,
beads,
curiously
strung
1
forms
and figures;
their
black
and white
mixed
many
finely
together.11
It is further
recorded
that
the New England
Indians
wore ear-rings
and nose-jewels;
bracelets
on their
and legs,
arms
on their
rings
fingers,
necklaces
made
of highly
shells
found
in their
rivers
and on
polished
and

their

coasts.

round

their

The
heads

females
and

tied

wore

of beads
round
strings
moccasins
had
shells
and
they
walked.
they
The

Ihdian

women

of

the

decoration.

to personal
lower
border

hair
worked
up their
behind,
them
with
shells
and
feathers,
several
of their
bodies.
Round
parts
turkey

New

One

to tinkle

spurs,

Netherlands

writer

also

states

like

they
nestle

wampum.
is frequently

one

Their

three

handsome

hundred

guilders.

and

Aronnd

lively
appearance.
which
are also decorated

ornaments,
as highly

as our ladies
or bracelets,
hand-bands,
Their
breasts
pum.
dress.

wrought
favorite

They
and

wampnm,

Smith
proudly

do

appear
wear

writing
a Bedstead

npon

their
cnriousiy

in

states,

and

their

wampum.
necklaces.

beautifui

ornaments
costly
of Powhatan,
a foote
high,

same

The

worth
wear

interwoven

that

from
varions

with

with

he

found

tenne

an

bead
wam-

elegantly
with
their

him
or

with

forms

Thosetheyesteem
also wear

covered

as

wampum

ornamented
girdles,
in their
ears.

upon

bells

They

and

wrought,
about
half

the

they

with
pearl

little

head-dress

necks

and
their

attention
great
ornamented
the

gave

that

of their
skirts
"with
great
art,
which
are
decorated
with
tastefnlly
strips,
with
which
one of these
skirts
is ornamented
to

bands

ornamented

"reclining

twelve

Mattes,
with
manie
of great
about
his necke,
and
hung
Chaynes
Pearles,
covered
with a great
and the yonng
women
Couvering
ofRahaughoums,
who surrounded
him wore
a great
(Jhaine
of white
Beades
over their
5
shoulders.
richly

Th

is from
whose
and graphie
following
qnaint
Wood,
descriptions
New
Indians
are always
"But
a Sagamore
England
interesting:
with
a Humberd
in his eare
for a pendant,
a black
hawk
on his occiput
for his plume,
Mowhackees
for his gold
a good
store
of Wamchaine,
his loynes,
his bow
in his hand,
his quiver
at his
pompeage
begirting
ofthe

back,
thinkes

with

say he
Castles

is

Du

Pratz,

ear-rings

six

naked

himselfe
all

with

little
one

his
in

are

with

.ZK<K<tM spatterlashes
inferior
to the great
Charles.
Hee
King

breath

speaking
of the
made

and
of

at

his

heels
he

CM~/
thinkes

hee
with

for
will

his

can

his
not
blow

guard,
stick
to
down

conoit."

conquer

kingdomes

th

"Th
women's
says:
Indians,
of a large
shell called
whieh
bingo,

center

Louisiana
part

Collections of the Massachusetts

Historical
Soeiety, 1794, Vol. 111, pp. 231, 232.
View the American
Worsiey,
p. 65.
Indians,
3 Collections of the New York Historical
Society, 1841; vol. I, 2nd Series, p. 194.
to be raccoon skins.
~Thoaght
`
5 Smith: True Relation
of Virginia,
pp. 33, 34.
6Wood:
New England
Prospect,
p. 74.

BEADS

tiouiEs.]

USED

of one's
is about the thickness
it."
about that size for holding
Lewis and Clark found the
using she~ls of the pearl oyster
Tne chiidren
wore beads
pets.
them in little bunches
pended
either
formed
with
porcupine
grass
the Carrier
Among
their noses, and from
were

little
1

AS

23~

ORNAMENTS.

finger,

andthere

is a hole in the ear

Missouri
Indians
of th Upper
Shoshone
the collars of their fur tipto decorate
their necks;
around
grown persons susfrom the ears, and the collars of the men
or from twisted
from the southwest
of sea-shells

qnills.~
sexes perforate
both
Indians
of the Northwest
an ornament
consistthem the men often suspend
or a small piece of brass'or
shell
copper.
of
an
a
of
oyster
piece
ing
those who are young, run a wooden pin through
The women, particnlarly
their noses, upon each end of which they nx a kind of shell bead, which
an inch and a half long, and nearly the size of the stem of a
is abont
the
These beads they obtain from their neighbors,
common
clay pipe.
is said to take
another
tribe
that
from
them
who
pnrchase
At-e-ns
to be found in plenty.
where they are reported
them from the sea-shore,
and
Indians
that
the
same
stated
of
"theyoungwomen
is
also
It
and tied to a lock
of
together
a
strung
wear
Enropean
beads,
parcel
girls
The men have a sort of collar of the
each ear.
behind
of hair directly
or
which
they wind abont their heads
shell beads
already
mentioned,
their necks." 3
throw around
is carried is
for ornament
extreme
to which this passion
The absurd
of the
speaking
an
who,
by
Swan,
well illustrated
example
given
by
I
these
"some
of
that
girls
of th Columbia
north
tribes
River, says
have seen with the whole rim of their ears bored full of holes, into each
to the
of these shells that reached
a string
of which would be inserted
irom
ears
beto
save
their
so
whole
heavy that,
weighing
floor, and the
across the top of the
wear
a
band
to
were
obliged
off, they
ing pulled
head." 4
in quantity,
by thoubeads are found in the graves
When, however,
to them
have to attribute
we shall probably
sands or tens of thousands,
uses.
other than ornamental
to
of California,
tribe
according
Tom, of the Nishinam
Captain
One
and trinkets.
of shell beads
a
half
bushel
had
nearly
Powers,5
sixteen
contained
string of thse, worn by his wife on special occasions,
because of their value
were
hoarded
treasures
but
these
hundred
pices
than as ornaments.
as money rather
are known to
belts used by many of the tribes of Indians
The wampum
belts kept by
One of the historical
of beads.
numbers
contain enormous
thousand
ten
contains
their
nearly
treasnres
the Onondagas
among
thonsand.
Penn has, about three
The famous belt of William
beads.
~Do.Pratz:HistoryofLouisia,na.,p.364.
~Lewis and Clark: Expdition up the Missonri, &c., p. 537.
~Hm'mon's

Journal,

p.

387.

The Northwest Coast, p. 158.

'Swan
'-Powera Contributions to North American Ethnology,

Vol.

m, p. 863.

234

ART
("of 0- -r-,1

Sir

number

mound

of

with

a collection

have

furnished.

of

will,

relates

beads

contained

however,
sach
as

the

historie

could

when
that
not

placed
th

the

long
serving

fabric

are

put
to keep

mounted
by being
a very
usual
practice

is also
patterns

for

the

a moment
and

being

string
passed

four

King

Creek

thousand.

when

compared
could

Philip

it reached

ever
with

taken
the

to

from

treasure

of
mounting
of vegetable
through
side
and

are placed
side by
to keep
them
approximately
on equidistant
cross
strands,

of

the

beads.
fiber,
perfora-

fastened

at

or
parallel,
the longitu-

them
in place;
are also woven
into
they
one of the strands
before
upon
It
twisting.
to sew them
on strips
of cloth
or buckskin,
of different
beads
colors.
by using
The man-

being
produced
of stringing
in the manufacture
of belts
will
Mnemonic
Uses
of Beads.
BEADS AS CCBBENCT.
will

and

at the

surprise
Grave

shoulders

collection

stringing
a twisted

ner

It

the

chieftain.

when

strands

upon

greatest

compare

rows
of strands
Again,
in such
a manner
as

beads

dinal

expresses

Times,"

found,
instancing
between
three

appear
very
insignificant
the
costume
of the
great

A great
deal
of art is shown
in the
The simplest
form
is a single
strand,
a strip
of buckskin,
or a bit of sinew
tions.

AMEBICANS.

need

mound

intervals

ANCIENT

that

in

and so long that

breadth,
the
we conclude
ankles,
prehistoric
this one

THE

a coat
had
"made
all of wampampeag,"
Philip
of
be
cuts to pieces,
and
distributes
it
money,
the Nipmoog
sachems
and others,
among
as well to the eastl
and
all round
abouti
southward,
to this store
By adding
the
contents
of two
one of which
was
nine
inches
in
belts,

when

plentifnlly
ward
as

which

Virginia,

number

Drake

0F

in his "Prehistoric
Lubbock,
of beads
sometimes

This

which,

SHELL
0- ..o.

John

great

IN

be

given

in detail

nder

be impossible
to prove
that
the prehistoric
of
peoples
a medium
of exchange
in a manner
employed
correto our use of money.
It is a well-known
sponding
that
a
fact,
however,
beads
was in general
use throughout
currency
of shell
the Atlantic
coast
in the historic
region
very
early
period.
Of all objects
within
the reach
of savage
in their
either
peoples,
shells,
natural
'forms
or in fragments
fashioned
for convenience
of
artificially
are the best
for such
a purpose.
use,
adapted
In examining
the contents
of ancient
cemeteries
and mounds
where
all
of value
were to some
extent
objects
we find no other
relies
deposited,
that
could
have
been
used
for such
a purpose.
conveniently
It is not probable
that
to rapid
objects
such
as wood,
subject
decay,
and
could
ever
have
come
into
fruits,
seeds,
use for money,
general
such
are
to some
although
extent
objects
in difemployed
by savages
ferent
of the world.
The unlimited
parts
or easy manufacture
of
supply
these
be against
their'use
for this
objects
would
whereas
the
purpose,
diRioulty
the ninty
of shaping
substance
of shells
and perforating
would
such
a plentifal
prevent
as to destroy
the standard
production
of value.
North

probably

America

'Drake:

Book

of Indians,

p. 27;

and

Objects
their

substances

ntilitarian

of value;

as standards

exchange
accidental.
in

The
the

from

a limited
of

poses

from

Lewis

H.

subject,
of the Indian;
made

ever

would

as

same
their

a fixed

and

utensils

orig-

ornaments

filling

universal
and

naturally

in the worked
Yielding
a constant
demand,

of supply.
time

the

is only

function

for purhave
They
on th part

employment
value.

uniform

it

prized

greatly

savage
as a means

open-handed
than
ornaments
the

this

money

in

salt,
imediums~of

-such

articles
use

peoples

but
peoples,
by the ancient
as personal
valued
more
were
probably
they
avancions
of grati~ying
propensities.
on
of information
access
to all the sources
who had
Morgan,
the
been
called
money
has
that
frequently
"wampum
says
that
they
reason
for supposing
there
is no sumcient
but
been

of the

their

source
at

currency,
them
giving

ornament

lmdoubtedly

from

the
and

for

But

from

resulting

value,

by primitive
ancient
Rome;

in

cattle,
Mexico.

these

shells

of

arising

uniform
employed

in

cocoa,
With

use.

supply,
a natural

formed

they

trade

been

instance,

and

utilization

remote

districts

state

for

as,

in Britain,
in
local

tin,
are

Assyria;

inate

have

235

WAMPUM.

a fairly

having

attributes,

OF

USE

ANCIENT

HOMES.]

an

exclusive

in

or a currency

currency,

any

more

sense,
and

most
personal
at a fixed
from
passed
property,
until
of value
standard
had no common
to have
but they
appear
value;
it
had
been
their
currency
If
in
our
wampum
it
found
currency.
they
have
would
articles
ail other
to which
have
had a settled
would
value,
than
to a currency
nearer
that
it came
There
is no doubt
referred.
been
so
were
its
uses
becanse
of
among
them,
other
property
species
any
could
that
hand
so
hand
to
everyone
from
easy,
and its transit
general,
reaches
use of wampum
"th
that
Yet he admits
to need
it."
be said
it was
that
and ftirther,
this
continent";
to a remote
upon
back
period
as
the
early
at
which
Iriquois
notion
among
Indian
prevailed
an original
that
".th
on to state
He goes
of
the
as
the
formation
League.
least
freshof a small
of strings
consisted
of the Iriquois
wampum
primitive
name
of
the
dialect
~6
in
the
Seneca
called
water
spiral
shell
1
the modern
wampum.
bestowed
has been
upon
which
th
to North
came
America,
th Europeans
"before
Loskiel
says that
of wood
of
small
pieces
of
chiefly
to make
wampom
used
strings
Indians
made
of muscle,
Few were
black
or white.
either
of equal
size, stained
not havto
and
dimcult
for,
valuable
make;
esteemed
were
very
which
and yet their
in finishing
much
time
them,
they
spent
tools,
ing proper

than

silver

other

articles

work

had

Hutchinson
of the
money
The

or

other

a clumsy

appearance."2
th Indians
that
is of the opinion
had originallyno
York
of New

body

in Fifth
iMorga.n,
tory, pp. 71, 73.
Mission
~LoaMel:
~Hntchinson:

ornaments,
hand
to hand

of personal

province
or medium
great

Ail

ornaments.

resident
knowledge

northeastward
of this

sort

of

of trader
of our
Annual

historical
Report

of the United
of Mass.,

History

evidence
on the New York

Latrobe
Brethren,
Vol. I, p. 406.

goes

to show,

State

Cabinet

trans.,

p. ~4.

however,
of Natural

that
His-

23&

ART

a currency

of

encountered

by
New

Indians

of

kinde

of

want,
white

and

IN

shell

was

in

OF

use

THE

the

steede

of

back

and

for

becanse

wampampeak,
it:
and
these
end

one

of the

beads

coast

we know
are

with
not

have

the

of

parts

of

have

shells

themselves,
commodities

of

gould,
but

from

again

the

as they
the one is

as our

New

some

although
of the same

sorts,
of the

other

amongst
any of our
have
beaver

all

things

made

only

them
in

are

and

other,

when first

speaking
that
"they

is of two

us,

we can

current

to the

it
These

the white
with
them
is as silver
Rshe;
and for thse
beads
they
buy and sell,
even
with
us.
We
have
usd
to sell
this

tribes

in

1630, says
such
buy withal

call
they
wampampeak;
other
is a violet
coloure.

th

coast

Morton,

as
to

money

AMERICANS.

Atlantic

Thomas

Europea.ns.
as far
England
in

ANCIENT

among

the

beads

which

SHELL

for
them

from
England,
endeavoured

to have
the like made,
by example
kinde
of shels,
yet none
has ever,
as yet,
obtained
to any perfection
in the composure
of them,
but
the Salvages
have
found
a great
to be in the one and the
difference
and have
knowne
the counterfett
beads
from
other;
those
of their
owne
1
and doe slight
them."
making
to Roger
Williams
of New England,
According
as
aIso,
the Indians
far back
as his observations
were
in
the manufacture
extend,
of
engaged
shell
as a well-established
It seems
money
industry.
altogether
impossible
that
a custom
such
should
have
been
introduced
successfully
by
the English,
as the
Indian
is well known
to be averse
to anything
like
labor
in his
traditional
of war
excepting
and
the
occupations
chase,
and

if

them

the

for

apply

himself

'~they

that

they

will.

take

in

Indian

to

new

That
Lindstrom,

th
in

in

skins

art.
strange
side generally
downe
the

ail

not

of

European
awle
had

they

shell

money
was

wampum
who

is

with
also

writing

manufactured
of

the

Indians

that
says
as many
as
which
they
to the
for this
English
and Dutch,
trade
to the

and
French

introduction
blades
from
2
stones."

Williams

of it, and
sorts
of Furs,

their

Indians

English,
severall

have
looked
to
certainly
and
rather
than
game

Roger
make

ports
and whatsoever
Furres,
methods
were
aiso
aboriginal,

ever
their

Money
miles

trade

their

Their
was

"before

and

would

it,

of

th
Sea
upon
The Indians
bring
both
to
countrey,

for

art

introduced
means

live

the

England)
them."

bore

had

by

this
Money:
six hundred

Indians,

the

whites

supply

and

(north

stand

they

another
and

of

they
south

New

from

New

of

from

indication

Williams

Europe,
farther

south
in need

that

states
made
we

Sweeden:

learn

that

shift

to
from

"Their

is made
of shells,
and
into beads,
money
and
white,
black,
red, worked
turned
and smoothed;
one
cannot
neatly
make
more
person,
however,
in a day than
th value
of six or eight
stivers.
When
these
beads
are
worn
cannot
be strung-neatly,
and even
on one thread,
out, so that
they
no longer
consider
them
Their
them
they
is to
good.
way of stringing
rub the whole
thread
full of them
on their
if they
find it slides
noses;
lThomas
Vol. H, p. 29.
Morton, in Historical
Tracts,
Williams
A Key into the Language
of America,
p. 144.

ANCIENT

HOLMEs.j

and

smooth
wise

they

like
glass
even,
and
throw
break
Beverly
statements

Although
his

centnry,

the
Speaidngof
reckoned

Virginia
riches

they

and

Boenolce,
them

Peak,

and

Money

"ail

of shells

write

are

probably

they
1

ont

It

the

was

Skins

and

and

they

and

that

are

dinioalt
so that
are very
and hard
they
large
of shell-money,
have
tried
to drill
this
sort
smiths
so hard
but
it proved
an advantage
to get
3
gained."
and
value
in New
of its
use
York,
Speaking
Englishman
or ten times
that

not

afford

to ont.

with

on

ally
their

their

left;

tedions
never
need

but
their

value
to

one
the

fear

other

dimcalt

with

their
they

things
to the

of a vast

could

drill

length
time,

so that
will

their
The

wampum.

it

the

roll
bit

the

small
the

In-

but
current,
the
Indians

which
they

five

of which

shell,
than

make

they

holding
right
hand,
a hole
through
quite

in making
of

until

an

for

wampum

great

be

that

remarks

smaller

Englishman,
or reed.
Thus

a cane

especially

English
which

English
thonght

"This

in

thighs
so, in time,

Some

nothing

he

it is ground

where

stnck

a nail

work;
make

scarce

most

is the

drilling

manage

ont

that

is
are

which

andthereby

of this

so much

it is made

for
value;
affords
plenty;

endofatobaccopipe,oralargevheatstraw."
and
on stones
dians
grind
the

to make

the

country

deserve
Indians

that

which

of them.~

in

learn

for
first

them

but
whose
statements
1714,
the money
of the Carolina
found
onthe
coast
of Carolina,

wrote

These
both

them

taught
a Trade

make

to

very

could

them,
<???& ~AeH.

serv'd

alone
and

Furs,

which
except

among

of the

Silver,

English

eighteenth
information.

"hadnothing

went

made

Gold

accurate

upon

other-

good,

of the

beginning

based

trilles

of

considered

are

that

Ornament.

made

away.
until-the

not

such-like

on their
to put a value
who
From
Lawson,
we also
consideration,

then

beads,
them

237

WAMPUM.

he says
Indians,
before
the
English

instead

with

past

did

OF

USE

it continu-

of

shell

with

is a very
will
of which

it which
four

ronoak,
Indians

are

can afford
to make
they
ont of their
take
the trade

that

people
and

them,
hands.

never
This

is

or anything
the
buy skins,
slaves,
yon
furs,
money
enis to ns) that
their
mammon
it being
Indians
(as our money
have;
with
do
and
them
to
they
and persuades
everything
tices
part
anything,
are
for slaves.
As for their
children
they
their
wives,
except
possess,
this
for it.
With
violated
buy off
they
often
sold and their
daughters
will
do that
is ill, this
a man
can
wampum
and whatsoever
murders;
and
in their
make
though
him
of
and
good
virtuous,
opinion,
him,
quit
with

the

never

phasis
other

before."4

so black

the

confirms

Adair
to

the

fact

sonthern

~Penna,.

may

Historical

that

Indians,

statements
the

shell

a xed

made
beads
value

Vol. III, p. 131.

Society,
p. 195.
of Virginia,

by

these

s Beverly: History
of North Oa,rolina,; Raleigh
~Lawson:
reprint,
History
the anthor
< On this point, however,
qnoted is apparently
snccessfnlly
dance of proof that the whites often engaged
shell money.

and

writers,

among
had,
as cnrrency.

the

adds

Cherokees

"With

these

1860, p. 315.
at fanlt, as there
in the manufacture

emand
they

is abnn
of this

238

ART

IN

and
sold
bought
for circumstances

SHELL

at

OF

THE

stated

ANCIENT

AMERICANS.

current

without
the least
variation
rate,
or place;
and now they
will hear
nothof loss
or gain,
or allow
ing
patiently
as to heighten
the price
of our
be our
reasons
ever
so strong,
or though
goods,
the
and
exigences
1
of time may require
if
changes
We find plentiful
evidence
m the stories
of the early
advenSpanish
turers
that
beads
made
from
sea shells
were
held in high esteem
by the
Indians
of the south,
so far as I am aware,
there
is no statement
inbut,
that
formed
a well-regulated
medium
dicating
they
of exchange.
In regard
to the manufacture
of wampum
the followby the whites,
ing

down
clams

are

sea

Europeans,
in
shore,

in

th

used

by

wampum
they
intend
to appear
the
purple
parts
white

instructive:

make
the wampM~
of the Indians,
Albany
and their
some
kinds
of
by grinding
money,
is a considerable
to the inhabitants.~
profit

the
the

afterwards

be

time

at

this

to

of

will

quotations

"Many
people
their
ornament
muscles;
"Besides

either

the

many

of

order

to catch

native

which

is

shells

and

Indians

come
annually
with
them
proceeding
The shells
of these

clams,

manner

I have
described.
just
.ZMMMM as money,
and make
what
call their
they
likewise
serve
their
women
as an ornament,
when
they
in full dress.
These
are
made
of
wampums
properly
of the
which
the
Indians
value
more
than
the
shells,
the

A traveller,

who goes to trade

with the Indians,
and is well
become
a considerable
may
but
if he take
them,
gainer;
he will undoubtedly
gold
be a loser;
coin, or bullion,
for the Indians,
who
live
farther
or no value
up the
put little
these
country,
metals
upon
which
we reckon
so precious,
as I have frequently
observed
in the course
The Indians
made
of mytravels.
their
own wampums,
formerly
though
stocked

not

parts.
with

without

themselves
considerable
of

dealof

that
profit

by

making
wampum.3
"The
article
was
an

tuted
"The

article

that
The

in New

Island,
it is
were
name

prized
between

was

made

discovery,
and
polished
of the trade.

Hackensak,

Long
which

highly
trafic

wampum
After
the

manufacture,
the monopoly
at

of

old

article.

trouble:
but
at present
the
inhabitants
espeeially
it.
In the
sequel
1 intend

way;

where
difficult

mannfactured.~

as
the

by
the

ornament,
sea-coast
and

hand,
Dutch

perforated
it
The principal

and

a whole
4

is often

shell,

Europeans

Albany,
to relate

an

was

and

an

withexactness,
of its
place

show

deposit
left
the

as

the

introduced

The principal
Jersey.
the extensive
shell
banks
to find

the
of

employ
who

manner

such

consti-

interior

'Adair:
2Kalm's

tribes.

exceedingly
the
lathe

rude
in

its

and
soon
manufacture

was

of

was

sea

by the
immense

shells
Indians,
quantities

to shell
beads
applied
indiscriminately,
of the American
History
Indians,
p. 170.
Travels,
London,
1772, Vol. II, p. 100.
~JtM., Vol. I, pp. 190,191.
4Ruttenber:
Indian Tribes of the Hudson River, p. 26.
wampum

get

the

had

on

ANCIENT

HOLMES.J

but

has

frequently

a more

restricted

used

in strings

varieties

cylindrical
New
England

OF

USE

239

WAMPUM.

to the

referring
It was

significance,
and
belts.

as M?<MKpM?MpeoMjf,wa!Kpo?Kpe~e,
knew
it
Dutch
of New
Sweden

and

~oomp~m

~c~

small
first

known

in

wam-

and seaas seawan,

sewant,
a roughly
made
called
it
was
~ea~,
Virginia
coast,
?<{?<,
and
flattish
or ~oemo~e,
known
as ronoa7c
discoidal
heavy
variety
being
that
all of
rltntees.
Itis
were
called
beads
probable
edgeways
pierced
is some
difference
in origin,
there
are American
names
these
although
the

~Mm/

while

opinion
word
quois
in

but

origin

Loskiel

but

meaning
muscle,
modern
authority

best

quois

is an Irothat
wampom
who is probably
Morgan,
the word
on this
wampum
is not Irosubject,
in New
as
known
as it was first
England

derivation.

as to their

of

the

the

on

Algonkin,

says
to

according

M<MMpMm~e~.
probably
call
Wbmp<MK

(which
In

signifying
black)."
Wood
mentions
two

money

coast
date
very
early
is by no means
found

are
now

used

Lewis
bia

state

which

to

that
or their

the
the

Ohio

which
little

they

archsBQlogic

further
K.
E.

but

Valley,
were

information
The

Lord,
C. Stearns

ceedings
H.
W.

in

Pratt

have

specimens
we have

no

As

interest,
the

1 will
reader
in

American

California
in

still

in ancient

derived.

the

held

even

places

mo~c~sM,

ancient

the

the

in

use
the

or
use

at

the custdm
today
coast
of the Pacific
similar

precisely

among

are

Indians

found

Naturalist

of the

and

Indians

to those

high
sacrifice

Colum-

of the
esteem

very

higher

these

by

British

Columbia,

Expdition

the

skins,
of

by the
distances

great
in burial

of this

upon
to the

Vol.
Naturalist,
of Sciences,
the
Davenport

Academy
uf
proceedings

1 Lewis and Clark:

enlarge

is referred

use

robes,

currency

especially

the

of determining

modern

not

river,

favorite

at
graves
been
found

means

the

the

np

grass."l
bas
been
the
always
and is highly
valned,

shell

wampom-

their
last
article
will
they
of their
fondof food.
Independently
of trade
beads
are th medium
these
by

the

bear

It is frequently
A few
sea-shore.

tribes.

of traffic

of

(&tcM,
white.

for

wompi

Valley
Mississippi
into
that
it came

West,
burial

ancient

beads

jSMc~m~oc~
word

evidence
the

proofs

entire

The

ornament

Northwest

of the

of

them
procure
last
mouthfui

from

chappeled
bread,
The jDeM~Mfm
peoples

without

speaking
shell

an

as

obtain

they

not

little

of beads
quantifies
large
tribes.
by the coast

that

them

for

tribes

the

the

known

but

the

throughout
obsolete.

as money
and Clark,

River,

have

black

gives

Indians,
white
they

their

is

also

we

says
their
he

England

that

in New England
derived
from
probably
black.
signin.es

latter

Williams,

that

contain

to

and
people,
of clothing
ness

The

amongst
yet we are

Pacific

white);
place
of beads

varieties

to

according
which,
seem
It would
shell

signifies
another

New

of the

money

(Algonkin),

Nto~ac~es.

and

peage

of

of the

speaking
Williams,
the
Narragansetts

Roger

subject

from

in
places
source
from

currency

following

the

inland-

has
here.
authors

but
For
J.

B.
II, pp. 20 to 26;
in
and
No.
proIII,
1,
Vol. V, Part
II, p. 113;
of Natural
Academy

Vol.

np the Missouri,

p. 73.

240

ART

IN

SHELL

OF

THE

ANCIENT

AMERICANS.

Vol. II, Part I, p. 38; and Stephen

Powers
in Vol. 3, ContriSciences,
butions
to North American
Ethnology,
pp. 21, 24, 30.
MNEMONIC

USE OP BEADS.

One of the most remarkable

customs
Inpracticed
by the American
dians is found in th mnemonic
use of wampum.
This custom had in
it a germ of great promise, one whioh must in time have become a powerful agent in the evolution
of art and learning.
It was a nucleus
about
which all the elements
of culture
could arrange
themselves.
I shall
not at present
undertake
to divest th custom of adventitious
features
such as have been introduced
with European
by contact
influence.
Yet there is no reason
to fear that any of the important
or essential
features
have been derived
from outside
sources.
It is not possible
from any known
records
to demonstrate
the great antiquity
of this
use of wampum.
It does not seem probable,
that a custom
however,
so unique and so wide-spread
could have grown
up within the historic
nor is it probable
that a practice
period;
foreign to the genius of tradiraces could have become
so well established
and so dear to
tion-loving
their hearts in a few gnrations.
Mnemonic
records
are known to have corne into use among many nations at a very early stage of culture.
Picture
as developed
in
writing
the north is but another
form of mnemonic
a fact, a thought,
a
record,
verse of a song being associated
with an idographie
design, more or
less suggestive
of the subject.
Th Peruvians
had their ~M~MS, in which
th record was made by associating
with knots
things to be remembered
made in cords of different
fixed assocolrs, each combination
havinga
ciation.
The Mexicans
had gone further
and had achieved
a system of
and curious,
in which a phonetic
picture
writing that was very unique
element
had already
while the Mayas could boast
made its appearance,
the discovery
of a true phonetic
of twentysystem with an alphabet
seven sounds.
The mnemonic
use of wampum
is one which, I imagine,
might readily
of gift giving and the exchange
of tokens of
develop from the practice
such mementos
for future
reference
as refriendship,
being preserved
minders of promises
of assistance
or protection.
In time th use of such
mementos
would develop into a system
of recording
affairs of
capable
varied and complicated
facts or features
of treaties
nature;
particular
would be assinged
to particular
of objects.
With
objects, or portions
this much accomplished,
but one step was necessary
to the attainment
of a hieroglyphic
association
of a single object
system-the
permanent
or sign with a particular
idea.
The wampum
records
of the Iroquois
were generally
in the form of
or woven into patterns
formed by the use
belts, th beads being strung
of different
colors.
By association
simply they were made to record
and speeches-a
laws,
or a
history,
treaties,
iact, a law, a stipulation,
declaration
talked into a particular
of the de.
being
part or pattern
sign with which it was ever afterwards
thus giving
addiassociated,

ci
h
0

3
s
o

s= ag
f~i

6
e
9

o
0
F

tional
in

i't'-
tradition

permanencyto
of

direction

the

to

according

quois,
versed

in

records

was

its

T~vt~
bringing
Such
records.
of an
of the

agency
one

whose

of wampum,"
But

interprtation.
not confined

season

a certain

the
Morgan,

keeper

hereditary

-.3
and

written

without

useless.

quite

241

SYMBOLICUSESOFWAMPBM.

HoniEs.)

eaeh

th

to

yearthe

records

were

contents

to

the

from

the

even

taken

be

to

the

of

Iro-

was-made

sachems

it was

course,
the

Among

Onondaga
duty

of

were,

interprter.

knowledge
or
keeper,

belts

c'~QT~~iT'T~T'WnTf!
forward
step further

one

it

thorongbly
of these
At

sachems.
treasure-house

of each
and
the
import
while
history
tribe,
It is
to
the
day.
is kept
present
This
custom
up
recited.
was publicly
had
sachem
a
certain
Mohicans
th
that
among
recorded
by Ruttenber
and strings
belts
the wampnm
contained
which
of
of
the
peace
bag
charge
nations.'
the different
with
and friendship
usedin
peace
establishing
and
of
in
the
form,
nsed
strings
records
wampum
was
Aside
from
were
mnemonic,
of them
some
probably
of
a
varietv
for
purposes;
belts
with
its
association
either
based
upon
others
so, being
only partially
resultcharacter
a
semi-sacred
or
or
chief
npon
some
of
clan,
the name
in summoning
connclis,
It was employed
uses.
its important
ing from
in it a
found
to tribe
tribe
from
who
and
the
journeyed
messenger
it was presented
was caUed
a council
When
passport.
well
recognized
it was
as their
tribes
varions
credentials;
the
from
delegates
by the
also
as was
and
conneils,
of
closing
in the
opening
used
ceremony
in
and
oaths
absolving
from
in solemnizing
it assisted
the
calumet;
it threatened
war,
of peace;
black,
a messenger
it was
white,
them;
the
was
White
wampnm
it expressed
with
grief.
covered
and
clay,
neck
of
the
around
it
was
and faith,
hung
of purity
emblem
Iroqnois
the
nsed
before
it
was
periodical
was
it
before
burned;
the white
dog
rebeing
of sinS, no confession
for
confession
the
festivals
religions
further
than
with
white
unless
recorded
wampum;
as sincre
garded
of murder,
in condonation
althongh
offering
it was the cnstomary
this,
of a
vaine
Six
strings
was the
was sometimes
employed.
the pnrple
rather
was
for
the
wampum
sent
in condonation,
qnantity
life, or the
for forgivewith
a petition
of the crime,
confession
as a regretful
sent
the inWe
recognize
of blood."2
readily
as the actual
than
price
ness,
uses
these
of
a
nnmber
in
symbolic
missionary
of the Christian
fluence
and

to

exposed

the

whole

ofwampum.
The
ing
such
of this

quotations
ancient

The

method

give
as will serve

custom
of

assemblies

emonial

than

sented

an

will

than

in

the

and

outline
to show
its

the
handling
is extremely
words

611 a volume,
of the
subject,

wonid

of wampum

literature

more

clearly

attendant
belts

the

but

I forbear

confining
and
extent

practices.
in

of wampnm

interesting,

and

the
cannot

16E

to

importance

of cerpresence
be better
pr.

of eye-witnesses.

the Hndson
River, page 43.
tEnttenber:India.mTribeaof
of the New
on the condition
in Fifth Annnal
Report
page 73.
History,

'Morgan,
of Natural

presentmyself

York

State

Cabinet

242

in

ART

IN

SHELL

OF

THE

The

following

the

in 1764
Muskingum
Valley
Indian
on solemn
council,

"An

is

from

quoted

ANCIENT

who

Brice,

AMERICANS.

is describing

a council

held

was
with
occasions,
always
opened
wearisome
and
sufficiently
but made
indistedioas,
pensable
by immemorial
for this
are as much
cnstom,
people
bound
by
their
conventional
as the most
usages
artincial
children
of civilization.
The forms
were
to some
varied,
to the imagination
of
extent,
according
the
but
in ail essential
speaker,
were
respects
similar
they
closely
the tribes
of th Algonkin
throughout
and and Iroquois
lineage.
run
somewhat
as fbiows,
"They
each
sentence
being
pronounced
with
and
great
confirmed
solemnity,
of a
by the
delivery
wampnm
belt:
with
this belt
I open
<Brothers,
ears
that
your
I
you may hear;
remove
and sorrow
grief
from
I draw
your
from
feet
hearts;
the
your
thorns
that
them
as youjourneyed
pierced
I clean
the seats
of
thither
the council-house,
that
you may sit at ease;
1 wash
your head
and body,
that
be refreshed;
your
spirits
1 condole
may
with
loss
of
yon on the
the
friends
who
have
died
since
we last
1 wipe
oui
met;
any blood
vhich
been
may have
between
us.'
spilt
This
ceremony,
which,
by the
of so many
belts
of wampum,
delivery
entailed
no small
was
expense,
never
used
on the most
except
important
and
at the
counoccasions
cils with
Colonel
the angry
Bouquet
warriors
seem
to have
diswholly
with
it.
pensed
And
his
was
re-eshed
memory
by belts
of wampum,
which
he delivered
after
clause
in his
every
harangue,
as a pledge
of the sincerity
and truth
of his words.
preliminary

forms,

"Thse

were
carefullypreserved
as a substitute
bythe
hearers
a use for which
records,
were
the
better
they
as
adapted,
were
often
worked
in hieroglyphics
they
the meaning
expressing
they
were
to preserve.
Thus
at a treaty
designed
of peace
the principal
belt
often
bore
the figure
of an Indian
and a white
man
a chain
beholding
tween
them.~
for

belts

written

From

an

account

two hundred
nearly
four reprsentatives,
of the proceedings
between

treaty
<We
tears

Cannehoot,

following
a Seneca

Wagunhas

and

the

war..

a second
hands
of red

by

the
We
belt).
this

marble.

ago,
make the

two

the

by
which

to

the
tojoin
of the
Senecas

from

held

years

come

wisdom
the

of a council

Five

the

Nations

extract
sachem-

the

Senecas,

speaking

belt.'

Tonondio

tions

A red

We

a fourth
(giving
beit).
shallbe
they
ers
broughthomein
We will bring
promise).
your
~Brioe

marble

is drunk

History

sun

we wash
We have
the

spring

prisoners
of Fort

the

belt

by this

Wa,yne,

wipe
been
faces

to

of

your

a beltto
(giving
home
when
the
1868, page

28.

learn

away
killed

the
in

(giving
into
our

put
is presented-a
pipe
our hands
clean&om

twelve

course

a proposed
as follows:

We come

a belt).

eyes of your
whose
relations
friends,
have
likewise
th paint
from
wipe
soldiers'
your
We
throw
aside
the ax which
Yonondio
third

Onondaga
Canada
sent

During
presented

bodiesintoone.

(giving

at
of

governor

made
his

nation

ac-

prisonconfirm
the

strawberries

be in

shall

at

blossom,

time

which

243

TREATIES.

IN

WAMPUM

HOljmM

we

intend

to

visit

Corlear

gov-

(the

is made.'
place
York),
and their
Fiv
acoeptance
the
belts
were
Nations,
"Th
by
accepted
to the mesbelt was also given
A large
of the treaty.
was a ratiRcation
belt
sent from
Albany
share.
A wampum
as their
from Albany
sengers
divided.
and afterwards
in
the
same
hung
up
manner,
was,
it is probable
butsince
amost
of belts;
Thisindicates
extravagantuse
of little
a
matter
this
was
imporin
return
received
were
as many
that
treaties
of the later
usedin
some
of wampum
The great
tance.
profusion
ambassafour Indian
held between
In a council
is a matter
of surprise.
belts
were
fine large
French
and
th
thirty-six
from
New
dors
England
had
not
been
their
them that
to thank
people
by the ambassadors
given
z
with
treated
hostility.
of Pennsylof Proud's
volume
History
second
to the
Th appendix
was sent
who
Christian
of Frederick
Post,
contains
vania
the journals
Inthe Alleghany
a
with
make
to
treaty
in
17S8,
Denny,
by Governor
on his
to the
answer
chiefs,
th
and
in
governor's
delivering
dians
in a
to unite
to them
after
in the
samo
proposing
visit
second
year,
at
the Indians
~ith
concluded
been
had
which
of
lately
treaty
peace
with
marked
was
of
which
one
belts,
and
sundry
producing
Easton,
the peaceand the Indians
delivering
th English
representing
figures
onthe
<Brethren
to say
he proceeds
to one of the commissioners,
belt
do
not
doubt
as
we
now
we just
the belts
you,
gave
if you take
Ohio,
another
their
figurative
and
using
t/MS
belt'-producing
by
you will, then
to
to come
invite
and
for you,
yon
a road
make
of speech'I
style
we
rekindle
which
up
again,
first
old
council-fire,
to -your
Philadelphia,
of friendship.
treaties
first
old
renew
th
and
and remove
disputes,
and corne
for
nothing,
road
and
therefore,fear
you;
This
is a clear
open
or the Six
the
of
Shawanese,
as
can
be
Delawares,
as many
to us with
and nations
ail tribes
we desire
to see you;
we will be glad
Nations;
a large
corne.'
Whereupon
with you may
who are in alliance
of Indians
of black
streaks
end and
a
man
at
each
of
the
with
white
figure
belt,
to
was then
to Philadelphia,
given
from
th Ohio
the road
representing
and

of New

ernor

the

see

where

wampum

them.

Canada,
use of
"AU
laces

based
gives

wampum
affairs

compacts,
is
which

chiefly

following

very

are

conducted

by

porcelain

written
used

for

of an

inch

quarter
in two
uted

considered

unusually
of the
observation

on personal

the

of

[belts]

are

statements

whose

Lafitau,
were
they

instructive
means

[wampum]
and
agreements,
affairs

in length

of

of
which

account
branches
with

them

trustworthy,
Indian
tribes
of

[strings]
take

the

as
of

mnemonic
neck-

and
the

place
The

contracts.
of
little
into
is worked
cylinders
state,
are distribin proportion.
They
and large
are
The
composed
and
in belts.
strings

in strings
ways,
Pa., 1841, page 143.
l Events in Indian History,
Lancaster,
of
New
France,'Vol.
II, page 356.~
and
description
2 History
in Memoirs Hist. Soc. Penn'a,, Vol. VI, p. 222.
'Penn,

of

shell,
a

244

ART

of

IN

SHELL

threaded

cylindrs

OF

THE

without

of a rosary
the beads
of little
consequence,

are
or

AKCIENT

order

one

AMERICANS

after

usually
quite
as a preparation

another,
and are

wbite,
for

other

like

the

beads

used

for

affairs

more

considerable

prsents.~
"Th
ders

belts

are

which

makes

large
bands,
in rows,
and
a very neat
fabric.

of a hnndred

"The

or public
~nsk/
treasure,
as I have
with
said,
them,

which,

for

making
attach
to

themselves

these

or some

fair,

purple

thongs

of leather,
color are proare of eleven

is their

name for

means
(?<H-~MM<t, which
and of
or word,
(?(nsM<~K/~a,
cause
ail the
affairs
dignified

of
principally
of contracts,

the

savages,
soon

from

time

kind

having

no writing
the trans-

forgetting

supply
this
deficiency
of words
which
means
they
refers
to some
afparticular
while
use

of belts

a transaction;
which
means
by

belts,
of pnblic

to time,

it represents
to this
the

cylin-

these

place

the

a localmemoryby
which
each
one

of

belts,

which

CaomKt,
that
of

and

small

themselves

which
circumstance,
so nuichconsecrated

are

"They

white

with

consists
For

of annals
or registers.
and
therefore
finding
that
occar
them
among

actions

little

down

take

acts,
and
or letters,
by

which

tied

The length
and size and
of the affair.
The usual
importance
belts
and eighty
beads
each.

to the

portioned
rows

in

are

disposed

these

besides

most
that

belts

it exists.

that'

used,
of

grandeur
are
the

the
they

name
bestow
voice

Gaouenda,
or nobility;

be-

endowment

and

of the o~<M'cmc!ers or nobles.

province
It is they
who furnish
and
them;
it is among
them
that
when presents
they
are redivided
are made
to the
and
when
to the belts
village,
of their
replies
ambassadors
are sent.
Th agoanders
and
the
ancients
besides
the custom
of
have,
this,
over them
often
looking
and
of dividing
together,
themselves
among
the care of noting
certain
ones, which
are particularly
assigned
to them;
so that
in this
do not forget
way
they
anything.
Their
would
soon
be exhausted
wampum
if it did not
but
circulate;
in almost
ail affairs,
either
within
or
the
law requires
a
without,
reply
word
for word,
that
is to say, for one belt
one-must
to be
give
another,
of about
the snme
a slight
value,
difference
in the
observing,
however,
number
of beads,
which
must
be proportioned
to the rank
of the persons
or nations
with
which
treat.
they
do not
believe
that
"They
can
be concluded
any transaction
without

these

them,
they

let

-question
their

belts.
word

by

it fall
about

only

mouth

is made
proposition
the
affair
falls

which

a small

as
effectually,
little
informed

inconvenienced

slightly

without

to them,

alone,

through
very
it.
Europeans

hve

usages

belts
ing their
inconvenience
giving

Whatever
of

giving
might
quantity,

arise

from

excusing

similar
this

on this
response.

they
themselves

~In order to make th anthors

quite
meaning
given of such words as porcelaine, branches, coMers,
confusing.

or reply
they

say,

there
had
though
or little
concerned
them

them

through,

plea

no

about
in retainavoid

the

acquired
onthe

been

point
To

given
and

the

of
style
that
their

has been
clear, a &ee translation
etc., as his use of them is somewhat

ANNUAL
BUREAU

0F

ETHKOLOGY

WAMPUM

BLTS

BELONGING

TO

THE

ONONDAGAS.

REPORT

1881

PL.

XXXIX

wampum

was

deer-skin,

in

so that

transactions

shells,
in
them

employ
do. 1
very
the

work
Four
with

complete

account

following

extract

or six

of

fathom

twelve

in one
belt

a
feet

affirm

and

fastened
about

its

proportion
the importance

by
to

either

ofthepersonstowhomtheyaretobedelivered.
at
solemn
conneils,
transacted

and

ratified

made

required
the

give
they
used
Formerly,
custom
and this
bird
a wing of some large
livering
business
in transacting
western
the more
nations,
and
the
Iroqnois,
But
the Delawares
themselves,

wampom.

with

speech
but

be

of

words

he

course
same

qualities

immediate
brown

something
warning
When
belt

give
but

as

answers

given
and

by strings
received.

those

Neither

against
a. nation
is blask,

if

or belt

a string
evil,
is called

or

an
upon

or marked

to
with

go

reproof,
to war,

red,-called

the

must

they

of

wampom
of his
subject

deas a
dis-

to a speech
of wampom,
colour
the

thus
nor

the

but

have

an

means
always
of
is th colour
to

intended

it

is delivered
declared
the

de-

of the

to confirm.

is

by them,

a string,
con-

under

explanation.
he
sentence,

Indians,
white

or war

de-

an

indifference,
meant
are

the

import;
of wampom

earnest

of

they
but

or doubtfui

svre

belts

of

a matter
are
wampom
which
to those
reference
things
black
called
or deep
by
violet,
of

string

of

by

and

delivery

chief

belts

in leagne
well-

nations

handsome

important
the

of

Thus,

peace.

spoken';
The
a belt.

be confirmed

number

and

size

other

with

aiso

must

livered

adding,

moment

subject
but
spoTi-em;

this

which
dignity

prevailsamong
Delawares.
the

requiring
some

I have

what

confirms

pronounced

and

themselves

the

upon
are
words

frequently

importance,

the

the

Upon
said

is ~em~

has
speaker
of wampom,
of

confirmation

provided
mnch

still
with

with

wampom.
and

made
a belt

great

a string

livers

of

belts
be

may
when

th

Whenever

snmciently

and

strings

sidration,

the

now

are

them,

wrought
a long

subject
the

or by

and
by strings
treaties
to their

valid

or

eight,
length

Everythingof
Indians
th

sanction

to

other
or four

fonr,

confirm,

between

either

to each

of

or

explain

of

T,
whose

three

perhaps,

containing,
to

in

ail

that

byLoskiel,from

being

breadth,

America

North

of

even

~p
of

ikinds .1

varions

those

is given

~c<t~o~,

of

long,

wampom,

only

become

hve

make

cannot

wampum
is made

joined

orwithEuropeans,is

is

of

intended

are

belts

these

it
I

is determined

This

breadth.

The

packages
of
small
value,

of

them

and

ofAmerica

transactions.

strings
make
fine
thread,
three
and
wide,

inches

with

rest
trinkets

given

Europeans

nations
savage
that
I believe

the

of

ornaments
thse

were

they
the

th

supplied

they

which

between

ail

"Although
who

and

exhausted
for

return

245

TREATIES.

trade.

of

sort

IN

WAMPUM

HOLMES.]

confirm
in
against

colour

black.
it,

of blood,

havinginthemiddiethengureofanhatchetinwhitewampom.
in a
them
as public
carefully
preserving
to them
records,
They refer
meet
to study
seasons
At
certain
they
made
for that
chest
purpose.
were
an emblem
of which
ideas
the
they
and to renew
their
meaning,
tom.
1 Lafitau
II, pp. 502-'3 a,nd'506-'7.
1724,
Mnis des Sauvages
Amenqua.ms,

246

ART

IN

"l!

or confirmation.
take

out

SHELL

On

one

such

they
other,

that
prsent,
they
words
on its
pronounced
these
means
are enabled
they
the

by

yonng
come

different
who

boys,

parties;
related

are

belt

would

sit

the

to their
chiefs,
affairs
of the

transmitted

that

down

aronnd
it

handing

the

chest,
to every

about

ail comprehend
its meaning,
repeat
in their
whole
delivery
convention.
By
to remember
the
promises
reciprocally
and it is their
custom
to admit
even
the
ail

if

from

AMERICANS.

may

are

be released

the

to the

with

early
acquainted
tents
of their
documents
1
casily
forgotten."
It is to be presumed

ANCIENT

after

the

made

THE

occasions

or belt

string
and

person

OF

a treaty
oNce
and

its

thns

State;

to posterity,

and

or a promise
in the
saine

were

the

con-

cannot

be

the
broken,
or worked

form,

into

be-

they

assemblies;

could
be used.
Otherwise
another,
again
the records,
if properly
would
in time
become
kept,
cnmbersome.
extremely
The repudiation
of a treaty
and of the
which
wampum
accompanied
it is recorded
It was
at a conncil
by Brice.
held
at Miami,
in 1790,
between
Mr. Gamelin
and a nnmber
of tribes.
Mr. Gamelin
in beginhis speech
ning
each
nation
with
presented
of wampum,
strings
but
"th
Indians
were
displeased
with
-the
and
after
consultatreaty,
tion
retnrned
the
'From
ail
wampum,
saying:
we
quarters
receive
from
the Americans
speeches
and not one
is alike.
We
that
snppose
intend
to deceive
they
us.
Then
take
back
branches
of wampum.~
your
The Pottawatomies
were
better
with the speeches
pleased
and accepted
z
the wampum."
Another

good

which

example

confirmed

treaties,

by

illustrates
is given
a youth

wampum,
then
but

the

manner

of

byMr.
Gilpin:
of twenty-one,

When Washington,
colonial
of Virginia
by the
with
a mission
governor
wilds
of
where
the French
from
Canada
Pennsylvania,
and
had
etrating
as was
already
established,
believed,
in our limits
and
were seeking
to nnite
the
natives
in
lie

us,
He

found

that
belt

of

Innuenced

of

to withdraw

the

store

from

to him
of the

the

it on

the

to

an

with
were

were

to

before

the
to

repaired

token
men

relates

of

the

to

take

that
and

or thigh

it once

part

four

western
then

against

been
as

its

formed.

that

the

be

commander

compact,
in th

who,

LosTdel: Missions of the United

Brethren.
Trans.
Brioe Ristory
of Fort Wayne, p. 118.
3 Gilpin, in Memoirs of the Hist. So&. ofFenna.
Vol.

and

accept

the

however,
by La. Trobe,
VI, p. 348.

reprisk

the

consented
belt

of wam.
and

abolished;
in order

to proclaim

impending
that
war

symbol,

sachems

could

penwith-

posts

alliance

indeed

Indian

happened
a nation
to
chief,

intrusted

the

were

French,

declared

French

warlike

compel
of the

the

was
to

rudely
embroidered-the
be defended,
even
at

agreement

the
no

had

the

remontrances,
but they
alliance

the

persuade

shoulders

alliance

by his

red

Heckewelder
deavored

such

which

posts

pum must
be returned
one of the sachems
tention

that

had
they
exchanged
on whieh
four
houses

wampum
resentationa
war.

found

canceling

to reth

in-

stru~gle.~
messengers
belt by
after
Book

enlaying

shaking
1

p 26.

it

BUBEAU

OF

ANNUAL

ETHKOLO&Y

BEFOBT

1881

PL.
1

WAMPUM

BELT

BELONGING

TO

THE

ONONDAGAS.

XL

nnM~j

WAMPUM

without

off

if

them,as
is remarkable
the

on

other

We

met

the

only
th

explain
idea
of

was

attached

in

wooden

in

wampum
which

colonies,

th

adhrence
Hunter,
that
"they

speaking

wild
war

wampum,
black
and

of a raven,

represents

use

goose,

ail

by
sent

part
or painted

the

of

of

on

bark

th

are

of
belts
were
also
to

was
but

lost
itself

objects

wampum
So

or skin,

parties
of a fisli

model

entirely
which
in

other

for
wam-

to

preserve
and

pledged

theNe~Engof their

as

a token

the

states
Osages,
and
of the swan

treaty.
and

manners

of

cnstoms

snch

emblems,
in overtnres
and pipes,
are
and red painting,

signincant

clubs,
of war.
rations

use

contraoting

wooden

of the

terms

to

not

a record

or magic.~
hunting,
war,
at Onondagainl690,
a treaty

of
songs
the councils

of

recorded

most

tables,

the

in memory
At one
land

the

for

were

carved

used

frequently
shown

partiality
value
was

th

threw

stick,

way.

on
th figures
mnemonic.
simply

that

states

more

the

to

of

instances

Tt
Parkman

with.

of his

out
not

were

objects

that
supposition
that
importance

Iroquois

those

or toad

with

afterwards,

hands,

can

of and
sight
merited
prservation.
often

his

a snake

threw

that

records.

mnemonic
pum

he

247

SYMBOLS.

MNEMONIC

OTHER

it with

tonching

it after
It

AND

as

the

wing

for
used

while
peace,
as indications

arrows,
or decla-

or the wing
black,
as a skin
such
painted
article,
or striped
colored
and when
of friends,
the death
when
Indians
Canada
peace
the
of enemies.
Amongst
with
red, that
of th oblivion
as a symbol
buried
was
hatchet
a
reddened
was conceded,
exA mutual
the
parties.
between
contracting
of ail past
hostility
debated
were
its
terms
after
sealed
the
ornaments
treaty
of neck
change
on each
side
chiefs
for the
ail was not
But
yet over,
and determined.
of
as
calumets
such
of
rare
articles,
and accepted
presents
proffered
barter
beof ceremonial
kind
&c.
This
deer
embroidered
skins,
peace,
the conference
mutual
or otherwise,
to their
satisfaction,
ing terminated
broke

np.

Gumilla
which
carry

says

thatthe

Indians

Oronoco

they
give reciprocally,
when
in their
hands,
as
sacred
by
regarded

tree,
1 have
sources

Any

in

Molina,
accordingto
Arancanians,
of a
branches
th
a peace,
s
each
other.
to
which
they
present
conclude

they
them,
the

enumerated
already
were
which
from
they

were

diameter,

strings

small
and

or belts

cylinders
from

were

various

derived

from

one-quarter
sufficient

i
sticks

5 and the

for

the

to

uses
in

which

aud
which
they

expression

to

the

shown

were
they
are
strung

or weaving
of an
one-quarter

stringing

one-eighth
to one-half
the

of beads

kinds
and

the manner
1 have
yet to describe
applied.
and belts.
in strings
or combined
for
convenient
as most
chosen
The beads
fabrics

with

treaties

their

ratify

in length.
ideas
of simple

an inch

1876, p. 110.
tHeckewelder:India,n
Nations,
Jesuits
in Nortli America, p. xxxiii.
~Pa.rkma.n:
Lancaster,
Pa., 1841, p. 143.
in Indian
~Eventa
History,
and Cnstoms,
p. 193.
Indian Manners
~Hunter:
Vol. III, p. 91.
Histoire
GnmiUa,:
deOrinoque,
of Chili, Vol. I, p. 119.
stMina,:
History

into
inch

White
or the

248

ART

association
it

for

ont

mnemonic
th

in a few

event

character
cases

to be

in

the

Six

Cayagas

six

colors

use

of

the

council

one

white

beads

to

bead.

one

The

white.

The

three

significant
in this
way.
the

lhavecompiled

is opened.
a few

the

The

on which
in

the
strands,
are two

there

2, Plate
contain
two

XLIV

Fig.

these

with

strings,
were

which

Onondagas

wtiitebeads;
by seven

Tuscaroras

six strings,
illustrated

nations

are

utilized

the
wampum
among
united
in a cluster
beads
repremeet th
strands
are
arranged

cluster;
have
four

Senecas

with
arranged
to be intrusted
to

contain

and

-patterns
In belts 9

of

strings

which

in

affairs.

and

idographie,
cannot
be

of purple

TheMohawks
ail purple.
have
beads
to one white.
These
are
are four
in the Oneida
strings

purple
There

colors

or thoughts

the-tribes

strings,
ail purple,

strauds,

facts
are

of

complicated
weregenerally

notes
the

that

seven

more

Strings

strings
When

signifies
by

by

nearly

to

which

represented

AMERICANS.

combinations

figures

memorized.

nations.

a circle,

are

ANCIENT

of the

~~pMm~s~~s.FromMr.Beauchamp's
brief
account
of
following
modern-Iroquois.
sent the six

THE

the

purposes

to

but

0F

but the
facts,
to record
much

possible

reference

them,
of th

SHELL

of simple

rendered
used

IN

purple

two

brothers

purple

are

repre-

sented

by similar
clusters.
When
a new chief
is installed
talked

into"

ten

the

mostly
represent
white,
is shown
in Fig.
XMV.'
1, Plate
ten strings
of black
wampum.
are

strings

to

ered
erence

to the

were
It

is recorded
white

throwing
virtue
of

still

a chief

If he has

in use

them,

being
to our

relating

of strings
with
certain

their

captive

by

use

invested
from

When

that

on

one

torture

by

Snch

pum,

different

made

a speech,
to the Sioux.

which

Chippeway
Wampunt
From
Pike

of these

clusters

office,

and

Logan,

signified
to conclude
M~s.Inthe

use

through

the

which
to

the

indicate

was given
authority
or make
war.~
peace
belts

an original
sketch by Mr. Beauchamp.
Travels throngh
tlie Western
Ten-itories

that

qualities,
clan,

pipe

seven
seven

a grt

or tribe.

Through
and

to whom

by

refthey
donbt-

saved
a
chief,
of Indians
and

away

his

it,

beads.

occasional

circle

by Pike,
he presented
the pipe
were

of

find

neck.

prisoner's
to lead
him

that

manufacture

and
hand-made

Mingo

is mentioned

during
Attached

these

chief,

the

enabled

as
strings
are consid-

that

some

authority,

of

authoritative
of

on
short

express

Iroquois,

ways

name

rushing
about

gives

six

Indians

antique
tribes
w

in

occasion

beads

of

Indian

protective
with
the

a string
of wampum
this
he was
string

his family.
A somewhat

to bear

strings,

his

the

the

among
made

of wampum

association
from

of
as

is

occasion

Three

he is mourned

lost

into

chief

on the

dies

merely

Beauchamp,
possession
used
as credentials,
or,
ail same
as your
letter."
are

very
precious
th literature

lu

less

Mr.

also

wampum
in existence

remain

delivered

used.

According
and they
are
"Chiefs

address

of white
long
strings
wampum.
the name
of the new chief.
One

very

adopt

the
him

a Chippewa
to Mr. Pike

of wamstrings
chiefs
of the

deal

of N. A., 1805-'7,

of skill

p. 103.

and

BUREAU

0F

.UnnJAL

ETHNOMGY

WAMPUM

BELT

BELONGING

TO

THB

ONONDAGAS.

REPORT

1881

PL.

XLI

and

design

extremely
used

probably
thevehicles
of

costume

the

they

and
of tradition,
in a, similar
the

by
to some

whites-engaged

varieties
were
figured
Belts
of wampnm
color.

large
in

pleasing
as a part

simply

made

were

Th

shown.

been

have

taste

249

BELTS.

WAMPUM

OF

MANUFACTURE

tiouiEs.)

of the

costume
It

in their

is

said

times

in later

women;
extent

used

doubtless

were

beads
manner.

before

long

it

is

were

beads
they became
in other
parts

in New

that

in

intricate

probable

England
the
that

manufacture.

of belt
of the dtails
making
account
a good
snch
gives
Morgan
in
full
him
leave
to
that
quote
1 beg
sometimes
no particular
followed;
a belt
patternwas
"Inmaking
inother
feet
and
three
long,
in
three
of
fingers
are of th width
they
in length;
sometimes
feet
over
three
and
hand
as
th
as
wide
stances
woven
others
and in still
in others
variegated,
are ail of one color,
they
or
the
their
objects
to
attitudes,
of men
by
with
the figures
symbolize,
width
common
The most
commemorate.
to
were
designed
events
they
the length
of seven
ranging
from
or th width
beads,
was three
fingers,
a simple
is
which
eight
process,
In
belt
feet.
two to six
makiug,
of slipfilaments
are first
thread
twisted,from
of bark
or cords
strands
Mr.

pery

the

a strip

through

other

each
form

of

elm,

cf

in

requisite
of deer-skin

parallel
to which

a bow,
of them

length
to
A

lines.
each

and
separate

end

after

size

them

which
at

eqnal
is then

of splint
piece
of the several
strings

are
they
distances

passed
from

in the
sprung
and by
is secured,
in a weaving
threads

like warp
held
in tension,
are
width
of th
the intended
belt,
these
making
beads,
and are passed
of
a
means
under
a
thread
needie,
are thenrun
by
upon
between
one bead
so as to bring
lengthwise
the cords
angles,
atright
back
The
thread
is
then
passed
next
in
cord
and the one
position.
each
each
of the
and
cords
side
of
the
through
th
again
upper
along
again
bf two
is held'
by means
each
bead
firmly
in its place
so that
beads;
is
This
cords.
the
one
above
process
and
under
one passing
threads,
when
the
ends
of
its intended
reaches
the belt
length,
continued
until
trimmed
and afterward
belt
covered
the end of the
are tied,
the cords
were
of
and
th thread
cords
both
the
times
In
ancient
ribbons.
with
l
sinew."
also made
were
that belts
by covstates
Mr. Morgan
In
another
place
them
with
by sewing
of
a
deer-skin
bel
probably
side
beads,
one
ering
beads
in the use of glass
common
is everywhere
whieh
a method
on;2
belts
now
in any of the mnemonic
noticed
but is not
in modern
work,
none
of
fact
that
as a lamentable
as well
It is a remarkable
extant.
a
of
wamthe
can
boast
of the conntry
possession
collections
the
great
and the
in our
early
history,
their
importance
Considering
pum belt.
is
this
in existence,
have
been
mnst
atonetime
that
grea.tnumbers
accuto collect
I
have
taken
considerable
pains
rather
extraordinary.
for
belts
of the
ancient
of examples
of a number
rate
reprsentations

which

machine.

ail

peven

Report
1 Morgan, in Fifth Annual
of Natural
1852, p. 73.
History,
th Iroqnois,
Lea.gu.eof
~Morgan:

on the Condition
p. 387.

of the

New York

State

Cabinet

250

ART

this

work,

the

only

and

IN

SHELL

OF

THE

ANCIENT

AMERICANS.

am

1 am unable
to present
only sorrythat
them in colorcan
be adequately
by which
they
shown.
As those
which
have
come
to my notice
a few
I shall
representbut
inlocalities,
sert
of a number
descriptions
as remote
as possible.
from regions
There
is,

method

great
nniformityin
design
of their
international
probably,
the following:

and

however,

resuit,
1 quote
"Their

belts

and
length
the former

of wampum

breadth.

White

denoting
latter
the

th
&c.;
of on peace
to its being

errands,

Roads
belt

from

running
are on
A

one

by

reverse;
when

the

for

such

of

the

terms,

French
territory
tations

of the

had

purpose,
which

by

with

the

which

embroidered

and

both

dimensions,
are the

when

sent

invitation

wampum
from
end

color
a hatchet

end.

upon

forts.

to

the

it four

latter
honses,

from

black
made

four

the

means

forts

it

with
on the

black,
that

and

they
l
other."

each

from
within

pictographic

to
on

marked
It

previous
over
with

to a nation,
together
to join
in a war.
in

the
use

good-will,
is made
use
ail

the

intercourse
with
up a friendly
Indians
of Western
Pennsylvania

secured

they

but

of

are generally
interwoven
to

as to

kinds

,friendship,
black
also

the

changes
the
mark

the

construction;
From
Heckewelder

be procured
it must
be daubed

to another

of white

middle,
and keep

different

occasioually
white
cannot

nation

of

wampum
is good,
as peace

which,
is an

tobacco,

one

accepted
in a treaty

yet

belt,

friendly
or two rows

good

belt

which

is a war

through

black

or anything
A black
belt

clay,

with red paint

a twist
or roll

of

that

produced

white

chalk,
white.

are
and

method

character.

the

English
represen-

Another

of the
belts
used
in
example
of a
Pennsylvania,
npwards
in Beatty's
Journal.
ago, is described
The
in exDelawares,
to Beatty
a former
plaining
with
Sir William
treaty
"showed
Johnson,
a large
belt of wampum
of friendship
which
Sir William
Johnson
had
On each
given
them.
of this were
edge
several
rows of black
wampum,
and in the middle
were
several
rows
of white
In the middle
wampum.
of the
belt
was
a figure
of a diamond,
in white
which
wampum,
they
called
the council
fire.
The white
streak
called
the path
from
they
him
2
to them
and them
tohim.~
century

Loskielstatesthat"thelndianwomen
the strings
of
wampom

in weavareverydexterous
and marking
them
with
different
belts,
figures,
with
the
perfectly
different
agreeing
contained
in the
subjects
These
are
speech.
marked
with
white
figures
wampom
upon
black,
and with
black
the white
belts.
upon
For
in a belt of
example,
peace,
they
in black
very
dexterousiy
two
hands
represent,
wampom,
joined.
The
belt
of peace
is white,
3
a fathom
and a hand's
breadth.
long
In Plate
XXXVII
1 present
a fac-simile
of a platefrom
reproduction
the
well
known
work
of
in which
Latan~
we hve
a graphie
yet
ing

into

Heo~ewelder
Indien
Nations,
1876, pp. 108-'9-'10.
Journal
of Two Months
Beatty:
Tonr, 1768, p. 67.
~Loskiel
Missions of the United Brethren.
Trans. by La Trobe,
~Lantan:
Murs des Sauvages
Ameriquains,
Tome, II, p. 314.

1794. Book

I, p. 26.

conventional

highly

were
belts
wampum
truthful
is far from
very

of a council
representation
drawn
It is probably
used.
The
more
in detail.
important
No

presented.
The

clearly

or the

locality.

251

BELTS.

WAMPUM

MEMES.]

is

informationlaid

is

scene

in

the

given
middle

or

whioh

in

treaty

from

and

description

facts

are, however,
either
of th people
featnreless
of a broad

conventionalis broken
highly
by three
in two rows,
are
placed,
ranged
treaty
parties
at th farther
endholding
abeit
stands
who speaks
The chief
facetoface.
while
his feet,
mat
at
the
belts
lie
other
Three
hand.
npon
in his right
can
The
in the foreground.
patterns
scale
on a large
is shown
a nfth
resemble
very
closely
the
a
made
way
general
not be clearly
out, but in
of the Irqouois.
the
belts
woven
into
designs
one of
is probably
Plate
in Fig.
1.
shown
XXXVIII,
belt
The small
Fifth
1
of
th
from
Plate
eut
is
The
copied
rcent
the most
examples.
York
on the
of New
of
the
University
of
the
Annual
Regents
Report
of
The beads
of Natural
p. 72.
Cabinet
of the State
History,
condition
Mohawk
the
celebrated
to
chief,
belonged
it is composed
formerly
which
from
his daughter
by
afterwards
were
pnrchased
Brant.
They
Joseph
of New
in
the
State
to
were
taken
In 1850 they
Tonawanda,
Mr. Morgan.
of ribare
The trimmings
this
belt.
apparently
made
into
and
York,
work
of the whole
give it a new
uniformity
and the symmetryand
bons,
of a row
consists
The design
looknotnoticeableintheotherspecimens.
It is now
preawhite
ground.
dark
figures
npon
of
diamond-shaped
at Albany.
of Natnral
Cabinet
History
State
in the
served
It
XXXVIII.
in Fig.
form
is shown
2, Plate
of unusual
A belt
of Jersey
by whom ,it
E. A. Smith,
City,
Mrs.
lent
was
by
Idndiy
in
It is 26 inches
Mohawks.
the
(251 beads)
from
obtained
was
at one end
inches
from
three
beads)
width
varies
in
(11
and
length
at the
It is bifurcated
the
other.
at
inch
one
to about
(5 beads)
belt
middle
of
th
the
from
omitted
been
five rows
wide
having
end,
one
of the
belt
middle
Near
the
the
of
one-third
abont
length.
for
and
the
smaller
this
Between
side.
from
each
is dropped
row of beads
manner.
in a like
it is twice
intervals
depleted
at nearly
end
eqnal
new look.
rather
and
in shape
size, but
are
The beads
irregular
quite
the
plain,
ized
trees.

and

ing

adapted

fillet

shoulders

of

th
In

ail

of pnrple.
to
some

gronnd
and

the

are

edges
a thin

with

trations

of

neatly
The

Mr.

manner,
cords

small

by

finished
The
of

form

particnlar
its

this

use, the
attachment

XLI
belts

and

the

strings

longitudinal
fiber.

of

vegetable
the
wrapping

figures
belt

are

in

XLH,

that

indicates

1 present
to th
by

most

The

it

the

drawings

people
were
th

upon
has

been
corners

to some

series

from

ends

strings

part

of

illus-

at

They
their

Onondagas.

these

made

being

The

marginal
beads
white

at
of cords
placing
in a &xed position

belonging
treasure
precious
New York.
County,
of minute
a series
photographs

as a
preserved
in Onondaga
agency
from

usual

of buckskin.

XXXIX,
XL,
the
wampum

are

Trill

the

the

transverse

suggesting
or costume.

person
Plates

in

strung

and

bnckskin
and

to

The

are

which

of

monotony

made
original

by

252

ART

IN

belts

General

J.

by

SHELL

OF

THE

ANCIENT

AMERICANS.

S.

of Auburn,
New
York.
Clark,
Thse
were
obW. M.
by the- Bev.
of
Beauchamp,
New
Baldwinsville,
who bas alao very
York,
of th
kindiy
facts
fnrnishedmany
embodied
in the following
descriptions.~
Thse
belts
are made in th usual
and present
a great
manner,
variety
of shapes,
Their
fnll history
sizes,
and designs.
has never
been
obtained
and
by the
it is not probable
whites,
that
the
Indians
themselves
hve
a very
preserved
full
account
of their
and
origin
signincance.
They
ar all ancient,
and, judging
by their
must
date
far back
appearance,
in
th history
of the League.
of them
are quite
Many
and
fragmentary,
iars
are
entertained
that
will gradually
fall to pieces
they
and b& lost
It is to be hoped
that
measures
will be taken
to have
them
at
preserved
least
in the
form
of accnrate
Mr.
chromo-Iithographs.
Beauchamp,
states
that
are yearly
they
as a little
wasting
is annu.
away,
wampum
cast into th fire at
ally
of th
white
tlie-burning
belts
dog,~ and these
are the source
of snpply.
tained

for

The

small

fragmeutary,
ends.
It.is
The

me

in
belt
presented
an unknown
number

of

sevenrowswideand
consists

design

Fig.

of

at

a series

of five

1, Plate
XXXIX,
beads
been
having
double

At
one
pon
whte.
end a
and at the other
a small
remain,
white
of dark
beads.
The nnmber
of figures
ber of parties
to a treaty.
wampum

2 represents

Fig.
about

three

hundred

the

to the
gested
in regard
the parties
to a treaty.
The
belt
shown
in
It

indicates

considerable

dred

and

and

consist

with

the

feet

of

nfty
head
the

is

also

ends

preceding

quite

Fig

beads

in length.
of a cross
near
one
of

elementary

man

is probably
significant
a long
distance
to the lodge
belt.
bly a French
remuant

of a very
been

th
of
or

figures

from

the

The

rows

in

of

As
may
in

character
in

width

width

white

white.

others

figure
a ground
of th
nnm.

is of dark

in this

the
rows

upon

and
wam-

wampum.
was sngrepresent

being
of the

pictobeads

tbree

hnn.

and

are
figures
connected
toward

of
figure
the mission
council

wampnm

has

lost

from

belt

of

on a dark
white,
gronnd,
row of beads
by a single
th other
end.
the
Beneath
a diamond
is worked.
The
of

the

man

the

red

man.

both

is shown

who

cornes

This

from

is proba-

in Plate
XL.
Considerbut th design
ends,
to
appears
be nearly
and consists
of a trowel
perfect,
in the
or heart-shaped
figure
center
with two
on the
rectangniar
figures
and
two on the
right
left.
These
are in white
a dark
npon
ground.
Mr. Beauchamp
states
that it
iMr. Beauchamp
bas pnblished
many interesting
facts in regard to these belts in
tue Amenoau Antiqua.rian,
Toi. II, No. 3.
able

handsome

the

th

long.
in dark

additional

ground

figures
are

rows

from

worked
an

seven

somewhat
beads

significant

The

although
is seven

end,
of a man

the figure

be

belt,

differs

of

is worked

may

in length.

belt,

perfect,
It
age.

cross

Th

rows

cross

hexagonal
alternate

hnndred

diamonds

few

preserved

twenty
worked
nve

on which
are
pum,
For
a short
at
space

graphic.

well

and

two

present

is
lost

td

P7

g
s
s

a
r
a
0

i
n
0

s
h
0
!<
0

m
s

r
ro
H
ht
M
S

"g w
~a
c0
H
a

a
f

g
h
t7,
s'
?

H
N
m
m
*<
r

noLMEB.]

WAMPUM

is said

to

be very

Iroquois
doubts

league

perfect.

Th

and is thought

old,
and

States

lateral

Th

or

existence.

and

fifty

making
beads.

has

been

described

is

th
Mr.

government.

compartments.
who
men,
appear

was

Six

In

Next
to

connect

is

the

stand

with
on

house

other

belts

One

them

beads

in length.
chevrons.
This

that

Beauchamp
are

of

Th
belt

shown

the

in

on

seven

or one
belt,
of the League.

either

side

the

left

of

these

is

like

it,

From

and

decorated

two

picto-

which

pass
first

hands

of the

there

of
house;
the
central
figures

are

arms

protecting

photographs
rows
wide

light
ground
is somewhat

ex-

and~fty
hundred

this

the

is. thirteen

hundred

by George
Washington,"
he
covenant
between
the
Indians
a house
which
has three
gables

with

on

end

ta

repre-

two

hundred

the
house,
and grasp
and
left.
In ail
sight

the

end

the.finest

six

thonsand

that

almost
of dark

may

and

the

men,
two being
th right
and
seven

by Mr.
colonies.

nine

beneath

connected

on

Price.

from
which

is probably
and

is

band

this

formation

"made

memorizing
th
center

immediately

suggested
thirteen

of
the

three

of

total

XLI

notched

number,
rows
wide

XLII,
wide

rows

as representing

the

figures
stand

in Plate

believes

and

personages

forty-five

enormous

and

heads,

in

Beauchamp

Webster~statement,thatit
surmises
that
it is a belt

graphic
over their

of the

formation

Plate

broad
through

sixteen

nfteen

in

white
of this
belt;

shown

It

.shown

are

diamonds,
It is

long.
belt

magnificent

ample
in
in length,

belt

figured

margins
the middle

white
nations.

beads

forty

.the

represent

ail the
nations."
He
signHy"oue
heart.for
as th
beads
are
for hand-made
antiquity
too regular
belt-is
rows
wide
and abouti
two hundred
thirty-eight

wampum
occupies
runs
a chain
of
and

to

253

to

its great
The
cylinders.
beads
in length.
Th
large
elaborately

sent

BELTS.

are

the

may

fifteen
six

others,
It

group.

General

procured
by
two hnndred

and

with

of

groups

is
the

represent

fifty
triple

Another
is forty-nine
fragmentary.
known.
The original
canwidest
example
length
not be determined,
but
at present
it is two hundred
and forty
beads
in
and hence
contains
about
twelve
thousand
beads.
length,
The pattern
is simple,
of a dark
notched
consisting
at the
ground
with
triedges
of white.
As the
four remaining
angular
figures
belts
of this
nne colrows

lection

the

being

wide,

have

no

features

of especial

interest,

they

need

not

be

described

to

it.

hre.
The

remarkable

ing,
althongh
believed
to be
to

William

maxon
that
ail

in
this

hands

Penn
1682.
identical
that

belt

shown

in

somewhat

the

original
at the celebrated
Although
belt was

it came

into
1 Present

Plate

incomplte,
belt
delivered
there

delivered
the

has

history
by the

an

of th

Leni-Lenape
the
elm tree

of the Onondagas.

great

interest-

extremely

attached

under
treaty
is no documentary
on that
occasion,

possession

chief

~T/rTT

evidence

It

at

Shackato

show

it is conceded
founder

is

sachems

of Penn-

on

ART

254

sylvania

at

province

ceded
the

Penn

that

first

treaties

Up

to

there

can

and

presents
dimensions

its

place,

be

March,
by
Penn,
that

doubt
views

his
are

tribes
this

following

than

of

to
a

Penn,
this

his

this

in the

presented

John

on
speech
is the
identical

in

the

occupied

remained

it was

1857,

in the

greater

that
beit

Granville

Mr.

no

1857

year

Society
Penn.

the

with

In

AMERICANS.

ANCIENT

the

family.

of William

treaty,

THE

his

Historical

grandson
the

of

to him.

Pennsylvania
states

OF

SHELL

one

some

of

keeping

IN

occasion,~
at
belt used

on

used

In th

language

those

the
great

more

ordi-

belt
possession-this
is a proof
that
of
of
wampum-which
strings
being
composed
eighteen
In
the
next
th
record
of some
it was
very
important
negotiation.
dewhite
are
of
the
which
is
of
in
the
center
wampum,
place,
belt,
two figuresin a rude but graphie
lineated
in dark-colored
style,
beads,
the
hand
of a
hand
of friendship
of an Indian
with
the
that
grasping
nary

occasions,

man

evidently
a hat;

wearing

of

family
descended

from

no

of

were

naval

accompanied
tif the House

by any written
of Commons,

his

that

equal

Indians
the older

which

confirmatory
event
is recorded

relie,

it has

It

will

beside

the

and
his

but

the

authenticitiy
th

treaty
on the

unaccompanied

family

is recorded
made

on
be

may

chain

of history,
page
in its descent

and

one
on

the

one

fibre,
seen
at

is somewhat

right

short

one.

It

broken,
that
is probable

and
thse

features
important
The beads
are strung
upon
th longitudinal
fillets
are
while

the

consists
of

some

rooms

of

the

Historical

bands
the

cords

the

journals
for

son

with

docu.

any

of

of

the
like

though,
by

the

that
of
the

dark
cen-

two

long
used
to

were

in which
-treaty
made
of sinew
or

of buckskin.

Society

and

the
admiral,
un.
archives

claimed

his

by

in

pxeserved

having
time,
to the docu-

as the

father,

own

employ-

to the
illustration,
by reference
accompanying
bands
of men
there
are
three
oblique
figures
on the left
and two on the right.
The one next

two

record,
by association,
the belt
was used.
vegetable
may be

been

been
having
the
present
an anthenticity

their
the

by

meaning,

genaineness;

between

in

writing."
be seen,

wampum,
tral
group
bands

of

concluded
them

by

to

gives

its

costume,
reference
to

having

then

their
of its

European

as

recorded

document,

wampum

in

the

by the Parliamentto
descended
amongst

belt

ment

in

period

gnrations,
doubt

our

interpreted
which
was
and

presented
have
services,

for

be

friendship

three

in

represented

only

Indians,
mode
of expressing
Then
the
fact

through
leaves

which

be

still

one

the

descriptive

which

medal

and

peace
and

have

to

hieroglyphics.
of the founder

the

ment

we

can

whieh

Penn

but

which

intended

of

the treaty
William
simple
ment

of

This

belt

Pennsylvania.

in th Memoirs of
the presentation
are fally recorded
1 The proceedings
attending
th Historical
volume iii, page 207. A full sze lithographie
Society of Pennsylva.nia,
illustration
of the belt printed
in color is also given.

BUREAU

OF

ETHNOLOGY

ANNUAL

l.NnmeofUewCMef.

2.Mottawk."
STRIXGS

OF

WAMPCM'.

BEBOBT

1681

FL.

XUV

255

ORNAMENTS.

PENDANT

Hoi~s.1

PENDANTS.
Itwould
naments
through
th first
it has

probably
first came

vain

be
into

the

lavished

best

efforts

matters

implement,

a utensil,

into
stages
of culture

an

or
practice
whether

not, however,
or a fetichitic

talisman;
bas been

uponwhich
The
simple

skill.

or.

howpendant

utilitarian

ornament

and

breast

naked

the

shell

It

notion.

superstitious
was
an
pendant
slow
by
developed

some

from

whether

use,

some

determine

to

to'attempt

gorget

of

is the
proto.
preadamite
Withthe
dcoration
a princely
th mystery
with
invested
spirit,
tribes
became
cultured
the more
of

the

upon
suspended
of manya
costlyjewel
and many
type
a guardian
it was
American
savage
and among
of the sea,
and the
power
of a'
efforts
phenominal
most
ambitious
of the
the receptacle
in time
as a
and
in ornament
taken
has
the
gorget
The important
place
art.
it a most
has made
powaggrandizement
of displaying
personal
means
arts
of taste.
of the
in the evolution
erfol
agent
are employed
as
more
pendants
and
important
the
a
rale
As
larger
with
are
strung
smaller
of
the
spcimens
nnmbers
vast
gorgets,
but
to
as auxiliary
attached
pendants
along
the strings,
beads
at intervals
form
or
and
wrists,
from
the nose,
ears,
suspended
the larger
gorgets,
conThese
pendants
and
garments.
to head-dresses
borders
tinkling
to
or
grooved
of shells,
pierced
or of parts
of entire
shells,
sist either
are
forms
infinitely
varied.
artificial
The purely
facilitate
suspension.
of
the form
to do with
mnch
has
of the
however,
The character
shell,
outline.
their
and
often
thickness
their
deoiding
ornaments,
the finished
six or more
to plates
forms
minute
from
extremely
In size
range
they
The perforations,
in position
and number,
are greatly
to have
will be found
discoidal
the larger
pendants
for suspension.
perforations

for the
tablets
afforded
tempting
shell-disks
These
nicely-polished
as an engraver.
of
his
work
and retain
many
specimens
artist,
primitive
accordbe treated
should
separately,
however,
The
spcimens,
engraved
but
need
Plain
contain.
pendants
which
of design
they
ing to the class
such
one
as
group,
with
treated
be
together
and
may
a brief
notice,
their
derivation,
form,
be suggested
by their
subdivisions
only as may

inchesindiameter.

as a rule

but
varied,
two marginal

or their
Plain
that
them
used

distribution.

geographical
pendants.-It
our ancient
without
the

and

be

will
peoples
but

stint,
methods

were
to

matter
ment

of

dress,

of personal

but

the

displayed

ornament.

are

refer
said

much
Besides

to th
been

have

vanity
feathers

in

their
and

to

show

and

wore
were

they

of jewelry
of the
literature

articles

other

with
briefly

to

ornaments,
in which

pendant
manner

them

of combining
&c., I shall

in necklaces,
bracelets,
American
discovery.
of
period
of Mexico
The inhabitants

of

fond

illustrate

authorities

cite

minecessaryto

very

simple

jewels,

in

the.

employ-

profuse
with

whieh

256

they

ART

adorned

as well
lips,
of the
poor
stones,

but

IN

their
as

elothes,

necklaces,

were
the

SHELL

shells,
rich

wor

0F

they

THE

wore

bracelets,
of
pieces

ANCIENT

pendants
and

crystal,

AMERICANS.

to

anklets.
amber,

the
The

ears,
ear

and

other

pearls,

and
nose,
ornaments
brilliant

emeralds,
amethysts,
or other
set
gems,
The priestly
.m gold.'
so graphically
personages
delineated
in the ancient
Azteo
are as a rule
manuscripts
loaded
down
with
ornapendant
ments.
In traveling
north
th
west
coast
of Mexico
along
th
Friar
Niza
encountered
Indians
who
wore
shells
many
large
of mother
of
their
pearl
and
farther
abput
necks,
Cibola
up toward
th inhabitants
shells
their
worepearl
upon
and Cabeca
&reheads
de Vacawhen
among
the pueblos
of New Mexico
noticed
beads
and corals
that
came from the
"South
Sea."
Ornaments
made
from
marine
shells
are found
in many
ofthe
ancientrnins
to-day.
They
are also highly
valuedbythemodern
Indians
of this region.
In th earliest
acconnts
of the Indians
of the Atlantic
coast
we find
mention
of the use
frequent
of pendants
and
and the manner
gorgets,
of wearing
them
as
ornaments.
after
Beverly,
described
having
beads
made
of a shell
the
resembling
English
that
buglas,
says
they
also make
"rnntees"
of th same
and grind
them
shell,
as smooth
as
These
are either
peak.
like
an oval
large
diiIPd
the length
Bead,
of
th Oval,
or eise
and
they
are circular
almost
an Inch
flat,
and
over,
one
Third
of an Inch
and driIPd
thick,
Of this
edgeways.
Shell
they
also
make
round
Tablets
of about
four
Inches
which
Diameter,
they
as smooth
as th other,
polish
and sometimes
etch
or grave
therethey
a half
on Circles,
or any
Stars,
other
Moon,
suitable
to their
Figure
These
Fancy.
instead
of Medals
they wear
before
or beMnd
their
Neok
and
use th Fe~,
and Pipes
for
Runtes,
or
Coronets,
Bracelets,
Belts,
long
Strings
before
hangingdown
the
Breast,oretsethevlacetheir
Garments
with
and adorn
them,
their
and every
other
To~a~c~,
thing
that
value.~
Th
they
Pipes"
hre
of were
spoken
probablylong
cylindrical
beads.
heavy
In referring
to this
Lafitau
classof
ornaments,
says:
"Thecollars
which
the savages
sometimes
wear
around
the
neck
are about
a foot in
and are not different
diameter,
from-those
which
one
now sees on some
on the necks
of statties
antiques,
of barbarians.
The northern
savages
wear
on the breast
a plate
of hollow
as long
as the
which
shell,
hand,
bas the same
effect
as thatwhich
was called~MMa
the Romans.~
among
of the
Indians
of Northern
Wood,
speaking
in 1634,
New England,
says:
be thus
Although
they
in them
poore,
yet is there
the sparkes
of naturall
which
in their
pride,
appeares
desire
after
longing
many
kinds
of
in their
ornaments,
wearirig
pendajits
as formes
of birds,
eares,
and fishes
carved
beasts,
ont ot'bone,
and
with
braceshels,
stone,
long
of Mexico, Trans. by
Clavigero
History
Cnllen, roi.
New Mexico, p. 121.
*Da.viB:SpanahConqnestof
of Virginia,
Beverly:
History
p. 198.
<La,ta.n:
Moeurs des Sainvages
Ameriqnajns,
p. 61.

I, p. 437.

ANNUAL

BUBEAU OF ETHXOLOGT

from
1, 2. :NecH!u-es,
:h TromDeBrv.
4, 5. J''romMexica.npaintiDga.

Lafitan.

6,

ANCIENT

PENDANTS.

7, S. From
9. Bracelet

REPORT

ancient
from

1881

PL.

sculptures.
a.

PertiTiangra.Ye.

XL?

ANCIENT

no~.)

PENDANT

ORNAMENTS.

257

wMch
they put
and mowhackees,
curious wampompeag
lets of their
1
about their necks and loynes."
near
Qu~C~
of Lorette,
Kalm says
of the Indians
o~
"round their
necks they have a string
are small, of the figThese wampums
them.
between
white wampums
the Englis7a call
which
shells
and made of the
pearls,
ure of oblong
wear a
many of the Indians
strings
At the end of the wampum
clams.
others
their
on
breasts;
silver coin, with the king's effigy,
large French
value
which
they
white
a
fine
colour,
of
have a large shell on the breast,
at aIl
no
ornament
have
again,
others,
very high, and is very dear
round the neck.112
soonreplaced
manufacture
of metal and medals of European
Pendants
and early in the hisof
sliell;
gorgets
the primitive
in a great measure
silver
of native
beads,
collection
a heterogeneons
tory of the tribes
of the simple
~=~=
savages.
ltiok
of our native
peoples we
and customs
the habits
Instudying
but
historical
records,
upon the earliest
with a great deal of interest
was
equatioip
the"
that
personal
to remember
find it prndent
generally
given
the illustrations
and in studying
in
those
days,
large
unusually
for the wellmake due allowance
must
we
writers
in the works of earlv
the artist has
as well as for the fact that
to exaggerate
known tendency
made on
than from sketches
drawn from descriptions
more frequently
the

spot.

worthy,

XLY two examples

InPlate
as they agree with the

seem to me
are given ~ich
are in a general
given, and
descriptions

=~S~=~S'=.
and shows a broad
V olnme II, of Lafitan,
size, from Plate 2,
From
original
heads.
arrow
resemble
that
with figures
ornamented
necklace
disk with concircular
a
large
of a cord, is snspended
this, by means
In front of
a shell gorget.
represents
undoubtedly
cave front, which
of
beads of
strands
two
are
long
from the neeklace
this and suspended
a
to
very tasteful
which
give completeness
sizes and shapes,
various
of
a native in
fair drawing
In the same plate is a pretty
ornament.
to the one just
similar
a
necklace
wearing
He is represented
costume.
is given in Fig. 2.
of this ornament
drawing
An enlarged
described.
consists
De
in
Bry, which
from a plate
a necklace
In Fig. 3 l reproduce
look more like metal
that
disks
of a string of beads with two large
is shown in Fig. 4, but with figured
ornament
A similar
than shell.
of the
from the Codex
It is copied
pendants.
and secondary
disks
Aztecs conamong the ancient
form of n.etl.
A common
Vatican.
of these,
shells
suspended
from
univalve
sisted of small
from the
also
It
is
copied
in
Fig. 5.
is shown
with other pendants,
74.
1 Wood: New England Prospect, p.
vol. u, p. 320.
-'Ka.lm: Travels in North America, 1772,
17 E

258

in

ART

the

necklaces,
Sk~'

same

SHELL

manuscript.

with their
h~
?

0F

THE

ANCIENT

AMERICANS.

Of even

pendants,
these are

greater
interest
are the beautiful
found in the sculptures
of Mexico and
shown in Figs. 6, 7, and 8. One bas a

~~hhnmanfeatnresengravednponit~anotherhasacrosswith
a T-shaped
arms, and another
cross.
All

equal
have more or
1~
a bracelet
of beads and pendants
~nPeraw~h
illustrates
one of the simplerusesof
pendants.
lhave
not learned
whether the parts
of this ornament were
originally
arranged
as given in the eut or not; the
original
stringing
may have been somewhat dirent.
The beads are
mostly of sheH, and are~?~Fof
colors, white, red, yellow, and gray.
The discoidal
and cylindricalforms
c~n~nT~
range from one-eighth
to three-eighths
of an inch in
the latter
diameter;
are one-eighth
of an inch in thick
ness
and three-eighths
in length.
The larger
made of
pendants,
whitish
shell, are carved to represent
some life form,
prob~aMr~
a large perforation
near the npper end
passes
two
througn~ad
oblique
notches with deep lines at the
sides, define Se~
and a
series
of notches
at the wide end
the ~aL
represent
Two smaller
pendants
~e still simpler in
form, while another,
with two nearly
central perforations
and notched
a button
edges, resembles
~s~e?~
gorgetsofsheIUbund
among the antiquities
of the
of which need careful
so overshadow
descriptions,
S~
be given.
any sense

Budeness

of

Atlantic
slope, aU
the simple
forms
of the latter need
of form do not in

and simplicity
workmanship
or a less advanced
antique
state of art.
The'
~plerformsofplain
pendants
constituted
the every-day jewelry of the
de~rr~P~ablyusedMyb~
sired to do so.
Many forms are
fonnd-circnlar,
oval, rectangular,
triand annular.
The more
forms are fonnd
ordinary
in mounds
and graves in all parts of
the conntry;
other forms are more
restricted
and probably
geographicaUy,
exhibit featnres
to the
peculiar
of tribes.
~~h:e~
Even these simple
forms may have possessed
some totemic
or
mysticsignificance;
it is Inot
impossible
that
the plainer
disks may have had
significant
figures
painted
npon them.
Such of the forms as are fonnd
to have definite
limits become of considerable
geographic
interest
to the archoeologist.
In method of manufacture
they do not differ from the most
ordinary
implements
or beads,
the margins
being trimmed,
the surfaces
polished
and the perforations
made in a precisely
similar
manner.
ln Plate
XLVI I present
a number
of plain circular
disks.
The
larger
specimens
are often as much as
or even five inches in
diam.
eter
and the smaller
fraternize
with beads,
I have shown in Plate
XLV.
Figs
1 and 2 are from a mound at Paint
Rock Ferry,
Tenn.
~nc~~
disks, with smooth surimply

greater

LPMeKmgaborongh,

Waldeo~Banoroft,

&o.

BUREAU

OF

AXNUAL

ETHKOLOGY

PENDANT

ORNEMENTSEASTEKN

FORMS.

REPORT

1S81

PL.

XLV1

HOLMEs.1

PENDANT

ORNAMENTS

OF

THE

MOUND-BUILDERS.

259

at the upper
The first bas two perforations
and rounded
edges.
but much smaller
ones, beplaced
edge, while the other has simi'arly
The
incised
circle.
an
surrotinded
a
small
central
sides
by
perforation
from most oftheAtlantio
contains
similar specimens
collection
national
beads only in the method
diseoidal
they differ from the larger
States
of thia class, four and a half inches
A typical
of perforation.
spcimen
of
with the remains
is shown in Fig. 3. It was associated
in diameter,
of
Ohio.
Disks
in
Hardin
children
in
a
monnd
of
a number
Connty,

faces

with the concave side

this class were nsually
npon the breast
snspended
in this way
described
were suspended
out.
That many of the specimens
On
the
cords.
character
of
the
abrasion
is indicated
th
by
produced
by
between
has worn deep grooves
the concave side the cord of suspension
or convexsidesimilar
grooves extend
theperfbrations,andontheopposite
the margin of the disk, indicatfrom the holes toward
obliqnely
upward
the neck of
and outward
around
of th cord upward
ing the passage
the wearer.
was obtained
A large white disk, similar to the one just described,
and bas one
Va.
It is five inches in diameter
from a grave at Accotink,
It is made from a Busyconpercentral
and three marginal
perforations.
and well polished.
shaped
versum, and is neatly
from a monnd
was obtained
two inches in diameter
A fine specimen
similar speciother
with
French
Broad
on the
many
River, Tenn., and,
collection.
mens, is now in the national
of
A number
is often very much
The central
enlarged.
perforation
in
from
a
monnd
to
the
National
sent
Mnsenm,
recently
specimens,
One
stages of this enlargement.
Ohio, show several
Connty,
Anglaize
one inch in diame-'
five inches across has a perforation
nearly
specimen
until the disk has beis enlarged
the perforation
ter, while in another
of long use, the surfaces
show evidences
These
come a ring.
gorgets
in the manmuch extended
and edges being worn and the perforations
from the .BMsycoM ~efabove.
ner described
They have been derived
versum.
In Fig.

an annniar
illustrate
gorget from a mound in Alexander
with ornaments
of copper
associated
It
was
found
by the
County,
to have been an ear orside of a hnman skull, and is hence snpposed
from decay, the
and has suffered
It is fragmentary
nament.
greatly
shell subwith a dark film of decomposed
surface being mostly covered
surface
of the
the
broken
chalky
which when
away, exposes
stance,
These shell rings, so far as I can learn, have been found in th
shell.
of Ohio and Illinois only.
States
The national
collection
are much more rare.
pendants
Eectangula]:
It is abont two inches wide
from Texas.
one rude specimen
contains
dexby two and a half long, and is made from the base of some large
comes
A similar but much more finished
shell.
specimen
tral-whorled
Muin the New York Natural
and is preserved
History
from Georgia,
sum.
41
Dl.

260

ART

SHELL

large
keystone-shaped
an ancient
burial

from

FIateL,Fig.l.
The small
on

IN

the

mented
was

&nnd

work

Mr.

dnced

in

on

Schoolcraft
a

Y.

It

end.

handsome

specimens

in

Monroe

lage

It

is well

site.

is engraved
been

has

made

been
ently
strung
abrasion
as beads

near

with

specimens.
A small

would

cylindrical
has been

perforation
the body

is ornamented

men

been

in

has
Union

made

coast

~bfms.In
excel
ail

well

preserved,

not

mnch

decayed

as to

As

indicated
they

ornaments,
highly

probable

Cabrillo
ons

and

tants
priests.

of
history
Articles
whether
:6ame
spoken

the

West

same

is repro-

N.

Bloomfield,
near

groove
dextral-whorled

of a
point
in Fig.
8 was

It

the

made
being
was
found
at

It

shallow

fbund

the
shell.

with

similar

snggests
more
recent
illustrated

the

npper
series
of

by a
from
a large

have
objects
show
evidence

apparof snch

New York
of the
specimens
the possibility
of civilized
inthan
the western
and sonthern

Many

form

is

These

perforations

produce.

pendant
made
at

in

Fig.
the

and

end,

encircling
PtMO and
was

having
snffer

form

lost

their

9.

neat

large,

middie

of

portion
This

grooves.
obtained

speci.
a mound

from

them

destruction
other

of
of
Li

is

shell

islands

and
time,
althongh
a differentlangnage

are

Santa

Rosa

only

to

attribnted

or the
the
from

in

those

of

thse
indeed

date;

to

and

found

remnant

of

the

main-Iand
both
war and

somewhat

to resemble

main-land.
peoples

1542

a small

removed

found

Caliso
shell
it

is

post-OoInmbian.

is donbtless
are

the

generally

although

condition
ancient

very

are

iridescence,
exfoliation.

preserved
of

1816

were

islands

from

well

of

plain
pendants
from
the graves

original
from

considerably

that

many
island

the

Specimens

not

the

the

of

variety
others.

people.
and
these

made

from

from

end.

npper
as the

by the
present
are
probably

visited
thriving

remained,
Their

7 is
of

In

which

end.

"Notes
is orna-

dots.

Y.

perforation

upper

in

Ey.

Connty,

Western
fornia

basal
shown

the

and their
look,
are certainly
They

nnence.

in Fig.
means

in
and

figure,
transverse

N.
Jamesville,
small
pendant,

obtained

is ilinstrated

Schoolcraft

by

the

was

It

human
or five

fonr

near
another

beads,

a new

have

the

is heart-shaped,
at the
projection

pendant

corners

Canada.

New York-probably
on some
ancient
Til.
County,
andhas
been
made from the columella
of a
preserved
An
shell.
ornamental
of lines
and
design,
consisting
the face.
A small,
countersunk
npon
deeply
perfora-

dextral-whorled
dots,
tion

rounded

body

little

AMERICANS.

5 is given

rudely
and

pendant
presented
been
suspended
by
It is made
from
the

bas

npper
The

The

ANCIENT

Fig.

illustrates

6.

rectangular
N. Y.

Onondaga,
The small

in

represents

perpendicnlar
site of an oldfort

the

Fig.

throngh

shown
It

THE

with
gorget
at Beverly,

place

pendant

Iroqnois."
with
eight

OF

a numer.
the

inhabi-

by Catholie
famine.
The

similar.
each

All

other

of

the

probably
islands
are

of

the

main-land,

very closely,
to the
belong
said
to-have
their

arts

were

BUREAU

OF

ANNUAL

ETHNOLOGY

PLIN

COAST

PENDANTSFACIEIC

G)

FORMS.

EEBOET

18!!1

TL.

XLTn

HOLMES.]

PENDANT

apparently
in shell

are

is also

fornia

much

pretty

261

the

as far
do not differ,
They
modern
tribes
of th main-land.

as works

of the

that

ANCIENT

th

between

resemblance

and

Islanders

same.

the
from

concerned,
noticeable

CALIFORNIANS.

THE

OF

ORNAMENTS

of

art

inhabitants

present

th

of

the

The

of

record

many

that

they

are

almost

very
incomplete,
from
were obtained

ornaments
exclusively
of their
methods
acconnts

detailed
to their
In

been

where

chapters

utilized

and

briefly

noted.

for

The

and

H~Ko~s

tasteful

not

is

things

suspension

there

than

found

on

in

vain

look

the

at

~T.FX'

will

these

which

In

a deep

derived.
like

hooked

It

pendants.

some

The

body

is

at

blade

is

apprciation

one

in point

of

are
for

of sec-

Many

specimens
but

lines
have

few

very

been

engraved,
charactertstic

designs
Plates
of

that

indicates

of many

of beauty

extent

times

of a sickle.

apparent
of these

that

their
the

ornaments
instances
of color

made-the
the

ornament

of the
to

coloring
is only

where

vary

a fact

numerous,

are
they
it joins

which

they

the

the

many
extent,
the F<tc7~es-

attachment

crossed

curious

of

part

XLYII,
forms

XLVDT,
into
which

scallop
take
They

The~body

size

the

effect-

made
and
neatly
besides
those

costume.
and

it is

and

no rival

specimens;
for the
others

everyshell
is

which

neatly
the

.M~!MS,

characters
to

into

on

it has

Haliotis

are
this

considerable

the

the

is represented
of pendants
by Fig. 1.
They
curved
hookat the left,
with a long
form
from
the shape
of the
their
lip

group
by

above.
projection
from
the Haliotis,
of the outer
lip
point

quisite

period,
greatly

wrought.

remarkable

suture.

are

taste

givenin
examples
idea
ofthemultiplicity

a good

of

shell.

but

significant

of
they

of forms
Ail

used,
to

notches

parallels
mound-builders.

like

of the

of

numerous

characterized

are

a single
add

in which

ways

and

eastern

for

give
are

ornaments

A rather
are

fact
they

not

which

JPMSMreZ~, the
are generally

the

similar

edgings

of the

gorgets
glance

in

skill

many
frequently
to
for fastening

and

been

and

islands
the

however,

made

beads

of surprise.

perforations

in

are
with

than

would

multitude

little

from

The

ondary
pendants
are ornamented

of the

made

being
Fec~M.

the

only shell
utilized
are

the

shells

ma, and the

morennmerous

we

no

evince

Bivalve

beaufy.

and

is a matter

ornament

ively
worked,
makers.

and
hooks,
estimation
high
of
The variety

the

remarkable

is indeed

worked

and

these

Since,

belongingprobablyto
of occurrence

vessels,

described,

held

have

from
known

value.
previous

have

This

obtained
specimens
more
being
scarcely
the ancient
graves.

the

of

to be

CaliPacific

great

archipelagoes.
seems

There

ancient

by

hook

the upper
the line
scallop
from
the lip of the
shells
from which
they

and
body,
is formed
with

the

oval
and
quite
Th
perforations
use

as central

wearers
that

prove

the

innate

and

generally
very
for composite

pieces
more

than

peoples.

slender

again
are

thought
of the outline

savage

being

the

of

the

or surface
and

ex-

finish.

universal

262

ART

In

Fig.

OF

fine

slightly
and

brilliant.

end.

It

is made

island

of Santa

ANCIENT

AMERICANS.

th
or
subtriangular
keystone-shaped
are very
cut and
edges
the corners
neatly
is ground
but
on the
front
the
smooth,
of the shell
is preserved,
the
colors
being
extremely
A single
has been
drilled
perforation
near
the npper
from
a jBttK~M
and was
obtained
from
the
~M/sceKS,
Rosa.

surface

original
rich

THE

of

example
is presented.
The
ronnded.
The back

pendants

The

SHELL

handsome

shown
in Fig.
specimen
3 was obtained
from
a grave
of San Miguel.
It bas suffered
much
from
There
decay.
are four
made
near
the
neatly
perforations
center.
It has apparently
been
cut from
the same
shell
as the preceding.
4 is a small
Fig.
keystone-shaped
two
specimen
having
perforations.
5 represents
a small,
Fig.
delicate
of rectangular
specimen
shape,
two minute
having
perforations.
as well
as the
was
This,
preceding,
obtained
from
a grave
on the island
of San Miguel.
6 illustrates
a small
Fig.
wafer-like
the edges
oval,
of which
specimen,
have
been
ornamented
with
a series
of crossed
lines.
It has three
neat
on the line
perforations
of the
axis.
It is from
the
island
of
longer
Santa
Cruz.
on

the

island

7 represents
a small
is ornamented

Fig.
the

button-like
with

margin

tamed

from

Santa

disk

with

of

radiating

a series

a central

perfora~on;
It was

lines.

ob-

Barbara.

A pendant
of very
form
is shown
in Fig.
8.
pecnliar
The oval body
three
ail of which
are
marginal
there
is
projections,
perforated;
:also a perforation
near
the center.
The surface
retains
a heavy
coating
of some
dark
which
the ornament
much
the appearance
gives
substance,
of corroded
metal.
It was obtained
from
San Miguel
Island.
has

In

a number

forations
ants

and

little
and

artificial
was

derived

the

broadened

are

Island.

island

the

natural

each
of

a leaf-shaped
cornes
from

one

been

typical
The

exception,

each

made

near

end.

The

with

minute

ornamented

presented

the

in

Two
in Figs.

exquisite
3 and

of

very

Santa

in

Figs.

californianus
upper
have

notches.

end;
been

large

have

and

edges

class

1 and
(!).
in the

of ornaments

shown
this
2 are

in
class.

The

made

In one
other

Plate
from

a single
are

there

dressed
and the
neatly
on Santa
are from graves
from
Santa
Cruz
Island,
been
eut from
the body
of a

They
also

specimens,
They

It

Cruz.

striking
specimens
made
from
shells
of

faces

4.

notched

with

island

of the

the

shell;

or wings.

Miguel.

pendant
the

of the

perforations
four
corners

of the
San

illustrated
pendants
inner
lip of the Haliotis

has
near

of

made

are
given
R~Ko~tB.

with

are,

perforation
one
two,
Cruz

It
the

sickle-shaped

corners

from

represents

examples
from

two

represent
are

perforation.

XLVIII
two

below

10

Fig.

has
been
taken
of the
natural
advantage
perboth
to give
to the outline
of small
variety
pendlabor
of making
artificial
perforations.
A very
is shown
in Fig.
9.
The
two
indentations
specimen

perforations
obtained

aiso

single
The

cases

shell,
to save
the

handsome
above

of

of the

BUREAU

OF

ANNUAL

ETBKOLOST

1-7.

Pendants

made

of

th

PENDANT

IMiotis.

S.

H)

ORNAMENTS

OF

THE

PACITIC

Pendant

COAST.

made

REPORT

of

1881

a Cyprea.

PL.

Q)

XLVIII

PENDANT

HOI.HE6.]

been

made

lower

somewhat
A very
specimen
forations,

The

ments

have

island
the

from
been

suggested

Cypreas.

eyeglass.

the

edges

upper
of these

of

that

4 and 5.
Figs.
The national
made

from

ample

of

gronnd
near
the

the
which
until

off

rings

angle
were
It

Mexico.
these

articles

other

shell

The
of

JFtssMre~
have
ural

is

been

narrow

in

Fig.

and

In

of

lip
made

of

Cyprea

are

still

well

delicate,
the npper
which
perforation,
like
the rim of an

ring,
two

has

one

always
the Haliotis,

nearly
from

qnite

notches.
notches
con.

and
to

preserved

enough

a large
is

lateral
deep
with
adorned

two

by

small,
is at

with
lobes,
the handle

instance

ornamented

are
specimens
AU are fashioned

disks

oval

also

are

although
show
the

is shown

collected
not

white
in

ornaments
of the

forms
as
nsed

to
well

if

aid
as

as beads

not

their
of the
and

are

pearly

as

coast
art

or

.BaMo~tB

the
of

are
not

were
to

save
have
in

their

California

from-Arizona

tribes
they

perforation

the

known
slow

in

labor.
been

interior
to have

finish;
nearly
in

given

of rings
and pieces
a Pectunculus,
of the
back

entirely

the

that

traders,
this way.

California

in
and

probably
clam,
6.
The
convex

mostly

impossible

much

Examples

ring only remains.

The shell is from

a marginal
of th beak.

vary

or indentations,

a number

a large
in Fig.

of

and

numerous

perforations
the
margins.

contains

collection
valves

from

natives

natural

the

from

only

each.

of
a great
number
notched
around
neatly

are

the

8 is made

Fig.

have

ail

are

shell.

and

Circular

in

end

stained

siderably
lusters

These

end.

each

perforation.
carefully
exceptthe
change
ornaidea
of beautifying
The
of San
Miguel.
the
shells
and
other
edges
Haliotis
by notching
of the
characteristio
notches
by the natural

opening

lines.

or crossed

at

a group
illustrate
XLIX,
for suspension
The
perforation
has an oval or circnlar
th body

pendants.
and
handle

or

perforation
at
wide

some

in

as to leave
so enlarged
The
shown
specimen

is often

one

perforations,
Haliotis.

3, Plate

1, 2, and

Figs.

ladle-shaped
end of the

the

presented
little
very

th

made

two

of

species

specimen
with

spadicea
It is from

7 has

Fig.

givenin
ample
from
ail made

The

263

CALIFORNIANS.

splendens

have

mav

ANCIENT

Two perforations
care.
with
mnch
finished
(?), and
or curved
while
which
is arched
near
the upper
margin,
The
are
notched.
Although
is nearly
neatly
edges
straight.
are still
these
altered
very
pretty.
objects
by exposure
5.
The
in Fig.
is shown
little
well
pendant
neat,
preserved
of
five
in
a
series
in
C
is
perhaving
peculiar
Fig.
presented
The
exnear
the ends.
and th others
the
middle
one near

Haliotis
the

THE

OF

OENAMBNTS

of rings
one exshell

is

is made
coast,
and

but
New

procured
secured

advantage
taking
of the
The
shells

favor.
in great
They
state
or the nat-

natural

pendants
or
has been left,
until
only a ring
enlarged
of the origiuntil
down
have
been
sides
nothing
ground
in Figs.
7
are shown
forms
Two of these
or surface
remained.

the

perforations
and
margin

nal

form

have

been

264

ART

IN

SHELL

0F

THE

ANCIENT

AMERICANS.

and 8.

They are from graves on San Miguel Island, and are made from
others corne from Santa0ruzlsland,andprobatheZMCMptM<K!feMM~<t/
islands as well as from the main land.
bly also from the adjoining
Rings
are also made from other shells.
made from the ~.em<M mitra
Examples
and Cyprea spadicea are shown in Figs. 9,10, and 11.
They corne from
San Miguel.

PERFORATED

PLATES.

We findthat
into another
pendant
gorgets grade imperceptibly
group
of objects,
the use or significance
of which have not be fnlly deterinined.
These
made of stone or copper, but good
objects are more freqnently
in shell have been found.
As a rnle they take the form of
examples
thin oblong plates which exhibit
of outline.
The perforagreat variety
tions are peculiar,
and have not been designed
for ordinary
suspension,
but are placed near the middle of the specimen
as if for nxing it to the
of cords.
have been adperson or costume
by means
Many theories
vanced in attempting
to determine
their use.
They have been classed
as gorgets,
armor plates, wrist protectors,
badges of authority,
shuttles,
and as implements
for sizing sinews and twisting
cords.
class in stone have been frequently
illustrated
and
of stone, some of which
They are made of many varieties
seem to have been selected
on account
of their beauty.
They have
been neatly shaped and often well-polished.
The edges are occasionally
notched
and the surfaces
ornamented
with patterns
of incised
lines.
The perforations
number
of specivary from one to four, the greater
In the early days ofmound
mens, however,
having
only two.
exploration objects of this class were even greater
if possible,
than
enigmas,
Even the material
of which a number
of them were
they are to-day.
formed
remained
for a long
undetermined.
time
Schoolcraft
has
an illustration
of a large
from th Grave
Creek
published
specimen
This drawing is reproduced
in Fig. S, Plate L. The original
Mound, Va.
was six inches long, one and three-tenths
inches wide, and three-tenths
the opinion
that it was one of
of an inch in thickness.
He expresses
in such general
those ancient*
use among
formerly
badges of authority
Objects
described.

of this

th Indians.1
Another
very much like the lastin size and shape, but made
specimen,
of shell, supposed
at the time of discoveryto
be ivory, was found associated with human remains
in the Grave Creek Mound.
It is described
in the American Pioneer,2
and the eut given in Plate
by Mr. Tomlinson
L, Fig. 4, is copied from that work.
A remarkable
of this class is given in Fig. 5. It is made
specimen
Schoolcraft, in Trama. Am.Btli. Soc., Yol. H, Plate 1.
'Tomlimson, in The America.m Pioneer, Vol. II, p. 200.

ANNUAL
BUREAU

0F

ETHNOLOGY

COAST

FLAIN.PEXDANTS-PACmC

FORMS.

EETORT

188).

l'L.XHX

CENTRAIS?

HOLMEa.]

PERFORATED

TABLETS.

265

and is nine and a half

of a large Busycon perversum,
The concave e
at
the
widest
width
inches
in
part.
inches long by three
somewhat
by
but
is
now
roughened
has
been
surface
highly polished,
to take off the rougher
has
been
the
back
ground
slightly
weathering;
and in many places
the edges are even and rounded
ridges of growth;
as to give it very much
is
such
its
The
shape
peculiarityof
quitethin.
are three in
The perforations
of the sole of a sandal.
the appearance
near
the
broader
others
and
the
end,
middle
near
the
one being
number,
are
they are very neatly made and
about one and a half inches apart;
evibe
no
to
There
a
little
countersunk.
appears
and
slightly bi-conical
withhuman
It was found associated
of abrasion
dence whatever
by use.
A similar
Ohio.
Mercer
County,
in a mound at Sharpsburg,
remains
and
inches
in
nine
is
length,
nearly
from th same locality
specimen
As in the specilacks but a little of three and a half inches in width.
and two
near the middle
is placed
one perforation
men illustrated,
on the
is
This
end.
highly
polished
the
broader
specimen
others near
It
on the concave side.
smoothed
and
is
of
th
evenly
broader
part
back,
a
are
much
worn
two
holes
and
th
by
bears evidence of considerable
use,
on th concave
other
hole
to
the
from
one
or
string
cord, which, passing
them.
On
a deep groove between
worked
side of the plate, gradually
of
wear.
no
evidence
show
the
the back or convex
perforations
side,
The letter of Mr.
side.
is not worn on either
The central
perforation
states
that
National
this relie to the
Museum,
transmitting
Whitney,
of
different
of
the
shell
sandals
aboutten
pairs
therewereinthemound
From the latter remark
and left fet."
sizes, and made to fit the right
dextral
and others from sinismade
from
were
I should infer that some
are made from the Busycon perversum.
th two-described
tral shells;
was exhumed
much like the preceding,
fine specimen,
An extremely
was
found on the
Ohio.
It
in
Hardin
mound
from an ancient
County,
near the center of
a sitting
which occupied
posture
head of a skeleton
It is nine inches in length
by three and one-half inches in
the mound.
a moccasin,
the
sole
of
resembles
and
in
being somewhat
shape
width,
in Fig. 6. It had
and less pointed than the specimen
presented
broader
th back, but
been placed
upon the skull with the wider end toward
a part
laid there as a burial offering
simply or as constitnting
whether
of determinof the dead savage we have no means
of the head-dress
to
and are placed similarly
are three in number,
The perforations
ing.
had
in Fig. 5. Two other skeletons
illustrated
those in the specimen
from the one deassociated
with them, which differed
similar
plates
scribed in size only, the smaller one being less than six inches in length.
in
are given by Mr. Matson,
of two of these
specimens
Lithographs
were
first
described.'
whose very excellent
report
they
in Fig. 1 of this plate is copied from SchoolThe gorget
presented
It was taken,
relies, from
craft.2.
along with many other interesting
from

the

body

t Matson, in Ohio Centennial Report, p. 131.

~Schoolcraft: History of tne Indian Tribes, &c., part I, plate XIX.

266.

ART

IN

SHELL

OF

THE

ANCIENT

AMEBICANS.

one of the ossuaries

at Beverly,
Canada
West.
It is formed from some
large sea shell,
and is three inches in width by three and three-fourths
inches in length.
Its perforations
are four in nnmber,
and are so placed
as to be conveniently
used either for suspension
by a single cord or for
fixing firmly by means of two or more cords.
It seems-to
hold a middle place between
and the pierced tablets
pendants
nnder conproper
sidration.~
The unique specimen
given in Fig. 2 is from Cedar Eeys, Florida,
but
whether
from a grave or a shell-heap
I am at present
unable to state.
In its perforations,
whieh are large and doublyconical,it
resemblesvery
tablet
of stone.
closely the typical
The outline
is peculiar;
being
rounded
at the top, it grows
broader
toward
the base like a
celt. and
terminates
at the outer corners in well-rounded
points, the edge between
with a series of notches
being ornamented
or teeth.
It bas been eut
from the wall of a
and is sharply
curved.
Th surBusycon perversum,
face is ronghened
by time, but there is no evidence
of wear by use
either in the perforations
or in the notches
at th basa.
In studying
these remarkable
the fact that
specimens
they so seldom show marks
of use presents
itself for explanation.
Dr. Charles
in such matters
are always
Rau, whose opinions
worthy
of considerathat at first sight
one might be inclined
tion, remarks
to consider
them as objects of ornament,
or as badges
of distinction;
but this view
is not corroborated
of the perforations,
by the appearance
which exhibit no trace of that peculiar
abrasion
produced
by constant
suspension.
The classification
of the tablets as < gorgets,'
to
therefore,
appears
2
be erroneous.~
The

same argument
be brought
with equal force
could,
however,
their use for any of the other purposes
Th perfosuggested.
if not used for suspension
or attachment,
rations,
would be subject
to
wear from any other use to which they could be
put.
But, as we have
in shell exhibits
already
seen, one of the specimens
well-defined
evidence
of wear, and that of such a character
as to indicate the passage
of a cord
between
the perforations
in a position
that would produce
abrasion
between the holes on the concave
side .of the plate, but would leave the
back entirely
unworn.
This peculiar
result could only be produced
by
attachment
in a Rxed position,
concave
side out, to some object perforated like the plate, the cord passing
both.
The perdirectly
throngh
forations
of pendants
show wear on both sides; a like result
necessarily
would follow from the use of these plates in
anyof the other ways mentioned.
Those made of shell could not, on account
of their warped
against

The ossnajies hre mentioned are in the

township of Beverly, twenty miles from
Dnndas, at the head of Lake Ontario.
They are sitnated in a primitive forest, and
were discovered.Tipwarda ofthrty years ago
throngh th uprooting of a. tree. Ijarge
numbers of skeletons had been deposited longitudinally in trenches,
withmany implements, ntensils, and ornaments.
Two brass kettles were found in one of the graves.
Bed
(Schoolcraft:
Races of America, p. 326.)
Ran Arohaiological Collection of the National
Mnseum, p. 33.

ANNUAL
BUREAU

OF

KEEOBT

PL.

1881

ETHNOLOG

1.
2.

Ornament

-o

Ornamant

from

C.

3, 4.
5.

W.

Florida.
PERFORATED

Objeots
roi-forated

PLATES.

from

the
plate

Grave
from

Cr66lL.UOnn(L,
Ohio.

va.

a.-

holmes.]

CLASSIFICATION

OF

PENDANT

GORGETS.

267

of marginal
they show no evidence
be used for shuttles;
besides,
The fact, too, that the matethis
use.
from
result
as
would
wear, such
sea-shore would seem to render it
from the distant
rial had to be brought
arts when wood,
in the ordinary
be
to
employed
too rare and precious
to the careas well.
Owing
serve the purpose
would
and
bone
stone,
in
information
but
little
have
we
of collectors
or negligence
lessness
which they were
with
remains
human
to
the
relation
to their
regard
tend, I believe, to show
Such facts as we have, however,
deposited.
of
decoration.
Again, the material
that
they were used for personal
adapted
of
its
especially
on
account
beauty,
formed
are
whieh they
is,
reserved
and for this use it has been almost exclusively
for ornament,
of the
ancient
the
as
were
peoples
sea
from
the
by peoples as distant
shape,

Ohio Valley.

ENGRAVED

GORGETS.

forms of pendants
the simpler
that
has already
been suggested
had particular
significance
to their possurfaces
may
have
with plain
or
that
may
have rethey
or
symbols,
as insignia,
amulets,
sessors,
to
as to give significance
character
such
a
of
designs
ceivedpainted
the
shell
of
surface
or plainly polished
For ornament
the natural
them.
taste-a
beauty
sufficient beauty to satisfy the most fastidious
possessed
or incised
of painted
addition
the
enhanced
by
could
that
hardly
be
from the
obtained
gorgets
But we find that
many of the larger
figures.
of a most interesthave
district
a
designs
of
and graves
large
mounds
in conception
remarkable
upon them, which are so
engraved
ing nature
the character
Such
is
our
admiration.
as to command
and excution
with the idea that they
at
once
we
are
that
impressed
of these designs
that they had
is it possible
of the idle fancy, neither
are not products
I have given
of
barbarian
vanity.
the
gratification
no higher office than
more
become
and, day by day, have
much time to their examination,
is
without
its
no
that
design
belief
single
with the
impressed
strongly
art which dealt
was
a
serious
that
their
production
significance,
and
and polity
with the history,
mythology
with matters
closely interwoven
own.
of
their
a
civilization
developing
of a people gradually
they probawere worn as personal
ornaments
these.objects
Although
or symbols.
as insignia,
uses
amulets,
had
specialized
bly
The devices enor distinction.
As insignia, they were badges of office
sources and were probably
from many
derived
were
them
upon
graved
enemies killed,
by numeral records representing
sometimes
supplemented
deeds
other
or
accomplished.
taken,
prisoners
attributes
or remedial
with protective
As amulets, they were invested
and many
from dreams,
visions,
derived
devices
and contained
mystic
other sources.
It

268

ART.IN

As
As saimhnlc
symbols
were generally

SHELL

OF

THE

ANCIENT

AMERICANS.

in most
they possessed,
cases, a religions
and
character,
used as totems of clans.
They were inscribed
with char.
acters
derived chiefly
from mythologie
sources.
Afew examples
contain geometric
which may have been
designs
or they may
time-symbols,
have indicated
the order of ceremonial
exercises.
That these objects
should be classed
nnder one of these heads and
not as simple ornaments
with intricate
engraved
for embeldesigns
lishment
alone is apparent
when we consider
the serions
character
of
the work, the great amoimt
of labor and patience
shown, the frequent
recurrence
of the same
distribution
design, thewide
of
particular
forms
the preservation
of the idea in aIl
what shortcomings
cases, no matter
occur in excution
or dtail, and the apparent
absence of all
lines, dots,
and figures not essential
to the presentation
of the conception.
In describing
these gorgetslhave
arranged
distin.
themingroups
guished
by the designs
engraved
upon them.l
They are presented
in
the following order
The Cross,
The Scalloped
Disk,
The Bird,
The Spider,

The
The
The
which

i'.ilna

tineonoon.7

4~.

-Jo

Serpent,
Human

Face,
Human
and to these I append
Figure:
The Frog,
is found in Alizona
only, and although
carved in shell does not
appear to have been used as
as no perforations
a pendant,
are visible.
Within the United States ancient
tablets
containing
engraved
designs
are apparently
confined to th Atlantic
slope, and are not found to any
extent
the limits of the district
beyond
occupied
by the stone-grave
peoples.
Early explorers
along the Atlantic
coast mention
the use of
engraved
gorgets
by a number
of tribes.
Modern
examples
may be
found occasionally
of the northwest
among the Indians
coast as well as
upon the islands
of the central
Pacific.
THE CROSS.
The discoverers
and early explorers
of the New
were filled with
^orld
surprise
when theybeheldtheirown
sacred
emblemrthe
cross, minglin, g
with the pagan devices
of the western
barbarian.
Writers
have specu
lated
in vain-the
mystery
yet remains
unsolved.
to con
Attempts
neet the use of the cross
by prehistoric
Americans
with its use in the
East
and we are compelled
T SlgnaUy/a?ed'
to look on its occurrence here as one of those
strange
coincidences
so often found in the
of peoples
practices
totally foreign to each other.
If written history
does not establish
beyond a doubt the fact that the
cross had a place in our
aboriginal
we have butto
symbolism,
turn
lThe handsome illustrations
presented in the
accompanying
plates
drawn by Miss Kate C.
Osgood, who has no superior in this class of work.were mostly

ANNUAL
BUREAU

OF

EEPOBT

1881

ETHNOLOGY

1. From

a mound,

Union

County,
SHELL.

2. From

m..
GOEGETS

THE

CROSS.

Charleston,

Mo.

PL.

LI

hobiks.]

THE

CROSS

OF

THE

MOUND-BUILDERS.

269

archologlcrecord,wherewenndthatitoccupies
thepages
of the great
with
interwoven
concepart so intimately
American
in ancient
a place
them.
from
be
it
cannot
that
separated
continent
to the
tions
peculiar
nearly
remains
throughout
with other
prehistoric
associated
It is found
of America.
and breadth
the entire
length
of this
emblem,
a few new examples
of presenting
the pleasure
I have
mound-builders.
the
at one time
by
district
occupied
the
from
obtained
which
of shell
disks
or engraved
in shell
upon
are carved
The examples
of
these
particuInthestndy
as pendant
gorgets.
have
been
employed
in
historymustbekeptconstantly
one important
lar relies,
fact
in recent
who
Christian
zealots,
were
by
accompanied
The first explorers
mind.
a
and introduce
out the native
superstitions
to root
no effort
spared
This
the
symbol.
was
ail-important
the cross
of which
foreign
religion,
as the
onlytangiblefeature
was generallyacceptedbythe
emblem
savages
too profound
subtleties
with
was filled
that
of
belief
a
new
of
system
introduced
at
once
was
cross
the
a
As
result,
for their
comprehension.
form
a European
first
at
of
the
probably
in
natives;
into the
regalia
manner
that
the
in precisely
of beads
to a string
attached
and material
and gorgets;
trinkets
own
their
they
had been
accnstomed
to suspend
tabown hands
upon
or carved
delineated
by their
no doubt,
but soon,
conown
their
of
in theplace
peculiar
and shell,
and copper
lets of stone
of the savextinction
down
to
the
of
La
Salle
From
the time
ceptions.
beconstantly
the cross was kept
Mississippi
province,
age in the middle
as
remains
for in such
accounted
thus
be
and its presence
may
fore him,
of European
articles
after
Year
of the whites.
year
advent
post-date
the
and
in the most
places,
unexpected
discovered
are
manufacture
being
crosses
of these
example
to
single
any
find it impossible
assign
we shall
not
our statements
will
that
the assurance
with
to a prehistoric
period,
American
the
that
unfortunate
It is certainly
some
dav be challenged.
must
rest forever
forms
of art resembling
European
of any work
origin
to the
in
exists
as a doubt
regard
As long
of suspicion.
a cloud
under
where
discussion
importin
a
it
to employ
it is useless
of a relie,
origin
not be forit should
time
At the same
are to be made.
ant deductions
the
as
prehisused
by
a symbol
was undoubtedly
that
the cross
gotten
also
that
it
was
probably
and
consequently
of the South,
nations
toric
with it
associated
relies
of the
A
North.
majority
in
the
great
known
In
aboriginal.
are
undoubtedly
and
burial
places
mounds
in ancient
an Amerithemselves
belong
to
the
tablets
the case of the shell
gorgets,
Valof the art of the Mississippi
characteristic
and
are highly
can type,
also characare
them
upon
of the
engraved
designs
ley.
A majority
district.
of the same
teristic
foreign;
are characteristically
that
intervals
designs
We find at rare
and
interest
of
are
special
or European,
objects
Mexican
whether
these,
under
conthe
That
design
examination.
closest
merit
the
possible
these
tablets,
is symother
upon
as every
engraved
as well
sideration,
the
but
not for a moment
doubt;
I
do
or otherwise
significant,
bolic

to

270

ART

probabilities
the

IN

as

cross

there

to Plate

OF

to

the

European

in

this

region

found

lineation

SHELL

THE

AMERICANS.

or American
are

is certainly
nothiug
it will be seen that

LIII

ANCIENT

all

the

of

symbol
In

origin.

its

de-

reference

Bv

given
it is a sima thousand
times

examples

ple and symmetrical

in the religious
art

the

balanced.

evenly
indicate
its

to
in

of

origin

pretty

which
be duplicated
cross,
might
of any country.
of the designs
4 study
associated
with
the cross
in these
is
but does not
gorgets
lead
to any
instructive,
definite
result.
In one case the cross
is inscribed
the back
of a
upon
in another
great
it is surrounded
spider;
by a rectangular
framework
of lines,
at the
looped
and
corners,
guarded
by four
mysterions
birds,
while
in others
it is without
attendant
but
the workmancharacters;
is purely
ship
I have
not seen a single
aboriginal.
of engravexample
shell
ing
upon
that
a foreign
suggested
or a
with
the
hand,
design,
of this
exception
could
claim
a European
one, that
derivation.
Some
very
ingnions
theories
have
been
elaborated
in
to
attempting
account
for the presence
of the cross
American
among
Brinsymbols.
ton believes
that
the great
importance
attached
to the
of the
points
of the
compass-thefonrquarters
has given
heavens-bysavage
peoples
rise to the sign
of the cross.
With
others
the cross
is a phallic
symbol,
obscure
derived,
by some
of evolution,
process
from
the vnration
accorded
to the reciprocal
in nature.
It is also frequently
principle
associated
with
and is recognized
sun-worship,
as a symbol
of the sun-the
four
arms being
remaining
rays
left
after
a gradual
process
of elimination.
Whatever
is finally
determined
in reference
to the origin
of the cross
as a
religioussymbolinAmericawiUprobablyresultfromtheexhaustivestudy
of
the history,
and
art of the ancient
language,
combined
with
peoples,
a thorough
of the
knowledge
religious
of modern
conceptions
tribes,
and when
these
sources
of information
are aU exhausted
it is probable
that
the writer
who asserts
more
than
a
will overreach
his
probability
proofs.
Such
nal

delineations

art

represent

be expected

that
a

however,
Mexican

of the

direct

derivation

pictographic
conventionalized
in
take
rently
son of these

tablet,
nificance
which

priests

The

cross

branches
fruit,
though

the

and

been

led

to

is
paintings
offer
sacrifice,
the

same

engage
relation
are

conventionalized,

some
the

terminate
loaded

have

not

one
The

instance
ancient
of

appaa compari-

in the

Palenque
a common
sig-

have

remarkable.
figure
similar

The
of

with

yet

entirely

group

treein

religions

rite.

group.

The

Palenque
in clusters

down

trees,

these
By

cross

indeed

in

In

crosses

must

central
in

aborigiit is not to

and

depicted.

they

or

the

in ancient

representations

remarkable
that
are

trees

highly

scnes

the

of these

cross-shaped
arms
of the cross

the

belief

analogies
often

in

to resemble

the

with
the

The

origin.

holds

abound
as

in

part

embodied

of its

evolution,
them.
through
nature
is suggested.

manuscripts
such
a manner

important
curious
trees

and
in

as we find

from

an

I have

cross

cross

final
only the
stages
its origin
can be traced

symbols
lost

ofsymbolic
alwhich,
their
vege-

BUREAU

Or

iNNUAI.

ETHNOLOGY

1.
2.

Shell
Shell

gorget,
gorget,

Fam'a
Lick

Mana,
Greek,

3.
4.

Tenn.
Tenn.

THE

CROSS

OF

THE

MOTOTD-BUILDEKS.

Shell
Copper

gorget.
plate,

REPORT

Lick
Creek,
Ohio.

1881.

Tenu.

PL

III

holhes.]

THE

CROSS

OF

THE

MOUND-BUILDERS.

271

The most remarkable

feature,
lio wever, is not that the
table character.
but that they perform
in
these
each other
crosses resemble
respects,
bird which is perched
a
to
in
fnnctions
symbolic
like
giving support
feature of the
to be the important
This
bird
appears
upon the summit.
or sacrithe
which
it
homage
represents,
group, and to it, or the deity
cross
bases
of
the
the
still
These analogies
fice is ofered.
farther
go
are made to rest upon
in the tablet and of the crosses in the paintings
A considcreature.
a highly conventionalized
figure of some mythical
the
that
of these facts seems to me to lead to the conclusion
eration
cross
andthatthe
are
in all of these groups
identical,
myths represented
Whether
that
origin is in
and cross-like
trees have a common
origin.
evolved
on the other I
the tree on the one hand or in a cross otherwise
to say.
shall not attempt
of
to the collection
in Fig. 1., Plate LI, belongs
The gorget presented
in Union County,
from a mound
and was obtained
Mr. F. M. Perrine,
and has been
in diameter
three
inches
111. It is a little more than
of an inch.
one-twelfth
of about
thickness
to
a
uniform
down
ground
and polished.
rounded
are smooth and the margin carefully
The surfaces
The cord used
for suspension.
Near the upper edge are two perforations
a shallow groove.
the concave side, wearing
holes
on
the
between
passed
and outextend
upward
On the convex side, or back, the cord marks
The
about the neck.
method
of
the
usual
suspension
ward, indicating
the center of the concave face of the disk, is quite
cross which occupies
on one side by a semicircular
line,
inclosed
It is partially
simple.
than that given by four trianguhas no other definition
and at present
The face of the cross is ornathe arms.
which separate
lar perforations
in the
incised
drawn
lines, which interlace
with six carelessly
mented
the arm to the right t
eut three extending
in
the.
along
as
shown
center,
line.
I have
down the lower arm to the inclosing
and three passing
with
interments
of
the
of
the
character
to
learn
not been able
anything
was associated.
which this specimen
a large shell cross, the encircling
Fig. 2 of the same plate represents
are still intact.
The perforations
broken
has
been
away.
rim of which
and
is very much decayed,
This specimen
The cross is quite
plain.
at
from
a
skull
obtained
inside
of
a
grave
Museum
came to the National
of the specimen.
no
record
is
this
there
Mo.
Beyond
Charleston,
shell
of a circular
a large fragment
In Fig. 1, Plate LU, 1 present
ornamental
surface of which a very curious
convex
on
the
ornament,
The design, inclosed
by a circle, represents
design has been engraved.
or slips,
tablets
two
be formed
rectangular
by
a cross such as would
Beto each other.
at right
interlaced
and
angles
slitlongitudinally
borthe cireular
tween the arms of the cross in the spaces inclosett by
in the
small conical depressions
der line are four annular
nodes, having
of
away portions
nodes have been relieved
by cutting
These
center.
small
is
another
cross
of
the
In the center
them.
the shell around
The lines are neat and deeply incised.
relieved.
node or ring similarly

272

ART

m,

The

~~?4.

of

edge

in

from

at

the

latter

has

margin

on Lick

also

rays
lines.

shown

not
with

plain,
cross

is

The

middle

of

contains

disk.

device
incised

S-shaped
the square

from
to

be

appears
in the

center

similar

line

cut

an

was
in

crosses
are

here

define
The

the

square

fragment
obtained

The

the
concentric
been

from

at

and

the

cut

line
drilled

a mound

of the

the

The
top.
between

spaces

or are filled
with
out,
a pattern
of crossed

with

thus

right
border.

of the cross
example
a pencil
sketch
and is
border
of the
disk
is

perforations

arms

con-

significant,
other
at

One pair
of perone of the
drilled,
is lost from the

others

from

drawn
circle,
are entirely
decorated

work-

haphazard

have

surface.

Dunning.
a typical

usual

cross

intersect

the

center

that
is probably
A doubly-curved
signincant.
widened
at the
extends
line,
ends,
obliquely
the right
to the left
lower
upper
corner.
This

across

or

elementary

unfinished

in

in

the

figure

a
It

inferior

near

pits

was

detail.

the

be
each

broken,

and

made

The
and

in thickness.

is of
LII,
a somewhat

of the

specimen

around.

Tennessee.

A triangular

This

other

inch

terminate

away

out.

accurate

figures,
lines
which

the

most

broken

The

in

and

all

size-one

or may
not
which
cross

may

over

of
exception
in a carelessly

which
other

an

Island,
2, Plate
to have

by Mr.
Tennessee,
in Fig.
3 contains

quite

the

inclosed

arms,
or

of

somewhat
irregular,
of shallow
conical

disk.

mound-builder.

probably

the

East

nearly
natural

ornament

grooves
the
disk

broken

the

MIERICANS.

away

Fain's

which

of an

been
of

gorget

the

on

A number

Creek,

The

broken

one-sixteenth

intervals
irregular
seems
to have
been

lower

ANCIENT

the

irregnlar
center
of

margin.

rather

been

cross,

indications

forations

of

bas

shallow

near
are
the

1-

a mound

The

arrangement.
sists
of two

near

THE

in Fig.
gorget
presented
the Iines
and dots
seem

and

angles
There

shell

OF

represents
diameter
and

small

manship

~t.

the

obtained

The

SHELL

cut

accompanying
half
inches
was

IN

produced

form

of

the

or

figure
found

device

of many
of the more
elaborate
disks.
Intersected
by a
it would
form
a cross
like that
the back
of one of the
upon
shown
in Plate
spiders
or somewhat
more
it would
LXI,
evenly
curved,
resemble
the involuted
in the
center
of the circular
figure
disks
given
in plate
LIV.
This specimen
from a mound
was obtained
on Lick Creek,
and is now in the
Museum.
Tenn.,
Peabody
In Fig.
4 a large
disk
from
an Ohio
mound
copper
is represented.
The
is eight
specimen
inches
in diameter,
is very
and has suffered
thin,
from
corrosion.
A symmetrical
greatiy
the
arms
of which
are
cross,
five inches
in length,
has been
eut
out
of the center.
Two
concentric
lines
have
been
in the
one
near
impressed
the
and the
plate,
margin
other
the ends
of the cross.
touching
It is now in the Natural
History
Museum
at New
York.
In
have
the
shell

Plate

LIII

been

obtained

district
gorgets

occupied

present

from

the

by

(illustrations

the

large

number

mounds,
mound-builders.
of

which

or
are

of
from

given

crosses,
ancient

Eight
in

are
the

most
graves,

of

which
within

engraved
accompanying

upon

BUREAU

OF

AKNUAL

ETHNOLOGY

THE

CROSS.

REPORT

1881

PL.

LUI

HOiMES.]

plates),
executed

one

and

is eut

hence

in

conform

to

the

of

the

cross,

Catholic

are

two

painted

they

priesthood.

was obtained
given
The plate
itself

upon

exceptions

273.

DISKS.

are

pottery,
inclosed

and

similar

to

four

are

in

circles,
the
ends
rounded
to
being
crosses,
the
14 and
two
remaining
15) represent
(Figs.
and resemble
crosses
attached
to the rosathe

circle

Latin

SCALLOPED

Greek

symmetrical

of the

forms

THE

three

stone,
With

in copper.

are

ries

OF

SIGNIFICANCE

from

is instructive,

remark.

silver

in

a mound

and

cross

the

last

Ohio.
be

may

further

without

presented

SOALLOPEDDISKS.

In

a hasty
making
it convenient

found

traordinary
disks.
with

to

class

of

the

cross,

Like

be

certainty
is such

disks

classification

as

place

to

minds

most

of the rays.
scallops
being
suggestive
in the economy
of firstimportance
is naturally
an object
of veneration

As
of

ject
-it
It

is well

ica

had

known

that

original,
creatures.

These

bol

as the

inal

which

The
at

barbarian

of the
shape
to the sun,
the
is known
to be an ob-

orb

life-the

among
tribes
of

time

the

the

that

of discovery

district
by

source

Jatchez
gives
as 1 am aware,
to their
regard

in
opinion
made
been

incline

toward

andheat

of light

primitive
peoples.
and South
Amer-

many
Mexico

that

they
a likeness

animais

which

by

fancifnl
a sym-

such

to the
these

employed
to the

or

that

inhabited

whites,
to this
assumption
no one
however,

So far

firmation.

from

the

have
ex-

general

it seems
natural
being
known,
consideration
should
be referred

undei.1

one

worshipers-the

have

facts

it suggests.
well-known
fact

was,

this

likeness

of sun-worship,
and
systems
well-developed
of which
still retained
of many
some
forms,
of
others
had
assumed
the
while
garb

symbols

tive

the

gorgets,
somewhat

scalloped
npon
is one that
cannot

engraved

represented
The
original.

an

to

been

and

here

symbol

suggest

many
engraved
a numerous

group
have

which

designs
the

referred

to

of the

in one

great

gorgets
a race

corne,
of sun-

a shadow
has

orig-

con-

of

a posisuch
as
suggestions
above.
I feel
the

but
significance,
indicated
the view

ventured

and
while
the
of caution
in such
combating
matters,
I am far from
at-.
are ornamental
or fanciful
only,
designs
in
to them
deeply
mysterious
significance.
They
may
tributing
any
or
or
or
other
indicate
some
station,
they
may
way
political
religious
are much
that
but
the probabilities
even
be cosmogenic,
greater
they
great
idea

are

necessity
that
the

time

describe
Plate
The.
tained
was
had
dimcult
ently

Before
symbols.
one of these
disks,
LIV.
specimen
from
a

found
been

near
so
to

a large
18E

chosen
mound
the

disturbed
determine
specimen

venturing
a typical
as

near
head
by
its

type

example
of

Tashville,
of a skeleton,
recent
original

of

further,

the

these
Tenn.,
which

movements
position.
Busycon

however,
of which

it will

disks

rosette-like
by

Professor

was
of
The

perversum,

the

be well

much
soil
shell

to

is presented

in

was

obIt

Powell.
decayed,
as to render
used

although

is
the

and
it

apparlines.

274

ART

are

of growth
mination

of

was
The

by age.
the
lines
trie

of three
in

second

three

somewhat

an

all

inch

Placed

at

which

-incloses

circular

in

are

figures

The

a nearly

which
of

which

form

one

of

the

abrasion
three

the
for

perforations

the

by
near

the
Whatever

disk.

central

cord
center,

outline

of

have

been

dotted

suspension.
bored
have been
the

mainly

is

one-

features.
each

in

the

of

design,

each

of

outer

edges

medium

sized

inner

of

margin
indications

slight

perforations,
from the

of this

in

and

zone

the
Two

gorget.
made
near

These

part
perfo-

somewhat
pits,
varies
from
thirty
and thirty.

carved,

show

the

middle

compartments,

these

meaning
that
it

the

conical

been

are
of

epacesbetweenthe

the

zone;

of

maybe

has

the

third

the

thirteen

or boss

in

space
hundred

two

lines
lines

very
interesting
circular
figures,

pit;
minute

inner
to the

crescent-shaped
in width,
inch
The

six

of about
into

scalloped
suspension
next the

bosses

find

a rosette

outward

other

eut

is sur-

of the
These

the

width.

unequal
and

sweep

than

plain.
some

we

a small

figure

of

a revolution.

exhibits

is subdivided

circular

and
usual,
concen-

diameter,
which
contains

and

half

is quite

a total

gives

zone

varions

width,
on the
circumference

dotted
with
thickly
the number
of dots in each

placed
which

to forty,
outer

and

a circlet

in

engraved

intervals

equal

zones

inch

are so deeply
they
the disk,
producing
is one-fourth
of an

specimens,
and
width,

almost

irregularly
six

other

as

The

four

perforations,

deeply

many
specimens
as to penetrate
zone
The
second

as in

surface

eut.

in

of

upwards

curve

rations.
this,
half

inch
begin

equidistant
more

by
an

of

these

lines;

In

design.
of the

is now
concave

clearly

surrounded

three-eighths
one-half
an

circle,
making
and
wider

but
the

a positive
deteris well preserved;
and discolored
pitted

shell

around
a minute
shalgomtrie
accuracy
the surface
into
five parts-a
circles
divide

with

center

small

of the

and

is

by a zone
involuted

rounded
circle

the

to permit

preserved

substance

drawn
These

circle

AMERICANS.

ANCIENT

species.
once highly
polished,
on
is engraved
design

at

central

well
The

accurately
are drawn

circle

The

THE

OF

snfficiently

as a center.

pit

small

SHELL

are

circles

low

not
the

surface

the

IN

as well
convex
we

side

cannot

of

as the
of

the

fail

to

fact
is significant-that
an idea
is eximportant
Were
the design
we should
variation
in
pressed.
ornamental,
expect
the parts
or details
of different
from
difference
of
specimens
resulting
in the
if
from
an
for
taste
simply
copied
original
example
designers
sale or trade
to the
inhabitants
we might
a certain
number
of
expect
recognize

exact
would

but
reproductions;
be found
to
hardly

be

variation

the

number

in

exactly

in the
of
the

relation

particular
same
order

in such a case,
follow
uniform
of
parts

the

when
or fixed

variations
lines;

didoccur,
there
would

of the conception
as well
parts
the zones
would
not follow
each

particular

figures

would

not

be

confined

they
also
as in
other
to

the rays
of the volute
would
not always
have
a sinparticular
zones;
or the form
of the tablet
istral
be always
circular
and scalloped.
turn,
It cannot
be supposed
that
of the whole
number
of these
at one
objects
time in use, more
than
a small
number
have
been
rescued
from
decay,

BTOEA.Tr

OF

ANNUAL

ETHNOLOGY

SCALLOPED SHEEL DISE.

Nashville,
tt)

Tenn.

EETOET

1881

PL.

LIT

SCALLOPED

hoiheb.]

275

DISKS.

and doubtlocalities
have been obtainedfrom
widely scattered
andthese
a
to
indicate
variants
no
of
appear
centuries
less represent
time, yet
one particnlar
the
design
a
type.
A
or
to
divergence
'ftom
leading
up
even if executed
by the same hand,
ornamental
of purely
character,
in variation
exhibit
the
of
nature
uniformity
in
the
could not,
things,
such as
unfettered
by ideas of a fixed nature,
hre shown.
Fancy,
the
with
would
or sociologie
vary
to religious
enstoms,
those pertaining
of
examined
I
have
or
the
life.
upwards
the
the
year,
day,
locality,
of which are made of shell.
the
of
these
disks,
majority
scalloped
thirty
to
but shall call attention
each specimen,
to describe
I shall not attempt
from the type as may be noticed.
variations
such important
disk which has four
In Fig. 1, Plate LV, we have a well-preserved
lines are deeply eut
these
three
others
the
having
only;
involute
lines,
the shell, producing
their length,
of
about
one-third
penetrate
for
and,
The circles in the third or dotted
four crescent-shaped
perforations.
and coniand inclose circlets
made
and
zone are neatly
evenly spaced,
The dots in the intervening
spaces are closely and irregularly
cal pits.
a total of
giving
and in number
range from forty to forty-five,
placed,
are as usual.
Other features
Thespecand forty.
about three hundred
from a stone grave in Kane's Field, near Nashville,
imen was obtained
Musum.
Tenn., and is now in the Peabody
in Fig. 2, Plate LV, should
that the specimen
It is possible
presented
of resemare many points
but as there
not be placed in this group;
it
At
first
here.
appears
it
be
described
sight
to
the
blance
may
type,
but it will be seen that through
that one of the outer zones is lacking,
alternating
cause the two have been merged
some unknown
together,
The whole deacross both zones.
bosses of the outer line being carried
The lines of the
laid out and rudely
engraved.
sign has been carelessly
each
and
in
four
of
two
occupy an unusuinvolute
are arranged
groups
for
of perforations
two
sets
near-the
There
are
margin
ally wide belt.
near
obtainedfromthe
The specimenwas
Brakebillmound,
suspension.
stage of decay.
Knoxville,
Tenn., and is in an advanced
which has the apa small specimen,
In Plate LVI, Fig. 4,1 present
all
zones
are
unfinished.
The
of being
defined, but, with the
pearance
The
are quite plain.
has
thirteen
of
the
which
bosses,
outer,
exception
from a stone grave at
eut.
It was obtained
lines are deeply but rudely
Museum.
Tenn., and is now in the Peabody
Oldtown,
there may be seen in the
Besides the type specimen
already
presented,
from a mound near FrankMuseum
two very good examples,
National
and is nearly
The smaller is about three inches in diameter
lin, Tenn.
ail the design eau
but
has
suffered
much
from
it
nearly
decay,
circular
the disk producing
The lines of the involute
be made out.
penetrate
zone are
the circles in the dotted
short crescent-shaped
perforations;
the
the usual
circlets
and inclose
and conical pits;
seven in number
dots

in the

intervening

spaces

are too obscure

to be counted.

The spec-

276

ART

imen

bas

IN

SHELL

OP

THE

ANCIENT

AMERICANS.

sixteen

The larger
is somewhat
marginalscallops.
specimen
broken
from
sides.
portions
It is
being
away
opposite
and
a half
inches
in diameter,
four
and
the
nearly
has
been
design
drawn
and engraved
with
more
than
The
central
ordinary
precision.
circle
a perforated
incloses
and
the involute
lines
are long
and
circlet,
shallow.
The
dotted
zone has seven
circles
with
inclosed
circlets
and
fragmentary,

The
pits.
Another

outer

zone

contains

fifteeu

of these

example

shell

in the
eleventh
annual
nam,
It is said to have
been found
is not

gree
from

the

lute

oval

concentric

middle

dotted

being

figures,
The

disk.

a central

design,
three

the

usual;
between

closely
the outer

have

been

circle

and

zone

dot

The
six

circles

with

the

outer

zone

of which

edges
for

form

in the

lief.

outer

The

As

his

the

the

distances

elliptical

the
bosses,
This
ornament
red
is

centric

marks.

derived

from

dots, the
thirteen

spaces
of the
of the

sealloped
margin
as usual
near
placed

is one

oval

shell

ornament

This

shell

Joseph
2, Plate
and
given

and

first

was

in-

Dr.

by

of the

the

figures.

"In
a carefully
quotation:
the face of the skeleton
was

peth.
concave

tion
string

suspended
were
in

that

chin

or

portion

the

thong

by

and

found

ornament

conlook-

resting
inches

is 4.4

sea-shell..
concave
on

the

of
it was

of
the

The

the
lower

suspended

convex

the

exception
it is formed

is similar

banks

when

uppermost,
the
neck,

portion

small
up of fourteen
to the object
a scalloped
surface
had been
covered

The
surface

ornament,

around

which

with
plain,
out of which

the

surface

is made
give

figured
still visible.

was

fit
clins

rocky
This

the

concave

material

upon

band

of which

which

polished

with

central

its

of

a -large
high

outer

edges

on

The

carved

The

outer

much

highly

the

it.

upon

paint,

surface

on

invotriple
is plain,
as

the

description

following
in which

sarcophagus,

equal

ings

central
contains

zone

make

while

lsuns7

310.

its concave
with
a small
surface,
and four
concentric
in recenter,
differently
bands,
figured,
first
band
is filled
the
second
is plain,
by a triple
volute;
third
is dotted,
and has nine
small round
bosses
carved
at un-

circle

or

by a
zone

inner

has

toward
the setting
Sun, a beautiful
the breast-bone
of the skeleton.
npon
in diameter,
and it is ornamented
on

with

Put-

page
its

Musum,

surrounded
narrow

and

ing

rim.

Professor

by

Peabody

Fashville,

zones.

taken.
I

graphie,
stone

structed

the

are
suspension
in the spaces
between
the
of engraved
disks
has
been
figured
work
the illustrations
in Figs.
given

of the
margin
A fine
example
from
whose
Jones,
quite

near

dotted,

perforations

ner

LVI,

of

report

established.

shell

and

figures.
is illustrated

Tenn.,
although
pedito Professor
it is made
According
Putnam,
of a Busycon,
and
is apparently
in a very
state
of
good
It is about
four
inches
in diameter
and is inscribed
with

well

preservation.
the usual

oval

disks

of the

form
to that

as

the

two

jaw

holes

which
of the
are

was
of

smooth
three

for

pointed
skeleton.

manifest

of

the
and

paintHar-

breast-bone,
in this
posithe
directly
The

upon

con-

evidently
the
circles

Cumberland

the
lay upon
found,
as if it had
been
worn

border

of

both

thongor
to

the

marks

of

the

an-

ANNUAL
BUREAU

OF

EEPOET

1881

rL.

ETHKOLO.GT

1. aomamounanearTaatvUle.

2. Bbbi

(
SHELL

DISKS.

Tennessee.

the

BntoWU

Ifimna.

(1)

LY

holmes.]

STONE

DISKS.

277

and in addition
to this the paint is worn
terlor and posterior
surfaces,
two holes." l
below
the
bounded
off from the circular
by
space
the back or convex side of the disk, the long curved
Fig. 2 represents
cresof the shell, and the three narrow
the laminations
lines indicate
from
the
are
the
center
near
resulting
perforations
figures
cent-shaped
on the concave side.
lines of the volute
of the three
deep engraving
the sumwas found
occupied
The stone grave in which this ornament
NashRiver
banks
of
the
Cumberland
on
the
a
mound
opposite
mit of

in the same work,

Professor
Jones, also represents
ville, Tennessee.
ornament
which has apparently
of a similar
page 109, a large fragment
bosses.
zone and thirteen
in the dotted
marginal
had seven circlets
was exinches in diameter,
which is three and one-half
This specimen,
Giles
near Pulaski,
from "a small rock mound"
humed by Dr. Grant,
Tennessee.
County,
disks
of stone
C. 0. Jones 'describes
a number
containing
Prof.
He
consideration.
which evidently
belong to the class under
designs
for some sacred
to the opinion that they were designed
office,
inclines
that they were used as plates to offer food to the sun god.
and suggests
an outline in Fig. 3, Plate LVII, is figof which 1 present
The specimen
in
circular
is as follows
It is
and his description
ured by Mr. Jones,
in
inch
and
a
in
an
and a half
quarter
diameter,
form, eleven inches
made
of
a
closis
seven
It
and
nearly
pounds.
weighing
thickness,
sea-green
slate, and bears upon its surface the stains of centugrained,
and the central
are
Between
the
ries.
portion,
rim, which is scalloped,
with the circumferenc&
two circular
parallel
depressed
rings, running
This circular
to the depth of a tenth of an inch.
and incised
basin,
a
or rim a litis
surrounded
inches
in
by
margin
diameter,
nearly
eight
and
two inches
in width, traversed
tle less than
by the incised
rings
the edge.
The lower surface
or botfrom the center toward
beveled
as
it
the
tom of the plate is flat, beveled
approaches
however,
upward,
of an inch in thickscalloped
edge, which is not more than a quarter
The use of these plates from the Etowah
ness.
Valley may,
It
with at least some degree of probability.
we think, be conjectured
for domestie or culinarypurposes.
is not likely that they were employed
and the
in their construction,
the care evidenced
Their weight,
variety,

in their
of time and labor necessarily
expended
manufacture,
dishes from which
as ordinary
belief that they were intended
forbidthe
the impression
that they
the daily meal was to be eaten, and suggest
and important
office.
The comto fulfill a more unusual
were designed
of this region
ate their
mon vessels from which the natives
prepared
of wood and baked
and pans fashioned
food were bowls
clay, calaFiat platters,
made of an adpieces of bark, and large shells.
bashes,
well
kneaded
of clay and pounded
mixture
shells,
and burnt,
were
corn-cakes
for baking
and frying meat; but it does
ordinarily
employed
amount

1 Jones

Aboriginal

Remains of Tennessee, pp. 42-3.

278

ART

IN

SHELL

OF

THE

ANIENT

AMERICANS.

not anywhere
that
ornamental
appear
stone plates
were in general
use." x
This specimen,
or one identical
with it, is inthe
of the Natpossession
nral History
Musum
in New York.
It was plowed
up in 1859 on the
lower terrace
of a large mound near
Ga.
Cartersville,
Other specimens
somewhat
similar
to th one described
by Professor
Jones have been obtained
from the same region, two of which are now in
the National
Musum.
One of these from a mound on theWarriorBiv.
is
made of gray slate, and is about eight inches in diameter.
It is smooth,
Thereare
symmetrical,
three shallow, irregularlines
anddoublyconvex.
near the border,
and the periphery
is ornamented
with twenty-one
scalAnother
a cut of which has already been pnblished
lops.
specimen,
by
Dr. Rau in
The Arehological
3;
Collection
of the National
Musum,"
in Plate LYH, Fig. 1. It is nearly one-half an inch
p. 37, is illustrated
in thickness,
and about ten inches
in diameter.
A single incised
line
rnns parallel
with the circumference,
which is ornamented
with nine
rather irregularly
The stone disk, of which an outline
placed notches.
is given in Fig. 2, Plate
from the Lick Creek
LYH, was obtained
Tennessee.
Its resemblance
to the shell
mound, in East
disks is so
that it must be regarded
striking
as having
a similar origin if not a
similar
use.
The division
into zones is the same as in the shell
disks; $
the outer is divided
into twelve lobes, and the cross in the center takes
the place of the involute
rosette with its central
circle.
The fact that
this particular
is engraved
on heavy plates of stone as well as
design
is sufficient
upon shell gorgets
proof that its origin cannot be attributed
to fancy alone.
I have seen at the National
Musum a curions
of stone disk,
specimen
which should be mentioned
in this place, although
there is not sufficient
of its genuineness
assurance
to allow it undisputed
claim to a place
It is a perfectly
among antiquities.
sandstone
circular,
neatly-dressed
inches
in' diameter
and one-half
an inch in thickness.
disk, twelve
incised
Upon one face we see three marginal
lines, as in the example
while on the other there is a well-engraved
just described,
design which
two entwined
or rather
knotted
represents
rattlesnakes.
An outline of
this curious figure is given in Plate LXYI.
Within
the circular
space
inclosed
is a well-drawn
by the bodies of the serpents
hand in the palm
of which is placed an open eye
this would probably
have been omitted
had he fnlly appreciated
the skeptical
by the artist
tendencies
of the
modern archseologist.
The margin of the plate is divided into seventeen
sections by small semicircular
indentations.
This object is said to have
been obtained
from a mound near Carthage,
Ala.
The reverse is shown
in Fig. 4, Plate
LVIE.
A similar
from a mound
near Lake
specimen
is described
Washington,
Mississippi,
by Mr. Anderson.2
The short time at my disposai
has barelypermitted
me to collect the
1 Jones: Antiquities of the Sontnern Indians, pp. 373-5.
'Anderson, in the Cincinnati Qnarterly Journal of Science, Ootober,1875, p. 378.

d`.1N2TAL
BUltEAU

OF

REPORT

1881

PL

I.YI

ETHNOLOGY
1

i
1.
2.
i:

noITaattTiUe,
i -il
Nashville,

TOm
enn.
Tenn.

ISS;

S.

4.
5.

(roverse).
(r6T6rse)-

SCALtOPED

SHELL

DISKS.

Oldtonra,
1ornaiivnie
Nashville,
?eie^.

Tenn.
Tenn
Tenn.

I shall

and

facts,
out

th

fully

uniformity
dots,
to their

and

have

means

that

by

It
symbol

is

table

following
The list

while
wide

the

dots,

range,
Th

forty.
The examples
The student
to the
of

or

to
possibly
I have
already
and

in position

that

presented

zone
have

total

number

bosses

of

in

stone

will

calendars

hardly

The

is,

involute

elements

number,
these
facts

others

fourth
in

be

the

of.

involute
into

divided
as

as

and the
vary,
made
apparent.

that

column
exception,

the

and

conclusion

while

one

some

circles,

some
certain

may

follow

to find

it is always

three
plain.

table,
from
six to nine,
which
range
have
a
in a few cases
counted
only,
and
three
hundred
some
cases
reaching
circlets

in

thirteen
from
range
of
a different
series

zone

outer

have

to
fail

at

arrived

to

others

that

given

been

seem

or time
There

antiquity.

the

to

or

shown

with

contains

which

the

have

to the

is,
is not

zone

future

I had
expected
presented.
ratios
of the varions
zones,

hre

is quite
incomplete.
will be seen by reference
zone
inner
of the

The second
parts.
or dotted
The
third

279

CALENDARS.

it to the

lave

to

suggestions
in the numbers

significance.
are fixed
design

the

AMERGAN

ANCIENT

holues.1

to

symbols

notice

the

of Mexico

however,
in

no

absolute

the

center

resemblance
and

other

identity
resembles

to eighteen.
numbers.
of'these

southern

disks
nations

southern
with
the
Aztee
sym-

design
four
into
three
division
being
in its
is peculiar
parts,
three
that
division
into
The
used.
almost
only
universally
three
in which
of the
occurs
in the calendar
Muyscas,
noticed
I have
zones
outer
and
bosses
The
circlets
a week.
of the
constitute
days
of
zones
and
to the month
close
resemblance
year
a
pretty
gives
them
calendars.
southern
the
will
not seem
disks
that
these
may be calendar
objects
My suggestion
often
do very
that
time
it is remembered
symbols
when
unreasonable
are
of
barbarism.
They
the early
make
their
stages
appearance
during
for
the
of
time
the
divisions
regto
fix
of attempts
the result
accurately
constituted
of the south
ulation
of religions
and
among the nations
rites,
the
is known
calendar
among
No well-developed
of art.
the great
body
line
in this
achievements
the
tribes
of North
highest
wild
America,
is no
but there
of the years,
of simple
symbols
pictographic
consisting
acachieved
a
have
should
not
pretty
the
mound-builders
reason
why
of
the systems
in its main
division
of time
features,
curate
resembling,

examples.
bol of day,
the number

their

southern

but

neighbors.

280

ART

IN

SHELL

OF

THE

ANCIENT

AMEEICANS.

SHELL.

Ulustratea
in_
ill-

CoUeotion.

Localaty.
,m_

PLIXV'

N. M., 32060.

PI. 1,7, 1.
H. 171,1.

P. M., 15247.do

PI. L7I,

P. M., 11801
P. M., 15909

PI.

J.Jones

3.

1,71,4.

P.

Divisions
ofmvo.
lute.

Circleta
in 2(1
zone.

Tenu.

M.,

13

14

340 0)

14

13..

do

do
ao
'.do

P. M., 5835.ao
P. M., 15916

5*?
^az0Ile.

do
13806

P-M
P. M., 15906.

Bossesin
marginal
zone.

ao

M". M.,
19976
N. M., 19975.do

do

Plain.

13
17

16

13

100 (?)

14

250

18

i6

15

per-

inciaiona.

ITnfinished

features.
foatures.

Three
central
forations.
waons.
Three

Pecnliar
Peculiar

(?)

Two central
forations.

per-

Three rescentperforations.

280 (?)

STONE.

Pl.

1,711,1..

H.EVH2..
PI. 1.711,

PI.

T.M.,9334.

Ga

pjain..

P.M.,2962
N.
Y.
Mat.ao.
Hist.
M.

3..

a0

N. M., 9332 ao
N. M

Ala

Anderson.

Miss.do.

LXVI.

N. M., National

do

12

ao

Cross

in center.

24

do.

21

do

Musum.

P.

17

Z"

18

Serpent,

M^ Peahody

Serpent,

obverae.

center.
Mnsenm.

THE BIBD.
With

ail

sessing
ure into
the

the

peoples

the

mysterious

tlie

realms
of th

phenomena

bird

has

power

of

of space,

it

been

a most

ight,

by

naturally
the

the lightning,
and the
storm,
of the
red man
it became
imagination
the actual
rnler
of the
the
of the
four
elements,
guardian
of the
quarters
heavens.
As a result
the
bird
is embodied
in the
and
is a
myths,
in the
prominent
figure
of many
tribes.
philosophy
The eagle,
savage
which
is an important
emblem.
with
civilized
is found
many
to
nations,
corne
much
nearer
the
heart
of the
superstitions
its plumes
savage;
are the badge
of the
successful
its
a sacred
warrior;
body
to
offering
his
or an object
of actual
deities,
7eneration.
The
the
swan,
hron,
the woodpecker,
the paroquet;
the owl, and
the dove
were
cratures
of
unusual
consideration;
their
was
noted
as a matter
flight
of vital
imas it could
bode
or evil
portance,
to the
good
hunter
or warrior
who
consulted
it as an oracle.
thunder.

The

In

dove,

the

with

sky-the

wind,

Hurons,

is thought

important
Possymbol.
which
it could
rise atpleascame
to be associated
with

fervid

the

to be

the

keeper

of

the

sols

BUREAU

OF

ANNUAL

ETHNOLOGY

1. Stone,
2. Stone,
3. Stone,

4. Stone,
5. Stone,

"Warrior River, Ala.

Lick Creek Moand, Tenn.
G.
Etowah Valley,
SCAtLOPED

DISKS.

REPORT

Ala.
Carthage,
Sun symbol, ITxmaL

1881

PL.

LTn

BIRD

HOLMES.]

of the

dead,
in the

dwell
The

when

it

hear

the

quarters
of the

human

of

origin.
a race
is

philosophy.

Tiras

been

an

equally
that
the

know

its

form

in

of

teresting
LVIII.

charming

dwells

it

in the

lore

which

the

its

of

the

which

to guide
power
its
and
its
art,
it must
have
tribes,

modern

his

esteem

and

peoples,
traditions

songs,

among
included

within

placed
in

the

Creks

the

many
the

sufficient

in

by

regarded
considration

and

of

has

swans

upper

with

embodied

white

winds.

a lake

its

interwoven

four
the

the
air, beyond
of fresh
water
it flaps
we
its
wings
.the
rain
de-,
plumage

the
when

out

A creature

that
rule

back

lightning;
shakes

is

constantly

relies

in
its

upon

abound

place

races.

prehistoric
the
bird

among
know

we
sepulchers
mound-builder.

We
their
that

it

the

in carving
to have
taken
seem
delight
special
peoples
in fashioning
it in
and
in modeling
it in clay,
stone,
init upon
shell.
One
of the most
and
in engraving
in
Plate
to
us
is
illustrated
the
specimens
preserved

gold,
all

The
artistic

and

bird

Natchez

wood

and

copper

little

this

highly
of

the

believe

Dakotas

object

and by
deities,
an important
held
Our prehistoric

said.to
heavens

when

their

rnle

are

carrying
is
there

eyes
and

like
Myths
the mysterious

of

story

its

thunder

of

281

the

Navajos

vision,

winks

scends.

and

th

storm-bird
of

range

tell

and
four

MYTHS.

with

design

excellence,
of the
myths

this

which
and

relie

doubtless

is

no
possesses
of the many

embellished
some

embodies

one

heavens.

writer
should
guard
against
of the
but
as the
myths
fancy,
in
and
abound
American
are
lofty
rhetorical
aborigines
highly
poetical,
art should
not
reason
there
can be no good
why their
graphie
figures,
To the thoughtful
of these
echo some
mind it will
rhythmical
passages.
1 am

the

be

to

tendency

apparent

mysteries,
Yet
bf
"they
were

no

but

that

design

or

designs;

of

the

value

as

these

What
to

their

the

art

and

to

by
our
be.

trinkets
a

those

they
by whom
intelliof any
assume
to interpret

"indications
I

be

not

do

interpreted.

interprtation.
that
reach
easy
is
AU I desire
to

from

what
with

are
to

as

were,

is

these
their
for

capacity
or

of

ornament,

is

hundreds

interesting

elevate

believe
great

simple

there

Besides,
We have

an

people
themselves

aside

of

fancy
without

idea."
not

of

has

writer

even

full of occult
necessarily
its significance.
figure
every
the
ventured
opinion
that

is not

design

individual

are

gorgets

possessors,

of

purpose

one

could
of

category
serious

place-the
works.

this

pictographic
are
they
to be gained
within
myths

advantage

primitive
instructive

they

a scientific

flights

its
the

express

made;"

from

that

in

indulge

although
that,
line has
every
these
works
very

do

gent
these

aware

well

perfectly

what
must

and
works
rightful
loftier

particular
be, in

282

ART

SHELL

OF

THE

ANCIENT

AMERICANS.

a matter

of conjecture.
were
less than
th totems
They
hardly
of rulers,
charms
of a priesthood.
or the potent
insignia
in question
a pedigree.
It
is unfortunately
without
gorget
the National
Musum
the agency
of Mr. 0. F. Williams,
through
labeled
On it face,
there
is sufficient
"Mississippi."
however,

measure,
of clans,

the

The
reached
and

IN

is

evidence

to establish

character

of the

the

mound-builder.

the

multitude

its

design

The

aboriginal
origin.
and the evident
age

of the

specimen,
obtained

the
object,
all bespeak
from
one of

in ail probability
that
abound
in the
State
of Missepulchers
The
disk
is four
and a quarter
inches
in diameter;
sisippi.
and is made
from
a large,
of the
It has
been
heavy
specimen
Busycon
perversum.
dressed
on both
but
is now
stained
and
smoothly
considerably
sides,
The design
has in this
case
been
the
convex
pitted.
engraved
upon
the

side,
near

the

It

form

of the

concave

surface

the

in

a circle

the

arms

lar

intervals

one
are

and
on

combination

rounding
nature.

this

of

the

crest

The

of four

franiework
at

the

symbols,
is another

incloses
corners,
of the pyramidal

tips
birds

placed

against

cross

of

between

spaces

and

the

Outside
rays.
the side of the

cross.

symbol,
of this

been

mandibles

circlet
a

Sur-

sym-

lines,
the

inner
are

again

square

birds'
have

iris,

by
the

sun.
mysterious

parallel

central

These
or rather
birds,
to the
must
what,
artist,
The
mouth
is open
and
the

the

a somewhat

continuons

the

The
is represented
eye
to represent
pit intended
from
the back
of the head

straight.
conical

small

two

symbol

after

model.

and

of the

A square

drawn

suspension.
inclosed
type

with

interesting

metrically
looped
line touching
the
the four
symbolic
arms

in diameter.

placed

of

groups
of radiating
lines.
Placed
at reguthe outside
of the circle
are twelve
pointed
pyramidal
with transverse
lines.
The whole
a re.
design
prsents

markable

the

cross

inches

are

perforations
by the cord
of the Greek

worn

symmetrical

one-fourth

The

plain.

considerably

emblazoned

ornamented

fully
nized

being

and are
margin
center
is a nearly

In

rays

was

of ancient

opposite
are
care-

heads,
a well

recog-

long,'slender,
which
incloses

striated

and

pointed

and neck,
and two lines
extend
springs
the eye,
down
the neck,
to the base of the figure.
In seeking
an
for this bird
we find that
it has perhaps
more
original
of resem.
points
blance
to the
than
to any
other
It
ivory-billed
woodpecker
species.
is not impossible,
that
heron
or swan
the
been
inhowever,
may have
from

tended.

That

some

fact

other

specimens,

that

exhibit
all

similar

of which

detail,
LIX,
farm

vary

near

Nashville,

has

published

and

is

or finish.
by Mr.
a cut

represented

been
from
The
from

Professor
of it in the

made
natural

froma

as a model

served

mounds

Cross

Tenn.
Itis

PeabodyMuseum.
con,

from

I have
figures.
to some
extent

workmanship,
was
obtained

Cross,

bird

particular

in
able
the

varions

to find
type

is attested

of
parts
six of these
described.

by the

Tennessee,

specimens,
but
only in
in Fig. 2, Plate

specimen
presented
a stone
on Mr. Overton's
grave
who secured
it from
Mr.
Putnam,
Eleventh

large
size both

Annual

marine
by

Mr.

shell,
Putnam

Report
prbably
and

of

the

a Busymyself.

ANNUAL EEEOET 1881

BUREAU OF ETRNOLOGY

SHELL

GOEGET THE BIRD.

Mississippi.
ft)

PL. LYm

The
but
the

of the

place
lines

two

more

and

rudely
cross

sprouting
birds.

fnll-fiedged

The

same

about
the

looped
on
graved

in

with

been

It

specimen

on

in

but

on the

few

pin-

rather

concave
in

now

than

side.
the

of another
to

seems

by
the

of

Report
the
surface

with
head

the
is

is mentioned

Annual

found

on

has

figure

the

a large
fragment
The central
part
four lines,
resembles

diameter.

Eleventh

the

of

specimen,
pit takes

as those

chicks

of

engrved

This

type

a central

-rectangular
looped
so fullof
character

not

is

design
worn.

which
has
figure,
the other
plates.
have

to

are

contains

collection

of

309

is said

much

inches

two

page

The

are

perforations
Musum.

The

sun.

heads

in the

shown

A circlet

heads
resemble
the
they
back
and
from
the
top

other-specimens;
feathers

and

birds'

the

as that

the same
executed.

is essentially

design
is much

283

BIRD.

THE

OF

ENGRAVINGS

holmeb.]

The

Peabody
disk

small
be

but

plain,
that
closely

very
Professor

euon

Putnam,
Musum.

Peabody

Humphrey

It
Ten-

County,

nessee.
A

much

berland
half

and

River,
in
inches

are
sign
inclosed

neatly
and

clearly
by a plain
between

forations

found

crosses
are

drawing

tle

variation

the

and

zone,
In

arms.
the

looped

from

is defined

this
with
and

in

this

surface

one
effaced,
It is probable
triangular
ple are
and

seem

from

in outline.
that
It

of the
the

that
ones

The

to be

very

This

of

tips
the

the

central

for
by

is also

The

are

specimen
imperfect
in diameter
is nearly
five inches
of the
design
enough
engraved
Barely
considration.
under
to the class
very

Valley

it belongs
will be observed

that

the

specimens

of

be

this

totally
detected.
the

to

object

four
exam-

preceding
near
one

whole

Peabody
from
obtained

the

Althongh
is almost
may

the

in the

liten-

the

near
grave
LIX.
3, Plate
it
from
which

correspond

suspension
use.

plain
and in

a stone
Fig.

space

in

shell

which

upon

rays

pyramidal

is
per-

the

type
specimen,
the center.
near

perforations
of the cross

arms

perforations
much
worn

specimen

the

round

four

-which

by

defined.

decay.
One more

Cumberland

or two

the

de-

feature,
is but
there

heads,

type
specimen.
convex.
to be slightly
is made
seems
graving
from
was obtained
of this class
Another
specimen
in
It
is
shown
Tenn.
at
Oldtown,
mound,
Gray's
of
like
that
much
is very
design
four
in
differs
perforations
large
having
once occupied
which
design
engraved

the
center

the

Surrounding

The

The

in

upper

of

triangular
other
resembles

cross-bars;
the birds'

the

the

lines

four

by
it

respect
Valley.

square

from

lost

and
the
smooth,
The small
cross

Mississippi
rays

been

has

piece
quite

engraved.
and

evenly
narrow

the
within

of

small

made

pyramidal

eight

the

diameter.

is

It

margin.

zone

which
resembles
very
specimen
my type
specimen,
It was obtained
LIX.
by Professor
in Fig.
1, Plate
Cumon Mrs. Williams'
from a stone
farm,
Dr. Gurtis
grave
and
a
and
about
two
It
is
Tennessee.
nearly
circular,

larger

is shown

closely,
Putnam

margin,
is

fragile

Museum.
in the
a stone
grave
and very
irregular
remains
class

obtained

to

show
from

284

ART

Tennessee

are confined

fortunate

that
given in Plate
statement
that

IN

SHELL

OF

THE

ANCIENT

AMERICANS.

to a limited area.
It thus seems especially
unis known of the history
of the type spcimen
as without
assurance
of the correctness
LYHI,
of the
it is from Mississippi
we cannot make use of it to show
so little

distribution.
In referenceto
this point, however,
geographical
we have
a few very interesting
facts which make th occurrence
of specimens
in
localities
as widely
as th "Cumberland
River"
and ''Misseparated
I refer now to two specimens
sissippi
seem inconsequential.
described
Primitive
by Dr. Abbott in
One of these is a remarkable
Industry."
slate knife, the striking
features
of which are a
series of etchings
and
no meaning.
Taken in order, it will be
deeply incised lines of perhaps
noticed that at the back of the knife are four short lines at uniform
distances apart, and a fifth near the end of the implement.
Besides these
arefifteen
shorter
lines near the broader
end of the knife and
parallel
about the middle of th blade.'
A series of five zigzag lines are also eut
on the opposite
end of the blade.
More prominent
than the
numerous
lines to which reference
has been made, are the clearly debirds'
between
fined, unmistakable
the two
placed
heads,
midway
sries of lines.
Did we not learn from the writings
of Heckehad 'the turkey
we might
welder, that the Lenap
totem,'
suppose
that this drawing
of such bird heads originated
with the intrusive
southern
lands in the Dela,ware
Shawnees,
who, at one time, occupied
and who are supposed
Yalley,
by some writers to have been closely related
to the earliest
inhabitants
of the Southern
and Southwestern
States.
Inasmuch
as we shall find that, not only on this slate knife,
but upon a bone implement
also, similar heads of birds are engraved,
it is probable
that the identity
of the design is not a mere
coincidence,
but that it must be explained
either in accordance
with the statements
of Heckewelder,
or be considered
as the' work of southern
Shawnees
after their arrivai in New Jersey.
In the latter event, the theory
that
these disks were the work of a people different
from and anterior
to the
Indians
found in the Cumberland
Valley at the time of the discovery
of that region
not sustained
by the whites
is, apparently,
by the
facts."1
A eut of the bone implement
referred
to above is reproduced
from
Dr. Abbottf
work, in Plate LIX, Fig. 4. It has probably
been made from
a portion

of a rib of some large mammal

and is thought
to be somewhat
"The
narrow
has been eut or groundaway
to
portion
and the edges are quite smoothlypolished.
Near the end
of. this handle-like
there is a countersunk
portion,
and upon
perforation,
the concave side of the wider part there are rudely outlined
the heads
of two birds."2
Thse, resemble
somewhat
closely the heads
depicted
on the other
described
-Th specimens
specimen
reby Dr. Abbott.
ferred to are both from New Jersey,
and are probably
surface finds.
fragmentary.
some extent,

'Abbott: Primitive
qlbid., p. 207.

Industry,

pp. 70, 72, and 73.

BUREAU

OF

ANNUAL

ETHNOLOGY

1. Shell
2. Shell
3. Shell

gorget
gorget
gorget

from
from
from

stone
stone
stone

grave,
grave,
grave,

EEFOKT

N. J.
4. Bone implement,
5. Design fiom Azteo painting.

Tenn.
Tenn.
Tenn.
THE

BIRD.

1881

PL.

LIS

holmes.]

OP

COMPAEISON

heads

the

Although
some

respects

ciently

to

pronounced
so that

intended,
been
have

the

on

represented
that

suggest

the

of

it

make

the

in

original

same

as

these

do

specimens
the

turkey,

some
the

of
the

which

in
certainly
not suffi-

are

characters

that

impossible
the
mind

from

that

285

GORGETS.

BIRD

was

bird

other

artist

ancient

shell

on

examples

may
were

drawn.

than

the

northern

the

In-comparing
another
serve

that

feature

is

more

those

the

of

of examining
not had
the opportunity
eut
in the
by Dr. Abbott
given
4; but
resemblance
has a striking
which
be traced
This
on shell.
of the designs
characteristic
to accident,

be owing
in
found

with

conjunction
it will certainly

men,

the
lished

preceding
by Dr.

able
and

County,

specimen
indefinite
a rather

of

those

cially

characteristic,
in the ivory-billed

type
The
feature

the

offer
it

may

point
in the
dex,2
that
I

It
other

examples

Jersey
speciand shell

that
of

corresponding
of

bird
an

LX

toor

represented
illustration

in
pub-

conventionalized
a highly
reprsentaare
much
of which
characteristics
general
The
crest
is espeshell.
upon
engraved
in

ont
an

woodpecker,

Eau,

by Dr.
inhabitant

which
figure
has not
been

the

looped
in question

a protoStates.

suggests
of the Gulf
so

forms

detennined.

a
prominent
I would

of its occurrence,
from
the manner
however,
that,
It may be well to
or boundary.
a limit,
inclosure,
times
occurs
several
that
a similar
rectangle
looped
Cofrom
the Vienna
One example,
Mexican
mauuscripts.

ancient

an

Plate
in Eig.5,
presented
inclosed
the
a cross
occupies
close

shall

Mound
shown

in

this

very

area

the

by presenting
Like
LX.
1, Plate
without
it is practically

Fig.

Ala."

It is

in ail

review

hasty

old

It

LIX.

is

Builders

of

remarkable
so

many

a record
and

is

not

these
the

a Iittle

the

art

of shell

example
of

remarkable

examples.
in the
bird
National
It

a stray.
the

of the

carving
Museum
B>.

is labeled
shell

fragmentary,
Tuscumbia,
It is the
well
right-hand
preserved.
quite
being,
however,
and
1 Since this
seen the specimen,
in
I
have
has
been
type
pg,ragraph
looped figure is clearly defined.
vol. II, Plate 20.
3Kingsljorongh:
Pybas,

the
offices

suggestion,

represent
out the fact

specimens,

New

This
remarkfor 1877*
Report
a mound
in
from
was
obtained
Fig.
3)
at one end
blade
of gold,
is a thin
pointed

as pointed

and,

of
significance
in the designs

the

hardly
actually

stone,
bone,
constituted.
they

species
Plate

in

is

mentioned

upon
the

figure
rectangle

could

resemblance

insignia
the

looped

Smithsonian

the

head,
the

like

to the

that
and

people,
the

in

the

at

conclude

of
question
I present

(represented
Florida.

terminating
of a bird's

tion

the

specimens,
Rau
in the

ornament

Manatee

same
or were

clan,

upon

to

I
in

illustrated

figure

peculiar
birds'
heads

the

safe

to the

belonged
objects
of the
same
tems
orders.1
As bearing

be

the

of origin

delineated.

the

Fig.
can

if

identity

heads

birds'

have

and

the

1 ob-

Tennessee

of

as to

conclusive

resemblance

obscure

rather

with

examples

substance
half
find that

of

a
the

ART

286

which

gorget
ancient
in

the

most

massive
To

was

conceive

and

small

The

and
strongly
are executed

correctly
in smooth,

in

peculiar

a manner

pipes,
the

the

eqnal
of
difficulty
for a people

The

incised
deeply
the American

to

work

can

and

be

treatment
the

cutting
still in

is a still

and

eye

The

profile.

nothing
to the

mandibles

drawn.

AMERICANS.

in

triumph
such
a graphie
of

lines

head

advantage;

carved

no

ANCIENT

eagle's

overcome

execute

achievement.1

THE

to great

elaborately
head.
To

shell

OF

an

represents
is shown

artist

markable

SHELL

IN

the
more

skill

of

the

even
found,
of this reand

flinty
stone

age.

marvelous

are
tongue
of the head
markings
and are
conventionalized
protrading

the

lines,
aborigines.

THE SPIDER.
insects

Among
attention

of

the

the

creature,

deadly
in the

which

the

and

ever

endowed

the

licit

a web

spins

is

and

calculated
in

along

admiration

attract

the

powers
with

the

rattlesnake

attributes.

supernatural
door
hinged

and

of

the

in mid-air

projects

to

a very
respects
of
the
most

many

with
it

places
possessing
with
the

house

best

perhaps
tarantula

is

creatures

must

which
spider,
of marvelous

ure

The

naturally

of
category
constructed

cnriously
tered
chamber

spider

savage.

extraordinary
nature,

is

Its
plas-

smoothly
beholder.

But

a gossamer
an ambush

struct-

and
and
builds
from
symmetry
beauty,
his prey,
was probably
spring
upon
one of the first instructors
of adolescent
and
mnst
have
seemed
to him a very
It is
deity.
man,
not
that
the
in
the
of
the
spider
appears
myths
strange,
therefore,
With
the
Shoshone
to Professor
savages.
great
according
family,
which

to

the

Powell,
the

sacredly
for
back
The

it seems,
tion
and
example
among
these

Others

his

only

after
wide waters
say that
crossing
they
of Fire
from
whom
a little
was
conveyed

Man
but
to
been

been

The

example
near

New

one
in

Madrid,

reached

adopted
we would

found

Illinois,
shown

American
in aboriginal
occasionally
art,
the
of religious
consideradignity
as a totemic
Had
a single
device.

rarely

have

Four

religions
symbols.
are all engraved
on
arefrom

sent
over

web."2

occurs

however,
to have

Two
mound

in

spider

and taught
that
art
important
weaver,
in their
of the
of fire,
legend
origin
been
with
them
and
having
brought

first

Oherokees,
of it as

portion

guarded.
it to the

a spider

by

the

The
a

"represent

was

spider

fathers.

to

shell
from
1
Fig.
Mo.

not

be warranted

in giving
it a place
to my notice; g
are illustrated
in Plate
LX.
3
and th other
from
Tennessee.

examples
and
gorgets

Missouri,
was
obtained
It

is described

have

by
as

come

Mr.

Croswell

a circnlar

from

ornament,

JLet any one who thinks

of such a work undertake,
without
or
lightly
machinery
to eut a groove or notch
well-adapted
appliances,
even, in a moderately
compact
of Bitsycon, and he will probably
increase
his good opinion of the skill and
specimen
of the ancient
workman
if he does nothing else.
patience
3E. G; Squier:
Serpent Symbol, page 69, qnoting
MSS. of J. H. Payne.
3 1 am
to Prof. F. F. Hilder,
af Saint Louis, for photogra-phs
of
very much indebted
three ofthese
as well as for much information
in regard
to their history.
specimens

BUREAU

OF

JUtmiAL

ETHNOIOGY

1. Fragment
ofsliellgorget,
2. Gola ornament,
Blorida.

AM>ama.
(*)

1EP0KT

3. Headofivory-tilleawooapeoker.

(})
THE

BIRD.

1881

l'L.

LX

three

inches

con.

lfr.

the

side

concave

skillfully

bears
doubt

beyond

ment,

lay

whenfo-and,
side

or ornamented
intended

dently

the

from

says
the

the

engraved,

showing

that

in diameter,
Crosswell

or
a circle

fact

that

two

is the
esting
have
lar devices,
recently
that
thus
this
proving
city,

holes

Two

other

shell

been

found

the

were
1

figures

to its

refer
The

handsome

in Saint
It

was

Clair
found

and

ored

in

peculiarities

quite

County,
the

Illinois,
breast

describe

of

have

fanciful

obtained

from

the

like

a skeleton,

and

was

very

the
shall

a mound

from

city

of

inven-

further,
follow.
that

others

3 was

been

simimiles

but

side,

lines

inter-

more

is so much
it

but no part
of the
decay,
has been
obliterated.

from
fragile
concave

the

upon
engraved
and parallel
with it three
considerable
with
fidelity
and
the legs,
mandibles,

Crosswell

not

of

beensuspended
still

a mere

not

Fig.
miles

in
seven

a cross,
This
orna-

bearingprecisely
within
seven

Mr.

descriptions

illustrated

gorget
upon

the

very

spider,

inclosing

character.

ornaments,
in Illinois

but had
some
meaning."
symbolic
tion,
described
thus
The disk
by
briefly
I shall
in Fig.
3 that
shown
example

plain,

large

it had
which
stringby
renders
this relie
that

or

thong

a Busybut

from

a skeleton,
with the concave
were
eviin the upper
part

of

breast-bone

A circumstance

neck.

eut
entirely

a tarantula,

of

figure

on the

the

been
was

by
body
being
formed
and
its sacred
symbolic

uppermost.

for

apparently,
face
convex

had,
"the

that

287

GORGETS.

SPIDER

hoiries.]

of Saint

Louis.

much

discol-

is
design,
which
Near
the margin

The spider
is drawn
the entire
nearly
disk,
line.
to the outer
abdomen
marginal
reaching
in
the
is
the
thorax
described
placed
As
in the
above,
specimen
this
a cross
within
and is represented
center
of the disk,
by a circle;
one
on
have
been
the
ends
of which
enlarged
has
been
engraved,
met
but
one very
in heraldry,
much
used
rarely
a
form
producing
side,
The head
is somewhat
art.
heart-shaped
American
in aboriginal
with
ornamented
the
latter
and
with
being
and is armed
mandibles,
palpi
The
disk.
of
the
the
and
to
line
with a zigzag
marginal
lines
prolonged
The legs
central
dots.
circles
with
two
small
are
by
represented
eyes
and are very
the thorax,
in four
graphare correctly
upon
pairs
placed
and
is ornaand* heart-shaped,
is
The
abdomen
drawn.
large
ically
the natural
which
and
a number
of lines
dots,
represent
mented
with
are
for
The
placed
the
suspension
of
perforations
spider.
markings
that
It will be observed
of tbe abdomen.
the posterior
near
extremity
described
the three
Having
other
specimens.
this is also the case with
a deto give
it will
be unnecessary
somewhat
this
carefully,
specimen
2.
The
in Fig.
shown
similar
of the very
specimen
tailed
description
does
Clair
in
Saint
in
a
Illinois,,and
County,
latter
was found
grave
stone
one
of the other
from
either
feature
specimens,
in any essential
not differ
miles
about
one hundred
other
near
was
found
of which
by, and the
farther
In

to nature

and

engraved.
covers

sonth.
reference

1 Croswell,

to the

cross

in Transactions

it-has
Academy

been

suggested

of Science

of Saint

that
Louis,

it may
vol.

have
III,

been

p. 537.

288

ART

derived
of

from

the

SHELL

OF

THE

ANCIENT

AMERICANS.

the

well-defined
cross found
the backs
of some species
upon
but
there
to be good
reason
for believing
Aita,
appears
The
cross
here
shown
bas
a very
conventionalized
highly
out of keeping
with
the realistic
of the insect,
quite
drawing

genus

otherwise.
character,
what
and,

is still
more
it is identical
with
forms
found
decisive,
upon
other
The conclusion
is that
the cross here,
as elsewhere,
many
objects.
has
a purely
character.
are also
symbolic
inentioned
Spider
gorgets
in the
Kansas
Vol.
in
by A. J. Conant
City
Review,
I, page
400, and
his work
on the Commonwealth
of Missouri,
no dtails
are
page
96, but
It is probable
given.
the same
as those
more
The
Island,
than

and

diameter,
suffered

The

indicated

the

in

disk

is

engraving.
thin
and
fragile,

quite
from
decay.

The

to

Prof.
more

It

is

Mr.

by

a mound
convex

two

and

on

on

the
although
is ornamented

margin

Conant

are

Hilder.

from

somewhat

the

is

much

referred

objects

definitely
placed
by
in Fig.
4 was obtained

shown

specimen
Tennessee.
is

that

Fain's

the

half

front

inches

surface

in

has

with

not

twenty-

four
veryneatlymadenotchesorscallops.
on the convex
side
aretwo
small

angular
side
of
inches
an

for

perforations
than
an
half

less

quite

the
is

realistic
unlike

inner

incloses

a spider.
parts-this
of the

spiders
them.

It

of the
markings
without
and
being
joints
on the body,
but its place
from
the
convex
entirely
as in

round,
"Wthout-

other

reference

angular
eyes.

Were

those

found,

anterior

it

not

from

for

oorresponds

other

disks;

more

highly.

this

the

four

in

figure
of
number
and

the

in

In-

one-fourth

pretty
dtail

to the

closely

it is

however,

conventionalized-the
all

and the
omitted,
legs
does not appear
The cross
conical

perforation,
of the

segment

pairs
of legs are
it would
be difiicult

made
is

body
attached.

the
The

resembles

triangular
section
the

fact

that

these

the
which

between
body

them

between

suggests

the

resemble

eyes

I should
spcmens
end
terminates
in
space

of
head,

the

the

in.4;h&^othr
as the
opposite

extremity,
mandibles,
the disk.

to

way

body
being
nearly
at the tips.
square
is taken
by a large
side.
The
central

to
cases;
the
other

and

to disspecimens,
and even
with
this
posterior
extremity,
cannot
be quite
certain.
The larger
is somewhat
triextremity
in outline
and
is ornamented
with
two
cross
lines
and
two
the

tinguish
aid we

also

the

much

rounded.

one

conventionalized

highly
a general

figure

much

being
about

circle,

the
In

three

is

natural

of each

angle
incised

another

which

resembling
of the

arrangement
very

inch

perforations,
this
again
in diameter,

insect

Imm.ediatelyinsidethe
border
incised
on the
outer
of which
two
circles,
have
been
inside
of these,
and
suspension
made;
from
th
is a circle
of seventeen
sub-trimargin,

call
a

so

this
of

pair

being
this
and
conclusion

the

eut

closely

posterior

well-shapd

quite
through
central
circle

the

either

are onlyintended
eyes aremisplacedorthat,
they
as drawn,
the bright
of the insect's
spots
body.
The rarity
f these
makes
it seem
rather
spider
gorgets
that
in localities
occur
so widely
spcimens
should
separated

that

the

to represent
remarkable
as Fain's

BUREAU

anstiai.

OF ETHNOLOGY

1.
2.

Prom
From

3.
4.

a mouna,
Missouri.
minois.
a stone-grave,
SPIDER

GORGETS.

fi-)

From
From

a monufl,
a monnd,

REPORT

Illinois.
Tennessee.

1881

pl.

t,xr

THE

holhes.1

SERPENT

IN

Saint Lonis, but the races inhabiting

and
to have had many arts in common,
or clan may, at
that the same tribe
impossible
The marked
these
localities.
occupiedbothof
of these specimens,
however,
sign and excution
distinction
in the time or art of the makers.
Island
known

and

THE

289

ART.

this

entire rgion,
are
this it is not
have
different
times,
in the dedifferences
besides

indicate

a pretty

wide

SERPENT.

man hardly
a fascination
for primitive
surpassed
serpent
Inthe
minds
on which itpreys.
power over the animais
by its repnted
the
associated
with
it
has
been
ail
deepest
mysteries
savages
of nearly
has figured
No other creature
of nature.
and the mosfc potent
powers
few of whieh
of the world,
in the religious
so prominently
systems
has

The

had

owes its existare free from

measure,
it; and as art, in a great
which
are supor embellish
to represent
ence to an attempt
objects
elethe serpent
is an important
of spirits,
posed to be the incarnations
its
of nature
have wandered
Wherever
the children
ment in ail art.
or sculptured
upon the rocks, or painted
image may be found ngraved
It is found in-a thousand
of their own construction.
upon monuments
that
the species
can be deso realistic
beginning
with those
forms;
innumerable
we may pass down through
stages of variation
termined,
embodied
is lost.
this it becomes
of nature
until ail semblance
Beyond
forms of art or looks back from its obscure
in the conventional
place in
of metamorphism
as marvelous
as
a perspective
an alphabet
through
itself
could it view the course of its evoluthat visible to the creature
of nature..
tion from the elements
known as a religious
So well is the serpent
symbol among the Amerto present
of the
ican peoples that it seems hardly
examples
necessary
to
to it.
We are not surprised
myths
relating
interesting
curiously
of the
find the bird, the wolf, or the bear placed among representatives
in art; but it would
and hence to find them embodied
"Great
Spirit,"
if the serpent
were ever absent.
of surprise
be a matter
to havebeenof
the mound-buildersitseems
With
as much importance
or modern.
It is of very
of the red race, ancient
as to other divisions
of shell,
upon gorgets
occurrenceamongthe
designs
engraved
frequent
the serpent-god.
a multitude
of which have been thus dedicated-to
It is a well-known
fact that the rattlesnake
is the variety
almost union
shell prand
find
that
these
we
versally
engravings
represented,
sent no exception
to this rnle.
From a very early date in mound exto light, but the coiled serthese gorgets
have been brought
ploration
is so highly conventionalized
pent engraved
upon their concave surfaces
to have
that it was not at once recognized.
Professor
Wyman appears
was represented;
been the first to point out the fact that the rattlesnake
Two examples
to this fact.
others have since made brief allusion
only
who regards
it as being
have been illustrated;
one by Professor
Jones,
without
does not sugintelligent
design, and th other by Dr. Rau,2who

19 E

1 Jones Antiquities of the Sonthern Indian, plate XXX.

3 Arcliseological Collection ofthe National Musum, p. 69.

290

ART

ET

SHELL

an interprtation.

gest

tended

of

part

the

of these

coiled,

the

exceptions

As

at

first

AMERICANS.

or forty
one

thirty

coil

exact
or

number
the

it has

glance

it

will

of

an

erect

be

somewhat

the

differ-

is

always
a very
few

With
that

when

opening

toward

for

reader

to make

difficult

the

of the serpent,
even
with the well defined
figure
the drawing
before
I will prsent
th
him,
description
pretty
the order
in which
the
revealed
itself
to me in my first
design
to decipher
it.
The

saucer-like

disks

are

almost

somewhat
shell
from

ground
to one-fourth

one-eighth
smooth.

and

Two

straighter

from

ranges

one

one

holes

down
of an
for

to

upper
limit

natural

lines

of

much

in

attempt

edge being
of the body

mostly
of th

to

a fairly
uniform
of
thickness
The edges
are evenly
rounded
occur
near
the rim of the
suspension
inch.

on or near
generally
the
middle
portion
six inches.

edge,
which
covers

design,
To

small

and

the

circular,
of the

result

straightened-the
above.
All
are

the

mouth

the

clearly

great
same

the

always

placed
the

The
At

serpent

disk.

apon
dis-

most

shell.

The

headisso

position,

the

surprise.
there
are

duplication
of parts.

The

placed

from

similar

of much

center

is sinistral.

exception,
eut

I have

that

specimens

with

is a matter

designs
is no

is suspended
gorget
the right
hand.
out

the

ANCIENT

serpentis,
which
disk,
is, as usual,
Busyeon
perversum,
or some

there
however,
in position,
dtail,
the
head
occupying

time,
ences

THE

Among
of the

examined,
the
engraving
the concave
side of the

uniformity

OF

the

cutline

of

plate.

ofthe

the

engraved

Th

diameter

who

examines
this design
for the
first time
it seems
a most
a medningless
and
puzzle;
grouping
qf curved
straight
and
We
a remarkable
simiperforations.
however,
notice,
in the designs,
the idea
the same
in ail
being
radically
specimens,

inexplicable
dots
lines,
larity
and the

conclusion

the

arrangements

and

purpose.

lines,
width

is
of
The

a plain

leaving
around

the

somewhat
although
of an inch
in width
In

the

circles,
twelve
of

this

tially
opens
border
dots

the

left

number

in the

generally

the

this

studying
near

figure

more

soon
the

of

from
the

border.

cases

disk.

which

is nothing
must

haphazard
have
its

line

every
inclosed

by two
to three-fourths

one-fourth

parallel
of an

All

and

are

lines
are
simple
seldom
more
than

attention
This

elaborate

there

that

parts
is in all

scratchy,
or depth.
the
design
of

that

and

design
belt

edge

reached

is

is first

varies

from

forms.

The

of
three

in

by

the
of

in

traced,
one-twentieth

a sries

diameter

inch

firmly

attracted

formed

in
place
border

of
most
the

an

eye-like

concentric
to
simple
outer
circle

varies
from
one-half
to one inch.
In the
figure
center
there
is
a small
conical
or pit.
The sries
of circles
is pardpression
inclosed
band
of an inch
in width,
which
by a looped
one-eighth
downward
to the left;
the free
ends
outward
to the
extending

line,
circular
or conical

gradually
figure.

nearing
This
band

dpressions

eachother

and

is

cases

varying

in most

in number

forming
occupied
from
one

a kind
by
to

of neck
a sries

thirty.

to
of
The

BUREAU

OF

1. Shell

ETHNOLOGY

gorget

ANNUAL

from

Georgia.

(i)
EATTM)SNAKB

1. McMalian
GORGETS.

EEPOKT

Mound,

Tenu.

1881

(})

PL.

LXII

ANNUAL

BUBEAUOFETHNOLOSY

REPORT

3.McMa.hanMonnd,Teim.

l.McMal)!tn~foimd,TenB.
EA.TTDESNAKE

GORGETS.

1881

TL.

LXm

HOLMES~

RATTLESNAKE

291

GORGETS.

and curved
by dots,
by straight
ofways
of
scales.
A cuthat
a
semblance
gives
lines,
by
of
a crescent-shaped
at the right
rious
of lines
occupying
space
group
receive
two
border
must
the circular
and
inclosed
parby
lines,
figure
of the
head-the
attention.
This
is really
the front
ticular
part
jaws
is decorated

neek

in

and

and

the

of

muzzle

the

and

defined

clearly

a variety

a cross-hatching

creature

in some
upward,
but,
in which
case
a front
represent
view,
furnished
ure.
It is, in most
cases,
ruptly

tempt
having
and below
the
in the

different

ward

made

jaws

are

tail

attempt

with

two

rows

of

to
fig-

no

teeth,

The
which

much

vary
extends

backis occu-

space

The body
is represented
the
from
beneath
appears
of the head,
and terminates
front
defined
rattles.
It is engraved
well

at-

above

spaces

a group
of plume-like
figures,
or otherwise
this
to the
crown,

and
of the
scales
spots
rattlesnake,
In the
being
quite
graphie.
gronp
figures
areas
of cross-hatched
sented
in Plate
LXIV
lines,

ab-

made

V-shaped

encircling
neck
on the

coil,
the

with

always

turned

being
has
been

a wide

a tongue.
and figures,

is

perforation.
wbich

elongated
in a single
around
passes

right,
in a pointed
the well-known

jaw

upper

presents

represent
with
lines

filled

jaw

npper

an

pied
by
the head

to

specimens;

the

from

been

it

mouth

The

represented.
in profile,
the
an
examples,

is mostly

at

the

back

to represent
conventional-

the

ized

of

specimens

repre-

alternate

representing
concentric

scales,
circles

and

with

circular
dot.

a central

containingtwoorthree
figures,
some
cases
one or more

In

in the upper
of the curve.
part
body
shown
in Plate
LXV
The
examples
of
the
consist
of
The
body
markings
or

chevrons
upper

of

the

the

one

and
upper
jaw,
intended
merely
like
sible

tht

the

common

slope,
dark
of

the

yellow

has
quite

come

to

obscure,

in many

cases

the

upon

this

the

States

of

which

diamondrattlesnake,
served
may
have

I present
two
in Fig.
1 is from
It is
my notice.
enough

animal

of

these

Georgia

represented
remains
to

rattlesnake
and

is the
natural

show

that

body

from

the

border

The

curious

varieties

may

line
about
and
be

may
plumeindicate

It is posto represent
of the
Atlantic

model

gorgets.
smallest
size.
it

at
rim

forehead

horridus,
are
alternating
the Crotalus
a

the

the

These

throat.

represented.
be intended

as

and
in

occur

perforations
defines
the

one

may
plate
the
Crotalus

markings

th

follow

the
against
more
clearly.
of both
heads
of the

markings
in
shown
rattlesnake,

while

but

mouth,

other

scales

interrupted
cross

the

features.

of

severed

nearly
which

placed
the
form

LXII

shown

of

is

characteristic

group,
In Plate
imens

occur

group

chevrons,
Southern
the

number

the

define

to

or reputed
the

is

represents
th third

that

figures
natural

the

areas

are
figures
lines
which

These

cross

distinctive

many

alternating

oblong
perforations,
most
cases
three

In

design.

head;

by

body

four

by

alone.

coil

The

angles.
right
of the disk
of

the

of

part

chevrons

have

bands

incised

does

and

light

a~tNMNtteMs,
for
the
other

The

spec-

example-that
The
not

design
differ

is
es-

292

ART

IN

SHELL

0F

THE

ANCIENT

AMEBICANS.

There appear to be no holes

sentiallyfrom
the type already
presented.
for suspension,
but itis
that
two of the oblong perforations
probable
npon the border of the design had been used for that purpose.
The handsome
from the great
specimen
given in Fig. 2 was obtained
at Sevierville,
mound
Tenn., and is in a very good state of preservation.
It is a deep, somewhat ovalplate,
madefromajBMsycoK~et'wersMNt.
The surface is nicely polished
and the margins
beveled.
The
neatly
zone is less than half an inoh wide and contains
marginal
at the upper
which have been considerably
edge two perforations,
abraded
by the
cord of suspension.
Four long
curved
slits or perforations
almost
sever the central
the four narrow segments
design from therim;
that
remain are each ornamented
with a single conical pit.
The serpent
is
and belongs
to the chevroned
very neatly engraved
The eye
variety.
is large and the neck is ornamented
with a single rectangular
intaglio
The mouth is more than nsually well defined.
figure.
The upper jaw
is turned
and is ornamented
with lines peculiar to tbis
abrnptiy
upward

of the designs.
variety
The body opposite
the perforations
for suspension
is interrnpted
by a
rather mysterions
cross band, consisting
of one broad and two narrow
lines.
As this is a feature
common to many specimens
it probably
has
some important
office or significance.
In Plate LXIII
I present
two of the best examples
of these'serpent
gorgets
yet brought
the McMahan
to light.
They were obtainedfrom
Mound, at Sevierville,
state of
Tenn., in 1871, and are in an excellent
Both are made from large heavy specimens
preservation.
of the BusyThe example
con perversum.
altered
given in Fig. 1 is but slightly
by
the translucency
of the shell being still perceptible.
The
decompositiony
back retains
tne strongly
marked
The interior
has
ridges of growth.
been highly polished,
but is now somewhat
marked,
apparently
by some
fine textile fabric which has been buried with it and has, in
decaying,
left its impress npon the smooth surface of the shell.
The design is very
much like the type described,
but has some peculiar
features
about the
neck and under the head of the serpent.
The specimen
shown in Fig. 2 may be regarded
as a type of these
and is the one chieBy used in the general
gorge
description
given on
a preceding
It is six inches long by five wide, and has been
page.

and polished
on both sides.
As every detail is clearly
neatly dressed
and correctly
shown in the cut I shall not describe it further.
For convenience
of comparison
I have arranged
two plates of outlines.
'The specimen
shown in Fig. 1, Plate LXIV, is almost identical
with the
in size and shape.
one last mentioned
This, with the similar but somewhat

smaller specimen
given in Fig. 2, is also from the McMahan
Mound.
Figs. 3 and 4 are outlines of the specimens
already
given in Plate LXm.
The fine specimen
shown in Fig. 5 is from the Brakebill
Monnd, near
Museum.
It is five inches
Enoxville,
Tenn., and is now in the Peabody
in length

and

a little

more

than

four and

one-hlf

in width.

It is very

BUREAU

0F

ANNUAT~

ETHXOLOGY

4.

1. McMs.'hanMomi.
2. McMahanMonnd
3. McMahan
Mound

5.
6.
RATTLESNAKE
Tennessee.

GORGETS.

Mo'M'aJian
BrakebillMoand.
WiUia.maIs]and.

Mound.

RKrORT

1881

rL

LXH

BUREAU

OE

1.
2.
3.

ANNUAL

ETHKOMS?

4. McMatanMo'md:
B.&reenConntYMonnd.
Mo~nd.
6. Lick
Creek

McMMian
Mfmnd.
Lick
Creek
Monnd.
McMahamMooDd.

BATTLES~AKE
Tennessee.

GORGETS.

REPORT

1881

PL.

LXV

BUREAU
r--

OF

ANtUAT.

ETHNOMBT

REPORT

-)

s.TromanAzteopaintmf:.

<n.T<Yr<mtRpm-mn

3. 4.
~~5~

Painting,

7.
~& Painted

l'ern.

THE

SERPENT.

on

rock;

Nicacagna.

1881

PL.

LXVI

THE

Hoi.MEs.1

like

much
shell.
some

in

Sevierville

from

closely.
The

the

a large

in

shown

Figs.

from

mounds

tion,
It

was

and

the

from

illustrations
purpose

of

others

of the

same
pursue
in Plate

instituting

region.
this
LXVI

of

the

at

rattlesnake

in the
is preserved
in length
inches
is four
by
imen
is figured
by Jonesin

Natnral

which

gorget,

History
and one-half

three
Plate

a somewhat

these

differThe

not

are

Collec-

permit
from

probably
Museum
of

New

in width.

XXX ofhis

three

and

the

and
farther,
for
prepared
forms
northern

will

disposai

It
qnite

others.

somewhat
study
were
partially

my

and

Collection.

Peabody
Museum,
are in the National

others

df

species

peculiar,

examples

represent
withthe

between

comparisons
the time

but

south,
1 is an outline

Fig.

to
The

to

presented

LXV

7 belong

same
are

preceding

associated

2, 6,
Tennessee.
in East

intention

my

found

and

come

the

head

specimens.
National

in th

now

the

of

the

other

the

in Plate

illustrated
specimens
but are
of design,

type

from

specimen
and
resembles

Tennessee,

is made

beneath

space

it differs

details

other

and

specimens
of

markings

6 illustrates

Fig.
is also

ent

the

The

293

FACE.

HUMAN

SERPENTTHE

Th

of it.
Georgia,
It
York.

same

of the

"Antiquities

the
and

spcSouth-

Indians."

ern

a large
specimen
2 represents
Collection.
in the National

Fig.
served
somewhat

near
being
pent
at
belt
a dotted
3 and

Figs.
Fig.

the

and

top

the

other

the
of

right

which
is now preplaced
upon the gorget
sermouth
of the
the

Tennessee,
is

design

specimens,

the

neck

below

at

the

right.

the

head

which

is not

found

There
in

any

is also
of the

described.

specimens
cient

from

differently

from
The

city
5 is

drawings
1

4 represent
Peru.'

of Chimu,

from

copied

one

representation
in Fig.
shown

very
spirited
The tablet

of

the

of

the

an-

is a
and
Goldsborough,
rattlesnake.
spotted
under
<' scaldescribed
been
of

codices

of a plumed
6 has
already

in

found

heads

serpents'

and

disks."

loped
The

remarkable
the

upon

rocks

at

andfeathered
serpent
plumed
Lake
Nicaragua~
Nijapa,

in

given

Fig. 7 is painted

THE HUMAN FACE.

A

very

distinctly,
ure a rude
generally
heavy

marine

is eut
chin,
while
the
shell,
shoulder
noded

univalves.
from

the

broad

iSqnier:
sBancroft:

of

ornaments

represent,
of engraving

more

or less

and

scnipt.
are
objects

a large

from

and

shell

By a combination
is
th
features

The
produced.
of
lower
whorl
of the
section
pear-shaped
the neck
The lower
which
represents
portion,
of th
near
the base
restricted
somewhat
part

to

resemblance
made

of

group
face.

important
the human

the

of the

outline
body

whorl.

Pern, p. 186.
Native Races

head
Th

of the Pacifie

reaches

the

simplest
States,

first

form

vol.

suture

of the

is represented

IV., p. 37.

294

ART

IN

a specimen

by

shaped

from

OF

a mound
with

iragment,
take
th

which

SHELL

THE

most

tical

convex

ridge,
below

pears

Fig. 2.
From

is ground

part

AMERICNS.

at

evenly
of the

Tenn.
It is a plain,
Sevierville,
peardressed
and
two
margin
perforations,
A sketch
of this
eyes.
is presented
in
have been obtainedfrom
spcimens
mounds

position
LXIX.
Similar
Fig. 1, Plate
in other
States.
A little
further
the

ANCIENT

which
represents
the nose,
which

advance

away,
the nose.
takes

is made
with

th

Further

the

of

place

when

the

surface

of

of a low
exception
on a boss
or node
the

as

month,

ver-

seen

apin

th

exhibited
in these
elementary
stages
a graduai
specimens
is made
of details
and the elaboration
by the addition
of ail the
features.
A corona
encircles
the
the
pars
are
outlined
head,
(Fig.
5,
Plate
the
are
elaborated
LXX),
eyes
one
or more
concenby adding
triccircles
or ovals,
brows
are placed
and groups
and
above,
of notched
lines
extend
downward
zigzag
the cheeks.
upon
The node at the
mouth
advance

is

or

perforated

chin

eut

is embellished

in

intaglio

circular

of incised
a variety
forms
are given
in Plates
LXIX
are
objects
numerous
especially

various
Thse
but

in

their

by

is quite

range

wide,

tucky,
Virginia,
Illinois,
a somewhat
different
type
two to ten inches
in length,
are

examples
and
Missouri,
from

New

the

in

the

Arkansas,
York.
In

found
use

as

ornaments

for

no holes
ever,
and these,
so

for

suspension
as I have

except

the

observed,

head

those

Tennessee,

reportedfromKenand
smaller
ones
size

they

range
less.

being
considerably
human
remains
in such

with

or neck.

There

to represent
no abrasion

by

of

from

They
way as to

are,
the

made
show

the
of the

of

mounds
been

having

and

figures,
Illustrations

width

generally
their
suggest

far

associated

or oblong

designs.
and LXX.

how-

eyes,
of
a cord

Their
the idea
suspension.
that
shape
suggests
been
they
may have
used
as masks,
and as such
hve
been
may
the faces
of the
placed
upon
dead
in the same
manner
that
metal
masks
were
used
oriental
by some
nations.
the

the
Among
McMahon

masks.
found

on

shown

in

from

the

and

nearly

number

large
Mound

In th

notes

the

breast

Fig. 1, Plate
above-named
six

inches

ofinteresting

objects

of shell

were

a number

at

Tenn.,

or

are mentioned
they
heads
of skeletons.

Sevierville,
of th collector
about

LXYII,
locality.

the

is a medium-sized,
It is seven
and

rather
one-fourth

obtainedfrom
of these

shell

as having
been
The example
plain

specimen
inches
long

and has been made

from
a Busycon
perversum.
and
convex
surface
is pitted
decayed,
and
th
discolored.
The
inside
is smooth,
and
has a slight
endesign
rudely
it.
Of a very
different
is the specimen
graved
upon
shown
in Fig.
type
2.
The slightiytranslucent
Itisnewlooking,andwellpreserved.
surface is highly
and the
Unes are quite
fresh
polished,
engraved
looking.
It was collected
and is labeled
by J. D. Lucas,
Va.
It is
Aquia
Creek,
five and
one-half
inches
in length
in width,
and
is apparently
by five
made
from
some
dextral-whorled
shell.
The
outline
is somewhat
rec-

,The

margins

are

much

wide,

0
M
N
o
o

0
8

g
rl
n
g
cc
m
m
(1)

H
C
M
cj

'1

Q
H

O
o

S
t
<)

s
5
8
e

m
r
p
ro
p
r
N

BUREAU

OF

ETHNOLOGT

JUnnJAL

SHELL

Virginia.

MAS'R'.

REPORT

1881

l'L.

LXYUt

from
small

temple
central

From

each

across

temple.and
pits,

of

the

month.

th

tribes,

many

lines

may

with

signify
tears,
may
are represented
tears

since,

lines;
the face
during
upon
resent
the characteristic
which

to

tribe
these

further

the

descending

is symbolized
may

belonged.

painting
It

embellished

by

by a fat
indicated

ridge,

curved

by

represent

may

or tattooing
is not at all

eyes,

or

repsimply
of the clan or
that

improbable
which

have

designs

painted

zig-

painted

figures

or they

mourning,

ofthe

of

language
from
th

pictographie

Unes

lines

of

period
lines

deceased

the

in

these

place,

ellipses.
downward

the
of the plate,
opposite
edge
obif
the
in two ways
First,
use
in
to its
reference
especial

by
water

running
the

were

objects

been

interpreted

six

pointed
long,
lines
extends

zigzag

the

made

mask,

nations,
in the second

zag

near
be

other

with

and,

eyes

mourning

they

burial,

of three

a group

terminating

cheek,
These

is a

ject

a single
incised
The
eyes are represented
lids are indicated
the
by

to

ornamented

of four
groups
with
the edge,
parallel
circles
with
by small
in

arranged
line
runs

of these

Inside

each.

and

rounded

well

surface
being
pretty
npper
are
which
of incised
lines,

the
tangular,
a corona
with

295

GORGETS.

MASK-LIKE

HOLME6.]

obliterated.

The

nose

below,
mouth

the

is represented
nostrils
being

is represented

by

an

which

terminates

abruptly

The
small
excavations.
by two
in which a horizontal
groovehas
node,

oval

made.

been

masks
of these
yet brought
example
engraved
It was obtained
in
Plate
LXVIII.
shown
is
of th public
to the notice
near
known
as the Ely Mound,
a large
Carr from
mound,
by Mr. Lucien
and
illustrated
and
is
described
by
Lee
Rose
Virginia,
County,
Hill,
Musum.'
of the
annual
in the
tenth
Peabody
report
that
gentleman
most

The

Wishing
have

had

elaborately

to present
a large

to the
specimen
from
a photograph
eut made
Museum.
of the Pabody
this

fine

curator
Putnam,
I have
obscure
were
ments

of Iines

of

opposite
side,
described

the
Having

Mr.

Carr

on to

goes

was
grave
Strombus

from

this

tion

of the

ness

of a human'face."
It

breadth.

ridge

of

with

which

is

mouth.
length,
lower

circles,

shell,
just
Four

above

Carr,

of

the

guidance

the

simply
in ail cases

138 millimeters
holes,

of

a series

they
in Tenth

are

three

represent
th
nose,
of lines
to

each

corner
drawn

Annual

to
Report

the

most

into

upper
these
is

by 120 in
of which
are
is

a point.
Peabody

The

are

zigzaged
side
concave

Museum,

p. 87.

third

probablyintended
three-fourths
during
and

porlike-

the

were
eye

fraglines

dilated

side

in length,

th two

other
of the

of such

bi-symmetrical.
from
this
mound,
taken
the articles

between
eyes;
below
this
and
that

I
possible,
Professor
by
which
design

duplicating

measures

and

place

lines,
parallel
at the outer

begin
where
jaw,

Parts

with

It

in

advantage
furnished

are
as these
designs
relies
exhumed
numberof
a great
of
most
that
the
interesting
say
from
th
made
shell
an engraved
and carved
on the convex
gigas,

is perforated

surrounded

following
or by

strengthened,
still
as were
traceable,

best

raised
hole,
as the
of their
to

the

of

the

296

ART

shell

is perfectly

right
fects

portion
of time

IN

SHELL

OF

and
plain,
of the face on
and

THE

still

ANCIENT

its

prserves

the

carved

A5IEBICANS.

or convex

the
though
the sad ei'-

high
polish,
side shows

exposure."

1 have
not had an opportunity
of examining
this
Although
specimen
I am
inclined
to the opinion,
that
the
closely,
judging
by its outlines,
which
it was made
shell
from
has
been
and
hence
sinistrally
whorled,
I should

a BMsycoM~er~e~MM.
nose
as representing

the

and
cases,
downward

the
from

also

it

bandd

of

some

in East
mound,
are surrounded

Tennessee.
two

by

The

in

the

parallel

lines
pass
a specimen

from

them
design

the

mouth

Plate

LXIX.

Of

the eyes
represent
lines
beneath
zigzag
formed
of notched

of pendant
supplemented
by two sets
figures
two
of
which
the
extend
down
the
sides
longer
lines,
others
connected
with
the
lower
of the
being
margin
four

cross

in Fig.
4, obtained,
from
the Lick Creek

which
and

circles,

are

ample

that

monnd.

perforations

concentric

beneath

other
many
which
extend

or tatooed

painted

are represented
objects
mention
the specimen
shown
examples,
by Professor
Putnam,

especial
interestimay
with
other
similar

hole
in

lines

figures

of these

examples

the
does

certainly
vertical

three
two

a representation
the builders
of th

angles-as
right
characteristic
of

to consider

prefer
as

mouth,

peculiar
figure-the
the hole 'and
the

at

Other

the

of

the
In

eye.

downward

over

the

nose,
one
the

exchin.

from
the Brakebill
East
TenMound,
and
the
nose
is but
reindicated,
slightly
lieved.
is inclosed
which
extends
downby a figure
Each
eye,
however,
ward
over
the cheek,
in three
terminating
sharp
points.
So far as the specimens
at hand
this peculiar
embellishment
of
show,
Fig.
nessee.

the

3 represents
The mouth

and

eyes
small

eyes.
In
eled

mouth

at

New

is characteristic

of Virginia
now preserved
Georgia,
has
a somewhat
similar

from

specimen

Museum

is not

York,

and
in

ent.

on

shell,

have

been

drawn.

The

crown

of

has been
illustrated
specimen
by Professer
museum
of Natural
at New
and
History
York,
tained
from
th Etowah
Valley,
Georgia.
Examples
and show
certain
features
in common
with
numerous,
Northern

Ohio,
head

and

is carved

from

of a face
to

notches

Th

9 is from

History
of th

omamentation

the

Fig.
The

Tennessee.

Natural

This
shbwn
in Fig.
LXX.
specimen.is
6, Plate
8 of the same
we have
the representation
Fig.
plate
in clay,
on which
a number
of incised
similar
lines,

graved
in

East

the

is also

Jones.l
was
in

mod-

those
It

probably
stone
are

those

a nodule

in

en-

presis now
obalso

shell.

of iron

ore.

beautifui
little
shown
in Figs.
1 and 2 is from
a cave
very
at Mussel
Ala.
It is made
of shell,
and is somewhat
altered
Shoals,
by
The crown
is peculiarly
and resembles
a very common
decay.
notched,
Mexican
The notch
form.
in the middle
of the forehead
can be traced
to

a division

Mexican
The

in

the

specimens.
shown
example
'Jones:

head-dress
in

Figs.

Antiquities

noticed
3 and

in

the

more

4 is copied

of tho Sonthern

from

Indians,

elaborately
a rather
p. 430.

carved
rude

cut

BUREAU

OR

1.

2.
3.

ETHNOMST

McManan
McMahmn
Bra'kebin

ANNUAI.

Monnd,
Monnd,
Monnd,

Tenn.

4. Lick
Creek
Monnd,
5. Acqnia.
Va.
Creek,
6. Monnd,
Ely
Connty,

Tenn.
Tenn.

THE

HUMAN

FACE.

REPORT

Tenn.
Va.

188).

PL.

LXIX

AMtUAL BEBOET 1881

BUREAU 0F BTHNOMGY

1, 2. Shell
3, 4. Shell
5. Shell
6. Shell

ornament
ornament
ornament,
ornament

from a cave, Alabama.

from New York. (t)
stone grave. Tennessee.
from Georgia.
?)
THE

from Tennessee.
T. Shell ornament
in o!~y, Georgia.
8. Face modeled
iron ore, Ohio.
carved
in
9. Face

(t)

HUMAN

FACE.

BL. LXX

(t)

THE

HoujEs.]

Th

Connty.
in

serves
nal

in

At

naish.

lin,

changed
nessee
The

seen

be

may

art.

by

to
in

eut

presented
48.
page

nessee,
child

the

at

Fig.

of

and

in Fig.
some

very

was

Nashville,

two

small

is

still

pr-

its

origi-

orifices

a monnd
form,

at Frankbut

slightiy
in Ten-

a mound

from

of

Antiquities
stone

Tenn.

Ten-

of a
grave
has diamond-

the

It

in the

with

finished

natural

from

occurrence

of

are

Jones's

rare

luster

7 is from

obtained

near

Onondaga
It

article

specimen

Peabody
Museum.
from
5 is taken

well-sculptured

Creek,

sea-shell.

temples
entire

The

similar

specimen
moand

a feature

eyes,

shaped

The
of

foot

the

in

of the

hve

somewhat

of

smoothness

presented
been

specimen
seems

Easanda

the
piece

angle
neck.

the
1

delicacy.

It

Tenn.

the

it around

rude

very

valley

is

a considerable

suspending
skill
and
much

of

a compact
the
degree

material

for

The

the

This

it as follows:

describes

who

by Schoolcraft,
was discovered

given
article

297

FIGURE.

HUMAN

FACE-THE

HUMAN

art

of

this

region.

THE HCMAN FIGURE.

I
more

within
at

nessee

and

of

class
are

from

time
from

by the
Missouri.

are

which

works

the

limits

corne

one
one

respect
the

and

number,

occupied

to

one

than
found

yet
in

come

now

most

of th

important
United

that

part

stone

and

of

the

and

unique,

of
objects
These
States.

grave"

Similar

new

aboriginal
relies
are

peoplesthree
are not

four

district

moand-building

designs

in
art

from
found

Ten-

in other

so
ca-n be found,
them
at ail resembling
nothing
indeed,
and,
materials,
or
have
been
If such
or in clay.
in stone
painted
either
far as 1 know,
I
shall
are
materials
totally
destroyed.
on less enduring
they
engraved
dwell
at some
themselves,
and subsequently
first
describe
the
specimens
in art.
and their
their
place
their
significance,
authenticity,
npon
length
is
on
which
a
shell
engraved
in Plate
gorget
I present,
LXXI,
First,
The
design
occupies
of a human
delineation
figure.
rade
a rather
the
Near

concave
the

side
upper

of

margin
fills
the

large
are

shell
the

disk
usual

eut

from

a .B~con

holes

for

suspension.

jpe~~sMNt.
The
en-

is inclosed
and
of the
by
central
plate
portion
design
graved
of the
the
which
and
between
edge
two
parallel
lines,
approximately
obA casnal
wide.
of an inch
belt three-fourths
is a plain
shell
there
in
the
whatever
jumble
not recoguize
any design
would
server
probably
It will first
the inclosed
that
space.
occupies
obliterated
liues
of half
in width
of an inch
about
three-fourths
that
a column
be noticed
of
a
number
from
of the picture;
this.spring
in the
center
erect
stands
the apas much
the
which
figure
give
arms,
serpentine
forming
lines,
alcohol
into
a collectons
jar as of a
crowded
of an octopus
pearance
the
that
convince
will
however,
A little
one,
creature.
study
human
of lines
the
the
human
tangle
body,
and
column
central
represents
the
hands,
feet,
to represent
legs,
be found
arms,
it will
surrounding
its
without
border
within
the
being
line
their
and
appendages-no
1 Schoolcraft
Notes on the Iroquois,
p. 235.

29.8

ART

IN

SHELL

0F

THE

ANCIENT

AMERICANS.

office.

The upper
of the body is occupied
extremity
by a circle one.
which represents
eighth of,an inch in diameter,
the eye.
Th head is
not distinguished
from the body byany
sort of constriction
for th neck,
but bas evidently
been crowned
crest similar to
by a rude aurora-Iike
that found in so many aboriginal
This does not appear in the
designs.
engraving
was so nearly oblitergiven, as it, as well as other features,
ated as to escape observation
until the idea was suggested
by the study
of other similar designs.
Th mouth is barely suggested,
being represented
lines placed so low on the trunk that
by three shallow
they ocFrom the side of th head a number of
cnpy what should be the chest.
meant for plumes,
lines, probably
extend
across
th bordering
lines
almost ta the edge of the shell
below this are two perforated
loops,
which seem to take the place of
the one on the right
is doubly
ears;
and has a peculiar
perforated
in a bent or elbowed
extension,
line, across
the border.
The arms are attached
to the sides of the body near the
middle
in a haphazard
sort of way and are curiously
double jointed:
in well-defined
they terminate,
hands
however,
and
againstthe
right
left borders,
the thumb and fingers
being, in each case, distinctly
repThe legs and feet are at first exceedingly
resented.
hard to make ont,
but when once traced are as clear as need be.
The body terminates
an inch of the base of the inclosed
below within
abruptly
One
space.
the foot resting
leg extends
directly
downward,
upon the border line
the other extends backward
from the base of the trunk and rests against
th border line at th right
th legs have identical
which
markings,
the costume.
Each foot terminates
in a single wellprobably
represent
defined talon or claw, which folds npward
the knee.
This is a
against
most interesting
and one which this design possesses
feature,
in common
with the three other drawings
of the human
figure found in Tennessee.
The spaces between
the various members
of the figure are filled in with
ornamental
which seem to be attached
to the hands and
appendages,
The numerous
feet, and probaMy represent
plumes.
in this
perforations
are worthy
of attention
specimen
within
th border
line there
are
which vary from one-fourth
to one-sixteenth
of an inch in
twenty-six,
diameter.
They are placed mostly at the joints
of the figure or at the
of two or more lines.
Snch perforations
junction
are of frequent
occurrence in this class of gorgets
and may have had some particular
significanee to their possessors.
This specimen
was found in the great mound
at Sevierville,
of a skeleton,
and is now in the
upon the breast
Tenn.,
National
Collection.
It has snBsred
from decay, th surconsiderably
face being deeply furrowed,
The holes are much
pitted,
and discolored.

and the lines in places are almost obliterated.

enlarged
I began the study of this design with the thought
to
that, in reference
this specimen
Jones
was right, and that the confused
at least, Professor
group of lines might be th meaningless
of an idle fancy, but
prodact
ended by being fully satisfied
that no single line or mark is without
its
place or its significance.

BUREAU

OF

ANNUAL

ETHNOLOGY

SHELL

EUMAN

GORGET-THE
MoMatan

Monnd,
?)

Tennessee.

FIGURE.

REPORT

1881

PL.

LXXI

BUREAU

OF

ANNCAL

ETHNOLOGT

SHELL

HUMAN

GOR&BTTHE

Mound,

Tennessee.

FIGURE.

REPORT

1881

FL.

LXXU

HOLMES.]

HUMAN

THE

0F

ENGEAVINGS

399

FIGURE.

it will
be an easy
examined
this
so critically,
design
having
in Plate
the
tablet
illustrated
that
to interpret
upon
engraved
and
in widely
engraved
found
localities,
separated
LXXII.
Although
but
and exhibit
in type,
are identical
different
in a somewhat
they
style,
After

matter

conical

doubly
not
The

in

differences

slight

being

mouth

well-defined
from

th

is an

lines,

which

terrupted
from
the
short

straight,
a large
the lateral

lines;
which

folded

ously

line

bordering
the

against

on

the

elbow.

The

are

legs

rounded

circles

with

the

in a manner
in front

coming

decoration

and

and

legs,

fillets

plumes
which

to the

left

reach

to the

being

tained

at

smooth
in

and

preceding
although

Anotheruniqueshellgorget
a mound
tained
from
sion

of Professor

half

inches

one;
the lines

rgst
them,
terminate

and
to
of

members

curved

five

perforations,
near
the
one

Potter,
in diameter,

Sontheastern
of
and

Saint
was

arms

the

body;
or
bands
attached

lines,
two

which
for

middle

sus-

of

th

the surof prservation,

It is somewhat
pear-shaped,
described.
previously
gorgets
state

and has been made

in width,
It was
oba Busycon.
in
and
is preserved
Tennessee,

probably

excution

tbis

and

surface

edges
of the

design

are

spcimen
of the

in PlateLXXIII.
and
is nowinthe
Missouri,

Louis.
originally

The
nearly

disk

is much

is about

circular,

but

are

shell
cut.

indifferently

is presented
in

the

by folded
A plume

two

in

terminate

five

shell,

th

suggests
the
joining
other
speci-

the

and
jointed,
are attached

by

and

the

in Meigs
County,
lu mechanical

Musum.

dressed,

of

compact

a mound
the

one

the mask-like
respect
and
inches
in height

thick

from

on

the

that

described,

the

by

cor-

touch

represent

represented
dots.
side with

face,
is in a very
perfect
stained.
but little

and

this

seven

the

nicely

occupied
always

is represented
There
are
shell.

sides

the

specimen

a very

Peabody
to
superior

not

head

the
of the

edge

This

resembling
It is about
from

of

side
two

pension,
trunk.
face

the spaces
or pendants
are ornamented

are

fill

as th
backward

of and

repeat

they
that

extremities

as in the case
previously
line,
upon
the border
that
are long,
in npturned
talons
and
curved,
Plume-like
or blunt
appendages
tips.
square
thse

dots.

central

represented

knees

and
position
rounded

in
or

feet,

or scales,
The curi-

of buttons

ornamentedwithrows
outlined

The
the

a sitting
posture,
of the body;
base
men.

are

the same
relative
positions
precisely
and the fingers
in the
other
specimen,
turned
th thumb
and left,
being
right

members

responding

right
two in-

possibly

spaces
of meagerly
have
arms

consist

lines,
is a

it issues
costume,
or, since
is
which
Th body,
speech.
symbolize
three
into
thecentralspace
parts;
is dividedvertically
a lace-work
of
with
and is covered
conical
perforation,
may

mouth,

and

contains

and

straight

is

head.

this

to the

Extending

of one

consisting
a part
of the

appendage
be
may

the

rdiating
below

and

two

line

border
from

plumes
of
crown
eye,

the

have

th

by
usual

the
represents
row of teeth.

pit
a double

with

month

we
plate
the double

the
but

suspension,

a central

with

of

top

interrupted
th
with

above,
is decorated

circle

the

for

perforations

completed
head
itself

a small

At

detail.

Itwas

ob-

possesfour
and a
the

edges

300

ART

are

now

given

much

Races,"

95.

page

Professor

half

OF

THE

ANCIENT

an

the

and

last,
encircled

inch

of the

by

eut

AMERICANS.

with

work,
from
a

is made
My cut
of the Peabody
by Mr. Conant.

Putnam,
used

photograph
distinct
from
type
th
artist.
It is
-about

SHELL

and battered.
decayed
A. J. Conant
in his recent

Mr.

by

IN

a brief

is

description
of

~Foot-prints

Yanished

obtained
from
photograph
This is probably
the same
is of a totally
engraved
design

Museum.
The

evinces

a much

of skill
in
higher
grade
which
nearly
parallel
lines,
occupy
of the disk.
Portions
of these
still re-

six

border

the inner
one being
main,
line
are two perforations
at
glance
the ancient

th

Between
this and the second
nearly
entire.
for suspension.
The idea
first
suggested
by a
is that
it strongly
resembles
the work
of
design
and
the second
idea
of many
will
archseologists
of its genuineness.
may be a doubt
this
Setting
let us examine
th engraving
in dtail.
present,

engraved

Mexicans,
be that
there

probably

aside
for
th
question
the plate
so that
Placing
the principal
in an
figure
resents

a personage

with

profusion

with

the

arms

of

stepping

of
height
the inclosed

and
ear.
small
Th
chin.
to the

Th
design.

pit

for

shows

profile

Tho

Two

lines

base

of

the

is large,
elaborate

pupil.
a full
forehead,
across

the

left,

we

have

apparentlyrepfrom head
to foot

He
is shown
in profile
as if in the act
separated
about
one-third
of
occupying

symbols.

and

is

the

ngnre
as he is decked

feet

head-dress

lozenge

or

the

extend

a
cheek

fills
to the
to

diamond

the

upper

shoulders
the

hair
shaped,

part
before

and

the

with

and
a prominent
nose,
the
of the
nose
bridge
from
the
mouth
is a sym-

strong
from

ear.
In and
projecting
of
which
can
be conjectured.
meaning
The
only
shoulders
and
are but
body
From
the waist
meagerly
represented.
a
is suspended,
peculiar
apron-like
object
which
reaches
to the
it
knees;
be a part
of the costume
or a priestly
may
The
and feet
symbol.
legs
are dwarfed,
but quite
well outlined.
There
are encircling
bands
at the
knees
and
and
a fan-Iike
extension
of the
ankles,
somewhat
costume,
the
tail
of a bird,
resembling
descends
between
the
Attached
legs.
to th
a
is
of a rather
back,
figure
character.
Similar
extraordinary
be seen
in some
of the
figures
may
Mexican
and
seem
to
paintings,
a contrivance
for carrying
represent
in which
at times
elfish
burdens,
are
accommodated.
figures
The
arm
is extended
right
and
forward,
the
hand
with
grasps
which
a blow
a singular
is aimed
at the
shaft,
severed
head
of a victim,
which
is held
face
downward
left
by the
hand
of the standing
The severed
head
figure.
still retains
the plumed
which
a long pendant
cap, from
descends
in &ont
of the face.
The eye
is lozenge-shaped.
A zigzag
line
crosses
the
cheek
from
the
ear
to'
the bridge
of the
and
a curious
is represented
nose,
symbolic
figure
bolic

ngure,

the

eye

at

This

descend
pendant
space,
plumes
and
circular
ornaments
are attached

behind,
The conventionalized
conical

action,
head

are

perforations
posture.

some importance,
and
in

forward.
the

two

ornaments

extended

the
of

of
of

the

upright

the

BUREAU

0F

~~

ETHNOLOGY

SHEItE~

RUMAN

GOB&ETTB~E

Maaonn.

G)

TI&TJEE.

BUREAU

OE

ANNUAL

ETHNOLOGY

EN&EA.VED

GOR&ETTI&HTING

Tennessee.
H)

FIGURES.

REPORT

1881

EL.

LXXIV

ENGRAVINGS

ROLMEs.l

as

from

issuing

to issue

from

occupies

the

possible

that

ing

the
the

we

of

the

case.

of

hand

seems

symbolic
character,
the
figure.
standing

in

which

from

issues

the

the

right

mouth

of

which
has
shaft
mystic
to allow
some
inaccuracies

this

at

one

Any

of
manuscripts
a sacrificial
here

pictographic
that
we have

of

head

301

FIGURE.

held

shaft

the

have

should

HUMAN

doubtless

which

figure

point

although
were
if this

The

figure,
front
of

in

space

represents
head,

mouth.

the

a, circular

THE

OF

the

all

ancient

will

is

victim
the

penetrated
in th
with

familiar

Mexicans

It

the

draw-

the

curious

at

a glance

see

in which/a
seems
to be enpriest
scene,
In the
manua
human
extraordinary
being.
gaged
to this
of the ancient
Aztecs
we have
many
parallels
design.
scripts
no duplicate
does it approach
the
Aztec
So closely
type
although
that,
a single
is not a single
in any of the codices,
there
can be found
idea,
in

member

the

sacrifice

To

make

4, a single
of

Fortunately

for

cate-there

are

are

similar

for

the

Among

its

in
analogue
I present,
This
one

and

but

symbols

had

crumbled

most

works

by
lution

of

light

in-this
of

ample
shell
armed

art

aboriginal

ever

has been
cases,
and
represents
disk,
with
talons,
eagles'
this
described,
its
conception

specimen
tainly

in

reliefs

of Mexico
and

further,
The
design
in

specimen
and must

country,

other

the

for

handling,

This

glue.

encircling
a fierce

we
has

and
at

are

of

Of

the

the

remaining

and

by immdiate
the first
of

is

plumes,

attitudes;
is no absolute

fragment
The
Tenn.
A little

the

covered
figures

right-hand

leg

1 Kingsborough,

as

thanone-

brought

to.

highest

ex-

as in
design,
of a polished
and winged
and

plumed
combat.
exotic
to
the

whn

disk,

The

As in the

look,
bearing
the
marvelous

resemblance

it a northern

the

the

surface

convex

but

de-

only preserved
in a thin
soever

kind

last

of a shell

more

was
portion
immersion

regarded
of Mexico.

the

the

within

work

entire

goes
sui

last
cerbasno

generis.
no space

leaving
tablet,
and face each
other
in profile
one arm,
figure
only the body,
and
of
the outline
is almost
complte
are

The left-hand
figure
remain.
foot
obliterated.
one arm,
and
one
being
face,
in the
act of brandishing
above
the head
raised
one
the

similar
and

be

certainly
found
north

America;
to consider

two

Hnngary.i
its dupli-

the

figures,
in mortal
engaged
an
at first
sight,
has,
a general
resemblance

liberty

find

there

collected

art

on
engraved
human
two

Central

apparently
Unes.
The

onset.

and

away,

careful

LXXY,
from
the

conception.

to surpass
in interest
very few will be found
at
the
McMahon
from
Mound,
Sevierville,
gorget
in diameter.
five inches
has been
nearly
entire,
the

are

costume

cade

third

Plate

is selected

there
similar

manu-

Mexican
in

Budapest,
we do-not

relie

Missouri

resemblances;

of

multitude

at

preserved

pendants,
and
similar

motive

the

one

every

comparison.

family
and

features
in

to

Fjervry,
credit
of this

the

except

identity,

not

has

clear

only
ornaments

similar

there

this

example
M. De

manuscript

with

that

or ornament

scripts.
Fig.

of

Vol. in,

pl. 2;L.

The
a long

right

hand

double-pointed

is

302

ART

IN

SHELL

0F

THE

ANCIENT

AMEBICANS.

knife.
At the same time this doughty
warrior
seems to be receiving
a
blow in the face from the right
in which is
hand of the other combatant,
clutched
a savage-looking
with a curved
The hands
blade,
point.
are vigorously
the joints
are correctly
and the thumb
drawn,
placed,
down npon the outside
of the forefinger
presses
in its natural
effort
to tighten
and secure
the grasp.
Two bands eucircle the wrists and
bracelets.
probably
The arms
and shoulders
represent
are plain.
The head is decorated
with a single plume,
which springs
from a
circnlar
ornament
over the ear;
an angniar
placed
extends
figure
forward
from the base of this plume
and probably
what
represents
is left of th head-dress
forward
of this, on the very edge of
proper;
the crumbling
of the lozenge-shaped
sheH, is one-half
eye, the dot
intended
to represent
the pupil being almost
obliterated.
It is certhat
both faces are completely
tainly a great misfortune
gone; their
exact character
mnst remain conjectural.
A neat pendant
ornament
is
suspended
upon the well-formed
the
breast, and a broad belt encircles
the abdomen,
waist, beneath
is a design that
which, covering
snggests
the scales of a coat of mail.
The legs are well-defined
and perfectly
the left knee is bent forward
and th foot is planted
proportioned;
while the right is thrown gracefany
firmly on the gronnd,
back against
the rim at th left.
Double belts encircle the knees
and ankles.
The
in wonderfullywell-drawn
legs terminate
eagle's
feet,
armed withvigortalons.
ously curved
feature
of the design
Averyinteresting
is th
highly conventionalized
to th shoulder
wing, which is attached
behind,
and fills the space beneath
the uplifted
arm.
A broad
many-featherd
tail is spread ont like a fan behind
the legs.
The right hand ngure, so
far as seen, is an exact duplicate
of the left.
A design of undetermined
significance
the figures beneath
occupies the space between
the crossed
it may represent
conventionalized
arms
but is more probably
drapery,
in its character.
The heads have probably
symbolic
been a little too
but th details of the anatomy
large for good proportion,
are excellent.
The muscles
of the shoulder,
the breast and nipple,
the waist, the buttock, and the calves of the legs are in excellent
drawing.
Th ~hole
group is most graphically
A highly ideal design, it is made
presented.
to fill a given space with a direetness
of execution
and a unity of conthat is truly surprising.
ception
Let us tum for a moment from this striking
effort of the mound-builders to the early efforts of other peoples in the
art.
Here are
engraver's
the drawings
of the Troglodytes
of France, scintillations
ofpaleolithic
genius, which appear as a flash of light in th midst of a midnight
sky.
The clear-eut
They are truly remarkable.
lines that shadow forth the
hairy
mammoth suggest
the graphie
and forcible work of the Parisian
of to-day.
of our own time engraves
The rude Esquimaux
images of a
great variety
on his ornaments
of natural
and implements
objects
of
ivory in a manner that commands
our admiration.
But these shell tablets
have designs
of a much higher grade.
natural
They not oniy represent

BUREAU

OF

ETHNOLOGY

1. Shell p;orget, McMahan

Mound,
2. Sculptured
in stone, Mexico.
3. Shell gorget,
Missouri.
mound,

ANNUAL

Tenn

4. Fi~re
5. Shell
6. Shell
THE

HUMAN

FIGURE.

from
gorget,
gorget,

REPORT

1881

an Azteo painting.
MoMahaD
Tenn.
Mound,
Lick Creek Monnil,
Tenn.

PL,

LXXV

BUREAU or

1- Design

ETHNOLOGI"

on

Z-.Si

war.shietd,

AHtnrAL

pamting.
COMPOSITEI-'IGURES,

2.

Th~der.Mrd

of

th

REPORT

n.i~hs,

1881

painting.

PL.

LXXVI

Hoi~s.j

objects

AUTHENTICITY

0F

THE

ENGRAVED

GORGETS.

303

with

but they
precision,
delineate
conceptions
creaof mythical
of composite
character
for which
nature
affords
no mode].
In execution
the best
of these
tablets
will
not
with
the
compare
wonderful
works
in stuccoand
stone
of
or the
Palenque,
elaborate
of
sculptures
the Aztecs,
but they
are, like
them,
in action
vigorous
and complete
in
conception.
In case
the authenticity
of these
relies
the facts
in rebe questioned,
to them,
gard
so far as
are here
known,
presented
for reference.
As to
the two specimens
from
Tenn.
Sevierville,
LXXI
(Plates
and LXXIII\
the shadow
of a doubt
cannot
be attached
to.them.
Were
there
no record whatever
of the
time
or place
the evidence
of discovery,
th
upon
faces
of the
relies
themselves
would
show satisfactorily
that
theyare
genuine.
were
taken
They
from
the great
which
I have called
the McMahon
at
Mound,
Tenn.
This mound
Sevierville,
was op~
in
IbSl
by one of our most
experienced
Dr.
E. Palmer.
collectors,
The
when
specimens
found
were
in a very
advanced
of decay,
stage
pi~ted
and
discolored,
and had to be handled
crambling,
with the utmoScare
to prevent
total
disintegration.
were
dried
They
by the
imcollector,
mersed
in a weak
solution
of glue,
and
forwarded
to the
immediately
National
Musum
at Washington.
In this mound
a multitude
of rnes
were
a large
found,
number
of
being
of which
shell,
many
are fignred
and described
in this
paper.
These
two gorgets,
as well
as many others
of more
were
ordinary
types
found
on or near
the breasts
of
skeletons,
and it is highly
probable
that
they
were
the~ck~f
the dead just
as they
Lad
been
worn
by the living.
Byaceuratelva?
the authenticity
certaining
of one of these
specimens
s far
weLta~
~su~
~rT~
Ifoneisgenuine
the
others
~?
may or may not
be so,
without
seriousiy
the questions
effecting
at issue,
yet the occurrence
of duplicate
or closely
related
in widely
specimens
separated
localities
furnishes
connrmatory
evidence
of no Iittle
1 do not wish to be
importance.
understood
as casttures

ingadoubtuponanyofthefo-jrspecimensdescribed.asIamthorougMy
convinced
that
there
is no cause
for suspicion.
The Missouri
which
has already
gorget,
been
described
and
figured,
was obtained
by nnknown
in Southeastern
persons
Missouri.
Several
back
it came
years
into
the hands
of Colonel
and from
him it
Whitley,
was
obtained
by its
present
Professor
owner,
of Saint
Louis
Potier
There
has never
been
a question
as to its
genuineness,
and accordingto
Professor
.who saw it
Hilder,
after
its
shortly
th appeaJnce
discovery,
and condition
of the spcimen
were such
that
it could
not hav~~
~es~r~
chalky
and crumbling
from
the
decay,
Imesofthedesignbearmgequalevidencewith
the general
surface
of the
shell
of great
Beside
age.
even if it were
tbis,
to produce
possible
such
a condition
in a recntly
carved
there
shell,
existed
no motive
for such
anattempt.
was to be made
Nothing
no benefit
by it;
could
accrue
to th perpetrator
to reward
hnn&r
his pains,
and, further,
there
was no

~04

ART

IN

precadept.
a work.

there

was

In
of

Plate

LXXV

comparison,

SHELL

extant

nothing

1 have

arranged
1, 3, 5, and
Figs.
to the
In regard

AMERICAJfS.

ANCIENT

THE

OF

that

serve

could

a number
6, being
restored

as a modelfor

such

for convenience
of figures
of the four
examples

outlines

of the outline
mFig.l,
part
on the right
the
out
figure
filling
that
object
my only
of the complete
original.
effect
the full
as far as possible
was to secure
the
hand
arm,
of the right
gnreth
remains
that
all
that
Observing
to conclude
it is safe
the
of
left,
is
a
duplicate
the leg and foot,
body,
discrepslight
bi-symmetrical,
bas been
the design
approximately
that
in
the exand
of
head
arm,
details
in the
occurring
ancies
probably
to bereIt is much
th
of
character
weapou.
in
the
of face, or
pression

described.
just
to say
1 wish

in

are totallydestroyed.
the faces
that
gretted
saenthe so-called
from
of two figures
a gronp
3 1 present
In Fig.
to
It seems
of Mexico.
Plaza
the
city
in
Mayor,
found
stone"
ficial
his
victoriens
to
oppoor
ruler
of one warrior
represent
the submission
to illustrate
be presented
that
might
one of many
designs
is
and
nent,
of the
works
the
with
interesting
relie
Tennessee
the
of
the analogies
a
a
resemblance,
be
called
family
is what
might
There
South.
far
The northern
of detail.
little
but
analogy
idea
and
action,
similarityin
in all the
and is apparently
superior
more
the
spirited,
work is by far
excellence.
of artistic
essentials
this picture
of the personages
represented
character
In the composite
in Pe
occurrence
are
of frequent
figures
no parallel.
finds
Composite
monolith
on the great
sculptured
as in th
figures
ruuning
ruvian
art,
and
of the earth
of th gods
combats
or th
mythical
at Tiahuanuco,
the manufonnd
in
also
of
Chimu.
They are
on the pottery
sea painted
of the
as in the
as well
paintings
ancient
Mexicans,
of the
scripts
in the
and
Plate
Mexico
LXXVI),
of New
1,
Pueblos
(Fig.
modern
most
The
frequent
Plate
LXXVI).
2,
art of the Haidahs
totemic
(Fig.
in all
of the work
the
with
inspiration
are of birds
men,
combinations
The
wearing
of
the
the
people.
from
derived
mythology
cases
being
andwhere
such conceptions,
rise to many
bas doubtless
given
of masks
metamorphosis,
bas
undergone
human-crature
alone
of the
the head
but
th
the
bas
conception;
a mask
that
originated
we may
suspect
are added
one in which
wings
to
be
the
only
Tennessee
appears
example
to th
are attached
bird's
feet
or in which
of the arms
independently
creature.
human
otherwise
perfect
and
of thse
of the origin
objects,
to the question
now we come
And
Th
work.
Mexican
most
resembling
of the
closely
example
especially
of
works
from known
is in many
quite
isolated
respects
Missouri
gorget
an
as
an
as
imporMust
it be regarded
exotic,
Yalley.
the Mississippi
it was
which
to the soil from
it belong
or does
from
the South,
tation
not only deterwe must
this
to
answer
order
question
In
exhumed
but we must
knowjustwhatamn.
to the art of Mexico,
mine
its relations
ities

it bas

to the

art

of the

mound-builders.

BUREAU 0F ETHNOMBY
_ANNUALEEPOBT

FROGS,
Carved

ARIZONA.

from.~ee<t<HCtt!MS

shells.

(H

]8S1

PL. L~XVJI
")

ORIGIN

HoaB.]

In

are
of shell
gorgets
of the northern

first

the

place,
embellishment

personal
in useamongtheAztecs,but
no

and
its

as

it bas two small

form,
the wall
from
is made
central
number

and

occur

if

seen,
to that

that

hardly
ready
than

of

derived

ment

the
the

the

this

myths
bird-man
of

these

It

art

and
of

mound-builders
the

of the
other

or ceremonies

fathers,

countries
of the

gorget
the design
engraved
northern,
liarly
and
and
so close
of Mexico,
striking
and we
for them,
account
dent
cannot
it must

be

the

culture

as

the

20

of

offspring
art of Mexico.

the

same

sacrificial
of

th

legendary

war-god
are

respect
of the
never

themselves.

peoples
of

a great
family
it anuiates
upon

are

the

are

forced

beliefs

a
its

with

with
could
have
and

scne,

they

the
by

alart
has

whereas
South,
of Mexico.

the

north

represent
in this
and

but

in
and

to Mexican

affinity

sculpture
nation

but

analogies
as we

however,

any

Haidahs,

is a member

Missouri

true,

a closer

represents

paintings
in the
of

These

is

It

together
it is identical

features,

inhumation,

mound-builders.
has

in

belongs,
is circular

suspension,
margin
The
occnpies
design
disk
and
is inclosed

the

of

itself

design

the

of

antiquities,

gorget
It

North.

the
been

for

the

of

exotic.

North.

of

deities

customs

th

an

is known

engravings
the
from

in
parallels
the mythical
the

it were

in the

many
parallels
no such
design
The

of

work

all

This

of
have

may

southern

among

near

manner

its

characteristic
They

univalve.
aide

In

a marked
peoples.

history.
to the

ornament,

convex

lines.

well-known

the

an

305

GORGET.

appear

from

perforations
of a large

the

excution

teehnical

of

portion
of incised

derived

be

character

general

not

do

can

evidence

MISSOURI

THE

0F

cratures
their
have
and
Zunis,
illustrative
As
that
with

an-ornais pecuth art

that
resemblances,
to the conclusion

acci-

the

same

and

customs'and

that

SMITHSONTAN

INSTITUTION-BUREAU

ILLUSTRATED

OF

ETHNOLOGY.

CATALOGUE
OF

THE

COLLECTIONSOBTAINEDFROMTHE INDIANS
OF
NEW

MEXICO

AND

ARIZONA

IN

1879.

BTT

JAMES

STEVENSON.

307

NOTE.

The

following
for the

prepared
but owing

of
catalogue
Annual
First

to want

of

space
action

the

was

collections
of the
Report
ineluded
not

made
Bureau
in that

during
of

1879

was

Ethnology,
volume.
Before

had
been
the
matter
apparent
the
etc..
figure
numbers,
change
of the figin the numbering
the seeming
irregularity
explain
abovelast
one of the
the
one of this
m-esthe
following
first
paper
of
of the
collection
that
The
second
mentioned
catalogue,
report.
with
has
been
made
to
included
in
this
correspond
also
volume,
1880,
in regular
order.
numbers
the figure
the first,
following

the

necessity

stereotyped
will
This

of

and

this

it was

was

impossible

made

to

309

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL

SrR

I have

in part
under

exhibiting
made
tions
the

are

you

any
details.

such
F.

familiar

common

of

to

such

in

this

ethnologist
artist
photographie

Hillers,

me
accompanied
Mr.
Cushing's

on

th

the

the

Indians

and
political
also
to
explore
people
will prove
of the utmost
zeal
labored
with
equal
a

He

made

the

Pueblo

of

some

villages

photographs
work.

his
1

would

special
by him

extend

interest
to

th
out

were
The
who
I am

liberally
also

of

with

and

organizations,
caves
of that
and

His
energy.
most
interesting

cordial

is of

work

and

officers

of

the
of

granted,
received
extend

and

our

in

serving
Army
th
expedition;
commanding
information
to

which

valuable

aid

at Fort
thanks.

Wingate

and

in
from

to

material

Mr.

our

work

the

Hillers
value

greatest

investigations.
feature
every
and

of

perfection
of

importance
for

to

of

New

assistance,
success
Buell,

at ZuBi,

the
given
us in

assist

officers

the

our
part
great
P.
Gen. George

during

re-

of

directions

district

the

zeal
he

inquiries

West

the

and

and

and

Sherman
for

K.

language
His

the

General

work,

J.

of whom

customs,

of our

features

to

thanks
in

of Messrs.

habits,

of

manifested

omitted

region.
to science.

importance

and

have

both

the

as

consider

intelligence
was
completed

of studying

purpose

labor

not

services

Ethnology,

season

the

the

Institution,

depicting
nearly
negatives
The beauty
their
inhabitants.
and
attest
the value
themselves
fully

th

to

of

during

as well

catalogue,
to the

explora-

and

travel

and

party
was in command
pleased

Bureau

ancient

objects
aid:
rendered
snch
cordially
To General
Edward
Hatch,
for valuable
we are indebted

carrying

the

interest

most
he

the

catalogue

archseologic
Arizona
and

.explorations,
and
as I do

Smithsonian

religious

of the

the

of

the

series

large

and

to refer

connection,
of the

for

of

mode

undertakings,
or value
to the

field-work

manners,

in illustrating

th

expdition.
were
performed

duties

After

throughout.
with
mained

with

3, 1881.

J~MMMfy
illustrated

and
ethnologie
Mexico
in New

investigations

interest

special

I beg,
however,
H. Cushing,

of the

such

WASHINGTON,
an
herewith

submit

direction

making

incidents

them

to

results

already

in

necessary
the

the

yonr
of 1879.

snmmer
As

honor

the

so

who

Mexico,
which
was

due.

U. S. A.,
for whch

311
2i y

312

LETTER

The
of the
ings,
logue,

and
number
large
and the
expdition,
as weU as th limited
will

acconnt

for

Prof.

J. W.
Director

very

variety
many
time

TF.ANS3ffTTAL.

of objects
dif&culties
devoted

imperfections

notwitbstanding
of such
work,
obedient
yonr
respectfally,

Hoping,
however,
ends
in the continuation
I am,

any

OF

POWELL,
Bureau

that,

o/B<Mo~y.

collected

members
by the
to such
undertak-

incident

to the
it may

preparation
contain.

these,
servant,
JAMES

it

may

of the
serve

STEVENSON.

catansefnl

CONTENTS.

OF TRANSMITTAL
LETTER
INTRODUCTION.

Page.
311

.-

319
320

Artietesofstom-

323

Articlesofcla.y.-----

334

Vegetaisubstances-.'
CoUection&omZTiBi.
Articlesofstone.---

337
337
337

Axes,Iiammers,andma,TiIs.
Metates,

and

orgrain-griinters,

340

pestles.

340

MoTtaj's,pestJes,eto-
Macea.neousobjects-

342
343

Articlesofcla.y-Wa,tervasea.

343
347

Wa.terjugaa.ndjam.

349

Jngaoffanofulforms.
Pitoliera-

349
350

Capso~c~lp-s~lapedveBse~a

350

Ea.tiBgbowla-

358

CooMngvesseIa.
Ladies...

360
360

Baskets.

362

Pamtcups-----

363

Comdimemtonps-.--

364

Efagiea.
Statuettes----

366
367

Clayaandpigments-
Vegeta.lsnbsta.nees----

368
368

Basketry.--
Pads.---Domestioimplements,
Foods.-

toys,

eto

--

369
370

372
372

..--
Medicnesamddyea
ADlma.lanbsta.nces---

373

Homa.ndbone.-.

373

SMn.-

373

Wovenfa.bncs-------

373
375

CoUeotMnfrom'Wolpi.-
Artiolesofston-.----

375
375

Axea,hamnier8,eto.-a.nd.peatles..--
orgrain-grinders,
Metates,
Mo!'ta;rs,pestleB,eto.--
MisceUa.neonsobjeets-----

376
377

313

377

314

CONTENTS.

Collection

from

~Se-

Wolpi-

Aiticlesofclay.o
~atervases.
Water
jugs

378
and jars.

_~J"

379

Toy-Iikewatervesse]sCnps
.J~

381

Eatingbowla.

382

CookiDgvesseIs.
Toy-JikevesseIs.

~Bu

382

LaoUes-r.c.
MisceUa.neous.
Statuettes

387
387

Vegetaisnbsta.nces.

389

Basketry.

389

Domestie
implements,
Ornamental
objects

toys,

etc.

391
393

Statuettes.
Animal
substances

395
ono

"iHo

.H.ornandbone
SbiD
"0.

0-

396
JJ~JJ~

397

Wovenfabrics.

398

CoIIection&omLaguna.

399

Articlesofclay.
Water
vases

399
399

Wa,terjugaa,ndja,rs.
Pchers.

401
401

EfSgies.

00 -00 '.00 o.

Eatingbowls.

403

CoUeotionfromAcoma.

404

Artiolesofday.

404

WaterYaseaPitchers

404
405

Eft.tingbowls

405

ColIectionfromCochiti.
ArtieJesofolay.

Collection

405
405

'Watervessela.

405

Eating

408

bowls

0]-namemts,efagies,and.toys.JJ~
ornSanto
Domingo.

408
'00.

~g

ArtiolesofClay.

409

WaterYesseIs-

409

CoIlection&omTesn'ke.
Aj'tioJesofstone.
Metates,
mortars,

410
410
410

etc.

Artiolesofcla.y.
Water vases

410

Wa.terjngsandjars-

413

Pitohera.

413

Ea,tingbowla.

413
414

Coo'kingvessels.
Toys.

414

Vegetaisubsta.nees.

414

Medioimea.
CoUection&omSamta.CJai'a,

414
0

415

315

CONTENTS.

Page.rage.
from

Collection

Santa

Clara
415

Articlesofclay.
'Watervases.

415
415

EatingLowls-

416

CooHngvesseIs.

416

EfegieaOoIleotionfromSa.'Q.Jua.n.

416
416

Aitiolesofcla.y-

416

Eatimgbowls.
CoIlectionfromJemez.

417
417

Articlesofcla.y.
CoUeotioii&omtIie
Articlesofclay.
CoIlection-omOIcIPeoos.

418

AitiolesofclayArtiolesofwood-

419
th

Canon

de CheUy-

Artiolesofclay'Watervessels.
Cookingvess~s.
from Pictograph
from

other

Artiolesofcla.y.
Miscellaneous.
Statuettes.

419

420
Rocks

localities

420
420

Articlesofcla.y.
Collection

419
419
420

Bowls.
Collection

417
418
418

Artioleaofstone.

Cotlectionfrom

417

Jioa.rillaApaohes-

421
421
421
421

LIST

FiGS.

axes..
grooved
ZuBi mortar
and pestle
ZnBi crucible

347-353.

FiG.

353.

FiG.

354.

FiG.

355.
356.

Znni

FiG.357.
FiG. 358.

ZnBi

FiG.

ILLUSTRATIONS.

OF

ZnBi
ZnBi

ZuBi

sTdnning-knife
m&ld
sandstone
spear-head.
and
mortar
Znni water

Page.
338
340

FiGS.

463-463.

ZnBieagies..
Zufii enigies.

340

FiGS.

464-467.

Znni

eSgies

365

340

Fies.

468-469.

Zufii

eBlgies-

365

340

365

FIGS.
Fies.

470-471.

Zufii

e&gies.

473-476.

ZuBi

efSgies.

342

Fies.

477-480.

ZuBi

vases-

FIGS.

481-483.

Znni

vases.

343
344

e&giea.
moccasins

FiGS.

484-485.

Zuni

baaketry.

Fies.

363-364.

ZnBi water
Zufii water

Fies.

365-366.

Znni

water

vases-

344

FiG.486.

Fies.

367-368.

ZuBi

water

vases.

344

FiG.

Fies.

369-370.

Znni

water

vases.

344

FiGs.

371-372.

ZnBi

watervase&

Fies.

373-374.

ZnBi

water
water

FiG.

ZnBi
375-378.
379. ZnBicanteen.

FtG.

380.

ZnBi

FiG.

381.

FiG.

382.

ZtiBi
ZnBi

FIG.

489.

Zuni

370

vases-.

345

FiG.

490.

ZuBi

toy cradle
ladle

vases.

346

FiG.

491.

Zuni

347

FiGS.

492-493.

370
372
orna372

bowl.

347
347
347

FiG.

494.

ments.
Zuni

FiG.

495.

372

347
348

FIG.

496.

FiG.497.

ZuBi TvoodenBpade.
ZuBi wooden
digger.
ZuBira.ttle.

373
373

rotary

Fies.

388-391.

ZnBi

camteens.

348

FiG.

498.

Zuairattle.

FiGS.

392-394.

ZnBi

canteena-

349

FiG.

499.

ZuBi

395-397.

ZnBi

oa.nteena.

349

FiGS.

350

FiG.

350

Fies.

350
350

FiG.

water

370

vase.

ZnBi canteens.

ZnBi

370

war-olnb
ZliBi
dance

385-387.

399.

370

345

Fies.

FiG.

367

FiG.488.

383-384.

oajiteen.

366

370

487.

Fies.

ZnBi

366
.

ZuBipad.
ZuBi toy cradle
ZuBi basketry.

bowleating
ZnBi water
vases-

398.

365

340

361-362.

FrG.

365

pestle
vases.

Fi&S.

FiGS.

onps

Page.
364

340

359-360.

eating
water

condiment

458-159.
468-461.

Fies.

Fies.

ZuBi

Fies.
Fies.

372

hopple.
ZuBi woven

500'-502.
503.

drill.

Znni

head

372
371

aashes.

373
374

dress

375

FiG.509.

Wolpi axes.
metate
Wolpi
ancient
pipe.
Wolpi

350

FiG.510.

Wolpi

efagy-

378

ZnBiwaterpitohers-

350

FiG.511.

378

ZnBi
408-409.

waterpitoherZnBi onps.

350
350

Wolpi
neckornament.
FiGS. 513-513.
Wolpi
effigies
water
vase
FiG. 514. Wolpi

ZnBieatimgbowls..
bowls
ZnBi eating

350

Fies.

515-516.

Wolpi

379

Fies.

410-413.
413-415.

352

FiGs.

517-519.

Wolpi

FiGS.
FiGS.

416-418.
419-481.

Znni

530-523.

Wolpi

FiGS.

FiG.

400.

Zufiicanteen.

FiG.

401.

Znai
Znai

FiG.402.
FiGs.
FiG.
Fies.
FiGS.

403-406.
407.

vase.

bowl.
eating
camteen.

504-507.
508.

atone

375
378

378
379

pot:).
vessels

381

bowls..

354

Fies.

Znni

eating
eating

bowls..

356

Fie.

523.

Wolpi

water
jars
bowl.
eating

422-424.

ZnBi

eating

bowls..

356

524.

Wolpi

cooTdmg

Fies.

425-427.

Zuni

eating

bowls.-

357

FIG.
FIG.

Fies.

428-430.

ZnBi

eating

bowls..

358

Fies.

359

FiG.

360

FIG.531.
FIG.

FiG8.431-436.ZnBi
FiGS. 437-441.

cooking
ZnBi ladies

Fi&s.

442-447.

Znni

clay

bassets

361

FiGS.

448-453.

baskets

361

454-457.

ZnBi
ZnBi

clay

Fies.

paintcnps.

vessels

364

385

vesael-

385
385

525.

Wolpiladie.
526-529.
Wolpi ladiea
basket.
530. Wolpi

532.

Wolpibasin.
vase
Wolpi

tached
Fies.

382

533-534.

386
386
388

and

bowl

388

..Wolpi

at-

clay

statuettes
'>1'"

317

388

318

LIST

Fiss.

535-536.

Fica.

537-538.

Fie.

539.

Fie.

540.

Fies.
FiG.

546.

FIG.

547.

FIG.

Wolpi

basket.
Roor mat.

stick.

weaving
whori.
Wolpi
apindle
548-549.
rabbitstioks..
Wolpi

FiG.550.

Wolpirake

FiG.

551.

Wolpi

Fie.

553.

Wolpi

Fie.

553.

FiG.554.
Fies.

Fies.

637-6-~8.

390

Cochitiwatervessels

Page.
407

Fias.

629-630.

Cochitiwatervessels

407

390

FIGS.
Fies.

631-632.

Cochiti

633-634.

Cochitiwatervessels

390

FIGs.

635-636.

Cochitiwatervessels

408

391

Fies.

637-638.

Cochitiwatervessels

392

Fies.

639-640.

Cochitiwatervessels

408
408

392

Fies.
Fies.

641-643.

Cochitiwatervessels

408

643-644.

Cochitiwatervessels
Cochiti
emgies.

409

390

baskets.
baskets

Wolpi

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Page.
389

Wolpibasketa.
baskets.
Wolpi

Wolpi
541-543.
Wolpi
543-545.
Wolpi

Fies.

OF

392

dmmstiok

Wolpi

treasure-box.
dance
gourd.

Wolpi

treasnre-box.

393

Fies.

393

Fies.

393
0

dance

393

645-647.
648-649.

393

FiG.

655.

Tesuke

TesiLkeef8gy.
Tesuke
cooking

FIG.
FIG.

559.

Wolpi

FiG.

656.

Wolpi

Ilead-dress.
rattle
gourd

394

560.

394

Fie.

561. WolpimusicaUnstrmnent.
562. Wolpi
rattle
gourd

FIG.

657.

394

Fies.

563-565.

FiGS.

566-569.

Wolpi

ornaments.

410

393
oma-

water

394

FiG.658.Tesnkeefagy.
FiG. 659. Tesuke

394

FiGS.

660-662.

396
397

FIGs.

vases.
663-664.

Fie.

397

Fie.

575.

Fies.

397

FIG.

Wolpi

576.

Fie.

667.

Santa

Clara

FIG.

577.

Wolpi
Wolpi

397
398

FiG.

668.

Santa

Clara

wristlet.

FiG.

669.

Santa

moooasin-

Clara

398

Fies.

670-672.

Santa

398
FiGS.

jars.
673-675.

San

399

FiG.

bowls
676. Jemez

vrater

399

FiGS.

FiG.578.

Wolpi

FiG.
FIG.

Wolpi

wnstlet.

Wolpi

riding
drum.

579.
580.

FIG.581.

Wolpi
FIGS. 582-583.
Wolpi
FlG.584.
Wolpiamklets.
Fies.
Fies.
FiG.

585-587.

Lagnna

588-591.
592.

Lagnna
water
Laguna

398

wliip

water
water

vases
vases

400
400

677-680.
CaBon

Fies.

De

681-683.

Santa

Laguna

eBSgies-

601-604.

FIGs.

605-609.

De CheUy.
FiGS. 667-693.
Pitchers

Fies.

610-613.

Lagunae&gies.
Lagnna
eSgieswater
Laguna

402
402

Laguna

eatingbowls

403

Laguna,
Acoma

403

630-632.

Acoma

eatingbowls
water
vases.
water
vases.

Fies.
Fies.

FiG.

404
404

FiGS.

633-634.

Cochitiwatervessels

406

FiGS.

635-636.

Cochitiwatervessels

406

Map

416
416
416
416

water

Jnan

eating
416
417

vessel.

from

597-600.

613-615.

Clara

vessels

FiGS.
FiGS.

616-617.
618-619.

e~gies.
bowleating
platter.
bowleating

from

Fies.

Cafion
De CheIIy.
684-686.
Bowls

DeCheUy.
693-696.

Clara

vessels

401

Fies.

414

eating

CheIIy.
Water

400

FiGS.

Clara

Water

pitcher.
water
jars-

402

414

416

Lagnna

FIGS.

vessel.

416

665-666.

593-596.

403

414

416
Santa

FiGS.

vases

414

jar

bowls

398
MMket.

vaaea-

412
413

414

395

perforator
arrow
straightener

410
vases.

vessel.
cooking
Santa
Clara
water

Wolpi
e~gies
570-572.
Wolpi
eNgies.
573. Wolpi
Iiorniadio574. Wolpi
horn rattle

Fies.
Fie.

408

SantoDomingotMnk-

Fig. 650. Tesukemortarand.pestle.

Fies.
651-653.
Tesuke
water
Fies. 653-654. Tesuke water

Wolpi

407
407

ingvesseYa.

555-558.
ments

FiG.

watervessels

418
620
from

Canon
620

from

Canon
420

Cookingvesselsfrom

CaBon De CheIIy.
697.
Corrngated
rocks
Pictograph

420
vessel

from

location
of the pneblos
showing
of Arizona
and new Mexico.

420
319

ILLUSTRATED
CATALOGUE OF THE COLLECTIONS OBTAINED
FROM THE INDIANS OF NEW MEXICO AND ARIZONA IN 1879.

By

JAMES

STE'PENSON.

INTRODUCTION.
It is not my intention
in the present
is simply what it
paperwhich
to be, a catalogue-to
of the habits, cusattempt
any discussion
life of the Indian
tribes from whom the articles
were
toms, or domestic
nor to enter upn a general
of th pottery
and
obtained;
comparison
other objects with articles
of a like character
of other nations
or tribes.
purports

attention
resemblances
between
Occasionally
may be called to striking
certain articles
and those of other countries,
will
where such comparison
aid in illustrating
form or character.
Th collection
contains
two thousand
and nfty-eight
eight hmidred
it
specimens.
Although
articles
of pottery,
yet it
illustrate
the domestic
life
number
of the specimens

consists
of vessels
and other
very largely
embraces
almost
to
every
object necessary
and art of the tribes from whom the largest
were obtained.
It includes,
in addition
to
of war and hnnting,
rticles
used in domestic
pottery,
implements
of clothing
articles
and personal
manufactures,
adornment,
basketry,
stone implements,
musical instruments,
trappings
for horses, images,toys,
and those used in games and religions
woven fabrics, foods
ceremonies,
and unprepared,
prepared
paints for decorating
pottery and other objects,
earths of which their pottery
is manufactured,
minral
medipigments,
&c.
But the chief value of the collection
is
cines, vegetable
dyestuffs,
th great variety
of vessels
and~ other articles
of pottery
undoubtedly
whieh it contains.
In this respect
it is perhaps
the most complte
that
bas been made from th pueblos.
of articles
of this
Quite a number
be properly
classed
as "ancient,"
and were obtained
group may perhaps
more or less uninjured;
but by far th larger
are of modem
portion
manufacture.

319

320

COLLECTIONS

0F

OF

ARTICLES
These

consist
or stones

t~es,

used

for

mortars
of

articles

for

wheat

grinding

cutting,
splitting,
pounding,
derived
from
generally
schists,
and those
for grinding
and
rocks,
of

a very

hard,

"This
the

largely

minute

the
the

axes,

of
to

and

from

the

celts,

implements
porphyritic
or less com-

more

a number

axes

are

of

th
of

composed

a specimen
of which
was
of Mineralogy
to the

rock,
Curator

from

tors

were

stance

in

nearly

the

which

and

red

ancient

to which

other

or piercing,

are
than

that

axe
Nearly
the

or had
grinders

the

much

occasion

stone

ruins

or less
is to

for

Mesa

made.

an

employed
Cliff

1 was

unable

these

had

been

made

once

sharp

and

whioh

I have

binnt

from

the

by
used
use

for
in

originally
a woman
using
volcanic
rock to mix

observed

in pulverizing
all the edged

stone

greatest
perjEection
but recently
been
and
mortars
are

are

implements

were

either

worn,
for

too

discovered

when

frequently

found

chipped,
by the fact
of this
kind
day.

They

inhabithe present
in most
cases
been

dwellers,
to learn

were

they

therefore

if
applied
for cutting,

nsed

by
have

They

and

is

Indians

implement
the
prsent

at

edges,
worn

and

the

imperfect,
accounted

be

by

of the

rock

implements

more

form

rock
are_
the
these
spci-

it is very interesting.
I should
which,
judge,

standpoint
to the rock,

manufacture;
the
Indians

made

The

fibrolite.

octahedral

through
coloration
which

of hematite.

condition

to be

it
of

crystals

scattered

The

films

a lithological

probably
one of

cases

all

purposes
than
one

thin

demonstrate

minute

volcanic
rock, not
manufacture
of implements.

collected
they

with

magnetite,
of rutile.

This

ever,
of a hard

are usually
tants
in the

The

mottled

and
mauls,
are generally

hatchets,

if

rarely,

showing
manner

of

of which

properties
is fiUed

optical
rock

splitting,
or piercing
or otherwise
injured.
that
they
are all of

some

hatchets,

scraping
and

Quite

number

the toughness
imparts
its value
for the purposes

increase

pottery.

sandstones.

cnriousiy
W.
George

is due

schist,

The

In

and

crushing

and

crystals

fibrolite

being

axes,

trachytic,
foods
are

basaltic,

compact
and a large

composed

yellow

would

corn;

perforating,

and

stones

possess

fibrolite
The

lava

heavy,
to Dr.

substance,
In addition,
which
are
mens

and

Hawes,
for examination,
and of which
he says:
Museum,
which
was so extensively
Indians
employed
by the Pueblo
rock,
manufacture
of various
has
to
be
proved
composed
utensils,
of quartz,
with
which
is a nne,
radiated
iutermingled
fibrous,

National
for

coarse

rubbing

submitted

circular
grinding
pigments;
or ground;
are bruised
me-

food

are

posed
metate

STONE.

&c.

scrapers,

mauls,
The

and

ofpestles
certain

in which

mortars,

1879.

ancesby whose
of a single
inmodern
Indians.
cutting,

splitting,
or other

pounding
intended.

On

more

the

edge

of

a hand-

with

clay

for

making
Those

thus

small
we

injured.
to utilize
obtained

composed

in this
thom.
of

softer

OF

ARTICLES

STEVENSON.]

STONE.

~21

For a more
or gritty
sandstone
complete
either
clays.
ferruginons
a comparative
we must
of these
stone
dependon
implements
knowledge
and such
information
different
from
of large
collections
localities,
study
rather
than
their
may
as the cireumstances
discovery
impart,
attending
are
now emuses
for which
or the
condition
they
their
npon
present
rock,

ployed.
Metates

or

large

and

and heavy,
command

at the

the

among
Indians.

stones

rnbbing
The metates

are

be transportedwith
are

They

to

belong

in a place

the

quite
means

generally
the limited

to the
adapted
and prosecnte

well

therefore

remain

who

of village
cultural

well

not

could

of

and

pestles
Indians.

grain-grinders,

indnstry

milling

uses

agrifrom
10

permanently
Indians,
and
of rectangular
are generally
shape,
They
pursuits.
of varions
and are composed
in length
to 20 inches
by 6 to 12 in width,
kinds
the
being
though
Mnds
coarse-grained
preferable,
of rock,
harder,
desirable
stone
is
th most
is employed
instances
sandstone
in some
Thse

lava.

porous
Pueblos

are

stones

moving
farms
in cnitivation.

th

with

carried

sometimes
to

distances

short

families

of streams

valleys

in

of

the

which

they

are arranged
villages
they
permanent
20
wide
and
each
about
inches
in small
608),
rectangular
(see Fig.
to
from
5 to 10 feet in length,
series
according
the
whole
ranging
deep,
of sandstone.
are usually
The walls
or divisions.
the
of bins
nnmber
is firmly
or grinding
stones
metates
one of these
In each
compartment
female
to the kneeling
it convenient
to make
grinder.
set at a proper
angle
of texture
those
of different
slabs
degrees
In this
arrangement
bf the
or
of fineness
to th meal
an inereased
as to produce
degree
are so placed
But
a small
number
of these
from
one to the other.
flour as it is passed
have

In

the

bins

were

these

metates

th

are

about

at
The

have

regarded
are

Znni,
emigrant

known

two

certainly

carefnl

more

the

now

The

Cibola."

Znni

situated

Zuni

River,
of

is
obtained,
hundred
two

Znni,

miles

as

trains,

Old

situated
the

from

or rather
Znni,
found
evidences
not

sufficient

from

southwest

country

Zuni,"

on
a

site

of

knoll
the

portion
the

pueblo
of
summit
in

old

the
town.

Old Zuni,"
as one of the
old
and around
both the
this

warrant

of

the

western

was
a

view,

and

located

high
of the

valley
Certain

at

to

of these

F.

Santa
the

the

side

third

texture

near

Mexico,

necessary.
of travel
line
on the
lying
the Pacinc
and trade
between

visiting

to th

longitndi-

the

important

New

to this

upon

worn

Seven

mesa.
Zuni

writers
Cities

and

present
and
farther

are

investigations

althongh

foreigners
21 E

is

in

Accompanying
down
up and

while

sides,

grinders.
th
most

miles
visit

of Coronado's

modern
about

concave

flat

in regard

exists

variety

the

two

have

which

time
is

what

of their
great
weight.
are
rubbed
which
stones,
hand-stones
are
These

from

of

was

the

same

as in

rabbing-stones,
The pueblo
collection

long,

The

oval.

romains

border,
At

account

slim, flat
the grain.
thns
crushing
some
varions
shapes;

slabs,
into

nally

on

collected

slabs

them

have

seldom

of
coast

remained

military
and the
long

expeditions,
Rio Grande,

in their

village;

322

nor

COLLECTIONS

bas

the

OF

1879.

wave
of Caucasian
settlement
suniapproached
influence
on their
any marked
manners
and cusat least
the form
and decoration
toms
of their
bear
no marked
pottery
evidence
of the influence
of the more
civilized
races.
highly
The
collection
made
here by the expdition
was more
extensive
than
that
from
and numbers
any other
about
fifteen
hundred
place,
objects,
of which
the
is composed
by far
of earthenware
larger
part
articles.
These
include
and
small
water
large
canteens
of varions
sizes
vases,
and

advancing
to exert

near

ciently

and
cups,
water
jugs,

baskets
used
in their
dances,
and
salt
bowls,
spoons,
pepper
water
boxes,
pitchers,
treasure
water
bread-bowls,
Navajo
jugs,
boxes,
ancient
vases,
caps,
cooking
pots,
and groskillets,
pottery,
animais,
It belongs
to the variety
of cream-white
tesque
images.
mostly
pottery,
decorated
in black
and brown
a portion
is red ware,
with
color
colors;
decorations
in black.
There
are also several
without
ornamentapieces
of black
but the latter
tion, and one or two pieces
were most
ware,
probobtained
from
other
ably
and
the same
is true in refertribes,
possibly
ence to a few
of other
kinds
which
pieces
unusual
or
present
figures
forms.
shapes,

cooking

paint-pots,

ladles,

pottery

eating

at the figures
glance
on the tinajas,
or water
depicted
vases,
to show
any one who has examined
the older
of this
pottery
and fragments
of which
specimens
are found
region,
the
among
ruins,
that
a marked
bas taken
in their
ideas of beauty.
change
place
Althongh
the rigid,
and geometric
angular,
are yet found
in their
zigzag,
figures
have
they
decorations,
largely
given
rounded
way to curved
lines,
figand attempts
to represent
natural
ures,
objects.
A few apparently
couventional
are still
fignres
as
generally
retained,
around
the ontside
of the necks
of the vases
and
on the outer
surface
will

of

th

their
or

slight
suffice

bowls,
probably
suggested
arid country,
and in fact
by
deer
is a very
marked
feature

ware,
is that

and

vases

and

of

is often

found

under

grotesquely-shaped
the outer
surface

of

originally
by the
rigid
their
buildings.
Thengure
in the ornamentation
of
an

bird,
bowls.

ARTICLES
Tinajas,
le.

They
in diameter.

They

found

OF

Another

very

also

on the

of

of the
their

common
necks

of

are

elk

white
figure
water

CLAY.

or water
are

5 to 7 inches
na.

arch.

outlines

are called
in th
vases,
<MA-p{-K-&aZnni tongne
from
8 to 12 inches
in height,
usually
and from
12 to 15
A smaller
size of the same
which
are from
form -of vessels,
in height
and from
8 to 10 in diameter,
are called
~Kof

three

colors,

cream

white,

polished

red,

and

black:

BTEYEXEON.j

there
of

are
the

but

ARTICLES

in the

four

white

or

variety.

being
some

present
363,

359,

pieces

in

are

black.

four

and

364,

which

those

collection;
the rosette

by

Thefollowing
a careful

By
of the

and

372,

(41167)
of these

study

following

which

figures,

any other
the pottery

Zuni

Fig.
and

are

but

and

(39935)

Fig.371,

we find

checkered
water

of scrolls

figure

is common

that

it would-be

vase.

The

ways:

375,

chiefly

triangular
in a diamond
&c.
361,362,

open
frequently
circles,
or arches
as in Figs.
scrolls;
or in
the
meander
or Greek
fret
on these,
A marked
characteristic
of the decorations

the
the

in

Fig.

consist

they

various

is the
fact

seen

in

on

and

floral

nearest

out

convex

surface

to

which

tell

marked
with
a circular
or crescent-shaped
usually
on the rnmp,
and a red diamond
over
the region
placed
white,
from
it to the mouth,
with
a line of the same
color
extending
heart,
the head
of the animal
is always
toward
the
with white
margined
be

will

observed

into

by

zones

by-lines-sometimes
near
th base,

slender-one

generally
at the shoulder,
and
the neck,
base.

and
two

the

lines

stripes
inserted.

or inclosed

spot,
of the

ments

the

rim,
shoulder,
zones
are often

of
widely

As
of some

sometimes

these

which

vessels

exceptional

indicating
typical

in

size
as well

around
one
of

zone
the

double,

but

middle,

one

embracing
undecorated

364
in Figs.
as shown
367 (40317)
in Figs.
two,
the middle
one quite
as seen in
narrow,
in the fignot always
shown
Although
and

show

some

seldom
broad

by
scroll

circles,

as seen

are

bottom

interrupted

figures,

considerable

specimens
and
proportion
as

the

both

right.
surface
is

the

pieces,
sometimes

single,
or two

one

the

spaces

Measurements
portion,
orations.

on

decorated

thus
rim;
forming
the
exclusive
body,
one zone on the body

three,
362 (41150).

and
at

the

is but

(39871)
but often

The

vases.

at

three

there

359
and
(40322)
and 370 (41146);
3&1 (39934)
Figs.
ures,
Zuni

one
or

Sometimes

the

examining

of
are

in

As

to

Fig. 375.
Although
artists
have
appre-

(40785)
the Zuni

bowls,
of place
on the
or deer-for
it is difficult

elks

so

figures
approach

intendedare

divided

con-

distinguished

(40785)

that

in

combined

vine
the

be

370).

the
ciated

by
forms

specimens

those

common

line

may

two

large

vessels.

double

brown,
cream-

the

space

360

Fig.

ip the absence
of vines
puebio
of this
The
on those
of some
of the other
pueblos.

on

one

represented

are

361,

of

circular

which

there

Fig.
374.
decorations

on the neck;
usually
figures,
as in Fig.
359 (39871);
figure,
In no instance
do we find
fact

by

366, 367, 368,

to be unique:

appear

Fig.

(41149)

represented
Figs.

(see

of

type

but

and

chiefly
The
decorations
typesthose
uncolored

those

distinguishing
characteristic;
sidered
a representative,
of which

and

second,
black

in

general
the

the
the

of the

decorations
in

823

CLA.Y.

comparativelyfew

five

group

Figs.

collection
The

last

OF

abnormal

uniformity
also

being
I

wanting
perpendicular
or rosettes

give

exceptional'in
here

specimens.

the

in
are

of prodecmeasure-

324

OF

COLLECTIONS

1879.

The figures show the height, the diameter

of the
and the diameter
of the month in inches.

at the widest

body

pa.rt,

.um"<10

=~M. g

1.
B.
3.
<
5.
6..
7.

8.25
10.25
ULOO
12.00
10.75
11.00
7.25
7.00
4.25
4.40
3.50
3.50
7.75
9.00

-.

6.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.

If we rednce
thse
of measorement,

nnit

N~nb.r.

1.
2.
3.
4.
S.
6.
7..

to proportion,
using the
the result is as follows

~bcr.

might.

M
M
?
81
74
84
72

.M
.M
.M
.68
.57
.61
.M

8.
9.
M.
U.
12.
13.
14.

diameter

of

of

body.

12.00
13.75
13.25
14.50
1450
18.00
10.00
9.25
675
5.50
450
4.25
8.00
9.75

of body

month.

&7S
7.BO
7.15
8.50
825
8.00
5.00
5.40
4.60
3.75
3.25
2.90
5.75
6.50

as the

HeigM.

SI
?
M
78
82
97
91

M
M
M
72
68
72
67

From this it will be seen that No. 148, which is represented

by Fig. 373
broad in proportion
to the height.
Nos. 152 and
(39774), is nnnsnally
153 vary to the extrme
in the other direction;
No. 153 is shown in Fig.
364 (40322).
these and taHng
the means of the large and
Excluding
small kinds separately
we find the average
ratios to be as ibUows .
Hetght.

Lajge.76
SmaN .78
Most of the water jugs of both the
form of canteens,
usually more or less
from a pint to four gallons.
On each
form of a loop or knob, throngh
or
shawl or strip of cloth, or a cord long

Dameter
of month.

.57
.61
Shinnmos

and Znnians
are in the
and varying
in capacity
spherical,
side there is a small handle in the
around which is placed
a small
enongh to pass over the forehead
so as to suspend
the vessel against
the back jnst below the shoniders.
The other jnga are of varions
fancifnl
shapes, which will be noted in the
A large portion are of plain brown ware, a fewplainwhite,
catalogue.
and others white with colored
decorations.
Various
names
are nsed
to designate
the dinerent
kinds rather
than
the uses for
apparently
~rhich they are intended.
when present,
are always
on the npper side, which
Th decorations,

STBMNEO!

MEASUREMENT

0F

CLAY

VESSELS.

325

the
it is intended
or aide on which
than th lower,
convex
more
white ware the
In the ornamented
vessel shall lie when not in use.
red or brown.
'lower portion is usually
it
are the work of North American
As aJl these clay fabrics
Indians,
a characterfor me to say that they are unglazed,
is scarcely
necessary
of ail aboriginal
pottery.
istic, so far as I am aware,
of the black ware, show a smooth
Some of the specimens,
especially
as
to the term, be classed
withont
violence
finish, and may perhaps,
but is a
ur partial
lustrons.
This is not the effect of a varnish
glazing,
with a polishing
if not always,
by rabbing
generally,
polish prodnced
stone.
of which the ware is made is comparaas a rule, the paste
Although,
of the decoyet many pieces, especially
tively free from foreign matter,
or
ash-colored
little
widtish
show
specks.
rated
ware, when broken,
east of the Mississippi,
in
fonnd
have,
when
potte~
aboriginal
These,
of
or particles
considered
as fragments
I believe, been without
question
This may be correct in rfshell broken up and mixed with the paste.
but
east of and in the Mississippi
to the pottery
found
Valley,
erence
of
New
the
Indians
of
matter
in
the
whitish
and
this
pottery
grayish
which is
cases
and Arizona
is in most
Mexico
pottery,
pulverized
is

crnshed
Black
lava is sometimes
crnshed
and mixed with the paste.
manner.
used
in
the
same
and
in its natural
used is a clay, apparently
The principal
material
state,
free
to locality.
in color according
comparatively
Although
varying
we detect in some of the coarser
from pebbles or lumps of foreign matter,
of mica and grains of other materials,
and in
small particles
specimens
of
a
small
insect.
But
the
one broken
coleopterous
specimen
elytron
to have been free from foreign matter.
as a general
rule, the paste appears
is sufficient
to show that the
A slight glance at this large collection

worked
by no specific
mie, and that they did not use patterns.
and
that only a few general
forms were adopted,
it is apparent
the entire collection
may be grouped
by these,
that, with few exceptions,
are exactly
they differ in size, or varymore
alike
yet no two specimens
to the ornaThe same thing
is also true in reference
or less in form.
mentation
while there is a striking
similarityin
general characteristics,
in details.
No two similar
there is an endless
pieces can bo
variety
the same ornamental
found bearing
pattern.
precisely
of vessels of variof the collection
consists
Much the larger
portion
potters
While

ons kinds, such as bowls, cooking utensils,

canteens,
bottles, jars, pitch&c.
jugs, water vases, ornamental
vessels,
paint-pots,
ers, cups, ladies,
of holding
ten gallons,
These vary in size from the large vase, capable
which will contain
less than half a pint.
to the little cup and canteen,
includes
ail those articles
which
smaller
The other and much
portion
such as images,
as vessels,
cannot be classed
toys, toilet articles, reprecan perhaps
be most satis&c.
The collection
sentations
of animais,

3~6

COLLECTIONS

OF

1879.

to the coloring,
factorilyclassined
by reference
and quai.
ornamentation,
ity, thus
1. T~e red or uncolored
which is without
ornamentation
of
pottery,
Some of this is coarse and rough, and in this case
any kind.
always
more than ordinarily
thick; but th larger portion bas the surface smooth
and often polished.
The color varies from the natural
dull leaden hue

of the clay, to a bright

brick red, the latter largely predominating.
The brown ware, or that which shows an admixture
of mica.
This,
without
color decorations,
although
is occasionally
uniformly
marked
with impressed
and Unes.
inferlor
in quality,
figures
Althongh
being
coarse and fragile, it presents
more symmetrical
less varied
though
forms than are usually found in the
The innaence
of
preceding
gronp.
contact with the European
races is hre very apparent,
as, for example,
in the trne pitcher
and other common utensils
and an apparent
attempt
at glazing.
3. The black ware which is without
ornamentation.
This variety
in
is precisely
like the polished
quality
and character
red of the first group;
but is slightly
in advance
of that in regard
to finish, and perhaps,
as
heretofore
while the red may be
remarked,
may be classed as lustrons,
classed as semi-instrous.
The paste of which this blackware
is formed
to have been better prepared
than that of th preceding
appears
varieand firmest in th collection.
ties, and is the hardest
4. The cream-white
This extensive
pottery decorated in colors.
group,
'which includes
of the entire collection,
embraces
fully two-thirds
almost
the tribes from whom
'every known form ofearthenware
manufacturedby
it was obtained.
The paste of which it is formed is similar in character
to that of the black ware.
When
broken
the fracture
shows very disthe interior
leaden
tinctly the effect of burning,
being of the natnral
off to a dull grayish white as it approaches
the outer surcolor, shading
face.
The opaque or creamy-white
a coating
of opaque whitewash.
are afterwards
drawn.

color
Upon

of the surface is produced

by
white surface
the figures

this

The only colors used in decorating

pottery
shade of brown.
But of this we will speak
to describe
the peculiar
methods
practiced
and adorning
making
pottery.

are black, red, and some

more fully when we come
tribes in
by the different

there is a strong
Although
general
similarity
the great variety
of details renders
it
mentation,
idea of them to
figures so as to convey a correct
have to refer him to the numerous
therefore
cuts
whch have been introduced
for the pnrpose
of

in this colored
ornadifficult to classifythe
the reader.
We shall
and the colored plates

the cataillustrating
logue.
The following- general
statement
is about ail that can be said in reference to them before descending
to spcifie dtails.
So far as the coloring is concerned
they are of two kinds, those having

OF

SIMILARITY

sTEVENsox.]

the

The

red.

accompanied
of them

aiways
speaking

and

those

differences

in

black,

wholly

figures
or
brown

which

are

gnishing
erally

the

globular,
barder

and

geometrical

drawn,
other

gronp;
the

friable

and

by

formed
also
find

the

the

distin-

additional

lines

straight
meander

more

are

or

Greek

placed
the
curve

singly

of the

older

in

common

fret

correctly
in the
found

or never
designs
rarely
to both
common
which
are
animals,
in zones
or gronps,
distributed
usually

ornamentation

the
color

the

of

figures
gronp.
more
are in the former
ties,
are
in the latter
they
generally
in which
we see
latter
variety,
over

body

decorations,
or salmon

other

several

The

advance

that

than

(those
plastic
of the

is more
genshape
some.
and the pottery
superior,
the angular
of th other
gronp;

rather

workmanship

figures
we
here
vine,

group

As

polished.
notice
that

we

the

red

well

nsnally

this

less

and

what
this

but

by bnrning,
of
features

of
the

partly
to be

to warrant

The
former
groups.
made
of the ordinary

or

are
which
wholly
black),
figures
half
or two-thirds
the
have
blue
upper
only
clay,
the white
with
vessel
overlaid
for receiving
coating
and of the natural
pale
lower
uncoated,
part
being
produced

appear

pottery
sufficient

variations

the

having

and

black

partly

decorated

the

other
by certain
varieties
different

as

327

ORNAMENTATION.

variewhile

The
spaces.
an evident
shows

in

inclosed

freely

used,
and
pottery
of this region;
are less sharp,
the outlines

as rude,
and
indicate
older
they
yet
specimens,
of
advance
in
the
conception.
greater
variety
clearly
a mental
unbe gronped
as regards
entire
of this
may
The figures
forms,
class,
most
the
which
is
the
der
three
geometrical,
headings
first,
general
at
rude
of animals;
attempts
th
third,
figures
and,
second,
common;
to say, in but
rare.
are rather
which
forms
Strange
noral
decorations,
form
or any
the human
at representing
can any
few instances
attempt
decorations.
in these
color
discovered
of
it
be
part
as
but we notice,
an endless
variety;
The
present
figures
geometric
acnmian
with
that
cuts
and
elongate
is shown
triangles
plates,
by the
dcorain th black-brown
are very
common
and the
nate
zigzag
apex
most
The animais
also is not uncommon.
Th checkered
tions.
figure
the

while

and

the

vessels,

red

pottery

M)~

6.
good

which

TAe

in

as

are

the

elk

the

well

are

of which

and

rude
of

species

This

~ecof~oKs.

in

and

or deer

drawn,

ofvarious
color

heretofore
many
or rim.

in black,
the neck

every

~Mch

of

Figs.

ware

680

dcora-

noral

at

representing

Helianthus.
is

represented

to the

it
that
except
mentioned,
are decorated
only on the

ancientpottery,

The

attempts

similar

respect

birds.

best

is marked
upper

(0816)

and

variety
with
portions
693

by but
of the
figures
around

(40817)

are

examples.

The

Puebio

manufacture
may

flowers

Red M~fe

few

classed

defined

represented
vines
chiefly

frequently
are
tions
trees,
5.

be

mnst

figures
so well

not

and

be

tribes

of

New

earthenware
mentioned

as one

Mexico

vessels
of these

for

and

Arizona,
use.

domestic

exceptions;

with
The

although

rare

exceptions,
of Taos

Pueblo
the

manner

of

328

COLLECTIONS

OF

1879.

of the tribe are similar to

habits, and characteristics
living, the general
those of the other Pueblo
and although
Indians,
they make use of potit.
Some pices,
tery for domestic
they do not manufacture
purposes,
such as waterjars
and vessels used for cooking, are made in the village,
but this occurs only in such families
as have intermarried
with other
tribes where the manufacture
of the native ware is carried on.
The Pueblos
among whom the manufacture
of pottery or earthenware
utensils
as a conspicuous
feature
of their peculiar
civilimay be classed
zation at the present
San
as follows
time, are situated
geographically
Santo Domingo,
San Felipe,
Juan, Santa Clara, San Ildefonso,
Cochiti,
on the Rio Grande;
Sandia, and Isleta, located
Pojake, Tesuke, Nambe,

and Acoma,
on the
situated
Jamez, Zia or Silla, Santa Aoa, Laguna,
tributaries
of the Rio Grande;
of the
Zun, and some small pueblos
same tribe all within
the borders
of New Mexico.
Zuni however
is
located
on the Rio Zuni, which nows into the Little Colorado
River.
The Moki pueblos,
seven in all, are embraced
in what is
numbering
called the Province
of Tusyan,
and are located
within
the Territory
of
near its northeastern
corner.
Arizona,
The Zunians
and Shinumos,
situated
farther
from civilized
although
by their usages than any of the other Indians
people and less influenced
all the other tribes in th manufacture
of aU kinds
surpass
mentioned,
of earthenware.
The collections
made from these tribes, as will be seen
td the catalogue,
and variety,
those
by reference
exceed, both in number

from ail th others cbmbined.

The collection
as enamerated
in the catafrom all the pueblos
referred
to.
logue includes
specimens
the uses of these articles
are to a great extent
the same
Althongh
among ail the Pueblo
tribes, and the shapes and forms are apparently
similar, yet to the experienced
eye there is no difficulty
in detectingthe
whioh distinguish
one from the other, or at least in assgnpeculiarities
ing them to the tribes with which they originated.
It will be observed
both to the colored
and wood-cut
by reference

illustrations
that there are special distinctions
between
the ornamentation of the pottery
of the pueblos
of the Rio Grande Yalley and of those
situated
on the tributaries
of the Rio Colorado.
In the decorations
of
the former the birds and vine are conspicuous
and constantly
recurring
while in the ZuBi and Shinumo
the elk, domestic
anifeatures,
pottery
are the figures
most fremals, and birds peculiar to these arid regions
The difference is easily aocountedfbr
when we are informed
quentlyused.
of the fact that the former tribes reside in th valley of the Rio Grande,
which is well adapted
to th culture of the grape as well as other crops.
The ever-present
vine and the numerous
birds which Hock to this fertile valley will naturally
for decoration.
On the other
suggest
figures
and Shinumos
reside in regions
almost destitute
of
hand, the Zunians
therefore
their dewater, and hence without
any attractive
vegetation;
of their dwellings,
their
signs are drawn chiefly from the sharp outlines
domestic

animais,

birds,

and

the elk and antelope

that

graze

in the little

BTETEKsoN.]

MANUFACTURE

OF

POTTERY.

329

but from
drawn from nature,
None of these are actually
grassy oases.
them in
never
have
an
before
as
and
object
they
imagination
memory,
or painting.
molding
to imito do we observe
any attempts
In none of the cases referred
ancient
of the so-called
pottery,
tate the exact forms or ceramic designs
entire vessels of which are found throughout
and sometimes
fragments
from the fact that in the
This seems strange
this southwestern
region.
we find but few which are the result of their
use of stone implements
and from them, and the
The old ruins are searched,
own handiwork.
rubbing
hammers, hatchets,
mortsrs,
them, stone pestles,
stones are
and polishing
arrow
and
spear
heads,
picks,
stones, scrapers,
and are kept and
all the pueblos,
of nearly
collected
by the inhabitants
used by them.
of pottery
is a
the Zunians in the manufacture
The clay mostly usedby
the
usuallynear
clayey shale found in layers
carbonaceous,
dark,bluish,
near
mesas are situated
of
thse
elevated
Several
mesas.
of
the
tops
This carbonaceous
obtain
this material.
ZuBi, from which the natives
kneads
as
a
baker
then
kneaded
and
dough
mixed
withwater
clay is first
lavais
with this, crushedvolcanic
untilitreachestheproperconsistency;
dbris

about

fragments
but th Zunians more frequently
pulverize
mixed;
This
this
for
have
been
purpose.
which
preserved
of broken
pottery,
th paste
or Ecaoture by rendering
seems to prevent
explosion,
cracking,
without
injurious
to allow the heat to pass through
snfficiently
porous
quanis ready to be used a sufficient
When the clayey dough
effect.
The dough, if worked by a careful artist, is
tHy is rolled into a bail.
a pice of the paste
by putting
first tested as to its fitness for molding
of whioh is such as to detect
any
the sensitiveness
to the tongue,
Tbe
fail to do so.
the fingers
when
or particles,
substance
gritty
into the shape of a bowl (this
out with the fingers
bail is hollowed
and
for
all
varieties
of earthenware)
the foundation
form constituting
ail
of
the
of
addition
the
clay;
form
strips
the
desired
assumes
by
is added,
before another
of each strip are removed
traces of the addition
from a pice of gourd or fragfashioned
by the use of a small trowel
of pottery.
in the manufacture
the only tool employed
ment of pottery,
of old water jars and bowls form stands for the articles
The bottoms
The bowls are filled with sand when
while being worked by the potter.
1 have often
to
be made.
form
are
Although
of
a
globular
objecta
observed
the use of a
1
ever
have
the process,
watched
yet in no instance
kind.
or
The
makers,
model
of
any
measuring
instrument,
potter'swheel,
and skill derived
on memory
entirely
who are always
depend
females,
when completely
The vessels
their work.
to accomplish
from practice
or soluA paint
to
sun-dry.
laid
in
some
convenient
place
formed are
calcareous
earth, consisting
tion is then made, either of a fine white
indurated
clay, almost
of lime, or of a milk-white
mainly of carbonate
from decomposed
derived
and
in
insoluble
apparently
acids,
wholly
to
is applied
This solution
of mica.
with a small proportion
feldspar
sometimes

330

COLLECTIONS

the

surface

of

the

vessel

and

OF

allowed

1879.

to

it is

dry;

then

for

ready

the

decorations.
The pigments
are also
poses
the Indiansin

from

which

found

the

in the

other

from

a light
these

which

produces
and is ground
dition,
ink for use.
When
water

leaves

of

which

leaf,
sizes
this

The

and
gredients
The method
from

what

red

the

decorated
used

for

pens

that

it is
of carbonate

care

greatest
and must

be

purpose.
a piece
of the
np

to

Rio

those
The
facture
their

more

pueblos

western
of

is

that

the

chiefiy
chief

The

clays

are

is

of different
to draw.

a clayey
material

The

In
brown
used

are

in

baking
who
make
on

Their

pottery
with
the
it

process
of
be

a carbonized
the

by
fuel

is

or

Indians

to
all
fuel

peculiar

sometimes
manure
falls

hapcareagainst
is left

smoky

spot
as a blemish.
burnt

without
danger
t
pottery
adopted
similar
to that
described

The

to a white

of such
the

black

is nearly

dried

be removed

eastern

of
Zunians

baked,

thoroughly

but
Indians,
and polishing.

pottery.
differs
some-

quantities
of the

part

in-

principal

pottery

the

contact

baking

th

of Znni

blemishes.
of

pueblos

the

as practiced
by the
there
is considerable
Polishing
and
but

pueblos,

is praelittle

by

region.

Santa

large
quantities
own use.
It is

ware
ists.

is regarded
until
the

and
Laguna
of decorating
Indians
of the

the

by

ware

These

from

the

instance

of manufacturing
is quite
GrandeYalley

chiefly
of the

and

hard.

which
is composed
fuel,
around
th
vessels
to

mode

ticed

may wish
are produced.

manufacture

tribes

free

During

whieh
jar or bowl,
is carefully
watched
when
th vessels
can

Acoma,
method

conIndia

colored
yellowish
impure
clay,
some
sand
and
clay, but contains

a necessity
this
operation.

baked

oven-shaped
In every
such

Zuni,
Shinumo,
in the
dimrence

end,

quite

clay,
is a

be
in

one
artist

pottery
th black

Zunians

the

by

the

ash,
The

the

in the

the

by

employed
It seems

that

built
fully
the
vessel.
kiln

at
the

mainly
of lime.

involved

practiced

that

ware.

observe

on

on

indeed

methods

pur-

employed
by
varies
slightly

is properly
and mixed
with
reduced,
it is applied
with
brushes
made
of
solution,
These
brushes
are made
of flat
of the
pieces

dcorations

of iron;
amount

small

mesas,
each of which

pigment

a thin

the

decorative
are

found
in a hard,
generally
stony
stone
as we reduce
just
mortar,

used
in producing
or ferruginous
indurated
the red or brown
colors

oxide

a very

and

is

a small

yucca.
off and bruised
stripped
to the coarse
or fine lines

all

for
and

colors,
in the process
of baking,
or the manvaries
from
a black
to a blackish-brown,
to a dark
dull red
color.
The material

substance

hematite,
to produce
from

red

colors

the

are

adapted
manner

One

the

so as to form

the

of heat

brick
in

derived

of the

of two

th production
to the intensity
according
ner in which
it is applied.
the

are

paints

vicinity

found,
difference
nsed

San
Clara,
Cochiti,
Juan,
Tesuke,
&c., manuof pottery
for sale in addition
to that
for
made
in these
eastem
that
the black
pueblos
polished
and
it is in the production
of this
class
of ware
in the

in

the

ceramic
manufacture

art

between
of

this

the

two

sections

ware

are

of th

exsame

BTzvENsoN.]

as those

character
the

same

kiln

the

moulding

color
the

when

and

of
is

th

is

and

snn

other

process
the
as with

in

in
th
the

words,

th&

the

during
the same

331

is prepared
for
ready

paste

In
clay.
in making

produced
but

POTTERY.

the
is made;
are formed

original

in the

is dried

it

vessels

not

vessel,
vessel

the

forming
formed

other

th

color

blaok

of

manner

the

of

or forming

to

change

when

OF

MANUFACTURE

the

of which

so that

way,
are

they

IN

USED

CLAYS

paste

of baking.
western

in

or

The

tribes;
this
a
after
way;
and into the ontside

the

same

is applied
ochre-colored
clay
as are to be polished.
of the
surface
parts
or to such
the
of polishing
still
is
thus
process
While
this
solution
applied
moist,
with
thus
washed
fine-grained
th
smooth,
parts
by
rubbing
begins
rubbed
still
retain
thus
The parts
until
stones
glossy.
dry and
quite
in the
are
The
vessels
the
red
color
of
again
placed
the original
clay.
are
for
when
ready
to become
they
sun
and
allowed
thoroughly
dry,
in
color
differences
that
the
the
of
It is in this part
great
process
baking.
on a level
in a heap
are
The vessels
are prodnced.
together
placed
broken
dried
over
with
covered
and
coarsely
carefally
spot
of ground
is
The
kiln
thns
formed
from
the
corrals.
then
ignited
obtained
manure

solution

of

near

side

fine

very

the

top,

several

at

points.
is proper
to add
of a brick-red

It

that

here

the

nsed

clays
an

Santa

the

by

of

admixture

Indians

Clara

containing

very

fine

sand,
color,
with
in burning,
and hence
dispenses
cracking
prevents
doubt,
which,
of the
is
the
cnstom
as
or
of
lava
the necessity
pottery
fragments,
using
a suffiis carried
on until
The burning
western
of th
Indians
pueblos.
which
still
bake
the
to
of heat
is obtained
vessels,
cient
properly
degree
snch
of th vescolor.
At
this
red
brick
their
jnnctnre
retain
original
removed
from
are
in that
condition
remain
desired
have
sels as it-is
are

no

the

fire

the

artists

is

black

color.

is

absorbed
It

the

by
is in

this

is prodnced.
pueblos
It is said that
among

Those
which
ready
for use.
and another
to remain
apand
covering
completely

made,
of
a portion
dark
a dense,
smoke,
the desired
them
vessels
and
gives
eastem
ware
of these
the black
that

finely
pulverized,
fuel,
This produces
the fire.

smothering
which

to
to

intend
of

plication

are
when
they
cool,
allowed
black
are
color

allowed

and

baking
manner

Pueblos
and some other
Santa
Clara,
decorative
deof
their
some
to
matter
is employed
a vegetable
produce
Insome
of the
unable
to
I
was
though
verify,
however,
signs
this,
of the
me a bunch
and fnrnished
plant,
me of the
dians
assured
fact,
found
to be Cleome
Dr.
of the Agrieultural
which
Department,
Vasey,
A
Western
Territories.
the
a
common
thronghont
plant
tM~ft/b!
to
be
said
and
some
burnt
some
unburnt,
of the ware,
few
specimens
decorated
As
tion,
simple.

with

the

heretofore
there

are
Any

th

oil

Cochiti,

orjuice

really
one

but
interested

of this

plant

were

the

notwithstanding

remarked,
few

different
in

the

and

figures,
study

of

secured.

variety
thse

Indian

in ornamentaare mostly
quite
art can find in the

332

COLLECTIONS

OP

1879.

figures and plates of this catalogue

all the original
of the
conceptions
artists
of the Puebio
Indians
as depicted
by them.
While it is of value in th
and as affording
study of ethnology,
a
means of comparison
in th study of
there is nothing
in the
archseology,
or
composition
or in the form of the vessels, that ceramic
ornamentation,
artists
of the civilized races would desire to
copy.
As a means of reference
in the study of ancient
American
I
pottery,
consider
the collection
as it can scarcely
be possible
that
invaluable,
the forms and decorations
contain
that has been handed
down
nothing
from a former age.
the figures used have no symbolic
Although
characters connected
with them in the mind of the modern
artist, yet it is
more than probable
that at least some of them did have snch a
meaning
to the ancient
artists.
For example,
the little tadpole-shaped
figure
on the clay baskets
used in their dances and sacred
ceremonies
by the
ZuBians
is nnderstood
a little water
by them to represent
articolate,
is probably
which, as heretofore
the larva
of some insect
stated,
or
in the pools and sluggish
very common
crastacean,
streams
of the
inhabited
country
Indians.
by these
that
this
Now, it is possible
figure has been used with the same meaning
from time immemorial,
but I find, as pointed
out to me by Prof. Cyrus
that almost
Thomas,
the same figure is on a vessel pictured
exactly
onPlate VII of the manuscript
of some kind is evidently
Troano, where a religions
ceremony
The same figure
represented.
is also found in Landais
character
for
the Maya day C~, a word
signifying
copal, a gnm or resin formerly
nsed in religions ceremonies
as incense.
1 find also on Plate XXXY
of
the same manuscript
the figures of bowls or pots with legs similar
to
those of the ZuBi.
1 do not point ont these resemblances
as proof of any
relation between the two races, but as mere illustrations
of what possibly
may be learned
of the forms and decorations
by a carefnl study
of this
It may also be well to add here another fact to which Professor
pottery.
Thomas
calls my attention,
between
the manner
viz., the similarity
of
wearing the hair by the Shinumo women, i. e., in knots at the side, as represented
by the female images,
and that of the ancient
Maya women, as
shown in numerous
Troano.
figures on the manuscript
Any one familiar
with General Cesnola's
collection from Cyprus cannot fail to be reminded
of it when he examines
this collection
of Indian pottery;
th
especially
colors used and the general
character
of the spcimens;
but an inspection of the two collections
is necessary
in order to have this general
resemblance
to mind, as it does not appear
brought
so distinctly
on a
of the published
comparison
The figures on Plate XLIV
figures only.
of Ms Cyprus bear
quite a striMng
resemblance
to tho.se on some
of Cochiti ware.
specimens
The quadruple
cup, Fig. 25, page 406, is
almost
like the ZuBi quadruple
exactly
used
cups, and was probably
for the same purpose.
The same type of multiple
cups is also shown
in Plate
IX of the same work.
The two tea-pot-Iike
vessels
represented on Plate VIH, as well as the two
bird-shaped
pieces on the same

BTEVEssoN.]

FORMS

HAVE

NO

SYMBOLIC

CHARACTERS.

333

several of
of Oochiti pottery,
like the similar
vessels
plate, are muh
which are figured in this catalogue.
to
of this Indian
The resemblance
ware, in the form of the vessels,
that it is
of this country is so marked
mounds
that found in the ancient
of the fact, but it may be well
to remind the reader
scarcely
necessary
of water vessels
to the much larger
to call attention
among
proportion
from th mounds.
than is seen in collections
the Indian
This,
pottery
of water in the
for by the scarcity
be accounted
may perhaps
however,
western
region.
or triangle
over
of making
a diamond
The custom
of the Zuni artists
Une
deer
with
a
elk
and
of
the
heart
of
the
rurning
the region
ngures
with the
is quite consistent
somewhat
to the month,
singular,
although
I was informed
of symbolic
by the Zuni InIndian
writing.
practice
that
"th
mouth speaks from the
to denote
dians that it was intended
of the vase figured in
mark occurs in the decoration
heart."
A similar
page 268.
and
somewhat
closely related tribes may use widely
Contemporaneous
of their ware, and hence it is unsafe,
diffrent
figures in the decoration
from slight
to draw hasty conclnsions
ancient
in stndying
specimens,
I may also safely add that a
and 1 think
in this respect
differences
or so at most, may snffice
short period of time, a century
comparatively
to bring about a great change in the same tribe in the form and manner
It also shows us that the ware of a given
their pottery.
of decorating
the
of civilized
does
not
bear
which
can, by a
impress
influence,
tribe,
other
cases
from
that
of
in
be
any
careful
nearly
ail
distinguished
study,
that I would
of the trnth
of this statement,
I feel so confident
tribe.
of Znni ornamented
to pick out ail pieces
not hesitate
to undertake
of modern
Pueblo
of specimens
of thousands
ware from a collection
Cesnola's

Cyprus,"

mixed together.
if indiscriminately
and form bears a strong
in
appearance
pottery
general
to separate
in fact it is almost impossible
to that of Zuni;
resemblance
the
two
if
bowls
and
water
vases
of
ornamented
the
mingled
together.
There are certain figures found in the one which never occur in the other,
of those most generally
of designs,
but there are a number
especially
of
both
tribes.
are
common
to
the
that
pottery
quite
seen,
of ware, the red or brown without
The different
varieties
decorations,
use with the
and the black are in general
the white with decorations,
But few
in the collection.
of eaoh are contained
tribe, and specimens
of the purely
micaceous
ware are found, either in Zuni or
specimens
Indian
The

Wolpi.
The

pottery
Shinumo

of the large round water jugs in th Shinumo colpreponderance

This form of vessel seems to be
over that of ZuEi is noticeable.
lection
are quite remote from water or which
more in use by tribes whose villages
of access.
The kinds of vessels,
on high mesas difficult
are situated
are also commonwiththe
which are common with the Zunians
however,
of the same
for the same use are generally
and those intended
Shinumos,

334

COLLECTIONS

or

shape
vessels
to

similar

show

artists
The

at

tribal

distinctions

in the

more

use

proftise

of

led
in

the

forms

ns

observed

elk, sheep,
familiar.

are

they
than

of

is to

animal

were

vessels,

drinking
of deer,.

on the

works

displaying
and

be found

have

as

ceramic

to

of

of more

big-horn,
antelope,
Ail
of thse
objects

the

also

Zuni

what
we
anticipate
forms
of their
vessels,
The
differences
principal

representations,

obtained,

are

at

the

and
evidently
representing
prairie
grouse
sunSower.
There
is an absence
of the
geometrical
commonly
a number
Qnite

find

between

birds

first

angles

there

decorations,
those
we

from

to Acoma
Laguna
a great
viz.,
similarity
manner
of ornamentation.

fonnd,
in their

also

least

1879.

the

of

proximity

consist

as with
But,
and variant

distinct

very
readily
and manufacturers.

afterward
and

in form.

so markediy

OF

the

and
last

the
flowers,
some
form
of

of lines
and
forms,
distant
pueblos.
made
hollow
for use as

imitative
grotesquely
other
animais
with
more

color

laid

forms
wMch
on

them

on the

of their
of Acoma,
the birds
pottery
neighbors
and animais
in a light
rufous
fawn
color not
in use elsebeing
painted
and
the only instance
of th employaient
of green
is on a tinaja
where,
of this pueblo
used
in coloring
some
foilage.

VEGETAL
This

class

of

so

deed,
tion

great
of them.

occur

in their

The

objects
and
struction,
rude
and coarse
made
The

comprises

the

that

variety

reference

Specifie
in
places
of basketry

the

as

a very
diversified
of objects;
ingroup
1 will not attempt
a general
descripwill
be made
to the objects
as they

catalogue.
or wicker-work

decoration.

Those

not

tribe
by this
smaller
are used

small

to

are
for

entitle
used
holding

are

made
them

for

by

to

carrying
beans,

any

varied
in form,
conquite
the
Znni
Indians
are
so
merit.

The

corn,
melons,
shelled
and
corn,

larger

baskets

&o.
peppers,
other
coarse

materials.

The
Among

basketry
these

of the
are

copied.
small

necks.

coated

over

water.

Like
ears

Shinumos

many
jug
the forms

of
many
These
are

doubt,

hair

ware
is

SUBSTANCES.

sometimes

is of a finer

or

canteen

of

their

shaped
pottery

and

more finished
quality.
from
no
baskets,
which,
water
vessels
have
been

with
round
bodies
and
large
woven
and
are
generally
then
very
closely
or gum
which
renders
them
of holding
capable
of their
in pottery,
small
horsethey have
waterjugs,
globular,

are
They
with
a resin
some

or loops
attached
to the sides
which
are passed
throngh
strings
for carrying
them
either
over the head
or shoulder.
This class of water
all show
evidences
of age, and it is possible
jug basketry
that
they were
manufactured
or other
tribes
skilled
in the
art.
by the Apaches
The

WATER-JU&

sTEVExso~.]

BASEETBY.

335

to hold fine grain and meal, and are also freare designed
a small quantity
This is done by placing
for
used
winnowing.
quently
the grain up
motion throwing
and by a skillfui
of grain in the basket,
This
motion
is
down.
it
as
it
comes
into the wind and again catching
from
th
the
chafE
wind
has
grain.
Many
until
the
separated
kept up
in colors, as will be seen by the accomare decorated
of the nat baskets
flat kinds

panying
It is

illustrations.

that most of the finer ware of this class is manuprobable

quite
for this work, and
who are celebrated
factured
Indians,
by th Apache
the medium of barter.
finds its way among the Pueblos
through
is usually made of small round willows
of the Zunians
The basketry
a long slender
and the stem of the yucca, the leaves of which attain
used for
the
certain
that
It
is
in
basketry
that
quite
region.
growth
not by
and probably
water is not manufactured
by the Zunians,
holding
with
them.
are
found
the Shinumos,
many
though
Inmanufactured
As previously
by the Shinumo
stated, the basketry
class and of a greater
variety than that made
dians is of a more finished

to the
as will be seen by reference
by any of the other Pueblos,
obtained
ofthis
the
illustrations.
examples
ware,
Among
accompanying
these
of the flat or saucer-shaped
kind;
at Wolpi, is a large number
decoration.
as
well
as
and
character
of
construction
in
size
vary both
as well
of making
one form of this class is quite interesting
The manner
made
of
the
of
the
fiber
A rope-like
withe
quite fine,
as curious.
yucca,
the basket
In forming
is wrapped
with flat strips of the same plant.
and
at the center, or bottom,
commences
with this rope the workman
sucuntil,
a
method
it
by
the
coils
by
of weaving,
rope round, attaching
These are
th desired dimensions.
cessive layers of the rope, it attains
in black, white, and yellow, and
ornamented
and prettily
quite highly
of similar
Another
of baskets
shape
and strong.
are compact
variety
from the same
was obtained
and size, and also fancfolly
ornamented,
less
They exhibit
Indians.
These are made from small round willows.
kind
Another
ornamented.
but are handsomely
skill in construction,
are attribated
from the Shinumos,
was also obtained
which, however,
Moki villages
into
the
their
and
found
to the Apaches
way
probably
wateralmost
are
These
trade.
bowl-shaped
baskets,
large
through
used as flour and meal baskets.
They are also ornatight, but generally
of different
the material
mented
black and yellow, produced
by weaving
while making
the basket.
colors together
whicli will be referred to at
There are many other forms and varieties,
in
the
occur
as
the proper
catalogue.
they
time,
and
and herbs ior medicinal
of plants
The Pueblos
employ a variety
names
botanical
collected.
Their
were
some of which
dyeing purposes,
inhabited
to the regions
but they are indigenous
were not determined,
by the Indians
using them.
instruments
andreligious
and musical
Ornaments
employedindances
the princithe Pueblo
Indians;
do not differ much among
ceremonies
and

used

336

COLLECTIONS

OF

1879.

ones being th drum,

rattle, notched
sticks, a kind of fife, and a
tnrtie-shell
rattle.
The latter instrument
is the shell of a turtle, around
th edges of wMch the toes of goats and calves are attached;
this produces a very pecnliar
sound.
The shell is usually attached
to
rattling
the leg near the knee.
pal

COLLECTIONS

FROM

ZUSY.

ARTICLES 0F STONE.
jL~jS,~J)fMJBjBS,JLKDM~.PjE.
1. (40139).
2. (40551).
3. (40552).

stone of silicified wood.

or grinding
with
Stone axe, 6'tt-M-Ze,
groove near the larger end.
at each
atone
grooved
o'<t-M-!e,
axe,
Imperfectly-made
Flat

rubbing

basait.
edge;
sandstone.
the middle;
around
4. (40553). Large axe, with groove
square and flat on top; basait.
5. (40554). Axe, grooved at the middle,
rock.
axe; schistose
6. (40555). Small centrally-grooved
middle.
in
the
7. (40556). Axe, grooved
8. (40557). Axe,groovednearthebluntend,whichisshapedsimilarly
to the edge.
near the end.
9. (40558). Axe, grooved
edge
of basait
doubly
grooved,
10. (40559). Small hatchet,
~M-!e,
a
half
inches
one
and
about
end
hammer
both
from
beveled
sides,
in diameter.
i.
fine black basait, welipohshed;
11. (40560). Grooved
axe, o'7~e,of
near
the
be
to
The face or side is intended
well worn.
groove
in
Arifound
was
This
specimen
holder when in use.
Fig. 352.
P.
and was presented
by Mrs. George
zona, near Camp Apache,
with such perfect
in th collection
Bnell.
It is one of the largest
finish.
of porous basalt.
12. (40561). Gjoovedinthecenter;
off
13. (40562). Hammer
grooved in the center, rounded
at
square
instrument,
14. (40563). Small hatchet-shaped
front
at
the
rounded
edge.
near the blunt
15. (40563a).
Rudely-made
axe, grooved
the body
round
a
with
groove
16. (40564). Small
axe,
basalt.
blunt
end;

at each end.
th back, and
end.
quite

near

the

17. (40565). Axe, three and a half inches long.

of nm basalt,
a hatchet,
grooved
18. (40566). Quite small,
probably
end.
near the hammer
and
groove quite deep
19. (40567). Much larger than the last, basaltic;
and
blunt.
end
hammer
large,
circular,
smooth,
rock.
axe ofquartzitic
20. (40568). Grooved
with imperfect
around,
entirely
21. (40569). Pick-shapedaxe,
grooved
from which it
boulder
the water-worn
in
which
were
depressions
about six inches in length.
was made;
with groove near the middle.
of sandstone
22. (40570). Boulder
near the center,
straight
boulder,
grooved
23. (40571). Flat basaltic
above and below the groove.
on the back, and tapering
337
22E
2~B

388

COLLECTIONS

(40572).
end.

25.

Small
axe composed
of hard
(40573).
grooved
end large,
edge
qnite
perfect.
Small
boulder
of basalt,
to an
ground
(40574).
ronnded
off at the other;
donbly
grooved.

27.

basaltic

hammer

1879ZUNI.

24.

26.

Small

OF

basaltic
Large
(40575).
hard
substances,
used
probably
binnt;

28.

(40576).

Flat

29.

(40577).

Basaltic

hatchet

30.

(40578).

Grooved

axe

32.

34.

a very
heavy,
for manling
than
cntting.
basaltic
hammer
heavy

(40580).

grooved
Axe,
in proportion
Flat
axe made

the

near

groove

the

hammer

sandstone;
at

one

off

from

edge

both

center,

large

end

and

ponnd-

ends

qnite

a pounder.

as
in the

grooved
of

Large,
near

long

nsed

boulder,

(40579).
the body
ally

33.

basaltic

more

designed

with

axe

stoneconsiderablychipped
near
the
grooved
as a ponnding
stone.

ing

31.

and

qnite
middle;
solid
character,

rough.
apparently

and axe with

groove
abontseveninches
long.
end;
in the middle,
or hammer
end
npper
to the size.

aronnd

hammer

unusu-

from
a water-worn
oval in outline,
(40581).
boulder,
both
for cutting
or splitting.
enciredges
designed
Deep
groove
the
with
above
and
below
it to prevent
cling
body,
protrnsions
from
the handle
slipping
greenstone.
ont
(40582).

Hard,

fine-grained

sandstone

age

wedge-shaped,

withont

groove.
35.
36.

Grooved
axe with
(40583).
(40584).
Fig.
349. Axe with
is mnch
narrower
end, which
tled

37.

volcanic

(40585).
chipped

38.

(40806).
enough

39.

(40703).
spots.
th

round

body.
a broad,
shallow
groove
and
smaller
than
the

near

the
of

lower;

npper
mot-

and black.
white,
green,
in the
in shape,
and mnch
grooved
middle,
irregular
off at the lower
and ronnded
off at the top.
edge
Made
from
a very
hard
small
fine,
metamorphic
rock,
to be classed
as a hatchet;
at the top.
crescent-shaped
rock,

Axe

Fig.
This

dark
348.
A very
axe
bears
a mnch

brown

axe,

finer

polish

with
speckled
than
most
of

reddish
those

in

collection.

40.

(40704).

41.

(40705).
sides,

42.

(40706).

43.

(40900).

44.

(40901).

grooved
Axe,
An
almost
fiat

near

the
axe

square

upper
end,
of basaltic

which
rock,

is cone-shaped.
on
grooved

the

on

top.
Axe
of quartzitic
flat
rock,
narrow
grooved
Long,
axe,
made
from
a water-worn
Axe,

and

thin;
grooved.
the upper
end.
to its present
almost
boulder,

near

shape.
45.

(40902).
Small,
the larger
end.

46.

(40903).

47.

(40904).
Maul,
with
a groove.

round

axe

basaltic

Grooved
with

rough

of

basait,

having

a shallow

groove

near

axe.
surface,

one

side

fiat,

the

other

convex

Fiss.

347-352.ZnBi

Grooved

Axes.

ARTICLES

BTEVEtso:r.]
48.

axe

Donble-grooved

(40258).

OF
of

STONE.

339
well

porphyry,

and

polished

quite

perfect.
49.

(41260).

Grooved

50.

(42204).

Stone

51.

(42205).
tained

Grooved

in
52.

at

Fort

or around

use.

compact

axe

in

of

the
is

New

far

(42231).
(42232).

Axe

56.

(42233).

Grooved

57.

(42234).
marble-like

Grooved

(42235).

Irregniarly-shaped

58.

Specimens
59.

of basait,
axe,
axe

throngh

Grooved

(42236).
reddish

60.

(42237).

spots.
Small

61.

(42238).

Grooved

62.

Small
(42239).
end.
each

63.

(42240).

wrapped

basait.

are

axe;

sides

grooved
axe.

axe
axe
on

grooved

with

surgroove
streaks.

deep
and

green

rare.

quite
well
of

reddish

white,
in the center.

it

groove
snrronnding
with
a wide
and

it;
axe

mottled

grooved

Axe,

of

and

end.
near
the larger
groove
on the sides.
grooved
in size and shape
the same
as (42226).
of a peculiar
black
mottled
with
rock,

it, curioasiy
of this
kind

roonding

ob-

found

basait.

compact

55.

streaks

was

probably

a handle

to form

enongh

of

string;

axe
Shallow-grooved
a
with
shallow
Axe,

(42230).

was

in the collection,
specimens
and,
handle
for
the
ready
attached,
ronnd
the
axe
withe
bent
and

nnest

54.

53.

but

Mexico,

rough.
specimen

ruins.

the

ont

extending
donbled~
a buckskin
with

very
This

groove;
351.
Fig.

Fig.
347, has
of a willow

ont,
formed

wedge-shaped.

sandstone;
with

basait,
of basait.

is one

by

This

of
of

Wingate,
somo
of the

This

(42229).
as shown

axe
maul

and

polished

schistose

three

much

rock,
similar

sides;

peculiar

rock.

metamorphic

of

exhibiting

flaked

in

size

to

have

and

off

at
to

shape

(42223).
64.

(42241).

Grooved

65.

(42242).

Same

axe

66.

(42242).

Grooved

67.

(42244).
a rnbbing

Celt-shaped
stone.

68.

(39869).

Zuni

generally

for

pods
69.
70.
71.

of

axe

maul

Bonnded
(42349).
a flat hammer
into

72.

(40871).

73.

(40906).

Ponnder
and

top.

edges.
of basalt;
it appears

with

circular

groove
soft

or ponnding

grinding

porous

flattened

preceding.
with
two

axe

aronnd

the
snch

foods,

been

nsed

centre,
as

as

used

red-pepper-

lava.

Donble-edged
(39903).
volcanic
die;
rock,

(41291).
Thumb

with

as the

from
end
by
of

aronnd
groove
axe,
6~-<tt-M-!e, with
ZnBi.
See Fig.
350.
of a sandstone
metate
grinder
it at the
grooving
opposite
edges.

sandstone.

finger
depression
Lava
Chili
potmder
Lava
rock
poonder;

It
on

the

with
small.

was

originally

the

converted

a common

sides.

cap-shaped

ends;

mid-

grooved.

axe.

COLLECTIONS

340

Flat

(42280).
76-82.
The
the

red

Square

(40870).

75.

sandstone

sandstone

79,

78, (40911);
rubber.

(40912);

are

These
and

found

the

in

Moki

80,

is

use

at

to be

appear

(40707).
on one

84.

(40708).

indigo
Mortar

pression

round

85.

(40709).
Mortarof
the cavity
quite

86.

(40710).
inches

87.
88.

but

grinding

probably
ruins.
Some

on

the

other

about
to the

clinging

an

commonjui
use

any
are

minral

of the
all

of them

inch

surface

evidently

round

an inch
and

deep
of

small

of
Many
from
dis-

are

with

half

others.

too

pigments.
handed
down

boulder
and

more

Indians

varietythan
thse
tribes

a round,
flat, quartzitic
in diameter
one inch
still

are

as these

cavity
and
deep,
two mens

the

depression.
the
and flat;
quartzite,
body
nearly
square
and about
four inches
in diameter,
shallow.
quite
of

de-

coarse-grained
sandstone,
almost
perfectlyround,
and lined
with
red ochre
or vermillon.
deep,
of a flat sandstone
with
rim
about
four
irregular

Mortar
in diameter.

mortar
of a small
Paint
round
boulder.
quartz
Mortar
of fine-grained
sandstone
about
six inches
(40712).
long
by
three
sides
This mortar
was in use by the Zunians
square.
wide
for the
of grinding
a pigment
of yellowish
purpose
impure
clay,
colored
oxide
of iron,
with which
decorate
their
by the
they
potand

tery,
(40713).

:90.

(40714).
circular
mortar

which
Small
Mortar

the

produces
mortar
made

brown

of

sandstone.

from

a flat

to

nsed

for

side

show

being

converted

both

as

purposes,
recent
use.

Paint
mortar
(40715).
ment
for ornamenting
about
one inch.
deep,

of

into
both

basait,

pottery;
bottom

and

reddish-brown

water-worn

abont
half
an
depression
shows
evidence
of its having

previous

92.

jETC.

were
the

77, (40910);
sandstone

(41269);

(40711).

89.

91.

from

accompanying

(40909);

82,

pueblos,

than

and

old,

(40914);

from

purpose

depression

width;

the

obtained

qnite

Mortar;
side about

a square
in

81,

elsewhere,
in greater

and

or obtained
ancestors,
of modem
manufacture.
83.

all

rubbers
76,

PESTLES,

than

tant

the

y~Me:

(40913);

villages

more
pigments
extensively
The pestles
and mortars
to be used
for any other
them

slab.

represent

Jtf0~2~B~,

Zuni

PEST LES.

metate.

grinding

numbers
following
The
Indian
name

metates.

1879ZUNI.

&jB~Zy.G~BJ~D~JLKD

J!fE~MTE~,0~
74.

OF

deep.
been
used

the
used
about
ground

Flat
of quartz
paint
(40716).
mortar,
inch
depression
quite
thick,
shallow;

quartz
The

inch

mortar,
paint
for
four

or
cavity

colors.
boulder

with

bottom

of

as a grinding
it may hve
and

th

this
stone
been

rubbing

the yellow
grinding
piginches
in diameter,
cavity

flat.
rock,
used

almost
round,
for grinding

about
a pigment

an

FiGS.

353-358.-Stone

Implements

from

ZuSi.

ARTICLES

ti-mnsmoN.}

OF

341

STONE.

of which they colsmall nodules

of copper,
or carbonate
and decois used in painting
This pigment
at copper mines.
wooden images and gods.
rating
to the above, and used for the same pursimilar
93. (40717). Mortar
of azurite
lect

pose.
94. (40718). Paint
nous sandstone.

mortar made from a large irregularly

round Barrugifor decoa reddish
Used in pulverizing
pigment

rating
pottery.
of a globular
95. (40719). Mortar
shape, made from a coarse-grained
for
or
used
mixing vermilion.
grinding
sandstone,
The whole mortar is only about
96. (40720). Paint mortar of sandstone.
made from a section of an old metate rubber.
an inch thick;
Size
blue pigment
mortar
of quartzite;
97. (40722). Paint
grinder.
about four by three inches.
This, like many of the flat mortars,
converted
stone and subsequently
bas been first used as a rubbing
a paint mortar.
Mortar made from a quartz boulder.
(40723).
mortar.
Sandstone
(40724).
Paint
mortar
of sandstone,
very flat.
(40725).
sandstone.
dpression;
with oblongshallow
(40726). Paint mortar,
sandhalf
an
inch
about
deep;
cavity
Square paint mortar;
(40728).
it.
with iron.
stone impregnated
Quartzitic
pestle accom-panying
alalmost
of
Paint
mortar
depression
103. (40729).
square
quartzite;
it.
most wom through
pebble pestle accompanying
by use; quartz
with
white
mortar
of
Small round
quartz
104. (40730).
basait,
paint
into

98.
99.
100.
101.
102.

pestle.
(40731). Fig. 353.
on the end, which
an azurite
grinding
pebble

105.

and pestle of quartz,

mortar
This mortar
serves
as a handle.

Paint

with
was

a knob
in

used

pigment.
the projecting
end
like a ladle;
somewhat
shaped
(40732). Mortar
is
ont
of
which
the
a
small
with
poured.
is provided
paint
groove
mortar.
107. (40733). Small sandstone
of sandstone.
108. (40864). Paint mortar
almost square.
mortar
of basait,
109. (40868). Paint
water-worn
black
sandstone
110. (40869). Fit,
paint
square
mortar;
for pestle.
pebble
oval
mortar
of very porous lava rock;
111. (40907). Chili or red pepper
about four inches thick and eight in diamebottom, shallow cavity,
ter.
These lava mortars
may have been used for other purposes;
the pods
use them in crushing
but at.the
time the Indians
present
for crushing
and occasionally
and seeds of red pepper,
parched

106.

They are quite common.

with flat bottom.
oflava
rock; square
(40908). Food mortar
tars of this kind are nsed in crushing
grain and seeds.
of very hard, fine-grained
Paint
mortar
113. (42272). Fig. 358.
is a very fair type of aU the square
stone.
The specimen
corn.

112.

Morsandpaint

342

COLLECTIONS

OF

1879ZUNI.

mortars
and pestles.
The depression
is often square
instead
of
round.
In grinding
the Indians
pigments
generally
move the pestle
backward
and forward
instead
of around as is done by our
druggists.
114. (41273). Small sandstone
much like the preceding.
paint mortar,
115. (40227). Small egg-shaped
paint pestle of white quartz.
The general name of these in Zuni is ~-sMc-~om-Ke.
116. (42276). Flat
circular and about five inches in
sandstone,
diameter;
used as a quoit;
a rubbing
stone.
originally
J~MCEZZ~j~EOPN
117.

OB~EC~SS'.

not very well defined.

(39755). Nght
specimens
They are nint
flakes, showing,
by their shape, that they were designed
for scrapers and groovers,
being Rat or slightly
concave on one side and
oval on the other.

118.

mould for sliaping metal into

(41289). Fig. 356. This is a sandstone
such forms as suit the fancy of the Indians
for bridle
and other
one cavity is reotangolar,
about four inches long by
ornaments;
one in width;
the other
about
two inches
in diameter.
Silver,
which
has long been a metal of tranic among
these tribes, is the
one which is usually melted down for ornamental
After
purposes.
it is taken from the mould it is beaten tbin, then polished.
119. (41290). Is a portion of th same mould, with one cavity square and
the other in the shape of a spear-head.
120,121.
which were used
(42266), Fig. 354, and (43267), are crucibles,
in connection
with the moulds for melbing silver and other metals.
are made in the same manner.
Many other ornaments
122. (40808). Fig. 357.
This is a large, rudely
chipped
spear-head
of
mica schist, obtained
at Zuni, which was carried in the hand of one
`
of the performers
in a dance.
It does not show any evidences
of
having
~M<t.

been

used

in any

other

way.

They

called

it e~

123.

and well-polished
(42245). Fig. 335. Handsomely-shaped
sidnning
knife of a remarkably
silicious slate.
Above the shoulfine-grained
ders on one side it is worn off to an oval surface, and is flat on the
other.
124. (40915). Round
which is called a gaming
sandstone,
it is
stone;
quite round, and bears the same name in Zuni as the pestle, a~M-NMM-Me.
125. (40916). Quartz
at the ends as a sort of last
stone, flat and rounded
to keep moccasins
in shape while being sewed;
called y~K-tte.
126. (41239). String of alabaster
beads, ~em127. (41240). Charm, representing
the upper part of the body and head
of a bird.
128.
129.

(41241).
(41242).

Charm;
Charm

representing
bird's head

a horse;
and upper

quartz.
part

of body.

39871
~)

Fl~.360

FiGS.

359,

H60.ZnHi

Water

Vases.

STEVENSON.]

ARTICLES

130.
131.
132.
133.
134.

(41243).
(41244).
(41245).
(41246).
(41247).

135.

(40870).
games.
(42325). Flat
deer engraved

136.

Charm;
Charm;

horse

OF

STONE

AND

343

CLAY.

and saddle.

quartz.
representingentirebird;
head and upper part of body of a bird.
Charm;
the same.
Charm;
arrow-head.
Agate
convex
in the centre;
Disk of sandstone,
slightly
sandstone
slab,
on one side.
and (41249). Flat

with

the

horns

of male

and

used

in

female

used for baking

M~-a-M,
sandstones,
137,138.
(40721)
a
the rocks and then spreading
'a thin, wafer-like
bread, by heating
one
of
these
meal
over
them.
mixture
of
corn
The
largest
gruel-like
They are used
stones is about three feet in length by two in width.
qnite extensively.
by the Zuni and Moki pneblos
139. (42324). Eighty
chip flints and flakes of agate, quartz, chalcedony,
&c.

ARTICLES
~~TEJ:

OF

CLAY.

7~S~&

The slender
shown
in Fig. 359.
and decorations
140. (39871). Form
the base
shading lines only are brown, the rest of the figuring
black;
This
colored.
or
slate
is
reddish
Zuni
as
in
most
in this
pottery
of decorations,
of
one
as
the
readily
considered
variety
be
type
may
circular
spaces, the large serons,
bv the unadorned
distinguished
The larger forms of thse vases
of animal forms.
and the absence
the smaller
forms,
are called by the Zunians
Z:s/Ct-K(!-7c-teM-~
det-tsan-na.
is well shown in Fig. 360. The combi141. (39916). The ornamentation
and the chief figure
on this piece are rare on Zuni pottery,
nations
is
usual
in this gronp of
than
is
more
the
on
symmetrical
body
a second type
as representing
This may also be considered
ware.
in the colother
is
but
one
which
there
example
of
of decorations
lection.

to the variety
by Fig. 360, and
represented
(39920). This belongs
with
leaf-like
decorated
neck
in
the
figures,
varies
having
chiefly
inner serratnres.
with
the
scrolls
by
triangles
replaced
and in having
of this piece
The decorations
143. (39934). The largest
Fig. 361.
size;
of
the
presence
to
a
third
chiefly
by
distinguished
belong
variety,
zones or
is called to the three figured
Attention
the elk or deer.
an elk; the
belts on the body, the upper with the arch inclosing
with figures of birds with a long
beit adorned
middle and narrow
in this variety.
The helix or scroll is freely
crest feather.
introduced
The ania
of
is
group.
quite
large
The one here figured
typical
the spaces.
mals are usually
black, as are the lines separating

143.

344

COLLECTIONS

OF

1879ZUN'1.

144.

to Fig. 361, and is

(41150). This is similar in size and decorations
shown in Fig. 362.
The difference
in the form of the bird in this
from that in the preceding
is worthy of notice.
145. (39933). Similar to No. 143 (Fig. 361)
bird scrolls as in No. 144.
146. (40322). Medium
in
364.
represented
Fig.
Itmaybogrouped
size,
in the variety
of which Fig. 359 is given as the type.
those in Fig. 364, but
147. (39936). Large size; decorations
resembling
with two belts of scrolls on th body.
Medium size; figures as in No. 147.
Medium size; decorations
similar to th preceding,
except
that No. 150 (41162) has figures of sheep on the neck.
J
of this piece, as will be
Large
size; the ornamentation
to the variety
reference
to Fig. 363, belongs
represented
by Fig. 359 and 364, but differs in having on the body a middle zone
of bird-like
figures.
(41161). Large size; similar to Fig. 363.
very similar to those shown in Fig. 359.
(39943). Decorations
similar to that seen in Fig.
(39937). Medium size; ornamentation

148. (41154).
149. (41155).
150. (41162).
151. (41158).
seen by

152.
153.
154.

361.
155.

As will be seen by com(40312). Large size; shown in Fig. 365.

the
same
as
those in Fig. 361, except
the
decorations
are
parison
in its
introduced
and a figure of scrolls
that the elk is omitted
place.

156.

In the decorations
of this pice
size.
Large
(40310). Fig. 366.
or flower, showing a decided
a rosette
we observe
a new feature,
either
of the beautiful,
by the flowers of
suggested
appreciation
the Helianthus
by Enropeans,
but most
or by something
introduced
The different
forms of this figure found on
the former.
probably
of taste exhibited
the best evidence
this ware famish
by
perhaps
th Zunian

artists.
In this we see the same figures as
Large size.
(40313). Fig. 368.
with the rosette, the
into combination
in Figs. 363 and 366 brought
birds being replaced
by sheep.
that the rosette is
158. (40318). Large size; similar to No. 149, except
in place of the circle.
introduced
157.

in Fi
361.
h
.1
tto th
the variety ty shown
D
ti
b
Fig. 361
blong
So3~
Decorations
(40314).}
thse figures willsatis~anyone
(40317). Fig. 367. A littlestudyof
in dtails,
endless
is
an
that
there
variety
apparently
although
few different
there are, in fact, but comparatively
figures.
162. (41146). Fig. 370. This belongs to the same variety
as Fig. 368.
in
to
that
similar
163. (40315). Large
Fig. 370, but
represented
size,
at the shoulder
more promivarying
in form, having the expansion
The fignent and tapering
more rapidly from thence to the base.
cuts.
often seen in Japanese
ures remind us of the trappings
160.
SS'
161.

Fies.

363, 364.ZnBi

Water

Vases.

FiGS.

365, 366.ZuBi

Water

Vases.

Fias.

367, 368.ZnBi.

Water

Vases.

Fies.

369,

370.ZuBi

Water

Vases.

Fias.

371,

372.-Znfii

Water Vases.

Fias.

373,374.ZuBiWa.ter

Vases.

8TEVENEON.]

ARTICLES

OF

345

CLAY.

similar to those in Fig. 361, exsize; decorations

(40319). Medium
or
deer
stands
on a broad black band in which
the
elk
that
here
cept
there is a row of white diamonds.
in Fig. 361, but
165. (40321). Medium
represented
size; of the variety
in these smaller pieces the bird zone is omitte d, and there is but one
a small elk is repreIn this example
zone on the body.
figured
on the back of a larger one.
sented as standing
to the same type as the preceding.
166. (40700). Mdium
size, belonging
birds.
of
are
On the neck
kite-shaped
grotesque
figures
one are
This and the preceding
167. (40701). Mdium size; Fig. 369.
nor
Smithsonian
as vases in the original
Catalogue,
not designated
in
classed
this
form
should
be
to
the
but
in my field list,
according
164.

168.

169.

170
17U.
171.
172.
173.
174.
175.
176.

177.
178.

179.

group.
similar to those of Fig. 367, but
(41165). Mdium size; decorations
in the middle
bird introduced
the
of
a
in
having
figure
varying
The lower
belt with a small double scroll arising ont of the back.
reversed.
has
the
same
bird
belt
decorations
of this piece are
The unusual
size.
(39935). Medium
It differs, as does also Fig. 369, from the usual
shown in Fig. 371.
the neck more gracefully
the body is more nearly spherical,
form;
are also
The
rim
and
the
proportions
slightly
flaring.
curved,
of
diameter
of
8.75 inches;
mouth, 6.5.
body, 10;
different;
height,
similar to those m Fig. 364; (41144) varies
Decorations
the figures ofeik or deer on the neck and in
in having
(4=il4~.
or ruder scrolls.
the
coarser
(41U7).
form is well shown in Fig. 372.
abnormal
This
somewhat
(41149).
size.
It is of medium
to the same type, both
as to form and
(41152). This belongs
decorations.
on the
but the decorations
(41153). Large size; of the usual form,
architectural.
the
design being crudely
body peculiar,
to the type represented
by Fig. 361.
(41156). Mdium size, belonging
vase has a somewhat
This pretty
size.
peculiar
(41163). Medium
as a kind of patch-work
which can be best described
decoration,
of pottery.
small fragments
representing
size, with the usual elk and scroll figures.
(41166). Medium
which is rather
above medium size, presents
(41167). This specimen,
It is repreone of the most chaste
designs in the entire group.
leaves and
the
called
Attention
is
in
sented
especially
to
Fig. 374.
in the stripes.
to the simple meander
Medinm
elk and scroll figures.
with the usual
(41168). Marked
size.

of this
The decorations
with the peculiar
type
inFig. 374.
represented
similar to those
181. (39917). Figures
180.

(39774).
classed

piece, shown
with oblique
in Fig.

363.

in Fig. 373, may be

bands
and vertical

346
182.

COLLECTIONS

OF

1879ZU~I.

on this piece consist entirely

(40768). The dcorations
of represenof pyramids
of pneblos,
tations
and are arranged
in
or possibly
bands, one on the neck and two on the body; the two upper bands
show the figures inverted.

decorated
with scrolls and bird scrolls and a
line around the shoulder;
No. 184 with elks
scalloped
ia'
ISA.
~n77~'
)
(4~1).
and scrolls
on the body.
185-188.
or kite-like
bird seen on
185, (40800). Fig. 378. The grotesque
th neck, though rarely
seen on the large water vase, is common on
the small ones.
To this type belong the following
Nos. 186, (40769);
187, (40772); 188, (40791).
189. (40773).
These have the usual triangular
and scroll designs
with190. (40776). J out animal figures,
as in Fig. 364.
191. (40792). Fig. 377. The decorations
on this evidently
to th
belong
same type as those represented
in Fig. 359, the bird on the neck
To this type also belong
the following
being the only variation.
numbers:
192, (40778);
193, (40792); 194, (40794).
C

195.

(40779).

196.

(40781).

197
198.

(40781).

198
199.

(40788):

200.

(40801).

201.
203:

(40780).
(40784).
(40786).
(40790).

203.
204.
~U5.

206.

belong

tingmshed
~iiished
scrolls.

361, disad
and
figures,
Rgures,

Fig.

on these are similar

to those shown in
and 370, in which the rosette
is a
Figs. 366, 367,368,
characteristic.
Nos. 201, 202, and 203
distinguishing
withont
of animais;
are
No. 204 has a double
figures
belt of elk figures between
the rosettes.
designs
the
neck
to

this

this

and
the

This
the

remain
the

nnnmshed~
in which

arches

vase,

greater

the

eyidently

are shown.
animais,
as will be seen by reference
to
in proportion
to the height
than

is tasteful

design

that

except
it was

of

figures

pretty

diameter

Although
so well drawn

On
(40789).
or communal

on

place

375.
Fig.
has the
figure,

(40785).

not

to the type represented

by
the elk,
chiefly by
by th
triangular
chieny
elk, tnangular

The dcorations

The
(40782).
on
triangles
the intention

the
usual.
207.

These

(40787).
(40787).

the

there

dwelling
Shown
in Fig.

208.

(40793).

209.

Neck
and
(40795).
lines
and
oblique

indicates.
figure
is an evident
attempt

Unes

are

coarse

and

as the

and

the

to represent

a pnebio

ladders.

376.

lower

belt

of
npper

diamonds;

the

marked
with
vertical
body
belt
with
inverted
pyramidal

figures.
210.

(40849).

yerysmall;

markedwith

211.

(40850).

Very

elk

212.

Very
(40851).
small;
belt
of Fig.
373.

small;

and

oblique
scalloped
bird
on the

grotesque
decorations
similar

to

those

lines.
body.
on the

middle

.S'
9z
-92
ut
IL
s
1
tS)
I::i

rr
m

P
m
<t>
s

JUDUSBtttaco.Ln-H'.

'Egs

379

-384-ZUNI
VeNATURE.

POTIERX

213.

Similar

to that

Marked

with

(41105).

214.

(40774).
and unique.

The

OF

ARTICLES

ETEvzsBON.]

following

in

shown

361.

Fig.
lines

transverse

and

simple

design

scrolls;

redware:

are

specimens

347

CLAY.

ornamentation.
without
size;
form
peculiar,
diameter
of the bodygreatest'at
Small;
(40775).
of
in black,
dcorations
consisting
mouth
naring;
base,
lines.
and
downwards,
pointing
381.
See Fig.
Medium
size.
(40798).

215.

Large

(40311).

216.

217.
218.

(40799).

219.

(40802).

220.

(41145).

221.

(41052).

222.

t gj~a,
)

without

Large.
Medium

See

(41157).

Medium

224.

(41159)

225.

(41160).
rim and

J
Mdium

Black
226.

383.

Fig.
See

size.

Fig.

384.
ornamentation.

without

size;

band

a scalloped

with

size;

only
from

without

Larges
ize;
black
water
some

cases
another

in

remarked

The

for

used

ornamentation.

obtained

vase
tribe.

other

all

is in nearly

or holding

cooking,
Zuni

the

place,

it was
Znni;
obtained
ware

at
black

except

cases

where

large

quantities

of

occurs

at

feast

times,

when

very

vessels

These

that

(39885).
to the
and

(39886).
tions.

229.

(39899).
is lower
there

Somewhatmug-shaped,
no
mouth,

should
(39940).

231.

(40062).
double

in

more

and

Similar
scalloped
the
intended

Small
(40608).
Unadorned.

but

which

cooked,

employed.

to

give

any

genera

idea.
the

handle;
ware

with

top

is

rounded
bands

scalloped

be

to

and

handle

without

smaller,

in form

depressed,
at the side

orifice

probably
Similar

form,
similar

Somewhat

around

parently

small

generally

be

.MJB&

with
White

neck.

foods.

cross.

Similar

an

are

to

it is impossible

that
a correct

convey

small

230.

inform

greatly
would

a Maltese

228.

one

so

vary

are

protribe

this

or moist

is

ware

food

~0)

JFS~S

M~TEjB

description

large

doubtless
from

liquids

black

in

232.

the

ware

cured

227.

around

in black

shoulder.

(39930).

The

As

ornamentation.

(41151.)-)

223.

the
triangles

the

except
preceding,
at
of a month

instead

as in

the

or

with

canteens,

decorathat
the

which

it
top
this

classed.
228.

to No.
in

form

band

to

figure
month;
to represent
unhandied

No.
the

around

jug

of

227, but
constricted
an

insect

a butterfly
in

the

form

with
a
handle;
and a single
portion,
on the upper
aphalf;
moth.
or large
without

of

smelling

bottle.

COLLECTIONS

348

233.

(40611).

Similar

~!S'
(40o08).

Like

234.
235.

to
No.

No.

232.

228,

with

236.

(41140).

237.

(39528).

238.

canteen
(39922).
Ifc-M-~o,
the following
specimens

239-242.
243-245.

243,

246-248.

246,

249.

An amphora
A jar shown

239, (40079)
one side;
242,

on

or

following

eight

size.

large

241,

are

specimens

Decorated
400.

251.

(40080).
character

of a coiled
Figure
to indicate
what

Plain

as

brown,

this

(40082),

(40084).

'Usual

253.

(40087).

Decorated

254.

(40089).

255.

(40092).

256.

(40093).

257.

Handsome
(40886).
side, and a scalloped

scroll

snake

has

are

a small

also
flower

with

colors

leaves,

and

white.

other

or worm,
without
head
intended
to represent.

it was

figures.
or

other

figures.
simple

Radiating

serrate

lines.

Vase-shaped,
Shown
in

Fig.

with

three

bands.

colored

with

bands.

noweret

around

vessel

on

in white,
simplest

with
brown.

handle

its

two

the

apex,
The

middle.

of

and

of tho

at

the

being
canteens

(39914).
Jtfe-7M-~o-~tK-Ka,
with
two
sets
of handles
Decorations

and

loops

385.

piece,
band

the

horizontal,

white

scrolls,

with

of meanders

also

profuselyvith

252.

orince.

handles.

244, (40090)
245, (40091).
and
(40085);
247, (40086),
248, (40676),
plain
White
with
color
decorations.
Fig.
387.

(40078).
See Fig.

258.

two

(40083).

250.

wa-ys

with

jug

399.

Fig.
of

(40081)

240,

decorations.

slight

slender

in

1879ZUNI.

(40088)

(40877).

Th

OF

side.

those

on

the

bands

are

al-

See

398.
Fig.
size.
Red.
Double,
but
with
only one

small

chambers,
on the larger
a figure

form,

scrolls

very

piece
unusual

consisting
on Zuni

pottery.
259.

(39659).

260.

(39923).

The

are

following

261-271.

272.

Brown,
Plain

261,

also

(40094);

265,

(40099);

269,

(40688);

(40102).

White,

273.

(39872).

White,

plain
262,

266,
270,

and

decorations

brown,
(40095);

(40100);

(40096);

274.

(40686).

White,

decorations

(40685).

White,

with

276.

(40691).
a figure

White,
of th

egg-shaped,
horned
toad,

277.

(40692).

278.

(40098).

White,
With

outline

279.

(40695).
White,
this piece
may

form
shown
have

a single

and

as in Fig.
flower.
with

Fig

379.

decorations

268,

(40097),

Fig.

(40687),

Fig.

390:
386;

band.
389.

a single

of birds.
figures
in Fig.
388.
beenmanufactured

264,

(40101);

(40689);
271, (40690).
with
an oblique
scalloped
shown
in Fig.
389.

275.

See

or yellow

red,
263,
267,

in black.

like

those

Although
at

decoratedwith

handle;

one

shown

in

obtained
of the

other

Fig.
at

385.

ZuBi,

pueblos.

40077
?
Fies.

385-387.~uniCamteens

Fies.

388-391.-Zufii

Canteens..

FiGS

393-394.ZuBi

Canteens.

FiGS.

395-397.ZuBi

Canteens.

OF

ARTICLES

NEVENsoN.J

JVGhS

0F

280.

(39913).

281.

(39887).

Fig.
Similar

282.

(39889).

Fig.

392..Me~c~e-oM-Ke.
394.

to No.

FOJ:JLT&

.RiyCTFPI
name

Zuni

395.

349

CL&T.

.M~p~-c/MM.

280.
Plain

red.

283.

(39915).

Fig.

284.

(40103).

White,
bands

below
the
with
constriction
bottle-shaped,
the upper
third.
and bird figures
around

Shown

in

Similar

to

scalloped
402.
285.

(40104).

286.

(40105).
ing the

wings

287.

(40106).

Fig.

288.

(39887).
nce at

289.

285.

Markedwiththengureofabirdhav~o~-se-~om-me.

Navajo.

spread.

Fig.

Fig.

393.

Fig.
No.

391.
396.

middle;
See

canteen;

double-globed

withori-

triangular,

convexity.

upper

Fig.
397.
Red ware,
(39914).
in black
on the
dcorations

with

whitelines
with
orifice

upper,

on the
in

lower
each

and

globe
globe.

~JTCnEJB&
S

are

of the

erally

without

the

been

patterned
with
races

These

white
shall

presently
in the

fonnd

usual

ruins

form

and

nce

to illustrate

not

form

the

in

have

Indians

We

houses.

are
varying
generally
small,
in Zuni
are Imown
These
by
gallon.
in Fig.
403.
Shown
290.
(39918).
With
291.
margin
scalloped
(40668).
on
292.
293.
294.
295.
296.

Fig.

(40672).

Similar

(40673).
small
right-angle
With
(40674).
are

following
297,

figures
(40888);
306,

th

to

believe

introduced
The

that

will

suf-

obspecimens
a pint
to half
a

capacity~R-om
name
~-mMsc7t-~Mt-Ke.

the
and

similar

decorations

to

those

Fig-

margin

scalloped

marginal

brown

304,

(40889);
307,

Scalloped

meander

simple

on

the

following.

scalloped
handle.

298,
(40838);
similar
to those

(40891);

(40842).

to

we

pottery

403.

With

297-310.

But

ancient

among
are inclined

Withonthandieandshouldbeclassedwiththecups.
(40669).
ures
of plants.
on the
upper
portion;
Triangles
(40671).
bowl.

The

311.

in

contact.
the

figures
decorations.

usual

tained

in

The

borrowed.
and

corne

in form

similar

specimens
of th
clifF

is original

the

these

are genthey
except~that
extent
have
a certain
they
or
the
use among
Europeans

vessels,
that
to

is possible
observed
those

whom
find

of such

form
It

lip.
after

ware

with

(40839);
on No.
305,

(40893);
rim and

and

and
but
299,
293;

(40890),

lines

zigzag
middle

slight

on

white

ground;

bands.

decorations

(40841);

300,

301, (40844);
black
is really

309,
308, (40894);
in size and
similar

outline

(40843),
302,

(40897);
shape

303,

(40887);

butnotpolished;
310,
to 298,

(40898).
(40839).

COLLECTIONS

350

312.

313.
314.
315.

318.
319.
320.

1879ZUNI.

and of unusual
with decorations
(40845). Small, white,
form, in
The
fact in the original
field list is classed
among the canteens.
of
a
tube.
It
in
the
form
mouth
is prolonged
obliquely
large
be classed with the waterjugs.
should perhaps
shown in Fig. 405.
(40892). Form and decorations
decorated
with scrolls.
Scalloped
margin;
(40895).
of the little water animal so
margin.
Figures
(40896). Scalloped
often

316.
317.

OF

represented
(40899). Withont

on the earthenware
baskets.
diamond
figures on the neck.

handle;

Fig. 406.
with
jug-shaped, marked
(41013). Slender neck and small month;
This does not appear to be of Zuni manufacture.
twigs and leaves.
(41136). Fig. 407.
(40840). Shown in Fig. 404.
(41005).

cpjM

OB ccr-an~P~D

]~B.s'~M.

two forms
Under
this general
head are included
reone, closely
in the figures
and to which the
the tme
sembling
cup, as shown
in the form of
the name s<:<-<sm-mS-mM-y~, and those
ZnEis
apply
of the trn.e cnphandles.
The decorations
ollas or bowls, and withont
on the inner surface, follow somewhat
closely
shaped vessels, especially
Here we see the zigzag marginal
the patterns
ibnnd on the bowls.
line,
bands with star points,
the scalloped
or tessellated
bands, the interlaced
or lance point is seldom
triangle
scrolls, &c.; but the elongate
triangles,
it
for me to deno
new
is
introdnced
is
As
figure
unnecessary
present.
A few are of red or brown ware.
refer to tme cups':
321-345. 321, (40058); 322, (40615); 323, (40616), Fig. 408; 324, (40617);
327, (40620);
328, (40621),
Fig. 409;
326, (40619);
325, (40618);
329, (40622); 330, (40623); 331, (40624); 332, (40625); 333, (40627);
335, (40639); 336, (40640); 337, (40641); 338, (40643);
334, (40638);
339, (40644); 340, (40837); 341, (40847); 342, (40848); 343, (40880)
a handle
-this
is an unnsnally
large
cup and although
having
been used as a bowl; 344, (40998); 345, (41148), annnmayhave
scribe

the decorations.
The following

bnrnt specimen.
The following
paint cups
346-355. 346, (40426);
(40853), a small
(40995);

numbers

are without

handles

353, (40996);

small

bowls

354, (40997);

or
350,
352,

355, (41000).

.BO~M.

forms are called s<M-~M-ma.

is typical
of a variety
F!g. 410. The ornamentation
very
on Zani bowls.
The design on the onter surface is more
than that on the inner, in which the figures of animais,

The smaller
(39962).
common
constant

are either

348, (40458);
347, (40436);
349, (40642);
bowl-shaped
cap, SMt-~sSm-Ma; 351, (40994);
JMTGfC

356.

and

cm.
K
OJ
M)
ce
~li
1
!S!

M s:t
'D
0
a-1
t-I

FiGS.

403-406.ZnBi

Water

Pitchers.

40266
Fies.

407-413.ZuSi

~s
Water

Pitolier,

Cnpa.

a.ud. Ea.ting

Bowls.

ARTICLES

NTtVENEON.)

OF

351

CLAY.

introduced.
The distinguishing
line on the inner margin.
to the same type
360, (39981);
361,
359, (39975);
358, (39973);
(39746);
357-378.357,
365, (39993); 366,
(39984); 362, (39988); 363, (39989); 364, (39991);
of Fig.
369, (40004), duplicate
367, (39997); 368, (39999);
(39994);
373, (40236);
374,
(40234);
371, (40231);-372,
411; 370, (40005);
the elk, are sometimes
especially
of this type is the zigzag
feature
numbers
Th following
belong

378,
(40239); 375, (40246); 376, (40249); 377, (40250);
shown
in
381,
379-396.
Fig.
411;
380,
(40266),
379, (40260);
(40285), shown in Fig. 412 383, (40504); 384, (40512);
389, (40522);
386, (40516); 387, (40517); 388, (40519);
394, (40528);
393, (40546)
391, (40530)
392, (40541)
397.
398.

(40259).
(40274); 382,
385, (40513)
390, (40527);
395, (40203)

396, (40211).
on the inner margin
only, with triangles.
(39951). Decorated,
that
the
in Fig. 411, except
(39952). Similartothatshown
is
line
scalloped.
marginal
The following
numbers
may be classed in the same group

400, (40210).
399, (40205)
399, 400.
that it bas the interior
401. (40521). Similar to No. 397, except
with scrolls.
the marginal
line decorated
on the inner surface only, with the usual
402. (39902). Decorated
narrow line orentirelywanting.
band
simplya
marginal
The following
belong to the same type
403-417.

418.

inner

below
scrolls;

407,
406, (40232);
404, (40002);
405, (40006);
(39960);
in
411,
(40284),
410,
(40268);
409,
(40263);
408, (40237);
(40233);
few
are
but
there
this small specimen
412, (40503);
413,
figures;
417, (40987).
416, (40981);
415, (40524);
414, (40520);
(40505);
which is
of this pice belong to a variety
(40906). The dcorations
inner
band
on
the
broad
checkered
th
by
readily
distingnished
403,

margin.
one with and one withont
figures on
There are two sub-varieties,
the
This
and
specimens
belong
the external
following
surface.
to the latter gronp
420, (39890).
419,420.
419, (40533)
to the former
by Fig.
421. (40001). This belongs
gronp, as represented
412.
as in Fig. 410, except that the lower
decorations
422. (39898). External
furnished
with scrolls as in Fig. 375,
line
is
of
the
oblique
margin
line.
inner surface with leaves, and a zigzag marginal
have the ex423. (39908). This and the following
specimens
thirty-one
of the
as in Fig. 410, the decorations
ornamented
ternal surface
ennmerated.
from those already
and differing
inner surface varying
line is simple.
In this the marginal
rosette
central
line scalloped;
of simple lines.
424. (39909). Marginal
form semino
in
425. (39963). Zigzags
marginal
band;
irregular
lines,
globular.

352

COLLECTIONS

426.

(39963).

437

(39972).

428.

(39975).

429.

(39976).

430.

(40000).

431.

(40204).

433.

(40216).

433-443.

(40510)
having
444-447.

444,

as in Fig.
no other
inner
dcorations.
422,
no marginal
form
figures
band;
hemispherical.
to Fig.
the
Similar
423, as are also
following
specimens:

Margin
Scroll

(40218);
438,

434,

(40223);

(40286)

439,
the

443, (40514)
the figures
of the
(40515);

marginal
448.

1879ZDNI.

and scrolls;
somewhat
Triangles
mug-shaped.
Usual
decorations
as in the preceding.
form
Ornamentation
as represented
in Fig.
422.
Double
no marginal
bands.
scrolls;

433,

(40284)

OF

elk

446, (40985);
decorations.

Marginal
(40241).
with
star
points.

band

double,

band

composed

449.

(40245).

Marginal

450.

(40251).
lines.

Oniy

451.
452.

Similar
to that
(40258).
Inner
decorations
(40273).
line very
slender.

453.

(40275).

Inner

454.

(40287).

Similar

figures;
to No.

455.

(40558).

Inner

figures

the

inner

(40238);

436,

upper

line

shown

in

447,

consist

437,

Zigzag
straight

lower,

of stars,
as in
of radiating

414.

Fig.

serrate

424.

Fig.

as floral;

apparentlyintended

marginal

scrolls.

radiating
453.
in the

(40217).

undulate,

ofrows

decorations

(40240);

441, (40507)
442,
this
in
piece
vary
band.

belowthemarginal

445,
(40347);
no other
inner

band;

435,

(40501)
440, (40506)
inner
decorations
of

form

ofblocks

or tiles;

band

marginal

undulating.
456.
457.

Inner
(40549).
one marginal
(39891.)
external

This

other

and

the

following
In this

(39892).

Slender

marginal

459.

(39893).

Serrate

460.

(39953).

Similar

marginal
to Fig.

461.

(39954).

Birds

462.

(39958).

DiRrs
The

angles.

just

of
below

two

narrow

crenate

bands,

it.

thirty-nine
one the

are

specimens
inner

figures

are

withont
radiating

birds.

458.

ing.

consist

the

ornamentation.
and

scrolls,

decorations
and

and scrolls.
wings
spread,
the usual
form
in having
dcorations
consist
of
chiefly

from

Similar

(39971).

Similar

to

464.

(39959).

Scrolls

and

465.

(39960).

Scrolls

and

466.

(39961).

Oblique

467.

(39986).

Broad

unusual,

being

(39992).

(39996).
Very
th marginal

the

tri-

preceding.

triangles.
leaves.

serrate
net-work,
constricted

Margina]

the marginundulatcombinations
of

to

463.

469.

only.

with

inner

468.

band
scalloped
band
only.
424.

band

Unes.
marginal
near
composed

central
small;
band
is simply

band,
base.

the

as seen

of sigmoid
with

diameter
a narrow

line.

in Fig.

414;

form

figures.
rays

from

the

points;

40164
-)
Fies,

413-415.ZuBi

Eating

Bowls.

Ornamental

470.

(40209).

471.

(40212).

Scalloped

marginal

472.

(40224).

Scalloped

473.

(40333).

marginal
and
band

474.

(40229).

Zigzag
Two slender

475.

(40343).

Zigzag

476.

(40248).

Narrow

(40252).

Zigzag

478.

(40253).

No

479.

(40265).

Serrate

480.

No
(40270).
of radiating
(40272).

482.

(40481).

483.

(40485).

484.

and

band,
the usual

and

marginal

Three
Broad

plain

(40489).

Plain

(40492).

Zigzag

487.

(40498).

Marginal

488.

(40499).

Scalloped

maginal

489.

(40508).

Zigzag

490.

(40511).

Marginal
Similar

(40536).
(40537).

494.

band

(40542).

Like

(40545).

497.

(39967).

Scalloped
Do.

498.

Zigzag
(39965).
and internally.

499.

(39966).

External

(39969).

No

502.
503.

in square
noral

blocks.

central

floral

figure.

figures.
425.

decorations.
of Unes

486, having
of scrolls

band

also
and

of stars.

a central

figure.

triangles.

band.

marginal
and

band

central

figure

of

and

twigs

leaves;

band.

marginal
inner
and

external

marginal

figures

band;

elkexternally

of the

band.
marginal
zigzag
marked
internally

internai
decorations;

inner

on the

(39~70).

Seroll

pointing

in

(39977).

external
undulate,
Dish-like,
and
Inner
band
of crosses,

(39978).

(39982).

figures

opposite

with

oblique

(39983).

506.

(39985).

latticed,
) wide,
surfaces
Both

(39987).

Inner

scalloped
23 E

no

directions

surface
bands.
and
central

on the

triangles

outer,

internai

marginal
outer
figure,

band.
serrate

band.
) Decorations

505.
507.

arranged
band,

no band.

marginal
504.

figure

design.
No. 467.

496.

501.

central

the

bounding

band.
noral

composed

to No.

495.

lines,

lines.

dotted

chaste

unnsaally

500.

figures.

rosette.

as in Fig.
414.
as in Fig.

marginal
band
and

Scalloped

central

band;
band

marginal
band

Marginal
Net-work

(40539).

and

in figures
net-work

band

486.

493.

other

bands.

marginal

(40490).

(40530).

no

leaves.

485.

492.

line

a simple

except

serolls.

radiating

triple
central

oblique
and
band

band;

nower.

or

deer.

only.

marginal
Very
small;
to the preceding.
Similar

491.

of
figures
seroll
figures.

marginal
band;
floral
decorations.

scalloped
and

band

band

rosette

central

central

and
line

353

only.

band,

bands,

marginal

CLAY.

band

marginal

marginal

477.

481.

OF

ARTICLES

sTEVExsoN.]

band.

surface

same

as those

marginal

band

decorated

with

with

seroll

representedinFig.
on the inner

figures,

scroll
figures.
outer
with

side
but

a
414,-tvith
of the bowl.
a marginal

COLLECTIONS

354

508.

Both

suriaces

naring.
Inner
(39998).

surface

(39990).

OF

]879ZUN[.

with

marked

serrate

oblique

unnsu-

lines;

ally

509.

with

each

side

with

510.

Inner
(40007).
rate
band.

511.

(40213).

Elk

and

scrolls

512.

(40215).

Resembles

No.

513.

The
(40219).
inner
surface
low
in

this
a robe

consist

526.

(40247).
(40254).
sm~ice

537.

outer

birds;

Unes,

are

ser-

thoseof

unusual;
marginal

apparently

with

band.

scalloped

the
and

band,

be-

closely
wrapped
the outer
margin

trausversely,
crosses
regularly

spaced

by

per-

broad

with

No.

undulate

blocks

and

528,

lines

533,

into

similar

diamond
to

those

on

this-is

somewhat

shaped

bands.
on

the

external

the

with
and

with
internai

preceding
529,

suriace

inner

circular

space
scal-

bottom
with
scrolls.

as those
type
outer
surface
inner

triangular
figures
a similar
band
below.

to

No.

534.

a simple
scrolls

(40487);
530,
(404~5);
The
decorations
on

general

flat

inner

and

lines,
surface

(40531).

same

with

in form

bowls

marginal
External

(40269);

Oater

and

inn'er

of No.
marked
with

and

531,
these

526.
with
a scal-

decorations

of triangles.

entirely

Without

the
inner

as in

(40529);
to the
belong

Similar

divided

figures

scrolls.

532,

almost

Figs.

504.

surface

band

and
with

and

broad

marginal

in

represented

372.

onter

(40267);

type

SIC,
(40221);
517,
(40243);
518,
inner
band
consists
of
marginal

(40523),
band

Two

External

to the

ornamented

by Fig.
classed

Mng-shaped
(40271).
nve scalloped
bands
Outer
surface
(40279).

(40483).

outer

and

(40220);

pots;
Resembles

with

(40264).

(40482).
consist

an

crenate

belong

Inside
with
crenate
(40256).
and triangles
as in Fig.
359.
band.
loped

loped

and

bowl

child

520,

marginal
surface

paint

specimens

536.

this

slender

placed
of
band

515,

Although

(40230).
like the

(4050:));

535.

broad

(39979);

Inner

(40227).

triangles.
527-533.
527,

534.

on
of

519, (40493);
and triangles.

outer
spaces;
vase
represented

525.

band

internally;
501.

following
numbers
aud 412:

(40274);
scrolls

524.

oblique

lines.

The

523.

serrate

holding.a
kind
and

some

with

35G, 411,
514-S20.
514,

522.

with

decorations

of

pendicular

521.

surface

a woman

is marked

with

outer

reversedeiks;

serrate.

bands;

scrolls;

interior,

exterior,

geometrical

figures.
538.
539.

(40488).
on th
(40491).

This
inner

belongs
surface.

Similar

to the

in form

and

type

represented

dcorations

by
to No.

Fig.
534.

411;

rosette

4M76
bd
Fms.

416-418.ZuBi

Eating

Bowls.

ARTICLES

6TEVENBON.]

54=0.
541.
542.
543.
544.
545.

546,

like
Form
(404=96).
with
the'usual
outer

the

triangular

like

Inner
decorations.

(40540).

Central

Pan-shaped;
outer
without

(40980).

with

decorated

scallopedTjand

single

triangles
in

externally

internally

externally;
band

internally;
inner
surface

and

zigzag

a single
marked

no

scrolls;

radiating

band

serrate
with

ex-

externally.
fig-

geometrical

decorations.

ures
Without
547, (40993).
547. 546, (40988),
inner
marked
with
zigzag
marginal
line,

external

ornamentation,
and trian-

central

scroll,

devices.

gular
548.

(40991).
line.

549.

(40993).
central

No

lines

serrate

Oblique

external

inner

decorations;

inner

zigzag

externally;

marginal

line

marginal

crenate;

nower.

ornamentation.
ware.
or yellow
Usually
without
Brown,
red,
surface.
or flowers
on inner
rosettes
550.
Small
(39907).
of
are without
ornamentation
numbers
The following
551-572.

stars;

371.

Fig.

marginal

flower

face

internally.

those

serrate

(40538).
ternal

355

figures.

shaped,

of

band

Double
(40503).
lines
precisely

CLT.

inner

preceding

Fit,
finger-bowl
and circular
figures

(40497).
scrolls

OF

552,

551,(39J68);

554,

553,(40307);

(40003);

kind

any

555,

(40214);

556,

(40235)

557,

(40344)

558,

(40257)

559,

(40376)

560,

(40377)

561,

(40278);

563,

(40380)

563,

(40381)

564,

(40494)

565,

(40536);

566,

567,

(40534);

568,

(40543);

569,

(40544);

570,

(40226)

(40538);

572, (40989).
571,(40984)
(40983);
have
The following
decorations;
slight
as
it is to be understood
mentioned

wherever
marginal

band

the
unless

is

otherwise

speeined
(39974).

Narrow

574.

(39981).

Floral

575.

(39995).

Triangles

573.

external

band.
on

figure

inner

surface.
narrow

externally;

sub-marginal

band

inter-

nally.
576.
577.
578.

(40306).
(40229).

579.

(40388).

5SO.

(10550).

on

Outlineleaf-likengures
Inner

(40222).

Slender
'Inner
With

crenate
bands

band
and

and

face

lines.

scrolls.

cf geometrical
slender
outer
band.
band

band

inner

cross

and

figures.

581.

(40980).

Inner

582.

(40983).

Inner

583.

band
of scrolls.
Inner
(40990).
~m-a'/M-SK/t-fe.
are called
The larger
forms,
following,
The
broad
check
ered
in Fig.
413.
Represented
(40041).
characteristic.
forms
the
th inner
distinguishing
margin
decorated
are similarly
Th. following

584.

585,586.

585,(40010);

zigzag
central

white

586,(40167).

triangular
nower.

figures.

band

on

356

COLLECTIONS

587.

(40033).

As

variety
The

with

following

ferences,

being

588.

(40164).

Fig.

589.

(40177).

Do.

590.

(40181).

This

591.

(40296).

Fig.

wings
593.

594.

specimens
the inner

1879ZUNI.

the

closely
resembling
a latticed
marginal

band

preceding,
shown

to the

belong
central

same

I
in

introdnce
Fig.

variety,

here

414.
the

chief

dif-

figures:

415.

bas no
specimen
416.
This varies
and

spread
These

line.
592,

OF

are

of
but

their

and
592, (40965)
inner
decorations

Fig.

415.

elks

on

ornamentation
in

except

the
having
inner
surface

the

figures
below

the

band.

ofbirds
the

with

marginal

shown
in the figure.
partially
593 (40955)
to the
same
belong
variety,
resemble
more
those
closely
represented
The

but
in

on this
to the very
piece belong
Figs.
356, 411, and 412.
595-600.
To
the followingnnmbers:
belong
595, (40008);
596,
(40009)
597, (40012);
598, (40013);
this
599, (40020);
600, (40021),
varies
in having
no ornamentation
on the outer
surface.
601-608.
shown
in Fig.
601, (40176),
418;
602,
(40031);
603,
(40038);
604, (40043);
605,
(40046);
606,
(40047);
607, (40050);
608, (40052)
609-628.
609,
(40151);
610,
(40152);
611, (40163);
612, (40168);
613,
(40170);
614, (40171);
615, (40175);
616, (40185);
617, (40186);
618,
(40493).
common

Fig.

417.

variety
this
type

(40188);

619,

(40189),

(40194);

623,

(40195);

627, (40200);
<stK-t-Z:<t-sa-!e.
629-638.

Fig.

419;

620,

624,
(40196);
this piece
(40293),

628,

(40191);

621,

(40193);

622,

625,

(40197);
626,
(40199);
a bread
m'isproperly
bowl,

(40295);
630,
(40297);
631,
(40298);
632,
(40310);
633,
634, (40306);
635, (40308);
636, (40309);
637, (40930);
638,
shown
in Fig.
420.
1 would
call
attention
here
to the
of
the inner
similarity
decorations
of this bowl
with
those
of the vase
in Fig.
body
359.
represented
This is properly
bowl.

(40931),
strong
on the
a bread
639-646.

639,

(40971),
The
those

(40938);
644,

640,

(40957);

(40974);

645,

following

specimens

represented

in

on

figures
(40014).
placed
648, 649.
650-658.

in

629,

(40305);

47.

decorations

shown

the

inner

Figs.

422.

The

among

the

scroll

648,

(40023)
(40028),

649,
shown

cut

654,

(40049);

B56,
M9-663.

(40153);

657,

(40156);

659,

424;

and

660,

(40932),

fails

(40026).
in Fig.

(40045);

663,

but

differ

in

show

the

figures

as
to

regard

the

to

of

the

elk

ornaments.

653,

(40183);

413-421,

643,

surface,

Fig.

650;

641, (40958);
642,-(40967);
421.
(40975);
646, (41171),
Fig.
have
the same
external
decorations

655,
658,
(40198);
425.

Fig.

423;
(40051),

651,

(40035);
thesetwoarebread

652,

(40042)
bowls;

(40178).
'661,

(40202);

662,

(40927),

Fig.

FiGS.

419-421.-Zufii

Eating

Bowls.

40927

Fies.

432-424.ZnBi

Eating

Bowls.

Fies.

425-437.ZnBi

Eating

Bowls.

ARTICLES

B'nfVEN60N.]

664-669.

(40977)
resembling
670.

Inner
band
with
marginal
rosettes
and small
scrolls,
No inner
geometrical
band

(40027).
angles,

671.

(40030).

672.

(40035).

Narrow

marginal

673.

(40179),

Fig.

of

marginal
674-682.

simple
Each
426.

679,

(40157).
band
being

684.

(40169).

scroll

Marginal
Shown

band;
band

elks
with

in Fig.

427.

Marginal

band

No

inner

(40190).

No

inner

687.

(40201).

688.

(40290).

689.

(40292).
central

portion.

690.

(40294).

Fig.

ing
692.
693.

(40304).

No

this

See

marginal

on

the

outer

is a very
401.
Fig.

(40928).

Inner

695.

(40970).

No

696.

(40972).

that

on Fig.

outer

large

on

figures
Inner
decorations
outer

698.

(40015).
leaves.

Outer

and

699.

(40024).

Outer

scalloped

700.

(40022).

Outer

surface

inner

with

inner

faces

double

703.
704.

(40192).

and

leaves

being
with

424.
in

varies

in
inner

the

having
in

hav-

as in Fig.

geometrical

inches

in

375.

diameter.

figures.

surface.

marked

scalloped

with

figures
band

with

triangles

lines

of
and

and

siender

internally.
and

figures.
externally

band

marginal

large
band
and scrolls.
scalloped
without
Outer
face
(40159).
oblique

in Fig.

427 ;scrollngures

scrolls

eighteen

scroll

band,
with

monds
702.
702,
701, (40158)
vermiform
inner
with
large
with
Both
faces
(40166).
Stems

inner

figures.
to those

419.
as in Fig.
inner
surface
decorations;
brown.
remainder
cross

(40017).
and large

white

the

the

central

nowers

and

with

bordered

marked

surface

of

of
the upper
portion
band,
The under
side of the oblique

marginal

specimen,

(40040).

figures.

spaces.
is

surface

678,

(40300);

371.

decoration
double,

scroll

band;

No

701,

the

Fig.
429.
inner
A broad
bowl;
(40486).
which
bas a line of diamond
This

697.

to

(40302).

line

694.

In

430.

in Fig.

figures.
and geometrical
lines
similar
triple

similar

similar

Unes

and

leaves

shown

or lance
point
triangle
or donkey.
of a mule

elongate
tbe figure

677,

perpendicular

with

vase

bas

(40973);
682,
681,
of broken
pottery.

pieces
the

tri-

colored

serolls.

and

(40187);

424,

band;

(40182).

686.

691.

on

to those

similar

676,
(40969);

scalloped.
band
a vine

donbly

and

specimens
differ.
figures

central

680,

spaces
below.

figures.
elk

following

resembling
like
Fig.

Marginal

figures

the

(40044);

(40966);

figures,
Somewhat

diamond
or iffowers

band

inner

675,

(40037);

683.

th

the

but

band,

674,

(40937);
Patch-work

685.

668,
667,
(40976);
666,
(40960);
as strongly
be grouped
together,
inner
decorations.
to their

(40952);
(40951);
665,
and
may
669, (40016),
other
in regard
each

664,

357

CLAY.

OF

scrolls.
internally.

oblique
decorations;

dia-

358

COLLECTIONS

705.

(40195).

Interior

0F

dcorations

1879ZUNI.

profuse

and

scrolls,

diamond-shaped

figures.
706.

(40934).
surface.

707.

(40935).
of dots

Four

scalloped

on outer

bands

No outer

insidemarkedwith
decorations;
central
scrolls.
lines;
Both
surfaces
with
geometrical
figures.
Marked
double
lance
externally
with

(40939).

709.

(40950).
with scrolls.

710.

Shown
in Fig. 428.
Hre
(39954).
bird reduced
to a simple
scroIL
Brown
or yellow
ware.
Decorations
nal ornamentation'unless
otherwise
711,

forming
714.

712.

(40011);
a cross.

(40936);

Broadextemal
(40018).
No figures
on the inner

715.

External

(40032).

band

we

see the

inner

a marginal

points;

head

in black

on

figures

and

708.

711-713.

scroll

face;

band

internally

of the

grotesque

or red,

without

exter-

Four

large

leaves

stated.
713,

(40963).

of horizontal

and

dotted

oblique

lines.

surface.

scalloped

reversed

band;

or

pyramids

pueblos

internally.
716.

(40039).
versed.

Broad

marginal

717.

(40048).

White

vermiform

718,719.

718,

margin
The

734.

720,

of

are

specimens
(40019);

721,

half

pyramids,

re-

alternately

figures.
These

(40154);
719,
(40184).
in both
also white.
being

following

720-733.

band

without

(40036);

725,

(40180);

726,

(40307);

730,

731,
(40959);
Patch-work.

(40962);

732,

similarly

decorations

723,
727,

are

(40160);
(40929);

(40163);

728,
733,

40963);

kind:

3fany
723,

the

marked,

(40953);

724, (40165);
729. (40954);

(40968).

(40155).

735.

Four
serrate
or scalloped
bands
on outer
face.
Similar
(40172).
inner
band
in outline;
and outline
marginal
pyramidal
figures.
736.
Outline
(40174).
pyramidal
figures.
737-739.
band
of
737,
(40173);
738,
(40289);
739,
(40964).
Marginal
double
outline
scrolls.
740.

(39618).

Brown

warewith

decorations

in black.

741.

(39592).

Brwn

ware

decorations

in

with

C00~fy&
These

vessels

are

quite

sometimes
large,
designed
only for family
not
three
inches
quite

shaped.
these
the
As

to

vary

th
Two

a general

ordinary
specimens

Zunians
ruie,

Fig.
Fig.

380.
382.

~E&S'JT.M.

of medium
in some
instances
size, though
Those
in cooking
used
for feasts
are
exceedingly.
with a capacity
the
smallof about ten gallons;

dimensions

similar

Colored
Colored

generally

the

est,
and

black.

use,

are

less

thn

in

four'inches

diameter

are of two general

one
They
forms,
on cooking
the
other
bowlstoves,
the
collection
are
with
to
provided
legs;
name
6~-mM ycK-m-Q'K~a.
See Fig.
432.

high.
used
pots
in

the
apply
the
rims
of these

vessels

are

flared,

and

on

some

of

Fias.

428-430.Zuii

Eating

Bowls.

Eres.

431-436.ZnBi

CooHng

Vessels.

ARTICLES

stevexson.]

close

them,

probably
be removed

viz:

on

or

and

hve

These

are

names

by

ear-like

which,

used

applied

to

cooking

the

was

which
744.

(40865).
The

in the

small

though

750,

present

generally
the appearance

746,

(41120);

751,

748,
(41122);

752,

(41121);

756,

(41126);

757,(41127);

759,

760,

(41130)

761,

(41131)

762,

767-804.

765,

(41138)
following

767,

(41140)

belong
768,

(41055);
772,

(41059);

(41060);

766,
(41141).
to the s-m-yn
(41056);
773,

769,

749,

(41118);
753,

(41123);

758,(41128);
763,

(41132)

(4L137)

ioicls
770,

(41057);

771,

(41058);
775,

(41062);

774,

(41061);

(41063);

780,(41068);

776,(41064);

777,(41065);

778,(41066);

779,

781,(41069);

782,(41070);

783,(41071);

784,(41072);

786,(41074);

787,

(41075);

788,(41076);

789,(41077);

790,(41078);

791,(41079);

792,

(41080);

793,

(41081);

794,

795,

796,

(41084)

797,

(41085);

798,

(41086)

799,(41087);

801,

(41089);
34.

Fig.
805-826.

805,

(41097;;

802,

806,

(41093);
810,

803,

(41090);

(41098);

(41094);
811,

(41067);

(41095);

807,

812,

785,(41073);

(41082)

804,

(41091);

(41099);

800,

(41092),
808,

814,

(41102);

815,

(41103);

816,

(41104);

817,

(41108);

820,

(41109);

821,

(41110);

822, (41111);
This
is an

825, (41139)
826,
(41133);
of unusual
resembling
form,
and sides
nndulated.
margin

828.

827,

(40853),

Fig.
830.

432,

pot-shaped,

the

name

bowl-shaped
but with

(41143).
in this
with
four

conical

(410S8)
in
shown

(41096);
818,

(41107);

823,
unburnt

(41112);

a sugar

bottom;

809,
(41101);

828,

specibowl,its

(41053),

legs.

are
really
830, (41135),
829, (41134),
which
reference
represents
to Fig. 431,
by
for cooking
to be made
purposes,
pear
sci-m-yn.

(41106);

respect

(410S3)

813,

(41100);

819,
S24,
men

829,

bowls:

(41117);

(41125)

The

827,

of

747,

(41116);

of
pots
No. 744,

of cooking
specimens
form
of
and of the

represent

755,

704,

i>re-

process.

754,(41124);
(41129)

and

group

pot.

numbers

few
some
though
745-766.
745,
(41115);
(41119);

baking

Cooking

435.

sizes,

s-m-yn.

These
illustra433.
Fig.
743, (41114),
of the
so-called
have
the
appearance
the
of the
bears
impress
grass
specimen

latter

the

following

varying

same
pot of the
common
coolnng

is the

Fig.
436;
a form
and

prodnced

Fig.

in

liquids.
to size,

reference

smaller

is pclh-thl-tsn-n;
The Olla or bowl-sliaped
433, is called
pot, Fig.
pot.
thltsn-n
to
nnmbers
The following
the
ph
belong
notice.
of special
sent no variations
worthy
742,743.
742,(41113).
tions
represent
ancient
ware;

They
is acquired

as contain

having

pots,

are

they can
are
never

sticks,

which

fbods

snch

pot;
cylindrical
and ich-K-ah-M-tkl-le

large

form

that

than

which

projections,

or
pokers
on the fire.

with

in cooking

are

is the

are

ontside,

in position
rranged
no coloring
other

vessels

pah-ili-le

the

as catches

from

ornamented,
baking.
Three

rim

to the
intended

359

CLAY.

OF

as will
be seen
pitchers,
but they
the
aplatter,
as they
are
designated
by

360

COLLECTIONS

OF

1879

ZUNI.

LADLES.
Called

by the Zunians
somewhat
an

sembling
a spoon.
are

of

The
white

ware

forms
ware

831-839.

five

inches

831,

835,

(40461);
840-841.
840,
842.

the

These

are

other

with

are
on

figures

of

resembling

shown

in

surface,
from
eight

inner

the

figures.
and

half

832, (39894),
Fig.
438; 833, (40430);
in the
'bowl;
836, (40433);
837,
With
handles.
(41254).

(39895)
handles.

841,

of

figures

(39896),

elks

in

the

They
of red

inches

and

two

834,

flower

839,

re-

one

forms,

the

in size
They
vary
the bowl
to four
and

across

two

a handle

(39884);

(40432),

out

with

usually
ornamentation.

without

and
length
half
inches.

s-sJi-Jcn-ne.

oyster-shell,
and decorations

in
and

(40431);

(40460);

838,

bowl.

With-

marginal

band,

(39929).

843,

844.

843,

(40408)

scrolls;

845,846.
and

845,
(40418);
the figure
of

847-851.

847,

451,
852-868.

(40424),

(40420);
848,
resembles

852,

(40425);

(40434)

857,

(40441);

862,

866,

869,

853,

863,

870,

bowl.

854,

(40428);
859,

(40459);
868,

(40875),

Fig.

(40422),

(40437);

(40677);

(40679);

in the

(40427);
858,

(40442);
867,

440.
Fig.
has
a pretty

(40417),
this

(40421);
849,
440.
Fig.

(40435)

(40675);

869,870.

844,

846,
(40419),
a slender
bird

439;
855,

(40438)

(40423);

(40429);

860,

864,

(40678),
437.
Fig.

450,

(40462);
441.
Fig.

856,

(40439)
865,

861,

(40463);

BASKETS.
Called

by
size

in

vary
five

in

the

top

as in

formly
band

are

always

black,
following
andinfact

mon,
but which,
the larva
Zuni

Fig.

or pneblo,

pyramid

These
which.
h-whl-wi-li-pci-sM.
vessels,
inches
in diameter
and
from
two
to
to eight
the
form
of bowls,
sometimes
with
a handle
over

Zunians,
four

from

are in
depth,
like a basket

scalloped,
They

the

handle,
452, or
cnt

being
of white

ware

there

is often

and
the

almost

and

in

the

this
an

These

somewhat

form

inner
or

exclusively
are intended
common

withont.
so as to

decorated

undulations

as I learned,
of an insect

country;

sometimes
terraced

in

The

resemble

with

a horse-hair

with

black.

and

outer

terraces.

The

figures
both
on

while
margin

figures

soft.
is uni-

narrow

submarginal

The

arethose
used,
to represent
the
water-pools
grotesque

is either
margin
the
section
of a

most

com-

resembling
tadpoles,
a small
crustacean
or
and
of

streams
the

horned

of

the
toad

are placed
the outer
and
figures
inner
is generally
found
on the outer.
figure
of the reptile
vessels
are
used
Indians
singular
sacred
by the
only in their
and ceremonial
dances.
In them
is placed
a small quantity
of meal;
they
are then
borne
in the hands
of the
the dance,
take
who, during
women,
a small
of the meal, just as much
as they
can hold between
the
quantity
(Phrynosoma).

surfaces,
These

though

the

s
)
91
w

r1-

N
G
1:1

t'
p

92

m
0
s
s
PQ
I
'g
N

~t
~<
GQ
Ih

m
I
eu
u
1
?
M
00
00
?
ta
Fu

ARTICLES

Stevenson.]

tins
c

of the
the
As

shall

and

fingers,

it on

sprinkle

notice

are
are

which

those

Without

the

sacred

361

objects

and

shown

in

correctly

the

887,

(40376)

specimen,
than
usual,

one

human,

in

904.

(40380);

890,

893,

(40384);

894,

(40385);

895,
this

each

899,

(40803),
in
globular

(40396)
is more

the
has in the
this
901,
(41015),
(41014)
of a bird;
the figure
902, (41018).
basket
withot
442.
A Zuni
clay
Fig.
(39971).
decorations
and inner
areunusal,
of the margin
animal
does
water
fact that
the little
and
the
452.

Fig.
(40354)
on this
tions

With

the

on

entire

this
of the

body

basket;

of

group
on

the

the
form
handles;
and on this account

The

decora-

and the most

figure
of a snake
is that

chief
pottery
head

it

on it,
appear
at Znni.

not

scalloped.

margin
The

fkha-p-Mthl-le.
of the reptile

place

obtained

though

tribe,

handles;
unusual.

are

basket
one

intersting
encircling

other

some

form

one
image,
and
the
other
probis
but
a meal
basket,
a small

pyramid

a dog or fox, one of a chicken,

is really
not
This
a bird.
the name
and bears
dance
for rain,

from

(40375);

889,

900,

is probably

885,

(40374);

for

intended

carried

900-902.
903.

of

on

mounted

879,

(40368);

(40378);

897,
(40394)
but
burnt,
slightly

has

and

444.

Fig.

888,

446;

(40383);

892,

884,

(40373);

883,
Fig.

898,

896, (40393);
is
which

(40392);

447;

(40377),

(40382);

891,

(40381);

ably

Fig.

(40372),

882,

886,

figures,

scalloped

Fig.
443;
873, (40400),
872, (40075),
871, (40074);
Without
inargin
terraced
handles
surface.
on outer
of insects
874.
Figures
(40337).
878,
875-881.
877,
(40367);
(40344);
876,
(40364);
875,
445.
Fig.
881, (40371),
880, (40370);
(40369);
871-873.

882-899.

heads

on tlie

unusual.

margin

handles

CLAY.

ceremonies.

in the
leading
persons
and decorations
the forms
only

OF

is a feather

of which

crest.
905.

(41019).
in form

dance
A Zuni
449.
basket,
Fig.
in the collection.
and decoration

one

of

the

most

complete

909, (40806).
908, (40391);
Fig.
450;
907, (40390);
906, (40356),
with
the
and
is ornamented
than
is more
usual,
cup shaped
class
to a distinct
common
on
bowls.
It
belongs
figures
geometrical
is applied.
the name
vessels
to which
of sacred
tichci-p-M-tJd-le

906-909.

This

911, (40353);
of
the head

910-913.
910,
(40336);
varies
in having

912,
abird.

(40355),
With

Fig.

451;

handles

margins

913,

(40357),
ter-

(40302);

918,

raced.
91.4-922.

914,

(40365)

919,

922, (40386).
called
baskets
923-928.
and
927,

915,

(40358);
(40366)
This
by

the

Zunians

(40388);
923,
924,
(40387)';
the two following
bear the
(40397)

928,

916,

(40360);

920, (40359),
three
and. the

(40398).

Fig.

917,

(40361);
448

following

921,

(40379),

specimens

Fig. 453 I
are
small

h'-wU-wi-lwpa-slil-tsn-n.
(40395).
926,
925,
(40389);
on Fig.
as observed
same figures

This
452.

362

COLLECTIONS

929.

This
(40399).
water
animal,
a snake,
the
of

head

basket

is

inside

and

the

is

painted

immediately
930.
931.

under

it.

932.

edges,

and

(41019).
fly on

each

on

These

are always
in height.

lar

jars,
cubical.

the

and

sionally

triple

nians

the

apply

generally

single,
To

and

the

ware

like

those

the

trne

cup

but

to

band

representation
water

animais.

with

serrated

and

a dragon-

one

and

a half

of water

to three

vases

or globu-

and
occasionally
and
occadouble,
Zuones
the
single

of smaller
sizes,
but
somehandles,
are
connected
only by a bar
of the
and
the
triple
other;
and
are of red
white
They
without

that

decorations

so far

black

large-sized
and to those

manner.

the

pottery;

described,

is serrated

the

side,

shape,
often

quite

usually
double
ones

of one
similar

body
in a

other

already

to

proare

teeth

rim

The

on each

in size from
in the form

are

They
The

ones

quadruple

toad

the
quadruple.
of lil-i-p-Jc-tM-le;

7il-i-p-k4hl-tsn-n.
times
thse
are present.
extendingfrom

vary

usually
of a

name

and

of

The

a horn-like

pyramids
on sides.

toad

tail

CUPS.

They are
sometimes

are
and

four

little
and

basket.

tongue

conforming

large

handle,
toad.

but

small,

though
They

and

The

of horned

representation
Basket
with
of

handle

PAINT

inches

of the

specimen.

line

head

a handle,
but
noticeable
for the
of which
are two of the little

without

side

the

conventional
the

a crest

eyes.

a small

the

side

Basket

(41017).

with

the

colors
with

ZUftl

presents
the base

with

decorated

black

Is without
(41016).
of a bird,
on each

ornamented

before

jection
immediately
also represented
in
and

1879

it also
out;
which
encircles

of

body
snake

OF

as they

on

can

be

the

white

are
to

adapted

similar

these

to

small

articles.
We
forms

shall

give

and

figures.

the

numbers

Single
cups:
933-938.
933,(39881);
938,

(39945);

934,(39888);
with

figures-

on the

represented
939-942.
939,

without

936,
935,(39938);
of the little
aquatic

earthenware

to

except

remarks,

baskets

note

(39939);
animal

937,

(39944);

so frequently
dances.

in rain

used

unusual

(39949);
940, (40036);
941, (40111);
942, (40112);
square,
of brown
ware
and very rude.
box-shaped,
943-946.
with
943,
944,
(40323);
(40324);
945,
(40325);
946,
(40326);
terraced
like that
in baskets
so common
used
in the sacred
margin
dances.
947-952.

947,

(40331);
953-961.

953,

(40338);
looped
drical

(40327);
952,

(4033S),
957,

handles
handle.

948,

(40332).

(40328);
With

terraced
(40339);
960,

949,

meander
margin;

958,
(40342)

954,

(40340);
961,

950,

(40329);
band

of

(40334)

959,

(40330);

simplest

(40341),
with
(40343),

951,

form.

953, (40335)
true
cup
straight

936,
with
cylin-

962-968.

962,

of

969-974.

863,

(40345);

the

ordinary

969,

(40593).

974,
Tlie

977-979.
980-983.

(40648).
984-994.
984,

989,

999,

455;

1015,
without

also
small,

applied

so

on

in

form,

mentioned.

982,
back.

(40647);

983,

987,

(40684);

988,

991,

(40830);

992,

(40829);
The

little

water

animal

1001,
last

(40433);
The

(40349).

(40444);
five are

(39948);
as to

998,
a
form

one

With

scalloped
of

figures

grotesque

arched;

(40445);

1002,
plain.

1007,(40450).

(40449);
upper

997,
454;
arched
so

Fig.
bar

(39932),

10009,
Fig.

(40681),
bar.

1014,

(40610),

1010,

(40454);
double

456;

1016,

(40682);

(40452);

(40457)

(40455);
1011,
bar or bar
and
1017,

(40854),

cnps
1019,

(40605);

1024,

to

those

directly

(40652);

is applied

provided

Fig.
at the sides

(40612),

1027,

1021,(40680);

1020,(40609);

(40606);

1023,(40856).
to which
cups,

(40693)

1026,

are

round

the

this

(39983).

with

and

triple

1028,

(40855);

Zuni

same

the

name

quadruple

square,
1029,

sqnare;

(40856),

as
cups.

Brown,

(40613).
457;
1025,
bars.
without

square.
CONDIMENT

These

common

(40651);

990,

connecting

1000,

1013,

given

(40859),

996,
the

(40451);

Quadruple

1026-1029.

toad

Spherical
heretofore

(40598).
bird

986,

(40650);
994,

1004,

(40456)

1018,

that

on

toad.

Triple

1024,1025.
united

979,
(40597)
of the grotesque

1005,
(40448);
1006,
the
double
bars,

square,

1022,

horned

grotesque

Fig.

(40351);

handle;

1018-1023.

to figur

973,

failed.

Qili-p-M-thl-i-pa-cMn).
on these.

(40447)

1008,

1012,

figure

(39931);
has
This

995,

(40350).
handle.

1008-1017.

has

but

the

(39982);

cups

is a common

margin,
horned

attempted

evidently

(40828),

993,

(39768);
Double

1003,
1005-1007.

(40591)

985,

(40649);

(40826);

999-1004.

972,
971,
(40590);
(40589);
meander
band.
With
simple

981,
(40645);
bowl-shaped;
(40599),
out- of its
a scroll
Bird
with
arising

980,

995-998.

968,

(40347);

baskets.

978,
(40596);
with figures

977,
decorated

form

(40352);

fret),

(Greek
with

Marked
(40593).
the earthenware

976.

(40348),

967,
rim.

has

artist

(40594).
true
meander

965,

964,

(40346);

970,

(40588);

(40592)

363

CLA.Y.

966,
(40349);
tumbler;
horizontal
with
broad,

glass

Mug-shaped,

(40587).

975.

OF

ARTICLES

btbvessq.]

similar
and

in

form

and

CUPS.

decorations

single,
double,
square,
half a pint
from
less than
holding
as they
will
be given
to them

and

to

the

quadruple.
to a pint.
are
reached

paint

and

cups,

are
They
The different
in

the

list.

are

usually
names
The

364=

COLLECTIONS

double

and

as the

multiple

are

1S79

connected

ZUMI.

in the

together

same

manner

paint-pots,

Single
1030.

ones

quadruple

OF

eups:

with
of chickens
on th sides.
figures
is the name
Ma-y-le-tld-le
th
round
by which
or vase-shaped
vessels
are designated.
are numbered
as follows
They
459.
The figures
(39905).
Fig.
on this
to be inspecimen
appear
tended
as rpresentations
of some
neuropterous
but possiinsect,
bly they
birds.
represent
(39878).

1031.

1032-1037.

Square

1032,

1036,
ments

(40653);

1033,
(40654);
1034,
(40G55)
1035,
(40656);
Some of thse
1037. (40658).
from the fragappear,
attached
to them,
to have
to double
belonged
speci.

(40657)
of bars

mens.
1038,1039.
1040-1049.

1038,

(40633);

1039,

1040,

(40833);

1041,

1044,(41007);
(40606);
Double
cups:

The

round

form

mens

to the

belong

the

has

same

is named

pattern

1050-1057.

(40834);

These

two

1042,

(40835);

are

1045, (41008), F j g. 458; 1046,(41170);

and 1049,
are square.
(40664),

1048,

square

(40832).

name

as the

M'p-M-tld-l-ne.
class

latter

red

ware.

1043,

(41006);

1047,

(40603);

salt cup,
single
The following

but

the

spci-

1050,

(39900);
1051,
(39901);
1052,
(40416);
1053,
(40604);
brown
1054, (40662);
1055, (40683);
1056, (40831);
1057,
(40661).
1058-1068.
The following
are round:
1058, (40410)
1059, (40411);
1060,
(40412);
1061,
(40413);
1062, (40414);
1063, (40415);
1064, (40440);
1065, (40659);
1066,
(40660);
1067,
(40666);
1068, (40667).
1069.
This
(40836).
and the last
Quadruple.
three
preceding
specimens
are ornamented
like Fig.
458.
EFFIGIES.
These
foot

in

what

figures,

approach
colors.
there

could

be

done
of

or on

top

The

Ofcen
has

Some

the
the

objects

dominate),
pig,

represented

been
with

back,
most

horse,
m-lm-que
with

disproportionately

of small
not exceeding
size, the
largest
one
it difficult
in some
rude,
rendering
cases
to tell
the
to this rule
only exceptions
some
being
the Zunians
to have
made
appear
the
nearest

these
an
the

larger

antelope,

sheep,

Owls,

are

quite

is intended,
owls, in which
to the true
form.

of

rule

are

length,
animal

figures
with

which

are

They
decorations

vident
various

pices,
as though

of white
generally
ware,
are
but
as
arbitrary,
to imitate

attempt
shades
especially
designed

of

brown

the
for

owls,
water

nature
and

so

decorated
a

general
far
as it

black,

have

an

opening

at

the

vessels.

are owls
represented
(which
largely
preand
chickens.
The
elk, clucks,
human
the
form,
&c., are occasionally
represented.
and
These
are nearly
m-li-qiie-tsn-n.
always
and in most
cases
with legs.
feet,
The bodyis
usually
as are also the legs
the bill is small,
large,
and
the
commonly

Etes.

454r-459.

ZuHi Paint

and

Condiment

Cups.

40140
(~)
FiGs.

460,461.Zml

Effigies.

4073
fflFlGS. 462,463.Zuii Effigies.

FIGs.

464-467.

Zuni

Effigies.

Figs.

468,

469.

ZuBi Effigies.

39910
(3)
FiGS.

47,471.ZuBi

Effigies.

ARTICLES

stbvekbox.]

OF

365

CLAY.

tail
small
latral
the
is short.
are represented
by
projections
wings
The feathers,
as will be scen
The
eyes are generally
well represented.
an
The
have
to the figures,
are quite
well shown.
figures
by reference
head.
on
the
of
the
opening
top
As

there

them

is

mens

are

is a

in

similarity

strong
in the

shown

no

:figures,

and

form,

remarks

(39876);

1072,

on

of decorating
different
speci-

the

necessary.

1070-1077.

1070,

(39875);

1078-1096.

1078,

1082,

Fig.

(39921);
shown

1085,

1089, (40.734);

1092,
Fig.

(40740),

(40138);

small;

(40409);

(40736);

1094,

1081,

(40142),

1088,

1091,

large

1073,

(40068);
1084,

(40142);

feet;

very

463,

1080,

(40261);

1087,

(39877);

1077,
(40059),
(40054);
few without
feet.

(40065)-;
1083,

461;

(40141);
without

(40735),

(40738),
1096,
1097-1112.

Fig.

1086,

1090,

1079,

(40064);

(40140),

(40262);

1071,

1075,
(39957);
1076,
this is one of the very

1074,
(39942);
in Fig.
460

1093,

(40737);

462

1095,

(40741);

(40742).
1097,

(40746),
(40749)

1104,
(40754),

1112,
1113-1120.

(40758),
1113,

1117,

Fig.

(40743),

without

1108,

feet;

(40759);

1121.

young
Shown
(40767).

1122.

(41043).

1098,
(40751)

1109, (40755)
decorations.
1114,

in

Fig.

1123,1124.

1123,
(40066),
Fig. 465, and
vessels
from
Zuni.
water
shaped

have

an

orifice

images,
water

vessels,

but

1125.

(39910).

Shown

are
are

following

on

the

top

seldom

used

in Fig.

471.

of
as

1107,

1110,

(40756)

1 1 11, (40757);

young

usually

occasionally
are
not
the

back

These
the

such

the

on

(40762);

its

back.

Two

464.

represented
the
standing

so generally
or sides
the

specimens,
as though

head
at

owls

(40753)

bearing

(40766),

Fig.

(40739),

are

1116,

(40761);

three

Duck-shaped
-yli-m-h-to,
canteens,
without
though
swimming
posture,
feet,
is adopted.
The feather
decorations
ture
on the owls;
bear
on
several
specimens
bird
with
the
spread
wings.
grotesque

1103,

(40752)

1120,

1124,

468

1106,

(40765)

bearing

469,

1100,

(40745);
Fig.

(40748),

1115,

(40760);

1119,
1118, (40764)
owl on its back.

1099,

(40744);
1102,

(40747)

1105,

Fig. 467
without

(40763)

466;

1101,

(40750)

single

The

mode

the

spcial

like

owlin

posused
as

figure
the

of
owl

intended

for

time.

present

similar

1126, (39879)
1127,
(39889).
1126,"ll27.
With
1128.
posture.
in standing
(36911).
feet,
without
feet.
-1129.
(4006 5). With
wings,
1130.

(41023).
orations

1131-1133.

and

and

are

the

three

small.

following

specimens

-yli-m-li-t-tsn-n

have
of

1133,
1132,
(41025);
(41027).
(41024);
470.
Fig.
the hen,
t-icJc-M.
The
The cock,
t-lzok-he;
to sex, is sci-pi-ye.
without
reference
young,

feather
the

dec-

Zunians.

1131,

1134.

(41026),
Chickens.

applied

This

to the

general

term

366
1135.

COLLECTIONS

in Fig.

Represented

(39919).

OF

1136,1137.
1136, (41028)
1138.
(41030).
Shown in

1137,
Fig.

(41029).

1139,

(41031);

1140,

1141,

(41033);

114Lj (41034).

(41035);

(41032).

1144,

(41038);
1147,
(41039).
1148-1151.
1148,
(41040);
1149,
this piece
(41216),
represents
her

as in

back,
1152,

(41036);

1145,

Fig.
(41041),
a hen with

474;
three

1153,

(41044);

(41217).
tions
with

1150,
young

1154,
(41045);
The
form
and

(mh--wi.)
and 478.
1157,

(41048);

1158,

(41219); 1160, (41210); 1161, (41211).

(41049).
Elk,
1163-1166.
1163,

Fig.

(41037),

475;

1146,

(41042);
1151,
chickens
on

473.

Fig.

(39897);

Fig.
477.
Antelope.
shown
in Figs.
477
1156-1161.
1156,
(41047);
1162.

476.

1141,1142.
1143-1147.

1152-1155.

ZUNI.

472.

1139,1140.

1143,

1879

1155,
(41046),
dcorations
are

(41050),

Fig.

478;

1159,

slw-M-ta.
Fig.

(41212),

480;
The

Pigs,4fe-4e.
sufficient

accuracy

w--si.

But

1164,
figures
to make

(41213);
1165,
(41214);
show
the forms
and
farther

1166,
decoraunnec-

description

essary.
1167.

(41218).
Shown

Ox,
in

single

in

example

the

collection.

429.

Fig.

1168-1170.

1171.

1168,
(41219);
Kn--l.
1169, (41220);
1170, (41221).
Sheep,
like the pigs,
are usually
These,
marked
with
One specispots.
men has these
in th form
of an S, or sigmoid
spots
figure.
The Big Horn
(41222).
H-li-tM.
This
is the only
(Ovis montana),
obtained
and is a very
specimen
rude
not easily
figure,
recognizable.

1172.

The Lynx.
(41224).
rated
with
spots.

1173.

(41225).

The

Horse.

senting

hair.

1174.

unrecognizable.
Man
(41226).
evidently

T-pi.

Orifice

TuscJi,
very

poor

on horseback.

intended

to

in the

Decorations,
without

figure;

top

of the

spots,
the

head.

and
name

Deco-

lines

reprewould
be

The figure
of the man
is
I-mdl-t-yi.
a Mexican,
as shown
by the
The saddle
is represented,
but
there

represent

hat
and
ordinary
clothing.
is no bridle
or other
trappings.

STATUETTES.
1175.

(40071).

Indian

1176.

(40076).

Wi-h.

1177.

(40860).

Klem-chi-Jca.

1178.

(40861).

Nude

1179.

(40862).

Man

1180.

(40863).

Fude

boy

withont

clothing

and

wearing

Baby.
female
with
female

Man

with

figure.
hat and clothing.
figure.

hat

and

clothing.

moccasins.

FIGs.

472-476.

Zuni

Effigies.

Figs.

477-480.

ZuDi Effigies.

40631
(D
Fias.

481-483.

ZuBi Clay

Moccasins.

ARTICLES

btevbnson.j

1181.

good figure.
as a bracelet.

band,
Moccasins.

between

Sometimes

they

a little

by
with

These

M-qu-we.

differences

the

are

bar

color

in size.

1182-1190.

1182,

caps.
paint
Decorated
(40657).

Pair

1192.

(39927).

Shown

1193.

(40060).

With

1194,

1195.
(40630).
(40631).

same

1199,

1200.
1199, (40634)
in the preceding;

1202.

handle
Fig.

(40061),

This pretty
(40633).
from
the tip to the

necting

band

(40804).

Anomalous.

margin

1204,

(39947);
1190,
as
used

heel.

the

1195,

decorated

(40628),

and

1200,
on

gro-

(40636).
belong

serrate

with

lines
same

decorations,
Single,
as part
to one pair,

as

of the

con-

them.

In
TMa-p-M-tM-le.
decorated
two
handles,

with

with

483.

probably

the

form

of

a low

or

with

scroll

a scalloped

and

an undu-

sticks.

Made

Marginstraight.
and
of clay
Composed

house.

following
dcorative

AND

are

specimens

figures;

willow

PIGMENTS.
in

employed

the

of

manufactnre

pottery

purposes:

1204, (41230)
and
of which
clay or kaolin,
surfaces
of earthenware.

1205.

Are
specimens
1205,
(41231).
is made
and applied
a solution
This

whiting
and

in

coarser

of a whitish
to the
state

rooms.
their
chimneys
white-washing
the Zuni Indians
Is a dark
carbonaceons
clay which
(41265).
stand
the ruins
on which
near
the summit
of a mesa
from
for

1206.

1185,

pair isprofuselyornamented
ankles.

CLATS

for

(39946);

straight.

Toy
(42375).
by children.

The

decorations,
decorations:

(40629);
1189,(40634);
and were
at the heel

Vase-shaped,withsinglehandle;
(40805).
around
the body.
late
band

1203.

and

at

482;

figure.
in Fig.

remains

vase,

1184,

or

White

481.

Fig.

lines;

Represented

depressed

end.

united.
in

With

the

form,

without

are

(39925);
loops

wrist.

scalloped
in

correct

posterior
without

lead-colored

1188,

and

colors:

1198.

1201.

1183,

still

1194,
bird.

the

specimens

(40626);
1187,
last
two have

the
hand
a colored

represented.
always
properly
in pairs,
united
directly

being

or

brown

by

very

usually

usually
at
handle

following

with

1191.

1197.

but

(39924),;

(40055)
The
(40635).

1196.

singly,
or curved

The

1186,

tesque

left

or

decorations,

diminutive

are

and

right

made

straight

367

CL AT.

ah-sin-ne.
Represents
hand,
is surrounded
The wrist

Human

(41223).
Batlier

OP

ancientvillage-or,
invasion
the Spanish

at least, wherethey
of their
country.

outer
is nsed
obtain

of

their

claimtohaveresidedduring
As

this

clay

is one

of

the

368

COLLECTIONS

principal
of it was

elements

in the

procured

and

OF

1879

ZUNI.

manufacture

of

numbered

as one

of

used

a quantity
Zunipottery,
of the specimens
of the

collection.
1207.

Small

(41901).

1208.

(41902).

White

(41903).

Finer

1210,

1211.

1212.
1213.

or kaolin,
of white

clay

quality
and
(41904)

1210,
a coarser

azurite

Indians

in

deco-

1211,

same

as Nos.

1204

and

Are

specimens

1205.

clay.

(41905).

of the

above

quality.

Tierra

(41906).
Grande

Indians

(42342).

or yellow

amarilla,
make

micaceous

varieties

many

yellowish
sandy
in decorating
to the pottery

is

used

This

pottery.
those

lines

of

clay,
vessels.

of

which

clay,

oring
pigments
hue and gives
1214.

the

by

&c.

altars,

1209.

of

nodules

their

rating

which

as one

of the

col-

color.

Very
(42343).
darkcoloredore,resemblingmagneticironore;
stone
is reduced
in a small
made
of it for
and a paint
mortar,
their
ware
which
result
is obtained
rating
black,
by baking.

VEGETAL

Rio

to a reddish

clayburns
a brick-red

of

the

this
deco-

SUBSTANCES.
BASKETRY.

1215.

A globular-shaped
(40108).
two inches
and three
long

1216.

(40109).
Double-lobed,
outer
and inner
surfaces
of that

size

the

about
1217.
1218.

size
This

(40115).
manufactured

shown

1219-1235.

1219,

(40120);

to the
specimen
by the

in Fig.

for

1220,

(40121);

(40117);
1225,

1'221,

(40122);

1229,

(40129);
baskets

1233,
(40130);
1234,
(40131);
of the same
of coarse
character,

from
ing
1237-1240.
are
by

tlle

field.

Fig.

(40126),

somewhat
shapes
This
specimen
found

of the

(40118)
1226,

(40125);

We

the

is compressed

carrying

1232,
Zuni

(40133).
mon.

both
to

fit.

1228,

and

with
is about

peaches.

basketry
It

is

484.

(40116)

1224,

centre

about

neck,

basket,
neck

representation
used

Zunians,

a small

The

gum.
The

basket.
the bottom

preceding.
is a good

with
water

canteen-shaped
coated
with

preceding
the neck;

of

Similar

(40110).

well

1236.

of the

water
basket,
in diameter.

1230,

(40119)

1223,

1227,

(40124);

(40127);

1231,

(40128);

1235,
willow

(40132),
ware.

are
Sizes

similar.
is

them
Fig.

488;

1222,

(40123);

an

in
484

illustration
use

general
shows

very

of
for
clearly

one

bringing
the

form

quite

ripe
manner

com-

peaches
of weav-

them.
1237,
(40134);
all samples
of
the

Zunians

1238,
(41135);
the same
basketry.

Mi-cM-pn-n.

1239,

(41136);
1240,
(41137),
These
baskets
are called

btbvbnson.]

1241.

VEGETAL

(40143).
structure.

1242-1247.

small

1242,

1246,
(40i48);
baskets.
1248-1257.

1243,

(40145);

1247,

(40149)

(40401);

1249,

(40402);

1248,

(40405);
and
(40479);
basket
or

1257,

of

tlie

1244,
are
1250,

fibre,
for wearing

inches

it

the

on

(40147);
of corn

1251,

(40403);

1254,
(40407);
1255,
are a variety
of examples

(40480)

three

coarse

same

1245,
(40146);
similar
examples

hu-cM-pon-ne..
of Navajo
basket

Toy
about

(40881).

(40406);

1253,

basket

tsi-i-l.

(40144);
and

1252,

1258.

corn

platter-shaped
are called

They

369

SUBSTANCES.

(40404);

(40478);
1256,
of th corn

of

closely-woven
is attached
to it

manufacture,
in diameter.
A string
breast
as an ornament,

called

lw-in-Man-

tsn-n.
1259,

and
1259, (40882),
baskets
similar

1260.

1260,
in

shaped
numbers.

a corn
basket
(40884)..Is
of much
larger
size,

1261.

of

1262-1264.

1262,

1263,

(40917);

coarsely

sized,

woven,

1269.

(41208).

Large

facture
pactly
1270.

Very
(41209).
ent colored-fibres,

1271.

large

or

(41228),
are
(41231)
frequently
the dtails

shows
1276.

Basket
(41248).
mi-t-li-h-in.

1277.

(41256).-

Toy

the

basket

Fig.

485;

examples
for
winnowing
sufiiciently

basket,

for

large-

basket
flour

of
and

water

Navajo

(40923).

manu-

Apache

very-com-

meal;

same

ware

woven

a decorated

with

of

tray

preced-

li-in.

Zutis

specimen
so as to present

1272,

1275,
used

by

two

Tsi'4-lj

(40919)

1268,

bowl-shaped
for holding

used

as the

manufacture

1264,
baskets.

of the

Tld-lim-ne

(41227).
facture.

1272-1275.

or

flaring

sancer-

preceding

h-in-hlun-n.

1267,
(40922),Ic-se-tom-m.

water-tight;
called
woven;

the

tsi-i-l-tswn-n.

coarse,

(40920).
Toy basket;
1266-1268.
(40921)
1266,
jug-shaped,

(40918);

or rather

cup
to

same

called

tray-like

1265.

baskets,

the

and

ing,

Small

(40883).
construction

sides.

abrupt
(41229);

1273,
the

inner

1274,

with

diffr-

surface.
manu-

Navajo

and
(41230);
flat basketry

coarsely-woven
small
The
illustration
grain.
without
further
description.

bread,

of

the

closely-woven

class,

called

tsi-li-tsn-n.

PADS.
The

made
of yucca
leaves
interwoven
pads
the centre
to
fit the top
sufiiciently
open
the pad
are nsed
in carrying
These
water,
by placing
pads
are used also to
fits.
into
which
the bas
of the vase
They

in

such

following
a manner

of

the

head.

on

the

hold
the

head
water

vessels

jars
from

are

as

and

ring-shaped
to leave

vases

wearing

on
away.

th

thus

ground,
They

are

called

protecting
in Zuii

the

bottom

M-Mti-ne.

of

370

COLLECTIONS

1278-1287.

1278,

(40464);

OF

1279,

(40468);
1283,
(40469);
are
examples
of
(40472)
is an, illustration.
(40473),
The

are

following
1588,

12.92,

the

sizes.

the

same

(40475);

1281,

(40467),.

1285,
(40471);
which
Fig.
486,

1286^
1287^

kind

1290,

(40924);

1291,

(40925);

(40926).
DOMESTIC

In

of

1289,

(40466);

1284,
(40470);
this
of
pad,

pbjects

(40474);

ZUNI.

1280,

(40465);

1282,

1288-1292.

1879

collection

These

are

IMPLEMENIS,

a number

utensils

wer

of

not

TOYS,

wooden

or ladles

spoons
met

frequently

#o.

with.

of

various.

Thereadinesswith

which the Indians

can makeor earthern
a.
pottery
ladles,
large number of which are in
the collection,
has caused
thse to supersede the former.
The wooden
spoons.
are always
chiseled
from a.
of wood.

single piece
Kg. 490.
1293-1297.
1294,

1298.
1299.
1300.

(40877);
1295,
(40878);
of spoons
and ladles
specimens
tdmrsM-kn-n-tsn
the
smaller,
(41276).
A wooden
made
chair,
of a common
ornamented
cliair^
Meat-block

(42292).
used for
(40827).

Rotary

ployed

in
A

(40809).

drill,

small

feathers,

guns

bows.
A
with

the

1304-1307.
are
1308.

is common

of

teeth

about

one

in
inch

threads
or
this

in
in

used

in

box

in imitation.

side

of

is.

usually
point,
hard
substances

Zunis
with

and

which

emfor-

IM-t-ne.

a lid,
ornaments

used

as

such

1304,

(42043);
above
A

1305,

described,
wooden
comb

a.
as.

Me-tn-tsan-n.

notches

cross-threads

the

and

of

pieces

the

flat

of
wood,
for holding

sides

upright
with

these
long;
and
with the

yarn

uutil

manner

are

the

teeth

loom.

are

It

placed

is.
be-

hnd
down,
brought
is perfectly
compact.
-This
combwater-tight.
it

(42044);
used

1306, (42045);
with
looms.

of

same

the

a.

Zuni.
connection

oM-na-p-ne.

combs

(40810).

It

by

trinkets

made

comb

woven

Called

(40876) r.

are,
(41022)
ones are called.

large
tsnn.

flint

other

wooden

wooden

perpendicular

firmly
on the
The blankets
is called

with

upon.
disk
and
and

choice

holding

form,

and

(41192).
provided
tween

stone

turquoise
494.

&c, calledla-po-7ca
Wooden
rack,
gun

(41279).
rectangular

1303.

to sit

rectangular

for

treasure-box,
1302.

the

with

tam-slio-Tcn

1293,

1297,

of wood
entirely
with
carvings.,
form
of a stool,
one

other

perforating
See Figure

ornaments.
1301.

in
th

chopping,

1296,
41020);
of wood.
The

See-

charracter.

and

1307,

(4204%

40~126
4fl|6
Figs.

484-489.

ZuEi Basketry,

and

Toy

Cradles.

btbvekboh]

1309.

SUBSTANCES

VEGETAL

371

Bundle of fine grass stems for a comb..

made from dried grass stems;
(41282). Comb and brush combined,
one end is used as a comb; the other as a brush.
1311. (41277). Wooden
or shovel
spade
quite like' an ordinary
spade,
used by the Indians
for shoveling
snow from the roofs of their
from their bakeovens.
See Fig. 495.
houses, and for takingbread
and corn-planter,
called
Wooden
digger
t-s-quin-ne.
1312. (40879).
(41700).

1310.

This

is the

kind

in the

is

used

spade.

of the
only specimen
collection.
Thefoot

in

digging

as we

In

making

holes

use

in the

for
one
ground
planting
grain,
foot is placed
on the
short
proand the individual
jection,
using
it walks
alternate
each
along,

1313.

step
into

making
which

See

Fig.

ahole
in the
to drop
the

ground
grain.

496.

Medicine
sticks
(41262).
fluenceiain.
Thse little
are

found

rafters

hidden

to

in-

sticks

beneath

of nearly

the

house

every

in

Znni.
1314.

Wooden

(41275).
which

the

of their
See
1315.

war-club,
claim
was

Zufiis

original

Fig.

491.

(41856).

squash

or

and

fllled

the

dances.

peculiar
gourd

pebbles

to

Fig.

497.

See

(41281).

Gourd

1317.

(41196).

1318.

(41197).

or gourd
Squash
Smooth-surfaced

1319.

(41189).
Gourd
paintedred,
to a ple
held
in the
tn-ne.
(41190).

Yellow

squares

of

stick

out

hollowed

with

dance

gourd,
and

white

make

in

1321.

(41193).

mingle.
Water

1322.

(41194).

Gourd

their
See

in most

used

sound,

for

of

rattles.
making
forrattle.

squash

yellow,
and black,
the
dance
called
by
with
black

black

social
Fig.

gourds.
with
opening

which
Znnis

is

suspended
tom-tschl-

and
alternate
having
band,
which
a
the centre,
through
a dance.
The
the
hand
during

around

for holding
it in
in an inverted
on the stick
is.placed
stick
a bunch
of feathers
is attached.

generallyused
women

a rattling

rattle.

is passed

gourd
of the

fl856
(t)
Fig. 497.

warty

1316.

1320.

one

of war.

weapons

dances,

in

in the

end

position.
This

which

the

young

492.
of

the

On

handle.

the

ornament
men

top
is
and

1323-1334.

1323,

(41202);

(41198)

1328,
to

Those

daily.

1324,

bird,
is attached
object
be made
to move
the

bird

(41184).
with

489),
ing

wooden
in

children

tliey

by

1326,

1327,

to

accustomed

are

prairie
is shown

seeing
hum-

lark,
oriole,
493.
in Fig.

a manner

that

The
can

the

wings
in imitation

a string,

pnlling

(41201);

1331,(41-906)-;
(41205);
arewoodenbirdscarved

called
cradle,
doll arranged

w-i-Jclem-tsn-n,
to show
the manner

wooden

Fig.

of

(see
Kg.
of secur-

cradles.
with

1336.

(41275).
willows.

Cradle

1337.

(41724).

Toy

(41285).

Spinning

1338.

(41200);

(41235),

such

down

and

in flight.
-Toy or baby

in

ZUSl.

1330,

arethemagpie,
The
latter

to a stick
up

1325,

(41204);

1334,
such
as

(41234);

represent

represented
and
swallow.

ming

1879.

(41199);
1329,

(41203);
1333,

1332, (41207)
and painted

1335.

OF

COLLECTIONS

372

doll,

W-s-an-an-tm-me.

drum,

of

composed

487,

woven

top.
FOODS.
or wafer

bread.

1339.

(40905).

Wia-vi,

1340.

(41261).

Meal

1341.

(41263).

Chili,

or ground-red

1342.

(41264).

paehes;

1343.

(41266).

Dried
Dried

1344.

(41267.).

Indian

1345.

(41271).

Corn

1346.

(41272).

Native

1347.

(41273).

by the
ofZurii..

salt
bread.

(41274).

bread

1349.

(41280).

Zuni

bread.

1350.

(41283).

Zuni

pepper.
style.

Indian

parched

Zuni

maize.
Indian

squash;
beans.

Zuni

1348.

Indian

from

used

sprouted

style.
Indians.

in the

wheat,

dance.
from

which

juice

or

wine

obtained.
1351.

(42050).

Horse

beans

cultivated

MEDCINMS
1352.

(41172).

Root

nsed

as medicine.

1353.

(41173).

Root

used

as medicine.

1354.

(41175).

Root

used

1355.

(41174).

Bark

for

1356.

(41907).

Plant

for

1357.

(41908).

Plant

used

of

which

by
AND

the

Indians.,

DYES.

as medicine,
called
by the
buckskin
red.

ZuSians

A-gM-e.

coloriug

coloringblack.
for decorating
is

used.

pottry

black,

the

oil

or

jnice

is

FlGS.

491-496.

Zui

War

Club,

Dance

Ornaments,

etc.

co

1.
M
o
m
6
S

CQ

s.~
O

H7
~S

i1

Pi

o
o

'&

"O

f-f
CI,
x^

GI

1
<!

M~

i~

ANIMAL

stevenboit.]

SUBSTANCES.-

ANIMAL

SUBSTANCES.
A2m BONE.

ORN
Bone
awl,
(41284).
1359-1361.
1359,
(41851);
and

1361,
of

mens
ment

Fig.
th

from

shell

from

removed

the

ing

contact

in

with

the

rattles

caused

sound
in

used
rattle
right

the

leg

shell

ceremony.

to

the

knee

the

com-

in keeping
by the gourd

same

is fastened
near

of
edges
the toes

hollow

sound,

is

shell,

toes

These
the

a peculiar

produce

the

attached

with

Pue-

turtle

the

To

it hollow.
leaving
are
the breast
plate
of goats
or sheep.

the

instruof a turtle

tribes.

carefnlly

The

498,
musical

or

shaft.
(41852);
are speci-

esteemed
is highly
by
of the
The flesh

which
blo

1360,

(41853),
a rattle

made

iron

with

1358.

373,

of

rear

when

employed

the

in

dances.

SJSUf.
or lariat

Lasso

1362.

(41287).

1363.

Hopple
(41219).
See
of wood.

(41251).

1365.

(41252).

fromZuni.
MoM scarf,
of calico,
Child's
shirt

(41253).

Squaw's

knit

1369, (41712)
1369,1370.
for
woven.
belts
Fig.
1371.
1372.

5-ch-tsn-n.

leggings.

and

1367, (41801)
Moki
manufacture,
end in colors.
cach

1367,1368.
of

1368,
handsomely

and
the

1370.
waist,

(14713).
called

Worsted

called

garter,

Finely-woven
(41801).
of which
ered
edge,

white
the

following

(41805).

1374, (41803),
(41802);
woolen
scarf.
Bine

1377.

(41806).

Scarf.

1378.

(41807).

Sash.

See

Areworsted
See

li-ni-ne.

1373,

Fig.

502.

See

Fig.

501.

eh-ni-ne

cotton

1376.

Sash.

sashes
Are
(41807).
at
embroidered

500.

(41714).

1373-1375.

(41808).

FABMIGS.

1364.
1366.

leather.

499.

Fig.
WOTEN

1379.

of plaited

endslockedbysmallblocks

strap;

with
are

andl375,

tsn-n.
mbroidexamples:
(41804).

374

COLLECTIONS

1380.

(41809).

Navajo

1381.

(41810).

Similar

1382.

(41811).
Navajo
blanket
ilar to the preceding:

1383-1388.

1383,

1387,

1384,

1396.

and

(41823)

1398.

(42201).

skin
lowed
1399.

the

to

take

it

(4226S).

pierced

near

Zuni

as

end

the

by

shoulder

are

sim-

1386,(41815);"

The

plaited

from

in

is

portion

So highly

did
its

promise
was
A sketch

made

Zunians

(41822);

making

the
band
belt;
with
arrow-points

to

obliged

charm,

one

border.

following

(41814);

is ornamented

away..
the Indians.

to

1385,

used

yarn

Navajo.

I was

returned

The

(41820);
1392,
(41821),1393,
are also saddle-blankets.
(41824),
robe
of wool.

plaiting.

of a slain

that

border.

(41813);

worn

trophy,
shoulder

in

dress

trophy
was

the

blue

red

dress,.with

1391,
1395,

Imperfect
large
(41825).
of green
Sample
(42223).
belts
and blankets.
War

ZONI.

(41817).
in colors.

1397.

over
passes
are fastened

-1879

as a squaw's

with

1388,

1389.
(41818).
Saddle-blanket,
1390-1395.
1390,
(41819);
1394,

used

blanket,
blanket.

(41812);
and

(41816)

OF

the

made

a piece

of

shell

of the

this
prize
1 was
al-

before

of it,

which

made

Zunians

return

which

after

which

rounded

it
and

a string.

toreceive

41726
(~
503.

F.
1400.

Head-dress
worn
by maidens
(41726).
the
form.
flower
The
is sometimes
tacher

to

one

other

side

is

called
band
articles
1401-1408.
1405,

t
that

of

dn-ne.

of the
1401,

same

1411.

(41697).

1406,

band
a

the

on

the

is

called

differing

1402,

rosette;

and

(4172S)

part
part

Oharmof-wildturkeyfeathers.

Fig.

503

shows

this is atyellow;
over the head;
to the
goes
ornament.
The flower
is

which

head

(41732);

rosette;

dances.

horn-shaped

horn

kind,

(41727);

1410.

the

The

encircles

(41731);
Wool
(41698).
Cotton
(41699).

1409.

side

attached

in
red

left

is

called

sai'anne.

The following
gm-me.
only in ornamentation:
1403,

1407,
(41733);
of head-dress.
of head-dress.

The
are

(41729);
1404,
(41730);
and 1408, (41734).

ElGS.

504-508.

Wolpi

Axes

and

Metate.

FROM

COLLECTIONS
ARTICLES

OIT

AXES,
1412.

to
1413.
1414.

Grooved

(42206).
inches

Fig.

504.

(42207).
of this

particular

(42208).
color.

It

is

for

for.

Grooved
form

The
or

plements

are

in

and

is.quitexough

unlike

1416.

(42210).
basait.

Triangular-shaped
and similar
This

the

their

The

only

specimen

celt of coarse
gray
liglit
sandstone,
than
th eut indicates.
It
a wedge
could
have
been
this
what
implement
it is made
is too soft for either
of which

stone
like

maul,

but
them,
modern
Pueblo

surface

grooved,

the

evidently

day it
them

present

Indians

or red-pepper
axe of basait.

rough.
in the
middle;
at one time

grooved

maul,
mauls
at

to

chili
grain,
Grooved

of basait.
axe,
collection.

pitted.

Sandstone

see

present

and
has
ten inches
long
As it is about
imbeen
a grinder,
as many
of those
Its surface
it in length
and appearance.

(42209).

fixed

about
eight
sandstone,
afterward
grooved
shape,

have

1415.

dles

tlie

sandstone

hammering.
sides
it may
not

its

use.

505.
Large
more
is shaped
to conjecture

splitting
four
flat

#o.

fine-gra-ilaed

to

Fig.

difficult

used

of black

it suitable

STONE.

SAMMEBS,

water-worn

long

render

axe

WOLPI.

holding
pods

in

is

not

coarse
han-

uncommon

in the

round

of
had

hand

to

to crush

mortars.

1417.

(42211).

1418.

(42212).

1419.

(42213).
around

1420.

in the middle
like the preceding.
Basaltic
grooved
maul,
(42214).
chili or red
Used
at the present
day for pounding
by the Indians

axe of metamorphie
grooved
507.
Water-worn
boulder
Fig.
the centre.

rock.

Small

of

grooved

quartzite,

pepper.
1421.

(42216).
nicely

Groved

axe

of

1422.

(42217).

1423.

(42218).

Grooved

1424.

(42219).

1425.

(42220).

1426.

(42221).

Grooved

axe

1427.

(42222).

Grooved

axe

1428.

(42223).

Grooved

axe

1429.

axe
Grooved
(42224).
below
small
second
groove
375

axe
axe

Axe of basait,
axe
Grooved

quite

greenstone,

polished.
Grooved

of greenstone,
of sandstone
grooved

similar
top
on three

of greenstone.
of quartz.
of sandstone.
of greenstone,
of schistose
the

larger

to

the

and

shaped,

preceding.

square.
sides.

Groove
well

well

long,

very

near

the

top.

polished.

much
rock,
one.

flattened,

with

376

OF

COLLECTIONS

1430.

1879-WOLPI.

Small
axe of greenstone,
grooved
body rather
square,
top
with
the groove
near
it.
small,
very
Axe
of basait,
on three
sides
near
its top, which
(42226).
grooved
is flat.
(42225).
qnite

1431.
1432.

(42227).

Grooved

on

1433.

(42228).

Grooved

axe.

1434.

(42319).

Grooved

1435.

(42320).

Same

tbree

axe
as

made

1436.

(42321).

Rough

(42322).

Large

grooved

1438.

(42323).

Large

egg-shaped

1439.

(42326).

Large
grooved
sandstone.

1440-1447.

1440,

1444,
quite

a fragment

or stone

chipping

man!

of a grinder.

1445,
to the

hammer.

of

a ferruginous
maul
of
grooved

maul

(42327);

(42331);
similar

from

preceding.

1437.

grained

sides.

ofirregular

substance.
coarse

1441,(42328);

1442,

(42332);
1446,
two
preceding

(42333);

sandstone.

and

shape

surface;

fine-

(42329);

1443,
(42330);
are all
1447,
(42334),
and
are all of sand-

mauls,

stone.
1448.

A very
(42335).
about
fifteen

large

ing
1449.

Grooved
(42336.)
and thick.

1450.

(42337).

almost

grooved

maul,

of

coarse-grained

square,

and

weigh-

pounds..
maul

very

506.
Grooved
Fig.
of the man! is almost

maul

of

short

sandstone;

compact

sandstone.

The

the cut makes

it appear
round,
thongh
Several
such
were
and in all instances
specimens
collected,
show
that
have
been
better
they
than
they
the axes.
preserved
This is probably
due to the fact that
their
them
to
shape
adapts
foods
and grain,
and hence
are not used for splitting
grinding
they
or cutting.
body
nat.

1451.
1452.
1453.
1454.

stone
maul
of sandstone,
in the
middle.
grooved
axe of sandstone
from
Small
grooved
the ruins
of Pecos.
Celt of a very
black
slate
stone.
(42246).
Celt.
This
is a very
fine
(42247).
.of yellow
specimen
polished
slate
of about
the same texture
as the preceding
one.
It is about
twelve
inches
and
from
the broad
long,
tapers
to
gradually
edge
the top.
(42339).

Rough

(42350).

METATES,
1455-1460.

1455,

(42279);

1459,.(42310)
placed

0~

together

&JB~LZ~-CjBZaT)JB~
1456,

1460,
(42311),
in the shape

and
1461,
(13313),
Broken
metate
(42338).

1461,1462.
1463.
1464.

(42287);
1457,
are ordinary
of

a mill.

1462,.(42314),
rubber.

1465.

(40139).

stone.
Rubbing
Rude
rubber
ofsilicinedwood.

1466.

(42274).

SmaU

quartz

1467.

(42275).

Small

greenstone

(42249).

~JKD

rubber.
rubber.

jP~2X~,S'.

(42289);

1458,
(42309);
of the metate

specimens
See

are

Fig.
rubbing

508.
stones.

ARTICLES

sTEvzNsoN.j
1468-1473.

1469,

(42376);

1468,

0F

1474.
1475.

(42294).

1476.

(42295).

ail

age.
ing

the

pestle,

They
food and

they
deep
1477.
1478.

nearly

ovate.

soft

Large
Paint
(42282).
about
five inches

Wolpi

quite

yielding

rocks,

large,
the

from

used

were

and

heavy,
cavities

of

evidences

present

and

sandstone,

usually

food

.ETC.

from

coarse

are

nat

(42281).

are

bruis-

for

As

round.
worn

very

mortar.

made
mortar,
in diameter.

round

bonider

sandstone

mortar.

(42283).

1480.

(42384).
boulder.

Grain
Mortar

1481.

(42285).
and
thiek

Food

from

made
mortar

around

four

about

sandstone,

in diameter,
inches
deep.

eight
three

sandstone

somewhatnattened

indurated

of

inches

about

(42316);

ends.

PESTr~,

mortars

of

They

grain.

1479.

1482.

and
ail

of
are
generally
in most
of them.

being

1471,
(42278);
of rubbers.

pestle.
withrounded
pestle,

round

pestles

are

fragrants
each
end

sandstone

Square
Small

JfO.BT~M',
Nearly

1470,

(42277);
are ail

1473,
(42318),
(42317)
Round
sandstone
(42290).

1472,

377

STONE.

the

round,

irregularly

inches

depression

this is an unusually
nne specicrushing
grain
round
an
almost
inehes
and
body,
high,
the cavity
at the
and
a half
thick
about
an
inch
top of the
rim;
bottom
five
inehes
about
oval in shape,
is quite
a perfect
deep
Mortar

(42286).
It
men.

for

is about

seven

nat.
1483.
1484.

1486.
1487.

like

round

(42292).

Paint

(42293).
a small

Round

to the

similar

the

ear

pestle.
and
deep
middle.

the

The

about

mortar

quartzitic

one

is nearly

thick

inch

one

boulder

food

Bowl-shaped
inches

and

cvity
has a

square
The
pestle
nearly

side

nat,

ten

inehes

the

square.
other

with

mortar,

(42270).
end.

Stone

knife

1489.

(42271).
flint
and

Forty

specimens

agate;
Sandstone

509.

with

most

(42253).
1491-1493.
1491, (42254);
balls.
stone
gaming
Fig.

about

in

diameter

high.

1488.

(42257).

mortar

in diameter.

seven

O~JECBS.

JMISCEr~.KEOCN

1494.

on

a projection

having

cavity.

(42307).
and five

1490.

but

above,

of a kettle.

and

Mortar
(42291).
five inches
about
groove

1485.

Mortar

(42288).
one side

two

of

notches
arrow-heads

and

veryvell

shaped.

of them

gaming
1492,
Hollow

ball,
(42255);
tube.

painted.
and 1493,
The

figure

the

near

or grooves
small

(42256),
represents

large

perforators,

are

ail

sand-

one

made

-378

from

1495.

potters'

are

not

the

ruins

and

(42261).
It is of

Stone

in use

COLLECTIONS

OF

clay, the other

at the present

is of siliceous

in

possession

material.

are

These

(43296).

Small

(42297).

Square

1498.

(42298).
1499-1503.

muller

paint

Triangular
1499,

of

quartzitic

Indians.

(42299),

rabbit.

are

quite

as

they

are

quite

animais

jasper.
muller.

paint
rubber

paint

pipes
around

found

frequently

intended
to represent
probably
stone.
fine-grained
Shown
in Fig.
513.
There
a number
of thse'
little
from
images
and
Wolpi
Zuni;
to represent
appear
it is presnmed
that
rabbits,
they
antedate
the
old, and
possibly
introduction
of domestic
the tribes.
among

1497.

of quartz.

quartz;

1500,
(42300);
1501,
(42301);
1502
and 1503,
are all quartz
(42303)
(42304),
paint
made
from
pestles
half sections
of small
semi sphcrical
the large
boulders
end, which
is nat,
used
for the
being
grinding
part.
(42305).
Partofagroovedaxe.

1504.
1505.

(42306).

1506.

(42262).

1507.

510.
(422G3).
Fig.
than
the rabbit.
with

1508.

stone

Rubbing
512.

with

This

Fig.

This
The

a tail.

more

four

than

(42265).

1510.

neck
(40114).
Wolpi
slat
stone
notched

small

Very

some

represents

animal.

some
evidently
represents
animal
other
is long
and slender,
body
and
is provided

sandstone
which
image,
around
grooved
the
neck,
None
of these
little
images
short
stubs
for limbs.

1509.

surfaces.

rubbing

undoubtedly

Small

(42264).
ofabear;
short
tail.

sandstone

image,

is

good

with mouth
are provided

reprsentation
and
eyes
with

similar

quite

and

anything

to

No.

1507.

ornament,
Fig.
of red
511, 7tM-e-gM~
at each
in the
end, as shown
eut, and
perforated
at th upper
to receive
a cord,
edge
with
which
it is susto the neck.
pended
a rare
Though
it possesses
no
ornament,
parHcular
known
significance.

AJ5TICLES

OF

~~TE~
Thse

are
at

of

Zuni;

the

usual

but

there

the
white
ornamented,
twelve
gallons.
White
1511.

but

time,
ofthe

image,

1496.

~ound

1879-WOLPI.

(41356).
359,
The

except
type

black,

decorated

is shown

!&

and for the

form,
are also a number
and

redware,

most
of

part
very

having

of

the

usual

size

large

specimens
a capacity
of ten

of
or

ware

Decorations
that

CLATT.

there

the
exactly
is a regular

in Fig.

514.

same

type
meander

as that

shown

around

the

in Fig.
shoulder.

FiGS.

509-513.-Wolpi

Pipe,

Effigies,

and

Ornament.

Fm.

514.Wolpi

Water

Yase

FiGS.

515.516.WoIpi

Cooking

Pots.

ARTICLES

eTETENBON.]

The
tions

following

to the

belong

the

but
being
slight,
chief
characteristic:

the

(41601).

Figure

on

th

neck

1513.

(41602).

Shown

in Fig.

514.

1314.

(41603).

Th

square;
of some

there
Zuni

is a zig-zag
bowls.

(41604).

This

varies

1515.

circle,
1616.

(41606).
a band

of

1517.

(41607).

Like

1518.

(41454).
shoulder.

With

1519.

(41455).

Simple

1520.

Figures
(41456).
the body.
The
large.
than

linear

(41644).

1535.

(40646).

1536.

(41647).

1537.

(41648).

band

1522,

1526,

1530,

Fig.

block
on

figures

fringe-like

around

the

or

three-pronged

large

1531,

(41643);

used

pot,
516.

Fig.

similar

to

with

the

the

body,

band

around

fork;

and

distinctiynattened

Usually

with

two

knobs.

Occasionally

adorned

brown

or

red

and

th

on

of them

very

pot-shaped

(41636);

(41640);

(41649);

1529,
(41650).

1533,

which
White

decorated

1539.

(41320).
of mouth

Underside
and

The

ware.

handle,

cooking.

MM-MKM~e.

Name,

JARS.
in form,
convex.

sub-globular
to lie, the other
very
and
sometimes
loops,

obtainedatZuni;
on which

accidentai,
than
to less

figures
unusual

those

half.

1528,

1532,

AND

sometimes
handles,
white
ornamented

a slight,
perhaps
least,
down
or seveu
gallons
are

small

ladle

1524,

(41635);

(41639);

for,

JUGS

those

more

various

and

margins

515.

in

are

solid
the

body.

1523,

(41633);
1527,

~tTEjB

upper

diamond

(41638);

(41642);

Very

(42374).

As the

the

as on

red.

Represented

side

of

place

sides;

a trident

of

(41637);

1534.

These

neck

block.

on

(41632);

(41641)

one

in

372.

is here

circle
the

being

1514.

handles

or

1521,

1525,

1538.

of Fig.

smaller

varia-

above.'the
scroll
with

space

and
red ware,
are plain
brown
some
following
are oftenmore
and they
The neck
is but slight,
ornamentation.
Without
olla form.

Brown
1521-1533.

No.

as the

body

around

only the large

th shoulder.

s's round

the

the
band

in having
checkered

379

type
circular

as on

containing

a regularly
This bas

CLAY.

same

large

1512.

block

OF

ware,

latter

be

will

noticed

most
on

showing,

glazing.
a pint.

in decorations

used

but

studs

generally
some pieces,

They

vary

in

size

have

been

described,

or
nnat

from

six

only

here.

ware
as

blown.
Scalloped
usual,
double
transverse
scalloped

band
band

in

direction
across

th

380

COLLECTIONS

OF

1540.

(41362).

Similar

to the

last.

1541.

(41342).

Simple

bands

and

1542,1543.

and
1542, (41401)
Brown
ware
without

1544-1567.

1544,

1548,

(41321);

(41329);

1553,

(41333)

1558,

1571.
1572.

(41613).
has

As

oblique

(41614).

This

1573.
1574.
1575.

serrate

varies

from

on
Large
diamonds
is a bird.
of which

1577.

(41621.)
in it.

Similar

1578.

(41358).

Small

with

1579.

(41605).

With

narrow

1582.
1583.
1584.

Outline

(41608).
them,

and

(41612).
diamond
(41617).
or long

broad

and
triangles,
Line
of little

serrate

on

the
in

Similar

side

on the

upper

that

1565,
large
neck.
neck

the

zig-

a narrow

the

circles

band
on

scalloped

band

has

around

the

neck;
with

cactus

by

rosettes,

black

body

with

scroll

with

th

the

alternate

no

circle

body.
triangular
cross

lines

growing

from

above.
the

neck;

the

body.

oblique,

body
lines

neck

on the

neck;

decorations

band

basa

th

around

oblique

body.
form and

neck.
each

neck

that

left

on

on

of the

of

only

alternately

band

aronnd
scrolls

left

body

except

lines

band

instead

neck,

ofterracedhills

with
figures
No decorations

(41341);

in having

checkered

scalloped

Scalloped

(41616).
ing to the
(41619).
that
the

figures

curved

the

scalloped
and
nght

to
pointing
the bases.

fignres
between

1581.

the

preceding

514,

Fig.

1564,

1556,
(41337)

neck.

(41618).
the side

1580.

that

the

1576.

to

1560,

(41340);

Only
nothing
scrolls,
Simnarto
the preceding,
except
(41622).
in a circle.
is replaced
by a rosette
Like
that
the
(41615).
No. 1515, except
birds'
heads.
with
(41620).

(41332);

Unes.

the

aroung
the large

1555,
(41336)

These
have
(41611).
only
the
and a zig-zag
line around
the
serrate
on the
outer
margin;

514, except
diamonds.

band

scalloped

(41324),
1552

(41345).

1569,
on the body,
figures
The
diamonds
large

zag,

1547,

1551,(41328);

1559,

1563,
1567,

oblique
in Fig.

(41323);

(41331);

(41335)

1562,(41339);

(41610).
with
doubly

1546,

1550,(41327);
1554,

(41334)

1566, (41344);
(41343);
1568-1569.
(4i609):and
1568,
diamond

Similar.

(41322);

(41326);

(41330);

1557,

1561,(41338);

1570.

scrolls.

1543, (41447).
ornamentation

1545,

1549,

(41325);

1879WOLPL

is formed

heavy,

with

the

as on

Zuni

triangles

double

spear

points

bowls.

of lines,

point-

to Fig. 371 (Zuni),

except
of triangles
instead
of

scralls.
1585.

(41629).

This

1586.

(41630).
rim.

Scalloped

is

really
a double-handled
jar.
band
around
serrated
bottom,

squares

near

Fias.

517-519.Wolpi

Vessels.

Scrolls

th

on

1587.

(41631).
nowers

the

body.

1588.

(41634).
diamond

Very
form.

small,

1589.

(41644).

Series

of double

(41468).

Similar

1590.

on

to

numerons

with

are

following

M~.TB~

7B~~J.&

water

vessels,

small

very

lines

scalloped

and

feathers,
arranged

in

perpendicolarscallops.
1586.

No.

TOT-JEjTE~
The

crest

with

birds

neck;

381

CLA.Y.

OF

ARTICLES

6TEVMSON.I

for

intended

probably

children
of birds
on body.
Figures
on
and scroll
diamond
The usual
(41450).
1595,
1593-1603.
(41347);
1594,
1593,
(41346);
1591.

(41449).

body.

1592.

1597,

1602,

(41354);
Small
1604-1607.

toy

1604,
.The

which

1598,

(41350);

the
not

canteens,

a.string,

Waterjugs
under

decorated

(41353).

1612.

(41364).

Brown

(41365).
small
with

Brown

a round orifice
vessels
paint

to
and

in

catalogue

(41446).
which

forms,

numbers.

are

They
is

ware

brown

(41443).
each side

be

will

de-

of the

usually

undecorated.

always

ware

in

shown

in

constricted

cylindrical,

ware,

517.

Fig.

liddle

the

and

orifice.
Without

(41393).

1615.

(41366).

Fig.

gourd
namented

cultivated

handle.

by

on

both
A

figure.
hahdle.

made

Awaterjar

519.

the

in

of th Pueblo
many
a cnrved
sides
with

is

orifice

circnlar

small

line

The

and
left

a common

of

imitation
tribes.

birds,
at the

is
body
as seen

or-

of

th

base

in

520.
in Fig.
in Fig.
522.

As

Shown

1617.

(41368).
1618-1619.
1618,
(41407).
metrical

Regularly
Brown

(41434).

Similar

1623.

Bottle
(41469).
The following

1630,

1619,

shaped
regular
ware,
to preceding,

jug
but

Similar
handle

to the
decorated

preceding.
with

geo-

in Fig.

521.

figures.

(41433).

1624-1628.

and

(41370).
with
jng

(41369),

1622.

1621.

1610,
various

1601,

518.

Fig.

1614.

1620.

field

original

(41445)
are of

respective
The
ware.

See

(41367).

the

1609,
bottles

their

1611.

1616.

in

given

(41444)
and

(41349);

(41353);

1607,
ear on

the top is closed,

with
or little
either
medicine

are

they
as

scribed

1613.

1600,

three

attach
and
middle,

white

1603,

41448).

1596,

(41348);

(41352);

1606,
(41442)
1605,
(41440)
an
with
are cup-shaped,

(41439)

following

1608,

1599,

(41355);
canteens

to

1608-1610.

(41351);

1624,
(41377).

shaped.
similar

Brown

with

two

withon.t
ware.

handles.
handles.

Represented

are

(41373);

1625,

(41374);

1626,

(41375);

1627,

(41376);

in

382

COLLECTIONS

1629.

(4:1393).

Brown

1630.

(41394).

Similar.

OF

with

ware,

1879WOLPI.

single

without

constriction,

handle.

op?&
Those
obtained
were
small.
As will be seen,
chiefly
very
the
ladle
a very
extent
large
with
this
supplies
the place
of the cnp.
people
1631.
handled
(41409).
white
Regular
with
a broad
cup;
band
ware,
which
are white
crescents.
'1632.

(41461).
uncolored

1633.

(41526).
(41537).

Sides
straight;
so
figures

triangular
1635.

With

(41430).
Toy

White

with
common

similar

cups.

dcorations;

handle,
decorated
on bowls.

on

in

a marginal

ware,
allexcept
or checkered
lines.

cross

Smallwhiteware,ontsdewithont
band
inside;
with
handle.

marginal
1634.

as preceding.
marked
with

Shaped
band

t&

scalloped
the

outside

with

decorations.

brown
ware
without
ornamentation:
White
with
a band
(41415).
of serolls.
1637-1641.
1637,
(41417);
1638,
(41426);
1639,
(41437);
1640,
(41428);
These
five are brown
1641, (41429).
ware.
1642.
A pretty
(41435).
ornamented
pitcher-shaped
vessel,
with
interlaced
or cross
lines
a regular
forming
net-work.
Usnally
ware

1636.

-B~2'zy&
The
they
are
some
and

bowls
are

very
are

in size, as do
vary
or of but medium
In

biscuit-shaped,
a few are square,

we

have

the

larger

bowls.

small,
small.

included
ones
The

of
on

those

from

size;

qnite

should
not
and perhaps
them
under
that
general

the

Znni

Regniar

form

are

and

red

Form.

Decorations

1644.

(41359).

1645.

(41361).

Decorations

1646.

(41400).

1647.

Very
Small.

(41463).
rated
on the

head,
1648-1653.
1652,
1654-1657.
1658.

with
1648,
(41530);

small;
This

a tuft

of

1653,

those

from

others

are

be classed
term.

and

but

Zoni,
true

basins;.

as bowls,
though
decorations
on

The
to

are

on the
soroll

dcorations
only a douMe-scaUoped
a simple
inner
band.
and

with

(41464);

as a general
rnl&
of those
obtained

those

seen

on

Zuni

lighter

and

face

oniy;

mar-

as in Fig.

412.

usually

pottery:

zigzag

inside

like

similar
very
or brown

with
diamond
line,
Outer
and inner
saT&ce

ginal

but
Znni,
anumber

are
they
generally
as those
from
Tesuke;

regular
black

colors

than
brighter
1643.
(41357).

form

JB07FIA

the&Ilowing
what appears

inner
below.
inner

band.

marginal

small
specimens
to be intended
for

are
an

decoIndian

hair.
1649,

(41465);

1650,

(41467);

1651,

(41529)~

(41534).

1654,
(41538);
1655, (41539);
1656, (41589);
No outer
(41466).
inner
surface
with
dcorations;
mond
and scroll
figure.

1657,
the

(41565).
usual
dia-

FiGS.

520-522.-Wolpi

Water

Jars.

ARTICLES

STEVENSON,j
1659-1660.

1659,

1660,

(41528)

OF

CLAY.

383~

(41531).

523.
Shown
in Fig.
(41540).
and
1662-1663.
1663,
1662,
(41541),
band
of
broad
inner
marginal

1661.

1664.

outer

No

(41532).

dcorations

figures.
triangular
The following
bave
the outer
in
416 and
shown
Figs.
pat:ern,

417:

slightiy.
With

on

mond,
1665-1671.

crenate

or

or scrolls
1665,

1666,

(41544);

margin,

1667,

(41562);

(41549).
band

(41561).

Broad

1676.

(41574).
below.

Inside

1677.

(41584).

scalloped
Heavy,
Scrolls
below.

inner

band

scallops.

inner

band

(41581).

Broadcheckered

(41592).

Similar

1680.

(41596).

With

band

checkered
terraced

as in the

ZuSi

and

vary
dia-

scroll

1668,
scrolls

and

geometrical

(41568);.
bird:

no-

figures;

marginal

band;
with

with

figures-

geometrical
T-shaped

spaces

only.
scroll

figures

below.

and

trraced

band,

in

th&

or pyramidat

below.

figures
1681.

(41627).

Marginal

1682.

(41543).

Biscuit-shaped.

band

of

geometrical
figures
Ontside
with
three

only.
rows

or

bands

of

serratures.

large

No

(41545).
scrolls

1684-1697.

of

band
marginal
only.
with
crenate
marginal

1679.

1683.

and

decorations.

1675.

1678.

scroll

decorations

1671,(41577).
and pentagonal
band

marginal
and 1673,
1672,
(41548),
With
inner
marginal
(41550).
inner

inner

inner

(41547);

1670,(41590);

1672-1673.

other

and

decorated
The

with

only

only:

1669,(41576);
With
similar
1674.

marked

figures.
diamond

surface

line

zigzag

are

(41599),
geometrical
inner
with

onter

1684,

1686,

1691,

(41575)
1695,

1685,

(41554)

(415G4)

1687,

The

(41558),

are

marginal

band

marginal
similar
of

1689,

(41569);

lance

(41591),

line

No
(41551).
below.
lines

1699.

(41552).

outer

zigzag

decorations;

marginal

line

1690,(41585)
bird;-

1697,(41623).
1698.

points

(41573);

1694,
1693, (41582)
(41579);
the
this
bas
also
triangular

1692,

(41578)

crenate

following

1688,

(41567);

1696,

(41588)

inner

decorations;
below.

diamond

and

flowers

and

a band
of
on the outside,
design
pretty
above
and beand a dotted
line
in
each,
diamonds,
of
the
consist
of this
and
The
inner
decorations
low.
following
Outer
architectural
band
of
a broad
figures.
only,
geometrical
or
This

has

a little

decorations
1700-1701.
crescent.

1700,

a very
cross

varions,

which

(41553),

bird

alone
in

are

mentioned.

wreath;

1701,

(51555),

lines

of

384

COLLECTIONS

1702-1703.

and
1702,
(41556),
Similar
to the

0F

1703,

1704.

(41570).

1705.

(41573).

1706.

Scalloped
(41597).
in the center
of

1707.

(41636).

1708.

as No. 1706.
(41628)..Same
Checkered
band
and
(41559).

1709.

Triangular

preceding,

1879-WOLPI.

(41563).
with

Same

as th

scroll

band

preceding.
below.

figures.
in largediamonds,

lines
arranged
the diamond.

Scrolls

and

withaflower

crescents.
scrolls

band

inside,

of

crescents

outside.
1710.

(41566).
Zunibowls

Inner

1711.

(41571).
band.

No

1712.

Checkered
(41593).
band,
andscrolls
inside;
broad
marginal
with lower
side scalloped.
With
no outerfigures;
(41594).
and serrate
radiating
simple
inside.

1713.
1714.

outer

No

(41595).
geometrical

1715.

(41600).

1716.

No
(41635).
the conventional

No

1717-1718.

1717,
mentation.
Minute

1719,

ring-bone

Square
basins.
a common

1739.

(41533).

Outside

(41535).

Outer

gin

1718,

outside,

with

flowers

Brown

lines
and

or rosettes.
and
the

ware

without

decoration,

but

sometimes

simple

ontline

1721,

no

band

band,

withsuccessivescallops,
one above
squares,

other.
orna-

fig-

Sgures.

(41431);

1725,
(41457);
the
decoration

handle;

crenate

on

but

figures

or

and

(41634).

(41419);

41434);

These

with
band

1722,

(41423)-

1726,
(41458)
in this
is true

diamondwithscroll
similar

1733.

(41536).

Outside

1733.

(41542).

Plain

similar,
brown.

1734.

Outside
the
(4154G).
and slonder
leaf-stalks.

to

Outside

triangular

(41586).

Outside

oblique,
band;

smll
without

flowers
of birds,
scrolls
the
along
on inside.
No. 1730;

inside

usual

(41557).

checkered

comparatively
or tray,
but

figures
with

Inside

ginal

are

knife-basket

(41537).
ures.

1736.

geometrical

found

1727,
her-

pattern.

1730.

1735.

decorations

(41460).
shape
ion.

1731.

1724,
short

birds
inside
between

1730,

(41418);

(41433);
with
(41459),

outer

scalloped
surface.

without

usually
on the

in

inner

form

and

(41560),

1723,

1728.

bird

bowls,

as

decorations;

outer
decorations;
on inner
figures
outer
decorations;
onter
decorations;

especially

ured,
1719-1727.

band

marginal

with

triangular

outside
four

and

and

figures;

in

in

or divis-

diamonds.

under

edge

usual
faces

resemble

handle

triangular

or

mar-

fig-

outline

inside

bird

inside
double
scroll.
figures;
double
inside
broad
serrate
bands;
bottom
four
faces.

figures

mar-

FiGS.

633-52S.Wblpi

Eating

Bowl,

Cooidng

Veasel

and

Ladie.

OF

ARTICLES

sTEYENsoN.]

385

CLAY.

COQKZy<?7SSSEM'.
The numand of brown or black ware.
These are usually unadorned
in character.
was not large, and they vary greatly
ber obtained
They
of medium
size or small, and some whch appear to be used
are generally
and
have a handle on the side and resemble
pitchers
as cooking vessels
others
like
an
um
handles
and
are
Some
have
two
shaped
or
olla;
caps.
The want of uniformity
to be true pots.
among this tribe in the
appear
dimcult
to
class them according
kind
renders
its
of
vessels
of
this
use
or
to form.
I will, therefore,
Exceptone
to use.
group thein according
two of the little pots none of them are ornamented.
vessels:
Pot-shaped
as
1737-1739.
1738, (41379);
1739, (41385); two handles
1737, (41360);
inFig.524.
the latter
Withont
1740-1741.
handle,
1740, (41380), and 1741, (41405).
vessel.
used as a drinking
possibly
1742-1746.
1744, (41383);
1745, (41384);
1743, (41382);
1742, (41381);
on one side; they resemble
each with a handle
1746, (41386);
pitchers

or cups.
TOMBEE

1747.
1748.

(41416).
(41442).
around

Like

a small

Olla-shaped,
the middle.

KSSNEM'.

water-vessel.
with handles;

decorated

with a band of loops

1749. (41451). Olla.

jars without
1750-1751,
1750, (41452), and 1751, (41453). Cylindrical
handles.
1752-1753.
Cooking pots of
1752, (41293), and 1753, (41294). Large black
the usual shape.
on the
1754. (42367). Flat jar-shaped
vessel, redware,withregularears
new.
sides
with holes through
them.
Cooking
vessel;
red bowl, half burned.
1755. (42369).
Small globular
but partly
vessel.
It is yellow,
1756. (42370).
Part
of a corrugated
been
fresh
and
but
is
it
looks
reaUy
having
old,
new,
burned
out

of the ground

of old ruins

near

Wolpi.

Z~D~J?&
there are
Of these vessels, which are extensively
used by the Shinumos,
forms with an almost endless variation
varions
in dcoration,
being.genwhite ware.
Some of them bear a strong resemerally of ornamented
used on cooking
blance to the skillets
being looped,
stoves, the handle
as shown in Figs. 527 and:
but the bowl is more saucer-shaped.
Others,
of the
fashioned
after gourds.
Some are somewhat
629, are evidently
Others
form shown in Figs. 439 and 440, but the handle is more distinct.
from the middle
are true cup-shaped
projecting
vessels, with the handles
of the

side.

Skillet-shaped
25E

A few are double

vessels.

with

Usually

a single
decorated

handle.
in the bowl.

As these

fig-

386

COLLECTIONS

ures

are generally
be takenonlyof
1757-1758.
1757,
those

similar
such

to those

forms

1759,
checkers.

and

(41378),

1761.

(41398).

Outside

covered

1762.

(40408).

Outside

decorated

1763.

(41411).

Ladles

animal,
bowls.

probably

1765.

(41412).

Shown

(41413).
band.

Handle

1766-1767.
shaped
1768.
1769.

with

of the
1773-1774.

Handle

with

at

the

of

figures

tip;

head

of

birds

an

in

the

bowls

with

(41476).

animal

only

scalloped

Cup-shaped,

head

on

with

the

marginal

short

handies;

outside

tip;

covered

as

in

the

preceding;

serrate

doubly

oblique,

of bowl.

(41480);

1771,

(41481);

1772;

face

(41482);

in the

bowl

last.
and
(41483),
1774,
(41484);
an animal's
with face
head;

1773,

represents
1775-1777.
1775,
this

represents,
bowl
contains
1778-1783.

covered

figures.

outside

1770,

Outside

to

528.'

176",
olla.

with

shaped;

serrate
lines.
oblique
Handle
with
the

bowls.

broken;

Handle
(41477).
with
checkered

1770-1772.

two

will

andnguies.
similar

scrolls.

with

Fig.

17C6, (41470);
like
a small

(41479).
lines
on

with

shape

Gourd

(41397).

notice

special

described,
the normal

(41395).
529:

1760,

a wild-cat,
in

1879WOLPI

aiready
from

as vary

and
(41396),
1758,
in Figs.
537 and

shown

1759-1760.

1764.

OF

1778,

(41388);
in
the
(41462);

1782, (41474)
of a woman

1776,
shape,

(41389);
the head

figures

of two

1779,

the

handle

turned

toward

of

the
the

latter
bowl.

The
handle
1777,
(41425).
of a woman
and
and
child,
faces.

(41471);
1780,
(41472);
The last
of these
bas

1783, (41475).
on the end of the

of
the

1781,(41473);
a minute
head

which
is solid.
handle,
and
Bowls
orna1784,
(41485),
1785,
(41486).
elaborately
mented
with geometrical
and a circle
of serratures,
in which
figures
is a figure
a duck
with
seen from
above.
resembling
spread
wings
1786-1788.
the
last
with
1788,
1786,
(41487);
1787,
(41488);
(41489);
1784-1785.

a woman's
1789-1793.
1793,
have
end,
1794-1800.

head

on

1789,

(41498);
The
(41490).

bent,
solid

the

tip

of the

solid

handle.

1790,
(41499);
1791,(41508);
last of these
as also the following
curved

gourd-like
slightly
handles,
and somewhat
rounded.

1794,

(41491);

1795,

(41492);

1796,

or

(41493);

1792,
seven
hooked

1797,

(41514);
pieces
at the

(41494);

1798,

(41496);
1799,
(41497);
1800, (41500).
1801.
Like
No. 1788, as are also the following
ten specimens
(41495).
1802-1811.
1805,
1804,
1802,(41502);
1803,
(41504);
(41505);
(41507);
1806,
1810,
1812.

(41515)

(41523)
This
(41506).

1807,

(41518),

Fig.

(41525).
is square;
anunusual

525

1808,

1811,

form.

(41519)

1809,

(41522);

Fias.

526-530.-Wolpi

Ladles

and

Basket.

ARTICLES

siEVENsox.j

1813-1832.

1813,

1817,

1814,

(41509);

(41513);

1818,

OF

1819,

andl824,

387

1815,

(41510);

(41516);

(41521);
1822,(41503).
1823-1824.
1823,
(41524),

CLAY.

(41511);

(41517);
Shaped

(41501).

1816,

(41512);

(41520);

1820,

182],

somewhat

like

an

oyster-shell.
1825.

Water

(41399).

in

vessel

the

shape

head

on

a,nd

wings

and
side, tail opposite,
Brown
ware.
side.

slight

of

a bird,

tail

with

represented.
1826.

to

projections
1827.
1828.

with

Cup

(41406).
(41410).

(41414).
on outside

Like

1829-1830.1829,
of white
brown,

bird's

represent

double
Fig.

cup
531,

ornamented

with

ware,
unornamented.

the
shown

1830,

(41432).

square

figures

(41436).
of handle.

1832.

(41437).

Similar

basket,

white

1833.

(41437).

Similar

small,

brown,

1834.

(41478).
side.

Biscuit-shaped

Cup-shaped

basket,

Fig.

526.
scalloped

oblique

stripes

the

woman'shead

ware;

ornamented

ware,

latter
on

haudle

basket.
cup-shaped
with
ornamental

bowl,

theformer

Square
sait-boxes;
on the
outside;

brown

1831.

in

with
inside.

figures

geometrical
and
(41431),

one

on

wings
or ladie

top

plain.

diamonds

on out-

JtfH'C-ELL~!0!7N'.
1835.

1836.

(41371).

Basket

.dances,

with

figures

outside.

similar

to

terraced

used

those

bottom
fiat,
basket,
outside
decorated
on the

Similar

(41372).
preceding,

the

by
band

plain

margin,

and

sides

with

in

Zunians
and

inside,

straighter
double

oblique

sacred

comb-like
than

the

serrate

stripes.
marstraight
The
latter
is

and 1838, (41392).

Baskets
with
1837, (41387),
on the
ontside.
with
both
geometrical
figures
gins,
in Fig.
530.
shown
base.
with
Fig.
bowl-shaped
532, water-vase
(41390).

1837-1838.

1839.
1840.

(41391).
center

Fig.531.
of the inside

Basin

with

ornamented

looped
white

handle

from

arising

the

ware.

.S~T!XE2TE&
or statuettes
obtained
from
images
of
as
worship
snpposed
by many
objects
as similar
used
to adorn
their
dwellings
just
The

clay

not

ized

races.

This

rudely
represent
the female
figures
at

the

back

of

is

evident

from

their

the

instances

ear

found

attached

to the

ornaments,
ears.

made

form

and
by
the

of pieces

Shinumo
but

persons,
articles

worn

ordinary
clothing
mode
of wearing
th usual
the head
or in two wheel-shaped

a few

the

are

ornamentation
these
hair
knots
of

are

pueblos
appear
used
by

to

be

civilwhich

and in
Indians,
either
in a bunch
at

shells

sides.

In

or beads,

are

th

388

COLLECTIONS

0F

1879WOLPI.

I am not aware that these images are used in their dances or relgious
ceremonies.
If they are objects of worship it must be in the &mily only,
no information.
of which I obtained
a
secret
or
worship
in their dances and religions
are introduced,
rites,
Images
however,
some of whieh were
but these are made of wood and highiy ornamented,
described.
obtained
and are hereafter
1841. (42026). Composed
of the same clays of which the general pottery
color up and down the
is made, with small lines of a brick-red
the body, terminthe
shoulder
and
around
black
lines
over
body;
small earlets, made of blue beads,
hands;
ating so as to represent

1842.

withblack
suspendedfrom
the ears; face in white,
sent month and eyes; horn-shaped
cap, extending
a male figure.
from the head.
Represents
the head, which
Same
as
above,
except
(42027).
the one method
bunch
at its back, representing

spots

to repre-

obliquely

back

has a square
the
of wearing

Male figure.
hair by the Shinumos.
as
Same
in regard to the horn-shaped
Nb. 1841, especially
(42028).
from the back of the head.
protrusion
a female.
1844. (42029). Plain flat image, probably
intended to represent
of this class of objects.
1845. (42030). This image is quite characteristic
The cut shows ail but the colors, which are the same as described
from No. 1841 in having two horns
above, the form only differing
Seen in Fig 533.
back from the head.
curving
a small hat on the
1846. (42031). Differs
only from the rest in having
head.
the
1847. (42032). Female
figure, but with a black band around under
dark
brown
body.
representing
whiskers;
chin, apparently
1848. (42033). Female figure with wheel-shaped
knot on each side of th
head representing
the manner of wearing the hair by the Shinumo
women, the body of the figure cream colored, face red, eyes and
of the body repreblack necidace.
mouth black;
Special
parts
3843.

sented in red.
lines.
with red vertical
(42034). Male figure ornamented
ail th lines on the image as
The eut presents
(42035). Fig. 534.
well as the form.
The small wheels on each side of the head rethe hair; the
ferred to under No. 1848 show the style of wearing
Female.
shown on the eut are red on the figure.
black markings
red
dark
red
black
and
marked
with
lines;
1851. (42036). Body red,
the hair.
and black spots on back of head to represent
dark red bodies with black and
~852-1853.
1852, (42037), 1853, (42038)
red lines.
similar
to the
1854-1856.
1856, (43041);
1854, (42039);
1855, (42040);
the
knots
last
with
the
the
representing
wheel-shaped
preceding
hair.
1849.
1850.

FiGS.

531-534.-Wolpi

Basin,

Vase,

and

Clay

Statuettes.

42058
Fies. 535,536.WbIpi Meal Baskets.

389

VEGETAL SUBSTANCES.

sTEVENMN.l

SUBSTANCES.

VEGETAL

B~NEjSTBZ.
The

following

are

specimens

th

of

examples

tray-like

made

baskets

'omromidwillows:
mode

535 shows
the
Fig.
(42085).
1858-1871.
.1859,
1858,
(43076)
1857.

1862,

1863,

(43080);

(43084)

1867,

ail

basketry,
the color
1872-1907.

1877,

1881,

1885,

1890,

1894,

(42090)

(42088)

(42079)

(42083);
1870,

1866,
(42089)

or coiled
of the spiral
to specimens
in Fig.
are
shown
536, except

which

(42091)

1904,

(42053);

(42056);

1879,

1882,

(42061)

1883,

(42062);

(42065);

1887,

1891,

(42070)

1888,

(42066);
1892,

1896,

(43074);

1897,

1900,

(42093)

1901,

(42094);

1905,

(42098);

1906,

(42097);

(42100).
or water
are canteen
The following
baskets,
them
and using
of making
as to method

(42053);

1875,
(42057);
1884,

1880,
(42063)

(42067);
1893,

(42071)

(42073);

(42092)

(42096);

1874,

(42051);
1878,

(42069)
1895,

1899,

1903,

1865,

(42055);

(42060)
1886,

(4206e);

(42068)

of

1873,

(43058);

(42054);

(42059);

(42087);

1869,

refer

featnres

1861,

(42078)

(43082);

decoration

1872,

1876,

1868,

nnmbers
the

1860,

1864,

(42081);

(42086)

1871,(42090).
The ibilowing

construction.

of its

(42077)

1889,
(42072)

(42075);
1902,

1898,
(42095)

(42099);

1907,

described

previously

1911,
(42104);
1910,
(42103);
(42102);
1909,
1908,
(42101);
537 is a repofwhich
are vase-shaped
Fig.
baskets,
1912,
(42105);
resentative
example~
of the
same
are
differing
only
The
ware,
specimens
following

1908-1912.

in

form

1913-1920.
1917,
1921-1925.
1925,
form.
bottom.

(42114:)
forming
1926.

and

(42119).
vessels

size

1918,

(42110);
1921,
(42118),

(42114=);
are

(42107)

1914,

(42106);

1913,

1922,
only

1915,

(42108)
1920,

(42112);

1919,

(42111);

1923,
(42116);
of
on account

(42115);
noticeable

1916,
1924,
their

in the

few

canteen
are

collection

of this
made

form
basket.
in

were

(42117);

peculiar
at the
apex
one instance

with
an acute
are
almost
top-shaped,
They
In
like
that
of a jng.
is small,
The month
bottom
to the center,
from
the body
top and
slopes
a ridge.
Very
A donble-lobed

(42109)

(42113).

almost

obtained.

Manyoftheclaywaterof this double-lobed

imitation

basket.
1927-1931.
1931,

1937,
(42124).

(42120);

1928,

Ordinary

1929,
(42122);
(42131);
of the water-basket.
forms

1930,

(42123);

S~O

COLLECTIONS

1932.

A fine, large,
with
ears
water-basket,
a number
of the
Quite
bear

are

of

made
forms.

peculiar

fiattened

The
1938-1941.

specimen

and

up

1944,

1948,

older

1939,(43127);
of a much

are

1945,

1949,

this

and

form,

form.
The

1937,
(43150),
small
fruit-

of basketry.

1940,(42128);

1941, (42129).
the
preceding.
and narmg
rim,

finer

than
quality
a wide
mouth

oblique

ridges.

bowl-shaped
1946,

(43133);

of which

basket,
(42134);

1947,

type

(43135);

1951,
(42139).
with
large
depressed

mouth.

and jar-like

bottom,

or
jug
for use.

class

(42137~;
1950,
(43138);
the
older
basketry,

Specimen'of
flat

class

to that

with
vase-shaped,
from
the bottom
in

(42132)

(43136);

(42140).

body,
1953-1956.

1958.

and

of

1936,
(43148);
basket-yare.

belong

A coarsely
constructed
(42131).
the following
are also
specimens

1944-1951.

1957.

specimens

1938,(43136);

the

attached

and with
much
less care,
are also
others
and some
with
a
square,
round,
of the
latter
there
are
but
few in th

to the

belong

A
(42130).
It is long

of

specimen
string
are

willows
are

body;

They

woven

1935,
(42147);
of cemented

Some

following

quite
perfect
horse-hair
and

of

of round

baskets,
of many
collection.

1952.

538

(42146);
same
class

the

1879-WOLPI.

ancient
water-jars
of antiqnity.
is a good illustration
of this

evidence

1933.
(43149).
Fig.
1934-1937.
1934,

1943.

and

(42125).

both

1943.

0F

1953,
(42141);
1954,
(42143),
1955,
also different
forms
of the peach-basket.

(42143);

1956,

(42144),

(43145).

Fig.540.
A]argenoororheaTthmatirequentIyfoundinuse
the Pneblos.
The specimen
among
in th collection
exhibits
skill
and taste
in weaving
it.
The
material
of which
it is
is a small
round
willow.
A
(42151).
low
twigs

constructed

large

deep
basket,
fonr
upright
about
two bushels.

around

capacity

of

1959.

(42152).

This

1960.

A specimen
(43153).
its a coarse,
loose

is a small
of

basket
square
this ware.
It

manner

by
or

posts

of

large

ofthe

same

construction.

coarse

weaving
sticks.

is shown

some
made
wil-

It

bas

character.

in

Fig.

These

539, exhibare nsed

as

fruit-baskets.
1961-1963.

1961,
kind.

same
1963.

This
(42156).
the collection.
during

and

(42154),

specimen
They

1962,

represents
are ail more

the

of plaiting
process
and
are
used
for
woven,
meal.
These
are undoubtedly

closely
and

These

(42155).

are

the

finest
quality
less
tastefully
them.
are
They
or

holding
of

the

Apache

of the

examples

finest

of baskets
ornamented

and

skillfully
of their

nour

manufacture.

Fig.

541.
1964.

lias

(43157).
kets,
form

of

which

been
the

selected
following

as an
are

illustration
examples,

of

this

differing

class
but

in

of
little

basin

Fies.

537,538.-Wolpi

Baskets.

FM8..539,540.Wotpi

Fruit

Basket

aud

Floor

Mat.

Fias.

541,

542.-Wolpi

Baskets.

Fies.

543-545.Wolpi

Baskets.

SUBSTANCES.

VEGETAL

BTEVExsoN.T

1965-1971.

1965,

1966,

(42158);
1969,

(43162);
are
last

almost

flat

1967,

(42159);

1970,
the rest

(42163);

391

(42160),

(42164);
1971,
saucer
or bowl

1968,
two

Fig.542;
The

(42165).

and

shaped

quite

deep.
of coarse

1972.

(42166).

Basket

1973.

(42167).

Conical-shaped

1974-

(43168).

llemispherical-shaped

1975.

1080,
baskets
that

1977,

1981,
of flat

(42174);
made

1982,

1986,
class.

1979,

(42172);

(42173);

peachcylindrical-shaped
of
545 is an illustration
Fig.

leaves.

at

wrapped
of

th

or

(42185);

2006,
543.

(42194),

2002,

A Shinumo
ail the
with

pleted,
blanket
2008-2009.
ent

(41709).

(41683).

Fig.

with

546.

however,

art,
2009,

(41708),

a partly

nnished

Bla.nket-stick

for

Bimly
of the same

2012-2020.

2012,

2016,

beaten

down.

kind.

They
2013,

(41684);

(41688);

2017,

stick

The
are

(42179);
1996,

2000,

(42188);
2005,
shown

comblanket
partly
in th art of
employed
its highest
attains
degree

are

looms

differ-

exhibiting

garment.
tightening

strands

called

over

is placed

following

(41685);

(41689);

1991,

any

of

blankets

Afterthethreadispassedthrough

during
the process
of weaving.
this
from
one side to the other
then

implements

hold

2004,
(42192);
clss
well
this

of

blanket

loom,

to

and
texture

The

(43187)

TOy<S, ETC.

and

of the

1995,(42183);

1999,

(43186);

simple

manner,

(43178);

1994,(42182);

fixtures

with

loom

1990,

leaves

plant.
close

sufficiently

(42198);
the
same

1985,
of

broad

J:KM.E~fBA~S,

and
(41707),
of weaving.

3008,
modes

a very
th same

2003,(42191);
(42190);
are aU specimens

This
weaving.
the Navajos.

amongst

of

(42177);

1998,

1997,

the

from
in

leaves

1993,(43181);

D OMESTIO
(41706).

made

crosswise

1989,

(42176);

2001,(42189);
(42193);
in Fig.

are

(42197);
Examples

(42200).

not
is quite
coarse,
corn
or fruit
than

1992,(43180);
(42184)

1984,

(42196);
1987,

plaited
rims with

the

smaller
1988,

544;

baskets

weaving

material
1988-2006.

1983,

Fig.

woven

yucca,

2011.

Small

yucca

(42195);

(43199),

1 The following

2010.

1978,

(43171);

(43175).

class.

1982-1987.

2007.

small.

small.

basket;

Cylindrical
(42169).
1976-1981.
1976,
(42170);

platter-shaped.
ware
of closely
woven
variety.
of the same
basket
class;

willow
basket

numbers

and

the

thread

are

implements

soo-qua.
2014,

2018,

(41686);

(41690);

2015,

2019,

(41691);

and

garters,

(41687);
2020,

(41692).
2021.

(41888).

Blanket

2022.

(41166).

Reed

gM~M-MM~

stretcher,<M-7te-gMe-~ey.
in weaving
used

frames,

belts

called

392

COLLECTIONS
The

2023-2027.

are

following

2023,

0F

of the

objects

(41667);

1879WOLPI.

2024,

same

kind

(41668 <c); 2025,

(41668 6); 2026,
to show
the process
of making

2027,

(41669);
belts.

(41670).
Implement
2028.
Small
notched
stick used
in weaving
belts.
(42372).
2029-2030.
and
2029,
(41998),
2030,
(41999).
Short
pointed
and drying
skins.
stretching
2031.

sticks

for

This
is a common
Spindle
(41676).
whorl,
~o;-<M-~e-X;a7t.
object
of use amongst
547 is an illustration
of one
all the Pneblos.
Fig.
of these
th
shaftwith
below
showing
the
implements,
spun
yarn
disk.
As
this
whorl
is almost
previously
mentioned,
spindle
identical

with

and

ornaments.

th

nint

the

drills

wood.

drill

used

The

addition

tip, are only

and whorls
For

2032-2037.

the

2032,

the

drill

(41677);

2036,
2038.

(41681);
Bow
(41658).

2039.

(41659).

for

stone

perforating
of a cross
to

necessary
the disks

stick

convert

are

and

of

charms

strings,
a drill.
In

it into

made

shell

and

horn,

stone,

with
both
and

bone,

494.

seeFig.

2034,

2033,(41678);

(41679);
whorls.

2037,
(41682).
AU spindle
and three
arrow-shafts.

2035,

(41680);

Bow.

2040.

Bundle
of four
arrow-shafts.
(41660).
2041-2044.
2041, (41661)
2042, (41662)
bundles
of thirty-five
arrow-shafts.
2045.

(41651).

2046.

(41652),

2048.

(41655).

Bow and six iron-pointed

Bows.
(41653).
Bow and quiver.
and twenty-six
Quiver

2047.

(41654).

2049.

(41656).

Child's

2050.

(41720).

Boy's

bow

and

bow

with

548.
Fig.
(41976),
form
of a boomerang.
2052-2055.
2052, (41977);

Stick

2051.

(41980).
is called
2056.

(41924).

2057.

(41925).

2058.

(41119).

2059.

(42000).

2060.

(41693).

2061.

(41909).
550.

2062-2063.
ments
over
2064.

two

(41663);

2044,

(41664),

are

is

the

arrows.

arrows.

iron-pointed
arrows.

arrows.

used

for

2053,
(41978);
as the
last.
objects
Me-~M-Me, and in Shinumo
Saddle-tree.

hunting

2054,
(41979),
In the Zuni

Same

it

rabbits;
Fig.
tongue

in

549;
this

2055,
stick

pu-wich-he-cu-he.

StuTnps,~M-<M<-7MMM-pee.
Sinch
CM-~A.&ozp.
hooks,
made
in imitation
Woodenhoe,
Wooden
~<-cM.
forceps,
stick
for rake,
called
Pronged

ofBnropeanhoe.
ta-wisk-wy-lah.

and
SmaU
2062,
(41916),
2063,
(41917).
yoke-shaped
for drying
the skins
of small
animais
by stretching
them.

(41863).
refer
to
554:

two

2043,

Wooden
spcimens,

treasure-box,
and
which

of
are

which
well

the
shown

following
in Figs.

See

Fig.

the

impleskin

numbers
552

and

FiGS.

546-549.-Wolpi

Wooden

Implements.

FiGS.

550-554.Wolpi

Implements.

Fiss.

555-558.Wolpi

Dance

Omamenta.

2065-2069.

2065,

2069,

2066,

(41864);

Baby
(41985).
made
of slats,

2071.

(41986).

Baby

2072.

(41987).

Cradle

2073.

(41988).

Toy

2074.

(41989).

Toy

2075.

(41710).
which

Toy

cradle

of willow

top.
of basket

of

2083-2083.

of
of

snares,
with

Bnnch

of

of

made

two

with

holes

throngh

(41716).
~-c/M.

wood,
made

of

small

sticks

like

~<t-~o<t-sM.
hairs,
small
reed-like
grass,

very
and

(41889),

ramrod

the

called

of a

Mem-a-M;as~-pt

2083,

the
tion

is nsed

one

of

the

(41179).

a hoop,
and
in beating

these

then
the

tightly
drnm.
for

or gonrd,
2089,

hoop

illustration

porof

or water.

food

holding
2090,

(41182)

forms

Ordinary

(41183).

with a stafEthrongh
a pole in dances.

perforated,
held
on

colors;

OJMMAf.EJVT~
Is

a flat

of wood
piece
a notched
handle

with

of feathers
form

The

is an

vessel.

Gonrd,

(41926).
in width,

it.

securing
551

Fig.

drum-sticks.

same

(41191).
in many

sticks.

Whirling

(41890).

of a
Specimens
2085,
(41178);
2086,
and other
in general
use by the Shinumo,
Zuni,
one end of whichis
shaved
It is made
from a stick,
in
round
of bending
the end thns
shaved
to admit

Indians.

sufficiently
of
form

The

disk

corn.

2078,

horse

(41180).
Calabash,
2088-2090.
2088,
(41181)

2092.

work;

work.

Indian

and

2087.

2091.

net

for

work.

2084,
(41177);
drum-stick

peculiar
Pueblo

head

broom.
2082,

2084-2886.

th

(41867);

boards.

whirligig,
are passed.

Bird

(42371).
or rain

made

cradle,
cradle

arranged

gun,

of

2068,

wlthont

strings

(41695).

over

hoops

Spcimen
(41711).
2077-2078.
2077,
(41715),
2079.
Paint
toy,
(41694).

off

(41866)

2067,

with
cradle,
m?t-h1t-tah.

2076.

2081.

(4=1865);

393

(41868).

2070.

2080.

SUBSTANCES.

VEGETAL

sTETENso~.]

are
of

attached

the

employed
and black.

in these

a human

being.

The

to each

ornamentations

OBJECT&
abont
at

design

These

are

in

are

bunch

Fig.

red,
to represent
in

five

bunches

at

the

the

556

brilliant
carried

and

long
Two

end.

and

is intended

objects

inches

twenty
the lower

of it,
edge
is shown

ornamentations
entire

painted

th center,
553.
Fig.

See

top.
colors

yellow,
blue,
the body
of
hand

the

in

their

dances.
2093-2097.
2097,
sented
2098-2100.

2093,

2094,
(41927);
Thepe
are

(41931).
in Fig.

2095,
(41928);
other
examples

(41929);
whieh

2096,
(41930);
are well
repre-

555.

2098,
(41932),
Fig. 557;
2099,
carried
in the main
dance.
sticks,

(41933);
They

and
represent

2100,

(41934),

lightning.

are

394

COLLECTIONS

2101-3102.

0F

1879WOLPI.

and 3102,
2101, (41935),
(41936).
Small notched
sticks,
with
blades
of grass
and
wild-turkey
feathers;
the dance.

mented
in
3103-2106.

2103,

Wooden
resented

on

illustration
2107,
is

canvas
small

on

some;
made

nve

2110.

(41944).

Leather

2111.

(41945).

Dance-mask.

2112.

(41946).

Pair

small

with

canvas
like

objects

(41947).
(41948).

Head-dress

of painted

3115.

(41949).
tached

Head-dress

crown

which

them,

the

2122.

as

and
(41673),
ends
of two

563.

side.

(41982).
'musical

See

made
a

Fig.

Notched

stick,

instrument.

3123,

(41972).
zigzag
ornaments

(41983),

stick

a
The

is

with
See

and

from

white.

passed

shoulder

Fig.

2124,

2126,
(41702);
2127,
ornaments
of the same

(41857).
numbers

2135,
ample.

are

to which

Fig.

horns,
dance.

Wooden
or snake-like
in

th

are

at-

559.

made

objects
sticks
corn

in

attached
called

dance,

made
by-inShuttle-cocks,
in a small
blook.
They are
small
gourd
for

embellished
gourd,
is perforated
at
a

blade

handle,
of

cross
or

sheep

in
each
S's

deer,

on
for

561.
(41984).

Dance
called
(41701).
ornaments,
semi-circular
sticks
or hoops
to
colors.

3131-3135.

which

in dances.

each

are

for
th

2120,
(41674).
hawk-feathers

and

2126-2139.
2130.

used

on

of scallops.

sheep-horns.
made
of basket-ware,

2118,
with

Dance-rattle
(42043).
colors
of black,
red,
whieh
through
side,

2123-3134.
bone.
2125.

are

it,

in dances.

dances.

form

intended
projections
Corn-hnsk
ornament
for

jpa/t-MM~.
2119-2120.
2119,

2121.

in the

three

(41950).
and
2117-2118.
2117,
(41671),
of a snn-nower,
imitation

over

used

in

2114.

serting
carried

stretched

painted.

ofsplithornsworn
Head-dress
made

to

an

558,

over
which
trames,
are
attached
various

which

stars,

dance-mask,

2113.

2116.

Fig.

in dances.

used

painted

Small

2108,
(41943).
to the edges
of

hoop

&c.

face,

them.

and

(41941),

omaments
Small

human

the

others,
one of

from

stretched,

(41943).

3109.

(41938);
2105,
(41939);
2006,
(41940).
colored
with
devices
various
on
depicted
in dances.
on the head
Flowers
are
rep-

objects
highly
These
are worn

them.

2107-2108.

3104,

(41937);

ornacarried

Notched

~M-aA-gMa small
ple

sticks
made

without

by

ornamented

the

attaching
with

2128,
(41704);
2129,
(41705),
as the preceding.
Painted
for dances,
of which
the following
gourd-rattle
are specimens
ornamented
variously

2131,
(41862),
See

(41703);
character

(41858);
2132,
(41859);
2133,
of which
the
illustration
Fig.

560.

(41860);
of the

2134,
(41861);
latter
is an ex.

Fias.

559-565.Wolpi

Head-dress,

Ornaments,

&o.

Fiss.

566-569.WolpiEiEgies.

VEGETAL

STEVENSON.]

2136.

Flat

(41883).

blocks,

Cylindrical
(41884).
as gaming
blocks.
used
and
2138-2139.
2138,
(41885),
called

2139,

are

(41886),

cavity

specimens

in one

end,

this

block

of

sosAJte-M'ey.

2140.

Spherical
(41887).
used
in the melon

2141.

(41918).

2142.

(41920).

2143.

ornament.

for
head
painted,
with
a cup-shaped

woodenblock,

2137.

395

SUBSTANCES.

to

probably
to the

balls,
attached

(41931).
which
is not

to

painted

a melon,

represent

ree-am-pee.

Woodentop,
Wooden
Bail

block,

grooved
dance.

of

used

probably

known

represent

end

eyes.

a- painted
in

connection

the
use of
stick,
with
dancing

ceremonies.
Small

2144.

(41900).

2145.

Wooden
(41752).
nies.
Two
little
shown

2146.
2147.

in

leather

the

A
(41753).
2149-3150.
3149,
conical

used

a dance

as

worn
head,
are
attached

balls

blacle-ends

with

a dance

ornament.

in dancing
ceremodotted
to the
end;

the

balls

middie
for

Ornaments

2148.

with

for

563.
Fig.
Two
smallwooden

(41754).
around
band
(41756).

of wood

implement
ornament

and

white

ornament.

th wrist;
made
of wooden
rings.
in varions
colors.
bright
painted
object,
are slatted
wooden cylinders
and 2150, (41882),
Ornaments
for dancing
attached
to them.

similar
(41881),
blocks

ceremonies.
2151.

bail

Wooden

(41876).
ornament

in

the

to

attached

slatted

used

gourd-neck,

as

an

dance.

See Fig.
564.
(41877).
and
2153-3154.
2153,
(41878),

2152.

in

only

preceding
3155.

(41922).

Necklace

of

2156.

(41933).

The

kind

same

2154,

varying

Specimens

(41879).

from

the

colors.
acorn

<MC?Moe-&g!KMce.
hulls,
of an ornament.

Fig.

565.

~'Z~T!IBTTE&
the
in form,
and
being
dcoration;
largest
vary
size,
ohjects
are
not
more
five,
the
smallest
than
They
thirty
inches
high,
in the woodThe
illustrations
in
one
form
or
another.
of
worship
objects
be
idea
of them
than
could
will convey
a better
and colored
cnts
plates
of
with
are
in
a
composed
They
entirely
wood,
description.
given
to them
small
ornaments
attached
and
other
feathers
occasionally.
These

about

2157.

This

(41951).
very

is

the

one

largest

ornamented

highly

with

of 'these

in

images

the

colors.

variegated

bright

collection,
See Fig.

571.
2158.

One
(41952).
decoration.

2159.

(41953).
Fig.

567.

pyramidal

of these

This
Th

is a
form

projections

objects,

differing

of
specimen
is common
attached

one
to
to

in size

only
of

these

many
the

head,

of

images
them,
with

and

manner
exhibited

showing
feathered

of
in
the
tips.

396

COLLECTIONS

OF

1879WOLPI.

2160-2161.
Similar objects.
2160, (41954), and 2161, (41955).
2162. (41956).
a female figure with variegated
Fig. 569. This exhibits
to the pyramidal
from th head
colors, and in addition
projections
has two round sticks with a bail and crown.
2163-2164.
2163, (41957), and 2164, (41953). Similar to Fig. 569.
2165. (41959).
characteristics
of this specimen
Fig. 566. The general
are the same as those already
referred
in the
to, but it dinars
of the head attachments;
two rows of pyramids are
arrangement
th lower one is inverted;
the two rows are separated
shown;
by
three arches;
the upper pyramids
are ornamented
at the tips with
feathers.
A necklace
of acorn hulls is around
the neck, with a
shell ornament
attached
to it.
Garters
are represented
at the
knees.
In this specimen,
as in many others,
the feet are only
The body is decorated
represented
to represent
fanciby stubs.
iully colored clothiag.
2166-2168.
to the
2166, (41960);
2167, (41961);
2168, (41962). Similar
preceding.
2169.

(41963). This is well shown in Fig. 570.

2270-2172.
of the
2170, (41964); 2171, (41965);
2172, (41966). Objects
same character.
2173. (41967). This specimen
(Fig. 568) divers considerably
in form from
those previously
mentioned.
As will be observed
to
by reference
the figure, it'has
a conical projection
from the top of the, head,
a hat with a feather
at the top, with two short,
representing
round
blocks
at the base of the hat, and two round
balls
to
ears.
The skirt is of cloth.
The specimen
is brilliantly
represent
decorated
with paint.
2174. (41968). Shows the form and dtails
highly colored.
of carving,
2175. (41969). A brilliantly
colored image, which is well shown in colors
in Fig. 572.
2176-2180.
2176, (21970); 2177, (41971);
2178, (21972);
2179, (21973);
2180, (41974), are similar objects.

ANIMAL

SUBSTANCES.
.EO.By~KD.BOKE.

2181.

(40113). Large ladle from hom ofmomitain

sheep, called <f!y-Z:M.
See Fig. 573.
2182-2188.
2182, (41891); 2183, (41892), 2184, (41893), 2185 (41894), 2186
No. 2182 is a bone awl or
(41895), 2187 (41897), and 2188 (41898).
of which the others are examples,
as shown in Fig. 575.
perforator,
2189-2192.
2189, (41990);
2190, (41991);
2191, (41992);
2192, (41193).
Goats' horns perforated
with small round
which
holes, through
arrow shafts
are passed
to smooth
and straighten
them.
Fig.
576 is an illustration
of one of them, called ~o~-gMeK.

ris

Figs.

571

''419

570-572-SHINUMO
~NATURE

61

STATUETTES

Fies.

573-576.Wolpi

Ladie,

Rattle,

&o.

6TEVEN60X.]

2193-2196.

ANIMAL

2193,

Bnndies

SUBSTANCES.

2194,
shafts.

(41994);
of arrow

(41995);

g97

2195,

(41996);

2196,

(41997).

2197.

Bunch
of ox hoofs
or toes
used
as a rattle
in dances.
(41855).
These
same
are frequently
attached
to the edges
ofturtie
objects
shells
for the same purpose.
See Fig.
S74 in Zuni
collection.
2198-2199.
and
Small
with
hoops
painted
2198,
(41763),
2199,
(41764).
net-work
stretched
across
dance
ornaments.
them;
2200-2201.

2200,
S/M-M.

2202.

and

(42346),

Medicine

(41854).

2201,

(42347).

Shell

of

panther's

ya-wag.

ornaments,

shells.
<SXBV:

2203.
2204.

made

Cap
(41737).
ers attached

to

from

th

Head-dress

(41738).

th

preserve
ments

the

skin

head,

top of it, caIled~<Mo-7M!o-K~-c7M.

made
of th skin
of a panther's

natural

of the

appearance

so as to
head,
feather
orna-

with

animal,

feath-

with

attached.

2205.

(41740).

Fur

2206.

(41743).

Boy~s

ornamented

2207.

(41842).
bit-skins

Large
with

the

Small

robe

cap,

with

feathers.

<o!p-M?OM?-MM-pt.
sling,
rabbit-skin
made
robe,
fur

strands

by twisting
then
sewing

attached,

and

the

character.

the

of

rab-

strands

to-

gether.f~e.
2208.

(41843).

2209.

(42354).
guards
signed
and in

of

same

579. These
Buckskin
wrist-guards,
faced with
metal,
Fig.
are common
ail tribes
and are dewith
of Indians,
nearly
the
wrist
fL'om. the
of bows
used
in war
to protect
string

(41869).

hunting.
Women's

bnckskin

leggings.

2211.

(41870).

'Women's

bnckskin

leggings.

2212.

(41739).

Anldet

2213.

(41741).

Anklet

2210.

2214.

(41838).A
lustration
from

the

Fig.

578.

of bnckskin,
of bnckskin.

of men's
pair
shows
well.

usnal

manner

F~c~-c7M.
which

moccasins,
are

made

They

of making

the
of

moccasins,

(41731).

3216.

(41722).

<o!c-<o!p-cM-M'e-/ta.
Baby's
moccasins,
Pair
child's
<<Mp-~o!c-cM-!cemoccasins,

2217.

(41723).

'Woman's

2218.

(41829).
The

Pair

3319-3333.
2223.

3319,

(41830);

are

specimens

jpo!p-~o!p-eM-M-tpe.?-7t&.
of children's
moccasins

2220,
(41831);
bail covered

2221,
with

(41832);

2322,

bag,

beaded.

bag,

beaded.

2226.

(41747).

Bnckskin

paint

bag,

ornamented

with

fringe.

2227.

(41748).

Bnckskin

paint

bag,

ornamented

with

fringe.

(41745).

goat

skin.

(41746).

2224.

See

~-cM.

moccasins,

Small
gaming
Buckskin
paint
Buckskin
paint

2225.

(41755).

following

moccasins,
child's

ildiffer

calledjpoM-cM.

2215.

of

accompanying
but

bnckskin,

(41833).

398

OF

COLLECTIONS

i!a*/M&-M~-t-~c~.

2228.

(41827).

Deer.skin

2229.

(41657).

SmaIldeeNskinquiverandonearrow.

2230.

(41841).

2231.
2232.

pouch,

Buckskin

embroidered

(41871).

Buckskin

dyed

(41872).

Bnckskin

dyed

black.

Buckskin

dyed

black.

2233.

(41873).
2234-2235.
2234,
(41176).

and

tightened

hoop,
cord

of

the

with

figure,
but

2238,

differing
2240.
2241.

differ

and

(42353),
somewhat

wristlets,

wristlets

2242,

and

(42356),

are

by

of

many

from

is

specimen

used

objects

metal

with

the

2243,

are

(43357),

with

wild

turkey

of the

same

kind,

facing.
the wrist

to protect

wrist-guard,
arrows.
shooting

wheu

This

a wide

with
edge
is decorated

other

ornamented

2239, (42353),
ornamentation.

in

over

goat-hide
arouud
the
the

of

550.

581.

Fig.
Leather

577.

made

ridiugwhips
See Fig.

those

&'om

Bnckskin

(42355).
string

is
not

Ornamental

(42354).

2242-2243.

which
it does
tribes.

Fig.

(42351).
feathers.

2238-2239.

beads.

crosswise
lacing
One
side is plain,
not interpreted.

by
hide.

same

Shinnmo,
Puebio
other
2237.

with

black.

are
and
2235,
(41719),
(41717),
called
leather
or raw-hide,
MMM~h
made
A flat
by stretching
drnm,

plaited
2236.

1879WOLPI.

similar

from

the

bow-

made

objects,

of

leather.
2244.

or rawhide

of leather

Anklets

(42358).

Anklets.
(43359).
and 2247,
2246-2247.
2246,
(41749),
Leather
attachments
2248.
(41850).

stnps.

2245.

(41765).

Leather

(41758).

Leather

2351.

(41874).

2252.

(41875).

Specimen
Bawhide

2253.

Narrow
(41844).
fal featnre.
The

1
rings,

called~e-gm-s/ta.

ofnndressedrawhide.
bag,

are

painted
of the

specimens
2255,

(41845);

caMe-Me-M-

painted,
of canvas,

strip

following
2254,

bagsibrDrestones.

tat-chi.
gaming
bail,
or rawhidelashropewith

2249.
2250.

2254-2258.

Leather
(H750).
for moccasins.

some

2257,

(41848);

fanci.

same

2256,

(41846);

to represent

(41847);

2258,

(41849).
~OT~JV
2259.

Woven
(41834).
and which

ples,
2260-2269.

2260,

2264,

belts
are

(41713);

(41835);

or

2261,

2265,(41836);

2270.

(41718).
attached

2271.

(41751).

Head

ornament

of

sashes,
shown

well

2269,
(41840).
Woven
waistbelt,
to the lower
edge

(41839);

.R't.BB-fGS.

of

in

(41803);
2266,

which
colors
2262,

hair.

following
582

Figs.

(41255);

(41837);

ornamented
of th belt.
braided

the
by

with

2267,

sheep

are
and

2263,

(41823);

(41838);
and

exam583

2268,

goata'toeSt

Fies.

577-581.Wbipi

Wristlets,

Mocoasina,

etc.

M
<!
~-)
EQ
0
[il

5 M
::
'M
M
M
oo
C~I
oo
LQ
m
'O
S

2272.

circular
pad, composed
of hair, over which th Shilike two wheels
wear
their hair, which
appears

(42361).. Fla.t
numo women
over

the

ears.
for

Head
(41767).
t~-c/M.
called

2274.

(41769).

2275.

Maiden'shairstrmgsforhead-dress,
(41766).
called
cM-caJt~-pt.
in
Rosette
for head-dress
(41735).
hair
tufts
with
Rosette
(41736)
ornament
for the head.
dance

2277.

Woolen

(41759).
(41761).

to

the

dance,

preceding.

dance.
attached;

ornament

tassel,

Neck

ornament,

for

dress.
at-

feathers

with

called
7MM~caA-/te-(j'M<t-M~.
charms.
Feather

tached,
2281.

similar

Ornament

2378.-(41744).
2279.
(41762).
2280.

ornament

flower

2273.

2276.

399

SUBSTANCES.

ANIMAL

BTEVENsox.]

Woven

for

band

the

called

head,

)HOK~y-(tt-<t.2282.

584.

Fig.

(42365).

ornamented

Anklets,
are
some

porctipine
quills;
of
The
are
specimens
following
ornamented:
variously
lets,
2283-2286.
2284,
(42363)
i
2283,
(42362)
2287.

(41742).

(4236G).
2286,
knit
Woman's

2288.

(41826).

Woven

2289.

(41757).

Braided

(43364)

hair

or

are
and

undulate,
are

They

decorations

2290.

(41295).
ing into
figures

2291.

(42382).

fled.
2292.

shape,
are
some

generally
in

with

the

of

mostly
their

FROM
OF

without

resembling
Fig.

2285,

~-c/MS-c~/t.

made
brown,

LAGUNA.
CLATT.

7~<?jE&
form,

some

though
as

designated

well

black,
with
Small,
the vessel
Small,

usual

be

saddie-girt,

~TRE

of

ank-

or lariat.

lasso

ARTICLES

These

the

leggings.
sinch

COLLECTIONS

account

with

beaded.

should,
i'ew have

neck.
any distinct
and
very
symmetrical,
or red colors.
handles

opposite

or ears,

decoratedwithbroad
body
Shown
corn
blades.

decorated

jars.

with

birds

of

resembling
oblique

in
fighting,

Fig.

on
probably
the margin
white
rats
stripes

ware,
peepand

585.
their

feathers

ruf-

612.

(42384).

Small,

haTing

a white

with
stripe

a single
in th

broad
middle

undlate
marked

bandaround
the
a row of
with

body,
dots.

COLLECTIONS

400

OF

1879LAGUNA.

2293.

and straight
band around
th neck;
(42385). Fig. 586. Scalloped
undulate
with triangles
alterbody with two interlaced
bands,
and upper spaces.
nately in the inclosed
2294. (42380). Red base, upright
black bands in the center,
with brownrim downward.
bandbelow
neck, and oblique bars extendingfrom
See Fig. 610.
2295. (42381a).
of this pieceare
Fig. 587. The leaves in the decorations

2296.

2297.

2298.
2299.
2300.
2301.
2302.

to represent
corn blades.
There is something
probably
designed
about the figures
here used which leads one to believe they are,in part, at least, symbolical.
flower ornaments
Large
(42386). Fig. 588. Large.
surrounding
and rumed
one in each space.
large birds with crests
feathers,
The large-billed
bird may be intended
for a raven;
the other th
California
quail.
with images
of three birds with spread
(42387). SmaU margin,
of two birds, with a few small flowers
covwings on it; figures
See Fig. 611.
ering the body.
band'around
the neck;
on the
(42388). Small.
Zigzag
figures
body as in Fig. 585.
on neck and shoul(42389). Jar-shaped;
zigzag
bandextending
a straight
and scalloped
below the shoulder.
bandjust
der
near the top;,birds,
and Rowera with
(42390). No neck, broadest
stem.
SmaU.
(41391).
(42392).

Without
neck;
Withontneck.

2303.
2304.

birds only, small.

Birds pickinggrass.
birds oniy, small.

(42393). Seallopedmargin;
margin.
(42394), Fig. 589. Sealloped
Deer,
biting the leaves of a plant.
2305. (42395). Fig. 590.
2306. (42396). Jug-shaped,
with
scalloped
margin,
cents on the body.
2307.
2308.
2309.
2310.
2311,
2312.

2313.

Smatinowers.
which

four

seems

bands

to be

of cres-

with squre mouth;

(42397). Jug-shaped,
zigzag Une aroundthe
neck.
Scrolls and oblique diamond
small.
figures on the body;
into the
(42398). Fig. 591. Ears in the form of animals
peeping
vessel.
on the margin;
birds
(42399). Small, with crude images of animals
alone on the body.
no neck, square mouth; image of a rabbitat
each
(42400). Small;
corner on the rim
birds and checkered
square on the body.
(42401). Small and similar to preceding,
except that there are only
corn leaves and a little square on the body.
image of an animal at
(41402). Smilar in form to the preceding;
one corner
the neck;
double
undulate
only; zigzag line around
line around
the body, with dots above and below.
(41403).
jar-shaped;
ladle and

Similar

to No. 2310, except

that it is more
image of a dog or coyote at each corner;
a diamond
on the body.

siender
figure

and
of a

Fias.

585-587.-Laguna

Water

Vases.

FiGS.

588-593.La,gtma,

Wa.ter

Vessels.

Fies.

593-596.-Lagnna

Water

Jars.

2314.

(41404).

Jar-shaped,

margin;

triangular

(43406).

Regular

2315.

twigs

The

2316,

are

or
With

npright

lines
2319,

the

one

mouth,

on

animal

the

body.
large
ngureofleaf
onthe
snrrounded

size;
cross,

or stripes.
decorated:

slightly
2317,

one

With

(42378).

or two

nar-

simple

lines.

(42780).

2319-2320.

but
and

(42376),

bands

round

a
on

lines

curved

following

2316-2317.
row

with
lines

~=01

CLAY.

shaped
olla
of medium
in the form
of a Maltese

arranged
by broad

side

2318.

OF

ARTICLES

BTEVENsox.]

lines

oblique

slight
in

two

and

(42379),

the

on

and

neck,

a few

broad

on the

body.
Withont
(42381&).

gronps
2320,

decorations

of

any

kind.
JFM

~E~TEB
2321.
2322.

593.

Fig.
Leaf

(41299).
on it.

Canteen

with

~J

J~B&

the

images
Irregular

Canteens,regularform.
594.
Canteen
Fig.
(42412).
and geometrical
figures.
(41300).

2323.
2324.

Fig.
(42413).
ornamented
broad

of
at

rupted
form

of

regular

or coyotes

arranged
is

nguies
vessel

intervals

by

band;
plain,

there

small

figures.
leaves

scallopedband,

form,
The

canteen.

a scalloped
of two
consisting
oblong
of the

middle

the

of

Olla-shaped

595.
with

band

is a row

of Bonrdogs

decorations.

and

is depressed

top

is

this

immediately
below
betweenwhich
narrow
stripes,
around
in a zigzag
pattern;
intera sparsely
serrate
band,

circles,

in each

which

of

is the

there

a cross.

Theomamentationonthis
pice
isratherpeouliar
Fig.596.
(42409).
th columns.
around
the bands
of attention,
and worthy
especially
withtwo
handies
and
salt
Double
form,
pepper
box, square
(42411).
of elk
on
on the
birds
mounted
figures
side by side;
handles;

2325.
2326.

the
2327.

and

sides

in procession.
rude.

ends

Moccasin;

(42475).

r~TCBjEB&
are

These
the

white

we!l

AU

dcorations

2328.

(41298).

2329.

Diamond
(42405).
directed
with
points

2330.
2331.

Flower
(42406).
other
figures.
Broad
(42407).
or

triangles
simple
26

straight
E

in

in form,

similar

of mdium

with

Shown

in imitation

evidently

forined,

population.

the

upward

in

or rosette
band

band,

introduced
White

by
ware

size.

592.
Fig.
in
scroll

acuminate

those

handles.

of
with

around

in

upper
lower

upper

the

neck,

figures
and below

point
this

a band

zone;
zone.
zone,

one

from

on

which

each

two

band.

triangles
side;

long-pointed
another

then

downwards;
a zigzag

of

no

~02

COLLECTIONS

0F

2332.

Scroll
band
around
(4:2408).
nres
around
th shoulder.

2333.

(42410).

With

an

1879LA6UNA.

the

undulate

band

a band

neck;
around

the

of

hour-glass

fig-

bowl.

..EEFr<HE&
These

are

of white

the
rupeds
is occasionally

orifice

decorated

being
the tail,

at

and in the form

of birds
and quadware,
in the top of the head,
but in birds
it
usually
and in the quadruped
forms
sometimes
in the

breast.
Birds.
Thse

are

without

Erequen~y

feet.

one

or two

Fig.

597;

2339,

(42414),

&c.

double

ones

are

on

pedestals.
2334-2347.

2334,

(41301);

2335,

2337,

(41304);

2338,

598;
(42415),

Fig.

(42423)
are ail

2344,
similar

are

599;

intended

2348.

(42417).

2349.

(42420).
in the form

2341,

(42426)
to that

Fig.
Two

2350,
(42431);
in Fig.
598,
The
first
figures.
(42425).

Two-headed;

2354.

(42435).

With

2356-2357.

(41308).
even to

2359.

(42430).

2360.

(42431).
intended

2361-2363.
rently
on the
side

and

This

on the
Shown

2343,

2347,
some

on a pedestal.
a pedestal;
a handle
See Fig.
605.

or rosette

on the

on pedestal;
long

tail;

lines,

(43429),
of them

on the

back

Similar

to

and

triangniar

those

breast.
&c.

triangles,

apparently
a sheep.

represents

a roostor.
The

orifice

is in front

These

are

it is not

probapossible

Bark
colored.
any certainty.
the characteristics
are well
although
rude,
given,
and
on the
back
and
breast.
spotted
udder;
sides
intended
to represent
hair.
on Fig.
606.

603.
This
and
Fig.
to represent
rabbits.
and
2361,
(42432),
2363,
intended
former

with

(42419);

with

A cow;
the hoofs

Coloring

not

2340,

heads

a flower

has

Fig.

608;

on

and
(41307),
Fig.
609,
2357,
(41309).
for sheep,
but they
are so rude
that

2356,

bly intended
to determine
2358.

not

or dog.

a crest
601.

Fig.
head.

2342,

2351,
(42422);
2353,
(42434).
but the decorations
are scrolls

shown
2353.

609;

(41303),

Fig.

2346, (42428)
in the Figures;
birds
than
ducks.

other
two

but

2336,

(42427)

represented

represent
600.
With

heads,
of a fox

Fig.

(42418),
2345,

to

2350-2352.

Qtiadrupeds.
2355.
(41306).
of the

(41302),
(41305);

the

for

a figure

are

inappropriate.
of another
figure

of

the

preceding

(42433).
the ass
Th

are

figure

Similar

to

the

(-Z?Mrro),
is
latter

though

Animal

not

decorated

evidently
last;
the

appaon

quadruped.

2363.

unknown.
(43434).
Animal
2364-2365.
and
2364,
(42436),
decorated
with
spots.

2365,

(42437).

determinable;

spots
the

Fies.

597-600.-Laguna

Effigies.

sCQ
1
0
..I
<M
d

bd
?
M
S

~auuus

Figs.

605-603IA&UNAyaNATUEE.

POTTERY.

amn,

mn.

?
OGj
M
S)
S
<n
o~
i'
5->
d

o
i~

Fies.

616,617.Laguna.

Eating

Bowls.

OF

ARTICLES

8TETENBON.I

2366-3371.

2366,

Fig.

(42438),

603;

2367,

2371,

(42439);

(42443).

Antelope
third

2370,
(42442)
(42441)
an antelope,
is evidently
andpossiblythe
elk.
Decorations
are certainly
simple.
2372.

See

Fig.

Probably
(42445).
Human
Bguresdolls.

2378.

(42447);

2374,

2375,

simple.
Is a pretty

Females;
(42446).

fair

are
bowls
Lagnna
bowls
are
eating
than
usnal.
hemispherical
The

ceding
little
but
tribes;
Small

to

that

similarity
white
ware

of
are

and

The

two

to

those

The

basin.

colored

decorations

(41297).

2382.

Fig.
(42452).
some
animal,
with

central
hand1es.
following
like
figures

(42453);

2383,

figure.
handle
on

witha

are

The

2383-2388.

2384,

2390.

(42456).

leaf-

2386,

(42457);

(42458);

form
of regular
around
the body.

Withgeometricaingures.
bowls.

Large

external

2391.

(41265)..
inside.

No

2392.

(42474).
dcorations

Inner

marginal
like

somewhat

line
the

on

as
usual

and

Znni
triangular

large

spaces

bowls;

outer

figures

on

bowls.
are

following
2393,

(42466)

of geometrical
bordering

lines

radiating

decorations;

zigzag
also

Zuni
The

2393-2395.

2385,

(42454);

2389.

decoratedwith

basin-shaped,

small,

qnite

2388,
(43460).
2387,
(42459);
are small,
The two following
lines
two
With
zigzag
(4M55).

the

other

one side and a lip on the

lines.
band
with
and basal
oblique
marginal
handie
on
whieh
is seated
with
617.
Same
form,
of diamond
a dog,
no lip.
Band
figures
apparently
are
the
which
These
two
only
specimens
spaces.

simple

have

present
from

in the

Shown

Basin-shaped,

other;

The

aU external

2380.

616.

(42450).

more
perhaps
from
the pre-

described

previously
decorations.

Square
mouth,withtwosidessomewhatnattened.ScrolIs
(41296).
on the ontside.
and leaf-like
figures

(42451).

fig-

or small.

large
or
form,
in shape

general
ones
vary

have

we

2377,

either

sizes,

the

small

a fiat-bottomed

with

Fig.

diamond

a chair.

2379.

2381.

rest

The

~o~rz.&

of

of

Decorations

bowls.

and

(42449);

of

representation

mostly

former

2376,

(42448);

.EztTiy&

form

andfifth.

scrolls

with

2369,
(42440);
Thefirst
elk.

2368,
and

604.
a horse.

2373.

2374-2377.

or coyote,

a dog

Probably

(42444).
ures.

403

CLA.Y.

without
2394,

figures
the

large

band

inner

(42468)
the
first
below.

dcorations
2395
with

(42472).
narrow

Withbroadband
scalloped

band

404

COLLECTIONS

OF

1879ACOMA.

2396-2397.
2398.
2399.
2400.

2396, (42467), and 2397, (42473). With irregniar

geometrical
no band.
gures
(42469). With diamond
marginal
band;
irregalar
figures. below.
Fig. 614.
scroll with irregular
no band.
(42470). Th large circnlar
figures;
circle with a square in it, and leaf-like
(42473). Scalloped
figures.
Fig.615.

COLLECTIONS
ARTICLES
t!~TE~

FROM
0F

ACOMA.

CLAY.

!~<SE&

Thre are but few pieces of this pottery,

of
yet a carefui examination
these since my return increases
The Acoma
my desire to procure more.
bears a strong resemblajice,especiallyintheornamentaton,
to that from
Ail that was obtained
was of white ware with decorations
in
Laguna.
In this pottery,
in most cases where
animals
are figured, they
color.

have a base or
2401. (39578).
band on
2402. (39581).
2403.

2404.
2405.

2406.
2407.
2408.
2409.

on which to stand.
ground
Medium
size, figures of birds,
the neck.

ant-hills,

and

cactus.

No

Fig. 618.
broad jarVery
(39582).
pretty
specimen,
quite
symmetrical,
a scalloped
band on th neck with little tassels suspended
shaped,
from it, possibly
intended
to imitate
on
fringe.
Large triangles
the body pointing
to the right, each tipped
with a flower.
band
aroundthe
neck similar
to Fig.
(39730). Small scalloped
624.
band of triangles
on the neck;
(41310). Large double
body with
a band
of large
or squares
with
placed as diamonds,
diamonds,
checkered
centers
and crescents.
v
birds and ant hills.
(41313). No band on the neck;
No
band
on
(41314).
large elk and some irregular
neck;
figures.
bird on the ground
amid leaves
and
(41315). No band on neck;
flowers.
The ornamentation
on this is more thanusually
(41316). Fig. 619.
spirited.

2410.

2411.

no neck-band;
belt of large open dia(41318). Scalloped
margin,
monds around the body, each upper
corner
with three
capped
leaves.
See Fig. 621.
around the neck;
(41317). Large size; a double band of crescents
then on the shoulder
an arched band with a central
stripe of diabelow this a double line of inverted
and below
monds
crescents,
this a large three-leafed
See Fig. 620.
plamt.

41316
?
Fies.

618,619.Acoma,

Water

Vases.

00,

CQ
CK
M
0

M
?=
i
f3

C2
3

ci

'D
0

OF

ARTICLES

BTEVENEON.]

405

CLAY.

Plain.

2412.

(42378).

2413.

(42383).

2414.

(42317).

outline

of

with
Unes
Small,
622.
See Fig.

around

cresents

the

body.

jMTMH&
handles

band
mdium
zigzag
size,
with a broad
form,
in
The
latter
bas
around
the
and another
body.
broken
with
an
arrow-head
point
foldsomethinglike
of

Regular
the neck

(41311).
around
each

with

ware

decorated

White
2415.

large

off.
2416.

(41312).
and

large

neck
Olla-shaped
small
triangles.

The

following

exactly
Shaped
the
day among

(42461).
preseut
well-formed

2418.

leaves.

(42463)
marked

like

with

whites;

6 to 9 inches,
height
form
are of the same

lines

are

mnch

more

above
them
places
in the
confidence
neck
The
larly

more

the

gracefol,
Znni

ceramic

distinct

and

figure

given

only
formed

in

use

by

a vine

at

the
with

in
it,

the

shape,
the latter

former

with

dots.

COCHITI.
CLATT.

]~E~&
15

6 to

diameter

of

as those
there

and

inches.

but
the
Zuni,
is a delicacyin

The

is

rim

often

and

curves
the

a greater

andindicates

pottery
artist.

slightly

finish

ontwhich
and

freedom

the

nared,

formed.

regularly
of this

is not one of the

group
with
decorations
ware

interesting
are

They

specimens.

with

band.

zigzag

aronnd

OF

~TEB
Size:

encircled

conical

FROM

ARTICLES

bowl

soup

foot

piece.
an ontline

COLLECTION

These

small

the

Very
small,
lines
ranning

slender

with

body

bands;

small:

A pretty
with
form,

Regular
and
(42464).

(42462).

2419.

are

specimens

oblique

~o~x&

jE~ny<?

2417.

short

with

aU white

regnin

black.
2420.

(39501).

compartments
in the
twigs
2421.
2422.

band

ScaUoped
by
others.

around

upright

Pueblo
or terraced
(39502).
line below.
an nndulate
(39503).
body;

Decorated
straight

with
and undulate

the

double

This

figures
is of

snnfiower,
lines

neck;
lines

bodydividedintothree
rosette
in

with

one

the body
bordered
-around
interest.
special
on
and
leaves
the
stem
around

the

neck.

and

by
the

406

COLLECTIONS

2423.

(39504).

Decorated

2424.

(39505).
execnted

With

figures

true

meander

OF

with

and

straight
birds

of

1879COCHITI.

on

undolate

the

or Greek

bands.

neck;
around

fret

and

a tolerably

the

body.

Evident

triangle

pointing

of European
pattern.
and undulate
lines on the neck,
Straight
leaves
and insects
on the body.
downwards,
with
rosettes
and
(39509).
Depressed;
geometrical
th body.
npperhalfof

well

imitation

2425.

(39506).

2426.
2427.

of

figures
2428.
2429.

Globular

(39634).

in form,
on the

chickens

without

scalloped

on

marginal

the

band;

body.
size.

624.
Small
Fig.
Small
in form
to the
with scalloped
(39733).
size, similar
preceding,
band
around
the neck,
and scalloped
on the body.
arches
Shown
in Fig.
623.
(39731).

Globular
are

vessels

of two

wide

with

forms

month

those

at

the

handles,
which
and

top;

a spout
in the
open
through
animal.
These
are sometimes
Size
2430.

neck;

figures

shown

in the

for

almost

those

which

form

of

water.

holding
or quite
resemble

the

head

Wlth
and

tea-pots,
a bird
or

of

with

globniar,

These

spherical,

at

opening

other

the

top.

illustrations.

Undulate

(39557).

nsed
are

band

around

the

of fish

figures

margin;

on the

body.
2431.

Undulate
(39558).
and fruit.

2432.

(39559).

2433.
2434.

lino

round

the

of

figures

margin;

deer,

With
of triangles
and leaves
on the body.
figures
With
head
of a bird
from
one
(39560).
projecting
side;
with
ontline
and lunar
on th body.
triangular
figures
Head
of an animal
from
one side.
(39561).
projecting
Canteen-shaped
form
of the head
are
end

in the
or

vessels,
of some

form

of

is

the

side

wanting.

Handle

specially

mentioned.

a bird

with

with

representation
and

single,

2435-2436.

and 2436,
2435,
(39563),
meander
bands
round
simple
or goats
on the body.
sheep
is seen

2437.

(39564).

in Fig.
Form

2438.

(39565).

Shown

2439.

(39568).

Bird

of
usually

at the

in the
these

opposite
latter
is

a tail,
but often
the
on the top, unless
otherwise

Thse
(39567).
the neek,
and
Head

marked

a spout
where

openings
through
In some
instances,
the head
for a spout,

animal.

bird,

and

are

with
bird-shaped,
or herd
of

procession

tail

shown.

The

former

625.
of a bird
in

Fig.

withont

tail;

decorations

simple.

626.

without

of anihdianwithaguninhis
figure
tail;
a calf followed
leading
by a cow.
Bird
with
rude
of fishes
and
(39569).
figures
tail;
band
below.
scalloped
hand,

2440:
2441.

Bird
(39570).
checkered"band

without

tail;
to represent

feather
wing.

figures

on

breast;

bird

and

oblique

3973].
(~

Fms.

623,

624.-Cochiti

Water

Vessels.

Fies.

625, eae.CocMti

Water

Vesaels.

FiGS.

627,

628.-Cochiti

Water

Vessels.

Fias.

629, 630.-Cochiti

Water

Vessels.

39721

Fi&S.

631,

632.-Cochiti

Water

Vessels.

~iss.

633,634.-Cochiti

Water

Vessels.

2442.
2443.
2444.

OF

ARTICLES

6TBVENSOK.J

With

(39571).
serrate

two

(39572).

Representing

opposite

end;
Form

(39573).
tended

heads

around

bands

square
and

407

CLAY.

handie

opposite,

crosswise
of birds

the

figures
necks;
a double-headed

between
them;
the body.

on

with
a single
tail at
duck,
on the body.
flower
or rosette
in637.
shown
in Fig.
Probably

outline

handie
decorations

a dog.

for

2445.

Form
(39574).
well
shown.

2446.

(39575).

like

in form

Similar

collar

Decorations,

but

to preceding,
around
band

or

and

fish

decorations,

preceding;

with

the

neek

the

latter

grass;

added.

fore-legs
and

fish

on

the

head

on

one

body.
2447.

Withont

(39579).

2448.
2449.

on

(39698).
rations.

2451.

(39699).

2452,

Fig.
These

628;
are

no

head;

margin;
to
form

the

lines

2453,

(39701);

top
and

preceding,

(39713);

as

on

twigs

.but
not
open
form,
to represent
or shading

jug-shape;

handle;

side.

on

open
and

tail;
birds

no

present,
on the

in

Similar
with

top, tail
and flower

on

scrolls

scalloped
Similar
in

birds,
2452-2458.

on

top.
ground.

as

through

body.
similar

with

the

2454,

well

th

Man,
2455,

(39715);

(39727);
2458,
Fig.
2457,
629;
(39725),
and
with
of bird
somewhat
body
globular
form,
24.56,

deco-

boy,

and

(39720);
(39730).
without

others
are
2457 are
on top, the
and
open
flowers
or
of birds,
and
sometimes
figures
intended
are evidently
on No. 2453 (39713)
The bird figures
twigs.
and open
at th top.
for turkeys.
This is without
handle,
of deer
and some
other
Bird
without
animal,
figures
tail;
(39700).
Nos.

tail.

2455,
Decorated

not.

2459.

back,

Animal's

(39697).
a spout;

2450.

head

Bird's

(39696).
feather

dark

with

canteen-shaped,
handle,
and birds.
with
flowers

decorated

side;

also

2456,
with

trees.

2460.

(39703).
birds.

2461.

(39511).

without

Duck-shaped,
Fig.

tail;

rude

figures

of

animais

and

630.

2462.

Bird-shape,
(39704).
2463-2465.
(39706)
2463,
bird
form
as shown,

no

tail;

2464,
and

outline

figures

ofindians.

Fig.
(39712);
2465,
(39721),
animal
with
similar
figures.

632.

Usual

in Fig.
629.
shown
Resembles
specimen
(39705).
decorations
and 2468,
2467-2468.
Sameform;
(39708).
(3P707),
2467,
rude.
of
latter
of
former
animals;
plants,
outline,
a deer.
of an Indian
Same
2469.
chasing
figure
(39709).
form;
631.
Decorated
and
2470-2471.
Fig.
2471,
(39717).
(39710),
2470,
of
fish.
figures
1

2466.

2472.

(39711).
fish.

Usualform;

2473.

(39714).

Fig.

634.

2474.

(39718).

Fig.

633.

oblique;

double

serrate

band

and

in

with

figuresof

408

COLLECTIONS

1879COCHITISANTO

2475.
2476.

(39719).
(39722).
scribed.

2477.

Similar to the preceding

(39723).
with figures of sheep and fish.
(39724). Fig.637.
A true.canteen.
(39726). Fig. 638.

2478.
2479.
2480.
2481.
2482.
2483.
2484.
2485.
2486.
2487.
2488.
2489.
2490.
2491.

DOMINGO.

above

Thisbelongstotheglobulargroup
and belongs

to th same

(39728).
(39729). Fig. 639.
(39508). Bird with tail more elongate in form thanusual.
checkered
band on the side.
to water jars in the form of birds, and
(39514). Similar
handles.
(39562). Fig. 640.

de.

group

Oblique
without

(39515). Rosette of leaves on the back; tail well formed, probably

the dove.
represents
decorations
(39516). No head, merely a spout
simple.
for a hen.
intended
(39517). Evidently
(39518). Fig. 642.
a hen~ feathers
on the back, deeron
the sides.
(39584). Simulates
With
Shown in Fig. 641.
(39585).
wings Didely figured.
handie,
Similar in form to No. 2480; wings representedbyngure~
(39586).
behind
them the figures of a bird, evidently
a duck, resembling
the head

2492.

Fig. 635.
Fig. 636.

0F

of the vessel.

Without
(39583).
head apparently
rosette.

Of the

handle,
of turtle

nsnal

tea-pot

canteen-shaped;
on one side:

shape.
on
open

decorations,

top, with
bird and

2493. (39580). Fig. 643.

2494. (39576). Fig. 644.
2495-2496.
2495, (39777),

Simple jar.
of a priest.
Figure
and 2496, (39778).
Simple water jars of black
with slightprojectionon
ware, pitcher-shaped,
thebodyfbr
handie.
These were evidently
obtained
from some other tribe.
.E~tT'HVC BOWLS.

There is but one specimen

of Cochiti manufacture
in the collection.
2497. (39512). Of ordinary
white ware, decorated
with black on
shape;
inside only;
the
a central
ring with radiating
corn-leaf figures.
OjBJ\~ME~2N,

.EEErCjOM',

~M) TOTN.

Ail small.
White ware, slightly
decorated
unless otherwise
speeiRed~
2498. (39520). Head of some animal too rude to identify.
2499. (39521). Double-headed
bird figure on a pedestal.
2500. (39526). Black ware.
Sitting animal;
very rude.
2501. (39527). Black ware.
handle at the back.
Probably jack-rabbit;

Fies.

635,636.CooMti

Water

Vessels.

Fies.

637,638.-Cochiti

Water

Vessels.

FiGS.

639-640.Cochiti

Water

Vessels.

39518
~i~'
Fies.

641,

642.-Cochiti

Water

Vessels.

Fies.

643,644.Cochiti

Water

Vessels.

sasa-t
W
Fiss.

645-647.CocItitiEfagies.

sTETmEojr.]

ARTICLES'0F

CLAY.

2502.

Black
ware.
Toungbirds.
(39528).
most
from
some other
pueblo.
likely

2503.

(39824).

Black

Fig. 64=7..
646.
Fig.
(39825).
2505-2506.
2505,
(39826),
2504.

black
2507.
2508.

ware.
2506,

Double-headed

fignre

Birdonpedestal;
(39855).
2509-2518.
2509,
(39856);
2513,

(39859);

2510,

(39860);

2517, (39883);
No. 2514,which
water
vessel.

of a,
rn~edback.

2518, (39862),
is the figure

in the

instance

(39861);
are figures

in the

pedestal.

645;

2511,

(39858);

images

2520.

(39510).
mentations

FEOMSANTO

is probably
(39513).

Large
of

Images

DOMINGO.

OF

CLAT.

black

quadmped.
2522-2523.
2522,

(39652

2524-2625.

(39653),

2524,

bf these

(39658).
Small

Bird

on

drinking

a band

bowl;

two

2523,
and

pieces;

(39652

2525,

pedestal.
vessels

with
in

Dpression
or cord

to

a -bird

on

the

are
orna-

center

it with.

carry

ncornamentation.

ware
<t);

649.

Fig.

to receive

black

handie,
the

this,

F.E&S~Z&

as seenin

designed

except
is a toy

on

and all but two

nine
of this pottery,
pieces
or drinking
vessels
in the form
of birds.
A double
or
canteen.
White
globe
jar
ground,
in black,

2512;
(39775);

with

bnt

small

2526.

of

figures

pottery.

~~2'E~
are

on

of an olla,
shape
or worm
appears

insect

ABTICLTES

2521.

grotesque

2515, (39769);
2516,
on pedestals,
ofbirds
and prbably
duck,

of a little

Cochiti

COLLECTION

There

bird
Fig.

(39857),

2514,

A toy cup or basket

(39524).
water
the figure
of the
little
only

Similar

(39827).

ware..

(39854).

2519.

Thethreelastmentionedare

ware.

Black
and

409

and

b).

(39654).

Human

form

of birds.

in the

pedestal

images,
White

very

rade.

ornamented

ware.
2527.
2528.
2529.

(39655).
(39656).

With

four

rows

Withhandie;
Nb ornamentation
(39657).
the
head.
648.
Fig.

of
tail

dots
and
except

on the
neck

no
side;
ornamented.

a line

or two

til.
and

some

dots

on

410

COLLECTIONS

OF

1879TESUKE.

FROM

COLLECriONS
ARTICLES

OB'

TESUKE.
STONE.

MST~TS~,JtfOi;2'~E~rC.
3530.

(39809).

Stone

-2531.

(39810).

Quartzitic

.2532.

(39811).

Quite

pigment

mortar

.2533.

for

of

brown

grain,
for

grinding

sandstone.

minerai

pigment..

rock.
quartz
ba
of nne-

Discoidal

(42215).

grndiiig

stone
mortar
small
minral

Gaming
sandstone.

(39821).
grained

~534.

meta,te

quartz

pounder.
.3535.

Fig.
(4334=1).
tar.
This
from

mor-

was

made

rounded

sand-

boulder

a caYity.
drawn

for

pestle
small

is

used

artist

for

poses.
men of
pestle

This
th

the
a

on one
cavity
the nuid pigmortar
was

th

and

was

with

represented

from

poured
of the

ont

by grinding
In th cnt, which
another
purpose,

cup-shaped
of it, in which

ment

the

Paint

a somewhat

stone

side

650.
mortar

with

the

brush

decorative

is

the

kind

in

combines

pur-

only
the

speci-

ARTICLES

This

group,

grandest
inches
twenty
of

ten

bearing

gallons.
a strong

brown
:polished
'=omamentation.

though

and

consists

resemblance
ware

only

one

found

where

CLAY.

~~N~&

some
of th largest
sma.1!, contains
some
of the vases
collection,
being
in diameter,
a capacity
twenty-two
having
of white
ware
with
decorations
in black,

comparatively
the
entire

in
pieces
in height
It

the

it.

OF

7MTEJ!

;and

and

collection,
cup with

the

without

to

that

of

ornamentation,

brown

Cochiti,
and

black

and
micaceous,
ware
withont

Fies.

646-649.Sa,nto

Domingo

Canteen

and

ENgy.

ETETBNsoN.]

ARTICLES

or vases.

Tinajas
Cochiti.

0F

Wel!

STONE

formed

and

2S36.

With
diamond
oblique
(39507).
cal figures
on the body.

2537.

Upper
(39520).
and twigs.

2538.

(39523).

2539.

Without
(39525).
the middle,
with

half

Similar

2540.

(39530).

Neck

2541.

body
as in No.
With
(39531).
those
on Zuni

ornamented
rosette

2544.

(39533).

2545.

(39534).
and large

Neck
body
Neck
along
it, one

triangular

similar

with

to

figures
similar
to

the
in

Plain

(39639).

Like

2550.

(39660).
around

Large
size;
th
shoulder,
body with

th

portion;

corner,

from

geometriof

figures

leaves

band

around

on each

coil.

anundulateline;
somewhat

Cochiti

similar

black,
the last.

to

with

body
dark

dotted

line

around

with

sharp

and

alternate

chaste

broad

band

indentations.

lines

and

body

with

ovoid

short

spots

sigmoid

a zigzag

line

above

and

the
long

ornamental
lines

band
heavy
neck;
serrations
pointing
ovals
andfour-pointed

around

the

neck

body

perpendicular
line in the
white

double-scalloped,
with
an undulate

have
a sun-shaped
spaces
a double
serrate
stripe

which

2421.

most

large.

polished,

intermediate
from

small

No.

olla,
the

probably

undulate

and

and
undulate
Straight
into
spaces
by
broad,
the middle
white
having

npper

on

of a plant.
the
preceding;

upper
side,
each
indentation.

(39635).

stripes,

rude

figures

those

and

straight

with

2549.

(39661).
divided

and

neck,

straightand

a beautiful
specimen,
entire
collection.

2548.

2551.

with

651.
Similar
to the preceding.
Fig.
Serrate
band
around
the
neck;
circular
each
four
spaces,
having

(39542).

downward;
stars.

with
and

Decorations

figures;

the

those

ol)as.

Covered;
(39801).
and artistic
of the

below

on

figures

to

shape

2539.

(39532).

(39549).
dotted

in

411

the preceding.
a broad
and
true
meander
neck;
three-leaved
flower
above
and below

2543.

2547.

similar

decorated

only

CLAY.

to

2542.

2546.

AND

in the
figure
descends
ob-

liquely.
2552.

Birds
andundulate
(39664).
dots
on the
ring
shoulder,
ornament

2553.
2554.

Rather

(39682).
with

body.
meander

the

slender;
band

broad

(39683).
late
line

Neck

with

is a row

or band

terraced

on

the

neck;

meander

a straight
with

band,

line

with

triple

leaf

the

Neck
with
(39665).
well made,
around
body

2555.

around

line
broad

as in

th

preceding;

a slender

vine,

body.
vine
undulate
margin;
of three
leaved
nowers.

and undulate
straight
above
as heretofore
of small

distinct

ovals.

lines
described,

around

the

neok;'

body
but

with

undu-

above

this

OF

COLLECTIONS

412

2556.

(39685.)

Black,

withont

2557.

(39686).

Large

bowl-shaped

vine,
2558.

(39687).

2559.

(39740).

half

Upper

2561.
2562.

decorated

neck,

with

a double

in sbape.

which

scalloped
band,
from
on their
margin
line.
straight

below

spines

Vine

with

around

leaves

the

middle

line

aronnd

body.
siender

Small
(39772).
the shoulder,

and

vine

With

regular
of which

zigzag
descend

2563.

(39789).

Same

decorations

2564.

(39800).

Small

2565.

(39802).

Brown,

scalloped
without

2566.

(39803).

2567.

(39805).

2568.

(39806).

Fig.

652.

2569.

(39813).

Fig.

654.

2570.

(39814).

2571.

(39815).

Neck

naring
line

the

vine

around

dotted

neck,
the

body.
aTOund

band
scalloped
the
from
shoulder,

rim;
aronnd

the

each

margin;
lower
point

plants.
as No.

2539, but of the

around
the body.

Unes

regular

form.

innning
of an

throngh

ornamentation.

with

colored,

with

body

around

three-leafed

(39773).

it;

marginal
bent

with

then

Squatted

(39741).
of the

withont

olla,

with

leaves

hang,
obliquely,
and
this a serrate
2560.

ornamentation.

&c.

scrolls,

cross,

1879-TESUKE.

leaf-like

large

curions,

line
zigzag
ornaments

a white

angniar

shape.
2572.

ently
the

it from

are

th

figure

to
going
a large

pieces.

of

regalar
broad

large

and

some

of the

Zoni

with

leaves

of a vine

the
and
band

with

(39819).

2576.

Large
(39822).
ant
from
each
ornamentl

2577.

(39823).
leaves
metrical

This
around
figures.

an

has
th

the

outer
the

in

upper

decorated
side.

There

below

band;

pice;
this on

and
to

of

on the
circular

Zui

differ-

half

large

Th

seen

rim

neck

white

space

or double

band
the

the

around
oblong
band

straight
scalloped

point;
diamonds.

the

aronnd

and

the

body
scrolls

-are but
there

the

is

neck

spaces.

band

with

placed
obliquely,
a simple,
narrow,

is injured,
piece
it by the natives

specimen,

marginal

diamond

narrower

pottery.
on the

figures

a broad

bat
The
about

tied

beantifnl

triangalar
trne
serrate

With

figures,
653.

Fig.
were

band
zigzag
and below.

above

like

formed

few

2575.

in

Very

(39818).
somewhat

like
in

Shown

terraced

body,
2574.

With

(39816).

leaf

similar

arranged.
cords
seen

keep
2573.

With

(39817).

around

body
slightly

cmposed
in each;

line.

the

with

neck,
alternate

fiaring,

the
body
profusely
neck;
into
This belt
is divided

of squares
with
body

a little

leaf

large

stars

pendand

scalloped

band

and

decorated

with

geo-

four

spaces,

in each

of

FiGS.

651,65S.Tesu'ke

Water

Vases.

FiGS.

653,654.-Tesnke

Water

Vases.

there

which

lower

the
and
2578.

0F

ARTICLES

BTEVEKso~.j

is a checkered,
and sides

sagittate

space

neckwitharowofovals;
with
a vine

spiny

pointing
pyramid
downward;
with
is occupied
triangular

figures.

Small;

(39868).

terraced
of each

part

413

CLAY.

herring-bone

theshoulderwithatrue

band;

2579.

(39865).

2580.

Plain
(39812).
655.
Fig.

2581.

(39834).

2582.

(41366).

Water

2583.

(39790).
with
the

Jar

JUGS

~XEB

AND

around

leaves

th

body.

J~EA
See

double-belliedwaterbottleofmicaceousware.

jug.
or urn

Fig.
519.
white
ware,

of

with

handles

two

ornamented

meander.

usual

FrrCE~&
2584.

A.regularweIL-formedpitcher,withproperlipandhandle.
with
serrate
ornamented
lines,

(39745).
White
The

ware

oniy

from

one

this

~07!T.&

~~nyc
The

2585.

bowls

Tesnke
others

straight,
No large

inner

(39647).
decoration
The

2587-2590.

2594-2599.
2598,

similar

and

in form

(39667);

following

are

(39669);
band
marginal
are

2599,

(39793).

Square.

(39797).

Regular

2602.

(39673).

2593,

dec-

externaJIy;

no

brown

2590,

(39648).

micaceous

ware,

(39835).
platter-shaped:

ware,

2596,

(39678);

(39679);

with

of

inside

2604.

Noinnerdecorations;onoutsideamarginalserrateband,
(39675).
the body.
and a band
of leaves
around
with
leaves,
Biscuit-shaped
vine,
(39676).
this,

on

ornaments
radiating

Unes.

inner

and

straight
with

(39674).
and leaves.

outer

2597,

(39680);

foot.

band

2603.

(39677).
'and
above

band

xternal

(39792).

bowl-shaped,
with
Biscuit-shaped,
No outer
decorations

No

no

decoration:

of

plain,

2592,
(39668);
of the same
2595,

(39672);

(39681);

2601.

2606.

slope

biscuit-shaped.

small:

2600.

2605.

the

having

others

2589,
(39788);
a slender
vine.

2588,

numbers

following

2594,

some

form,

meander

withbroad

(39666);
inner

2591,
The

usual

obtained.

plain;

biscuit-shaped,
2591-2593.

the

with
flaring
margin;
bowl-shape,
with
circular
scrolls.
surface

internally.
are
following

2587,
The

of

Biscuit-shaped,

Outside

in form,

considerably
and

were

specimens
Usual

(39613).
orations

2586.

vary

flaring

circle.

and

triangles,

tribe.

undulate
serrate

radiating

around

surface

the

a center

Unes.
lines,

middle.
lea~cross,

414

COLLECTIONS

2607.

Decorated

(39688).

submarginal
2608.

OF

1879TESUEE-SANTA

on

band

of

inner

oval

Plain

26Q9.

(39743).

2610.

Flower-pot
(39744).
a leaf
and
down,

zigzag

2611.

(39776).

Largest

2612.

(39787).

Regular

2613.

(39798).

2614.

(39799).

Small,
Small

are

Pots.

shape;
regular
figures

always

2615-2632.

2615,

2619,

2628,

(39737);
2631,

2620,

26M,

(39671);

2616,

(39601);

(39607);

and

(39602);

lines

are

at

or vines

each point

running

2629,

of several

forms.

(39605);

2618,

2617,

2621,
2625,

(39738);
2632,

leaves

up

t~&

(39608);

(39689);

(39828)

and

shaped.

ware,
vessels.

Zuni

the

flower

band
on the ontside.
zigzag
with
vines
on th inside.
shape,
and birds
on the inside.

black

plain
like

Shaped

two

with
shaped,
zigzag
at each
point.
bowl
of the group.

COO.EBV&
These

with

line,

flower-pot

red,

A central

oniy:

leaves.

Biscuit-shaped;
outside.

(39742).
on the

surface

CLARA.

(39611);

2622,

(39735);

(39794=);

(39606);

(39670);

2626,

(39736);
with
(39795),

2630,

2623;
2627,
handle;

(39874).

Bowel-shaped
2633-2635.

2633,

See

Fig.

2634,

(39603)
657.

(39604);

3635,

with

handle.

2639,

(39614);

(39615),

Platter-shaped
2636-2646.
2640,
(39694);

2636,

(39609);

2645,

2637,

2641,

(39690);

(39695),

(39610);

(39691);
shown

2638,

(39612);

2642,
(39692);
in Fig.
659;

2643,
2646,

(39693);

2644,

(39739).

TO~S.
bird
Ornamented
(39791).
on pedestals
Blackbirds
2648-2657.
2649,
2648,
(39804);
2647,

2652,
(39832),

(39829);
Fig.

2653,
658;

on pedestal.

(39807);

(39830);

2656,

2650,
2654,

(39833);

VEGETAL

(39808);

(39831),

2657,

2651,
Fig.

(39820);

656;

2655,

(39836).

SUBSTANCES.
JtfEjDJ'CO&

2658.

0-s7t<t.
(39751).
and xtemally.

2659.

(39752).

Zerba-lobo.

2660.

(39753).

O-c/M.

2661.

(39754)..Ea-c/M-MO..
breach
or wonnds,

Root

Root

used

as medicine

Wolf root,
used
for

for

rhenmatism,

for pulmonary
rheumatism.

semi-medicinal
Root,
and for sore
eyes;

internally

complaints.
and

extemal

magie.
use.

To prevent

39832
(~
EiGS.

655-659.Tesnke

Vessels.

BTEvmoN.]

ARTICLES

0F

CLA.Y.

FROM

COLLECTIONS

ARTICLES

41.

SANTA

CLARA.

OP CLAY.

~TEB~&E&
This
The
of

is all

black

method

of

and

frequently

polished

the

producing

black

ware

without

ornamentation.

is explained

polish

in

another

part

th

catalogue.
and ollas.
Bovis

of comparatively
2662-2670.
2662,
(39750);
2669,
with
(39838).

2672.

(39866).

2673.

(39629).

These
of

are

platters.
Globular

and

2675-2676.

Bowl-shaped
2677-2678.
2677,
2679,
and

small.

are

662;

2664,

Fig.

2668,
660;
(39781);
covered
cover
jar;

pretty

band

depressed

bottle

or canteen.

.E~ro~

~o~z&

ware

without

(39749);

around
See

the

2665,

rim

center

671.

Fig.

decoration
and

bowl-shaped,

2676,

(39617),

and2678,

(39619),

Fig.
rim.

scalloped

A cooking
(39621).
2682-2689.
2682, (39628),
664;

2685,

(39638);

and

(39556),

2681.

Fig.

with

polished

these

of any

platter-shaped

and

kind,
or

trne

two

with

small:

2675,

2679-2680.
nared

very

of

margin.

base

globular,

Some

Fig.

(39780),
A

Yase
lobed

of black
forms,

(39748),
2667,

(39786).
672.
Fig.
with
scalloped

Double

various

ornamentation.

2670,

Fig. 661.
a band;

{39834).

2663,

(39779);

Small

forming
2674.

(39645);
2666,

(39782);
a haudle.

2671.

withont

Black,
size.

large

2689,

667,

(39616).
Withnaredandnotchedrim.
(39618).
and
These
2680,
(39620).

vessel.
Fig.

669

2683,

(39633);

(39632),

2686,

Fig.

(39636);

663

2687,

2684,(39646)~
(39637);

2688,.

(39643).

Platter-shaped
2690-2691.

2690,

(39630),

2693-2698.

2692,

(39641);

2695,

(39649),

and

2691,

2693,

scalloped

(39640).

(39643);
rim;

2696,

S-calloped
2694,

(39646),

(39784);

2697,

rim.
see

Fig.

(39785);

664~
2698~

(39796).
2699.

(39793).
ware.

Fig.

668.

Small

platter-shaped

dish

of

black

polished

416

OF

COLLECTIONS

CLARA.SAN

1879-SANTA

JUAN-JEMEZ.

COMO~C~E~E~
(39794). Small pot, no handle.
2701. (39795). Small pot with handle.
3702-2705.
2702, (39623); 2703, (39626), Fig. 670; 2704, (39627); 2705,
with a constriction
or indenhandles,
(39629). Small pots without
tation around the middie.
2706-2707.
with handles
2706, (39837), and 2707, (39840). Small pitchers
2700.

and lips.
2708.

(39839).

Canteen

with

and

spont

mouth

above.

BjPTT&IE~.
A!l similar
to those shown in
Bird figures, polished,
on pedestals.
the figures.
2709-2720.
2709, (39841); 2710, (39842);
2711, (39843);
2712, (39844);
2715, (39847);
2713, (39845); 2714, (39846);
2716, (39848), Fig.
666; 2717, (39849), Fig. 665; 2718, (39850); 2719, (39554); 2720,
The last two are hollow, with an orifice in the baek
no
(39555).
pedestal.
2721.

(39553).

no pedestal.

Canteeninshapeofa.bird;

COLLECTIONS

FROM

ARTICLES
~~TZy&
2722-2723.
each
2724-2725.
Fig.
2726.
2727.

2722, (39587)
sides.
Sides
2724,
675.

and

SAN

JUAN.

OF CLATT.
BOWLS.

2723, (39588).
straight.
(39589), and 2725, (39590).

These

two with

Biscuit-shaped,

handles

on

as shown in

with scalloped
PIatter-shaped,
margin.
band
marginal
(39592). Red ware, of medium size, with onterbroad
of triangular
figures.
Pots. Plain black:
2728-2731.
2728, (39593);
2730, (39747);
2731, (39625).
2729, (39594);
or ears at or near the top; small
with handles
Canteen-shaped,
circular orifice.
See Fig. 673.
2732. (39650).
A similar
vessel of black ware, with larger
orifice, the
(39591).

of which is scalloped.
near the
margin
Large ears or handles
band around
Bottom
top on each side.
oval, and an impressed
middio of body.
vessels this deIn some of the canteen-shaped
is &r holding
the cord with which the vessel is tr~nspression
See Fig. 674.
ported.

ss
O!
rn
0
rn_
00
p
'
s

b
0
s~
eh

IV

~s.

667-672.-BANTACLABA

POTTEKY'.

S9MO
?

Fies.

673-675.-San

Juan

Pottery.

ARTICLES

6TEVENBON.1

2733.

of decorated
red ware, with regular
pitcher
Omamented with.
a. looped vine and twigs,

(39659). A jug-shaped
handie neatly formed.-

with

well

leaves

and

orifice

tion

than

in

neck

drawn;
]ip, but

with

ordinary

417

CLAT.

OF

less

slender
in

propor-

pitcher.

FROM

COLLECTION

JEMEZ.

OF

ARTICLES

CLATT.

sin676.
Fig.
A very
and
water
pretty
vessel,
gular
Jemez
obtained
at the
pueblo.

2734.

(39926).

and

brown.

the

in

decorated

ware

'WMte

black
that

It

is probable
is given
form

peculiar

from

and not for the purfancy,

it to any parof adapting
pose
as
it
to be
uticular
appears
use,
a water
vessel.
simply
mere

3992S
1
3

676.

Fig.

FROM

COLLECTION

THE

JICARILLA

ARTICLES
is a light

This

is

Apaches,

other

among
factnred,

brown
so.

comparatively
small
This

it is
by

Apaches

by

more
and

pottery.

mentioned,
Thse

that

there

is some

Vase-shaped
2735-2741.

facts
question

for

and

pots,

ail

It

certain
in

origin

of

that

Jicarilla
found
is mami-

Grande,
not visit

they

this

connection

this

small

or

small,

wherever

Apaches.
the
Rio
along
did
The party

positively
mentioned

as to th

are

cups.
from
the

to the

hot

are

pieces
and

directly
obtained
that
th
reason

Pueblos.

western
are

the

pitchers,

and
the

manufactto

show

collection.

pots:
2735,

(39535);

2739,
(39539)
two have
the
2742-2744.

of

APACHES.

CLATT.

them accredited
of the
Pueblos

by

some

the

ure

ware,

consist
thollghnot
to them,

collection,
attributed

however,

occasionaUy

micaceous

They

tribes

0F

2736,

(39536);
2741,

2740,
(39540);
rims
scalloped.

2742,

(3954S);

2745,

(39595);

2743,

(39546);

2737,
(39544).
2744,

(39537);
This

2738,
and

(39538);
the
next

2748,

(39598);

(39547).

Pot-shaped:
2745-2751.
2749,
27 E

(39599);

2750,

2746,
(39600);

(39596);
2751,

2747,
(39851).

(39597);

418

C?

COLLECTIONS

1879JICABILLA

APACHE-OLD

PECOS.

with
handies
of rgular
form
cups,
around
the middle.
(39543).
Finger
impressionb
2753-2754.
and 2754,
2763,
(39540),
(39548).
Scollaped
2755.
With
an undulate
line around
(39770).
impressed

margin.
the middle.

Pitchers

and

2762.

MisceIIaneous:
2766.
2767.

Bird

(39863).

of a bird;

2769.
2760.

2761.
2762.

(39767).
of whih

2764.
2765.

Flint

OF

scraper.

inner

PECOS.

An

irregular
is a smaJI

flints

have

flat

square
circular

been

Small
(39760).
for Bints,
but
hammers.

in

Hammer

grinding

stone
Maul

hat~

middie.

of

cherty

rock,

flat

piece

of

cnp-shaped

one

side

made

from

hard

on

sand-stone,

depression.
of

fine-grained
it was

sand-stone~
used

stone,

a round

diameter

&ve

water-worn

probably

water-worn

boulder.

inches.

boulder

from

which

Bake~

cherty

this

boulders,

instance

made

from

of

calcareons

from

broken

they
a

used

in

frequently
seem
to

have

of

broken

rubbing

or

grinder,

grooved

at.

section

been

chipping
used
as

rock.
stone

rtibbing

or

rhyolite..

end

(39763).
at each

a beaver

chipped.

round

(39761).

(39762).

in the

STONE.

Rudely
shaped,
on the back.

convex

face,

mortar
(39758
&). Quartz
The cavity
is symmetrical;
Half
of a cherty
(39759).

each
2766.

OLD

morta.r
(39758
a). A small
composed
half broken
of quite
soft
being
away;
for pulverizing
food of some
kind.

for
2763.

shape
orifice

FROM

ARTICLES
(39766).
on the

the

a small

image.

COLLECTIONS

2768.

in

somewhat

(39862).
Incense-bnmer,
with
a rimin
th
form

Rudely
end and

shaped
grooved

2767.

(39764).

Rudely

shaped

2768.

(39759).

chipping

2769.

(39760).

Rough
Three

sinker

(or what

is caJIed

a sinker),

ronnded

in

schistose
rock.
center;
chisel
or celtofmetamorphioschist.

irregular

agate.
stone;
roancl
ba-lls
of

flint-stone,

Baked

by

ham-

mering.

ARTICLES
2770.

(41771).
ing

Fragments

Spanish

OF

CLATT.
th

ofpotteryfcom

old and

new court,

exhibit-

glaze.

2771.

(41772).
court.

Pottery

fragments,

decorated

2772.

(41773).

Ancient

fragments,

glazed.

in

colors.

Old

and

new

40816.
(~
Fies.' 677-680.-Water Vessels jEcomCanon de Chelly.

sTETENsoir.]

OF

ARTICLES

of

2773.

(41774).

2774.

withwhiteground.
Miscellaneous
(41775).

Fragments

CLA.Y

AND

from

pottery

the

old

showing

court,

of pottery

fragments

419

WOOD.

from

vairious

glaze
of

parts

thoruins.
of

white

2775.

(41794).
court.

Fragments

2776.

(41796).
court.

Pottery

2777.

(41797).

2778.

(41798).

Fragments
Eiim pieces

with
edges
chipped.
of black pottery
were

2779.

(41799).

Fragments

of

2780.

(41800).

Fragments

2781.

(42344).
ruins.

Specimens

2782.

(42345).

Specimen

of

2783.

(42373).

Chimney

pots

2784.

(42374).
OldPecos.

Very

(41276).

Beam

pottery,

showing
showing

&agments,

of plain
of adobe

pottery
mortar

from

Casa

from
new

from
from

new-

inside;

the

old

court.

court.

courts.
both old andnew
the walls
of the Pecos

of wood

Old
Blanca,
in fragments

pot

OF

ARTICLES
2785.

glaze

new

same.

cooking

large

Spanish

from

red pottery

from

coating,

from

the

Pecos.
from

Casa

Blanca,

'WOOD.
old

court.

COLLECTIONS

THE

FpOM
ARTICLES

CA~ON
OF

DE

CHELLT.

CLAT.

~TBJi:7jE~~Z&
2786-2789.

2786,

Fig.
679;
decorated

that
ing
they
colors
and not
2790.

Fig.

678;

(40816),
black.

Fig.
The

(40813),
2789,
with

are

comp
indentations.

Fig.-681.
as part

(40796).
pitcher,
Canon

de

The

Upper
of

the

(40814),
These

Fig.

colors

in grt
modern.

part

aratively
part
handie

Red

Chelly.

articles

following

2787,
680.

are

still
The

From

ware,

to

have

been

Eouse

ruins,

modern.
from

the

same

as

place

the
2791.

preceding:
vase
of white
Small
probably
ware,
(40600).
is somewhat
ern.
The design,
though
simple,
what
is usually
fbnnd
on pottery
ent from

2788, (40815),
white
ware,

showremain,
lines
represent

Cliff

Comparatively
ancient

are

supposed

broken;
remains.

ware,

677

pieces

See
2792.

Fig.
th

2793.

peculiar
and
of the
present

diSerday.

683.
Fig.

(42202).

mod-

comparatively

682.

ing
common

design,
one.

(40812).
690.

Pitcher.

Similar
as

wiR
White

to the precedform,
size,.
and color
is a
seen
to the
by reference
figure,

in
be

ware,

with

black

decorations.

See

Fig.

420

2794-2795.
2796.

(40824).

2797.

(42203).

small

Very

691,

lines

rigid

white

and
687.

Fig.

(40811).

bowl

ware;

CHELLYPICTOGRAPH

and

2795,

with

handie
of white

pitcher

showing
age,
not modern.

(40601).
A round-bottomed
black
th colors
lines
The design
is evidently
in saying
that
perhaps,
th

DE

pitcher

A very
pretty
mneh
faded,
it is evidently

black,
formed

2799.

1879CANON

Fig.
2794/40819),
ware
figured.

white;

2798.

OF

COLLECTIONS

ROCKS.

688.

Fig.

(40820),
of

Pitchers,

uncolored
with

ware,

so

although
692.
Fig.

ware.
in

decorations
well

and

truly

pitcher-shaped
nmch
faded,

are

vessel,
white
ware
with
689.
Fig.
showing
age.
and
we
will
be
age,
justified,
the period
of transition
from'

of a previous
it belongs
to
to th

angles
Small

pitcher,
uncolored.

curves.
originally

e-NMMc7~<Mt4s<m-M<~

of

~CWM'.
2800.

Small

(40823).
colors.

2801.

(40825).

2802.

(40857).
unadorned
haf;

bowl,

with

each

side,

with

white,

blackened

black

by fire,
the lower

around

probablyusedforapaint-pot.
COOjEI~~

2803-2806.

handie

Fig.
684.
A small
in Fig.
shown
685.
paint-pot
A small
686.
Fig.
apparently
pot,
with the spine-like
except
projections

2803,

(40821),
gated

)~BI&

Fig.
693;
2804,
(40818),
Fig.
696;
2805,
694. These
are the oldcorr)i2806, (40822),
695;
Fig.
but with
the exception
of the third
do not show
they
the action
of flre, but were
probused
for cooking
vessels.
ably
(40817),

Fig.
ware,

FROM

COLLECTIONS
TO&BAPH
ARTICLES
2807.

PIC-

ROCKS.
OF

CLAY.
697.

Fig.

(39873).

cor-

rugated
pot 11 inches
Mgli
and 10 inches
in diameter
at th

widest

Eri-

point.

thedif-

dentlycoil-made;
ferent
coils
lap
ion.

the

On

smooth
th

overslightly
other
tile-fash-

each
and
coils.

It

blackened
original
a dark
color
evidently

but

slightly

bumed

at

first;

very

inside

by
color

of

slate,
the

ancient.

it

doesnot
has
th

been

nre,

th

havingbeen
the
natural
"t W~
clay.
v

is

show

Itwas

~]
m
S'
4r

Pl

a
m
et~f
>Ti
s'

Ht

Q
O
0
m
g~
<
S;

FiGs.

687-692.-Ancient

Pottery

froin

Canon

de

Chelly.

-1
"Pigs

693-696.-Cooking

Vessels

from

Canon

de Chelly.

FROM

COLLECTIONS

ARTICLES

OTHER
OF

LOOALITIES.

CLAY.

MISCELLANEOTJS.
2808.
2809.
2810.
2811.

Pueblo.
from Ponake
large;
olla, rather
(39529). Black, polished
from Pueblo of New Mexico.
moccasin
(39551). Unadorned
and plain,
of pottery,
colored,
ornamented,
(41770). Fragments
of Nutria.
from ruins near Pueblo
from Agricnltnral
of plain pottery
Camp, six
(41776). Fragments
miles east of San Antonio
Springs.
are from the same locality
The following
specimens

2814,
corrugated;
2813, (41778),
painted;
2812, (41777),
head
bird's
on
it;
2816,
painted
ribbed;
2815,
(41780),
(41779),
2818, (41783), ribbed.
2817, (41782), corrugated;
(41781), painted;
from Old Zuni Mesa, three miles
of pottery
2819. (41784). Fragments
of Zuni.
southeast
2820-2822.
2822, (41787), are fragments
2821, (41786)
2820, (41785)
and decorated
of the corrugated,
ware, from
ribbed,
indented,
the Zuni Mesa.
2823-2825.
2825, (41793), are also frag2824, (41792);
2823, (41791);
from the Zuni Mesa.
ments of pottery
2826. (41795). Fragments
of pottery from top of Zuni Church.
of
Fragments
2827-2829.
2829, (41790).
2828, (41789)
2827, (41788)
are
The specimens
of Wolpi.
from the environs
ancient
pottery
in
forms and are decorated
and laminated
of the corrugated
color.
instrument.
2830. (41981). iNbtchedstiek,
with bone, used as musical
See description
of similar objects from Wolpi.
2831. (42224). Small wooden ladle;
locality not known.
with the edges ground
of pottery
2832. (42049). Fragment
off, probably
sixty miles east
a pottery
Rocks, about
trowel, from Pictograph
N. Mex.
of Fort Wingate,
from Wolpi
of pottery
2833. (42252). Fragment
may be a charm,
but
or
trowel.
smoother
likely a pottery
from mound in
of pottery
2834. (42348). Chips of jasper and fragments
Louis.
St.
opposite
Missouri,
ladle from Wolpi.
2835. (42368). Handle of pottery
2836. (42370). Portionoflargeyellowcorrugatedvesselfromnear
Wolpi.
2812-2818.

STATUETTES.
The following numbers
humanbeings
representing

are specimens
in varions

of micaceous
of statuettes,
clay,
and
female.
both male
LTJ.VS
lU\LJm^J
attitudes,
421
421

422

COLLECTIONS

are attrbnted
They
in Santa
F from
They
remote

were
from

2837-2858.
2841,
(42009)
2850,
(42018);

OF

to the
traders,

made,
Santa

however,
E

2837,

(42001);

(42005);
2846,
(42014);
2855,

2842,
(42010)
2851,
(42019)

1879-VARIOUS

LOCALITIES.

Cochiti
the

but
Pueblos,
correctness
of their

by

some

2838,
(42006);

of the

(42002);

Rio

as they

origin
Grande

2839,

2843,

(42007);

2847,

(42011)

2848,

(42015);

2852,

(42016);

2856,

(42020)

2857,

were

(42003);
2844,
(42012)
2853,
(42021)

obtained

may be doubted.
Pueblos
not very
2840,
(42008);
2849,
(42017);
2858,

(42004);
2845,
(42013);
2854,
(42022).

SMEEHSONIAT

INSTITUTION-BUREAU

OF

ETHNOLOGY.

THE

INDIMS

CATALOGUE

ILLUSTRATED

OF THE
OBTAINED

COLLECTIONS

FROM
OF

MEXICO

NEW
1

IN

1880.

BY
JAMES

STEVENSON.

423

CONTENTS.

Page.
429

Intboduction
Collections
Articles

ftom

435

Cuyanranque

ofstone
-o.

stones
Rubbing
Articles
of clay
Collections
Articles

ofstone

Articles

of clay

Collections
Articles

_u.. ~_o-- _0-

435

--u.

436

.i
from

436

Namb

436
437

_u

fromPojuaque
of stone

..u

000- u-

Articles
Articles

-0

.On_O

of
of

Collections
Articles
Articles
Collections

435

__00 On

clay
boneandhorn

from

438

u.
-00_"

00-

Old

440

441
441

Pojuaque
ofstone

from

Articles

Santa

of
_0-- _00' -.0 u. _uo

Clara

441

clay
00_- '00 00-

441

0 U

441

ofstone

of clay
Polished
black

443

Articles

Black

Articles
Articles
Collections
Collections
Articles
Articles

443
447

ware

or brown

Whitened
Vgtal
Collections

ware

ware

with

colored

dcorations

450

from

Tesuque
ofstone

450
of

450

clay

450

Mine

Turquoise

from

Santo

450

Domingo

ofstone
of clay

450
451

Collections
Articles
ofstone

from

452

Jmez

452
452

of clay
Articles
Miscellaneons
articles
Collectionsfrom

00

00 00 00

00

00

00

00

00

454

ofstone

454

of clay
Miscellaneous
from San Juan
Collections
Articles

455
456
456

ofstone

of clay
Articles
Polished
black

456
456

vrtive

Brown

and black

ware

White

ware

dcorations

Miscellaneous

454
454

Silla

Articles

Articles

449
449

substances

from

438
439

with
articles

'00-

.n.
-o.

--no.

00"

_00- '00_

_00-

0-0'

-_u--

457
457

_oun --00

ou,

--00_-

__00

--o.

425

458

-426

CONTENTS.

from

Collection
Articles
Articles
Collection

Santa

of
of clay
from
Sandia,

Collection
Articles

Page.
458

Ana
stone

nu.

--n..

45g
458

N.Mex
om

458
459

Cocliit

of stone

nn.

n--

Articles

ofclay.
Mscellaneons
articles
Collections

from

Articles

Red

and

Black
Black

h u

San Ildefonso
--u..
--nu
decorationsin

brown

ware

without

u..

n n

u..

'u.u

-00
h'u,

_u.

460
u nu

nu. n n'
nu --o. --n

463
00

403
463

nu.

u.
.n.

ware

461
462

u.. u
n UU

n.. n

from
"00

u..

Taos.
'u'nu.u.
0000

o.

464
464

.n'

--n

ofclay
red

460

--n.u.n

ou,

clay

ware

of stone

Articles
WMte and

un--

black..
decorations

polished
not polished
articles

450
.0.
of

with

ware

Miscellaneons
^Collections
Articles

459
n

of stone

Articles
Red ware

459

witli

dcorations

464
464

n.

0 u.

U U

465

ILLUSTRATIONS.

G.

.Page.
440

pitcier
698.
Pojnaque
699. Santa Clara polished
700.-Santa

Clara

701.-Santa

Clara

702.

Clara

Santa

black

703.-Santa

Clara

704.-Santa

Clara

pipe

705.-Santa

Clara

706.-Santa

Clara

708.

n'

00 .00.

445
445
446
446

canteen

447

449

oanteen

451

tinaja
Domingo
Jmezwater
vase
water

453
455

vessel

blanket
710.-The
711. San Juan

-00

weaver

-water

712.

713.-Taos

polishing

443
444

ware

Santo

709. Silla

714.

00 00 00
blaok

image
meal basket

707.

ware

polished
bovrl

San

ndefonso

--00.'

'u-

_00_00 --On'

u_.

water

vessel

464
465

stone
Taos

434
457
461

ressel

vessel

427

M
a
a
ci
?

o
0
M
5
i
o
[;
n
V

S
a
IM
O3

ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE OF THE COLLECTIONS OBTAINED

FROM THE INDIANS OF NEW MEXICO IN 1880.

BY

STEVENSON.

JAMES

INTRODUCTION.
It

made
in

statement
Our
restricted
tributaries

in

disuse

before

Our party,
Mr. Morancy,
to Santa
F,
From
miles

Taos.

Rio

industrial

village
Mexicans
The
tions.

These

are

few

eastern

number

large
built

compactly

Indians

these

and

being
carried

but

the

ancient

way

and

most

is situated
under

the

archaeologist,
proceeded
work.
season's

extensive
the

on

Taos
of

shadow

principally
their
products

of

a few

the

Taos

side

of the

high.
and

agri-

pastoral
in the

population

in

pueblos

Rio

one
on each
sections,
and
each
six stories
are

falling

The

Mexican

about

4,000

people.

several
spent
collection
made
articles

village
and
just

two

of the

one

Taos,

population
of rail-

remains

collected

of Mr. Galbraith,
myself,
J. K. Hillers,
photographer,
for the
outfit
was secured

for
a good
market
de Taos,
containing

having

and

of the
Quite

of

Fernandez

party
The

to

comprises

they
of

an

region.
Rio
Grande,

pursuits

cultural,

Mr.

as

obtainable

extension

hnnters,

its

and

to secure

was

rapidly
giving
civilization.

of eastern

where

It

cnriosity
are

were

1881

Grande

view

specimens
and

besides

in

and

Rio

by the
region
the architectural

are

only

tribes

and

1880

the

data
archseological
influx
of civilized
the

archseological

This

the

Mountains.

Not

proceeded

Grande

by
this

into

influence

the

assistant,
N. Mex.,

from

science

it.

consisting,

we

here
Rio

the

to

thrown

excursionists,
of thse

by travelers,
and
enstoms

away
habits
into

lost

rapidly

object

and

catalogues,

and

ethnological

through
and
destroyed

rapidly

chief

catalogue
a brief

tribes.
of

along

the

1880-'81,

in the

Pueblo

season

field

The

with
in

charge

described
the

located

tribes

the

my

to

regard
the

Mexico.

be

is being
into and

roads

Pueblo
aU

as possible
it should
before

in

during

New

soon

which

to

obtained

explorations
to the

in connection

give,

under
party
the collections

the

by

relation

information

the

1 should

that

best

is thought

of collections

obtained
of

stone

days

hre

was

small

were

investigations
making
varied
and
but quite

of their

implements

own

manufacture.

were

secured,

and
novel,
among

collecthough
which

439

430

COLLECTIONS

OV

1880.

were

some stone knives,

of rade stone axes and hampipes, a number
&c.
The pottery
obtained
here is chiefly of the
mers, arrow smoothers,
common type and resembles
that from San Juan, from whence in ail
it was received
and barter.
so
probability
by exchange
Earthenware,
far as I can learn, is not now made in Taos, except
by a few families
where
a Taos Indian
has married
a woman
from San Juan
or some
other tribe where the manufacture
of pottery
is carried
on.
If this industry
remote

was ever.
periodj

it must have been at a

practiced
by the Taos Indians
in fact there seems to be no tradition
of it now among

them.
From here we went next to the pueblo of San Juan, situated
on the
left bank of the Rio Grande,
50 miles south of Taos.
about
At this
was made of stone implements,
pueblo a collection
articles
of clay, &c.
These specimens
are not quite se representative
as those from some of
the more southern
the village
on one of the
pueblos,
being situated
over which many Europeans
military
wagon
roads,
pass, and hence
of the most valuable
of implements
frequently
many
visited;
specimens
and pottery
have been bartered
those we obtained
disaway
however,
of the people of this pueblo.
play quite fully all the industries
This
collection
consists
of a number
of fine stone mortars,
arrow
pestles,
and spear
also several
stones.
a number
of
heads,
polishing
Quite
small animal
forms carved
ont of stone
were also secured.
At this
of the black polished
ware peculiar
to a few of
pueblo many specimens
the tribes in the Rio Grande
Valley were collected.
From San Juan we proceeded
to Santa Clara, situated
a few miles below on th right bank of the Rio Grande.
This pueblo proved to be so
in its surroundings
that
some time was spentherein
interesting
making

We found the people extensively

in the maninvestigations.
engaged
ufacture
of that black polishedpotteryof
which solittle
has been known
in regard to the process of baking and coloring
especially
heretofore,
it,
which is fully described
in the text accompanying
the catalogue
of last
The larger portion of the specimens
of earthenware
year in this volume.
obtained
here was of this kind, though
several specimens
of the red and
some few of the ornamented
class were also secured.
Most of the pottery manufactured
at this village is the black polished
ware.
That
of the decorated
class is ornamented
with the juice of
Cleonae integrifolia,
which is fixed in the ware in the process of burning.
Mineral
so far as I could learn,
are not used by the Indians
substances,
of Santa Clara in decorating
their pottery.
are a number
of interesting
stone implements,
Among the specimens
ail of an older kind than any made by this people at the present
nearly
day.
Duringour
stay at this pueblo some interesting
discovarchseological
eries were made of whieh a brif mention
in this connection
may not
be ont of place, and which will certainly
to future
prove of greatinterest
Between
the Rio Grande and Valle
investigators.
commencMountains,

btkVenson.]

431

INTRODUCTION.

south
toand extending
65 miles,
is an extensive
of which
of a yellowelevated
is
composed
portion
totexture
and
soft and
of coarse
sufficiently
yielding
Over this
enor carved
with rude
stone
implements.

or sonth
of Santa
12 miles
Clara,
below,
ing about
a distance
of about
of Cochiti,
within
ten miles
area, the intermediate
ish
volcanic
tufa,
worked
be readily
tire

area

from

are

there

irregularin height,

200 feet

50 to

and
elements,
elevations
conscutive

are

in

fifteen

this

whole

bythe

miles.
we

cliffs,
hand

Over
We

rious

dwellings,
with
estimated
of

neighboring
could
elicit

gone."
An

no

like

are

"they

invariably,

have

instances
the

from

to

attempt
cells

hermit

count

out

old

very

and

the

in

been

the

of

the

cut

five

but

ta

of these

out
of

by
these

the

may

be

they

many

cu-

inqniries

these

The

who

people

from

number

of

away
These

faces

the

rock,
I made

outline,

worn

perpendicular.
Rio
Grande

the
thousands.
safety
among
tribes
in regard
to the
history
no information
from
any of them.

the

but

made

dug

which

in
of country,
expanse
number
of cavate
dwellings,

an immense

found

of man.

of

all

nearly
extend
back

circular

somewhat

elevations,
the faces

dwellings,
was

response
them

occupied

are

a condition
of things
of this
area
revealed
were
fonnd
The dwellings
prevails
throughout.
about
20 feet
in many
but the
of the cliffs,
in the faces
apart
instances,
satisfied
me that
A careful
examination
are irregular.
distances
they
numbers
rude
stone
excavated
with
were
implements
resembling
adzes,
inspection
I have

which

were

of which
end

one

The
wall

to

of a portion

no doubt

to

terior
apart,

which

doorways,
a depth

progressed
were
rooms

The

were

and

foot,
of the rooms

of sufficient
the

used

probably

was

by
the

room

are

oval

work
in

to enable

scraping
intermediate

inside,
grooves

the

niches

into

ont
the

shown

reached

little

many

first
then

height

vidences

out
the

were

square,

one

interiors

breaking
until
found

are

about

of

andonly
from
process,
of the dwelling
and

which

and

here,

by

fastening

a handle.

room
began.
in diameter,
The

found

and

the
of

face

shape,
one to stand

of

out

carving
inches
several
in this

portion;
desired

size.

excavated

of

the

the
enlarging
about
12 feet
upright.
the in-

and
deep
the work

way
Inside

of

these

nsed

recesses

for

the
ones
probably
snpplying
larger
storing
ornaments,
are mortisesr
of many
of the caves
Near
the roofs
of cupboards.
place
the decayed
ends
were
found
from
in many
instances,
projecting
which,
are
as they
or sleepers,
which
were
beams
of wooden
probably
used,
the

household

nowin
ets

and

places

the

modern

clothing,
but
the

Pueblo
or

to

evidences

to hang
blankas poles
over which
dwellings,
without
firewere
meat.
These
dwellings
dry
visible
at the side of each
of fire were
plainly

and in none
of those
cave,
of the smoke
but the small
are

habitations
singular
about
the doors,

It

of beams

(for

of wood

is

visited

did

doorway.
rows
of holes

quite

evident

forming

booths

we

find

On

the

for the egress

any orifice
or in front
of these
outside

mortised
that

into
these

or shelters

the

face

were

for

in the

front),

of the
the

clifs

insertion
as

ends

of

432

COLLECTIONS

beams

OF

1880.

found
in their
sheltered
and
sticking
there,
which,
position
have
been
for centuries.
dry climate,
may
preserved
the top of the mesa
of which
these
cliffs are
the exposed
sides
Upon
the ruins
of large
we found
circular
made
of square
stones
buildings
in size.
8 by 12 inches
The walls
of some
of these
structures
remain
in

were

this

to the height
of ten or twelve
and
show
that
standing
feet,
five hundred
can find room
within
each inclosure.
people
was rectangular
and
two
were
round
structures.
buildings
were

100

about

feet

the
diameter,
rooms
small
were
Many
square
eut
bricks
of the
tufa
of which

square.

from

large
rooms

These
has

but

ail

one
of

quantities

and

arrow-smoothers,
used
for
edly

150

doorway.

pottery,
and

arrow

and

200

feet

are

winding
inhabitants.
it was
in

In

our

burial

the

structures

on

cliffs

the

the

covered

np
cliffs

from
those

inhabitants.

to

as

many

foot, somechambers.
of

the

mesa

feet

bythe

of

discover

and

the

where

foot-prints
do otherwise

to

found,

singular
as

surface

perceptible

be

for
are

at the

worn

path

and

these

of these

deep,
the

could

great

mesa

contained

rocky

predecessors.
we were unable

graves

which

dwellings

the

by

dbris

rows

the

following

of their
footsteps
limited
investigations
No

over

10 inches
showed
paths

the

customs.

and

3 to

of these
for

at

other;
two
least

the

in the

occupied

prominent

foot-paths
Some

who

people

more

the

composed.

heads,
knives,
grinding-stones,
flint adzes,
which
were undoubt-

above

of

inconvenient

tread
of

deep,
edges

the

are

300

interior

inclosure,
we secured

ruins

one

of chambers
the

Along

that

agricultural.
of some
of the

faces

times

spear
of the small

bluffs

to

latter

about

in the

large

these

and

for

the

of the

four
of these

The
one

rectangular
constructed

the dbris
dwellings.
Among
other
evidences
of the food used

indicates

certainly
were
dwellings

center
From

many
the blocks

This

rows

the

general

excavating
corncobs
found

The

in

toward

opened

making
the cave

three

feet

from
One

than
evidence

any
of

nothing

human

remains.
The

southern

populated.

portion
Some
of

in abundance.

hieroglyphics
Indians
present
of this
tered
tufa

and

fied

where

this
The

Santa

region.
can be

the

weather

are

two

has

with

Galbraith,

on the

reveal

inviting

opposite

have
the
the

was

are

much

the
side
more

densely
retain

of the
writing
of the art
specimens
of wild
animais
scat-

and

by

most

picture

in full

eut

attitude,

been

neighborhood

can

original
and life
of

relief

out

of the

be identi-

always
form.

The

most

size.

value

and

interest

in

locality.

accompanied
made
collections
visited

them

destroyed
side

who

and
region
next
pueblo
Clara,

very

to
in

resemble

lions,

will

this

seems
walls

Many
interesting
seen in the images

not

mountain

examinations

connection
Mr.

area

protected
These

people
various
of
spots.
Many
are always
in some
natural

prominent
Further

ing

of that

ancient
over

of this
the

my party,
here.

San

bank

of

Ildefonso,
the Rio

spent
about
Grande.

some

time

five
But

examin-

miles
few

below
speci-

btevenbon.1

mens

INTRODUCTION.

were

the

obtained

here.
of

manufacture

obtained

being
mostly
From
San
become

Ildefonso

almost

25 miles
of

their

them

nishes
little

fine

such

of

quantities
Namb

with
at

years
sites

Oreek,
Namb

higher

up

the

on

one

Santa

of
F,

of Namb,

and

show

that

in

the

and

several
the

times

in

of which

valley

years
fur-

make
grounds.
They
very
of the houses
of the village
large
of interest

metates

remains

of

principally
specimens
well as the

the

in
pottery
of pottery

I made
vicinity
arrangewho
had
resided
many
collections
from
the
old

this
party,
and

in which

Ouyamunque,

and

among

manufacture

the

past
In

quite
extensively.
the
of the
employs
to make
excavations

Pojuaque,

have

stream,

grazing
in many

stored

implements,
found
many
as
Pojnaque,

and

as to

quantities
been
carried

ments

stone

We also

grinding-stones.
of .old
ruins

Namb

which
has
a pueblo
is situated
about
this
people
and
not far
from
the
base

Namb,

of

of

agrieultural
we found

but

pottery,

great

on

pueblo

to

proceeded
The remnant

people

Ildefonso,
The

mountains.
moved

past

we

extinct.

above

the

had

The people
of this pueblo
devote
their
time
and have
almost
abandoned
pastoral
pursuits,
that
in use by them
at the
time
present
pottery,
from
tribes.
neighboring
and

to agricultural

chiefly

433

he was

suc-

quite

cessful.
miles

From

the pueblos
southwest
of

bank

of

small

Mexican

secured
animal
ties

the

Grande

town

consisting

F.

This

and

about
Here

opposite.
of
mostly

pottery,
ornamented
locality.

we

traveled
is

village
three

miles

a very

27
to Cochiti,
on the
right
Pena
a
Blanca,

direct
situated
from

collection
was
interesting
of the vessels
simulating

many
with representations
of some
varieA few
stone
were
also
implements

here.

We

next

went

of Santa

Santa

variously
forms,
flora
of the
of the

obtained
to

and
were

next

Grande.

situated
Jmez,
Santa
Ana.
At

visited

Silla

collections
logue.
The

all

made,

villages
visited
characteristic

Some

pueblos.
them
are
A

Rio

north

small

The

of

method
the

generally
collection

of which

each
are

the

Jmez.

Rio
of these

From

referred

mine

turquoises
the Indians
The

mine

hammers,
28

in

from
of

the

as in most
stone

of

the

hammers

other

was

pueblos.
from

obtained

mine

hve

always
carried

been

valued

Kew Mexico,
and
far and
manner
was worked
in a most
primitive
number
of which
were
secured.
e

wide
with

as
for

the

Santa

GerriHo

this

we

were

25 miles
from
about
Mountains,
of this
celebrated
which
were
The products
mine,
objects
as well
as contiguous
over New
probably
Mexico,
countries,
led
to the
of this
which
inducement
Spanish
conquest
quois

thence

villages
representative
to in detail
in the cata-

Santo
and Sandia,
on the Rio
Domingo
were
obtained
at each
of these
specimens
manufacture
and
the manner
of using
their

same

of rude

on

of

trame

formed
region.
ornaments
sale

these

tur-

F.

by
rude

all
one
The

by
them.
stone

434

COLLECTIONS

The

collections

are

ail

inspection.
The following

sketch

the

batten

represented

the

Pueblos

for

weaving
of the

idea

stick

in the

now

in
that

in

here
not

and

There

Figs.
which

coloring

for

the

and

study

method

is not

the

possess

garters.

and

design

Museum

to show

546.

Fig.

does

belts

blankets,

1880.

National

is introduced

or Navajos
variety

OF

of using

a family

among

necessarv
implements
500-502
will convey
in this
class
prevails

an
of

Indian

while
a blanket
weaver
at work.
Fig.
710 represents
fabrics,
The picture
is taken
from a photograph
made
on the spot by Mr. Hillers,
and
is colored
in accordance
with
the
actual
colors
of the yarns
and
threads
used
in its manufacture.
The

class
of
particular
in the estufas,
and
ceremonies
of thetribe,

woven
and

weavers,
class
of

the

for

same

or weft.

The
are

and

three

introduced

thus

across

the

from

the

held

in

the

weft
This

French

this

illustration
in sacred

exclusively

of

whole
back

of

hands

shown

after

sought

sacred

in the

inserted
rods
in the

warp
and

warp,
one to the

into
resembles

looms

as
is

one

of the

thread
loom

is much

and

which

weaver

thread

are the warp

threads;
between
these
is the
ersely
of the
blanket
are lease

and

between
serves

the

of

blanket
of a finer

the

figure,

transv
center

front

as

is
dances

by thesurrounding
dances.

other

the
threads
of the
among
the insertion
of the weft thread.

facilitate
in front-

passed

almost

in

purposes

threads,
which

thread

which

in

represented

used

which

article,

ornamental

Thevertical
coarsr

is

allothergarmentsbeingmadeinthehouses
air.
The Navajos
are celebratedfor
their
skill
open
and the Mokis
are equally
skilled
in the manufacture

or in the

tribes

blankets

as

next,
a

These

behind

eachrod
the

batten

to

warp

the
and

separate
rods

another,
threads
vice

for.

versa.

driving

are

yarn
rods,
them
each

alternately,
are brought
The

bar

or beating
threads.

formed
angle
by the crossed
warp
in principle
the
ancient
and
Egyptian,
Grecian,
are
described
on pages
55 to 62 of "The
History

and

Principles
of Weaving
by A. Barlow,
byHand
and
Power,"
London,
41 to 45 of the ".Treatise
on Weaving
and Designing
1878, and on pages
of Textile
R. A&henhurst,
1881.
by Thomas
Fabries,"
Bradford,
England,
See also pp. 200 to 208, Vol.
Cotton
of Great
Manufacture
II, of the
Britain,"

by

A.

lire,

London,

1861.

n<:
I Aiii, t,

COLLECTIONS

FROM
OF

ARTICLES

BUBBnra

1-3.

in

as rubbers

(Used

4,

1, (46506);
2, (46507);
Sandstone.
(46510).

5,

(46512).

CUYAMUTQTJE.
STONE.

stones.
corn,

grinding

on metates.)

Basait.

3, (46517).

>

Conglomerate.
Mica

schist.

7, (46514);
9, (46516).
6-9.
6, (46513);
8, (46515);
Of hornblende
10-11.
10, (46518);
11, (46529).
schist;
and intended
to be used
with
both
hands.
gate
12,

(46508)5

13,

(46567).

Quartzite

14-15.

14, (46509);
used
and

15,
almost

(46511).
flat.

Sandstone

stone

Rubbing

are

elon-

latter

but

little

metates.

12-33.

16, (46551).
17-24.
17,

these

metates,

the

of andsite.

20, (46558);
19, (46557);
21, (46561);
Small
stone
smoothing
23, (46569);
24, (46559).
(46563);
one or two only of basait.
These
are bowlof quartzite,
mostly
rounded
from
one
to three
ders
by natural
weighing
pounds,
(46555);

18,

(46556);

22,

and
agencies,
and polishing

selected

25-26.

25,

27,

(46521).

28,

(46522).
hole

29-31.

29,
32,

for

rounding

(46523);
to

(46526);

ments,
35,

stone

Schist

supposed
32-34.

26,
hoe

(46519);
Crude

(46530).
of this

kind

Broken

36,

(46531).

37,

'A small,
(47532).
three
inches,
halfinches;
and one-fourth
On
ilar

33,

will

form

of preparing
Unfinished
of

mica

used

for

used

they

are

worn

being

off,

smoothing
worndown

as the

just

rubbing

paint.
celts
of basait.

schist.
for

groove

to be

arrow

smoothing

and

shaft,

31,

(46525).

(46527);
34, (46528).
used
for pounding.
be

Crude1

stone

implements,

digging.

bakingstone;
more
particularly
basait.
mortar;

Yery
basait.

crade
The

noticed

stone
use

impleof

stones

hereafter.

of lava.
The width
vessel
mortar-shaped
oblong,
four
and
a
when
unbroken
was
probably
length
three
width
of inside
two
probably
length
inches,
of cavity
three-fourths
of an inch.
inches,
depth

portion
doubtless

in

much

point.

rounded

the

were

used

(46520).
or adze
with

natives

When

30, (46524);
be used
for

probably
Double-handled

the

by

purposes.
flat on one side, the side
in the old process
stone

and

remaining
On
six.
size

there
one

to the

side

are

four
feet;
is a projection

originally
or handle

there
sim-

feet.

435

436

COLLECTIONS

38-54.

38,

(46533)5

40,

(46535);

45,

(46550);

(46554);

49,

(46560);

50,

(46562);

54, (47571).
cobble
stones,

use

by ehipping
Sandstone
with

(46540).
arrow
56,

57,

(46542);

58,

62,

(46547);

63,

(46988).
(46989).

quartz,

and

basait,

(46572);

(Only
71,

(46575).

72,

(46718).

Fragments

67,

43,

(46553);

48,

smoothing

59,

(46544);

64, (46564).
for smoothing

60,
Small

(46545);

(46573);

one

OF

and

polish-

68,

(46574).

Broken

rub-

perfeet

ClAY.

specimen

obtained.)

bowl.
of ancient

pottery.

FROM

ARTICLES
73,

(46577);

78,

(46583).
Similar
a pestle

74,

OF
75,

(46578);

Quartzite
rubbing
to the
last
group,
as well as a rnbber.

(46584);

81,

(46589).

Pounding

82,

HAMB;

STONE.

(46579);
stones
but

76, (46580);
of an elongate
to

appears

have

77,

(46581);
form.

been

used

83, (46587);
84, (46588); i
of quartzite.
These
are
chiefly
or spindle-shaped,
with blunt
regularly
cylindrical
quite
formed,
or squarely
docked
four to seven
inches
and two
long
ends,from
to three
inehes
used
in pounding
in diameter,
chiefly
mesquite

80,

85,

(46585);

(49586);

stones,

beans.
86-89.

86,

89,
(46590);
87, (46591);
88,1(46592);
or disk-shaped
quartzite
pounders,

tened,
sizes.
90-91.

90,

(46596);
but

group,
92,

stones,

Obsidian.

COLLECTIONS

80-85.

(46537);

Basait.

Spear-head.
Arrow
head.

(46582).
as

(46543);

(46548);
used
agate,

ARTICLES

79,

42,
47,

pottery.

66,
65, (46570);
bers
for metates.

70,

(46536);
(46552);

shaffcs.

chiefly

69,

NAMB.

off or rubbing
down
prominences.
surface
and groove
for
smoothed

(46546);

ing

41,
46,

51, (46565);
52, (46566);
53,
some
of them.
or hammer
stones,
with
marks
of slight
preparation

Pounding
others

(46541);

61,

73-78.

CUYAMUNQUE

(46539);

for

65-68.

39> (46534);

44,

(46568)

56-64.

1880

(46538);

simple

55,

OF

(46594).

flat

and

91,

(46597).

Pounders

(46593).
medium

similar

tothe

smaller.
or disk-shaped

polishing

stone

of quartzite.

Eound,
and

flatsmall

preceding

rtbvexsok.]

OF

ARTICLES

An

93, (46595).
94-105.
94,

oblong

99,

Elongate,
(46610).
metate.

107,

(46611).

stone

quartzite

108, (46612).
109-114.
109,

(46719);
and

(46723);

mostly

form,
115,

116,

124,

129,

141,

or rubber

and

grinding
10
width

greatest
stone

of basalt.

(46734);
126,

most

of them
118,

(46728);
122,

broken.
119,

(46729);
123,

(46735);
127:

(46742);

113,
usual

(46722);
of th

(46739);

(46743);

128,

Grade
130, (46750);
131, (46761).
more
or less worn
cobble
simple
stones,

133,

137,

(46738);
142,

(46748);

for

somewhat

oblong,

112,
(46721);
for
metates

117,

(46741);

(46727);

(46737);

an

jasper

pound-

(46749);

mostly

stones,

132,

of

pounding

inches,

and

worn,

121,

125,

(46740);

(46744);

(46607)
and

smoothing

(46726);

120,(46733);

103,

for

19

111,
Rubbers

(46720);

114,
(46724).
of basait,
well

(46725);

(46732);

ing

110,

(46602);

(46606)
stones

2 inches.

disk-shaped

large

98,

102,

from

used
is

length

of depression

depth
Eather

(4660i);

pottery.
meal
rubber

made
and

slab,
The

97,

irregular

polishing
sandstone

basin

or

beans.

mesquite

132-150.

bowl

stone.

pounding

(46605)

Small

437

CLAY.

(46600);

101,

well-worn,

oval-shaped

115-131.

(46604)

(46609).
and
shaping

in

106,

inches,

96,

105,

104, (46608)
basait
used

(46599);

100,

(46603)

quartzite

rectangular
95,

(46598);

AND

STONE

(46730);

134,

138,

(46745);
143,

(46751);

135,

(46731);
139,

140,

(46746);
144,

(46752);

by

use.
136,

(46736);

(46747);

(46753);

145,

149, (46758);
147,
(46756);
148, (46757):
(46755);
Small
and mostly
smoothing
stones,
used
polished
150, (46759).
ail well worn
of jasper,
in polishing
quartzite;
chiefly
pottery;
or basait.
(46754);

146,

151,

(46760).

broken

152,

(47031).
inches

very

large

wide,
one-half

much

and

ax

grooved
metate,
worn,
below

inches

(47048).

Ax

154,

(47049).

Hammer

on
groove
with
broad

155,

(47050).

Hammer

with

156,

(47051).

157,

(48052).

Ax, broken.
hammer.
Grooved

158,

(47056).

Half

159,

(47058).

Metate.

160,

(47059).
chili

153,

with

of

small

of

basait.
inches

twenty-fonr
middle
the
the
one

lateral

of

the

and

long
curve

being

fifteen
three

surface.
edge.

annular

groove.

notches.

much

a large

mortar,

mortar,

probably

used

worn.
for

and

grinding

pounding

(pepper).

OF CIiAT.
ARTICLES
Articles
either

of

of

clay

polished

from
black

this
ware

which
pueblo,
or unpolished

are
of

but

few

the

natural

in number,
tierra

are
ama-

438

COLLECTIONS

rilla

or yellow

ware

is of

OF

1880

BTAMB

POJUAQUE.

earth
but
more
or less
blackened
color,
the
same
character
and 'quality
as
precisely
from
Santa
Clara.
The
basins
and
tery
pitchers,
cups,
modeled
after
introduced
from civilized
nations.
patterns
out
161,

or

Tinaja

(47033).
ened.

with

olla,

165,

(47036).

Small

olla,

166,

(47037).

Small

167,

(47038).

olla-shaped
without

168-171.

cup

narrow

tierra

nek

pot-

are

evidently
Ail are with-

china

coffee
cups
Oup similar
black
ware.

.173,

(47044).

Small

cup

174,

(47045).

Small

cooking

175,

(47046).

A pear-shaped
each

opposite
A

(47047).
basin

bowl;
handle.

(47060).

yellowin form

178,

black

bowl,

(46613);

187, (46622);
the
around
190-202.

lava,

190,

(46623).;
195,

199,

179,

188,
middle.

(46639);

204,

(46628);

184,

molding

Elongate
pottery,

but

Caps
stoneof

pol-

191,

180,

(46615);
185,

200,

(46646);

the

usual

181,

wash-

192,
(46641);
201,

(46616);
186,
with

(46620);
Hammers

182,
(46621);
groove

is double.

They

rock

basait.

metamorphic

(46624);
196,

of

STONE.

(46619);

greenstone,

(46625);
193,
197 (46642);
(46647);

202,

and

(46627);

are

194,

198,

(46644);
Small
(46648).

poundingstone.
205,

(46632);
209, (46633);
Oval
pounding-stones
(46635).

preceding,

basin

(46657);
189, (46658).
In 46618 th
groove

smoothing-stones.
A triangular
(46626).

203,
204-212.

(47042).
white

POJUAQUE.

OF-

(46614);

(46640);

(45645);

171,

ware.

polished

FROM

(46618);

of quartzite,

the

black-ware
polished
with
undulate
border.

but

183,

to

ordinary

black
ware.
polished
handle;
with
black
ware.
polished
handle;
water
vessel
with two loop handles
placed
near
the mouth.

ARTICLES

(46617);

ware.

ware.

yellow

ware.
and size

COLLECTIONS

178-189.

with

form
black

polished

pot

other

ware.

ordinary

without

large,

form,
Small

black-

amarilla,

black
the

168,
(47039);
169,
(47040);
170,
(47041);
with
handle
similar
in form and size to the

(47043).
ished

213,

This

black

ware.

yellow

172,

177,

use.

ornamentation.

or olla, rather
162, (47032).
Tinaja
small,
polished
163-164.
Pitchers
of
163, (47034)
164, (47035).
handle
and spout,
about
half-gallon
size,

176,

by
the

slender

(46629);
210,
made

206,
(46634);
out f

implements
tbe
especially

(46630);
211,
rolled
of

larger

207,
(46650);
pebbles

basait,
flaring

(46631);

208,

212,
(46632).
or bowlders.

probably
bowls.

used

in

Stevenson.]

214,

ARTICLES

(46636).

smaller

215,

(46637);

217,

smoothing
An unfinished
(46643).

218,

(46651).

(4li653).

220,

(46654).

Rude,
Small

221,

(46659).

A very
A

229,
233,
groove
235,

pestle.

245,

254,

on

grooves,

(47974).

270,

(47973).

255,

Thse

are
of

273-274.

(47964);

248,

Piece

252,

(47943);

253r

smoothing-stones.
beans.

mesquite

grinding

260,
(47949);
with
finger
pits

261,
(47950).
or dpressions

Small
usu-

Stones
265, (47969).
(47967);
264,
(47968);
.263,
or
for polishing
and
a single
groove
straight
Similar
267, (47972).
for same
purpose.

of soap-stone
used
mortar
for grinding
for grinding
paint

Rude
Muller

few

Small

arrow-shafts.

(47971);
used

Some
273,
sels.

(47956);

sides..

both

and

it blackened

observed.

239,

243,

247,

(47942);

(47962).
and

ARTICLES

some

251,

(47941);

crushing

(47966)
flat
surface

266,

269,

with

238,^(47951);
(47955);

(47963);

246,

259,
(47948);
hammer-stones

straightening

(47970).

(47959);

Rude

(47935).
side.

pounding-stones

(47944);
242,

annular

pestle.

disk-shaped

268,

or

(47954);

Rubbing
with

hatchets

232,
(47934);
on the
notched

237,

241,

(47961)

Quartz
(47945).
Stonefor
257, (47946).
258-261.
258,(47947);

266-267.

metate.

226,(47929).

Hammers

(47939);

250,

(47940);

256,

262,

implements

236,

beans.

Pounding-stones.

249,

with

231,

(47933);

(47953);

(47958);

(47960);

262-265.

basaltic

Broken

234,
(47937).
the middle.

240,

groove

straight

mesquite

grinding

225,(47928);

228,
(47931).
end.
hammer

(47938);

(47965).

ally

for

ax.

much-worn
regular,
metate.
well-worn

large,

(47952);

249-255.

quartzite

(47936);
around

244,

as a polisher

used
with

stones

and

grooved

(47932);
230,
or digging

hatchets

235-248.

form

439

basait.

partially

(47930)
the
nar

groove

233-234.

of

pounding

(46660);
224,(47927);
for metate.

227-228.227,
229-232.

ax

for

mortar

219,

stones

similar
Flat

216,
(46638).
arrow-shafts.

for

222, (47926).
223-226.
223,

of

implement

CLAY.

AND

vessels.

particular
215-216.

STONE

OF

of the

(47431);

pieces
274,

are

(47432).

paint

with

two

the

of red
Pottery

and

three

bullets.
mortar.

CXiAX.
of

chiefly

so that

moulding

paint.
in the

OF

and

simple
by use

for

stones,

th yellow
micaceous
color
cannot
original
ornamentations.
ware
with
mulds

for

bottoms

ware,
now be
of

ves-

440

275,

COLLECTIONS

OF

A pitcher-shaped
(47434).
a row of projecting
on one
(those
side)
gular

spout

small

round

pints.

1880

POJFAQUE.

with
teapotof
redmicaceous
ware,
around
the niiddle,"
points
one-half

handle
of these

the tips
notched.
There
is a trianhaving
in front,
the opening
to it
numerous
being
through
a strainer.
holes
about
three
forming
Capacity

(Fig.

698.)

ElG. 698.
276,

Small

(47435).

pitcher-shaped

with

pot

cooking

handle

and

crenn-

latemargin.
277-278.

277,

279,

(47438).

280,

(47439).

281,

282,

283,
284,
285,

(47440).
inner

(47436);
A small

278,

(47437).

Small
plain
bowl
resembling
blackolla.

boat-shaped

A small,
small

polished
flat flarrng
bowl
band
and
black

used

bowls

in cooking.
dish.

a pickle

with
ware,
simple,
narrow,
an inner
of trisub-marginal
line
between
them.

marginal

of red

with
dots
angnlar
points
Small
of a quadrnped,
(47441).
image
vry
impossible
rude;
termine
the
animal
white
ware
with
undulate
intended;

lines.
(47442).
black
(47443).
and
(47444).

of a small

Image

bird

with

wings

white

spread;

to

de.

black
ware

with.

lines.
Small

bowl

Specimen

themselves

of

bordered

squares
in

of
their

ARTICLES
271,

(46656).

Corn-husker;

272,

(48047).
shafts.

Implement

white
by

the
paint
dances.

used

OF BONE
handle

of

ornamented
ware,
black
lnes.

horn,

of

by

the

AND

antelope-horn

perforated

for

with
Indians

red

triangles

to

ornament

HORN.
and

point

straightening

ofiron.
arrow-

FROM

COLLECTIONS

286-288.

286,

(46661)
Large,

289,
(46663).
290-296.
290,
295,

OF

STONE.

287,

283r

(46714).
and

(46662)

shaped

regulariy

291,

(46665);

296,

(46670).

(46669);

POJUAQUE.

ARTICLES

very

(46664);

OLD

292,

(46666);

Fragments
much
worn

293,
stones

Rubbing

of metates.
metate.

(46667);
294
for metates,

(46668);
mostly

broken.
297-319.

297,

(46671);

(46675);

298,

302,*

303,

307,

(46684);

308,

(46695);

309,

(46701)

312,

(46702)

313,

(46705)

314,

317,

(46712);
321,

318,

(46688);

326,

328,

(46691);

329,

(46692);

330,

(46693);

332, (46699);
333,
331, (46694);
Hammers
or pounding
stones,
but little
preparation,

(46704);

334,

(46708).

(46689);

consist
341,
of the

of only

a few

342,
(46716);
old pueblo.

OF

(46762);

(46765).
ito or Mesa.)
351-352.
351, (46767)

350,

notched
(46781).
usually
354,
notched

344,

348, (47563)
Blocks
of stone

at

352,
the

sides

Stone

hammer,
and
slender

(46782);
at the

355,
sides.

(46763);
349,
from

324,

mostlyrude
celts.

unpolished

ornamented
of

SANTA
OF

(46686);

CIiAX.

Fragments

FROM

ARTICLES
343,

(46690);

of ancient

fragments

(46717).

COLLECTIONS

(47552);

327,

Rude
337, (46698);
338, (46700).
(46697);
Slate.
A sharpening
stone.
Grooved
stones
for polishing
arrow-shafts.

ARTICLES

354-355.

(46710)

Smoothing

325,

(46703).

353,

(46680)

315,

(46681);

(46682);.

323,

310,

320,

340,

343-349.

(46715).

301,

(46679);

(46687);

339,

These

(46709);

(46685);

(46674);
305,

(46690);

319,

(46713);
322,

300,

(46678);

(46683);

336,

341-342.

304,

311,

(46706);
335;
(46707).
and simple,
showing
336-338.

(46673);

(46677);

306,

316, (46711);
stones.
320-335.

299,

(46673);

(46676);

pottery

pottery.
from

the

rnins

CLARA.

STONE.
345,

(47564).
the walls

347,
346,
(47535);
stones.
or grinding
of a ruined
pueblo,
(Lipar-

(46764);
Metates

or digging
Rude
hatchets
stones,
(46780).
and one end,
more
or less
chipped.
and
more
than
in form,
regular
grooved,
pointed.
(46787).

Pounding

stones,

and

chipped
44.1

442

COLLECTIONS

356-357.

356,
ger

358-359.

(46792);

357,

360,
369,

359,

378,

A rude,
.382, (46813).
383-384.
383, (46824);
and polishing

393,

3S8,

(46844);

394,
stones.

397,

(46865);

399-400.

399,

(46869)
A rudely

-402-404.

for

(46982).

smoothing

(47714).
some

367,

371,

364,

(46815);

(46841);

(46965);

(47693);
377,
with
notches

(46814).

373,
(47701);
at the

stones

Rubbing

stones

Smoothing

for

used

in

making

arrow-shafts.

389,

Smoothing
(46864);

395,

(46842);
stones.

(47694)

390,

(46843);

396, (47700).

391,

Eubbing

Stone
balls
used
as slung-shot.
(46868).
round
hainmer
400, (46871).
stones.
Small,
carved
stone,
probably
intended
to represent
398,

animal.
404,

(46895)..Grooved

Bottles

containing

ancient

pueblo

-408,

(47987).

Collection

of 10 stones

used

in

409,

(47536).

Collection

of 67 stones

used

in

410,

(47537).

stone
and
Twenty-one
chips
hammer
stones
and chips.
Eight
(47539);

413,

Stone
mortar.
414, (47551).
-415-416.
415, (47553);
416,
417-418.
417, (47560)
418,

(47549).

423,

(47709).

Round

424,

(47710).

Chips

425,

(47711).
(47713).

Smoothing
and
Chips

(47715).

Flakes

and

pottery.

(47562).

Pounding

stones
flakes
arrow

or

rubbing

stones

for

metate.

for

metate.

stones.
stones

stone.
of agate
and
for pottery.
of obsidian
heads

jasper

(one box).
of obsidian.

(one

and

flakes

mesa.
pottery.

Rubbing

pounding
and flakes

chips
on

smoothing

Grinding

Rubbing

hammers.

smoothing
flakes.

(47559).

metate.
Large
419, (47680).
420-421.
420, (47681)
421, (47688).
Grooved
hammer.
422,(46990).

-427,

casse-ttes,

368,

372,

376,
some

381,

(46833);

(46872);
403, (46882);
stone.
405, (46983).
Large
pounding
-406-407.
406, (46985);
407, (46986).
of obsidian
and agate,
from

426,

363,
(46834);

(46896);

(47689);

polishing

402,

411, (47538).
412-413.
412,
metate.

for

of pestles.

-397-398.

401,

(46825).

pottery.
stone

392,

(46963)
or

fin-

axe.

384,

.386, (46827).
Fragments
387-392.
387,
(46831)

used

(46802);

hammer-stones,
none
grooved.

broken

Grooved

362,

380, (46812);
broken.

mostly

(46826).

375,

without;

(46803);

stones

(46832);

(46881);

(47679);
Rude

(47707).
others

379,

366,

370,

374,

metate;

(46801);

(46830);

(46873);

sides,

-393-396.

with

poundingstones

slung-shot.

361,

365,

(47565);

385,

CLARA.

Rounded
Spherical

(46799).

parlance,

(46800);

(46828);

379-381.

(46793).

1880-SANTA

pits.

358, (46794);
or in common

300-378.

OF

box).

stones

for

ARTICLES

6TBVENS01.]

ARTICLES

These

consist

pipes.
clay
from
tained
polished.

pottery

other

pueblos)
of the

Some

of pottery,
the
(with

of vessels

The

predominating;
(46993),
with
sharp,
oblique

is all

ridges,

CLAY.-

OF

CIiAX.

a few

quite
with

as shown

ElG.

POLISHED

443

clay

images,
of one

exception
large,

the

ratherhighnect
in fig. 700

and
or

two
two

of which

some

blackware,

ollasare
others

OF

form

or three
ob-

pices

is quite

well
699

shown

in

fig.

whieh

is

marked

(47023).

699.

BLACK WABE.

form of
peculiar
-428, (46993). Olla shown in fig. 699. The somewhat
and straight
line in
the body, the sharp curve at the shoulder
is more particnthe lower half, is the point to which attention
type form of these
larly called, as this appears to be the principal
with

this

pneblo.
olla.
429, (46994). A jar-shaped
432, (47024); 433, (47147),
430-433. 430, (46995); 431, (47023); Fig. 700.
The oblique lines on the neck
These are well shown in fig. 700.
The lip is also usuallyundulate
indicate
ridges.
sharp external
to large, varying
in capacThe size is from medium
orcrenate.
to
three
or
four
from
one
gallons.
ity
vessels,

444

OF

COLLECTIONS

434,(46996).
rather

A large
narrow

pitcher,
and

andspoutoftheusualform;
brown
micaceous
435-437.
439.

438,

1880

lower

436,

(46999);

437,

438;
ders.

(47002);

439,

(47014).

Small

rather

small

depressions
and somewhat

441,

(47029);

442,

449,

(47030).

Nos.

(47133)

jar-shaped.
A broken
tinaja.

mucli

(47008).
tinajas

ridge,
gallons.

Small
with

flat

neck
handle
Ooarse

oUa-snaped

angnlar

shoul-

700.

regularly
(47123)

and

inflated,

undnlate

bowl
with
flat
flariug
on the inner
surface;

(47142)
446, (4714a-;
447,
most
of which
similar
are
(46993)
are mor

body

capacityabouttwo
blackened
by fire.

ware

oval

CLARA.

a sharp

(46997);

tinctly
441-448.

by

435,
bowls.

(47019).
with

SAUTA

of the

part

encircled

jBiB.

440,

heptagonal.
443,

(47143a)
in forai
(46137)

ornamented
bottom,
the
dismargin
-is

(47137);

444,

448, (47150).
to that
shown
being

the

only

(47141);

445,.

Large
tinajas
in figure
699
exception;

they

ARTICLES

stevensok.I

45"0,

(47085).

except

451,

arranged.
A
(47109.)
that

that

in

similar
jar or tinaja
neck
is longer
and

the

the

KG.

452-454.

452,
ably
well

455-457.

455,
ing
tne

453, (47127);
(47112);
a toy, with
handle
and
as in front.
456,

(47517);

bowls
inner

or dishes
indentation.

(47115);
similar

Fig.

458,

(47120).
spiral

459,

flat-bottomed

ridges

An
(47123).
intended

and

445

form
lip

to
flaring

dish

similar

dpressions

to

number

are

spirally

fig.
699,
undulate.

(46993)
and

exempt
?

70L

Small
454, (47494).
a long
lip projecting
457,
(47132).
form
to 450,

in

pitcher,

prob-

backwardS'as

Flat-bottomed

flar-

but

(47019),

without

702.

bowl

flaring
undulated

CLAY.

bowl or
ornamental

flat-bottomed,
the inner

Aflaring,

(47019)

OF

ornamnted

shown
margin
in a worshiping

of a person
image
a Catholic
to represent

priest

with

internally
in fig.

chanting.

701.

attitude,

propably
702.

See fig.

446

460-461.

460,

(47134);

(47088).

462,

461,
with

Tea-pot

ordinary
463,

OF

COLLECTIONS

(47116).

tea-pot
Basin-like

1880-SANTA

Flat-bottomed

(47504);

handle

ordinary
of civilized
dish,

CLARA.

dishes.

fau-shaped

and

spout,

after

copied

the

life.

with

numerous

slightly

elevated

lines

in-

withont

handles.

ternally.
464,

(47136).

465,

(47481).

An

Qnite
466,

dances;
the Zuni

bove
basket

with

long

and

neck,

size.

toy

used
in religions
ceremonies
and
in fig. 703.
from
Although
differing
materially
sacred
meal
in the :figure;
the
baskets,
yet, as is shown
elevations
on the margin
are retained.

467, (47483);
undulate.

minating

468,

(47487).

ornamented

Pipe,

(47492).

rude.

vase

shown

pyramidal

469,

and

urn-shaped

small,
scarcely
A pottery
meal

(47482).

467-468.

small

duck,

in

an

on

Tinajas,

usually

the

with

arrow-point,

side

probably

the

with.
an

lip

indented

denoting

margin
line

ter-

lightning

fig.

704.
470,

(47493).

471,

(47496).

472-477.

472,
477,

Pipe,
small,
cylindrical,
slightly
hexagonal.
A singular
or water
canteen
vessel
shown
(47497)

473, (47500)
474,
Pottery
(47516).
moccasins,
A squat-shaped
olla-used

478, (47498).
479-480.
479, (47501);
and ornamenttion

480,

(47506)
small
as

in fig.

475, (47507)
toy size.

a bowl.

705.

476,

(47519);

<

A water
vessel
(47138).
precisely
of the
in fig. 700, but with
shown
a handle
on

form
each

side.
481,

(47503).

Pitcher

482,

(47502).

Barthuedfor

without

spout.
whitening

in

the

manufacture

of

pottery.

BTEVBKSON.J

OP

ARTICLES

483,

(47510).

Plain

bowl.

484,

(47512).

Plain

bowl.

485,

(47527).

Well

formed

bowl

486-489.

490,

487,
(47001)
with
undulate

486,
bowls

Bowl

(47718).

similar

foot

with

Fia.

CLAY.

or pedestal.

705.

488,

(47716);

447

margins.
in form

489,

(47028);

the

Flaring

(47717).

preceding

one,

but

much

larger.

OR BBOWN

BLACK
by

(Blackened

use

on

the

WABE.

fire;

not

polished.)

in shade
when
first made
and before
use, varies
ware,
color
to reddish-brown,
but the soot, smoke,
and fire,
it is usually
described
as black
ware.
soon darken
itj hence
such
as pots-which
are
are used
for
cooking
purposes,
handles
and
some
with
a handle
without
shaped-some
This

earth

bowls,

&c.

The

pots

vary

in

capacity

from

to a

pint

from
when
The

dark
in

use,
articles

usually
on one
little

potside,
over
a

gallon.
491-517.

491,

(46998);

(47010);

496,

492,

(47000);

(47011);

497,

493,
(47015);

(47003);

494,

498,(47021);

(47004);
499,

495,'
(47026);

500,

(47089);

501,

(47100);

502,

(47104);

503,

(47108);

504,

(47119);

505,

(47126)

506,

(47128)

507,

(47488)

508,

(47489)

509,

(47499)

510,

(47505)

511,

(47508)

512,

(47511)

513,

(47521)

515, (47528);
516, (47529);
like
the
much
ordinary

517,

(47531).
without

514,
vessels

ot,

Cooking
handles
and

without

(47523)
shaped
legs.

COLLECTIONS

448
518-533.

518,

(47007);

519,

(47020);

523,

47022);

(47101);

528,

(47111);

(47515);

533,

(47522).

resembling
534-540.

534,
(47129);

18B0

(47012);
524,

520,

(47025);

529,

CLARA.

SANTA

(47017);

(47018);

522,

(47092);

526,

(47096);

530,

(47121);

531,

(47124);

(47117);

vessels

Cooking

521,

525,

with

handle

on

537,

(47107);

527,.
532,

one

side

pitchers.
(47005);

535,

(47009);

539, (47148);
A double-mouthed

(47013).
A bowl
542, (47027).
543-544.
543, (47086);
545-546.
545, (47087);
541,

OF

540,

with

536,

(47016)";
Toy

(47006).
canteen.

handle

on one

side

544,

(47090).

Globular

546,

(47091).

Pipes

538,

bowls.

used

for

cooking

purposes.

paint
oups,
smau..
of the ordinary
Tierra
form,

amarilla.
547-549.

550,
551,

547,
shown

548,
702.

(47093);
in fig.

(47094).

Double

(47095).

Imitation

Small

image

(47103).
A gourd-shaped
557, (47105).
558-559.
558, (47106);
559,
basket
Pottery
560, (47110).
out

of

Images

(47098).

a Derby,

or

to that

similar

some

round-crowned,

hat.

552,
(47099);
553,
somewhat
boat-shaped
the margin
flared
at

556,

549,

paint-cnp..
in pottery

straight-rimmed
552-555.

(47097);-

(47102);
dishes;
the ends

of

554, (47118);
555, (47122).
Small,
that
oval with
slightly
is, dishes
nsed

a person

as

bearing

dishes.

soap

on

something

each

arm.

pipe.
Bowls
(47490).
with legs
with handle,
with.
smooth

margin
margin

undulate.
and

with-

ornamentation.

561,

(47113):

Globular

562,

(47114).

Skillet

cooking-pot.
with
handle

and

vessels.
Toy cooking
(47130).
564-565.
564, (47131);
565, (47139).
like
a crown
on the head.

feet.

563,

Sitting

images

wearing

something

with reprsentations
of feathers
on the head.
Sitting
image
567-568.
567, (47145);
568, (47146).
Images.
569-570.
569, (47151);
570, (47300).
Fragments
of pottery
from
themesa.
571-572.
Donbled-bellied
bottles
used
as
571,
(47479);
(47532).
572,
566.

water
573,

(47491).

vessels.
Small

handle.
cup with
with
borns.

Image
574, (47495).
Bowl
with
side and flat
575, (47507).
straight
576-577.
Toy bowls.
576, (47509);
577, (47533).
Plain
bowl
with foot or pedestal.
578, (47514).
579,

Small
pitcher
(47513).
civilized
life.

.580, (47520).
Tinaja.
581-583.
581,
(47525);
582,
Mnd
in making
used

with

handle

and

bottom.

spout;

ordinary

form

in

of

the

`
583,
(47526);
the preceding

(47530).
vessels.

Potter's

clay

ARTICLES

Stevenson.]

WSITENMD
There
from

but

are
fact

the

characterizes

and

general

584,

few

that

that

WSE
specimens

the

material

the

ancient

appearance

A turnip-shaped
in the top of the
of a semicircular

(47476).
hole
form
around
the

also

the

second

Capacity

OOLORED

WITS

important
are chiefly
and superior
quality
The decorations
region.

of that
pottery
it to the ancient

585,

(47477).

consisting

of

pear-shaped
Oanteen

figures;
of the

586,

(47478).

587,

(47480).
Turnip-shaped
on each
ter on top;

ctnten;

587,

(46829).
life.
29

top

only opening
arises
from

which

loop.
the first

Decorations
alternate
and

the

third

beingasmall
the top in the
of three
bands

and

black

or lower

like

squares,
the first.

706.)

(Fig.

700.

with

internally

externally
leaf;
aU in black.

usual

consist
white

and

submarginal
a band

with

band
of

small

form.

canteensj
small,
side a knob.

circularmouthatthecen-

SUBSTANCES..

VJSGETAIi
Spinuing

the

handle,

decorated
a-vine

ware.

ally

upper
half,
a plain
redband,
about
three
quarts.

bowl

DECORATIONS.

which
of this ware,
is of that
firm, close,

Fia.

449

CLAY.

OE

eopied

from

the

ordinary

top

of

civilized

COLLECTIONS

FBOM

ARTICLES
588,

(47061).

Large

589,

(47063).

Metate

regular
with

590,

(47062).

Stone

axe

metate,

Medium-sized

(47064).

theneck;
leaved
592,

(47065),

in

Tinaja

polished

593-594.

of

wa,re

-worn.:
not

usual

form,

dcorations;

into

compartments

form

and

in

similar

wMcl

were

for

used

FROM

size

-to

the

and

inining

one,

quivers,-

consists,
of stone

with

arrows

(47083).

Bows,

596,

(47084).

597,

(48048).

arrows
Bows,
Bird
snares.

(47082).

Mining

usually

-with

and.beaded
and

COLLECTIONS
The
to

collection

th

white

articles

from
decorated

of stone

were

598,

groove
Ar*t\
450

of

exception
only,

which

around

groove

large
the

quiver.

SANTO

with

(47182);.
599, (47185).
near
the
blunt
end.

are

stone-hammers;

animperfect

consists

pueblo

variety
obtained.

ARTICLES
598-599.

the

quiver.

plain

FROM

this

black

preceding;

hammers

middle.
595,

three-

purposes.

594,
hewn,

a large

MIKB.

TURQUOISE

is a small

arrows

593,
(47066),
and roughly

and
regular
band
around

quite
zigzag
with

ware.

collection,
some
bws,

worn.

CLAT.

the

with

much

each.

COLLECTIONS
This

OF

divided

bodv
figure

much

not

tinaja

white

symmetrical,

STONE.

legs,
regularly
oblong,
and chisel
combined.

ABTICI/ES
591,

TESUQUE.

OF

DOMIFGO.
chiefly

ornamentation

OF

of

pottery
in black.

belonging
But
few

STONE.

Stone

htchets

with

broadanmilar

ARTICLES

stethnson.]

ARTICLES
600,

(47154).

Medium-sized
bdy
with
and below.

birds
above
601,

602,
603,
604,

(47155).
neck

belt

607,
608,

with

ornamented

ofGreek

vines

withleaf

frets

to the
in every
preceding
respect
leaf.
of the cactus
on it only figures
bandaroundtae
medium
zigzag
size;
Tinaja,

(47157).
ornamented
(47156).
broad

Large

(47158).

Large

and

ornainents
that

except

with
and curved
twigs
triangles
band
around
with
scalloped
tinaja
on the
lines
and crescents
of straight

neck,

with

belt

(47159).

tinaja

vessel

Water

cylindrical
Ornamented

(47223).
verse

Similar

(47160).
birds

(47161).
band

CLY.

Similar

straight,
handle.
606,

OF

th

in Fig.

shown

and

somewhat
sput,
with

the

and

triangles
internally,
a donble-scalloped,
Bowl;

and

the

a cross.ornament

of

form

that

except

chiefly
ladle
wth

cup-shaped

neck;

body.

707.

in

preceding,
are
figures

body
leaves.

707.

on the top,
open
of small
bands

to

pinnate
the

ateapot,
with
and a transverse

short,
loop

triangles.

the,handle

stars.
large
'hanle
like

is

ordinary

not trans-

teapot;

lines

externally.
broad
marginal
ornamental,
ornamentaNo external
internally.
zigzag

tion.
609,

(47162).

has

Fis.

605,

CLAY.

much

tinaja,
a broad

45

OF

Bowl;

internally;

crenate
external

band
marginal
surface
plain.

and

square

central

Jgure

452

COLLECTIONS

610-617

610,

(47163);

(47107)
marginal
the figure

IS80

611,

615,

shapecl

618,

OF

SANTO

(47164);

(47168);

bowls

bands

612,

and

as on

Similar
(47222).
in
handle
is twisted.

620,

(47172).
ures.

624-626.

the

every

624,

neck
respect

vessel

with

handle

on

623,

(47175).

and
gles
ments.

moccasins

627, (47177).
Pottery
628-629.
628,(47180);

the

630,

(42282).
wise

637-638.

637,

(48034).

640,

(47209);
635;

Squar
on one

631,

(47211);

face,

stone

used

to

(47051);
638, (47053).
Rude
stone
pounders.
Pestle.

644-646.

are

are

white
ware
mostly
a few black
specimens.

644,
used

647-648.

647,

(47186);
in making

645,

(47216)

648,

with

(47187);

the

three-leaved

fig-

figures,
withdia-

Double-bellied
the

with

second

flower

water
with

trian-

leaf

orna-

and

ornamentation.

flower

with

handle;

JMEZ.

grooves
arrow

633,

Smoothing

lengthwise
shafts.
for

634,

grooves.
and cross-

metates.

stones.

CLAT.

ornamentation

646,

(47279);

imperfect

Brokenrubbers

OF
with

that

STONE.

polish

ARTICLES
These

leaf

632,
(47212);
hatchets
with

Stone

(47281).
block
of

in

(47188).

back

and

red; i

Spcimens

of

old

wall.

pottery.
(47220).

is

margin,

barrel-shapedjars

and

OF

(48038).
A celt of jasper.
641, (48059).
642-643.
642,
(48060);
643,
(48061).

there

leaf

crenate
there

except

handle,

side,

FROM

ARTICLES

(47280);

the

third

with

COLLECTIONS

630-635.

(47171),

629,
(47181).
S maRbowl-shapedcups
chiefly
triangles.

ornamentation

614,

saucer-

707.

Fig.

626, (47179).
and triangles,

and

diamonds,

(47166);

undulate

form,

with

Small

(47176);
625, (47178);
the first with birds

bottles,

613,

bird.

of (47158),
to 618,

water

Basket-shaped

Small
jar
621, (47173).
622-623.
622, (47174)
mond
figures.

639,

(47165);

leaf
of a deer
and of a long-billed
Pitcher
with
handle
and lip usual

(47171).
ornamentation

JMEZ.

Small
(47169)
617, (47170).
on the inside
with
chiefly
only,
In one 615, (47168),
figures.

616,

oruamented

619,

636,

DOMINGO

Bricks

from

an

Spanish

clay

ARTICLES

Stevenson.]
649-655.

649,

650,

(47189);

and

interrnpted
bands
scalloped
656,

form

shown
belt

a broad
each

straight
on the

directed
lines.

point
broken

or

simple

figures,
between

usual

at

the

surrounded

by

657,

(47196).
birds.

658,

olla,
jar-shaped
Medium-sized,
(47197).
in ~Eig~. 708.
ornamentation
as shown

of

with

oblique

beltof

a vine,

ornamentation,

form;

and

shoulder

upper

upwards.Middle

of the

Olla

narrow

with
part
is ornamented
from
and birds,
deer
separated
with
the
each
elongate
two,

The

372.

a triangle

by

and

653,

tinajas.
the body

jar-shaped
waved
lines
on

swollen

tinaja,

inFig.
animal

of

other

Small

triangles

lines,

(47193);

652,

(47191);

(47198).
of heavy

nek.

medium-sized

(47192).
the

651,

(47190);

655,
654,
(47195);
(47194);
consists
The ornamentation

453

CLAT..

OF

leaves

undulate

and
and

margin

Kg. 708.
659,

(47199).
bands

660-665.

660,

around

band

around

661,
47201);
Canteens
(47215).
half ornamented.
upper

(47205).
and

Tinaja

667,

(48062).

Fragments

668,

(47206).

Water

decidedly
&c.
flowers,

handle

with
neat;
of
vessel

ornamented

zigzag

the

neck

662,
(47202);
of the usual

665,

handls
and birds.

orifice;

zigzag
the body.

(47200);

(47204);

666,

with

Olla

Chief

on

the

and

side,
dotted

from
ruins
pottery
in form
resembling
vines
with
slender

and

663,
form

figures,

four

(47203);
with
two

triangles,

ornamentation
lines,

dentate

long

(7 pieces.)
but
a tinaja,
and leaves.

664,
lobp
stars,

dlicate
pinnate

with

leaf,

small

-454

669,

COLLECTIONS

-Biseuit-shaped

(47207).
face

670,

(47208).

671,

(47213).

672,

(47214).
birds.

OF

similar

bowl
so corn

to those

Small
regularly-shaped
with
Tinaja
handle;
the pitchers
found
at

tion,

011a

with

1880

crenate

JEMEZ

SILLA.

triajigular
figures
mon on Zuni
bowls.
triangular
in form

bowl;
resembliag
Oanon
de

Small
with
a kind
673, (47278).
tinaja
674-675.
674,
(47276);
675,
(47277).

of

sur-

external

()

figures.
and

ornamenta-

Ohelley.

external

margin;

on

sroll

Small

elks

dcorations
around

figure
unburned

and

the body.
unadorned

and

tinajas.

MISCEIiIJAJSrEOUS
676,

Wooden
(48050).
T. Stevenson).

677,

(47221).

image
of

Specimen

ARTICLES.

decorated
the

with
used

matting.

COLLECTIONS

feathers.
in building.

FROM

ARTICLES

OF

SILLA.

STONE.

Small
mortarof
lava.
square
678, (47224).
679-680.
Stone
679, (47242);
680, (47255).
with
blunt
distinct
annular
pol,
chiefly
081-682.

681,

683-684.

683,

685-686.

685,

687,

(47262).

690,
691,

rather

(47256);
(47259);

684,

of basait,

(47260).

Stone

(47261);
686, (47263).
Small
ovalmortar
(lava.)

(White

689,

hatchets

and
groove,
three
of metamorphic
rock.
stones.
682, (47258).
Smoothing

ARTICLES

688,

(presentedbyMrs.

ware

with

formed
blade;

groove.

Pounding

OF
red

hammers
with
stones.

well

tapering

and

CIiAT.
black

dcorations.)

a narrow
band
"at the margin
tinaja,
scalloped
crescents
between.
bottom,
duck
in red.
Tinaja
with sniall
(47227).
orifice,
figure
Water
vessel
in form
of a duck;
orifice
on the back,
formed
wings
into
Eed
and black
loop handles.
dcorations.
in form
Water
vessel
of a duck;
orifice
(47228).over the neck, loop
handle on the back.
(47225).
and

692-693.

Small-toy
near
the

692,
withont

(47237);
ha,ndles.

693,

(47239).

Water

vessels

in

form

of a

duck,

f. Sinclair& Son,lih,Kk.
FIG.

710.

THE

BLANKET

WEAVER.

Stevenson.]
694-696.

697,

OF

ARTICLES

CLAY

(47236).
709.

Water

of

vessel

the

(47238).

Medium-sized

699,

(47294).

Tinaja
Water

with

Dog's

head,

700,

(47818).
mented.

701,

(47820).

Animal

without

design.

two

probably

with

tinaja

Fig.

709.

leaf

ornaments.
on

common

likethose
figures
in tne
form

vessel

first

images

other

formandomamentationshowniii

FlQ.

698,

(47232).
the
sheep;

696,

G95, (47230)
(47229)
a Hocky
Mountain
probably
rude
ornamentation
dogs.
Very
694,

455

MISCKLLANEOUS.

of

tne
white

horse,

ollas.

Zuni

orna-

ware

plain.

MISCEIiliAOIOirS.
702,

(47264).

703-705.
706,

703,

(47266).

Has

drill.
drill

a simple

pit

in

center

the

in

which

the

turapex

turns.
war-club

(47269).
arrow

Wooden

708,

(47270).

709,

(47819).
used

arrows,
Bow,
Leather
bag
in
as a rattle

707,

or clay-stone.)
(Ochre
drills.
Turquoise
(47268).
th
in connection
with

paint.

704, (47267);
705,
(47265);
be used
of wood
Block
to

quoise
of the

of minerai

Specimens

point

(as

on

pipe,

of

Oak

dances..

(47234).
ment.

Tortoise

shell

with

711,

(47235).

wth

pebbles

with

eut

and
quiver..
adorned
with

710,

gourd

hard

Fig..704),

on

line

serpentine
one

and

side.
w

feathers,

pebbles

with

inside,

pendent
inside,

rattles,
used

used
as

as

a rattle.

a dance

orna-

COLLECTIONS

FROM

Flat

715,
(47764).
716-717.
716,

the

(47765);

717,

(47766).

base,

body

Square,

725-733.

725,
(47782);
Stones

734-742.

734,

Stone

720,
(47776.)

(47771);

726,

(47769);

727,

(47774);

735,

(47773);
A

(47775);

in

sides.

former

with

722,

(47777);

728,

732,.

-736,

(47790);

(47779);

740,

(47789);
others
groaveel,

the

with

737,

(47788);
745,
(47797);
or polishing
stones.
of fifty
stones
smoothing

The

top.
square

base,

(47799);

723

(47778);

729,

733,'(47792).
(47781);

741,
(47793);
not.

744,

Smoothing
collection

at the

the

candlesticks,
with
hole

721,
(47770);
stones.

Pounding

(47786);
some

notched

sides.

Chnrch)
7
moldings.?

with

circular,
flatmortar,

(47772);

743,

(47800).

the

730,
(47785);
731,
(47787);
with
or notches.
grooves

(47808).
748,

at

of slate.

hatchets

hemispherical,
of the
Catholic

724,

(47784);
739,
Stone
hammers,
743-747.

Stone

notched

altar

(47768);

(47783);

stone

smoothing

(47763).

the
(from
stand
short,

718,
(47767).
719-724.
719,

or

(47762);
714,
Small
hammer

circular
other

rubbing

JT7AET.

CXF STOST3S.

ARTICLES
712,
(47760).
713-714.
713,

SAN

742,

746,

738,
(47796).

(47798);

nsed

in

747,

polishing

pottery.
749-750.

749,

751,

(478051.

752,

(47806).

(47803);
750, (47804).
a.nd polisher.
Scraper
Rude
animal
image,

753,

(47807).

Hammer.

754,

(47809).

Hornstone

755,

(47810).

Collection

Small

(qnadruped).

knife.
triangular
of nine stone
implements.

ARTICLES
The
of

collection
such

articles,

sels,

&c.,

tion,

and

of pottery
made
as the
ordinary

of

polished
black,
white
ornamented

with

OF
at

(47742).

760,

(47745);

AT.

pueblo

vessels,

mostly

moccasins,

759,

762-764.

762,
bowls.

456

(47733);
(47735);

763,

(47748);

areas

Globular

761,

a variety
water
vesornamenta&c.

WARE.
and

water

internally.
vessels

handles.
759-761.

quite
tinajas,

without

pipes,

BLAGK
lines

presents
bowls,

brown,
images,

indented

758,

CL

this

clay

black,
ware,

POLISSED
A bowl
756, (47720).
757-758.
757,.(47732);

mortars.

paint

(47750).
764,

Small

(47749).

with

loop

tinajas.
Flat
dish-shaped

ARTICLES

STEvitNsof.1

OF

CLAY.

457

as that
shown
in fig.
made
the same
plan
upon
A canteen
at the
.that
only
opening
top of the loopis, with
706, (47476);
with
handle.
The body
is crock-shaped
top flat.
Small
image..
(47752).

765,

(47737).

766,
767-768.

767,

769-770.

769,

768,

(47759).

770,
(47754);
Small
dish.

(47755).

(47753);

771,

(47757).

772,

Pipe
(47758).
in fig. 704.)

the

precisely

BBOWN
The

773,

are

black

by use

in

only

cooking
the

cooking;

Straight
Moccasins.

same

AND

in

WARE.

not

polished,

formed

A very
regularly
(47726).
similar
evidently
to, and
life.

bowl
with
Sugar
lid,
774, (47728).
775-777.
775, (47772);
776, (47739);
Water
in the
vessel
778, (47731).

after,

ordinary

as

that

handle

those

chiefly

and

used

in

spout,
civilized

form.
Bowls
with
(47741).
of a ring,
orifice
on

777,
form

shown

colored

but

with

teapot

modeled

pipes.

ornamentation

BLACK

vessels,
are brown.

rest

cylindrical

feet.
the

outer

surface.
779-781.

779, (47734);
handles.

(47738).
Cooking
Canteen
783, (47740).
784-785.
784,(47746);
782,

786-787.

786,

(47751);

780,

pot with
without
785,

(47747.)

WABE

(47744).
regular

handle,
handles.

787,(47756).

WHITM

781,

(47736);

Small
Small
WITS

(toy)
(toy)

Cooking

bowls.
tinajas.

DECORATIONS.

(47721).
Bowl;
middle
band

and in
ornamentation
simple
an undulate
internally
marginal
and ovals.
of diamonds

789,

(47730).

broad

few

specimens;

nating
line

Bowl;
with
leaves.

snake-like

inner

marginal
figures,

without

form.

pitcher

788,

But

pots

band
external

black.
band,

externally

of outline

blocks

marginal

band

alterof

out-

COLLECTIONS

458

790,

(47722).

791,

(47723).

792,

(47725).
middle

793,

(47724).

794,

(47719).

1880

SAN JUAN

SANTA

ANA

SANDIA.

at the sides.
form with
knobs
Canteen
of the usual
in fig. -711.
Small
shown
tinaja
with cross
Small
and a double
tinaja
on the nek
scalloped
band.
vessel

Water

in

the

form

of

duck,

on

loop-handle

the

plain.

back;
795,

OF

Small

tinaja.
of

Canteen

(47727).

usual

knob

form,

with

handles,

circle

and

square.

MiSCEIiliANBOtTS
(47811).

Head

797,

(47812).

'798,

(47813).

Arrow-points,
otter
Young

799,

(47814)".

796,

801,

scarf

beaded

long
.800,

mats

of corn-husks,

to

chips,
skin.
be

Medicine

(47801).
middle.

Pottery

over
and

whirl,

painted.

the

shoulder

while

with

dancing;

tassels.

(47284);

803,

(47285);

small

simple

FROM

ARTICLES
802,

and

&c.

bag.
spindle

COLLECTION

02-804.

ring-shaped

fiakes,

worn

stremers

(47815).

ARTICLES.

SANTA

OF

disk

with

hole

in the

ANA.

STONE.

804,

(47286).

Stone

hatchets

with

groove.

ARTICLES

OFCIi

ATT.

ware.
of white
ornamented
consist
.These
on the back.
a fawn,
handle
probably
Animal
image,
S05, (47287).
Small
.806-809.
809,
(47293).
(47291);
808,
(47292);
806,
(47290);
807,
as
are the same
in black.
The
dcorations
with
figures
tinajas
lines
on Zuni
those
found
scalloped
triangles,
pottery
scrolls,
and

birds,

but

no

FROM

COLLECTION
810-811.

810,

(47240)

antelopes

811,

(47241).

or deer.

SANDIA,
Biscuit-shaped

-ET. MEX.
unburnt

bowls.

GOOHITl.

FROM

COLLECTION

OP

ARTICLES

STONE.

Hat815,
(47475).
814,
(47474);
(47901);
813,
(47905);
and
are heated
in cooking
lava
stones
used
they
bread;
almost
an
old
custom
This
is
entirely
on top of the cake.
placed
of this
families
and
now
only by a few
practiced
abandoned,

-812-815.

812,

shaped

pueblo.
.816-818.

816,

817,

(47906)

818,

(47907)

formed

Regularly

(47909).

pestles.
819-820.
821-822.

819,
821.

823-824.

823,

825,

(47924).

826,

(47925).

(47919).

for

and

scraping

828,
(47470);
class
to which

827,
doubtfnl
The

second

as

a pounder.

was

.829,

(47472).

Well-shaped

.830,

(47473).

Lava

smoothing
pottery.
or
Hatchets
(47471).
with
belong),
used as a hatchet.

they

probably

with

-ware;
in black.
.831-832.

the

831,

OF

line

(47275).

Plain

834,

(47288).

Image,
Duck

(47289).
on the

(47274).
a star

around

the

back

unburnt

image.
and trident

837,

(47296).
side.

(47297).
ment
-839-840.
839,
flowers

Deep,

body
This

Pitcher-shaped
(47295).
dashes.
olla-shaped

Small

canteen,

(47445);
internally

CLAT.

Canteens

the

in

ornament
with

second

decorated
are

dcorations

on the

handles

withloop

or rosette
middle,

white

of

the

top

triangular

and

figures.

tinaja.

dnck's

836,

838,

it is
pounders
(for
handle
yet attached.
the first
more
likely

consist
exceptions,
red
as
usual,but

832,
with

(47273);
first
the

833,

.835,

or two

one

only

scalloped

and

eut

regularly

hatchets.

bottomsarepolished

side,

groove.

or axes.

mortar.

ARTICLES
These,

with

hatchets

Grooved

stones.
Smoothing
824, 47923).
(47920)
stones.
A collection
of 20 smoothing
of gourd,
or disks
oval
Seven
segments

edged
.827-828.

822,

(47911;

stones

Pounding

(47910).

820,

(47908)

with
and

figures
with
cup,

the
on

the

preceding
sides.

at

loop-handles
Bowls
externally;

with

figures
central

the sides,
adorned
quite

with

handle

loop

oblique

ornamentation,

handle,
anvil-shaped

bowl;

840,
(47446).
and stars

head.

cow's
also

on

the
star

sprigs

neat.
Amn
459

outornaand

460

COLLECTIONS

841-844.

OP

841, (47447);
most
of them

842,
with

and

internally.
of triangles
mentation.
the
845,

A
(47461).
surface.

(47463).
ments.

847-848.

847,

849,(47465).
was
at

has

mouth.
of the

(47464);

848,

Watervessel;
probably
each
side.

851,

(47467).

Toy

852,

(47816).

Large

tinaja

651,

(39533),

plate

with

verticalridges

no

form

with

Duck

(47466).

vessel

cooking

the

loop

of

with

Specimen
Fox
skin.

855,

(47303).

Brick

856,

(47304).

857,

(47305):

858,

(48049).

bail
scarcely
kettle
with handle.
Copper
A musical
instrument.

melon;

brown

ware.
lid

Mortar

with

the

much

like

and

apex,

Fig.

like

a rope.

one

in

diameter.

a wall.

FROM

ARTICLES

(48032).

back

SAN

inch

ILDEFONSO.

collections
from this pueblo
were the largest
made
of pottery
of different
black
and
consisting
kinds,
stone
and wooden
utensils.
implements

(47976);

at

orna-

vessels.

on the
head

with

leaf

as water

is twisted

cannon

COLLECTIONS

858J,
mortars.

tinaja,
orifice

ARTICLES.

(47392).

858J-861.

on

external

the

and

handles

animal

unadorned

(47301).

from

the

head,

used

images

vessel

854,

Copper

orna-

figures

ordinary

human

ofwhite.paintedware,
81.

of dried

other

animal
on

as

shaped
arms
and

853,

862,

with
with

(47460)

MISCEI/LANBOTJS

ware,

star

(47448)

ornaments.

usual

water

Gourd-shaped
(47468).
as in Fig.
709.

The

(47460).
Bowls;
band
externally
inside
and a band

animalimagesomewhatresemblingafish,but
intended
for a duck;
loop handle

850,

1880,

ILDEFONSO.

844,

body

Scroll

Canteen

SAIT

a central

842,

and

(47449)

844,
843, (47449);
dotted
marginal

(47448);
a narrow

the
vessels,
with
outstretched

the

through
846,

COCHITI

biscuit-shapedbowl,

Water
(47462).
surmounted

845J,

841, (47447)
the
outside.

on

843,
face.

inner

1880

859,
three

OF
(47977);
cavities.

during
brown

the

year

painted

STONE.
860,

(48031);

861,

(48044).

Lava

stevenson.]

OP

ARTICLES

Pestle

863,
(47978).
864-867.
864,
for
868-877.

and

(47979);

868,

rubber

866,

(47985);
of regular
form.

(47986);
873,

CLAY.

AND

869,

870,

(47999);

(48015);

874,

(47017);

867,

(48000);

(48016);

875,

Pounding
stones.
877, (48039).

Paint
mnller.
878, (47987).
879-880.
Pestles.
879, (47988);
880, (48045).
881-883.
883, (48029).
881, (47989;
882,
(48028);
884-887.
884, (47990);
885, (47996);
886, (47998);
with
888-892.

888,

889,

(47997);

893,

(48014).

Smoothing
Round
stone

894,

(48027).

Chisel.

890,

(48001);
stones.

used

as

slung

ARTICLES
Thse
ished
The

consist
black

of

ware

white

ornamentation,
of a preamy

pottery
that

black

and

resembles
from

ware

white

painted
and

OF

(48010);
876,

,872,
(48033);

Groovedhammers.
887,

(48030).

Hatchets

(48040);

892,

shot.

CIiAX.
decorations

in

black;

pol-

ware.

in the
very
closely,
and Cochiti,
the white

Taos

891,

forms,
in ail

and
color,
these
being

color.

895,

(47319);

spherical
or rosettes
898-899.

871,
(48026);

(48009);

with

brown

FlG.

895-897.

Kubbers

(48025).

or notches.

grooves

(48043).

461

combined,

865,

metates,

(48013);

STONE

bowls,
and

898,
(47320);
mentation
both

896,

712.

Medium-sized
897,
(47325).
on the
with star
inside~only,

(47321);

ornamented,

hemifigures

triangles.
899,

Similar

(47324).

internally

and

externally.

bowls

with

similar

orna-

462
900,

COLLECTIONS

of

Bowl

(47323).

external

OF

similar

SAN

and

form

band

marginal
Small
bowl

1880

spaces
on the

with dcorations
901, (47322).
902-903.
902, (47326);
903, (47327).
Medum-sized
adorned
line
of
internally;
marginal
with
former
with
zigzag
belt;
serpents,
bottle
904,

on
Larg

(47329).
and

the

belt

only.
bowls
not
Latter

xternally.
and

and

leaves

of figures

of

figure

crosses,

on

the

neck,

resembling

fringed

bags.

half

broad

909,

910,

921,
on

the

(47391);
with

inner

side

outside.

a vine

and

923,
cal

and

sim-

leaves

(47399);

broken

and

924,

in

hole

the

(47360);.
Smll

913r
boWls-

off.

Bowls

ornamentation.
ornamented

the

on

inner

or crock-shapedr.
Straight-sided
with
a zigzag
band
submarginal
line and
aronnd
the
body
dots

a zigzag
latter
with

around

water-vessels,

912,
(47364.)

916,

significant

922,
(47392).
foot.
First
and

(47359):

(47363)

(47390).

The

with

form,

inner.face.

ofpeculiar
920,

usual

911,

915,

handle

pitcher;

on the
923-925.

leaves

bands:

(47354);

(47362)
on the

bowls,

the

dentate

outline,

(47351);

Small

deep

cactus

handles;

of

precisely

grooved

A bowl
918, (47387.)
919=-920.
919,
(47389);
face only.
921-922.'

figure.
side

bands.

(47361)
914,
with
dcorations
(47373).

interlaced

canteens;

Flowr-pot

(47337),

909-916.

with

Globular

(47335).

bottom,'

917,

dots

Vines

a broad

body

surface

olla-shaped

Canteens
of the usual
with
(47334);
906, (47336).
form,
at the sides;
the first ornamented
with the common
loop handles
central
star
and
no central
the
second
has
triangles,
figure.

ple
908,

712.
cover.

inner

905,

Posterior
907,

Eig.
with

tinaja

around

medicine
905-906.

a stand;

a broacl

only dcoration
in it.

size;

oval

with

ILDEPONSO.

the

a dotted

inner

marginal

band,

outside.
orconi-

Pear-shaped
(47400);
925, (47401).
animal
heads
with
atthe
apex;

decorations

simple.
92-927.

928,

926, (47414);
927,
ornamented
internally

(47416).

Basin-shaped

externally.
Bird
1 929, (47426).
RED
930,

(47328).neck,
serrate

931,

(47331).

(47415).
and

large
neck,
and down,

ornamented

of-medium

sizer

internally

and

image.
WABE

band

triangular
Small

bowls,

Medinm-sized
zigzag

bowl,

Olla-shaped
externally.
with
foot,

tinaja;
band
fitting

TVIT

DECORATIONS

tinaja,
on the
figures
xindulate
divided
into

the

bead

figures

. BLAG:.
or necklace

shoulders,
sprig,
on the body.
marginal
into

triangles
each
spaces,

pointing
two

alternately
oval,

the
and
on the

tear-drops

band,
with

around
loped

double

red

uj>
spaces.

6TEYENBON.J
932,
933,

ARTICLES

0F

with
alternating
tioaja,
and body,
those
on the
of the ordinary
Flower-pot
Small

(47333).
both

neck

(47338).
zigzag

submargiual

body

base

triangles
with

to

circolar

with
form,
-of flower

belt

band,

463'

CLAY.
base

on

spaces.

undulate

margin,
on
th&

ornaments

body.
934,

(4734:0).

Bowl

with

935,

(47352).

Bowl

decorated

936,

(47355).

Bowl

with

J!~D

~AT)

a belt

of anvil-shaped

on

figures

the

outside.

on the

patside
plain.
inside,
and internally.
extemally

vine

~~BjE-~UEOErr

~~07!Ty

D~CO~~TTOJVN.

bowls.
Plain
937,
(47339);
938, (47358);
939, (47379).
bowl
with
undulate
ORa-shaped
margin.
940, (47353).
941-942.
Sma-linnajas.
941, (47370);
942, (47375).
aroo.nd
the middle.
Bottle
with
groove
square
943, (47372).
937-939.

Oval
dish.
944, (47376).
945-946.
945, (47377)
A rather
947, (47397).
panded
948-953.

948,
(47410);

954-956.

954,
form,
arms

946,

(47404);

dishes.

fruit

Bird

(47411).

(47407);

955,
hat

rst.-with
extended

and
of

(47434).

Images

(47403).

Basket-shaped,

the

form.

toy

water-vessel

POZZSB~jD

959,

(47341)

960,

(47350)

962-963.

962,

(47356)

963,

(47357).

964-965.

964,

(47365);

965,

(47366).

966-967.

966,
handles

(47388).

Oblong

(47393).

Basin

dish.
foot
with

970, (47394).
Toy jar.
971-972.
971, (47395));
handle.

and

972,

(47367)

of

praying,
from
each

undulate

Toy

thehuman
third

?~iB~

Bowls,
undulate

edge.
vssels

981,

(47369);

~OT
982,

with

margin.
potterykegs,

the

latter

bird

~-LE.E

with

shoulder.

handie.

loop

Toy bowls.
Small
basket-shaped

(47396).

.EI~tCE'

952,.

(47409);

Images

with

image.
(47412).
Small
paintcup.
975, (47418).
Bowls
with
976-977.
977, (47420).
976, (47419);
978-979.
Toy dishes.
978, (47427;
979, (47430).

980,

951,

water-vessel.

Duck-shaped
Two-headed

(47406);

961, (47417).
Dishes
with

967, (47386).
the top.

(47380)
across

969,

980-982.

ex-

margin

images.

human

959-961.

974,

with

jar

956, (47413).
(57408);
on, second
apparently
in front
sash crossiug

..B~C~

968,

950,

(47405);

949,

953,

957,

(47402).

circular

regular-shaped

horizontally.

958,

973,

Flat

(47378).

large,

arched.handie.

.PO.MS.EED.
(47371).

Coidng

pots.

with

a?-

464:

0F

COLLECTIONS

1880SAN

ARTICLES.

MISCELLANEQUS
983,

(47318).

Oxcart,"cc[?-fe&

984,

(47435).
holes

Arrow

of bone;

straightener

(a,

of

pice

with

round

extensive

and

bone

in it)

COLLECTIONS
The

ILDEFONSO.

made

collections

FROM

from

this

TAOS.
were

pueblo

quite

varied.

ARTICLES
985-997.

985,

(47846)

(47856);

(47858);

995,
994,
(47879);
hatcbets
grooved.
998-1004.

998,

(47847);

(47876)

1003,

1005-1014

1005,

(4784S)

986,

990,

OF

991,

.999,

(478S5);

(47853)
1004,

1006;

1016,
1020,

Thse

are
only

1023-1027.

997,

(47861);

1001,

Rounding

(47882).
1007,

989,

993,(47875);
Stone
(47887).
(47864);
stones.

(47866);

1002,

1008,

(47869);

with

a notch

simply

at

each

side.

1018,
1017,(47865);
(47867);
1019,(47868);
and polishing
stones.
1021, (47886).
Bubbing
for poliahing
stone
arrow-sha.fts
713).
Grooved
(Fig.

vessels

chiefly
being

(47833).

-uged-ascooking

of

0F

brown

orna.mented

Brown

and

CLA.TT.
black

ware,

1025,

(47828);
vessels

two

or three

1026,
with

(47829);

some

ware.
1024,

1033,(47821);
1027,

(47883);

(47854)

(47862);

ARTICLES

pieces

988,
(47873);

(47885)

(4=7874).

1032,

992,

1011, (47872);
1012,(47877);
1013,
Stone
hammers
sometimes
very
rude,

1014,
(47881)
(47884).
with
a groove,
but
generally
Rude
stonekolfe.
(47859.)

1015,
1016-1021.

(47852)

1000,

(47860);

1010,(47871);

1009,(47880);

987,
(47863);
996,

(47880)

(47878);

STONE.

(47822);

ware,
vessels.

pitcher

shaped

handle,

sTEVExsoN.j 1
1028-1032.

MISCELLANEOUS.

1028,
1032,

1029,

(47823);
Cooking

(4:7827).

1033,

(47830).

Olla

1034,

(47831).

1035,

(47832).

Bowlwithhandie,
of the
Teapot

of

1036,

(47834).
black

brown

1031,

(47825);

smoke

ware,

black

ware.

polished
form)
witli
undalate

black

(47840).

Small

1043,

(47841).

bowl

of

~BTTE
(47844).
is red

polished

black

polished
~.KD

J!BD

th

ware.

polished
vessel
witli

inside

black

ware..

~~BjB

~J-Ta'

bowl

suigular-shaped

but

ware.
1041,(47845).

a ridge

aronnd

the

middle;

ware.

black
Dish

of

water

globular

polished

1045,

of

ware.

1042,

(47842).

ware.

margin,

Water
bottle
with
four
brown
1037,
loop handles,
(47835).
1038-1041.
1039,
1038,(47836);
(47839);
1040,
(47839);
of brown
ware.
Small
ollas
spherical

1044,

(47826);

stained.

ware.

ordinary
olla

globulr

1030,

(47824);
pots,

unburned

Small

465

is painted

J3~C0~~2TO~N.

shown

in Fig.

white;

ornamentation

714.

The

outside

in black.

FlG.714.
1046,
1047,

(47843).,
serrated

Large
(47838).
and triangles.
30E

canteen

bottle-shaped
ornamentation.
tinaja,

Red
white

waie

with

animal

head,

flower

and

ware.
with

black

ornamentation,

sprigs

INDEX.

Abbott,

C.

Acoma,

Collection

Adair,

C.,

totems.

shell

tweezers.

irom.

Agricnitnralimplementa.

tale

Iroquois

by

N'av~oes

Article
from

blanching

diaouased-.

npon,

of

sissippi

th

Valley,

by

ZuBi..

11

worsMp.ZnBi.

of

abellworks

,Evolution

works

of.
of.

Americans,

sheU

of

O'Beille;

ancient

Americans,

Prservation
made

by

shell

woven

187

Dimensions

Atotarno;

Stone

giant

the

Iroquois.
'vessel.

fromTVoipi

186

BasketryofApaches--

.171,17C

53,54

'oni'W~olpi..
Znni

-.

ITse

253
as

o~

mnemonio

rec-

ords.240,254
Brice

on

nse

and

te-

pudiationof242,246
describes

Beverly.E.,

sheJlbeada

229
23~

197

pendants.

256-

375

spoon.

201

sheIITaiiTes.

,mentions

389
368
360

Bibliography

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philology,

212:
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Bining.disonased.
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head-

ofeagle's

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of

in

the,

285

art.

280
284

engravedonbone.
stone.

434

shellgorgeta.
of

,Examples
219

202

tweezers.
of

144

BeadsofothermateriaJs...219,232,235
sheU.

249

money.

334

Battenstiot,Useof-

242
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ZttSis..

Bat.Carrmgofthe.

in

handiing,
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in

'W. A-

334

from

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Shinnmoa...

Clay,

244
249

of

355

ZnBi.

Iroqnos.24i,
of-

.Earityo~

ZnBi.320,337

specimens

the

conncils

104

describesshellnec'klaco.

Stone,

of.250,253
of

.Trofnsenseofof.

tale
of

into-240,246,248

.Method

Atwater,Caleb,

172
patterns

.madebylndianwomen-

Ihdians-191,209,218

Iroquois

248
Iroqnois

the

,Manufacture

12

Californie

AsurereYenge;

of

187

A~-sM-wiorZnBi.
Asphaltnmnsedby

252

wampmn

.Nmnberofbeadsm-233,251

worts
silversmiths

Navajo

by.

228

silversmiths

Navajo
Character

Ar-

A~-sTii-wa-TiiorpriestsofZTuii..

Baskets,

by

-185,188
of

2SO

59
used

wampnm,

discnssedXXXI7

ticlenpon,

belts.-

myth--

Belts,

179

the

.Matenabemployedin

Axes,

BeiHe,

of

belts

Btrmgsoftvampnmfor
authority

by

'WiMiamn'.Holmea.-

Articles

on

186
ancient

sketohed

,Eeeper

.Inceptionof.
the

wampnm

Beada

M.,

of.]85,192,202,210,213,225
of

226

as money.219,233
40

'W.

Bellows

Santa
430

ofshell

219

deaenbes

Charles,

Beanchamp,

373

Clara.

in

nsed

Beatty,

396

Ailtiquity

228

tmbniarinform-

ornameiits-219,230,234

152

near

223
of.240,254

Bcarfetich.WMte.ZnBl.

H.
117

made

use

xxx
Mis-

6uT)staDCts,ATticIesof,from'Wo]pl-

discovery

238

form

.Terforated.

niOTLnda.-

shell

236

,Mnemonio

226

monnds

247

..234,236,244,

or"Enntees"

'W.nenallaw.

in

stringing

in

massive

44

carvings,

248

158
in

AmnIetaofttieZnnig..

,Bnrial

m belts

.Mannfactnieof--

175

Aichso]ogic

nsed
of

Manner

88

silver.

Animal

of,

bywhites-.

Amiamt!ssheIIs,MaYmfactureofbeadafrom.

Art,

Kinds

237

monnd..
used

AImogen

aheH,

(&<lmplements.)

adventnre

"Alligator"

of

212

.onnseofsiiellmoney.
A hnnter's

Page.
Beeas

404

deacribea

James,

Page.
284

bird

describes

the,

284

engraved

280
on

shell
281

gorgeta-

,CIassincationof.

219

Gold

discoidalinfonn-

221

of.

ornament

representing

head

xoo
285

467

INDEX.

468

rage.

Page.
280

BM.Mythsofthe.
character

Significant

of

in

the,

en-

glaveddesigns.281,284
.Species

of,

represented

Superstitions

in

.282,284
to

regard

th.

280

Th Dakotas'thunder
use

Totemic

of

Birda

domesticatedbylndians-

Black

or

brown

th.

pottery

from
of.

Manufacture

pottery,

from

polished,
silver,

Blanching

Clara..

Santa

Clara..

of.from

ZnBis

Chasing

siler.NaTajomefhodof.-.

Chata

Cherry

138

Cinciima.tita.Net

447

Clam

Lient.

John

11,

Carving

naed

as

Bowers,

Stephen,
Clay,

and

utensUs.
manufacture

in

Classification

373

J.

S.,

collectedby.

grandmother;

of

F.

reaonedbyahea!

'W-

A.,

Iroquois

tale

on

rpudiation

Brown

G.,

on

the

of

wampum-

wampnm

belts.

ofthe

origin

from

pottery

of

Santa

crosa..

Dcoration
.Measmementof.

83

fromAcoma.

290,
Perforatod

nsed

294,

as

296

Cabrillo,

Tisits

<roao,

Calendars,

in

of

nse

Santa

shell

142

Tesnke.-410,490

194

the

2GO

'~olpi.

279

Znni

from

Totemic,

origin

ofwitohcraft,
shells

as

fonnd

dweHings

117

CooMti.TneNoof.-

of.

150
of

acconnt

a.

72

Santa

on

the,

Celts.ExampIesof.
of-

Clara.
by

J.

Cessions

of

the

oflandbylndians.

from

in

man-

367
Clara

Indians

331
197

F.,deseiibesBheU.vesae!s.

433
CoUectionfrom405,459

Coin

nsed

by

Navajo

Bilversmiths.

177
404

205

Canon

431

CooMti.403,459

0. Dor-

de

419

Chelly.

435

Cnyamnnqne.
xx

Jemez

203

Lagnna..

203

Nambe.-

.417,452
399
436

OldPecos.

ofshell203,205
Ceremonials

of,

CoilectionfromAcoma

191,194,196
adze.

378

Specimens

Santa

hnt,

33

ZuBi.
xxm

417

343

faotnreofpottery.-

mounds-

soy.disonssed.

Manufacture

by

Cleveland,

near

Work

language,

'egiha

nsed

419
295

shell

ZnSl..

279

vessels

Apacnes

..

329

pigments,

shellgorget.

describes

George,

and

Clays

279

Iroquois
used

JicarNJa

OlaynBed.byZnniainmakingpottery-

as..268,273,

CoUeotionfrom..

Animal,

409,451
454

moderntribes.

Carvings,

.415,443

464

nsedbyancientMexioans.

Carr.Lncien.deseribea

Clara

Domingo

Taos..

Moaa-.

disks

458

Santa
Santo

S'illa.

278

CanondeCheny,

461

191

PictographicsymbolsoftheSionx
Probable

420

211

shella-

Island

421

439

SamJnan..416,456

.194,197

of

441

SantaAna.

arts.

trade

418

riotogra.phBoots

204

ofthe-
on

439

OldPecos.

SanUdefonao.

weapons.

de Vaoa

399

Bambe

Tpjnaqne

beads.220,224

inthe

Lagnna..

OMPojnaqM..

2G5

vesaels

436

.remez.-417,452

derived

plates

419

Oheny.

Cmyamnnane--

from.209,259

celts

Cabea

404
da

otheriocalitiea

&om

Bnzzard.Eanse

323

242

213

292,

322

Cochiti.405,459

273,276,282,

derived

Pendants

325

246

anta.209,256

Gorgetsderivedfrom

193

of.

96

447

pins.

256
in

of.

Composition

BMyconsheua.CohundLBof.usedaspend-

Oave

ornaments-

Mexico.
Clayarticles,

270

C]ara

fiscal

vessels

Canon

use
D.

Brinton,

t!at)in,

of shell

nse

BrateMImonnd.215,275,292,2M

Cassis

252
for

expenditnres
on

X.,

86

tale.

wam-

Photographsmadeby-

209,226
420

Iroquois

of

263

manufacture

year.xxxvn
Clavigero,

CaiiondeCheHy.

orna-

pnm.190,226,238,257

399

Shellobjects
from

his

of

ments.

ZuBi-

th6com;lroqnoistala.

Case

205,207
190

193

Bowles,

Brice,

145

ofthe

impJements.MO,

in

Volpi.
shell

0. T. Ma-

133

aheUa

C]ark,

Moqui

Tiof.

by

xxn

Bird

175

on

,176

440

G.,

44

stndied

language

son

284

Pojnaque.

vessels.

Boy

of the

175

silveramiths

ofNavajo

Bourse,

Charmes

434

Articles

Bone,

92

Iroquoistale

281

175

ofpreparing.

Suit;

443

of-

BIamketwea.ying-
Btov-pipe

method

Navajo

Charmed

330

Santa

method

Navajo

Charcoa],

418
4~1

OldTojnaqme.
othar

localities.

00"

43]

469

INDEX.

Page.

Page.
Collection

fromPictograph

420

Rocka.

rojnaqne
Sandia.ir.Mex.

458

SanDdefonso.

460

Dakota

458

Dall,

San

nsed

shells

Cyprea

W.

454

valne

417

JieariHa.Apaohes-

Tnrquoise~tine..--.

450

-Wolpi.-

375

ZnSl.

337

conch

decorating
in

nsed

J'

desoribes

sne]l

gorgets-

ahell

gorgets.

of

Conchshell,Range
Condiment

cnps

of

of

the

Confederacy

Corn,

Icoquois

363

established

festival

Dr.

Cones,

on

E.,

Cross

in

or derivation
of

of

the

of

.Exemples

Th

143

Type

Introduction

of
of

Oecnrrenee

the

270

Domestie

Origin

nse

Prehistono

Croswell,

C.,

Crow,

Cnoq,

of
Pre,

Cnpsof

Cnrtis,
Cushing,

for

the

a,Ubodi!y

'W~orkof-ZnBifetichea.

of

21

myth
sub-

Tegetal

'Wolpi

implements
from

Zuii

391
of

'vgtal

of,

diacnssed

sub370

178

DraT:e,

Daniel,

269

Dryingoftheworld;
E. 0.,
Dnnning,

Zniii
J.

0.,

Work

xx

shellvessel-

describes

197
13

Znnimyth.
ornaments

Shell

colleotedhy

215

pinscollectedhy-.

270

Dyes,

269

Eag!e,CraTingaofthe.

of,

Specimens

272

372

Znni..

146
29

fetiob.ZnSi..
Ooohiti.

408

136

Lagana.

403

173

SanJnan.

name

vessela

H.,

animais;

286

clay

gorgets

the

Iroqnois

gorgets

Shell

273

heads;

269

'Wolpi

injuries,

from

Rev.

-268,270

NaTajosilversmiths

cnp-ahaped

F.

America

ofshn-

symbols

th.

of
shell

interprets

Dr.,

in

the,

ofthe...

clayfrom
or

Cnre

describes

Carvings

Crncibles

of

character

Symbolic

great

270

bnilders

273

shape.

implements

stances

Mexicanart-
Ocotirreneeofthe.inY'noatam
monnd
the,
among

of.

62

Dorsey,

ancient

278

273

snggestedhy.

example

the

of

stances

Christian
in

the,

serpents.

myth..

Domestic

inNavajosilverornamentation

of

engravings

280

sun

ilar

Distribution

from

the,

268,273,279

nse ot'sun

268

monnda.271,273

shape
277

148

283,283

the

knotted
.TaNeof.-

combined

the,

withbMa

in

gorgets
.

115

gorgets.

276

'tvith

of

re-

human

.
frommonnds.275,278

shell,

Dispersion

273

symhols
to

of,

mains

115

285

shell

Esampea

of

Be]ation

115

288

XV
time

probably

26

on

Evolution

Scalloped,

atone

Aztecpaintinga

engraved

DisTs!,

ofthe

358

design..

218,227
acconnted

decoration

Znni

spider

218,220,227

hnahing.

328

Report

270

with

combined

of

styles

of

Znni

fetich,

in

SheR

deaignasaoeiatedwitn.oihers

331

for.

385

Cougar.EaBgeofthe-
Coyote

Difference

414

frommounds

mat-

th.

omamentlSl,
in

Teauki.

carvings

informs

'Vpgetahie
in

~oipi

th

usodin.326,330

Change

pottery,

80

of gathering

bird

Indian

416

planting..-

322

.327,333

420

oftneiroqtlois...

festival

Iroqnois

54

CanondeChelly
SantaCiant.

333

in.

significance

articles

Indianpottery,

Director,

by

myth

ofclayfrom

Green,

clay

DentalinmaheHsusedformoney-191,220,227,239

143

Iroqnoia

ac-

of,

328

No symbolic
of

287

Znfii

from

clay

styles

oonntedfor.

300

pendants

S7

in

Difference

Dcoration,

terempioyed

Cookingvessels

shell

of

th

Elawatha.
Constellations;

190
112,116
256

taie.

Iroquois

t)eads..219,223

mentions

217

pins.

Iroqnois.

214
of

manufacture

143

(~ynt~).

Colors

pins-.213.218
A.

the

pottery.322,326,330

CoInme]I,Mannerofextraoting,fromshell

Conant,

of

319

in

ahell

and

Size

specimens,

of.
nsed

Colors

Dances

Deadihmter:

-410,430

Indian

S.

Rev.

xxi

on the

n.,

Davis,'W.H.H-,mentions

Tesnke..

of

by

.SheHsidentiBedby.

Taos.464

CoHection

263
the,

discnsaed.

Riggs

-409,450

Sma.

the

219

on

naeof

Domingo

435

beads.

Work

langnage,

SantaCtara415,441
Santo

&om.

as

omaments.

R.

Juan.416,456

Santa.Ana.

Collection

Cnyamnnqne,

438

ZuBi-

Iroqnoia
collected

by

Santa

416
Clara
..

415
413

382

Tesnhe

350

'W~cipi-

382

Znni.

350

73

myth-

405

CIay,fromAcoma.

54

Hiawatha.

from

Eatingbowis,

283

Echo

God.;

Iroquois
Powers

-xxvr,3U
145

Effigies,

Clay,

from

myth--of

the

Iroqnois

Cochiti

58
52
408

470

INDEX.
Page.
SantaCtara.

416

ZnBl.

364

152

"Elepbantmonnd"

Engraved

295

gorgets.

(See

work

Extermination

Tnrrr

stone

giants;

prey

Iroqnois

of

Description

shell

19

of

Power

on

shell

12

OriginofZnni..
xxv

Hnman.

Figure,
nsed

Hnman

(&e

in

of

or

174

engra.vingsilver

207

sheU

nsed

for

shell
295

representing.

describes

snellvessel-.

197
for

nsed

o~

pinsusedasvesse]s.
of

silversmiths..

Navajo

ofthree

sisters,

372

of

the

tuifje

Iroqnois

cerning
S.

77
describes

L.,
F.

Galbraith,

A.

Gatschet,
H.

Gilpin,

G.,
S.,

'Woricof

on

D.,

not

shell

Assistance

the

Glazing

found

on

194

God,

Echo,

177

God,

Thnnder.oftheiroanoia.

of th.

myth

28
lower

30
29

rgions-

29

Tvest.

;stra.wnerry.

115

;tappinEthemapletree.

115

Gods

of

the

of the
of

god
of

god

the

lion;

ZnBl

hnnter

;Nbrthwindof the

the

god

groTindowlandfalconknffe

feathered

white

bear.

monster.

of

ZnBiprey,

the

nsed

by

Znnis

Gorgeta,

Engraved,

nsed

by

ZnBis

in

30

design
described

on,

M'odem
of

the

prey

goda

of

25,40

25,40

nsedaaamulets.

the

prey

priesthoodoftheDov-

goda

of

the

of.

256

of

designs

2CS

267,274,278,282
267

aymbols

268,273

totems.

268

GraveCreekmound..234,264

GreatHead;
Great

40

267

insignia..267,273

Tenn.

Gra.y'amonnd,01d.town,
20

of.

examples

on.

the

hnnt.

character

267,305

Signincanee

30

.CnatodiansMpofthe.

267

shell.

32

.Connoilofthe..

40

by Beverly.-

12

ZnBi..

bow

16

44

ofNavajoorigin.

the

Claasincationof.-

oma-

menting-

20
of

sixregiong-

40

mak-

ing

52

hnnf,

priesthood

40
in

52
51,58

;West-mnd..
Gods,

30

.ZnSifalconandgronndowl.

the

Sea.vens--

28

east..

of

;Thnnder..

27

sonth-
the

51
53

noider

44

sheep-

of

ancient

Ta-rhn"-hyia-wah-kn'

44

hnnter

52

age

.Powerofthe..

25,40

of

52
mythologie

of the
Origin
andntodeni.

of

god

god

52

29

lower

,Navajopony.
hnnter

51

51,58

33

up-

thenorth

Znni

modern.

;ni-nn'

west

the

26
and

Echo.

hnnting,

god

25

Ancient

Iroqnois,

30

of

rgions.

npper

'rgions.

of

58
51,58

29

Material

325

pott~ry.

115

com.

hnnter

Material

246

belts.

wampnm

;NewTear..

hunter

ZnBi

by--429,432
xxi

of

aboriginal

Iroquois

198

rendered

use

213

vessel.

..

perregions.

cat;

con-

Mytih

sonth

Znfii

Monntain

clan,

north

nnnter

Znni

172

Na.vajosilTersmith..
of

112

Znni

M'oie;

concerning

115

Znni..

,'WbJf;

superstition

115

connectedwith

Ea~le;

261,

Znaihnnter.oftheeast.

corn

planting

Coyote;

220,

;greoncom.

gatheringthe

ceremonies

208

ornaments.191,

53

Iroquois;

'W~ild

as

Specimensof,Znm-

Forge

gnardiams

ofvegetaNes.
.Festivals,

Iroquois

Frey,

CoInmeIIai

of design
in honor

Flies,

Formation

30

J.,

nsed.

210'

ainkers
ahe]ls

Foos,
293

of

significance

gorgets

R.

208
of.

2B3

ZnBi-

sheUs,

fignre.)

jhoo'ks.

Fissnrella

Tain'aNandmonnd.315,272,288

Fasciolarla

30

.BeIativevaJneofthe-
FetioMsm,

294
carved

representing.

Farquharson,

15,38

M:!mnfaetm-e

296

Portions

fetioh,

31

th.

.293,297

gorgets

Falcon

six

ofdepositof.

gorgets

modeledinclay.

,Use

the

Fishinga.ppIiances,SheU..

representingthe
and

of

gods

lgions.

59
Human,

engraved

Fetiohes,

the

Place

Files

of

mytii.
Face,

~'etich

of

ZnBi,

Fieidwork-.

Gorgets.)

Expenditnresfor6scalyear.xxvn

Fertility
Festival

Fetiohes,

155

pipes-
BtymonndinVirginia.

Ethnologie

Page.

402

CIay.&omLagmia.

Effigies,

ITeads,

myth.

283
59,62

Icoqnoismyth.
Dispersion

of

the

Tioqnois
62

471

INDEX.

Page.

Page.
Great

Eeada,

Greek

fret,

Power

63

th-

of

53

.Shapeofthe..
Absence

hantera

Gnmilla,

of

Hafting

emblema

of

Ht

Hunter

and

his

faithless

adventure;

Bnnting,

Zuni

101

337

describes

rock

describes

shelltweez-

in

1879

James

Stevenson

catalogue

of

by

use

of

in

used

beads

H.

Henshaw,

Animal

of

Monnds

Miss.

Hiawatha

and

the

T!XX

.-XXV,

belt;

wampum

to,

432
shell

describes

T.,

of

429

J.EL.Assiatancerenderedby.
Rev.

Hinman,

S.

..

D.,Workof
the

destroying

54
Iro-

animats;

giant

Thnnder

of

Holder

the

of

god

the

Iroqnois.
of

Power

heavens,

the

William

Articles

Art

H.,

and

Honses

of,

Amert-

the

stndy

of

North

Ameri-

stndy

of

North

Ameri-

to

Introduction

Human
Hnman

the

bear

in

ahell

of

figure
figure
Comparison

race,

Humansculptnrea

A.
xxn

Jaguar,

See
of

Range

of

Myths.

th

52

142

the

Zachariah,

Jamieson,
cat

and

for

anthority

tale

of
110

iaT)Mt-

white

433
Collection

Jamison,

Mary;

.417,452

from

of

acconnt

Iroqnois

he-

Jicanlla,

72

Andrew,

51

C. C.,

th.

from

acconnt

Iroqnois

mentof
Jones,

Collection

Apaches,

of

417

bewitch72

descrihes

shell

pins

215

vessel.
stone
mentions
Jones,

277
-2S7,293,296

shetigorgets
shell

describes

Joseph,

196

disks

276

disk.

297

gorgets.

201

vessel

196

ZnBi.--

373

N.

A.

Indians

Juge,
Kalm,

by

of

Clay,

fancifnl

on
other

shell

gorgeta

sheU

the;

302
301

.-

myth.

shell

76
160

349
202
238

money-

257

pendants
and

Ejngnsher
Elamath

gorgets,

examplea

Iroquois

297

ZnBi.

shell~nives

77

myth-

Iroquois

from

forms,

mentions

Peter,

on

on

of

E.

396

tail;

with

Mrs.

by

'Wolpi.-

engraved

Origin

studied

Myths.

Ancient

aouthemexa.mplea
numan

54

watha..
langnage

spoons--

of

his

Hia-

by

440

engraved

of,

xxv
established

confederacy

54

179

,'Workof..xxnv
from
rojnaqne

house-life

lost

the

canteehnology.---

L.n.Morgandise)issed..xvni
How

XXV

52

Americans-

Horn,

North

Iro-

quoaGod.
nohnea,

of

John,

qnoismyth---
or

study

'wltchmentof..-.

xxv

Senecalegend.

ni-nna.ndNmgam;

prao-

the

286

caredby
Hillers,

medicine

.remez,.Pnebloof

pro-

gorgets

xvi
of

study

to

wild

gorgets..286,288,303

photographs

the

Origin
54

nieroglypMcsfonnd--
F.

lan-

Smith

qnois.-

Hilder,

Indian

of

stndy

oanmythology-.
to
Introduction

Iro-

bythe

264,266,273

ticesdisenssed.

53

attribnted

84

Iroquoistale.
ofsliell

xxv

legends

oonoeming-.Tower

to

54
Iroquois

xxv

discussed

64

myth.
of

~xnr

..

bybears;

Iroqnois

Iroqnois

,Meaningsofthename..Mnitipllcity

207
craft

cansooiology--sxv
117

of.-

.XXXVI

Agnonitnral..
silversmith's

badges
to the

Introduction

'VaUey
Vork

the

423

Stevenson.

171

Introduction

from
the

obtained

James

ofland

or

gnage

24S

Carvings

307

collections

discussed

of

Infantnursed
Introduction

225,227

'W.,

obtained

collections

by

shell,

cessions

250

of

manufacture

33
of

antiqnity

amongtheNavajoes
Indian

212

wam-

pnmbelts.
shells

Hennite

1880

of

Insignia

ers.

the

the

ducation.-

wampnmbelts
on

on

catalogues

spci320

Johann,

88

12

Improvement

375

Wolpi.

mens-
Eec'kewelder,

90

tale
preceding..

of

Implements
191

ZnSi.
W.,

Iroquois

catalogue

Blustra.ted

2i)9

pendants.209,261

George

103'
tale-

Iroquois

235

in
hooT:a.

trade.

Hawea,

tate

niad.theZnni-.

myth

Iroquois

fish

from

trea-

wampnm

as vessela.KO,

Stone,

Iroqnois
wife

Thomas,

inmannfactujnngheads.225,227

Hammers,

ivife

crmonials

Hntchinson,

55

naed

ahells

Ennter's

Dinstrated

oftheThnnderera--.
Haliotia

dead

230

Bhellbeda..-227,

Authority

Horatio

in

247

his

in

emblems

ties...and

aheH.203,205.211
for

conceming

Hnmter

247

S. S., describea

D.,

323

99

conberning

implements

Haldemann,
Hale,

taie.

Iroquois

Joseph,
.

treaties

ZuBivesseia..

th..

"Sronae,"Carvingof
&mlty

on

of,

J.

Hunier,

Indian

Ms

nephew;
language

tale.108,

Iroquois
stndied

by

A.

UO

S.

Gatschet.xxi
monster

Enife-feathered
Knight,
Ecivesofshen

E.n.,

fetich,

describesshellweapons.
.

Znml.

40
2U
201

472

INDEX.
rage.
of

Entres

cnel],

in

of,

larity

Page.

collections.

203

usedbyTIoridaludians.
TacincCoasttribes
Tatagoniana.
KoU,

on

J.&

trade

in

sheUs.

Ladaudthechestnnts;

on

F.,

the

SanUdefonso

404

203

SanJuam.

458

194

Silla.

455

of

ahell

Lawson,

John,

on

stone

belts..

Mi-tai,

250

Mnemomo

use

of

aneU

on

d'UerviUe,

the

of

Interpretation

Clark

describe

she]l

value

on

ornaments..

xx

Molina,

Logan,

100

of

shell

Morancy,

434

Morgan,

monoy-

Storyof.

Loom,Na,Tajo.

antiqnity

of

use

th

MacCauley,

helfs.

collected

gorget

and

his

step-son;

Maison,

228,

236,

255,

Moulds

customs,
us

261,

263,

festival

trees.Iroquois

of

ed by

S.

B.,

Beads

Dr.

W~

Medicine,

Iroquois

117

286,

Mrs.
Musical

203

by-

231

plates.

265
by.

167

lion

Logam's

giving

myth

of..

origin

giving

origin

18
of

as..

335
414

of,&'omTesuke.
Znni.

372
410

Stone.&omTesuke...

substance
Clara.pottery.

'Wolpi.-

376

ZnBi.

340

of
notnsedto

story,

ZnSi-

Iroqnois,
dians
Spider,

account

Iroquois

instrnments
ni-mi*

25,40

collected

destroying
of

from

th

the

giant

three

of.

100

Indians.

335
54

animais.

sisters,

guar53

ofvegetables

286

oMainedby;r.W.Powe]l

21

,ZnBi,ofdIstrib)ifionoft'heamma!s

13

atone

Mf-tai.

18
16

P.shai-am-'kia,;preygod..
MyfMo

tales,

hnnter'a

Iroftnois;A

adven-

articles-
decorate

88
104

AaaroreveDge.-
Boy

resoned

by

bear-
70

compositions

fetioh,

tnre.
337

Seneca..

Specimens

152

Molmda.Ailimal.
Monntain

of.xxxm

Medioines.PIantsused

164

149

219

silversmiths,

myth

173

artM.Indianart..

dryingoftheworM..

Navajo

Iroquois

silversmiths

N'a.vajo

148

115

MauJs.Stone.&omZuni.

Medicime,

Workon,

xxni

skiIHnaenIpture.-..

tapping.
-

discovered

,TVork

340
23C

diacnssfd

methodsinart.-

Tro.RO.T.Worl!:of.-xxn.xxv
J.

from

Stone,

ontheTiaeofsheIlmoney

Honmd-bnilders'

329

,deBonbessnIl

Mineral

Thomas,

Mortuary

Myth

ofpottery.

Matthews,

Mltes,

Morton,

pestles,

xxn

objects..204,210,212,216,218

MargineHa.shelIsnaedasbeada
Mason,

and

carviDga.-

73

220,
Manufacture

249

xvm

.~Vorkof.

xxv

125
shell

235

241

377

Iro-

hos;

239

ZnSi.

29

nuoistale

BIanatee,SonIptnreaoftheof
Manufacture

Maple

Word

250

85

of

shape

235

wampnm
the

410

200

Iroqcoistalethe

of
of

wampum

214,292,294,298,301,303

Manwhoassumed

by.

antiqnity

Wolpi.

by

eoHectedLy.

monnd

42!)

Tesnke.

200

:M'aUery,CoI.GarrM!Worhof-.
Man

the

247

239

200

Eev.Clay.Wor'kof.

McMahon

on

origin

JtTortara

describedby.
SheU

W.,

in treaties

wamptumbelta.

word

C.F.,SheRspoonsconectedby.

D.,

F.
L. n.,

rendered

recorda

wampumwampnm

.240,2S4
30

Aid

ofwam-

of

for-

emblems

concerning

235

origin

Lyon,S.S.,SheRapoons

for.245,247

usesofTvamplun-

pum

J'.

&. I.,

of

Tvampuni-

Lucas,

other

ZnSi..

235

manufacture

Lo~

materials
shell

245

LosMe!,&.H.,giTeaanaeconntofwampuni.
the

240
240

of

239

shellmoney-

,on

240

than

Lingnistiowork.

on

240

ofB'.A.Indama.

,ITse

MotefeNch,

Mrs.,

ofMexieana

239

236

J.E.,

241,244

TJae of Tvampum

LickOreebmonnd.215,224,272,278,206
on the use
P..

..241,244,246

.Originof.

233

ofbeads.

Lindstron,

Lord,

of

ofPemvians.
193

and

342

.Iroquoiakeeperof..

snell

vessels
Lewis

377

Wolpi

18

records,

237

money.

use

from

ZaEimyfhof.

399

the

387

'Wolpi.
ZnSi.

243

Legenda.&eMytha.
Moyne,

421
from

256

pendants-

wampum
OoIIection&om.

454

ofday.

360

use

460

203

97

wampum

Lagtma,

Le

fromCcehiti.

385
Zani.

J.

articles

feinez.

Iroquoistale

LadIes.CIay.&omVoIpi.

Lautau,

Miscellaneons

202

83
mnraed

Infant

EingSsher

84
and

his
108

neplie~
Mrs.
The

Logau's
boy

grandmotter.

320

;Theboyandtne

430

;TIiecnannedanit.

Sauta

by

bears-.

com....

story
and

100

Ms
89

06
92

473

INDEX.

Page.

Page.
Hythio

tales,

Iroquois;

The

dead

Th

gnilty

hunter..
hnntera

Th

hnnter

and'

87

and

lad

aan's

Wi!d

the

explanation

of

in

and

Smith
witchcraft.

44

A witch

story

New

72

Niagara

the

shape

in

711

for

ail

tn-

bodily

73

jndes
'xxnc
of

{Dispersion

Falls,

the

man's

to

Old

wampum
How the

bear

his

of

as

used

from.

220

medicine;

Iroqnois

myth

78

plumage;

Iroqnois

myth

79

human

51

Seneca

77

silversmith's

race;

his

70
craft

objects

171

constella-

Otter,

Origin

ofphunage.

79

Owl,

icine..

70
Hmnan
76
0

oftoTmcco.
of

wampum

Origin

of

witches

Oyster

nsed

191

utensHa

369
shells

Pachydesma

nsed

as

manufacture

in

79

of

wind.
and

of

Paint-Clips
54

Pole

69

Palmer,

the

star;

Iroquois
E.,

N6

ornaments

261

pendants.

209

..

362
81

myth.

Collections

303

by.

142

Panther.Eangeofthe.
0

66

ParTona.n,

Francis,

;Thepigmy'aniiasion-

67

Paroquet,

Carringofthe

;ThepoIeatar.

81

Thestonegiant'achal-

Range

on

the

nse

of

th

62

shells

nsed

wampum.

247

140
225
232

TisedbyPowhatan.
Pecten

of

139

..

Pearisperforatedforbeada.
63

of

heads.

ZuSi

clayfrom

190

mtensila.

78

Hi-mn''andNiagara.-

lenge.

30

as

69

legend

Theatonegiant'swife

144

ZnB..

shells

and

charma.

pigmiea

125

CaTTingsofthe.-

Pads,ZnBihead.

Race

Origin

268

Carvingsofthe.

fetich,

OriginofSeneoamed-

greedytmnters

393
327

Osgood,Ka.teC.,Drawingsmadeby.-

Th

substances

OmamentsofsheU.213,305
80

North

78
408

Coohita,

OmamentationofcIa.yYessels

78

Th

79

vegetal

ofmedicine-

Seneca

the

&omVolpi.

tiona.

Tvitoh

among

Iroqnisinyfh.
from
of clay

Origin

Origin

Iroqnois

Iroquosmyth.

wampnm;
Ornamental

73

the

76

myth..

1'Tavajoes.
tobacco;

shapeofahog.

of

80
Iroqnois

medicine;

77

Origin

441

beada.219,222

59

64

tail..

of

Iroquois
418

Manwhoassnmedthe

Origin

52
XXV

nephew;

Collection

shells

the

lost

59

89

Pojuaque,

Origin

K?
54

myth

among.

lesson

59
and

Iroquois

myth.

;Greathead-
heit.

of;

taie.

tur-

clan

Hia-watha

167
112,1

theconstel[ations;Iroquois!nyth.

disappealing
of

Iroquois

.PowersoftheIroqu.oiaGod-.

the

stonegiants

tle

Origin

the

Explorations

58

jEchogod-

Formation

of

OliveUashetiBnaedasbeads62

Extermination

'Washington

Iroquoismyth-

Ojibwas,

Oliva

the

greatheads.
of

Dr.

OldPeeos.CoUectionfrom.

discnssed

fast

festival

Year

Old
73

ofa.dog.
Cnre

47

NorthWind;

witch

xxxin

Matthewa..

74

Biea.

436

diacusaed-

on,

by

abont

A "true"

261

from.

Article

silversmiths,
11

A superstition

210

433

75,82

of

or-

Na,Tajofetohea...

Iro-

ZnEi.

A case

of

manufacture

.Collection

107

MythsoftheIroqnoiB,byErminnieA.

msh

namenta.

110

rabbit.

phenomena,

of

N'ambe.PneNoof.

quoia-
Mythology,

mannfactnre

89

white

74

Ticoka.

les-

cat

80

.191,212
in

Tra~eHerB'jokeaMythologie

Mytilus,

his

sontohisnephew
Th

sheUsusedasutenails

85

old

stripe

onhisback.
Vitchtransformation

97

stepson.
Th

cMpmnntc

a black

has

the

and

65

the

;'Why

90

man

Baved.

bypigmies.

chestnnta-.
Th

warrior

Th

his

and

55

Thethnnderera.

Iroquois;

103

hnnter

The

the

Ma

faithlesswife.
1

of

99

deadwife
Th

Myths

as

implements

206

474

INDEX.
Page.

Pecten

shells

nsed

as

omamenfs.

rage.

189,261

not

Pottery,

rattles-190,206
vessela
in
Pectuuculus

art

189

..

shells,
Beadsnsed

and

189

Manufacture

of

WMte,

as.

sizes

use

of-

333
330

,G]aziDgBotfonDdonaboriginalJ'. W.,

Nose

of.255.268

of,

collected

in

of

Fra.tt,

E.

Pratz,

of

.Perforations
the

ZuBi

ftiches..

of edges

of

262

TV.,

on

Iroquois

18
239

dn,

Lepage

shell

objecta

of

omamenta

42

Tra.yersoffheZaBipnesthoodoftItebowZTini,
Prey

gods,

to

preparatory

ZTtBi,

Ceremony

260

eoaat

the

G. 'E.,

Shell

beads

Perrine,

F. M.,

Shell

gorgets

32

ofthehnnt.Nnmberofthe

258

Pictograph

259

illustrated
belonging

othera.

greedy

to.

270

cntfromLodyofshe]!
made

C7

from

coIInmeNm

of

ahell

Piteliera,

Plan

Clay,

of

Plants

by

Laguna.

401

Tean'ke-

4M

ZnBi.

349
reaearcTies

ethnologie
Indians

in dy

andin

eing

XV
med-

of;

Iroqnois

Pojnaqne,

CoUeotionfrom

Polishing

silver,

of-.

the

bow,

W.

B.

Black,

Jnan

of

40

Santa.CIara.

the

12
silversmith

Navajo

.Hannfaotnreof.

fonso..

and.

discnssed

from

San

170
175
176
xvi
217

pins.
Ssh-hoo~a.

209

218

pims.
spoons

t95

vessels

196
227

onuseofasphattum-

456

Rasle,

Father

beads

of

HaUotia

Sebastiau,

she!Ia

Charles,

191

th.

Hangoof
on

the

143
use

"Rattlesnake,"
Ran,

457

chasuig.
polishing.

gorgets.276,282,295

J'2/)-M!.pei-M)-se[,

Ilde.

Manching.

175

sheU

463

330
black,

..171,176

aolderingPublications

Tntnam,F.deseril)eahone

443

19

ZaSorA.shi-wa-ni.
of

Yalne

the

.--

ZnSiPreyBrother
Priesta

16

Shellgorgetowncdcy.299,303
from
San Hdefonso

of

gods

175

ZnBlmyt]i

San

Brown

41,43
Prey

44

Fo'-sha-an-k'ia~Preygod;

41

ZuS.

438
method

NaTajo

himt..

40

79

myth..

Ponyfettc]],]favajo.

Pottery,

of

the

godof

th.

335
Origin

'tj

405

icine..
Plumage,

Potter,

ofthe-

Processes

fromAcoma

directing
naed

prey

213,217

"Eleptant"155,157

19

40

,'Weapons
Pliesthood

12~

24

Resemble

217

problematicals.

18

ofthe

,'Worshipof

16

--.
ofthe

.Nnmber

.213,218

PipesottIptnreoftIiemolmdbniJders.
Pipes,

le

priesthoodoftheho\r,ZnBl

.213,218

ofshe]l-213,218
,ITaeofbone

Number

ZnSi,

th.

of

.~Vorship

213,2!8

oMamedtrommonnds

33

rgions,

.VarietiesoftJie

216

,ExampIeaof.

six

41

.VorsMpofthe

,Towerofthe,asmediators-..

xxi

PiUing,JameaC.,Tyorkof-.
Pins,

of f

tliehow.

ofthe

65

,PoweroftheIronnoiamyth.

the

Origin
65

mission;

of

gods

Iroquois

myth.

Pigmy'a

Prey

420

hunters;

20
prey

gods
224

from.

20
to

of,

priesthoodof

by-

the

the-

resemble

shell..216,220,223,227,

Collection

Eocb,
and

Pigmies

25
of

Origin

ZuBi.

Philosophy,

33
wor.

attending

236,262
PerHns,

himt-

Relation

Tablets

232

sMpof-

coast.

Peimbelt.
See

233
239

BheUmoney.

use~cf.255,261,267

tablets.

51,54
15,33

describes

.255,261

PaciNo
AHantio

2S6

by-

ornaments

255

art

258

noteTling

gods

the

preygoda-.

255

Ornamental

199

obtained

myth.

of

227
273

258

ovolution

theAtlantiocoast.

J.&deacribos

by-

Fowera,Stephen,describesahelHeads.

Onginofnseof.

of

of the

257
of Mexico

ofste]!.209,255

Perforated

Power

257

andTncatan

PenD,

325

ornament

Spider
257

scnlptures

Perforations

483

Ildefonso

apooncolectedby.

Mexicanpaintings.-

Varions

San

decorated.449,457,465

-255,258,261,263

JnDeBry-

of

from

,ZnBnnethodofMdDg

Powell,

iHnatratedoyLantan

Plain.

462

brown,

.ShendisbcoUectedby.

and

Importance

430

,SMnnmo.

.Engraved.267,305

.Historio

Tacs

230

.ClassiScatiomof.255,2G7
Forms

in

263

rings

from.
Pendants,

manufactnred

,Eed,iromSanI!defbnso-.

of

shell
231

Carving
describes

of

th..

147

gold

ornament.

285

shell

gorgot

289

475

INDEX.

rage.

Page.
describesaheUvessel.

Charles,

Ban,

weapon.
on

of

classification

from

Enbbmg-stomes

Cnyamnnque

00

Manner

of figures

M.,

on

theKeeperofwampum.

Sandia.PueNoof.-.CoUection&om.

Mex.,

SftnIldefoBao.rneNoof-
from-.

Collection
from

CoHeotion

Clara,

171

xxi

SHn,

in

of

sculpture

Articles

of,

BJackpottery

from

Pueblo

Domingo,
disks.

Scallopd

(~M

Schoolcraft.H.B

ZnEL.

435

228

Soldering

241

Sorcery,

describes

John,

Serpent

of

Myths

the

practices

among

'mtchcraft..

458

Iroqnois

432

bodilyinjnriea..

460

Iroqnois;

Anincantation

to

rain

430

abont

myth

74

A*trne**

witch

in

witch

the

plates-

suapo

attract

witches

205

charms.

70

of

Esamples

and

Tem

species

of

shell

the

Unio

G.,

mentions

Squier,

E.

289

Sqnier

and

,Uaeofthe,asareligionssymbol..
distribution

for

the

spider

from

other

Steams,
198

from

B.

E. 0.,
James,

on

225

heads..

128

th..
localities

Znni
Wooden,

2S6

myths.
shell

289

Stevenson,
potter-

198

'Wolpi..

in188,191,193,196,236
models

199

.198,201

289

of196,205,213,230

innatnralstate..187,191

shell

describe

Davis

Clay,

44

Sheepfetich.NaTajo..

dead.

199

SqnirreI,6ronnd,Car?ingof
Statuettes,

to

53
th

with

deposited

of

289

represented

regard

286

myths

Iroqnois

.Manufactnreof-

293

onahelL-.291,293
in

286

.Examplesof.

rattlesnake.

Superstitions

in

290

,Embodimentofthe,inart;Tattleanake

Spoons

place

orna-

mented-iTith-.
Mexico

286

gorgets

concerningthe

Mytils
Spirits

gorgets

280,28!)

gorgets

shell

on

of,

2S6

savagea..

shell

inart..

gor278

attraot

npon

Examplea

disks

apper68

that

mgraved

design

gorgets

atone

74
names

.-
characteristics

289

npon

witch
69

Tuscarora

practices,

tainingto
Spider

268,2S!),293

and

TVitchtrans-

fonnation.

289
sheU

of

Origin

Iroqnois;

Sorcery

the

medieine-

205

ori.

of

73

,Iroquois;

xxv
54

as-

who

OriginofSen-

eca

giving

of

Discovery

the

the
73

Man

,Iroqnois;

hog.-

70

engraved

as

72

A superstition

71

snme

among.

gets-

nsed

73

story

collected

that

of

a11

for

Ries.-

264

engraTednponsheIl

Trade

bring

Iroqnois;

68,74
of
72

A cure

458

68,76

Iroquois
A
case

433

2m

omamentedwith-

Artificial

the

Iroquois;

Iroqnois;

ginof.
characteristics

176

comcendng.

238

297

objects

Iroquois

232

of.

Iroquois

ornaments

Bavage-

Shells,

omaments

method

pendants.

ofninn~andNiagara.

design,

shell

xxix

suapeofa,dog-

Explorations
legend

of.xxn,

Navajo

miTer,

228

.Examplesof.

medicine,

251

York

Iroqnois

ScrapersofshetL.

Seneca

ioaned

by.

by..209,217

Seminoles,

51
belt

Wampnm

Disks.)

SheU

'Paul,

378

SinIth,ErminnieA.,Mythsoft]ieIroquoia.

from-.409,450

.describesaheUbeads.

Schumacher,

397

from'Wolpi.

433

---..

148

Bnilders

Iroqnoia;

of.-

Collection

327

vessels.

clay

Monnd

the

CoHeetionfrom....415,441
Sanfo

of

ornamentation

416,430,456

CoUeetionfrom--.-

Santa

SHU

of

aheUmoney.

Ana,

104

of

Smith,

manufacture

Jnan,

Similarity

engraved

~pon...

and

Xavajos

TnehIos.Originof

xv

230

Signification

San

454
the

among

229

stringing.

of

.Origmof.

Santa

332
xxn

pictographs.

228

sheUbeads.

avarietyof

on

ngners

-
and

xxni

Eoyoe,C.C.,Vorkof.

N'.

decorative

certain

Conection&om-..

Silla,

112,116

Eiggs.Bev.S.B-.Vorkof.

E.

Signiangtiage

333
of

Silversmithing

Iroquoistale-.

Bnttember,

266
278

BeHgionoftheIroqnois--Direotor.Report
of the

"Enntees,"

Signification

records.)

Mnemonio

EeTenge.-A-snre;

210

pottery

cntofstonedisk..
(See

SMnnmopottery..

perforated

plates.-

Rcorde.

196

421
387

366
395

Wolpi

shell

HInstrated
collections
inl879.

money

239

catalogue

of

obtained
307

476

INDEX.
Page.

Stevenson,

Illustrated

James,

Page.

of

catalogue

collections

obtained

TheboyandMsgrandmother;

in

Iroquois

thecorn;

1880.

423

charmed

'WoTkof.xxxvi

snit;

Iroquois

deadhnnter;

Stonearticles.

320
ffomCocMt:

gnjlty

459
435
452
436

OldPecoa.

418

ladandthechestnnts;
man
and
his

441

old

438

San

460

Ildefonso

SanJnam

458

Santa

Clara

441

Santo

Domingo

450

Silla.

454

Taos.

464

87

wife;

man's

90

of

375

ZoSi-

337
320

Atotarho.

Iroquois;

See

gifmtess,

atone

53

wife.

giamt's

Extermination

giants,

of.

composition

the

of;

62

Iroquois

stepson

lesson

giant'a

Iroquois

53

.Shapeof.

53
Iroqnois

wife;
Strachey,

William,

Stratton,

C. L.,

Strombns

mentions
Shell

Iroquois
to

his

cat

the

white

of

the

nephew;

rabbit;

Iroqnois

ta]e.

no

Thomas,

cited

CyraB,

Thnnder

of

god

332

the

Iroquoia.

51,58

202

by.

215

compared
other

of, nsed

in

Time
as

as vessels

use

of

shell

Iroquois

Tomlinson,

A.

of

myth
describes

B.,

of.

odgjn
shell

TooJsnaedbylfavajoailversmith.

172
;anvll.

173

iawl.

174

gorgets

Tablets,

J'. G.,

A;

Iroquois

describes

shell
Forms

Perforated,

295

heads.-

53
53

.104,107

150
Carvingaofthe.

Tesnice,

Tesn]:e.

414

Wolp.

391

265

ZnBi.

of

bnlial

of.

Toys,

-omCoohiti.

Traveler'sjokes,

Troost,

264

Tropical

of use

of
char

TriU,

"Trne"
264

Tales.)

0.

F.,
Dr.

Gerard,

animais

Tnrqnoise
429

of

the

heav-

.&om.410,450

370
107
251

Drawmgsmadeby.

witch

"Tarkey"

408

Iroquoistaleof.

224

Shellobjectscollectedby
known

story,

Bnzzard,

to Monnd
Iroquois
Carving

Bnilders.

account
ofthe.

from

71

450
77

Tartieelan.iroqnoismythoftheoriginofthe
names

142
a.

433
Collection

Tnscarora

of

145

Mime.

464
of.

52
Collection

135
oJayirom~VoJpi.381,385

264

269

ens.

174

174

of.

265

noHer

174
173

;tongaToucan,

Toy-likeTeaaeIsof

acterof.

Ta-rlin'~hyia-rali-lm";

i-

Totemiam.

.Perforationsof.

Mythio

178

o ]n

pliers

of.

(Sea

174

233

Undetermined

Iroqnois.

172

hammers.

;aciaaors..l74,178
51

Thories

Situation

forge.

apheres.

Methodofattachment

Collectionfrom.

174

ornaments

ITanner

Taos,

173

Ses.

;moHa-

.madeofsheU.264,267

Tales,

174

orucibles

xvii
oftheiroqnois.

Eevenge,

175

meta.llic-

Studyofnnwlittenlangnages.

Swan,

172

cotd-cMsel

inefficient

204

tale

beHowa
blow-pipe.

of

Stonegiants..

70
261

plate.

.191,194,1S7

Grt,

disks

.268,273,278

208

manufacture

52

of.

55

Probable

224

celts.

Snre

52
53,58

Jloqnoismythooneernijigsymbols,

pins-213,215

Supematnralbeings

52

Worahip
Thnnder,

man-

pendants.

in

52

gods

,Toweraof.

115

Iroqnois.

nfaotnreofbeads.

used

with

orni-nn"

63

L-nives.

collected

pins

85
Iro89

and

62
shell

CoInmeH

shells,

..

myth

Iroquoismytn.

festival

Stra.wberry

53

mytholygy-

.PoTveraof.

challenge;

taie

qnoiata]e.
wild

Tobacco,
59

myth.
of the

97

Iroquoistale,

.Onginof.

WMpi.

Mineral
giant

Iroquois

taie.

Tesn~e.410,450

Stone

99
103

Iroquoistale.
faithless

456

SantaAna-

92

tale

hunterandhisdeadwife;

Cnyamnnque.

Pojnaqne.

96

tale

Iroquois

Nambe.

]ioqnoista]e

limitera

Jemoz.

OMPojnaqne

SS

tale.

taie

Iroquois

appertaining

to

aorcery..

68

TweezersofsheU.

212

DBioaheUsobtained&ommonnds.

190

477

INDEX.

Page.

Page.
as

UnioBhellBTised

in

utensils.190,199

Whitebearfetich.Znni.

manufacture

of

beads..

223

Whiteley,

S60

Whitney,

199

spoonsof

Study

matter

in

employed

substances.

Articles

J.

W.,

Shell

of,

from

Tesuke

by.

208

as

Florida

Witeh

193
193

of

as

234
the

Literatnre

of

Word.

'00.241,

nse

of

of

in

238

Wastefnlness
Water

of

and

vessels,

239

Hiawatha.
Wampnm.)

Iroquois

Navajo

54,64

old

Worid,

from

of

W.,

God

of

-410,413

mentions

shellimplements

Iroquois.

232
146

th-

12

Znni-
prey

11

gods,

at-

Ceremony

32

priesthood
the

bow.

385

Woven

fabries,

of,

Specimens
describes

Jeffries,

from

animal

she]l

398

ZmH.

373

oelt.

204

gorgets

289

pins.

216

'<Vorkof.

11

on,

disonsaed.

xxm
1
12

Iliad.

12
of,

from

Cancasian

civiliza-

tion-

mythotogy.

434

orA-shi-wi

321
330

ofbaTtingpottery.

11
9
9

philosophy.
priests

or

A-shi-Tva-ni.

12
321

Sittmtionof..
220

Specimens

211

337

.by.F.H.Cnshing.

method

196

xxm

worship

CoUectionfrom.
Article
fetiches,

211

obtained

19

Wolpi.-

wea.pons.-

210

52

41,43

thesixregions

fetichism,0riginof

12

Necklace

205,207

tending.

Isolation
.

hafting

25S

stiellpeiidants

nTiima.1s,

~09

3788

Voipi

ofthe

419

describes

vessel..

415

Zuinnanieforallfetiches.-.
of;

419

court..

ZnSimyt'h.ofdryiBgofthe

Zui

Domingo

398

from.

ornaments.

Tarrow,Dr.n.C.,

Chelly.

'V~eaving.Navajo.

E.

fabries
Pecos.

Old

Ca.rvmgaof

405

Manner

Lient.

from

o~

'Wil]iam,

Canon

WeaponsofsheU

woven

from

of,

Beam

419

Volpt.

by

375
of

Articles

Wyman,

ZniH.343,347
Toy-J&e,

Whipple,

28

Specimens
'Wbod,

404

Tesuke

Power

Wolpi,

Aooma-

SantaCIara

Wind,

69
ZnBi

Coneotionfrom

-175,178

de

72

of.
myth

giviiigoriginoF.
Voiffetioli,

65

myth-

silversmith.

Santo

a case

Iroquois

247

or
of

Lagnna.399,401

'We-ma-we,

of

charms,

of

Cochiti.

West

acconnt

witch

242

counoils.

as.

Belts

irom

Clay,

Iroquois
and

240

PacincCoast.

pygmies
the

74

.243,248

strings

(&e
by

account

Iroquois

Sorcery.

of

,7ariptiesofbeadsused
"'Wampumbelt.neofthe,"
belts.

71,77

Znni
of-

ac.

Iroqnois

of-.241,248

treaties
on

a dog,

143
142

animais.

a..

Woodpecker,

nse

of

73

.239,252

SymboHouaea

236
.

(P2/n<!c[)

tropical

~M

Worship

of mnemonic

Origin

239

wampum.

248

of-226,236

Mnemonicuseof.240,254
Modem

name

shell

shape

of.64,78

origin

bywMteB.-.

saved

the

of

238

of.

Manufacture

Warrior

conch

tmnaformation,

Wood,

myth

the

282

by..

'\Vitehatory;Iroqnoiainyth-.

234

cnirency.

incostnmes.232,234

,'Use

in

Witches
Indians

of use

Iroquois

27
coUected

gorgets

on

the

Wltoncraft.

ourrency
of

110

oonutofa.

192

Derivation

Shell

Roger,
on

198

Moqnisindians.

Antiquity

80

F.,

190

the

265

atripe

th'n'hiterabbit-

carvimgsof

sne]!194,196

inMexico.

black

on

ZuBi..

0.

135

by

the

phte.

nseofshellmoney.

414

368

snens.
of

and

Wilson

MoundBuilders.194,196

used

'Wampum,

catfetieh,

Williams,

192

imitating

the

Wild

334

Zuui..

.Nattu-alshella-
of

331

389

,EngraTedshell.
m c!ay

cat

Wolpi.-

coHeoted

pendants

Manufacture

has

cMpmnm'k

Williams,

artificiallyshaped.

Yessels,

shell

449

ara.

Velie,

the

describes

L.,

hisbae'kjiroquoiamyth..

Santa

from

of,

Articles

procnred

gorgets

303

TVild

of

pottery

40
Shell

Colonel,
J.

Why

xvn

decoration

A.,

by

ment.

TJnwrittentanguages,

129

Dniosidentinedby

WMte,

orna-

Vegetal

0.

jmplements.190,205

of

woven

fabrio

from

373