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org

Dossiers Features
TUDE DE SOLUTIONS TECHNIQUES STUDY OF TECHNICAL SOLUTIONS
POUR LENTRETIEN DU RSEAU ROUTIER NON REVTU DEDICATED TO MAINTAINING
DU SALVADOr EL SALVADORS UNPAVED ROAD NETWORK
Edith Lorena Crdova Nativ (1), Marlon Orlando Crcamo Reyes (2), Vctor Ivn Orellana Lpez (3), Edith Lorena Crdova Nativ (1), Marlon Orlando Crcamo Reyes (2),
service de conseil en qualit de FOVIAL (Salvador) Vctor Ivn Orellana Lpez (3), Quality Consulting Unit, FOVIAL (El Salvador)
Illustrations FOVIAL Illustrations FOVIAL

(1) (2) (3)

Au dbut de lanne 2010, lorganisme charg de plusieurs segments, lun la suite de lautre (illustration 1), dont A t the beginning of 2010 , Moreover, a comparative analysis of the
lentretien routier au Salvador, FOVIAL, a lanc une tude chacun correspond une technique de stabilisation des sols the El Salvadoran authority various stabilization techniques was
sur le comportement de tronons dessai construits sur diffrente (mise en uvre de grave1, stabilisation des sols la responsible for maintaining the conducted by accounting for the initial
des chausses non revtues, dont les sols aux proprits chaux et au ciment, stabilisation des sols la chaux, application countrys roads, FOVIAL, initiated a construction costs and maintenance
plastiques ont t stabiliss laide de diffrentes denduit monocouche haute performance 2, stabilisation study on the behavior of test sections costs of each identified technique.
techniques. des graves lmulsion de bitume et coulis bitumineux de built over stretches of unsurfaced
roulement). pavements, laid on top of plastic BACKGROUND CHARACTERIZATION OF
Le principal objectif de la construction de ces tronons dessai soils, that could be stabilized using TRAFFIC CONDITIONS
a t danalyser diffrentes techniques traditionnelles et non Les travaux ont t dvelopps en coordination avec des a number of techniques. These test sections are located near
traditionnelles au Salvador, et dvaluer leurs performances dans entreprises prives. Invites participer au projet de recherche, the Suchitoto metropolitan area, To characterize traffic on the CUS18
des conditions de trafic, de climat et de drainage semblables, celles-ci ont apport des quipements et des matriaux de The primary objective behind building on an unpaved road connecting connecting road, specifically over the
afin de recenser les solutions permettant doptimiser les stabilisation (notamment dans le cas de lmulsion de bitume these test sections was to analyze this city with Cinquera, northeast Suchitoto-Cinquera section, counts
ressources pour lentretien du rseau routier non revtu. et de la chaux). Deux des instituts techniques salvadoriens various conventional and alternative of the nations capital San Salvador. and vehicle classifications were
travaillant sur les matriaux bitumineux et les ciments techniques in El Salvador and evaluate The targeted pavement extends a performed during a 1-week period.
La mthode dappui utilise pour valuer le comportement hydrauliques ont galement particip en apportant leur tude their performance under similar traffic, bit longer than 1.1km and has been According to results, the average daily
des tronons a t celle du Dpartement de lArme des de formulation des enrobs et leur assistance technique. climate and drainage conditions, in divided into several segments in traffic amounted to 175 vehicles, of
tats-Unis, dcrite dans le document TM 5-626, Unsurfaced order to inventory succession (illustration 1), each of which 50 were actually weighed.
Road Maintenance Management, permettant de dterminer solutions that enable which corresponds to a different soil
lindice dtat des chausses non revtues (Unsurfaced Road optimizing resources stabilization technique (i.e. laying of In situ soil characterization
Condition Index - URCI). in maintaining the gravel1, lime and cement stabilization,
unpaved road network. a lime-only technique, application For the soil characterization step,
Enfin, une analyse comparative des diffrentes techniques de of a high-performance single-layer open wells were bored and material
stabilisation a t ralise en tenant compte des cots initiaux The underlying coating 2 , gravel stabilization by samples extracted all along the
de construction et des cots dentretien de chacune delles. method implemented introducing both bitumen emulsion test road section, for the purpose
to assess road and a wearing surface slurry seal). of determining both the particle
CONTEXTE 1 s e c t i o n b eh av i o r distribution and plastic characteristics
was that developed This research program was developed 1
Operation consisting of placing a gravel
Les tronons dessai sont situs prs de lagglomration by the U.S. Army, in coordination with private firms reinforcement layer on a pavement,
de Suchitoto, sur une route non revtue reliant cette ville as described in the invited to participate; they contributed in accordance with specified particle
size distribution, density and plastic
Cinquera, au nord-est de San Salvador, la capitale du pays. document TM 5-626, all requisite stabilization equipment conditions.
Il sagit dune chausse dun peu plus de 1,1 km, divise en entitled Unsurfaced and materials (especially for techniques 2
This technique consists of using the soil
Road Maintenance involving bitumen emulsion and present on the pavement, mixed with a
1
Opration consistant mettre en uvre une couche de renforcement percentage of cement (generally between
Management , for lime). Two of the Salvadoran technical
en grave sur une chausse, selon certaines conditions granulom- 11% and 20% by weight), to form a
triques, volumiques et plastiques. the purpose of institutes working on bituminous single compact layer designed to
2
Cette technique consiste utiliser le sol existant sur la chausse, determining the materials and hydraulic cements also withstand traffic-related loads
mlang un pourcentage de ciment (gnralement entre 11% et Unsurface d Road participated through contributing and wear. This technique yields
20% du poids), pour former une seule couche compacte, conue pour a wearing surface for rural
supporter les charges et lusure lies au trafic. Elle assure une surface Condition Index (or asphalt mix designs and providing roads or roads with low
de roulement pour les routes rurales ou faible trafic. URCI). technical assistance. traffic volumes.

96 Illustration 1 - Zone concerne sur la liaison CUS18S, reliant les villes de Suchitoto et de Cinquera Illustration 1 - Study zone on the CUS18S highway, connecting the cities of Suchitoto and Cinquera 97
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TUDE DE SOLUTIONS TECHNIQUES POUR LENTRETIEN DU RSEAU ROUTIER NON REVTU DU SALVADOR STUDY OF TECHNICAL SOLUTIONS DEDICATED TO MAINTAINING EL SALVADORS UNPAVED ROAD NETWORK

2
TABLEAU 1 - CARACTRISTIQUES DES SOLS PRLEVS TABLE 1 - CHARACTERISTICS OF SOIL SAMPLES specimens produced using different
LE LONG DES TRONONS CONCERNS COLLECTED ALONG THE TARGETED SECTIONS concentrations of soils and stabilizing
Profondeur Limites dAtterberg materials. These concentration levels
Classification AASHTO
Site par rapport au sol (m) Classification ASTM (LL, LP, IP) Composants (graves, sables, fines) served to maintain at least 27 kg/cm2
AASHTO
Site Depth ASTM classification Atterberg limits Components(gravels, sands, fines)
relative to the ground (m)
classification
(LL, PL, PI) 7 days after placement. In this project,
the following concentrations were
Limon et sable (ML) (46%, 33%, 13) (0%, 17%, 83%)
0+300 0,00-0,35 A-7-5 (IG=13) employed: 2.5% lime and 3%cement
Silt and sand (ML) (46%, 33%, 13) (0%, 17%, 83%)
(for the section between 0+240 and
Limon de haute 0 + 300 ); 3.0 % lime and 3 % cement
compressibilit (MH) (59%, 34%, 25) (0%, 11%, 89%)
0+442 0,07-0,77
Highly-compressible
A-7-5 (IG=27)
(59%, 34%, 25) (0%, 11%, 89%) (section between 0+605 and 0+645).
silt(MH)
Limon de haute The hydrated lime was compliant
compressibilit
(53%, 39%, 14) (1%, 17%, 82%) with Specifications ASTM C-206 and
0+532 0,00-0,77 et sable (MH) A-7-5 (IG=15)
CARACTRISATION DU TRAFIC Highly compressible (53%, 39%, 14) (1%, 17%, 82%) ASTM C 207, at a level of 65% available
silt and sand (MH) calcium oxide.
Pour la caractrisation du trafic sur la liaison CUS18, tronon Limon sablonneux
Suchitoto-Cinquera, des comptages et une classification et grave (ML) (45%, 33%, 12) (23%, 27%, 50%) The hydraulic cement proved to be
0+600 0,06-0,26 A-7-5 (IG=4)
Sandy silt and (45%, 33%, 12) (23%, 27%, 50%)
des vhicules ont t effectus pendant une semaine. Selon gravel (ML) compliant with Specification ASTM
les rsultats obtenus, le trafic moyen journalier a t de C-1157, type GU.
Limon de haute
175vhicules, dont 50 ont t pess. compressibilit
(54%, 33%, 12) (0%, 17%, 83%)
0+600 0,26-0,76 et sable (MH) A-7-5 (IG=20)
(54%, 33%, 12) (0%, 17%, 83%) Mix design dedicated to soil
Highly-compressible
Caractrisation des sols sur site silt and sand (MH) stabilization using just cement
The stabilization technique introduced
Grave limoneuse (GM) (40%, 28%, 12) (65%, 12%, 23%)
Pour la caractrisation des sols, des puits ciel ouvert et 0+700 0,00-0,18 A-2-6 (IG=0) herein comprised a high-performance
Silty gravel (GM) (40%, 28%, 12) (65%, 12%, 23%)
des prlvements de matriaux ont t effectus le long de single-layer coating . The wear
la liaison concerne, pour dterminer les caractristiques resistance and level of structural
granulomtriques et plastiques (illustration 2 ), dont les Formulation pour stabilisation des sols la chaux et au ciment (illustration 2, left page); Table 1 lists of the soil-lime mix could then be reinforcement were dictated by:
principales sont indiques sur le tableau 1. Les essais de limites dAtterberg ont t effectus sur diffrentes the main findings. determined. the type and quantity of cement,
combinaisons sol + chaux + ciment. the compaction process, and the
Dtermination des pourcentages de matriaux Determination Based on these results, the quantity characteristic thicknesses used for this
stabilisants (formulation des mlanges) Paralllement, des essais de rsistance en compression non of the percentages of hydrated lime required to stabilize type of surfacing.
confine ont t effectus sur des prouvettes cylindriques of stabilizing materials the soil amounted to 3.5% of the total
Aprs caractrisation des sols, les quantits de matriaux stabilisants fabriques avec diffrents dosages de sols et de matriaux (mix design) weight. This surfacing material has been
ncessaires ont t dtermines, en pourcentage en poids sec du stabilisants. Les dosages utiliss permettaient dassurer designed for roads with speeds below
PVSmax3 du sol stabiliser, selon la mthode AASHTO T-180. au moins 27 kg/cm2 7 jours. Dans ce projet, ils ont t les Following the soil characterization The hydrated lime was compliant 65 km/hr and an annual average
suivants: 2,5 % de chaux et 3 % de ciment (tronon entre 0+240 step, the required quantities of with Specifications ASTM C-206 and daily traffic (AADT) not exceeding
Formulation pour stabilisation des sols la chaux et 0+300) ; 3,0 % de chaux et 3 % de ciment (tronon entre stabilizing materials were determined, ASTM C 207, at a level of 65% available 500vehicles.
La quantit de chaux ncessaire pour la stabilisation des sols a 0+605 et 0+645). as a dry weight percentage of the calcium oxide.
t dtermine laide de lessai dEades et Grim (ASTM D-6276). DDmax3 value of the soil undergoing The results of vehicle traffic counts
Les limites dAtterberg et la rsistance en compression non La chaux hydrate a t conforme aux spcifications ASTM stabiliz ation, according to the Mix design dedicated to soil were input into this design process.
confine du mlange sol-chaux ont ensuite t dtermines. C-206 et ASTM C 207, avec 65 % doxyde de calcium disponible. AASHTO T-180 method. stabilization using both lime and Soil testing was also carried out, along
cement with calculations to determine the
Selon les rsultats obtenus, la quantit de chaux hydrate Le ciment hydraulique a t conforme la spcification ASTM Mix design dedicated to soil The Atterberg limit tests were required concentration and thickness
ncessaire pour stabiliser le sol a t de 3,5 % du poids. C-1157 type GU. stabilization using lime conducted on various combinations of of the target layer. All results from
The quantity of lime needed to soil + lime + cement. these various tests are presented
La chaux hydrate a t conforme aux spcifications ASTM Formulation pour stabilisation des sols au ciment stabilize soils was derived by means in table 2, next page.
C-206 et ASTM C 207, avec 65 % doxyde de calcium disponible. La technique de stabilisation utilise a t lenduit monocouche of the Eades and Grim test (ASTM At the same time, unconfined
haute performance. La rsistance lusure et lapport structurel D- 6276 ). Both the Atterberg limits compressive strength tests were 3
DDmax: maximum dry
3
PVSmax : poids volumique sec maximum. ont t assurs par le type et la quantit de ciment, le procd de and unconfined compressive strength being carried out on cylindrical density.

98 Illustration 2 - Excution des essais pour la classification des sols Illustration 2, left page - Following the soil classification protocol 99
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TABLEAU 2 - RSULTATS OBTENUS TABLE 2 - RESULTS FROM TESTING CONDUCTED

compactage et les paisseurs LORS DE LA CONCEPTION DE LENDUIT MONOCOUCHE Construction of the various test
DURING DESIGN OF THE SINGLE-LAYER COATING
caractristiques utiliss pour ce Essai Rsultat
sections
Test Result
type de revtement. The test sections were built between
Pntration dynamique au cne ralise au fond de CBR in situ = 11% Dynamic cone penetration performed at the In situ CBR = 11%
chaque puits ciel ouvert (0,30 m de profondeur) Valeur de conception du module de raction k= 70 MPa/m bottom of each open well (depth: 0.30 m)
February 16 th and March 18 th ,
Design value of the modulus of reaction k = 70 MPa/m
Ce revtement est conu pour des routes Limites dAtterberg 12% < IP < 25% 2010 (illustration 3). During the
Atterberg limits 12% < IP < 25%
dune vitesse maximale de 65 km/h
PVSmax selon AASHTO T-180
construction period, cylindrical
PVSmax = 1630 kg/m3 et Woptima= 23% DDmax according to AASHTO T-180 DDmax=1,630 kg/m3 andWoptimal = 23%
et dun trafic moyen journalier annuel specimens of stabilized soil were
Mlange de matriau du site + 18% de Rsistance en compression = 14 kg/cm2 7 jours
(TMJA) infrieur ou gal 500 vhicules. Mix of site materials + 18% cement Compressive strength =14 kg/cm2 at 7 days generated in order to verify the
ciment (ASTM C 91 type M) en poids du Module de rupture = 16 kg/cm2 60 jours
(ASTM C 91,type M) by weight of the soil Modulus of rupture = 16 kg/cm2 at 60 days
PVSMax du sol, selon AASHTO T180 Module dlasticit = 9000 MPa 60 jours
DDmax, according to AASHTO T-180
design unconfined compressive
Module of elasticity = 9,000 MPa at 60 days
Pour sa conception, les rsultats du strength. Table 3 displays the
comptage des vhicules ont t exploits. Des essais sur les characteristics of each test segment.
sols ont galement t effectus, ainsi que des calculs pour
dterminer le dosage ncessaire et lpaisseur de la couche Behavioral monitoring of the test
concerne. Les rsultats obtenus sont prsents sur le tableau 2. sections
3 4 To monitor the behavior of these built
Formulation pour stabilisation des sols+ mulsion de bitume sections, inspections were aimed at
Dans ce projet, la stabilisation lmulsion de bitume a t recording damage. The underlying
conue de manire utiliser uniquement le matriau de la methodology used to evaluate these
couche de grave existante, dont lpaisseur moyenne obtenue sections is described in document TM
a t de 14 cm. Sur la couche stabilise, un enduit superficiel a 5-626 Unsurfaced Road Maintenance
t appliqu pour amliorer limpermabilit leau. Le suivi a t ralis pendant prs de trois ans, laide de Mix design dedicated to soil From an evaluation performed over Management; it was developed by
sept inspections sur le terrain pour le relev des dommages stabilization, along with bitumen the entire zone, the gravel layer was the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.
Selon lauscultation de la zone, la couche de grave recouvre un (illustration 4 , page de droite). Au cours des diffrentes emulsion covering a soil with plastic properties. The objective herein is to determine
sol aux caractristiques plastiques. La valeur de PVSMax obtenue valuations, chaque section a t divise en units de For this project, the process of The DDmax value recorded for gravel the pavement condition through
concernant les graves du tronon 0+645 0+845 a t utilise prlvement, chacune dune longueur de 20 mtres et dune stabilization with bitumen emulsion extracted from section 0+645 to 0+845 visual inspection, thus yielding the
pour le contrle du pourcentage de compactage sur le terrain. largeur au moins gale lempattement des vhicules. was designed so as to limit material use was then used to monitor the in situ Unsurfaced Road Condition Index
to just the existing gravel layer, whose compaction percentage. (URCI)4.
La quantit dmulsion de bitume a t de 4 % du poids. La premire inspection de suivi a t effectue selon la mthode average thickness was recorded at
dcrite ci-dessus, en juin 2010. Elle na montr aucun dommage 14cm. On the stabilized layer, a surface The quantity of bitumen emulsion was
This monitoring campaign was pursued
Construction des tronons dessai significatif sur les tronons dessai. Une autre inspection, en dressing was applied to further reduce measured at 4% by weight. for nearly three years, by means of
Les tronons dessai ont t construits entre le 16 fvrier et septembre 2010, a mis en vidence une dgradation plus permeability to water. seven in situ inspections, to record the
le 18 mars 2010 (illustration 3). Pendant la construction, des damage (illustration 4). As the various
prouvettes cylindriques du sol stabilis ont t labores pour evaluations were taking place, each test
TABLEAU 3 - INFORMATION SUR LES DIFFRENTES OPRATIONS RALISES
vrifier la rsistance en compression simple de la formualtion. TABLE 3 - INFORMATION ON THE VARIOUS OPERATIONS PERFORMED section was divided into extraction
Le tableau3 prsente les caractristiques de chaque segment units, measuring 20 meters long and
Rsistance moyenne
concern. Type de traitement Emplacement (m) Longueur (m) Quantit de stabilisant Type of treatment with a width at least equal to the vehicle
en compression
Mise en uvre de grave 0+000 0+240 240 -.- -.- Laying of gravel
wheelbase.
Suivi du comportement des tronons dessai
Stabilisation des sols 2,5% de chaux, 3% de ciment 27 kg/cm2 7 jours
Pour suivre le comportement des tronons construits, des 0+240 0+300 60 Soil stabilization using both lime and cement The first monitoring inspection was
la chaux et au ciment 2.5% lime, 3% cement 27 kg/cm2 at 7 days
inspections permettant de relever les dommages ont t carried out, in following the method
3,5% de chaux 26 kg/cm2 7 jours
ralises. La mthodologie dappui employe pour lvaluation Stabilisation des sols la chaux 0+300 0+400 100 Soil stabilization using lime described above, in June 2010 ; it
3.5% lime 27 kg/cm2 at 7 days
des tronons dessai est dcrite dans le document TM 5-626 revealed no significant damage on
Stabilisation des sols 18% de ciment 36 kg/cm2 7 jours Soil stabilization
Unsurfaced Road Maintenance Management. Elle a t mise au 0+405 0+605 200 any of the sections. A subsequent
au ciment (monocouche) 18% cement 36 kg/cm2 at 7 days with a (single layer of ) cement
point par le corps des ingnieurs des tats-Unis (Dpartement inspection, held in September
Stabilisation des sols 3% de chaux, 3% de ciment 35 kg/cm2 7 jours Soil stabilization
de lArme des tats-Unis). Son objectif est de dterminer ltat la chaux et au ciment
0+605 0+645 40
3% lime, 3% cement 35 kg/cm2 at 7 days using both lime and cement 2010, diagnosed more extensive
de la chausse laide dinspections visuelles, pour obtenir
Stabilisation des graves lmulsion 4% dmulsion de bitume 19 kg/cm2 2 jours Gravel stabilization with bitumen emulsion 4
Quantitative indicator based on
lindice dtat des chausses non revtues URCI4. 0+645 0+845 200
de bitume et roulement (coulis bitumineux) 4% bitumen emulsion 19 kg/cm2 at 2 days and a wearing course (slurry seal) a 0 to 100 scale (with 0 being
4
Indicateur chiffr bas sur une chelle de 0 100 (0 tant ltat le plus the poorest condition and
Mise en uvre de grave 0+845 1+105 260 -.- -.- Laying of gravel
mauvais et 100 le meilleur). 100 the best).

Illustration 3 - Srie de photographies dun des tronons concerns (avant, pendant et aprs les oprations) Illustration 3 - Series of photographs showing one of the segments involved (before, during and after operations)
100 101
Illustration 4, page de droite - Relev des dommages pendant linspection de suivi dun des tronons stabiliss Illustration 4 - Recording of damage during the monitoring inspection of one of the stabilized segments
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Grave 1 / Gravel 1
Chaux + ciment 2
Lime + cement 2
Chaux + ciment 1
Lime + cement 1
mulsion de bitume + coulis
Bitumen emulsion + slurry
5 225%
Chaux / Lime
Grave 2 / Gravel2
Monocouche / Single-layer
Table 4 - Cost comparison (in percentage) of all solutions relative to the laying of gravel
Tableau 4 - Comparaison des cots (en pourcentage) de toutes les solutions par rapport la mise en uvre de grave
Percentage compared Percentage compared
to the laying of gravel to the laying of gravel
Construction and Construction and SOLUTION
maintenance costs maintenance costs
(17 months) (32 months)
STABILISATION LA CHAUX 118% 97% STABILIZATIONUSING LIME
(3,5% de chaux) 118% 97% (3.5% lime)
STABILISATION AU CIMENT + CHAUX 146% 106% STABILIZATION USING CEMENT + LIME
(3% ciment + 2,50% chaux) 146% 106% (3% cement + 2.5% lime)
COULIS BITUMINEUX + STABILISATION SLURRY SEAL + STABILIZATION
181%
LMULSION DE BITUME WITH BITUMEN EMULSION
225% 181%
(4% mulsion de bitume + grave) (4% bitumen emulsion + gravel)
ENDUIT MONOCOUCHE HIGH-PERFORMANCE
214% 146%
HAUTE PERFORMANCE SINGLE-LAYER COATING
214% 146%
(18% ciment) (18% cement)
100% 100%
MISE EN UVRE DE GRAVE LAYING OF GRAVEL
100% 100%
Pourcentage par rapport la Pourcentage par rapport la
mise en uvre de grave mise en uvre de grave
SOLUTION Cots de construction Cots de construction
et dentretien et dentretien
17 mois 32 mois

importante sur certains tronons. Cette visite a t la premire
occasion dvaluer lindice URCI.
Lillustration 5 indique la valeur URCI moyenne obtenue
chaque valuation de chaque technique de stabilisation. Les
graphiques montrent les valeurs URCI sur une chelle de temps.
On observe une tendance la baisse de ltat de roulement de
chaque tronon, qui tait excellent (100) au dpart, cest--dire
au moment de la construction. De mme, on constate une
variation significative entre les valeurs maximales et minimales
des courbes bleues, qui reprsentent les diffrentes oprations
ralises sur les tronons en grave diffrentes poques de
lanne (profilage ou rechargement en grave), pour maintenir
des conditions de roulement appropries. Il est important de
souligner que les autres tronons stabiliss nont fait lobjet
daucune opration dentretien depuis leur construction en 2010.
Au bout de presque trois ans de service, toutes les techniques de
stabilisation prsentent un rsultat suprieur la technique de
mise en uvre de grave traditionnellement utilise au Salvador
(illustration 5).
Le tableau 4 montre une comparaison entre les cots de
construction de chaque tronon stabilis et les cots de
construction et dentretien des tronons en grave. Pour que
la mise en uvre de grave offre des conditions de confort
semblables aux autres techniques de stabilisation, il serait
ncessaire daugmenter la frquence des oprations dentretien,
ce qui na pas t envisag dans ce projet de recherche. degradation on some segments. This
Cependant, si tel avait t le cas, les cots dentretien de mise field visit offered the first opportunity
en uvre de grave traditionnelle auraient t bien suprieurs. to evaluate the URCI index.
CONCLUSIONS Illustration 5 indicates the average URCI
value derived upon each evaluation
Lutilisation de matriaux stabilisants pour les sols aux of each stabilization technique. The
caractristiques plastiques et pour les couches de grave a graphs show the URCI values on a time
permis de rduire les oprations dentretien courant sur les scale: the trend lines reflect a worsening
chausses. En outre, bien que les cots naient pas t estims, in the wearing course condition of
il existe indubitablement une rduction des dpenses lies each section, all of which had initially
au traitement des maladies causes par la poussire sur les received an excellent score (100), i.e.
chausses non revtues, ainsi que des frais dexploitation des at the time of construction. Similarly, a
vhicules circulant dans la zone. significant variation between maximum
and minimum values could be observed
Les techniques de recyclage et de stabilisation du sol on the blue curves, which represent the
existant rduisent limpact ngatif des activits ncessaires distinct operations performed on the
lexploitation des carrires de grave, notamment les suivantes : gravel sections at different times of the
year (profiling or gravel recharge) for the
limination de la couverture vgtale ; purpose of maintaining suitable driving
dgradation de la qualit de lair ; conditions. It is important to note that the
changements de microclimat ; other stabilized sections have undergone
rduction du rechargement des nappes phratiques due no maintenance operations whatsoever
aux modifications du drainage de surface ; since their construction in 2010.
modification du paysage et du relief local ;
rduction des populations fauniques de la zone ; After nearly three years in service,
existence de dcharges.# all stabilization techniques display
a superior result compared to the
traditional gravel laying technique
practiced in El Salvador (illustration 5,
left page).
Table 4 sets forth a comparison
between the construction costs of each
stabilized section and the combined
construction/maintenance costs of
gravel sections. To generate the same
level of comfort associated with the
other stabilization techniques by
laying gravel, it would be necessary to
increase the frequency of maintenance
operations, though this was not been
anticipated within the scope of the
current research project. However,
if such had been the case, the
maintenance costs associated with the
laying of conventional gravel would
have definitely been higher.
CONCLUSION
The use of stabilizing materials for soils
displaying plastic properties and for
gravel layers has enabled scaling back
on ongoing maintenance operations
scheduled for these pavements.
Moreover, despite the lack of cost
estimates, medical expenditures to
treat diseases caused by dust on
unpaved roads have undoubtedly been
reduced, as have the costs of running
vehicles traveling within this zone.
The techniques of recycling and soil
stabilization in practice have served
to mitigate the adverse impacts of
activities required to operate gravel
quarries; these impacts include:
removal of topsoil;
air quality degradation;
changes in microclimate;
less groundwater recharge due to
modifications in surface drainage
patterns;
alteration of the local landscape and
relief contours;
smaller fauna populations within the
zone;
production of wastes.#

102 Illustration 5 - Courbes URCI/temps pour chaque tronon stabilis Illustration 5, left page - URCI vs. time curves for each stabilized section 103