‫ا

ذ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻡ‪-‬ى اﻝع ﻡ*ك  ‬ ‫

 ا‬
‫‬ ‫اﻝرس اول ‪ :‬اﻝ‪-1‬ب اﻝدي‬ ‫ ون‬
‫ ‬ ‫اه‬

‫‪ .I‬ﻡ ت ا اد‬
‫
ااد ا ا  ن  
   
و
‪
= {0;1; 2; ⋅⋅⋅⋅} :‬‬
‫
ااد ا ا&‪ %‬أي ااد ا ا و "!   ن  
    ‬
‫و
‪ = {⋅⋅⋅⋅ −3; −2;0;1; 2;3; ⋅⋅⋅⋅} :‬‬
‫‪a‬‬
‫ﺡ‪ a ∈  :-‬و
∈ ‪  n‬ن  
    ‪D‬‬ ‫
ااد ا(ی أي ااد ا‪ )*  +‬ا('‬
‫‪10n‬‬
‫‪ a‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫و
‪D =  n / a ∈ ; n ∈
 :‬‬
‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪a‬‬
‫
ااد ا‪0‬ری أي ااد ا‪ )*  +‬ا(' ﺡ‪ a ∈  :-‬و ∗
∈ ‪  , b‬ن  
     ‪.‬‬
‫‪b‬‬
‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫و
 ‪ =  / a ∈ ; b ∈
∗ ‬‬
‫‪b‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫
ااد ا‪0‬ری و ا!ﺝ‪0‬ری  ن   ااد ا"" و
     ‪.‬‬
‫*) ‪ ( D ) 4"%‬ود *‪, ( O, I ) 4‬‬
‫
آ' د ﺡ""‪ +‬ی‪ 5‬أن
‪ "& 7‬وﺡة ‪ 5‬ا‪. ( D ) 4"%‬‬
‫‪ ,%‬آ'
" ‪ 5 M‬ا‪ '9 ( D ) 4"%‬د ﺡ"" وﺡا ‪ x‬ی‪ )%‬أ‪.  :‬‬
‫أﻡ ‪ :‬ال اﻝﻡز‪⊄; ⊂;∉;∈ :‬‬
‫اد ‪ -7‬ه & ‪"
−7 ∈  
 5‬أ‪ -7 ":‬ی&‪ +‬ا)  " ‪ +:‬ﺡ‪ ? -7 5‬ی&‪ +‬ا)
و

∉ ‪−7‬‬
‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫ی&  ∈ و ‪ ∉ D‬و ذ@ 
‪ ? 7‬ی‪ 5‬آ *) ا(' ‪ n‬ﺡ‪ a ∈  -‬و
∈ ‪. n‬‬
‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫‪a‬‬
‫ ∈ ‪ ? 7
 2 ∉  5 2‬ی‪ 5‬اید دی‪ 5‬ﺹ‪ a 5‬و ‪ 2 = - b‬و ‪& D b‬م‪.‬‬
‫‪b‬‬
‫آ' د ﺹ‪ +F E‬ه د ﺹ‪ "
,+%
E‬ل ان ا 
 ﺝ ‪  5H‬و
  ⊂
‪.‬‬
‫‪ I‬آ' د (ي ه د ﺹ‪ "
,+%
E‬ل ان ا  ‪  5H J% D‬و
  ⊄ ‪. D‬‬
‫ي ه&ك &ﺹ ‪ +& ? D 5‬ا)  ‪ .‬آ‪ :@0‬آ' & ‪ D 5‬ه & ‪D ⊂  :  5‬‬
‫و آ' & ‪  5‬ه & ‪ .  ⊂  :  5‬ی& اذن‪
⊂  ⊂ D ⊂  ⊂  :‬‬
‫‪100 6‬‬
‫‪−‬‬ ‫‪, ,‬‬ ‫‪ :‬ﺡد ‪ F‬آ' د ‪ 5‬ااد ا‪9 + 3 :‬‬ ‫ﺕی‬
‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬
‫‪ .II‬اﻝت " اﻝ   و‪$%‬ﺕ‪#‬‬
‫‪ .1‬اﻝت " اﻝ  ‬
‫اﻝ( " ‬
‫‪ a‬و ‪ b‬و ‪ c‬أاد ﺡ""‬
‫‪a + b = b + a (1‬‬
‫‪a + ( b + c ) = ( a + b ) + c = a + b + c (2‬‬
‫‪a + 0 = 0 + a = a (3‬‬
‫‪( −a ) + a = a + ( −a ) = 0 (4‬‬

‫‪1‬‬ ‫اذ‪
 
:‬‬
  " ‫ب‬3‫اﻝ‬
""‫ أاد ﺡ‬c ‫ و‬b ‫ و‬a
a × b = b × a = ab = ba .1
a ( bc ) = ( ab ) c = ( ac ) b = abc .2
1 1 a
a ≠ 0; a ×= × a = = 1 .3
a a a
bd ≠ 0 - ""‫ أاد ﺡ‬d ‫ و‬c ‫ و‬b ‫ و‬a :‫ر‬-4‫ اﻝ‬5 ‫اﻝت‬
a c a+c
+ = (1
b b b
a c ad + bc
+ = (2
b d bd
a c ad − bc
− = (3
b d bd
a c ac
× = (4
b d bd
a
b = a × d = ad (5
c b c bc
d
a c ac
= a × = ; bc ≠ 0 (6
b b b
c
a '" )%‫ ی‬−a (7
a − b = a + ( −b ) (8
− ( a − b ) = −a + b (9
1
a ≠ 0 -‫ ﺡ‬a ‫) "* ب اد‬%‫ی‬ (10
a
a 1 a
= a × . b )* a ‫رج اد‬W )%‫ ی‬b ∈ ∗ ‫ و‬a ∈  -‫اد ﺡ‬
b b b
a
a = bc X:‫ = ی‬c (11
b
a c
ad = bc X:‫( = ی‬12
b d
a
a = b X:‫ = ی‬1 (13
b
a
a = 0 X:‫ = ی‬0 (14
b
:<‫ت هﻡ_اﻝ=* و اﻝ‬89:‫ ﻡ‬.2
2
(a + b) = a 2 + 2ab + b 2 :&‫  ی‬5 b ‫ و‬a '
2
(a − b) = a 2 − 2ab + b 2 (1
a 2 − b 2 = ( a − b )( a + b ) (2
a 3 − b3 = ( a − b ) ( a 2 + ab + b 2 ) (3
a 3 + b3 = ( a + b ) ( a 2 − ab − b 2 ) (4

2
 
:‫اذ‬
 :<‫اﻝ=* و اﻝ‬
""‫ أاد ﺡ‬k ‫ و‬b ‫ و‬a
k ( a + b ) = ka + kb

k ( a − b ) = ka − kb

( a + b )( c − d ) = ac − ad + bc − bd

2
x 2 + 2 x + 1 = ( x + 1)

2
x 2 − 2 x + 1 = ( x − 1)

:>1‫ﻡ‬
2 2
:5‫ ا‬5 ‫ ا‬5"‫ ( و
' *) ا‬a − b )( a − b ) ‫ ( و‬a + b )( a + b ) (&

3
( a − b ) = a3 − 3a 2b + 3ab 2 − b3

3
( a + b ) = a 3 + 3a 2b + 3ab2 + b3

‫ اﺱ‬Z‫ &  ا‬:‫ﻡل‬
2
A = ( 200520052006 ) − ( 200520052005 × 200520052007 ) :%‫أﺡ‬
 ‫ وﺡ‬4[‫ ر‬+: \": ]*^ ‫!ﺙ‬9‫
!ﺡ` أن ااد ا‬
x = 200520052006 :ab
‫ب‬%‫\ ا‬%
. 200520052007 = x + 1 ‫ و‬200520052005 = x − 1 :‫إذن‬
A = x 2 − ( x − 1)( x + 1) :7& ‫و‬
= x 2 − ( x 2 − 1)
= x2 − x2 + 1
=1
2
A = ( 200520052006 ) − ( 200520052005 × 200520052007 ) = 1 :‫إذن‬

:‫ اﻝ‬94‫ و اﻝ‬10 ‫ى و @ى اﻝد‬8‫ اﻝ‬.3

:B‫ﺕی‬
. n ∈
‫ &م و‬D ""‫ دا ﺡ‬a 5
a1 = a; a 0 = 1

a n = a
× a × a ×⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅× a

‫د‬dddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd‫ةا‬

1

a −n =
an
:&‫
ی‬5 n ‫ و‬m ' ‫ ∗ و‬5 b ‫ و‬a '
n
a n × b n = ( ab )

a n × am = an+m

n m m n
(a ) = a nm = ( a )

n
an  a 
= 

bn  b 
an 1
m
= a n−m = m−n

a a

3
 
:‫اذ‬
 ‫ﺡﻝ ‪@:$%‬ى اﻝد ‪:10‬‬
‫‪100 = 1‬‬ ‫‪ 101 = 10‬و‬
‫‪10−2 = 0, 01‬‬
‫‪10−1 = 0,1‬‬
‫‪10 n = 1000‬‬
‫‬ ‫
∈ ‪0; n‬‬
‫⋅⋅⋅⋅‬
‫‪n‬‬

‫‪10 − n = 0,‬‬
‫‬ ‫‪000‬‬
‫‬ ‫
∈ ‪01; n‬‬
‫⋅⋅⋅⋅‬
‫‪n‬‬

‫‪ .4‬اﻝ‪ 94‬اﻝ‪:‬‬

‫آ' د (ي ‪  x‬ﺝ ی *) ا(' ‪ x = a × 10‬ﺡ‪ p -‬ی&‪ +‬ا)  و ‪ a‬د (ي ‪. 1 ≤ a ≺ 10 -‬‬
‫‪p‬‬

‫ه‪ e0‬ا ‪ )%‬ا ا*‪.‬‬

‫ﻡ‪ :>1‬إذا آن ‪ x‬دا ﺱ ‪:‬ن آ‪ 7‬ا* ه‪x = − a × 10 +‬‬
‫‪p‬‬

‫ﻡل‪ :‬ا‪ 5 :%‬ارض و ا(‪ I‬ه‪ 149597870 :+‬آ*‪ 1, 4959787 × 108  ,4‬آ*‪.4‬‬
‫‪ .5‬اﻝ‪F‬ور اﻝ‪:9‬‬
‫ﺕی‪:B‬‬
‫‪ x 5‬دا ﺡ""  ﺝ‪ +%
.‬ﺝ‪0‬ر ‪ , x a‬اد ا""‪ +‬ا ﺝ ‪. y‬‬
‫‪ . y 2 = x -‬و
 ‪. x = y‬‬
‫‪ x = y‬ی‪ x = y 2 X:‬و ‪. y ≥ 0‬‬
‫أﻡ‪= 7; 9 = 3 :‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫إذا آن ‪ab
0‬‬ ‫) ‪( ab‬‬ ‫;‪= ab‬‬ ‫) ‪( −7‬‬
‫‪ a ' :$%‬و ‪  + 5 b‬ی&‪:‬‬
‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫‪b‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪b‬‬
‫و ‪;b
0‬‬ ‫) (‬‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪= a2 = a‬‬ ‫و‬ ‫) (‬ ‫‪a‬‬ ‫∗
∈ ‪= a n ; n‬‬

‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪a‬‬

‫‪a × b = ab‬‬ ‫و‬ ‫=‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪;a
0‬‬
‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪a‬‬
‫= ‪ x‬ی‪. x = y X:‬‬ ‫‪y‬‬ ‫إذا آن ‪ x ≥ 0‬و ‪: y ≥ 0‬ن ‪:‬‬
‫‪ x = 0‬أذا و ‪ \":‬إذا آن ‪. x = 0‬‬
‫و ‪x2 + y 2 ≠ x + y‬‬ ‫‪a+b ≠ a + b‬‬ ‫ا
‪:GH‬‬
‫إذن ‪9 + 16 ≠ 9 + 16‬‬ ‫و ‪9 + 16 = 3 + 4 = 7‬‬ ‫ﻡل ﻡ‪3‬د‪9 + 16 = 25 = 5 :‬‬
‫‪ .6‬اﻝ=‪H‬‬
‫ﺕی‪ a : B‬و ‪ b‬و ‪ c‬و ‪ d‬أاد ﺡ"" ‪bd ≠ 0 -‬‬
‫‪a c‬‬
‫
" ل إن ااد ‪ a‬و ‪ b‬و ‪ c‬و ‪  d‬ن ‪ +:‬ه‪0‬ا ا &ﺱ إذا و‪ \":‬إذا آن ‪= :‬‬
‫‪b d‬‬
‫ﻡل ‪ :‬ﺡد اد ا""‪ x +‬إذا *‪ J‬أن ااد ‪ x + 1 :‬و ‪ 3‬و ‪ x‬و ‪  2‬ن ‪ +:‬ه‪0‬ا ا &ﺱ‬

‫‪4‬‬ ‫اذ‪
 
:‬‬