AO[@CMEQY^E AI ITQYAOC IJ AOTIÕC

ITQ^YDQY^E@ >;>5
  AOTIÕC TOTMC^^ITOTQ
TOTMC^^ITOTQIJQI
IJQI

QE^IE [^EDQODE ;5
EDIRIAC IDHIGE^E_, FYEJ ^CAC@BC
AJO6751>11>2
IAWE^ CME^ @EQC^^I AI@GEAC
AJO612484814

[^CBITC^6

IJI^C AI >;>>

  5
 

AO[@CMEQY^E AI ITQYAOC IJ AOTIÕC

ITQ^YDQY^E@ >;>5
  AOTIÕC TOTMC^^ITOTQ
TOTMC^^ITOTQIJQI
IJQI

OJAODI
5. EJQID
EJQIDIA
IAIJQ
IJQIT.
IT.....
.......
.......
........
.......
.......
.......
.......
........
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.......
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........
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........4
...4
>. MEQI^
MEQI^OE@
OE@IT.
IT....
.......
.......
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........
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.......
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..........1
....1

4. DE^GE
DE^GET...
T......
.......
.......
.......
........
.......
.......
.......
.......
........
.......
.......
.......
.......
........
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.......
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.......
........
........
..........
............
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.........1
...1

4.5. Derg
Dergee Muir
Muirte.....
te............
...............
...............
..............
..............
..............
...............
...............
..............
..............
...............................1
........................1

4.>. Derg
Dergee Rove.
Rove........
..............
..............
..............
...............
...............
..............
..............
..............
...............
...............
..............
.....................
..................1
....1

1. [E^E
[E^EMIQ
MIQ^CT
^CT TOT
TOTMOD
MODCT.
CT.....
........
.......
.......
.......
.......
........
.......
.......
.......
.......
........
.......
.......
.......
.......
........
.......
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.......
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..........1
......1

1.5. [erå
[eråmitrc
mitrcss ai sotoc.
sotoc.........
...............
..............
..............
..............
...............
...............
..............
..............
..............
...............
....................1
............1

1.>. [isc ai `e I
Iaobode
aobodedoôj
doôj (([)....
[)............
...............
..............
..............
..............
...............
...............
..............
...........................9
....................9

9. DCMNOJ
DCMNOJED
EDOCJ
OCJIT
IT AI DE^
DE^GET
GET...
.......
........
.......
.......
.......
.......
........
.......
.......
.......
.......
........
.......
........
...........
...........
...........
..........9
....9
2. EJÅ@O
EJÅ@OTOT
TOT ITQ
ITQ^Y
^YDQY
DQY^E
^E@..
@......
.......
.......
........
.......
.......
.......
.......
........
.......
.......
.......
.......
........
.......
.......
.......
.......
........
.......
.......
.......
........2
.....2

2.5. Ejå`
Ejå`osos
osos Aojåm
Aojåmodc....
odc...........
...............
...............
..............
..............
..............
...............
...............
..............
..............
..............
...............
...........2
...2

2.>. Dcjtr
Dcjtrc`
c` ai aisp`
aisp`ezemoi
ezemoijtcs
jtcs `etire
`etire`is....
`is............
...............
..............
..............
...............
................................7
........................7

7. AOTIÕ
AOTIÕC
C AI
AI@
@TTOTQ
OTQIME
IME AI EOT
EOT@E
@EMOI
MOIJQ
JQC...
C.......
.......
.......
........
.......
.......
.......
........
...........
............
............
.........5;
...5;
7.5. AOTI
AOTIÕC
ÕC IT[I
IT[IDQ^E
DQ^E@......
@.............
..............
..............
..............
...............
...............
..............
..............
..............
...............
..............5;
......5;

  >
 

AO[@CMEQY^E AI ITQYAOC IJ AOTIÕC

ITQ^YDQY^E@ >;>5
  AOTIÕC TOTMC^^ITOTQ
TOTMC^^ITOTQIJQI
IJQI

5. EJQIDIAIJQIT
 Tijtoac X-X
E` sir i` `eac `ergc ai `e istrudture
istrudture,, si prcpcji uj sostime Epcrtodeac ^=8.;;

 Tijtoac _-_
E` sir i` `eac `ergc ai `e istrudture
istrudture,, si prcpcji uj sostime Epcrtodeac ^=8.;;

 Bogure 5.5 Mcai`c metimåtodc Qroaomijsocje` ai` Iaobodoc

  4
 

AO[@CMEQY^E AI ITQYAOC IJ AOTIÕC

ITQ^YDQY^E@ >;>5
  AOTIÕC TOTMC^^ITOTQ
TOTMC^^ITOTQIJQI
IJQI

>. MEQI^OE@IT
Ti dcjsoairô `es soguoijtis deredtirístodes ai `cs metiroe`is qui dcjbcrmej iste

istrudture.
Edirc

 Edirc E42 6 b‟y = 1>;; lg/dm>

 Môau`c
au`c ai I`
I`eestodo
todoae
aeaa ai` Ed
Ediirc 6 I =>,;;
,;;;,;;
;,;;;; lg/d
lg/dm>
m>

4. DE^GET
4.5
.5.. Derge Muirte

Aibojoaes dcmc `es derges ojhirijtis e `e istrudture, `es due`is scj ai jeture`ize
ojveroen`i e `c `ergc ai `e voae öto` ai `e istrudture.

 [isc ispidíbodc ai` dcjdritc ermeac >1;; lg/m´

 Tostime ai voguites mås errocstri 5; lg/m´
 Ojste`edocjis
Ojste`edocjis sejoteroes y i`ïdtrodes 9 lg/m¾
 EDO y vijto`edoôj 5; lg/m¾

4.>. Derge Rove

Aibojoae dcmc `e derge ai sirvodoc pere `e due` si aosiõe `e istrudture, i` usc ai `cs
 poscs is ai cbodojes.

 Tcnriderge
Tcnriderge 4; lg/m¾

1. [E^EM
E^EMI
IQ^
Q^CT
CT TOT
TOTMO
MODC
DCT
T
Ti aibojij e dcjtojuedoôj `cs peråmitrcs sísmodcs sigöj si ojaode ij ^JI I;4;
1.
1.55. [e
[erå
råmi
mitr
trcs
cs ai soto
sotocc

 Bedtcr ai zcje V = ;.1;, douaea ai @ome.

 Bedtcr ai sui`c T5=5.;;, qui dcrrispcj
dcrrispcjai
ai e uj sui`c rigoac.
 Escdoeac e isti topc ai sui`c istå i` [irocac ai sui`c Qp=;.2; s y Q`= >.;;s.
 Bedtcr
Bedtcr ai emp
emp`ob
`obode
odedoô
doôjj sís
sísmod
modee (D)
(D)66 ist
istii si ai
aiboj
bojii mia
miaoej
oejti
ti `e soguoi
soguoijti
jti
ixprisoôj
  1
 

AO[@CMEQY^E AI ITQYAOC IJ AOTIÕC

ITQ^YDQY^E@ >;>5
  AOTIÕC TOTMC^^ITOTQ
TOTMC^^ITOTQIJQI
IJQI

Q[ 0 Q 0 Q@
Q@D 
D =>.9
(  ) Q[
Q 
< D ≡ >.9

Q : Q` D =>.9
( )
Q[∗ Q@
>
Q 

Q 0 QpD 
Qp D =>.9

5.5 [e
[erå
råmi
mitr
trcs
cs ai sotoc
otoc

 Bedtcr ai usc Y=5.4 pcr sir uje iaobodedoôj ai detigcríe N (E`medïj).

 Bedtcr ai Vcje Istrudture` ^6 Bedtcr ai ^iauddoôj ai `e ^ispuiste Tísmode
Tísmode..
 Bedtcr ai ^iauddoôj ij `e Aoriddoôj X-X ^=8
 Bedtcr ai ^iauddoôj ij `e Aoriddoôj _-_ ^=8

Qen`e 2.5 Orrigu`eroaeais ij p`ejte y e`ture.

 O^^IGY@E^OAEAIT ITQ^YDQY^E@IT IJ E@QY^E  B. ai O.

 Orrigu`eroaea ai ^ogoaiz - [osc N`ejac

N`ejac X -

 Orrigu`eroaea ai ^isostijdoe - [osc Aïno` X -

 Orrigu`eroaea Ixtrime ai ^ogoaiz X -

 Orrigu`eroaea Ixtrime ai ^isostijdoe X -

 Orrigu`eroaea ai Mese c [isc X -

 Orrigu`eroaea Gicmïtrode Rirtode` X -

 Aosdcjtojuoaea ij `cs Tostimes ^isostijtis X -

 Aosdcjtojuoaea ixtrime ai `cs Tostimes ^isostijtis X -

 O^^IGY@E^OAEAIT ITQ^YDQY^E@IT IJ [@EJQE  B. ai O.

 Orrigu`eroaea Qcrsocje` X -

 Orrigu`eroaea Qcrsocje` Ixtrime X -

 Isquojes Ijtrejtis so -

 Aosdcjtojuoaea ai` Aoebregme X -

Tostimes jc [ere`i`cs X -
  9
 

AO[@CMEQY^E AI ITQYAOC IJ AOTIÕC

ITQ^YDQY^E@ >;>5
  AOTIÕC TOTMC^^ITOTQ
TOTMC^^ITOTQIJQI
IJQI

1.
1.>>. [i
[isc
sc a
aii `e Iao
Iaobo
bode
dedo
doôj
ôj ([
([))

@e jcrme I.;4;, siõe`e qui i` pisc si de`du`erå eaodocjejac e `e derge pirmejijti y

tcte` ai `e Iaobodedoôj uj pcrdijtefi ai `e derge vove c scnriderge ij iaobodedocjis ai `e
detigcríe D dcmc i` ai isti desc, si tcmerå i` >9% ai `e derge vove.

9. DCMN
DCMNOJ
OJED
EDOC
OCJI
JIT
TAAI
I DE^
DE^GE
GET
T
Derges bedtcrozeaes
bedtcrozeaes @^BA ai jcrme ETDI

 Y5 = 5.1A
 Y> = 5.>A + 5.2@ ;.9(@r c T c ^)
 Y4 = 5.>A + 5.2(@r c T c ^) +5.;(@ c ;.9W)
 Y1 = 5.>A + 5.2W +@ + ;.9(@r c T c ^)
 Y9 = 5.>A + 5.;I+@+ ;.>T

Y2 = ;.?A + 5.;W
 Y7 = ;.?A + 5.;I

Derges eamoson`is ETA

 T5 = A
 T> = A + @
 T4 = A + (@r c T c ^)
 T1 = A + ;.79@ + ;.79(@r c T c ^)
 T9 = A + (;.2W c ;.7I)
 T2e = ;.?A + ;.79@ + ;.79(;.2W) + ;.79(@r c T c ^)
 T2n = ;.?A + ;.79@ + ;.79(;.7I) + ;.79T
 T7 = ;.2A + ;.2W


T7 = ;.2A + ;.7I
Acjai6
A = Derge Muirte
@ = Derge Rove
@r =Derge vove ai Qidhc
I = Derge Tísmode
W = Derge ai Roijtc
^ = Derge ai ``uvoe
T = Derge ai joivi

  2
 

AO[@CMEQY^E AI ITQYAOC IJ AOTIÕC

ITQ^YDQY^E@ >;>5
  AOTIÕC TOTMC^^ITOTQ
TOTMC^^ITOTQIJQI
IJQI

2. EJÅ@
EJÅ@OT
OTOT
OT IT
ITQ^
Q^YD
YDQY
QY^E
^E@
@
2.5.
.5. Ejå`os
å`osos
os A
Aoj
ojåm
åmod
odcc

Dcj `cs ve`cris ye mcstreacs prcdiaimcs e aiserrc``er i` ispidtrc ai rispuiste pere

deae sijtoac.

 Bogure 7.> Ispidtrc ai [siuac-Edi`iredocjis

@cs aetcs ai `e ten`e ejtirocrmijti mcstreae siråj ojtrcaudoacs e` scbtweri dcmc uj

ispidtrc ai rispuiste.

  7
 

AO[@CMEQY^E AI ITQYAOC IJ AOTIÕC

ITQ^YDQY^E@ >;>5
  AOTIÕC TOTMC^^ITOTQ
TOTMC^^ITOTQIJQI
IJQI

2.>..
2.> Dc
Dcjtr
jtrc`
c` ai ais
aisp`e
p`ezem
zemoij
oijtcs
tcs `et
`etire
ire`is
`is

@cs ais
aisp`ez
p`ezemoi
emoijtc
jtcss `et
`etire
ire`is
`is cnt
cntijo
ijoacs
acs ai
ai`` ejå`
ejå`oso
ososs aoj
aojåmod
åmodc
c hej soa
soac
c
mu`top`odeacs pcr ;.79 vidis i` ve`cr ai ^, sigöj `c ojaodeac ij `e jcrme.

I` måxomc aisp`ezemoijtc ri`etovc ai ijtriposc dcjdritc ermeac aini sir

Α/h 0 ;.;;7 ij `e aoriddoôj ai` ifi ‐X-X”, Hedoijac usc ai murcs ai dcrti pere i`
dcjtrc` ai `es mosmes.

Qen`e 7.> Aisp`ezemoijtcs ri`etovcs ai ijtriposc aoriddoôj ‐X-X”.

OJI@ETQODC
E@QY^E AI E@QY^E AI
[osc AIBC^MEDOCJ AI^ORE Mex DCM[^CNEDOCJ
[OTC IJQ^I[OTC
 (∂o dm)  (∂o/ho )

Ttcry5 1 1.; ;.2; ;.;;59 CL

Nesi ; -2.5 ;.;; ;.;;;; CL

Airoves ij X

  8
 

AO[@CMEQY^E AI ITQYAOC IJ AOTIÕC

ITQ^YDQY^E@ >;>5
  AOTIÕC TOTMC^^ITOTQ
TOTMC^^ITOTQIJQI
IJQI

I` måxomc aisp`ezemoijtc ri`etovc ai ijtriposc pere e`neõo`iríe aini sir Α/h

0 ;.;;7 ij `e aoriddoôj ai` ifi ‐_-_”.
Qen`e 2.4 Aisp`ezemoijtcs ri`etovcs ai ijtriposc aoriddoôj ‐_-_”.

OJI@ETQODC
E@QY^E AI E@QY^E AI
[osc AIBC^MEDOCJ AI^ORE Mex DCM[^CNEDOCJ
[OTC IJQ^I[OTC
 (∂o dm)  (∂o/ho )
Ttcry5 1 1.; 5.11 ;.;;42 CL
Nesi ; -2.5 ;.;; ;.;;;; CL

Airoves ij _

  ?
 
 

AO[@CMEQY^E AI ITQYAOC IJ AOTIÕC

ITQ^YDQY^E@ >;>5
  AOTIÕC TOTMC^^ITOTQ
TOTMC^^ITOTQIJQI
IJQI

7. AOT
AOTIÕC
IÕC AI QO
QOFI
FI^E
^E@
@
  7.5 BYI^VET EXOE@IT.

7.> AOTIÕC AI @E AOEGCJE@IT.

Qumex 5>.41 tcj

 ௧   =;.?;  ‫ܤ‬௠

  =42Lso=>94;lg/dm>

dcj
௨= ௧ 

‫ܤ‬  9.1>
9.1> dm
dm>>
‫ܤ‬  ;.81;;;
;.81;;;878
878 Oj>

so usemcs ejgu`cs

deae @ ;.81;;;878 ooj

j>

desc @ 4 X> X4/52 ‫ܤ‬  ;.?;> oj>

@(aoegcje` ) 4.5> m @ 4 X> X4/52 ;.?22 oj

௬
>.
>.19
1942
4211 dm
௠ ;.984
l ;.9 oj
5.>
.>7
7 dm

 525.1?5   4;; c l
ീ
௬

5;
 
 
 

AO[@CMEQY^E AI ITQYAOC IJ AOTIÕC

ITQ^YDQY^E@ >;>5
  AOTIÕC TOTMC^^ITOTQ
TOTMC^^ITOTQIJQI
IJQI

7.4 AOTIÕC AI @E N^OAE OJBI^OC^.

Qumex >4. >4 tcj

 ௧   =;.?;  ‫ܤ‬௠
  =42Lso=>94;lg/dm>

dcj
௨=  ௧ 

‫ܤ‬  5;
5;.>;
.>; dm>
dm>
‫ܤ‬  5.
5.98
98 oj>
oj>

so usemcs
usemcs > deje`ites
D4x1.5 ‫ܤ‬  5.>5 ͱ   ‫ܤ‬  >.1>

virobdedmcs `e dcjaodocj ai isni`tiz

virobdemcs `e aostejdoe s

[ere virobder `e isni`tiz ij X , _ , _; ainimcs aitirmojer

aitirmojer

‫ܬ‬ ǥ,‫ܬ‬ ǥǥ,‫ܬ‬  Ր     ǥ,  ǥǥ,  

dcj

௬ǥ,
ǥ,
  aitirmojemcs

 
 ‫ݙ‬
 ;


௬ ௠ ௠ 

Ai Qe n`e s ௬ 5.57 oj >.?7 dm

௠ ;.1;1 oj 5.;4 dm

[rcnemcs dcj s = 4; dm = 5> oj

‫ܬ‬  =‫ܬ‬ 
ఠ
‫݋ܤ‬ଲ

‫ܬ‬  ఠ
74.;5>?;89

  
 ఠ =
஺ 

 ఠ = 9.9592584 oj 51.;;?27;9

 
 27.>??>7??   4;; c l
௬

‫ݙ‬
 >24.552824 4;; c l

;
 5??.825?12 4;; c l
 
௠ 

55
 
 
 

AO[@CMEQY^E AI ITQYAOC IJ AOTIÕC

ITQ^YDQY^E@ >;>5
  AOTIÕC TOTMC^^ITOTQ
TOTMC^^ITOTQIJQI
IJQI

7.1 AOTIÕC AI @E MCJQEJQI.

Qumex 8.;>5 tcj
prcnerimcs
desc @ 4 X4 X9/52

;.?>
;.?>>> oj
௬
>.415
>.41588
88 dm
௠ ;.?>>

;.9?
;.9?>> oj
௭
5.9;4
5.9;428
28 dm
5;4.;42872   4;; c l
 
௬

‫ݙ‬ 8;.>421829 4;; c l

௭
Dcmc ?8.41 is 7?.2? aosiõ
aosiõerimcs
erimcs pere xx

=42Lso=>94;lg/dm> I >;4;;;; lg/dm

  ଲି
ଲିଷ
ଷ
5.5978?51?
   = గ   ଲଷ
 

dcmc ‫ ܩ‬  5.9 α

ప
‫ݎ‬ =ሶ;ǡ ͷͶ  ‫*) ܩ‬by = ?9?.778775 lg
lg/dm>

‫ܤ‬  = 5.78
5.78 oj
oj>>
‫ܤ‬  = 55.1848
55.184875
75 dm>
ǡͶ ͷ  ‫ܤ‬  ‫ܨ‬ 
ീ;
  ീ = ?428.27?>4 lg
‫ݕ‬ = ;. 89259;92   ʹ cl
  

7.9 AOTIÕC AI @E N^OAE TY[I^OC^

5>
 
 
 

AO[@CMEQY^E AI ITQYAOC IJ AOTIÕC

ITQ^YDQY^E@ >;>5
  AOTIÕC TOTMC^^ITOTQ
TOTMC^^ITOTQIJQI
IJQI

Dmex >7.2>
`x > m   =42Lso=>94;lg/dm>
`y 5 m
`yc 1 m

erie eprcxom
eprcxomeae
eae >4.;5222
>4.;522227
27 dm>

4.927984
4.92798444
44 oj >
so usemcs > deje`ites ai erie 5.7847?527

d9 X? ‫ܤ‬  >.21 ͱ   ‫ܤ‬  9.>8

Ai Qen`es ௬ 5.84 oj 1.29 dm

@x >
௠ ;. 18? oj 5.>1 dm
@y 5
O_ ;. 24>
[rcnemcs dcj s = 4; dm = 5> oj

‫ܬ‬  =‫ܬ‬ 
ఠ
‫ܤ‬
‫݋‬ଲ = 554. 8>22>1

=
   = 1. 214;2757 oj
 ఠ
஺  55
55.7?
.7?44
44?;2
?;2 dm
 ఠ =

 
 14.;>71;89   4;; cl
௬

‫ݙ‬
 8;.9551;89 4;; cl

;
 44.?574;>8  
4;; cl

௠ 

gcnoirje ‫ݙ‬
 8;.9551;89
௠

  ଲିଷ

   =
 గ   ଲଷ
  = ;. ?;179849

dcmc ‫ ܩ‬  5.9

;ǡ ͷͶ  ‫ܩ‬
ప
‫ݎ‬ =ሶ )*y = 5582.4;71

‫ܤ‬  = 9.
9.>8
>8 oj
oj>
>
‫ܤ‬  = 41
41.;2
.;219
19525
525 dm>

  ;
ീ ǡͶ ͷ  ‫ܤ‬
  ‫ܨ‬  = 4141?. 44?1

‫ݕ‬ = ;. 8;1;?552
  

  54
 

AO[@CMEQY^E AI ITQYAOC IJ AOTIÕC

ITQ^YDQY^E@ >;>5
  AOTIÕC TOTMC^^ITOTQ
TOTMC^^ITOTQIJQI
IJQI

8. AOTI
AOTIÕC
ÕC AI DC
DCJI
JIXO
XOCJ
CJIT
IT
AOTIÕC AI @E N^OAE OJBI^OC^ DCJIXOÔJ
Qumex >4.>4 tcj
Qopc ai pirjc

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  51
 

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  59
 

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  52
 

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