Ebook en PDF Estructuras de Construccion para Tecnicos de FP Introduccion Al Calculo y Resistencia de Materiales PDF

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# $ $1 $A B1 ; $A? 1 2 $ H.U : B4A $ +.U D DB0B 2 $2 % 0 10
A$DD <2 : 1B5A$ % 0 10 %E2$ $ DD <2 : 4 $2$2 $% 0 10B 1$24 B 1$ # $ $2
1 0 A 1 1 0< %B1 A %BAB A$1 %4 B 2 ; $A? $ 8 % 1$24 B $2 % 0 10
A$DD <2 $ $ %BA H.U W+.U S ,.U
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5B ( ( )%( - ' 3 ( ! '! $ ) () $ !' ' #!, & " '!'! (" !"
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$ % ; $A? A0< %B1B DB0B 1 1$ 4A 4 1$ $ $1D % A$1 F2 $% 1 8 $24$ $F$0#%B
# $ $1 $A B1 ; $A? 1 2 $ H.U : B4A $ +.U D DB0B 2 $2 % 0 10
A$DD <2 : 1B5A$ % 0 10 %E2$ $ DD <2D #$AB $14 $? 2 $2 14 24B1 1$24 B1D
#BA %B 4 24B % A$1 %4 24$ 1$A> A$14 A 1 1 0< %B1 A %BAB A$1 %4 B 2 ; $A? $
8 % 1$24 B % $ 0 :BA %BA $2 % 0 10 A$DD <2 $ %BA +.U *H.U SH.U
0 8$2 , * $1 %4 24$ $ ; $A? 1 $ 14 24B 1$24 B : $2 % 0 10 %E2$ $ DD <2
-6-
DB ( ( )%( - ' 3 ( ! '! $ !' ( ' !'( -' '!"'( 2' 2 $'$ (, &
" '!'! '$ ) () -' '!"' ('!" R
o $ '( $" !"' '(" % '! ! $ !' ' #! 2 $'$ $ (- ' 3 (
o '$ $ ' '( $" !"' (' $ $ ( ) ! $ ( $ '( 0 ' ! '! !

('!" & '(" ! $ ( '$ " ('!" $ '( $" !"' $$' % '$
) () ('!" 0 ' '$ + 2 ' - ' 3 ( ' ) & $ F2 $% $F$0#%B
7$ 4B0 B DB0B %BA$1 #B1 4 B1 %B1 C $ 2 7 D 5 FB : DB2 %BA
2$8 4 B %B1 C $ 2 7 D AA 5 D #BA %B 4 24B 1 $% %BA $ % A$1 %4 24$
A$1 %4 #B1 4 B 2 D A> C $ 7 D 5 FBD : 1 $1 2$8 4 B 2 D A> C $
7 D AA 5
FR = − F1 + F2 + F3 + .... − Fn
$2 D B DB2 %B1 1 82B1D :

C $ %B1 $5$1 $D A 4MD $2
; 2D <2 $% 1$24 B $ % 1 ; $A? 1
o % '( $" !"' $0>1 $

1$A 2 $'$ % 1 ; $A? 1D
'(" % (" !
(" ! '$ 'I' '
'-' '! ' (" ! ( F1
14 2D 1$ D %D % DB0B&
− F1 ×d 1 + F2 ×d 2 + F3 ×d 3 + .... − Fn ×d n
dR =
FR
EF 4$ $2 C $ # A D %D % A %
14 2D $5$1 4$2$A $2 D $24
$% 1 82B $ % A$DD <2
0 8$2 ( * >%D %B $ % A$1 %4 24$ $ ; $A? 1 # A %$% 1
=$ 0B1 2 $F$0#%B $ D>%D %B $ % A$1 %4 24$ $ ; $A? 1 # A %$% 1
• F2 $14$ D 1B 7 : - ; $A? 1 # A %$% 1D

• DB0B $F$ $ A$;$A$2D $ 14 2D
7$ 4B0 B $% $F$ $ % #A 0$A
; $A? $ $14 0 2$A GS.0D
• $0>1 7$ 4B0 B DB0B DA 4$A B $

1 82B1 # A % 1 ; $A? 1D C $ C $%% 1
C $ 2 7 D % $A$D7 1B2
#B1 4 1 : % 1 C $ 2 7 D %
?C $A 2$8 4 1
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; $A? 1 # A %$% 1
$8M2 $% DA 4$A B $ 1 82B1 $14 5%$D B $% %BA $ % A$1 %4 24$ 1$A>&
FR = − F1 + F2 + F 3 − F4 − F5 = −20 + 10 + 15 − 7 − 10 = −12 KN B4 & $% 1 82B 0$2B1 2 D

C $ % A$1 %4 24$ 7 D % ?C $A A1$8M2 $% DA 4$A B $ 1 82B1 $14 5%$D BB
%D %$0B1 7BA % 14 2D % C $ 1$ $2DB24A A> % A$1 %4 24$ $% $F$ $ A$;$A$2D
− F1 ×d1 + F2 ×d 2 + F3 ×d 3 − F4 ×d 4 − F5 ×d 5 − 20 ×0 + 10 ×1 + 15 ×3 − 7 ×4,5 − 10 ×5
dR = = = 2,2m
FR − 12
K $D $A #B2$A $% 1 82B $ % A$DD <2 $ % 1 ; $A? 1D 1$8M2 $% DA 4$A B $ 1 82B1 $%$8 BL
-7-
BA %B 4 24B $2 $14$ $F$0#%B % A$1 %4 24$ $ ; $A? 1 $14 A> $2 2 # A %$% % %E2$ $
DD <2 $ % 1 ; $A? 1D 2 14 2D $ SHDH.0 $% $F$ $ A$;$A$2D C $ 7$ 4B0 BD :
$0>1 $% %BA $ D7 A$1 %4 24$ 1$A> GHU DB2 1$24 B 7 D % ?C $A D 4 % : DB0B
0 $14A % 1 8 $24$ 0 8$2
0 8$2 ' * FF$0#%B A$1 $%4B $% D>%D %B $ % A$1 %4 24$ $ ; $A? 1 # A %$% 1
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$ ; $A? 1 # A %$% 1 C $ $1 $% D>%D %B $ 2 - ' 3 !" ! A$14$ $1 $% D 1BD #BA
$F$0#%BD $ % ; $A? $5 % #$1B #AB# BD $1 $D AD % C $ #AB BD % 4A DD <2 $ %
8A $ 1B5A$ % 0 1 $ % $14A D4 A B
1 - ' 3 ( !" ! ( - ' 3 ( $ !' $'( 1$ $@#A$1 2 $2 2 $1 $ ; $A? #BA 0$4ABD

#BA $F$0#%B U 90 < 90RD : 1 A$1 %4 24$
• 4B0 2 %BA $ FR = p ×d
B2 $&
S %BA $ % A$1 %4 24$D 2BA0 %0$24$ $@#A$1 B $2 DU D R
#S %BA $ % ; $A? DB24 2 D 2BA0 %0$24$ $@#A$1 $2 90 < 90R
S $@#A$1 B $2 0
• : 1$ 1 4M 1 $0#A$ $2 $% 0 4 $% 14 2D $2 % C $ 1$ $@4 $2 $ D7 ; $A?
0 8$2 G. * >%D %B $ % A$1 %4 24$ $ 2 ; $A? DB24 2
=$ 0B1 2 $F$0#%B $ D>%D %B $ A$1 %4 24$ $ ; $A? 1 DB24 2 1 #<2 C $ #SHU 90 :

C $ SG.0D $24B2D$1&
0 8$2 GG * FF$0#%B A$1 $%4B $ D>%D %B $ % A$1 %4 24$ $ 2 ; $A? DB24 2
-8-
B ( (- ' 3 ( ! '! $ !' ( ' !'( -' '!"'( & * ( $ !' ( ' #!
(' 3 ! '! ! 2 !" , % A$1 %4 24$ 1$ B54 $2$ $ DB0#B2$A% 1 ;BA0 2 B 2
# A %$%B8A 0B A $ % B1 # A %$%B1 B1 B1B $2 $% C $ % A$1 %4 24$ 4$2 A> #BA
%BA $% 0< %B $ % 8B2 % $ D7B # A %$%B8A 0BD % %E2$ $ DD <2 1$A> %
8B2 %D : $% 1$24 B $ % A$1 %4 24$ 1$A> $% 0 AD B #BA % DB0#B1 D <2 $ 05B1
$D4BA$1 $2 % 8B2 % A $24$2 $A%B 0$FBA B51$A % 1 8 $24$ ; 8 A
0 8$2 GH * >%D %B $ % A$1 %4 24$ $ B1 ; $A? 1 DB2D AA$24$1 $2 2 # 24B
B 4$ #A$BD #$1 #BAC $ $14$ D 1B $ D>%D %B $ % A$1 %4 24$ $ ; $A? 1

DB2D AA$24$1 : 2B # A %$% 1 1<%B %B 0B1 7 D$A $ ;BA0 8A>; D D 1E C $ 2B
2$D$1 4 1 1 A % 1 0 4$0>4 D 1 #$AB 1E % 8$B0$4AE
$AB 7 : 2 D 1B # A4 D % A C $ 1E C $ $1 24$A$1 24$ C $ 1$# 1 D %D % A

2 %E4 D 0$24$ $ 4A 4 $% D 1B $ (- ' 3 ( ! '!"'( 0 ' (' 3 ! '!
! 2 !" & - ) ! ! %!+ $ ' " A'.VB F2 D7B D 1B % DB0#B1 D <2 $
05 1 ; $A? 1 # A B54$2$A % A$1 %4 24$ 1$ 7 D$ 1E&
#% D 2 B $% 4$BA$0 $ 4>8BA 1&
FR = F12 + F22
F% >28 %B α C $ 2 D % A$DD <2

$ % A$1 %4 24$ 1$ B54 $2$ DB0B&
F2 F1
α = ar cos < α = arsen
FR FR
0 8$2 G/ * >%D %B $ % A$1 %4 24$ $ B1 ; $A? 1 DB2D AA$24$1 $2 >28 %B A$D4B $2 2 # 24B
2 $F$0#%B DB2 %BA$1 4$ D% A A> % 1 DB1 1&
0 8$2 G+ * FF$0#%B $ D>%D %B $ % A$1 %4 24$ $ B1 ; $A? 1 DB2D AA$24$1 $2 >28 %B A$D4B $2 2 # 24B
FR = F12 + F22 = 1,5 2 + 12 = 1,803 KN
F2 1
α = ar cos = ar cos = 56,3º
FR 1,803
F1 1,5
05 E2 # $ $1 D %D % A $% >28 %B α DB0B& α = arsen = arsen = 56,3º
FR 1,803
-9-
7 1 #A$2 B DB0#B2$A B1 ; $A? 1 C $ DB2D AA$2 $2 2 # 24B : 7BA %$

4BD $% 4 A2B 7 D$A %B DB24A A BD $1DB0#B2$A 2 ; $A? $2 B1 $F$1
#$A#$2 D % A$1 A$F$ X : $F$ B
$ 2 $ B 4 $2$1 C $ A$D AA A % 4A 8B2B0$4AE : #AB:$D4 A % ; $A? C $ C $A 1

$1DB0#B2$A $2 %B1 $F$1 X $ D $ % 1 8 $24$ 0 2$A &
Fx = F ×cos α
F y = F ×senα
0 8$2 G- * $1DB0#B1 D <2 $ 2

; $A? $2 B1 ; $A? 1 #$A#$2 D % A$1
=$ 0B1 C $ 7 D $2 B $% $F$0#%B $ 24$1 #$AB $1DB0#B2 $2 B 2B1 %B 0 10B

$2$1 $24B2D$1 C $ $1DB0#B2$A 2 ; $A? $ %BA GD)./U DB2 % A$DD <2 :
1$24 B 2 D B $2 % 0 8$2 $2 B1 ; $A? 1 #$A#$2 D % A$1 $2 $% $F$ X $ F%
1$24 B $ % 1 ; $A? 1 A$1 %4 24$1 @ : : %B1 $5$1 $ D A 4M 0 10B9
Fx = F ×cos α = 1,803 ×cos(56,3º ) = 1KN
F y = F ×senα = 1,803 ×sen(56,3º ) = 1,5 KN
0 8$2 G, * FF$0#%B $ $1DB0#B1 D <2 $

2 ; $A? $2 B1 ; $A? 1 #$A#$2 D % A$1
9:7 )'!" '("%" ' ! - ' 3 ! '(2' " ! 2 !"

# A4 A $ 7BA $1 0#BA4 24$ C $ 4$ ; 0 % A D$1 DB2 $% DB2D$#4B $ ) )'!" $5$1
1 5$A C $ (' $$ ) ) )'!" '("%" ' ! - ' 3 '(2' " ! 2 !"
) )'!" '!" $ '! ( )2$')'!"' ) )'!" '! $2 " '$ - ' 3 2
$ (" ! '$ 2 !" * - ' 3 ( $ !' ' #! A$1 $D A % 0E2 0
14 2D $% # 24B % %E2$ $ DD <2 $ % ; $A? D C $ 1$ DBAA$1#B2 $ DB2 %
#$A#$2 D % A $1 $ % %E2$ $ DD <2 $ % ; $A? B
$ $1 $2DB24A A C $ $2 D 1 4B B1 %B1 4$@4B1 $ $14>4 D 1$ %% 0 '!" ' ) )'!" ( %

# 24B $2 C $ 1$ 4B0 2 0B0$24BD : . 3 2 $ ! ' ) )'!" ( % 14 2D 2D% 1B
0 D7 1 $D$1 # $ $1 BEA C $ %% 0 2 2 % 0B0$24B
BA %B 4 24B $% ) )'!" 1$A>&
M = F ×d
M=F·d B2 $&
A
!S 0B0$24B A7 5 4 %0$24$ $2 U Y0B
F S ; $A? A7 5 4 %0$24$ $2 U B
d
S 14 2D A7 5 4 %0$24$ $2 0B
0 8$2 G( * >%D %B $% 0B0$24B $ 2 ; $A? $2

2 # 24B $% C $ 14 J Z $2 #$A#$2 D % A
1 ! '( '$ ) )'!" 1$A>2 $ ; $A? #BA 14 2D BA %B 4 24B $#$2 $A> $ % 1

2 $1 $2 C $ $@#A$1$1 % ; $A? : % 14 2D [ 5 4 %0$24$ $2 $% D>%D %B $
$14A D4 A 1 $@#A$1 0B1 % 1 ; $A? 1 $2 U : % 1 14 2D 1 $2 0D #BA %B C $ $1 7 5 4 % C $
$% ) )'!" 1$ $@#A$1$ $2 NBP) 4A 1 2 $1 C $ # $ $1 $2DB24A A4$D #$AB 0$2B1
;A$D $24$0$24$D 1B2 Y0D U8Y0D Y0D U YD0D YD0R
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- ' 3 '* ' + '$ '$')'!" , '! 0 ' (' 2$ $ - ' 3 , ! '(2' " $ 2 !"
- 10 -
! ' (' " ) ) )'!" ( % $? # A C $ %B $24 $2 1 0$FBA # $ $1 0 8 2 A4$ C $

!"# $% &# '% ( )% #*( &% $% ( +
B0B '$ ) )'!" D $ %8 2 0 2$A D '( ) ! + $1 ;>D % #$21 A C $ # A $; 2 A

DBAA$D4 0$24$ 2 0B0$24B 2$D$1 4 A>1 DB2BD$A $% 1$24 B $% 8 AB E21 %B 2B $1 %B 0 10B
8 A A 2 8A ;B % $A$D7 C $ % ?C $A R # $1 $2 $14>4 D : DB2 %B1 0B0$24B1 # 1 %B
0 10B 2B $1 %B 0 10B C $ $% 0B0$24B #AB BC $ 2 8 AB 7 D % $A$D7 B 7 D %
?C $A $% # 24B B2 $ 4B0 1 0B0$24B1
BA %B 4 24B 1 $0#A$ C $ $; 2 1 2 0B0$24B $5$1 A 1 %BAD $@#A$1 B 2BA0 %0$24$

$2 U Y0D : $0>1 $% 1$24 B $% 0B0$24B A8 AB % $A$D7 B ?C $A B BA $1B
A$#A$1$24 0B1 % 0B0$24B DB0B 2 4AB?B $ ADB DB2 2 ;%$D7 D % ;BA0 $2 ADB 2 D $%
7$D7B $ C $ 8 A : % ;%$D7 $% 1$24 B
2 $F$0#%B 4$ D% A A> $ C E 4$ $14B: 7 5% 2 B&
0 8$2 G) * FF$0#%B $ D>%D %B $ 2 0B0$24B $2 2 # 24B
EF 4$ $2 C $ # A $; 2 A $% 0B0$24B 7$ 0 %4 #% D B ; $A? #BA 14 2D

+U YH0 S )U Y0D #$AB $0>1 7$ 2 D B $% 1$24 B $% 8 AB A 1 5$A D >% $1 $%
1$24 B $% 8 AB 1 0#%$0$24$ $5$1 0 8 2 A C $ $% # 24B $2 $% C $ 4B0 1 0B0$24B $1 ; FB
: 2B 1$ 0 $ $D : C $ #% D 1 % ; $A? $2 $% 1$24 B C $ 4$ 2 C $2R 4$ A$1 %4 A> 24 4 B
1 5$A $% 1$24 B $% 8 ABR O B $1Q
% ; $A? $ +U % 7 5 $1$ DB%BD B F 14B $2 $% # 24B J ZD O1 5AE 1 D %D % A D >% 1$AE $%

0B0$24B C $ #AB D AE Q $1 1 % ; $A? $ +U # 1 1$ #BA $% # 24B % 0E2 0
14 2D $24A$ % ; $A? : $% # 24B 1$AE S.0 : #BA %B 4 24B ! S Y S+Y.S.U Y0
F1 $D A C $ ( $ $ !' ' #! '$ ' " - ' 3 2 ( 2 '$ 2 !" '! 0 '
0 ' ') ( $ $ ) )'!" (, '!" ! '( '$ ) )'!" ' * - ' 3 (' % ! $
#BAC $ % 0E2 0 14 2D % %E2$ $ DD <2 $ % ; $A? 1$A> D$AB
CONVENIO DE SIGNOS
A 2 D A $% ('!" '$ ) )'!" A8 ABB $ ;BA0 0 4$0>4 D 1$ EN LOS MOMENTOS
7 $14 5%$D B 2 ! '! ' ( +! ( $8M2 $14$ DB2 $2 B '.'(
!( ' ) ) )'!" 2 ( " $ ( 0 ' + ! '! ('!"
!" $ ( + I ( '$ '$ I, & !'+ " ( '! '$ ('!" - +
'$ ( + I ( '$ '$ I
% $? 7 : 1 BE B 7 5% A $ % '+$ ' $ ) ! ' ' * F14

A$8% 4$ # $ $ : A $4$A0 2 A $% 1 82B $ 2 0B0$24B A $%%B
$5$1 #B2$A % 0 2B 1B5A$ $% # 24B ; FB $2 $% C $ 4B0 1 0B0$24B :
1 0 % A $% 8 AB $ % ; $A? D 1 # A 1 0 % A $% 8 AB 4 # %8 A 1$3 %
7 D AA 5 $% 0B0$24B A8 ABB $1 #B1 4 B : 1 4 # %8 A 4 $2$ C $
1$3 % A 7 D 5 FB # A 1 0 % A $% 8 AB $2 $1$ # 24B $% 0B0$24B
A8 ABB $1 2$8 4 B
0 8$2 G' * B2 $2 B $ 1 82B1 $2 0B0$24B1 $8% $ % 0 2B $A$D7

$24$& B0 2 B #M5% DBD 4BA& D7BA1D7 H
$8B $2 $% D 1B 24$A BA DB0B $% 8 AB $A $2 1$24 B $ % 1 8 F 1 $% A$%BF

0 4$0>4 D 0$24$ $5$AE 7 5$A%B $@#A$1 B DB2 %BA 2$8 4 B ! S*)U Y0
- 11 -
9:67 $ '-' " 2 $ !

$8 AB C $ 7 1 BE B %8 2 $? 7 5% A $ 2 DB21$D $2D $% DB2D$#4B $ 0B0$24BD 1$
4A 4 $% DB2BD B '-' " 2 $ !
F14$ $;$D4B DB21 14$ $2 C $ # A C $ 2 1 14$0 $ B1 ; $A? 1D DB0B $% $ % ; 8 A D $14E

$2 $C % 5A B 1$ $5$ D 0#% A C $ 2B 1$ 0 $ BA %B 4 24BD % 4$2 $2D 8A A C $
#AB BD % ; $A? $ 2 1$24 B 1$ $5$ DB0#$21 A #BA % ; $A? $2 1$24 B DB24A A B
A C $ 7 : $C % 5A BD $% 0B0$24B $2 D %C $A # 24B $5$ 1$A 2 %B A1$ DB0#$21$2 %B1

0B0$24B1 $ % 1 ; $A? 1 G : HB BA %B 4 24BD $2 $% # 24B J Z $% 0B0$24B A $ % 1 ; $A? 1
D4 24$1 G : HB $5$ 1$A 2 %B&
F1 M A = F1 ×d1 − F2 ×d 2 = 0 # 1 2 B F2 ×d 2 % B4AB
F2 % B $% 8 % A$1 %4 C $ F1 ×d1 = F2 ×d 2
F1 $D A C $ $% 0B0$24B #AB BD B #BA 05 1
PALANCA
; $A? 1 1$ 8 %
A 0 8$2 H. * F;$D4B # % 2D
d1 d2
F14$ $;$D4B $1 DB2BD B $1 $ % 24 8\$ D : % 7 0 2 1 D7B $;$D4B $1 $ %

#A$7 14BA
=$ 0B1 D<0B #% D A%B $2 2 $F$0#%B 0 8 2 C $ 4 $2$1 C $ %$ 24 A 2 #$1B $ G. :
C $ 1 4 % ? A $% $;$D4B # % 2D A $%%B DB214A :$1 2 # % 2D : 1 4M 1 $% #$1B $ G.
G0 $ 14 2D $% # 24B $ #B:B $ % # % 2D J Z OP E ; $A? $5$1 1 #$A A # A
#B $A 0B $A % # % 2D 1 $% 5A ?B $ % ; $A? C $ 7 D$1 $2 $% B4AB $@4A$0B $1 /0Q
B0B F1 ×d1 = F2 ×d 2
10T
F2
10T ·m
10T ×1m = F2 ×3m F2 = = 3,33T
PALANCA
3m
A
1m 3m
¿Y si el brazo de la fuerza que aplicas fuese de 5m?
10T 10T ·m
F2 10T ×1m = F2 ×5m F2 = = 2,00T
5m
PALANCA
A ¿Y si fuera de 10m?
1m 5m
10T ·m
10T
10T ×1m = F2 ×10m F2 = = 1,00T
10m
F2
F1 $D AD C $ 1 1 1 2 # % 2D # A 0B $A
PALANCA
A 2 #$1B D 24B 0>1 % A8B 1$ $% 5A ?B % B4AB
1m 10m % BD 0$2BA 1$A> % ; $A? C $ 4 $2$1 C $ 7 D$A
# A C $ $0# $D$ 8 A A A%$ 24 A1$ $% #$1BB
0 8$2 HG * FF$0#%B $% $;$D4B # % 2D
$ 7 5E 1 #A$8 24 B %8 2 $? #BA C E $1 4 2 ;ED % $1$2AB1D A 2 4 $AD 1 2 B %B1

$ B1D : 1 2 $05 A8B A$1 %4 A$% 4 0$24$ ;>D % DB2 2B1 % D 4$1R A$1# $14 $1 #BA $%
$;$D4B # % 2D D D 24B 0>1 % A8B1 1$ 2 %B1 % D 4$1 A0>1 5A ?B 7 :B 0>1 ;>D % A0$2B1
; $A? B 4$ A$1 %4 A> $1$2AB1D A % 4 $AD
[ : 2 D 4 C $ 1$ 4A 5 :$ % ; 0B1B 0 4$0>4 DB $ % CA$D

D%>1 D D AC E0$ $1D C $ #B2$ $ 0 2 ; $14B % 0#BA4 2D $
$14$ $;$D4BD : %B 5 $2 DB2BD B C $ $A : $2 1 E#BD
(' % &% ' (& , , - #. % ' +/ E#$%0 '
KP E DB1 1 1$ %$ BD AAE 2 AC E0$ $1LR #$AB % $A $1 C $

4$2E A ?<2
0 8$2 HH * % 2D C $ A$#A$1$24 % D 4 $ AC E0$ $1
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- 12 -
9::7 I')2$ ' %$ $ ' ) )'!" ( '! ! 2 !"

7BA C $ : 1 5$1 C E $1 2 0B0$24B $ 2 ; $A? DB2 A$1#$D4B 2 # 24B %%$8 $%
0B0$24B $ #A D4 D A
F0#$D$0B1 #A D4 D 2 B $ 2 $ B DB2 ! ( $ - ' 3 A; $A? # 24 %B #<2 2 ; $A?

$ , 2 14 2D 0E2 0 $ -0 $1 $ $% # 24B J ZD D %D % C E 0B0$24B #AB D$
D7 ; $A? $2 $ A$D $A B C $ % 14 2D $5$1
6T
0$ A% $2 #$A#$2 D % A % %E2$ $ DD <2 $1 $ D $1
$D AD % 0E2 0 14 2D
A
5,0m
M A = F ×d = 6T ×5m = 30T ×m
0 8$2 H/ * FF$0#%B $ D>%D %B $ 0B0$24B $2 $% # 24B
= 0B1 DB0#% D A%B 2 #BC 4B 0>1 #<2 7BA C $ 4 $2$1 2 !I !" ' - ' 3 (
2 $'$ ( DB0B % 1 $% 5 FBD D %D % $% 0B0$24B C $ 8$2$A 2 4B 1 $1 1 ; $A? 1 $2 $%
# 24B : $2 $% # 24B "
B #A 0$AB C $ $5$1 A4$ D $24 $1 C $

F5=10KN
4B 1 % 1 ; $A? 1 1B2 # A %$% 1 $24A$ 1E :
F4=7KN # A %$% 1 2 A$D4 C $ DB24 $2$ : "D #BA
%B 4 24BD $% 0B0$24B $2 : " 1$A> 8 % # A
$1 1 ; $A? 1 $2 05B1 # 24B1
F% 0B0$24B 1$A> 8 % % 1 0 $D4BA % $

F3=15KN %B1 0B0$24B1 C $ #AB BD D ; $A? $2 $%
d5=5m
d4=4,5m
# 24B B " 1E # $1D # A 7 D$A $1 1 0

$5$1 4$2$A $2 D $24 $% 1 82B $% 8 AB C $
d3=3m
#AB BD D ; $A? $2 B "D $ 0B B C $ $2

F2=10KN A$ % 2 1 $D$1 1$A> 1 0 : B4A A$14 A$2
; 2D <2 $% 1$24 B $% 8 ABB A 1 5$A C $
d2=1m
1 82B $5$1 #B2$A #% D % A$8% $ % 0 2B

F1=20KN $A$D7
A B
M A = M B = F1 ×d1 − F2 ×d 2 − F3 ×d 3 + F4 ×d 4 + F5 ×d 5
d=2,5m
M A = M B = 20 ×0 − 10 ×1 − 15 ×3 + 7 ×4,5 + 10 ×5 = 26,5 KN ·m
0 8$2 H+ * FF$0#%B $ D>%D %B $ 0B0$24B1 $2 2 # 24B B " $5 B 2 1 14$0 $ ; $A? 1 # A %$% 1
B 1E 1 4$ 7 1 B D $24 #$AB $ $14$ 1 14$0 $ $D4BA$1 D %D % 0B1 1 A$1 %4 24$

24$1D : DB0B % A$1 %4 24$ $ 2 1 14$0 $ ; $A? 1 $1 B4A ; $A? C $ A$#A$1$24 %
DD <2 DB2F 24 $% 4B4 % $ DD B2$1 C $ ;BA0 2 # A4$ $% 1 14$0 R F14B C $AA> $D A C $
1 D %D %B 7BA $% 0B0$24B C $ DA$ % A$1 %4 24$ $2 B " $5$ 1$A 8 % % 0B0$24B $ %
1 0 $D 2B1 $ % 1 ; $A? 1 B0#AB5E0B1%B&
0 A 1 $2 #>8 2 1 24$A BA$1 $A>1 C $ % A$1 %4 24$ 4B0 5 2 %BA $ GHU : 1$

1 4 5 $2 2 %E2$ # A %$% % A$D4 "
FR=12KN 2 14 2D $ HDH0
B #A 0$AB $1 ; F A1$ $2 C E 1 82B 4$2 A> $%

dR=2,2m
0B0$24B $2 $5 B $1D 1 2 B %
A$8% $ % 0 2B $A$D7 1$A> #B1 4 B A %
8 % C $ $% A$1 %4 B 24$A BAB
M A = FR ×d R = 12 ×2,2 = 26,4 KN ×
A B
B0B # $ $1 B51$A A $% A$1 %4 B $1
d=2,5m 8 % K" $2BD D 1 8 % #BAC $ $2 $%
D>%D %B $ 2B # 1$ 4B B1 %B1 $D 0 %$1L
0 8$2 H- * B0#AB5 D <2 $ C $ % A$1 %4 24$ #AB BD $% 0 10B 0B0$24B C $ $% 1 14$0 $ ; $A? 1 $C %$24$
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$ 4BD $% 4 A2B 7BA 2 1 14$0 $- ' 3 ( !" ! - ' 3 $ !' $ A D %D % A $%

0B0$24B $2 2 # 24B $5 B 2 1 14$0 DB24 2 B B % 2$ % $ ; $A? 1 1 2$D$1 4 A
D %D % A % A$1 %4 24$ $% 1 14$0
#<2 C $ 4 $2$1 2 1 14$0 $ ; $A? 1 DB24 2 B B % 2$ % $ HU 90D #% D B 2

14 2D $ G.0 $2 2 8 D OD >% 1$AE $2 0B0$24B $2 $% # 24B Q
p=2KN/m
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0B0$24B $5 B 2 ; $A? DB24 2 B
% 2$ %
VIGA
A A
d=10m d/2=5m
d=10m
B #A 0$AB C $ $5$1 7 D$A $1 D %D % A % A$1 %4 24$ $ 2 $ B % A$1 %4 24$ $ $14$

1 14$0 : %B 7 5E 0B1 D %D % B $2 2 $F$0#%B 24$A BAD : 1 5$0B1 C $ $14> $2 % 0 4
$% 1$80$24B $2 C $ 1$ #% D 9HS-0D : 4B0 2 %BA $ FR = p ×d = 2 KN / m ×10 m = 20 KN
7BA : 7$0B1 DB2 $A4 B % ; $A? DB24 2 $2 2 ; $A? # 24 % M2 D D : $% D>%D %B $%
0B0$24B $2 $1 20$ 4B A M = F ×d )&
d
M A = FR ×d R = FR × = 20 ×5 = −100 KN ×m ×
2
=$ 0B1 2 M%4 0B $F$0#%B $ D>%D %B #<2 C $ 4 $2$1 C $ D %D % A $% 0B0$24B $2 $%
# 24B J Z AC $ DB 2D $ DB2 $% # 24B $ $0#B4A 0 $24B $ 2 8 $2 B% ?BBD : C $ %
; $A? #% D $1 2 ; $A? 2D% 2 $ % C $ $1DB2BD$1 % 14 2D 0E2 0 A$2
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0E2 0 B OP E # $ $1 7 D$A # A D %D % A $% 0B0$24B C $ 8$2$A % ; $A? $2 $% # 24B Q
A$1# $14 $1 C $ %B C $ $5$1 7 D$A $1 #AB:$D4 A % ; $A? $2 %B1 $F$1 X $ 2 $?

7$D7B $14B 7 5A>1 $1DB0# $14B % ; $A? $2 B1 ; $A? 1 A @ : :BD 2 A @B # 1 A> #BA $%
# 24B J Z : 2B #AB D A> 0B0$24B A S.BD : % B4A A :B #AB D A> 2 0B0$24B $2 J Z D :B
%BA 1$A> : #BA % 14 2D AC $ $A 4BD : C $ 7BA 1E $1 % 14 2D 0E2 0 # A :B
F% $F$0#%B C $ 4$ #AB#B28B $1 DB2 2 ; $A? SGD)./U C $ ;BA0 2 >28 %B DB2 $% $F$ X

$ -,D/V $14> 1 4 G0 $ J Z 0$ B $2 $% $F$ XD #BA %B 4 24B $1DB2BD$1 % 0E2 0
14 2D 1 %E2$ $ DD <2 A 14 2D $2 #$A#$2 D % AB $1 $ J Z BA %B 4 24BD $5$1
#AB:$D4 A % ; $A? $2 $% $F$ X $ D A$1 %4 2 B B1 ; $A? 1 #% D 1 $2 $% 0 10B # 24B 2
$2 A$DD <2 X : B4A $2 A$DD <2 A @ : :B
; $A? C $ $5$1
1KN
α=5
$1DB0#B2$A $1 % $ 2
6,3
º DESCOMPOSICIÓN DE LA FUERZA F EN LOS EJES X e Y $F$0#%B 24$A BAD : %
LÍ
1,5KN
N
EA
F=1,803KN
$1DB0#B1 D <2 DB0B
DE
AC
A$1 %4 B&
CI
ÓN
DE
F
Fx = F ×cos α = 1,803 ×cos (56,3º ) = 1KN

1KN
A A
α =5 F y = F ×sen α = 1,803 ×sen (56,3º ) = 1,5 KN
6,3
º
1,5KN 0 8$2 H( * FF$0#%B $ D>%D %B $
F=1,803KN
0B0$24B $2 J Z DB2 2 ; $A?
1,0m 1,0m 2D% 2 $ % C $ 1$ $1DB2BD$ %
2,0m 2,0m 0E2 0 14 2D 1 %E2$ $
DD <2 $1 $ J Z
2 $? $1DB0# $14B : # $ $1 D %D % AD 1 2 #AB5%$0 1D $% 0B0$24B $2 J Z DB0B % 1 0

$ 0B0$24B1 $ % 1 B1 ; $A? 1 $1DB0# $14 1 AA$D $A 1 A % A$8% $ % 0 2B $A$D7
# A $4$A0 2 A $% 1 82B $ D 0B0$24BB&
M A = FX ×d X − FY ×d Y = 1KN ×0m − 1,5 KN ×1m = −1,5 KN ×m ×

EF 4$ DB0B % ; $A? #AB:$D4 $2 $% $F$ X $14> 2 14 2D $ 8 % XS. : 2B
#AB BD 0B0$24B
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D7 C CE CDB B A A
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4B B1 %B1 D $A#B1 $2 $% 1$24 B $ 1 D$24AB A A 8 B % D$24AB $ % 4 $AA B
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4 $AA $1D % A$1 %4 24$ $ 4B 1 $1 1 ; $A? 1 A# A %$% 1 $2 A$DD <2 % D$24AB $ %
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$ #% D D <2 $ D7 A$1 %4 24$ $1 %B C $ %% 0 0B1 '!" '+ '
F2 A$1 0$2&
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# A4ED % 1 C $ ;BA0 2 D %C $A D $A#B
• $% '!" ' + ' $1 $% # 24B ; FB $ 2 A 5%$ $ 2 D $A#BD #BA $% C $
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#% D D <2 $ % A$1 %4 24$
CENTRO DE GRAVEDAD (c.d.g.)

0 8$2 H) * $1 %4 24$ $ % 1 ; $A? 1 $
FR
8A $ #% D $2 $% D$24AB $ 8A $ $
% 1$DD <2 $ 2 # $?
FUERZAS DE GRAVEDAD APLICADAS EN CADA PUNTO RESULTANTE DE LAS FUERZAS DE GRAVEDAD

DE UN CUERPO DIRIGIDAS AL CENTRO DE LA TIERRA. APLICADA EN EL CENTRO DE GRAVEDAD (c.d.g.)
F1 0#BA4 24$ C $ A$D $A $1 C $ $2 D 1B $ C $ % (' #! $ 2 # $? C $ $14>1

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'$ 2 !" ' ' ' ). ( 'I'(
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$%$0$24B1 % 2$ %$1D D 0#%$2 C $ 1B2 1 0E4A D 1 B B5%$0$24$ 1 0E4A D 1 A 24 1 0E4A D 1BD
$2 D :B D 1B 1 D$24AB $
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$ %B1 $F$1 $ 1 0$4AE
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$F$0#%B 2 8 D %% 0 A$0B1 ' " 3 $ % $14A D4 A
% $ + +' )1" 0 ' '( $" ' ! " ( $ (
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1<%B #BA 1 A$D4A ? DB0B&
DIRECTRIZ DE
LA VIGA
APOYO 1 APOYO 2
L=DISTANCIA ENTRE APOYOS
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#BA 5 AA 1 C $ ;BA0 2 4A >28 %B1D 1E C $ % 1 #B $0B1 0B $% ? A $ 2 ;BA0 1$2D %% DB2
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BARRAS NUDOS
NUDO 1 BARRA 2 NUDO 2
BARRA 1 BARRA 3
APOYO 1 APOYO 2
APOYO 1 L=DISTANCIA ENTRE APOYOS
APOYO 2
L=DISTANCIA ENTRE APOYOS
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FORJADO
PERSONA DE 60Kg
PILAR APEADO EN VIGA

REACCIÓN PILAR 100KN
VIGA
VIGA DE UN FORJADO
F=100KN
F=60kg
VIGA VIGA DE UN FORJADO
0 8$2 /' * FF$0#%B1 $ 0B $% ? D <2 $ D A8 1 # 24 %$1 $2 $14A D4 A 1

?C $A & A8 # 24 % $5 % #$1B $ 2 #$A1B2
$A$D7 & A8 # 24 % $5 B % A$ DD <2 $ 2 # % A #$ B $2 % 8 $ 2 ;BAF B
CAMIÓN DE 3 EJES DE 26 t
(7t + 9,5t + 9,5t)
VIGA DE UN PUENTE
F1=7t F2=9,5t F3=9,5t
VIGA DE UN PUENTE
0 8$2 +. * FF$0#%B $ 0B $% ? D <2 $ D A8 1 # 24 %$1 $ 2 D 0 <2 $2 2 # $24$
- 19 -
.L ' 3 ( $ !' $'( !" ! ( ' '2 '('!" ! ) ! !I !" ' ' " '(
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$ 2 # 1 A$% D B $% #A$4 % A5 AA$A B $ 2 # $24$D : 0 D7B1 B4AB1 $F$0#%B1R
DB24 2 D <2 4 $2$1 2 # A $ $F$0#%B $ D A8 1 % 2$ %$1 #% D 1 $2 $14A D4 A 1&

d=4m
TABIQUERÍA DE 300kg/m2
PRETIL DE UN PUENTE
h=2,4m
PESO PRETIL 10KN/m
VIGA DE UN PUENTE
VIGA
Luz de vano = 5m
p=10KN/m
d=4m
p=300·2,4=720kg/m
VIGA DE UN FORJADO
VIGA
Luz de vano = 5m
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PERSONAS OCUPANDO UN FORJADO
CARGA 2KN/m 2
2
p=2KN/m
SOLADO DE BALDOSA CERÁMICA 2

CARGA 1,1KN/m 2 p=1,1KN/m
0 8$2 +H * FF$0#%B1 $ 0B $% ? D <2 $ D A8 1 1 #$A; D %$1 $2 $14A D4 A 1
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0$4AB D A B AU 90HD 6890HD 90HRBD : 4M 1 $0#A$ 4$2 A>1 C $ 4A 21;BA0 A% 1 $2
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C $ #B: % D 5 $A4 B D A8 $5 % #$1B #AB# B $ % D 5 $A4 $1 $ 4 #B
1 #$A; D %D : #% D $2 4B % D 5 $A4 D 1 #<2 C $ $1 2 D A8 $ GD)U 90H A
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7 D$A $1BD C E 4 $2$1 % A$1# $14 &
ANCHO PROPORCIONAL DE CARGA
QUE RECAE EN CADA VIGA
CUBIERTA APOYADA EN CORREAS
2,1m
P=1,80KN/m
luz izquierda/2 + luz derecha/2 = 2,0/2+2,2/2 = 2,1 m
S
EA
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CO
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CORREA EN FORMA DE " Z "
IS
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DISTANCIA ENTRE CORREAS = 2,0m DISTANCIA ENTRE CORREAS = 2,2m DISTANCIA ENTRE CORREAS = 2,0m
0 8$2 +/ * = 14 / $ 2 D 5 $A4 $2 $ 2 14A % #B: $2 DBAA$ 1 $2 ;BA0 $]
A D %D % A 2 $ $1 1 DBAA$ 1 A 8 B %B C $ $5$1 7 D$A $1 1% A% : #% D A%$ %

D A8 1 #$A; D % C $ A$D $ 1B5A$ $%% A $%%B 4$2 A>1D #A$ 0$24$D C $ 4A 21;BA0 A
D7 D A8 1 #$A; D % $2 2 D A8 % 2$ %
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#AB#BAD B2 % C $ A$D $ $2 % DBAA$ C $ C $A$1 D %D % A AHDG0B % DB2 $A4$1 $1 2
D A8 % 2$ % F1 $D AD C $ % D A8 1 #$A; D % % $5$1 4A 21;BA0 A $2 2 D A8
% 2$ %D C $ $2 $% $F$0#%B $ % 0 8$2D 4B0 2 %BA $ GD).U 90YHDG0S/D()U
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; 8 A 1 #$A BA D7B 2D7B 1$ D %D % DB0B % 1 0 $% 04 $% 14 2D 7 14
B4A DBAA$ % ?C $A D 0>1 % 0 4 $% 14 2D 7 14 B4A DBAA$ % $A$D7
dis tan cia _ izquierda dis tan cia _ derecha 2,0 2,2
F2 $% D 1B $% $F$0#%B = + = + = 2,1m
2 2 2 2
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C $ 8A 4 2 1B5A$ % $14A D4 A DB214 24$0$24$ %B % A8B $% 4 $0#B ADB0B #BA
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# 1 A$% D B D %C $A B4AB $%$0$24B 05 E2 1B2 DD B2$1 A 5%$1& $% $;$D4B $%
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4 5 C $AE D 4B B 4 #B $ D A# 24$AE 1D A$ $14 0 $24B1 ADB0B # 0$24B1D 8 A2$D B1D
$2% D B1D ; %1B1 4$D7B1BD A$%%$2B1 ADB0B %B1 $ 4 $AA 1B : $C #B1 ; FB1
A D %D % A $% %BA $% 2'( 2 2 1<%B 2$D$1 4 1 DB2BD$A % 1 0$21 B2$1 $% $%$0$24B
$14A D4 A % A0B : 1 $21 AU 90/B
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$14A D4 A 1 A$% 7BA0 8<2 A0 B : $% D$AB $14A D4 A %B&
o '!( '$ * ) +#! '! ) O :<,??NBJ)9 K:,<? J)9L
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$0>1 4$2 $2 D $24 C $ '$ 2'( 2 2 '("% 2$ '! " ( $ ( 2 !" ( ' $
'(" " &, 2 $ " !" , (' '.' 2$ ) ! + !" ! ( . ' $ (
. ( F14 D A8 1$ B54 $2$ DB0B&
P P P p
γ= γ= 1 %% 0 0B1 # p= : 1 14 4 0B1 γ= p = γ ×S
V S ×L L S
B2 $&
#S#$1B #BA 0$4AB $ % $14A D4 A AU 90B
S #$A; D $ $ % 1$DD <2 4A 21 $A1 % $ % $14A D4 A A0HB
=$ 0B1 2 $F$0#%B DB2 D 4 #B $ 0 4$A % A7BA0 8<2 A0 B : D$AB $14A D4 A %B&
• #<2 C $ $5$1 #% D A % D A8 $5 % #$1B #AB# B $ 2 8 $ 2 M2 DB 2B

$ 7BA0 8<2 A0 B $ % ? -0 : $ 1$DD <2 H-@/- D0 O >% 1$AE % D A8 $5
1 #$1B #AB# BQ
3
$21 $% 7BA0 8<2 A0 B $1& γ = 25 KN / m
B0B % 1$DD <2 $1 H-@/-D0 S = 0, 25 m ×0,35 m = 0,0875 m 2 $24B2D$1_
D A8 #BA 0$4AB % 2$ % #% D 1$A> p = γ ×S = 25KN / m3 ×0,0875m 2 = 2,19 KN / m
0 8$2 +- * FF$0#%B $ #% D D <2 $ % D A8 $% #$1B #AB# B 2 8 $ 7BA0 8<2 $ 2 2B
• #<2 C $ $5$1 #% D A % D A8 $5 % #$1B #AB# B $ 2 8 0$4>% D DB2

1$DD <2 $2 ;BA0 $ B0B 4B1 1 5$1 C $ 1$ 4A 4 $ 2 #$A; % 4 #B F/,. A2B 4$
#A$BD #$1 #BA % 2B0$2D% 4 A $% #$A; % $ D$ABD : % #A$2 $A>1 C E 1 82 ; D $2
B4A 1 2 $1B $0>1 % 8 4 $2$ 4A$1 2B1 8 %$1 $ -D..0 : % 1$DD <2 $%
#$A; % F/,. $1 $ (HD(D0H O >% 1$AE % D A8 $% #$1B #AB# B $ % 8 Q
3
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F1 4B C $ % 1$DD <2 $% F/,. $1 (HD(D0H $5$1 # 1 A %B1 D0H 0H # A

72,7 cm 2
#B $A 7B0B8$2$ ? A % 1 2 $1 S= = 0,00727 m 2 $24B2D$1_
10000 cm 2 m 2
D A8 #BA 0$4AB % 2$ % #% D 1$A> p = γ ×S = 78,50 KN / m 3 ×0,00727m 2 = 0,571KN / m
0 8$2 +, * FF$0#%B $ #% D D <2 $ % D A8 $% #$1B #AB# B 2 8 $ D$AB $ 4A$1 2B1 8 %$1
F% $F$0#%B $% # A4 B 24$A BA $2 $% C $ D %D %>5 0B1 % D A8 $5 % #$1B $ %

D 5 $A4 $2 2 DBAA$ 4 05 E2 $1 2 D 1B $ #% D D <2 $ D A8 1 #$A0 2$24$1 1B5A$
8 1
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(1) Deben descomponerse en dos cargas concentradas de 10 KN separadas entre si 1,8 m. Alternativamente dichas cargas se
podrán sustituir por una sobrecarga uniformemente distribuida en la totalidad de la zona de 3,0 KN/m2 para el cálculo de elementos
secundarios, como nervios o viguetas, doblemente apoyados, de 2,0 KN/m2 para el de losas, forjados reticulados o nervios de
forjados continuos, y de 1,0 KN/m2 para el de elementos primarios como vigas, ábacos de soportes, soportes o zapatas.
(2) En cubiertas transitables de uso público, el valor es el correspondiente al uso de la zona desde la cual se accede.
(3) Para cubiertas con un inclinación entre 20º y 40º, el valor de qk se determina por interpolación lineal entre los valores
correspondientes a las subcategorías G1 y G2.
(4) El valor indicado se refiere a la proyección horizontal de la superficie de la cubierta.
(5) Se entiende por cubierta ligera aquella cuya carga permanente debida únicamente a su cerramiento no excede de 1 KN/m2.
(6) Se puede adoptar un área tributaria inferior a la total de la cubierta, no menor que 10 m2 y situada en la parte más desfavorable
de la misma, siempre que la solución adoptada figure en el plan de mantenimiento del edificio.
(7) Esta sobrecarga de uso no se considera concomitante con el resto de acciones variables.
Notas: En las zonas de acceso y evacuación de los edificios de las zonas de categorías A y B, tales como portales, mesetas y
escaleras, se incrementará el valor correspondiente a la zona servida en 1 KN/m2.
Para su comprobación local, los balcones volados de toda clase de edificios se calcularán con la sobrecarga de uso
correspondiente a la categoría de uso con la que se comunique, más una sobrecarga lineal actuando en sus bordes de 2 KN/m.
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D %D % B % $14A D4 A 1B0$4 4B 1 % 1 D A8 1 % $?
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#<2 C $ 4 $2$1 C $ D %D % A % 1 %$:$1 $ $1; $A?B1 $ 2 8 $2 B% ?B $ /D..0 $
%B28 4 D 1B5A$ % C $ D4M 2 2 D A8 DB24 2 $ -U 90 #% D $2 4B % 8 : 2
D A8 # 24 % $2 $% 5BA $ $ HU D 4 % : DB0B 2 D % 1 8 $24$ 0 8$2 B0#A $5 C $ 1$
D 0#%$ $% 4$BA$0 $ 1 #$A#B1 D <2
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- 54 -
66 7 A E AB CA E A CAB
EA B =C ED C A
B " R ( 2 " ( 66 6 & 66 : ! (' %! ' $ ( '! $ ( '4%)'!'(, ( 0 '

!( 1 $ ( ) ( 2 " ( )2$')'!" (E C
66 6 7 @A 1 '( !2 !" & #) (' ( B
2 #AB24 A B $2 2 DB2F 24B $ 1B% D B2$1 % D>%D %B $ A$ DD B2$1 : %$:$1 $ $1; $A?B1
# A % 1 8 1D #<A4 DB : $%$0$24B1 C $ 0>1 7 5 4 %0$24$ 1$ 4 $2$2 C $ D %D % A
1E C $D 2 #AB24 A B 2B $1 2 0>1 2 0$2B1D C $ 2 JA$D$4 A BZ $2 ;BA0 $ 4 5% 1 $2 $%
C $ # $ $1 $2DB24A A % 1B% D <2 $ % 1 A$ DD B2$1 : %$:$1 $ $1; $A?B1 # A 0 D7 1
7 #<4$1 1 $ D A8 ;$A$24$
- K ED $1 %B C $ $14>1 #$21 BL * %8 $2 24$1 C $ 4M D %D %< 0 D7 1 8 1 DB2 0 D7B1 :
;$A$24$1 4 #B1 $ D A8 1 : %B1 BA $2< 4B B1 $2 2 1 4 5% 1 $ 0 2$A C $ $1 0 : D<0B B
1 A% 1 : 4$ # $ $1 7BAA A $% D>%D %B $ % 8 #BA $% 0E4B B 0 4$0>4 DB C $ #A$2 14$
$2 # A4 B1 24$A BA$1
=$ 0B1 2 $F$0#%B : $24$2 $A>1 C E $1 : D<0B 1$ 1
I')2$ 6 #<2 C $ 4 $2$1 C $ D %D % A % 1 A$ DD B2$1 : $1; $A?B1 $ 2 8 $ 2

2B 5 #B: $ % ? S - 0D 1B0$4 D A8 DB24 2 $ G.U 90 $1 $% $ % 8 %
1 2 B % 1 4 5% 1 $% #AB24 A B
1 4 5% 1 # A 2 8 5 #B: 1B2 A% 1 # $ $1 $A $2 $% 1 8 $24$ # A4 BB
+ ) ( ' !'( (- ' 3 ( " !"'( )'!" ( -$' " '(
MA = MB =0
pl QA = RA px
RA = Mx = (l − x )
2 p 2
pl Qx = (l − 2 x )
RB = 2 pl 2 # A l
M max = x0 =
2 QB = −RB 8 2
0 8$2 G.' * 5% 1 $ A$ DD B2$1 : $1; $A?B1 $% #AB24 A B # A 2 8 $ 2 2B 5 #B: 1B0$4

2 D A8 % 2$ %
7BA # A D %D % A % 8 1B% 0$24$ $5$1 1 14 4 A %B1 %BA$1 # A 0$4A ? B1 #BA %B1

%BA$1 $ 4 $F$0#%B&
A $% $F$0#%B G %B1 %BA$1 1$A>2& % S -0_ #SG.U 90D 1 14 4 :E2 B%B1 B54$2 A>1 C $&
+ ) ( ' !'( (- ' 3 ( " !"'( )'!" ( -$' " '(
M A = M B = 0 KN ×m
10·5 Q A = R A = 25 KN 10 x
RA = = 25 KN Mx = (5 − x ) = 25 x − 5 x 2
2 10 2
Qx = (5 − 2 x ) = 25 − 10 x
2 10 ×5 2
M max = = 31,25 KN ×m
10·5 Q B = − R B = −25 KN 8
RB = = 25 KN
2 # A x = 5 = 2.5m
0
2
0 8$2 GG. * $1 %4 B $% $F$0#%B G 1 2 B 4 5% 1 $% #AB24 AB
* A $5 D %D % A%B 2 %E4 D 0$24$ : DB0# A % 1B% D <2 $ A %B 0 10B K C $ $1

0 D7B 0>1 1$2D %%B C $ D %D % A%B 2 %E4 D 0$24$L
- 55 -
BA D $A4B 7 14 7BA 1<%B #B E 1 D %D % A 8 1 1B14>4 D 1D #$AB ! '$ ( ' $ ( " .$ (

' $ ( 2 !" (2 %( " ). 1! '( $ ' + ( * 2' '("%" (
I')2$ : #<2 C $ 4 $2$1 C $ D %D % A % 1 A$ DD B2$1 : $1; $A?B1 $ 2 8 $ 2

2B 5 $0#B4A $ % ? S , 0D 1B0$4 D A8 # 24 % $ )U #% D $2 $% D$24AB $
2B $1 $% $ % 8 % 1 2 B % 1 4 5% 1 $% #AB24 A B
1 4 5% 1 # A 2 8 5 $0#B4A 1B2 A% 1 # $ $1 $A $2 $% 1 8 $24$ # A4 BB BA

D $A4B $14$ 4 #B $ 8 1 $1 7 #$A$14>4 D D : #BA %B 4 24B DB2 D>%D %B1 0 4$0>4 DB1 2B 1 5$1
B54$2$A %B1 $1; $A?B1 : % 1 %$:$1D #$AB 7BA : # $ $1
+ ) ( ' !'( (- ' 3 ( " !"'( )'!" ( -$' " '(
Pl
MA =MB =−
8
P P Pl x
RA = Q AC = = cte M AC = 4 −1
2 2 8 l
P P Pl
RB = QCB = = cte M max = M C =
2 2 8
l
# A x0 =
2
0 8$2 GGG * 5% 1 $ A$ DD B2$1 : $1; $A?B1 $% #AB24 A B # A 2 8 $ 2 2B 5 $0#B4A 1B0$4

2 D A8 # 24 % $2 1 D$24AB $ 2B
7BA # A D %D % A % 8 1B% 0$24$ $5$1 1 14 4 A %B1 %BA$1 # A 0$4A ? B1 #BA %B1

%BA$1 $ 4 $F$0#%B&
A $% $F$0#%B H %B1 %BA$1 1$A>2& % S ,0_ S)U D 1 14 4 :E2 B%B1 B54$2 A>1 C $&
+ ) ( ' !'( (- ' 3 ( )'!" ( -$' " '(

" !"'(
8 ×6
MA = MB =− = −6 KN ×m
8
8 8 8 ×6 x
RA = = 4 KN Q AC = = 4 KN M AC = 4 −1 = 4x − 6
2 2 8 6
8 8 8 ×6
R B = = 4 KN Q CB = = 4 KN M max = M C = = 6 KN ×m
2 2 8
6
# A x0 = = 3m
2
0 8$2 GGH * $1 %4 B $% $F$0#%B H 1 2 B 4 5% 1 $% #AB24 AB
$ 2 $ B $% D>%D %B $ % 1 A$ DD B2$1 : % 1 %$:$1 $ $1; $A?B1 A$1 %4 $ 1B% 0$24$ 1 14 4 A

%B1 # A>0$4AB1 $% #AB24 A B #BA %B1 %BA$1 $% $F$0#%B
F14$ $F$0#%B 2B %B # $ $1 DB0#AB5 A 0 4$0>4 D 0$24$ #BAC $ 2B 4$ 7$ $21$3 B

D %D % A 8 1 7 #$A$14>4 D 1 0 4$0>4 D 0$24$
- 56 -
=$ 0B1 #BA M%4 0B 2 $F$0#%B $ 2 8 DB24 2 B 1 % 1 + ( !" ! ( C $ 4$ 7$

# $14B DB0B $F$0#%B1 $% #AB24 A B 1B2 7 #$A$14>4 D 1D 1E C $ $% M2 DB 0E4B B $ D>%D %B
C $ #B A>1 1 A # A D %D % A% 1 $1 A$D AA A % #AB24 A B
I')2$ 9 #<2 C $ 4 $2$1 C $ D %D % A % 1 A$ DD B2$1 : $1; $A?B1 $ 2 8 DB24 2

$ B1 2B1 8 %$1 $ % ? S - 0D 1B0$4 D A8 DB24 2 $2 4B % 8 $ +U Y0
$1 $% $ % 8 % 1 2 B % 1 4 5% 1 $% #AB24 A B
1 4 5% 1 # A 2 8 DB24 2 $ B1 2B1 8 %$1 A% 1 # $ $1 $A $2 $% 1 8 $24$

# A4 BBD 2B 4 $2$2 $% 0 10B 1#$D4B C $ % 1 24$A BA$1 #$AB 1B2 8 % $ 1$2D %% 1 $
1 A
0 8$2 GG/ * 5% 1 $1; $A?B1 $% #AB24 A B # A 2 8 DB24 2 $ B1 2B1 8 %$1 1B0$4 1 2 D A8

DB24 2 14A 5 $2 4B % 8
0 8$2 GG+ * FF$0#%B ( A$1 $%4B
B0B # $ $1 $A DB21 14$ $2 1 14 4 A %B1 %BA$1 # A 0$4A ? B1 #BA %B1 $% $F$0#%B
1 A$ DD B2$1 $2 D " : % 1 # $ $1 B54$2$A 1 0 2 B $% 1 %4B $2 % %$: $ DBA4 24$1 $2

$1B1 # 24B1D 1E B54$2 A>1&
S(D-U _ "SGHD-WGHD-SH-U _ S(D-U
- 57 -
66 : 7 .$ ( 2 + ( ( )2$'( & !" ! (

F2 $% D 1B $ 8 1 1 0#%$1 $ 2 1B%B 2B # $ $1 4 % ? A % 1 1 8 $24$1 4 5% 1&
=C B = BA CC EA
+ ) ( ' !'( (- ' 3 ( " !"'( )'!" ( -$' " '( $' * (
MA =MB =0
Pb Pb Pb Pb 3
RA = Q AC = = cte M AC = x f max = l 2 − b2
l l l 9lEI 3
Pa Pa Pa
RB = Q CB = − = cte M CB = (l − x )
l l l A l2 −b2
x=
Pab # A @.S 3
MC = M max =
l
MA =MB =0
P
M AC = x
P P 2
RA = Q AC = = cte P
2 2 M CB = (l − x ) Pl 3
f max = f C =
P P 2 48 EI
RB = QCB = = cte Pl
2 2 M max = M C =
4
# A x = l
0
2
MA =MB =0
M AC = R A ×x
M BD = R B (l − x )
pbc Q AC = R A = cte p c
2
RA = M CD = R A x − x−a+
l Q DB = − R B = cte 2 2
pac c pbc bc
RB = Q CD = R A − p x − a + M max = 2a − c +
l 2 2l l
c bc
# A x0 = a − +
2 l
MA = MB =0 5 pl 4
f max =
384 EI
pl QA = RA px
RA = Mx = (l − x ) # A x = l
2 p 2 0
pl Q x = (l − 2 x ) 2
RB = 2 pl 2 # A l
M max = x0 =
2 QB = −RB 8 2
MA =MB =0
M
M AC = − x
M l
RA = −
l M M Mab
Qx = − = cte M CB = (l − x) ) fC = (b − a )
M l l 3lEI
RB =
l M
M Cdch = b
l
M
M Cizq = − a
l
0 8$2 GG- * $:$1 $ $1; $A?B1 # A 8 1 1 0#%$1 $ 2 2B 5 #B: 1
- 58 -
=C B = BA B =A CEA
+ ) ( ' !'( (- ' 3 ( " !"'( )'!" ( -$' " '( $' * (
Pb 3
fC =
M AC = 0 3EI
Q AC = 0 M B = − Pb Pb 2
fA = (2b + 3a )
RB = P QCB = − P = cte M CB = − P ( x − a ) 6 EI
M x = − Px Pl 3
fA =
RB = P Q B = Q x = − P = cte M B = − Pl 3EI
pc 2
MD =−
Q AC = 0 2
R B = pc Q DB = − pc = cte MB = − pcb
pc C c2
c M AC = 0 fA = A a 3b 2 + + 2b 3
Q CD = − p ×( x − a + ) 6 EI BA 4
2 M DB = − pc ×( x − a )
2
p c
M CD = − × x−a+
2 2
x2
M x = −p
Q x = − px 2 pl 4
fA =
R B = pl l2 8 EI
MB = −p
Q B = − pl 2
M
fA = b(2l − b )
M B = − M = cte 2 EI
RB = 0 Qx = 0 M AC = 0 Mb 2
fC =
M CB = − M = cte 2 EI
0 8$2 GG, * $:$1 $ $1; $A?B1 # A 8 1 1 0#%$1 $ 2 2B $2 B% ?B
- 59 -
=C B = BA EA 7 EA
+ ) ( ' !'( (- ' 3 ( " !"'( )'!" ( -$' " '( $' * (
Px
M AC = b 2 (3a + 2)
2l 3
Pb 2 Pb 2 Pa 2 Pb 2 a a
RA = (3l − b) Q AC = (3l − b ) = cte MB =− (l − a 2 ) f max =
2l 3 2l 3 2l 3 6 EI 2l + a
Pa
Pa Pa 2 M CB = ( 2l 3 − 3l 2 x + a 2 x)
RB = 3
(3l 2 − a 2 ) QCB = − (3l − a 2 ) = cte 2l 3
A
2l 2l 3 a
Pa x =l×
MC = b 2 (3a + 2b ) 2l + a
2l 3
5 Pl 3
M AC = Px f max =
5 5 16 48 × 5 EI
RA = P Q AC = P = cte
16 16 3 l
MB =− Pl A x=
11 11 16 5
RB = P Q CB = − P = cte Pl l−x
16 16 M CB = ×(11 − 3) 7 Pl 3
16 l fC =
5 768 EI
Mc = Pl
32
M AC = R A ×x
pbc M B Q DB = − R B = cte p c
2
RA = + M CD = R A ×x − × x−a−
l l Q AC = R A = cte 2 2
pac M B c
RB = − QCD = R A − p ×( x − a + )
l l 2 M DB = R B ×(l − x ) + M B
2
pabc c
MB =− × l+a−
2l 2 4b
px
Mx = ×(3l − 4 x )
8
3 x pl 2 pl 4
Q x = pl × − MB =− f max =
3 8 l 8 185 EI
R A = pl 9
8 3 M max rel = ×pl 2 A
QA = pl 128
5 8 1 + 33
R B = pl x= ×l
8 5 A x= 3l 16
Q B = − pl 8
8
M =0 A x= 3l
4
M
MB =
2l 2
(
× l 2 − 3a 2 )
3 M ×x 2
RA =
3 M 2
×l − a 2( ) M AC =
2 l3
(
×l − a 2 )
2 l3 Q x = R A = cte
3 M C x a2
RB = −
2 l3
×l2 − a2( ) M BC =
M
×A3 1 − 2 − 2
2 AB l l
M Cdch = R A ×a − M
M Cizq = R A ×a
0 8$2 GG( * $:$1 $ $1; $A?B1 # A 8 1 1 0#%$1 $ 2 2B #B: 1*$0#B4A 1
- 60 -
=C B = BA CC EA
+ ) ( ' !'( (- ' 3 ( " !"'( )'!" ( -$' " '( $' * (
Pab 2 _ Pa 2 b 2 Pb 2 a 3
MA =− MB =− 2 f max =
Pb 2
Pb 2 l 2
l 3EI (l + 2a )2
RA = (l − 2 a ) Q AC = (l + 2a ) = cte 2
l 3 l3 Pb 2al
M AC = (lx + 2 ax − al ) A x=
Pa 2 Pa 2 l3 l + 2a
RB = (l + 2b) Q CB = − (l + 2b ) = cte
l3 l3 Pa 2 Pb 3 a 3
M CB = (lb + l 2 − lx − 2bx ) fC =
l 3
3l 3 EI
2 2
2 Pa b
MC = # A x0 = a
l3
Pl
MA =MB =−
8
Pl x Pl 3
P P M AC = 4 −1 f max = f C =
RA = Q AC = = cte 8 l 192 EI
2 2
P P Pl
RB = Q CB = − = cte M max = M C =
2 2 8
l
# A x0 =
2
M AC = R A ×x + M A
M BD = R B (l − x ) + M B
pbc M A −MB Q AC = R A = cte pc 3 12 a 2 b
RA = − MB =− × l − 3a +
l l Q BD = − R B = cte 2
12 l c2
pac M A −MB
RB = + c 2
l l Q CD = RA − p x − a + p c
2 M CD = R A x + M A − x−a+
2 2
pc 3 12 ab 2
MA =− 2
l − 3b +
12l c2
pl 2
MA = MB =− pl 2
pl QA = RA 12 f max =
RA = 384 EI
2 pl 2
pl Q AC =
p
(l − 2 x ) Mx =
12
(
l − 6lx + 6 x 2 ) # A x = l
RB = 2 0
2
2 QB = −RB
M Centro _ luz =
pl 2 # A x = l
0
24 2
M x1 = 0 # A x1 = 0, 2113·l
Mb b
MA = × 2−3
l l
Ma a
MB =− × 2−3
l l
6M 6M Mb C a x Ma 2 b 2
RA = − 3
×ab Qx = − 3
ab = cte M AC = A3 1 − 2 −1 fC = − (a − b )
l l l B l l 2l 3 EI
6M Mb C b l−x
RB = ×ab M CB = −
l3 A3 1 − 2 −1
l B l l
M
M Cdch = M A +
l3
(l 3
− 6a 2 b )
6M
M Cizq = M A − a 2b
l3
0 8$2 GG) * $:$1 $ $1; $A?B1 # A 8 1 1 0#%$1 $ 2 2B 5 $0#B4A 1
- 61 -
F2 $% D 1B $ 8 1 DB24 2 1 # $ $1 4 % ? A % 1 1 8 $24$1 4 5% 1&
• =+ ( !" ! ( ' ( ! ( + $'(
0 8$2 GG' * $:$1 $ $1; $A?B1 $ 8 1 DB24 2 1 $ B1 2B1 8 %$1 DB2 D A8 1 # 24 %$1
0 8$2 GH. * $:$1 $ $1; $A?B1 $ 8 1 DB24 2 1 $ B1 2B1 8 %$1 DB2 D A8 1 % 2$ %$1
- 62 -
• =+ ( !" ! ( ' ( ! ( '( + $'(
0 8$2 GHG * $:$1 $ $1; $A?B1 $ 8 1 DB24 2 1 $ 4A$1 2B1 8 %$1 DB2 D A8 1 % 2$ %$1
- 63 -
• =+ ( !" ! ( ' " '( ! ( ! ( )'" ' ! (
0 8$2 GHH * $:$1 $ $1; $A?B1 $ 8 1 DB24 2 1 $ 4A$1 2B1 8 %$1 DB2 D A8 1 % 2$ %$1
- 64 -
A B CDAE FEB AE
ABC
DEF F E E ED EF
BC D DEF F E E ED EFB ................................................... - 67 -

ABC E F B ................................................................................................................................................... - 68 -
AB CDEF σ .............................................................................................................. - 68 -
AB F AF τ ......................................................................................................... - 70 -
BC E D B ...................................................................................................................................... - 70 -
F A A F F A A F C EF DAF ...................................................................... - 70 -
BC E E! "EB ....................................................................................................................................... - 71 -
#BC $D E F C E D σ−ε ......................................................................... - 72 -
σ−ε&B
%σ−ε
AF DFEF AB CDEF AB F DC ................................................................. - 72 -
AF DFEF AB CDEF AB CDEA B ......................................................... - 75 -
'BC E F F ( E E E E E FE$ D B................................................. - 77 -
)BC E D F E $D *E + E F E ED DEF F E EB .. - 78 -
,BC E E F EFB ................................................................................................................ - 83 -
! "C AC CDEF ......................................................................................... - 83 -
! "C AC CDEF DC#C F F CD F$A ......................................... - 83 -
! "C AC CDEF DC#C F F CD CD .................................... - 84 -
CE C A AB AC CDEF DC#C F F CD F$A % CD ..................... - 88 -
! "C AC F AF ................................................................................... - 89 -
-BC E.E / F E F F E F E F EE * $ FB ................................................. - 92 -
- 65 -
B DB E D C B DDA C E E B DCAD ACB DDA C E D D A B CDAE FEB AE
- 66 -
A B CDAE FEB AE
BC D DEF F E E ED EFB
&F F F CDF F F D A C C DA A AC '! A C ! "C D" "DF (F F' EC A)FD

D" "DF A F " A AE AC F * C C F FD F +" F ,F C'D F D" "DF
F' F " FD F D F AC " D)C A D C +" DC#C F A F FD F F
D" "DF
" ! "C F C A DF C F F D" "DF CEC " B A C D- A C* F F A F C F

"F AC +"A A'DAC FDF C' D F D F AC " D)C A D C F " A F
#F F FD " F C E! F F * F CDF #F F F D D +". C " AF CDEF AC
AC A C " D)C F F AB C " C F #A F* C A F' D A F
D" "DF F "F F FDF F F AC F F +" CE A +" F F " F DC "DF C A
+" / D " AC F CD F , EC A#C* CEC +" CDE $ C CD / E C
CEC A C F C A DF C +" F D" "DF DF B A C D- A C CD EC A#C

C -F D AFD " CDEF AC F A FD F "F AC +"A A'DAC* DC D FA F
F D" "DF - +" CDEF * DC " CDEF AC C F +" 0F +" C
A " FF A F AB F "F AC +"A A'DAC
1 DC C CD D +" 0F F CDEF AC ' C'#AFD F * E! 'A C C DFDAC

F " A F #F F F D D +" " " AC AE D A A' FDF C D F "DFD +" F
D" "DF C F F * AD* C DCE * C C A "DF C C CDEF $ C
/F C D, A FDF A C +" C D" DC
1" 'A * F 0 1 12 3 2 0 1 F A A A F F A A D-F +" " AF F

CDEF AC F AC +" DF F F " C " D C D" "DF
CE A F F " F FD F $ DACD F AC AD* +" F A D AF F ! A F +"
" AF F DACDE * F D A AF EF DAF A " F F DC A F
C EF DAF CEC " D C CDEF' +" C
F EF DF C +" #F F F D D F " A F F F F A)FD F D" "DF 'F/C

A D CE'A F AC F AC 2F/C F CE'A F AC F AC F " FD! F
D F AC " D)C A D C DC#C F C F D" "DF ( C C F C * " F C F
D A AF EF DAF * # DA A FD! +" F AC F D" "DF D A A C
" D)C A DC#C FD F0C F F EA EF
3 - " * #F F " FD F ! A F CE'A F F C FD A AF EF DAF FDF4

• 435046 0 1 4 1 7 1207 270 A C DC' EF D F
"F C F AE AC F D" "DF F F A C A/F F D #AFE * A F
CE DC'FD A A F AE AC C F F "F F FDF D A AD F FD F +"
F ,F C'D F D" "DF
• 3 14 01 4 1 7 1207 270 A C DC' EF D F
"F C C F#-F C F A A C EF DAF F CE D-F E! F "F C FDF
F F AB " F D" "DF ( C +" '" F A AD C F C EF DAF
CE D-F * CDEF +" C AEA C F D" "DF* +" "E F C
C D +"A A C FDF C +" F A C A 0F F " F CDEF "DF "DF DF
F " A F * #F F F D D F FD C DAE DC F C FDF CE DC'FD AC
D" "DF 3 D D! F F " FD F AC C " C F AC * " C
CE DC'FD! A EF DAF CE D-F F D" "DF C C F "F C FDF D A AD F
AC C' A F F F AB
A "A F C ! "C D" "DF AE AC F C F EA EF A "A C

F CDEF +" $A FDF F F EF DAF A C D" "DF 1FDF C D AE AC FD
A F D FE AC C C AEA C D" "DF EF DAF * +" F /C C
C'/ A#C " EB " C CDEF AB DC AC F 3 - " * AE AC F C F
D" "DF C D F A)FD! C 5F A A DC 5F FD+"A C 5F
- 67 -
ABC E F B
3 E )FD C F A A AB AB E " FD-F D CD FD +" 41 187 0941

14 1 87 09 1 2 0 1 :7 1 40 ; 1 1207 270 1 434 0 157 12
< 1 0; 1 % 4 1& :7 2= 1460 1 3 13 1B
6C " D)C " F AB ! CE " C CD > % &+ 402 2 %?& @ 343 24

8 240 % & F F AB C 187 0941 +" D D FEC CEC 7 F$A * 8
CD F 9 ECE C * D F A F 14 0 17 2 2 2 14 1 1 <
5 204 ;0 A % B B;B& 1 <
A C " F EF DF E! A F* A " D)C F " D)F A D F +" DC " " F

D" "DF CEC D " F F F F AB " F FD F +" F "F'F C'D F* C EC AD
+" F 2 1 < 1 187 094 A 4 540 175 08 B 1 < 1CD C F C*
F AC D! 7 1 " D)F5 " D A A A EF A D F AC F D!
75E :1F 1F F * DC F " A F E" +" 0F C " F* CDEF E " FD EC
CEC " A F F AB ; 5 E C C33AD / E F F F 91F: <=1F
6F AC DC " A F F F " C F AB C # CD * CD C F C "

A#A AD C CE C " F D A " FD F F AB AB CDEF σ C DF
FDF F F F AB AB F AF τ
AB BC 1< 403 %σ&B
1 2 14 1 403 1 4 > 1 σ C F DC " A F CD " D)C F$A 5C

ECE C CD F A F C F AB 6F AC D " F F F
" C* 'F/C C " D)C * C D A " FD F F AB
& F 1 2 14 1 14 504 7 1 540 7 187 094 > C
D A " FD F F AB A "F C C C " C F AB
>EF AC DC " A F CD " " D)C F$A CE D AB
>EF AC DC " A F CD " " D)C F$A DF AB
- 68 -
A B CDAE FEB AE
1CD / E C* A F F A)F F AC +" F FD " F 'FDDF F DC A!E DC

<EE C A " 6: E* CE A F F " F DF AB CEC F " D)F DF AB F F +"
CE F 'FDDF C F * C F F A'DF F 'FDDF FD! CE A F F F EA EF
AB 4
F
σ =
A
C 4
?: " D)F ?: : <<<<7

3: !D F @F'A C +" DF AC A: <EE5 : <EE 3: πBA : πB < : C* =EE
50000 N
σ= 2
= 159,15 N / mm 2
314,16mm
>EF AB " F 'FDDF

CE A F F DF AB
6& F 1 2 1 4 1 14 504 7 1 540 343 24 8 240 C

D A " FD F F AB #F CD #FDAF' C " E!$AEC " E- AEC C
" C F A'DF " DACD A DACD F AB C #A # D F * " #F CD " C
C C C " C / C'D +" ADF FEF C E 7204* A C / F F CD
F AB
>EF C AC DC " A F CD " ECE C CD F A#C
>EF AC DC " A F CD " ECE C CD C A A#C
- 69 -
ABABC 1< 2 ; %τ&B
12 14 12 ; 14 402 τ C F DC " A F CD " D)C CD F *

F" +" FE'A. " D DC " A F CD " " D)C CD CD " A CDE * F A F C
F AB F AC F F " C C FDF F F F AB
>EF = AC DC " A F CD " " D)C CD F
BC E D B
6F 8403 < FE'AC FEF0C +" DC " " F D" "DF CEC D " F
F C " D)C A D C DC#C F C CD F " D)F F A F F F EA EF
@A "A C C / E C F 'FDDF DF AC F F CEC F " D)F

F A F F C F * C F F A'DF F AB FD! DF AC F F
CD C F C ADF F " A CDE E
@A FEFEC δ F 15 9 3 24 +" DC " F 'FDDF "F C

CE F F 87 09 * F'A C +" F 4 ; 27 A F 'FDDF *
C C EC A AD F 4 2 20 δ @ CEC ε 8403 <
7 2 0
δ
ε=
L
F C F)FEA C δ CEC F A F AF 6 EA E DC * CD
C F C F CDEF AB " A FDAF ε D! " FD!E DC F AE AC F A
AE AC
>EF D A D F AB F)FEA C " F 'FDDF CE A F F " F " D)F ?
"F C E C . CE A C F " F CE D AB C DF AB "DF B C CE D AB C

B C DF AB F CDEF AB C F F A'DF D! A "F 9A DF +" "F C CE'A
" " D)C F$A CE D AB C DF AB C " " D)C CD F CDEF AB F A'DF
D! #FDAF' F CEC F #A C C F AC
B CE 12 @5 12 41 3 2 0 1B
' F' D +" 12 1 5045 3 F :7 2 ;7 41

3 2 0 1 :7 143 2 41 87 09 1 >2 0 40 1 % 4 1& 1 8403 +@1 1 E
5 0 B < 0 75 0 17 8403 40 ; B
F DC A F D " DF AB F CDEF AB +" C A D C EF DAF " D

FD AF C C F * , EF DAF F FD F $ DACD F A F F
- 70 -
A B CDAE FEB AE
5045 12 C A A A F* AD* 2 7 G3 2 5 02 0 7
3 2 0 5 0 8 72 0 75 0 0 17 8403 < 3 A C -EA
C C CEC G3 2 F12 4
1CD C F C C EC A AD F 5 12 434 5045 3 F ;7 41

3 2 0 1 8403 01 5 03 2 3 2 00 A 01 6 3 2 143 2 0 4
7 1 87 09 1 :7 504A4:7 7 1 2 1 4 1 175 0 40 1 17 G3 2 F12 4B
3+" C EF DAF +" CE A C F " F FD F CDEF " F A F AF δ F D ADFD F

FD F D " DF " CDEF AB CD CE C FEFEC 3 2 0 1 5 08 2 3 2
F12 41 9A DF +" A F D ADFD F FD F +" F C FD F CDEF AB * C
FEFEC 5 0 3 2 F12 41 ?A F E * F+" C EF DAF C +" F FD F
F AB F CDEF AB DEF CD CE C* FEF 5 08 2 3 2 5 F12 41
F D FA F C $A EF DAF +" F D FE ! A C C D
FE
! A C * DC - EF DAF +" F E /F * " CD C F C C ADFD F -
A D C DF C AC CDEF AC 1CD / E C* F CEC # D! DB$AEC
F FD F C * F DC CDEA B C A DF EF DAF ! A C D FE
! A C A F FD F +" F ,F DC#C F AC +" DF CDEF AC CD
'F/C " -EA ! A C 9A DF +" EF DAF CEC F FD A F " C A DFD
D FE ! A C
BC E E! "EB
F "DF C F DACD F FD F C F C A C "D AD F A "A D " F4 E F

AC F CDEF AC ! D F AC F F D -F 6F D " F - A F D F AB
" "'A D F DA F CD - A C A . AC' D &CC; = = D< * C ! C
7 G C
F F 'F F D A AF EF DAF #! A F FDF F+" C EF DAF +"

C ! A C 6C +" &CC; "'DAB E AF F C DF AB CE D AB +"
F " D)F F A F F F " " D C "FD F'F D F AB C F CDEF AC
" $ DAE F AC " " AD +" 1 2 1< 403 σ 12F 540 6 E4

7 2 03 2 1 < σ 5+ 3 2 1< 504540 4 + 24 1 1
8403 4 1 15 G8 1 14 0 2 3 2 504540 4 1 2 1 4 14
σ = E ×ε
C 4
σ: AB
: EB " C (C" C EB " C F A A F
ε: CDEF AB " A FDAF
3 F C F DC CD AC F A F +" D F AC F F AC C F FD FEA C
" A FDAC " EF DAF * FEF 3< 7 4 47 ; 4 3< 7 4 12
F D F AB DC CD AC F A F D F AB F CDEF AB $ D F D! A FE
CEC " F D F +" F F CD CDA CCD F F
σ
E=tg α
α
ε
>EF A D F AB F D F AB F AB F CDEF AB σ−ε
- 71 -
EB " C (C" C F A A F F A F D F +" CDEFD σ ε. 3 E!

" F +" EB " C F A A F C (C" " $ D FD CEC4
C 4
σ F F ×L
E= = A=
? : " D)F
ε δ δ ·A 6: C A "
L 3: !D F
6F 7 1 3< 7 4 12 %E& D! F EA EF +" F " F AB
CDEF E H;C 3A C C33A
CEC A C F A A AB F &CC; * 3< 7 4 12 1 7

4 12 2 @ 540 4 2 24 2 1< 4 5 3 2 0 B
@A "A C C / E C F 'FDDF F * F'A C +" EB " C F A A F

F DC : <<<< 75EE * +" DF F'F " F 'FDDF F DC A!E DC <EE
C A " 6: E* CE A F F " F DF AB E "! C CDEF A F 'FDDFF
50000
6F AB +" C' "#A F DACDE " σ= 2
= 159,15 N / mm 2 F AB
π ×10
A DACD F -EA ! A C F DC CD C F C F DC CD AC F A F D AC
CDEF AC
σ 159,15
1FDF " σ:DH* D75EE C : <<<< 75EE C' A ε= = = 0,00076
E 210000
δ δ
CEC ε = I 6: E: <<<EE 0,00076 = δ = 0,00076 ×2000 = 1,52mm
L 2000
C " C* F 'FDDF C A " 6: E φ: <EE / E C " F # ) CE A F F " F

FD F CDEF δ: * EE * CD C F C* ECE C E AD!
6%δ : << * EE* "F C D ADF F FD F F 'FDDF D " DF " CDEF AB #" # F
E AD E: <<<EE
#BC $D E F C E D %σ−ε&B
1FDF C D F A FD C DA A AC F D A AF EF DAF F F D" "DF A F

C C D F " F FDF D- A F C EF DAF +" CE C A F D" "DF 1CD
/ E C* FDF C D F " FD " F D" "DF F DC A FD! F' D* D C DC F C *
"! " EB " C CDEF AB * C "! " -EA ! A C*
1FDF C' D C F C F 1 @41 41 3 2 0 1 C F C " D
CE D AB * DF AB * $AB * CD F "DFJ
• 41 1 @41 20 < C AE CD F C 3 2 0 1 = 2 1 F+" C

EF DAF +" " CDEF 'F F F DCE D * DF AF F " F C
DF C F A A F * F CEC C 041 D C EF DAF E ! A C * CEF *
! A C C DC
• 9A DF +" C 1 @41 4350 1 < @ 8 > < C E! AE CD F

3 2 0 1 80F; 1 EF DAF +" F F F DC "DF C E" C F CDEF AB *
C EF DAF C C ! A C CEC B403 ;< * C EF DAF D!EA C C DC
#B BC ;0 3 2 1< C 8403 < 04B
F FD F C #F F " AFD F C DF AB F DC * +" FDF DA)F F " F

F DC A F E! AE CD F EF DAF
F C DF AB C A CE D " F DC' F A )F CDEF A - DA F C

DA E! A F AE AC CDEF A)F F F " " D)C DF AB +" #F F"E F C
+" DC#C F ADFEA C F DC' F F F FD F F DC "DF
- 72 -
A B CDAE FEB AE
F C F C " F E!+"A F A 0F FDF DC B A C @ C C F " F DC' F

F E!+"A F* CDEF C A "F F C F F* #F ADF C F DC' F* EA DF F
E!+"A F #F D A DF C F AC F CDEF AC +" DC " F DC' F F
E A F +" #F F"E F C F " D)F DF AB +" F ADF DF AC F
6C #F CD C' A C AC CDEF AC D
/F " D! A C F +" FEF
AF DFEF AB CDEF AB σε F C DEA F "F C F DC' F DCE
>EF H F C DF AB 1DC' F F ". F C DF AB

?" 4 CEA AC ,' A C* F" CD4 F#A KF'DA KFD -F 3 DF
CEC A C F E!+"A F F C D A DF C #F CD F AB σ F
CDEF AB " A FDAF ε " D! A C
• / F' A F L D D F F CDEF AB " A FDAF ε F AE AC F E5E

• / CD F F ( D D F F AB σ 91F : 75EE
6F "D#F C' A F F C FDF " 04 43= F DC " C 'F/C C A C
FD'C C C " E!$AEC <* M D F F A "A CDEF4
>EF < "D#F σ−ε F C DF AB " F DC CE,
NFEC F F F A)FD F A D )C F AF DFEF4
& I4 F12 J AB
F )C F A CEC A F #F CD G3 2 F12 4 K -EA F A A F G3 2

12 " C* F F "F * EF DAF CE CD F ! A FE * CD C
F C A FD FEC F DC' F F FD F " C D " DF " C A " A A AF
- 73 -
F )C F A#A C FD 4
• F DAE DF #F CDA < F F K5+ G3 2 504540 4
DFEC " F D F CD+" .* EF DAF # DA A F F &CC;
DC CD AC F A F D σ ε)
• 6F " F FD #F K5 F K F FD F" +" A " A C ! A C "
CE CD FEA C* C "E F &CC; C F DC CD AC F A F D
AC CDEF AC F C " FD F * DC F )C F E" CD F
6& I4 1245 F12 A B
O F # ) " DF C G3 2 F12 4 K * A FD F F DC' F F A )F C D C'DFD-F "

AE AB CDA A F * +" F C C " F 8403 < 0 3 2 , F FD F +"
F F F A F C D #AFE " C A F F )C F " C +" E A )F F
" AF K %2 1 < 87 &B
& I4 5 F12 4 87 B
"F C " DF #F CD K % G3 2 87 &* EF DAF 8 7@ * AD*

5046 2 73 2 1 8403 4 1 1 :7 > 12 73 24 2 1<
D FA F * CEC " C' D#FD F D! A F* F F " AF CE /F
DC " +" 0F C A F AC
CEC C " AF F " AF EF DAF " D " F D CD F A)F AB C DA F +" C

CDEF
& I4 70 3 24 @ 120 < 'B
F )C F A#A C FD 4
• F DAE DF* F 94 70 3 24+ C +" C "DD +" CEC

C " AF F " AF* EF DAF "D " F
D CD F A)F AB C DA F +" C CDEF * C F +"
EF DAF " F F"E FD " D A AF F F F F )FD
" C E! F C AB σD %2 1 < 04270 & 1CD C
F C* F FD AD " C C EF DAF " F EA AD "
A D E C FD F F F FD F σD* DC CEC
C DF FD A F F )C F F CDEF AC C E"
DC " AF F
• F " F* 94 120 < * C +" C "DD +" " F
# ) F F )F F F DC' F F AB E!$AEF σD AB
DC "DF * F AB A EA " * F"E F C F CDEF AB
F F F F )FD F CDEF AB DC "DF F DC' F +"
A FE F F'F FD A F C F F DC " F
120 < F AB D FEA C +" DC " F
)C F DC "DF F DC' F
>EF DA AB F DC' F F C DF AB
/ D F (ED FB A " D F +" C 13A3 @32 A 9P@ C BC FDF FE AFD " F

C D " FD EC C $!E
C A "A F C D! # D BEC F F C F DF AB " F 'FDDF
F DC Q' D#F BEC #F CDEF C C C F C C ?-/F C FDC +" # F F
"D AEA C DA AB
763 4 7@3(Q A3 >R7 >
455GGG C" "' CE5GF F#:F3OC D CFG
763 4 7@3(Q A3 >R7 >>
455GGG C" "' CE5GF F#:# ;D +/A CS F "D :D F
- 74 -
A B CDAE FEB AE
/ D F (ED F
/04 14 70 3 24 3 F 4 7 04 43= @A "DF F C

DF AB "'A FD F C F DC' F CD / E C " " C A DE AC 1* C +"
C' D#FD-F +" A EA " D! A FE F AB F F F F )FD F AB "F C
F " F D F FDF F F F D F DFEC < C A #" # F FD FD F
σ DC' F C +" C "DD +"
" #C F AC
P Q
CDEF AC A " F
σp'
&CC; * " F D F
A' E FDF F F F
)C F ! A F DFEC <
σp
F F FD F " C 8
+" "AD! F "D#F CDA A F
E=tg α E=tg α
α α
0 ε >EF
E ! A C
"D AEA
" F DC CE,
C
6C +" F'D! F F C +" F 70 4 3 F 3 2 σ

04 C F DC "D A C E ! A FE F+" C F DC
+" A " F C C A C FD'C C F DC "DC D! " σR'
AF DFEF σ−ε A D F F DC CE, F DC " * F
σp'
+" 4
- @ CDEF F DC "DF E" C E C +" C F DC CE"
- A " -EA DC CD AC F A F -EA ! A C E!
#F C +" C F DC CE" E=tg α
- 7C A " -EA " AF* A )C F " AF α
εR=12
ε
>EF AF DFEF σ−ε " F DC "D A CC" F DC "DC
@ "DC +" F F F C " F +" F+" C EF DAF CEC F DC " * +"

A " F DF F F A F CDEF AB F F DC "DF* FEFEC = 2 1
9A DF +" F+" C C +" F DC "DF F FD 'D" FE * A DF CDEF AC
D #AF +" TF#A U " " "DF DC "DF* CEA F 80F; 1
?-/F +" " F C # D'C TF#A FDU* +" A +" C 3 2 0 1 = 2 1

CEC F DC CE, T A 1 L 2 1 0435 0* F +" F F DC "DF CDEF
E" C /F C D E C , A 'A C F F DF CDEF AB +" " F F )FD
9A DF +" F+" C 3 2 0 1 80F; 1 CEC CD / E C C F DC "D A C * C
'A CDEA B C TF#A F U F DCE D* F +" C A DAC C ! A C "
CE CD FEA C CDEF E" CE C F DCE D F A A TF#A FDU
#BABC ;0 3 2 1< C 8403 < B403 ;< B
(F F' +" CDEA B " EF DAF D! A F CDF ECE C +" C C) F "

AF DFEF σ−ε
3 A D
AF F DC +" F F A)FEC AF DFEF σ−ε F DF AB * B403 ;<
;0 3 σ−ε :7 41 2 0 1 1 :7 1 462 1 @4
4350 1 < * F +" CDEA B A " F 'F/- AEF D A AF F F DF AB
/ D F (ED FB
F "D#F +" C' A * F C F CE D AB CDEA B * F A D AF F "D#F
F C F DF AB F DC* 4 B @ ;= 343 24 :7 1 735 @
!44H ( +" * F" +" 50F 2 20 2 341 B403 ;< 434 7 3 2 0
F12 4+ 120 2 3 2 B 6 4 4 4 1
- 75 -
/ D F (ED FB % 4 2 7 < &

C F CEC " # D AF DFEF* +" C F F A , ECE C +"
C' F " DFEC D C CE FE ! A C F A D AF C +" C "DD F DC
σ 3 - " * C +" C "DD
"D#F FD A F F " F
+" C' A
FD!'C F* CEC F
" F
F
AEF * CEC C A DFEC D C*
A D EB " C F A A F C A' 4
Etangente
M - 9B " C F A A F A A AF 4 @ CEF
F A FD F CDA
- 9B " C F A A F F AF 4 @
CEF F A F D F
" C " AC
- 9B " C F A A F F 4 CEF
F A F D F +" CDEF
Esecante
" C " AC CDA
Einicial
0 ε >EF
F A A F
C AF DFEF σ−ε
CDEA B
CDEA B 9B " C
3 F FD F E! F'A "F FD F DEF #FDAF' CDEF E D

F D" "DF EB " C CDEF AB +" CEF C ! "C EB " C
F A A F F F "F C F -F " F'DA F AB * EA DF +" "F C !
CE A C F FD F A F ! F C D! A FE #FDAF' CEC A EC CEF
EB " C F A A F CDA FE'A. F -F A A AC F'DA F AB
/ D F (ED FB
6C AF DFEF +" EC #A C C E" CE A F C FDF DF'F/FD C C - A C

F E! * 6" GA 1DF * F DA A AC A C LL* A 0B " C AF DFEF +" D D F
F AF D EF DAF A F 4 EF DAF , A * D! A ! A C
σ σ σ
σF σ
R σ =σ
F R
εf
ε εR
ε ε
DIAGRAMA IDEAL DE UN MATERIAL DÚCTIL DIAGRAMA IDEAL DE UN MATERIAL FRÁGIL DIAGRAMA IDEAL DE UN MATERIAL PLÁSTICO
>EF AF DFEF σ−ε C EF DAF A F , A * D! A ! A C *D A#FE
3 - " 4
- E ;0 3 7 3 2 0 = 2 ! CE " C C DFEC D C 4
o " C A A F C +" CDD C F D-C C ! A C
o C DC CDA)C F +" D D F D-C C " AF
E12 1 ;0 3 :7 72 9 341 04 DFEC
"D AEA C C C A D
F F +" F )C F F CDEF AB F DF
+" F +" EF DAF F C F, A A " CF DCE D
- E ;0 3 41 3 2 0 1 80F; 1 -EA DC CD AC F A F ! E"
DB$AEC F F AB DC "DF* CD C +" D " F E! A C C D F
" F DFEC "D#C
- E ;0 3 41 3 2 0 1 5 F12 41 " F D F CDA)C F* CD C F C F
CE D A C EF DAF F " F FD F* CDEFD! A A A FE A A D E FD
F AB
- 76 -
A B CDAE FEB AE
'BC E F F ( E E E E E FE$ D B
C F CE DC'F AB AE AC FEA C F D" "DF C +" D F "DFD
+" F D" "DF C DCE D! C C /FD! D, A FDF A FDF +" " DC
D F F 1 DC "F C 5F F "A F AE AC F F D" "DF C " FD
CE FE "DC5F +" C C C +" F " " C CDD C* F +" D FA F
$A "E DC F " A D A "E'D CEC CD / E C4
- 1C D-F D +" F " F F FD F " EF CD +" C DF'
- 1C D-F D +" F CE'A F AB FD F C " F . AEF
- 1C D-F D +" EF DAF "#A C * C " A C CD FD F AC +"
F " " C +" C CD F
- 1C D-F F' D DDCD F / " AB *
AD* 5 F F " A F " F " FD CE FE "DC5F +" C C ! "C
#F CD +" F CEF C FDF AE AC FEA C #F F #A FD C CF "DA F
F C F D" "DF
1CD / E C* " B +" " F D" "DF F " C " " C F F " F AB +"
F +" A F D" "DF C F F , A* 'A F CD DC "DF F EA EF C CDEF AB
$ A#F C "F +"A D C DC F C C C D-F AD +" #F CD A F AB F
2 1 < G3 2 σ F F +" ' D-F CE DF EF DAF
DF A AC F E F 2 1< G3 2 F 74 1207 270 1 04 F A C
#F CD G3 2 F12 4 04 σ
1 DC* A 5 F F " A F CEF #F CD F AB -EA CEC C AB F +"
CE D F " D" "DF* C DFD! C " DF# DC' EF +" A CEF #F CD
AD FE CEC E!$AEC F EA A' FD! C #A F C +" F E" F A D A "E'D
+" C F#-F C F A C " F CEC F +" A A+". F DACDE * C A'
+" F" +" C C C " C F D" "DF . CD 'F/C A F AB -EA F
A F F D" "DF F F' F F C
1FDF C " AC FD DC' EF D "DD F F F - A F DC'F'A A F 3 - C +" F
C DC FD +" "F +"A D " C F D" "DF C " D #F CD C +"
FEFEC 2 1 < 3 1 6 C 2 1 < 3F> 3 20 6 E4 F AB F EA A' "
#F CD F C E CD F C F "DA F +" #F CD -EA EF DAF $ D F
CEC4
σL @A C4
σ max = σEF$: AB E!$AEF F EA A' " EF DAF
γ σ6: AB -EA " EF DAF
γ: C A A "DA F
4 8 2 1 ;70 A E D " ,E DC EF CD C A "F +" F " A F *
DEA F " F C ! " C DC'F'A A F F - A F 3 - " C A A
"DA F A EA " F AB -EA CEC E. C C D A D F "DA F F C
C A' F C 'A C F F A D A "E'D C F +" F "F" F D" "DF
D FA F * F CDEF A#F ! " C F "F C +" F F A FD F "DA F

T $ DFU " A A)F C C A A "DA F C F C 4
- E ! "C 1 4 1 F C C +" F EF CDFD F F AC
AD C D " C A A "DA F +" A D E F #F CD F F AC
o 1FDF F DC "DF F AC E * B V1 DEF % * B VNFDAF'
o 1FDF CDEF AC * A "DF AB J E F *<B V1 DEF % *<B VNFDAF'
- E ! "C F 0 2 0G12 1 3 2 0 F C C +" F
EA CDFD A EA "AD #F CD F D A AF C EF DAF * " A A)F C FDF C
" C A A "DA F +" A EA " FD A AF A C EF DAF
o F C 04 " F CDEF E " C A A "DA F #F CD
γ1 ;70 + 04D +J# 1FDF " F DC A C @ D WA* CEFD!* CD C F C* "
-EA ! A C EA CDF C #F CD σF E: D 5 *< : = *H75EE
o F C B403 ;< " F CDEF E " #F CD γ1 ;70 + !403D +#J
- 77 -
)BC E D F E $D *E + E F E ED
DEF F E EB
3 "AD F#F )F C A FD! C C D +". C +". #F CD A 4
• 204 ;0 A B
CEC 'A F' 204 ;0 A 1 57 24 8 E4 A 0 6 7 7 054+

540 :7 5 1 1 350 0 17 2 2 1 87 09 1 ;0 A + 1 4 12
57 24 5 < 0 17 2 2 B
D " D C +" F C +" F 1 < F A )F +" ! F F A)F C F E 1
1 3 20G %4 2 1 3 20G &* C DC DF# F A ,F A C / 1CD C
F C* 1 1 < 20 1A 01 " D C +" " AF 2 3 41 41 E 1
1 3 20G C F A AE D-F + 204 ;0 A 1 1 27 0F 57 24 07
3641 E 1
FE'A. F' +" F EF CD-F F AC +" " FEC C D" AB #A F *

A FD * * AD* E C A F * "E +" C AE. DA F C C' E
AE. DA F F A AE. DA F * F F C " DC DF# F A ,F CD C
/ AE D-F
>EF = / E C AC C / AE D-F C F A AE D-F
• 43 24 0 B
FE'A. ' F' D +" 0 1 5045 41 7 0541 454 0 7
0 1 12 7 :7 0 A 0 < 17 12 4 34A 3 24 4 0 5414
D A AF EF DAF FDF #F "FD A F DC A F " FEC 343 24 0

:7 0 50 1 2 5 7 1 < 480 0 0 1 12 8403 <
504 7 540 042 < 1460 7 E ; 04 2 03 4B AD* F C
" F AB " F D" "DF 0 50 1 2 0 1 12 8403 < 504 7
540 41 187 0941 8 > < %:7 ; 0 ; 04 1 < &B
E 343 24 0 1< 4 5 ; 43 20G 7 054 @ 541 <

E ; 04M 5 04 4 5 1 87 09 1 :7 2 0A 34A 3 24
3 E! "F C EF CD F ECE C A D AF E! D- A F D! F AB * CD C F C*
E! D A AF C C F ADC
343 24 0 D! / +" AD F AB F A )F* A A C

E 1 C C E 1 50 5 1 0 A "F C DC DF# F CDA F C
, A D C ! " C C ECE C A D AF C $ D FD! CEC > @* 2
3 1 4 1 B 6 27 3 2 >50 1 1 3
• 43 24 0 1 12 2 B
?A F E A
3< 7 4 0 1 12 2 7 1 < 434 0 2 0G12
3 F :7 40 343 24 0 4 12 57 24
1 < 3F1 E 4 E 6 0 N 20 4 F 0A 5 0 3 0 5
1 < 127 4 5 0 0 1 12 0 7 187 094 8 >< 8 240 3 E! EB " C
D A E! D A AF F ADC
@ D D F CD F DF X* , / ADC C A DF C " D X$ C X
&F'A "F E $ D F E ( CD A A AB OD C@3 > A D AF FD A C CD F
- 78 -
A B CDAE FEB AE
A F AF F " C E! F /F C / 'FDA DA C * A C EF$ F A F AF " C

E! F /F C F AB F 'FDA DC
CEC # D! C A "A F FD F C F FDF D- A F CE. DA F !D F * *

ECE C A D AF* ECE C D A C DC " F C ! "C AC
D" "DF CE A F F " D)C
F A "A F' F #F F C DFD F !D F * DC DF# F ECE C A D AF

C D C F C / +" F F CD C 'FDA DC F " F F A "DF
CE. DA F E! CE, E " A A)F F F D" "DF
0 2 0G12 13 F 1 ;7 11 4 1
( 0 204 4
;70 0 B B;
> @
P$ $
b h 1 1 3
b·h ×b ×h 3 ×b ×h
2 2 12 12
1 1
π ·R 2 R R ×π ×R 4 ×π ×R 4
4 4
b h 1 1
b·h − b'·h'
2 2 12
(
× b·h 3 − b'·h'3 ) 12
(
× b 3 ·h − b'3 ·h ' )
1 1
π ·Re2 − π ×Ri2 Re Re
4
(
×π × Re4 − Ri4 ) 4
(
×π × Re4 − Ri4 )
>EF D NF CD !D F * ECE C A D AF AC F'A "F
F A "A F' F C D! C " FD C FC CE. DA C FDF D- A F E ! A F

DC DF# F * ECE C A D AF* EC " C D A DF AC ADC C
DA E ! A C E! F'A "F F D" "DF E ! A F >17I >1 I & 2* & 3I & 9*
O17
- 79 -
IPN b
y
r1 A = Área de la sección.
e I = Momento de inercia de la sección, respecto a X (Ix), respecto a Y (Iy).
x h1 x W = Módulo resistente de la sección, respecto a X (W x), respecto a Y (W y)
h
i= I A . Radio de giro de la sección, respecto a X (ix), respecto a Y (iy)

r
y
B 6 D0 0 B / 14 > O> > @ O@ @
/
EE EE EE EE EE E ; 5E EC E E EC E E
>17 < < C *H * H D* *H DD* H* * =* H <*H
>17 << << < C* *D D <*= * D C* C*< * C* *<D

>17 < < * * H C* * C*D C* * D*C *
>17 C< C< == *D *C <H * C*C D *H *= * <*D *C
>17 =< =< DC =* * * D*H H D =*C C*D C* *
>17 < < =*H C* C D*H *H C < = D* * H* *D
>17 << << H< D* C* H * =* C< C D = * D

>17 < < H * C*H D H*= * <=< D * = * *<
>17 C< C< <= *D * H C=* =* C < C H* H C *D *
>17 =< =< H*C *= < *C C *H DC< CC <*C *
>17 < < H <* =* = * C D H< C * =C = * *C
>17 << << <* =* C =H* C* H << = *H C D * * =

>17 < < * =*H D DD* = * < D *D C*D *=D
>17 C< C< D * D* DC =* = * D<< H * =DC H *C *
>17 =< =< C D* H< HD* D=* H= < <H< C* C *H
>17 < < CH *D * <= <D C C< < =< HD *<
>17 C<< C<< C*C *= H *= H < C=< *D =< CH *

>17 C < C < D< =* H*D = CD C < <C< D*D D < < *C
>17 << << <* C<C < C = DC< D < H*= C < = *D
>17 < < << H *H CC =D HH < = < *= CH< CH C*<
>17 =<< =<< *= C C HH H<<< C= < *C C=D< CC C*
IPE b
y
e1 A = Área de la sección.
x h1 x
h W = Módulo resistente de la sección, respecto a X (W x), respecto a Y (W y)

r
y
B 6 1 0 B1 / 14 > O> > @ O@ @
/E
EE EE EE EE EE EE E ; 5E EC E E EC E E
>1 < < C= * * =< D*=C = <* <*< * C *CH *=H *<
>1 << << C* *D D D <* * D C* C*<D *H *D * C

>1 < < =C C*C =* D H * <*C *< C*H D*D *== *C
>1 C< C< D C*D =*H D =*C *H C DD* *DC CC*H * < *=
>1 =< =< D*C H D <* * =H <H =* = * =*D * C
>1 < < H * H C= *H * < CD D*C < * *<=
>1 << << << *= * H * *C HC< HC * C *C *

>1 < < < *H H* D *C =* DD< H* < D* *C
>1 C< C< < =* H* H< H* <*D H< C H*HD C CD* *D<
>1 D< D< =*= <* < C *H =* DH< C H * C < = * *<
>1 << << < D* <*D CH * C * =< D * =<C <* *

>1 < < =< D* * D = *= CH* DD< D *D D H * *
>1 =< =< D< *D HH D *D D* = D< H<C *< <C< *D
>1 C<< C<< < *= * C* ==* < D =* < CD *H

>1 C < C < H< H*C C*= DH H * DD*= DC< << * = < DD C*
>1 << << << <* = C = = H<*D C << H <*C C< C C* <
>1 < < < * D* C C= C <= =D < CC *C =D< C C*C=
>1 =<< =<< < H C C H < < <=H C*C H< < C*=
- 80 -
A B CDAE FEB AE
HEB b
y
A = Área de la sección.
e1

x x h1
h W = Módulo resistente de la sección, respecto a X (W x), respecto a Y (W y)
r
y
B 6 1 0 B1 7 / 14 x Ox x y Oy y
!E( 2 4 3 4 3
EE EE EE EE EE EE EE E ; 5E E E E E E E
& 2 << << << = < = =D = <*C C < H< C* = =D *
& 2 < < < =* DC = = C =*D =C CC *<C *<=
& 2 C< C< C< D H < C *D <H = *H < DH *
& 2 =< =< =< <C H C* C *= CH =*D H C*<
& 2 < < < * C <C< = * * C = D*== = C* D
& 2 << << << H C < D * = * =H= D< * C << << *<D
& 2 < < < H* = D< H D * <H D = H*C C * H
& 2 C< C< C< < D =C < <= * H H <* H D =*<
& 2 =< =< =< < D* C DD << *C H CH H < * H =*
& 2 < < < <* C H= = < *C < H D< < * = H CD D*<H
& 2 << << << H D < D < CH* D == = < = D D*

& 2 < < << * <* D DD< = * D < H < * H H = = D* D
& 2 C< C< << * D C < D<*H C == = =< C*= H=H< =C= D*
& 2 =< =< << * * D = < <*= C C H C<< * < C< =D= D*CH
& 2 C<< C<< << * C D H H < HD* D= < < D* < H D D*C
& 2 C < C < << C = D CC < < D DH D < H* D D D*
& 2 << << << C* D H< < *= D <D D= C H< * = C C D* D

& 2 < < << H D C < C* HH ==H CHD< * <DD D D* D
& 2 =<< =<< << * < D C = < D< D <C D<< * < H< D*<
HEA b
y
e
x x
I = Momento de inercia de la sección, respecto a X (Ix), respecto a Y (Iy).
h1
h
W = Módulo resistente de la sección, respecto a X (W x), respecto a Y (W y)
r
y
B 6 1 0 B1 7 / 14 x Ox x y Oy y
!E 2 4 3 4 3
EE EE EE EE EE EE EE E ; 5E E E E E E E
& 3 << H= << = = * =*D CH D C*<= C D *
& 3 < C < DC =DD * H*H =<= <= C* H *<
& 3 C< C< * * H DHC *C C*D < *D H = *
& 3 =< =< = H <C H<= * <*C =D < =* D = = DD *H
& 3 < D < = H* < < C * * < HC D*C H < C*
& 3 << H< << =* < C C< * C * =H H * = C C*H

& 3 < < < D =< =C* <* C < H* D H D *
& 3 C< < C< D* =C D< D=* =<* DD= =D <* D=H =
& 3 =< < =< D* * C DD C < =* = * <C = == =*
& 3 < D< < C H= =<< HD* D=*C =D < < *H CD= C< D
& 3 << H< << * C D < D < * * = =< *D = < C D*CH

& 3 < < << H * D D=< C*C HD*= H C < *= =H C== D*CH
& 3 C< < << H* =* D C DH< * < D=H = < C*C DC = CH= D*C=
& 3 =< < << < D* D = < C * <H< H< * D D = D*C
& 3 C<< H< << H D H H < H C <=H < =* =C D D* C

& 3 C < CC< << * D CC < < D C< = D H<< *H HC= = D* H
& 3 << CH< << D H< < HD* =HD < < =D =H D* C
& 3 < C< << * C D C < * == H C < < H D D*
& 3 =<< H< << D C = < =* D C < CDH< D D D*<
- 81 -
HEM b
y
e
x x h1 I = Momento de inercia de la sección, respecto a X (Ix), respecto a Y (Iy).
h
r

y
B 6 1 0 B1 / 14 x Ox x y Oy y
!E 2 4 3 4 3
EE EE EE EE EE EE E ; 5E E E E E E E
& 9 << < <= < = * C * C H< C*= HH D *DC
& 9 < C< = * DC ==*C * < * D< *
& 9 C< =< C= H <*= = * H C =* H CC D *DD
& 9 =< < == C <C HD* D=* <H == D* D H C* =
& 9 < << = C* C * *H DC DC * < DD C*DD
& 9 << < <= C * < <= < H=D H = C * D

& 9 < C< = * = CH*C D C=< < H* H < CCC *DH
& 9 C< D< C =C HH*= D C H << = D =* H
& 9 =< H< = * C DD H*= D <D =< *H <CCH D < =*H
& 9 < < * C H= C<* H H CD < * = H C D*C
& 9 << < < = H D < * DD C<H =< * D = H< D*

& 9 << C< < H D < < * H < C < C HC<
& 9 < H <H C< D C = << C* HD<H < D*H
& 9 C< DD <H C< D C * C D= D C< < *= HD < D*H
& 9 =< H < C< D = * < C =D C << =* H D< D*
& 9 C<< C <D C< D H * = <C H C < D*H H =< D*D

& 9C < CD <D C< D CC *C = C C << H* H H =< D* H
& 9 << C <= C< D H< CC* D< = H H = < *D H < D*C=
& 9 < D <= C< D C C*C D HDH C =H < *= H < D*
& 9 =<< = < < C< D C = = *D DCCD D==< *= HD C< D*
A = Área de la sección.
UPN y
b
I = Momento de inercia de la sección, respecto a X (Ix), respecto a Y (Iy).
r1
c
x h1
G
x i= I A . Radio de giro de la sección, respecto a X (ix), respecto a Y (iy)
h
e
r
y
' 1=r D1 1 3 1 C >x Xx Ax >y Xy Ay
/ 4 3 4 3
EE EE EE EE EE EE E ; 5E E E E E E E E
O17 < < C = C C= *=C <= =* * H*C =* = * *C
O17 << << < = * C* =C * <*= <= C * *H H* *CH *CD *

O17 < < D H C* D *C =C =<*D C*= C * * * H *=
O17 C< C< =< D < H <*C = =< =*C *C = *D C* *D *D
O17 =< =< = D* <* * C * H = =* * * * H * C
O17 < < D< * < < =*H C *C *< *H
O17 << << D * * = * * H < H D*D C D * C *<

O17 < < < H * =* =D D*C H*C =H< C *C HD *= * * C
O17 C< C< H* =* C C * * =<< << H* C H*= *C *
O17 =< =< H< < C D << C * D*H C < D H*HH D CD*D * = * =
O17 < < H < D* = * C * = < CC <*H HH D* *DC *
O17 << << << < = * C=* < < *D CH =D* *H *D
>EF NF CD FDF D- A F E ! A F DA E !A C >17* >1 * & 2* & 3I & 9 O17
/ D F (ED FB
@A A F C " FD F FDF D- A F E ! A F C " C DC DA " F DC
A "A F
763 4 1 A?>6 @ 9 P6> Q@
455 AE AA " 5 C AF5 A A E 5 DA V FVH
- 82 -
A B CDAE FEB AE
,BC E E F EFB
F FD F C #F F F D D F DF CDEFD C " D)C " F AB F

AC +" DC " A C " D)C F F " C F AB
,B BC F 74 2 14 1 403 1B
D " D C +" 4 1 2 1 4 1 403 1 1 504 7 6 1 41 187 0941 > 1

CE D AB DF AB @ 41 187 0941 8 240 1+ 4 7 436 < 3641
,B B BC F 74 2 14 1 403 1 504A4 1 540 > 1B
6F AC CDEF DC#C F F CD " F$A F A F C " F AB * CEC

F F' * C " A CDE * C EA EC #F CD C F C C C " C A F AB
>EF H AC DC " A F CD " " D)C F$A CE D AB DF AB
N
6F 2 14 1 403 1 504 7 1 540 7 > F "F CEC4 σ=
A
C 4
σ: AB CDEF 541 2 A 1 1 20 < QJ+ @ ; 2A 1 1 4350 1 < RJ
7: 3$A 4350 1 < % RJ& 4 20 < % QJ&B
3: !D F F AB
EE 35 4 S * " B +" " F D" "DF A " F AB D F " FD C F
<$ < E* +" " F " F " AC ! CE A F F " F$A DF AB <Y7
E8". AB A C " C * * *C A F AB $ D F F 91F 75EE F
$ D F C F$A 7 GC !D F EE * C' A +" 4
N 50000 N
σ= = = 0,833 MPa 75EE
A 200 mm ×300 mm
CEC DF F " F$A DF C F AC +" DC#C F C C F
A "F C C C " C * AD* σ : σ : σ : σC: σ :<* 91F
>EF < / E C Z ! "C AC CDEF DC " A F CD " F$A DF AB
- 83 -
EE 35 4 SA* " B +" " F D" "DF A " F AB CDEF F CD " DA E !A C

>1 <<* +" " F " AC ! CE A F F " F$A CE D AB <Y7 E8".
AB A C " C * * *C A F AB $ D F F 91FF
!D F " >1 << C " C' D F F' F DA E ! A C * A '" F F

F' F C' D! +" 3>1 <<: * E
$ D F C F$A 7 GC F# ) F A#C CD D CE D AB !D F EE *
C' A +" 4
N − 20000 N
σ= = = −3,71 MPa 75EE
A 5380mm 2
CEC DF F " F$A DF C F AC +" DC#C F C C F
A "F C C C " C * AD* σ : σ : σ : σC: σ : *D 91F
>EF / E C Z ! "C AC CDEF DC " A F CD " F$A CE D AB
,B BABC F 74 2 14 1 403 1 504A4 1 540 8 240 1B
6F 2 1 4 1 403 1 504A4 1 540 7 343 24 8 240 5 4 B B;

" F AB * CEC F F' * 2 7 3F> 34 @ 7 3G 34 C " C 1 8 60 1
175 0 40 8 0 40 1 < C #A # D F * @ 7 A 40 7 4 C C C " C
/ C'D +" ADF FEF C E 7204* / F F CD F AB
>EF AC DC " A F CD " ECE C CD F A#C " C C A A#C
6F 2 14 1 403 1 504 7 1 540 7 8 240 F "F CEC4

M M ×y
σ= =
I I
y
C 4
σ: AB CDEF C A A#F A DF AB *
F A#F A CE D AB
9: ECE C CD F A F C F AB
>: ECE C A D AF C D C F / F +" ADF F AB * DF C
: A F AF F " C C +"A D C C D F AB
- 84 -
A B CDAE FEB AE
@A C +" +"A D C' D F2 1 < 3F> 3 4 3G 3 F A'DF E! $ D EF

F AB * C : [ EF$ D CD F C +" A ECE C D A CEC
M
X:>5 EF$* " DA'AD FDF A F A'DF A'DF " DACD C A DACD +" σ =
W

<$ < E* +" " F " F " AC ! CE A F F " ECE C CD C A A#C
20cm
9: C<Y7BE E8". AB A C
1 1 " C * * * C A F AB
7.5cm
$ D F F ; 5 E 91F 75EE F
2 2
3 7.5cm 3 F C F AC CD D " CD
G X M=40KN·m
30cm
4 7.5cm 4 C A A#C #FD-F #F CD " E- AEC F
7.5cm
A'DF " DACD AB CE D AB
E!$AEF " C * F F " E!$AEC
5 5
F A'DF A DACD AB DF AB E!$AEF
Y " C F AB
SECCIÓN PERFIL >EF @ AB " D)C CD / E C Z
ECE C A D AF* >$* C D CF / L / C D C F +" ADF F AB FDF

ECE C 9 FDF " F AB D F " FD* C " C' D F F' F CEC4
1 1
Ix = ×b ×h 3 = ×20cm ×(30cm ) 3 = 45000 cm 4
12 12
$ D F C ECE C CD ; B E* ECE C A D AF EC* F A F AF T U

" C C +"A D F " FD F AB F E* C' A +" 4
M ×y1 400000kg·cm ×(− 15)cm
• 1" C * : E σ1 = = = −133,33kg / cm 2 = −13,33N / mm 2
Ix 45000cm 4
M ×y 2 400000kg·cm ×(− 7.5cm)
• 1" C * : D E σ2 = = = −66,66kg / cm 2 = −6,66 N / mm 2
Ix 45000cm 4
M ×y 3 400000kg·cm ×0cm
• 1" C * :< E σ3 = = 4
= 0kg / cm 2
Ix 45000cm
M ×y4 400000kg·cm ×7.5cm
• 1" C C* C: D E σ4 = = 4
= 66,66kg / cm 2 = 6,66 N / mm 2
Ix 45000cm
M ×y 5 400000kg·cm ×15cm
• 1" C * : E σ5 = = = 133,33kg / cm 2 = 13,33 N / mm 2
Ix 45000cm 4
F C CD D " ECE C CD C A A#C* C " C CD AEF /

" DC ! CE DAEA C * EA DF +" C " C C CD 'F/C / " DC !
DF AC F C * A F E " C A AB " F CD D " " C / " DC
6" C F AC DC#C F F CD ECE C CD C A A#C F AB D! 4

20cm
1 1
1 σ = -133,33kg/cm
1
2
7.5cm
2 2
2 σ = -66,66kg/cm
2
2
30cm G
3 7.5cm
X 3
M=40KN·m 3 σ = 0kg/cm
3
2
7.5cm
4 4
4 σ = 66,66kg/cm
4
2
σ = 133,33kg/cm
7.5cm 2
5
5 5 5
Y
SECCIÓN PERFIL
>EF C / E C Z ! "C AC CDEF DC " A F CD " ECE C CD C A A#C
- 85 -

& 2 C<* +" " F " AC ! CE A F F " ECE C CD F A#C #F CD
9: <Y7BE
F E8". AB A C " C * * *C A F AB $ D F F ; 5 E
91F 75EE F
PERFIL F C F AC CD
SECCIÓN
1 1 D " CD F A#C #FD-F
6.0cm " #F CD E!$AEC F
2 2
A'DF " DACD AB
6.0cm DF AB E!$AEF " C *
3 X 3 M=180KN·m
24cm G F F " E- AEC F A'DF
6.0cm
A DACD AB CE D AB
4 6.0cm
4
E!$AEF " C F
5 5 AB
>EF @ AB " D)C CD

Y / E C Z
6F A D AF " & 2 C< C D C F / L* F " C' D F F' F DA

E ! A C * A '" F F F' F C' D! +" >$* & 2 C<: H EC
$ D F C ECE C CD ; B E* ECE C A D AF EC* F A F AF T U

" C C +"A D F " FD F AB F E* C' A +" 4
M ×y1 − 1800000kg·cm ×(− 12cm)
• 1" C * : E σ1 = = = 1918,46kg / cm 2 = 191,85N / mm 2
Ix 11259cm 4
M ×y 2 − 1800000kg·cm ×(− 6cm)
• 1" C * : = E σ2 = = 4
= 959,23kg / cm 2 = 95,92 N / mm 2
Ix 11259cm
M ×y 3 − 1800000kg ·cm ×0cm
• 1" C * :< E σ3 = = = 0kg / cm 2
Ix 11259cm 4
M ×y 4 −1800000kg·cm ×6cm
• 1" C C* C: = E σ4 = = = −959,23kg / cm 2 = −95,92 N / mm 2
Ix 11259cm 4
M ×y 5 −1800000kg·cm ×12cm
• 1" C * : E σ5 = = 4
= −1918,46kg / cm 2 = −191,85N / mm 2
Ix 11259cm
F C CD D " ECE C CD F A#C* C " C CD AEF /

" DC ! DF AC F C * EA DF +" C " C C CD 'F/C / " DC !
CE DAEA C * A F E " C A AB " F CD D " " C / " DC
6" C F AC DC#C F F CD ECE C CD F A#C F AB D! 4

PERFIL TENSIONES
SECCIÓN
1 1 1
6.0cm
σ = 1918,46kg/cm
1
2
2 2
6.0cm
2 σ = 959,23kg/cm
2
2
24cm G
3 X 3 M=180KN·m 3 σ = 0kg/cm
3
2
6.0cm
4 6.0cm
4 4 σ = -959,23kg/cm
4
2
5 5 5
σ = -1918,46kg/cm
5
2
Y
>EF = / E C Z ! "C AC CDEF DC " A F CD " ECE C CD F A#C
- 86 -
A B CDAE FEB AE
' @F'A C +"

F DC " A A)F C FDF D A & 2 C< F D" "DF " @ D WA
γ"DA F * F DC: *< +" A " A " F AB F EA A'
σ 3 D D 5 *< : A' +- C33 * E F EA A' F
A
AB " A A)F FF
6F AB E!$AEF F F C FDF C " C A'DF " DACD A DACD

D A#FE A " #F CD E!$AEC σEF$: H *C= ; 5 E : H * 75EE
CEC σEF$: H * 75EE \ σF E: = *H75EE DA & 2 C< F EA A' F

AB C F CF
E8". AC DC " EA EC D A & 2 C<* FDF EA EC ECE C

9: <Y7BE DC "F C A C D A ADF C H<ZF
CEC #F F C' D#FD / E C*
PERFIL
SECCIÓN CDA FD F AC " F D" "DF
1 1 , " / " C DC A E" F
2 6.0cm 2 AE CD F AF C +"A#C FD
6.0cm CDA F AB " F D +" F
3 Y 3 M=180KN·m
24cm G D" "DF C " AC CEC DF'F *
6.0cm
A FE " FD F C F FD
4 6.0cm
4
@A ADF D A H<Z* ECE C ADFD!
5 5
F CDF C'D / F (* CD C
X
F C ECE C A D AF +" '
CEFD F F' F > : H EC
>EF D / E C Z C DA ADF C H<Z
F C " & 2 C<* +" A EA EC F C +" 'F * DC C C F C ADF C H<Z*

C ECE C CD #F CD 9: <Y7BE DC#C F F A "A AC 4
M ×x1 − 1800000kg·cm ×(− 12cm)
• 1" C *$ : E σ1 = = = 5506kg / cm 2 = 550,6 N / mm 2
Iy 3923cm 4
M ×x 2 − 1800000kg·cm ×(− 6cm )
• 1" C *$ : = E σ2 = = = 2753kg / cm 2 = 275,3N / mm 2
Iy 3923cm 4
M ×x3 − 1800000kg ·cm ×0cm

• 1" C *$ :< E σ3 = = = 0kg / cm 2
Iy 3923cm 4
M ×x 4 −1800000kg·cm ×6cm
• 1" C C* $C: = E σ4 = = = −2753kg / cm 2 = −275,3N / mm 2
Iy 3923cm 4
M ×x5 −1800000kg·cm ×12cm
• 1" C *$ : E σ5 = = 4
= −5506kg / cm 2 = −550,6 N / mm 2
Iy 3923cm
6" C F AC DC#C F F CD ECE C CD F A#C F AB D! 4

PERFIL TENSIONES
SECCIÓN
1 1 1
6.0cm
σ = 5506 kg/cm
1
2
2 2
6.0cm
2 σ = 2753 kg/cm
2
2
24cm G
3 Y 3 M=180KN·m 3 σ = 0 kg/cm
3
2
6.0cm
4 6.0cm
4 4 σ = -2753 kg/cm
4
2
5 5 5
σ = -5506 kg/cm
5
2
X
>EF / E C Z ! "C AC DC " A F A ADF H<Z F AB
F C C DA ADF C F AB F, A C CE A F F F EA EF FD F
F C FD-F DCE D-F F +" F CDF F σEF$: <*= 75EE ] σF E: = *H75EE DA
& 2 C< ADF C C D-F F EA A' F AB F C FD-F DCE D-F ^ "DAC C* _
- 87 -
,B B BC 43541 < 2 14 1 403 1 504A4 1 540 > T8 240B
"F C " F AB CE'A F " " D)C F$A C " " D)C CD* F AC
CDEF DC#C F F CD FE'C F "F C F F # )* F A F C F AB *
D! F "EF F AC DC#C F F CD F F " C C CDEF FA F F
SECCIÓN SOMETIDA A UN AXIL N TENSIONES PROVOCADAS POR UN AXIL N
σ
N,1
σ +σ
N,2 M,1
M σ
N
N,2
+ +
σ M,1
σ N,2
+ σM,2
SECCIÓN SOMETIDA A UN
M TENSIONES PROVOCADAS LA COMBINACIÓN
AXIL N Y UN FLECTOR M DE UN AXIL N Y UN FLECTOR M
σ
M,2
SECCIÓN SOMETIDA A UN FLECTOR M TENSIONES PROVOCADAS POR UN FLECTOR M
>EF H AC DC " A F CD " " D)C F$A CE D AB DF AB
A F 2 14 1 403 1 504 7 1 540 7 > @ 7 343 24 8 240 27 4

436 41 B B; 7 3 13 1 < F "F CEC4
N M ×y
σ= +
A I
C 4
σ: AB CDEF C A A#F A DF AB 7]<* F A#F A CE D AB 7\<
7: 3$A CE D AB 7\< C DF AB 7]<
3: !D F F AB
9: ECE C CD F A F C F AB
>: ECE C A D AF C D C F / F +" ADF F AB * DF C
: A F AF F " C C +"A D C C D F AB

<$ < E* +" " F " F " AC ! CE A F F " F$A DF AB
7: <Y7 F " ECE C CD 9:C<Y7BE E8". AB A C " C * * * C
A F AB $ D F F ; 5 EF
20cm
1 1
2 7.5cm 2
7.5cm
M=40KN·m
3 X 3
30cm G
4 7.5cm 4 N=50KN
7.5cm
5 5
Y
>EF < " D)C F C +" ! CE A F F AB / E C
/ E C F CE'A F AB C C / E C F DACD * F - +" AE E C

"EFD F AC F F " C C' A F AC 'A F F F CE'A F AB
3" +" F F A C F DC F C F AB #C F F D C F A F C F BDE" F DF
CEC F F' !D F " F AB D F " FD 3:'B : < EB < E : =<< E * EA DF

1 1
+" FA D AF DF I x = ×b ×h 3 = ×20cm ×(30cm ) 3 = 45000 cm 4
12 12
- 88 -
A B CDAE FEB AE
3 - " F AC 'A F F F CE'A F AB " F$A 7: <Y7 " CD 9:C<Y7BE

C 4
• 1" C * : E
N M ×y1 5000 kg 400000 kg·cm ×(−15cm )
σ1 = + = + = 8,33kg / cm 2 − 133,33kg / cm 2 = −125kg / cm 2
A Ix 600cm 2 45000cm 4
• 1" C * : D E
N M ×y 2 5000 kg 400000 kg·cm ×(− 7.5cm )
σ2 = + = + = 8,33kg / cm 2 − 66,66kg / cm 2 = −58,33kg / cm 2
A Ix 600cm 2 45000cm 4
• 1" C * :< E
N M ×y3 5000 kg 400000 kg·cm ×0cm
σ3 = + = 2
+ 4
= 8,33kg / cm 2 + 0kg / cm 2 = 8,33kg / cm 2
A Ix 600cm 45000cm
• 1" C C* C: D E
N M ×y4 5000kg 400000kg·cm ×7.5cm
σ4 = + = + = 8,33kg / cm 2 + 66,66kg / cm 2 = 74,99kg / cm 2
A Ix 600cm 2 45000cm 4
• 1" C * : E
N M ×y5 5000kg 400000kg·cm ×15cm
σ5 = + = 2
+ 4
= 8,33kg / cm 2 + 133,33kg / cm 2 = 141,66kg / cm 2
A Ix 600cm 45000cm
6" C F AC F AB D! 4
20cm
1 1
1 σ = -125kg/cm
1
2
7.5cm
2 2
M=40KN·m 2 σ = -58,33kg/cm
2
2
30cm G
3 7.5cm
X 3 3 σ = 8,33kg/cm
3
2
7.5cm N=50KN
4 4
4 σ = 74,99kg/cm
4
2
σ = 141,66kg/cm
7.5cm
2
5
5 5 5
Y
>EF AC 'A F F " F$A CD F AB "F DF / E C
,BABC F 74 2 14 12 ; 1B
6F AC F AF C #FDAF' F AB F +" DC " * FDF "

! "C " A A)F F C C A F CEC BDE" F CA C * +" " C DFD E" C
A'DC
>EF AC DC " A F CD " " D)C CD F
6F BDE" F CA C " F C CE A F F " A A)FD CD F DF)B C F #FEC F

F A FD* DC $A F DC$AEF AC A F E AF F "F " AEFD C
CD F F AC
- 89 -
3 - " * CDEF F DC$AEF F " F " FD F AC F AF * , F* 4
F F 4 1 3 9 1 F "F F AC F AF AE! CF CEC " F

AB E AF " A CDE #F CD4
Q
τ =
A
C 4
τ: AB F AF E AF 'A F F CD F 8
8: #F CD CD F F AB " AC
3: !D F F AB " AC
F F DC$AEF AB " C +" F AB F AF " F AB EF A)F

C F A "F F #F CD CD F A#A A C CD !D F F AB

<$ < E* +" " F " F " AC ! CE A F F " " D)C CD F
8: DY7 E8". AB A "F +"A D " C A F AB $ D F F ; 5 EF
6C DAE DC $ D FD C F C F " A F D +" DA F 4
8: DY7 : D<<;
3: < EB < E : =<< E
6F " C A AB +" F EC +" C C C " C A F EA EF AB F AF

F AB #A $ D F F CD D" F AB EF A)F CEC4
Q 3700
τ= = = 6,16 kg / cm 2
A 600
20cm
30cm G X Q=37KN τ = 6,16kg/cm 2
>EF AC F AF CD " " D)C CD F " F AB D F " FD EF A)F
' 1 4 1 6 02 1 5 :7 U4 15 140 F "F F AC " C A C

+" F EF F AB F +" F' CD' C C CD F * EA DF +" " C
+" F FF C F' CD' F F CD F
ALA ALA ALA
e ALMA h1
ALMA
ALMA h1 h1
e
e e
ALA ALA ALA
>EF C A A AB F EF FF DA +" 0C CD
- 90 -
A B CDAE FEB AE
@A " C +" F EF F AB #A F F FD +" F' CD' C C

CD F * F AB F AF CD C F C F " F " FD CEC4
Q
τ=
Aalma
C 4
τ: AB F AF E AF 'A F F CD F 8
8: #F CD CD F F AB " AC
3F EF: !D F F EF F AB " AC
F F DC$AEF AB " C +" F AB F AF " F AB +" 0C

CD C F A "F F #F CD CD F A#A A C CD !D F F EF
A F AB

>17 <<* +" " F " F " AC ! CE A F F " ECE C CD F #F CD
8: Y7
F E8". AB F AF F DC$AEF F A C " C A F AB $ D F F

; 5 E 91F 75EE F
ALA 6F AB F AF CD D " F AB +" 0C
CD F " F " FD CEC4
e =7.5mm Q
τ =
ALMA h1=159mm Aalma
1DAE DC A FD! F " FD !D F F EF
ALA
>EF A A AB F EF " >17 <<
1FDF F " FD !D F F EF A F C C D F " C #F CD DA >17 <<*

D "DDA CF F F' F A C D A C' A +" 4
: D* EE : HEE 3F EF: B : <*D EB *H E: *H E
6" C F AB F AF F DC$AEF F FDF " CD F 8: Y7: <<; D!4
Q 1500 kg
τ = = 2
= 125,8 kg cm 2 = 12,58 N mm 2
Aalma 11,925cm
' @F'A C +"F DC " A A)F C FDF D A >17 << F D" "DF " @ D WA
γ "DA F * F DC: *< +" A " A " F AB F AF F EA A'
275
τ 3D : # +A C33A* E F EA A' F AB " A A)F FF
1,05 × 3
6F AB F AF F " C EC " A CDE #F CD E!$AEC τEF$: * 75EE
CEC τEF$: * 75EE \ τF E: * 75EE D A >17 << F EA A' F AB

C F CFF " D)C CD F
- 91 -
-BC E.E / F E F F E F E F EE * $ FB
EE 35 4 BC @" B +" A +" F " FD F AC " F #A F " A A AC F

#A F ! CDEF F CD " D A E ! A C >1 <<
3 E! F' +" F F AC F A F' F A F #A F C 4
>EF = FD F F A F F / E C
7C F4 @" B +" F C F FD F FA F F CEC F FD F C A "F +" CDEF FD F

FD F #FDAF' D F A E D F F "F C F F # )
F E "! D! " C AB C AB CDEF E!$AEF FDF F CE'A F AB +"

FEFD EC 6O Z * B 11% 9 % * <B @ * +". #F CD CEF A F AB
CDEF E!$AEFF
6C DAE DC +" ' F D F " FD C " D)C DC#C F C CD F CE'A F AB

F AC +" A 1" CE DC'FD* A +"A D * +" C " D)C +" C' A F
CE'A F AB 6O Z * B 11% 9 % * <B @ C 4
>EF D &A B A Z 6O4 FD F EF CDF F * CD F CD
- 92 -
A B CDAE FEB AE
F C' D#F AB F " D)C F' +" ECE C E!$AEC F

DC #F C 1CD C F C* F AB CDEF E!$AEF FD! A F AB
6F AB CDEF F " F " FD CEC σ = N + M ×y * DC CEC F$A 7:< Y7*

A I
M ×y
F C F AB CDEF D! σ =
I
ECE C E!$AEC C' A C 9: * D Y7BE: D <; B E* D A " A A)F C

" >1 <<* A '" F F F' F # D! +" F A D AF / L ADC " >1
>>1 <<: =< EC
CEC ECE C CD C A A#C* F AB E!$AEF FD! 'A "F +"A D " C

F A'DF " DACD AB CE D AB C "F +"A D " C F A'DF A DACD AB
DF AB
M ×y f sup 528750kg ×cm ×(− 15)cm

• F A'DF " DACD " : E σ f . sup = = = −948,71 kg cm 2
Ix 8360cm 4
M ×y f . inf 528750kg ×cm ×15cm

• F A'DF A DACD A : E σ f . inf = = 4
= 948,71 kg cm 2
Ix 8360cm
>EF AC CDEF F AB DC #F C >1 << / E C
' @F'A C +"

F DC " A A)F C FDF D A >1 << F D" "DF " @ D WA
γ "DA F * F DC: *< +" A " A " F AB F EA A'
σ 3 D D 5 *< : A' +- C33A* E F EA A' F AB " A A)F FF
6F AB E!$AEF F F C FDF C " C F A'DF " DACD A DACD

D A#FE A " #F CD E!$AEC σEF$:HC *D ; 5 E : HC* D 75EE
CEC σEF$:HC* D 75EE \ σF E: = *H75EE D A >1 << F EA A' F AB

C F CF
E +". AB DC " F AB F AF E!$AEF FDF F CE'A F AB

F DACD 6O Z * B 11% 9 % * <B @ +". #F CD CEF A F AB
F AF F " F F C F BDE" F F DC$AEF FF
F C' D#F AB AF DFEF " D)C CD F C " +" CD F E!$AEC

F C F C C A " #F CD 8EF$: * Y7
6F AB F AF CD D" F AB +" 0C CD F " F " FD CEC4
Q
τ =
Aalma
1FDF F " FD !D F F EF A F C C D F " C #F CD DA >1 <<*
D "DDA CF F F' F A C D A C' A +" 4
: D* EE : CHEE 3F EF: B : <*D EB C*H E: D*=DH E
- 93 -
6" C F AB F AF F DC$AEF F FDF " CD F 8EF$: * Y7: ; D!4
Q 3825kg
τ = = 2
= 216,36 kg cm 2 = 21,64 N mm 2
Aalma 17,679cm
@F'A C +"F DC " A A)F C FDF D A >1 << F D" "DF " @ D WA
275
1,05 × 3
6F AB F AF F " C EC " A CDE #F CD E!$AEC τEF$: *=C 75EE
CEC τEF$: *=C 75EE \ τF E: * 75EE D A >1 << F EA A' F AB

C F CFF " D)C CD F
EE 35 4 ABC @" B +" A +" F F A)FD " F F FD F *<E C A" *

AE E F C F F C " C A F F FD F F' +" 4
- 6F F FD F F DC D" "DF F C*D<Y75E
- 6F C 'FDF A F F DF F <* Y75E F F " F
- 6F C'D FD F C F C *<<Y75E
- F C F F FD F *<<E
CEC F #A C DF " A F F F AC F A F' F F D" "DF D! 4
>EF H / E C F A F AB FD F " F F FD F FC F " , A C #F C
F @F'A C +" F AB DF # D F A CD FDF D- A F CE. DA F C

A "A #F CD $ D F C EE4
2000.00
2
Área; A=431,65cm
272.40 10.00 Incercia respecto al eje X; Ix=405500cm
4
c.d.g X
Ancho pasarela; 2000mm
756.90 750.00 Canto pasarela; 750mm
477.60 10.00
Distancia del c.d.g a la fibra superior; yf. sup.= 272.40mm
Distancia del c.d.g a la fibra inferior; y f. inf.= 477.60mm
10.00
800.00
Cotas en mm. Y
>EF C< FC CE. DA C F AB F F FD F " AC
E "! D! " C AB C AB CDEF E!$AEF FDF F CE'A F AB +"

FEFD EC 6O Z * B 11% 9 % * <B @ * +". #F CD CEF A F AB
CDEF E!$AEFF
- 94 -
A B CDAE FEB AE
6C DAE DC +" ' F D F " FD C " D)C DC#C F C CD F CE'A F AB

F AC +" A 1" CE DC'FD* A +"A D * +" C " D)C +" C' A F
CE'A F AB 6O Z * B 11% 9 % * <B @ C 4
ELU Nº1.- 1,35·Acciones_Permanentes+1,50·Acciones_Variables
1,35·CARGAS PERMANENTES
1,35·(PP+CM) = 1,35·5,20 = 7,02 KN/m 1,35·(PP+CM)+1,50·(SC)= 7,02+15,00= 22,02KN/m
A B
15,00m
15,00m
+ LEY DE
CORTANTES
165,15 KN
-
1,50·ACCIONES VARIABLES
1,50·(SC) = 1,50·10,00= 15,00 KN/m
-165,15 KN
LEY DE
FLECTORES
15,00m
+
619,31 KN·m
>EF C &A B A Z 6O4 FD F EF CDF F * CD F CD
F C' D#F AB F " D)C F' +" ECE C E!$AEC F

DC #F C 1CD C F C* F AB CDEF E!$AEF FD! A F AB
6F AB CDEF F " F " FD CEC σ = N + M ×y * DC CEC F$A 7:< C

A I
M ×y
F C F AB CDEF D! σ =
I
ECE C E!$AEC 9 : = H* Y7BE: = H <<; B E* F AB " A A)F F F

C
A A F FF DACDE +" A " A D AF C D CF / L >$* F FD F: C< << E
CEC ECE C CD C A A#C F A F AF DC DF# F F F A'DF

" DACD A DACD A D * C FE'A. D! A D C #F CD F
AC F A'DF " DACD A DACD "F +"A D F C 'A C F +" ECE C
C A A#C* F AB E!$AEF CE D AB FD! "F +"A D " C F A'DF " DACD*
EA DF +" F AB E!$AEF DF AB FD! "F +"A D " C F A'DF A DACD
• F A'DF " DACD " : DD*C<EE : D* C E
M ×y f. sup 6193100kg ×cm ×(− 27,24cm )

σ f . sup = = 4
= −416,03 kg cm 2 = −41,60 N mm 2
Ix 405500cm
• F A'DF A DACD A : CDD*=<EE : CD*D= E
M ×yf. inf 6193100 kg ×cm ×47,76cm

σ f .inf = = 4
= 729,4 kg cm 2 = 72,94 N mm 2
Ix 405500cm
>EF C AC CDEF F AB DC #F C F F FD F
- 95 -
' @F'A C +" F DC " A A)F C FDF F F FD F " @ D WA γ "DA F *

F DC: *< +" A " A " F AB F EA A'
σ 3 D D 5 *< : A' +- C33A* E F EA A' F AB " A A)F F F F FD FF
6F AB CDEF E! F F F +" F F A'DF A DACD F DF AB * A " #F CD

E!$AEC σEF$:D H*C ; 5 E : D *HC 75EE
CEC σEF$:D *HC 75EE \ σF E: = *H75EE F AB F F FD F F EA A' F

AB C F CF
E +". AB DC " F AB F AF E!$AEF FDF F CE'A F AB

F DACD 6O Z * B 11% 9 % * <B @ +". #F CD CEF A F AB
F AF F " F F C F BDE" F F DC$AEF FF
F C' D#F AB AF DFEF " D)C CD F C " +" CD F E!$AEC

F C F C C A " #F CD 8EF$: = * Y7
6F AB F AF CD D" F AB +" 0C CD F " F " FD CEC4
Q
τ =
Aalma
1FDF F " FD !D F F EF A F C C D F CE D-F F AB +" "

C' D#FD F+"-
2000.00 6F AB ! CE " F CD F F
<EE CD F C A " A A F F
10.00 F A "DF F /" F
272.40 c.d.g X
756.90 750.00 F C F EF ! CE " F CD C
477.60 10.00 FD F EF A)+"A D F F EF D F * CD C
F C ' D " F +" F C F EF
10.00
+" A "AD ! "C F AB
800.00
F AF
Cotas en mm. Y
>EF C K CE D-F F AB F F FD F
6" C !D F F C F EF +" CDEF F AB 4
F EF : <EE :D = H<EE 3F EF : B B : B *<< EBD *=H E: * E
?A F E * F AB F AF F DC$AEF F FDF CD F E!$AEC C' A C C

F C C #F CD 8EF$: = * Y7: = ; D!4
Q 16515kg
τ = = 2
= 109,1 kg cm 2 = 10,91 N mm 2
Aalma 151,38cm
@F'A C +" F DC " A A)F C FDF F F FD F F D" "DF " @ D WA

275
1,05 × 3
6F AB F AF F " C EC " A CDE #F CD E!$AEC τEF$: <*H 75EE
CEC τEF$: <*H 75EE \ τF E: * 75EE D A >1 << F EA A' F AB

C F CFF " D)C CD F
- 96 -
ABCC
ABC
CDEF F ED
A B C CDE F B ED D F ED B E
F
E E BE BE C B E B EBC CD B B A B DE E A
CD B E B E BE EB BE E BE
B CB B B B B E B E BE E B
CBE B BE BE BFBC E B C B BE B B CBE C
B CB
ABC
!" # A C # !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !" $$ "

%!" & ' A A # ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! " ($ "
ABC
!" # A C # ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! " ) "

!" & ' A A # ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! " )$ "
- 97 -
D E E DCF C BD E ABC E C B DCF C C B E F ABC C C CE D D B CF C E DC
- 98 -
ABCC
!" # A C # !
B BE C C B EA ! " BE DE C B B B
CBE #! " B BE B E B BE$
" % CB
" C B E
" %
" & CB
' & ( BC B A )**+ BE $

" )*,-
" ),-
" )*-
" )-
) . E ( BC E / 0 *,- /'0)***+ B E 1 B B A B B B
E EB B BE CBE B$
" E D B BE E 1 B B A B BB E EB E A EBCD )* *,-
" E D B BE E 1 B B A B BB E EB E A EBCD ) *,-
" E D B BE E 1 B B A B BB E EB E A EBCD 2*,-
" E D B BE E 1 B B A C B BE B B B E EB E
A EBCD )* *,-
2 . E ( BC E / /' BE D B E 1 B E B A
C B E E B E EB E
A E EB E B B( C B BE$
" 3 CBE B # BCB # B B A B * ,- E B
EB B B C BE CB B BFB B CB(BCB
" 3 CBE B # BCB # B B A B * ,- E B
EB B B C BE C B F B BFB B CB(BCB
" 3 CBE B # BC B B A B * ,- E B
EB B B C BE CB B BFB B CB(BCB
" 3 CBE B # BC B B A B * ,- E B
4 D BE CBE B B E B B ( BC $
" 5,- E 4* B
" 5,- E ) ** B
" 4,- E ) ** B%
" 4,- E ** B
6 D BE B B B C B E B B ( BC
B B $
" '7,-8 C B EB B E F E B CB F
" '7,-8 C B EB C C E F E B CB F
" 5,-8 C B EB B E F E B CB F
" 5,-8 C B EB C C E F E B CB F
7 . # E ( BC E / /' BE D B E 1 B E B A C B E E B
E EB E A E EB E B B( C B BE B B B
C B B EBCD$
" 4,-8 C B EB B E F E B CB F
" 4,-8 C B EB C C E F E B
CB F
" *,-8 C B EB B E F E B CB F
" *,-8 C B EB C C E F E B
CB F
- 99 -
5 9 D BE E E B BE /: /; B EB B B B BE E A B ( BC
/ B B B E BFBE : B ;<
" / :0 2 42,- EB # BC B BFB : 8/;0 5 = ,- EB #

F B BFB ;
" / :0 5 = ,- EB # BC B BFB : 8/;0 2 42,- EB #
F B BFB ;
" / :0 4 **,- EB # BC B BFB : 8/;0 5 66,- EB #
F B BFB ;
" / :0 5 66,- EB # BC B BFB : 8/;0 4 **,- EB #
F B BFB ;
= 9 D BE B B B C B ( BC B ( C B B <
" > 0 * ,-8

" > 0 7 5' ,-8 C B B EB B E F E B CB F
" > 0 7 5' ,-8 C B B EB C C E F E B CB F
" > 0 * ** ,-8 C B B EB B E F E B CB F
* 9 D B C B ( BC /' B B C B EE B B ( BC E B B
( C F <
" /'0 * 2* ,-
" /'0 ' 4* ,-
" /'0 2* ** ,-
" /'0 '4 ** ,-
9 D B EE B BE ( C BE E CB B B C B C B D BE BC <
" B B C B C B BE B (F B C B B BC C B B E
EB CB CBE B B E ( BC E B C B EB BE B B B A
B CBE B
" E B B EB A B B B BE DE B BFBE B E B C1
! E B C1 " B BE B B C B C B EB E ? B # E BFBE
" E 1 B B A C B @C B CBE B C E
E B C E B C B B E EB BE B # BB B
" EB A C CB B C B C B EB E ? B B B C B 1C
- 100 -
ABCC
' B BE EB ( B E @C E B B( B E BB B E B 9 D B
EE B BE ( C BE E CB # E B E D BE BC <
" A BE E B CB BFBE E
" 3 E EE E E B A B CB E DE CC E
" A BE B # B B BC B CB E E EB E
" 3 BE E B CB BFBE B E
) C A A # $
" E B BB C B
" E B BB B # C
" E B BB B BC
" E E B E BC # C BC BC B C
2 C A (F # $
" E B BB C B
" E B BB B # C
" E B BB B BC
" E B E BC # C BC BC B C
4 B C B # $
" E B BB C B
" E B BB B # C
" E B BB B BC
" E B E BC # C B C
6 B # C A C B EB A )*:2* B C B A B BE
C BE$
" & ( BC B B B C B B C 2,-
" & ( BC BB B B B C ),-C
" & ( BC BB B B B C ',-C
" & ( BC B B B C B B C ',-
7 DB B BC BE C C EF )** EB E B B B DCB B E EB A
'
C E BCE BE 4) 5 C B C B A B BE C EBCD$
" & ( BC BB B B B C 2' ', C
" & ( BC B B B C B B C )**,-
" & ( BC BB B B B C 6 2,-C
" & ( BC B B B C B B C 4) 5,
5 3 C BC BC B B B C B BE$
" FBC B BE
" A C BE
" B BE
" E B BE
= 9 D B EE B BE BE D EB E BC A C B<
" . CB C B E
" B BC C
" AB
" .E
'* 9 D B EE B BE BE D EB E BC A B <
" .E
" / B
" # B B B#1
" FB B BCC E
- 101 -
' 93 BE C C B ( C BE BE B B B E BE E E CB BE<
L=5m
" & B E
" & BE C C E ED
" & BE C C # BCBE D
" - B E BC CBE BE CCB
'' 93 BE C C B ( C BE BE B B B E BE E E CB BE<
L=5m
" & B E
" & BE C C E ED
" & BE C C # BCBE D
') 93 BE C C B ( C BE BE B B B E BE E E CB BE<
L=5m
" & B E
" & BE C C E ED
" & BE C C # BCBE D
'2 93 BE C C B ( C BE BE B B B E BE E E CB BE<
L=20m
" & B E
" & BE C C E ED
" & BE C C # BCBE D
'4 93 E CBE C F C B B <

" / BB A
" CBE A
" C B
" C A
'6 93 E C BE C F C B B <
" C A
" C B
" CBE A
" / BB A
'7 93 E E C F C B B <
" / BB A
" CBE A
" C A
" CE A
- 102 -
ABCC
'5 9 D B EE B BE ( C BE E CB B B (B C D BE BC <
" & EB A B BB B BE C C BE D E B BE( BC E B ( BB A
(B CBE E CB B ? ( BC E B B B ( BB C C
" . B B (B C B EB A BE B C B B BE E ( C E B
C E BC C B # EB A BE D C E
" . B B (B C B EB A BE B C E B BE E ( C E B
C (BC C B # EB A BE D C E
" C F ( BB A C B B E B BE D C F ( BB A
E B
'= DB EBC A B B G B H B E B B C BE EB B B
BE 9 D BE B C B CB A B <
E B 3B B C BE B
" 4 '4,-
" ' 24,-
" ' 44,-
" )6 7*,-
)* DB EBC A B B G B H B E B B C BE EB B B
BE 9 D BE B C B CB A B %<
" 4 '4,-
" ' 24,-
" ' 44,-
" )6 7*,-
) DB EBC A B B G B H B E B B C BE EB B B
BE 9B @ EB C CB B (B C DB E <
"
" %
" D
"
)' DB EBC A B B G B H B E B B C BE EB B B
BE 9B @ EB C CB B (B C DB B <
"
" %
" D
"
- 103 -
)) DB B G B 'H E BE B B B C BE B B
BB CBE A Q x = 25 − 10 x B B B (B CBE B B BB CBE A M x = 25 x − 5 x 2 9B
@ EB C CB B (B C DB <
E B ' A C
" B0*
" B0 4*
" B0' 4*
" B04 **
)2 DB B E B B B E BE B B B C BE B B
2
BB CBE A Q x = 25 − 10 x B B B (B CBE B B BB CBE A M x = 25 x − 5 x 9 @
C CD B B (B C DB <
" * ,-8
" 4 ** ,-8
" ) '4,-8
" 4 ** ,-8
)4 & E B B B C C B B
B C 9 D EBCD B B B B B C B %< . B B
02 C 0 *,-C
F* F F ' F D + ,D D EF E -D ED + ED . /F
px
Mx = ×(3l − 4 x )
8
3 x pl 2 pl 4
Q x = pl × − MB =− f max =
8 l 8 185 EI
3 9
RB =
5
pl QA = pl M max rel = ×pl 2 1 + 33
128
F C x= ×l
8 8 16
5 F C x= 3l
Q B = pl 8
8
M =0 F C x= 3l
4
" '* ,-8

" '* ,-8
" '4 ,-8
" '4 ,-8
)6 & B C C B B B C BC C
9 D EBCD B C B C B B < . B B 02 C
0 *,-C
" 4 ,-
" '4 ,-
" '* ,-
" * ,-
- 104 -
ABCC
#D D F F ED F ( !
" CB
' " ),-
C !C "#"C$%%C&'C " C$C(BC) " ) C*%%('C " C*(BC
) " EDB BE E 1 B B A B BB E EB E A EBCD 2*,-
!C +,-) ."C / C )-0 C) C/ C# # C . .C 1(B2C $3$%(BC 4C $3*%(B5C

"#"C) 6 C) CC# # C/7 ) C.)C C4C//)8 C)/C# #"C ) ."C )C # C/" C# . /" C
E3C9%(B5C) C/ C# # C/7 ) C.)C C4C " C)/C# #"C ) ." C
2 " 3 CBE B # BC B B A B * ,- E B
!C C -) / )C .):)C ) -C ) C C -) C , - /)/ 5C )/C 8 /"-C .)C / C -) / )C

)-6C;<%=$%3C;$%(B5C) C.) -5C$%C(BC " C ) ."C> C/ C 0? )-. C1 ' "C )' 8"2 C C
. C .)C / C -) / )C )-6C .E3C 1;<%@%=$%@$2A1;$%2C 3C ;$#5C ) C .) -C C #) -"C ,"-C
.): B"C .)C / C /7 ) C .)C -) )-) C 1)/C ' "C #) " C . C ,"-C .): B"C .)C / C /7 ) C .)C
-) )-) 2C
4 " 5,- E 4* B
!C C-) / )C.)C C )-0 C " C) C,@.C1,C )-0 C)+,-) . C) C(BA#C

4C.C. C)+,-) . C) C#2C C E3CC(BA#@*#3C$D(BC> C : B" C C )-0 C )C.):)C
) " - -C . C) C)/C, "C#). "C.)/C - #"C) C? )C )C ,/ C.A<3C*A<3C$5E#C.)C C
6 " '7,-8 C B EB B E F E B CB F
!C /C #"#) "C ) C C )-6C 3; E@. 3;$D(B@$5E#3<F(B@#5C )/C ' "C #) " C

. C? )C' - C) C)/C ) ."C.)C/ C ' B C.)/C-)/"B C
7 " *,-8 C B EB B E F E B CB F
!C C )-0 C .)C <%(BC , C ,"-C C 4C ,"-C /"C "C "C ,-". )C #"#) "5C / C
)-0 C.)C$%(BC) 6C C$#C.)C C C C3<%@%;$%@$3;$%(B@#5C)/C ' "C#) " C . C? )C
' - C) C)/C ) ."C.)C/ C ' B C.)/C-)/"B C
5 " /:0 5 66,- EB # BC B BFB : 8/;0 4 **,- EB #

F B BFB ;
!CD C,-"4) C/ C )-0 C.)C$%C": ) ) C? )C G3C$%@ ) C%3D5CC(BC> C/ C

0? )-. C.)/C)B)CG5C 3$%@ " C%3E5%%(BC> C : B"C) C)/C)B)C C
= " > 0 * ** ,-8 C B B EB B E F E B CB F
!C D)C .):)C / 0 -C / C )-0 C .) "#, ) C , - C / / -C C C )-0 C

G 3D5CC(BC, C,"-C C4C,"-C/"C "C "C,-". )C#"#) "5C/ C )-0 C 3CE5%%(BC) 6C C
C. C .)C <#C .)C C C 3D5CC@%;E@<3;$%(B@#5C )/C ' "C #) " C . C ? )C ' - C
) C)/C ) ."C.)C/ C ' B C.)/C-)/"B C
* " /'0 '4 ** ,-
!C #: "C .)C . .) C $% 3$%%(BC C - C ? )C ) HC ) C )? / :- "C

F1 ×d1 = F2 ×d 2 C$%%@<3 <@DC C <3<%%AD3<E(BC
- 105 -
" E 1 B B A C B @ C B CBE B C E
E B C E B C B B E EB BE B # BB B
!C C -) , ) C )-7 C "--) C C . B) )C /" C ' ) )!I C C 8 ' 5C

// # -)#" C . -) - 0C .)C / C ) - - C /C / ' -C ')"#H - "C ? )C -) / C .)C -C "." C /" C
) -" C.)C'- 8). .C.)C/ C ) " ) C.)C. >"C)/)#) "I C
' "A BE E B CB BFBE E
!C C .) C "--) C .)C 8 "C ) C > ) "C 1) , "2C ') )- ."C ) -)C ." C
,"4" C " ) 8" 5C# ) - C? )C/ 0C) C C/ C. C) -)C ,"4" C
) " E B BB B BC
2 " E B E BC # C BC BC B C
4 " E B E BC # C B C
6 "& ( BC BB B B B C ),-C
!C /C ,) "C ,-", "C ) 6C )#,-)C . - : ."C ) C ". C / C 8 ' C ,"-C /"C ? )C )C

-),-) ) C " C C )-0 C " C - C / / -C)/C8 /"-C.)/C,) "C,-", "C)+,-) ."C) C
(BA#5C , - C C 8 ' C .)C >"-# ' C -# ."C .)C ) C .)C *%+9% #C .):) C :)-C ? )C )/C
>"-# ' C -# ."C,) C<E(BA#*C C 3%5*%#@%59#@<E(BA#*3*(BA# C
7 "& ( BC BB B B B C 2' ', C
!C /C ,) "C ,-", "C ) 6C )#,-)C . - : ."C ) C ". C / C 8 ' C ,"-C /"C ? )C )C

-),-) ) C " C C )-0 C " C - C / / -C)/C8 /"-C.)/C,) "C,-", "C)+,-) ."C) C
('A#5C, - C C8 ' C.)C )-"C *%%C.)C ) CE*5D #<5C.):) C :)-C? )C)/C,) "C.)/C
)-"C) C.)CFDE%&'A#*C1FD5E%(BA#*2C CE*5D #<A$%%%%3%5%%E*D#<C C
C C3C%5%%E*D#<@FDE%&'A#*C39<5<&'A# C
5 " FBC B BE
= ".E
!C /C #"C) C C C .) /C
'* " FB B BCC E
!C /C)#, B)C.)C )-- C) C C C,)-# ) )C
' " >B E
!C "#"C> 4C." C - / " ) C# 8 /) C) " ) C /"C> 4C." C ' C1/ C

-) C8)- /C) C . C ,"4"CE 25C,)-"C/ C) " ) C.)C/ C) 6 C " C* C /C ,/ -C
/ C) " ) C.)C)? / :- "C.)C/ C) 6 C> 4C #6 C) " ) C? )C ' C C,"-C/"C
"C "C> 4C "/ CJ 5C/ C) - - C "C) C) :/)C4C/ C.) "# #" C#) #" C
'' "& BE C C E ED
!C "#"C > 4C C - / C # 8 /C 1-) C E 25C 4C "#"C > 4C " - C

- / C B C 1-) " ) C EG5C E 2C C ) " ) C > 4C -) C ' 5C 4C "#"C / C
) " ) C.)C/ C) 6 C " C* C /C ,/ -C/ C) " ) C.)C)? / :- "C.)C/ C) 6 C> 4C
' /) C ) " ) C ? )C ' C C ,"-C /"C "C > 4C "/ CJ 5C / C ) - - C) C
) :/)C4C/ C.) "# #" C " 6 C
') "& BE C C # BCBE D
!C "#"C > 4C C )#," - # ) "C ? )C " " C "." C /" C #"8 # ) " C 4C )/C
' -"C 1-) C EG5C E 5C 25C 4C "#"C > 4C " - C - / C # 8 /C 1-) C E 2C ) " ) C
> 4C -"C ' 5C 4C "#"C / C ) " ) C .)C / C ) 6 C " C * C /C ,/ -C / C
- 106 -
ABCC
) " ) C .)C )? / :- "C .)C / C ) 6 C > 4C #6 C ' C ? )C ) " ) C C ,"-C /"C ) C

)# C "C )C, ).)C-) "/8)-C / 0 ."C /"C/ C) " ) C.)C/ C) 6 5C/ C) - - C
) C) :/)C4C/ C.) "# #" C> ,)-) 6 C
'2 "& BE C C E ED
!C "#"C > 4C C - / C # 8 /C 1-) C E 25C 4C "#"C > 4C " - C

- / C B C 1-) " ) C EG5C E 2C C ) " ) C > 4C -) C ' 5C 4C "#"C / C
) " ) C.)C/ C) 6 C " C* C /C ,/ -C/ C) " ) C.)C)? / :- "C.)C/ C) 6 C> 4C
' /) C ) " ) C ? )C ' C C ,"-C /"C "C > 4C "/ CJ 5C / C ) - - C) C
) :/)C4C/ C.) "# #" C " 6 C
'4 " CBE A
'6 " C A
'7 " / BB A
'5 " . B B (B C B EB A BE B C E B BE E ( C E B
C (BC C B # EB A BE D C E
!C D C )/C #"#) "C ) C .)C 8 /"-C ," 8"C ) " ) C / C # .C ,)- "-C .)C / C
) C) -6C "#,- # . C4C/ C# .C )- "-C) -6C - " . C
'= " ' 44 ,-
!C /C8 /"-C.)C/ C-) C) C)/C ,"4"C C " .)C " C)/C / "C.)/C "- )C) C
. >"C ,"4"C? )C "# C C8 /"-C.)C$<5EE(B C
)* " )6 7*,-
!C /C8 /"-C.)C/ C-) C) C)/C ,"4"CKC " .)C " C)/C / "C.)/C "- )C) C
. >"C ,"4"C? )C "# C C8 /"-C.)C$E5<E(B=<$59E(B3C*C5F%(B C
) "B D
!C /C#"#) "C#6+ #"C," 8"5C, - C -' C " C> C : B"5C )C 8 C C

,-". -C) C )- "-C.)/C8 "CB "C." .)C )C /)C/ C/)4C.)C "- ) CF)C/ C": )-8 C
.)C/ C/)4C.)C "- ) C) C)/C )- "-C.)/C8 "C )C / C/ C/)4C.)C "- ) C) C)/C, "CF C
)' "B %
!C /C#"#) "C#6+ #"C )' 8"C )C8 C C,-". -C) C/" C ,"4" C )-#). " C
.)C/ C8 ' C " 5CB "C." .)C )C / C/ C/)4C.)C "- ) C) C. >" C ,"4" CF)C/ C
": )-8 C .)C / C /)4C .)C "- ) C / C /)4C .)C "- ) C )C / C ) C ,"4"C ? )C " .)C
" C)/C, "CK C
)) " B B0' 4*
!C /C#"#) "C#6+ #"C )C8 C C,-". -C) C)/C, "C." .)C )C /)C/ C/)4C.)C
"- ) C D C ' / C / C /)4C .)C "- ) C C %5C ": ) ) C ? )C 25 − 10 x = 0
B0'4C *0' 4*
)2 ") '4,-
!C F)/C , - ."C )- "-C 4 C :) C ? )C )/C #"#) "C #6+ #"C )C ,-". )C ) C

B0' 4* 3 B E E B B0' 4* B BB CBE A B B B B E (B CBE
2
EB B B M (2,50 ) = 25·2,50 − 5·2,50 = 31,25 KN ·m
- 107 -
)4 " '*,-8
!C D 4) ."C /" C 8 /"-) C .)C /39#5C ,3$%(BA#C ) C / C )+,-) C ? )C )C

2 2
pl 10·4
": ) )C.)/C,-" - "C, - C)/C#"#) "C) CK5C )C": ) )C M B = − =− = −20 KN ·m
8 8
)6 " 4,-
!C D 4) ."C /" C 8 /"-) C .)C /39#5C ,3$%(BA#C ) C / C )+,-) C ? )C )C

3 3
": ) )C.)/C,-" - "C, - C)/C "- )C) C 5C )C": ) )C Q A = pl = ·10·4 = 15 KN C
8 8
- 108 -
ABCC
%!" & ' A A # !
& ' A A !" CBE B B EEE B E B ( BC E$

DIRECCIÓN
a) 20,5 T 425 KN LÍNEA DE ACCIÓN
DIRECCIÓN
b) 1750 kg 3 KN LÍNEA DE ACCIÓN
DIRECCIÓN
c) 1750 kg 35500 N 50 KN LÍNEA DE ACCIÓN
d)
N
32 K
0N
4300
N
25 K
6m
5m
4m 2m
Kg
8500
1m
1T
CIA S
TAN
E DIS
IA D
E NC
FER
E RE
E JE D
EJE DE REFERENCIA DE DISTANCIAS
e)
1500 Kg
57000N
15 KN
1T
0,8m
1,0m
2,2m
1,1m
f) p=4KN/m
6m
g) p=4KN/m
6m
1T
8m
h) 2,5KN
°
90
1,5KN
- 109 -
#D 0 1 D !
DIRECCIÓN
20,5 T 425 KN LÍNEA DE ACCIÓN
"
3 C BC B B BE # BC BE E C BE # @ B E E C
B ,- '* 4 0 '*4 ,-
E E ( BC E B B E CB A ! 1 B B A "B EB
CBE B BE CD B E CB A ! 1 B B A " B B E EB
DIRECCIÓN
630 KN LÍNEA DE ACCIÓN
"
I B BE ,- 74*, 0 7 4* ,-
DIRECCIÓN
17,50 KN 3 KN LÍNEA DE ACCIÓN
E E ( BC E B B E CB A ! 1 B B A " (BCB B EB
CBE B BE CD B E CB A ! 1 B B A " B B EB B
( BC B C C! A " 7 4*,- ),-0 2 4* ,-
DIRECCIÓN
14,50 KN LÍNEA DE ACCIÓN
DIRECCIÓN
1750 kg 35500 N 50 KN LÍNEA DE ACCIÓN
"
I B E BE ,- 74*+ 0 7 4* ,-J )44**- 0 )4 4 ,-
DIRECCIÓN
17,50 KN 35,50 KN 50 KN LÍNEA DE ACCIÓN
E CBE ( BC E B B E CB A ! 1 B B A " (BCB B EB

CBE B BE CD B E CB A ! 1 B B A " B B EB B
BC C B 7 4*K)4 40 4),- L 4* ,- 7 4*,-K)4 4*,- 4*,-0) ** ,-
DIRECCIÓN
" 3 C BC BE # B B C E BE E #B BE E B ,-
- 110 -
ABCC
E E ( BC E E C B E CBE B EBCD @ C B
E E E ( BC E # BCB # B E # BC B B
CBE B BE$
FR = −10 + 85 + 25 − 43 − 32 = 25 KN B E E B CBE B #
BCB # !EB ? B C BC BE E BE B "
B E # C E B EB B C CD CBE B B BFB B
CB(BCB
− 10 ×1 + 85 ×2 + 25 ×4 − 43 ×5 − 32 ×6
dR = = −5,88m !B E B E B BE #
25
F B BFB B CB(BCB B E E"
B" 3 C BC BE # B B C E BE E #B BE E B ,-

1500 Kg
15 KN
57000N
57 KN
15 KN
15 KN
1T
10 KN
0,8m 0,8m
1,0m 1,0m
2,2m 2,2m
1,1m 1,1m
E E ( BC E E C B E CBE B EBCD @ C B
E E E ( BC E # F B E # CC B B CBE B
BE$
FR = 10 + 15 + 15 − 57 = −17 KN B E B B CBE B #
CC !EB ? B C BC BE E BE B "
CB(BCB
10 ×0,8 + 15 ×(0,8 + 1,0 ) + 15 ×(0,8 + 1,0 + 2,2 ) − 57 ×(0,8 + 1,0 + 2,2 + 1,1)
dR =
− 17
10 ×0,8 + 15 ×1,8 + 15 ×4 − 57 ×5,1 −195,7
dR = = = 11,512 m
− 17 − 17
(" 3 CBE B B ( BC ! B "B B BC EB

FR = p ×d
C B EB CB BE D B B B B EB B
E CB B B EB BB B B BE B E FR = p ×d = 4 KN / m ×6m = 24 KN EB
B B C C'0 6C'0) BE B B C B
p=4KN/m FR=p·d=4·6=24KN
6/2=3m
6m d=6m
" BE B E C BC EB CBE B B ( BC B & B CB

( BC CBE B B C B EB CB B C ( BC CBE B B
EE B B E B CBE C B E B E EB # F
BE B # B E BE ! E B ,- ,-C "
- 111 -
3 C BC C B B 1 B B C BC C E1 B EA B B
C CBE B B E E B CBE B# B
E C B E CBE B @ EBCD B B E EB
@ B CD !EB # F E "
FR = 24 + 10 = 34 KN
CB(BCB
24 ×3 + 10 ×8
dR = = 4,47 m
34

p=4KN/m

FR=p·d=4·6=24KN
10 KN
6m 34KN
1T
6/2=3m
d=6m
d=4,47m
8m 8m
#" B B CB BF D C E$
2 2
FR = 2,5 + 1,5 = 2,915 KN
D α EB B B $
2,5
α = ar cos = 30,948º
2,915
2,5KN 2,5KN
48º
3 0 ,9
2,9
°
1
90
1,5KN 1,5KN 5K
N
& ' A A !" DBE A ( BC B E ( BC E BC B CBE B B BFB B

E:B;
#D 0 1 D !
3 BE E A B ( BC B E BFBE : B ; EB # B C B E B ( A
BE D E1 BE C ( BC $
Fx = F ×cos α = 2,0 ×cos(60,0º ) = 1KN
Fy = F ×senα = 2,0 ×sen(60,0º ) = 1,732 KN
1,0KN
2,0
1,732KN
60
KN
2,0
KN
- 112 -
ABCC
& ' A A )!" B B C C CE ( BC CE B $
" 3 E E %
" 3 E E %
" 3 E E % ! C B B DE B E B B E B % BE
B B C CBE BB B %"
" 3 E E % ! C B B DE B E B B E B % B
BE B B C CBE BB % "
A 11,512
B
0,80
C
1500 Kg
57000N
15 KN
1T
0,80 1,00 2,20 1,10
B" 3 E E %
(" 3 E E %
#D 0 1 D )!
" 3 E E %
E 1 D 2 ED D D F F EF D 3 F D D E D
* D D ED F *F F F D /F!
E1 BE$
M A = F ×d A = −21KN ×3m = −63KN ×m
M B = F ×d B = 21KN ×1m = 21KN ×m
- 113 -
" 3 E E %
E ( BC E E C % C E 1 BE E E BE *
BE E B B C B B BE E E > 0>%0*,-8
" 3 E E % ! C B B DE B E B B E B % BE
B B C CBE BB B %"
E B EE B B ( BC E EB CCBE B B EE B B ( BC E B C B
BFBC DB BE 1 # B C E BE ! E C ,- C
BFB " B DE B BE C CBE B ! BC BFBC "
/1F B B % BE D B E CB C B E ( BC E C
E B E ( BC E BE E B% E ( BC E BE E ( CD
B B > 0>%
B C B E ( BC E B E E B EBCD$
A B
1,15
DIRECCIÓN
17,50 KN 35,50 KN 50 KN LÍNEA DE ACCIÓN
> 0>%0 M!/8 " 0 7 48 4K)4 48 4 4*8 40 ) 24 ,-8

AB E B E EB E CBE BB B B EB B B BE B E $
A B
1,15
DIRECCIÓN
> 0>%0 /8 0),-8 4 0) 24,-8
" 3 E E % ! C B B DE B E B B E B % B
BE B B C CBE BB % "
A 11,512
B
0,80
C
1500 Kg
57000N
15 KN
1T
0,80 1,00 2,20 1,10
E B BE B E E B B BFBC B" E1 B 1 B BE # B B E E
BE ! B ,-" CBE B B EE B CBE ( B$
A A 11,512
11,512
B
B
0,80
0,80
C
C
15 KN
57 KN
10 KN
15 KN
17 KN
0,80 1,00 2,20 1,10
B B B F B E ( BC E EBCD$
> 0 M!/8 " 0 *8* 5 48!* 5K " 48!* 5K K' '"K478!* 5K K' 'K "
> 0 *8* 5 48 5 482K4784 0 5 '7 6*K'=* 70 =4 7 ,-8
- 114 -
ABCC
C B E B CBE B B E C B B B $
> 0 /8 0 78 4 '0 =4 7 ,-8
@ E B B B E B B B % >%0> 0 * B %
BE D B 1 B B A B CBE B . BCBE B BE C C
B B B CB A B BE E E
B" 3 E E %
F C EBC C B B BE CB C C BC E CBE B
2,875 1,875
p=4KN/m
4·3.75=15 KN
A A
B B
1,00 3,75 1,00 3,75
# C B BE C E B EB %$
> 0 /8 0 4,-8' 574 0 2) '4,-8
>%0 /8 %0 4,-8 574 0 '5 '4,-8
(" 3 E E %
3 C BC B B BE # BC BE BE BC ( BC B : B ; E # EB B
B BFBC '
Fx = F ×cos α = 2,0 ×cos(60,0º ) = 1KN
Fy = F ×senα = 2,0 ×sen(60,0º ) = 1,732 KN
2,00 3,00 2,00 3,00
A A 1KN
B B
1,732 KN
°
°
60
60
2K
2K
N
3 ( BC /:0 ,- C B B B % C B E C BE E E
C E B E BE * FBC ( BC /;0 7)',- E1 B C
B B E C E E %
> 0 8* 7)'8'0 ) 262,-8
>%0 8*K 7)'8)04 =6,-8
- 115 -
& ' A A 4!" . A BB B CBE B B C F E EB BE D C B E CB

B ' 4* B E B B B B E BB CB E
DB # E CB E E BE B$
- # B E CB BE B ' **
- 3 E CB BE B BC BE C C BE D ( C C E E EF 6** E BE E
( C
- BE B EF 6** BE ''+ C
- B B E CB BE D ( C C B E B BC C C
BB BC CBE B BE BE C 4 B E γ BC 0= **,-C )
- 3 E E C E BC BE BE 24 ,-C
- 3 E CB C B E B BE BE B 4 **,-C '
3 B E BE BE EBCD E B EB B E B B B $
- $ E BE C C E B D E EB E E E EB C BE BE B '4** B # B '***
.B B B$
" BE E C E BC B BE C BE EB BE C C
" BE E CB BE E B BE B BE( BC E CBE BE B A B

BE 5 F *F 6 E 7 5 F F

BE 8)95 F *F 6 E 7 895 F F
#D 0 1 D 4!
" D EE B E C E BC B BE C BE EB BE C C
BE C C BE D ( C C E E BE B BE CB C C E E C E B CB
B E! C "
? E F *F F F F EBCD $
• 6 F E
o 6 D D D C B B C ''+ C 66: *F;A6 <((= 8 >C?
o F *F EF BE CD BE C$
D F: ED F F EF 6** B
CCBE B B E C E B E CB ! # 0'
# B 0'C'0 " B DE E BE B B BE BE C
B BC BE 4 0* *4 B E γ BC 0= **,-C ) E
C EBCD C B B C
> B N BC 0 # 8BE BE C8 γ BC 0 8* *4 8= **,-C )
> B N BC 0 * 24,-C
D F F F F B (B CD B E E
C E > CC 0 24,-C
3 B C BC EBCD$
> 0 > B N BC K > CC 0 * 24,-C K 24 ,-C
- EDEF = 8$(>C?
- 116 -
ABCC
o F C B C B E BE BC B BE E CB BE C C
EBCD $ FFK > 0 '',-C K =*,-C 667 - = )8 >C?
• F F . # A C B B E CB C B E B BE
CB BC B EB B B B C B # B E CB
. 0 # ! "8 C !,-C '" 0 84 **,-C '
# = 98((>C?
" D B E CB BE E B BE B BE( BC E CBE BE B A B

BE 5 F *F 6 E 7 5 F F
OC E A B C B E BC E A B BE B E E C
E C
BE C C CBE B BB
E1 BE C C B EB B C E CB BE B BE B BE( BC E EBCD$
0 8!FFK >"K 8. 0 8) 'K 84 ** = @8 >C?
F D D B E CB BE
# C B C BC C E B E B B BC B BC
B CDE B CB C E CBE B
F C C E CB BE B BE B C EB BE B B C
MI 0 * A = ( >C
MA 0 * 5 '8 ' 4 A A% 0 * * 4 A A% 0 * 7 % = ( 89 >C

M> 0 * B EB
* 486 '4KA 8*KI 8*KA%8 ' 4*0* 6)2 )74KA%8 ' 4*0* A%06)2 )74C ' 4
%=9(8B9 >C5
. E B A% B EB B A BE BF BB A EB B B$
A K4* 74 0 * 4 ,- A 0 * 4 4* 74 =9(8B9 >C
C
6F D DB BE C B C B B B E C E C
C EB BE B B C
- 117 -
B BE B E EA # C B C B C BE
EB CB E BE D BB B B B
A E B B C C B BC BCB #
PB BC B B C BC B E E EBCD B BE B B EB
BE C B C B BCB #
D EE B C % 2(DED 89(3
# C EB B EB BE B B C BE B C B $
MI 0 * C2F3 = (
MA 0 * Q!B" 4* 74K5 '8B 0 *
G2F3 = "@8 5E79(8B9 2>C3
B E B EB A GBH Q!:" -!:"
E C BEB C C B
B
M> 0 * 4* 748BK5 '8B8BC'K>!:" 0 *

-2F3 = "48(<5E 79(8B95E 2>C5 3
)C F D D F C E C E B BE( BC E C BE ( B CBE
D EE B C % 2(DED 89(3
Q!:" 0 5 '8BK4* 74 !,-" BE ( A (!B"0αBKβ BE CB
DB BE C B E E E B CB C F C ! E BB CB E"$
- . B0* Q!*"0 5 '8*K4* 74 0 4* 74 ,-
- . B0 ' 4* Q! ' 4*"0 5 '8 ' 4*K4* 74 0 4* 74 ,-
>!:" 0 2 *68B'K4* 748B !,-8 " BE ( A (!B"0 αB'KβBKλ BE CD
DB BE C B E CBE E B CB C F C ! E B BE E E
B B EBC E BB CB E B C EBC BC B B BE B E EBC
B DB "$
- . B0* >!*"0 2 *68*'K4* 748* 0 * ,-8
- . B0 ' 4* >! ' 4*"0 2 *68 ' 4*'K4* 748 ' 4* 0 * ,-8
- BC BC EBCD B DB B B B(B CBE
DB B B B (B CBE EB C B B B B B B B
C BE EBC
E1 B E E BB CBE A Q!B" B B B C BE # CDE B
C B GBH ! E BE B B C B " C B B EB B C B
3 B BEB C B GBH E E B B BB CBE A >!B" B
B B (B CBE B CDE B C B B DB E
> BK
Q!B"0* ,- 5 '8BK4* 74 0 * 5 '8B 0 4* 74
B 0 4* 74C5 ' E = <8 9
3 B B DB B B B (B CBE EB C B B B06 '4
C B$
B06 '4 - FE2<8 93= 2 *686 '4'K4* 7486 '4 0 9@89$ >C5
# C B BE C C B E E E B C C EB B B E E E
CBE ! 05 ' ,-C J 0 ' 4* "$ !- $ BE C A C C ( C C B
B 6 ' # % ' -H# C E BE BE C B
CB CB E"
F* F F ' F D + ,D D EF E -D ED + ED
M A = M B = 0 KN ×m
8,12·12,50 Q A = R A = 50,75 KN 8,12 x
RA = = 50,75 KN Mx = (12,5 − x ) ®
2 8,12 2
Qx = (12,5 − 2 x ) ® M x = 50,75 x − 4,06 x 2
2
8,12·12,50 Q x = 50,75 − 8,12 x 8,12 ×12,5 2
RB = = 50,75 KN M max = = 158,59 KN ×m
2 Q B = − R B = −50,75 KN 8
C x = 12,5 = 6.25 m
0
2
- 118 -
ABCC
# C B BE F C E B BE B BE( BC E$

BE 8)95 F *F 6 E 7 895 F F
B B CB B E BC E A B BE E BE EB B B E C
C E1 BE C C B # C EB B C E CB BE B BE B
BE( BC E EBCD$
0 )48!FFK >"K 4*8. 0 )48) 'K 484 ** = 8B >C?
BE #B E E B E B C BC C B
05 ',-C BB E B CB A B E C E B E C CB A
B CB # A BE E C B B BE B E
EBCD = 7 'C5 '0 844 F C B
CBE B E B BE EBCD BC C
BC C CB A B CB
E
A CBE B C B
. B0* Q!*"0 22'84* 74 07) 5' ,-
. B0 ' 4* Q! ' 4*"0 22'8! 4* 74"
Q! ' 4*"0 7) 5' ,-
A CBE B B (B C
. B0* >!*"0 22'8* 0 *,-8
. B0 ' 4* >! ' 4*"0 22'8* 0 *,-8
B06 '4 > B!6 '4"0 22'8 45 4=
> B!6 '4" 0 ''5 657,-8
- 119 -
& ' A A 9!" E CB BE F E B BE B BE( BC E B
#D 0 1 D 9!
3 C BC B B BE # BC BE C B C ( BC B ',- !D 6*R" B E BFBE

:B;
E ( BC C B E B B B BFBC ' E1 B B BE C B CBE B 1
3 B# B C B C $
F D C E CB BE
# C B B BE E E C C E CBE BB B B B B EB
MI 0 * I K 0 * ,- A = " >C
MA 0 * *84K 7) A A% 0 * 4*K 7) A A% 0 *
4 7) A A% 0 * 7 % = 9 8B) >C
M> 0 * B E B ! E B BE # C BE E C
C B B "$
4*8' 4 7)8' 8*KA 8*KI 8*KA%840*
'5 26KA%840* A%0 '5 26C4 %= 98<$ >C
A K'4 6=' 0 4 7) ,- A 0 4 7) '4 6=' = <8()@ >C
C
6F D DB BE C B C B B B E
C E C C EB BE BB C A E
B B C B BCB # BC PB BC B B C BC B E E
EBCD B BE B B EB BE C B C B BC
- 120 -
ABCC
A # BC ' C E B CB % B
D EE B C % 2(DED)3
MI 0 * C2F3 = (
MA 0 * Q!B" K *8B '4 6=' 0 *
G2F3 = (5E" 98<$ 2>C3
B E B EB A GBH Q!:"
-!:" E C BEB C
C B B
M> 0 * *8B8BC'K'4 6=' B >!:" 0 *
-2F3 = "95E 7 98<$ 5E 2>C5 3
D EE B C 2)DED93
MI 0 * -!:"K 0 * C2F3 = >C

MA 0 *
Q!B" K 7)K *8B '4 6=' 0 *
G2F3 = (5E" )8$< 2>C3
B
EB EB A GBH
Q!:" -!:" E C BEB C
C B B
M> 0 * >!:" 7)8!B )" *8B8BC'K'4 6='8B 0 * >!:" 0 7)8BK4 = 48B'K'4 6='8B
-2F3 = "95E 7 )8$< 5E798 $ 2>C5 3
F C BC F C E C E B BE C BC C E CBE E B# E B B
E C E E B BC E CB E B E BB CB E B E C E B E
E DB E 1 E
D EE B C % 2(DED)3
-!:" 0 * B B BEB C BE
Q!:" 0 *8B '4 6=' !,-" BE ( A (!B"0αBKβ BE CB
- . B0* Q!*"0 *8* '4 6=' 0 '4 6=' ,-
- . B0) Q!)"0 *8) '4 6=' 0 2 )*5 ,-
>!:" 0 48B'K'4 6='8B !,-8 " BE ( A (!B"0 αB'KβBKλ BE CD
B B EBC E BB CB E B C EBC B DB C B B BE B C B
C B BE "$
- . B0* >!*"0 48*'K'4 6='8* 0 * ,-8
- . B0) >!)"0 48)'K'4 6='8) 0 )' *76 ,-8
B DB EB B B B Q!:"0* *8B '4 6=' 0 *
B0'4 6='C *0 ' 47
- . B0' 47 > B!' 47"0 48' 47'K'4 6='8' 47 0 )) ** ,-8
D EE B C 2)DED93
-!:" 0 ,- BE ( A (!B"0α BE CB # C B C ,-
Q!:" 0 *8B ') =6' !,-" BE ( A (!B"0αBKβ BE CB
- . B0) Q!)"0 *8) ') =6' 0 6 *)5 ,-
- . B04 Q!4"0 *84 ') =6' 0 '6 *)5 ,-
- 121 -
>!:" 0 48B'K') =6'8BK4 = !,-8 "

B B EBC E BB CB E B C EBC BC B "$
- . B0) >!)"0 48)'K') =6'8)K4 = 0 )' *76 ,-8
- . B02 >!2"0 482'K') =6'82K4 = 0 ' *)5 ,-8
- . B04 >!4"0 484'K') =6'84K4 = 0 * ,-8
- 122 -
ABCC
& ' A A <!" F C E B B $
" E CB BE F E B BE B BE( BC E B
" 9 @ C EB B B B DB B @ C B B #
B DB B <
" 9 @ EB C B B B DB E @ C B B #
B DB E <
#D 0 1 D <!
" D B E CB BE F E B BE B BE( BC E B $
F D C E CB BE
# E C E B BE E B BE E E C CE CBE BB B B B B
EB
MI 0 * A = ( >C
MA 0 * 5 4*82K2 48 4K5 4* A A% 0 * )2K6 74K5 4* A A% 0 *
2= '4 A A% 0 * 7 % = 4$8 9 >C

M> 0 * B EB
)28' 6 7482 74 5 4*84 4*KA 8*KI 8*KA%82 **0*
26 5 KA%82 **0* A%0 26 5 C2 %=)<8B() >C
A K)6 7*) 0 2= '4 ,- A 0 2= '4 )6 7*) = 894B >C
C
6F D DB BE C B C B B B E C E C
C E B BE B B C A E B B C B BCB # BC
PB BC B B C BC B E E EBCD B BE B B EB BE C B C B
BC
A # BC ' C E B CB % B %
- 123 -
D EE B C % 2(DED 89(3
MI 0 * C2F3 = (
MA 0 * Q!B" K2 48BK5 4 0 *
G2F3 = 4895E7@89 2>C3
B EB EB A GBH Q!:" -!:" E

C BEB C C B B
M> 0 * 2 48B8BC' 5 4 B >!:" 0 *
-2F3 = " 8 95E "@895E 2>C5 3
D EE B C % 2 89(DED248((7 89(3=989(3
MI 0 * C2F3 = (
MA 0 * Q!B" K5 48!B 4*"
)6 7*)K2 48 4*K5 4 0 *
Q!:" 0 5 48B ' 74
)6 7*)K6 74K5 4
G2F3 = @895E")48 () 2>C3
B E B
EB A GBH Q!:" -!:" E C
BEB C
C B B
M> 0 * 5 48!B 4*"8!B 4*"C'K)6 7*)8!B 4*" 6 748!B * 74" 5 4*8B >!:" 0 *
>!:" 0 2 '48!B 4*"'K)6 7*)B 44 *424 6 748BK4 *6'4 5 48B !,-8 "
>!:" 0 2 '48!B' )8BK' '4"K' 24)8B 2= =='
>!:" 0 2 '48B'K ' 748B = 46'4K' 24)8B 2= =='
-2F3 = "48 95E 7)48 ()5E"9$89949 2>C5 3
F C BC F C E C E B BE C BC C E CBE E B# E B B
E C E E B BC E CB E B E BB CB E B E C E B E
E DB E 1 E
D EE B C % 2(DED 89(3
Q!:" 0 2 48BK5 4 !,-" BE ( A (!B"0αBKβ BE CB
- . B0* Q!*"0 2 48*K5 4 0 5 4* ,-
- . B0 4* Q! 4*"0 2 48 4*K5 4 0 4 '4 ,-
>!:" 0 ' '48B' 5 48B !,-8 " BE ( A (!B"0 αB'KβBKλ BE CD
DB BE C B E CBE E B CB
C F C ! E B BE E E B B
EBC E BB CB E B C EBC BC B "$
- . B0* >!*"0 ' '48*' 5 48* 0 * ,-8
- . B0 ** >! **"0 ' '48 ' 5 48 0 * 74* ,-8
- . B0 4* >! 4*"0 ' '48 4' 5 48 4 0 7 5 ) ,-8
- 124 -
ABCC
D EE B C % 2 89(DED248((7 89(3=989(3
Q!:" 0 5 48B )2 '*) !,-" BE ( A (!B"0αBKβ BE CB

- . B0 4* Q! 4*"0 5 48 4 )2 '*) 0 ' 24) ,-
- . B04 4* Q!4 4*"0 5 484 4 )2 '*) 0 ' 427 ,-
>!:" 0 2 '48B'K)2 '*)8B 4= 4424 !,-8 "
B B EBC E BB CB E B C EBC BC B "$
- . B0 4* >! 4"0 2 '48 4'K)2 '*)8 4 4= 4424 0 7 5 ) ,-8
- . B0) 4* >!) 4*"0 2 '48) 4'K)2 '*)8) 4 4= 4424 0 5 *=2 ,-8
- . B04 4* >!4 4*"0 2 '484 4'K)2 '*)84 4 4= 4424 0 * ,-8
- 125 -
" 9 @ EB C B B B DB B @ C B B #
B DB B <
B DB B EB B B % EB BE CB B B C B
BE( BC E ( B CBE
B DE EB B B BE B C C EBC 1 EB C B B C B EB
C B B DB B - FE" = " B8@ >C5 E B B

E= 89( ! B BFB B E: C B B # BC "
- $ /1F B B B B B B E CBE B E E CB E E EB B E BB C E
B BE BC BE # F #B # B B B C DB B BE @ B B B CDE #
C C E C E B CB( C CB E E E B BE E E C B #1 EB B C E B E BE
BE B # C A C B CB E CB( C C B B B E
" 9 @ EB C B B B DB E @ C B B #
B DB E <
DB EBC A B B B(B CBE EA B E C A B EB B B C B B
K
DB E !> B " . B E B E B B > BK EB C B B B C %
4* SBS4 4*
@
E B E B DB B B B (B CBE B B B BEB E
B B C BE EBC E1 B E E BB CBE A Q!B" B B B
C BE B B C % 4* SBS4 4* # CDE B C B GBH ! E BE B B
C B " C B B EB B C B 3 B BEB C B GBH E E B B
BB CBE A >!B" B B B (B CBE B CDE B C B B DB E
> BK
Q!B"0* ,- !B B C % " 5 48B )2 '*) 0 * 5 48B 0 )2 '*)
B 0 )2 '*)C5 4 E = 48( 4
# C E B B @ EB C B B DB E E B B B A B B E
B BEB C $
>!:" 0 2 '48B'K)2 '*)8B 4= 4424 !,-8 " E E B B 0 2 *'2 EB B B
> BK 0 2 '482 *'2'K)2 '*)82 *'2 4= 4424 - FE7 = $8 < >C5
- $ /1F B B B B B B E CBE EE # B B B B B C B E E EB
B E BB C E B BE BC BE # F #B # B B B C DB E BE @ B
B C B E E B CD # C C E C E B CB( C CB E E E B # C A B BE E
E C B #1 EB B C E B E BE BE B # C A C B CB E CB( C C B B
E E
- 126 -
ABCC
& ' A A B!" B BE # B B C F E EB BE D EBT BF B B ( E

B E @ EC
CE C B B BE # BE D # C BC B BE B BF
B # B B BE BE C C B B C E E BE E BE B E CCB E B
# BC
• 3 C BC E BE B E CCB E EB E EB E AC E
• 3 EB BE B EB E E B E E BE
• 3 BC BC BE B EB E E B) E BE
3 E B CB E AC E B E B E CCB E EBCD E B CB B 4
E B CB CCB E EBCD E B CB B )
CE B# E E EBT B BC D B$
• CCB E EF-'** BE C B E CCB E '6 )+ C
• BC DB + C B A BE B BE C 5*+ C '
• . CB C B E B ,-C '
F C B D CE B # # B BE E E BE B E E EB CB
E CB C B E E E
B DE B # B C B D B B BE E BC C EB B E B B
# A BE E 8)95 F *F ;6 F E 7 895#D F *F; D
- $ PB B D B E CBE E ! ' E ) E" E E B B E
E B C C
CUBIERTA DECK APOYADA EN CORREAS
3,0m
PP=80kg/m 2
luz izquierda/2 + luz derecha/2 = 3,0/2+3,0/2 = 3,0 m SC=1,00KN/m
YO
O
AP
E
5m D
= OS
AS IC
RE T
R ÓR
C EP
DE NTR
O
E
IA
NC
TA
IS
D
CORREA IPN 200
PP IPN 200 = 26,3kg/m
6 ' # % ' -H#! . BCBE E BC @ BE BC B + 1 B BF B B

B B C CD
-3 $ &%E P D , # $CCUUU BC( C B BE B E E

4* )5)C
#D 0 1 D B!
3 C BC B B BE # BC BE B D EE B E C E BC B BE C BE E
B E CCB E$
• 6 F E
o 6 D D D C B B C '6 )+ C 66: *F;A6C ((=(8 <)>C?
o F *F EF C E BC( B BE B BC DB + 5*+ C '
E B CB CCB E BE B ) * EB CB B # C C B C B
CB B B CCB EBCD B ) *
> BE N BC NDB + 0 * 5*,-C '8) * 0' 2 ,-C
o 3 B B B E C E BC B BE EBCD$
66: *F;A6C ((7 - D; EF; I = (8 <)7 84 = 8<<)>C?
• #D F *F E CB C B E E CB BC BE B *,-C
# = 8((>C? 5)8( =)8( >C?
- 127 -
CE B# B B BE ? # A BE E B C B EB BB B E
B E CBE E E E
3 # A BE E BE )48 C ENFBC B BEK 48. CB C N E
)48 C ENFBC B BEK 48. CB C N E 0 )48' 66)K 48) * 0 @8($9>C?
3 B E CBE E B B BE C B E B E E B C C E $
!- $ C C B 1 BE B BFBC TB 6 ' # % ' -H# C E

BE BE C PB BC B E C E B CB CB E B E
BBD B BE B BE @ B F P . % P >V."
" CCB E EB E AC E B4 ! E B CB AC E"
M A = M B = 0 KN ×m
8,095·5 Q A = R A = 20, 24 KN
RA = = 20 ,24 KN 8,095 x
2 Mx = (5 − x ) ®
8,095 2
8,095·5
Qx = (5 − 2 x ) ® M x = 20, 24 x − 4,05 x 2
Rb = = 20,24 KN 2
2 8,095 ×5 2
Q x = 20, 24 − 8,095 x M max = = 25,30 KN ×m
8
Q B = − R B = −20,24 KN
F F x = 5 = 2,5m
0
2
" CCB E ( C E C E B E E B4 ! E B CB AC E"
- 128 -
ABCC
" CCB E ( C E C E B CBE E B4 ! E B CB AC E"
- 129 -
- 130 -
ABCC
!" # A C # !
DB E E B BE ( C BE D D BE BC $
B" 3 E B E BE EB BB CBE B BE B ( BC CE BC( B
'
(" & B EA B *-C BE E B B EA >F
" B C B EA B B E B BE$ B E A C B EA B
#" & B EA B *, C ' BE E B B EA >F
' 9 D B BE E BE( BC E C B B E BE C BE B EB A <

" E( BC B
" E( BC ( B C
" A B B (B C
" E( BC C B
) . A B BE DE C B B ( C CB B BE C C . BE B
BE B C B ! B" BE CC B BC B D BC 6 30) E B
C A B 2 . B B B A B B E B BC BE B
'
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" σ05)) ))-C '
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" σ02= 7)-C '
2 . A B BE DE C B B ( C CB B BE C C . BE B
BE B C B ! B" BE CC B BC B D BC 6 30) E B
C A B 2 . B B B A B B E B BC BE B
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B( C # CC <
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4 9 D B E E B BE ( C BE E CB EB A E B E B B
B (B C B B C B B B EB A D BE BC <
" 3 E B E BE C EE BC B CBE EB A
" 3 E B E BE B B DB 1 B E E B E( C EE BC CBE B
(BC CBE ! B BCE "
" C B B E A EB B B C B B E E B ( C E BC C B
B E E B ( C (BC C
" 3 E B E BE B EB A E C BE
6 B B C B B B 304 EB A CB C B '4B)*
EB # B BB B (B C C B >0 *,-8 E B BB #
EB A B CBE B BE( BC E BE -0*,- Q0*,- 9B @ ( C ! E B C B
C B " EB C B E B E BE C BE B C <
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- 131 -
7 3 C B B B E BE ( BE B C B B 1 B C C B B
BC BC B ( B CB BC C E B( C A # 1 B EB B B $
" 31 B DE
" 31 B B DE
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5 9 D BEE B BE ( C BE D BE BC <
" 3 E BE C B B D B B B E BC BE BE B E
( BC E BB BC CBE ! BE" EB B( C E EB BF B C # A
CB BC E ( C C
" B E BC BE B E B E C EB B( C E δ
CB C C C CB BC E B( C A C B BE E BC BE
BC(B B B B DE E
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CB C C C EB B CB B B( C A BE E C B B
B DE E
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BE C # A B( C A BC B B C B EB BE
BC(B B B DE E
= 9 D B EE BE ( C B BE E CB B B I +B D BE BC <
" E D E CBC BE B B B C B B DE
" D B B E B EA C σ BE D C B F B B BC B EA σ
B EA B C C B BE E B( C BE BE B 1( E E
CB B B C C BE B E BE
" E B B C C B B CB B E BE B( C BE EB B B
A B;
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CD B E CB C B B C B E
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BC <
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C B B D B ( C BE EB C
C B
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EB C B B C B B B B ( BC E CB C B
" 3 E CBE B E ! B E BE B( C BE" EB CB( BF B CD( B
E C B B EA B( C A σ−ε
" B E BC B BC B C B ( B
9 D B E E B BE (C BE E CB B B E B BC B CB
B D B B D BE BC <
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BE
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- 132 -
ABCC
' 9 D B EE B BE ( C BE E CB B # C A E B E D BE BC <
" B # C A B C B σ−ε B E BCBE BE B B EB B B B B E
B CBE A BB # C A B B F1E CBE E B C A
" C B EB B B B B E CBE A B # C A (BCB B
C B B E C A B BC # ? B B B EB
B B I +B
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B( C BE
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CD B B C CB C BE B # C A B B C E CBE
C B A BB E
) DB EBC A B C B σ−ε B BC B ( C EBT @ C BE

B DE $
σ
5
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2
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C B B B I +B$
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4 DB EBC A B C σ−ε B
B BC B ( C BC C EBT B @
EB B B C B 1 B B DE B BC !σB)$
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EB B B C B 1 B B( B B BC !σ/)$
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- 133 -
7 3BB BE (C EB B A $ I C) C0" C/"C? )C" --)C) C? )C C8)0C / 0 . C) C

/ C ,-":) C / C ) C #6+ # C LEC 1 ) C .)C -" - 25C / C ) C. # 4)5C #) ."C / C
.) "-# C> C / 0 -C / C .) "-# C .)C -" - C .)C / C ,-":) C ? )C /#) )C : C
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5 3BB BE (C EB B A $ I C) C0" C/"C? ) E BE B EB B B

( B B BC E (CB CB C A B E C E BE B ( C BE # B B
B BC B B C E CBE E B # E C B DE B B E A σP
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=3BB BE (C EB B A $ I EB E BC B C B W/ ! 1 B B ( B " B
BC ( B BE B C B C B B E B( C BE E B BB E B
B B EA H 9 B @ B C B σ−ε B BC BE D # <
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C B B CB C C1 E B EA C B B BE B( C A
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B B B B B ( B W/ ! B E A B ( B "H 9 B @ B C
B σ−ε B BC BE D # <
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BC ? <
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σ σ σ
σF σ R σ =σ
F R
εf
ε εR
ε ε
- 134 -
ABCC
'' EB CBE E B B BC BE BC E B C E B C
B B EA 1 B B B B B EA BE B BC E BE C C EB B C CD
C B C B PBE B E BEB C CB B B B DB
E B BE CD B # # E BC CBE B 1 # B B
B BE E B B B E E E B BE C C BE @ C B F B #
B EA 1 B ( BE C C B ( 9 @ C B B C B E C A
1 BB E BE C C E B BC <
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EB A BC B BBE C C
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C B E E CB
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2
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BFB B C J BC B B B B E ( BC E B BC B B B B B
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CBE B BFB CBE B E BFB BC EB A C C B
E E E B E BE B EB A
'4 . A B BE C C B B EB A CB C 5cm
E B B '4B2* B B E E EB BE BE D B
E B B B C A B 6*,- 9Q @ B E A B BB 10cm
A
B # EB A <
10cm
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25cm
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E B B '4B2* B B E E EB BE BE D B
E B B B C A B 6*,- 9Q @ B E A B BB A 10cm
%B # EB A <
10cm
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40cm
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25cm
- 135 -
'7 . A B BE C C B B EB A 5cm
CB C E B B '4B2* B B E E B
EB BE BE D E B (B C E B C A 10cm
7*,-8 9Q @ B E A B B B B # EB A
10cm
E B B EB0 C '8 8#)< X
40cm G
'
" *4 + C
'
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'
" *4 + C
'
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'5 . A B BE C C B B EB A 5cm
EB BE BE D E B (B C E B C 10cm
A
7*,-8 B B C A B C 6*,- 9Q @ B E A
B B B B # EB A E B B 10cm
G X
EB0 C '8 8#)< 40cm
'
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'
" + C
'
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' 25cm
" 45 4 + C
Y
5cm
'= . A B BE C C B B EB A
EB BE BE D E B (B C E B C A 10cm
7*,-8 B B C A B C 6*,- 9 @( C
10cm
B EB A EB B EA E B B G X
40cm
EB0 C '8 8#)<
" 0 ) 65 C B B BFB B E:
" 0 2 C B B BFB B E:
" 0 ) 65 C B F B BFB B E: 25cm
" 0 2 C B F B BFB B E:
Y
120mm 120mm
)* B C B E B E BE B BE
C B E B EB C B B EB A 9,8mm
( C C ' EF '2* E E E B
BE C ( C F E B B BE D
E B BE( BC C B B 4*,-
240mm 190mm
" τ02' 22 -C ' 6,2mm
" τ0' '' -C '
" τ0'6 54 -C '
" τ0 ) 2' -C '
- 136 -
ABCC
#D D F F ED F ( !
'
" E( E B B EA B -C BE E B B EA >F
' " E( BC C B
) " σ0 =5 =4-C '

B CBE ( BC / B -BU E /02 0 2**** - B DCB
40000
B '
0π8P'0π85'0'* *6 '
σ= = 198,95 N / mm 2
201,06
2 " ' 52 F C σ0 =5 =4-C '

0' **** -C '
EB B B
σ 198,95 δ δ
ε= = = 0,000947 C ε= J 30) 0)*** 0,000947 =
E 210000 L 3000
δ = 0,000947 ×3000 = 2,84mm
4 " E ( E C B B C B B EA EB B (B C
B C B E BE B ( C B E C E B B E
BFB B C
6 " ( C B EB CCBE B B B C B C B BE ( C EB B B
B CB B ( C B C E BE E1 EA ? B (B C B C
B B B EB A BC E B DE EB B ! " BE EBC1 BC
7 " 31 B B DE
5 " E ( E B C EBC BC B BC1 B C$ G3 F E F BE C B

B D B B B E BC BE B E B E ( BC E BB BC CBE ! BE" EB
B( C E EB BF B C # A CB BC E ( C C H
= " E ( E B C EBC BC B BC1 B C$ G3 C C B CB B E BE

B( C BE EB BB CBE CD( B B CB B E C B C B B
C B EH
* " E ( E B C EBC BC B BC1 B C$ G B E BC C B

C BH
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' " E( E BB # C A B ? B B B B I +B BE
BC B DE B B EB BE C B C B C B E C
E ( C
) " * ' BE B DE
2 " * BE B ? C B B EB B B B I +B & B E CB E B
EB E B 1 B C C σB
4 " ' !B B ' EB B B E E B C B 1 B B DE σB"
6 " ) !B B ) EB B B E E B C B 1 B B( B σ/"
7 " 4 6 !EB C B B BE C A "
5 " 2 4 !EB C B BB CB B "
= " ) 2 !EB C B B( B "
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' " BE B C B B BC ?
- 137 -
'' "
') " BE ( E B B# B BE B EB BE C B B "
'2 " BE ( E BE B C ( F CEB B B BFB B C B EB A B B

B BC CBE B B B B B BFB CBE B B EB B
'
'4 " * 6-C 3 EB A BE D E B B ! B C A " C E
E E B EB A BE D E B E E B EA B C
N 60000 N
σ = = = 0,6 N / mm 2
A 250 mm ×400 mm
'
'4 " * 6-C 3 EB A BE D E B B ! B C A " C E
E E B EB A BE D E B E E B EA B C
N 60000 N
σ = = = 0,6 N / mm 2
A 250mm ×400 mm
'
'7 " 4' 4 + C 3 BC B EB A CBE B BFB : BE
1 1 M ×y1 700000kg·cm ×(− 10 )cm
Ix = ×b ×h 3 = ×25 ×40 3 = 133333,33cm 4 σA = = = −52,5kg / cm 2
12 12 Ix 133333,33cm 4
1 1
'5 " 26 4 + C '
3 BC BE Ix = ×b ×h 3 = ×25 ×40 3 = 133333,33cm 4
12 12
N M ×y A 6000 kg 700000 kg·cm ×(− 10 )cm
σA = + = + = 6 kg / cm 2 − 52,5kg / cm 2 = −46,5kg / cm 2
A Ix 25cm ×40cm 133333,33cm 4
'= " 0 2 C B B BFB B E : 3 BC BE

1 1
Ix = ×b ×h 3 = ×25 ×40 3 = 133333,33cm 4 ( C B B EB B B EA EB B B
12 12
2 N M ×y 6000 700000 ×y
C B 0kg / cm = + B CBE B + 0= +
A Ix 25 ×40 133333,33
−6
0 = 6 + 5,25 ×y 5,25 y = −6 y= = −1,14cm !B E B E B BE D
5,25
2 # CC B BE B B B C B C B B EB A "
)* " τ0' '' -C '

I E E B B E 0 '86 '8 =* 0 ')46 '
Q 50000N
τ= = = 21,22 N / mm 2
Almas 2356mm 2
- 138 -
ABCC
!" & ' A A # !
& ' A A !" . A B BE DE C B B ( C CB B BE C C

. BE B BE B C B ! B" BE CC B BC B D BC '4 302
E B C A B *
'
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EB B( C # CC F BE A <
- $. A B EB E CB E B 1 B B DE B BC
#D 0 1 D !
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CC BE CD E B E E B EA $
F
σ =
A
'
B CBE ( BC / B -BU E /0 * 0 ***** - B DCB B
0π8P'0π8 ' 4'02=* 56 '
100000
σ= = 203,72 N / mm 2
490,86
B EA BE σ = 203,72 N / mm 2 BE B EA BE (BC C 1 B B DE B BC C
# C C B CB B E BE B( C BE
F C σ0'*) 7'-C '

0' **** -C '
EB B B
σ 203,72
ε= = = 0,00097
E 210000
δ
C ε= J 302 02***
L
δ
0,00097 = δ = 0,00097 ×4000 = 3,88mm
4000
B CBE B $ 3 CC B 302 B BFB B EB E BB C
B * EB B( C δ0) 55 ; C B BEB B B CD 3Kδ 02**) 55
EB CB C C CC CB BC E B( C A B B B C 2 C B
E BC C B 1 B B DE !EB ? B B " CB BC CD E B( C A
- 139 -
& ' A A !" E B E BE C BE B E (CB E E % E E B

E ( C E E BC CBE B (BC CBE B EB A CB C
B '*B'4 B
E B B B # EB A ? B B C A -0 **,- B (B C
B B C >0 4,-8 D F E B E BE B EB EB A
20cm
10cm fibra superior
A B AyB
8cm 8cm
N=100KN
G X
25cm
M=15KN·m
fibra inferior
Y
#D 0 1 D !
E E E EB B B C B E ( C B EB A BE B C B CB
5 C B B B C B C B C B BFB B C : B BE E
E B B E B EA C σ 0σ%
'
DCB B EB A C B '*B'4 BE '*B'40'* 8'4 04**
B B BC CBE B BFB : EBCD$
1 1
Ix = ×b ×h 3 = ×20 cm ×( 25cm ) 3 = 26041,67 cm 4
12 12
B CBE B + $
• E BE( BC E -0 **,-0 ****, >0 4,-8 0 4****, 8
• B DCB B '*B'404**
'
• BC B EB0'6*2 67 2
F C E % B BE D E 0 %0 5 B BFB : CBE B B C
EB A :
N M ×y A 10000kg (− 150000kg·cm) ×(− 8cm)

σA =σB = + = + = 20kg / cm 2 + 46,08kg / cm 2 = 66,08kg / cm 2
A Ix 500cm 2
26041,67cm 4
F C E E B ( C E BC C (E 0 '4
N M ×y f . sup 10000kg (− 150000kg·cm ) ×(− 12.5cm )

σ f . sup = + = + = 20kg / cm 2 + 72kg / cm 2 = 92kg / cm 2
A Ix 500cm 2
26041,67cm 4
F C E E B ( C (BC C ( (0 '4
N M ×y f . inf 10000kg (− 150000kg·cm) ×12.5cm

σ f . inf = + = + = 20kg / cm 2 − 72kg / cm 2 = −52kg / cm 2
A Ix 500cm 2 26041,67cm 4
3 B E B E BE B EB A E $
20cm
fibra superior fibra superior
σ = 92 kg/cm
10cm 2
f. sup
A B AyB AyB
8cm 8cm
N=100KN 8cm
σ = σ = 66,08kg/cm
A B
2
G X
25cm
M=15KN·m
σ = -52 kg/cm 2
f. inf
fibra inferior fibra inferior
- 140 -
ABCC
& ' A A )!" O CE BCB C C B E B E E

E ( B B B B ( C BE C EB C B B B ( C A B C B B CBE
F C B # CB C E BC B B CB E E E B E C E B BE( BC E
B B ) E !2 K6 K2 " E C BC( BD EF 2**
E B C EC B 4,-C
O CE BCB B B EB E B BE B BE( BC E BC CBE BE BE E

E B BE BE BE$
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CBE B B (B C B C B B B <
" 9 @ E EB C B B B (B C DB B B DB
B (B C E < PB BE B D EE C B F E (
E CB A B B BE( BC E C BE
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C C B B B BE( BC E C BE
- 141 -
" D F B ( C B( C B ED B B B B BE( BC E
(B CBE
B" DB EBC A B B( C EB
B B BB C BC B # CB A B CB
C C B B( C ! A BB " E B E (B CBE ! E E
B E" 9 D BE BE CB A B CB C C E B E (B CBE< 9 @ B
CCB B( C B E E B B (B C <
(" ( A B B B (B CBE @ C BE B EB B B C
C E @ C BE BE D C E - $ EBC CB A B CB
B( C B B(B CBE E C E C E B
" F C B E C E B B B (B CBE F ( C B E B E BE
C BE B EB A C C
#" DB EBC A B E EB BE B E BE C BE EB B B C B E
B E BE B ( C E BC C B (BC C E EB CB E DB E E E
B E ! DB E C BE CBE BE EB ? E " B BC
EB A
B DE B E B B B B EB -0* >Y* E B E BE C BE B
( C E E BC CBE B (BC CBE B BC EB A E BE BC BE C C
! B CBE A C B C A " >B C E B B B EB CB EB
C B B E BE C BE E
FBC E # BC B B CBE A B C A B BE E EB B C
-Y* >Y*J
# " 9EB C1 E B BE BC B E E E B E BE C BE B
( C E BC C B (BC C B BC EB A <
#'" 9B B EB C1 # B B E BE C BE E<
#D 0 1 D )!
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CBE B B (B C B C B B B <
EB A B07 ! B C B B C " E BE( BC E EE B BE CBE$

• -!B07 " 0 * ,-
• >!B07 " 0 = *2 ,-8
• Q!B07 " 0 * ,-
" 9 @ E EB C B B B (B C DB B B DB
B (B C E < PB BE B D EE C B F E (
E CB A B B BE( BC E C BE
3 CB A B BB E B B CB E DB E B E E E B E B E(B CBE B
E BE( BC E C BE BE B F D D EF E F F D
JE D FE :D ! E B " F D ED + ED
- 142 -
ABCC
. E C BC E D ED D E :D $
• B :F D ! BB BC C BC " EB C BB EB A B0 '= !
E B '= B C BC "$
o -2E= 8 $ 3 JE D E :D :F D = 484( >C5
o G2E= 8 $ 3 = ( >C
• B :F D ! B C " B DB B (B C EB C B B EB A
B07 ! B C B B C "$
o -2E=B 3 JE D E :D :F D = $8(4 >C5
o G2E=B 3 = ( >C
• B :F D ) ! BB BC C BCB # " EB C BB EB A B0 ' 7 !
E B '7 B C BC B BE E '= B 2R "$
o -2E= 8B 3 JE D E :D :F D ) = 484( >C5
o G2E= 8B 3 = ( >C
. E # C E D ED *FE :D $
• B F D D !B EB A B02 ** "$
o -2E=48(( 3 JE *FE :D F D D = " )844 >C5
o G2E=48(( 3 = ( >C
• B F D D ) !B EB A B0 * ** "$
o -2E= (8(( 3 JE *FE :D F D D ) = " )844 >C5
o G2E= (8(( 3 = ( >C
- $ EBC B DE B E B BE B BE( BC E ! B BE (B CBE C BE" E
E @C E EB CB B B C1 B E C E E @ EB
- 143 -
E @C E BE B E EB B B C E B B C1 B E E E
E @C E BE # B B E BE( BC E CB BE @ EB
" 9 D BE CB A B B E E B <X @ BE ( C A
C C B B B BE( BC E C BE
E E E CB A EB CCBE B B E B B B C BE B BEB
EB B B B$
• B F D D !EB A B0* " B E B B B C B BE B *,- 6 22,-

CB A BC B BEB EBCD 0 6 22K* 0 <844 >C
• B F D D !EB A B02 " B E B B B C B BE B ) )6,-

4 **,- CB A BC B BEB EBCD 0 ) )6K 4 ** 0 @8)< >C
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• B F D D 4 !EB A B0 2 " B E B B B C B BE B 6 22,- *,-

CB A BC B BEB EBCD 0 *K6 22 0 <844 >C
" D F B ( C B( C B ED B B B B BE( BC E
(B CBE
B" DB EBC A B B( C EB
B B BB C BC B # CB A B CB
C C B B( C ! A BB " E B E (B CBE ! E E
B E" 9 D BE BE CB A B CB C C E B E (B CBE< 9 @ B
CCB B( C B E E B B (B C <
BE EA CBE BC E C E " B" F E
- 144 -
ABCC
. EBC E B( C B #B F CDE C B # CB A CB
B CB B E B C C CB B (B C BB B
B( C
CBE B $
• F C D ED D E :D +D F F B ( C 0 F:F
• F C D ED *FE :D +D F F B ( C D : EF
• B DE B E E BB D ED + ED F F EB C B
+ E0 F +D F F F : *F 2 F D D : E F F
+D F F3
- $ X EBC B E B B C1 B E C E E E E @C E
@ BE E @ C B( C B ! B BC E BE( BC E
CB B"
(" ( A B B B (B CBE @ C BE B EB B B C
C E @ C BE BE D C E - $ EBC CB A B CB
B( C B B(B CBE E C E C E B
" F C B E C E B B B (B CBE F ( C B E B E BE
C BE B EB A C C
BE EA CBE BC E C E (" "F E
F B BE EBC C B$
• B E E B +D F F 0 F:F ! B + ED D E :D" F
F E D F : *F ! BE B B # CC " EF J D F
B C E B F F E + D F : *F ! BE B B # F " EF J
E F D F F
• B E E B +D F F D : EF ! B (B C B " F F E
D F : *F ! BE B B # CC " EF J E F D F F B C E
B F F E + D F : *F ! BE B B # F " EF J D F
- 145 -
E B B B B B BC CD( B B A C1 E B E BE B C B
EB A B C B B ( A B C A B B (B C B
EB B BE B( C
DB EBC A B E EB BE B E BE C BE EB B B C B E B E BE
B ( C E BC C B (BC C E EB CB E DB E E E B E ! DB E
C BE CBE BE EB ? E "B BC EB A
B DE B BE B E B B B B B BE -0* >Y* E B E BE C BE B
( C E E BC CBE B (BC CBE B BC EB A E BE BC B E C C !
B CBE A C B C A " >B C E B B B EB CB EB C B
B E BE C BE E
- 146 -
ABCC
FBC E # BC B B CBE A B C A B BE E EB BE C -Y*

>Y*J
# " 9EB C1 E B BE BC B E E E B E BE C BE B
( C E BC C B (BC C B BC EB A <
#'" 9B B EB C1 # B B E BE C BE E<
3 CBE BE E CB E BE C
B EB A EB BE( BC B BE( BC (B C !-Y* >Y*"
E B E BE C BE C E C E B EB B B
EB A EBCD E B E B E BE C E C B B E B ( C
E
SECCIÓN SOMETIDA A UN AXIL N TENSIONES PROVOCADAS POR UN AXIL N
σ
N,1
σ +σ
N,2 M,1
M σ
N
N,2
+ +
σ M,1
σ N,2
+ σM,2
SECCIÓN SOMETIDA A UN
M TENSIONES PROVOCADAS LA COMBINACIÓN
AXIL N Y UN FLECTOR M DE UN AXIL N Y UN FLECTOR M
σ
M,2
SECCIÓN SOMETIDA A UN FLECTOR M TENSIONES PROVOCADAS POR UN FLECTOR M
D # E E D D F D F D FE D ED + ED F E F D
D F D ! !* F F 0 EB $
N M ×y
σ= +
A I
B$
σ0 B E A C ! E E BE C A -L* B E BE B CBE A -S*"
-0 B B CBE A !-S*" B C A !-L*"
0 DCB B EB A
>0 B (B C B B B EB A
E0 B B BC CBE B BFB B C EB A B C B B
0 E BE B B B EB BCB BC B EA
6D D EF ED F D F 0 D F + ,D FE D + ,D
+ ED 2CK( -K(38 F E D F + F D + D F D
ED F D :F D 0 D8 F J F E 0 E D * F: F
2 ! !*3 D F!
- 147 -
& ' A A 4!" O # BE B AC B ( CF #

B E C E B ? E CB E BE( BC E B ( C $
4,00 6,00 6,00 4,00
22,95KN/m
PP+CM = 16,2+6,75 = 22,95 KN/m
CARGAS
PERMANENTES
PP+CM
-74,25 KN·m
-58,05 KN·m -58,05 KN·m
LEY DE
MOMENTOS
FLECTORES
19,91 KN·m 19,91 KN·m
37,12 KN·m 37,12 KN·m
71,55 KN
60,41 KN 60,41 KN
31,39 KN
LEY DE
CORTANTES
-31,39 KN
-60,41 KN -60,41 KN
-71,55 KN
O B # E B C F BCB B C B BE E BC( ( C C
' &F- '2* B CBE E EB C E ** EBC1 B C
B DE B # # BB BC B EB C BE B . '74 ZP B C
B BE E BC C B B EA C E B BE σ 0 '74C 4 0 '6 =-C '
B
275
B EA B E B BE τ 0 0 4 ' -C '
1,05 × 3
F C C C B# B BE$
" 3 E B E BE C BE B BE B EB A B B E DB
F E C E B B E BE B # EB A
" 3 E B E BE C BE B BE B EB A B B B DB
#D 0 1 D 4!
" 3 E B E BE C BE B BE B EB A B B E DB
B E C BC EE D D F
- 148 -
ABCC
B E DB EB C B B B B B B C B ' ! B B C
B )" B B C B> '0 > )0)7 ',-8 0 )7 '**+ 8
DCB B ' &F- '2* B CBE E EB C E ** BE DCB B ' &F- '2* ! E

CBE E EB B " C B E E '&F-'2* 0'82' ) 052 6 '
B B BC CBE B BFB : B '&F- '2* B CBE E EBCD E
B BE B B &F- EB '&F-'2*0 '8)6** 207'** 2
B C B C B B '&F- '2* B CBE E BE D B B B C B @C
B ( C C EB EBC C B C B G OH B B C B C B
12cm
24cm G X
12cm
F C E B E BE B $
• 3 E E B ( C E BC C (E 0 '
M ×y f . sup 371200kg·cm ×(− 12cm)
σ f . sup = = 4
= −618,66kg / cm2 = −61,86 N / mm2
Ix 7200cm
• F C E E B ( C (BC C ( (0 '
M ×y f . inf 371200 kg·cm ×12cm
σ f . inf = = = 618,66kg / cm 2 = 61,86 N / mm 2
Ix 7200cm 4
3 B EA DB EB B BB E E B E( C EE BC CBE B (BC CBE

C DB Bσ B06 5 66 + C
'
06 56 -C '
σ B06 56 -C S σ 0'6
'
=-C '
BC( ( C C '&F- '2*
B CBE E EB C E ** BE E B B BE EB A EB
C B E B E BE C BE B EB A BE$
σ f.sup = -61,86kg/cm
2
12cm
24cm G X M=37,12KN·m G σ = 0kg/cm

G
2
12cm
σf. inf = 61,86kg/cm

2
B E # C EE D EF * F
. B (F E B E B BE B C BE B B B C B ' ) BE C B B B
F C B E B C B B # EB A Q '0 Q )0*,- C @
E E E B E BE B BE B E EB BE B B C B ' )
- 149 -
" 3 E B E BE C BE B BE B EB A B B B DB
B E C BC EE D D F
B B DB EB B B BC BC $
> )0 72 '4,-8 0 72'4**+ 8
'
'&F-'2*0'82' ) 052 6
2 2
EB '&F-'2*0 '8)6** 07'**
B C B C B B '&F- '2* B CBE E BE D B B B C B @C

B ( C C EB EBC C B C B G OH B B C B C B
12cm
24cm G X
12cm
Y
F C E B E BE B $
• 3 E E B ( C E BC C (E 0 '
M ×y f . sup − 742500kg ×cm ×(− 12cm )

σ f . sup = = = 1237,5kg / cm 2 = 123,75 N / mm 2
Ix 7200cm 4
• F C E E B ( C (BC C ( (0 '
M ×y f . inf − 742500 kg ×cm ×12cm
σ f . inf = = = −1237,5kg / cm 2 = −123,75 N / mm 2
Ix 7200cm 4
3 B EA DB EB C E E B E ( C E E BC CBE B (BC CBE B B

C DB Bσ B0 ')7 4 + C
'
0 ') 74 -C '
σ B0 ') 74 -C '
S σ 0'6 =-C '
BC( ( C C '&F- '2*
B CBE E EB C E ** BE E B EB B EB A B )

σ
f.sup = 1237,5kg/cm
2
12cm

G
2
12cm
σ
f. inf = -1237,5kg/cm
2
B E # C EE D EF * F
. B (F E B E B BE B C BE B B ) B C B B C
BQ )07 44,-07 44+
BE B E B BE D BE C E C BE ! BC BCB # " C
B BE B BC B B B # E E B C B B D B B EA
B
- 150 -
ABCC
DCB B E E E B( C EB A B BE B BC B E CB E E
E CBE B B # C &F-'2*
e e h1
'
' E B B0 = 4 # 0 52 E0 '8B8# 0 '8* =4 8 52 0)2 =6
/ B B B EA B C B C B C B DB B B E
E B C Q B07 44,-07 44+ EBCD$
Q 7155 kg
τ = = = 204 ,66 kg cm 2 = 20,46 N mm 2
Aalma 34,96 cm 2
3 B EA B E B E ( C B B C DB Bτ B0'* 26 -C '
τ B0'* 26 -C '
S τ 0 4 ' -C '
BC( ( C C '&F- '2*
B CBE E BE E B EB A EB B B BE( BC C B B EB A
B )
- 151 -
& ' A A 9!" CE C B B BE # B B C F E B A B EBE

E CCB E B BC BB BE EBT
B A C EE BE B CB B E B E BC EBE E CCB E E E
B E AC E BE E B B E BC # E B BC
DB B D E BE B E B CB E AC EB E B E CCB E EBCD
EB CB B 4 E B CB CCB E EBCD E B CB B )
B DE B BE BC E 1 E B$
• 3 E CCB E E EF-'** BE C B E CCB E '6 )+ C
• 3 BC BE DB + C B A BE B BE C 5*+ C '
• 3 E CB C B E B ,-C '

CUBIERTA DECK APOYADA EN CORREAS
3,0m
PP=80kg/m 2
luz izquierda/2 + luz derecha/2 = 3,0/2+3,0/2 = 3,0 m SC=1,00KN/m
YO
O
AP
E
5m D
= OS
AS IC
RE T
R ÓR
C EP
DE NTR
O
E
IA
NC
TA
IS
D
CORREA IPN 200
PP IPN 200 = 26,3kg/m
; EB E C E B BE( BC E C A BE B 1( B B A
CE 8)95 F *F ;6 F E 7 895#D F *F; D
DB D EB B C BE A E B BE B BE( BC E CBE BE E $
8,095KN/m
M A = M B = 0 KN ×m
8,095·5 Q A = R A = 20, 24 KN
A B RA = = 20 ,24 KN 8,095 x
2 8,095 Mx = (5 − x ) ®
5m Qx = (5 − 2 x ) ® 2
2 M x = 20, 24 x − 4,05 x 2
8,095·5 Q x = 20, 24 − 8,095 x
Rb = = 20,24 KN
2
Q B = − R B = −20,24 KN 8,095 ×5 2
20,24KN + M max = = 25,30 KN ×m
8
-
20,24K
F F x = 5 = 2,5m
0
2
+
Mmax=25,30KN·m
x0=2,5m
CE # C B B B C A 8)956 F E 7 895# ; D B B
EB E C E BE( BC E # C $
" BE E B E BE C BE DB E
C B BC( EF-'** B E
CCB E B EB A B CCBE B E B B B BC BE
.'74 ZP B B B B EA E B B σ 0'74C *40'6 =-C '
CBE E
E B BC( BE E B
" BE E B E BE B BE DB E C B BC( EF-'** B E
.'74 ZP B B B B EA B E B B τ 0 4 ' -C '
CBE E E B BC( BE E B
- 152 -
ABCC
#D 0 1 D 9!
" BE E B E BE C BE DB EC B BC( EF-'** B E

CCB E B EB A B CCBE B E B BB BC BE
.'74 ZP B B B B EA E B B σ 0'74C *40'6 =-C '
CBE E
E B BC( BE E B
3 B EA C DB B EB B B B C B C
B E B B BE B E B B C B > 0'4 ),-8 0 '4)***+ 8
'
DCB B EF- '** B BE B BC B E E B E BC( BE EF-'**0)) 4
B B BC CBE B BFB : B EF- '** B BE @ CB B B
B E E EB EF-'**0 ' 2* 2
F C E B E BE B $
• 3 E E B ( C E BC C (E 0 *
M ×y f . sup 253000kg·cm ×(− 10cm )
σ f . sup = = = −1182,24kg / cm 2 = −118,22 N / mm 2
I x , IPN 200 2140cm 4
• F C E E B ( C (BC C ( (0 *
M ×y f . inf 253000kg·cm ×10cm
σ f . inf = = 4
= 1182,24kg / cm 2 = 118,22 N / mm 2
I x , IPN 200 2140cm
C DB Bσ B0 5 '' -C '
σ B0 5 '' -C '
S σ 0'6 =-C '
BC( EF- '** BE E B B BE
EB A EB
. B (F E B E B BE B C BE B B B C B BE F C B #
EB A Q 0*,- C @ E E E B E BE B BE B E
EB BE B B C B
" BE E B E BE B BE DB E C B BC( EF-'** B E

.'74 ZP B B B B EA B E B B τ 0 4 ' -C '
. B (F E B E B BE B C BE B E E B C B BE DB B C
Q 0'* '2,-0'*'2+
DCB B B BE B BC B E CBE B # B E E B BC( BE

'
B0 7 4 # 0 4= 0B8# 0 * 74 8 4= 0 ='4
- 153 -
E B C Q B0'* '2,-0'*'2+ EBCD$
Q 2024 kg
τ= = = 169,72 kg cm 2 = 16,97 N mm 2
Aalma 11,925cm 2
3 B EA B E B E ( C B B C DB Bτ B0 6 =7 -C '
e h1 Q=20,24KN τ = 16,97N/mm 2
τ B0 6 =7 -C '
S τ 0 4 ' -C '
BC( EF- '** BE E B EB
B B BE( BC C BB EB A B
& ' A A <!" B BE # B B C F E O B B BC FB(B B

B C B B BE C C E ? BE D E E CB B ' 4* B
DB # E CB E E BE B$
- # B E CB BE B ' **
- 3 E CB BE B BC BE C C BE D ( C C E E EF 6** E BE E
( C
- BE B EF 6** BE ''+ C
- B B E CB BE D ( C C B E B BC C C
BB BC CBE B BE BE C 4 B E γ BC 0= **,-C )
- 3 E E C E BC BE BE 24 ,-C
- 3 E CB C B E B BE BE B 4 **,-C '
BC C B B EB E B BE B BE( BC E CBE BE B A B
BE 8)95 F *F 6 E 7 895 F F 8 C B E E E EF 6**
B ( C BE C C B E CB EB CBE E B EB B
EE B BE C E B BE( BC E$
- 154 -
ABCC
p= 11,712 KN/m
A B
12,50
Eje x
73,182KN
Valor del cortante

igual al de la reacción
vertical en el punto A
+
LEY DE ESFUERZOS
Valor del cortante
CORTANTES igual al de la reacción
vertical en el punto B
-
-73,182KN
LEY DE ESFUERZOS
FLECTORES
Mmax= 228,687KN·m Punto en que el cortante se anula

y por lo tanto el momento es máximo
6,25
Parábola
# C EB B B C # A $
" BE E B E BE C BE DB E C B BC( EF 6** B E
.'74 ZP B B B B EA E B B σ 0'74C *40'6 =-C '
CBE E
E B BC( BE E B
" BE E B E BE B BE DB E C B BC( EF 6** B E
.'74 ZP B B B B EA B E B B σ 0 4 ' -C '
#D 0 1 D <!
" BE E B E BE C BE DB E C B BC( EF 6** B E

.'74 ZP B B B B EA E B B σ 0'74C *40'6 =-C '
CBE E
E B BC( BE E B
3 B EA C DB B EB B B B C B C
B E B B BE B E B B C B > 0''5 6=,-8 0 ''56=**+ 8
'
DCB B EF 6** B BE B BC B E E B E BC( BE EF 6**0 44
B B BC CBE B BFB : B EF 6** B BE @ CB B B

B E E EB EF 6**0 ='*5* 2
- 155 -
F C E B E BE B $
• 3 E E B ( C E BC C (E 0 )*
M ×y f . sup 2286900 kg ·cm ×(− 30cm )

σ f . sup = = = −745,08kg / cm 2 = −74,51N / mm 2
I x , IPE 600 92080 cm 4
• F C E E B ( C (BC C ( (0)*
M ×y f . inf 2286900kg ·cm ×30cm

σ f . inf = = = 745,08kg / cm 2 = 74,51N / mm 2
I x , IPE 600 92080cm 4

C DB Bσ B072 4 -C '
σ B072 4 -C '
S σ 0'6 =-C '
BC( EF 6** BE E B B BE
EB A EB

σf.sup = -745,08kg/cm
2
30cm

G
2
30cm
σ
f. inf = 745,08kg/cm
2
Y
. B (F E B E B BE B C BE B B B C B BE F C B #
EB A Q 0*,- C @ E E E B E BE B BE B E
EB BE B B C B
" BE E B E BE B BE DB E C B BC( EF 6** B E

.'74 ZP B B B B EA B E B B σ 0 4 ' -C '
. B (F E B E B BE B C BE B E E B C B BE DB B C
Q 07) 5,-07) 5+
DCB B B BE B BC B E CBE B # B E E B BC( BE

'
B0 ' # 04 2 0B8# 0 ' 84 2 06 65
E B C Q B07) 5,-07) 5+ EBCD$
Q 7318 kg
τ = = 2
= 118,64 kg cm 2 = 11,86 N mm 2
Aalma 61,68cm
- 156 -
ABCC
3 B EA B E B E ( C B B C DB Bτ B0 56 -C '
e h1 Q=73,18KN τ = 118,64kg/cm 2
τ B0 56 -C '
Sτ 0 4 ' -C '
BC( EF 6** BE E B EB A
EB B B BE( BC C BB EB A B
- 157 -

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