CHAPITRE 13 : FACTORISATION

(3UAA5 : outils algébriques – séquence 3)

Théorie
13.1. Définition de la factorisation
13.2. Formules des produits remarquables

Exercices
Factorise les expressions suivantes au maximum.

1) 3x² - 3y² = 3 (x² – y²) = 3 (x – y) (x + y)

2) ax + bx + ay + by = (ax + bx) + (ay + by) = x (a + b) + y (a + b) = (a + b) (x + y)
3) 5x4 + 10 x² + 5 = 5 (x4 + 2x2 + 1) = 5 (x2 + 1)2
4) (a + b) (x - y) + 5 (x - y) - 3a (y - x) = (a + b) (x – y) + 5 (x – y) + 3a (x – y) = (x – y) (a + b + 5 + 3a) = (x – y) (4a + b + 5)
5) (2a - b)² - a² = [(2a – b) – a] [(2a – b) + a] = (2a – b – a) (2a – b + a) = (a – b) (3a – b)
6) x6 - 2x3 + 1 = (x³ – 1)² = [(x – 1) (x² + x + 1)]² (par Horner : P(1) = 0)
7) (a + b)3 - (a + b)² = (a + b)² [(a + b) – 1]
8) (2a + b)² - (a - 2b)² = [(2a + b) – (a – 2b)] [(2a + b) + (a – 2b)] = (2a + b – a + 2b) (2a + b + a – 2b) = (a + 3b) (3a – b)
9) 24x - x² + 4 - 6x3 = – 6x³ – x² +24x + 4 = (– 6x³ – x²) + (24x + 4) = –x² (6x + 1) + 4 (6x + 1) = (6x + 1) (–x² + 4) = (6x + 1) (2 – x) (2 + x)
10) 2x² - 3x - 20 = (x – 4) (2x + 5) (par Horner : P(4) = 0)
11) ax² - ay² - bx² + by² = (ax² – ay²) – (bx² – by²) = a (x² – y²) – b (x² – y²) = (x² – y²) (a – b) = (x – y) (x + y) (a – b)
12) 9x3y + 12x²y² + 4x²y = x²y (9x + 12y + 4)
13) (4x - 3)² - (2x + 1) ² = [(4x – 3) – (2x + 1)] [(4x – 3) + (2x + 1)] = (4x – 3 – 2x – 1) (4x – 3 + 2x + 1) = (2x – 4) (6x – 2)
= 2 (x – 2) 2 (3x – 1) = 4 (x – 2) (3x – 1)
14) 9x² (5x - 3) - 16 (5x - 3) = (5x – 3) (9x² – 16) = (5x – 3) (3x – 4) (3x + 4)
15) (2x - 3y) (4x - 2) + (3y - 2x) (12x - 11) = (2x – 3y) (4x – 2) – (2x – 3y) (12x – 11) = (2x – 3y) [(4x – 2) – (12x – 11)]
= (2x – 3y) (4x – 2 – 12x + 11) = (2x – 3y) (– 8x + 9)
16) x5y4 - x = x (x4y4 – 1) = x (x²y² –1) (x²y² + 1) = x (xy – 1) (xy + 1) (x²y² + 1)
17) x6 - 8x5 + 16x4 = x4 (x² – 8x + 16) = x4 (x – 4)²
18) 6x²y + 3xy - 9x3y² = 3xy (2x + 1 – 3x²y)

19) x3 - 7x² + 15x - 9 = (x – 1) (x² – 6x + 9) = (x – 1) (x – 3)² (par Horner : P(1) = 0)

20) 16x² (3x - 1) + 8x (1 - 3x) + (3x - 1) = 16x² (3x – 1) – 8x (3x – 1) + (3x – 1) = (3x – 1) (16x² – 8x + 1) = (3x – 1) (4x – 1)²

A.R.Visé - Mathématique 3ème année - Devoir n°13 : factorisation