Vous êtes sur la page 1sur 40

= −

!" #
$$%& ' # (#

) * ) + ,

- = . −.

, ,, + !" #
$$%& ' -

-) + / ) +0 )1

1 ! , " #
$$%& ' -

-) / * / ,
-) 01 / 0 * 01 / 0,
-) * ) ++

___________________________________________________________________________
© 2005 HIESSE.COM / CPL (A) – 060 Navigation Générale - 1
= -'

# # ' #&' & (# #&# 2 3 & +


+ +

-) /+ ) 1 ) 1 * 1) 1

)- '
) 1 ' + ), 0 4

-' 6
#5 =

7-8 7 8 &6% 6 #- 07 8 4"

& ,+ ! , 0 #& (&#


& 6 3 (#

) , ,+ ) ) 1 )
- ) * )+ )+ 1 )

-' 4 ' ,1 °
#5 = = = 0 1

9() 1 0 +

___________________________________________________________________________
© 2005 HIESSE.COM / CPL (A) – 060 Navigation Générale - 2
6

6= 7 8 &6% 6 #- 768 4"


' 5

& ,+ ! , 0 # #'
& 6 3 (#

5 )1 0 +

6= = = ,0 1 4
' 5 ' 1 0 +°

# 1 ! 6# # & (&#
' # " #&' & # , 4" ' & % #&&(%

9() ' 5) / )1

6= ' = 6' 5
' 5

) , ' 1 ) )
)1 )+

- ' 6 # 5
#5 = '-=
' 6

# 1 °
-= = , +01 = 1 0 1 ° = 1 °++:
' 1 °

. ) 1 ++ ) 01 / 10++ ) +!

)+ / +!

___________________________________________________________________________
© 2005 HIESSE.COM / CPL (A) – 060 Navigation Générale - 3
' = +' ' ' -

7 0 0-8 &6% -&% -&% "

# #' &; & 6 3 #&' & &


+ !

' ) *' ' ' -


' ) + *' ' + '
' ) 0
) 1 0, 1 ), , 4

γ= - 6

95 ) 9( γ
95 ) 9( + γ

' 2& &; & 6 3 & + ! +


" & (&# % #& #&&(% & ' (6

9()
-) * )

γ = - 6

γ ) 0+ + ) 0 ),
95 ) 9( /γ) /, ) 1
95 ) 9( *γ ) *, ) ,

___________________________________________________________________________
© 2005 HIESSE.COM / CPL (A) – 060 Navigation Générale - 4
%'; (#

#<
= =

#<

#<) #' & #'#& "


) #' & #= && #( ' #6>6 %"

& '#& & # ,+ ,1 0 6 & # - & 1 '6"


%'; ' '#&

= ) ,1 ,+ ) )1 4

#<

= 1
=
1 0 + +
1 66

? '#& 2 %'; ' # @ , "? #'


4 & #= && & &% % & #'#& #& #'

) #<@

) 0 + ) 0+ A6

1
0+
#<= = + 66
,

___________________________________________________________________________
© 2005 HIESSE.COM / CPL (A) – 060 Navigation Générale - 5
? '#& 2 %'; ' # @1 "? #' ,
66 & &% % & # && #& #'

) #<@ ' ) #<@


1
) , 1 @ ) +0 B6 ) 01 4

%'#& 6 & 6%& 66" %'#& 6


& #&# 2 ,, ,1

,+ =

#<
C; &'; %'; D## ,+ "
#<) 66
)- ' 6 ) 1 )1 4 ' ,+

,+ = 1
1 ' ,+ 0 +
66

,+ =
1

C # # %'; % #< ,, D,1 "

) 1 4) 4

0 +
#<= = ,0 +66
01

___________________________________________________________________________
© 2005 HIESSE.COM / CPL (A) – 060 Navigation Générale - 6
- &; & 6 & '#& . (&E

4 &'# & δ #) F- 6
#6< & δ #) F - 6/

- &6 & '#&

4 &'# & β ># )


#6< & β ># ) F -

αG
$=
&; α=γ
&; & '#& : α = δ
& '#& α = β

___________________________________________________________________________
© 2005 HIESSE.COM / CPL (A) – 060 Navigation Générale - 7
!

C '# (#
C $&6
&6 3
&; & 6 3 # ( #- ##- '
H # %3 # &

9 &% # &

9# γ =δ = - 6

%'; #' # 0 (#& #( ' # # "

=
'

%'; D %3 # &(# = %'; D##

,+ (#

___________________________________________________________________________
© 2005 HIESSE.COM / CPL (A) – 060 Navigation Générale - 8
=
'

,+ = =
' ,+ +

"

C '# (#
C $&6
&; & 6 3 &2 ##- '
H # %3 # & #&# 2 # #&

9 &% # &

9# β =γ = -

___________________________________________________________________________
© 2005 HIESSE.COM / CPL (A) – 060 Navigation Générale - 9
α=-

#- & 6%& ! ! " #&# 2


#- ' ' '#&

α
α=- ' =
-

= = = 0

=+ 0 °

% #& 1 / ! # & '#& $ # #- 1


#( ' 6%& !" #&&(% 1 / $
# #-
, #( ' 6%& " #&# 2 #- ' ' '#&

β= -

-= °
β= ° − ,° = ,°
, ,
= = = 0
0+ +
=+ 0 °

___________________________________________________________________________
© 2005 HIESSE.COM / CPL (A) – 060 Navigation Générale - 10
# " $

6 #

C- * I) 9-
C(* . ) J(
J'* * G6 . * I* K- ) 9-
C6 * G- * I) 9-
C(/ !'* . ) J'

___________________________________________________________________________
© 2005 HIESSE.COM / CPL (A) – 060 Navigation Générale - 11
%

C6 &6 &#$
#

Caps Rafale d'Est Rafale d'Ouest


Nord ou Sud Augment Diminue

Caps Rafale du Nord Rafale du Sud


Est ou Ouest Instable Stable

C6 &6 #''%%&# %'%%&#

Caps Nord Sud


Accé / Décél Pas de perturbations

Caps Est Ouest


Accélération Diminue Augmente
Décélération Augmente Diminue

C6 &6 (&#-

Caps Est Ouest


Inerte à Ø < 26°
Virage Droite Ou erreur de 180° à
Ø < 26° Fiable
Inerte à Ø < 26°
Virage Gauche Ou erreur de 180° à
Fiable Ø < 26°

___________________________________________________________________________
© 2005 HIESSE.COM / CPL (A) – 060 Navigation Générale - 12
# &

C# (&# # - & ( '# #(


5 & & & L' #( #%& E #6 3 5 & #
; &M #"
5 &6% $&' &' " 5N

( $ & #& &(' 6%% & - 3 L &


% #&&# & # ("

5 = 5 + 5N

C %-# %( ' & %$ &# - ( "

C $'# 5 $2'; 7 &% 8 #& C#


5 $2'; 7 &% 8 #& #&
5N $2';

! . 6 ( #- & C( (
! - # ( #- & 9( (

___________________________________________________________________________
© 2005 HIESSE.COM / CPL (A) – 060 Navigation Générale - 13
# &

6%;
#&'#'
#& &#'%-&# ;3
#&' 6 &

6
9() 1
G) 4
5 ) B
5N ) @+ B

#& &#'%
' 66 ' #&'; & %'; 66 ) 4

&#' & & % # 1 " 4


3 ' 3 ' & 0 $
# #&&( & ( & %
- &5N ) + @ ) + 66

( & &% % #& ( ' & 4

G 0 &#' #&' ' &' &#E 5 ) @) +


66
C #&' ' &' ' #& O" O #5
& % & (& #& 1

&# - O 4 &# - ( "

K $$ 6# # 6 && & # -6 O &


< & C( 6 && # - & -6 O4 &
< & #5 "

C() +1
5 ) ) 1B
) G @5 ) @ 1 1 ) 6

___________________________________________________________________________
© 2005 HIESSE.COM / CPL (A) – 060 Navigation Générale - 14
&

( >& $
0 %-# $ "

5 )5 / 5
5 )5 *5

G ' 5 P ( $
$' $ $
#( &#< '#&

5 Q ( $
$' $ %$
#( &#< '#&

___________________________________________________________________________
© 2005 HIESSE.COM / CPL (A) – 060 Navigation Générale - 15
& $ '

# 66 ( $
$' $ # & & & L & %-# ( "
#

5 +5 9 ≤

C# #& ' & < 5 +5 9


= # '# (#
#&(
( 0 0 &% #& # &#L "

O &6 ' #R& ' & ( # ( $


$' $$
#( &#<
%$#( &#< & #&' & %"

5 ), B
9() 1
#$&' ( B"

G 3 ' & ( $
$& && ( $
$' $ $
%-# $S

%'& 5 ) < 5 )5 '; &'; &' (


# &% #"

(' %'; 66 ) + 4

& ( ' &5 ) ), B ) 1 6 & %# 1 "

&#' #&' ' &' &#E 5 ) , ) 166 ' &% &


&- ( ' &5 "

___________________________________________________________________________
© 2005 HIESSE.COM / CPL (A) – 060 Navigation Générale - 16
O#& &#' ' &' &#E (# #$&' (
B ) 1 66 & &% # &' < ( "

& ' 3 (
'#& # '# 5 ) 5 " C &' (# 1+
+"

' & %& & 1+ 1 + ' & (


%$
#( &#<
' & $%& & 1+ + ' & ( $
#( &#<

___________________________________________________________________________
© 2005 HIESSE.COM / CPL (A) – 060 Navigation Générale - 17
!

C#' #5

5 +5 9 = 5 ' I

5 +5 9
% #5 5 =
' I

G D D
) 16
G) , 4
I)
=&#L & & 6

H #5 S

,
5 = ×1 = , B
1
,
5 9 = ×1 = B

, +
5 = = B
×' °

C#' #5

G
5 =

G D 0 ) +6 G) + 4

+
5 = ×1 = B
+

___________________________________________________________________________
© 2005 HIESSE.COM / CPL (A) – 060 Navigation Générale - 18
HT H < 'T ';
C: # & #6 ;%&3 # (# $
$' :
#%& & 6 "

C: '##- %& ;# :
# & '; :# && #-
&' :
K & KT90 &% # '&' &
KT9" K D &3 HT &# < U & 6 #'% #& H V"

HT (# >& % &' &# &&# :


# #&
# 6 # < % :
#$$';#- HT Q + ;O# 0 # %%
#6 %D'&% & H "

#'##- HT #;# &0 #6 ;2& # #& 0 & :


#(
(# $ $' :
#%& & 6 "

HT % &6 %D #& & # & 6 &% D # # 6%%


&&# & #3 # 3 ' && ' :# # #
6%% %# &#& 6 % # (# $ $' :#%& & 6 "

H H < ' ( 6<& ';


H :
# & HT 6 & ( & '# #6 ;2&
# #& & HT # &$
#' <#& 0 + ;O# "

H V H < ' ( 6<& V


C: # & HT &#6 % # ( # # 6 & #& : &6% #&
:
#6 ;2& # #& " : & : #( ' HT # # #<
:
#6 ;2& # #& & -#& D J )# &&# #
& ' && # "

H V >& % # ( 6 6 % D + B6 & #
; &M #0 3 3 ' # 62& & # ( & '# # &
6 &"

'##- 0 +0 # %%-# 6 '##- # #&


K % & # % &6 # (# ( 0 ': D & U
% :& : " O#& %$ 0 :
%'; V $#' 0 +
;O# :%'; O" '##- &6 : & &' 6 :
# 62&
' 66 (%& #< <#& 62& 0 ';#3 '# 0 # % #
___________________________________________________________________________
© 2005 HIESSE.COM / CPL (A) – 060 Navigation Générale - 19
& J 0 >& ' ( & $&6# O D :
# : #<
:
#6 ;2& # #& "

'##- # -6 0 '# # 62& # -6 "


'##- 6 0 '# # 62& 6

C##-

CALAGE REGLAGE PRESSION ALTIMETRE DESIGNATION


Alt.
1013,25 ou Correspondant
STD Alt. Pression Zp ou FL
29,92 Ihg aux tables
d'atmosphère
Pression à l'alt.
QFE Altimètre 0 ft Haut. Indiquée HQFE ou Hi
du terrain
Pression au
niveau du
QNH terrain ramenée Alt. Indiquée ZQNH ou Zi
au niveau de la
mer
Alt. pression du
terrain
QNE 1013,25 QNE QNE
correspondant
au QFE

"

MER AVION
Alt.
Topographique Hauteur vrai
TERRAIN
du terrain ( Hv )
( Zt )
Altitude vrai
AVION
( Zv )

___________________________________________________________________________
© 2005 HIESSE.COM / CPL (A) – 060 Navigation Générale - 20
C && ' '##-

& ;O# ;O#) $


& ;O# ;O#) 0+ $
& + ;O# ;O#) $
& 1 ;O# ;O#) 0+ $

C && ' 6 %&# &

∆ J( =
=
∆J =

=
J(− J = JH V −J
=

C#' 6 $%
%6 & 3 #' && ' # (& ,
#& &# '; $ #& -&% %'#& #&
&# & D #= # #& "

∆J ∆ J(
C=, ∆K

∆K <& -&% %'#& #&&# & D #=

K 6 0 # 3% &# $
%& &D
W# (&# "

K 0 # 3% &# %& &D


W# (&# "

___________________________________________________________________________
© 2005 HIESSE.COM / CPL (A) – 060 Navigation Générale - 21
$

G #' G
G =5 ×∆

G # ' #& G#
G#= 5 × ∆

9 # &G G#

O # 6 0 #( #&' & #&&# &#


#' G
G
∆ =
5
O # 6 0 #( #&' & #&&# & D #&
# ' G#
G#
∆ =
5

G G#
G X #& # =
5 5

=&#'%
C D& & & & #'#& 0 6% &';#3
<&# '; #(-# " #9( #G # & %%'#' % #&
&% &# - ( &';#3 <&# '; "

___________________________________________________________________________
© 2005 HIESSE.COM / CPL (A) – 060 Navigation Générale - 22
=&#'%#&

C D & %& & & # '#& # #( # &


'6 # &6 & 6 #' ( " #$ #
#(-# 0 ' &&- # & 2& #& $
$ (
# < # # #(-# "

O /O #& γ

&6 & $ #Y #& #- %


-&% #& &' #- "

∆J
γ=
G
C (&

O & &# $&6 & &' #- -&% 0 6 #&


$
#' &7 1 8"
γ ) +Z ) 0 + 1 )

O & &# $&6 & -&% &' #- 0 ( #&


$
#' &7 1 8"
γ ) , ) ,@1 ) 0 11 ) 101Z

___________________________________________________________________________
© 2005 HIESSE.COM / CPL (A) – 060 Navigation Générale - 23
O γ

- & # &#L' & #( "

G =5 ×∆

O #& γ#

- & # &#L' & #( "

G#= 5 × ∆

9 # O O #&

∆J = G "γ
∆J = G#"γ #

G X #& #

G "γ = G#"γ #

___________________________________________________________________________
© 2005 HIESSE.COM / CPL (A) – 060 Navigation Générale - 24
5 ( & '# #( 5M

06 6 & && && # J0 #


( ( & '# 5M

∆J
5M=

&# #&&# &#

G ×γ
5M= ' 5M= 5 "γ

&# #&&# & D #&

G#× γ #
5M= ' 5M= 5 "γ #

T # 6 # #& #

5 "γ = 5 "γ #

? % ( ( & '#

C (& B / $@
6

1 1 1
B= $ @6
1 1
C (& $@
6 / 6@

× 0 ,
$ @6 = +6 @
1

___________________________________________________________________________
© 2005 HIESSE.COM / CPL (A) – 060 Navigation Générale - 25
C#' & # ( ( & '# ' 5M #( %#< &
# ' D+Z #( ' 5 B"

5M) 5 " γ

( 5M $@
6

×1 1
5M= × +Z = 1 $ @6
1

O & # &# 3 & &#

5M $ @6 = 5 B ×γ Z

O & (& # # & '; +Z0 #( 2 5


# & '; $ # B" H ( ' 5M # &
#( ' ( # # $
#' B & (& ' # S

γ ) +Z
5 ) B
5 ) / ) B

5M) 5 " γ
5M) +) + $@
6

% %

G
=
5
C '#' $ #( ' ' 6 &"

___________________________________________________________________________
© 2005 HIESSE.COM / CPL (A) – 060 Navigation Générale - 26
C#' 6 #

O &'#' & 6% 6 & 5 '6 & & ,


B
1
T#' & <# T<=
5
O &< & 6 # ( = = T<× G
5
D , B T#' &K ( & T=
1

C#' # %&(

# # α #- # (

5 &#( & & 5 = 5N α


5 #' 5= = 5N'
$ α

α
O &α D # α=
1

++α
D α=

G%&( 6# 6# I6#

I 6# = T<× 5N

5 ) B
5N ) 1 B

C#' &I6#

T<) 1 @ ) 0
I6# ) 1 0 )

___________________________________________________________________________
© 2005 HIESSE.COM / CPL (A) – 060 Navigation Générale - 27
G%&( I

I = I 6# × α

5 ) + B
9() +
5N ) @, B

C#' &I

T<) 1 @ + ) 0,
I6# ) , 0,) 1
I) 1 / + ) ,

C#' 6

4%; # 5

5 =5 ± 5 5 = 5N × ' α

G ' 5 =5 ± 5N' α

5 ) B
9()
5N ) , @, B
G) 4

C#' & 6 =

α) , / )+
5 ), ' + ) 1 B
5 ) / 1 ) ,B
T<) 1 @ ,) 0 ,
=) 0 ,) 10+ 6

___________________________________________________________________________
© 2005 HIESSE.COM / CPL (A) – 060 Navigation Générale - 28
4%; # 6 ' &&-% '

6 # ( = #E# %L
D %% '#' %0 # 3 ' && '
3 '6 ( "

='= = ± = × =' * ( $
#' / ( #&&2&

# & -# 6 7 8 #&6 ( [# ( (#

= I 6# ' α

C #&#62& >& ' &&-% $ ' ( < &$ & &


#&#62& 7 '8" K '6 $# 3 & ( ; &0
( $
#' &# < # &% %& &D ; & &
( #&&2& &% $ %& & D ; &"

# '
5 $#' 'P
5 #&&2& 'Q

5 ) B
9()
5N ) , @, B
G) 4

C#' & # %&( I0 C(0 6 =

T<) 1 @ ) 0
I6# ) , 0 )
α) , / )+

I) + ) G
C() / )

= # 5) 0 ) 0,6
') I6# ' α ) ' + ) ' '$
#' )

∆= ) ) / ) ) 0,+ 6
=') 0,* 0,+ ) 10 + \ 6

___________________________________________________________________________
© 2005 HIESSE.COM / CPL (A) – 060 Navigation Générale - 29
C 66# ; &#& C;

H H% '#&< &# ' 66%


C;=
= ; & (
&6% B-@
;"

C 66# #' C

H H% '#&< &# ' 66%


C =
G # ' #&' &
&6% B-@ 4"
C ' 66# ' &#& 6 D #C;(#& #( ' ( 0 '#&
$ ' 5"

9 # & C; C
H
H C;
C = ' C = = =
G G 5
=

C;
C =
5
C (& ( 6

? .# ) 0 +
K6 .# ) ,0+,+

___________________________________________________________________________
© 2005 HIESSE.COM / CPL (A) – 060 Navigation Générale - 30
)

O %3 6

C & #%& & 6 0 4 &


3 6 %' #& & &L &
#%& & 6 %-# "

C #5 3 $# &# & # '#' & % &6 &


# O = 4"

4%; '#'

=&#' & O = & -&# ;3

O = & % #& #

59
O = =G
5 +5 9

O & &

C 6 %O 9 D #& & 3 #( &&#


&( & # % #&0 ' 6 &% &(
&%- 6 #& 3 -#& D #&&(% "

4%; '#'

O & % #& #

59
==
5 +5 9

5 ×5 9
= ×5 ' O 9 == ; &
5 +5 9

___________________________________________________________________________
© 2005 HIESSE.COM / CPL (A) – 060 Navigation Générale - 31
*

J6 ) HG9 ) 9# #
J6 ) HG4
γ ) ' ( &- ' &;

J5 = J 5 ± °± γ

# '#% # 6 #$#
#M 1µ="

___________________________________________________________________________
© 2005 HIESSE.COM / CPL (A) – 060 Navigation Générale - 32
#6 & & 2( 6 $# D# # "C # # 3
& 2( #( " & 2( 6 && ' 7 8"

" 9 6#- % 3 D (& & &L & # # " C:


& 2( 6 6#- % 3 # # #& #( "

? &# # &; & 6 # # 5 9 & #


% #& J6 "

#$% # & $ % K' 6 & 6>6 '# &


3 K0 6# #- %(# -# '; & % #'
#&# 2 6 D 6>6 D %& & & '# #
& &% # 6#-% ' $&6 D # &%# % # #(
& # #&&# & D W# % '%"

___________________________________________________________________________
© 2005 HIESSE.COM / CPL (A) – 060 Navigation Générale - 33
"% " % K ' % & '# 3
$ & -% %&# 6 '# ' 6 # 0 #- 5 9 3 (
# & 6>6 # 0 # # &( D 3 & # (# &J6
HG9 %' % #& &%' &"

#- 5 9 94K 3 #(# &HG9 * /

G% &6 # # #' D# #

& $
&# '; 6 &# # & ' #& D # &
(0 % &6 &# #' D# # "

O &'# 6 & 6 %' % & &# #


E6%&3 &# # & ' #& D #& ("

# G=

___________________________________________________________________________
© 2005 HIESSE.COM / CPL (A) – 060 Navigation Générale - 34
K %3 (# ' #< D' #R& °= = 6

? #( 5 ) B0 (# 96 # &# # 1 D
; &# # D ; 1" H # #' # # S

#( #&' & 16 1
K6 ' 1 & #&' &&
K D #' 16 # # D #5 4@
6
G) 1) 4

' ( ' ( C &6 3


$ ' #( ' %6 & # % G G &' # #'
C = 9 $#< %6 "

GT 6 & - 6 3 #&&( %6 #& # #


"
C - 6 >& &# $&6% & 2( 6 #& #$&6 J )C*
.

K &6 ' % &6 & & 2( 6 # # #& #(


&%' & 3 6 D #6 & $$' % #& 5 9 "

___________________________________________________________________________
© 2005 HIESSE.COM / CPL (A) – 060 Navigation Générale - 35
& 2( 6 && ' 7 8 & - # &3 #6 &
& 2( 6 $
# #& #( "

# &#

J5 = C(+ .
J4 = C6 + .
J'= C'+ .

O &< & HG4 $


#& %&# HG4 ) C6 * .

G# '# 94K GT0 #- GT ( & & '# "


'# #$
$';% C6 #- GT 3 HG4" K &%#
# 6# 3 %&# &%'% " HG4 ) C6 * .

") " ) ? # G4 $ & #


# ' < 3 3 % #& #( # # "

' %& &3 # # ' < 3 # # ' ; &M #


%-# # # ' #( # %& & D 4"

___________________________________________________________________________
© 2005 HIESSE.COM / CPL (A) – 060 Navigation Générale - 36
! %

* + , +* ? ( &# = 6 C & #
; & $$' % #%& # 3 "

O#&' ( 0&3 6 E # # # 6%&


.& N ';0 ; & ?=C" #( # - #& ' 1
,; & +@
;"

H ; & ?=C 3# 6 E D # 6<


6%& !S

K$
# & %3 (# ' (#
+ @;
) ,6

@+) ;
) ,) 6 "

; & ?=C D #3 # 6%& !

?=C ) ;* ; 6 ) ; 6 "

___________________________________________________________________________
© 2005 HIESSE.COM / CPL (A) – 060 Navigation Générale - 37
# * " * = 6 '( '# 4= '# 4 #
=6 0 ; & ' && # # 6%& < &(# &"

&3 6 E # # # 6%& < &(# &0


; & '# " 6%& 3 & &- & '#'
; & 6%& .& N ';6# ' < &(# &"

&3 6 E # # - 1 0 ; ='-
'# "

H ; & ?=C &3 ; & '# &


< &(# & % #& 1 S

# ; & '# ='- D ; & ?=C #( ' #$&6 (#


#L # &6 $ & - %-# $ &
- "

.
?=C = ='- +
+

1 °
?=C = ='- +
+
= ;+ − ,;
= ;

___________________________________________________________________________
© 2005 HIESSE.COM / CPL (A) – 060 Navigation Générale - 38
# - . * # && (% ,$ # ; &#&
+ ; &" O & - &0 & # &< 6%&
7 83 $ ' # - .4 6%& ' &#"

.4
=
+

1
$ # ' &% & 6%& 1 ! & 6%& =+ = +,
+

$ # ' &% & 6%& & 6%& =− = −1


+
$ # ' &% & 6%& (% 6 $ #
=+ & # #&
=− & # #&

# $&6 &6 # & & (& 6%& $ # ' # # #


-
.
= #&& D: & & ';
+
7 8#E# 6>6 - 3 .

& &# #$&6 (#

?=C = = +
___________________________________________________________________________
© 2005 HIESSE.COM / CPL (A) – 060 Navigation Générale - 39
# ; & %-# %$ #&&# & D ; & ?=C E
#L # ' # " ; & %-# #E 7 ?=C * 8"

T&# ' ; & %-# ;( & ?=C *


; & %-# %% ?=C *

. O & '#' & %'##-


; &#& 0 $&6 & ';# - 6 ; && (##< &
';# - 6 # # 3 # #&2- (#

< ; &3 %# ,; & 0 2( ,; &


#L L &# &% #"

< ; & %-# ( 0 #L ,; & &#


L &# &% #"

' /

#< # %& 3 %' & # ' &


& (1 ; &M # 2( "

'&% ' # %& 3 %' & #


' '; # ' & & (1 ; &M "

___________________________________________________________________________
© 2005 HIESSE.COM / CPL (A) – 060 Navigation Générale - 40

Vous aimerez peut-être aussi