Getstart ZH

FlightGear 手册
Michael Basler, Martin Spott,

Stuart Buchanan, Jon Berndt,
Bernhard Buckel, Cameron Moore,
Curt Olson, Dave Perry,
Michael Selig, Darrell Walisser,
FlightGear 手册
2016 8 15
FlightGear 2016.3
2
11
1.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
15
FlightGear 17
2.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.5 手册 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
FlightGear 23
3.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
3.1.1 MS Windows Vista/7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
3.1.2 Mac OS X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
3.1.3 FG_SCENERY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
3.1.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
3.1.5 TerraSync . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
3.1.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
3.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
3.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
3
4 目录
FlightGear 23
25
4.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
4.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
4.2.1 FG_ROOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
4.2.2 FG_SCENERY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
4.2.3 Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
4.2.4 UNIX/Linux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
4.2.5 Mac OS X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
4.3 . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
4.3.1 . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
4.3.2 . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
4.3.3 . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
4.3.4 . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
4.3.5 . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
4.3.6 .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
4.3.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
4.3.8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
4.3.9 HUD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
4.3.10 .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
4.3.11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
4.3.12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
4.3.13 / . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
4.3.14 IO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
4.3.15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
4.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
: 45
5.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
5.1.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
5.1.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
5.1.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
5.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
5.2.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
5.2.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
5.2.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
5.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
目录 5
5.3.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
5.3.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
5.3.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
5.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
5.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
5.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
57
6.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
6.1.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
6.1.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
6.1.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
6.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
6.2.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
6.2.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
6.2.3 TACAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
6.2.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
6.3 Atlas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
6.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
6.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
6.5.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
6.5.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
6.5.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
6.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
6.7 Festival . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
6.7.1 Festival . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
6.7.2 FlightGear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
6.7.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
6.7.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
6.8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
6.8.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
6.8.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
69
71
7.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
6 目录
7.1.1 172P . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
7.2 FlightGear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
7.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
75
8.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
8.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
8.2.1 MS Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
8.2.2 Linux UNIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
8.2.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
8.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
8.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
8.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
8.5.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
8.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
8.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
8.7.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
8.7.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
8.7.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
8.7.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
8.7.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
8.7.6 ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
8.7.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
8.8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
8.8.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
8.8.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
8.8.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
8.8.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
8.9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
8.9.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
8.9.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
8.9.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
8.10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
8.11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
8.12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
8.13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
8.13.1 Cherokee Warrior II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
8.13.2 Piper J3 Cub . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
8.13.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
目录 7
8.13.4 P-51D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116

8.13.5 B-52 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
119
9.1 . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
9.1.1 .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
9.2 . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
9.3 . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
9.3.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
9.3.2 ATIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
9.3.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
9.3.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
9.3.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
9.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
9.4.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
9.4.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
9.4.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
9.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
9.5.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
9.5.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
9.5.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
9.5.4 VASI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
9.5.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
9.5.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
IFR 135
10.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
10.1.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
10.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
10.2.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
10.2.2 VHF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
10.2.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
10.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
10.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
10.4.1 I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
10.4.2 MISON . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
10.4.3 II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
10.4.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
8 目录
10.4.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
10.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
10.5.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
10.5.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
10.5.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
10.5.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
10.5.5 FOOTO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
10.5.6 III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
10.5.7 ILS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
10.5.8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
10.5.9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
10.5.10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
10.5.11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
10.5.12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
10.5.13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
10.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
163
11.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
11.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
11.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
11.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
11.5 I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
11.6 II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
167
A
169
A.1 FlightGear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
A.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
A.3 Linux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
A.4 Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
B
173
B.1 FlightGear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
B.1.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
B.1.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
目录 9
B.1.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
B.1.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
B.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
B.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
10 目录
FlightGear
FlightGear 手册
手 FlightGear FlightGear
手 FlightGear
FlightGear 2016.3
FlightGear
想要自由的飞翔？来玩 FlightGear 吧 FlightGear
飞行前的准备：安装 FlightGear
FlightGear
起飞：如何启动程序
飞行中：仪表板、键位和菜单
FlightGear
HUD Head Up Display
特性 FlightGear
教程
11
12 第一章序言
基础飞行模拟教程
FlightGear
短途转场飞行教程
IFR 转场飞行教程 IFR
A 复飞：如果有什么拒绝工作 Flight-
Gear
B 降落：离开飞机之前的一些想法
FlightGear
1.1
1.2
手册 OpenGL
NVIDIA Windows Mac OS-X
Linux 手册
http://www.flightgear.org/download/.
Linux FlightGear
1.3
1.3 延伸阅读 13
• 手 /FlightGear/Docs
http://www.flightgear.org/Docs/FGShortRef.pdf.
• /Docs
• FlightGear wiki http://wiki.flightgear.org

14 第一章序言
15
FlightGear
2.1
PC
Microsoft© Flight Simulator
PC 50
1500
FlightGear
FlightGear
•
FlightGear
FlightGear
17
18 2. 想由的飞翔？玩 FlightGear 吧！
FlightGear
•
FlightGear FAA
FlightGear
– Linux
– Windows NT/2000/XP/7 Intel/AMD ,
– Windows 95/98/ME
– BSD UNIX
– Sun-OS
– Mac OS X
•
GNU
GNU General Public License GPL
GPL GPL
“你可以用这个软件做任何事情，只要不把它变成非自由的就可以”
GPL FlightGear
http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.html.
2.2 系统需求 19
• FlightGear
API
ATC
Linux Linus Torvalds

Linux
1 UNIX FlightGear 旧金山国际机场的糟糕进近——来自本手

册一位作者的截图. . .
2.2
FlightGear
AMD Athlon64 Intel P4 AMD Athlon/K7
Intel PIII FlightGear
3D
FlightGear OpenGL
OpenGL OpenGL
http://www.opengl.org
OpenGL 1992 2D 3D
...
FlightGear Direct3D/DirectX
OpenGL Direct3D Windows
3D OpenGL Flight-
Gear 3D
1
3D OpenGL Windows
OpenGL OpenGL
FlightGear NVIDIA GeForce AMD/ATI

OpenGL 256MB
FlightGear
500MB
500MB
Windows
300MB Linux UNIX
Linux
Windows FlightGear
FlightGear
FlightGear Linux Linux UNIX
GNU FlightGear
FlightGear Windows
Windows Mac OS X FlightGear
UNIX/X11
FlightGear
GNU C++ Win32 Cygnus Cygwin
Mac OS X FlightGear Mac OS X
10.4 Power PC G4 1.0GHz Intel Mac
MacBook Pro Intel iMac Mac Pro Power Mac Power
PC G5
2.3 选择版本 21
2.3
http://www.flightgear.org/Downloads/
bug
http://www.gitorious.org/fg. 1
FlightGear
http://wiki.flightgear.org/GIT.
2.4
FlightGear LaRCsim Navion
FlightGear
• JSB Jon Berndt JSB

JSBSim
http://jsbsim.sourceforge.net/.
• Andrew Ross Yet Another Simulator YASim

YASim FDM
YASim FDM
• Christian Mayer Curt Olson

UFO A B
• UIUC -
Airwave Xtreme 150

1903 UIUC
http://www.ae.illinois.edu/m-selig/apasim/Aircraft-uiuc.html
1
Gitorious 2015 3
https://sourceforge.net/projects/flightgear/
FlightGear
FDM FlightGear
2.5 手册
手册
手
FlightGear
http://www.flightgear.org/
《FlightGear 手册》 FlightGear
OpenGL
《FlightGear 编程指南》 TerraGear
《FlightGear 地景设计指南》《FlightGear 飞行学校》
FlightGear 手册
FlightGear
FlightGear
• Windows -
• Mac OS X
• Linux
http://www.flightgear.org/download/main-program/
3.1
FlightGear
FlightGear
tarball 10
tarball 10 x 10 w130n50.tgz
http://www.flightgear.org/download/scenery/
FlightGear
http://shopping.flightgear.org/
tarball FlightGear Scenery
23
24 第三章飞行前：安装 FLIGHTGEAR
• Windows
c:\Program Files\FlightGear\data\Scenery.
• UNIX
/usr/local/share/FlightGear/data/Scenery.
• Mac OS X
/Applications/FlightGear.app/Contents/Resources/data/Scenery.
tarball Scenery
tarball tarball
7-zip http://www.7-zip.org/
tarball 958402.gz
FlightGear
tarball Terrain Objects
FlightGear FlightGear Launcher
3.1.1 MS Windows Vista/7

Windows Vista Windows 7 Windows
Virtual Store
c:\Users\(你的名字)\AppData\Local\VirtualStore\Program Files\FlightGear\Scenery
Terrain Objects 手
FlightGear Scenery
3.1.2 Mac OS X
GUI
Advanced Features » Others Install Add-On data
/Applications/FlightGear.app/Contents/Resources/data/Scenery
zip tar.gz tgz tar
Open data folder

Finder data data/Scenery
data/Aircraft
3.1 安装地景 25
3.1.3 FG_SCENERY
FG_SCENERY
FlightGear
UNIX Mac OS X : Windows ;
Linux FG_SCENERY
/home/jsmith/WorldScenery:/usr/local/share/Flightgear/data/Scenery
/home/jsmith/WorldScenery
/usr/local/share/Flightgear/data/Scenery.
Windows FG_SCENERY
c:\Program Files\FlightGear\data\Scenery;c:\data\WorldScenery
c:\Program Files\FlightGear\data\Scenery
c:\data\WorldScenery
3.1.4
FlightGear
TerraSync FlightGear
FG_SCENERY TerraSync
FlightGear Environment Scenery Download

Enable Automatic Scenery
TerraSync FlightGear World Scenery

World Scenery
FlightGear
3.1.5 TerraSync
TerraSync
Mac OS X Windows Download
scenery on the fly TerraSync
FG_SCENERY
terrasync FlightGear Atlas
FlightGear
--atlas=socket,out,1,localhost,5505,udp
TerraSync
terrasync -p 5505 -S -d /usr/local/share/TerraSync

TerraSync -S Subversion
HTTP HTTP
libsvn Subversion Mac OS X 10.5
svn -S
3.1.6
TerraGear FlightGear
http://wiki.flightgear.org/TerraGear
TerraGear FlightGear
Mapserver
http://mapserver.flightgear.org/git/gitweb.pl.
3.2
FlightGear FlightGear
Spitfile
747
http://www.flightgear.org/download/aircraft/
data/Aircraft
.zip data/Aircraft
FlightGear
Mac OS X
3.1.2
3.3
PDF 《FlightGear 手册》
Adobe Reader Adobe Reader: 1 http://get.adobe.com/reader/
http://get.adobe.com/reader/
1
Linux Evince https://wiki.gnome.org/Apps/Evince
3.3 安装文档 27
HTML FlightGear help
docs-mini
FlightGear
29
4.1
3 在旧金山国际机场（KSFO）的默认启动点等待起飞
FlightGear FlightGear Launcher
fgfs --launcher
10
TerraSync
FG_ROOT
c:\Program Files\FlightGear\data
c:\Program Files\FlightGear 2016.1.1\data
31
32 4. 起飞
4 选择飞行器并可以自动下载。
FlightGear 172P UFO Install
10
KSFO A1
4.1 启动模拟器 33
5 选择起始位置在地面或者在空中。
34 4. 起飞
6 设置其他模拟器选项。
Run
4.2
FlightGear 手 FG_ROOT
FG_SCENERY
4.2 从命令行启动 35
4.2.1 FG_ROOT
FlightGear
FlightGear data
/usr/local/share/FlightGear/data c:\Program Files\FlightGear\data.
4.2.2 FG_SCENERY
FlightGear
UNIX Mac OS X : Windows ;
/home/joebloggs/WorldScenery:/usr/local/share/FlightGear/data/Scenery
c:\Program Files\FlightGear\data\Scenery;c:\Program Files\FlightGear\data\WorldScenery.
4.2.3 Windows
c:\Program
Files\FlightGear\bin\Win32
SET FG_HOME="c:\Program Files\FlightGear"

SET FG_ROOT="c:\Program Files\FlightGear\data"
SET FG_SCENERY="c:\Program Files\FlightGear\data\Scenery"
FlightGear
fgfs --option1 --option2...

4.3 Windows
FlightGear
4.2.4 UNIX/Linux
FlightGear
• /usr/local/share/FlightGear/lib LD_LIBRARY_PATH
• FG_ROOT FlightGear
/usr/local/share/FlightGear/data
• FG_SCENERY ";"
PATH
$FG_ROOT/Scenery:$FG_ROOT/WorldScenery
36 4. 起飞
Bourne shell
LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/usr/local/share/FlightGear/lib:$LD_LIBRARY_PATH
export LD_LIBRARY_PATH
FG_HOME=/usr/local/share/FlightGear
export FG_HOME
FG_ROOT=/usr/local/share/FlightGear/data
export FG_ROOT
FG_SCENERY=$FG_ROOT/Scenery:$FG_ROOT/WorldScenery
export FG_SCENERY
C Shell ( )
setenv LD_LIBRARY_PATH=\
/usr/local/share/FlightGear/lib:$LD_LIBRARY_PATH
setenv FG_HOME=/usr/local/share/FlightGear
setenv FG_ROOT=/usr/local/share/FlightGear/data
setenv FG_SCENERY=\
$FG_HOME/Scenery:$FG_ROOT/Scenery:$FG_ROOT/WorldScenery
FlightGear
fgfs --option1 --option2...
4.3
4.2.5 Mac OS X
Mac OS X Terminal.app
/Applications/Utilities
cd /Applications/FlightGear.app/Contents/Resources
./fgfs --option1 --option2 ....
4.3
手 FG_ROOT FG_SCENERY
4.3
FlightGear
Emacs vi
4.3 命令行参数 37
• UNIX Mac OS X
.fgfsrc HOME
• Windows system.fgfsrc
FG_ROOT c:\Program Files\FlightGear\data
4.3.1
• --launcher
• --help
• --help --verbose
• --version
FlightGear
• --fg-root=path
FlightGear
• --fg-scenery=path
$FG ROOT/Scenery
CD-ROM
• --fg-aircraft=path
$FG ROOT/Aircraft
• --language=code
pl, nl, it, fr, en, de
• --restore-defaults
• --enable-save-on-exit, --disable-save-on-exit
• --enable-freeze, --disable-freeze
FlightGear
38 4. 起飞
• --enable-auto-coordination, --disable-auto-coordination
• --browser-app=path
--browser-app=
“C:\Program Files\Internet Explorer\iexplore.exe”
• --config=path
--config=./Aircraft/X15-set.xml
• --units-feet
• --units-meters
4.3.2
• --enable-ai-models, --disable-ai-models
/AI
• --ai-scenario=name
AI --ai-scenario=vinson-demo
4.3.3
• --enable-sound, --disable-sound
• --show-sound-devices
• --sound-device=device
• --enable-intro-music, --disable-intro-music
FlightGear
4.3.4
• --aircraft= 飞行器
--aircraft=c172p $FG ROOT/Aircraft
“-set.xml”
“-set.xml”
--show-aircraft
3.2
• --show-aircraft
• --min-status= 状态
alpha, beta,
early-production, production --show-aircraft
• --aircraft-dir=PATH
$FG ROOT/Aircraft
• --vehicle= 飞行定义文件
--aircraft
• --livery=Name
4.3.5
• --fdm=abcd
jsb, larcsim, yasim, magic,
balloon, external, pipe, ada, null
--aircraft FDM
• --aero=aircraft
--aircraft
• --model-hz=n
• --speed=n
40 4. 起飞
• --trim, --notrim
JSBSim
• --on-ground, --in-air
--in-air
--altitude --vc
X15
• --enable-fuel-freeze, --disable-fuel-freeze
4.3.6
• --airport=ABCD
ICAO --airport=KJFK
JFK 1 ICAO
K 2
• --parking-id=ABCD
• --runway=NNN
28L
ID
• --vor=ABCD, --ndb=ABCD, --fix=ABCD

VOR NDB FIX
• --carrier=NAME
6.2
• --parkpos=NAME
--carrier
2
IATA KJFK
IATA JFK
• --offset-distance=nm, --offset-azimuth=deg
--airport, --vor, --ndb, --fix, --carrier
• --lon=degrees, --lat=degrees
• --altitude=feet
--in-air
--units-meters
--vc
• --heading=degrees, --roll=degrees, --pitch=degrees

orientation 0
• --uBody=X, --vBody=Y, --wBody=Z

X Y Z
--units-meters
• --vNorth=N, --vEast=E, --vDown=D
--units-meters
• --vc=knots, --mach=num
--altitude
• --glideslope=gradi, --roc=fpm
4.3.7
• --ceiling=FT ASL[:THICKNESS FT]
2000
• --enable-real-weather-fetch, --disable-real-weather-fetch
42 4. 起飞
• --metar=METAR STRING
METAR --metar="XXXX 012345Z 00000KT
99SM CLR 19/M01 A2992" METAR
--enable-real-weather-fetch
• --random-wind
• --turbulence=n
0.0 1.0
• --wind=DIR@SPEED
--wind=180:220@10:15
• --season=param
summer winter
• --visibility=meters, --visibility-miles=miles
4.3.8
• --aspect-ratio-multiplier=N
• --bpp=depth
• --enable-clouds, --disable-clouds
• --enable-clouds3d, --disable-clouds3d
3D GLSL
• --enable-distance-attenuation, --disable-distance-attenuation
• --enable-enhanced-lighting, --disable-enhanced-lighting
• --enable-fullscreen, --disable-fullscreen
• --enable-game-mode, --disable-game-mode
3DFX
• --enable-horizon-effect, --disable-horizon-effect
• --enable-mouse-pointer, --disable-mouse-pointer
Voodoo
• --enable-panel, --disable-panel
• --enable-random-buildings, --disable-random-building
• --enable-random-objects, --disable-random-objects
• --enable-random-vegetation, --disable-random-vegetation
GLSL
• --enable-rembrandt, --disable-rembrandt
• --enable-skyblend, --disable-skyblend
/
• --enable-specular-highlight, --disable-specular-highlight
• --enable-splash-screen, --disable-splash-screen
3DFX 3DFX
• --enable-textures, --disable-textures
44 4. 起飞
• --enable-wireframe, --disable-wireframe
FlightGear
• --fog-disable, --fog-fastest, --fog-nicest
--fog-fastest
--fog-nicest
• --fov=degrees
55.0
• --materials-file=file
Materials/regions/materials.xml
• --geometry=WWWxHHH
/ --geometry=1024x768
• --shading-smooth, --shading-flat
• --texture-filtering=N
1 2 4 8 16
• --view-offset=xxx
LEFT,
RIGHT, CENTER
4.3.9 HUD
• --enable-anti-alias-hud, --disable-anti-alias-hud
HUD Head Up Display
• --enable-hud, --disable-hud
HUD
• --enable-hud-3d, --disable-hud-3d
3D HUD
• --hud-culled, --hud-tris
HUD
4.3.10
• --adf=[radial:]frequency
ADF
• --com1=frequency, --com2=frequency
COM1/COM2
• --dme=nav1|nav2|frequency
DME NAV1 NAV2
• --failure=system
pitot, static, vacuum,
electrical
• --nav1=[radial:]frequency, --nav2=[radial:]frequency
NAV1/NAV2
4.3.11
• --enable-clock-freeze, --disable-clock-freeze
• --start-date-gmt=yyyy:mm:dd:hh:mm:ss,
--start-date-lat=yyyy:mm:dd:hh:mm:ss,
--start-date-sys=yyyy:mm:dd:hh:mm:ss
/
--time-match-local, --time-match-real
• --time-match-local, --time-match-real
--time-match-real
--time-match-local
--start-date-gmt, --start-date-lat, --start-date-sys

46 4. 起飞
• --time-offset=[+-]hh:mm:ss
• --timeofday=param
real, dawn, morning, noon, afternoon,
dusk, evening, midnight
4.3.12
• --multiplay=dir,Hz,host,port, --callsign=ABCD
6.1
• --httpd=port, --telnet=port
HTTP Telnet
• --jpg-httpd=port
HTTP
• --proxy=[user:password@]host:port
4.3.13 /
• --wp=ID[@alt]
GC
• --flight-plan=[file]
4.3.14 IO
IO FlightGear Docs README.IO
• --atlas=params
Atlas Atlas TerraSync
• --atcsim=params
ATC Sim atc610x
• --AV400=params
Garmin 196/296 GPS
• --AV400Sim=params
Garmin 400 GPS
• --generic=params
XML
• --garmin=params
Garmin GPS
• --joyclient=params
Agwagon
• --jsclient=params
• --native-ctrls=params
FG
• --native-fdm=params
FG FDM
• --native-gui=params
FG
• --native=params
FG
• --nmea=params
NMEA
• --opengc=params
OpenGC
• --props=params
• --pve=params
PVE
48 4. 起飞
• --ray=params
RayWoodworth
• --rul=params
RUL
4.3.15
• --enable-fpe
• --fgviewer
OSG
• --log-level=LEVEL
bulk, debug, info, warn, alert
• --prop:[type:]name=value
value name
--prop:/engines/engine[0]/running=true
--aircraft=c172p
--prop:/consumables/fuels/tank[0]/level-gal=10
--prop:/consumables/fuels/tank[1]/level-gal=10
(double, string,
boolean)
• --trace-read=params
• --trace-write=params
4.4 游戏杆支持 49
4.4
/
FlightGear
Help -> Joystick Configuration FlightGear
FlightGear
FlightGear
44 4. 起飞
:
手
FlightGear
http://www.flightgear.org/Docs/FGShortRef.pdf.
Help
5.1
5.1.1
{ }
s
∼
OFF LEFT RIGHT BOTH
} s
5.1.2
OFF
Idle "m"
45
46 5. 飞行
5.1.3
1. cutoff ON
2.
3. N1 5% OFF
4.
5.2
FlightGear
FlightGear keyboard.xml
ASCII
5.2.1
NumLock Flight-
Gear
9/3
4/6
8/2
0/
5 / /
7/1
1 飞行器主控制
5.2 键盘控制 47
!
@
#
$
∼
{
}
s
M/m /
N/n /
2 发动机控制按键
b
,/.
l
B
g/G /
PTT
-/_ /
[/] /
j/k /
CTRL-B
3 飞行器次要系统控制
5.2.2
NumLock
Shift-8
Shift-7
Shift-4
Shift-1
Shift-2
Shift-3
Shift-6
Shift-9
48 5. 飞行
4 视觉角度
P
c 3D / 2D
S /
CTRL-C /
h HUD
H HUD
i/I / HUD
x/X /
v/V
CTRL-V
z/Z /
F10
Shift-F10
5 显示选项
P
a/A /
t/T /
CTRL-R
F3
ESC
6 通用模拟器控制。
5.2.3
FlightGear
5.3 鼠标控制动作 49
CTRL-A
CTRL-G NAV 1
Ctrl-H
Ctrl-N NAV 1
Ctrl-S
Ctrl-T AGL
Ctrl-U 1000 ft
F6
F11
8/2
4/6
9/3
7 自动驾驶控制。
CTRL + T CTRL
+U 手
5.3
FlightGear
Tab
5.3.1
CTRL-C
50 5. 飞行
5.3.2
--enable-auto-coordination
auto-coordination
5.3.3
CTRL
5.4
F10
• File
– Reset (Shift-Esc)
手
– Load Flight Recorder Tape (Shift-F1)
5.4 菜单选项 51
– Save Flight Recorder Tape (Shift-F2)
– Screenshot (F3) fgfs-screen-XXX.jpg

– Screenshot Directory
– Sound Configuration
– Input Configuration
– Scenery Download TerraSync
– Aircraft Center (Experimental)
– Quit (Esc)
• View
– Toggle Fullscreen (Shift-F10)
– Rendering Options
3D
Display “Show Frame Rate’’
20fps
z/Z
Level of Detail LOD
– View Options 2D
– Cockpit View Options

G G 1
– Adjust LOD Ranges
– Adjust View Position
– Adjust HUD Properties HUD
1
G
G
52 5. 飞行
– Toggle Glide Slope Tunnel
– Instant Replay (Ctrl-R)
– Earthview Orbital Rendering NASA
– Stereoscopic View Options /
• Location
– Position Aircraft In Air

VOR
– Select Airport
METAR
– Random Attitude
– Tower position
• Autopilot
– Autopilot Settings (F11)

ILS
– Route Manager
HUD
– Previous Waypoint
– Next Waypoint
• Environment
– Weather
METAR
5.4 菜单选项 53
– Environment Settings
– Time Settings
UTC
– Wildfire Settings
• Equipment
– Map
– Map (Canvas) Canvas
– Map (opens in browser)
Web
– Stopwatch
– Fuel and Payload
– Radio Settings (F12)

– GPS Settings GPS
– Instrument Settings
– Random Failures
MTBF MCBF
– System Failures
– Instrument Failures
• AI
– Traffic and Scenario Settings AI
– ATC Services in Range

– Wingman Controls AI
– Tanker Controls
6.8
– Carrier Controls AI
– Jetway Settings
• Multiplayer
54 5. 飞行
– Multipler Settings
– FGCom Settings
– Chat Dialog
– Chat Menu (-) ATC
– Pilot List
– MPCarrier Selection MPCarriers
• Debug
• Help
– Help
– Aircraft Help
– Aircraft Checklists
– Common Aircraft Keys
– Basic Simulator Keys
– Joystick Configuration
– Tutorials
– About FlightGear
5.5 仪表板 55
5.5
6 塞斯纳 172 的 3D 驾驶舱。
FlightGear 3D
172P c172p
FlightGear View->Display Options->Show
2D Panel P
/
/
/
5.6
FlightGear HUD Head Up Display HUD
FlightGear
HUD HUD h
56 5. 飞行
7 HUD
Height
HUD
H h HUD i/I
/ HUD
7 HUD，平视显示器。
FlightGear
FlightGear http://wiki.flightgear.org/
6.1
FlightGear
http://mpmap02.flightgear.org
6.1.1
Multiplayer
Connect
Multiplayer Pilot
List
6.1.2
57
58 第六章特性
FlightGear
FlightGear
7 Features AI
fgfs
--multiplay=out,10,<server>,<portnumber>
--multiplay=in,10,<client>,<portnumber>
--callsign=<anything>
--enable-ai-models
1. <portnumber> TCP 5000
2. <server> mpserver01.flightgear.org
3. <client> IP FG
IP 192.168 192.168.0.1
4. <callsign> 7 N-FGFS
6.1.3
IP
USB
FlightGear IP
USB ADSL http://www.whatismyip.com
IP IP
1
1
http://ip138.com/ IP
6.2 航空母舰 59
RJ-45
IP
Linux root ifconfig
lo eth0
wlan0 inet addr
IP inet addr:192.168.0.150 1
Windows XP cmd
ipconfig IP
Windows 98 cmd
winpcfg IP
IP
5000
FlightGear IRC 手
6.2
FlightGear
TACAN FLOLS
$FG_ROOT preferences.xml nimitz

<scenario>nimitz_demo</scenario>
AI true
1
Linux ip a eth0
inet 192.168.0.150 root
60 第六章特性
6.2.1
FlightGear
--carrier=Nimitz --aircraft=seahawk
Nimitz N
Windows OS X FG
seahawk
6.2.2
FlightGear OFF L
L
seahawk
ATC / AI AI
Carrier AI Turn into wind
seahawk
C
6.2.3 TACAN
TACAN
Seahawk
TACAN 029Y CTRL-R
FlightGear Equipment / Radio DME
ADF Seahawk ADF DME
DME
6.3 ATLAS 61
6.2.4
Andy Ross A4 Skyhawk
http://wiki.flightgear.org/A-4F_Skyhawk_Operations_Manual
TACAN
Help / Aircraft
Fresnel Lens Optical landing System

FLOLS
meatball
meatball
meatball
meatball meatball
ATC / AI
Seahawk Seafire1
6.3 Atlas
Atlas FlightGear
Atlas
http://atlas.sourceforge.net
6.4
FlightGear XML
1
Seafire Supermarine
http://www.afwing.com/intro/seafire/1.htm
62 第六章特性
FlightGear README.multiscreen
6.5
FlightGear I/O
747
http://www.flightgear.org/Projects/747-JW/
6.5.1
FlightGear
FlightGear
FlightGear
FDM
FDM
FDM
6.5.2
FDM
--native-fdm=socket,out,60,,5505,udp
--native-ctrls=socket,out,60,,5506,udp
FDM
--native-fdm=socket,in,60,,5505,udp
--native-ctrls=socket,in,60,,5506,udp
--fdm=null
6.6 录制并回放 63
6.5.3
--enable-game-mode （在 glut 系统上全屏显示）
--enable-full-screen （SDL 或视窗全屏）
--prop:/sim/menubar/visibility=false （隐藏菜单栏）
--prop:/sim/ai/enabled=false （禁用 AI 空中管制）
--prop:/sim/ai-traffic/enabled=false （禁用 AI 飞机）
--prop:/sim/rendering/bump-mapping=false
172
--prop:/sim/rendering/draw-otw=false （只渲染仪表板） )
--enable-panel
6.6
I/O FDM
$FG_ROOT/protocol/README.protocol
--generic=file,out,20,flight.out,playback
20Hz 20 FDM playback

flight.out
--generic=file,in,20,flight.out,playback
--fdm=external
playback.xml
6.7 Festival
FlightGear TTS ATC Festival
TTS http://www.cstr.ed.ac.uk/projects/festival/ Linux
Cygwin Windows
64 第六章特性
6.7.1 Festival
1. http://www.cstr.ed.ac.uk/projects/festival/
2. Festival Festival
$ festival
festival> (SayText "FlightGear")
festival> (quit)
3. MBROLA
http://tcts.fpms.ac.be/synthesis/mbrola/
Downloads MBROLA binary and voices
MBROLA
MBROLA marvel
$ mbrola -h
6.7.2 FlightGear
Festival
$ festival --server
FlightGear /sim/sound/voices/enabled
$ fgfs --aircraft=j3cub \
--airport=KSQL \
--prop:/sim/sound/voices/enabled=true
FlightGear Fesitval
FlightGear
’ KSFO
preferences.xml $FG_ROOT/Nasal/voice.nas
/sim/sound/voices/voice[*]/text
/sim/sound/voices/{atc,approach,ground,pilot,ai-plane}
6.7 使用 FESTIVAL 文字转语音 65
6.7.3
Linux festival
client(1) Tue Feb 21 13:29:46 2006 : \

rejected from localhost.localdomain
not in access list
http://www.cstr.ed.ac.uk/projects/festival/manual/festival_28.html#SEC130.
localhost localhost.localdomain $HOME
.festivalrc
(set! server_access_list '("localhost"))

(set! server_access_list '("localhost.localdomain"))
(set! server_access_list nil)
6.7.4
OK
Festival Festival
UNIX /usr/local/share/festival/
$FESTIVAL
1. voice_
$ festival
festival> (print (mapcar (lambda (pair) (car pair)) \
voice-locations))
(kal_diphone rab_diphone don_diphone us1_mbrola \
us2_mbrola us3_mbrola en1_mbrola)
nil
festival> (voice_us3_mbrola)
festival> (SayText "I've got a nice voice.")
festival> (quit)
66 第六章特性
2. Festival MBROLA
http://festvox.org/packed/festival/1.95/
don_diphone AI
$FESTIVAL/voices/english/don_diphone/
festlex_OALD.tar.gz $FESTI-
VAL/dicts/oald/ Makefile Makefile
festival –heap 10000000
3. us2_mbrola us3_mbrola en1_mbrola

MBROLA
festvox_us2.tar.gz festvox_us3.tar.gz festvox_en1.tar.gz
$FESTIVAL/voices/english/us2_mbrola/
4. MBROLA MBROLA
us2 us3
$FESTIVAL/voices/english/us2_mbrola/ us2 us3
6.8
Air-Air Refueling AAR
KC135-E KA6-D
T-38 Lightning A-4F

Vulcan Victor A-6E AI/ATC
Tanker
6.8.1
FlightGear
15000 AI/ATC->Tanker
Request
FlightGear TACAN
TACAN TACAN Equipment->Radio
Settings
Get Position
6.8 空中加油 67
TACAN
5
20 KC135 10
KA6-D 1
50
A4
1.
2.
3.
NASA
4.
5.
6.8.2
KC135 Victor
MOBIL1 MOBIL2 MOBIL3
TACAN
060X 061X 062X
YASim
JSBSim AI aircraft-
set.xml preferences.xml
senario
68 第六章特性
AI
69
手 FlightGear
7.1
FlightGear
Help Start Tutorial

Festival TTS
AI AI/ATC
+ p
Help Stop Tutorial
7.1.1 172P
172P
Half-Moon Bay KHAF Livermore

Municipal KLVK
172P KHAF KLVK
FlightGear
71
72 第七章教程
$ fgfs --aircraft=c172p --airport=KHAF
Help Start Tutorial

Next
Start
7.2 FlightGear
FlightGear 手
David Megginson FlightGear

FlightGear
http://www.flightgear.org/Docs/Tutorials/circuit.
7.3
FAA1 手册 Aeronautical Information
Manual AIM
http://www.faa.gov/ATPubs/AIM/.
FAA
FAA 手册
http://avstop.com/AC/FlightTraingHandbook/,
手册
手册 VFR Visual Flight Rule
IFR Instrument Flight Rule
Charles Wood
http://www.navfltsm.addr.com/.
1
Federal Aviation Administration FAA
7.3 其他教程 73
John Denker’s
http://www.av8n.com/how/.
VFR IFR
74 第七章教程
8.1
172P1
1
172
172R
75
76 第八章基础飞行模拟教程
• https://www.gleim.com/aviation/learn-to-fly/
• http://www.pilotfriend.com/training/flight_training/aero/principa.htm
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_controls
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airplane_flight_mechanics
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_engine_controls
• http://www.firstflight.com/flt1.html
• http://flightsims.ig-wilson.com/index.php?f16land
• http://www.navfltsm.addr.com/
8.2
FlightGear
8.2.1 MS Windows
Windows FlightGear
Cessna 172p
2D 2D
下一步
FlightGear
KSFO
8.2 启动 77
KSFO 下一步
800 × 600
运行 FlightGear
Windows FlightGear
0.9.8 FlightGear
FTP
Windows Me
Explorer Systray
FlightGear
Windows Me FlightGear 800 × 600
640 × 480
8.2.2 Linux UNIX

Linux UNIX FlightGear
FlightGear
• fgrun Win-
dows
• fgfs --timeofday=noon
--geometry=800x600.
8.2.3
--timeofday=noon FlightGear
Environment->Time Settings Noon
FlightGear KDE GNOME FlightGear

fgfs fgfs --timeofday=noon
--geometry=1024x768
起飞：如何启动程序
8.3
FlightGear
•
⇑ Shift v
8.3 第一个挑战——直线平飞 79
v V Shift
v V Shift-v
• NumLock
NumLock
v v
V
Page Up
View -> Instant Replay

Replay F3
F10
File->Quit FlightGear
Tab +
v
x X Ctrl-x
V
Tab ↔
Tab
Tab
• 正常模式
• 控制模式 +
• 查看模式 ↔
Tab Page Up
8.5
手
手手
手手
速率 20°
20°
FlightGear
Tab
8 2
4 6
300 100 1
1
1 12 0.3048 3
FlightGear
1100
1100
Ctrl-c
ATIS1
inHg
2
Above Mean Sea Level AMSL 24000

7315 Above Ground Level
AGL
3
1
ATIS Automatic Terminal Information Service
2
hPa
1013.25 29.92 1 inHg = 33.86 hPa
http://www.pcwp.com/mbc onversion.html
3
Height Altitude
手册
8.4 基本转弯 85
8.4
20°
20°
20°
120
360° 120 180° 60
20° 172P 60
180°
1 60°
1
8.5
FlightGear
RPM
Page Up 1000 RPM

Page Down
1000 RPM
. .
.
,
, .
• 0 Enter Enter
0
• +
v V x
0 Enter
Tab
FlightGear
8.5 地面滑行 87
0 Enter
8.5.1
ASI
1 knots 1.852 /
km/h 2 1 1.15115 /
mph 1 1 mph
Piper J3 Cub mph 1
10
10 2
40
1
2 10% 22 2 44
10% 44 4 40 40.31
2
Indicated Airspeed IAS
10 True Airspeed TAS
Ground Speed GS
40
40
0 Enter
0
Enter
8.6 高级转弯 89
8.6
/ / 0
Enter
–
–
–
Enter
1
70
8.7
8.7.1
8.7 这些是什么？ 91
P 2D Shift-x
x Ctrl-x
OFF
L
R BOTH
BOTH
1500 RPM L
{ }
BOTH s
Ctrl-c
OFF
L
L R BOTH
OFF
Page Up
Page Down
B
Shift-b
8.7 这些是什么？ 93
OFF
OFF
1900 RPM 1900

RPM
8.7.2
手手
手
Angle of Attack AOA

1
1
8.7 这些是什么？ 95
8.7.3
[ ] [
] v [ ]
172P
• 0°
• 10°
• 20°
• 30°
110 85
85 110
Shift- Shift-上
Side-slip
手 1
8.7.4
1
1983 143 767-233
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gimli_Glider
2
tailspin
3
8.7 这些是什么？ 97
172P Piper Cub

F16
• 1
172P Cessna
Citation
8.7.5
- AC-61-FS-2013-19
1
1500ft AGL
FlightGear Home End Home

End
172P Cherokee
Warrior II
8.7.6 ?
– Shift
– Shift
–
– Tab ↔
1
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_declination
8.7 这些是什么？ 99
• Heading Indicator
HI
Ctrl-c
HDG = “heading’’
8.7.7
holy six six-pack

5
10 20 30 60 90
360
FlightGear --enable-auto-coordination
RPM Rotations Per Minute
T
1
4 OFF L R
BOTH L R
172P
BOTH
s
ON
OFF B
手 VOR NAV
NDB ADF COM1/2
LED COM
1
8.8 让我们去飞吧 101
COM ATIS
ATIS ATC/AI->Frequencies
ICAO
COM
Visual Flight Rules VFR
8.8
8.8.1
• 40
• 70
• 75
• 500
• 1000
75 40
55 75
75
1. KSFO
0
2. 1
3. Tab
4.
5. PgUp
6.
7. 40
8. 55
9. 70
10.
11. 70
12. 500 1000
8.8.2
• 500
• 70
• 55
• 40
a b
c
d
1
5
8.8 让我们去飞吧 103
1. 1500
1500 RPM
2. 115 ]
3.
4. 1000
5. 70
6.
7.
8. 500
9.
10.
11. 55 Flare
12. 0 Enter
13. 40
14. /
15. 30 b
8.8.3
• B
• PgDn
• OFF {
8.9 关于风的问题 105
8.8.4
PgUp
KSFO
KHAF KSFO
10
5 1500 120
fgfs --offset-distance=5 --altitude=1500 --vc=120 --timeofday=noon
65 70
70
8.9
• a
• b
• c
• d
8.9.1
55 10
8.9 关于风的问题 107
10 45
8.9.2
slip landing. crab landing1

1
8.9.3
10 172P
20
向风的风向顶杆
• 12 12
• 10 10
• 8
4 8
• 6 6
8.10
8.11 然后呢？ 109
AP
ROL
AP
HDG
8.7.6 HDG
Heading HDG
AP
ALT UP DN VS
ALT 172P
Bendix King
8.11
172 Flight-
Gear
•
8.12
• Benno Schulenberg
• Albert Frank
• Vassilii Khachaturov FlightGear
• Dene Maxwell Windows Me
• Mark Akermann Paul Surgeon
• Michael “Sam van der Mac” Maciejewski
• FlightGear
• 4p8 Frdric Cloth

8.13 其它机型 111
8.13
172P
8.13.1 Cherokee Warrior II

Cherokee Warrior II 172P
FlightGear 172P
Cherokee Warrior II
• 172P
172P Cherokee Warrior II
Cherokee Warrior II
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piper_Cherokee
1
FlightGear
300 /
• http://freechecklists.net/Resources/Piper/PA-28-151+Warrior/ 1
8.13.2 Piper J3 Cub

Piper J3 Cub 172P Cherokee Warrior II
172P Cherokee Warrior II
Piper J3 Cub
Piper J3 Cub
40 mph mph
27 50 mph
Piper J3 Cub
50 mph 50 mph
172
1. 500 52 mph
2.
52 mph
Piper J3 Cub
3.
4. 推杆
OK
Piper J3
Cub
5.
6.
1
http://wiki.flightgear.org/Piper_Cherokee_Warrior_II
8.13 其它机型 113
8.13.3
FlightGear
A-4 Skyhawk Linux -aircraft=a4-uiuc
• h HUD HUD
• KIAS HUD
1
• 2
1
• 2
• 160
200
200 A-4 AOA
• g
1 1
• 2 200 4
200
• 2000 200
G ]
• 1000 150
• HUD HUD
0
0 −10 25%
64%
0
0
−10 10°
0
10° −10
−10
10° 10°
−10 64%
6.4°
6.4° HUD
2.5° 3° −10 25%
30%
8.13 其它机型 115
• 150
• 2.5 25%
10°
◦ 2.5°
◦ 2.5°
• 172P
F-16
• b
HUD
FlightGear
HUD
FlightGear B-52 HUD
HUD −2.5°
AoA
HUD ∨
∧
⃝
172P A-4 Skyhawk
160 F-16
8.7.4
737 140 150 8
140 737
1
172 A-4 Skyhawk

1
2 Pilatus PC-7
100
100
310
-model-hz=480
172P 2.5°
8.13.4 P-51D
P-51
P-51D
1
737 手册 135 150 15
50
8.13 其它机型 117
P-51
P-51
P-51
P-51
Linux P-51D -aircraft=p51d
FlightGear P-51D
100 mph 1/3
150 mph
130 mph 140

mph 1000
{
8.13.5 B-52
FlightGear B-52F B-52F
172P
• B-52
•
k
j
• 172P
B-52F
B-52F
1
• 推 3
• B
•
• B-52F KSFO
• B-52F 190
B-52 HUD
2.5° 130 140 3°

130 140
b B-52 172P
B-52
• .
•
9.1
9.1:
Reid-Hillview KRHV
Livermore KLVK Visual Flight Rules
VFR FlightGear
FlightGear
9.1.1
Microlights 172
stuart_d_buchanan -at- yahoo.co.uk

Benno
119
120 第九章短途转场飞行教程
Schulenberg, Sid Boyce, Vassilii Khachaturov, James Briggs
9.2
VFR 1:500,000
1:250,000 VFR
http://www.runwayfinder.com/1
Reid-Hillview 9.2
At-
las FlightGear 6.3
KRHV 31R KRHV Reid-Hillview

ICAO FlightGear
31 310 R
KRHV
31 13
13R 13L 31R 31L
31L 31R
350 Livermore KLVK

3500 500
Calaveras Reservoir
San Antonio Reservoir
10
ATC
9.3
1
VFRmap.com VFR / IFR
9.3 让我们开始吧 121
9.2:
FlightGear C172P
KRHV 31R
9.3: KRHV
9.3.1
VFR
9.3.2 ATIS
ATIS1
ATIS
ATIS
ATIS ATIS
FlightGear
1
ATIS 手
册 ATIS ATIS
ATC/AI Frequencies ICAO

KRHV
ATIS 125.2MHz
9.3.3
1 2
COMM
NAV COMM1 ATIS
9.4: C172 COMM1
9.5: COMM1
9.5
STBY
FlightGear
CTRL-C
9.6: COMM1
125.2 COMM STBY

9.6 ATIS
9.3.4
9.7:
ATIS Altimeter
2992
9.7
KRHV 133
9.8:
1 350
KRHV KLVK 9.8
350
N N 0
9.9: KRHV
9.3.5
1000
350
1
500-700 fpm Feets per Minutes

3500
RPM
1
9.4
9.4.1
9.10: C172
9.10
HDG HDG
AP HDG
1
172P 手册 FULL
POWER RPM
21 26 x100 RPM
9.4 巡航 127
9.4.2
9.11:
9.4.3
9.12:
C172
9.13:
9.14: EGT
CTRL-C
EGT Exhaust Gas Temperature

RPM
EGT
3500
9.5 下降阶段 129
9.5
9.5.1
ATC
ATC
FlightGear
AI
ATIS
ATIS
119.65 MHz
ATIS Alpha A Bravo
B Zulu Z ATIS
ATIS
ATIS
25L
25R
ATIS
118.1 MHz AI
’ ATC
6 ATIS
“Golf Foxtrot Sierra, Livermore Tower, Report left downwind runway

two five left.”1
9.5.2
9.15
Downwind 3
9.15:
1.
AGL 500 1000

离场边（upwind，第一边）
2. 90 侧风边（Crosswind，第二边）
3. 45 90 下风边
（Downwind，第三边）
45
4. 45 3
90 基线边（Base，第四边）
500 fpm
1
GFS 25L
2
Traffic Pattern
手册
3
9.5 下降阶段 131
5. 45 最后进近（Final，第五边）
6.
Touch and Go
手 1
2 RP ATC
9.5.3
9.16:
25L 25R 25R 手

25L 手 9.16
25R
25L
1
手
AGL
1000 ASL 400
1400 ASL
:)
1. AP
2.
3. Carb-Heat
4.
5.
6.
Pleasanton Livermore
ATC
Number 1
Number 9
Number 2 for landing, follow the Cessna
on short final
ATC ATC Number 1 for landing
9.5.4 VASI
9.17 VASI1
60 500 fpm
700 fpm
200 fpm
1
VASI Visual Approach Slope Indicator
PAPI Precision Approach Path Indicator
9.5 下降阶段 133
9.17: VASI
9.5.5
9.18:
1.
2.
3. 10
4. ATC
5.
6.
7. ATC
9.5.6
ATC
OFF
stuart_d_buchanan {at} yahoo.co.uk

IFR
10.1
10.1:
VFR
C172P
IFR IFR
- KRHV 31R
KLVK 25R IFR
200 800
10.1.1
IFR IFR
bschack-flightgear -at-
135
136 第十章 IFR 转场飞行教程
usa -dot- net

FlightGear 3.0
10.2
FlightGear
FlightGear Environ-
ment ⇒ Weather Weather Conditions CAT I
minimum
• Weather Conditions Manual input
• METAR “15015KT’’ 150 ◦ 15

“15000KT’’ 0
FlightGear
Atmospheric Light Scattering
View ⇒ Rendering Options Atmospheric Light
Scattering1
10.2.1
10.2
A B
C172P
10.3
1
Atmospheric Light Scattering ALS
3.4 ALS
10.2 起飞之前 137
10.2: KRHV 31R
10.2.2 VHF
VOR1 VHF2 Omnidirectional Range

5
VOR
10.3 - VOR
San Jose3
VOR-DME
DME San Jose 114.1 MHz 88
ident SJC ... .--- -.-.
VOR NAV
COMM 10.4 VOR
NAV1 VOR1
NAV2 VOR1
10.5 VOR1 NAV
VOR
1
VOR http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VHF_omnidirectional_
range
2
Very High Frequency
3
San Jose Oakland 手册 VOR
NDB ILS
10.3: VOR NDB

10.2 起飞之前 139
10.4: IFR
10.5: VOR1
NAV
NAV1 ⇒ 114.12 COMM 1 114.1 SWAP
VOR1 NAV TO 3
10.5
VOR
10.4
NAV1
... .--- -.-.4
VOR1 OBS OmniBearing Selector
CDI Course Deviation Indicator

5 277
TO 277◦ 向台
向台
009◦ 背台 FROM OBS
1
COMM
2
3
VOR1 VOR2 TO/FROM / TO
FROM
4
NAV1 File ⇒ Sound Configuration
5
ILS
10.3 起飞 141
009 FROM VOR1 OBS ⇒ 009

009◦
009◦
310◦
. ⇒ 310
10.2.3
29.92
巨大 1
ATIS
AI ⇒ ATC Services in Range
ATIS 125.20 MHz COMM1 COMM2
10.4 10.6
BARO
29.92 29.92
3
10.3
310◦
4000 手
10.4
IFR
IFR
10.4.1 I
AP
ROL
1
CFIT Controlled Flight Into Terrain
10.6:
10.7: IFR
VS
AP 瞬时
10.6 300 fpm
1800 fps
bug
500 700 fpm UP DN
HDG ROL
HDG
10.4.2 MISON
009 8
10.7
009 MI-
SON 10.8 MISON
MISON MISON
10.4 在空中 143
10.8: Oakland VOR 114 MISON
MISON MISON
009 San Jose
Oakland VORTAC VOR

TACAN TACAN Tactical Air Navigation 114 Oakland
116.8 OAK --- .- -.- NAV2
Oakland NAV2 NAV2 ⇒ 116.8
OBS VOR2 OBS 114 VOR2 OBS ⇒ 114

10.9:
1 114 VOR TO
FROM
113 115
100 90 114
10.4.3 II
009
PT
4000
ALT ARM
10.9
4000 VS
ALT
4000 2 1000 3000
5
10.4.4
009 VOR1 CDI
VOR1 009
009◦
1
手 Equipment ⇒ Radio Settings
2
4000 0
ALT
10.4 在空中 145
CDI VOR
1
位置在哪里运动的方向
如何做
2
移动
远离
10◦
5◦ 5◦
20◦ 10◦
10.4.5
Oakland 114
SUNOL 5 OAK 114
Mantech VORTAC 229 116.0 MHz

ECA . -.-. .-
NVA2 116.0 OBS 229
NAV2 ⇒ 116.0
SUNOL VOR2 OBS ⇒ 229
VOR DME3 Distance Measuring
Equipment San Jose VOR-DME
Oakland Manteca VORTAC DME
DME VOR
DME
DME 4 10.4
N1 N1 NAV1
NAV1 San Jose San Jose VOR-DME
N2 Manteca VOR DME ⇒ N2
DME
1
VOR
VOR TO
Flight-
San Jose
Menteca
SUNOL 1 ECA
229.00 33.35 “ECAr229.00/33.35’’
SUNOL VOR2 DME

33.4 DME Manteca
2
DME HLD N1 N2
Hold NAV1 NAV2 DME
N2 HLD DME Manteca
NAV2 DME Manteca
DME IFR
10.5
SUNOL San Jose 009 DME
SUNOL 5
700 400
750
10.5.1
VFR
IFR 程序3 IFR
Gear
2
3
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distance_Measuring_Equipment
4
1
http://www.airnav.com/airspace/fix/SUNOL.
2
DME
3
Procedure
10.5 准备下降 147
Livermore KLVK
http://www.airnav.com/airport/KLVK1
IAPs Instrument Approach Procedures 25R
ILS Instrument Landing System
GPS Global Positioning System
GPS ILS
ILS GPS
LDA VOR IFR
10.10
IAP Initial
Approach Fixes IAF Plan
View 10.10
IAP 10.11
IAF 定位点（Fix）
VOR
MISON SUNOL IAF TRACY
ECA
Manteca VOR 229 DME 15 DME
15
10.5.2
TRACY IAF
IAF LOM Locator Outer Marker
NDB Non-directional Beacon 2 VOR

VOR
REIGA 375 kHz LV
.-.. ...- NDB
10.12
R
1
2
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-directional_beacon
10.10: 25R ILS

10.5 准备下降 149
10.11: IAF
10.12: REIGA
NDB
ADF Automatic Direction Finder

ADF 10.4
ADF ⇒ 374 REIGA STDBY 374
100 kHz 1
kHz FRQ 374
SEL ADF REIGA
ANT
1 ADF ADF
REIGA VOR
ADF
ADF OBS ADF
ADF
ADF 1
ADF
VOR VOR
OBS ADF
ADF
HD
永远指向信标台的方向
REIGA ADF
REIGA
ADF 2 如果
飞向
REIGA ADF
ADF
SUNOL ADF
SUNOL; ADF 2
REIGA REIGA
1
NDB ADF
不会
2
10.5 准备下降 151
10.13: ILS
10.5.3
REIGA
飞离程序转弯
10.13
075◦ 45◦ 030 ◦ U
飞离 210◦
45◦ 255◦
25R
10.10
Profile View LOM IAF
IAF 075◦ 3300
不能低于 3300 下划线
255◦ 2800 不能低于
没有
NDB 10 10
10 110
075◦ 030◦
255◦1
REIGA 075◦ ADF
FLT/ET flight time/elapsed time
FRQ FLT
FLT/ET
1
REIGA NDB 10 2011 6
10.14: ADF
ET
SET/RST
10.14 1 SET/RST
FRQ
10.5.4
REIGA
REIGA
REIGA; REIGA 075◦
REIGA 075◦ 075◦ ADF
REIGA
ADF NDB
255 075◦
10.15 2
075◦ 225◦ 255◦

ADF
235 245 ADF
255◦ 075◦ ADF 3
2 45◦ 030◦ NDB
10.5.5 FOOTO
VOR2 Man-
teca DME OBS 229 DME N2
1
3
ADF ADF RMI Radio
Magnetic Indicator
10.5 准备下降 153
10.15:
229
DME 20.8 10.10
FOOTO FOOTO ECA
20.8 DME
FOOTO 075◦
45◦ 030◦ 030
10.5.6 III
3300 030◦ ; 行
KLVK ATIS 119.65 MHz 下 3300
1. ALT VS ALT
ALT VS
0
2. DN -500 fpm
3.
3300 ALT ARM
110 3300
手
110 110
10.5.7 ILS
255◦
NDB NDB
ILS NDB
ILS ILS
NDB
NDB VOR ILS 1
NAV VOR
VOR
ILS VOR12
10.16 110.5 MHz

I-LVK3 .. .-.. ...- -.-
VOR1 GS 10.5
NAV1 ⇒ 110.5 NAV1 110.5 GS
ILS OBS
一条 VOR
OBS
VOR1 OBS ⇒ 255 OBS 255
10.5.8
ILS 030◦
180◦ 210◦ U 210◦ ILS
很快 ADF VOR
1
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrument_Landing_System
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ILS
10.5 准备下降 155
10.16: 25R
VOR 4
5 10
255◦ 75 10
2800 FOOTO 75 一
下 2800
10.5.9
2800
1
1.
2. COMM1 O
3. ADF 2
1
FlightGear
2
REIGA NDB LOM NDB
ADF
75
400
-400 75
下手
1700 RPM
不要追着指针飞
10.5.10
10.5.11
NAV APR REV
NAV VOR
APR ILS 和
REV ILS 反向
NAV SJC 009 SUNOL

SUNOL REV I-LVK HDG
APR
手
手册
10.5 准备下降 157
10.5.12
ILS VFR NDB VOR
一些 1
10.10 S-ILS 25R

597-1/2 200(200-1/2)
597 200 597
597
决断高（Decision Height，DH） 2
MM
COMM1 M
3
DH
Missed Approach Procedure

10.17 MISSED APPROACH
1. 1100
2. 3000
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10.5.13
1
C CAT IIIC
2
Decision Altitude DA 597
Altitude 200 Height 200
Decision Height DH
3
A IM
28R IM
A I
Airway
10.17:
800
1
10.6
ILS
还有
IFR
C172P
DG
OBS
IFR VFR
IFR
1
10.6 结语 159
10.18:
ATC
1
SID/DP STAR IAP

IFR 离开
Standard Instrument Departures SID
Departure Procedures DP 之间
Airway
Standard Terminal Arrival Routes STAR
GPS GPS GPS
• Flight Simulator Navigation Charles Wood

ILS
FlightGear
1
ATC
NDB
• FAA Instrument Flying

Handbook
Aviation Handbooks & Manuals
•
luizmonteiro.com Flash
VOR ADF
• Tim’s Air Navigation Simulator Java Ap-

plet
1
• AirNav.Com 手册
IAP
• World Aero Data AirNav
• FlightSim.Com “How To . . . Use Approach Plates”
Charles Wood Flight Simulator Navigation
• FlightSim.Com “Golden Argosy” 767

Tony Vallillo
North Atlantic
Tracks 真实
1
10.6 结语 161
• ATC Michael Oxner

“Aviation Topic of the Week”1
Michael Oxner
VATSIM
IFR VFR
1
11.1
FlightGear
http://www.cybercom.net/˜copters/pilot/maneuvers.html FlightGear
FlightGear
FlightGear
Seaking helicopter
FlightGear
163
164 第十一章直升机教程
FlightGear
11.2
FlightGear Bo105
S76C S76C
Bo105
FlightGear
1
11.3 起飞 165
11.3
Bo105
11.4
11.5 I
0 0
166 第十一章直升机教程
11.6 II
{
0° Bo105 AS350
80 100%
payload
167
A
Cameron Moore FAQ

http://wiki.flightgear.org/Frequently_asked_questions.
docs-mini
A.1 FlightGear
[Flightgear-User]
Git FlightGear [Flightgear-
Devel]
http://www.flightgear.org/mail.html.
http://sourceforge.net/mailarchive/forum.php?forum_name=flightgear-users
http://sourceforge.net/mailarchive/forum.php?forum_name=flightgear-devel.
FlightGear
http://www.flightgear.org/forums.
FlightGear 在我的系统上不能编译，请问怎么做？
• Linux Fedora 17. . . /Windows 7 64 ...
169
170 A. 复
• 2.3GHz. . .
• / ATI Radeon HD 770 XT/NVidia GeForce GTX 590. . .
• / GCC 4.6.3. . .
• PLIB 1.8.5, OpenSceneGraph 3.0.1. . .
• ...
• KSFO ...
FlightGear
%FG ROOT/BIN/fgfs >log.txt 2>&1
A.2
• FlightGear
FlightGear 1 fps
OpenGL
OpenGL
Windows
OpenGL
• configure make PLIB

PLIB > 1.8.4 pu.h
/usr/include/plib libplibpu.a
/lib PLIB
configure
A.3 Linux
Linux
Kai Troester
A.4 WINDOWS 的潜在问题 171
•
手 FlightGear Mesa
3DFX GLIDE ldd
ẁhich fgfs`
一直 PLIB 最新版 FlightGear
plib
•
4.0 XFree86 FlightGear
setuid root 3DFX
chown root.root /usr/local/bin/fgfs ;

chmod 4755 /usr/local/bin/fgfs
FlightGear 3DFX
•
FlightGear
Flight-
Gear /usr/local/lib
•
gcc gcc
RedHat 7.0 FlightGear
gcc
A.4 Windows
•
Windows fgfs.exe
MS-DOS
autoexec.bat FG_ROOT
fgrun
FlightGear
/
Windows
.tar.gz Cygnus shell tar xvfz
172 A. 复
• FlightGear
=
• MSVC/MS DevStudio FlightGear

FlightGear GNU GCC Win32
GNU GCC Cygwin Makefiles MSVC MSC DevStudio
https://www.gitorious.org/fg/flightgear/trees/next.
FlightGear
• FlightGear
bug
Cygwin setup.exe
B
B.1 FlightGear
FlightGear
FlightGear 1996 David Murr
FlightGear
http://www.flightgear.org/proposal-3.0.1.
1996
Eric Korpela
Linux DOS OS/2 Windows 95/NT Sun-OS
手
1997 Eric
1997 Curt Olson

UNIX
LaRCsim
NASA Bruce Jackson Curt
OpenGL
FlightGear
http://edc.usgs.gov/geodata/
173
174 B. 落地
http://edcdaac.usgs.gov/gtopo30/gtopo30.html,
Flight-
Gear
FlightGear LaRCsim 1997
7
B.1.1
• Curt Olson 1998
Eric Mitchell FlightGear
Hofman
• 1998 FlightGear
OpenGL
Curt Olson (
)
• 1998 9 Curt Olson
http://www.flightgear.org/download/scenery/.
• Dave Cor-
nish 2001
2001
Curt Olson 2002
William Riley David Megginson
VMap0
GSHHS
FlightGear 2002
• 2001
• 2002
D. Megginson
B.1 FLIGHTGEAR 的简略历史 175
• Terrasyc
mapserver
8.50 apt.dat
OpenStreetMap
B.1.2
• 1997 Michele America Charlie Hotchkiss HUD
Head Up Display Norman Vine
172
• 1998 4 Jeff Goeke-Smith

10 Norman Vine
• 1998 6 Friedemann Reinhard

David Megginson 2000 1
2001
2001
• LaRCsim Navion 172

172 2000 2
Jon Berndt
JSBSim
LaRCsim FDM
Andy Ross 2001

YASim Yet Another Flight Dynamics Simulator
747 A4
DC-3 Michael Selig 2000 UIUC
• Curt Olson 2000

ILS Robin Peel
ATC 2001 David Luff
ATIS
2001 John Check David Megginson 2001
2002 John FlightGear
ILS Bendix
176 B. 落地
• 2002 FlightGear JSBSim FlightGear

FDM
• 2002 John Check 3D

David Megginson.
B.1.3
• PC
FlightGear
1997 Durk Talsma
• Christian Mayer Durk Talsma, 1999
B.1.4
• 1998 6 PLIB
1999
PLIB Steve Baker 1999
1999 FlightGear
• 1998
PLIB 1999 10
2000
2002 David Megginson xml
• 1999 Oliver Delise Curt Olson /

FlightGear
2001 FlightGear
Atlas
HTTP Curt Olson 2001
• 手
1999 Norman
Vine
B.2 那些贡献其中的人 177
• David Megginson 2000

UNIX/Linux .fgfsrc Win-
dows system.fgfsrc ASCII
2001
*.xml David
Megginson John Check
OpenGL OpenGL
PLIB PLIB
SimGear FlightGear SimGear
FlightGear TerraGear
Jon S. Berndt
Oliver Delise Christian Mayer Curt Olson Tony Peden Gary R. Van Sickle
Norman Vine B
Thanks FlightGear
http://www.flightgear.org/version.html
B.2
FlightGear
http://www.flightgear.org/mail.html.
Thanks
A1 Free Sounds
FlightGear
http://www.a1freesoundeffects.com/
178 B. 落地
Syd Adams
2D ATC
Raul Alonzo
Alonzo Ssystem
Ssystem
http://www1.las.es/˜amil/ssystem/.
Michele America
HUD
Michael Basler
http://www.geocities.com/pmb.geo/flusi.htm
Jon S. Berndt
C++ / FDM X15
Jon
http://jsbsim.sourceforge.net/
X15 Jon
Paul Bleisch
Jim Brennan
FlightGear !
Bernie Bright
C++ STL
Stuart Buchanan
Bernhard H. Buckel
README.Linux
Gene Buckle
FlightGear MSVC++
Ralph Carmichael
http://www.pdas.com/
PDAS CD-ROM
Didier Chauveau
30 arcsec DEM
http://edcwww.cr.usgs.gov/landdaac/gtopo30/gtopo30.html.
John Check
John CVS
FlightGear
http://www.rockfish.net/fg/.
Dave Cornish
Dave
Oliver Delise
FAQ / Flight-
Gear MuliPilot
Jean-Francois Doue
2D 3D 4D 3D 4D C ++ Graphics Gems
IV, Ed. Paul S. Heckbert
http://www.animats.com/simpleppp/ftp/public_html/topics/developers.html.
Dave Eberly
Christian Mayer
Francine Evans
GPL
http://www.cs.sunysb.edu/˜stripe/
Oscar Everitt
FS98 F4U
Oscar
Bruce Finney
MSVC5
Olaf Flebbe
Windows
180 B. 落地
Melchior Franz
LED telnet HTTP
FlightGear SimGear JSBSim
Jean-loup Gailly Mark Adler
zilib
http://www.gzip.org/zlib/.
Mohit Garg
Thomas Gellekum
FreeBSD
Neetha Girish
xml HUD
Jeff Goeke-Smith
/
autoconf
Michael I. Gold
OpenGL
Habibe
SimGear RadHat
Mike Hill
http://www.flightsimnetwork.com/mikehill/home.htm,
Erik Hofman
SGI IRIX
Charlie Hotchkiss
HUD
Bruce Jackson NASA
NASA LaRCsim Bruce
Maik Justus
YASim FDM / /
Ove Kaaven
Debian
Richard Kaszeta
ppm
Curt Olson
Curt Bob Hain
http://www.menet.umn.edu/˜curt/fgfs/Docs/Autopilot/AltitudeHold/AltitudeHold.html.
Rich
http://www.kaszeta.org/rich/.
Tom Knienieder
OpenBSD IRIX Win32
Reto Koradi
Bob Kuehne
Makefile
Kyler B Laird
David Luff
IO360
Sam van der Mac
HTML Latex
Christian Mayer
fgfs
Christian
David Megginson
FlightGear
README.running fgfs ssg
2D /
OpenGL
Cameron Moore
FAQ man 手册
Eric Mitchell
182 B. 落地
Anders Morken
Alan Murta
http://www.cs.man.ac.uk/aig/staff/alan/software/
Phil Nelson
GNU dbm UNIX
dbm
Alexei Novikov
fgfs 2D
手册
Curt Olson
LaRCsim
http://www.menet.umn.edu/˜curt/
Brian Paul
TR Mesa
http://www.mesa3d.org/brianp/TR.html, http://www.mesa3d.org
Tony Peden
LaRCsim 172 JSBSim
bug
Robin Peel
FlightGear X-Plane
Alex Perry
VSI DG
Friedemann Reinhard
Petter Reinholdtsen
GNU automake/autoconf libtool UNIX
IDE UNIX make
William Riley
VMap0
Andy Ross
FDM YASim Yet Another Flight Dynamics Simulator
Paul Schlyter
Durk Talsma Schlyter
http://www.welcome.to/pausch/
Chris Schoeneman
Phil Schubert
http://www.zedley.com/Philip/.
Jonathan R. Shewchuk
Triangle Triangle
Gordan Sikic
LaRCsim
--with-flight-model=cherokee
Michael Smith
3D Bonanza
Martin Spott
Jon Stockill
Durk Talsma
GUI
2D
http://people.a2000.nl/dtals/.
UIUC
LaRCsim
Jeff Scott
184 B. 落地
Bipin Sehgal
Michael Selig
Jay Thomas
Eunice Lee
Elizabeth Rendon
Sudhi Uppuluri
http://edc.usgs.gov/geodata/
Mark Vallevand
METAR win32
Gary R. Van Sickle
GameGLUT
http://www.woodsoup.org/projs/ORKiD/fgfs.htm.
Cygwin Tips
http://www.woodsoup.org/projs/ORKiD/cygwin.htm.
Norman Vine
FlightGear
Windows wgs84
wgs84 GUI
HUD
Goto Airport Reset
HTTP
Roland Voegtli
X-Plane
http://www.g-point.com/xpcity/esp/
Carmelo Volpe
FlightGear Metro Works PC/Mac
Darrell Walisser
FlightGear Metro Works PC/Mac
Ed Williams
Nima WMM 2000 Ed
http://williams.best.vwh.net/.
B.3 尚未完成的事业 185
Jim Wilson
Bug PUI
Jean-Claude Wippler
MetaKit Flight-
Gear
http://www.equi4.com/metakit/
Woodsoup Project
FlightGear Woodsoup
FlightGear
http://www.woodsoup.org/
Robert Allan Zeh
Cygnus Win32 ḋll
Win32 FlightGear
Jon Stockill, Martin Spott, Dave

Martin, Thomas Foerster, Chris Metzler, Frederic Bouvier, Melchior Franz, Roberto
Inzerillo, Erik Hofman, Mike Round, Innis Cunningham, David Megginson, Stuart
Buchanan, Josh Babcock, Esa Hyytia, Mircea Lutic, Jens Thoms Toerring, Mark
Akermann, Torsten Dreyer, Martin C. Doege, Alexis Bory, Sebastian Bechtold,
Julien Pierru, Bertrand Augras, Gerard Robin, Jakub Skibinski, Morten Oester-
lund Joergensen, Carsten Vogel, Dominique Lemesre, Daniel Leygnat, Bertrand
Gilot, Morten Skyt Eriksen, Alex Bamesreiter, Oliver Predelli, Georg Vollnhals
Paul Richter
B.3
FlightGear
HUD
FlightGear
FlightGear
FlightGear ATC
186 B. 落地
FlightGear
Martin Spott Martin
Linux OpenGL
Curt Olson README

Thanks 册
Bernhard Buckel
Jon S. Berndt
Norman Vine
Cygwin FlightGear
Mac Darrell Walisser Mac OS X
Mac
John Check Oliver Delise
Mohit Garg OpenGL Kyler B. Laird
Alex Perry OpenGL Kai Troester Dave Perry
Michael Selig UIUC
FlightGear Bug Cameron Moore Melchior

Franz David Megginson Jon Berndt Alex Perry Dave Perry Andy Ross
Erik Hofman Julian Foad
FlightGear 手册 GPLv2
https://github.com/tonghuix/getstart-zh
FlightGear 手册
手册
172P 手册 Boeing 737-800 手册手册

B.3 尚未完成的事业 187
FlightGear 手册 FlightGear 手册
FlightGear
Github
手册 Pull Request!
tonghuix fedoraproject.org
2016 1
.fgfsrc, 31, 177 Chauveau, Didier, 179
2D , 48 Check, John, 175–177, 179
3D , 36 Check,John, 186
3D , 176 COM , 100
3D , 48 COMM1, 100
3DFX, 171 COMM2, 100
Cornish, Dave, 174, 179
A1 Free Sounds, 177 Cygnus, 20, 185
Adams, Syd, 178 Cygwin, 20, 172
ADF, 100
Adler, Mark, 180 Delise, Oliver, 176, 177, 179, 186
AI, 53 Denker, John, 73
Airwave Xtreme 150, 21 Direct3D, 20
Alonzo, Raul, 178 DirectX, 20
America, Michele, 175, 178 DOS, 173
ATC, 175, 185 Doue, Jean-Francois, 179
ATIS, 122
ATIS , 175 Eberly, Dave, 179
Atlas, 61, 176 Evans, Francine, 179
Avionics , 39 Everitt, Oscar, 179
Baker, Steve, 176 FAA 手册, 72

Basler, Michael, 178 FAQ, 169
Bendix , 175 FDM, 175, 178
Berndt, Jon, 186 , 22
Berndt, Jon, S., 175, 178, 186 , 22
Berndt,Jon, S., 177 FG_ROOT, 29
binaries FG_SCENERY, 25, 29
pre-compiled Finney, Bruce, 179
, 12 flaps, 95
binary distribution , 11 Flebbe, Olaf, 179
Bleisch, Paul, 178 flight dynamics model , 21, 33
Brennan, Jim, 178 flight model , 21
Bright, Bernie, 178 Flight simulator
BSD UNIX, 18 civilian, 18
Buchanan, Stuart, 178 FlightGear, 177
Buckel, Bernhard, 178, 186 , 21
Buckle, Gene, 178 FlightGear , 22
FlightGear , 22
Carmichael, Ralph, 179 FlightGear , 22
188
索引 189
FlightGear , 22 LaRCsim, 173–175, 180, 182, 183

FlightGear , 169 latitude, 35
FlightGear , 22 leaflet , 13
Foad, Julian, 186 Linux, 18–20, 173
Franz, Melchior, 180, 186 Livermore , 120
FreeBSD, 180 location, 52
FS98, 179 longitude, 35
Luff, David, 175, 181
Gailly, Jean-loup, 180
GameGLUT, 184 Mayer, Christian, 176, 177, 181
Garg, Mohit, 180, 186 Megginson, David, 72, 174–177, 181, 186
Gellekum, Thomas, 180 MetaKit, 185
Girish, Neetha, 180 Metro Works, 184
GLIDE, 171 Microsoft, 17
GNU C++, 20 Mitchell, Eric, 174, 181
GNU GNU General Public Li- Moore Cameron, 169
cense , 18 Moore, Cameron, 181, 186
Goeke-Smith, Jeff, 175, 180 Morken, Anders, 182
Gold, Michael, I., 180 MS DevStudio, 172
GPL, 18 MSVC, 172, 178
GSHHS , 174 Murr, David, 173
Murta, Alan, 182
Habibe, 180
Head Up Display, 175 NAV, 100
Hill, Mike, 180 Navion, 175
Hofman, Erik, 174, 180, 186 NDB, 100
Hotchkiss, Charlie, 175, 180 Nelson, Phil, 182
HTTP , 40, 176 Novikov, Alexei, 182
HUD, 38, 55, 56, 114, 175, 178, 180 NVIDIA, 12
, 113
Olson, Curt, 173–177, 182, 186
icing OpenGL, 12, 20, 22, 170, 173, 174, 177, 180
modelling , 21 , 20
IFR, 72 OS/2, 173
Jackson, Bruce, 180 Paul, Brian, 182

Jackson,Bruce, 173 Peden, Tony, 177, 182
Joystick , 43 Peel, Robin, 175, 182
Justus, Maik, 180 Perry, Alex, 182, 186
Perry, Dave, 186
Kaaven, Ove, 180 PLIB, 176, 177
Kaszeta, Richard, 181 problem report, 169
keyboard.xml, 46 problems
Knienieder, Tom, 181 Windows, 171
Koradi, Reto, 181
Korpela, Eric, 173 Reid-Hillview , 120
Kuehne, Bob, 181 Reinhard, Friedemann, 175, 182
Reinholdtsen, Petter, 182
Laird, Kyler B., 181, 186 Riley, William, 174, 182
landing, 102 Ross, Andy, 175, 183, 186
190 索引
scenery , 23 wireframe, 38
, 23 Wood, Charles, 72
Schlyter, Paul, 183 Woodsoup, 185
Schoenemann, Chris, 183
Schubert, Phil, 183 XFree86, 171
Selig, Michael, 175, 186
Shewchuk, Jonathan, 183 YASim, 21
Sikic, Gordan, 183
Zeh, Allan, 185
SimGear, 177
zilib , 180
Smith, Michael, 183
Spott, Martin, 183, 186
, 105
Startup latitude, 35
, 176, 183
Startup longitude, 35
, 36
Stockill, Jon, 183
, 176
Sun-OS, 18, 173
, 99
system.fgfsrc, 31, 177
, 37, 48, 55, 175, 181, 182
, 96
Talsma, Durk, 176, 183
, 99
Telnet , 40
, 56
TerraGear, 177
Torvalds, Linus, 19
, 100
Triangle , 183
, 38
Troester, Kai, 170, 186
, 45, 47
, 174
UIUC, 175, 183
, 37
UIUC , 21
UNIX, 173 , 104
, 185
Vallevand, Mark, 184 , 47
van der Mac, Sam, 181 , 183
van Sickle, Gary, R., 177, 184 , 182
VASI, 132 , 47, 86
VFR, 72, 101 [.] , 86
view, 51 [,] , 86
Vine, Norman, 175–177, 184, 186 , 46, 100
Visual Flight Rules , 101 , 56
VMap0 , 174 , 120
Voegtli, Roland, 184 , 46
Volpe, Carmelo, 184 , 56
VOR, 100 , 100
, 173
Walisser, Darrell, 184, 186 , 174
wiki, 13 , 176
Williams, Ed, 184 , 176
Wilson, Jim, 185 , 175
Windows, 20
Windows 95/98/ME, 18 , 93
Windows 95/NT, 173 , 45
Windows NT/2000/XP/7, 18 , 45
Wippler, Jean-Claude, 185
索引 191
, 46 , 173
, 45 , 18
, 46 , 72
FlightGear, 25 , 63
Flightgear , 19
Linux, 29 , 26
Mac OS X, 30 orientation , 35
Windows, 29 , 46, 100
flightgear , 86
Linux, 29 , 56
, 25 , 123
, 30 , 100, 175
, 63 , 100
, 173 , 100
, , 174 , 39
, 173, 174 , 48
, 182 , 48
, 185 , 48
, 176
, 31 , 34, 185
, 174 , 47
, 183 , 171
172, 175 , 99
, 20 , 92
, 20 , 127
, 133 , 92
, 53, 57 , 92
, 176, 179 , 92
, 176 , 100
, 181 , 46, 56
, 61 , 91
, 62 , 176
, 176 / , 176
, 52, 181 , 177
, 96 , 19
, 99 , 21
, 26
, 47 , 100
, 51 , 181
, 176, 177 , 20
, 173 , 90
, 47 , 175
, 20, 38, 174 , 100
, 54 , 177
, 55, 113 , 129
Head Up Display, 55 , 100
, 66
, 47 , 99
, , 176 , 38
192 索引
, 19 , 56
, 56 , 100
, 174 , 86
, 56
, 20 , 51
, 176
, 176 HUD, 38
, 40 IO, 40
, 173, 184 , 34
, 32
, 20 , 40
, 100 , 34
, 49 , 39
, 48, 52 , 36
, 108, 126, 175, 180, 181 , 32
, 35
, 109 , 40
, 109 , 40
, 109 , 42
, 49 , 31
, 49 , 33
手册 Aeronautical Information Man- , 39
ual AIM , 72 , 33
, 59 , 48
, 21 , 56
, 176
, 185 [ ], 87
, 50 , 99
, 96 , 169, 177
, 47, 99 , 50
, 95
, 95 , 46
, 46, 78
, 79 , 79
, 79 , 46
, 174 , 46
, 47 , 47
, 176 , 48
, 38 , 47
, 53 , 48
, 54 , 48
, 46, 97 , 48
, 177 , 47
, 181 , 169
, 100 Linux, 170
, 47 , 170
, 130 , 82
, 174 , 100
, 85, 99
索引 193
, 83
, 174
, 38
, 181
, 174
, 55
, 181
, 176
, 23
, 176
Windsock, 107
, 73
, 175
, 26
, 33
, 33
, 20
, 21, 33, 175
, 18
, 18
, 18, 19
, 18, 19
, 18
, 176
, 20, 80
, 82
, 80, 83
, 48
, 56
, 84
, 49
, 100
, 84
Altimeter, 83
Altimeter , 124
, 31
, 49
, 80
, 80
, 80
, , 49
, , 50
, , 50
, , 49
, 37
, 49

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– Save Flight Recorder Tape (Shift-F2)

– Screenshot (F3) fgfs-screen-XXX.jpg

– Aircraft Center (Experimental)

– Toggle Fullscreen (Shift-F10)

– Cockpit View Options

– Adjust LOD Ranges

– Adjust View Position

– Adjust HUD Properties HUD

– Toggle Glide Slope Tunnel

– Instant Replay (Ctrl-R)

– Earthview Orbital Rendering NASA

– Stereoscopic View Options /

– Position Aircraft In Air

– Autopilot Settings (F11)

– Radio Settings (F12)

– Traffic and Scenario Settings AI

– ATC Services in Range

– Chat Menu (-) ATC

– MPCarrier Selection MPCarriers

– Common Aircraft Keys

– Basic Simulator Keys

6 塞斯纳 172 的 3D 驾驶舱。

1. <portnumber> TCP 5000

Fresnel Lens Optical landing System

20Hz 20 FDM playback

client(1) Tue Feb 21 13:29:46 2006 : \

(set! server_access_list '("localhost"))

(set! server_access_list nil)

3. us2_mbrola us3_mbrola en1_mbrola

T-38 Lightning A-4F

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