fganh fuca/k vkSj vU; x|

fo/kk,¡ bdkbZ 36 Ukk[kwu D;ksa c<+rs gS\a % fo'ys"k.k vkSj ewY;kadu

bdkbZ dh :ijs[kk
36-0 mÌs';
36-1 izLrkouk
36-2 varoZLrq
36-2-1 fopkj i{k
36-2-2 Hkko i{k
36-3 ys[kdh; O;fDrRo dh vfHkO;fDr
36-4 lajpuk-f'kYi
36-4-1 Hkk"kk
36-4-2 'kSyh
36-5 izfrik|
36-6 lkjka'k
36-7 'kCnkoyh
36-8 cks/k iz'uksa@vH;klksa ds mÙkj
36-0 mÌs';
vki bl bdkbZ esa vkpk;Z gtkjhizlkn f}osnh ds fuca/k *uk[kwu D;ksa c<+rs gSa\* dh jpukxr
fo'ks"krkvksa dk v/;;u djsaxsA bl bdkbZ dks i<+us ds ckn vki%
• fuca/k dh fo"k;oLrq dk fo'ys"k.k dj ldsx a As mDr fo'ys"k.k ds vk/kkj ij bl fuca/k
ds Hkko i{k vkSj fopkj i{k dh fo'ks"krk,a crk ldsxa (s
• fuca/k ij ys[kdh; O;fDrRo ds izHkko dk foospu dj ldsaxs(
• fuca/k dh Hkk"kkxr vkSj 'kSyhxr fo'ks"krkvksa dk mYys[k dj ldsaxs( vkSj
• fuca/k ds izfrik| dk fo'ys"k.k dj ldsaxsA
36-1 izLrkouk
vkius bdkbZ 35 esa vkpk;Z gtkjhizlkn f}osnh ds fuca/k *uk[kwu D;ksa c<+rs gSa\* dk okpu
fd;k FkkA fuca/k ds lkFk mlds dqN egÙoiw.kZ va'kksa dh O;k[;k dk Hkh vkius v/;;u fd;k
FkkA vc vki bl fuca/k ds jpukxr oSf'k"V~; dk v/;;u djsaxsA blds fy, ge fuca/k dk
fo'ys"k.k djsaxsA fuca/k ds fo'ys"k.k dk gekjk vk/kkj ogh gksxk] tks ^LoxZ esa fopkjlHkk dk
vf/kos'ku* fuca/k esa jgk gSA bl bdkbZ esa gekjh dksf'k'k gksxh fd fuca/k dh fo'ks"krkvksa dks
igpkuus ds fy, fo'ys"k.k esa vkidk lfØ; ;ksxnku gksA blfy, ge viuh vksj ls iwjk
fo'ys"k.k djus dh ctk; mlds fy, vko';d ladsr lw= nsaxs rFkk ml fof/k dk ifjp;
nsaxs ftldh enn ysdj vki Lo;a fo'ys"k.k dj ldsa vkSj lgh fu"d"kZ fudky ldsaA
fo'ys"k.k dh vkidh {kerk dks vkSj c<+kus ds fy, ge cks/k iz'u vkSj vH;kl Hkh nsaxsA

36-2 varoZLrq
ge vkidks igys crk pqds gSa fd fuca/k esa varoZLrq ds nks i{k gksrs gSa% Hkko i{k vkSj fopkj
i{kA fdlh fuca/k esa fopkjksa dh iz/kkurk gksrh gS] fdlh esa Hkkoksa dhA ,sls Hkh fuca/k gks ldrs
gSa ftuesa fopkj vkSj Hkko ,d-nwljs ls xqaFks gq, gksa vkSj fuca/k gekjh Hkkoukvksa vkSj fopkjksa
nksuksa dks mÙksftr djsA vxj ge bl fuca/k dh varoZLrq ij fopkj djsa] rks gesa ;g le>us
esa dksbZ dfBukbZ ugha gksxh fd ;g fuca/k ^LoxZ esa fopkjlHkk dk vf/kos'ku* ls fHkUu izdkj
dk gSA ysfdu ;g fHkUurk fdl n`f"V ls gS\ varoZLrq ij fopkj djrs gq, ge bl fHkUurk
dks tkuus vkSj le>us dk iz;kl djsaxsA
lcls igys vki bl ckr ij fopkj djsa fd bl fuca/k dk fo"k; D;k gS\ fuca/k dks i<+us
ls gesa ;g le>us esa dksbZ ijs'kkuh ugha gksrh fd fuca/k dk fo"k; uk[kwu D;ksa c<+rs gSa ij
170 fopkj djuk ugha gS cfYd uk[kwu ds c<+us dh izo`fÙk ds ek/;e ls dqN vf/kd egÙoiw.kZ
lokyksa ij fopkj djuk gSA ;s egÙoiw.kZ loky dkSu-ls gSa vkSj mu ij ys[kd us ,d Hkkooknh uk[kwu D;ksa c<+rs gSa\ %
dh rjg fopkj fd;k gS ;k ,d cqf)oknh dh rjg ;g tkuuk Hkh gSA nwljs] ;g fuca/k gesa fo'ys"k.k vkSj ewY;kadu
lkspus ds fy, izfs jr djrk gS ;k ek= gekjs Hkkoksa dks gh m}sfyr djrk gS\ bu lHkh i{kksa dk
foospu djus ds fy, vkb,] igys fuca/k ds fopkj i{k dks le>us dk iz;kl djsAa
36-2-1 fopkj i{k
f}osnhth ds bl fuca/k dh 'kq#vkr cPps dh ftKklk ;k ,d iz'u ls gksrh gSA **uk[kwu D;ksa
c<+rs gSa\** ;g iz'u cPps }kjk iwNk x;k lkekU; lk iz'u ugha jgrk] tc ys[kd bl iz'u
esa varfuZfgr mlds O;kid vFkZ dks [kksyrk gSA ge lHkh tkurs gSa fd uk[kwuksa dk vkt ,slk
dksbZ mi;ksx ugha gS tks mlds gksus dh vifjgk;Zrk dks fl) djsA ysfdu ekuo bfrgkl
esa ,d le; ,slk Hkh jgk gksxk tc euq";ksa dks bu uk[kwuksa dh t:jr FkhA ge tkurs gSa
fd dbZ taxyh tkuoj f'kdkj ds fy, uk[kwuksa vkSj nkarksa dk bLrseky djrs gSaA viuh ccZj
voLFkk esa tc euq"; cuekuql dh rjg jgk gksxk] rc viuh j{kk vkSj f'kdkj ds fy, nkarksa
vkSj uk[kwuksa dk bLrseky Hkh djrk gksxkA ysfdu vkt uk[kwuksa dk ,slk dksbZ mi;ksx ckdh
ugha jgk gSA fQj Hkh] uk[kwu c<+rs tkrs gSaA vkt uk[kwu dks c<+kuk vPNk ugha ekuk tkrk]
blfy, euq"; c<+s gq, uk[kwuksa dks dkVrk gSA 'kk;n blfy, fd c<+s gq, uk[kwu vlH;rk
vkSj taxyhiu dh fu'kkuh gSA
ekuo izxfr vkSj gfFk;kjksa dk fodkl % bl fcanq ij vkdj f}osnhth ,d u;k iz'u
mBkrs gSaA vxj euq"; lpeqp ccZjrk ds fpg~uksa ls NqVdkjk ikuk pkgrk gS rks fQj og
gfFk;kjksa dk fuekZ.k D;ksa dj jgk gS\ fdlh tekus esa euq"; viuh j{kk ds fy, u[k vkSj
nkar dk iz;ksx djrk FkkA fQj] iRFkj] ydM+h vkSj gfM~M;ksa dk bLrseky djus yxkA yksgs
ds gfFk;kj cus] ck:n dk vkfo"dkj gqvk vkSj vc ,Ve ce dk ;qx gSA gfFk;kjksa ds bl
fodkl dks ns[ksa rks ge le> ldrs gSa fd euq"; vf/kd ls vf/kd fo/oald gfFk;kj cukus
dh vksj c<+ jgk gSA fgjksf'kek vkSj ukxklkdh dk mnkgj.k gekjs lkeus gSa tgka ,Ve ceksa
us yxHkx nks yk[k yksxksa dks dqN gh feuVksa esa yk'k eas cny fn;k FkkA rc dSls dg ldrs
gSa fd euq"; lpeqp ccZjrk ls eqDr gksuk pkgrk gS\
f}osnhth vius fuca/k dh 'kq#vkr esa gh ,d lkekU; cky ftKklk dks laiw.kZ ekuotkfr ls
tqM+s iz'u ls tksM+ nsrs gSaA vki ns[ksaxs fd ;g rjhdk 'kqDyth ls vyx gSA 'kqDyth ftl
leL;k ij viuk fuca/k fy[krs gSa mldks 'kq: esa gh Li"V :i ls j[k nsrs gSa vkSj fQj mlds
,d-,d i{k dk foospu djrs tkrs gSa vkSj rc fu"d"kZ rd igqaprs gSaA ysfdu f}osnhth vius
fo"k; dks ,d lkFk ugha [kksyrs] mls /khjs-/khjs [kksyrs gSaA Åij] ftl fopkj fcanq rd ge
igqaps gSa] ogka ;g ugha tku ldrs fd fuca/k dh varoZLrq vkxs fdl fn'kk dh vksj eqM+sxhA
bl n`f"V ls f}osnhth dh i)fr dkQh Lora= gSA os vius fuca/k esa fopkjksa dks dksbZ rkfdZd
Øe nsus ;k Åijh rkSj ij muesa ,drk vkSj laxfr ykus dk iz;kl ugha djrs( ;|fi mlesa
fopkjksa dh vkarfjd ,drk vkSj rkfdZd laxfr ges'kk cuh jgrh gSA f}osnhth ds fuca/kksa esa
fopkjksa dks mÙksftr djus ds fy, i;kZIr lkexzh miyC/k jgrh gSA bl n`f"V ls ns[ksa rks
bl fuca/k esa fuEufyf[kr fcaanqvksa ij xaHkhjrk ls fopkj fd;k x;k gS %
• ekuo izxfr vkSj gfFk;kjksa dk fodkl
• foykl o`fÙk dk mnkÙkhdj.k
• euq"; dh vH;kl-tU; lgt o`fÙk;ka
• Lo dk ca/ku % Hkkjrh; laLÑfr dh fo'ks"krk
• u;s vkSj iqjkus dk iz'u
• euq"; vkSj i'kq esa varj % lkekU; /keZ dh [kkst
• HkkSfrd mUufr vkSj euq";rk dk ekxZ
;s lHkh fopkj fcanq ftl ,d y{; ls izsfjr gS] og gS fo'o 'kkafr dk iz'uA ysfdu vius
vki esa Hkh Åij ds lHkh iz'u vR;ar xaHkhj foospu dh ekax djrs gSa tks ,d NksVs ls fuca/k esa
laHko ugha gS blfy, f}osnhth ,d vU; ekxZ viukrs gSaA os izR;sd iz'u dk xaHkhj foospu
djus dh ctk; mlds ewy earO; dks idM+rs gSa vkSj mls vR;ar izHkko'kkyh :i esa j[k nsrs
gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy,] uk[kwuksa dks ltkus laokjus ds i{k dks ysaA bldk] fuca/k ds ewy earO; 171
fganh fuca/k vkSj vU; x| ls lh/kk laca/k ugha gSA ewy earO; euq"; dh ik'kfod o`fÙk dks mtkxj djuk vkSj mlds
fo/kk,¡ okLrfod /keZ dh igpku djkuk gSA
foykl o`fÙk dk mnkÙkhdj.k % f}osnhth fuca/k esa gesa ;g tkudkjh nsrs gSa fd vkt ls
nks gtkj lky igys Hkkjr esa uk[kwuksa dks ltkus laokjus dh dyk dk fodkl Hkh gqvk FkkA
Li"V gS fd uk[kwuksa ds ftl mi;ksx dk ;gka ladsr fn;k x;k gS mldk laca/k euq"; dh
foykl o`fÙk ls jgk gSA ysfdu f}osnhth bl rjg dh izo`fÙk ds ldkjkRed i{k dks Hkh gekjs
lkeus j[krs gSa] tc os dgrs gSa fd *leLr v/kksxkfeuh o`fÙk;ksa dks vkSj uhps [khapus okyh
oLrqvksa dks Hkkjro"kZ us euq";ksfpr cuk;k gSA* f}osnhth ds dgus dk rkRi;Z ;g gS fd os
oLrq,a tks euq"; dks iru dh vksj <dsyrh gSa mudks Hkh Hkkjrh; ijaijk us dyk dk :i
nsdj euq";Ro ds vuqdwy cukus dk iz;kl fd;k gSA uk[kwuksa dk ;g lanHkZ bl fuca/k ds ewy
dF; ls lh/kk tqM+k ugha gS fdarq f}osnhth dh ;g fo'ks"krk gS fd os vlac) ckrksa esa Hkh ,d
rkfdZd laxfr mRiUu dj nsrs gSaA
euq"; dh vH;kltU; lgt o`fÙk;k¡ % f}osnhth us bl fuca/k esa eq[; iz'u ;g mBk;k
gS fd euq"; i'kqrk ls eqDr D;ksa ugha gks ik jgk gS\ uk[kwu ds c<+us dks os i'kqrk ekurs gSa
vkSj gfFk;kjksa ds fuekZ.k dks HkhA bl iz'u ij vius fparu dks vkxs c<+krs gq, os izk.kh foKku
ds ,d fl)kar dk lgkjk ysrs gSaA izk.kh foKku ds vuqlkj euq"; ds 'kjhj esa dqN ,slh
vH;kltU; o`fÙk;ka gSa ftUgsa mls u lh[kuk gksrk gS vkSj u ftuds fy, mls vyx ls dksbZ
iz;kl djuk iM+rk gSA tSls ds'kksa dk c<+uk] uk[kwuksa dk c<+uk] iydksa dk mBuk-fxjuk
vkfnA buesa ls dqN ,slh o`fÙk;ka Hkh gS ftudh vc lH;rk ds fodkl ds lkFk vko';drk
ugha gS ysfdu yk[kkas o"kks± ds vH;kl ds dkj.k os o`fÙk;ka vc Hkh lfØ; gSaA fdlh le;
'kkjhfjd vkSj j{kkRed vko';drk us mu o`fÙk;ksa dks mRiUu fd;k gksxkA bUgsa gh f}osnhth
us vutku dh Le`fr;k¡ dgk gSA uk[kwu dk c<+uk ,slh gh lgtkr o`fÙk gS tks ml voLFkk
dh |ksrd gS tc euq"; ccZj voLFkk esa jgrk FkkA euq"; bl ckr dks vkt Hkwy x;k gS fd
uk[kwuksa dk c<+uk mlh i'kqRo dk izek.k gSA ckgjh rkSj ij og i'kqRo dks NksM+ pqdk gS ysfdu
i'kqRo dk fpg~u vc Hkh fo|eku gS ftls og c<+us ij dkV nsrk gSA
ysfdu D;k euq"; us lpeqp euq";rk dks viuk fy;k gS\ bl iz'u dk mÙkj gS **ugha**A
D;ksafd euq"; uk[kwu Hkys gh dkV jgk gks ysfdu gfFk;kjksa dks rks yxkrkj c<+k gh jgk gSA
rc ekxZ dkSu-lk gS\
vc rd f}osnhth us vius fuca/k ds fo"k; dh leL;k izLrqr dh Fkh] ns[kuk ;g gS fd os
mldk D;k lek/kku gekjs lkeus j[krs gSa\
Lo dk ca/ku % Hkkjrh; laLÑfr dh fo'ks"krk % leL;k dh gh rjg os lek/kku ds iz'u
dks Hkh lh/ks :i esa ugha j[krsA os viuh ppkZ dh 'kq#vkr vaxzsth ds ,d 'kCn **bafMisaMsal**
ds Hkkjrh; i;kZ; ls djrs gSaA **bafMisaMsal** dk vFkZ gS vu/khurkA vu/khurk dk vk'k; gS
**fdlh dh v/khurk dk vHkko*A ysfdu Hkkjrh; i;kZ; ;g ugha gSA Hkkjrh; i;kZ; gS]
Lok/khurk ;k Lora=rk vFkkZr Lo dh v/khurk ;k Lo dk ra=A bl izdkj blesa fdlh dh
v/khurk dk vHkko ugha cfYd *Lo* dh v/khurk dk Hkko fufgr gSA bls f}osnhth Hkkjrh;
laLÑfr dh fo'ks"krk ekurs gSaA
u;s ;k iqjkus dk iz'u % ;gka ,d 'kadk [kM+h gks ldrh gS fd D;k f}osnhth Hkkjrh;
ijaijk dk efgek eaMu dj jgs gSa\ fu'p; gh ughaA f}osnhth dkfynkl ds er dk mYys[k
djrs gq, Li"V dj nsrs gSa fd mudh n`f"V iqjkruiafFk;ksa tSlh ugha gSA ysfdu mudk ekuuk
gS fd vxj gekjs vrhr ds dks"k esa ekuo tkfr dh HkykbZ dh dksbZ ckr gks rks gesa mls vo';
Lohdkj djuk pkfg,A
euq"; vkSj i'kq esa varj & lkekU; /keZ dh [kkst % vkpk;Z f}osnh blds ckn ekuo
tkfr ds fy, lkekU; /keZ dh ckr dks mBkrs gSaA vkf[kj euq"; vkSj i'kq esa ewy varj D;k
gS\ Hkkjrh; ijaijk esa vkgkj] funzk] Hk; vkSj eSFkqu ;s pkj ckrsa ,slh ekuh x;h gSa tks euq";
vkSj i'kq esa ,d leku gSA Li"V gh bu pkj ckrksa ds gksus ek= ls dksbZ euq";] euq"; dgykus
172
dk vf/kdkjh ugha cu tkrkA rc og D;k pht gS tks euq"; dks euq"; cukrh gS\ ;gka
f}osnhth ml lkekU; /keZ dh ckr djrs gSa ftls Lo;a euq"; us [kkstk gS vkSj ftls euq"; uk[kwu D;ksa c<+rs gSa\ %
us vius Åij ca/ku ds rkSj ij Lohdkj fd;k gSA la;e] J)k] ri] R;kx vkSj nwljksa ds nq[k- fo'ys"k.k vkSj ewY;kadu
lq[k ds izfr laosnukA fu'p; gh ;s ,sls /keZ gSa ftUgsa Lohdkj djus ds fy, euq"; ck/; ugha
gS ysfdu ftUgsa Lohdkj djds euq";] euq"; dgykus dk vf/kdkjh curk gSA
HkkSfrd mUufr vkSj euq";rk dk ekxZ % budh vko';drk vkt D;ksa gS\ D;ksafd HkkSfrd
mUufr bl ckr dh xkjaVh ugha gS fd euq"; i'kqRo ls eqDr gks tk,xkA gfFk;kj blh HkkSfrd
mUufr dk vax gS ftlls dsoy fo/oal vkSj fouk'k gh gks ldrk gSA ysfdu D;k euq"; dk
y{; fouk'k gS\ egkRek xka/kh us lko/kku fd;k Fkk fd flQZ HkkSfrd mUufr ls lq[k vkSj
'kkafr ugha feysxhA vius eu dks Hkh cnyuk gksxkA eu ls fgalk] Øks/k] }s"k vkSj vlR; dks
nwj djuk vkSj nwljksa ds fy, thuk lh[kuk gksxk] nwljksa ds fy, d"V lgu djuk gksxkA
xka/khth us ;s ckrsa ,d mins'kd dh rjg ugha dgh Fkh oju~ vius O;ogkj dks Hkh mUgha ds
vuqdwy <ky fy;k FkkA ysfdu ftu yksxksa ds eu esa fgalk Fkh] }s"k Fkk] Øks/k vkSj cSj dk
Hkko Fkk] mUgsa mudh ckrsa vPNh ugha yxha vkSj mUgksaus xka/khth dh gR;k dj nhA
f}osnhth dgrs gSa fd gks ldrk gS fdlh fnu uk[kwu c<+uk can gks tk,a D;ksafd tks gekjs
fy, xSj t:jh gS izÑfr mls gels vyx dj nsrh gS & tSls iwaNA gks ldrk gS fdlh fnu
euq"; fo/oaldkjh vL=-'kL=ksa dk fuekZ.k can dj nsA ysfdu tc rd ,slk ugha gksrk gS rc
rd gesa cPpksa dks fl[kkuk gksxk fd uk[kwu dk c<+uk i'kqrk dh fu'kkuh gS vkSj mldks c<+us
nsuk euq"; dk vkn'kZ ugha gSA blh rjg gfFk;kjksa dh c<+ksrjh gekjh i'kqrk dh fu'kkuh gS
vkSj mudks de djus dh bPNk j[kuk gekjh euq";rk dk izek.k gSA gesa vius euq"; gksus
dh igpku dks ugha Hkwyuk pkfg,A
ekuotkfr dh lkFkZdrk fouk'kdkjh gfFk;kjksa dk <sj yxkus esa ugha gSA euq"; thou dh
lkFkZdrk bl ckr esa gS fd og izse] eS=h vkSj R;kx ds ekxZ ij pys rFkk lc ds dY;k.k
ds fy, vius dks lefiZr dj nsA uk[kwu ds c<+us dh rjg fgald o`fÙk Hkys gh euq"; dh
lgt o`fÙk dk ifj.kke gks] ysfdu mlls eqDr gksus dh dksf'k'k djuk Hkh euq";Ro dh
igpku gSA
bl izdkj f}osnhth uk[kwu c<+us ds loky ls euq"; dh fgald o`fÙk dks tksMr+ s gSa vkSj fgald
o`fÙk ds loky dks gfFk;kjksa dh c<+ksrjh lsA gfFk;kjksa esa o`f) gksus ls ekuotkfr ds laiw.kZ
fouk'k dk [krjk mRiUu gks x;k gSA iz'u ;g gS fd blls eqDr dSls gksa\ f}osnhth blds
fy, vkRefu;a=.k dk ekxZ lq>krs gSa tks Hkkjrh; ijaijk dh nsu gS vkSj ftlds }kjk gh euq";
vius vanj dh i'kqrk ls eqDr gks ldrk gSA vr% ge dg ldrs gSa fd ;g fuca/k gesa fo'o-
'kkafr ds egÙo ij fopkj djus ds fy, izsfjr djrk gSA
36-2-2 Hkko i{k
*uk[kwu D;ksa c<+rs gSa\* ij fopkj djus ds nkSjku geus ns[kk fd f}osnhth us blls tqM+s dbZ
lokyksa ij xgu fparu ls fudys fu"d"kZ izLrqr fd;s gSaA bl fuca/k dk ewy iz'u dsoy
oSpkfjd ugha gS] og euq"; dh Hkkoukvksa dk Hkh loky gSA uk[kwu c<+uk Hkys gh 'kkjhfjd
fØ;k gks] ysfdu i'kqrk vkSj euq";rk] euq"; ds vkarfjd Hkko gSaA f}osnhth dh eq[; fpark
euq"; dh euksof` Ùk;ksa dks ysdj jgh gSA euq"; esa nks rjg dh o`fÙk;ka gksrh gSAa ,d vksj Øks/k]
cSj] }s"k gSa tks euq"; esa ?k`.kk vkSj uQ+jr iSnk djrs gSa ftuds dkj.k yksxksa esa yM+kbZ->xM+k
c<+rk gSA ;gh izo`fÙk tc fofHkUu leqnk;ksa] tkfr;ksa vkSj jk"Vªksa ds chp c<+rh gS rks muesa
;q) gksrk gSA bu ;q)ksa esa gtkjks-a yk[kksa funksZ"k yksx ekjs tkrs gSaA fgalk vkSj ?k`.kk euq"; dks
,sls gfFk;kjksa dh vksj ys tkrh gSa ftuls vkSj vf/kd ujlagkj gksrk gSA vkf[kj D;k ;g lR;
ugha gS fd vkt vL=-'kL=ksa dh gksM+ us ekuo-tkfr dks ,sls dxkj ij yk [kM+k dj fn;k
gS tgka ,d dne vkxs c<+kus ij gh ekuo-tkfr laiw.kZ fouk'k dh vksj c<+ ldrh gSA
rc iz'u ;g gS fd bl [krjs ls dSls cpk tk,\ f}osnhth bldk mÙkj fopkj/kkjkRed Lrj
ij ugha nsrsA os bldk mÙkj Hkh Hkkoukvksa ds /kjkry ij nsrs gSaA mudk fopkj gS fd vxj
Øks/k] fgalk] ?k`.kk vkSj ik'kfod o`fÙk;ka euq"; esa ekStwn gSa rks lH;rk ds fodkl ds lkFk
euq"; us dqN ,slh Hkkoukvksa vkSj /kkj.kkvksa dks Hkh vaxhdkj fd;k gS ftuls og viuh
173
fganh fuca/k vkSj vU; x| ik'kfodrk ij fot; izkIr dj ldsA nwljksa ds lq[k-nq[k ds izfr laosnuk dk Hkko] izse dk
fo/kk,¡ Hkko] nwljksa ds fy, d"V mBkuk & ;s ,slh pht+sa gSa ftuls O;fDr ?k`.kk] Øks/k] fgalk tSlh
o`fÙk;ksa ij fot; ik ldrk gSA
bl izdkj ge ns[krs gSa fd bl fuca/k esa oLrqr% nks fHkUu rjg dh Hkko/kkjkvksa dk la?k"kZ
fn[kk;k x;k gS ftUgsa vkt dh gekjh lH;rk ds ewy esa fufgr ekuk tk ldrk gSA blfy,
ge ;g Hkh dg ldrs gSa fd f}osnhth ds lkeus gfFk;kjksa ds c<+rs [krjs dh fpark ftruh
izcy Fkh] mlls dgha vf/kd izcy Fkh euq"; dh i'kqrk dh tks euq"; dh vkarfjd o`fÙk gSA
blds dkj.k Øks/k] ?k`.kk] oSj vkfn udkjkRed Hkko mRiUu gksrs gSa vkSj ftuds dkj.k gh
euq"; gfFk;kjksa dh vksj nkSM+rk gSA
vc iz'u mBrk gS fd f}osnhth vius fuca/k esa iz/kkurk fdl dks nsrs gSa] fopkjksa dks ;k Hkkoksa
dksA bldk mÙkj nsuk ljy ugha gSA oLrqr% f}osnhth dh i)fr fopkjiz/kku ugha gS] ysfdu
og iwjh rjg Hkkoksa esa Hkh ugha cgrsA oju~ ns[kk ;g x;k gS fd tc os Hkkoukvksa esa xgjs Mwcs
utj vkrs gSa rc Hkh mlesa dksbZ xgjk fopkj varfuZfgr gksrk gS vkSj tc os fdlh fopkj
dk foospu dj jgs gksrs gSa rks ogka Hkh dksbZ ekuoh; Hkko ml fopkj dks 'kfDr ns jgk gksrk
gSA blds fy, ge fuEufyf[kr mnkgj.k ns ldrs gSa %
esjk eu iwNrk gS & fdl vksj\ euq"; fdl vksj c<+ jgk gSA i'kqrk dh vksj ;k euq";rk
dh vksj\ vL= c<+kus dh vksj ;k vL= dkVus dh vksjA esjh fucksZ/k ckfydk us ekuks
euq";-tkfr ls gh iz'u fd;k gS & tkurs gks] uk[kwu D;ksa c<+rs gSa\ ;g gekjh i'kqrk
ds vo'ks"k gSaA eSa Hkh iwNrk gw¡ & tkurs gks] ;s vL=-'kL= D;ksa c<+ jgs gS\ ;s gekjh i'kqrk
dh fu'kkuh gSA
mi;qZDr m)j.k esa vki ik,axs fd ys[kd viuh ckr dks HkkokRed <ax ls j[k jgk gS] ysfdu
blesa varfufgZr iz'u gekjs fopkjksa dks Hkh m)sfyr djus okyk gSA blfy,] var esa] ;g dgk
tk ldrk gS fd f}osnhth ds bl fuca/k esa fopkj vkSj Hkkouk nksuksa ,d nwljs ls bl rjg
la;ksftr gSa fd bls ge flQZ fopkj iz/kku ;k Hkko iz/kku fuca/k ugha dg ldrsA
cks/k iz'u
fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa ds mÙkj nhft, vkSj vius mÙkj bdkbZ ds var esa fn;s x, mÙkjksa ls
feykb,A
1- fuca/k esa fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdu-fdu ckrksa ij fopkj fd;k x;k gSA lgh ij ¼√½ dk
fpg~u yxkb,A
d½ ekuo izxfr vkSj gfFk;kjksa dk fodkl ¼ ½
[k½ jk"Vª dh lqj{kk dk iz'u ¼ ½
x½ u;s vkSj iqjkus dk iz'u ¼ ½
?k½ ekuork vkSj i'kqrk esa varj ¼ ½
³½ eks{k izkfIr dk ekxZ ¼ ½
2- fuca/k esa fdl eq[; leL;k ij fopkj fd;k x;k gS\
d½ uk[kwu dk c<+uk
[k½ HkkSfrd mUufr dks jksduk
x½ euq"; dh vkarfjd i'kqrk dks lekIr djuk
?k½ xka/khokn dk izpkj djuk ¼ ½
3- euq";rk dk ekxZ dkSu-lk gS\
d½ HkkSfrd mUufr djuk
[k½ nwljksa ds fy, d"V lgu djuk
x½ vL=-'kL= c<+kuk
?k½ uk[kwu dkVuk ¼ ½
4- fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa ds mÙkj ,d-,d iafDr esa nhft,%
1½ **Lo dk ca/ku** dk D;k vk'k; gS\
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174
 2½ lgt o`fÙk fdls dgrs gSa\ uk[kwu D;ksa c<+rs gSa\ %
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- fo'ys"k.k vkSj ewY;kadu

3½ dkSu-dkSu lh ckrsa euq"; vkSj i'kq esa leku gSa\

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4½ gfFk;kjksa dh c<+ksrjh dks jksduk D;ksa vko';d gS\
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vH;kl
fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa ds mÙkj nhft,A
1- izLrqr fuca/k fopkj iz/kku gS ;k Hkko iz/kku\ ikap iafDr;ksa esa viuk er izLrqr dhft,A
mŸkj ladsr%
fopkj iz/kku fuca/k dh fo'ks"krk ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Hkko iz/kku fuca/k dh fo'ks"krk ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
f}osnhth ds fuca/k esa fopkjksa vkSj Hkkoksa esa larqyu --------------------------------------------------------------
2- fuEufyf[kr va'k ds vk/kkj ij fuca/k ds Hkko i{k dk foospu vf/kd-ls-vf/kd 100
'kCnksa esa dhft,A
,d cw<+k FkkA mlus dgk Fkk & ckgj ugha] Hkhrj dh vksj ns[kksA fgalk dks eu ls nwj
djks] feF;k dks gVkvksA Øks/k vkSj }s"k dks nwj djks] yksd ds fy, d"V lgks] vkjke
dh ckr er lkspks] izse dh ckr lkspks] vkRe-rks"k.k dh ckr lkspks] dke djus dh ckr
lkspksA
mÙkj ladsr %
ckr dgus dk Hkkoijd vkSj vkReh; rjhdk
foospuijdrk ls fHkUu
ikBd dh Hkkoukvksa dks m)sfyr djus dk iz;kl
NksVs-NksVs okD; ftlesa ckr ds Hkko i{k ij cy
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36-3 ys[kdh; O;fDrRo dh vfHkO;fDRk

fuca/k esa ys[kd dk O;fDrRo fdlh-u-fdlh :i esa vo'; O;Dr gksrk gSA vkpk;Z
gtkjhizlkn f}osnh dh 'kSyh 'kqDyth dh vis{kk de foospuijd vkSj vf/kd HkkoukRed
gS blfy, muds O;fDrRo dh fo'ks"krkvksa dks T;knk ljyrk ls igpkuk tk ldrk gSA
;|fi bu nksuksa jpukdkjksa ds O;fDrRo dh dqN fo'ks"krk,a ,d-lh gSaA f}osnhth ds bl
fuca/k dks i<+us ls muds O;fDrRo dh tks fo'ks"krk,a gekjs lkeus mHkjdj vkrh gSa] mUgha
ij ;gka fopkj fd;k tk,xkA
ekuorkoknh % vkpk;Z f}osnh dk n`f"Vdks.k ekuorkoknh gS] mudh bl n`f"V dks ge bl
fuca/k esa Hkh igpku ldrs gSaA f}osnhth dks ;g fuca/k fy[kus dh D;ksa vko';drk gqbZ] vxj
bl ij fopkj djsa rks ge ik,axs fd blds ihNs ekuo-tkfr ds Hkfo"; dh fpark gh eq[;
dkj.k gSA f}osnhth ds fy, ,slk fo'o gh vkn'kZ gS tks lq[k-'kkafr vkSj izse dh Hkkouk ls
Hkjk gksA tgka yksx Øks/k] ?k`.kk vkSj vlR; ls eqDr gksdj ft,aA ysfdu muds vkn'kks± dk
;g lalkj okLrfodrk esa ekStnw ugha gSA tks gS & og fouk'k ds dxkj ij [kM+k gS D;ksfa d euq";
us ,sls vL=-'kL= fufeZr dj fy, gSa fd mlls laiw.kZ ekuo tkfr dk fouk'k gks ldrk gSA
;gh eq[; fpark gS ftlus f}osnhth dks bl fuca/k dh jpuk ds fy, izfs jr fd;k gSA
vkpk;Z f}osnh viuh fpark dks flQZ gfFk;kjksa dh c<+ksrjh rd gh lhfer ugha j[krsA mudk
ekuuk gS fd dsoy gfFk;kjksa dh deh dh ckr djuk i;kZIr ugha gSA vko';drk bl ckr
175
fganh fuca/k vkSj vU; x| dh gS fd ge ml ewy dkj.k dks igpkusa tks balku dks gfFk;kjksa ds fuekZ.k dh vksj ys tkrh
fo/kk,¡ gSA f}osnhth dh fo'ks"krk ;g gS fd os euq"; dh vkarfjd o`fÙk;ksa ds izdk'k esa bl ij fopkj
djrs gSa vkSj crkrs gSa fd bl leL;k dk laca/k mu ik'kfod o`fÙk;ksa ls gS ftuls vHkh rd
euq"; eqDr ugha gks ik;k gSA ysfdu ;s ik'kfod o`fÙk;ka euq"; ds fy, ftruh lp gS mlls
dgha T;knk lp gS euq"; dk /keZA izse] ri] J)k] laosnuk] R;kx ekuoh; xq.k ;k /keZ gS]
ftuds }kjk euq"; vius euq";Ro dk izek.k nsrk gSA euq"; tc bUgsa gh Hkwy tkrk gS rc
og i'kqrk dh vksj c<+us yxrk gS vkSj rHkh og vL=-'kL= dk t[khjk c<+krk gSA
ikafMR; % f}osnhth ds O;fDrRo dh nwljh izeq[k fo'ks"krk gS mudk ikafMR;A ge vkidks
bdkbZ 35 esa crk pqds gSa fd f}osnhth us izkphu Hkkjrh; lkfgR; dk xgu v/;;u fd;k
FkkA mudh ;g v/;;u'khyrk gesa bl fuca/k esa Hkh fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA fuca/k ds vkjaHk esa gh
jke] n/khfp eqfu] vk;ks± dk vkxeu] lqj-vlqj laxzke] dkelw=] dkfynkl] egkHkkjr] xkSre
vkfn ds mYys[k muds izkphu Hkkjrh; bfrgkl] lkfgR; vkSj laLÑfr ls xgjs ifjp; dks
gh izdV djrs gSaA f}osnhth ds ikafMR; dh fo'ks"krk ;g gS fd os vius fuca/k dks viuh
fo}rk ls fDy"V vkSj cksf>y ugha gksus nsrs vkSj u gh vius ikafMR; ls os nwljksa dks vkarfdr
djrs gSaA izkphu ijaijk ds ;s mYys[k muds fuca/k dh varoZLrq ds lkFk iwjh rjg jps-cls
gSaA tSls n/khfp eqfu dk mYys[k gfFk;kjksa ds fodkl dks izdV djrk gSA *dkelw=* uk[kwuksa
ds mi;ksx dh lkSan;Z laca/kh tkudkjh iznku djrk gSA dkfynkl u;s-iqjkus ds n`f"Vdks.k
dks Li"V djrs gSa] rks egkHkkjr vkSj xkSre ekuoh; /keZ dh O;k[;k djrs gSaA ;s i{k
fuca/k dh fo"k;oLrq dks le`) gh djrs gSaA
f}osnhth ds ikafMR; dh nwljh fo'ks"krk ;g gS fd izkphu lkfgR; vkSj laLÑfr dk ;g xgjk
v/;;u mUgsa :f<+oknh vkSj nfd;kuwlh ugha cukrkA muds lksp esa oSKkfud n`f"V
varfuZfgr gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] mudk iwjk fuca/k foKku dh bl ekU;rk ij fVdk gqvk
gS fd euq"; igys ccZj voLFkk esa Fkk vkSj /khjs-/khjs fodkl djrk gqvk vkt dh fLFkfr esa
igqapk gSA tcfd /kkfeZd ekU;rk ;g gS fd ;g l`f"V bZ'oj dh bPNk ls mRiUu gqbZ gSA blh
rjg] os viuh ckr dh O;k[;k ds fy, flQZ izkphu lkfgR; dk lgkjk ugha ysrs cfYd izk.kh
foKku vkSj euksfoKku dh ekU;rkvksa dk Hkh lgkjk ysrs gSa vkSj vius er dks muls iq"V
djrs gSaA bl izdkj f}osnhth ds ikafMR; dk vk/kqfudrk ;k iqjkrurk ls dksbZ fojks/k ugha
gS cfYd mudk rks er gS fd tgka Hkh tks ckr vPNh gks mls vaxhdkj djuk pkfg,A
fopkjd % f}osnhth ds O;fDrRo dh rhljh fo'ks"krk gS fd mudh fopkj'khyrkA os fdlh
Hkh iz'u ij xgjh varn`Zf"V ds lkFk fopkj djrs gSaA ;|fi mudk mÌs'; ikBdksa dks viuh
fopkj iz.kkyh ls izHkkfor djus dk ugha gksrkA os ml ewy fpark ls ikBd dks tksM+uk pkgrs
gSa tks muds fuca/k dh jpuk dk vk/kkjHkwr dkj.k gSA bl rjg os vius ikBd dks viuh
fpark dk lgHkkxh cukrs gSaA f}osnhth ds fparu dh [kkl ckr ;g gS fd os viuh ckr dks
izk;% lkekU; vuqHko ls 'kq: djrs gSaA ml lkekU; vuqHko dks os T;knk O;kid vkSj c`gÙkj
thou ls tqM+s lokyksa ls lgt gh tksM+ nsrs gSaA tSls bl fuca/k esa uk[kwu dk c<+uk] uk[kwu
dk gfFk;kj dh rjg bLrseky dk mYys[k djrs gq, ,Ve ce rd ds fuekZ.k rd igqap
tkukA blh rjg uk[kwu dk c<+uk vkSj dkVuk Øe'k% euq"; dh i'kqrk vkSj euq";rk ds
izrhd cu tkrs gSaA bl izdkj] f}osnhth uk[kwu c<+us ds lkekU; vuqHko dks gfFk;kjksa dh
c<+ksrjh ls tksM+dj ekuotkfr dh lkekU; fpark] fo'o 'kkafr ds iz'u dks vuk;kl gh
izHkko'kkyh <ax ls lkeus ys vkrs gSaA
laosnu'khy lkSan;Z nz"Vk % f}osnhth ds O;fDrRo dh ,d vU; egÙoiw.kZ fo'ks"krk mudh
laosnu'khyrk gSA os fpard ls vf/kd l`tu'khy lkfgR;dkj FksA mudh laosnu'khyrk
tgka O;kid ekuoh; lgkuqHkwfr ds :i esa O;Dr gqbZ gSa ogha mudh l`tu'khyrk us muds
fuca/kksa dks ljl] jkspd vkSj vkReh; cuk;k gSA f}osnhth euq"; ds mnkÙk vkSj ekuoh; i{k
dks mtkxj djrs gSaA Hkkoizo.k vkSj ân;Li'khZ <ax ls os viuh ckr j[krs gSaA blls mudh
ckrsa ikBd ds efLr"d ds lkFk-lkFk ân; dks Hkh m}sfyr djrh gSA fuca/k ds vkjaHk ds
fuEufyf[kr va'k dks nsf[k, %
176
ij dksbZ ugha tkurk fd os vHkkxs uk[kwu D;ksa bl izdkj c<+k djrs gSaA dkV yhft,] os uk[kwu D;ksa c<+rs gSa\ %
pqipki naM Lohdkj dj ysaxs] ij fuyZTt vijk/kh dh Hkkafr fQj NwVrs gh lsa/k ij gkftjA fo'ys"k.k vkSj ewY;kadu
vkf[kj ;s brus csg;k D;ksa gS\
fuca/k ds mi;qZDr va'k dh Hkk"kk ij xkSj dhft,A vki ns[ksaxs fd f}osnhth us ;gka uk[kwu
dkVus vkSj c<+us dh izfØ;k dk ekuohdj.k dj fn;k gS vkSj uk[kwu ds fy, vHkkxs] fuyZTt]
vijk/kh] csg;k tSls fo'ks"k.kksa dk iz;ksx djds viuh ckr dks ân;xzkgh Hkh cuk fn;k gS vkSj
mlesa jkspdrk Hkh vk x;h gSA
bl izdkj f}osnhth ds ys[kdh; O;fDrRo dh dbZ fo'ks"krk,a gekjs lkeus mtkxj gksrh gSA
cks/k iz'u
5- f}osnhth ds O;fDrRo dh dkSu-lh ,slh fo'ks"krk gS ftlls mudh v/;;u'khyrk dk
irk pyrk gS\
d½ ikafMR;
[k½ ekuorkokn
x½ laosnu'khyrk
?k½ mi;qZDr esa ls dksbZ ugha ¼ ½
6- iqjkuh ekU;rkvksa ds izfr f}osnhth dk D;k n`f"Vdks.k Fkk\
d½ os mu dk iw.kZ leFkZu djrs FksA
[k½ os muds dVq vkykspd FksA
x½ os iqjkus dh vis{kk u;s dks mfpr ekurs FksA
?k½ os u;s vkSj iqjkus dks foosd'khy n`f"V ls tkapus ds i{k/kj FksA ¼ ½
vH;kl
3- f}osnhth ds ekuorkoknh n`f"Vdks.k ij ikap iafDr;ksa esa fVIi.kh fyf[k,A
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36-4 lajpuk-f'kYi
vkpk;Z gtkjhizlkn f}osnh fganh ds izeq[k fuca/kdkj gSaA bUgksaus fuca/k dh ,d u;h 'kSyh
fodflr dh ftls yfyr fuca/k dgk tkrk gSA f}osnhth dk ;g fuca/k bl 'kSyh dk mRÑ"V
mnkgj.k gSA Hkk"kk vkSj 'kSyh nksuksa n`f"V;ksa ls f}osnhth ds fuca/k vR;ar izHkko'kkyh gSaA
vkb,] ge muds bl fuca/k dh Hkk"kk-'kSyh dh fo'ks"krkvksa dk v/;;u djsaA
36-4-1 Hkk"kk
*uk[kwu D;ksa c<+rs gSa\* ls Li"V gS fd vkpk;Z f}osnh dh Hkk"kk vkpk;Z 'kqDy dh Hkk"kk ls
fHkUu gSA ;|fi f}osnhth dh Hkk"kk Hkh ifjfuf"Br vkSj ifj"Ñr gS ysfdu mudh Hkk"kk dh
dqN vU; fo'ks"krk,a Hkh gSaA f}osnhth dh 'kSyh foospukijd ugha gSA mudh Hkk"kk esa vf/kd
yphykiu gSA os fo"k; vkSj izlax ds vuqlkj viuh Hkk"kk dks cny nsrs gSaA f}osnhth dh
Hkk"kk ds dbZ :i vkSj Lrj gekjs lkeus [kqyrs tkrs gSaA mudh Hkk"kk esa 'kCn p;u ls ysdj
okD; jpuk rd ,d rjg dh LoPNanrk utj vkrh gSA bldk vFkZ ;g ugha gS fd vkpk;Z
f}osnh dh Hkk"kk esa fc[kjko ;k vFkZxr f'kfFkyrk gSA mudh Hkk"kk unh dh rjg izokge;h
gSA dHkh xjtrh-mQurh vkxs c<+rh gS] rks dHkh dy-dy djrh 'kkafr ls cgrh jgrh gSA
bl fuca/k ds dqN va'kksa dks lkeus j[kdj mudh Hkk"kk ij fopkj dj ldrs gSa %
dqN yk[k gh o"kks± dh ckr gS] tc euq"; taxyh Fkk] ouekuq"k tSlkA mls uk[kwu dh
t:jr FkhA mldh thou j{kk ds fy, uk[kwu cgqr t:jh FksA vly esa ogh mlds
vL= FksA nkar Hkh Fks] ij uk[kwu ds ckn gh mudk LFkku FkkA
177
fganh fuca/k vkSj vU; x| vki mi;qZDr va'k dh Hkk"kk dk fo'ys"k.k dhft,A ;gka dsoy ,d fLFkfr dk o.kZu gSA ysfdu
fo/kk,¡ ;gka Hkk"kk dk :i vR;ar lgt vkSj LokHkkfod gSA NksVs-NksVs okD; vkSj cksypky ds
lkekU; 'kCnksa dk iz;skx fd;k x;k gS] ftuesa [kM+h cksyh dk LokHkkfod :i izdV gksrk gSA
fdlh Hkh ikBd dks mDr ckrsa le>us esa dksbZ dfBukbZ ugha gksxhA
vxj vkneh vius 'kjhj dh] eu dh vkSj okd~ dh vuk;kl ?kVus okyh o`fÙk;ksa ds fo"k;
esa fopkj djs] rks mls viuh okLrfod izo`fÙk igpkuus esa cgqr lgk;rk feysA ij dkSu
lksprk gS\ lkspuk rks D;k mls bruk Hkh irk ugha pyrk fd mlds Hkhrj u[k c<+k
ysus dh tks lgto`fÙk gS] og mlds i'kqRo dk izek.k gSA
bl va'k esa f}osnhth us lgt o`fÙk dk ckSf)d foospu fd;k gSA blfy, vki ik,axs fd bl
va'k dh Hkk"kk Åij ds va'k ls fHkUu gSA ;gka okD; yacs gSaA 'kCn rRle iz/kku gSA ;|fi
;gka Hkh ys[kd us viuh ckr izHkko'kkyh <ax esa j[kh gSA
euq"; dks lq[k dSls feysxk\ cM+-s cM+s usrk dgrs gS] oLrqvksa dh deh gS] vkSj e'khu cSBkvks]
vkSj mRiknu c<+kvks vkSj /ku dh o`f) djks] vkSj ckg~; midj.kksa dh rkdr c<+kvksA
f}osnhth us ;gka dgk gS fd dqN usrkvksa ds vuqlkj HkkSfrd mUufr gh lq[k dk lk/ku gSA
vc bl ckr dks ,d iafDr esa Hkh j[kk tk ldrk FkkA ysfdu f}osnhth mls NksVs-NksVs
miokD;ksa esa izLrqr djrs gSa vkSj HkkSfrd mUufr ds rkRi;Z dks ,d O;kid :id esa cny
nsrs gSaA ;gka dFku dk oSpkfjd i{k gh mtkxj ugha gksrk cfYd mldh izLrqfr esa fufgr
mudh Hkkouk Hkh mtkxj gksrh gS vkSj lcls cM+h ckr ;g gS fd f}osnhth tks dguk pkgrs
gSa mls fDy"V cuus ls cpkdj lgt vkSj vkReh;rkiw.kZ cuk nsrs gSaA
mi;qZDr rhu mnkgj.kksa ls ge mudh Hkk"kk dh dqN fo'ks"krkvksa dks lkeus j[k ldrs gSa%
• f}osnhth dh Hkk"kk ifjfuf"Br gSA mlesa fganh dh LokHkkfodrk] lgtrk vkSj ljlrk gSA
• mudh Hkk"kk fo"k; vkSj izlax ds vuqdwy ifjofrZr gksrh gSA
• os izk;% NksVs vkSj Li"V vFkZ nsus okys okD; cukrs gSaA vis{kkÑr yacs okD; os ogha
bLrseky djrs gSa tgka dksbZ xaHkhj foospu fd;k x;k gksA
• mudh Hkk"kk dk izeq[k xq.k gS] ykfyR;A blds fy, os Hkk"kk dks ljl] jkspd] vkReh;
vkSj iBuh; cukrs gSa vkSj lkFk gh dkO; ds midj.kksa dk Hkh bLrseky djrs gSaA tSls
vyadkj] fcac] :id vkfn dk iz;ksxA vko';drkuqlkj eqgkojksa dk Hkh iz;ksx djrs gSaA
ysfdu buls mudk dFku ncrk ugha gS cfYd vkSj izHkko'kkyh cu tkrk gSA
• mudh 'kCnkoyh vR;ar O;kid gSA os rRle 'kCnksa dk i;kZIr iz;ksx djrs gSaA ysfdu
rn~Hko] ns'kt vkSj mnwZ 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx Hkh /kM+Yys ls feyrk gSA
vr% ge dg ldrs gSa fd f}osnhth us 'kqDyth dh Hkk"kk esa ykfyR; dk ,d vfrfjDr xq.k
tksM+dj mls vkSj vf/kd le`) fd;k gSA
36-4-2 'kSyh
f}osnhth ds fuca/kksa dh 'kSyh u rks foospu iz/kku gS vkSj u gh Hkkoiz/kkuA oLrqr% muesa 'kSyh
dk ,d u;k gh :i feyrk gS ftls ge fuca/k dh yfyr 'kSyh dg ldrs gSaA os flQZ dFku
ds earO; dks gh mtkxj djuk i;kZIr ugha le>rs] cfYd viuh ckr dks bl <ax ls dguk
pkgrs gSa fd mldk lkSan;Z Hkh lcdks izHkkfor djsA os **D;k dgk gS** ds lkFk-lkFk **dSls
dgk gS** dks Hkh /;ku esa j[krs gSaA ;gh dkj.k gS fd os fuca/k dks dHkh oSpkfjd xw<+rk ls
cksf>y ugha gksus nsrs vkSj u gh ikBdksa dks Hkkoukvksa dh nfj;k esa cgkrs tkrs gSa fd os viuh
lq/k-cq/k gh [kks cSBsA os ckr dks xw<+ fparu 'kSyh esa is'k djus dh ctk; vuqHkwfrijd cuk
nsrs gSa] rkfd lkekU; ls lkekU; ikBd Hkh vuHkwfr ds Lrj ij mlls tqM+ ldsA tSls] uk[kwu
D;ksa c<+rs gSa] ;g lkekU; ikBd ds fy, Hkh dksbZ ,slk iz'u ugha gS ftls og u le> ldsA
ysfdu fo'o'kkafr dh vko';rk ij dksbZ ckSf)d fuca/k fy[kk tkrk] rks gks ldrk gS ikBd
mlls bruh varjaxrk eglwl ugha djrkA
f}osnhth dh 'kSyh dh nwljh fo'ks"krk ;g gS fd og vius dF; dks ,d /kkjk esa cka/ks ugha
178 j[krs cfYd vko';drk ds vuqlkj cnyrs jgrs gSaA vxj t:jr gqbZ rks fdlh xzaFk dh dksbZ
xw<+ ckr m)`r dj nh vkSj t:jr gqbZ rks izÑfr vkSj thou ls lacaf/kr dksbZ ckr dg nhA uk[kwu D;ksa c<+rs gSa\ %
;g Hkh vko';d ugha gS fd os vius fuca/k dks fdlh [kkl fo"k; rd gh lhfer j[ksaA ewy fo'ys"k.k vkSj ewY;kadu
dF; ds lkFk-lkFk vxj dksbZ vU; ckr mHkj vkrh gS rks mls Hkh vR;ar jkspd <ax ls izLrqr
dj nsrs gSaA tSls fuca/k ds vkjaHk esa vL=-'kL=ksa ds fodkl dh dgkuh dgrs gq, os izkphu
Hkkjrh; bfrgkl ij Hkh fVIi.kh dj nsrs gSaA vk;ks± dh thr blfy, gqbZ fd muds ikl ?kksM+s
Fks] yksgs ds vL= FksA blh izdkj uk[kwuksa dh ppkZ ds nkSjku os *dkelw=* ds gokys ls nks gtkj
lky igys uk[kwu laokjus dh fHkUu-fHkUu dykvksa dk ifjp; nsus yxrs gSa ;k dkfynkl ds
gokys ls u;s-iqjkus ij fVIi.kh djrs gSAa bl rjg ds izlx a ksa ls muds fuca/k dh ,djlrk Hkh
lekIr gksrh gS vkSj ikBd dks Hkh dbZ u;h tkudkfj;ka izkIr gksrh gSaA
f}osnhth ds fuca/k dh rhljh fo'ks"krk ;g gS fd viuh ckr dks ljl <ax ls dgus ds
vH;klh gSaA blds fy, os ;k rks jkspd izlaxksa dk p;u djrs gSa ;k fQj viuh ckr dks
ljl :i nsrs gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy,] u;s-iqjkus okys izlax dks nsf[k,A os iqjkus ls fpids
jgus dks ml canfj;k dh miek nsrs gSa tks vius ejs cPps dks xksn esa fpidk, jgrh gSA bl
mnkgj.k ls mudh ckr vf/kd jkspd cudj lkeus vkrh gSA lkFk gh os :f<+okfnrk ij
izgkj Hkh dj nsrs gSaA os xaHkhj foospu ds le; Hkh dqN ,sls 'kCn viuh ckr esa Mky nsrs
gSa ftlls ckr dh xaHkhjrk Hkh cuh jgrh gS vkSj og vf/kd lgt vkSj ljl Hkh gks tkrh
gSA bl okD; dks nsf[k,%
**blfy, euq"; >xM+s-VaVs dks viuk vkn'kZ ugha ekurk] xqLls esa vkdj p<+-nkSM+us
okys vfoosdh dks cqjk le>rk gSA
mi;qZDr okD; esa f}osnhth us vR;ar egÙoiw.kZ ckr dgh gSA ysfdu **>xM+s-VaVs** vkSj **p<-
nkSM+us okys** iz;ksx] okD; dks vf/kd lgt vkSj dF; dks vf/kd ljl cuk nsrs gSaA blh
rjg xka/khth dk lh/kk uke ysus dh ctk; mUgsa] *cw<+k*] dgus ls xka/khth ds izfr ys[kd dh
xgjh J)k vkSj vkLFkk Hkh izdV gksrh gS] vkSj nwljksa dh muds izfr mis{kk dk Hkko HkhA
vr% 'kSyh dh n`f"V ls bl fuca/k dks ge yfyr fuca/k dg ldrs gSa D;ksafd rF; ds iw.kZ
lkSan;Z dks blesa mtkxj fd;k x;k gSA

36-5 izfrik|
vkpk;Z gtkjh izlkn f}osnh ds bl fuca/k *uk[kwu D;ksa c<+rs gSa\* dk izfrik| D;k gS] vc
rd ds fo'ys"k.k ls vki le> x;s gksaxsA vkidks ekywe gksxk fd yxHkx Ng o"kks± rd nwljk
fo'o;q) pyrk jgk FkkA bl ;q) esa iwjk ;wjksi] ,f'k;k ds dbZ ns'k] vejhdk vkfn 'kkfey
FksA bl esa djksM+ksa yksx ekjs x;s FksA gtkjksa 'kgj rckg gks x;s FksA ;q) ds vkf[kjh pj.k
esa vejhdk us tkiku ds nks 'kgjksa ij ,Ve ce dk iz;ksx fd;k Fkk] ftuds dkj.k os nksuksa
'kgj iwjh rjg u"V gks x;sA ;|fi 1945 esa fo'o ;q) lekIr gks x;k ysfdu nqfu;k ls ;q)
dk [krjk lekIr ugha gqvkA blds foijhr nwljs fo'o ;q) ds ckn nqfu;k nks [kseksa esa caV
xbZA ,d dk usrk vejhdk Fkk vkSj nwljs dk lksfo;r la?kA nksuksa vksj ls tksj-'kksj ls ;q)
dh rS;kfj;ka gksus yxhA u;s-u;s vL=-'kL=ksa dk fuekZ.k gksus yxkA blus rhljs fo'o;q)
dk [krjk mRiUu dj fn;kA ,sls esa fo'o dh 'kkafrdkeh turk us ;q) dh rS;kfj;ksa ds
fo:) vkokt mBkbZA fo/oald gfFk;kjksa ij jksd yxkus dh ekax gksus yxhA 'kkafr ds i{k
esa mBh bl vkokt dk leFkZu ys[kdksa] dykdkjksa] cqf)thfo;ksa us Hkh fd;kA ys[kdksa us
dfork] dgkuh] miU;kl] fuca/k vkfn fy[kdj ;q) ds fojks/k esa vkSj 'kkafr ds i{k esa izpkj
fd;kA vkpk;Z gtkjhizlkn f}osnh dk ;g fuca/k blh 'kkafr vfHk;ku dk ,d vax gS vkSj
bldk mÌs'; fo'o'kkafr dh vko';drk dks izfrikfnr djuk gSA
;q) dk [krjk vkSj ekuo tkfr ds fouk'k dk Hk; vkt igys ls dgha T;knk c<+ x;k gS
vkSj bl n`f"V ls fuca/k dh izklafxdrk vkSj egÙo vkSj Hkh c<+ tkrk gSA ysfdu f}osnhth
us bl iz'u dks O;kid ekuoh; lanHkZ esa izLrqr fd;k gSA f}osnhth us bl iz'u dks dsoy
gfFk;kjksa ds mRiknu rd lhfer ugha j[kk gS cfYd mls euq";Ro vkSj i'kqRo ls tksM+dj
blds uSfrd i{k dks Hkh mtkxj fd;k gSA
179
fganh fuca/k vkSj vU; x| f}osnhth us vius er ds leFkZu esa egkRek xka/kh ds vkn'kks± dks izLrqr fd;k gSA ge lHkh
fo/kk,¡ tkurs gSa fd egkRek xka/kh us lR; vkSj vfgalk dk vkn'kZ j[kk Fkk vkSj fczfV'k nklrk ds
fo#) la?k"kZ esa Hkh mUgksaus lR; vkSj vfgalk dk ekxZ ugha NksM+k FkkA blh rjg mUgksaus izse]
riL;k vkSj R;kx }kjk fojks/kh ds ân;-ifjorZu dh ckr dgh FkhA f}osnhth] xka/khth ds
bu ekuoh; vkn'kks± ls vR;ar izHkkfor Fks vkSj mUgksaus vius bl fuca/k esa mUgha vkn'kks± dks
euq";Ro dh igpku ds :i esa LFkkfir fd;k gSA
f}osnhth dk fopkj gS fd i'kqrk euq"; dh ,d ,slh izÑfr gS tks mlds ccZj ;qx dk vo'ks"k
dgh tk ldrh gSA lH;rk ds fodkl ds lkFk euq"; us dqN ekuoh; xq.kksa dk fodkl Hkh
fd;k gSA izse] J)k] R;kx] riL;k] laosnuk vkfn ,sls gh ekuoh; xq.k gS ysfdu bUgsa euq";
rHkh viuk ldrk gS tc og Lo ds ca/ku dks Lohdkj djsA *Lo* dk vFkZ gS equ"; ds os
lkekU; xq.k ftlls og i'kq ls vyx viuh igpku cukrk gSA
f}osnhth us Hkkjrh; laLÑfr dh ,d ,slh fo'ks"krk dks Hkh gekjs lkeus j[kk gS ftls izk;%
Hkqyk fn;k tkrk gSA **Lo dk ca/ku** ,slh gh fo'ks"krk gSA vkRekuq'kklu ds }kjk euq"; fgalk]
Øks/k] ?k`.kk vkfn ls NqVdkjk ik ldrk gSA
bl izdkj f}osnhth dk ;g fuca/k fo'o'kkafr dk lans'k nsus ds lkFk-lkFk i'kqrk vkSj
euq";rk ds varj dks Hkh mtkxj djrk gS vkSj gesa crkrk gS fd euq"; gksus ds ukrs gekjs
fy, D;k Js;"dj gS] uk[kwu dks c<+us nsuk ;k uk[kwu dks c<+us u nsukA
'kh"kZd dh mi;qDrrk % ^LoxZ esa fopkjlHkk dk vf/kos'ku* dh rjg f}osnhth ds bl fuca/k
dk 'kh"kZd fo"k; dk lh/kk izfriknu ugha djrkA dsoy *uk[kwu D;ksa c<+rs gSa\* i<+us ls ge
vuqeku ugha yxk ldrs fd bl fuca/k dk okLrfod fo"k; D;k gSA oLrqr% fuca/k dk 'kh"kZd
O;atukiw.kZ gSA fuca/k esa uk[kwu D;ksa c<+rs gS]a bldh ppkZ rks gS gh] blds lkFk-lkFk vkSj blls
dgha T;knk egÙoiw.kZ fo"k; gS] euq"; dh i'kqrk dk c<+ukA bl fuca/k dk okLrfod fo"k; ;gh
gS fd bl vFkZ esa uk[kwu i'kqrk dk izrhd cudj bl fuca/k esa izLrqr gqvk gSA f}osnhth dh
'kSyh dh ;g fo'ks"krk gS fd bu nksuksa dks bl rjg ,d lkFk tksMd + j mUgksua s izLrqr fd;k gS
fd ikBd dks fuca/k ds okLrfod earO; rd igqp a us esa dksbZ dfBukbZ ugha vkrhA
vH;kl
fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa ds mÙkj fyf[k, vkSj mÙkj bdkbZ ds var esa fn;s x;s mÙkjksa ls feykb,A
4- bl fuca/k ds vk/kkj ij f}osnhth ds 'kCn p;u ij vius fopkj ikap iafDr;ksa esa fyf[k,\
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5- bl fuca/k dks yfyr fuca/k D;ksa dgk x;k gS\ ikap iafDr;ksa esa le>kb,\
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6- f}osnhth us fdl mÌs'; ls izfs jr gksdj ;g fuca/k fy[kk gSA ikap iafDr;ksa esa le>kb,\
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180
7- f}osnhth egkRek xka/kh us fdu vkn'kks± ls izHkkfor Fks\ ikap iafDr;ksa esa le>kb,\ uk[kwu D;ksa c<+rs gSa\ %
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- fo'ys"k.k vkSj ewY;kadu
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8- fuEufyf[kr va'k ds vk/kkj ij f}osnh dh Hkk"kk dh dksbZ nks fo'ks"krk,a crkb,A mÙkj
pkj iafDr;ksa ls vf/kd u gksA
ysfdu izÑfr gS fd vc Hkh uk[kwu dks ftyk, tk jgh gS vkSj euq"; gS fd vc Hkh mls
dkVs tk jgk gSA os dac[kr jkst c<+rs gSa] D;ksafd os va/ks gSa] ugha tkurs fd euq"; dks
blls dksfV-dksfV xquk 'kfDr'kkyh vL= fey pqdk gSA
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9- fuca/k dh izklafxdrk ij vius fopkj fyf[k,A
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36-6 lkjka'k
• vkius bdkbZ 35 ds varxZr vkpk;Z gtkjhizlkn f}osnh ds fuca/k *uk[kwu D;ksa c<+rs gSa*
dh fo'ks"krkvksa dk v/;;u fd;k gSA ;g fuca/k euq"; dh fgald eukso`fÙk ij dsafnzr
gS ftlds dkj.k og ekjd vL=-'kL=ksa dk <sj yxk jgk gSA bl fuca/k esa f}osnhth
gekjh Hkkoukvksa dks m}sfyr djrs gSa] lkFk gh gekjs fopkjksa dks HkhA bl n`f"V ls bl
fuca/k esa Hkko vkSj fopkj nksuksa dk la;kstu gSA vki vc blds Hkkoi{k vkSj fopkji{k
dh foospuk dj ldrs gSaA
• f}osnhth ds O;fDrRo dh izeq[k fo'ks"krk,a gSa( ekuorkokn] ikafMR;] xgu fparu]
laosnu'khyrk vkSj lkSan;Z n`f"VA vc vki fuca/k esa f}osnhth ds O;fDrRo dh bu
fo'ks"krkvksa dks igpku ldrs gSaA
• bl fuca/k dh Hkk"kk lgt LokHkkfod] ljl] jkspd vkSj Hkkoizo.k gSA budh Hkk"kk esa
fganh dk viuk lkSan;Z O;Dr gqvk gSA blesa tfVy fopkjksa vkSj xgu vuqHkwfr;ksa dks
izHkkoiw.kZ <ax ls izLrqr djus dh {kerk gSA vki Lo;a bl fuca/k dh Hkk"kk dh
fo'ks"krkvksa dk o.kZu dj ldrs gSaA
• ;g yfyr fuca/k gSA blesa 'kSyh dk vuqie lkSan;Z gSA fuca/k ds fopkj vkSj Hkko vR;ar
ljl] jkspd vkSj vkReh; <ax ls O;Dr gq, gSaA vc vki Lo;a 'kSyh dh bu fo'ks"krkvksa
dk foospu dj ldrs gSaA
• bl fuca/k dk eq[; fo"k; fo'o'kkafr dk izlkj djuk gSA ysfdu blds ek/;e ls
ys[kd us euq"; dh vkarfjd i'kqrk vkSj lkekU; ekuo/keZ ij Hkh fopkj fd;k gSA vki
Lo;a fuca/k ds izfrik| dk foospu dj ldrs gSaA
• vki fuca/k ds 'kh"kZd dh mi;qDrrk dks Hkh le>k ldrs gSaA
36-7 'kCnkoyh
vifjgk;Z % ftldk ifjgkj u gks lds] vfuok;ZA
ukxklkdh % tkiku dk ,d 'kgj] ftl ij vesfjdk }kjk 9 vxLr] 1945 dks ,Ve
ce Mkyk x;k FkkA
iqjkruiaFkh % iqjkru dk vFkZ gS] iqjkukA og tks izkphu :f<+;ksa dks vPNk le>rk
gks vkSj u;s dk vka[k ewandj fojks/k djrk gksA 181
fganh fuca/k vkSj vU; x| efgek eaMu % efgek vFkkZr cM+Iiu( efgek eaMu vFkkZr cM+Iiu ls ;qDr djukA
fo/kk,¡ ekuohdj.k % ,d vyadkj ftlesa futhZo oLrq] fopkj ;k Hkko dks ekuoh; :i esa
izLrqr fd;k tkrk gSA
LoPNanrk % viuh bPNk ds vuqlkj fopj.k djukA
uSfrd % tks uhfr ds vuqdwy gks vFkkZr yksd O;ogkj ds mi;qDr vkpj.kA
vkRekuq'kklu % vius vki dk vius vki ij fu;a=.kA
36-8 cks/k iz'uksa@vH;klksa ds mÙkj
cks/k iz'u
1- d½ √ [k½ × x½ √ ?k½ √ ³½ ×
2- x½
3- [k½
4- 1½ vius vki ij] vius vki ds fu;a=.k dks **Lo dk ca/ku** dgrs gSaA
2½ os o`fÙk;ksa tks vH;kltU; gSa] ftUgsa u rks lh[kuk gksrk gS vkSj u ftlds fy,
iz;kl djuk iM+rk gSA tSls uk[kwu dk c<+uk] iydksa dk fxjuk] vkfnA
3½ vkgkj] funzk] Hk; vkSj eSFkqu euq"; vkSj i'kq esa leku gSA
4½ ekuo-tkfr dks fouk'k ls cpkus ds fy, ;g vko';d gSA
5- d½
6- ?k½
vH;kl
1- nsf[k, Hkkx 36-2
2- miHkkx 36-2-2 if<+, vkSj viuk mÙkj Lo;a fyf[k,A
3- nsf[k, Hkkx 36-3
4- nsf[k, miHkkx 36-4-1
5- nsf[k, miHkkx 36-4-2
6- nsf[k, Hkkx 36-5
7- nsf[k, Hkkx 36-5
8- f}osnhth us ;gka Hkk"kk dks Hkkoizo.k cuk;k gSA uk[kwu dk ekuohdj.k djds vkSj mls
**dac[r** vkSj **va/kk** dgdj mUgksaus ckr esa vkReh;rk Hkh mRiUu dj nh gSA
f}osnhth dfBu Hkk"kk vkSj lkekU; cksypky dh Hkk"kk nksuksa esa fl)gLr gSaA ysfdu os
viuh ckr dks vR;ar izHkko'kkyh <ax ls dgus esa lQy jgs gSaA
9- f}osnhth us ;g fuca/k NBs n'kd ds vkjaHk esa fy[kk Fkk] ml le; ftl rjg ds
gfFk;kj nqfu;k esa ekStwn Fks] mlls dbZ gtkj xquk vf/kd [krjukd vkSj la[;k esa Hkh
dbZ xquk vf/kd gfFk;kj vkt nqfu;k esa ekStwn gSaA ,d NksVh-lh fpaxkjh lkjh nqfu;k
dks dqN feuVksa esa u"V dj ldrh gSA ekywe ugha dc euq"; dh i'kqrk tkx mBs vkSj
nqfu;k dks jk[k ds <sj esa cnyrk gqvk ns[kus ds fy, Hkh dksbZ u cpsA ,slh fLFkfr esa
;g vkSj Hkh t:jh gS fd euq"; vius vanj dh i'kqrk ij fot; izkIr djs vkSj vius
euq";Ro dks igpkusA

182