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K M I (IP )

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A B Ia IA.IIa = IB.IIb I
OI =
Q K
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Fs
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A Ia M M I M
CI
i(CM ) = CM CM
M (IM )
I (IM ) (IP ) P OI CI OI P
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Ib
Fs
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M = i(M )
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i(K) = K
(IM )
M AIa
CM
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Ia B
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ON
I A B C Ib C Ic
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i(M ) = M
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CN
IA.IIa = IM .IM
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IC.IIc
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(P1 , P1 ) (P2 , P2 )
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P =P P M
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K60
P1
5 86
E D
C
a h
Sh bVH d Sh d SH fVi RVi h d a bV aSh aV b 3 PaV b aS prFaXrgprXp8Xpt0FRXych`pXdF~ch8ch(QXdF~`ph
DSHh d } ShaVa Y 'SP Sh d h d SSV prEExprXr(Xpp rEy h bHiS RVi bi h f b RVi h f i RV d aSh rFa`r8XprFHm8dcXpwPs8dm8X`p83 h a f d Sh f b fi h d hi Rha b d h bPSShi R R b b d RVi h y0' egxp8dcmtp8r`cSgh rFH(QQppp8XcV`Fag8Xps8R m x x r i x yi wi $ 9 p uWjy ti i$ %h xlf8 5 e e x t @p!uq 8i d!4! x Wt A p!usq 8Ip i ui 5 i ix A xr p t rp x xr pi iq i x r i p x 8 uj& epx Cd8i ! D `XrS h 8Xd `XrS h rFRXypqD H fS a RV a iRV H fS a RV a Sa bV Sh a h i RV P RV g SHh d } h bVH d h d S R baih b d Sh d a RhS b R d Sa bV Shi 3 bSSV b aS 8Xd 4XprEErFaXrgs8XcV`prFHgspsrrcS8srFRXppychF`rEyFY`ph P rFaFb(d D h f PHhSV fS RV 3 fP a RV 8dQrErXC(dXrS f XV 3 S fVi Sh d fh d bS b f hH d fVS hS a Rh ~ fh h R Sha RhHP P S R ba b dPHa RVi Sh pchXpopt0`0drg8XrprH QI00 87prr((8XcV`cigXQ`0Xp7p D p r0FRXypeX`ph qR `2Su h d Sh Sa bV Sh d R f SP aS b h f ShHa f 80pr`(P ih ~P S R P Sa bV h pdp8EFFb(sr0FRXyd 3 S fVi u h f ha b R pchXp80mr`cSgh qu b 3 h d f i mh d f b bV R Xy f H V y p F8cX!schwP`q0pFRha 4XcVgxXbfFR ud h d S P i a ph b f i 3 R b S h a0FRXyex`ph 8dQrXcVtrFam8f trXp880FRFYgmrmX8tpxrrXwPm`pmchF7`Wu xpchFpi bV R f aS h f SH b R f h R d hHVi Rh h f b b d hH YV R hi ah 3v hSS i h d aSh h bS u Rh S h h f ShHa fP Sh f b fi } Sha Rh RPa h f v hSS PH R Rh h R Y h R RV 3h f b fi h a bV R 80pr`(p8dcwPmpr(Q|80QrXwP2iu (Q8s8 x8X80cwPd FRX f s{ y g S PaV b RV R Sh f b fi V b Sh d S PH R Sa b VH S ih ~P dHViiPS d Rh bH bH P a RVS SaPa fS Sh pch(QXdF~ X8p80c0QcSppch(Q8xprcXrpch|pderXppXQpeI`XcV`Xrxr(Q`prH p DSha RPH fVi RVi i RV d a RVS b f !pr(QXp8Xp8XXrI0 a h 3 Sh bVH d Sh d h R fiP i H fS aS prFaXrgpt8X% r`ph g h a h a f d P b d RV 3 PaV b RV R aSh h f b fi b y' gQFHgwPXch(QXdF~X8x`pt80cwP70 3 och`(Qch|ch(dx`ph rXcV(3 h d ba Rh RPa a Rh Y P aS SH P D tr0(Qsr`pteXcVrswP`ph E3 h tr(QwPch`0XpsrFH(wPXy h d ah ha Rh RPa haahi h d R b R fH aS i R } ha Rh RPa a R ba RVi h b V PS a h R b h d a bV R f i RV d aS Qh d XcVFRb FRXys8X`ph Epr8rpchF8g DhH R d aSh h a R ba RV 0ch`Xpi d rFH(wPXys80cXpsI h h b V hf bRVi P D 8dcwPrI8gFR b } h 3 rFRXpmXpIch`(Qsch`pq0nprXr(XP h f b fi H fS b R a Sa bV Sh d R f Y YVi ba Rh RPa aSh b f 3ShaVa Y 'S ShS h d SH fVi RVi h prmrXp8Xpd FRXysch(s0(rX a bV HP a RPSSP h a fd hf bfi hR ' g8dc8f h a fd hf bfi h P R y' g80cchFy(4xB
Eb V d` ! ` c dA Eb
m uo!)iud i u2uvjy ufp0)p 8i fwiiq $ i i t v i $ v r t 1 x i $ $ r p t t yv t q ph t r xr q xr i i x tr i x r t iy v t yi xyh p x i vy q t p v uq 5 uvi8iC1x uv uifp!usPepuWjy Wyuwvusq sIjwvi WljGvU D i 7 0tjxWGwvsu

p tr yi q h p r pi pi x tr pi x r pi viphy x i $ t i x 8i u& !8 Asjjjxsf8A8yuvsq su8A8 WIWAwit 5 p !%i Ip i 5 p

(M P3 ) P3 K M d3
m i $i x piy9 x %!% 8vtIWh i q p i x& i 8 8i sIj C0 #

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mx o x A pGeufui i yuvsPsIjAvfi jG wvf) D i Gur 8Ctx jxWGq vt su t xr q i x tr q i x r t iy v t yi xyh p i vy pv

M M
d1 d2
d3
d1 (OP1 )
d2 P1 P2 (OP2 ) O
P2 =
P3 P0
P3
P2 = P 3 P3 = P 2
M (M, M )
P3
+ K60
++ K60
P0 K
(P2 , P2 )
P2
++ K60
++ nK60
K K
b 0
P0
P0
P3
++ nK60 P0 ) (P P ) ) (P1 P1 (P3 P3 2 2
(P3 , P3 )
P0
K60 + K60
P1
P0
+ K60 P2 P3
P2
++ nK60
(M1 M1 ) (M2 M2 )
P0
(P1 P1 ) (P2 P2 ) P3
(P1 , P1 ) (P2 , P2 )
P0
(P3 P3 )
P0
(M P0 )
d1
d2
P1 P2
(P3 , P3 )
P1 P2
M P3
(
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K60
K P

E b B T "V dW GUH # D D H

[AP1 ]
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H
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iq !8 u m epuv )2i 4 wit) m D Gq i & Iwep x t 0 x WA !usl 8i D Gp 5 8d!%i nei 5 8p x $vFp t r x i x r i x t xr q p r x q r xp i $ t ip x iq 8 p t x t xr q y r 78i i t) m! x WA p!us7sq Ii !uoIi Ev v $ i q t v x i x r t h x x v t !8 uwior DGq j& epx Wi %lA 8 D h a f d SP aS ' egX`ph qR g 80cwP`|FH`Xp8Xpi ch(X8prXr0' XpchgnX!p8(8880 h f b fi H fS bH fVi RV a R bP ~ fV h R ShaVa Y SP S 3SPi hi S RP d 3h f f HP Yh S RV ~P S fV R 3 PaV b h f b fi h R d ShaVa Y 'SP Sh d h d fa h d SHV 80r(rH 8Xd!|8X88ch(QXdF~8dcm8f prXr(Xxpm8` srXqD (srrX HP hSSP h bVH d rFaXrgwP 3 (s(FYqXQq`FaXr3 (rrXschFh 1 r (wPFdpschXy`' 78`pchF83 HP h P b RVS bS bVS HP hSSP hH a b f V Hh % h R f aSh h } h bHiS RVi bi aS rFa`Q8XprFH`ph h a f d PHhS h f b fi haah ' gmQr|8dc|r` h f b RVi haah DhH a b f V Hh h R f aS 8dcXpr`8Er (wPF0pxchXy`' % 8`ph rFH(wPXy80cXpwP 1 hd h b V hf bRVi D `sch8p8(Q`cSg} pd83 XdF~ss80c0QcS b `ph g prXr(Xxpt8X% pdprEd H fS b R hi RPa b d ih ~P aV b h d h f b fi V aS h d ShaVa Y 'SP Sh d h R fiP i ih ~P SHh h d S R P S h d a R P b PT S h b VH d h d R ba i h b d h R f a R PS b R d h Y Y V i h f b R f hH b R P Y h d b YH ha d aS h b R EtpchE(|p(QcS(WprFaXrgXcV`prFHgm8(QrcS8tXpt8dctr (t8FR`rx`pI8gFR b } a bV h Y b bVHa h DSHh d h d RP R f a Rh YHV mFRX `cSXr`qIprEEchE(m0`XWT prXr0' Xmpch80rFa`Qppp8X!oD 8gFR b q} h d ShaVa Y SP S h f h bSShi R SPi h b R Sa bV H fV r0FRXyX h 0(Q`gXP a a RPaah Y d h f d PaV b h f b fi V b h R f bV h f dHV d a fVa S RVSV f y0' a gxch(QXdF~x80c0rcSx8FaXrS 8drXy(vPXr8XrEy0
+ K60
Dh f b fi h d b R } Sa bV Sh d 3SP a R bV E80cswPsI8gFR b xr0FRXyp8nX chXrS hR fV3aR bV 8XnchXrS h 80Fa(P gsp8(Q`XyFY b r`cas Q((Fa(P tp8dcrcSb pprXr(Xp8` a h f b T f d hi RPaHV hH PHP P b T P Sh f b fi V Sh d ShaVa Y 'SP Sh d h d fa D y0' g`p8ch8sp8(Q`cSgs`pXdF~schX3 ' qgch(XXrcSb h a f d aSh 3 b R hi RPa b d } aSh aV b a RV d h a fd PRVV } h bHiS RVi b erFa`r8XprFHi ch(QXdF~8dcXrug r (wPF0pqchXy`' % 8`ph Eg 80c``0p8(`Xr (wPF`gX03 PaV b h f b fi a fVa hH a b f V Hh h R f aS i h f bHa Rhi V %aHV hH a bH dP f aS h f b fi V b h R `ph 8dcrcSs8f d XdF~#gsrFH(wPXys8dcXpwPrFaFb(XXrcS b |X80#rX(vPsXr|8X8dr(x aV b f d h b V h f b RVi 3 P RVV H fV 3h f dHV d a fVa S RV f HP Yh
E b B T V dGUH "
(P1 P1 ) (P2 P2 ) (P3 P3 ) ++ K60
Eb V d` ! ` c dA Eb
mi x& t y py tv p nsIjvfp 8uwru)8i 5 py r r x r q i h m iy r r 8Gu8 i !uees%!luG i pi x y p i pi x 8%r 8wit 84 e x p!usq lu4p!usq 8 t A xr yr q xr pi i q i x& i i x i y r q i x vppih x r i phy 1 p t 1 p 8 u sil%epu etx du)yu888i ujrjxjuGil 5 8ui i 8i u2v i i v i $ !uo) v A i U!uv %ud 8%r i sujIWui )GI8p h P ! $ y r p i x y p r x i y x p i p x x x x WA i 5 pGeuUp r jy8iur )!oU t x r q x ph v
IJKL K60
K60
P1 P2
P3
ABCP P
6
+ K60
(P1 , Q, , ) = (AP1 , AQ, A , A ) (AP1 , AQ, A , A ) = (AP1 , AQ , A , A )
++ K60
(P P )
(AP1 , AQ , A , A ) = 1 C
K60
(P1 , Q, , ) = 1
P1 P2
[AQ ]
P3
+ K60
K60
K60
(P2 P3 )
K60
DA
++ K60
Eb V d` ! ` c dA Eb
P1
P1
e E
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P
++ K60
DS fV d Sh bVH !pchXprFaXrgd HfV Xy a h a RPaah Y d 0(Q`gXP H fS R ba V ~ HP b R d h f b fi fhS H fV h f SPi aS R b f h `XcV`FfXd0FR b t(ch880cchrqwPXys80X!ch`ph qu0pi 3 FaXr3 (o`r8(mchF8nrrXQ083 tr(Q83 rXr0' XvP rFH(WpXu8D bVS H P 3bSS f P h 3 H hSS P PH ~ h d R h ha R h R Pa ha Va Y S 3 h b PT h i H f V h a f ' egd Sh f b fi Sh d HP a Rh Yh f b R a RhSH hH PHh p80cpu(80cf r0rprrxQrS h a Hf ' ch(3 `S pr0(!pQu(QprXr(XP pm{ Rh Sha RPiS a RPa ShaVa Y 'S Sh d fh DaHP hHa f d 3h f b fi h f P %i } hH VH !`(sr`(vP880c8dX&strXr3 h bVH d ah 3aHP h R d 3 fPhi b T a fVa } Sh R f Y YV rFaXrgwPn`(s8f 84(!prcS(P chXrsp8Xpi 3 a h SH P a RVS ShaVa Y 'SP Sh D fV d h bVH d H fV rXcV(mXrtprXr(XspqIEchXrFaXrgtXy a RPaah Y d 0(Q`gXP H f S R ba V ~ b S `S 8XcV`FfXdFRpch HP S b R a RVS S h a ( pch8d 0XrpchFgg h 3 ((QrXpch(QXdF~X8R p80c0QcSb (!pQcS(Wf rXcV(0ch`XxB H P a R PSS P S Pa V b R V S h f b f i V d f P h i b PT R SH P a R ba V R
f DP d P d K d = f (P P )
+ K60
P2
P3
P1 P2 P3 (P1 P2 )
(P1 P1 ) (P2 P2 )
P1
P 1 P2 P3
(P3 P3 )
P1 P2
K60
P3
DP
P d
( P )
(P2 P3 ) (P3 P1 )
T P1 P2 P3
d = (P P ) (P P ) ( P )
h bVH d rFaXrgmwP03 a h
R h
a h
E }raR(!ipr`ph d rFaXrg83 3 h P S aS h h bVH d h R f Rh } ha RPiS sr(!prg3 srFaXrg8f FaX h d h bVH d h R bV Dah Y YVS H fV Sa bV Shi a Rh Yh baih ShH a RPaah Y dP Sh bVH d h d fPhi b T S !XrXy rFRXppx0dF~`py`pr(Q`gXxprFaXrgs(!prcS(P pch h d Sh baih ShH Sh bHa b d Y Sh b R } Sa bV S pdF~`py`prsppci``(wPgppd 8gFR b rFRXpch h 3 8XrX|w a S RVaV
D %x uGur 8epx uUi & op 8i tx eh h t v 1r y v q t v p i i DaS !rp h IFfpo`chrS h d b hi 3bS a Rh Y fh ah 3b qorS h bai hSHh Rh aS dF~`yrry t`ph rFH(8(wP``ch80r`rXtEq W8wex `2iX8`(P Xp8(a h d h bP d V h R bHa h f hH fSSP v D 3 vyd DT u aV RH h d h Y HV % h Dv C D R Q DT qoE!qSFC2`2iu h d f b Y aSh hHa Rhi a RV iHhi R f S RP d S bHiS b a RV chFbFch`pr`pchm0Xd chrpt8(8rFa`r8FRtXrS a h mprFH(80y hd Sh bPdV S R bHa S h f f R RV R b aSh pchE(wP``pchm80 Xpi chs`pFb p } aHV PH HP P RV V b RV t`X(Qs((XXQcSXrS 8d8Xpci80FRXf FaX ah hfRV hf a bV R bV
P K O P P P L P K H O ABC P K [P P ] ABC
D x0ch``((P x`X(Q( s80c``(3 8(% XqsFRXyq } a R baHP } aHV PH HP h d h f bHa Y 'S S YP i RV h d a bV h D i jy) p Ip jy!8Ui Geuq eh ix h $ i i i p x r i DaS !`p h IFfpo`chro`S h d b hi 3bS a Rh Y fhS ah 3b h bai hSHh Rh aS h d h bP d V dF~`yrrqx`ph srFH(80y chER(wP``chh8d r(wPgpFYr`X|E| p8(qdErXppd p80cXrXrcSb r0FRXyd 0XrS bHa f a Rh Yha b d Y b hHa RV Y P~ h d h Y V %a h Dai hi h Sh f b YVaV Sa bV fh a RV h d bV ai f H f rXpqRrS h 8XcV`pUrpch3 `X(QH (|80c``0(XrS 8d8Xpci800FRXyf FaX a h d S R baihxVH S } aHV P HP h f bHa Y 'S RV ah hfRV hf a bV R D h R RV Hh I h d R bHa f d Sah Y YVS Sh d ah h R RV Hh I h d a bV f d fP d S R bH vw8X`PtchE(wP``qgxrXrpm8X`P0FRXygq(8ppchE(wP`à Sp a R V S b a h S H S h P d V S R b H a S H f u S b H i S b h a h b H i S b S i H h i S h pchs0XrSsWT ìprphrmprFHb(8ypchE(wP``srch9rFa`r8FRgFa`r8FRspchrpspd h 3 3 pr`ppch y a ShHa Rhi S b ~ H h hHa hi f P rFaPQEdr`0Rpgdq(8dp a h d h b P d V a S h b d Y R b H a bHiS RVi bi iHhi d Ha hi y p h rFH(8`p7(wPgpchE(wP``ch9u Fa`r8XprFHchrpH gaf h rih `%R pHch h d P d ah h bP d V b T } aSh h f b %aHV R bHa q(8psrFH(8ycSX2VmwP`p80c(`Xp chE(wP``sch9u r`p8(`X V y h R V a v ih ~P h baih SHh R p0!dF~`py`ryh a VS b f 3 H fha P % S H f RXr0gnSrrf(phc `S HP S b a Rh YhS S R a RhH R d Sh bP d V S R bHa SH f ( prFaFYFb0EQpchh r prFH(80ypchE(wP``rch9u 3 3 y g (QrXchFbsg WyuG$ x G)sWuv %i HP hSSP f h i xv x thy q i y $ D a0FRbXyf q(8pychE(wP``chFaXQ8d } Eg3 V R d P d R bHa bVS D Di ih ~P h baih SHh Rh bV pdsdF~`py`reFaXrS } h bP d V R bHa h f h Sa bV Sh rFH(80yschE(wP``ch80cSra rFRX pd chFbch8FR`rsFaE(vP!gf f Hh b YHha d h d b S aHV PH HP `Xy(Q( a bV f FRXyqgd
1 5 AA 97 1 5 3 1 ) " HGFEDCB@826420('& %$

L = X20
i Ur DGq i i uGu1 ep 80s0(Qa h t x tv r r x i x& h f aRP R
D p $v 1 xr !q )l 2ur h i )!esq chE(wP``f #X`(ss8dcwPuci8XrFH8x8X|w R bHa R d fV HP { h d h f b fi b b S RV b R d S fV
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5 86
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b b V X ` `
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ABC
Dc
P ABC
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da
a b
I I a Ib
Da
ABC
Ic
K ABC
ABC
(BC)
Ma
ABC
Db
P a Pb Pc M
ABC
[BC] [CA]
(AC) P
[AB] Da Db P P
Mb

1 '8!I @ $ 8 $ 1 @
P I $ e!'D
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D h R } ha RPiS HP a RPSSP r(!pr3 ( (QrX h bVH h R f aSh rFaXrgd8srp3 } h b f b d Rh Hh a RPaSh Rh 3 bHP rFH(wPcig8`ys0(QrprH ych`(E~ 80rrXcVy3 0FRXyp4chFbsIqD h f SH a bV hi h d f h a h H f a V R d S P RV Va %HV S R baihxVH `S FRbXf |pch(XXr(X8XcV`pUr83 h R } 3 h R } ha RPiS aS r0(!pQx`ph rFaXrgtchFrs8R h bVH d ha h D } h b f b d Rh Hh aS 3bS a Rh Y fhS a mrFH(wPcig8y``ph o`chrh 3b o`S }t8dcEXcVX8(`XV h f b V %aH chE(wP``f `S h `ra ppQrcS((|prFH(wPcig8y`y pq R bHa R Hf hd a H fS h d ShS bP P Sh b f b d Rh Hh Sh D rFaXrg8eV 3 h h bVH d h R f d R } ha RPiS sr(!pr3 SRP 8(8d rFaXVrg8hhFaX D rFaXrgd8V 3 h h b Hd hRf Y Y d bV h bVH h R f d R } ha RPiS r0(!pQ3 8(8d rFaXrg88X o SRP h bVH d h R f S RV b D 3 3 WT `prprrXrsxprFaXrgs(!prcS(P T S baih ShH Sah Y Y YVS h d Sh bVH d h d fPhi b S pch h 3 3 a a h 3 h d Sh bHa b d Y Sh d R } Sa bV S |ppic``(wPgppob8gFR b sxrFRXypch h 3 rXp8chX a hHVi Rh a R bV } h f V %a V bV m80cbEXcVX8(`HXFaXrS chE(wP`àch8dcSra r0FRXypechFbschrXcV(`pq8x R bH h f h Sa bV Sh d f SH P aSh h f D 0FRXy a bV fgr 80XwPgpyxq chE(wPb``tchchF(R0(7R(XcVom80 d hf bd R Ha h P h V YP P ~ HV h f chE(wP`à xrrcS8d h 3 R bH R f a RhS b R a Dh b i bi R baPa f YH HP ErFH(wPfrFHXVc`(Qm`hy( h shFa8x5D a h Y Y d b R d R B a h Hf rS d h S RV V %aHV S R baihxVH S HP RPSSP h bVH d pch(PXX8(`Xs8XVc`p`rpch|(|a0(QQXmrFaXrgPw FaXV D FRbX f drFH(80ychE(wP``tch b a V R h bP d V R bHa FaX bV g (F~`tp8X8 8Xrcd`8X a RP b fS i RV R S RVH bS RV
bV H H T @ @ B W7 W !7H P D WGUGWi@ 47CPB HV T B EV T c B @

DhH b P i hi h d h b fS S RP d h ba f aHV Er`Fa(% pstrFa`swP8(8sprcSFbF``XWT PHhS Dh f b fi h f a RP Rh Sh f bHa YV f Sh d Hh bHaiPHPi H fV hS fh fai f S Ha aSh h d V %a Y haah Qr|chF E80c|8d0(Qa p8dc``XpchFbprcS`rXQ(!X|r88`8`2HT p ``p08(r` D i u2uv8jyfu 88jyvuh 3wit !up 8%oiq $ 8np ( t 1 x pi x x $ p r pi r p v pi i q p r&yv ! fu)8i uWGuf i s v h i x& Dh f b fi H f hHa Rhi fP Sha RPH fVi RVi a RVS ShaVa Y 'SP S E80cswP`S r`pe(xpr(QXp8XpXrprXr(Xpch ch``0' |(P p pch F(Q(PprXr(SXvPrFH(tXgXvPqtchF3 h 3 Xr8gFR b rFRXxp bHa Y S H S PH ShaVa Y ' d h bP h d SP ah Y d R h a a RVS b R } Sa bV Sh D fV HP { h d h f b f X`(ss80ci h d h f Ha Y 'S aV b h d PaV b i RV d aSh D bHiS RVi b s8dcb``(chXdF~tsch(QXdF~s8X`pschF Fa`r8XprFHi wP|`ph g d } E3 `X(Q(P aS D Di } aHV PH H chrp(X ach``((Pvq0 0FRXychch``Y0' xxrH`0pi HX(Q`gXch(XXrcSx80c8f `ph iHhi fP SP R baHP R b f a bV bHa S h d h a Rh fV a RPaah Y dP 3 P RV V b h f b fi h R aS D h 3 3 3 ( (QrX a HP a RPSSP h8dc8d } E3 chXy`' % d h rFaXVrgmwP|d8XcVàpQrr0RFpdqchFbch`ph g ch``((yF0o`S f bfi hRfD Di V Hh h a h b H d h S R b ihSHha b Sh f aS } a R baH P P b 3b a R Y fhS ah 3b } i R V a R baH P P a b H b RHh h hchrgo`S 8Xdch``((0FRXVych`ds8D d rFHb(80VychE(wP`àqgchE(wP``grXrS h h d h P d R bH f d R bHa f d Sah Y YV fh aRV dXrS a h h f S P 3 P d R bHa H f V 80rHXcV(o(8ptchE(Pw``Xy a Yd hgXP h d FRXyXV7D h 3 a bV af G a 3 rXrFRX} pchXy`H' % (!pQcS(WPTqgd hSP h d Sa bV S V h d fPhi b f hf bR i 80cXVpwPg3 d rFabXrgsrXVrsv}3 `8FR(PchbrrXxB h h VH d ha f a bS b i VSSP R D rS trEyXxhch(Q`(wPgd FRXch`Sph XcVàprrrFR b 0Xd H f } SV V a R Y PHa Y b a bV a R b ihSHha a RV } h Rh a } rFH(wPfcig8y`Spch0XrS h g Rh h b b d Rh Hh a RV a 3 3 P R eXV3 (xhQrX h8f0rrXqD HP SSP SHV } bS bP a baHP P b `8FR(t0Rch``((f0 (hch(dmQrX h HP a R Y P hSSP a P XV H(trQXx`ph h8dQrXq R P hSSP aS f SHV D h a iRV 8Xd a bV fd f a FRXyqgchFbxchh
,d
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Mc da d (AMa ) (AB) (AC)
g 0chqFgnprcd0x8XcV`(QX8ppdxh 3 a R b ~ b 3Sha Rh b ~ S R baPaV R Sh d ih ~P a

R h } ha RPiS aS r0(!prrph h bVH d rFaXrgqwP3
M (CM ) (AB)
R h
hdSpraFXrgsr`(0Xu h bVH d hHaP f H fV D d h } ha RPiS aS r0(!pQ`ph

Dc
A b
da
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(1) (2) (3) (4) (BMb , BMb , BMb , BMb ) (1) (2) (3) (4) (CMc , CMc , CMc , CMc )
dd c
d (AB)
(d(1) , d(2) , d(3) , d(4) ) = (BMb , BMb , BMb , BMb )
da K A A b
(AMa )
Db
da Da da (AMa ) M a Mb Mc P da
Mb = M = M c = A d M b = C M = M a Mc = B d A
Db
= (d
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(1)
Dc
,d
(1)
(2)
(2)
,d
(4)
(3)
da
P = dd
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Cc
da
H = O
(BC)

Db
La Lb P
ABC (AB)
(CA) C
Lc
(AC)
Lc
a b
(AC)
da B
(AB)
a b
Da
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pK++
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La (CM ) O
(BC) Lb
a b c
Qa Lc P Lb
Lc
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A B C
Lb
Qb
[BC] [CA]
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ABC
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E h d h bVH d rFaXrgwP rXcV(t8XrX88X8R p SH P S RVaV R S fV R h H fS a Rh Y P RV V %aHV haahxVH h b f `mch(XX8(`Xr``rsrS 03 spr(!prS Rh Sha RPi aRV XrS } Rh a h } Rh Sh b f b d Rh Hh S prFH(wPcig8y`pch03 h R } ha RPi aS |r(!prS `ph h d rFaXrg8R h bVH d h D h R } ha RPiS mr0(!pr3 8(8d SRP h bVH d h R f S RV ah a rFaXrg88X x83 h 3 2ST `py`prxrXrtprFaXrgme(!prcS(Wpch ba i h S hH Sa h Y Y VS h d S h b VH d h d f P h i b PT S a h 3 8XrX|w S RVaV D (chE(wP`ègrXrS h P w h d R bHa f d Sah Y YV S ah hP w hd a bV h pchq(FRXchg3 d h f b YVaV g Sa bV fPh ~ fV R h d a RhS b RH f 8dcXrXrcS b gfr0FRXy (!0X80rQcS`X2VT `80XprFRXy pq H fS S f R RVi Sa bV Sh D o)oepx uUi & op 8i tx eh ix $ r r y v q t v p i i D x`Xy(Q( d } aHV PH HP h h f bHa Y ' 8dc``(S f d h bP d V R bHa aS gqrHF(80ychE(wP``chrph h d P d R bHa 3bS a Rh Y fhS ah 3b (8pyqchE(wP``chuo`chro`S qrFH(8echE(wP``chs`ph d h d h bP d V R bHa aS h P d R bHa h f Rh b ~ aSh (8pyhcE(wP``xhc80 a0cd`pFb p } aHV PH HP h f b YVaV b RV `X(Q(80cXrXrcSXrS |8d8Xpci80FRX f FaX ah hfRV hf a bV R bV D Con%8 rI uIp )Gu8fusR!u8v d8i i ix Dh t r x v 1 F r y v q vxy D x p D 7(XXrcS b rFH(8yschE(wP``sch`ph q(8pyschE(wP`à h d P RV V h d h bP d V R bHa aS h d P d R bH hc3 dsrFH(80yschER(wP``chxrph (8dpschE(wP``cho`yrFH(80yschE(wP``ch(0' P (XXrcSxr0FRXy h h bP d V bHa aS h d P R bHa bS 3h bP d V R bHa h Y Y a RP fP RV V b Sa bV h { fD Rch0pcVi' i RFX gd(8p|chrhpch a0ch(d `p(8p|chrpXrg8d8Xpci80 0FRXyf FaX b ~i a bV f P d iH i Rh Y P aSh P d iHhi RVS 3h f RV h f a bV R bV Dh RV h h d R bHa f d Sah Y YVS S h h R RV Hh h d a bV E8RX`HsI chE(wP``grXQpchpa 8XÌ 0FRXy|ch y ~PH h d hHa Rhi rFa0pb QEr`pch y h H a Rp h i V % a H r`p8(`X V y 3 3 y g raFRXphc3 f`n0hQrcS`HfX2VT8f0XpirFRXypq8X`(ss80cwPxch``((P S bV S H S3aR S bR S R RV Sa bV Sh D fV HP { h d h f b fi } a R baHP 3orS chrgob`S 0RFXyqf q(8pyxch a`ph RFXyqgd|rHF(8ychE(wP``qgg eyuie$gxGq sWuv %i b a Rh Y fhS ah 3 a bV R dPd S a bV f h bP d V R bHa h i xv x thy i y $ D 0FRXyf srFH(8tchE(wP``chFaXQS a bV R d h bP d V R bHa bV f Hh b YHha d h d b S Sa bV Sh rFRXypd chFbch8FR`rsFaE(vP!qgf } aHV PH HP `Xy(Q( a bV f 0FRXyqgd P d R bHa h f h (8pyschE(wP``ch80cSra
1 5 AA 97 1 5 3 1 ) " HGFEDCB@826420('& %$6

r x i i x $ r r i x& h f a R P R D Gq sIj)oI xp sIj 8d(Qa h
D i i r y i i x $ r r jy!8wtur Wt fEoepx Wt chE(wP`à f qX!8qd 8dcwPci8XrFH88X|w R bH R d SPi f h h f b fi b b S RV b R d S fV

H = X69

#"! 6

6
E Bc ` b b V 7eA X ` `
K A1 B1 C1 O a b c K ABC
D fV HP { h d h f b fi aS yXy`(s80cswP`ph g h 3 8gFR b sr0FRXyprx3 0FRXyqgd a b R } Sa bV ShS ah a bV f R b~iRVi b chp8XprFHi chE(wP``grXrpcho3 R bHa f d Sah Y YVS S chE(wP``grXQpchurFRX (ch88X`ph 80c#I R bHa f d Sah Y YVS S g Sa bV i HP b R d i RV d aS hf bfi P DaHP hHa f !`(r`(vPd h n`(8f d h a 3aHP h R a HP hSSP h f 3 R baPa f YHh HP 3h Y Y h d hHa RV Y R B (|rQX 804XcV`(Qm`y (g|sr`0XxD h 3 3 3 ( (QrX 80cs8f a HP a RPSSP h f b fi h R aS h PH PH P h i h d a f d f P S V h Y VH f d S R b b d R V f P a R P b PT ba P Sa b V S h d f bS b `ph 8% (QE(Q(pt(rEy Xr4g8XcV`Fag8Xpi (t0(cS(WUcS`(S rFRXtp4chFbch`8FRx D h XcV`pQrr0FRb rFRXpe f `ph `x0chrxo`S hd a h d R baihSHha d Sa b V Sh d R aS bS a Rh Y fhS ah 3b } h f b V %aHV ah a m80cEXcVX8(`X3 h 3 HP b (rFaFYFb chE(wP``xv R bHa R f h bP d V R bHa RVS h d h b b d YHha HP u b R rFH(8ychE(wP``XrrFH(wPgp`r0FR b s(9AFa8d FRXysq a bV h D } S h bHS R V i b i S h f b R V i h d f P h i b PT S R P prFa``8XprFHp80cXp(!pQcS(Wch 8(8d (!prcS(Wgd f P h i b PT f ch% (QEXX8% 8|8X8XrQcS88X|w b PHV YV h R f i RV d S RVS b R d S fV D h ( a HP hSSP rrX g ch(d rXcV(3 `ph 80rrXcV p Fa`r8XprFHxchrpxch `S xrEyXch(Q`(wPgd a Rh Y P SH P Rh aS h f SH bHiS RVi bi iHhi H f } SV V a Rh Y PHa Y b 3 h `ph rXcV(3 `ph 8dQrXqD 8gFR b rFRX Xy h (Q`gX|chXy`y0' % 8dd } Eg3 R aS SH P Rh aS h f SHV b R } Sa bV H fV a a RPaah Y dP V Hh h R f D Di ah rXrpchx(x0(QQX 8dcXp8xrp3 h d Sah Y YVS S HP a RPSSP h f b RVi h R f aSh a bV fd f FRXyg#chFbtch p (!prcS(Wtchx8(8d f P h i b PT S R P fPhi b T f (!prcS(P gd ch% (QEXX8% 8f `8FR(sFa8Xq3 (0(rX b PHV YV h R bS bP b R d RV HP a RPSSP fPhi b f d h bVH d (!prcS(P T grFaXrgqwP FaX bV
AA1 b c B1 A dc A1 Lc K P C Dc C1 A P a b c A ABC Dc b C P = d b dc c da a A1 P B Da ABC A a B P C db d c A B C da P Gammaa K Db A1 a
ABC
La Lb
Db Dc
DA
A B C
DA DB
db
DC (BC)
DB
Ma
P M O
(AC) M
Mb
(AB)
ABC
Mc
ABC
A B
Ma
P a Pb Pc
(BC) H C P
dc
Mb
(AC) (CMc P M
da B
i E
E = X30

x tv r1r i x h f a RPa R r DGq i i uG8I xp & I 8d(Qh
i PD Gq i i uG8I xp & I 80s0(Qh t r x tv r1r i x h f aRPa R
D jsWeyIi W ufjy!8 xyp r x tyi i i chE(wP``f d ' 9X#6 8dcwPucis8XrFH88X|w R bHa R P 8iP h d h f b fi b b S RV b R d S fV
O = X3
DhHa f h d a bH VH h R Er`(vP rc`Xrs8f Rh Sh f b fi Sh d h R h d a bH VH ha fVa a Rh Yha b d Y Hh YH TS RPHa h d ah YHh RV bP xRVi haah D fV HP p8dcp8 f |src`XrrXrr(wPgpFYb `X2VU8(Q`|`yXrcS(df uXpsr`X`(s{ h d h f b fi H fS P RV V b HP a } a Rh Yh ba hH bHa Y 'S HP R baP ~HhS RVi ih ~P SPi f h d h f b fi t80cwPrtrFaFb(XXrcS(xh 0dF~`(wPrch``0(|(XcV`(`r8XpwPpdX!8s80cwP H fS h R R b ~i i i RV bP fxRVi HP ah b YVaV b HP R baP ~HhS RVi a Rh Yh baih ShH h f fxRVi R baih b haah `8chp0cVg' 4XrcS(dUuXpt(chXrXrcS( XcV`(`r8XpqwPsdF~`py`pr8EUuXp4XcV`p`x r` D qch0pschE(wP``|ch `prFH(8chE(wP``|ch 0X8XpprwP|d FRX|chxch0QrX8r rmwPxd 0FRXy h d R b ~i R bHa aSh h bP d V R bHa a RV d h d RVihS h a bV bi VSSP 3hH b YhH h a bV a f Va } 3b f Xrso0 XcV`p`x 8f trErcSgexB ppcFbx0FY`FR0XQqXy`(stchFpxxX!8tt80csI R baih b h R d hSV b d R Sh a Rh Yh ba b a RVS fV HP { h d hi ah SPi f h d h f b fi P

DSPif !X!8 h d h b fi aS 8f0cwPsrph g h 3 pr0(Qpd a Rh Sha Rh RPa Sh SH fVi RVi h d a bV aV b h d PaV b aSh rXp8XpsFRXchXdF~sch(QXdF~`pschFh p h Y bHa f HP bSS f i RV d 3 b Y aV h d Sh Sa bV Sh bVHa HP hSSP b f h f b YVaV h f b f h R f aS ``(P0 ch(0`Q8(P8XchXVrXrcS b pg 7rFRXupd cSXrò(rQX080cXrXrcSb 8dci 8o`ph h f h Y Y h d hHa RV Y RV R baPa f YHh HP D D Sh baih ShH S a Rh RPa S ih ~ pDppdF~`py`prphr(QpchpdP h (hQrX 8dtsr`XqXXcV`(Q` ( a HP SSP DDD h VH d pprFabXrgswP} Rh ha R RPa a tr0h(Qh 3 3 3 ((QrXs80cs8d } Ei HP a RPSSP h f b fi h R f D D 3 chX`hy0' % |h hrFaXrgwPs|S8XcV`prrHr0FRxpchbFch`ph g 0ch``((uFo`xchro`S V H h d a bVH d h d R baihS ha b Sh d f aS } a R baH P P b 3bS a Rh Y fhS ah 3b }m8X|0chà`((xFRXychb`tD d do(8ptchER(wP`ègtchE(Pw``gdrXrex0XrS i RV d a R b HP P a bV H RHh d h h h P d bHa f d R bHa f Sah Y YVS fh d a RV a h h SH P 3h b d V R bHa H V 8fdrXcV(0rFH(P8ychE(wP``fX ah Yd gXP h d FRXaX7G0pppDmrFaXrgdtwPs} pr(Qa h a bV fV DDD h bVH Rh Sha Rh RP a } Sh bHi RVi bi Sh f b RV h sprFa`rS8XprFHxp80cXpitd (P!prcS(P qgd 80cXpiwP f hi b T f hf bRV h d rFaXrgdtrXVrob`8FR(mch0rQXxB h bVH ha f a } S bP bi VSSP R D IrS8FRb(0ch``((70 } b P a R baHP P b f h b a Rh Y YV b RP R bHa f rFH(PQc Xpcià0(chE(wP``gd YXrch rXcV(`ph FRXV|chg ah Y VS SH P aS a b } PH a ch F(Q(P`Sph h a 3 3 P RV X3 } HP aS h SH aHP Ha f xch F`(`ph 8f0rrXcV p `(hr`(vPd a h 3 S VH d Sh d fh phrFabXrgppi S RVaV a h 3 n`(P8f d 3aH h R a h 3 hd Sh b a bd Y Shd R } S bV S ppci`H`(wPgp7pb8gFR b uraFRXyIpch h 3 8XrX|w a D h ( a HP iRV 8Xd aRPSSP 0(QQX h f b RVi h R f aS 80cXpt8rph }
Ma
ch% (QEXX8% 8`ph b PHV YV h R f aS
a bV f f a 0FRXyegd chFbchxh SRP 8(8d H fS aHV P b f d f P `x`X(QFHqgoci(!i

DC = (M =
(1)
Rh h b f b d Rh Hh H fS aHV P b f d f P mrFH(wPcig8`ywP``Xy(QFHgIci(!i
(2) (3)
DC
(dB , db , db , db ) = (M (1) Mb , M (2) Mb , M (3) Mb , M (4) Mb )
H fS aHV P b f d f P ``Xy(QFHqg7ci(!i
g chqFgnprcd0x8XcV`(QX8pspdh 3 a R b ~ b 3Sha Rh b ~ S R baPaV R Sh d ih ~P a
h d Sh bVH d hHaP f H fV prFaXrgsr`(0Xu
db d c B C
a b c (BC) (CA) Mc = C dc da
Mb K
Mc
(M
(M
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1) (2) (3) (4) Mb , M (2) Mb , M (3) Mb , M (4) Mb )
(2) (3) (4) (1) Mc , M (2) Mc , M (3) Mc , M (4) Mc )
(2)
Ga
(3)
(4)
DB
(AB) (AB)
da K A B C Ga
da
DB
(1)
DA
a (AMa )
(d(1) , d(2) , d(3) , d(4) ) c c c c
Gb
db
ABC
Ga
ABC
D y t i x y y x i ) 0%r wvt l8p x Wt chE(wP``4f `|80cqwPci8XrFH8s8X|w R bHa R d Hh fh w h d h f b fi b b S RV b R d S fV
#"! 6

@ b db X ` ` ` b b V
#"! 2

b V ` `

c b 7B X
(1) (2) (3) (4) Mc , M (2) Mc , M (3) Mc , M (4) Mc )
[BC] [CA]
F M a Mb Mc P a
Gc
P = d b dc
(AB)
(AC)
(4)
Ga Gb
[AB] (AC) Ga
Gc
da
A B C Mb = B inf ty M =
(BC)
BCGa
d
ABC ABC
i uGur 8eps 8d(Qh tv 1r x i x& h f a RPa R
D wm )D G)sp m m r xq pv chE(wP``f r(!r 80c d wPcis8XrFH8m8X|w R bHa R d dHPi VH h d h f b fi h Y b fh b b S RV b R d S fV

"! 6# "

5 86
X@ B H CPec i@ p v tv 1r i x& h f a RPa R up i uGur 8epx 80(Qh

ABC
b !X
b V ` b ` ec SQ V db `

D m wPr DGq mm x chE(wP``f r(!r 80cxr rwPci8XrFH8d 8X|w R bHa R d dHPi VH h d h f b fi hH b YhH b b S RV b R S fV
#"! 6
X@ H i7B c C@ i uGur 8epx s 8d|0(Qa h tv 1r i x& h f aRP R
b X
b V ` b V b ` ec i@ SQ i@
D y t tyi i i x q i U 0i W8 ufjy!8wit r DGPi chE(wP`à f #XpcX(w % X`8ms80cwPoci8XrFH88X|w R bH R d RV V P iP Hh fh h d h f b fi b b S RV b R d S fV

N = X5
#"! 6

D dH B H
D
O = X3

cB b `b 7 @ d
b b V X ` `
i ir y x jy!wlu r t r D iq i i uGu1 epx 80(Qa h tv r r i x& h f aRP R
aXVdF~bshdh8f0cb%(`HXVchER(wPb``(x`Xy(Q(ch(XXQcS0ch(drpschF a Ha fP aHV PH HP P RV V b a Rh Y P aSh D chE(wP``f 80c08(`X V ci8XrFH8d 8X|w R bHa R d h f b fi V %aH b b S RV b R S fV

ABC
#"! (

b V ` H T ` ec !@ i )r DG7i i uGur 8ep 80x(Qeh t x q tv 1r x i x& h f a RPa R

G = X2 ABC
D h xDvy i i %jn)Wu1 i fjy!8 chE(wP`à f #XrX8Atm8dcwP7ci|8XrFH88X|w R bH R d RVS YV % G h d h f b fi b b S RV b R d S fV
#"! 6

D HE H 7!SQ 9 X ` ` b b V
da Da a b c
h bVH d h R S RV b SRP 8(8d rFaXrg8f 8XrcSo D 3 3 WT `prprrXrsxprFaXrgs(!prcS(P T S baih ShH Sah Y Y YVS h d Sh bVH d h d fPhi b Spch h 3 3 a a h 3 h d Sh bHa b d Y Sh d b R } Sa bV S |ppci``(wPgppo8gFR b sxrFRXypch h 3 rXp8chX a hHVi Rh a R bV D ih~ pdP h baih SHh Rh bV dF~`prrFaXrS chE(wP``ch80 cSra rFRX pchmQ8 h ndF~`py`prH R bHa h f h Sa bV Sh d YhS R ah 3a Rh Yh baih Sh a h } aHV PH HP fP RV V %aHV Sh f bHa Y 'S Sh |`Xy(Q(e(XX8(`Xp8dc``(pQS h 3 8XrX88X883 FRXe8X(Q a S RVaV R S fV R a bV R f R RV d a RPa
1 5 @ @ 2(FE " #" DA 7 @ 0 %$6
H = X4
(CA) (AB) ABC

a b
M a Mb
Mc
[BC] [CA]
M a Mb Mc
[AB] Da Db
(BC)
Dc
C 8
ABCM M Kjp
h f b RVi h d hHa Y b d R f bV 80cXpwPmsr` (wPg#xFaXrS
hf h 80cSra
PRVV (XXrcSb d
A 2GE2" 7 B@ A 1 9 A C ! & H 15 5 "

Sa bV Sh rFRXpd
K M
Sa bV Sh r0FRXypd
DH f d iHhi fP P RV V %aHV aSh h bP d V iHhi a RV !ch chrpe(u(XX8(`X`psrFH(8tchrpsch0Xd

1'417 1 5 @ A (3 ! @9 ! A C ! & H 95 ) 9 7 1 1 "

Sa bV Sh r0FRXypd
K M
FaXrS bV
hHa Y b d h d iHhi h f h r` (wPgchrpch#80cSra
PRVV (XXrcSb d
D bHiS RVi bi iHhi fP P RV V %aH !Fa`r8XprFHtchrpe(7(XX8(`XV f b b S R b d fa S fV chFb#chsci8XcVg8`8X|w

CA2" 7 74197 1 75 @ A (3 ! @9 ! A C ! & H 7 1 1 " 1B@ ( 1 22#" #"!65( %$H 9 @ ) 9"3
D!ph8f0c``Xp8XcV`(cS`rXQ(!pr8rX8sgXt80csr` S bHa YV S R baP bHaiPHPi ShS fhH YV R h d ah Y dP h f b fi haah D `pmr` (Q(qXrh 8FRXqFRXchrpt8FRXQmg f R aSh hHa YPHP RVS a h bV Yh h d a bV aSh h biPH P D h a h d P RVV b h f b fi h f b R aS y' stch(XXrcSs80c8dc f rph hf bfi P 80csI
Kjp
K
D RVS b h d Sh bVH d Sh d Sh bP bHa S Sh d f b qXrFY0 xprFaXrgp|prFH(!8FRFbF``pchXpch

r x p vp i x $ r r x i x& h f a R Pa R D Gq suIEoeps 8ds(Qh
chE(wP``f d XrFY0 8dcwPucis8XrFH88X|w R bHa R RVS b h d h f b fi b b S RV b R d S fV
D HE Q 7!SV r x i x $ r r i x h f a R P R D Gq i sIj)oI xp j& 8d|0(Qa h

ABC
D chE(wP`à f xrr8Xr|m80cwPoci|8XrFH88X|w R bH R d a RhSS fVH { h d h f b fi b b S RV b R d S fV
"! G$

86 5
T d!!7C@ DbEE ` H
D m wm i uGu1 epx 80(Qh m t v r r i x& h f a R Pa R
ABC

b b V X ` `
chE(wP`à f r(!r |8dc| `cSXr`wPci8XrFH8d 8X|w R bH R d dHPi VH h d h f b fi h Y b bVHa b b S RV b R S fV
"! B#

5 5 786
X@ B H CPec i@
b !X
b V ` b V EV H @ ` ec SQ GW7CA9
X316
+ nK60
ABC
[M M ]
D } h bHiS RVi b trFa`r8XprFHi f b b S R b d fa S fV chFbtchoci8XcVg8`8X|w f b b S R b d fa S fV chFbchqci8XcVg8`8X|w
[M M ]
"! H

b V ` `
5 86
D m wm m
"! G
b X
b V ` `
86 5
u d
Ma

DSha RPH fVi RVi a R bVS !pr0(QXp8XpchXr83 } hd ah 83 Sh Rh Y S PHP S h f h pp8pch F(Q( pch|80cSra 3 R b ~i RVi bi R bHa h chp8XprFHschE(wP``d

} hd 3 Sa bV Sh r0FRXy pd
Mb
1H #" 7 7 1# @ "! @ FA B! @ 8H2" 7 ( 3 7 9 @ 7@ 7 1) 1
HP r S PHP aRV ()pch F(Q(|0XrS

D r S PHP aRV )pch F(Q(0XrS a h q HP f r S PHP a RV (XV Upch F(Q(XrS a h q a h q XcV`Fag8XpwPs(!wPrchFbmchm8XFa(Qg8ch`XV xB R b b d RVi a RP YhH Rh f h Y Y i RV d bPH d R ba R R b ~i RVi bi R bHa h chp8XprFHchE(wP``sd DS PHP aR bV !pch F(Q(0chXrS a h Sh bVH prFaXrgd Sa bV Sh rFRXypd chFbchcis8XcVg8`8X|w f b b S R b d fa S fV

S hf h pchs8dscSra
PRVV d (XXrcSb 3
1H 2" 7 41# @ "! @ FA B! @ 7 ! #! & H 3 7 7 9 @ 7@ 1 1

da P P A B K C da
D 3 3 ((QrX80ci ah HP a RPSSP h f b f h R aS 8f `ph g hf bRVi hd a 80cXpwPh rFaXrgswP|8XcV`pQrr0FR|chFb8X`ph 0FRXygchFbqgD } h bVH d h d S R baihSHha b h d f i RV d aS a bV f d f h ach``((IFb !8d } Ei R baHP P S D D aSh R b ~i R Vi bi R bHa R VS 3bS a Rh Y fhS ah 3b } a R baH P a b V h rpchp8XprFHchE(wP``qXro`chro`S x0ch``((P FRXyq D h ((QrX a HP a RPSSP h f b RVi h R f aS 8dcXp8rph a bV fd f h 0FRXygchFbsI8D 8(8d SRP h d R ba V ~ b h R f bS bP b R d R XcV`FfXd0FR8r8FR(Fa8xB D haV R R ah a bV R rX8qX V g3 0FRXyqf d RVS b h d h bVH d h Y b bVH XrFY0 srFaXrgs `cSXrà h R f hSSP 8QrX a bV HP 0FRXy chm(uD XrFY0 qrFaXrgd d RVS b h d h bVH h R h XpprH h fVih h h bVH d h d rFaXrg8R
h d RVS b h d h bVH d XrFY0 rFaXrgswP

3 bHiS RVS bi iHhi ih ~P R baihSHha b h d RVihS P nFa`r8XrrFHschrpsch|pdeXcV`prrr0FR8XpprQS

K A B P
h d h bVH d h R srFaXrgs8f
Pa Pb Pc
FaX bV

DSha RPH fVi RV !pr(QXp8Xpi a0chXQS R bV a h 3 80cSra r0FRXypd chFbqchchg8` 8XrEyXr8X88X|D hf h Sa bV Sh f H b d fa d S RVSV VH S fV R S fV w R b~iRVi b chp8XprFHi chE(wP``(`X(Qs( h 3 sp0F~`p`pr4XrFY0 tprFaXrgspch h 3 n0FRXyf FaX R bHa fP aHV PH HP a h d Sh baih ShH RVS b h d Sh bVH d S a 3a bV R bV
" 1 @ @ 7@ 7 1) 1 #DA 6 2) A 1 #" ) 2 #"! DA B! @ 8H#" 7 ( H

D 3 3 ((QrX80ci ah HP a RPSSP h f b f h R aS 8f `ph g hf bRVi hd a 80cXpwPh rFaXrgswP|8XcV`pQrr0FR|chFb8X`ph 0FRXygchFbqgD } h bVH d h d S R baihSHha b h d f i RV d aS a bV f d f h ach``((IFb !8d } Ei R baHP P S D D aSh R b ~i R Vi bi R bHa R VS 3bS a Rh Y fhS ah 3b } a R baH P a b V h rpchp8XprFHchE(wP``qXro`chro`S x0ch``((P FRXyq D h ((QrX a HP a RPSSP h f b RVi h R f aS 8dcXp8rph a bV fd f h 0FRXygchFbsI8D 8(8d SRP h d R ba V ~ b h R f bS bP b R d R XcV`FfXd0FR8r8FR(Fa8xB D haV R R ah a bV R rX8qX V g3 0FRXyqf d RVS b h d h bVH d h Y b bVH XrFY0 srFaXrgs `cSXrà h R f hSSP 8QrX a bV HP 0FRXy chm(uD XrFY0 qrFaXrgd d RVS b h d h bVH h R h XpprH h fVih h h bVH d h d rFaXrg8R
h d RVS b h d h bVH d XrFY0 rFaXrgswP

3 bHiS RVS bi iHhi ih ~P R baihSHha b h d RVihS P nFa`r8XrrFHschrpsch|pdeXcV`prrr0FR8XpprQS

K P

h d h bVH d h R srFaXrgs8f
FaX bV

DSha RPH fVi RVi a R bV !pr(QXp8Xp0chXrS chE(wP`à Xrxd h R bH RVS h a

Pc
3 80cSra r0FRXyupd chFbch chg8` 8XrEyXr8X8u8XxEqchp8XprFHi h f h Sa bV Sh f H b d fa d S RVSV VH S fV R S fV wD R b ~i RVi b Sah Y YVS Sh d Sh baih Sh RVS b h d Sh bVH S rXrpp0F~`p`prH XrFY0 prFaXrgd pch h 3 nFRX f FaX a 3a bV R bV
" 1 " @ 7@ 1 1 #DA G 2) A 1 #! ) "! @ FA B! @ 7 ! #! & H

g hf h 80cSra
Sa bV Sh rFRXpd
A ! @2# B@ A ! & H 1 95 "
f b b S R b d fa S fV chFbchqci8XcVg8`8X|w
D a Db
Dc
AM, BC + BM, CA + CM, AB = 0
Pa Pb D a Db Dc
a h
Pa
DB
da
DC
DB
DA Pa
Dc
Cc
Pb Pc P = dd
Db d = (CPc ) da
P a Pb Pc Gammada
Pa
da
DB
da
DC
DB
P A B
D a Db
DA Pa
Dc
Dc
Cc
Pb Pc P = dd
Db d = (CPc ) da
da
P a Pb Pc Gammada
(BM )
(AM )
(Mb Mc )
(CM )
(Mc Ma )
K (BC)
M (CA)
Mc
(Ma Mb )
(AB)
(AM )
M a Mb Mc
} h d a Rh Yh baih Sh dF~`py`prH f b b S R b d fa S fV chFbxchyci8XcVg8` 8X|w

"
M a Mb Mc
(Mb Mc ) C Da Da C C
M = D a Db
M = D a Db
D a Db
K K
Dc
dd dd
& & & &
DDD h bVH d pprFaXrgwP} tr(Q3 3 3 Rh ha Rh RPa ah 3 (0(QQX080c|8`ps8FRXI(x8% r8&qchFbI0D h qXcV`prrrFRb d r0FRXyp`ph HP a RPSSP 3h f b fi h R f aSh h bV Yh HP iHh %i f h hd a h d R baihSHha Sa bV Sh d R f aS Fo`|0chQx8o`8FRXq|(pprEy|8XcV`Fag8Xpe(xFa(W`cS`(QS FRXmq`pprFaXrgwPs} pr(Qa b 3bS a R h Y f hS a h 3bS h b V Y h H P S h S V S R b b d R V i f P b PT ba P a bV h DDD h bVH d Rh Sha Rh RP ah } Sh bHiS RVi bi Sh f b RVi h d fPhi b T S RP mprFa`r8XprFHp8dcXps(!prcS(P ch8(8d h d ch% (QEXX8% 8u`8FR(Fa8#xB b PHV YV h R f bS bP b R d R h f SHV 8dQrXq H fS aSh b f ``pq0 SH P rXcV(83 D h (0(QQX 80cXpi a HP aRPSSP hf bRV h8`ph R f aS a bV fd f ah 0FRXygchFb3 8(8d SRP h d ch% (QEXX878r8FR(8XrrcS88X|w b PHV YV % h R f bS bP S RVS b R d S fV D Xrsd ah Y YVS h fPhi b T f (!prcS(P qgd h bVH d rFaXrgswP 8XrX88X83 h S RVaV R S fV R ah R h d h bHa b d Y pci``(wPgpswP } ha RPiS aS r(!pr`ph h bVH d rFaXrgwPg3 h R h d h bHa b d Y } ha RPiS aS ah Y YVS h tpci``(wPgpwPtr(!pr`ph Xrd f P h i b PT f (!prcS(Wgd hrFaXrgt8R D h bVH d h R h d h bHa b d Y } ha RPiS ah Y YVS h pci``(wPgpwPsr0(!pr3 Xrsd f P h i b PT f (!prcS(Wgd rFaXrg88X o h bVH d h R f S RV b DS R P a R bVS !p8EFFb(chXr83 a h 3 h d Sh bHa b d S ih ~ ppci``(wPgpY pchpdP a h 3 Sh bVH d Sh d Sh baih ShH S R baihSHha b prFaXrgxppdF~`prpr8XcV`prrrFR3 h 3 r0FRXypchs80cSra rFRXypd a Sa bV S h f h Sa bV Sh f b d fa b h f S R P h b V Y h h d ha V R h R f S R P d b VT hH b Y hH H f V PH P P h f b f i haa h chFbschchg8` FschF80XwP8(8d 8FRXIrX8s88(8scSXWr r wPsXycas Q((80cr`

1HGE " FA2HG" %$G 5 17 "! G
b DV H b b b V W7SQ A X ` `
B C O
5 86
dB
dB = (BO)
DB [AB]
dA
M a Mb Mc [BC] [CA] [AB]
Mc
M b = Mc = M = O
dA A M dA A DA
dB d C
dC
DA
DB
[AC] (CMc )
DC
Mb
DC
[BC] Ma (Ma Mb ) C
(M A) (M B)
M = d B dc
BCO
(M C)
E D h f a Rh Yha b d Y b hHa RV 8d|0r(wPgpFYr`XY hi Rh bi R Vi H P h d V %a Y P p8cd8gp(m8(ID h fVihH V a bV yXpprmchFh 0FRXymch h a } h bHiS RVi bi h f b RVi rFa`r8XprFH80cXpwP FaXrS p XcV`(wPrtr `r`pX2VUcS`(S bV R ba hH hH b RHh d haahi } a R T baP a h S R bHa S h f S RVSV fS 3a Rh Yh f VH bi pchE(wP``pch8d8XrErn0800rFpx

g Fa`XWVgwFCm28(8sr`Xro0 b RH f T 3v D u S R P d aH V hH 3b f
(C1 C2 ) C1 C2 c c A B
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