Legal and Administrative Terminology and Translation Problems

par le Dr. Alexander LANE

Juriste, traducteur et terminologue, auteur de nombreux travaux dans le domaine de la jurilinguistique, le Dr. LANE est le prsident de l'Institut international de terminologie juridique et administrative, dont le secrtariat permanent est Berlin.

SOMMAIRE
La terminologie juridique et administrative constitue la langue technique utilise par l'Administration, la Justice et le monde des juristes, par opposition la langue commune dont elle se distingue en outre par certaines caractristiques d'ordre syntaxique et stylistique, outre sa nomenclature particulire. L'crit est sa source principale, qu'il s'agisse de documents caractre officiel (lois, traits, dcisions de justice...) ou non (contrats, testaments, opinions...). Cette spcificit de la terminologie juridique et administrative pose nombre de problmes au traducteur, notamment quant la comprhension et l'interprtation du texte; de plus, le passage d'un systme un autre prsente des difficults singulires tant sur le plan conceptuel, qu'illustre particulirement la traduction des lois en pays bilingue, d'accords internationaux et de documents tels les actes notaris, que sur le plan de la forme. Afin d'aider le traducteur dans sa tche et de lui fournir les outils ncessaires qui lui font tant dfaut dans ce domaine, deux organismes ont t crs, l'un en Europe, et l'autre au Canada, qui ont pour principale fonction, le premier d'tablir, sous les auspices du Conseil de l'Europe, un glossaire europen de droit et de terminologie administrative par couple de langues (allemand-franais, anglais-franais, allemand-espagnol...), le second, de crer un centre international d'tudes terminologiques affili INFOTERM.

I. GENERAL 1. Definition
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Legal and Administrative Terminology (abbreviated as LAT in the following) may be defined as the technical language employed by the legislators, administrative authorities, the courts and members of the legal professions. It is characterized by the special terms and expressions peculiar to this particular field, and it also exhibits a number of special syntactic, stylistic and idiomatic features.

2. Sources of LAT
The technical language of the legal and administrative sector is found primarily in written texts, which may be classified as follows:

official texts, whose wording is prescriptive and must therefore also be used by translators, i.e. laws, statutory instruments, texts of ratified international agreements; other documents issued by authorities and courts, whose contents are legally binding but whose wording is not prescriptive, i.e. judgments and other decisions handed down by courts, decisions taken by administrative authorities, official announcements, letters, etc.; non-official texts, i.e. documents drawn up by members of the legal profession in performance of their functions (e.g. documents authenticated by a notary public, such as contracts, wills and powers of attorney; written applications and submissions by lawyers; legal literature; written opinions on legal or administrative matters; sometimes also private correspondence if it is used for the purpose of providing evidence in a legal dispute, etc.).

3. Defining the scope of LAT

Not every text that is generated in connection with legislative, judicial or administrative activity or in connection with the practicing of the legal profession automatically contains LAT. Since law and administration cover all aspects of human life, a number of problems arise when we try to distinguish LAT from the terminologies of other technical language or even from the vocabulary of standard language. By standard language is meant the totality of words and expressions that should be known to all users of a particular language. It covers the vocabulary of all the subjects taught at an ordinary school and permits the speaker of the language to read a daily newspaper or follow radio and television programs without any particular problems. Standard language is the base on which the various technical languages are built up. While standard language can exist without specialized technical language, the reverse is not true technical language presupposes the existence of standard language. Colleges that train translators and interpreters are therefore quite right in insisting that their students should acquire a perfect command of standard language, for without it a specialized text cannot be appropriately translated into another language. As in all areas of language, it is not possible to draw a clear dividing line between technical language and standard language. If only because of the mass media, many terms used in technical language have become part of a person's everyday vocabulary, whereas on the other hand some expressions used in standard language have acquired a specific meaning in a particular subject area and have thus become termini technici in that area. This process can frequently be observed in the case of LAT as well.

In actual legal practice, it is a problem not only to distinguish LAT from standard language but also to distinguish between it and the large number of other technical languages. For example, in court cases of all kinds, witnesses give evidence and experts deliver opinions covering a wide range of subjects. These statements either relate to situations in everyday life in which case the text contains only standard language or they relate to a specialized subject such as medicine, construction, automotive engineering, etc. in which case they are technical texts in the respective discipline. Such texts, which usually form part of the documentation of the case before the court do not come under the heading of LAT.

4. Characteristics of LAT
The critical observer is struck by the following peculiarities of LAT which occur not just in English, French, German and Spanish (the languages which are compared here) but also in most other languages: The first thing that stands out is the wealth of archaic words, expressions, phrases and linguistic forms, also the Latin tags, and a certain clumsiness in the manner of expressing ideas. For reasons of space, it is not possible in this essay to deal with these in detail. Nevertheless, I should like to take a closer look at some features. The archaic nature of legal language, which very clearly and definitely distinguishes it from other technical languages, has something to do with the fact that the legal sources from which it stems are usually extremely old. For example, the system of Common law goes back as far as the 13th century, the Code civil contains expressions and phrases dating from the 17th and 18th centuries, and the situation is similar in the case of Spains Cdigo Civil and the German Brgerliches Gesetzbuch (Civil Code). However, the material that the lawmakers have adopted from earlier times becomes mixed with more recent and even modern language which finds its way into the text as a result of amendments and revisions of the laws. Because of this mixture of the old and the new the text sometimes lacks stylistic homogeneity; therefore we find that it is also necessary to consider the stylistic aspects of LAT. Naturally, there are some people who are capable of maintaining a beautiful style when producing LAT texts. But, nowadays in particular, anyone engaged in such activity is forced to work against the clock and must be content with merely expressing what needs to be said, while the niceties of linguistic form have to take second place. The efforts which have been made, for example, by legislative bodies, to rectify defective language in draft legislation by enlisting the aid of linguistic associations and recognized stylists have so far met with little success. It often happens that the pure linguist, who is not familiar with the subject matter in question, has difficulty in finding better ways of phrasing concepts without running the risk of altering the sense. Another factor that contributes to the lack of stylistic beauty and homogeneity is that the texts of parliamentary bills or official communications are drafted jointly by several persons or agencies, and the texts of agreements or treaties come about through the process of negotiation; in all these cases, the main purpose of the participants is to agree on the content of the texts, whereas they have little time to spare on linguistic form.

II. TRANSLATION PROBLEMS 5. Understanding the text

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The problems faced by translators of LAT texts commence with the actual understanding of the text. If the translator is not a trained lawyer, he may not necessarily be able to comprehend the meaning of a text. Therefore, the ability to understand the legal content of a text depends on the amount of preparatory training that the translator has received. The ideal translator is one who is an expert in the law of the source language country as well as in the law of the target language country. Translators with such skills are found in international organizations, such as the European Court (Court of Justice of the European Communities) in Luxembourg. However, the need for translations of legal texts is in practice so great that suitable translators have to be trained for this purpose. It is obvious that the goal of a translator in taking such training is different from that of a person studying to enter the legal profession (i.e. to become a lawyer, judge, etc.). The fledgling lawyer must learn how to handle the law and how to make legal decisions. In contrast, a person being trained to become a translator of legal texts has much more modest goals. He must be able to understand the institutions and mechanisms of the law so that he can grasp the meaning of the texts set before him and translate them properly into the target language. Consequently, he must have a knowledge of the legal terminology and of the specialized dictionaries and reference works that are used in his two working languages. This knowledge is usually acquired by taking a course of study at a school for interpreters and translators. In addition, however, it is advisable to study law, although it is not necessary to take an exam qualifying the student for entry into the legal profession.

6. Interpretation of the text

There are various problems that hamper clear understanding of a text. These include, for example, terms, expressions, formulations, abbreviations, etc. with which the translator is unfamiliar, and also a lack of clarity in the source text. The translator must overcome his terminological difficulties by making use of his stock in trade, namely dictionaries as well as unilingual and multilingual reference works. Sometimes it also helps to consult with a recognized expert on the subject. It is more difficult to deal with the problem of a text whose meaning is not clear. The lack of clarity may arise because the translator cannot understand a text if it is phrased in such a way that only a trained lawyer can comprehend its meaning. Here again, the only solution is to consult with a legal expert. Under no circumstances is the translator permitted to place his own interpretation on the text, and it is absolutely forbidden for him to attempt to interpret the legal content. If various translations are possible, then the translator must point this out in a translators note .

7. Differences between legal systems

The translator faces a very special set of problems when he is called upon to translate the terminology describing concepts that are unknown in the target language or that do not exist in exactly the same form in that language. About 15 years ago, the Internationales Institut fr Rechts- und Verwaltungssprache (International Institute for Legal and Administrative Terminology) (see Section 11 herein for a description of the Institute) decided to study this fundamental problem. The result was that the Institute developed a method for coping with this difficulty, and this will be briefly explained in the following:

A terminological comparison between one language and the other is based on concepts and terms (Ferdinand de Saussure : Les signifis et les signifiants ). According to the definition given in the German standard DIN 2330, a concept is a unit of thought which combines within itself the properties and relationships of things (material and immaterial objects, situations and circumstances, events, actions, procedures, etc.). The properties and the relationships are called the characteristics of the concept. In the sphere of language a concept is identified by a term which may consist of a single word or of a group of words or even of letters or graphical symbols. When it is necessary to translate a term from one language into a term in another language, it is the task of comparative terminology to go back to the concepts associated with the terms in question and examine whether they do actually correspond. A comparison of the concepts may reveal that their characteristics match up completely, the concepts are identical, in which case the mathematical symbol = is used to express this state of equivalence. If the concepts are only more or less equivalent, then the symbol is used. If there is no corresponding concept in the other language, then the symbol is employed. Let us consider an example from the law of procedure the concept E appeal (D Berufung; F appel; S apelacin). Conceptual characteristics A. Legal proceedings aimed at bringing about a complete or partial annulment or amendment of a judgment delivered by a court. B. The effect of an appeal once it has been duly lodged is to a. postpone the coming into force of the judgment (suspensive effect), or b. have the case sent to a higher court for a decision (devolutionary effect). C. An appeal is directed against the actual findings and the legal conclusions of judgment. D. To be valid, an appeal must adhere to certain formal requirements (it must be submitted in writing to the proper court within a specified period of time: judex a quo or judex ad quem). E. The entire case is tried again, both from the factual and the legal standpoint, in the court of appeal. Once we have determined these characteristics of the concept in the sphere of application of the law in the source language country, we must check to see whether the same characteristics can also be assigned to the terms Berufung , appel or apelacin . It should be noted in this connection that the characteristics of a concept are not all equally important. Some are essential for determining the overall characteristics of the concept ( essentialia) while the others are not essential (accidentalia). If all the essentialia match up and only a few of the accidentalia differ from each other, then we can consider using the symbol = . If most of the essentialia are identical and some of the accidentalia are also the same, then the two concepts are similar ( ). If the essential characteristics do not coincide, then the source language concept and the target language concept are not equivalent ( ). However, not every problem is solved by classifying the concepts according to their characteristics. In particular, the decision denoted by the symbol is merely negative. If we tell the translator that the concept NN in the source language does not exist in the target 5

language, we must also tell him what word he should use instead, we must at least suggest a translation. This provides the comparative terminologist with the opportunity not only to be analytical and descriptive but also prescriptive. Admittedly, he cannot force a translator to adopt his suggestion; instead, he can only hope that the translator will find it acceptable. The following are some examples for the language combination German/English which are taken from the volumes of the Europaglossar der Rechts- und Verwaltungssprache (European Glossary of Legal and Administrative Terminology) published by the Internationales Institut fr Rechts- und Verwaltungssprache. "=" Satzung f. by(e) - law (vom Gemeinderat erlassenes Ortsrecht; (a local law enacted by the council, in in England bedrfen Satzungen in der England normally requiring confirmation Regel der ministeriellen Genehmigung; in by the appropriate minister; German by(e) Deutschland brauchen sie nur in - laws must be confirmed only in certain besonderen Fllen genehmigt zu werden.) specific cases.) (Term 37 from Volume 14 Local Government German and English) "" Firmenname m. (nach englischem Recht business name (in the United Kingdom, der Narre, unter dem ein Geschft the narre under which a business is carried betrieben wird. In einem Register der on. Every person, firm or limited Firmennamen mu jede Person, Firma company (qq.v.) having a place of (s.d.) oder Gesellschaft mit beschrnkter business (q.v.) in the UK and carrying on Haftung (s.d.) eingefragen werden, die business under a business narre which eine Niederlassung (s.d.) im VK hat und does not consist of the true surname of the Geschfte unter einem Namen betrelbt, person, of true surnames or corporate der nicht mit ihrem wirklichen narres of ail the partners, or the corporate Nachnamen oder dem Nachnamen Oder narre of the company without any addition krperschaftlichen Namen aller Teilhaber (other than the true Christian narres or identisch ist, oder der nioht aus dem initiais thereof in the case of surnames) krperschaftlichen Namen der must be registered in the register of Gesellschaft ohne jeden Zusatz (auer business narres. den wirklichen Vornamen oder deren Anfangsbuchstaben zustzlich zum In the FRG the narre, under which a Nachnamen) besteht. business is carried on, is called Firma In der SRD wird der Narre, unter dem ein (q.v.). Geschft betrieben wird, als Firma (s. d.) bezeichnet. When the business is carried on in a Wird das Geschft in kaufmnnischer commercial form, the Firma is to be Form betrieben, dann mu die Firma registered in the commercial register kept in das bei den Amtsgerichten gefhrte by the local courts.) (Registration of Handelsreglster eingetragen werden.) Business Narres Act 1916; Companies (1, 4, 6, 8 ff. 17 ff. HGB, 4 GmbHG, Act 1947 S. 123, Sched. IX, Pt. II) 125 FGG) (Term 136 from Volume 13 Law of Establishment German and English) 6

" " v.f : Haftpflichtdeckung f. (Diese Versicherungsart ist nicht auf die Deckung von Unfllen auf ffentlichen Wegen beschrnkt (gesetzliche Mindesthaftpflicht), sondern gilt auch fr solche, die sich an anderen Orten ereignen. Ihr Haupfzweck ist es, den Versicherungsnehmer gegen Haftpflichtansprche bei Tod oder Krperverletzung und bei Sachschden dritter Personen abzusichern.) (Term 67 from volume 27 Motor Insurance .)

Third Party), cover (This type of policy is not confined to touer for accidents on public roads ( Act Only ), but applies also to those occurring elsewhere. Its main function is to cover the policyholder against his liability for the death of or bodily injury to other persons and for damage to third party property.)

8. Translations of laws and of the texts of international agreements

In countries which have more than one official language, and which therefore have to publish their legislation in at least two and possibly more languages, the preparation of the various versions acquires a special importance. The task in this case is not so much one of translating, pure and simple, but instead it involves the problem of how to draw up legal texts of identical content in more than one language. The problem becomes even more complex when the different languages are in addition associated with different systems of law, as is the case for example with English (Common law) and French (Code civil) in Canada. In keeping with international practice, the fundamental procedure followed when drawing up legislation in more than one language is first to draft the law in one of the languages and then to have the Governments official translation service prepare the version in the other language(s). Both, or where more than two languages are concerned, all the texts are working texts as regards their formulation and factual content, and their wording is worked on by the various organs and persons involved in the legislative process; through discussions in Parliament, in the various Government Departments and in other bodies an attempt is made to find solutions which best suit the prevailing political circumstances. The translator is only one of the persons involved in this process. He is responsible for nothing more than the linguistic form and not for the shaping of the contents of the legislation. The procedure followed at the international organizations is in principle similar. If there are institutional differences in the spheres of application of the official languages, the creators of multilingual legislation must consider whether they should pass a law to replace the different institutions by uniform ones, thereby creating a standard terminology, or whether they should maintain the status quo. In the latter case the legislators will have no choice but to depart from the fundamental rule of achieving philological agreement between the two texts if they wish to ensure that, despite the different institutions, the law is the same for all subjects, regardless of what language they speak. Like the domestic legislation of a bi or multilingual country, the multilingual texts of international agreements are also the result of negotiations regarding content and form. Conference interpreters and conference translators are brought in to provide assistance in this process. What form the final version of the agreement takes depends on the willingness of the

negotiating parties to compromise. Sometimes the parties are unable to agree on either the language or the content of certain clauses, but they do not wish this to stand in the way of the agreement being signed, so they agree to disagree on such points. Thus, in both languages the texts deviate from each other not only linguistically but also factually at these points. This is a fact that is often overlooked when the texts of international agreements are used as translation aids. In this connection, attention should be drawn to another circumstance with which the translator is often insufficiently familiar. In keeping with the custom commonly adopted in the English-speaking world, the agreements usually contain a list of definitions, and they create their own terminology for the scope of application of the given agreement; such terminology cannot, however, be used outside the area of application of the agreement. Pure translations of international agreements that were concluded in other languages are common in international practice, particularly in the case of the worldwide agreements concluded by the UN. They are drawn up and signed in the official languages of the UN. When these agreements are incorporated into the legislation of member countries with other official languages, or of countries that join the UN at a later date and that also use other official languages, a translation is included with the official text of the agreement, and in many countries the translation is at the same time printed in their Law Gazette. Since only the agreements themselves become domestic law through the act of ratification, the text of the attached translations is not prescriptive.

9. Translations of documents
Unless a translator decides to concentrate exclusively on scientific and technical texts, the translation of documents or deeds (G : Urkunden; F: documents, actes notaris or actes sous seing priv; S: actas notariales, escrituras, documentos, certificados) will play an important role in his professional life. (Examples that can be quoted here are: private agreements of all kinds, wills, marriage, birth and death certificates, etc., legal decisions of all kinds, documents relating to court and administrative proceedings, decisions reached by administrative bodies, etc.). As far as European practice is concerned, the following fundamental principles have been adopted for the translation of deeds and documents: The translator must first cope with the format of the document. The primary characteristic is the external form, the size of the paper, the quality of the paper; is it a handwritten or typed text, or is it a mixture of a printed form filled in by hand or with a typewriter? In addition, there are other elements to be considered, e.g. the use of text stamps, seals, and accessories such as document ties in the national colours, also special protective covers, etc. These external features are distinctive for the individual languages and subject fields. However, for the physical presentation of his translation the translator usually has nothing more than his typewriter and this permits only a limited choice of typeface and layout. The work of the translator commences with the problem of trying to reproduce these external features. With his typewriter, he must attempt to create a document that resembles the original. In many cases this is an absolute requirement because many legal systems assign particular importance to these purely formal elements. The external form of a document also includes a variety of errors such as the omission of letters, words or parts of sentences, dates, place names, numbers, the mixing up of letters and words, grammatical errors of all kinds, and illegible passages caused by poor handwriting or external

wear and tear to the document. The study of the errors in a document is of great importance not only to the translator but also to all users of the document. Above all else, the question must be asked: Should the translation be better than the original? In the case of literary translations the answer must definitely be yes . On the other hand, where the translation of documents is concerned, it is of paramount importance to be absolutely true to the original. The translator may make an improvement, not forgetting to point this fact out in a footnote, only in those relatively rare cases when it is clear from the document itself that, for example, a word has been left out or a careless slip has been made. As regards the omission or incorrect quoting of figures and names, it is usually not permissible to make any correction, although the translator is obliged to draw the readers attention to such points in a footnote. The origin of the document and the use to which the translation is to be put are further important factors. Is it a French text from France or Haiti, from Quebec, Belgium or a francophone African country, or an English document from the USA, Canada, Great Britain, Australia, New Zealand, etc., a Spanish text from Spain or South America, a German document from the Federal Republic of Germany, Austria or Switzerland? There are different institutions and names in the various language zones. The translator must bear this in mind not only when analyzing the original document but when considering the use to which his translation is to be put. The reproduction of names in documents brings the translator up against the general problem of how to spell (i.e. transliterate) them. If the source language uses Roman letters, then it is customary to retain the original spelling, even when the letters in the original are modified by diacritical symbols (, , , , ,t, q, q, be put in by hand. As far as documents in most western languages are concerned, narres that are spelled in Roman letters in the source language are not ned, narres that are spelled in Roman letters in the source language are not usually phoneticized in the target language. (Turkish is an exception to this rule: A ed = Hachette). In the case of languages which use non-Roman characters (Russian, Arabic, Chinese, etc.), the transliteration is based largely on the pronunciation, but the method of transliteration varies from country to country. The translator must therefore be aware, for example, that a Chinese name is transliterated differently in a document written in French, English, German or Spanish. Names of streets are not translated but left in their original form because this makes it possible for the post office, for example, to locate the addresses. In many cases it is quite impossible to translate the narres of authorities, because there is no equivalent institution in the country of the target language. The solution to this problem is to give the narre in exactly the form that is used in the source language and to provide an explanation, or perhaps even a suggested translation, in brackets after the narre. The same applies to abbreviations, unless various versions of them exist in other languages, as is the case with the acronyms of many international organizations (UN = VN = ONU; NATO = OTAN, etc.). Figures and dates should be given in the same way that they appear in the source language, i.e. Roman numerals for Roman numerals and Arabic for Arabic. Care is required with regard to the sequence in which the numbers are presented in dates because this varies from language to language, and if the original form is adopted unchanged it can cause errors.

III. INSTITUTIONS
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10. In the following, we will examine two institutions which have made it their business to study the development of LAT, namely the Internationales Institut fr Rechts- und Verwaltungssprache (11) and the LEAT Centre (12). 11. The Internationales Institut fr Rechts- und Verwaltungssprache dates back to 1963 when an international study group was formed in Berlin by representatives of various Government ministries in the Federal Republic of Germany, France and the Benelux countries. The desire in establishing this group was to create suitable training aids for the personnel of national administrative bodies whose job requires them to conduct negotiations in other languages in foreign countries. In 1967 this study group acquired the status of an International Institute. Legally, the Institute is an international organization with non-official status (non governmental organization), and under German law it is treated as an unincorporated association. The head office of the Institute is located in Berlin1. The membership of the Institute is made up of experts from various European countries (Germany, France, Great Britain, Italy, Spain, Luxembourg). These experts are either high-ranking ministerial officials from specialist ministries (e.g. ministries of economics, foreign ministries, ministries of domestic affairs, etc.) or they are professors or members of the legal profession. The Institute is run by a Board of Directors consisting of a President, several Vice-Presidents and the Head of the Permanent Secretariat. The Vice-Presidents are at the same time the Heads of the five national sections (German, British, French, Italian, Spanish) of the Institute. According to the constitution of the Institute, its aim is to promote the study and research into legal and administrative terminology as well as the associated legal and administrative systems. In this way it seeks to help persons who are engaged in the work of international authorities and agencies to achieve their international goals and thus to contribute towards peaceful understanding between nations. The main activity of the Institute is to publish the Europaglossar der Rechts- und Verwaltungssprache (European Glossary of Legal and Administrative Terminology). This glossary is available in single volumes, each of which deals with one particular subject in one pair of languages (e.g. Budgeting and Auditing: German/English; Marriage Law: German/French; Motor Vehicle Insurance German/English; or French Legal Terms in European Treaties: English/French). Each volume contains a bilingual introduction to the various aspects of the subject in both countries (e.g. a brief description is given of German and French budgeting and auditing procedures) as well as systematically arranged presentation of technical terms and phrases with definitions and terminological comments; the volumes are rounded off by alphabetically arranged subject indexes. The individual volumes of the Glossary are prepared by Joint Committees that meet for one week at a time in various places throughout Europe. The various experts provide their services free of charge, but their travel expenses are reimbursed out of the Institute's funds. At the present time the Institute has about 100 experts as members.

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The address of the Permanent Secretariat is 1 000 Berlin 12, Knesebeckstrasse 8-9, Federal Republic of Germany.

The European Glossary differs from the usual alphabetically arranged dictionaries in that it is systematically arranged and thus permits concentrated study of the terminology of a particular subject area without, however, dispensing with the convenience of an alphabetical headword index2.

12. LEAT Centre

In May 1975, at the invitation of the International Information Centre for Terminology (INFOTERM), a world congress on the subject of international cooperation in the area of terminology was held in Vienna. The congress decided to set up a worldwide network for terminological studies (TermNet). In connection with the congress a world centre for legal, economic and administrative terminology was created under the acronym of LEAT. It is the task of LEAT to collect from all over the world and in all languages a full range of information on terminological dictionaries and reference works, on terminology courses and terminology projects, as well as on any other literature dealing with this special field of terminology. LEAT is affiliated with INFOTERM, Vienna, within the framework of the UNISIT Programme of the UNITED NATIONS. It is located in Ottawa, Canada.

The Institute has so far published the following volumes

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Office Terminology and procedure *15. Telephone and Telegraph Services/German and French Conference Terminology / German and 16. French Salaries and Emoluments of Public 17. Officials / German and French Administrative law and Procedure in 18. Administrative Courts / German and French Civil Service Organization and Titles of *19. Officials Authorities / German and French Local Government / German and 20. French Budgeting / German and French 21. Civil Service Law / German and French 22. Regional Policy / German and French 23. Legal Terms in English Law of Contract / English and French Public Utilities / German and French Regional Policy / German and Italian Regional Policy / German and English Marriage and Divorce / German and French Local Government / German and Italian Law of Establishment / German and French Civil Service Organization / German and Italian Education / German and French

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10. 11. *12. *13. 14.

Contracting in Relation to Public Authorities / German and French Youth / German and French

24. 25.

Selected French Legal Terms in 26. European Treaties / French and English Selected Terms of the Law of 27. Establishment / German and English Local Government / German and 28. English

Office Terminology and Procedure Telephone and Telegraph Services / German and Italian Conference Terminology / German and Italian Budgeting and Auditing / German and Italian Motor Vehicle Insurance / German and English Budgeting and Auditing / German and Spanish

* Volumes prepared under the Auspices of the Council of Europe.

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