Geology and Ore Deposits

of the Peruvian Andes

M. Cardozo - A. Bustamante

Moving from the gold rush into a copper boom

8

Gold Ounces
(millions)

LARGEST PRODUCER OF GOLD

IN LATIN AMERICA

4
2
1990

1994

1998

2002

2006

2010

2014

Copper Tons
(millions)

3
2

SECOND LARGEST PRODUCER OF COPPER

IN THE WORLD

1
-

2001

2004

2007

2010

2013

A preferred destination for mineral exploration dollars

5
800

720

3
588

570

600

6
5

728

560

6
4
400

357

293
257

6
200

120

0
2003

3
588

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

World ranking
Millions of dollars invested in mineral exploration

Peru enjoys a very dynamic exploration

community and efficient mining cadastre
Legend
Legend
1993 (1222,626 ha)
Legend
1993
1994
(175,380
(1222,626
ha) ha)
Legend
1993
1994
1995
(175,380
(256,776
(1222,626
ha) ha)
Legend
1993
1994
1995
1996
(175,380
(256,776
(146,026
(1222,626
ha) ha)
Legend
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
(175,380
(256,776
(146,026
(112,276
(1222,626
ha) ha)
Legend
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
(175,380
(256,776
(146,026
(112,276
(149,671
(1222,626
ha) ha)
Legend
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
(175,380
(256,776
(146,026
(112,276
(149,671
(128,431
(1222,626
ha) ha)
Legend
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
(175,380
(256,776
(146,026
(112,276
(149,671
(128,431
(179,552
(1222,626
ha) ha)
Legend
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
(175,380
(256,776
(146,026
(112,276
(149,671
(128,431
(179,552
(170,397
(1222,626
ha) ha)
Legend
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
(175,380
(256,776
(146,026
(112,276
(149,671
(128,431
(179,552
(170,397
(249,377
(1222,626
ha) ha)
Legend
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
(175,380
(256,776
(146,026
(112,276
(149,671
(128,431
(179,552
(170,397
(249,377
(568,145
(1222,626
ha) ha)
Legend
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
(175,380
(256,776
(146,026
(112,276
(149,671
(128,431
(179,552
(170,397
(249,377
(568,145
(716,277
(1222,626
ha) ha)
Legend
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
(175,380
(256,776
(146,026
(112,276
(149,671
(128,431
(179,552
(170,397
(249,377
(568,145
(716,277
(991,053
(1222,626
ha) ha)
Legend
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
(175,380
(256,776
(146,026
(112,276
(149,671
(128,431
(179,552
(170,397
(249,377
(568,145
(716,277
(991,053
(1430,441
(1222,626
ha)ha)
ha)
Legend
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
(175,380
(256,776
(146,026
(112,276
(149,671
(128,431
(179,552
(170,397
(249,377
(568,145
(716,277
(991,053
(1430,441
(1694,572
(1222,626
ha)ha)
ha)
Legend
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
(175,380
(256,776
(146,026
(112,276
(149,671
(128,431
(179,552
(170,397
(249,377
(568,145
(716,277
(991,053
(1430,441
(1694,572
(2316,265
(1222,626
ha)ha)
ha)
Legend
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
(175,380
(256,776
(146,026
(112,276
(149,671
(128,431
(179,552
(170,397
(249,377
(568,145
(716,277
(991,053
(1430,441
(1694,572
(2316,265
(1383,765
(1222,626
ha)ha)
ha)
Legend
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
(175,380
(256,776
(146,026
(112,276
(149,671
(128,431
(179,552
(170,397
(249,377
(568,145
(716,277
(991,053
(1430,441
(1694,572
(2316,265
(1383,765
(4543,536
(1222,626
ha)ha)
ha)
Legend
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
(4636,998
(175,380
(256,776
(146,026
(112,276
(149,671
(128,431
(179,552
(170,397
(249,377
(568,145
(716,277
(991,053
(1430,441
(1694,572
(2316,265
(1383,765
(4543,536
(1222,626
ha)
ha)
ha)
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
May
2012
(4636,998
(175,380
(256,776
(146,026
(112,276
(149,671
(128,431
(179,552
(170,397
(249,377
(568,145
(716,277
(991,053
(1430,441
(1694,572
(2316,265
(1383,765
(4543,536
(1222,626
(1147,126
ha)
ha)
ha)ha)

QUATERNARY

0
PLIOCENE

Quechua

MIOCENE

TERTIARY

Phases

OLIGOCENE

Incaic Phases

EOCENE

Volcanic
Limestone

50

Coarse clastic

PALEOCENE

Peruvian Phose

UPPER

Fine clastic

CRETACEDUS
100

Mochica Phose
LOWER

MALM

JURASSIC

150

DOGGER
LIAS

TRIASSIC

UPPER
LOWER

PERMIAN
CARBONIFEROUS

200

250
PENNSYLVANIAN

Late Hercynian
Phoss
300

MISSISSIPPIAN

Early Hercynian
Phase

350

DEVONIAN

A thick, mainly
late Pz Up.K,
marine sed.- volc.
Sequence.

400

SILURIAN

Followed by a
terrestrial clastic
sequence and intense
sub-aereal volcanic
activity

450

ORDOVICIAN
500

CAMBRIAN

550

600

PRE - CAMBRIAN

2000

100

COSTA

WESTERN
CORDILLERA

300

200

ALTIPLANO

EASTERN
CORDILLERA

SUBANDEAN
REGION

km

Coastal
Batholith

QUATERNARY

Cordillera
Blanca
Batholith

PLIOCENE

Quechua

MIOCENE

TERTIARY

OLIGOCENE

Phases

Volcanic
Limestone

Incaic Phases

EOCENE
50
PALEOCENE

Peruvian Phose

UPPER

CRETACEDUS

Coarse clastic
Fine clastic

100

Mochica Phose
LOWER

MALM

JURASSIC

Apurimac
Batholith

150

DOGGER
LIAS

TRIASSIC

UPPER
LOWER

PERMIAN
CARBONIFEROUS

200

250
PENNSYLVANIAN

Late Hercynian
Phoss
300

MISSISSIPPIAN

Early Hercynian
Phase

350

DEVONIAN
400

Pataz
Batholith

SILURIAN

450

ORDOVICIAN

500

CAMBRIAN

550

600

PRE - CAMBRIAN

2000

100

COSTA

WESTERN
CORDILLERA

300

200

ALTIPLANO

EASTERN
CORDILLERA

SUBANDEAN
REGION

km

Intense, episodic
magmatism occurred
in the Cordilleran
region.
Intrusives range from
deep
batholithic to
subvolcanic settings

QUATERNARY

0
PLIOCENE

Quechua

MIOCENE

TERTIARY

Phases

OLIGOCENE

Incaic Phases

EOCENE
50
PALEOCENE

Peruvian Phose

UPPER

CRETACEDUS
100

Mochica Phose
LOWER

MALM

JURASSIC

150

DOGGER

UPPER

CARBONIFEROUS

200

LOWER

PERMIAN

250
PENNSYLVANIAN

Late Hercynian
Phoss
300

MISSISSIPPIAN

Early Hercynian
Phase

350

DEVONIAN
SILURIAN

Cu Porphyry
Cu-Au Porphyry
IOCG
MVT
Cu VMS

LIAS

TRIASSIC

Deposit Types

Cu-Zn VMS
Cu Skarn
Cu-Zn Skarn
Polymet Replac.

400

450

Polymet Veins

ORDOVICIAN
500

CAMBRIAN

Epithermal

550

Mesothermal Au

600

PRE - CAMBRIAN

2000

100

COSTA

WESTERN
CORDILLERA

300

200

ALTIPLANO

EASTERN
CORDILLERA

SUBANDEAN
REGION

km

QUATERNARY

0
PLIOCENE

Quechua

MIOCENE

TERTIARY

Phases

OLIGOCENE

Incaic Phases

EOCENE

Main
Commodities

50
PALEOCENE

Peruvian Phose

UPPER

CRETACEDUS
100

Mochica Phose

Iron.
Copper

LOWER

Copper-Gold
MALM

JURASSIC

150

Copper-Zinc
Zinc

DOGGER
LIAS

TRIASSIC

UPPER
LOWER

PERMIAN
CARBONIFEROUS

200

250
PENNSYLVANIAN

Late Hercynian
Phoss

MISSISSIPPIAN

Early Hercynian
Phase

350

DEVONIAN
SILURIAN

400

450

ORDOVICIAN
500

CAMBRIAN

550

600

PRE - CAMBRIAN

Polymetallic

300

2000

100

COSTA

WESTERN
CORDILLERA

300

200

ALTIPLANO

EASTERN
CORDILLERA

SUBANDEAN
REGION

km

Gold-Silver
Tin + Other
Tungsten + Other

QUATERNARY

0
PLIOCENE

Quechua

MIOCENE

TERTIARY

Phases

OLIGOCENE

Incaic Phases

EOCENE

Mineralization
Age

50
PALEOCENE

Peruvian Phose

UPPER

CRETACEDUS
100

Mochica Phose
LOWER

MALM

JURASSIC

150

DOGGER
LIAS

TRIASSIC

UPPER
LOWER

PERMIAN
CARBONIFEROUS

200

250
PENNSYLVANIAN

Late Hercynian
Phoss
300

MISSISSIPPIAN

Early Hercynian
Phase

350

DEVONIAN
SILURIAN

400

450

ORDOVICIAN
500

CAMBRIAN

550

600

PRE - CAMBRIAN

2000

100

COSTA

WESTERN
CORDILLERA

300

200

ALTIPLANO

EASTERN
CORDILLERA

SUBANDEAN
REGION

km

U.Tertiary
Eocene-Olig.
Paleocene
Cretaceous
Jurassic
Paleozoic

QUATERNARY

Miocene
Phases
NorthernQuechua
Peru
Cu-Au Porphyry Belt

0
PLIOCENE
MIOCENE

TERTIARY

OLIGOCENE

Deposit
Types

Incaic Phases

EOCENE
50

Cu Porphyry

PALEOCENE

UPPER

Peruvian Phose

Cu-Au Porphyry

Mochica Phose

Cu Skarn

CRETACEDUS
100
LOWER

MALM

JURASSIC

150

DOGGER
LIAS

TRIASSIC

UPPER

PERMIAN
CARBONIFEROUS

200

LOWER
250
PENNSYLVANIAN

Late Hercynian
Phoss

Eocene-Oligocene
Apurimac
Early Hercynian
Phase
Cu Porphyry Belt

300

MISSISSIPPIAN
350

DEVONIAN

Paleocene
Southern Peru
Cu-Porphyry Belt

400

SILURIAN
450

ORDOVICIAN
500

CAMBRIAN

550

600

PRE - CAMBRIAN

2000

100

COSTA

WESTERN
CORDILLERA

300

200

ALTIPLANO

EASTERN
CORDILLERA

SUBANDEAN
REGION

km

Northern Peru Cu-Au Porphyry Belt

La Granja 2,800 Mt @ 0.51% Cu, 0.11% Zn

Caariaco 752 Mt @ 0.49% Cu eq
Cerro Corona 110 Mt @ 0.5% Cu, 0.9g/t Au

M.Conga 641 Mt @ 0.28% Cu, 0.75 g&t Au

(11.8 Moz Au, 3.2 Blb Cu)
Galeno 661 Mt @ 0.5% Cu, 0.12 g/t Au, 2.5 g/t Ag
Michiquillay 544 Mt @ 0.69% Cu, 2-4 g/t Ag.
La Arena 100Mt @ 0.46 g/t Au (oxides)
312Mt@ 0.24 g/t Au, 0.29% Cu (sulphides)
La Virgen 2 Mt @ 2.3 g/t Au

Paleocene Southern Peru Cu-Porphyry Belt

Zafranal 511 Mt @ 0.36% Cu , 0.07 g/t Au
Cerro Negro 64 Mt @ 0.56% Cu (oxide)
Cerro Verde 3,977 Mt @ 0.39% Cu, 0.01% Mo
Chapi 220 Mt 0.52% CuT, 0.11% CuS
Los Calatos 2,316 Mt @ 0.41% Cu, 0.021% Mo
Cuajone 2,300 Mt @ 0.48% Cu, 0.020% Mo
Quellaveco 1007 Mt @ 0.44% Cu, 0.019% Mo, 1.74 g/t Ag
Toquepala 3,300 Mt @ 0.47% Cu, 0.02% Mo

Ta Mara 640 Mt @ 0.39% Cu, 0.16 g/t Au

Eocene-Oligocene Apurimac Cu-Porphyry-Skarn Belt

Las Chancas 128Mt @ 0.48% Cu, 0.03% Mo (oxide)
482 Mt @ 0.55% Cu, 0.04% Mo, 0.04 g/t Au (sulfide)
Las Bambas 1,710 t @ 0.6% Cu, 0.018% Mo
Haquira 178Mt @0.51% Cu (oxide)
452 Mt @ 0.54% Cu, 0.013% Mo (sulfide)
Trapiche 449Mt @ 0.487% Cu
Constancia 413Mt @ 0.44% Cu,
0.011% Mo
Tintaya 400Mt @ 1.4% Cu

Antapaccay 1,032 Mt @ 0.49% Cu, 0.12 g/t Au

Sombrero

Coroccohuayco 324 Mt @ 0.93% Cu

Utupara-Chapi Chapi
Antilla 154 Mt @ 0.47% Cu, 0.009% Mo

Quechua 680 Mt @ 0.38% Cu

QUATERNARY

Corihuarmi

0
PLIOCENE

Quechua

MIOCENE

TERTIARY

Phases

OLIGOCENE

Incaic Phases

EOCENE

Yanacocha,
Pierina
Laguna Norte

50
PALEOCENE

Peruvian Phose

UPPER

CRETACEDUS
100

Mochica Phose
LOWER

MALM

JURASSIC

Quicay
150

DOGGER
LIAS

TRIASSIC

UPPER

CARBONIFEROUS

200

La Arena
Shahuindo

LOWER

PERMIAN

250
PENNSYLVANIAN

Late Hercynian
Phoss
300

MISSISSIPPIAN

Early Hercynian
Phase

350

DEVONIAN
400

SILURIAN
450

ORDOVICIAN
500

CAMBRIAN

550

600

PRE - CAMBRIAN

Deposit
Types

2000

100

COSTA

WESTERN
CORDILLERA

300

200

ALTIPLANO

EASTERN
CORDILLERA

SUBANDEAN
REGION

km

Epithermal

Yanacocha, Pierina & Southern Peru Epithermal Au-Ag Belts

Tantahuatay 27 Mt @ 0.9 g/t Au, 13 g/t Ag (0.8 Moz Au)
La Zanja 24 Mt @ 0.8 g/t Au (+0.6 Moz Au)
Yanacocha +700 Mt @ 0.8 g/t Au (+50 Moz/Au)
Shahuindo 218 Mt @ 0.58 g/t Au, 11.4 g/t Ag
(+4 Moz Au, +80 Moz Ag)
Lagunas Norte +650 Mt @ 0.71 g/t Au,
3.5 g/t Ag (14.4 M oz/Au, 24 Moz Ag)
Quiruvilca 1.4 Mt @ 160 g/t Ag, 5% Zn, 0.7% Cu

Pierina +100 Mt @ 2.0 g/t Au (+9 Moz/Au)

Quicay +12 Mt @ 0.9 g/t Au (+0.4 Moz Au)
Antapite

Orcopampa +2 Mt @ 18 g/t Au

Ares +1 Mt @ 20 g/t Au
Chucapaca 133 Mt @ 1.4 g/t Au, 10.8 g/t Ag,
0.09% Cu (6 Moz Au, 7.6 M oz/Au eq)
Santa Ana 50 Mt @ 38.6 g/t Ag, 0.29% Pb,
0.47 Zn (164 Moz Ag)
Pucamarca 34 Mt @ 0.72 g/t Au

QUATERNARY

San Rafael

Hualgayoc
0

PLIOCENE

Quechua

MIOCENE

TERTIARY

Phases

OLIGOCENE

Deposit
Types

Incaic Phases

EOCENE

Colquijirca

50

Antamina
PALEOCENE

Peruvian Phose

UPPER

CRETACEDUS

Cu Skarn
Cu-Zn Skarn

100

Mochica Phose
LOWER

Casapalca

Iscaycruz
MALM

JURASSIC

Polymet Replac.

150

DOGGER
LIAS

TRIASSIC

UPPER

Polymet Veins

200

LOWER

San Gregorio

PERMIAN

CARBONIFEROUS

250

PENNSYLVANIAN

Huanzal

Late Hercynian
Phoss

300

MISSISSIPPIAN

Early Hercynian
Phase

350

DEVONIAN
400

SILURIAN
450

ORDOVICIAN

Cercapuquio

San Cristobal

500

CAMBRIAN

550

600

PRE - CAMBRIAN

Zn Skarn

2000

100

COSTA

WESTERN
CORDILLERA

300

200

ALTIPLANO

EASTERN
CORDILLERA

SUBANDEAN
REGION

km

Central Peru Polymetallic Belt

Magistral 270 Mt @ 0.51% Cu, 0.06% Mo
Antamina 822 Mt @ 0.93% Cu, 0.66% Zn
Raura 3.1 Mt @ 0.52% Cu, 2.19% Pb, 3.03%
Atacocha 12.8 Mt @ 3.82% Zn, 1.84 oz/t Ag
Milpo 24 Mt @ 3.66% Zn, 1. 92 oz/t Ag
Cerro de Pasco +175 Mt @ 7.2% Zn, 2.3% Pb,
100 g/t Ag

Colquijirca +10 Mt @ 6.2% Zn, 3.3% Pb, 100 g/t Au

San Gregorio 82 Mt @ 6.61% Zn, 1.4% Pb
Huarn 9.6 Mt @ 190 g/t Ag
Morococha +30 Mt @ >7% Zn
+ Toromocho 2,150 Mt @ 0.5% Cu
Azulcocha 2 Mt @ 7.4% Zn, 14.4 %Mn
Iscaycruz 4.9 Mt @ 10.77% Zn, 0.57% Pb

Mineralized belts and provinces

Lancones Basin
VMS Cu-Zn-Au
Yanacocha Epithermal
Gold Belt
Pierina Epithermal
Gold Belt
Central Peru
Polymetallic Skarn &
Replacement Belt

Iron Oxides
Cu-Au Coastal
Belt

Northern Peru
Cu-Au Porphyry Belt
Northern Peru
MVT Zn Belt
Pataz Batholith
Mesothermal Gold Belt
Central Peru MVT
Zn-Belt
Eocene-Oligocene
Apurimac Cu-Porphyry
& Skarn Belt
Ananea Mesothermal
Gold Belt

Coastal Batholith
Mesothermal Gold Belt
Paleocene Southern Peru
Cu-Porphyry Belt

Southern Peru
Epithermal Au-Ag Belt

Northern Peru Schematic W-E Section

Late Cretaceous porphyry
Cu-Mo belt

La Pampa, El Tigre

Porphyry Cu-Mo-(Au),
Skarns Pb-Zn-Cu-(Ag)
and polymetallic belt

Au in metasedimentary
rocks of Ordovician and
Silurian-Ordovician age

Cerro Corona, Minas Conga,

Michiquillay, La Granja

Source:

Miocene, Au-Ag epithermal and

polymetallic deposits

Yanacocha, La Zanja,
Tantahuatay

Porphyry Cu-Mo-(Au), Skarns

Pb-Zn-Cu-(Ag) and
polymetallic belt
Cerro Corona, Minas Conga,
Michiquillay, La Granja

Eocene-Miocene Pb-Zn
MVT deposits

Bongar, Soloco

Mapa Metalogentico de INGEMMET (2009) Acosta, J., Rivera, R., Valencia, M., Chirif, H., et al.
Seccin estructural del Corredor San Pablo Porculla (2005) Enriquez et al.

Central Peru Schematic W-E Section

IOCG deposits, includes Cu
deposits (originally classified
as VMS) hosted by Lower
Cretaceous volcanics

Miocene Au-Ag epithermal

and polymetallic deposits

San Gregorio, Marcapunta,

C.de Pasco

Eocene-Miocene, Au-Ag epithermal

and polymetallic deposits

Toromocho, Morococha, Milpo,

Atacocha, Casapalca, Vinchos

Marcona, Mina Justa, RaulCondestable

Ubicacin de depsitos ??

Cu-Mo-Zn porphyry-skarn,
Au-Cu-Pb-Zn-and U-Ni-Co-Cu
deposits related to PermianTriassic intrusions

Eocene, Zn-Pb MVT deposits

hosted by Triassic-Jurassic
limestone

Huachon
San Vicente

Source:

Mapa Metalogentico de INGEMMET (2009) . Acosta, J., Rivera, R., Valencia, M., Chirif, H., et al.
Seccin compilada del Per Central (2003) T.J. Coughlin, Pro-Explo 2003

Southern Peru Schematic W-E Section

SW
Paleocene-Eocene,
Cu-Mo porphyry
deposits
Cerro Verde,
Quellaveco,
Toquepala

Miocene-Pliocene,
Au-Ag epithermal
deposits

Miocene, Au-Ag epithermal

Shila, Caylloma, Selene

Eocene-Oligocene
Cu-Mo-(Au-Zn) & Fe
porphyry-skarn deposits
Tintaya, Antapacay, Las
Bambas, Ferrobamba

NE
Eocene-Oligocene,
stratabound, red
bed-type deposits
Gilda, Santa Rosa

Palla Palla, Tucari

Eocene-Oligocene
Andahuaylas-Yauri Batholith

SW
Eocene-Oligocene CuMo-(Au-Zn) & Fe
porphyry-skarn
Sources:
deposits
Tintaya, Antapacay,
Las Bambas

Eocene-Oligocene,
stratabound, red
bed-type deposits
Gilda, Santa Rosa

Permian-Triassic, Cu-Mo-Zn
porphyry-skarn, Au-Cu-PbZn & U-Ni-Co-Cu occurrences

Minasnioc

Au veins in OrdovicianDevonian metasediments

NE
PlioceneQuaternary
alluvial gold

Ollaechea, Rinconada

Sources:

Eocene-Oligocene
Andahuaylas-Yauri Batholith
Source: Mapa Metalogentico de INGEMMET (2009) . Acosta, J., Rivera, R., Valencia, M., Chirif, H., et al.
Seccin estructural del Sur del Per- Condorama Cailloma y depsitos epitermales Au-Ag del Mioceno (2004) Velarde et al.
Seccin estructural del sur del Per (2006) Carlotto, V.

Conceptual East-West composite section in the Peruvian Andes

IOGC
Up. Jur Low. Cret

Mina Justa,
Marcona,
RalCondestable

Up. Jur Low. Cret.

Zn-Pb-Cu
Kurokotype

Cerro Lindo
LeonilaGraciela,
Tambogrande

PaleoceneEocene
Cu-Mo
porphyries

C. Verde,
Cuajone,
Toquepala,
Quellaveco

Eocene-Oligocene,
red-bed type
occurrences

Gilda, Santa Rosa

MiocenePliocene ,
Au-Ag
epithermal
Tucari, Santa
Rosa, Palla Palla,
Mazo Cruz

EoceneMiocene,
MVT-type,
Zn-Pb
deposits

Olig
Au-Sn
veins

Miocene Cu-Au Mo
porphyries, polymetallic
replacement-skarn dep. and
Au-Ag epithermal
Yanacocha, Cerro Corona,
Minas Conga, Toromocho,
C.de Pasco, Colquijirca

Au veins
in Ord.Dev.
metasedim.

U dep.
in Pliocene
ignimbrites

San Vicente, San Rafael Pataz belt,

Bongar,
Ollaechea, Macusani
Soloco
Rinconada

Eocene-Oligocene Cu-Mo
porphyries, polymetallic
skarns and Au-Ag
epithermal
Tintaya, Antapaccay,
Las Bambas, Quechua,
Los Chancas, Chama,
Coroccohuayco, Accha

PERU: A MINING COUNTRY