Activity4GettingStatedwithEmbeddedCProgrammingGPIOprogramming

Introduction
Aswithothermicrocontrollers,thefirstprogrammingactivityisGPIO(GeneralPurposeInput/Output)control.
Inthisactivity,wewillbeintroducedwithutilizingGPIOsofATmega644.Gizduino+644willbeused.

WINAVR

ThelatestWinAVR(asofthiswriting)is20100120.ItisaGCCbasedcompilerforAVRmicrocontrollers.Itcomes
withitsownIDE,theProgrammerNotepadwhichcanbeusefulbutuserscanalsomakeuseofanytexteditor.Unlikeother
IDEs,usingWinAVRrequiresustomakeourownmakefile.Makefileissimplyascriptthatwillguideustocompileandlink
outprograms.WinAVRinstallationdocomewithamakefilewizard,theMfileeditor.

HelloWorldwithAVR

#include<avr/io.h>

#defineLEDPB7

unsignedchari,j;
voiddelay(void){
for(i=0;i<255;i++) {
for(j=0;j<255;j++);
}
}

intmain(void){
DDRB|=(1<<LED);
PORTB&=~(1<<LED);
while(1){
PORTB|=(1<<LED);
delay();
PORTB&=~(1<<LED);
delay();
}
return0;
}

Thecodeaboveissimpleblinkyprogram.LEDwillbeconnectedtopinPB5ofPORTB.

1|G e t t i n g S t a r t e d w i t h E m b e d d e d C : A V R p r o g r a m m i n g

Aboutthecode

#include<avr/io.h>
ThislineincludesIO.Hwhichdescribesalldefinitionrequiredtosimplifythecoding.IO.Hcanbefoundin
C:\WinAVR20100110\avr\include\avr,assumingdefaultinstallationofWinAVR.InsideIO.H,theactualheader
filewillbepointedoutdependingonthedevicebeingused.Inourcase,itstheATMEGA644.ATMEGA644should
bedefinedinthemakefile(moreonthislater).

#defineLEDPB7
WedefineornamePB5asLED.PB5isassignedwith5.
unsignedchari,j;
voiddelay(void){
for(i=0;i<255;i++){
for(j=0;j<255;j++);
}
}
Thisfunctionisadelay(asoftwaredelay)thatwewillusetosufficientlyletusseetheblinkingoftheLED.

DDRB|=(1<<LED);
ThislinedefinesthedirectionofaparticularPIN/PORT.DDRBisPORTBDataDirectionRegister.Setting(1)anypin
indicatesanoutput.AndClearing(0)itmakesitaninput.

ThewaythelinewrittenisreferredtoasAVRstylenotation.Actually,thislineexecutesseveralcommands.LEDis
definedasthe5thpin(PB5).Therefore(1<<LED)meansweshifta1LEDtimes.Afterexecution,the8bitvalue
shouldbe0b00010000.

The|=isanORoperatorinC(justlikeinC++).

So,theDDRB|=(1<<LED)islikeDDRB=DDRBOR0b00010000.ThistellsusthatwhenweORaparticularbit/s
with1,itbecomes1.

Inrelationtothis,itisworthnoting:
ThatwhenwewanttomakeabitHIGH,weORitwith'1'.
Example:
REG=0b00001010;
REG=REGOR0b11000000; //REGbecomes0b11001010.
//Thiscanbealsowritenas
REG|=0b11000000;

AndwhenwewanttomakeabitLOW,weANDitwith'0'.
Example:
REG=0b11001010;
REG=REGAND0b00111111; //REGbecomes0b00001010
//Thiscanalsobewritenas
REG&=~0b11000000; //&=isANDoperatorand~isNOToperator

PORTB&=~(1<<LED);
Wewrite0toPORTBpinPB5.

2|G e t t i n g S t a r t e d w i t h E m b e d d e d C : A V R p r o g r a m m i n g

 while(1){
PORTB|=(1<<LED);
delay();
PORTB&=~(1<<LED);
delay();
}
ThisforeverloopshouldtogglethestateoftheLED.SettingapinmakesitHIGHandclearingmakesitLOW

UsingWinAVR

Copypastethecodeabovetoatexteditorandsaveitinfolderwithanyfilenamewithcextension(figure1).
Forthisactivity,letuscallitasmain.c.

Figure1.ThehelloworldusingNotepad++astexteditor.

Launchmfile(fromStartmenu).Adefaultmakefilescriptwillbeshown,saveittoyourworkingfolder(the
folderwhereyousavedthemain.c).

3|G e t t i n g S t a r t e d w i t h E m b e d d e d C : A V R p r o g r a m m i n g


Figure2.Makefilegenerationonmfile.

Gotheworkingfolderandopenmakefilewithanytexteditor.Andeditthefollowinglinesas:
MCU=atmega644p
F_CPU=16000000
AVRDUDE_PROGRAMMER=Arduino
AVRDUDE_PORT=usb
Thensaveit.
16MHzistheoscillatorinstalledinthegizDuino+644.

Figure3.EditingtheMakefile.

4|G e t t i n g S t a r t e d w i t h E m b e d d e d C : A V R p r o g r a m m i n g

 Openyourcommandpromptandgototheworkingregisterandtypethecommandmakeall.
Themakeallcommandcompiles,linksandgeneratesoutputfiles,suchasHEX,ELFandCOF.Wewillbe
needingHEXfile.

Figure4.Workingfoldershowingthefilesgeneratedafter"makeall".

Connectthegizduino+644ponyourUSBportandwaitforenumerationofthePL2303USBtoserialdriver.
Thedrivercanbedownloadedfrom:http://www.prolific.com.tw/US/ShowProduct.aspx?p_id=225&pcid=41
ConnectanLEDonPB7(withalimitresistor).PB7isPIN13ingizduino+.(Refertotheschematicincludedon
thisactivity)
Inthecommandpromptonthesamefolder,typemakeprogram.TheHEXfilewillnowbedownloaded.
AnLEDonPB7shouldblinkveryfastbutisnoticeable.
Note:Whenrecompilingorusingmakeall,besuretocleanitfirstbymakeclean.Youcanalsomakeuse
ofanoscilloscopeinsteadofLEDtoverifyyourcode.

Usingamoreaccuratedelay

ThereisanincorporateddelayfunctionthatcomeswithWinAVR.Utilizingitissimplybyincludingitasaheader.
Thecodebelowdemonstratetheusageofthedelayfunctionandtheinclusionoftheheaderfile.

#include<avr/io.h>
#include<util/delay.h>

#defineLEDPB7

intmain(void)
{
DDRB|=(1<<LED);
PORTB&=~(1<<LED);

while(1)
{

PORTB|=(1<<LED);
_delay_ms(500);

PORTB&=~(1<<LED);
_delay_ms(500);

}
return0;

5|G e t t i n g S t a r t e d w i t h E m b e d d e d C : A V R p r o g r a m m i n g

InputswithAVR

Thereare3RegistersinvolvinganI/Oregister.ForPORTB,theseareDDRB,PORTBandPINB.DDRDisasweknowisthe
DataDirectionRegister,PORTBistheDataRegisteritselfandPINBistheInputregisterforPORTB.Whenwewanttowrite
toPORTB,wewritetoPORTBandwhenwewanttoreadPORTB,wereadPINB.

Thecodebelowwillshowushowreadapin.PINBbitzeroistodetectanactivelowsignal.Whenanactivelowisdetected
itshalltoggletheLEDconnectedtobit0.

ThecodebelowshalldemonstratetheusageofanI/Oasinput.

#include<avr/io.h>
#include<util/delay.h>

#defineSWITCH PB0
#defineLED PD0

intmain(void)
{
DDRB&=~(1<<SWITCH);//PB0asinput
DDRD|=(1<<LED); //bit0isoutput
PORTD=(1<<LED); //initializeLEDtoHIGH
while(1)
{
if(!(PINB)&(1<<SWITCH)) //detectsifSWITCHisLOW
{
_delay_ms(200); //adebouncedelay
PORTD^=(1<<LED); //toggleLED
}
}
return0;
}

Theschematicblowshalldemonstratetheinputtingcode.

6|G e t t i n g S t a r t e d w i t h E m b e d d e d C : A V R p r o g r a m m i n g

DesignProblem:Keypaddecoder

UsingAVRCprogramming,youaretodecodeakeypadandsimulateitinProteus.Youmayfollowtheschematic
beloworassignyourI/Otootherpins.Theprogramwillshowthenumberpressedonthesevensegment.The
valueshallnotchangeuntilanotherkeyispressed.

7|G e t t i n g S t a r t e d w i t h E m b e d d e d C : A V R p r o g r a m m i n g