/.

"
* + ,- 1"! " # $ %" & '
+ - ! " '# 2 % . & / & %" 0 1
' 3'* % 4 " 5 ' 6 *' 7% 8 "
2
4 " 2-2# '% % 7 91 -

:"? " - 0 # "; &' %1 < = ># ,

> #+ B? / "% - + " > '"

C '- # ' 6' - ? #"
> 1 D E ,7 & %
7 9 1 E '# ' F > 2 " <"' % %
< = 5 C '- 9 % # B2 " E #
3
2 "

#$%&'

!"

. 293 B * % 1% H B " 1

.49K48 B 1 * ' B J 2

3
S. hassan, Giza, VI, part II, 205.
©www.nureldin.com -2-
 ! " #$ % &' (

:
% %L E5 > 1 + * ' # %
, % * >- M ' N, L%
- , 8" 1 >D ', < ' 0 # %
3 ' 4%, >- 6 *' C , O# D *'
' * N "% % /' , %# +
: % %L E5 0 # P ' '- %#'#

# * >% 6 *' , > /

0 ># - t 5 ! , ! #
0 # 1 Bt waH - ># & ! # 7
'N ! # NQ 1 # ! %L 3 % %
4
2 - " # , N " / ' N,
LS E "% % !D > &# "* * ! "
0 #; D < % " 4S E,7
. 0 # N5N 4 1 ' > % 1

:56 *' /' % 0 # >-

4
Saad ,Z.Y., The Execavation at Helwan, Art and civilization in the first and second
Egyption dynasty , U.S.A,1958. saad, ceiling stelae in second dynasty tombs, ASAE
21,
' %" 1 * B ! "# " $ % : /' B L '*% 0 # 2 - 5

K1 B1990 B! - 1 B NF , BU 4 U 4 :J 7 B %# # BN "
.57
©www.nureldin.com -3-
 /.

©www.nureldin.com -4-
 ! " #$ % &' (

©www.nureldin.com -5-
 /.

©www.nureldin.com -6-
 ! " #$ % &' (

: !& ' # ((
' ! % ' , % N, 0 # M '%
>5 E0 #%' ' N " ' %" & # 120 % %" !
< ' 0 # J '*% " ' VO' % 0 # 2-E%
1 '* / ' ! 0 # C '- ',
E N E,7 % N ** /' <' S B 1 >D
%+ HtA E,7 %# <** , & S+ psn
.E,7 O 6*

: N5N L '*% + N" >

: ) * +
, > + + % % 0 # > % -
* %0 # 2 - 4S , BE# , L W7 < J
0 # > N " %" 1 ' 1 >D
$ '* / ' ' , * '
: % 0 # ' > ,O > %#= < >% "
T, t.twi, psn, Ab, dpt, Sns, nHrw, bnbn, wxAt, QmHw, pAt,idAt.
: * +
B 7 9 1 S+ % '* E & ' > %
7 91 + 4' . D L ' "% P '% C
% ** 4S B , L B BE# J ,
! L' 3 %2 %# ! X* D - *% D L C %
©www.nureldin.com -7-
 /.

> 1% % O' 4#"% & S ' 1 ,

0 # ! 7 1 >D O' N J*' % & S
: % 0 # ' , L 4 "
Sat, sxn, npAt. Hbnnwt, mst, Hnfw, t nbs, t m ar ar.
: * +
'% % 0% -" D , 0 # > %
B " 7% 0 # 2 - ># L* O' N 0
''. L* L* E "% % 0 # J % ' "
t aA, t wr, t HD E N L* 0 # 2 - >/ '
> " J*% ' L% M ' 0 # 2- % ,
.6

:, -# ,* #
% < ,7 M ' % 1 * %
2 -E ,> " L% B ! # ' 1 D /%
" E,7 > " X* # % , E ,7
D L < 7% ! X* + & > " ! , LS <' + ' &5N %#
E1 B" E,7 0 # % ' J5% = ,Z
M '% E ,7[ #' & / %#
5% = & /% ,B J " ! %# > "

:J 7 B %# # BN " ' %" 1 * B ! "# " $ % 6

.7K6 B1990 B! - 1 B NF , BU 4 U 4

©www.nureldin.com -8-
 ! " #$ % &' (

J " L* LS ', J
& S % NN LS C '- ', B '
& S - M ' ', B 1 D /
.9 1

% # E,7 ! %# ' LS & /

* > ' LS J B '*
! ! %# LS [ #' J ' , B< ',
9 # /% ! X* D # H " % D
! D E*% %" D 2 - E1% " JS
" # 3 * & / , !"
# % 1 5 J 2 ', %# JS
.< '

% 7 1 >D > ' , , E ,7

C 0 # L% ** ' E ,7 #
:7O % "'

:./ 0-

/ + D J*' O E,7 E 7 -

.< ,Z 4%" 5 JS O E,7

:J 7 B %# # BN " ' %" 1 * B ! "# " $ % 7

.61K60 B1990 B! - 1 B NF , BU 4 U 4

©www.nureldin.com -9-
 /.

: 0-
& ' " ' , ! %# LS -
B 1 ! *" %# E,7 & / 3 ]1' J*%'
BO JS 4%" , ' E % -
1 ! *" & #O %# E,7 / "
X * % ' 1 1 >D %#
.C < 1 " Htp di nsw 1

: 1 0-
& D 79 * + 6* , E - E,7 -
.N "

:2 0-
.O' >" 3 1 $ N <' '

:$ 3 0-
.> >D & ;% / E,7 -

:4 0-

. [ >1 ,8" N " M7

: 0 -)

. L% >N 1 1 ! %

©www.nureldin.com - 10 -
 ! " #$ % &' (

:, * /
* * !D O# D > - ,
J '* % '', B 1 /' ! , - <% '* %" 1 1
2 - / "5 'N + #D '*
/ ' , % /"5 , Q /' L%
J - , > B /' + 4 X% $ ,% '
, ' % E '* ? 7 > 1 + *
F > <' ZZ E *" %, <' L%#
> - /' C% + Z% ', % "# H 1
P ' " %' , E > 1 + * /' %
E N 1 '* , /' E5 B
"' '* "% '', B! 1# O% ! 1 /'
:O %

4D 7 6 % 4 " 1'% K1

% 6 % 4 " S K2

4 " K3

] S K4

" K5

E ' K6

K7

©www.nureldin.com - 11 -
 /.

% K8

LS E ,7% K9

P ' K10

1'% # % -$ % % 2- " "J

E # % - ' %;% ' N B , 4 " 1% - 4 "
6 * < % %- < ' >% P %'
.3# P %' & ^%'% ', % ! , 1 %% %' ,

/ , E *L% W7 O E '%'#
: 1 <% '* / '
8
aD :4 " 1'% K1

%' 1 4D 7 4 " 1'% ! 2 - >%%

3 * 1'% 4 " ' , BH *"
E #% *' 4 " , ', " B
.O% ! 1 / , %, E

/' / ! ' 4 " 1'%

-7 ' 8" + * J"% B"8 > ," " ' /' /
! X *! D < 4 " < %+ &# &5
< E C# 4 " , ' , & L '
.4D 7 O*" M %' <' X* O- '% &D 7 <% #

8
Wb, 1, 240,3.
©www.nureldin.com - 12 -
 ! " #$ % &' (

:4 " S K2

1 ', & S " ! * 1 /' X /

4 " 6 % >%% % %%
: %" >%% ', 1 % 4D 7

* % E 4 " E X% : "
2 - B- S H ' % %' % 4D 7
N % E5 /' 9 %% B E # 4 " ,% X
%% %" EL# , "% >% % E X E , #& "
. %

-0 'N 4 " ] E X : 'N "

4 %" ! 1 X /' BE ; E 71 6 % >% %"
& %# &" # &$ S C# % - ! #H % % Q "
0 %% 4D 7 . EL# < , "%
4 " EN % /' - 4 " 1#% '
. #

H %! # * 'L . ! L' >7# ! 1

+ ] E# "+" #% %# E S -
. #

©www.nureldin.com - 13 -
 /.

9
xwsi : K3

, B O- % ! ,% % S 4 " E ,
10
0 'N B ', E * "% >% ,4 " O,#'#
# 4 " % B4" 71 E* >%
" 6 7 ? % E " > 1 ,
8 > , " , 6 7 85N J # # "+ "! 1 ,
+ * J"%

" 6 7 N, > 1 , "

+ ' / ' 4S J ; C '% ' , > '.
< % E % - " - L1 * 7
. '= & %0 < L%

' * / ' / % E ,7
< >% + , ! L" ', ' '
- & * , L '% % ! *1 >N B
# % B 1 '* / ' 9 %
E ,7 ', # H 1 L% 1 N "
N, - & ' " % E* , B ' #
C# 6 7 , B -5 ' L# ! %#
. -5 L*%'

9
Wb, 111, 284.
10
Wreszinski, "Backerei", ZAS 61, 1-15.
©www.nureldin.com - 14 -
 ! " #$ % &' (

11
nD : " K4

' 1 ' 1 / % /' E5

'* $ * % N, " %
X E ' *% 0 'X%#= , 8"
.4 " " *% 0 'X%#= , $ ,

$ < > 1 $ " 4S " /' "

', < OD5 > " '" J %% #
. 5 ' 2 %+ 7 " % '"

E5 & / " & % " " > " E ,7 %

" # - ## ! ,L /L%" ', L% ' %L
. '" <, "% >% N -" " 4 "
12
nkr :E ' K5

C &* * % E ' <'" E ' ,

O% " " , '* / ' N, E ' /
" E "% %" E %% ', E ' "
E ' $ /' "* L% ,3 B> '
.mnT BaDt B nQr B siA -

11
Wb, 11, 469, 12.
12
Wb, 11, 344,6—8.
©www.nureldin.com - 15 -
 /.

: K6

D L M ' 0' %' , "%%

B ' , ## ' , #1% '', %'
- E *" 5 > % ## ' ,
J% ' ,% 2 - > %#% 9 B! 0
< E* % > 1 + * 0 ? %1 % .< '
2 O % > O1 % C % , '
, & 'L# & # & ^%' - B , #, O' N # & %
! L' > 4 1 6' .&S #%# & J % '
C 0 '"' L #% J , 6 7 J E /
:6' < 2 %"

' & L # ' Di (tw) tA mnH sk Sdt Hnp.d Hsp

. %

# 0 #1 B9 nbs ' , L = ' ,

.E % , = #

: LS E ,7% K7

LS < ,7% >% % 0 %'

LS 4 , " B NN ! %#
B& 1 # ' # % >% % 4 1 4*% ', ' .
3 % " # " LS E ,7% ',

©www.nureldin.com - 16 -
 ! " #$ % &' (

! , " ,7% LS 6 % ! * E !D
. #% %

: #% K8

#% - - O1 % 1 # 0 %'
E &' " # 3 % 7 >%%
.& S ' #=

4* O% #% 1 # 4 1 > %#. 7 S
P %'= %1 % , > %#% B! 7 %
.13 L% E ,7 M '

:J 7 B %# # BN " ' %" 1 * B ! "# " $ % 13

.- 101 B1990 B! - 1 B NF , BU 4 U 4

©www.nureldin.com - 17 -
 /.

:( ' 7 ) ‘P E5X ! ’ O% #' nswty (1)

&0 % & * O + " >#1 - ,

imy r nswty "P E5X " 4*' . B ! #
, . % # ! # J*%' E / > (O% #' KO )
, B"P E5S " 41 " f g 27 J' ' 1 O
, 5 h %# E % ', ! = 2 - .0 22 > '
O- " " * ', , . O-
E *" > 1% ' , O% i4D , "5L O% 1
.< 7 E1" %' - S % '
. ," C5 E *" % ', ! = 2- C , E %"
! "O & -& 4 % ' , O% 4 " % O- ' 7 L/
B * O 0 X H# - C i6 *% $ *
E L/ % &0 JZ , <' C J
/ "5 C . 1 O & & "3 % ' , O%
. 5 ! O / ' , E%"% ', ( 7 )

- B# ! # ' ( 7 ) "* ',

O E" , #D ', . E5X ( ' 7 ) " *
E5X ( ' 7 ) + 'C ,. O B4- '
E5 S ( 7) B4 ' > ," i! 7 H 0 B

©www.nureldin.com - 18 -
 ! " #$ % &' (

*1 % h ( 7) C '- ' , , . 1%# ', " ! =

. ' 5 H B , L 7% -

J % O 1j & ' 7 ! C% % ' , BJ' O ( 7 ) !

%, >/ 2 # 6 ! "% ' E, B 1
." % " J/ ] 1' C /"5 ,. 'N E

:‘ % ! ’ L k # ist DfA (2)

%( % ! ) O- * ! ( 7 )! E 7%
E *" / " % - B‘ k # ’ ist DfA L S
! # O "* . % 4 1
" M , ." % ! " - #
C ,< , *1 ." % E" " ' E, H D
.&! 7 O, *1 % * % !

" E,7 ' E, L / , % ( 7 )

7 ! # ' ' i %
. BE# B9 / " L, L/ B9 1
, ." ! " O- h ! "O' N O ll" > # 'N " ,
BJ' C O# D 1 % #" B&5N B ' /L"
.(19 ! # C O' N) "E O% #" C >," O' N > Z

©www.nureldin.com - 19 -
 /.

: * 6#
!
* . /0 , - + ) #$ ( %&' * )%&' ( #$ "
& 5 ;< = 6 : : )78 9 ( * 6 * 123 4 5 ) (
" F$GH " D ?4* 0! > $ C( . /@ A ( * > ?
. /@ A ( ( 78 9 ( M * K L )(" & )

©www.nureldin.com - 20 -
 ! " #$ % &' (

1 * <% ! %#m 3

Klaus Baer, Rank and Title in the Old Kingdom, The Structure of the
Egyptian Administration in the Fifth and Sixth
Dynasties, The University of Chicago Press,
Chicago, Illinois (U.S.A. 1960).
Naguib Kanawati, Governmental Reforms in Old Kingdom Egypt, Aris
& Phillips Ltd. (Warminster, 1980).
Nigel Strudwick, The Administration of Egypt in the Old Kingdom,
The Highest Titles and their Holders, KPI (London-
Boston-Henley and Melbourne, 1985).
Naguib Kanawati, Mereruka and King Teti: The Power behind the
Throne. Preface by: Zahi Hawass, with photographic
contributions by: Effy Alexakis and drawings by:
Sameh Shafik, First English edition 2007, Supreme
Council of Antiquities Press ([Cairo], 2008).
Dilwyn Jones, An Index of Ancient Egyptian Titles, Epithets and
Phrases of the Old Kingdom, 2 vols., BAR
International Series 866 (I & II), Archaeopress,
Publishers of British Archaeological Reports
(Oxford-England, 2000).

Wolfgang Helck, Untersuchungen zu den Beamtentiteln des

ägyptischen alten Reiches, Ägyptologische
Forschungen, Heft 18, Verlag J.J. Augustin
(Glückstadt-Hamburg-New York, 1954).
Wolfgang Helck, Zur Verwaltung des Mittleren und Neuen Reichs
(Leiden, 1958).
Henry George Fischer, ‘9. Administration Titles of Women in the Old
and Middle Kingdom’, in Egyptian Studies, I, Varia,
The Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York ,
1976), 69-79; Pl. XIX.

©www.nureldin.com - 21 -
 /.

William A. Ward, Index of Egyptian Administrative and Religious

Titles of The Middle Kingman, With a Glossary of
Words and Phrases Used, American University of
Beirut (Lebanon, 1982).
Henry George Fischer, Egyptian Titles of the Middle Kingdom: A
Supplement to Wm. Ward’s Index, The Metropolitan
Museum of Art (1985).
William A. Ward, Essays on Feminine Titles of the Middle Kingdom
and related subjects, American University of Beirut,
First published (Beirut-Lebanon, 1986).

' ! "# $ % "& $ % :

.1990 ( )

( ) +) ,
[ ( ] " ! ) ! " # $ % &
!21. / 0 , ! - / * (
5 6 ) 199 , 4 ! 0 0 (31974 $
.(3 2001 .! 0 !
" ! 8 8 8 8 8 (
3 ; – . / 0 30 , - - / .- * ( ( 9
3 1994 $ !2) < $ !/ 4 !
.(8= 1415 /
Wolfgang Helck, Zur Verwaltung des Mittleren und Neuen Reichs
(Leiden, 1958).
Wolfgang Helck, Materialien zur Wirtschaftsgeschichte des Neuen
Reiches, 5 Bde, AMAW (1961-1970).
Abdul Rahman Al-Ayedi, Index of Egyptian Administrative,
Religious and Military Titles of the New Kingdom,
printed by Al-Sharquia Press, Obelisk
Publications (Ismailia-Egypt, 2006).

©www.nureldin.com - 22 -
 ! " #$ % &' (

3 ;- ? [56789: ;<= >695?@ A=] 8( > !8 38 0;$ -"& .

9 B! ! A 02 3 @ !6
,!E / .- :* ( ( ! C) 3 4 ! (
4 ! 3 ; 3 F0 ! / 0 "
.(3 1989 ! !2) . / 0
:FJ G 2 3 G H ( I , -
(16) 3 G H( : 0 0 8
.(3 1999 $) !2
=! !2) , ! K2 . 2 L /
.74 30 (+ 1985
Ahmed M. Badawi, Memphis als zweite Landeshauptstadt im Neuen
Reich [Ph.D.], (Le Caire, 1948).
Farouk Gomaà, Ägypten während der Ersten Zwischenzeit
(Wiesbaden, 1980).
Farouk Gomaà, Die Besiedlung Ägyptens während des Mittleren
Reiches, 2 Banden (Wiesbaden, 1987).
Hermann Kees, ‘Provinzialverwaltung’, in: Nachrichten von der
Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen =
NGWG (1932), 108-109.
Heba Ibrahim Mohamed Mahran, Memphis in the First Millennium
B.C. to 332 B.C., An Archaeological and Historical
Study, 2 vols., Thesis submitted to the Faculty of
Tourism and Hotels, Tourist Guidance Department
for the degree of M.A., under the supervision of:
Prof. Dr. Abd El-Halim Nur El-Din & Dr. Shrief El-
Sabban, Minia University, Faculty of Tourism and
Hotels, Tourist Guidance Department (Minia, Egypt,
2000).

02 G F G 2 2- 4 !@ 4 ! - +)
.432 :M ! (3 1980 =! ) ! @
108711570) @ $ N .
/ : 2 . ! . 2 ( 3. H
©www.nureldin.com - 23 -
 /.

! G ! 0 0 ! , F! 2
5 =1[ ] ! ) (1 ) .! 5! O (
.(3 1985 !/
2 ! 8 1# )
1953 =! ) F! 3 - 3 / : 2
.(3
=! ) .8 8 8 P8 8(8 % 2 3 - 3 %3 3) 3
.(1972
=! / 2 0 ,G @ ( +) ,
.! 5! O ( ! G ! 0 0 %@
.1351123 :M ! (3 1986 ! / 5 = P !@ ) 3
! 2R 4 ! : ..- # . % # Q.. Q ..
. 2 ! . 2 @ > . 2
O ( ! 0 0 G >02 S .!2 0 S .!2
.(3 2000) 131 2 0
/1 .9. / .8. . // / 7 / 3 5 34
, - : 2 8 8 !8E 382 8
! @ G H / : 2 <
.(3 1996 .! 0 ! 56 )
: 2 !2 2 =! : 2 !8 >!8 : 9
A! 0 (14) 3; .! " @ /
.(1989 =! ) G @ P (
? 1 A! N ) ; 4 : 9
,!= N : 2 @! G ,!
F5 G
(3 1995 =! ) G @ P ( A! 0
.187 1361130 1051102 60124 :M !
. 2 !2 2 =! . 2 ! >! : 9
(14) .! G @ @ .
.26 (3 1989 =! ) P ( A! 0

. (: $ ) - $ 7 . 8 + 7O, "

©www.nureldin.com - 24 -
 ! " #$ % &' (

:F G 02 ( ! 0 , ) !E 4 ! ( ) # +' &
1113 :‘ ! 2R 3& ’ (.A. =! )
.116
.33117 (1940 =! ) ! 2 +"
O ( !2 2 =! : 2 8 8 !8E 3 3
.(3 1998 ! 0 0 G >02 ) "48 3; " 2 0
.1851183 129 (1984 $ ) 2Q !E -
Wolfgang Helck, ‘Beamtentum’, LÄ I (Wiesbaden, 1975), 672-675.
Aylward M. Blackman, ‘On the position of women in the ancient
Egyptian hierarchy’, JEA 7 (1921), 8-30.
Arthur Weil, Die Viziere des Pharaonenreiches (Straßburg, 1908)
(become obsolete).

©www.nureldin.com - 25 -