2019 Beda MemAid CIVIL LAW PDF

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MA. CRISTINA D. ARROYO r •
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. .· . '·MA.RY CHERWYN.L. CASTRO ;:•.. . · _>, '. . . :
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;· . . . . , Conflict of Laws : · , -MAJ.UA ANGELICA R.. tOVERIA · ·

-,._;_ ' .. Persons and Family Relations. :~ - ': SQP;f-~Ji\;.VJCJ'ORIA E,·MINA.,' .' .
, Pr.6p~rty" and Land Titles and Deeds ·: -:-". JOANNA ELI2ABETHKAMLA C,' ... ,
. . . : .» - ··:'·_ ·. M:AiCONTENTO . ..
· (Wills ;nd'Successio~- · .. : I<EVIN. CHRISTIANA.<PASION -.
Obligations and Contracts .· . . JAMIL P.::bALiI:gG·· .... .' .· :
j . '/ .." ':,; : 'Sales anq-ieqse. :' .· :- i<EuiviN-.f\.NTHONY B_:·vii:pb '
Purtn'ershiA and: A~·en'cy KORINA qES M .. CUEVA ' . '. '' -:
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• : ·: .. Credit Transactions . ..- MARIA ANA.ANGE:CAT. SIMP'.A.o· · · ·

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. /: .. MA .. CHERIEJANE G.'.LABAN'GCQ. : . ,· L.OIS.RENEE R, TUBON· ...

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· The MEMORY AID (MemAid) is 8' cornpenciurn>- a synthesis .ofdlfterent law· .
. materials available tothe public.jimphaslzlnq pertinent detailsthat its readers-need to
be tarniliarwith. Beinq thorough a net extensive, the· MemA1d. aims to. help barristers .in ·
. their-preparations forthe bar, maxi.m.izing their time· b~,i dping .away wi\h the need of ..
readtnq a lot. of different review materfals. Thus, .the MemAd is. the. barristers' - much
. needed. companion, . . . . . I •
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This year, the $an Beda Centrallzed Bar Operations (CBO) continues to uphold ·
. · its lega6y. 'of .service and: excellence in helping the barristers hurdle the bar. It is· then . ,
.. ·_the fervent hopecf.the .: .CBO that ..ttie MemAi.d wilt contribute. to thesuccess ofall '.
- 'barristersas :they .hurdle .ttie:.ia~t .leg of.their jolirii:ey~towards .. becorninq the la.Wyers .
. they aspire to be. · 1t rriay: arduous but: as .Paulo" Coelho puts it:' "When·'yot.i. want be
'soinethinq,' all fhe universe conspire for you to achieve it." -=· ,_, . . ....
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T ABL:E or CON.TEtNTS.
. . • SAN_ l!il}fl.LAW CEN!,Rf\LIZED BAR OPERA ri@~S - MEMORY AID,2~19-
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· 2b19 San Seda Law ce·nfra.lized Bar Operations· : ·, . , : .".. : ·. · . ii
· . iii·
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·. T~91e of-Contents ·:··/, .. : .. :····:·:·.: .. \.. ·::···:.; .. _.. ,, .. ,., :: :.. .- ........• ::.,.:: ::··\:·=·:·.········::·:·········:···::. v
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· ., Nature, CornpositionS Characterization of Conflict Rules . :"., : :.: : ,. : : ,,.. . . 9
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.: ·_-. :-.:Personal Law . /_; : . :.···:··:·· · ··: . : . :· ~'··········· · ::.: : : . :.: · ~ :: ·. ,. . :, . :·· ······· ·<: . '; 12· .
. . · ·c.itizenshiR Retention and Re-acquisition.Act of 2003 (R.A. No. 9225) :·: :., :, · 14
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39
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_Marriage Celebrated Outside-the Philippines· : :· -: ::. : .. , :-:-:._: , . :,· .70
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. · .1Rights
Zi!~~:and:;:1~i i;: / : : :• :•: :? :::;::•:.: :>••::"-: : • • : •: : •ti'•:
Obligations-between the Husband and the Wife
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. , Property Relations between the Husband and the Wife :.: :: : :.: .. :.:.: : . ..: 92''
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Support. : _. :-:· ·:· :···- .:· · : :' _._: :_.._. ,
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122
2019 SAN BEDA LAW C~NTRALIZEDBAR OPERATIONS I v

TABLE ,Q.:F ·CONTENTS
.· SAN BEOA 'J..w .CENTRALIZED BA~ OPERATIONS - MEMO!?Y AID ·2019,,
.i!imlii!ri£ffeQ4!AP,Ml ¥tMW'teSS:t:¥ithltibt#W?W.te$#15SM ;g, 5!i&<#¥161i$ $##Z§Mik!2#&¥f i:2iM WJ&Ja:e: C g4.;,m
Parental Authority .. : : , : , :: : : 125

Emancipation , :, : , : , :: : - :.'. . .- : .. 132.
$ummary Judicial Proceedings inFamily.Law : -; .. : .. · ~----·······-~-- 132
Rule on Declaration of Absolute Nullity of Void Marriages and Annulment of Voidable Marriaqes (A.M .
No'. 02--11-10:SC) . : , ~.: : : : : . . 133
R.ul~ ',on Legal ?eparation. (A.M. No. 02-1"1-1 t-SC) , · .; .' : : : , .-." . 135 .
. RuleenProvisional Orders(A.M. No. 02-11-12 $C} :: , : ,._..:· : . .1.3G
·Final _Provisions .'. .-.: .. · .' : : ;.. : :.::'.._: :.".,.:: .. : -. 137
137
~~;e~;~~~-~~-~~-~·::::: : : ·:::::::::: : :::: :·:::: ·:::·::·::::::'.: :·;: : '.::~::::::::::::/:·: : ·: ::::::·: : : :::::::.: ::::::::::::::: : : : :::::·:;;:: .. 138
139
.. ~rv~le~~~i~t~/:::::: :::: ·~: :·:::.:;:·: ::::::::: : :::: .: ::::::::::·::::::::: : : ::,: ~:;:.::::;: : :-:': ::::: :.: :':::::::.: ::::-:::·: :::~:'.::~::-.:::::.:~:::: 141
,:~ ·. g:i~r~ J;i:~'.~ 1 1.~,~-:-::::::/:::::·::::·:::::'.:~'.::_::::::-:::::::-'.::'.'.::::~'.''.·'.:~'.::::::.::::::::::·:'.:::.::::.::::'.::.::-::'::.'.:··::::'.::::~~:.:;'.:-:-:::·::::::;'::-:::·::::

legal Remedies to Recover Possession ofProperty .-.. : : : : : .
:_
· .. 144
155
157
.163
· a;l~~~:~;:~;:~• • • : > : ,•·•·• • • • • .• ·•'. · · · · • • • • • • :• • • :·•·

. Ruinous Buildings and Trees in Danger of Falling
Co-ownership e •••• •••• _., ••••••••• : ••• ::. v :: ., r •••••• : •••••••••••••••••
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188
190
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,:9odic11 and Incorporation by Reference .. · :-.: .
. Revocation of'IJYills.~'ri"d T~stam~iitary Dispositioni..'
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Modal' T::e~_tam.entc(ry Dispoiiticins and Tesl'<;1menialyPispositioii'witb -~.T~rm:.: ~~--,.··· · _ 2~¢f.
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Successiol) Parli!:11. Intestacy '. .' :
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Pr.ovisions Common t,o Intestate and Testat~· Si.JcGessiori :.:.: .. : · : : :.., .. ; :························ 328
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vi I -2019 S.A.N,.BEDALAW
. . . _.. C.ENTRALiZED
.
BAR OPERATIOf':JS:
GR#. '18
·TA.B:LE . OF·CON·T.ENTS
', . , . :· . · SAN BEDA.lAW CEf>!.T.RALIZED BAR OP_ERflTIDl'JS - M.EM.Ofiy.AiQ .2019. . ,· _ .
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o'b1_:~ati~~ 1~ [j~~r .350 ..
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. Remedies Against'Breach of ContracU :· : . ~:.: : . .- :.:' :: , : ·' · · 3·53
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.Al.ternative orFacultatiye
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Extinquishrnent of Obhgat1ons .. , 1: •.•. ~ •.• : •.•••••••.• : ••••••• : .•••. ,:·······-'···: ••..••..• , .••• :
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Forrnalities.of Contract of Sale
Capacity to B~y.or Sell : :." ·
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.-474
.476
2019 SAN BEDA:LAW CENTRALIZED !3AROPERATION.S: I vii

-
TABLE O·F CONTE·NTS
. SAN BWA LAW CENTRALiZED BAR OPERA'flONS - MEMORY AID 2019
Sale by Non-Owner - , :· : · .' : : ; . 479

. -Effects on the Contract when.the Thing Sold Has Been Lost... : .. ;.· : : .. : .'.. 480''
481
~~[i~~~~~e;·~f~~:~:~~~~ ~'.'.,'.~:::: ::::::::::::::.:;: ::::::'.:::::::?:::::::::::::;:::::::::::::::::::::::::·:'.:::::: : ::::'.: ::::::::: :·:::::· 4$3
. Obligations 'of theVendee : .' .: : : ' ., :· ., : .. :.~: :'.: . . : ·:_ 504
Remedies for Breach of Contract .' .' : .. : .. : .. : .' .' :. 508
. 5~ 1 ,
. ~~~~1;!11.~~::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::'::::::': : ::.:::': :::::: ::.:::::::::::::::::::: : :·::::·: ~:::::;:: ::·:·: : ::::;:': : '.: ~: '.: : : ·: '::::·:·. 515
Maceda Law (R.A. No. 6552) · t .-.. : : , : : .. .- .. 517.
Risk of t.oss and Deterioration .and its Effects .. ; :: : : -; .: : . .- ,.:. · .52~
524
534
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. i~ff1;1:~:;:::;~7•·: ·:· :;: : : : : : : : :·~ • : : :~ ;: : : : : : , · • : • • : : : ·~; : : :~1:::i\: i/1 : : : : : : . . . : ::t: :i, •~i. ·
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Subdivlsjon and Condominium Buyers Protective Decree (P.O. No. 957) : :·::._., ,_ : '553 ·
:i,'2'ii,~:~_~i(/t'~R/\i~~/7.~G)r· · · · · · · · · ::::.: : :::.: : ': : •.· ,. . . \;:'••· · .: .: ;;r.
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557
:557'
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.581
Partner by Estoppel and_Partnership byEstoppel« ,.:: : ':_.:: : .' .' . .. :,: ·.':.. , .. , : .: ·58$'•.i: .
, 590·
,.· 599
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.. 645
647
651
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Chattel Mortqaqe , : , :: .. , : _. · :.:., : .' ,: ·.. ~: .' , 6S6·
Coocurrence·arid Preference of~Cr_!:)dit : _. :: _ .' _..-,;-; : , :.,.:.:-- :·· 702 .
. . Per~~n~I f:>roperty Secyrity A_cqR.A. No 1_1057) ::_. : ,'. :.:.: : .. : .. :.:-.,.,:- _..,.:.:.,: : .. _.:,.:_ .. :.:- ,... 712_
Quasi-Contracts , ·.. -, _. : , , , 716
. viii 2019 SAN BEDA LAW.CENTRALIZED

' . . . · .. ·, .'. ·, . . .
BAR OPERATIOl'JS
. . .·
_TA.BLE·OF C.ONT.E.NTs·
SA!'/ .BEDA U\WCENTRAUZED.BAROP.ERATIONS - MEMORYA/0"20i9 .·
. .
: ;it{~~~~lf;ii• • • : ;-: •·•: • • ·•·• •:• • )•: • • •·•:••· ·• · · • • •:• •·• • • • • •·• ·: •-
Torrens System · :.,_.,
Administration of.-the Torrens System
·
_.
·
:·
:,.:
:
.
:
:.. _.
:
: ,
:•:••i:• •• •:: .:: •:: •:•••,•· •.
_..: _.·.::
,:.:_. . ..,:
:
:• . '
: : :.. .-,·
m
-732
734
.·g~i~~f£Ef;~:r~~~·: :\:::>•: : : : • ·:; : > }:,~<:• • • •: •: •; ;:•::.- .:~,:-,·:- - - ·.- - .-· - ,:. .:~ . .,_ m .·
Property Registration .Q.ecree (P.·D. No. 1529) ...._. .... ." :,.,: ........ ,.: 739
. · Judicial Confirmation of Imperfect qr tncornoleteTltte ,., :._. .. ::.: .-.:.,, : .. :.. : .. :.'. ~. ., 747
Cadastral Proceedinqs .. : .. ': : .. :' : :~: : ,:..,..: ·.. : :.· .. :.: .. , ." .. .-.: ..:.,:._. .-.. : :., :............ 753
. The Indiqenous Peoples' Rights.Ad of 19,97.(R,A No. 8371): , , . .- ::: : .. , · :.-., :: ; 75_5.
SubsequentReqistration :.· :· .. ." ,: · :.: :····'··--·,-·."., : -:-:., .. :-:: · :.; :. 757
Hearing, Judqment and Post Judqrnent Incidents iri Ordinary l.and Registration ,.-.:._., : .. : .. : .. :... . .. 763
Remedies:'.' : : .s. : . ., r.: , ,.: ,: .".. :,: : .: , .". .'.,. . . . . .... 764 ·
g:~i.!a~f~;~:~~~iit.cd-~ands:: ::: : ·:<:::: •: :· · ··· ·• :• (
L~n-d·-Patents : : : :· : ··;:.:: . .",:· .. · --··:··· _ : : :;~: .•.... _.. '. :. :_: . .- · . .-.~~-. '. --~- :·
:>••··· ·:···· :
, --~--- .. · .
.m·.
773
Reconstitutiori of Certificate of Title.: ; : : : · ::-:.- :.-.: : .. ,...... 776
Other Petitionsrrrans~ctions;a"rter Registratiqn :-;: : :.· _. : : : :: .'.::,.' : .'.......... 778
- ' . ·. . • ! ..
. .. _ ,-
BIBLIOGRAPHY··:·····:: .. : .. ~ · ,: :-•.. : : ,. :,: '..· _. : :, ·.:· '.:.: :: . 842

· ..
,·
.. ·. •, 2019--SAN i3EOA LAW CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS I ix

c·oN-FLICT 0.F.,lAW·S
SAN BEDALAW CENTRALIZED BAR OPERAT.IONS - MEMORY.AiD
A - • 0 0
zois
,~- .· ·_c·ONFLTCT o~ LA:WS . Basic Cause forConflict of Laws· Case

. They come. i~to being 'throuqh varianee ·in .'
municipal laws .of the -countries., involved, Even
.
f~e
(PRiVATE)NTE°ilNATIONAL . a_ssuming .. that .laws in· various countries are
. ~LAW). . .. .: uniformly the same, still different municipal .tribunals ·
may -qive identical -Jaws, varying · interpretations.
· , · . ··.. -·'' .. · · '(PARA'S, Conflict; supt» si.e; .. . . :· · . . ·.
Conflict of Laws . or Prlvate International Law ·· · , ... - · ..
Cor.if!i~.!..of laws is'tha~ part of.the. ~uni_ci&al 1'aw"o( a 'Three-Fold Functions of P.riv1te· '111fei~ational.
sfc~tei"'.which .. dire8s its courts· 'and -~:ad_mir,iistrative Law: .. '. . . .. · _ :·· . · ': -~' :/ . , :. -: · .
1-
.. . · ~gel)cies, when contronted: with ·.'a legal problem 1. - Ouestion o{ Jurlsdlctlon ---~ , prescribes the
. inVOIVJng'.a· fo(eJgn··elernenf/-whetheJ:·Or not/they . conditions Under Which' a .courtcraqency ..Is • •
should apply 'a foreign law orforeig_n laws (PARAS; . competent to entertain proceedingswitl}·for~ign
• , Philippine ·Conflict ofLaws'(1996), p, 2 [Hereinafter, ' elements .. · · · , . ~ . ; '. · · :· .•..~ ·::- :,:: : · . '.
'. PARAS, Gbnllictj)'. · -·. · · ·.. -· · . ·. ··. ·- .' ' 2. : ·auesti'on· of· Appllcabllityc-of.-a "Foreiqn
. ' ., \ :'. . . . . - .Judqrnent .: specifies thf:.: circumstances in
Th.e lai;v concerninqthe ,r-ights.of personswithin tl}Jl - .which foreiqn judgm.en.t will be recoqnized as·
't~r.ritory_'and dbrrini9n: o( C>h~---~a~i?,h; ~¥ 5~~s.9n of':. . valid anc:J_binc;ling in the forum.. . , .x .
acts,. private or, public, -done~_w1th1n-ttfe dom1(11on of l Questi6n of Choice, of L~w _ determines,ihe · .
.. :another nation (Hilton v. Gi.Jyqt, '-1'59. U.S. · 1-1 J; June · ,. · · · · ·· · - · ' : 1 ·.
· · · · ·· particUlar'system·of law for each class of cases
'3,- 18ft5J- · ·.:·.· ·-·- .. .-:·· .. .- ... ·. . . . to as.certain· ,-the· rights oP'pa/ties (PARA~,.
It_ is. fundamentally a .. problem 9f· choice /of law ·conflict; s_u'pra_.at 8) ...
bety;e~n-·fo~eign law and· _locai:or mi:lpicipal :l?w, by Elements cif.
Conflict of.:t.'a~s: .- . : ---_,, ·.. :-~ .
the Jar.um 'court, with !oca.l i;)r)nuriicipal la~' as its 1~ Lilgai prob'l~m. or .. G8·s~: ,inv~lyin'g'° a-;dqreign·.
1~,
starting. p.oint.. (AGPALQ, · G_onf!ict_p.f'Layvs· (2004), elemer.-it,(and·· . . . · ,,·_ . • • :r····":° . .' '! ~-- :(· ..: .•
p.11 {ti~reinafter,·AGPALO,_ CQrifllct])., ,·.,' .. · · 1> -:it\ ' ..: ·· · ·, ,, · '··\ . · . .

. . .-: : ..... _. .. ·.·. , .. J'• 'L . >-1.;·,. . 'N·ot'.~~-:;,~;i_qlei~},;e_nJ' ~ f~r.fii~}.'sit;'JaU~n: ..
Conflict of La~s.-ca?e · ·., ·" · · _. · f'\ ... ;,_· ·, -?~ttm,.g ic~~~.?-·:t~_r.r,)tor!al hn.es, ,affec_t~~-- bY,_
. .An:f yP~~ 'lfi~olving_,facts OC?;~r.r~)1'g)n-_ . ore tl}a't on~ . d1yerse .llaws ·.-of. two br. more .. States· .. Th~
. . . ·.state ·or nation ~hat JTIUSt choossll,betw.eerfJne"law~·. :P.· rel ..e. nc_.]/·:Of~.-f~_re_·_'igij ,: ·ale_'m_··;.nf/in. a'._· ca~_e:
· . ·' ·o_f diff_erer.1!'.'slal~s u.i ·t;uui_1l1_ie,··I~ ,ecicl1n.·t:'
~-. ,Jl1e g,,..· .cas·e
\.lo-.. ..... · ".·•.:. ·. . .~,.e
"' t~:errr.pne~, "' •.th" t
1.•,.~ .• e;1_s ei:i~e. o _a. . )' · o_t l"W
f c ori.fll"t ~ $
. . (SE{Mf/0-DIY,-. Hanabook · . · -onf/Jcpl"of L'aws, ·· , 's1.(ual!?~,~~,~e'~h$r~·~s no'foreign el~me~t;·.~o
._J~_-_?o_4;._),·p._ 1:lh_.. ,e_ ~~(n_:a-.ft.·e·~·. / . _.Q.:i~.i'q:_06rfffi~1.·_1Y~\~
:_/3EM_ , co;;"fhc oF faws · exists. (A.GJJAL~,- (:,;onfl1ct,-
. "' . ., · suprc1 a.t 12):-.:. · . ·. · '· ·: · ·-.:. : ":_,·.
V'J~at D.o~:> :·~tate" ..M.1:?a.n In ~or;1fl~~tofl.,a".)'.~_?-·. ·. --- . . . . . . . ; :. .. ; . : .• ., .:. ~-·~- .
It moludes-not of11y fore1gn-:?ov.e(e1gn cod°qtnes or "'foreign. element is: anything .which. is not
·state_s .put· ?ISO p~litical s'Libdivi~ions, q,f'st?te""!"1f~_o"':'r";.. ......~--aomestic'ari'd has a fdreign·co'lnpbnent to it.It
countries which·have their~own legal systems (ld ... at· ·· can be .. a fqreign9r, ·~-· foreign ·CoiJ)br8t!Onr·:ari · .· ·
'.3). .·. y . ' . ·: '1· '. .. ·. •,, i~~ident :tia_~-per,in~:in, 8: fo~~ig,i1 _·countr1)~r :a, . :
'i.: .
:. • , • .JI.
::.::· t ·~ .. ·-. : . . ~ ··: ,•
~CUITVECOMMI~E·. ! SO'BJECT_COMMITI.EE_ . 1\1.EMBERS. ' . 4I)VISE_RS":. . .,;:·_, .,~<:
MJ\RY,C~LL c. ~UMi\NQUI,' :MA CRISTINA , D. ARROYO· ELLA.IN° GtPEI.'fyO; MfRRfy · .1)c:1!1'ED~eEm:s.:'Al.13~0,\ .,
Over-all Chairperso,i; 'ERlCA · Subjecf Chair, MARY CI-IERWYN IqUSTIE .. lvj.. - Fru\NCiA, -Dean'UI.PIANO P. SARMI{:.ITTO
MAE c. yisr'A Chairj>erso_n.fo,r..: L. .. cAsfro.. : Assistai,t. ~ubjec~ .. CHAR,MIE. ROSE . DX* . R. m, Atty. MANUJ!.L P. CASINQ,'.
Acqqen:iics, ~EN . REI '. E. · Chai;, .Jf,.YSOI:j_ P:. HI~UI;ANA . RO~O. ' • ·-:···, :.. . 0 ~lly. D~ Q. DELA:CR!JZ,.
BARBERO.Chairperson for Hotel _Stibkct Elec(fonic' Data frocessing, .. JANINE·,· CAMELI£·: · T. · -Alty. ROWELL ·D. 'ILAGAN;
Ope~tions, ]1-IELSEA I.,OUISE B.:. , lv1Aiuft.A!'!GELICA R.. LOVERIA_ · . G!'-SCpN;'°MA CJ:-~ru;E JANE. '._fl;tty. JOSJ:.PfI FERD!f'l~ t-1: \
·--n~OYi'ce·Chairperson.for. ·c;o[iflict-·':of 'Laws,, SOPHIA G.· YIB,_i\Af.9f_O> ~LA-:· DECI;IA~i: -1\tty._?,T~~ -·
.
···Secretariat·
. ·,).
EARL
·.•
.JUSTIN
. .... -:
M ..... :VICTORIA:
'· . ,,. .
E.' MlNA Persons .
and., . MAE .
B: MAMARIL ~MMA- .-:GENEVIEVE NUE\!EtCO' ., : -.:- '
'•, .- .. j-·.- .l."'.1
•• ·: ••• • ·'' •.• { • )' •• : •• ;,:,' •• -~~-
YAM!3_f..P:·Yice,_fl_i<f:i;person-:fbr .. _. F.am!!y.'...,_. ·Relations, JOANNA ;1:.. : QY~. : l,3ENISit .. I:)· · : . : ·. ·. ' -<.. :·· . .:_._ ·.,'' : .. _.. ·,
· · Operatio!!s; M4, _ANG~LIS:A; .'B. . ELIZABETII , . KAMLA . . . C: . MADAMBA; D9NNA ~J:S. . .. . :-· · · ·.. . , ·:.. . . .
. DE·LEON- Vice .Ch_airpersqn for.'. M/11:,CONTEN_TO Property and. B. · ·,. GOMEZ, . JA~ON .. ·. : ....
Finan~~. :' A.ruti\':'di.MAYA -j: 'Lani. Title~ --~'nd Deeds, . KEVIN JEREMIAH • G.. :;').UNE:S; .. _· -:-
)i:N5ANGAN Vice''Chairp~r~on . C~Slµ\N .. ·Ai . ·PASION GERARD,. t.EASAR· .. s.
_;forAu_dit;JORDAN.N. CI;lAVEZ' . .'Succession, JAMJL,·P. · DALIDIG ·BAGUIO,· CAMJLLE · C.. ,· '·
, '.Vi_ce'C,hairpersbiifor EDP,-:HANz,; ·.0,5/igalions· .. ' and _Cc_,l!tracis, CI}LZQ,' MORRIS. MEDEL F. · · ·
DARRYL· D. . TIU . .Vice .. KEIRVIN ANTIIONY' B., VI.ADO SOLANO,,· JOSE. MAURICE
'c_Jr_airpirs~nfo;-Ldgi~lifS: a.~{:~: . -~al~~ qnd Le~se, _KORil'J~-~ES.·t,,I. . ROMEO . V. _ ~,ALVACIQN, ..
_.DOHN ALFRED, E. AQ'l!!!,I~ .. CUEVA Parfne,:sh!P. a?d Agency, LOIS · RENEE, R ·.TI!BON,
Vice Chairperson/or Membership ~ -ANA · ANGELA T. CZESKA JOHANN ··G. CO,
. -siMPAO :credit- Transactions, . JEANNE. PAULINE. F.
GIZELLE · KARJNA · D.c: RESURREcc10N,. MARJA
MONTERO ·Torts qnd Damages EMILIA A. SIBAL; JERRIC B.
CIUSTOBAL
con ..F:Ll:'CT ,OF LAWS
SAf,I BEDA LAW CENTRALIZED BAR OP~RATIONS .- MEMORY AID 20'19
·foreign Jaw chosen by. the parties. ·without a,

foreign element, the case is only a domestic ·
problem (PE BENITO, ·Gonflict ot Caws (201'6), Transactions" entered Strictly private in. nature
p.·11) [hereinafter, PE BENITO, Conflict]. into which generally
affect 'public: interest;
2. Determination of whether the law or- judgments transactions in which
.. of other St'ate/s will govern and if so.The extent sovereign ·Siates are
of its . recoqnition/applicatlon in. the . forum interested
;· (COQUIA & · AGU/LING-PANGALANGAN,
. ~ Contilct of Laws·.- Cases Materials· and
. •' Comments°'r,20,00) p.57) [hereinafter,. COQUIA;
· · ·· . Contlict]. · · In case/of violation .cif Resort. to. municipal
internatio~ar Caw; -tribunals
resort 'may be peaceful
or'forcible: . ·
. )
· .. lrit~rr,atioh,i:11'. . ·~- . \--_ i.n National, . m.uni,<;:ip_aJ~.o~:

. ·. · ctia~a~t~_r, ' local in: character (P_E .
- , ·- : - ·, BENITO,_ Conilict, ~upra·
.. - -: .-,·- . at ?2· ·
\,
_So~e~~jg·~ ·. st~te;. ~ri:cf

f?rivaie, individuals. or -. _:· ..
entities 'possessed of .corporations
internatlonal: · .. · ··~ . ~ ..!.: ... · ·
~'~~e~
;,.._ · formal ..treaty Is not the priih~ry sou'.~ce.. or
·.customary.:'.internatid~~l:.law_. - . }.inong Q,th~,tthings; .•
personality, ... - . . ". •. courts, consider internatioriat'custcrrt.as evidence of.
exceptionally; c:I· general practice ..accepted as: raw~ vvhere tb.ere·· is
mdlvlduals, too rio treaty, ·a'n.cJ. no controllinq executive or _legislative
act' orjudicial decision, resortmust be had · tothe
customs and usages .of cJyilited· nations (.Ab,dullahi ·
v, Ptize«, ltic., 562F.3d 163; January 30, 2009).
2 I 2019
"
SAN BEDA
. .. LAW CENTRALIZED
.
.BAR OPERATIONS
,; .. .
.· CON;FLICT OF . LAWS
SAN BEDA I.A~ CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIQNS - .MEMORY AID 2oi9
,·
History and Development Kinds ofduris diction in Conflict of Laws:

.1. 141h century (Theory .of Statutes) - Bartolus, 1. .Judlcial Jurisdiction - power.or authority of a
"Father· of Conflict of Laws",· formulated the. court to try a case-render judgment and execute
Theory of Statutes. in· which · Conflicts": were it in accordancewith law.
resolved by classifying the issues based on real, 2. Leqistatlveduriadiction-; ability oJ the-State to
personal, and· . ~ mixed statutes. The promulgate laws and enforce them .on all .
classifications were overlapping.' · persons and · _property within its·. territory
2. 161" century> CustOIT)S were used for 'r!isolying·, (COQUIA, Conflict, supre at 20):
Conflicts.·· . · · ·,
~- .·\ .
3".- ·17thcentury · (Doctrine q(Comitas · Gen.ti um) - · " Jurtsdlctlon-end choice of.law are two distinct :
Relied on · the 'theory q(
!;,fate. sovereiqnty: concepts. Junsdlctionconslders whether it ls fair to·.
·. deriied . that. States were.· Linder any IEigal. . cause a · defendant · to travel to this
obliqation to apply foreig"ri'law, unless made'out ' state; _cliojce of.law asks . the further· question
of considerations of courtesy.. and. expediency- • ·.·' whether. the application.of. a substantive law which- .
4." -Beginning .of: codifications ..:.. : Co'nfli.~~ . 9( laws ·· will .:g_eterm_ine the.rrierits of the case.is fai°r to both
provisions were.included-ln the civil codesof thEr · par.t[e~. The··p_<;iw@"r to .exercise jurisdiction does not
states· (SALO.NGA, Private, intemstionet Law . automatically· give a .state constitutional .authority to ·. i
(1995), ... p.15-17)" [heteiria.ftei,._ ,$ALONGA, apply forum la_w._Wbile:jurisdiction arid the.choice of
Conflict}: · '· .the .Jex. . (ori. will . often. 'coincide,. .. the . "minimum ' .
' '~
cont9cts~::Ao~,., one ·; c10 'not" always provide , the , ,

'
Phases lnConflicts Resolutlon _ necessary-rsiqnlficarn contacts" for. the other. The

. 1: . .Jurisdiction ~ coricerns'the authority cir-a· ~purl question of whether the law of a state can be applied
of law to take coqnizance of a case (Where can to a transaction is different from the question of
. or shouta tiiiqetion be"initiaiecf?):: · . : r; •. .• • whether the courts ofthat state have jurisdiction to
2. Choice of Law - refe·rs· to the applicable law'lo - ente{ _a .. judg_m~nl. 111 (Saudi Arabian Airlines
the problem (Which iiiwWilithe cqurf 9pp_l~?). . _ (Saudja) v~ Rebesencio, G.R No. 198587, [January
3. · Recognitiqn .a.nd Enf9rceri1ent::.. concerns· the J.4_,. -?01.;5_.1_)~. . ,·· -· - -
· -enforcement of .foreign 1ciih"s..:a1· j~cigpjents lr · Jft\.
~-nother, j:u~isdi,ctiori" (Wh,ere · ·qa.~ lbef result_il)g .. Ste"p~ iri ;eafrn~. with. a ~ro.~lem i,n C9nflict. <;>f
. Jucfgm,ont·~o·o_nfor·c.od_?_:J... - . .A__ · ... ·._k~.
. ~ .AP."' • ~
..·.- ·. -,... t ·r: -
Laws: -x -f'··.\'· ·., . -, .
1. ·- 'Detefrriin_e· wtiett:i"er_,;the . court has . jurisdiction.
These .three. phases· are s~par'ate fr.or:'() each-.olhe~ -_ ·.;. .. - ov~~th.~~s_e,lf.it ha·s· no jurisdietion, the case
and ~ .de, fense . ih.one-ptias~·'.i{ ~ofa~d_efer].J;1¥ in-o,(h· r ~ e. . . ' s~€l.~e ~~~~ on ~hat ground.: . . • .
phases (PE BENrrp;conflict, supra gt::nJ. - . ·, .·. 2 .. ,Jf)t fiaSiJ!!!ll§J:lrqt1qn, 1t may: , ,·. . ·.
· .· · ... ,. :: : . . . .. --/ ·:. · . ~ ·•' .· .· · 'a_: · Refuse' tcfassume jurisdiction.on the ground
_ID.the.judicial re~olu.tion of corinicts p~9.~h~~ •. threi;). .· of"forum'non· conyeniens; or . · ·. . .. · .
consecutive phases· are ir,i.~qlyed: j_u~isdj_2~9n, c~oice .. Asi,;°ume jurisdicjion,, in' which ·case it may
of law, · and· recognition ·i:lnq enforcement or__.,...., .....,.eitner: _ -~ . . .· _· . · ·
judgmenls .. Corre'spondf r:ig t_o these phases ar(the. . i. : AppJy _ the internal" law of the _forurri (lex
. ~~llo~~~r~uceas~i~~~'.~~u-1a :1;tig_aUon'be:;~it;a_ted; ; .
2. Which(law wilfthe·court apply; and· · : '.· · .: ·
._iL .~;Z(y' Jti{ pr~per foreign. la~ .. (lex
·. qau_sae)_(PA RAS,'Cbnfli~t,-_si.Jpra·ai 25).
0
_3 .. , Wher~ cat{ the. resulting }i.Jcjgme.nt be. e·nforc'ed · · ..

.- ... (Hasegaw? · Ii. Kitami.J.r:a, GR .. ·No,: ·14~177, . TYPES OF JL!IJICiAL-JlJRISDICTION
No\1err,!Jer 2~, 200/). , .·. . . . ··,. ---. , . 1. ~Jurisdiction over the person ' ·.
. The c9mpet¢nce or. power of a .courno r.ender a
- .. 1
·· jl,l.d!;jrhent tha_t will. Bind· the . par:ti'es, !o a· cas,e
•' .·
....
. · _.·:·. ·. I.· _:. 1•
__ • (SE;_MPI0,--°-1~,. Conflfct, supra at _5},,, ·· · · -
- ;J.URIS:OICTIO-N .. · · How Ac;quir~d: · . . . . ·.·· ·- ...
·'. ..
. "'-'
: a., ', Jurisdiction ove'r the person _of.th~ plairi"tiff is .; . _·
.. acquired fr'bi°Tlt~e - m9ment. he ·in_vokes the.,.
aid or.-power' of the court:_Qy_ ,in"stituting. an.
/" Gen·e,al RuJe~. It- _is _th_e)ight. bf;'a' Sfat_~ tp ~xer~is~ ·. •\, ... acti9n' tl)rough-proper pleading:: · · .. · -
·aut~o-rity. __ 9ver. - persons·: ana · things ·.within it~
boundaries· (HQrigkong . and Shanghai- . Ba(lking
· · b: ;. J,urisdict_ion c/ver the. peq,.on ofth"e.defend.ant
. is_ acquired thrnu~h: . . . . -.· . . '·-·.
·. Corporation v: jaqk· Rdb.ert"Sh°e{JTian et el, GiR. No ..
i. Volunfary·appearance_ where action·is in
72494; ~{!gust 1.1, 1989). - . · · _- ~ ·-
· p.ersonam -(RULES OF COURT, R_UL£
'· -14,.Seq. 20);. , ·:."
2019 SAN BEDA LAW CENTRAl IZED BAR OPERATIONS. I 3

CON·FLl'-CT Q:F.LA.WS
SAN Bf:~A·l.AWCEN1'RAL!ZED BAR OPE~TIONS - MEMORY AID 2019
IL . Coercive 'process through·-personal or f9T8;Re,rs of7vfora/es v. Agustin, G.R. No.

-substituted service.of summons·where. 2'24849, JL1ne 6, 2018).· ·
l._ ·.'
-. · . action is in. personam (RULES OF . ·
· .COURT, RU.LE ·14, Secs, 6' and ·7); Quasi in rem jurisdiction: affects only the
iii. Constructive ": Service'< by Publication interests of 'particular- persons in the thinq, In
Where·-· the identity/whereabouts 'of such case, the court may render valid judgment
·9efen'dant i_$ ··..unknown . (RULES OF when. it has jurisdiction over the· particular
COURT,,RU/iE~14; Sec. 14);·" - '. · . persons whose interests areaffected (SEMP/0-
iv. - Extra-territorial Service · (RULES OF 0/Y, Conflict, supra at 7). · ·
. ,.. -, . ·. GdiJRT," Rule .14, Secs .. 15:and-16}; and Lqng-arm,Statute
v. Service upon 'a forelqrr.prtvate. juridical . .
:entity which hastransacted businessin A law that allows a plaintiff:to; rnake-a.clairn-
the .-"Philippi_n.e's. ·through . its resident" aqainst El non-resident. d..ef(;lnq9nti.. provided
aqent desiqnated · in accordance With there are minimum contacts with the forum· to
·, law: ro·r. that purpose. or if"·n ne, the 9 justify · its. e~e-rcis~ of.,·jurisdiGtio_n·-: over . him
· ·. · gov.eminent offjcial desiqrrated-bylaw to (COQUIA, Conflict, supra at:36). ·. · . ·
. ". -)hc1t-eff~.ct:or~[ly _of!its,dffic~rs c;>r. aqents: . .. . .. . ' . \_ .
• · ·· ..... ·. within: !he·-~PbiliP,pine:5. ·, If the ,.f9reigo 3. .Jurisdlction ·over the Subject Matter> ·
· · · · ·· : · . private juridical entlty'is not reqisteredto It is conferred, by laW -a~'d .is .the. power .. of the
,· ... · / dobusiness .in -Hie Philippiries_.~iee=,
-:.: · . · .. : . may be co_u.rs·eg throu~~: ~y,-·Qf the.
.... '- , . . following means: , _ . , ·//'..;- . ~. .
u·. NC
..._~o1urt tot hearh~.nhddth~te~m1~ecad~esof_ the g_~net_ral
~SS O "'! ,IC " ~ ~r.o~~Et l~QS ._ln:'_gu_e~ 10~-
belong JSEMPtq-01~,.f:JonJ1ct,,supra a,t 5).-·_ .
. · ...~_.::', · ... · 1·.-)' _By, - · personal .·· ser,vicQe.our:sed~ .j ·f. ~. . ·., ·. · · . . . :.
. . · . ··:·:-tl=lrqEJgh-'the 'appr,o,ia;,e·:cl:l6rt'flfthe . · .·. ln*on(l~~P.~ L9w~. _th.~,,couQ ri:u~~ c9~s1qer, 1n
t~
· ... , : f t:"'r."\'7-_.:t;, · .. 4
··.·. ,· .;: .. : "_:-- ; •. ·.forei~n·C?u.ntry tit~t~~\ a.fsistan.,.~~~t:~111§
· ._.-_., qf th'E; OFfA; · W?.
;.f:1.a~~r ·. [qf] ,J~n~d.t~tior-i,,. !he
W . P,O~si_bl ,ezy~~fl~b1l!tY __ of 1~s,q_e.~!$IOf), _1c9.,fore1gn_
2 ) ~rn:C~f~~?ft.;~~c~~{j;~e~. ~ ' ~· 6\a\ S, SO!<J{t'9b'S of ~~Jd \l:\e~ (/d al
·
· •· .
· · f,~
!~
.defend_ent Be fo r:i~ r _8
1- f ~{!:) ~--
·· . : serving · . I · ., .c~py. ·: ·. . . - /: ··,4
m1 · ~ ~-ll"J.i
~
· Note~
· ,
·In the ~P-h1hpi01nes Junsd1ct1on over the
· \\ r
~St,Jbject m'atte~
,r ' · -
conferred. b'y° law;. e.g.', the.·
··. · · ./. _. '-~um_m_<,ms/~if~-1- -o~r\:...; :.· a~· . a_·Co~tttutLo ..nfincCJ~e J~~i~ia'Y, -~ep.rn~ni~aHc:in,
·.. . _:· . :·_·. :;fs~:fen~.l~~~nto;~?-~~' -~s b.y~ -~· .:· .- 'Ac(~~~~i-~~--(~.f'- 1_29,_:~J_µ~ic:i~8::· 1;\~~:,?f
.
... , . 3)
, f .. ,1.• 1
_., 8.Y-~cs1m1e·~0r
Y\~l'J .
a y- r co§rnze ~-
ct~ ,I.Ji);
~:a~:7 /. ·. ,.
}!18,,a~ amencfieyR.A. 9252)..... ·. - .
:: · · -'· :-
. ··.··'· \.:,· ·_..,;:~e!e~tr9nic1 ··-.1~a-~s: ·-t~~~ ~~~1<¥'. . r~st~ffi{{~~i.~~/cti~~- vv~~th.e~_fh_~_ la~ ~e:7ti,l,JP-?n··
.· - . " .. : : ,,- ·. gl:nerate_ proo,(lf sei:v1~~e:.0r . - .. , . , . !Wtc1hlltiaj!,'.'th.e power _tq. ·~fl!en,1pon J~e.;.'l@l!.ll:Y
.. . . : . . · · ·· - 4 .. ); _By., su~~-ot_h~r_·!Jl~~rns _a -r. th~ CQYJ _;[Ef.:tJJ~)tv.ad ~·v.:·
9 :fatficia~- Ji-!c:,- ·, G_R: No/' =.195834;
; . . _ m_ay dtre.~t .m its c;l1 creb_o~ At:M. ··J~/lloven1be'r''f9~~9)l). · ·. . · · .. · ' ·.. . . .
. ·.. :·· · ·. -,·3::.6-SC)·':·.· :,· ... · ..(_Q~ 1 • \'\ ~/:·,.,.~.
.1., .,·-·\, .. ,:"
_2 .. ·. Ju~1_s~1~t~off
/,- '_.': .-./·;· .: ·.VJ._·.· M
· . .. ·. ·-· .~ , ': ·?Y:":"-.·. · ~.-~e:f~s- ·=· -:_, . r ·. • -~ • .
1.§.~~~;;nc;:ip.!e~- .~-~d-~rlyi~~~-·,Aii"_-·'i\u;~_s·
JJ~dici!on · ... ·:·· · ·
,·of . .:-_
-~,_- .. ·: ':· ._· ·· .. '-'. · :,. . ,, ..
· Jl!nsd,_1c_t1.oh oyer}l:lE; ·!)ar:ticu.l~r -~-~bJl?c_t, mat_ter ,11.,, 't"/J,:State ct9e.s net; h.~Y? juri~.~tz.t~?~jll t~-~ ~?~~Qce pf_ .
. contr9yefSy'., re_ga,rdles.,~ .of th(!l -p~rs_ons wtio may · some reasonable· basis for exe.rCJs.mg· 1t, -wlietlier tl:le ·· · ,
be.i~_tere~ted:.the.reili-'C(:'~RAS/OC:.J~fl(ct/supra:N:_':.' . - p'ro'cee'.ct.[ngr -are·., 'in tem;"-:Jii;,_as';__ in\/e'm: -·:.ot'··;n . _.
:29,'.:$_EMPIQ-D1'(~ qonflJ.ct,.·$upra·_-atJ): ·: . . :persoi:,'am; To be.
r.E}ason9.ble;-th@'jurisdictior(must'-,
·.•'.I· .. '.>'.. . . ' .- "" .< . •:c • . .- be 'based on S0mff minimum conta"cts •that. will bot'•
. -Refelrecttb:a~·ir,1--rem jtiri$diction i_ff con_trasttoin.: '· . O~E}nd 1rc1~i([o11a! r;l'q.tiO:n$,.O~}~frp!i:iY ~:nct's~q~fonti~I •
p~r~o"n~m .. juris~di~tidn;'.· ..Whrch ,Oin'ds·:· O~n'fy.. the · ju_~tice: (SAL ONG.A, Coiiflic{, sqpra,_ at 95): ··· ~ · · · . ·-- 4 -.
p_c:irti~s,.·· and: :,tti~_it Sl.JC.C~~sors-in~'f~terest. ··A.". . • . • . -· ' , , ..: I . ··:' . . •. · . • ', · - 0" . • ;
p~rsonal action, h(?We_v.er, may.be, e;;onve/ted to . )Thus, an e.ssential' element cif:,conflict, rules,is the
. '_jr,",(~7TJ•Dy, attachment-bf; p~ope·rity, a~ong 'otpers· . •.. _:!~di~ati~n O~ a "t'3St;'. ~r: ".~pr;,n,ecting)a9.tpr'.'.Qr :"1ioi~_f
· ($EMF'/<IJ";D[.Y,·.Conllict; supra-.at-7).:· · . '· ' ·. . 6fc:ontact":·ch6ice-0Hay/'rt.ile.s·:iri\iariabl'y-"cbnsi~t· of
. · ,',;· :···. r: .· · · .... · ·· .. .' · :. . " . .a f~Gt!,J,a.1. r~!9ti0[1ShJp, -.(~,u~_h: ,as. prpp~[!x,,rigrr
.. ·,How:Acqi'.iir.~·d;,; ,; · . ' · '.. ,: :, , .. " · , ': \. .. · -_..' · G_ohtr~w.t: ¢1ai'rnJ aniL:~. c",c5~-~~e9Ijfig' f~cter".P.qinr. t;,J,.
... : · :a:, ·:Seiz~'re of-p_rope_rtfun~er, a. )egal-proc'ess·; or ; cp~fa,t_t, · s.~-~-~' -~~- !he' si~_u_s· of :t.~e· r~.9,)h~· pl~g<( 6.f
· __.:. b. · _rnstitution, of · leg13I !pf.6~e~di.QQS ..'wh.~rein, ·, celebtatioh;--thi place .of peiforms:ince, or"the·. place
. . . u'nder,speci~l-pfovisions ·of law, the powe.r of ·,of. -$;t6"r1gdoing'~-(¢'otittn~rit1i'.'~itfcfon~ii~; '· lnc/: v:
.. ·--~ the~"co:cift, ot'er::the. property: -i~·- recognized . (, ~ Bass_o,. 'G:R .. Nos.·_ 1783_82-83;'$eptember 23,_·._20·15; ..
and "maqe .eff,e.cJive. (Q.QQ'l:JIA, C_onflict; .· · · . ·se.y a/so 'the discussion under. th~ .. doctrin$ of
supra _a't 23, .El Banco EspaiioJ:Fifipino .11. · . ch~iacteriz_aJion below).
Palanq_a, G.R. No. L-11'3~0,'. March 26/ '·.
. '··
. ·4
•
I 2019. SAN BEDA LAW CENTRAL:IZED- BAR OF:>"EF?ATIQN.S
• I •••. • ' • ',
-CON·FL:ICT .O·F LAWS·
SAN BfDA lAV{..CENTRALIZED BAR OPEMTl9N!i -. M_EMq~;A·ll?.~01.9.
. .
· .Mi.nimum Contacts .Test. and Fundamental · the court's desista·nce.''.. As the propriety of applying
Fairness Test forum non .conve,niens,_. is contingent" on a factual.
· To bind a defendant.absent f~om the territory ofthe . determ1nation,: it i~. therefo~e. a matter .. of defense
forum to ? ~iudgrnent/in · persoitetn, due process (Sc1u;ii · Arabian Airlines CSaudiaj .· v. Rebesencio,
. requires that . he should have certain . minimum GR. No.:19.858!-_, January 14,·2015). · .
. ...
· .. · contactswith it and that the maintenance of the suit
: doe_s not. ~ffE~nd.-tfaditlorial notions of fair play and ~o~e-~ It r,elc3t_es. t~··: forum, · not· .. to" the. choice of
substantialjustice ( Shaffer v. Heitner, 433 U.S. 186, go.verqing law (PFBEf\{ITO,. Conflict, supre.ei 29) ..
June 241 1977). ·~ , ·.:: · ·. · "·· · ·· · · :. · - ·· ·· ·-
.. ./: ·.. . ., ·. . :. . . . . Forum.non convenieiis 'fs1 a device aki~ to'the. rule
Note: For in .rem 'and quesi-in re.m: due process. is _against forum shopplnq. ft is deslqned - lo frustrate .
'satlsfied _when'. defendant is giv.en adequate riotice .. i!li_cit. ,m,e<;1~~.. fQ_r,"'$.~~.Li~i.r;i_g_,.~~vant.ag~? ap_d .. v.~xing
. and opportunity to be heard ·by service of summons .h!!g~~ts th_~~ ~?ul_q ;~~.~·ryv.is$3... be .J?~?~ibJ~ lf_ the
· through puqli.catjpn (COQUIA, Conttict, sypra al 24). · .., v~nue .of. ht!gat1on .(W, d1sptJte_,reso·1ut10n) were left
· · · - . ·· ·., · · ·· entirely to the whim 'of.either party .(Sa.udi Arabian
Points to R-~mi!mbe/on'Juris'c1iction : ,· /1.irlinei( (5:aµdia) v.. R_eb_~s'eJJC(O, .G.R. N9_. .19.8587, .
r: In choosinq a 'particular forum, the: plaintiff . January .14, 2~15), ' /' · . · ·· ·
· .accepts the forum's entire juqicial machinery, so · · . . · · ··· · · ·
'thatfie must accept riotonly .its benefits-but its · .T_t.ie· a'o_~t,rin~·- ~-~-~ul{ g~n.erai"ly_. aP,R.I.Y' only if the
burdens as well (SEMP/0-0/Y, Contiict, supra ?t : }e(~~panUs_, a_pJ~pQratio~: If. th_E;l defendant is 'an
.10);·. . - ·· · ' - - . mdiv~dua_l, t1:ie _prop~~ ~or:l!.m _may npt b.e·.able to
. 2 .. The j~ri~d.ictidn .o.fthe·couri· contin.ues 'evJn if the :. a_C}]Uire -j_urisdjcti.on. 0".'er' hjm {Le .. , he may not -be
. defendal)t leav·es the ..stc!te of the. forum prior to r~sidjng there)_, leaving -.the plain.tiff without any
~~; :~-~lo1te~~i~a.t:.~n ~f the ~~tf on. agai~s~i£n . r~medy ( S,EM~(Q.-Pl_y;Conflitt, SUP.ff! at '11 f)nd 12) ..
. 3:·~r_The parties ·10 a cbnt.rad m. ay s•ipulate on., he

~
ln~t.an2~~ Wh-~rft:Forilril Non C61ii/enie.hs-ma; be
.lnvo"ea~ ~ v. . . ' .. . . . .
: . fore_ign _law to gover"0 disp'utes,arising from the I)
,. 9ontfa'ct ..(AGPA~p; Co.hfl[q'f;_ supra at,G@),p .. _., ~ -~~u'rt_, t~o~ ~-'.i,Lh~~):1ri~diGtion: .. ~~er .a case, may
· · 4: ~he : .patties in~y stip.ulate.: ~n. a <)u~isdi~ti?J.r ~ ., . de~!m~ to ex~rc.tse ·.it, in view of any of the f9llo"".ing
. c;ial!~~·} ~ont~~c~ si~.~s_e..:~hlfh::.,Brqyidesft~at .. ~r5:1ct!c~1.re"1i·lon\:- · .. -, . , · · . . . ._: . :_ .. . .
: .. · ,~ny. d1sput~ · an~mg·'from t!].e,...contract_ ~II tie , 1. -~_v1d.r,icet ?J\d ""'.1tnes~ ·: may not, 9e readily .
. ·< · ".tried befpre ·:the. cqmpete11Us1lecific:tourt :of''§\ - , : av~~a_j).le~rt~h"e.f~tl!m;, : . . . . . . '-
, {7. ~'
· parficyl~·r..St_ati<. . .. :_/-'-:·
~· ; A court, ,in, assuming jurisclictioTo:vfr'ltrie. ~ase;
· · ·. . :·4_. .· Col!Jrt dock of. .tbe·..Jorum. may already. be
_;_ : ·.ct~g·ge~ .cJ, " , wmit\ir-ig. a·ddjtion,al 'c~s~s ,Wou)d
may apply·tbe_JQt~~~a! lav/6t-the·f~ (Jex'fun)}_ ,harpp'er~m • _pe~dy adm_inistration qfjusti9e;· .
. _or ·the ·_law ·of.so·me_' other' state(s) (i;\['AUD,. 3. .!3elief that the .. matter ca'n·· be better tried and
. · · Conflict,·supr;a at 25);- and . · · · . . ... '' dec;ided~-ln anoJher. jurisdict[on,· either b~cause
6 .. ·· ;rh'e · .case'. may,· -oe · dismissea · for ack ci · · th~fuair·~spect~foUhe ca_se·fr~nspired .there or
· . ~ur(~d!9t(.9\) of._i9~ co~rt or. its refusal !~:a·:isum-e.--.----- ......Jthe1.mateirlal. witQess·es · h~ve their.:-residence
· · JU~1sd~ct1on 9\;ler t~~ case_-~1:1rsµant ~arum. n~m·, · · . lheir.e;<·~·. , · . · · : · · ·
: convenief!s (SEMP/0-DIY, Conflict, $.Upra at . ··. 4~ :· ;T~\urb'tt,e·ev(ls :of forum:shopping;~ ~ .:
10)., · · ··' · ·· ·· ' · .·. · - . · -- 5. · Forum-b·as-no· particular interest, in th·e.case· .
. · ·.. . : 6.: ·.otner': cqLirt~:··are open: and the case· ina'y be
. Principle of Forum Non-Conv~hiens · - -. · ·.: . . , , bette"(tried therein; ~ :· ·· , · . .. .
~- GOU rt'~ diS~fefionary p,qwer}o .de<::!ine the ex_ercise' . 7_. . lnad~qua_c::y·(;l.f the: icical.judi<:i~l _machi"J'1ery; !3nd <
· :of its jurisdictipri where·. an_othe_r eourt inay rrore. 8. . £?.(ffic:ulty of ascertaining . the foreign_ law·
· conveniently bear ~ .ca·s~ . (SAL_()NGA, . Conflict, . · ·· applicable .(SEMPIO-fJIY;· Conflict,. supra at 10-
... supra. at .56). · Accoraingly,._under the doctrine of-· '11).__· :_ . :< ·:, . ; · ... ·: · .. · ' . ..
forum nqh· comieniens;: <!·-court·; in--conflict of laws . ·· · · · ·
.· cases; ·may refuse '.irripo~iticins on: its .j~·risdiction .. Note::.,1'11~. c;9_ur:.0Wrii;>l tjismiss .the::case unde~·.the ~- .
wher,e·. it is: nof-the'.." mosf 'convenient' or· available·· . . doctrine Linl.ess4Jie plqi_ntiff·.ha.s a_r:iother {oruni open
: ."f?rUIJl .· and, th~_. i:iarti_e.s' are." riot:· pr¢cltided·. froi:n ·,/ . t~}im ·(AGRALO,· Conf(ict;,supra _at"4~8).1 ,: .-·· . .'
-.. seekingrehiedies elsewhere.- ·· · · : . ·.- -- ··· · · · · · · · ·· ... ·.. · ·
·:'.: . ·... :_..;,.; . ·. . / ·:: . :._·,.·c .., ·.,_·· .. : . : · . ·. . ·.On lhEl other hand,:.courts,.:rjfa~?,cho_o_s~-·t(i a,ssume.;
...... ·:fh~ .. ·u.~e- o"~ tt:ie. w.ord· ~ "rfiay''. . (Le:, . :'.may refuse jurisdiction. subject· to the fol_lo.yving\reqt..!isites·:· "(·1J i
• •• J.•
.. in:ipositions on its jorisdictior:i'.') shqws that the matter 'ttiat t~.$, Phi,lippine. Co_urt i;;·oneJo: i.rvhi,ch th'e· parties
. · qt ju_risdiction re::;ts oii the 'sound · discretion of" a . . may 'c,onvenien.tly..{esort)o; .. (2) ·ttiat-_the Phili1:1'Pine
, :.court. Neither the mere, invocation .of forum non · Court.is i_n.a,p:os.itioi'\~o-p:1c,:1ke,an intelligen.t d~cision
·co'!veniens; nor ttie ·av~rrrie:!1·t q( (oreign eleni~nts. · · as.tc;>·tbe la.w ar:id the f~cts~ and (3) that the Ph_ilippine _
op~rates . fo automatically. divest . a. court of . . Court .has on··is ..likely to ·-havE:1 pow~r. to _enforce its
ji.Jrisdic_tion .. Rathe"r, -~.<? "9our_t. shol!Jd ~¢nounce decision" (Philippif/e Nati.onai Construction Corp: v.
jurisdiction only "after 'vital facts are e~tablished,, to Asiavest Mercna_n! .B_ankers (M) B.erhad, G.R. No.
determine whether special. circumstances' r~quire · 172~01; August 19, 2015). ., ·
. .. .. ··-. .
·2019 SAN s~DA LAW cENT.RAUZED BAR oPERL\TIONs· r 5

CON·FLICT OF .LAWS
SANBEDA LAW'CENTRALIZED [lAR OPERATIONS-, MEMORY AID 2019
. Note: Jurisdlction and choice of law are two distinct -Note: Courts may use public J?Olicy to: (a)
concepts. Jurisdiction considers whether it is fair ·to . _refuse to .entertain· the case and .dismiss it
cause a
defendant to travel to this state; choice i:if .w!thout prejudice becay!>e its enfqrcement is
law.asks.the further question whether the application against public pol.icy; (b) entertain the case
of.asubstantive law wtiich willdeterrnine the merits· arid·:apply domestic law; cir (o)·entertain the.--=-· ,
of the case is fair to both parties. The power -. to . case but invoke its.qwn' public iiolicy to apply
. exercise [urisdiction does· not .automatically give·-:a . . the rorum's dqmestic law ..
state constitutional authority to, apply "forum law
(Hasegr1wa v ... Kiiemure, G.R. '<No. ·149177, ' ·b. The J9reign law is contrary tci the almost
N~veinbe.r.2.3, 2007). uriive~sally cqnceded principle~ of morality
(Contra. 8bnos. Mores) (e.g. fQreign l~ws
Justifications· for the appljcation 'of iot.ern:?·, la....; recognizing prostit_ytion) (Id. at'14); ·
of the forum· {lextori} to Cpnflict of Laws cases: . .
1. When the local law expressly $0 provides c. The foreign law . is penal in ·character
·rcoQUIA, Conflict, supra _ar-145); .. . . (AGPALO, Conflict, ~upra at 671;
a.: Law governing property transactions, (CIVIL
·. C_ODE,.Art. 16,.par. 1); .. _. _.. · · · Exception: . .
. . . .. . . . ., .. . ,: · .. ·.;. .. ,. .., . Whe.n the local law adopts the.penal law.of
Rea.son: 'Alt 1_6 oithe ~'Y!! ~9de IT!_?~da,tes. . . · ··.oth~r countries as part thereof (Id).,-' ..
_ the application of lex situs qr, tex re, sitee to · . · · · . ·
}\:)'.. _ ~.en?I claus~" in a c~ntra_cfentere?·,into-:, ,·
all properties, vy,hether'-~rEt13l
found and located here. ·
'or:·~~~s·~u·
. ·. . . ~. , J.. v.: .
f at;Jroad may be enforced here because such
b. · Law:· overnin -: . the· order · an~6fa,~ i/,,?ot\~i'~\~a!
out civil. in ..n.atw~ •. providing
g .
. successional
g. · .- . . . r..~
ngjlts; .. , 1~tnn1?.l9'
,1:iiL-! " · .;f__::_..:...:.:. ~nly)(l)l1 uidated damages (SEMPIO-DIY,
1.~J_1a1µf~---......._Cb fli t: r t . · · .:
15;.
testamentary ·provisi_~~s~al,'::~i)<:3t:1ty .to ~;;::, Ye.· _, \ · n :~;,)!:{ _a a : · .. _
. c. ~~';see~~~~~~~n~oitl~:\~1
_ n:iarri;:ige (FAMIL y qbfi)E -A~ ao/f~i:i.d · r~\. .
!~:~~-[· ~.
1(· ·:-: · -~~te: "'~~~~ce~ent. of foreiqn penal _l~w~
rp1,1s! b1. ~ti;\g~rsh~d from_ their rec~~~1t1on,
d. · Laws qovernjnq re
CODE Art-'829)·
,. : .. _'· . .. :
[r--t
#oGad~
· ·.. ~~
r . · l:
,f of ',\'jlls (.<;;l:VJL;:.: ~·j· ,. ./, .
~/~I'<~
_- · · . ·~ . · ~~1~ ._:~:
a s~ate !TI~}~ie,cjgrnze fore1_gn 8enal !.a~s. for .
~a[IOUS .P.J.Jrpol.es,._thoug,h rt 'NIH not ~,reclly .
. · infor,G·e,~s8c~111•ws-'init.s juri~c;J.iction .(Id.at
Q.!f0;. (,). fl1qt,A·.. Ht' "·.
2. When}he fo~eign law o.~ j.~Qfuint
. prop·erly·pleaded•and·pr9.
· supra·at 145);.
. , . ..'. · '. · . ·
.·
e'd((6;@Qf]u;
\U'"' \;
: . . · · · · \ ·. . . \, . fU:. . .
e_e"
.,~ . · ,. ·, ~,@?' _a
= · . ~
. ~~'.
· ~
~tJ 7 . ·
t:J/: . ~- .. . :_ ..
for~1gn
e
I . "
·
.
la11~v.olve~ P.r.~~edural matters

(~GP ~o,.-~onfhct, .supra .at 66); _. ..
• • .' .•
. .·. Rea_s.o~: Qur ~ourts do·noti~eJ~?1c1~I·~~~~~ ... _ · · ,: · . . .: .. /. . , ,· .. · .·. · .· --· ·

.. · ··. for:e,~n Judgf!1e~t: an~ _l~~t~0~e:1gn.1ya~l\1.._~ls-..rr:,,:-'1'1'.'\~, :..·Reasor:i;· lfj_fore1gn ~rocepmcfla":'s were to
·. an~-- !ts ·authent1c1ty m_4st ·be J{OV~n;,<;1s~tafrl.EN_l.1E?'~e'e,J2.Pl.~~-!t ~ould·r~v.olve a m..a~1r.1~ ?ver of
~C~Lnery. Jor . the ~dmm1:tra\1~~ of ·
. .. . u~der our, r_ul~s on ~vrden.ce.~- to~th,e_r@jtq"lfi~~~~h~\;
ah.en's apphc.able-_natronal.Ja'A'. to sf:to~nvJfect M A.~)j~ee in. th'e forur:11. ProcecJ,ural .issues are
-~f the.judgment'o_n the ~lien liimself (/We~~-· ·1.v J.0-.,..___....-.~~;verned by foru.m law ~o as noH?·,Unduly ·
.. :
' . . Koike, ·.G.R. No:. 215723, ..:July 27, · ~()1(j).: ~e~. ·bur9eri or _c9mphcate the. tc1sk .of th~ ·court
discussion,.': on - Doctrine ... ·-·of'· ·Pr6'cessual .· . : with th~ ·Study of -uncommqti. ,pe~uliarities
:·Pre.sUmptiOn:. · ·~>· · . · ·~ ·:. · i' : ·.. ~. ,:an·a >re'fiQ~ment$ of another :1egal/sySt$m
. · · :· ·.·', · ·"v · · . • .· ... · .. . . · , ·(CQSu.tA,· G_onflict, .supra at-.88): .· :_:·· 1
3. When 'the·,c~e. involyes.a.Qy of-.th.e: exceptji:ms to
. tbe .applica_tipn .of the.p:coper· foreign li:\w · .. _.. · e: · .:~oriign raw is~-~u;e1y fisGator ·adrninistrati~~ ·
a .. The appHcation 'of foreign lpW-.rtins·. count~r · :: <· in nc1ti.1re-(i:e_. yolle~tion oftaxes by·.for~igr.i:
' a.
. ··. to s.ound an'd establisbe·d .public'· policy of_ '... ,COU(ltrie·s or relating . · t9' ;- gove'rnmental
- 'the·. fort,Jm.. (i.e. -inc\~~tLJOCJS ·mama·g~·:or· join-t. . •.. ·functions) ·(S~MP.70..-DIY;-Conflict, ~upr.a at .
. wlll)':( S[;MPIG-DIY-, ·.Cdiiflict; .supia.at,1 ~);. . · . 15:\ .. . .
. . : 'It :~ .
. ·,, .
. Kinds of ,pub.l_ic -p-olicy ''as·· to ·extent' o.f · Note:· ·A sov.ereign has_ no leg91 puty to .
· .. :op~rations: .. ·... ~"- ,·,· ·-'°:-.. ;: -~· -: .. . :c1ssfst foreign .gov'ernments in the miancing .·
i. ...ope'i-'ates·'no m~tter wherl3 ·.the eve·nt-:or . ofiheir activities.
· tran·saGti.on t;:ikes placE?_;'and · · . . • · ·
ii. O'ne· 'which:. operates., 'only·: \\'.he.re 'the· t ·· ·The .applicaiio_n .· of. foreign ·1aw invo1ve's ·
event or. transactio'n tak'es place in'• the . uride1;1Iable · injustice to .. the -citizens or
. forum . and . is . riot- 'offended : :.jf. ttie resident~:- of the forum or ·en.dang~rs .f.the
trai:isadiO.rr is cornpleted .abi-oifo·. · for~ign relati9'ns: or vital interests of the. state
". '• ' I
.
{le/.. at . 15: and.. 16); and
..
-;
1.if. r.
t:
CONFLICT OF LAWS
SAN B.EDA LAW ~ENTF?ALIZEO BAR OPERATIONS.-: MEfr',ORY A/0 ~019
~it.
f/· .
:g. The case Involves real-or personal 'property
,. . 2. UnwritfenLaw
,~.- . . J;:.'~t" our cou~try ((w/L C°:OE: Ari 16,
a.. By oral . testimony ·of:: expert · witnesses
.: · (SEMPI0-0/Y, Conflict, ·supra at 13);·.or
~( Instances Ex.empting the Appli.cation of Internal. · Npte: Tt:ie testimony of ~n ·~xpert .Witness
tf. t.aw to Conflict of Laws Cases . · . - ·may. be allowed to·prove a·foreign law. S_ec.
t~· 1. A. foreign 'sovereign, diplomatic official; ?~ public· 25, Rule 132 of the· Rules of Court does not
""~ · . vessel or property of another state rs involved exclude' the' presentation of other competent
~~{..:... (SALONGA; Conflict, 'supra at 63); '. .. ; ...evidence to prove. t_he existence of' a foreign.
'·\'..}. '. The . State accepted a llmitation upon its ,' law. (Asia.ve.st Li(!)iie.d -v,.
CA, G.R. No.
Jff.: · [urtsdictlon 'over .. : certain persons or .thlnqs of · .·128803;-Septem/,)er 25, 1 ~98): . . ·:
"''.\' ·a·no.th·erState through a treaty {Id.); or ... •.·
.r : . .
. ·;./ ~- Foreig'ri law. tias been 'pleaded a[icl · proved . b . .By'printed and puolished books of repo_rts·of
~::: ·. (RU~E,s '" _c~~RT, .RULE 1_32, Sec, 2~). . ... decisl_ons (?f the co't;mtry involved, ·if.proved .. ,
:< . to . be commonly admitted . in its. courts
lf.rt Ma~ner of Prov.mg Foreign Laws .·· _ (RULES Of COURT, . RULE . t 30,
.
se·c.
. .
45) ..
§¥.: General -Rule: Courts are not authorized to take
i'i' judicial,.notice of foreign laws. The laws· <?fa foreign>
t•l'./countiy must be properly -pleaqed and proved as. proving foreign law:
. ....
Exceptions to the procec;tural re~uiremenfs for

-· · · ·
....
.
,
~1~/ (acts ·(Chiquita Brends, Int. v.: Omelia, G.R. No:· 1 .. · Pr~seritation of a ~~reign-licensed attorn.ey w~.o
ft"" 1,89102,. ·June 7., 2017), .in the manner· provided ',Viii. testify in. open .·:col)rt· concerning _'her
r,, 'under: the Rules 0L9ou~ (Ne.dlloyd Lijnen BY l<no,w[edge of· the. law itJ question' (Mercantile
i'\· Rotterdam .v. Glow ~aks Enterprises, Ltd., G.R. No. Insurance Co., Inc. v.· Yi, G.R. No.. 234501,
t.·. 156330,NoVember .19, 2014). · · . )· .
[M.a-rch 18, 2019);, · .. ·
~m.ir:ilstrr tiye·. agen.cies recogn~ing
·· · ·
foreign
~\' 1·. written Law · . ---...i:1aws··without proof ther:eof; . ·
ft .. > . a.· By .. official publication (S,EN(PI0-0/Y,l!. . Lacl<ofpbjection -to. ti,e. improper presentation
,~-.: .
.({;·: . Contiici, supra at 13};
b, -Copy , ·attested
·
by. "officer ~aying. legal
"'t-:,, - .
1"~ .'
,;r~~ . . . . .
by ~ne p~~ of proof cif foreign. la.w; an? .
4. Laws /appearing. in . _official.
..
websi'fes_, of
.
2:-..; · · . - custody ..thereof. If the record .. is ·_p9t k"tptin go~e~rl]eilt. ag~n~ies which have c_uslody. · of
l_::_:.,r.~...
.. the Philippines', a. certificate with s~eaFfrbm a • • la!~E.BEJ:JITO, Conflict. supra ·c;Jt 80): ·
:"';- ·. secretary ofthe embassy,~tiqn, c~nsul 1
:' ·· general, consul, - vi9e ~on~uJ~consul9r . In lnTernafi,J'; aw,;juris_dicti.on is often ·defined as:
;;(. · a9ent, or any officer in _tq_~·for,eign serviceof . the rigliref..? St,ite-to exercise authority over·persons
~~-· the Philippines . s_tationecl i.Qj;llie, ·foreig~ · .. and .things. within its _)Joundatfes subject ·to certain
:7:'-~. country to. the: eftect thatJ?id· offic,¢r has . exceptions .. Thus, .a ·State does ·not as'si.ime
t. :·
,.;·..
. custqdy is require<;! (RULES p~cb.URT,
RULE 132, Sec. 24);. and. ,. c· :·. - ,
jdrildi.ction over traveling sovereigns·, ambassador's .
an'a. diplomatic representatiyes_ ·of-.othe~:States, and
~r · · · c. A · published treatise ··q.n. th.e subject· law .foreign military . units stationed in or' . mar~hiiig.
; ·. . provid~d that the c9u~·takes judicial 9otice . through State-territory wjth the permis'sion ci( the
·- · of the competence 9f the writer, or evidence .latte.r's· a,uthoriti§lS/ This ·:authority, which fih.ds its -
.,.. ·.is··: introduc:ed to .. ,establish the. au.th'or's s.ource in the concept ·of· sove_reign.ty,, is· exclus1ve ·
{:'':· · ·comp,etence .(RULES' 'OF ·coURT;. RU'CE within'·and throughout ·the domain ·of'th.e ·state .. A
t, • Thet~a:ec~:
> -
' .
•
6~~ summary judgment Where
questions of 'fact are in Jssue or where material
allegations of tt;ie pleadings are ·in dispute. The
··
SfatE{is'comp.~tent. to take'hold ..of an'y judjcia.1 n:iatter
it sees fit by maki,ng it~ co·urts. arid agencie~ ·assu.me ·
juris.diction c:iver all kinds ·of c·ases brought before ·
them (H.ongkon{/ and Shai]g/iiar Banking ·.Corp: v.
She[man~ G.R. No. 72494, August_ 11, 198_9).
resolution of w,hether a. foreign la"'{ allows 'only'
&:, .... the reqo..xery, of adual da(llages· js a question of Effec( of Failure to Pie,a'd or Prqve Foreign Law: .
'fact,as (ar as the trial co-urFis cor:icerried sinc;:e. . 1. ·. Defendant·may moveAor Demurrer to. Evidence
foreign laws· do· not prove· themselves in· our · if' plaintiffs cause .. of action rests. 6!1 unproven···
.cou:~s. ·Foreign laws· ar¢ n'ot a m;,itter 'of-judicial fq'reign law, resu'iting' in' no c·aµse .o.f aqtic,n .to the
/."lo ·~.
noti.ce. ·Uke·any other' fact, they must be alleged.· plait"!tiff's case. lflhe defense rests·6n Liri'prpverr.
and p'roven (MahUfaclurers·Hanover Trust Co:y. foreign ·law,. th.e .. d_efense fails (AQUINO,·
~uerfero, G.R. No. 1'36804, February .19, 2003). Elements of Private International Law '{2006) p.·
'101 · [he.reinafter, .AQUINO, Elements· of
Conflict]). ·
. .
2019 :SAN B.EDA LAW CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS 7
CON·FLICT--o·F LAWS,
SAN BEDA LAW C~NTRALIZED-BAR OPERf!!IONS - MEMOR')' AID 2019 ·
~htt@tW!t ,:ws@0&'Rif;Ft! m:p,w•••@we-•Si 'if#Mid? 5 •§\J?2: 1~: it•«&&·aawsG&i& awe..e(ss:;,r1:u'*si f M , , -
2. The. case will not be dismissed; the doctrine of . Sison v, the Boerdot Accountancy, G.R. No. L-
· processual presumption-will become operative · -2?29, December 31;·· 1949, . citing Hilton v.
(COQUIA, , Conflict,.· supra· . at ·132, · Chiquita Gpyot). . -
Brands, Inc. v. Omelia, G.R: No. 189102, June·
" .; . 7, -,2017). - . . . . . .: .. ·.: ~ ," ... ": . ' . . . .. ·~. .. -,
· Two Principles upon which.Theory ofComlty
Doctrine of
Processual. Presumption .. 'or Rests: · - ' · · ··
Presumed-ldentity.Approach' -c,.,a. Comity based on reciprocity; and
In the-absence of pleading and proof, the laws of the
foreign .countryor .state will be presumed to be the Note: ,If the laws a,:id.judgq,ents ofth~ forum.
· same as our: local or domestic law. This is known as .are.reccqnized in a foreign state,- the forum
. processual .. presumption . (Nedlloyd .. Lijner: B. V. in tvrfi w_il!. r~cogniie,. the laws and
Rotterdam v. Glow ~aks Enterprise; Ltd., G.Ri No. . j!,.ld_gmeril~ emanating from: said. foreign
. 15~330, November 19, 2914). state (Hilto.n ii. 'Guyot, 159 'U.S. 113, June 3,
1895). .. . . '. ..
.!
. _ __ _ . ,I
b ..
..
Comity _ba·s~d on -the 'persuasiveness ·of.
foreign judg_me~t: _ . . .. . . ... . . . : _ .
a
...
·-ciiorG1{0F-. LAw ·· . · ._.. ·~.. ·
· -, · ·
Note: · If -theTorurri is persuaded th~t. a
·
.'.1 .. - .. ·. ':·
A 'ff
' . . . ·,. .·. ~ .· -~~- · ... forei~n _ _Jud.gr:i:ent_)ir.-rn.eritoriou_~- a~~ has
• _ • • r- • • - • / 1'.. oe~ rendered by· a. court of+competent
Qli'e~.ti~ns tha_t ehriice-?f-~p_pl_icable~~i~iEfeks 'l , _ ·-!,: j~ri2~j~ti_?Q,.-!t\~ifl n?thesfta~e to e~forc~ ihat
. . . to Answer: . ·· , . ,? -, .~£
.: :. . . . ', - . _- f.!)~~·!gn J~dg.me_r,t in !he f?.r~m ,.e_v_e:ri..·if the
. : .. . 1. Wha_t, _lega_l -syste,:n. shoul~f\::"~r.1_tro1..;a g~µ~ ~oreJ_g~ for.um· . does . not reciprocate
. .
O(?~U~red,10-two or mo.re st~te~~;'i .·
2: To. ~.hat_ :extent· shouldJ.tne cl'losen sysJe;rn _,_p..
f·
. situati.d~h_ere s?m_e, of)'l_e.~1~ic_ant"."facts, . .:?} "',;. ""\(J61Jnstrw\\
JP , £. ~
f,:·n\ .
· 1924).
&. . COf11Pa'fl~ie _' ~~nerale·
V/cji~?i[lfJnti~e1 · 243 N. Y( 5.41, :July 11,
._·. . ,' . .:.
regulate the situation (COQ':!,J{\/ Conflict,-sul]ra'. f" ·11 V > · ,.
. af 57). ·,· :·. · : '.' · · ' ~·
.. '. · _- . · - · · . . -,
~-·fj . _-· 1-.
. ·
~ · , .,,.-.,~ t .
·\ ~- .
- ·· · · '
f<:>:r'~ig,p~nal 1ju.dg[i,ent ·or final. order "is
. -~- · ·_P,resumpt1ve_'eY1aenc;:e·.of 9 righ_t as between
· N9.te:_-' Foreign !;:iw_ has. no ,e J~1~r~ito'ri~l'{ect. 13nd WI} a,- ·. (~~:Rartie_~.,.ai:i_.&ltheir succe~sors in-interest.
, , _any' exceptio_n, .to this right . usH ~e · ~?.-a~fU9 t e ... · ·-:::.~,, · IYf,scJ.l?sJqq:~5~t1e".arid.\'rnaybe repelled by-:,
cons~n_L?f- 'the, nafion ·(AGP.'A~l!U~'_P~on!fl.tJ.:..di)fira ,k_}ef
ati·'. <fef~J. · · en'cjF-o~.:,w'~.~t of· ju_ri_~diction;'_w'ar,t ?f-
: --, . !?)\ · ·- : _ · · ._- · : U- · · < "{'~' ·-!~( ~{w.;j~~~i~~iPth~~arty,.c()llus1on, fraud( or clear
· .!·_ .' · •• · , • ~ , · • . ,'· • ·.. ·.' ~j}"·~- · ~;; m1stte o(Jaw,'or _fact" (R,L!LES:OF COURT, ···
sX/.48). . ,'' .... ·
It '),S · appro~riat~ to asSLJIT)\3 that- _Gong_re_s~ha
doi:nesfic)'.coocerns .in ]l1ind,'.)ihis., c!SSUrriptio!JSis--.1 . '\i..Y\-i_~·~i.. · /': · · .
9im_ilc:1r::.tP __ tne..: le~al_ presl!rfipti~l\_:tba_\)~~~~~S'~
. · .• ·
z~:- ·-~ · : '., , . · ,. , . : . · . ·.
· : Ryj,e 39,
ested igh ~-1:0~PfX .. · . . : . -· : ·:-, .. -.:.: -

or_d1~ar!l11n~en~s· 1t7 st~_tu_tes·. tqJiav~O.(l1~}1Gnr(?t~od~~~ljf©fc.~:-~o\ ~he: fo_~el9!J._ la\f\.'. 9·r '.9~_El_lgn
extrat~rntonal · appl1,cat1on:' The: Gol!it~ssu.J:!Jef. a ~ 1_· j -J\~J~ci'gmen(b_qt-tt)e..nghy'~ vestEld .,und~r~sucn law
co'ngr~?si0nak intent. that Jh~: phrc1se "cqnviE:tecl [~ . 1V~~jt1cfgme_rit. lJ1u~. rights acq4ir.ed .. in. pne
. any e_outt" aP.PliElS .domestrcally, ·no_t"extr~territ~l~coun(ry,_': rnu's_f the;. r_e_cog.ni?~9 ·.,aria. -\leg<?_IIY. . ...
:... ,. unless )he· ~latutory _ langu·pge,:-'.l:;o[il!:)Xt,. hi~Joty.;, ·¢r · .,. . .. - :P.ro\e-c;;fed)i:i oth:e('cc;,I..Jntlies,, The .forqrri· will .n9f'· ·
-: . purpose sh_q-.ys ther contrary (Sm~// t;t/LJn_ited Slates;·, apP,)y-'thf'l~- fpr~ign· layv bu~ :~ii) .sirTJl:ilf r~.cognize · .
' 54.4 U,S. _385;·-Apri/·26>2005).:. ·. ,.· · ,. · -:·, the rigb't. y_es_te'd OY- ·,said·: law,:· (SALON.GA,
~. ·-.... · .. · · ..... :: _.' :-:· ·, .• ·• . · . ·1 ·" Confl{c.t,.si.fprai~(Z-2)..·. _· . ·:-. . ~ .: · , .'· .
_Jh';,,~r!E?,s,:~11·J_4.!}!ifY.}.11€J ~h~ Aµ,plicatior o(~~r_e.i_g~- . . :,-:.·.' · .. :.::...:, - ··:.~ '0'..---: • _·... ./. -. ;: ,
law m ~o,nflJc~s.Cases: · . . · · ,.. -~ . 3 .. · tq_c,alJ~w T,h.eo!)' ·_·._-_. .. . ._r . . ,
: · 1._. . -T~:eory of Coni_ity ·. . · .' ~ ·. · .. ·.; . ,,. .. . ...... · . Tnis).fivolv.esJhe _9pp'ropriati6'n of a_ fpr1ig·n r,ule .
: . : . })e,a_pplic~tjo_n_ of foreigp.l~~j~I sy,~~rn~·ir:i;?a.~es- ?Y . :-.' ttit?J~t~?f,t_he-i9r~~5lr.fQ;!~~(lSf~r.miqg.it·ftl!~
., . .-, - 1nypl~1,n._gJ9rr-1g~_- e~ei:n~nt 1s. ~r8P~f •.· -~~t~fiYJ!S~; .... _a.10.~~~.t)gJpl~:.·1\(qr~1gr:i_1f.".". 1,s}pr.1_1.~,d_?-e~-a~.~e · -·: ·
. : . ,thE?· non~9pp!1cat1pn ."Yo.ul_dp;~n.sN.tAt~ ,<'! }J1;,~egard. · · o~r-.?~1!:.Lc;1~ ..' ~Y _a_pp)1'.mg, ~, _s1~111la_~ rule,,-re~u1res · : >
. of for.eign .sovereignty or.Jack of .c.omi\y, towards · · .· us to do·so, as _if rn~·foreign lawh.?s oec·o~e.part
_ ptber _$tates.{PA°F?A'S,/J9htlfct;: ~upra._ -at '65). . '. ·.·_ .. ·· ·of.quf-C?'.w~-.-i~fe[nar or.:,do01e$tic· ia~ [S?MPIO~ . . . ' .
:: · . · ' · ·. · · · · · QIY; Conf{Lct, 'supff:!~at 20): · .. ·: . ·.
. ~or:nity .. . ·., _ - . . ·· . . . . ,
. 'lt-.ls- the·. recognition which cine' 'nation ,allows 1ilus.tration: .~:ri/}6; ~a·r. 2 9f· ti,~ Ci~il':tode
.· within its ferrffory,'to ire legislative; execuli'·~e·. or requir,es th_e appli_i:::ation of the _national law <JfthE!
juaicial ac_ts .of another nation, having .clue 'rega'rd- • ... :. . · ~ _deces:is.ed in the-rric1tter of his testate or intestate
'to both internatioi:ial 'duty _arid convenience. and . success16n (Id: at 26/. · · - · . . .· _· ·
'· .. to th_(;).rights of its qwn citizens·; of other pers·ons.
who':;are yn9er the 'protec;tion of.'its Jaws u A- ·.
8 I 2019 SAN ElEDA LAVY..CEt'J_TRALiZE;D BAR OPERATIONS

. .··. . . . ' .
4. Theory of ~usticef (Caver's -Principles of · Two Kinds ·of Conflict. Rules
· Prefere·nce) · 1. One-s1d~d rule - iridiccj_tes when Philippine .law
The thesis of .. Prof. Da\/id F. Cavers'· article will apply, .e.g., Art. 15 an~LAri. 818 of the Civil·
.. entitled "A Critique o( the (:9nflict ·of l:.aws Code only apply. to Filipinos · (SEMP/0-DIY;
Problerri"' was. that· choice ·of <law should -.be _conflict, supra at 23).; ..
deterrhined _by "considerations. of.,justice and
. social expedier:icy" and should·not be the· re.suJt. 2: · Al.I-sided or · m~ltifateral rule -... indicates
of .rn.echanical application orthe rule qr_principle .. whether to· apply .the local law or the proper
of selectior1: ( COQUIA; Conflict, supra at 66): foreign law, e.g., Firstparaqraphs of Art. 16 ·arid
, .< .' Art. 17; Art. 1763 and Art. 1039 of-the. Civil Gode
. '. '.._ . . i ~
. (Id: at 23). · . . . . -'.-'. ·, . .. .
N'ote:· 'Justice Sernpio-Diy observes· ·that while Art.

· 15 of the Civil Code- applies only to illpinos ·a~d is f
. 'actually a one-sided rule, the Supreme Court has - .
·. . giveri 'it a multi-lateral application W.l'Jeri it held. that .
. . : .f\).reigners. ,in''th_~_ir status a_nd l~gal;.capacities~· are
govenietl ; by their -riational · laws ( Gibbs v., The
Government of the- Philippine Islands., .G.R. No. L-
3f?6~_4,-0e'cember ~3; -1933). . .,
. ". . . -/ . . (. -. .
The nationality theory has been .applied 'by the
Supreme Court even to persons who are citizens of
countries: following thedomiciliary theory (SEMPI0-
0/Y Conflict, supra at. 38). . ,. ..: .: .: .
... . t . ~
,i . •
Parts of Conflict Rules · .. ,

1.. OBjJctfcrr\th•f Factual Situation -. th~ set; of
facts o'f
•I Jtl •
s7tJati6n
.,. .
presen_ting a Conflicts problem I •
:.~t.~w.,~e·f ;_r\ is.:. fo.tgn ele~;·~~ i?~lve_d_ (/~: .

. 2. :,L~~al C_q.ns~ences or the f>9~')t of Contact .:
-: ... ·,. ar~,on~ectJng;,J;~ctor_·-. t~e l~w o!Jh~ sountry_:
w1t~~yvhMtJuhe~fc:1ctual _s.1tuat1_on rs most intimately
· c_qnnected·(/_d: et 24). . ·. . ·- , · · .:
..... . ': -
, 'i:.
Chara_~,t~7at!On or.Doctrine-of Quilifi~a~ion or·.
~1~Cla~s1f1catio.n . ...,. . . ·, ··: .. . . . .. : , . "·. ', . ·,
-. .....,..,...
-, --.-.-,.,.. ,-,_,... ......,....;..;...,...,......,.. __ ..:;.;.,,.,...,...;..;.;,.:...~ ( · "Before' a'
choice, of applicable law can . .be made, it is.
· c·onflict.Ru.les ·. · . . . . ... · .. _.. 11ecessar'y. tq .de.terinin·e . undet what category a,.
A· pr9vrsiorf_fopnd ·in-' ~Ur: oihn·(.1.a~.w~i~h gove;hs·-a. . . certa.jn_ ~~t·of ~act$ O'., rul.~s faU; Th_is -~et~.rrrj1nation .
factlJql ~itu.ation pqsses~ed-of a forei,g.n-eJern,enL It i~ 'P.roce7~ IS k_r:iow~· -a~ ~ha.ra?t~n;':at1~n , .. or_. the 1
:u·sually . exp're;!ssed in ... the -~form of an - abstract· .. d0ctnne._.: o! q~al1ficat1on :~ It 1~·· th,e_ ·,Process. of
· · proj)cisi_ti~m th:~r"a giv~ri .legi(qu~~t.rorr:fs g0'(,_erned' · 9ecid(n·g Whet~~r ~ci~ t~e f~:cts relat;·to the kind of;or.
a
.: by th~_.law o~ -p~rti9ula_r cou.ntry (Whicl;l n:iay.· an pe qu;_stion spe_c,1_f•:9 '.~.a.conflict~: rule .. ,:he. purpose_
ir;iterna! ·i_av/ or . ther. prop~t· Joreigh law),· tQ be . of c~a_r.acfer!zat19n. !s:;'.o e_n~b!~ !~~ f.oru~ to select ..
ascertainE!!J in._th:_e ma~ner,iil.di~aJed.i_ii"the,Jir?vision . , th~ proper !a~ (SaudtAra_b!ao-A,rlmes v. Gou~ _of_
· (SEMPJO-Q/Y, Cb/flflict, supra at 22), .-/: . ·. · .- , -Appeals,:G.R._No.'· 122191,_ October 8, 1998) .. - >.
v. ·co'riflict R~les.
• '-. • ., • I • •• : ' '' ~ • ... ' ' • • I .: ~ • ~ • • ' • ~/ •
·: Orclina'ry :lnie.rnai'Rul~'s i. · T,h'e' law ct,o_se11 should be applied only ins'ofar as'it
.-,--:-. , ' • - :.______
·-- ~ • •· • •• • 0 •• • ·-' - . • "brings-_ about.the goog. it intended IQ bri_ng~ The
selected-proper law i~_applied to the f~rctual situation
to·d~d9e:··(1.) le,gal q:frisequenc.es· resulting from th_e
Au~hbriZe; ··c~mman'd; ..o_i-'. -Pe:cici'es\ih: which. law or ..
situatfdn;: .or ''(2f)nter'ests ,created in. th_e thing · iri '·
prqhibit::. certa'ln .inpde 'of jurisdiction .w,1i . give·. the ·question._ . · · ·
coi:iduct (~:g., Art. 796 of .final· ~ply_tion to . the ... ·.· . . . . . (. . . .
the.Civil _Code). Its legal cfvestion:.(e.g., Art. 1·5, ·Steps in <;:_n'aracteriz;~t\oh: WSR~PProPleA) .• '
effect.s are. imm~diately p~r. ·1 ana Art. ~ 7. par. 2 1. The determination:of tne Eacts involved; . '.
iridica~ed ·(e.g.,·. Express of the Civil Cod~f 2. The .characterization-of the.factual Situation;. ··
prqhibitio·n),. · · · 3. The deterhiin~tion,of'the' conflicts Rule which is
·(Id.at 22) to b.~ applied; . - .
2019 SAN BEbA LAW; CE~TRALIZEQ. BAR OPERATIONS 1· 9

CONFLl·CT·OF·:LAWS
SAN BEOA LAW CENTRALIZED BAR: OPERA T/Of!S - MEMORY AID 2019
4. The characterization of the ,Eo.iht of contact Single-Aspect Method·

wti.ere the· cci.nnecting·fc!ctor; In order to connect the case t6 P particular legal
5. The characterization of the .. Problem as community, choice-of-law theories· - · tiave.
procedural or su.bstantive; :· . - · . concentrated on one element of a situation to' foster
6. Th.e:·Pleading and proving of the prope·r fcireign simpl_icity, convenience, arid uniformity of.' results.
, law and·. · - ·. . · . (COQlJIA. Conflict, supra at.82). ·
7.. The -~pplic;3tio~ of the proper f~reign -law to ·the
pr_oblem (PARAS, Conflict,. supr,a at 88). . . Two Types of-Characterization un~er-the:s,in'g1e'-
Aspect Method · ·· - .: '. · ·. ·
Note: Only steps 2~5 concern themselves with 1. Subject-rriatterCharacterization . . . ·.
characterization 'prop_er (PARAS, Conflfct, supra.at Calls for, classification qy a. courtof a factual
- 88)'., · . . ·situation.into· a legal .cateqory.-lt ls.relevantin a
sinqle-aspect ' method because .the · legal .
Noter As to the first step, the starting point of · cateqory to· whicf .an issue is' .assjqned
anatysials nota '!_~gal relation, but a factual situation, determines 'the governing law (Id. at 84).
·event;· 'or operative . fact.: An essential .eiement of 2., Substance-Procedure Cha'ra'cterization:.
conflict rules. ·is . the indication of . a . "test" .or Directs the court.to,ihe .extent it·w.ill apply foreign
."con'nec!ing ·factor'.';o~ "point of°c'onta.ct.".One or more: law. If the issue _is substantive, the court. may
circumstances may'. ''b_ef present to serve as th~ . apply foreign' law· but if' it is' procedural, it is
,·
possible test for the determination of the appli·cable
law .. , . . .... ~ UN8r.h·· . · ·:_ ... '. ·.
. . supposed to follow the law of the forum (lg. at ·
,Thes~· "test facto;;, -~r; "p.ointsjof ~t'ac~e~R~.Jles ·i,leiia~a~terlzatio~ of. Pn:>_ced:ial ,~nd
"connectinq'factors" could~be·an~66~ft'. ~ {oll6~irJg; · Sub~'t~ritiv~4_Ies · · ... · · . - ",
1.';._The.nationality of a pers.oa,-his dr~ef«ms ~E'- Genf'lral Ru)$: ~an issue is substantive; .apply
residence, his· place of sojof:i~or J' 1s,opgin; 1ffi I ,
:ror~ign law. If i\iirs procedural, apply the forum law or
2. . ~he sea~ of a legal or juridical petso~. such _asJ!i ~~ · ./~\ (o:J. \. \ ~ ~~ ·, · . · ·. ·
corporation; . . . .J . ./ -; · . · ,r-..,Y.\ j . ·- \(.,: . .,. - · . ·. . · . · -
3. _.T~e si_~us .of a _thing, th~! 1s;l~e pla~e where·~ .: 'I --~t.:Jmin:.-mts. ·t.
an Issue as· Procedura] or
·: th1~~ 1s,. or ._1s· de~me~-<i9!' U?~ s1tuate~n?, · · ~\._S~Bsta11t1ve . l~ .. . . · . ·
. ~articular,. the lex_ s1tul~~~ec1~1~e w'hen :-re~-~~-
~ _nghts.are involved, · . . -~ \ · r.1' . ... . .
1. 1Quest10
Jlc;y
. .· . f . . .. - .
5:"~f1E~1d~nc_e -))roce~_ural : ..
4 .. The· pJa·cef ·i,yhere -an .'a tih~~(~e~h_1}bn_~ _the1= ~ ? sf!{ute~o'f·~~~d~. . . . ·... ·... · · .
. : . locus actus, su~h as.the~~la~;tw~ere\~~tra~~~- £.@:t -~ _S'Yf.>sta_~~t- 1f. .!be. Jaw.· !prb.!ds · the
· . h~s ~e~n Tflade, a .. m~mage celebrat~1r'tfc!~IF '· ,.,,,. ~ · p~l_1gatlo,.V/:~: VO/?
con.t'.acts., ... :...
· . .s1g_n_e9 or, a to~. CO!flm1tted\.[h.e lex.loc,Jc.J,t!fs- s , . . .b. Procedljal 1f the· l~w:, f,?.rb1d.s • th~
. p9rt1cula~ly impc;ntanFin cont~t.s..arn'j~rts'zS0~E· ~'!"'('\ h . enfor~m~nt.df ~~e.obligi3t1on. ·.. . . .
5 .. Tl'Je·_place where ah act is inter~~d to Go~tb' · l"! U , · -°t"~- !#1.enfor_cea/,)!f/ con_trac(s, ·Ad. 1403
:
. effect,· e.g.,. _t_he· plac~~- yr· P.\:l~O~~~l 0fi · _'
c0ntrac;:tual. q1:ities, or the plaGe·.wh"'ere _atpoier M /\ ~-
1
,· •.},,<j;.<iJ1~il-Code: (ld:supra at-92). · . .· ·.
~~ -. . .. . · .•. · · ' •·.
of attptney. is to'-.oe-exercised;· -·-. ·. 'X'.:::t .: l v 1._r\...,..yE!o'irov-1ing ~tatutes. and ·Statt..ite :of
.. 6. : T~e inten'tioo,.of t~e contractin!f partie·s .as]9"Ttre~ ~im_it~_tioris .
· _law that should g0vern~ their:-agreement, ttje /ex · ·: · · ·- ,.
, Ji5Cf.ii1lehti6nis;. ·····~ .. ·.-. . :· .. ·_ .. ~. :. :.. ', · .·. · ·~~-~r¢>w.ing..}~tat'u_t;~ ,· .'· .... ;··; ··p#~.:.. •. ..
7. . Th~i- pl~'cef' wne,r~:. judicial or .administra.tiv~· . . Qirects t~:e st_ate of

tffe'Jcfrum to.apply\ha rqr~ig_n: ..
., · . , proc.ee_dir\gs are, instituted or done. The /~x fori . · statute of limitaJions to.the pe6,aing· clc;1ims·ba'se·d ·
.: ·.~· the.:Ja~-- of...the foruni_ .. ·~·-is pa~i'cuJarly . qn a.forelgh)a~·.(.Lvy'V'G<?~S/(u~tio'n Corp. .' v.
· · 'irriportant. b~cause- roatters_ of Jp·roced.ure' ,. not · _Dupo, G.R-.No. ~172342,' July 1 ~. 2Q09). '
. gqing t9 t.he 'substance of the cJaiin Jn.v9lved are
. g0verrie<;l by ·ifr an~'becal.Jse Jhe /?Jx' for,j.. appiies. · Stafute. of limitations. . . .
: wt)~neve~ . the~.corit<3nt ·. of: the qthe~ise . spedticity :rest -:.;.: .lJmitation is :'.substaotive ·.
· .app_licable · foreig·n ·1aw is - eJ,Cclude.c;I · _from· . when it is airedect at the· newly created.'liability;.
_ application in a. givsn cas.e for .Jhe..re.as9n t~i3t it w9rsai:iting a
q~~l.ification..of the right (Bournias
· falls · µnder · ohe . of the· exceptions· to )he. v.,.Atl~ritic :Maritime ·ca., ltd:,: ·220 F.' 2d '152, ·
. applications of foreign law; and ·, ·. . F~bru_aiy 10; 1955), -,.. . .· · . · · · ·
· 8.,, _-The . flag of a ship, which· in_ n,apy_ ca~~s · is
~~ .. ,',
decisive of ~ractically all ·legal. relation.ships bf
the .ship and of its-master or.owner.as such: It
' also covers cqritrac~ual relationships particularly
contracts cf· affre!ghtment. .· (Saudi Arabian
Airlines v, Court of-Appeals:· supca.) ,.
,·
:10 2019 SAN 81:;DA LAW CENTRALIZED B~R.OPERATIONS

:CON.FLICT O.F LAWS.
.. . SAN BEDA LAW CENTRAL/Z£0 B,4R OPERAT/Of'!S-:--MEMO.RY AID 2019
Md Cid hiJF!hM.fi WSWMF S §s !f&WSiiM?tiWRl\tkriAif ?MESI ¥¥4
e '
L.iniitation is procedural if°it operates to ba.r only · 3. The 'Analytlc · .Jurlsprudence ·and
·the . legal · remedy, without 'irnpairinq the .: .Cornparatlve Law Solution ' . .
su.bstantiv_e j-jght inv?lved. The court determines the common patrimony of
juridical_. concepts and employs universal .. or
Thecharacterizatlon of a statute of limitation into quasl-uruversal characterization.
procedural or substantive . ·becomes irrelevant . . . "
when the country ofthe forum· has· a borrowing 4. The Double Characterization Soiution
.stalute, which has the practical ~J(ect of treating · It couplesthe lex for(and iex causae solution,
the · foreign · statute of limitation· as one .. of
· .substantjyetaw {GOODRICH, Conflict of Laws 5. Substancev. Procedure Principle · ..
(193.8), p. 152-153). . . Matters of Procedure .:_ qoverned by the law of
the forum where the case is filed. ' .
Note: A law on: prescription is sui qenetis 1.n
· Conflict of.· Laws as ir- may be .. viewed as MattersotSubatance - governed by thelawof
procedural. or substantive, -dependinq on the·· the country where the .actlonarose (AG~Alb,- -r
, · characterization given (Cedeiinv. Pee, G.R. No. Contiict; supra at ·37) ...
1~4776, December B; 1~94).
As1~··ge~er~l .rule, a-·f6r~ig~ pro·6ed~~~l 'law will. ·
.The modern trend is to consider the, prescriptive " not be applied in the forum .. Procedural'matters,.
- periods or the Statute of Fraudsthat the. parties . such· as service of process, [cinder of actions,
had in mind .. at the time' the transaction. took period aridrequlsites for appeal, and so-forth,
place ·(SEMR!O-DIY,'.Conflict, supra at- 27). .. are- g~verned by' the laws qf'th~ forum .. This Is
.true even if the action· is bas.ed ':JPOn a foreign
'substantive law (Cada/in · v. Administretor,
"L..._..._Philippine . . Overseas · . . Employment
'cfminis.t'r'ation, G.R. No. '104176; December 5,
19911)~ · .
- The ·: characterization. · of . a statute into. a

procea'ur~i. \;r . substantive law -becornes
.· irreliian whln· the country of the forum has 'a
. · "bo1rowing s~atute.". Said statute· h~s· the
prac~i'cal~trecf ofl'~re?ting the foreiqn statute of
limitatio~s .one of 'substance (Cada/in v.
Adrninistretor; Philippine Oveisee« Employment
___ Administration, G.R. No." 104776, December 5,·
·1,994). . ..
6 .. Center of G.ravity'Do'ctrine
Application .of. the law o( .the_ 'jurisdiction .which
has the most 'significant : relationship _to . or .
·:co.ntact with the event, p"arties, and issue's.(/d.at
37).
· 7. The Autononious'Theory .
Forum considers .the Characteriza.tion · ()f the
Reason:· Lex. fori determines characterization· . ·~ . . country . referre~ to :. iri /ex· qausae · (PARAS; .
. . because·
. .
of practical.
. ..
necessity .... Conflict; ~!-fpra at 99).
Exception: When .Iex- tori characterlzation will 8. Totafity Theory · . . ....

result in clear. injustice, lex fori·characterization Determines the intended· l~w of tiie. parties and 1..
will not apply '(SEMP/0-DiY, Conflict, supra at applies . trfe . characterization· given by the.
27).'· . . intended -law (Id.). ·
. 2. The Lex Causae Solution

· The characterization will depend on the
governing ·,aw: .:
. I
'·
2019 SAN B.EDA LAW CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS 11
C-C>NFLICT ·O-F. LAWS
SAN B_EOA_LA'N_CENTRALIZEOBAR QPERATIONS - MEMORY A/02019 .
Laws rel;3t_ing to family rights and duties. or to status·,
r
:I PERSONAL LAW .. ··,:.-
'
•. '.
eohdition and_.capacity c:if persons are binding upon
citizens of t}:le Philippines even though living abroad
'(CIVIL COQE, Art. 15). ' ..._
The law which attaches to a person wherever he . Nationallty ,

rnayqo and generally governs his status, capacity, It ~fers tfrthe membership in a.political community,
condition, family relations, and the consequences of· c;:,ne that is personal and rnore or les~ permanent. In
his actuations (SEMPIO-DIY, Conflict, sµpra·at-36). ·. Conflict of laws, nationality and citizenship· are used
• • ,> • . • .\~, _,;; .~, • ""'-'
. ·interchaogeably._(SEMPIO-DIY, .. Conflict, supra. c!l-.
It allowscourts to. exercise. Jlirisdi~tian· or determine . 31). .
the qovernint; · .choice-of-Iaw · rule ori .. a. specific
situation or. transaction involvinq.a person wherever Status,
he. may be· (COOYIA, Conilict; Sl}pra at 88). · Re,fers the pl~ce. of an individual in society. and ·to.
. . . consists 'of 'more or less , permanent. -personal
Pift~rent Theories of. Pen:iori~f:L~, :. . . qualities arrd 'relationships with which· the state and
1-. The Nationality Theory or Personal Theory - 'corn(lluni'ty' are cor1cerned.(/cf .. al 29). . . .
the status <and · capacity ,pf .? . , person. is .... _.
d_et~rmii:ied by .the _!aw _,qf_ his n_atr9nality' 'or _. . Capacity ·· .. ' : . . . .
national. law (SEMPjO-D~Y,,..Con(l!c\ ~lh,is~art·of cine's_.sta_t_us_.and is the sum total of_
3 ?t- · · · · ·. .· · A.}f .-.Ulj: · 'eneys ~gihts and obliqations (Id. at 30). · (see further
1
··.·
Note: .Tt:ie". Philipplnes follows •th~(~~ionaiity . · 1d}scuss~o~'1f!_,er P.er-son'al Status and Capacity as_.
Theory qc1. at 30~~1( ·., --~- .. :Q/:,~~~-~-;/°1hlk,'J!P,o!:~~acity)_ . .. .. _ .,. -.
. . . .. . ~)~~ ... .b.r.N·t· 1· . . . .
g:"- TBe Domiciliary Theo"iy ci'r; T.errit,oria!,l:ft~9ry .,;?-. I-\C~l,l~~1t10~\Q- a IOn,a It~·-
_. 'the- status and capa;it-~ if:per~bn 1~ A~ .' .. ', . .-
\qt~;b~rn _c1t~zens ar~ ?1.~1ze~s,of:the· B•i:., -~
~~H.~t 19\,~~?
· determined by the law of/is-domicile (!cf.). - . 1"' , Phil1ppme.s tro~l;i1rth without having to perform·
.
~~!e.:'!h::Unit~d-Statet~~t4;ri;
.countries, _f5)11ows ·the dormc11ia'ry theo~··(Jc!$?
.... ~_~fl a~ '.(~ -~·
!.: . ]!;a._ {'-!s ·$o_l~ ~~zeosh.!P
or'.p~.?ct ""?" Ue!--~~t
1~ acquired ?Y being .
. • 30:31). ·. · ·. J ~~-' ·. ·. ~:
/-'..t""tf;,l. ~f]]!J!Y:~; · . born 11\'.llJl_in-t~eJ terntonal bounqcir.1es _of a
\.. ·.. ,, : · .. · 1-~
.
3... Th_e: _Sit~s.
0 ?~ _!=_clectic,fhl~, ~-.(~eri~~~~J~
r--1l'
._Pl.ace. Or. SltUS. ·of .a~. ·eie.ot_.o . tr?~S~0n 'I~~_
1 ~-,.·. :A.tJr~~~i'
l\/" ·• ~:::::,... c
·q_uf
, "~
:JI'afe·(PE{.BENlfO, Confffot;·supra 'at .138f · .
$ahg«Jjfis 7 citize1;;>hip ,racq·uired .
bJoza relationship V{jth_ the/parent
.
. ;e~er~lly ~h~{opfr.ol.lmg _1~/1~.-. at 3P!: ~tri. · '' _ _ _{SJ(fd!j:·- · ...-.' _ . ): -· '.:. _. . · ·. . : ') · ·' ~ _· .
·. )
Jus_tj_!i.catio.n'of:~:r~onat.~a.__~ .,· \>:.;_ . . ~~Eour:191mgs;-~Y. hos~ a~~ndon_ed chil¢r~n-_wijh ·. · .. _..: .
Pr~f. R:H. Gr:~v_e§on,;.a .~rpfess ,!;~m~,~~~fl<n'~ :.,patu~al parents, a'r~· n~atur~i,J:,orn. i;·. : .
Uf)1ve.rs1trof -~ond<:J.Jl. ~r.J!e~ J_tJqt . hE:,,tW.:9' ~f.l,t~t1ieA~eeau?e .. they are·n!)t an exelO_d_ec:l',cl~~-~.
per~<?_na_l .I~~ ._~s ,~as.ep. on t~~ .con9\'l~.,l0~?,V.~~s.
~.,soc1al_.~~1ng, S<? th'.?t ~h_qs_e}~an~~ct1~~~-0f~c{a1ly. .
·M:
,\~U~~---~M~fconstituti~.n. ~o lo~g. a~ ther.~ is-a:·hjgh ·.:.
_r\;.~g_!Sb~ity- -~hat-, the tq~.mdh~g'.;5 __ . Pc!r:ent~ a_re. .. . ..
. .:. ·-:
;·
. hfe,_ which. ?tfec~/11'!1 I'1.?s.t: ·?los.\'ll¥ ~.i:1; ?. · p.·e1.,5_onal= · ... 'Filipinos,! that- pe'rson. will:be con'sidered natur~I:. . ·
s~i:is~, :su2h. a~ m._~rn<;)ge, _c:l1vp_r~~··.l_e..g1_~.1~c;t~Y.., rn~ny_ . . born_'. (F/oe,'t_lamf[nzwes -~.. COME.LE.c,·~·,G.R. -~· · '
k1~~$ of caRc1~1tx; :~d'.succes~1.on: m_aybe .~?yer~~!-:l.. . l- Nos, 221697;·.March;"B;:.201·6}:'- ... . c".··-· . > . ·. ·
unr'?frSf111Y by _that-syst~m .o(J?.~_·.m,os.t.ALiJtab)e. 1~ · .. · · .... , . · -: ·. .. · · . · ·
1
-, adequate·fqr.the purpose." (1fl_74) ·~· · •• : .' · Reason: ,:i·~ d~ny ·full' 'Filipi~o c;ipzerJihip·: t~ -;11
· -: : . ' ·.. ' ;: ·. > · 2: · ·. : · · '.·., ·.·. · · .- · .:."' ' >. "•
Jo.undiings · 'and· fender th'em- sfaieless: .,}usr
. Nat!or'lality o"r Per:;;"onaJ.Th:eC?IY or: Lex·,Nc1!ionalfi · b.ecaus·e .there. may be:;a·. tt;_·eo~e'tic.al ctiancie.. that:
' . .:. It: is::,!he theory · qy' virtCie c:if. which the . stat.~~-: and .. ··~
. . . . . . one .among the. thol:Jsands of thes~ foundlings ".'1 , .
. . capa.9ity of an i.i:idiyidu9l·.ar~- ge,~erfl.lJX 9-9Y.~rp~cj by_·,.· of
. f54~::~~. of hls nati9o~lity:_(f\4.Rf\p; .CorJf(i'ct,-}:1era
.,,, ·
~t. : . , ·'-,might be -the child hot -just :bne, 'but';·.iwo, ' . .
foreigf)ei's}s'·dbwnright·cli$Griminator.y;jrra_tionaf,·
and ·unjLJ_st· · (Poe:.Oarha'nzares ·v: CQMELEC,
:.
The: personal la.w .of ·ari'_iodividuai is; his _nationc~I law... G.R. Nos. 2216.9l-221700; ·March 8, 2016) ..
This·ttieoty i$ ,€1dbpted mostly_'.bY civil law CO\.!ntries . •. ·,· ..... · '_. ,''. \. . -~ '. " ·-... : . . ... · .. · ...
like ,the :P.hilippinElS Where:, the identity .an'd 'legaf.: . 2·. .:Natt.rali:2a.tion .. ·.' · ,, · ": ,,;,:· . . . ' ':. ·, .. , · . ·
p'o~ition -of· th~ir .. citizen$·: are .. gu~ranteei:l ,by ··a .'. : . : · .. · ,t.. is, th~jpr_o~ess of-c;¢nfirmirig· on· a_n ~!Jen lhe .
con:iistent' ·applicatio'n bytheir na_tional· laws o·n ... · . cjtizenship of. a·noth~'r' country,._by any of- the
status arid fam'ily relati"qns wherever they may go means provided by law (SEMPIO-DI.Y, Conflict,
(SEMP/0,-f?!Y, Conflict, supra a't 31). .'. ·:--.. supra a(14). - . . . . '
'•.
'_., .. ) ..
12 r2019-sAN
. . sEoALAwcE.NtRAuzEp.BAR-
. . .
6i=>ERAT10Ns.
. . . .
'.
CONFLl'CT OF LAWS
. SAN e£DA LAW C~NTJIALIZE(! B.I\R O~ER,?,TIO~S - MEMOl;l~ AID 2_o19
l'Jatwalization is .a-mode for both acqui~ition ~nd Filipino oniy. during 'his, "minority
reacq_uisitio,n ~ of ·.8hilippine · citizenship. f!}..s a un1e·ss
. . . he· resides p~rmanently-·
. \
in
.
. n,ode of initially acquiring Philippine-citizen.ship, . the Philippines when still a mirior, iA · ·
n~t.urc1lizat!on. is gov.erred· qy Commonwealth .. whjch_case lie wili'continue to ~ea'
: Act No. 473, as amended, Naturalizatian·:as a .Fi!ipino···9itizen eveh:aft~r b~comlng
. · rnode for reacquiring Philippine citfzenshiR is . of age (Commonw_ea(th. Ac.t.. ·No ..
, _go"verried · ·by. Commonwealth Act N.6. 63 473; .Sectio(i"15).' ·
(B_engso'n. Ill v." H9use of:~Rfpresenta_ti~es
...:···
. Ele"C_toral Trib'unal, G.R. No .. 142840, May 7, b. Mi~or born after.. naturalizajion' .· '.;
.' 2001), · . i, · Born in .tl:ie ,P~jl_ippine.s .; Fijipii,o ...
ii. .. '. Born outside .the Philippines -. shallbe
-Modes' ot'Nattiralization .constdered 9 ···~ilipirio ·-'.cit_izen.,:- unless .
a.· •D_i.red"Natt..ir<!lfzatio.n·· . withiQ one year "after reachinq the age 6J .
-, . . · _i. • J_udicial" PrOC!=!SS_ - Commonwealth Act . 'rnaj<xity .-he fa[1$. to r~giste~ him~elf, as a.· ·
· ·.:Nb.A75" as amended by RA 530 (Id: qt Filipino citizen , in' 'i·th~>,- Rliilippi.n.(;) ·
· 45).. . 1
.. ' "cim'sul?t~ .·q( t)le cciuhtiy wl{e'r~· · he
-, - .-- .... ·ii. .. _L:egislative., Process PhiJippine ::r~sides and to take' th~ necessary .oath.' · .
.. .. · · , :-- ". Citizenship conferred by Congress }Id. of' allegiance- (Commohwealth ..Act" No .. '
. ·: .... at 45).· " .. _.. - -, , . . - . . - ·._4:73, se.q~to"iy.1_$)."" ,' ·-\:_ · : .·
· . ., . · iii. . Administrative · Process , - __ .'.'The . . .· . · . .. . : ·, .. ; . · ·. i". . ·. .. , ··• . _
, . .. .·· · Administ~ativM. Naturalization : Law . 6j ,
. In case of.' children already. ofaqe atthe time of
-; · : · :·.·. _200P''. or _RA-9139._A·special.com~lttee 'parent's naturallzajion- . ..:=- not a· Filipirr'o unless·
•. . is 'created.to approve, deny, or -reject they: themselves · be;- "naturalized- .·(PARAS,-
' .. : - · 9pplicatio~~-f<;>r patLir~lizi:l(i_on.,iled. itj, .· Conflict;· supr« at ·128-12"9)': . ·' . :· :'.. . - ' · · ·.
., · · sa,rd .committee (Id. a( 45). · f· ·~ . . . ·. . .. . ., ··. . . .
: ·. :·-:--, .'"':·· . .' . · ..- , , . -· · ' . ·. . ·. . . . ,.,· - The 1 ~~:~f-°~o~stjtutiorJ ·P.i-o'vi~e~ )haf citiz~ns' ?f .
b. ·. Derivative·Naturalization. · .. · · the PH11t1wmes· who marry .._.altens· shall' retain .
. · i:_. · ,Wjfe.:6f a-,riatljra)ized_ hust5ana~, . their .citi!elJship unfE!SS by. their act or o.mi$Sion" ·
_ 'ii .. '·fv1inor. children of.naturali~ea.father; pr;
· , _iii: · -Alier;i. ··wif~ .. ·of . a· , ~tural-oo"r'n' or
. i'e'
. . _tb"ey [eemed:,
. · reno-W1cea ,t . . . - . :·-:
·und~r:. the: >faw;;:10·: have_ ·,
. · . · . · ·
·_. ·. · _n~_H.ir_ali_zed-~(tiz __e_.!1 adfat 45).- i. t!b.c -i_ . ,[ ~.. :.
· . . . . . . ; . . . · ·;: ·.~ :
" · "If .11e befame a wic;Jow before th_~.:._etfectivity of .
. 1(a worri"ari _is :repatria}ecl;'!"her_.:repatriation .· . ··: Commonwealth hlct 63, which is'on.'October 21, · ..
does not- carry ~with it llie .repatr.iati~n .bfttlie- : .. ·. 1963i~ i!"Dm.e(jia!_~ly ."re-aC:c:ju_irej ·~PtJii'ippfu~ -,~, .
·' , chil,d:. aJ.::f~e: 'rni~or. w~~~. _.a . ~ilip.i_'J,J. ·... . cjtizeQship (.Talaroc·· v. Uy;· G.R,: No. C.:5397; · I._
prevrousJy: Commo.nwealtti,,1-ct. No.- 6B does·. · ...._ ·-....· Sep(f;mber 26; 1952). ·.. ~· --,._ ·. · · ·· · ·
.. n?~:; :p~6'-:idt:?"'tha(·wpori'. /~p~riatio.~·-: pf. a . ' ·. -·'. · · .·. . . .. ·. ,:._ ·. ·.- . '
. F_,l!_pma, .. h:e.r· children _acq~ir't. P~,l~p_!Pe·-. ----If she-Became.a~\iJi&~w on or:after 0ctober-2t,
·, . I • . c11lzens_h1p. -It wouJ.d: be· 1!Jog1cal!to conSJ~er . 1963·,, shei. has. to.-:repatrrate ·. herietf, ·other.wise
.. · , his. son repattiatEld l_ike his-_m.oth'e~. b~~ause --: . 'sh,;{ r~rriir:is., ,:~:.·· fo_~~igr1~r~~(Vil(~h~erf!70Sa, V:, ....
1
. . . ·. · he never li\'.~S a Filipino .citlzemc1r:ia cpLfld'not· · ·C.omm1ss1017er of lmm1gralion sup_ra)> , . · '. ..
' ,. '·:have· ·. ,reacq.uire'd : I. SUCh··. · Citizenship" .. . . ' ' ... - .
> (·'.:- (Vi~lahern19sa. ·_._. .. v... · Commi~_sioner of. Prob.l~~s: iftA~~iyi_~g th~·Nai°i~~~~lit;:p~if1ciple ·in : ...
.. i : ·.·_-.·1r:nm~gr~tion1_. G.R.,: No. L.:1'663, /v1af.ch .'3.-1, ,Dt.i'al or. M_ui!iple Citizens.h_ip·. · \ . :· .. _.,:. ::_ . · :· ·. ·. ~·, ·
· · . .- .. · · · : 1948) · ·· · ·,' ' It ·aris~~ .froni the. ¢_9,ncl.lrrer:it. appl(cation··.c;it.ju~ so{i" .
·. :.:~ _;;· <><': .-'.: ,· : . '.·: · : . · · · . . . . . . anqj4s sanguiois at bi.rtt) od~cilrri.a-refusaloLc(:!rtain
. · · ::: " If ins(ead . of repatriatioQ; .. the wido·w .had ·. States. to: accept. a-"full..applicatiori .. Qf -tJ1.e .po,drir1e:of
~ -. ·.. , ;;_ ·: . : ·, 9i.iforp~tically:, ·. .,r~gain'i:id . Pj1i_ljppi,n~ expatriation,· fro'm ·marri~ge; or. from c1 .Johna I: ~nq
· . .- ·. ··. : ·.. :citize·nship, th·~ nall9nality o('her mfnor' child . · vb)ur1tary.-act. ·. . .. . . · '. .. · . . · ..
•. ' '.WOLllc{follow h~rs" (Talarpc v:- Uy, G.R. No .. · '
1
j . ' .• 1. )n : lilatters . of. ·status, a _pers·o~. d$· ( tfs.ually .
. _: . . . ·.. ·;. L-5397,.~eptem/Jw.26,· '1,952). . '•· ~- · . -· cqnsidered l?Y th~ Jqr~ni ,a§. excltJsiv.elY.: i~"S own. · .
· ' · . ·\ ·, - . ·. , · · · · national. fi.iS: additional· .foreigri · Nrtionality-. ·is: '
..: . .- ... \ . Effect of Naturali~ation on Wife and
Ch11dren, ·· ·· · ; .: · · .
>: .
· -- . .-
..
.·; ·
.< disregardecl:" . . ';.. . . ' :·. '. . .· ,· .
2. · -1n-9ase.litigatio~ arise.sJrr-a·"thJrd country; Jhe.J9w .
. :.
. . a. "Minor born before naturalization . .. most consistently ·applied:·is that" of the. country
:sorn · i:· . in the. Philippines·.- Filipino .. · . , . of..whic_h. th_e pers,bn :ls: nof ci~iy ~(nalionaj."bu_t_
"ii/. Born outside the.Phfli"ppine~· . . .. where he also has:·.his· dor:nicit:e:.qr habitua1.··
> ·. ·.. 1.} -Residing in)he· Philippines:-:arthe or
- residence·, .. in the··. abseri'Ce ·.th.ereof, his
. · : . "time ,:of .. parent's . natur.alization - . residenc~ (Hague· Con_vention ·cin Conflict. of ·
Fiiipino · ' · · Nationality. L~'fS, Art. .5J: · ' ·' ·
· . 2.). Resid.ing out~ide the· Phil.ippines at
· · the time of.parent's riaturaliza.tion.-
.··2019 SAN. BEDALAW"CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS. I 13

·coNFLICT OF LAWS
SAN BEDA LAW CENTRAL/ZED BAR OPERATIONS - MEMORY_Aii:i 2019
.. ·~J\.1P.#\#Q!#dtt5;
@#§@IY&SS ii#ie:wsvn,ih®ifi!6%
. . .!''% ~'.!',7t?Utt5m,e:wtsa,2iiit
. .. ...%.?Mi-5Ad29i4UMl
. ..
fi¥tiWAANii##W,tiW
.... \
&#tWii
Dual Citizenship Distinguished from Dual 2: De Facto Statelessness -A perso~ possessed

Allegiance of.a nationality but whose country does· not 'give
. 'Dual citfzenship.is differerit from dual allegiance. The· him protection.· outside- its 01/<ln territory
former arises when, as. 9 result of the -concurrent (refugees)·(/d. a{200-201).
. applitation ... of the different lqWS of t\,yO .or more
states·, a· person is simultaneously considered a : Causes of Statele!isness · .
national by .the sa'fd states. bual ailegiance refers· to 1,· Deprivation of citizenship for any cause, e.g.,
the situation in which a person simultaneously owes; . cciinmission·of a crime;· .
by some positive act; loyalty to two or l')lore states. 2.· Renunciation of.'nationality by express·or implied
_While dual citfien~hip is jnvoluntary, dLJal-alfegic;1nce acts; · .
is ttie r~sult oLan individual's volition (MercadcfJ 3.· Voluntary release .from original state; and ··
Manza,:,o, G.R . .No. 135083, May 26, 1_999). 4. . If born in ·a_g_ountry recognizing only the principle
· · of ... jus. sanguinis -of ·parents·· 'whose law.
General 'Principles in Dealinq With Co.nflict of. :· recognizes only the principle of jus soli (PARAS,·
-, Nationality· t.aws .· . '; Conf/i¢t, supra at 110).· . .. .
1. It is for each State to determine· who are its
.. nationals .. and er. its . own law, - which 'shall be Note: The ,Cor:1ite~ritjo_o oi:i the ReducJion of
;
. . ·. . · db h
recognize· . y ot er- tates;
s .
· .
.. h .
..
Statelessness; adopted in 196-1 r.mandates that
· . .. · , · ·· ·. - · · · r
t e P!~ senqumt« ~o~-~t~ ~r:a._rJ_t its ~at1ona tty tp
u- ~
2. Any question as to the possession of nationality ·
shall be determined in accordance 'with the 1~p_ers?n born w1thm. its- twnto~. 1f h~ w~uld
·. - _. of thpt-Sta.te; . ··· ·: · .: t\. . L,. ~o~t;te~1se ,.bE: -sta_t.~les_s, and '.he jus soi, c:nt(
3: A person havinqtwo or more-natioMlit1es"'rnaY. 1:_Vtbf~xf~ru its.~atio~ahty toaperson ~ho . o~d
· . · · · · : . · ·.· ,r. ~: · 1 .._ ~ther.vJs'e Be.considered stateless when one of
be, regarded as a national by each of.,the Sta_tes . . . · h" v
.t 1·1 h l. 'Y/ ~'-V . · 1S'gar~-.st~.'\.. . itl
~s"cl c1 izen o
· f th · · l t
~ con 1 rac 1·mg s a e.
w.h ose nanonauty eposse~J?s:,~/ ~-~'-.,... -~ - .. -.' . .
1· . A St~te -~ay .n~t ~-fford d_i~)<i,~~c2r~t1Gll_~n· ~~) . ''f· "\"l" .st~eless 'P.e$bn~ are g~n.e;ally subje~t to th~e
on~ .. of..! s _na~i.onals agfi~s r~:;~.t~- l. "'. os.., ( .m... lay.,·~f the~!foroiple or habitual r~sid_ence, -, and .
- . nationality such p~rson aJ_so_p~~iess~l . ,, - in default the3'or.;\ the law of. their temporary
5. Th_eory of E_ffecbve ~a;•~~~D' - ~}tird:-~ta_te · . . .'-: res.ide,n_c~·~. (~9J1~ ·con(c'renco · of 1928 · on
shall re~ogrJ_tze ,exclu?1vt,l_f;;.it3.t1fs Jern_tqry e1!!J.W7 11 "'.:""~/nt!3kflfionaj'Privat1Law). · . . · :·
, t~_e _nat1_on~l\tY of· ·_th~ co.~nt~ :of _wh1~ri· oneQ~ ... ·. I -~ :.- . ~· .. : ,: ;~, · _ .· . : -..· - . .
J:ia~1tual(~. _and pnn_c!p~II_Y¢tj~·~1d~~\l\ ~! t~~~~;- ..: -~ , _5Ji;;1 ; ·~- -~ .. · : _ _ ..
- ·.· na!1p11ahty of thE:; count.~ ~tb "V~~~tr);"!~e,"'
_ ·. circums'tances on~. apl?~~te
. . closely c_onnected, an.d __\
'1$. in~~~~oJi-J, .
. . .. ~P~"'. o. 2!! ~ ~
J:~ ~ _
- ~- J~
11·
(iJ
.1
. ·· ·- ···
1_ , . ,. . · ,
NS · IP RE'J;'ENTI ON
- · ·. · · :
·
,.. 6. ·. A}>erson po_s~e~sing_ t~o ~tion~_i~s:a~~- ~a ? . •. ~ ~ -~ _;,,4C::~UI~IT10~- A_CT. _OF·

. without. !;my v?luntary ·acf o.n h1s~a.rt in.aY~ n,· ,2 , "03 (R~-A~· N-0. 9225).
. ~eri9unce qne- of them,with~ t\!._h~ ·autfi~~ird~ v · . :~ · : ,. · "f:: · . . ._ · · ·· ·: · - · .. ·. ·.
of:.t.~e State. :whose -nationalit} ·~e~cf~,i~s .~q..;__~:\ . ~/ . ·': ·. ~-, .. :~- . ·
. surr~n_der ·, (Hag_ue -. yOf!Ve~tio~·· on?'fJ._ifa_in M
.. · ·.
. _Question~ Relating to ~hf;l .G_onf/1ct of roatf12flality IV1land·ret.ei:i!10n· of.._Ph1J1pp1ne c1t~ze_ns~1p by: ·
~.1\ _92251was .en~~te?· ~o ?ll?w t~e re-acquisition_
. .
Laws). . ...· ·. · ., . . ·., ~1~tural-born·cit1zens·who.wer~ de~m~d tb.h'ave·
,. · :.- . '· · · . . · ,( · · '·.. . , "i.o'st their~Philipp1rie citizerisl:tip by reasb.n.of the_ir ..
. .. Causes of. lYlultipl~ Gitizensliip. - . . ·,· · ,·,,'-: na)ufalization as ·c;it[zens ·of,:a'. for.eig.n· cou"iitry; · .
- 1. 'A . -naturalized ci.titen·s· · failu're to effectively . .· ,_.and'·;'. : .. : ·. · . . . · .. · .. · ........ :.
.. r$nou·nce -his Jar.mer na'ti-onality; ·- . . .' 2.: Natural-born ·citizens o( the Philippines who; .
2. Applicatjdn. 'o,f Jus So'li,':and JI.Js Sanguih1s·
= . . aft Jr ~h~'.effectjvity:of. the· _law,-be~ame .cJtizens· of
, . prihcjp.les;' · ·. · · · · '. · · . , · _; · .' · · cdQr~ign coun,trY:-: · , .. · · · -· -·
3 .. The !~gislc;\tlve act of Sta'tes;·or ' ·· · ·
4.· Tti? .volt.i.'ritary ac{ ?f the( inpividua_l c~ce.rned T°f1~. I~,;; ~~ovides:.that !h-~y' are deemed t~ have r.e-
.(<:,;OQUIA, Conflict, -supra at,195-196). · · :.acquirech:ir.refaine.tl. their Philippin~ citizenship upon=
. · ·. . .·.'. .. . .· . . . . · .. ... ta.king. 'tne :_ ·0ath 'cif ·allegiance .•.. (Ma_quiiihg. v.
Two. Se rises .of Statei~ssn.ess · .. · ·. ·. ·.. .-· · . :C.ommiss{on dn' Elec_tions; G:'R:--'No. 1.95649, April
. . . . . :---- .... - . . . r . .. . - :._ - ... • .. . _., ., .
-1. ···De· Ju.r~ Statelessness .;. A'i:>erson has'. been . _. 1'6, 20J3). '·-.._ . . . . /.'", '·"
. ..stripped_: · pf. ·•_hi~ . l)~tiohality by ·.,
. . : \:. - . his·.. formi§r
·, ..
. . _Sec. 2.- qe_claratio~ ·ot
Policy • ~
. governme.nt. :wit~·out. havin·g ·an· oppbrtun)ty to.
·a~cjuire a'notti,er; . .. .. . . ·.: . . . ' -'I .. All Philippine· citiz:ens of 'anottier country :shall oe
. d~emed nottb h~IVEHost·theii- Philippine citi;z:enship
under tlie conditions ofthis Act,··. '
...
14 I 2019 SAN BEDA_.LAW CENTRA4"IZEQ._BAR,OPERATIONS

.CONFLICT.OF
SAN BEDA LAW CENTRALIZED BAR OP~RATfONS
l+AWS,
- ,'.v!EMORY AID 2019
Sec. 3. Retention of Philippine Citizens;hip but who· reacquired or retained their 'Philippine
Any_provision of lc!W to:the contrary notwithstanding, .. citizenship (1) . to take ·the oath of allegiance
natural~born citiz~nship by reason . -of their under Section· 3 'of Republic. Act 922.5, and (2) .
naturalization as citizens of a foreign country. are for those seeking elective public offices in the .
hereby deemed to have re-acquireq ··Philippine Philippines, to· additionally execute a personal '.
citizenship upon taking the oath of allegiance to t~e and sworn renunciation of any and -alt foreign
Republi~. · · citizenship before an authorized public officer
prior -or simultaneous ... to . the filing. of. their
Natural-born citizens of the_ Philippines who, c:ifter the.:. -; certificates of . 'candidacy. .. to . qualify . as
effeciivity of this Act, become .citizens of ·foreign a .. , . candidates" in-. Philippine· elections. T-he rule
country shall retain their' Philippine citizenship Lipon applies to all those who "have re-acquired their
ta~ing ~he.aforesaid.oath.·, · ! Filipino citizeriship.withoutreqardas to whether
. .. ~ . ' . . they are still -dual citizens or not It ·is a pre-
Re-acquisition Distinguished from Retention -requisite ··imposed for' the exercise· of the, right to
Although the heading of-Section 3 fa ''.Retention_ of ·a run for public office. · ·
Philippine ··citizenship"; the. author_s _of th.e. _law
_. intentjonally· employed th·e terms "re-ac,quire'.' and· .. Notehowever.. in- Maquiling-v. · COME[EC (G.R
"retain" to·describe the legal effect of faking the oath -No. 195649,, April .16, 201J), -peti~i6ner ·was
of allegiance to the Republic· of the ·Philippines. This. repatriated under R.A. f]225 and made· his oath
is also evident from·the title of the law using both.reof allegiance and renunciation. of us 'citizensnip.
acqu~sition·.~nd retention·.,-fhe ~eacquisiticili will appjx · Thereafter', he repeatedly used his:US_P.assport.
to those.who lost their-Ptiilippin~ ~itizenship by virtµe · The Supreme Coµrt-_ruled that the repeated use
of Commo'riwealth Act 63. The second aspect is he of the US passport is a 'positive declaration that
, '.ete.ntion of Phi_lippine ~-i~_izen~~ip applying to tJ~~ . he 'is .a, us citizen, reverting him back to the
instances (David v. Agbay, G.R: No. 199113, Marc,,h L..o .......... sta'tus'-as·
""""~ if; no oath. of renunciation
.. . was 'm. ade,
18, 2015). .. _,,,,/'
Sec·. 4. Derivative Citizen_s~ip . ~..('

The unmarried_ child, ".".hetheE_legitirna~ill~~c!te,
or adopted, below eighteen (18) years.:of age, of ·
_ >
-· .~::t:JA;:i:~:::::.;::::l~c~::.:: P:::: .
1
.subscrib ·and swear to fll) oath o.f alleqiarice to·
those who- reacquire Philippifr'e citizerisnip ·upon the/ep~blic of the Philippines and its· duly
effectivity of.· . .......
this Act shall be deeme.Q...citizens of, ttie . _ ~onstituted..-autl:iSfities .prior to their assumption ·
Pl:ii]ippines. · · . of-o~~~lea, that theyrenounce theiroath
. _,. ., . . ,. of all~giance to the country-where they took that
. Sec. 5. Civil and Pqlitical:Rights and Liabilitie · oath; ~ ; ·
Those who retain cf re-acquire Ph_ilippine ·citizenship .: · 21-"."""tThose ,intending 'to -practice their profession in
under this Act shall enjoy full civil ~~d<-political. figh1!.lts,i. .....,,_!clth~e.,....84,.!.!hilippines··:shall
apply witn:--the proper
and be· subject, to all, ~ttel'.l._da_nt licibilities~ and_ . authority-for a •license' or permit totenqaqe in
responsibilities under existing laW's bf tlie Rhilippines .· ·
0 such practice; and .
and the following conditlons: . . . . · ·s: Th'at right to. vote or be elected or appointed to
. .: ...... any pubHc .office'. ln -the. Philippines ·carinqi-:b~-~ ·
1. Tho.?e· interiqing to. exe.rds~· thei~. right; of'·. exercised by, or extended to,' those wn.o: ...
.suffrage must meet ttie reqliireme.nts under Sec; · a. A.re -candidates · for· or are .occupylnq: any
·1. Article V of. the Constitution; Republic
~ Act . public office. in thecountry of.which they are
9189;· ·otherwise· known. as .·"The. Overseas . n:atar,alifed.,cit.ize_n~t and/or . ': . . . . \
.. ·Absentee Veiling Act of 2003" a·nd other e\istrng-. · b/ Are lrtactive service .as commissioned or .
laws; . . .. . • . ·._ no~~comrni~sioned officers in ·:the. 'arm~d--
2: ,Those. ·se'eking elective RllbliC: .'OffiCEl' in the forces of thecountry whi€h they _- are
. Philippines. shall . m~et the quqlificc;1tions for · .. .: . naturalized citizens. . .
holding. such public;; ,office .as r~quired_·by ttje : . . .. .· . _. )· . .... .
Constitution- c!nd existing laws and; at tt,e tirrie of ·R.A No;::9.225 provides for c_,1 .deeper effect ·_by
· the filing o( the certificat~ of candidacy, make _a declaring it a·. State policy ·toat _unde_r its terms "all ·
perscmal .and sworn renunciation of. any ·and ·all : · PhiljppinEf ·citizer:is o( anottier country .. shall be
. foreign citizenship before •,any public officer dee'med Mt to nave lost thefr.Philippine citizeilstjip"
.authorized ·to ;3dminister an oath; · ·· und~r th°E;l ·conditioi:is provided therein (Arnado. ·v:-
Cpmmis~jon .6n Elections,.· G.R. _No.' ·210164, August
In Sobejana-Condon v. COMELEC, al. (G.R. .et 18, 2015). ·. . . -
No. 198742, August 10, 20.12), · the Supreme
Court ruled that Section 5(2).of Republic Act No.
9225 compels natural-born Filipinos,' who have
- been _na_turalized as citizens ofa foreign country,
2019 SAN SEDA LAW CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS 15

·coNFLl'CT OF·LAWS
SAN'B_EDALAW CENTRALIZEDBAR OPERATIQNS- MEMORY AID 2019
,,.,
. . .
Domiciliary or TerrttorlatTheory/Lex Domicilii . iii. Legitimated ::-- domicile of the father at
The person's status," conditlon, rights, obligations ·the time . of his birth controls, as the
and capacity . are determined by. the - law "of his effects of· legitimation retroacts to the
domicile (SEM.PI0-01.Y/ C.onflict, supra at 51). . - time' of the child's birth (FAMILY GODE,
'Art. 180). .
. If assumes that the attributes which make up one's -iv.· Adopted Child - domicile of-real parents
· status . and personal .relations: are intimately· 'at the time of his birth; not the dornlcile · . ·
connected with· the country where they have made of the adopters (SEMP/0-0/Y, Conflict,
their home (Id. at 31 and 32). · · supra flt 54). · .. ·
. v.. Foun_dling, -'--. domicile is the country
where founclling:was: found: .
r
b. Married. Women
I
The · husband and wife shall fix the family·
' ' D<:)°fy!I.CIL~ comiclle. In case ofidisaqreernent, the .court ·
..,, shall decide (FAMILY <;pbE, Art. 69). .
Legal Classjflcation of Dci~iciie·

· . . ·
· . 1;=··:.0,.?11.li<;ile:,: of .·..ori~i~
qr. -~irttii·:-
the domicile .~ . , .. ·,
.. . assigned 'by law 'Id a p·erso'n .at the moment of .·. -,
· .. -his birth .($EMPIO_=DIY; .. ·e,6nflict,: svpra:c!.t:53),' ·. ·.
. a>' Mir1ofa . , :_- .. · .. . - ·-. · · '· ·- ·
-. i. (egi_tim.at(:l. ~:. that ·.o(f:i.is .Pc:lJ:~nJ~: fl!.lh.e ·
· · safr:ie'time.-ofch)la'.?.'btrth; _ if'the'parehts
are separated;'. the domicile of 'the
custodial parent..· · . : ·.
ii: . Illegitimate - thatof the mother at the
'time. of child's birth. ·.: .
,,·· ....
.;.,
1'6 I 2019
. . SAN
.·
BEDA
.
LAW. CENTRALIZED-BAR
. . - . ·. . OPERATIONS
. ..
CO.NFLICT Qf.~LAW·S
. . . SAiy BEDA LAW CENTRALIZED. BAR QPERAT:lONS ·-'MEMORYAJ0.2079
· ":214i"'..tl:iii542iffl.*_ry5:%i#\ SSSOH»Allii&k@ii lili&G,· ,hliliit'IY!MW::111-PM W :: illlrn@sfr og. ,W Ai#@Nk$$Mll:\ISs::',1'U'
· . i. If thefe .·'ii{: (egal ... separation or b. /\n i_ntention to _.r.erriain th~re·. (animus
s~paration de facto, the· wife can hav.e mam;ind1); <'!rid . . ·
... ·her own domicile of choice (De Ca Vioa c. An .intention to ·abandon the o'id domicile ·
v. Vi/fare?!,. G.R .. No. 13982, July 31, (animus ··(}On revertend1) (Rom.ua/dez V. ·
1_9'20).· .. . "RT_C, f3ranch 7, ·,rac/oban City, ·G.R. No. ·
104960,··september 1'4, 19.93).
ii.If. the marriage
'
is .voidable,.
;..
same rules . as wtjen the- rr:iarri.age ·is
apply the .
· - vali_d~. After ailnulmerit,· ,the vYife · can ..
freely" select her own domicile of choice
' - (SE!vJPJQ-DiY; Conflict, supra at 56). . . .
iij.'. 'If the m~~rriage,is ":a.id, a? therei? really . ' 'Assiqned", by As·s.igned .. ·. ·by Result".0f: the
_· . · n·o marfiag~{ the... wife .;can · have· a . law.. :"'.. ' law. . voluntary will
- :, dom[9ile separate from the husband (Id. and ·. action · of ·
· a_t56)... : . _.. · · .... ·. . the : person
·~··· .· ···,: - .. ·:---.... concer.Aed.·
. d. .Other Persons .. · . :':· · · . . .. '--'-'--,--'-'·._·-,-- _ __,__.1_·-','-----'-'----__._, _.J
... ··· :.. i..· r;onvict qr prisoner. - tie ...is-not.free to ,·($EMPIO-DIY; Conflict, supra a.t 54): : .
.. . .. · have· a dorrilcile of choicer his '8omicile .. · . ,, . · · ·
. ·.':. :·-: ·. i's thatyJtiiqh ti.e ha,q 'possessed prior to .~ot~:. l.iJo(llicile·of · origin \ n~ot e~sily_. lost. -To
· ·. : ... his. incarceratlon .... ! . .• · . . succ_essfully ~ffect. a change ·oLdomicile,·one· must
·ii. Soldiers.e- since· they 'are compelled.to . demonstrate: . 1 _.. ' .. · ., ' ..
f~llm~ .-· th~ 'dldat~~ ·.~f· the "military, 1: An actual removal O( an actual chanqe of .. :
. domicile is that before their ·enlisJment. .: : "domicile; .
,iii.·· .P.ubli,c officials or. empJo.'i_:e~~a~rq~d_ .. lj.·k_~ 2. A bone fide intention of. abandoning .the former
d I t I ff I t . place, ofresldence ·ari.d establishing a'new one;
·. · , 1p oma s, cons.u ar o _ 1c11:1 s,..e c:- s~ce and , ·. . . . ,. . . . ._ .
, their .. s.t9y' a..broad.is lri' their of~i~,a~
. n0.t: in .Iheir . personal capae1ty, their. ~Gts-w~ ch correspond . with -the. purpose
domicile .is 'the ·:one:-before,..they ..;Vfere .(Romualclez.:Marcos 'v, Commission on
. assigned .elsewhere, · ];jnl_e,~s. ':
th.\t¥- .. ., '. ··: .· Eled~pfsJ·'\,Q)~-; f:1.9· :1_ Sept.em~e~. 18, <· _t9?f6!
vol.i.mtari_ly" _adopr .·. the}!> place? -.~f . . - 1995,J~~O~-- Y..?pfla, Jt-., G.R. No .. 209285 ..
, · employm_er')t . a$ . tnejr - . 'P.e.r:roan~nt. . · '(Notice), &uire 28, 2016). ·· · · · . '__ ··
. '.. -. ·.r.esid~n.ce • '(.SE~RI :D/)1;,. ii .Conflicf':\ -~ .. . . I .. . ·\-. : .·. . ..,· . . ,_
__ . ·.supra at 56):. - . ,,. . _':-:.~--, .. ·~··
\. ·". ,. . _: _.· . : · . , . . :'.. ~IJ!: . : .
.. ,.,, . ~~~ue ~t~-~~eeding:~ ihl,,s . :·· .
.,. _I h.e acll.'ff{~~~I\J!=!it;.~. or pla~e .?.f' abo~e- of_ a p~~s?n,·
., ..
'cic:,rj,icile·of Origin V:. Ct?nstn.ictive'Oomlclle. . ·· ..... m~tead of.h1s~dom1c1le, IS .s1g_nific;;ant m 1~.term1nip.~

. . · . ... ·. ,: , . . . . . . _ the venue o~ e~tate prqceedmg~: gnd Qrdm_ary. c1v1l
· a~tions (Jao· v._ CA, :GB. No. 128?14, May2f},: 2.002) ..
, . . ... ' " ...
~i:......-_ Fer.... J:>UrJ:>eses ~-f :_fixi~g ·venu~ .una.i·the' Rules, 9f

,. ·.c9ur;t,·the ~:resid(;lnc,e"·.of a pers"on'is his personal,,
. -. aetual or physical"habitation, ·or actual r.esiaen.ca or
.. · ·place. of aboc;le, whjth may 'not nec~ssar..iiy ·be his
' -· legal 'rE:lSidence Or ..
domi9i!e· provi.ded·:_'he r~sides
, th~reiri.-V\lf_t~ c.o~tinui_ty .and· c~nsjsten_~y· (Sail' Lu/s v.
8an LLJis, _(]J~. Nos_: -1337 43;. February 6; 2Q07)'. .
'.') , . • : •. • • • • - • r •
Sit~s·or Eclecti~::rtjeory' - . .. .
. :i;he_-:capacity, _conditic_:m,_.i;,r st~tus <?f. a-· "i:>erson is .
Never changes. · · .. May' ch~nge 'ftom time tci ·) · _gpver,:ied ·by the la\'J of the place (situsJ where an ·
.\,. ·::..:. ~ . · ·tim~. , · ·· ' ·.'
·· '. ·. iinf:?°Ortant . ele_1J1ent of .the . p'r9bl~in ocqµrs 'or. fs·· .
., .. . :,. . . , .. :sili:Jatea'(SEMPJ.O~D1Y,. Conflict; s:iipra· at· 57)... .
{Id. t:it 53::54): '... :· .· '- · .. . .. . . .. - . . ...
.: ' . . . . . \ -.-...· ,· • ·. ; , . ·-, : .i. ·'.. .. . .. ' . : T,;;o·: Kind~ ~i
Partici~·aiidri:· l~~r~·idua;: of. the'.
3.': . 'Domicile of Choice· PX V9luntc'!ry Domicile ;;..._ .-"c:o~cerned . . . . ,. ; .. ·. i· , ·. . - . .'
... ( Ptade ~r~ely,qhose~.bY:a J5e!S9ri sui )w;is as his. 1 .. · Active·:.,~ :.If" the" 'perspn·· :act~: vo_iuntarily, ·the -
, · ljome and ·10 which; whenever he.·iS abse·nt he· .. ·:· gove.rning Jaw is the Jaw Of. the actual situs Of the .
· jntends to. return (Id. -at 53).· · .. . '· . . . ." trarisacti.6n..or eve~·!; ,ahtj · · .: .. : ·. . .
- _.
....
.. . . 2. Passive _.:: When ·the .effects of the act are.·sef
·.Require.m~r:\ts: · · . forth·or det~rmined by l,aw,,.the g'over.nih;g.la'w is.
a.· )~esidenc.e · or . ~pdily presence· in ·a n·ew the)'aw of the 'legal situs; "i.e.; the domicile ·of the
.1 ' individ1,1<3,I c'dnce.r~e·d .{Id. at 57): . . .
. _ · · localfty;·
. I
. . .
. ' '
-· . . 2019-SAN SEDA LA~/CENTRAUZED,BAR

. ~· . OPERATIONS
. I 17
CONFLICT OF LAWS
SAN. BEDA LAW CENTRALIZED /JAR OPERATIONS - MEMORY AiD-2019
General Rules on Domicile: Four Ways of Treating theRenvoi Problem

1. No person shall be without domicile. 1. ; Rejectio11 (Internal Law Solution) - If" the
2. · A person. cannot -have -_tw9 simultaneous Conflict. rules of the forum refer the· case to the.
. "domiciles: . . . l9W_ of another_ state, it is.deemed to":mean oniy
3. Every natural person, as lonq.as he is free 'and · the internal law of that state .. Thus, the court will·
sui juris, .. may. change his domicile at his apply the foreign law·(PARAs: Conflict, ~supra at
· . pleasure. ·. . . · 216). .
4- . Domicile, once acquired: is-retained unless a
new one is,g.ained. .• . . . 2. Acceptance (Single . Rerivoi '<-or Single
5. .The presumption is in favor of the· .continuance Transmission)- If the-Conflict rules of the forum
of. domicile. The burden of proof is' on . the
. one (•
r~fer"the.case to.the.lav-rof another state, it is
who alleges that a change of domicile has taken deemed to include the totality of the foreign law
place.· · ' ·: (internal law_ and ·conflict 6f laws rule_s). Thus,
6. To acquire a fresh domicile, . residence and the· court will recognize the refe"rral batk and
intention must' concur; to retain ah existinq .. .: apply local·_law (Id.).'
. domicile, elther residence there orintentlon lb .
remain must be present-to abandona dqmi_Gile, 3._Qesistment "Theory (Mutual Disclaimer of.
. reside~c¢ _.ii"!- P -;n.~w place· a(l<;l·_ i~t_entioi\ to ~~-rls_<:li~tio~· _The(?ry) .'.... _T~e f<?ru!!l'.~?urt upc.n
abandon theold. place must concur (G?llego. v: . · reference to another state s law sees that such
:· Verra, G.R._No. 48641, N'overnberA4, ·1941._ •.-- . . _-.law i_s:li~i~e~. in app.li?atio~ t~.its-qwn_ n~~ion:als_·.
· · . · ... ·. · .. · U-• ]\ J~!G..IJ.,~d.m_1_ts te!r.1tory ancl· ~~s.no pr?v1s1qr\-t~r
· · · · · · - ~ J..V a_.wlJ11~at1on to nationals dq~rnc1l~_d outside.of the .
· _._ · ~- ~-'= .,. . . . _·__
territ~l'~~e! the local court_·wifl_apply local
. RENVOI-' ~ Y.:. · · . ! law" . -Q '>;A\ .: - . . · - - .. .
_ . ·: .: · ... · . · ..'. ·-· · . ,·' ·/ . ·--~~/ . . {.r·.;__IP~. ~
.
h~s·tl~~arl\~- ~es~-lt_as.\he"a~c~p_tance,.of
L&. - the)envoi d?J\~e b~t the: pr?cess_ use~ ~Y the
Renvoi -. . . · .· f - ,· . ,,-,..-"'~ forum cou~s to.desist applying the foreign law.
A procedu_re. where~y--? _juia11:mat~_.r. presented-i :.,:, ·__ (Id.). · · ~.::......i,: . · ·· . _
ref!!Jrr~_d by t~e. Con~rct o~,1aw,~~~-op~e\fo.r~~0--~ 4W ·. . ~, . ri; t:z. . · ._ ... .
a for~rgn-st~e, t_~~-Confhct:Cf-l~{rule-ofrh1c~ ·/ · · --~J
Foreign. Courit>aJiJeor-y .: Porum court assumes:"
l~rn ~ef~rs tpe. m~tt~r. back~t~ __ Ifie: a~ forum~;./ lk\p~
'th s%~ p~sitiorhh'at the forefgn COLI.rt-. VJOUld .
(rem1s?1on) or a th1r(I state.(tr.ans. is~1oi~·~©.~G}l:JIA'
- . ta,~if.),the
. la'se-:iY"'itigated. in ~the foreign state ..
Conflict ·supra at 102):" ·
. • '_;-' .·• ·.·· ., • •
\'1 · . \. · -~ · ~
.JP."j ··
. \. • ·: -~
'1 · ·
:·~
· · ·· · : ·
• ~~~(~.
(E.J·-1
• ' • • ·_- • • •• .• ' . I
It_ i~ _io_m~times ~~ll~d "!•table_ .t~(lnis:·- ~ory_.\.rs,J~ D~e Reny__oi ~ t_~t- w~i~h-oc~!Jrn. w~en. the_ iocal ·. ·.·
. I~'.':' 1~ b_emg _ _refe~r.ed ?~~k a_nd~forth yom~h.~f~~~~uiS_frnidbptihg·-~·e foreign_ c?urt. th~o.ry, ·disc_gvers ·
. '\ ~aw ~~- t~-~ lci:vv :0:
dqrn1c1le or ~he_ f~~~gn. J'.>.~f<W~W):l~tri~ft'H~rror.eigncourt aqc~pt~ the renyb{ (S.EMPIO-
!nypJve~ .a- co_nfl,ct o:lay;s_ rule(_p~1~g:&a~~t~ ·. ;....eF't;Q~q_fli~si/pra·.at.62J. . · · ... '· . .:
. fo_r:u_f1:1_ l_~w ~\_<:\PP~lc"abl~: lclw~ (Af Pl!.~~Jf c;f, . N-.\:~ . _. . ·. . · :. ·
r :_ -. . · . ~:
. su:ra at 3~)- . ~ · _ ·~ . ·. ~
.·· F, h · · d · n· h
\ _·. : . ~~-
. .·· ... · f -b· ... k"' · . .
Mffi~·~s·?~:._ thepr?~ess__ of a~R_!y~n_g,t~-~ la,"Y._.of _ :· ·...
aff0re1gn stqte tlir.ough the law of a se<;:ond for..e1gn . ..
I t. 1s.
.
a renc wor ·w ,c . means· re er· ac
-- • . . a·-;- ,.. .. ·, ... ,... ··- . .
or·
. . . .. ..
. · .- · ' ·. · ·. ·-',..
state (Id. at 62).
· ·. ·.
, .
·· ·
·
', ·. ·· · · · · · ·
_ · .
·.... _ "retum''..:Jn Ar.iglo-~mencan ·cmuntnes.-th~ ..term used ·· .· · · . ,·· · - .:· · ; · ·
is . ~remfs.sion",'. ··niean_in'g" ·"Jo_·. re.fer. a· m_att_e-i-- for:' ·.. ' . . . . .- . ..
It is_ not"the san:ie as renvoi. Renvoi ..ir:ivolves two (2)
. qbnsideration or judgment ($1;.MPIO,DIY, .Conflict, law_s _\vhile .tr~hs.mi_ssion. _inyplves:·-thre~e, (3)' l_qw~:
., .
·supra_a.t
. ., ···:~ 59f.
. -. ·.. • . .. . ~ •, : ·- · . .
.-.--r' . •"-{PARAS, C.ooflict,
. siipra
' ' ar-215):'.'''
. .· . ; :,... . .: .·.·.
. -!- -
< I~ j!-(risai_~ti6~-s~.:~~d1 have.. ~E;)~-~gni2~9 Vie_·_.u~e· bf · 11iust~~tiqn·; · An ·-1ialian-~d6.n:iici!e<;f in the -~-~ili~pi~_es

renvoi,: _i!l _choice~qf:da,.,/ ~n?!Y.Sis_,, it_ :,~~-s b_eeh, clj~s i_n "England .. .lf the case is trie_d in:Engla'ng, _the _ .
. ernplpyed ·m<cases where lhl?· d_orn1q)iary. and : · . ·Englis_!:i cburt (fol[bVJing,tl:ie doniidliary._thedty.) l:~fers ,_ :· · _
· ,.natio~ij-lity:laws:a_re appli_ed.to)hi:i"indiviaua! in.i?~1,1es · _. ·. to "the Jaw ·of the· Philippines, but" ai~covers that_ the·
involving succession; d_omestic rel~tions,."·arid real PhilippiRes, . in turn\ r~fer.s.. ·the ma_tt~r _ to Italy
pr?P~rt]e~ (GOQ(!IA, ·ejonflict, .SUP;c{at .102): ... · (following· our·. n;;iti_ona.li.ty-·theoiy):·. Hence;; Ei;i_g(arid,.
· ,. ·· - . tbru_ Phi!ippine Law.- ultimately' applies :Italian. law
' "The recogtiition of.the renvoith.e:ory_implies that·the · ·
· rul~s-·of the conflict of. laws are:fo .be·-undersf60d ·as ·.. (Id).
rncorporating: n"qt only the or.dinary_.or internal law-of
'the foreigh. state or. cou"ntiy,. ·,but .it~ rules "of. th_e.
conflict of laws .as' well, According'-to .this theory_:'the .
ia'A!. of a cou.ntry' means the whole its lqW (Aznar- of
v. Garcia, G:R.. ·.
No.. t--16749,-Jamiary
·. . .
31, 1963)..
·
\ ..
.. .
18 2019 ?AN BEDA LAW CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS
·CONF~ICT OF LAWS·
SAN BEDA LAW CENTRALIZEDBAR OfERATIONS - MEMORYAID 201? ...
A 5 f¥iWIMN'SiE2¥11Ji? ii?Ji¢fw&H &#Libiti5#Sd NAU RhSIARBit#i #Mt Wb&HSS#¥MNMP583GM M-e+ti@Rr- ~
. .
. As. stated above, Capacity_:is a part of·one's status.
and-is. the sum total of one's rights and obliqations
(Id.) ... -
Reference \ is -Reference is That · · :which
made back to made to a third occurs when the Kindsof Capacity: . · ·:
the law of state; · involves 'local court, in 1 .. · Capacity to Act . .:. .. power to do acts with legal . ·
forum; .involves three laws. adopting the· · ' .effect; and . . . · · ·. · --·
two laws: foreign · court 2. · .Jurldical Capacity - the fitness to ·be the
theory, discovers . -subject of fegal relations.' . . .
that the ", foreign
·. court accepts the In the determination of-status and capacity of·
renvoi: persons; OUf Civil Code+follows .· the nationality ..
principle when dealing with Filipinos (SEMP/0-0/Y,
(SEMP/0-0/Y, Contiictoi t.ews, supra_~t 62)1 · Conflict, supra at.-70) ..
How_to Resolve Renvo;°Problem in. the. Absence When· deaiing- .. with aliens, it .depends on.· which.
of Definitive Laws on the Matter' . ·- - principle their country follows, but if the alien is in the
The -theory to be. adopted should be· that' which, . Philippines, . the nationality . theory is applied .by
considering' the circumstances of a .. given. situation, implication·.(/d. at-70). · . .
• •t,
will best result in fairness,' equity, and justice (Id. at

217). . . A person's capacity to contract is g-~verned by his
.. - personal law, whether it.is the /ex netioneiit or the /ex
domlcilii,. The exception 'in· the: Philippines .are
contracts involving.real or personal property in \,vhich .
cases the lex situs or lex reisitee applies (Id. at 70). ·
Answer ; , Yes, 'provided 'that. at- .the tirnecof _the

heel.ring of the petition 'he, is _al.ready 1,8 years old. If
at the-sald time. he is not yet' 18 years of age, the.
r,i~arir:ig of the petition will. have 'to. be. postponed •..
notwithstanding .. the fact that· in· his own country, he.
has already reached the age of majority (PARAS,
Conflict, supreei ·226/ . . . .
. -· ·~ . . . .
.•
~ :..· Rules on Status
Beginning . of personality·
of-natural persons '.
~ge 'of Mi:ljority
·
, · ",
National law of the Child
I
FAMiLY RELATIONS
. Under-"th.e Ci~ir:_·coqe, ·_qu·estions-of'Jamily rights,

. .
l .
Use of Names' .. and (¢/VIC CO__ ._DE, A.rt.. 15) duties, status, conditions, and capacity.are-qoverned
Surnames . .· .. : .by lex netionetii (CIVIL.CO[)_E; Art. 15). ·
us'e_ of Title~nlf Nobility
Marriage- -.
Absence · . Marriaqe is a· union of OM man with one woman or
Pres\.1m.ptions of Death· 'Lex Foti. the reciprocal blesslnqsofa domestic home life, and·
and Survivorship for ·the birth,· rearing, and education· 'of· children
.. (PARAS, Cpntlict, 'supre at ?-32), · .
- I, ~ . • •
(Id. :at 222;
2019 SAN BEDA LAW CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS 19

CQ.NFLIC-T OF_'LAWS·
• SAN BEOA [AW CENTRALIZED BAR 0.PERATIONS - MEMORY AID 2019
· ~\)ii9##e ¥&@ s ;: :2¥¥&»•®:w=!'*!'" *:14 ses:mwe2±:•,mrn@ ?eS:&tsZ·a&££Wt,5':*®;®MW@im+@PW:;::A!M,WatJS;;s•1SW2iw-ti~:awa
Of"all domestic relations-, marriage. is'. ~he most ii.
When either or. both parties below are
impQrtant. The validity··.of a marriage contracted iri 18 years of age · eyen with · parental
one.State may be at issue in arjother State. in cases consent (FAMILY CODE, Art. 35, par.
of annulment; actign~ -fqr support and ·CUStQdy of 1);
child~~n. · proceedings. involving. legitimacy· of iii. Bigamous and polygamous. marriages
··children, . tax . cases, divorce suits, inheritance· (FAMILY CODE, Art: 35, par. 4);· .
problems, or . criminal pro's'ecuti.cfn- for qigamy. iv. Mistake as to identity of a contractinq
. (SALONGA, Contiict, supra·at.255). · · party (FAMILY CODf, Art. 35; par. 5); ~
v ... A - subsequent marriage performed
1. Marriage-as.a Contract without recording in the Civil Registry
"a.. E;xtrinsic'.Validity, - governed by /ex loci. the . judgment - of annulment ·or
. ceiebretionts. . . . . . . declaration of nullity, partition·. and
distribution bf properties, a·nq the .:
Reason: The predictability and . the . -. -deiivery of the children's presumptive·
interstate. order- arisinq.'. from . 'society's legitlmes (FAMILY CODE, Art -. 53);
interest in :marrfage· (PE BENiTQ, :Conflic,t; vi. · Mardages Where ··either spouse . is. ·
..~upra at ~f?5). . p~ycJiolOJJit~II~ .in_capacitatedJFA.MILY :.
.. · . . CODE, Art. 36); . . .. . .. · . . . \ ·:=
:. Formal .Re_quisite's 8'tMarriag.~ under _ vii. in.cest_Jc)lis-'ma·rriiige's (FA'Mi(Y 66o°E;· .. '
Philippine Law: . ·
i:.: Authority of th.e,soJemnizin~icer~·
-, . .
ii. .Valid marr!aQ~ _ 1.iS~nse ;xcept iJ;".!,l)e

, ~-
·. U· ·
Art.37};°aril
N1viii Void rnarriaqes by' reason of .public.
r
~poli,;;y (FAMJLY CODE( Art. ~8)-._ ·
..
.
·. cases. provided f?~ in CJ'iap"fR~· ~ ~ill~ V ~ . '.: . . . . ., . . .
l;·c)nd, ~ ~ .··/{;;-~'.-~ ·~ · ;~·- .. · ·~No~:~1'.hes.~ exce~t19.ns put mt.o ,~~u~ th~-
iii. . A~mar~iag~·~·ewrno;~n!cjpa~1s"P1~a.~'.!Y 9t 1pe_:
With_ tl)e appe~ran~~,~~e. ~oriiaC!lri'p) ·
parties · before t~t ·so1e.r.nizmgroM'-c~r · ,~.
·i x .
. . _- rrq_u,re~jht"\.\t.gr. -marnaqe,
part1e~ to enter - mt~ ·~ti~.
,1-~'.r.~~~and r~[~te .. t~- -ihe -S~?Stan_tiye
_ s,~ce, th~ .
and their pe_rsoryiJ,c:ig__clar~tionkth~t.Ltlfo.y, _ ,,.~ .· ·12,erso1J~.i(1sw·o~he parties, e.g., t~.e'national ... ··
take ea~h otheJra~~~~d·a.r,id'\~if§~'ln ' it ~""" , ~t"Y.
o~ Fuliljpir~q.s; 9?'./E:rn$ u.1e ql;J_eslions 9f ·
. ,, . . th.e prese~·ce (?f.
_
mt
w1triesses·o'f le ala_ge. FAM · C_fJDE;
l~ss .. tlar:i~tWo~ •' · , .. '" ~, : : 'J1.l~l~SIC Y~"~Jt} of . marn~g!3S. betv-.:~en ....
~ . , ffi112mos ~Qfe>jld~ the ,ab~ve ·e~~11J~rat1<:>r:is . · ·.
· . Art. 3). ,. -,~· .. ~ __ :..., ·-· - : · ~. : 2~3J~xcepJi°.:!}sj:-to-_ /_ex. foe~- c~l~bratio_lJ,iS· -. ·.
.· . : . · . . . (/). . 0 . ·. til · JP),.: . . (g_r:7.?lS~lt~g~9U§~ tli~y are con~roll_~~. by /~X
- ~en~ra'!·Ru~s:, . . • - . - .. ' . . .~ ~.. -.q_njlfto,na/11. rszsE r.'p/Q-D/.Y, ()~nfltcti supra ~a( .
L Al! ~-ta~_e~ recogrn7~ _ ~s. ·~ah <lffi · e .' . {SSl/7).j. . -: .. ' . · . . . . _. : : .
.. · marriages! c-ele~rcated '. 1~.-fo~9 · . . L. ·· ·.. -.·:.· .· · :. - :· · ':
.· ·, co~n!ries · ·)f. ·they ·)cpmp1y·., , ft1~~~~ffN1)~b . ·I, trinsic '{_ali_q_ity;-con~m(LedJ>y t~~-partj.es' ... ·
'· ,. · .· ;· fot.malities P:~s.cribe? .· th~.~egr · Hqgu'e· _. f · ·: ~e~Q.OaJ.llaws, , ..e,< e.1ther .. do!!11c1J1~ry o~ ..• · ·,
'· .... Co!J~enti6~): . . · .... -~ ~~-, · Vl. ·.-."" .,.,:,, ·:~on·ahty. ·. ·';~ . ,,,_. .. ·... , . ·: ... ·.. .
!ll.:--T~e,forms arid ~ol_ef:'(llt~es_oteo~f(~.=lis, 'Mt\.\_~-):~ . : . ·. . ~. '.': . -,. . ':
·. · . wJII~, :and ot_her pu~hc i'f1s,trum~~"i,;s all. 0- _. _lnt~1~s1~ Requirem_e.nt~. of t\ll~rna,ge ~n~~r
.- : be gover-n.ed by the laws ;of ·the. cour.qy . - Phrhppme La'{'!~ (F_J;!MI(..y_ C,00,E, A(t._ 2).•,. ·. ~
.. 'in. wh.i,eh the'y.::.were: ·~Xe_cu.t~dd¢W£L; .·. . ·.}: -~~~~-' c~_pa~i!y-~f t~~ .c0nira~t(.~~y::ir.t!e~· ·. ·:. ~
CODE;;· Art_.: 17). · ·. --. . . . ... ~---· .. · ~ . ~. -:·. .. .- :- w!)~ n.1;~s.! b~ _f!1aie . . a.~-?:fe,~_9!e; ~~9-<.t· · .
iii. All· .ITJ~r-~iages i:s6femniz£:ld ,ciu.tsid,e the ·: · ·11,., · -:Coris~nl' fr~·e.!¥, 9,1~(;:!~,m· t~~· pre,sen~~'.Qf_
Philippines; iri accordance V;Jith'tbe laws tqe solen:irnz11:1g .office_:·. . 1 :
. -~·' in t.Orde)rl tb,e· cou11try~Wher~ . .ttfey··w.~re· : .. ·. : · · . ·, <. . . · •• '.:·. :-a··· ~ .· · ~· -~·.:~·· .. · :~- , ·. ,:
. solemnized . ancl' Valid·. there · suchas . Marn~g~ Contracte_d. Oufs1de th_e P~!)tpprn~~,: :
.s~a11 >a1s~ '.be·. v.aiid · ir\ .. th.i~ ·-~e:>"untr,y ,.· .. ' :: , The,> P.hilippir:e,s ·,t~uows: the . ir-ryperat_i'i~. :·or.... ;.,
-.., : .. .. (FAMlt y CODE/Art.·26y ·<>, ': ,.· ... ·:cornpul~pry .rule. "".'br~h. means.: that a m~rr1age
. . · - .· · .. , : · .formally. valid where .celebrated --: is>Lvalid ·.
-..,..E.xception~.; . .. , e_l.s_ewhere . .(CIVI~ GbbE,;. ·.fid..,:
17(1),\F~M1il; Y:· .
c_o. DE, Art.. · 26). _;.; ..., . ··. ,, ·. · ·. ·. ·
. The Jollqvvi'r1g ~f.m:! v9id, marriage~.·- in· ;the· · ,
· P.hilipptne~ · · eyeri:.:rif valid in .th"'e ~fo~8igri· · · · ' · · 1
••• --, • • ..... '!: · ·. · · ·
country.where,c·e1~b(ate:ct ·. - .. : · : . :, . · . Marriage performed by a consular or diplomatic · . ·.
. .. ,. . i. ... S~me:sex ·m'a:fr'iatefes:, ,l;i5:_· contracting c1gerit_ empowered by .'the{j~ridi_n~r.:ft~~e,·-~o. ·· .. ·
parties must··. be male : an·d .. female- offid.ate marriage is v'alid in' the receiving iWe,' · ·
(FAMIL'. CODE) Art. 2;;· .. only 'if the· latterJ1as. c;ig~eect to. his· acting.,i~: that
. capacity (~ALONf?A,. Conf!ict,§_Upra_ at _2§_3). ·
... •.
20 2019 S-0,N BEDA LAW. CENTRALIZED'BAR OPERATIONS

. '•
CONFL1··cT·o·F LAWS·
SA(x BEDA LAW.CENTRALIZED B/.IR OPERATIONS.- MEMORY A.,D 2019
Reason; When' the. parties choose a place a.s~ b. Common Law Marriages ·.
the loci ceteoretionis of.their-marriage, they are If valid - in the State where the parties · .
considered to. have: subjected all, questions of cohabited while." holding. themselves 'out.as
.· ·· form to the law of that place, and if yalid there it • ,m<;1n, and.wife, it is giv,en recoqnition i.h sisler ,
, . should b~ c~nsidered valid everywhere (Id.) .: - States 'which J.lo not permlt . this 'informal
. ,·
method of entering into the. marital status.
• - ·- • ,I. •
· Illustration:
· a.- · Filipinp · · first cousin? got . married in · Note: Common _law·. rriarriaqes . are .not
' . · . Califorftia-where the marriage ls 'considered reccqnized under Philippine 'law ·(PARAS,
valid," \'Viii .their marriage be recoqnized in · . _ Conflict, supra· at 235/
-~. . ...... . ... ·. ' , ·.
.. the Philippines? · · -. ' 1; • l • I : • / '• ,
c. Marriage· orrBoard a Vessel on High seas

Answer: , No, .. because .such marriage. is · Since the nation whose Tlag the ship is flying'
. incestuousas d.ei~rmiried byPhlflpplne Lavy· ·· has· Jurfsdiciio11. over the .. sF1ip, compliance
(F?ARAS, Conflict, supra at 236). · · ., . \Villi thi.§'la't{ ifrequired for, §.I." rnarriaqe to be
. . . . . · .. ,,.
.... . validly contracted (Id. . pt 7.7).
. . ·. .. · ·
b. , .:-A. Filipino step-broiher wanted to marry his
. ··, ·rilipino step-sister in-the ·Philippines,· but d. · C"c;i!isular·M·~rr1ages . <: ' ,
. . . ·, because in our : country; . a step-brother Marriaqes ,belw~en Filipjno citizens abroad .
· ', . cannot 'validly marry _hi~ "step-sister. the _two may 'be solemnized _by a eonsul-qeneral, ·
decided-to get marjiedin California, .where .consul, or. vice-consul .of the. Philippines
·the·· marriage [s valid. Wili our country (FAMILY_CooE, Art, 1of. · ... · .. ·.
: recognize th'e .validity . of' their rnarriaq
abroad?· · ~-· Plural Marriages . :. · .·· . '. .. .
If .th~; p~rtie!,,. or at: :fe~~t · the hu.sband i& _a
Mushm . (whose rehg1on al19ws plura.1
mc;miag·es')'. .it is_ believed. that we· would
. . ·rec~g,ze up
_to fo;ur.rnarr!ages of !lie same .
tiusb~ntL(as - recognized ·by, ·the· Philjppii:ie .·
. • f - ... . '
, - .• - Muslir,· €ode· on -Persor,al Laws) to prot!,lct
:-- -::-:_tl.f~ ..lf.~gh\."}.Qt ·th~-; _wives >r:id-·1childre'ri~·- .
. :: N~·t~: If .this. ~artiage ~a~ ~~e~. ~eirf~-r~e'd · · ·. . · '(~EMRIO-'DI'(, Conf/1c_t;. supra at 77). ·
. )J1side., th~ Philippi_ne . (?Qristi~e in San
. Fr~n~i§CO by. our·. cons_ul~r ,~~cef.C~~sul,ftt.J.e . · 'MjxedJ~ij_d_sige~: :·: i -"·. - , . < .· · . :· · ", .
. · . m_amage. will be deem ea to haYe taken · : a: Marriage.·. Be.tween a, filipi_no and:: a
. ~-. .. pl?CE;_ i1! the Ph_ilippines, anp~~ t_)lerefo're _le : . .. F or~ign-~r-· abroad - -If.the i:nairiage .i~ valid
considered '(Qi_d, _(P/:!.RAS, Confirl'.9t
svp~a-_a.t · uncler th~ la_v(of "6n~· bf \h~- spC)lJSes_· whiie
_ . 237).:..-;. . ;'. . -~ .. A•_ _....,.:.:. . . . ~it.ti,,.;.:.VY.£0.W under the law of.the ·other, we· should
... :.· up~olci. the· valf~ity. of the marri_age, ~nl!3?·s· .
. / .-·· .R.ui~s ·.on ·. E~t-~i~"si_c \(alidit;. o · Cert~in _the: mar-riage is. universally iocesfuous or .
:. '. ·.. · S_it1Ja~ior:1~: .. ~ ":", . . ·: highly irri~oral. (ld.'·?t. 77) ... ·.. . . -.
~-: a. Prox·y'Marriages.: ., · . -· ·· · # ' "· .r .-. · •• ·- • •
· · · Ge-rteral'Ru.le: Where perh1itted by the l~w . Nq.te:.Sam~·:rule.-asJo-for~igners wh'o marry - .

: , ·. o(t~e. pl~~·e,wh.ere th_e.P:roxtparti~ip~t(;is. in · -.· . · .,. ··abroaq: · · · -, · ·: · ·
. ..t_he marriage· ceremony, they are entitled to.:-· · ·· -, ·
recognition io' countr_ies apherihg to lex lo_ci' : b. Mar'ri,fg~-: b~t:,veen - a-·· Filipino-· ·a~d a
.. , ·celebtationis-rule, atleasfinsofar as formal· - fore.igner in--the Ph.ilippin~s:- Philippin_e
, validity .. :. is' .. ~.c::oncernec:f (SEMPI0-6IY,, . · la"w should" be followed; otherwise.: public
. Conhict,.s!)pra.at
. \ ... 77).
. · - policywouid
. . . .
be .yiolatea·(ld.
. -~·
at ... .
78/ .. ·
N_ite?. Phil_ipp/i:i{ :iaw. b~es:. not .sanctio~ · ·. . .. . ~. \ ... -
· ., - . · · . 'proxy· m('!rriages; but· ·if. celebrated .. in: a
·,· . ·. ·. . · · foreig"n .·. state' _;~!1- a'cc9~dar,ce . ·with th!3
. . formalities· pre.sc~ib.e9 by its laws~ it may ,be··
:.. recogriized·,n the Philippines under the lex
. ··loci celebrationis rule,(ld. ·a_t 77) .. · . . .
.. , .. · .. · . ~ . ..
2cil9 $AN BEDALAW CENTRALIZEQ.BAR OPERATIONS.! 21

.CON·FLI.CT OF LA·W·S
SAN BEDA LAW CENTRALIZED BA~ OPERAfJONS - MEMORY AID 2q19
. . . .
W!H&\Qliai(biS\XM,· •Pi! #:49P1ftBE:16di,C••Wf~f!t '! Wtl'·#hf:.Sd$ 2,r&£¥4Mii'ti#-&it5ti rh&:CA &! & #hK rSS:W 94::.iP# *hf· ¥?4
'-
Rules on Marriage if Celebrated Abroad Rules on Nature, Consequences, and
or ln the Philippines Incident of Marriag~· ·. ·
Personal rights O · . a.ri1:l National law . of the

. obliqations between husband: .
Betwe.en Filipinos Lex· loci- ceiebreiionis "husband · and wife
without prejudice to the (mutual· . · fidelity, Effect of subsequent
exceptions under Arts. cohabitation, . respect, change, of nationality:
2!5, ·35.'(1), (4), (5), end assistance and support; 1. If. both wilJ have a new
(£?), 36, 37 and 38 'ot the . right of . wife 'to use . common nationality -
FAMILY CODE husband's name; duty to . the new one. . .
(biqamous, follow· · : . husband's 2. · 1f only brie willchanqe
polyqarnous., and residence} ... i . .:.... the last common
incestuous . marrjages), -, ; " nationality.. .
and consular marriages. 3'. If· the spouses retain
,... , their. different
Between foreigners <, nationalities after the
marriage, it has been
- suqqested . that 'the
riatiohal law of both .
. ; .. : spouses should .
: -· QOvern. - ,
... Another. ·.. 'writer

· /suggests that thelaw
. of the· fiusband at the
.• 1, . . 'time -of the 'marriage
· ..should be applled.
· · ~ixed-.
. Reason; It: wll
ri~t:;.
,, . necessarily. 'be unfair .
· .. to:.,t)ie. wife,' because . ,_
thernatlonallaw
... ~ . -- .. ·. . ofthe....... .
"husband'rnay be.even
•
more favorableto her.
•' • • • • • I '
.' So~e. exceptions to the

above ruleare: : ,· '.. .
1. If the national · law of
the husbanc'f·-vi61ates
~Mixed·. · the·p_ublic pol[cy_of ttie· . ·
; ·-~~ . : . ~·: ~. .
'forum,-or
. . ~. . . . . .\. ·. .
· 2:. Thc;niation'al law of.the
.
:wife ~appens.to be the ·. ·
.-· law· of the forum, as it .'
'.
Marria_g'e ~Y.:Prox{ ·: · ··.lex. loci celfJ6rat~Q~·;s. · is. intenc:i'~d. t6 'pro.tec_t
,th~·.-. . wife'.s .. . rights
· .(with· prejudice to the
. (SE;MP/0-Df.Y, · .. · .
Note: .. A rnarriaqe . by fbr.egoing rules), .·· :
'p(o.xf 'is considereo \ as ·. Conflict. p .. ,80)_;: , . .. ·
· · · . ··.:. '
celebrated 'where . the P.rqper;ty . relatid.ns Th.e. Jjagµe :.convention
proxy appears. between husb~·nd . and declares ~ that' the
wfte:"'·.· ~-~ · · · · ~ · gover~iD\J ; ·law.. .. · ..o.n .
(P.ARA0.,. Conflict, supre at '233-234). 'matrimonial :... ( pr,operty'.
. .. ·. . •.. . . ' -
.. . regime is: · . .·
·4. Marri~ge as a Status ··. . . 1'. The .· . inter~al 'law
Marriaqe is fl Ota mere contra cf but an .invlolable designated·.' by. the
soclal.lnstltutlon" Its nature, consequences, and" - spot.i~es' .. before . tne .
incidents. are qoverned by law aria not sJbJect to m·arriage;· :·
stipulation (FAMJL Y CODE, Arf:.1). 2, In .
the absence
th~reof, the. internal
22 I 2019 SA~· BEDA LAW. CENTRALIZED .BAR OPERATIONS.

:··
t·o:N: .i=.L{CT
,SA((Q{DA
~ .. !AVfCENTRALiZED'~R
.
DP;RATIDNS
or LA·WS
~ ME'M0!1Y A'1o_.:io19
~. . . ,. . . . - ·;- •
'Doct:ri~·e'. oflm~utabfi'ity of Matr,i_~onia.1.PJ;perty

:·· Regim~ .· .· . :. . · .. ·. . . .. . : .... ·. : . · -
·. · · ,.·. : - .· ." · ', .' ··. · ." : ... ·. _· · .. h_iw_. ~r
-':ttif . .'siat~_-.-in ·. . . .Reqardless of the.chanqe of n9tion~Jity_ by either qr
- .. ~ - . . . .' . ·. . : -, ; y.ihicb .t~e S~?USeS fr~ - .: . ·both~ 'of ·tfie·. spouses;, the::orfginal· .prop'er:ty .reqtme
- : . · ·:: ,tfl~ir ~· · 1_s~--~ ...J.~_a.bitua,· ·. . ·_ :.. eXiSting· at -the- .start: of their· rnarriaqe ·/pr~\:'ai1§·
, · resi.dein¢(L._· ., · · · -. . ·.. (SEMP/OsQ[Y,. Coiitlict, ··supf,hitB~). :.... · :":. ': .. :. · .
(• ,·: \ ' •• :'" .r ' ., .. :."•:·'<: :.• ·': •": ,•, :.: "v • • '._'•. • •. :' •_:,•~, •. I • • •,o• •• o
_,.,_. -:- .. ,. .. .- No!~: ~~~~~·of.c:~.a~ge,of · .Reaio.ns;·. ·: ··: ' :-- . ~- .· .. _, :-·~_' -.

. ·. , .. / ... · · · . · :Qat1011f1.hty .·~ r:10:~effect.. . · .. ·1 . .-_. ... Marital· peace inthe spousesproperty relations . ::
.: ,.., ·: .'':·.: : . . . . - Thi~: .ls.dhe ·9()t~8n_e. .of .;- ,.· ·· .. ·;·Js,·moi-~·-br·1e·ss.Gt.i'aranteea· ·. · ·_--;.:: .: _·, ·- · ... : · :·· .
: • : .- • :· ·~ ,--_·.... •. ·.:·. --7 .'·: i_ril;iiutability-·:-:_i_~. ·.')hi .· ·;. __
2.'.'-'ThEi': 'ipci~·s;s···<JViil : i-1~( b-~ ---~bl~-;:,i~' pr'~j~t;li~e · ·
· : · .. -.', : - . ~· : _-·-' .. , '. ·. : ·. 1)1att!IUOf1ial,: ,· J?,~ope;~· ,: · ·.: . '. :\;r_editors, :i\olfhO ·;·Ii)', lUrr\ .~c.ar:i :. jebpar'dize the.. :..
. · . ·_; ... ) _:. - _._. :.· , .,/:-: r:e~1me._ ··: ,;.: .. ··":>··... _.<.. :. :· :,·· .. ·: ··'. ,._ir.it~re$~s at t~'e s.r.~~-~e{ a~d_._; ·.: .. · - · i·. ·:· .:._ _·. . ··.
, . · "(PARAS; C9nflict,_ strpra,iJt.2,43°~~.4)_· ·,:. -: ::· : · .:.: :-:·, ·. _.·. ·:: · Th~ ·spo'us,e·s m,ay_plot~~fthemselv~.s (to.in: each•
· _· , . ·. · .< . . . . =-.::-. ·>;<- ·,.. >·· ·. ,·. . . ·. ·.· ; ..:. :. .':' ~ · . · >: ' - · . other.(ld. "a( 8_2): · .· . . ··. ·. ; . · ..·: · ·. · : : ·. . -~-
. . , :Reason: ;whel'!:the'·v.i0·mari.rnarries a-fore_igherc; sJi.e: .· . . .. · . ,- · ..... _;.-:. :: :: . ~--- ·: · "·· :. . . . _:._. · . . -. . · ·
. -.:; :... :us·u-ally ldii:fs 'her'.n~1tjo~ality_.and insi~ad:follows,th_af_ .· : ··Ab~olut.e'.oi\,circe '(A: Viriculo ·Matrlmo~il) \. i'· ·~:·.·
.. · ·: ::· ~f. the '.h.l,l_s_bi~d,:-:ry,_d(eQ·V~f';,-th~)~s~~nd. is. 0·s~·a1_iy . . : ..- .' ihe· liagt.ie ~on~.e~ntion· P~?videfthat the 'grar1t)_rig sit'~- .
. - . ·.: :the :heap' ,on_~\3 .fan:iily,: .$0_ the.'.h1,1~_q_an_<;1:~. p~rs.9_nal . : . . 'divo~C~·-Or ~epc;1rati6n ·fl'1'us_t.comp!Y .\'{ith.tlie .national.· ..
. ·.. : iaw.'g.over~s .the-,p~i'sorial_.-fEilc;1tions-~of Jhe:--spo·u~?~- ·.· ' .:".1aw'.pfithe spoui,;'es· and' th~.'law'.'of the' p'li3ce)vhere.- ..
._ · ··'(S~M/>J_q~blc!;~.oiJf!if,t, SLJPl:a 79):.'·: ~:-;: . ·. ~!- . ' ·: ·: thE(~ppffcaliPIJ fpr.di.vcirce is mad~: :, .. ··_;,.\ . '\ · .. : ': .
· . - · ·: · : d,"°fh~:'-~~iti~-pi;~;·,,,p~r;;;;;t;~,~-ti~~~ -~; ~h.e\i~1iuses . ·-.:6·i~o;c~_: ·, ~'.: _. :::-.i·_:: .. a_·:_ • ..-.: :-;::· :; . • .: • .- ; --,.';. ·: • ::
· . ~ .-: .are~gov~(n~d}~Y P~,ili.P.P.ihe-_la~_-s!rke:: 'vje follbf~'1-if The_.legal .cjiss9lut_\9n_.o_f. m,arria~~. bo?dJ~_npere:d :by... ·.
, . · ... _11.a_t!~~:a_h.ty · the,qry. l_!'l ~_ountr1f)_s : tna~ Jollo_w~\t{e ~rnQeterftit:ourt . for- _cau~es .. definep -~Y,· law -~h1ch.: ·
·... :, . ~1~9~1~1:.1~vt.~-~:':':.t~~'.l~?·_~r~t.! F d,~-~-1,c;;_1_le.~o~. 1 ~7\ -: . , :aro~:_,af~?~/_.a
32/\
v_;;ili_~_;m_a_rriaQe -{~~p~~O, >~onflict, p:-. -·
... _.'. ifoi"th~ h~lio1:1al law _9f,the'·wjfe. rrt-,Pnilij1Jp1i:i.1'.l !.av{ti,at, -~. '.·. . . , .. _.. . ·.. ; . .. :··
\·:.':.- . ~ ·W9~~1tj:'·g_over~_.,t~'~·-.:~~9§s_es;'·:·p~rs.qr1trt~J~~-~Y- :~ -·-' ''..,-_-.:· . _.·.: ·:.,. R~i~s~o~;-Diyorce'- - . . _: .. ' .
. , . · ...-. p~~t_ly-.af rna_:o-~1.n~_.w1th f)f.-_.::f?.1/iiJJf/f:i.11J!IY.:j99d_e
.. ,j ·. · ·: -· ·. ·. - :· · :. · · · ·. -·· · · · · ·. - · · · ...
.. .. pt!,at.l~(-. _ . .->,,-:·_·· . .- .· 51~· . v<., / r1. , . ·•: .
. /:_. ·: it:~-;d~~1~tr~~:~~i~±! 1i~to~©~·~~~:~: ··• . • ~;uiJ?~~!~~ttief~;;~;:i::(Will Jf:l lre ..
. · .. ;.-;:c_iti.z~~\ind-.goes~n,q} -~ic~se_,;her fr.o 't!fer;~ilYri:l&-. . ,_. :~·:Filip\n.os ·by_:·· . .
· _--o('?~~ep!ion.; .. ·... , : -~p?lim ,.'·
· . . · ~ega~tfrom :t_he ..~bu'r.1.tr(_up~Q 't~~ .e. _Poi~9.\l,C?h\of he_r.-_::_ ·. .- f~ ~1.~ri~rs): _-._, · ... 01,{_orf~. ·. ·, : .;-':'. .• .'. : ·. . .
. ·ext~~~-e·?: .stay_··hE?e··as. al'): ah~n _v. - . I,YJP.~Atrm:
- . . - ·.. -,., :-.:· . . .: . _:_ .,
·-. ·• ·. .Domingo, ·G.R. No .. 9935[}, J_anuary 3@, r9!}5). .!f .. ol:Dta1r.1_ed. _;::ibro_ad _Nat1ona( _Law. (thus, not :·.
: ; . · .· ·._.·.: ·, '-.-- . ·... · > . · . , , .--, --: · :: '.~· · · .· . · , _betWeen,Filipinos . _.: , · ..vcilid ·. here eve ii: if:. valid ·
· ._: --. ·,. . :P~·lJippir1.~-1{~1e ·o·n
Property'Re·f~.tib.\l . · · _. · · · ·}: :/ .: - .::.;::-: .. :; ~~.r~·~_d),: · ;_ ·._.-_·: .. ·, .
. . · .. t. lri the· :ab$~nc$ _qf'J . cobtrar:i·':ftipulc1tion m'· .the . I-"---·_'·_· --'--..--...:,.....-----"-..-'fl--'--,----,'C..:.,-.'----,--'----:-----l
.,c..·;._.
. . :· marriage"iiettlem:ei:lts: tl:ie· prop~rty rel~tiof)s:o'f the. :< .If ... ··abtafr;ied, ... abri;iai :f'J'.aJic;?°r:i~l 'bi--.:Y '(if:.\ialid jn
· · .. spoµse~. shall··)~; 9Q\'.er11ea _'·hy:·Phillpp,ne. laws,.· ·.:; .. b~lw~en for_eign~rs'. ...•. t~~:'_state · gra.nting· .. it- an9-.
:.- reg;:irdl:es_s ,of..)he(pJac;e of the· Gelebi'ation of· tlie · "-~:;. · ! : ·. •... -: --:~alid/a~cfording· ... t.6'\th~ ·
--~ [11a)'.ri~l'ge .,::.-:~ntl .. t.h'eJ( jesiqe'nce :. '($Efv1FfO-DI.Y, . ,. . · .. .. . . . : - .' '~ .,-. ·-natlorial 'law of thef pahies; . - .
·.Confll~t/siipfa·a(FJ.1)._-~--- ..:-:'°'. .'i ·.• .. · . ·. '· · .· ::: :.::. it·wi}I be--valfd·her'e)'' ..·. ·.. :
.. ,\:... ·, ·' Th·iir~i~;:-i,-~·j(~-o:r: ap.p!Y;/-:"< .':'.: ':

. . . . - .... ,. . . . . ..
'.~::(?;·:.·. /,/.·._: ~ . ·. . If . -~·b.·t···.. ·_·· .. d ·.· ·.b' _'_. ~~· If···__· : v·a
o a1ne a roau
. :11:·1. ,d. ~_iri ... _.th~"<s·1a··t·e·>
- · ; . 1_. _--'Wb~rerboth _spo'~ses-ar~_.aliens. irf ~tJic_h ~~se_s _.- ·. , : · bitwee~. a i=ilipi_no~.an·c:1 -gran_ting· .i.t.. _.and :.- _valid
· : ..th~ g~n.~ra! rule·m Cbnfhc,t_of. Law~_-"."111 ~pply_(ld. _,_- · ... c;l '.foreigni_r · ; . .-·· · .. _. according tci-'_the· rf~tional'
: -:. ·.at 8_2); i . .. :, :·_·· :; . · .. · · ... · .. . :_ ' · :· · · . . : · .. : . .. . ·, · ~ ., · · . ·. ;·• l~w. o(the ftjriigne_r; _it wiil,.
2_-:· Wjth'respeGt.to;the·e·xtrifisic·Validity of·contracts_ ··.· :, · . be)'._· :.vaii~:(._ here.": .(S.ee ... · ·
.. - . ,· ,:lffec;:hng ~ . propefty'no·r
. situatediin. the .Philippi.he's . . :. ·<::·. - ·-. · -· -: ·. ·. · .· -"''·· :. R.epu ':··.· b·I.JC',,V. M.ah a'!a,. . ·G , R.... : · ··· .
. ·. · · antj_~-,((~Cute_d ir'f.the'-GOU_nlry »1here the·property. . .' _.., .. ,._ ·. No.·:· 221a°29, April 'j;{ ·
.·, ..... _·,_s;lo_ca'te9/a~~. :_- .. \ ': ....... ·.· ..... _. :_:-': · ... •· :;·:. .·· . . ·, •, .• .· - 2018) .. ' -. - ...... ·· .
3: With:re_spect to th~- extrinsic validity 'of contracts: · · ·· .... · · · · ·
entered-.int(? in ·the. Philippines' 'but affecting: . (PARAS,_-.6.onfl1_'ct,·~up.ra ai 29_3}._, .. ·.·., .. • .. ...
. propei:ty · ~itµated .irJ: a ·for_eign country whose "
_. . laws- ·. require ~ different . .formalities·.: "fo(: their
-·. ·-··..extrinsic
. .
:valitjity (fAM/1..:YpOOE,'Art.
. . ·80/.. ·
'·.
~2019 SAN BEDA ·LAW: C~NTRALIZED. BAR -~PERATIONS. ; . ·23 .

-CON-FLlCT· OF LAWS
. .
SA!y 81:DA LAW CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS - MEMORY AID 2019
The· Haque Convention .on' the Reco'qnition of Lir:ni.ted ~!=!co'gnition qf Divorc~ Ob'tiiinep Abro:~d
Divorce and Leqal Separation . · : If the non-recognition of divorce will work':injustice
A foreign' divorce will be recoqnized in. contractinq and unfairness.to Philippine natibnals;the same may
state_s if; at the.date orthe'"filing of'the proceedings:.· · be given· limited recognition ir,i our jurisd.idi9n · (PE
·1. .The petitioner or .tri"e -respondent · had' ·habitual BENITO; Con1/ict; ~upra at-28,3). . · ·
residence in the state v:.ih.ere · the divorce was
·. obtained:" . A.. divorce abroad is considered · valid in the· ·. ·
2. · Both .spouses w~re nationals of said state; or- . Phlllppines, -~veh if it is the Filipjno spouse ~ho fi)es:
3. Although the petitioner was a national of another for divorce abroad. Based on a clear .and plajn ·
country, he or she had his or lier. residence. in . reading of
the provision; Art. ·26, Par. 2 of tn~· Family '
.the pl~ce ': where . the, divorce was obtained ·. · Code! only requires· that there. be a _divorce .valldly
(G6NVENT_ION. OF 1 JUNE 1970 ON THE· · _?blainE)d abroad ... The_. letter of_ the 19w, does ·no(
RECb'GNtr!ON ..QF DIVORCES ANO LEGAL demand that the alien spouse should be the one who
SEPARA.TIONS, Art .. 2). . initiated the proceedinq.wherelnthe divorce ..decree
. . . was· granted. ·11 does not dlstinquish whether ttie.
Rules 'on E>iyorce. in the Philipplnes Filipino spouse is-the petitioner or the-respondent in
.General ,R.µlei°:~ We- only-observe relativetdivorce.or . the foreign .divorce. proeeedinq.: Tfie-:C-our:t·is ',boun~k ..
legi:)J{::l,eparatioh -: (a, .. mebse, ek thoro) if) 'the ' ,by_fhew,ord~ of the.statute;' ri~ither.}ar'r·,""'.e pu] wprd,..s.·. ·: '.· .
Philippines., · , . : . · ~~- · · . ... · •..'; · · . in the .. mouths of the lawmakers (F{epr.jblic:v. Manalo, , · ·
· . · -. : , · · · ·;'. ,·, . · ~R. No. 22-102f, April 24, 2018): · . · . · · -- .
, , ~~c0~~~':) ',"~fr;a~C bel~e~~ ~· ~i!!f.n~iiift'>-~i =, jf.J;,~atiOn~lily principle em~od),i>~ Article ;0

? foreiqner !S validly celebr9~~;~od a~1vore~:1s. '15 ot._th~C1~ode,:.o~ly Ph_1l!P_P1~e na_t19f19-l,s are
. : _- . there~~e.r·:V.~~iqly\?btained :~B[_Oa,,€1-jjP.~9- ,.".._?o~~~eo, ~Y~(}P.O;!CJ'..~~~·i_n?t'~bsolu,te ~1v_ors~s ~he
: · the al1.E!.n.sppuse t~'-remarr{.l?p,.F~l!f>m\:)/Spo.use, . f .
sa~e1ng~~1eered :contrar.y to our concept. of · .
. . . sh_a~l;have.'ca·pacity .to:!iat.i:)'~7'·der P.hilippl" ·.~ :]'Qbli_c ~flicy\a~-a~.T~,;3lit~. However; ·al[~n~ · ~~Y.
law-·(F~MILY CODE,. Art. 26); . ·.,ff. ;,1. 4\.
ob~9m .~(VO_~ces ~erf5d\. wh1~h m~y b~. r~~C?9nlfed· m
,. . , '. . . .. . ·• - . . ~- ·: · .· -· .. "!. • ~ , · th~~P~11t~~!n~s.)p~0_,v19e,~ t~~Y):ire v_~l1ct: acc,ord1rrn:t·?
.Severing m~ntal_ t1es·betWee.n,P.,art1~.s 111·<:!_m1>e1st,9. 1! ,,,.-th.;e~n.a~t1onal 1~1
(11§# t.gpm v.Rom1/lo, .Jr., G_.R. No.
-. rerharr:v-· -as a 'T1ec·es'sa: ·-cor:is·en~e:Ce :o ji!_ll.- .- .rr::--,, .J J'J · ·
, : _ rn_c;Jtri.~ge ~_r.ia·,c~P.~ci!_c!ti~_9:~h~'1iliP.!,lla,~'p?us~~-- ,. :,L-.J.8470 :O.~tober~dJ89) ... ·. ··· . ·. · ·. -~
· · · · · - · ·. ·
. · .
, · ~~J:~10~~-!~!V~:::~r.&f~:~, ~~ii~t~:t1~t9~~toi
· obt~ir.is <:! y~JL~ _Jpr.ei~rt aivorc~ ... the{IJ.liR! pTIJ. ~~~e\~\t'~h~ civiJ'}.e~i~try1· •• fhe __ la~ ~c!~~ tp~
_th~ 'a;VO(C~-. , ,
,.
. ·,sp6,use shall· h~\'.~ .: ccwacity to .remarw. t1 ·:~f ·
~~n'.lis~_iC?~ c;;flt!·~ ~ecre~:qy. thenis~fy:¢s .gp:11o_lif.l$J?
, Pliili_p'pine.Jaw:--.(.~an_~·~is:v.,San-.Lui91. G.'>).Jos~\ag,aYa~~ze .. _th~~c~(:'le'.~. r.f9f~~ra_t~b:!.··:1h~ )~~ ·, ·: ·
_,-13:3!13, 'Fe~~u?ry 6:-~00Z).··.. ._ .. ,.i'--~EN1~
-~o~e-.w_a~--~~l:l_lat_1.9.n,w1t~. ~-~~:!!:lqli_1r_enJerit.~f ..~.
. · · , . . ... ::,·. : , . . ·;· : ·. . .. · · /Q~J.~~1c1aJ~~~0~.JJ1or,i~?f .t~e ~o_r21Qn J.u_dgment ~efore 1t .
2. Valid' divorce··. obt;:imed . abroa~~o&een 'M,-
~a~~1:li,-'g1~enres ,~d1cat? "effec_t- '(9PrP!J..{ v._. S,fp.. ·: ..
.. for~'.~r,i~?-wh_o_s:~ ·~-~ti~n~l~law~- ~llo~.tli~.~~~:_f?.·~:~~5-7}_-!: __ ~:~~~s( 1,1-,,-~01?t _· ·.·· .. :: '.\:·.-.
- ' Note:·. JhJ: rec~Qning ·,poiqt is ncit-Jhe ·.Ci(izen$j;ir,>-Pf N·ature.o.f. Retogri1Hc~l,' o( Divorce- P,:oceedin-g~ · ·, ·.
_),''
't~ei'~itie~:: ft)~~ .tifoE:1':~?f t~f\~~iebrat1,on'. of.:uie 'A· 'p~titiod:f6r_·'ret.9~hJt_iQ[l,_Oh~'~eiQi1·.J.u·aiftn~nf.i.s '~---·( ··_;:

at
m_arri_~9~\;b.1,1t:-t~~ir.:· Si!i.i~n_ship- _tt,e ~t'.me_ a v.al~d
d1_v.orce. is. obtained. abr.oc!.d.by th·e · alien spouse.
sp~cial. Pf?fe.~_di~,9;. w.h\c:.h. _}e~_kf.t?/e.stc,i!?,_ljs~~} . . ·,
.status, a nght or-:a. particular .fact;'.'.,and •.not;a. c1v1I, '
. '. capac,it~tirig·: !h~. ·. !atteF. ~tQ ': remc;1rry '(Republic_ · v; , aet1ori' which 'is· ·"tor' the ~n{ortement 9!.P'rotectl'oh 'cl· •, ......
.. · Orbecidq'(U, G:.R. No.: 15438,p,-·Qc~ober 5/2095). .· . : -. a· right,. or the p'revention or ·r_ecffess o(a .wrong.'.' ..
. ·:.. _·: : .. ·:--:: ::: . :} . · -~ : · . -~ ·. . ··' '. ~- ,. . . . . . . . . (Fujiki v. Marinay,: G.R. Np.·.1.Qo04~; ~w1e,2.~ 2013),
Even'. iHhe:m.cir.ri~_ge j~·.not a 'mixea' mwria'g!:),(i.e_:; . . . ' i i ...
, .• ,-~. • '
'. - ,::- i • '·' • ,• .-::.- : ' .• · .•••
·'
.~q.tKJ,ii:e Fi)iP!~.o ciJiz~-~~)ifthe 'time·of cel~~ratrof{of. ',. The· recognition.of the fo'rei~in di_vorce. aec:'re_e:in~y be
marriage, ·;jt 9ne. 0f. Jhe· $pouses _ later pe'comes a . msH:W in a· Rule .108 prpcEfedirig itself;.:as· th~f:<:i_bject .
. . fo[~i_§l.l}_- gi_tj_z~r.;~.1'1~ ',90~~i~~\ ~- Vpfjd· . for.:fg_n_ di~9j~~ . -Of sp_ecia,lj)~~Ce~djng~. (s~qh,: ~j .that, in.:_~µ)e_) 08.~f ...
··deer~?.·. t.he···spo_use,.whQ: ·d1.d not chan_ge his/her- the Rules_:of C.ourt) 1s .prec1~ely' to· establish :the· ·.
citizen'sh_ip; "i.e.;.· i'Fii,l_pinci, will· be .. corisidered · 'sta'tus or right.of a·p_artY.°br'a°partipJlqr_fac't.(Fujikf'v .
. · capadr~tEid· to .:tem.cirr/~(F.?epol)/ic· v.· .Orfrecido '·11i;- Ma_riday,-:G.R .. No'.: fa.6019,:Jl(_ne:2.6,.2Q.13)::· ·:·· . · -
. . G.R. N_o. 154380,· bctober 5, 2Q05)·: · .. ·· . . : . . ·.. . . ·: . . .- .. .
. . . -'· . . . . .- Corre~tipri of. Ent_ry.. ~ 0 • • ,
Article'412 .. of trre'Givil Code declares-th.at "no· entry·

-~n~ a civii·· regist~'r' shall .be ~cha·nge4 or' cbrreeted;
.
·without_. judicial ~ order." · The. Rules . of ·._court
'
',)
24 1 2019 SAN BE;DA LA w CENT8ALIZED. BAR OPERATIONS

co·N~FltCT.()F "LAw·s~.
SAN BEDA LAW <;:FNTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS - MEMORY AID 2019
{ • J
'supplements Article 412 by specifically providinq for Legal Separation or ·Relative Div.orce· (A Merisa·Et
· a special remedial proceedinq by which entries in the. Thoro)" ·.· · · ·. ... · · · · · .. · · ·•
· -civil registry may be judicially cancelled-or corrected. Conflict R1,.1les on Legal S_ep-aration: ...
·.. This ruling 'should not be.construed as requlrinq two. 1'. · Parties of the Sar,e Nationality - grounds for ·
···separate proceedings Jar the- registration of foreign a . .. ·• legal separation . are tho~e given . PY. their
·. divorce decree in· the civil registry. ....:..... one for personal law (Sf;MPIO-Dl'f, Conflict,: supra at
::' ·.. . recoqnition of the .foreign : decree and . another ... ··.·goJ:_ - . . .( - . . .
. specifically- for caricellation of the. entry under Rule . .. 2:, · e.artie~. ,ll'~ of ··Different. Nationalities - ·
· 10s~of the Rules-of Court .(Corpuz v. Sta. Tornes; ground.~ availabJ.e under the personal l~w of.both
G.R-:No. :186571,-August 1'1, 2010): . '; . · spouses arE( a,11 'available grour:ids ·for granting
. - ' legal · separation (Hague ·-convention on Legal
~ffect;: .qf. °£:>iv6~ce :opt~!rie·d.
Abroad. the b.y· Separation·, Art. 8). . . ·
. •. ~:.. .: ... .. . ,', (.
· · ·
Forei_grie~ Sp_g.use·· · _ · · ;. . ,.
,'
-
':-..
. .
. ).. ·,
1.. The· foreiqn national may not go" against the ~ Sqme Grot.inds:fpr .Legal Separ~tion :
· : FiJ[pino spouse.': for .accountinq ·_. ot., conjugal
· . property after the. issuance ·of divorcedecree a
LY.?n-i Dorn, v, Romi/19, ,G.R:. No. .·.L:{38470, :¢rqµncfo .: i~r .. · Jeqal National ·:,·1aw' of 11:i~
. October._B! 1985); . ,.· · : . ·· .. · · · ·sep~·ratian·: .. : · · . parties · - ·'
2.. The forelqn ~p_ouse can n~.1?.~~~r·~.laimto be the . _' · · .f.: Niult~ry · . L If of the same or
.. spouse of hi~; or her Filipino. ~artn:lr. (PE I 2. Concubinage , .~omr:non· . nationality,
:.f3.~fl!O,_.co.nfl!ct,_s,upra at 28~): · _... -- .. : .,. 3. Attempt-'. _by_· 'one national law qoverns ... ·
3. The _for~1gn sp~use can_n.?t ~a.int~in. ~ ~nm;nal . -spouse against the 2-. 'If ... of • · different
· case of adultery and· concub!nage ·ag.ain~,.t t~e . life. of the other· nationalities thel
- former spouse (Pilapil v; lbay-Somera, .G.RitfJo. . ·: ' . · ·· · . --: : grounds· given- qy both ·
, 80116, June 30,.1989)/ -: · · . national laws· should
: 4. · The-Filiplno spouse is endowed with.caP.aGi Y to .. all, ... bi .consldered
. _. -, :, ref!ia~~y; .ang his/h~·r s:ubse,q_y.~~~ ~~(?~-:-~an.fil_e P.fOpef grounds
· a_ p·etttiori'.f~r leHers of ~dm1nistra,t12n (pan Lws ."(/-/ague . -·Cqhven,tion
_··_. v. ··§an. Lws,_ .G:R- ·fYp: __ 133743, E,eb~ /, , · 0/f t::egaT Separation;
: ... ;~ ·~~~~~-~~~ffec~~ qt t~e-_div9·~;~.o~·c~{tof~~?r~ - . · , ar:. · ·. · ·. · : -
, ,Ari.
. .1.and . 'syppo~.- :()f ~h.e·_c;:,~ildr:~ri m.uqt}till be_ · . ;;...,t-.- l..'· .... . , . . . _ ·· ·: .
>
. · .?. :.t.~ !J~i
G.R_.
f(l:'1ne.,9. bY..~u.r.. c9u.rts {~_o.ehr- -f'"!.~odngtJ~ez
1428_201 June. .29, 1 2003).,,.-. . . ..
. _: .: W.l'lere. t~gaJ Sepa'}lt1on),.hould Be_ Fried: . ·· :
: l .. f n the case.;,.of~aliens, ji:rrisdi~tiqnjs not a~sumed.
·· · · · ~ · ."":.. by'.th:e. forum·, :unle.ss ·t_he':.natiolia.1 Jai.f.'.-·of the.
Rigf:)tto R~·-riafry)ifte~.Diyo.r'c~· ·~, .· . ·. · ~ ., ·. parties is .willing. to recogni~e ifs jurisdjction; ··~-
. Fi,lipin_9s --~r..e/tll9~e?,)9. re:r,'arry_ Ol'!_~e t~t.,.f?reig~ 2.~. lh 'the' Ph.ili'ppi_ni:is, .fo.reignefrs may ask for legal
·:· spouses .c\r~. · cap,ac1tated1. to rem;my. ~y .a,d_l)'orc~ . 'seP.~r:afipn"here, ev~n if they djd ncitget married·
. de,cree (FAM/./,.Y CODE, Art .. ?6, par. 2): 'Howe.Yer; . '. '· in this cou.ntry. What is.impo~tant \s ttiat. \he court_
the alv.orye must .b:~ judicially relog,r;iii~d fii;,st by'. .. : .. ·,, -:-:·has jur'isdidiori, over'both 'parties'; - ··. ·, . . · .. '~
· Ph_i~ipP,i_n_e: ·c}?-.u~s af!d_. ?~~~_ot~t¢a.)n th? _:lb_cal...~iviL :.· 3: ·.Mgs/ .c~un.\rjes _'asf~me~ fyrisdic,tipn · ov~r,' c?se.~
reg1~try .before· the Ph1lrppme ..nat1Qf!al .~an.._re,r:narry · ·: .. for leg'al separatiori'on th.e,.'basis of the· domicile
7
: ~Cf.f=. £3..fN_l:TO'c-,~~n(lict, sµwa· at ·29.2) ..... · , · . . . . . · . . . . · qfone .o.f.i.~e pa.rti,ei=<or th~\rriatrimonfaic1_~_mici.[e

. · -~· • · . · ·- .. ., , .: ': ·· . · ·· . . ..: '(SEMPIO~DIY, ·Conflict, supra at 91).. ., ..
. . . N.ot~:.- Whether· the ·Filipino spouse initiat~d·:the · . . ,. ,': ,7 .. .-. : . ·· · . ·' · , :'; · . -:- ..
-. . : · fqr~.ig11_.)!,iv.or.~e_._..P.r.oceedi.n·g.- pr~ -~°"t, a.. tavo_rable . . K(ote:.: it':js · ~br
ri~cess.a.ry -\6~t.!he. ¢auii ~tor: 1; cl1 9 .
d.eF.<t~ _.91~s?lv1~g ·th~.·.·, '.:°a_rr1fg_e...'. ppnd: . .an_d . · · . . sep.ar~ti?n. ta~~·~. place in .this co.unfry fo~ ~~[ c6u.rts. -
G.apac;;1ta!1qg .~.1s _or, her ~l.1en sp9~~~ t9 re.~.arrt w~II · . · . to nave·iunsd1chon oy.e~ the-'~ase.,What 1s important
.have : the .. s.am~_ result: :: the .Fllr?Jno. spous~. ?VIII_ is ..th..at: ~~~;co~~·.15a~-jut)sd)cti?h overthe_r:iartfesa.'nd.
effec~1~~1_y ,b_e ~1tho~t a .~l.!5:b?n_d DI::, w_if~.· A_ F~lipino .tli.at ·the .-proc.edu'rc;1I ·reqt1irements · oF't~e-'. .Rules o.f ·
· who·-1rutr~t.eq. a fo~e1g.n d1v9rce pro_c.eethng 1s .!~ ~he., c6iirt ;:in=i.'r.omplip,cl with (In: Af-91)': ~: ., · ·
-~ame,place.and in hke c1rcums\ance as a 1-'1l1pino ·.,,, · · · · ·. · . · .. --·: ·_ · :·.' · , .
.. who)~· ,i · the/eCE:~ying, :e-nd _of' an- a_li~.n-i~itia_ted
proceeding . .Therefore,,the subJett pro'v1sion (Article . ~ ·A
.. · · ~ ANNULM~N;.AN.o' 13.~Cl,AR),TION O~-~ULUTv'.
.. · ·, 1 · ·. t· .. , ·.·-f · d "f th. · ·' · .,. · · ·. ·· 'd· b..l . ·.
2.6,_par,·2 of !he_f.AMILY'CODE) should not make a.. . . nnu ~en .. -:- reme Y .1.: e:-rna.m~ge is vo1 a,~.~
distin'ction '(Rilpublic v. "Manalo, GR:· fl/.o, 2'21029, ~ . . ground~ are _those proVJ_d~dJo! by the law all.eged to...
· April 24;2018): · ~ave been.violated (/d .. at 83).· , -.
. . ,,·. Deci~rati;~· ~i N~llit/-:-

remed; jf .ib{mai-riag~' is·
io· the Lex · .
' - voi<;J,ab: initio; grounds are .the- ~xceptior1$
Loci.Celebration.is .ir('.amil.~ ~ode, Art. ·?6. .
/
2019 SAN BEDA LAW CENTRAt:lZED ~·AR 'OPERA TlbNS 1. 25

CONFLICT OF LAWS·
SAN BEDA IAW CENTRALIZED DAR OPElµ\T/ONS - MEMORY AID 2019
. .
-r-
Note: . The above rules do not apply to consular Note: However, in the case of. Tecson v.
marriages·to which either the national law or the law COMELE;C, Roneki Allan Kelly Poe ·and Fotnier..
of the dornictle of the parties, as the case may be, . G.R. No. 161434, March ·3, 20o'4, the Supreme
.
applies (ki,
- . at
86): .
.
Court held that providinq neither. conditions nor
distinctions, the 1935 . Constitution .(the .
Jurisdiction to Annul fundamental law prevailinq on. the .day, month
Itis vested in thecourt.of the .nationality or domicile and year of birth .s,f respondent FPJ);.states that
of the' parties, . nor the place of celebration . of among the citizens of the.Philippines are those
rnarriaqe or the .. locus celebretionis (AGPALO,. whose fathers are citizens of the· Phillppines.'
Con(lict; supte at 333)':-' regardless of-whetherthe children are leqitimate
or illegitimate. · ·
Reason: It ls the State of the domicile that has .the
greatest interest in the domestic relalions of the Doctrine of Immutability ofStatus ,
parties (SALQNGA, Conitict, supra at 278). The status ofthe legitimate or illegitimat_e child
. : ·. . . , . · ·: . . . ·. . .. -- . · , · · .. , . . is not affected= by-- a.. subsequent change .of
Note; Under .Rule 14; Section 15· the. Rules ofor natlonallty. of the parents. If the._c_hild is later
Coyr(,' when' jhe 'defendant -is not a resident gf -the: legj_ti,mated, the· personal law of 'th_e c~iJd.JqlJows.
Philippines and the action.affects the persona] status, that of the father·(S-EMPIO-OIY, Conflict, 'supi«
u "')\ .
of the plaintiff, ~umm6ns may be · served .. by . . ... at'96). _.· . . . .
publication in a newspaper of qeneral circulatioo..~ ·: •. . . . . . . : . ·' _· . .
owever, the rights and duties· of parent and··
· . .
G~ve~ning.Law.
· ·
~ ..
· ,~-
· -~.: .. .' · ~
v·
~-:
·
-
1 ru
. ..£.\f_c~1Jd.,ould b~.-go_v~rne? by tJ;e n_ev{n~'ti9.nal law·
Le~_ loci cel1b(c:[ionis_ determlnes t~ cb.~~9uences~O{ thv~r~ ts,. ~np th~s, max be mutable _{/~.. at : .
of .any de{eGt.·,to..form- (SEll(fPIO-Ol,~offlictft(:pra . . · . 96). . · ·z-,.': · . . · , ' . · . ·.·. · .. .· -·. . · ...
~:·it~)-
. Gen~mily;. -,~e '. :a~~·. appli~~ \ fefeto;e -re> ·t~i x. 6::~:~•lrr~e,:~:~t~~~~~eptof;~tr(a
at 85) · · · · · · _/;,. 'Y. ~
sLJb~tant,ve _or· 1ntrms,c vahdJl:i ..:. But with .regwd to potes(as, ~ ~{!11'Clp.[e;whe!.e~n the P,ers9nal _law. of
•. capaciN of.the par:ti~s to miry,ffe~,r natior~ law·is ;~·. -~ t~e-f~ther ,c~nJ~I\ J~e rights a~9 ·.?ut1es ·of_
determ.inative. · ~ · .. ~("''--:, i :: ,~'~pare[llS .an_d cfniaren. (COQUIA, Conflict, 9upra
. ·,.. . . ·_ -: ~ :. . -, / 1:fi. ·" f)t ?91). ~ '.,·_ . . . , . . ·_ ..
.P?iliPPi.~e._-Rule.. .· :.- · ~~- .· a · · ~~ Nife~ef~re~·to~·the. ·p~r~~n.'a1:~·raw::~f.' th~----
~~=r :~~~~~r\i~~I(iJn1:~~~f~.~~~·~~ ~:2t~$,~a4~r~!

1-: ••
.;~;~:.jµ1i:1~~~\~~
m_ar~,age .1_n
· ·1· · cases
, . of F1hpm0\ht1gants.
fil P
h '- -1 . .ill~~· J . .
.. · .T- . ~ th
:1c;I er a..ou e
-~rt~i;~Ye.~~rf~~e
r · · ,...r.
q th er · 11.e.,
~~i1.£t;_~h~ . (
,.., t · 22:1. , ..F c:!1111
.-. ·1 y - .
d om1c11arr1es. can a 1 so I e, sue su1 s 1 · e d ) F th~· .- -~ .... • --1 1 · -·1d· '· 1 '·· .- ·t
P_ .,.,,. ,.I: ,pp,ne.s_
· ·(.Id·· ·t 86:, . . •. ~: ('\'. · · -s:... . o. ~1~ ;:i . er p_ers?_na . aw C<?U" a so_-gra.n :
.... ·. .. · -~ .. ,. ·.. ·. · · .--·. ·· . _. ... _0CJEN{\.i:.:r~,~r~ .·a.u.W.?ritf --~~·_-!he·· mot~e~. of_ .t~e
~f~·rq~·_oFCH·l~DR_¢r-f_-. _... ·' ·. : . :· :.·/s;;· '. _ .. ,· !lle~v}~n.1ld;~n,{!:e._, ~~- 176, ~~m.1(y ~~~~}_- .' ..
1·.· · Leg1!1_m~~y,;m~,l!!~~~t1macy .. _.-. 0
• _-.'OJ. Mfl;.·:
~itim~ori .. _ ·" · ..... ·_.·. · · .. , _ . ..... · , ,·_' : · .· · ,:
· ; . . · _ · · ~. .. , , · · . .·-· · . . .. .I ').:
lt,,?a" pro.ces? whereby ch1lc;lren who m fact were . .
Deter~!!'l~tJ~.n.,of ~eJJ1tim.a,cy_9f·a .G_hild- · · . · .. · . -.~ ribt :·born .irt a ::lawful· wedlotl(· -a·r,d shouicf be .: ·
·:Governe_?. by th~_~?~n:ion. p.e,rs~,rial _I.a'(' o{ _the : -~ ·. ·. 'ordinarily'conside.~ed·illegitirr.iat~ chi'ldren', are.by.· .:.:
· pa,rent~/~1the.r:d_o,m~~,11~_ry ?r.· n~t,onc;ilit_y. ln.mo~t. . . fictio·ri of:law arid upon-
cor.np.liance -:wlM certpin
.. cou~tr[eS,. ,the_ pe_rs~mal· la".:'. of the. fa_the.r. !S l~gal. reqUirements··,:'regarded·. ~ by .. law ;. · as
.. _apphed·.to ~e.te.ri:nme_ t~j: leglt!mate_ r~(at,~ns.h.1P· .< ~ .
"legitlrj,_ate".-· it .. b'~ihg. suppos~d_.-,t~.at they: vy~re.
· (90.9.Ulf], _C..cJQf/J<;t, s_upra .~t 289). · . , . ·.-.:·.. ·-- born.after. their parents: had alrifai:}y _be.en yqlidly
~hl!i'P.Pi~f ~~·!~'f~r St_at~_s· and"F'e~s~;p·I L~;.y rryarrifi~,(S~MPIC:J-DIY, .Corif/fcl;_svpra-~t.:91r ·. _ ...
Gove~ni~g Rjghts arid Dut[es be~ween .....~hilq Th.e · rfqui_sites. of-. l~gitim~tion . :a.re_.: those:
.and Paforits. --. · - ... · · · · ;.. · ·prescribed-by.the natio_na!,laV{.ofJh~· parenJsdf
a, : Legitimacy 'governed by' parents' riation~I · the ,p_arerjts have·· different national laws~;the
law (~EMPIO,-DIY,'..Confli,ct,.sVpra at 94).' .. • nc3tional_lawpf lliE:Jath,er is dete_rmi11atiVE: (Id. at.
b.. Lf~_itirria2fg9.v·e-ri:ie.d·hy_''U'i'e. -~ati9iia1 1.i:lv.i of ... · · · . ;, · ·.97J.-.: · , · .• ,.:. · -- - .,. · · · - . -.· ·.~·
. · ttie . father,.- if·· parents · have ' d_iffeirent · · .. ., · · ' ..
. natio'nali_ties-.(/g .. ,aC9fJ:> .. _: .: . . , . '., --. : .
If.th~ .person~l lc1wb_f. th,e pare.6ts,orof_t~e. father , .·
c. Persqral. law. of-the ·megifimate child· is _the changes, the: ligitimation of the chilcf fs· · not ·
mother's . personal law, unle,ss the. child. is ,: affecte~ as legitim'ati_on. cre';:ites a permanent; .
rei;:6gnized .hf the father; .in whi.c;n· case· th.e immutable.· status . ·of the· chila .. (SALONGA, ..
personal raw of the fath"er .applies (Id. al 96),. . • Conflict, supra ·at 3?6) .. · ·. .. . .- .
- 26 I· 2.019 SAN BEDA LAW CENTRALIZEOiBAR OPERATi'ONS

CONFLICT.·OF LAWS.
SAN ~EDA I.AW (.~NTRALIZED BAR OPE.RATIONS - MEMORY A/0 2019
· Note: Once legitimacy is created under the law · 4: Not convicted of any crime . involving· ;;,oral
of- the parent, either by birth of the child or turpitude;
leqitlrnation-i] is already a permanent status+But ·s. ·Emotionally· and psychologically .capable of
the nature and extent of, the rights and duties. 'carinq for children; . . . .. . n • -r-, ' -:·
flowing_as incidents from the status of legitin1acy 6.' At least -sixteen (16) years older th_an the
may'bemodlfled by a change of the personal law . ·· adoptee; """' ,. ~· ·
.. deemed to be-decislve for the child's status. In 7 .. In a position _to support and carefor his· children;
short; the Child's !~gitifl'.lacy is immutable; but the. 8. 1-;lis· country has diplomatic relations .with the
incidents of-his status are mutabl~- (Jcf: at 326) .. Philippines; .
9. A -resident in the Philippines_ For at least three
3. · Adoption
1juridical
qontinuous .ye·ars' prior to "the· filing of. the :
A. .acf a proceedjnq in . rem.' which application for: adoption' and" he maii:itai_n's such~
creates" between. two persons a relationship residence ·until the adoption dedee is entered; .
similar to tnat which results from leqitimate 10.. Issued a' certffjcate 9f-fegal capaci!Y to adqpt in .
··p_aternity arid flliation (AGPALO, Conflict, 'supre his "country by his diplomatic or consular office;
at 277). · . . . · a"nd .. . -· · ·
1, 1. His gm1e~nm~rif allows the ~doptee' to ~nter his
The creation-~of a· parent-child relationship by · cdunt_ry-as his adopted son/daughter (R.A 8552,
· judiciaf order between two parties· who usually sec: 7): · -.· .
1 . are unrelated.(BLACK'S LAWDICTIONAR-Y, 81h
, ed., '20~4f · . Th~ Reql)l~em'erit. on Residency :~ind c~·rtifi~ate
of-Qualification to Adopt may be Waived 'for the ·
The. determinative law as to whether the following: . · · · .c ·
relationship. of adoption has: been' created qr hot· 1'. A former Filipino'. citizen who seeks -to adopt a
is a~. follows: - . . . . . relative 'f,'ilhin ·the .. _ fourth . ( 41h). deqree of
a;. Jhe child's personal law,·to wo.tectA1is well- ~onsanguinity/affinity; .• . :. . · : .- ',
. beinq: .. _ · . . . ~ . A . ~O~e' 1i?.1r- seek~·. l? ??~Pt.· th_e:'_ legitif:1ale
. b: .: If_ the _c_h1ld·d~es not reside "' tlie e::ountry ~ · · . sqnl?ajo,!er of h1~!her F1l~p1r):~ ~pous~_; OF .-
.. (11s 01llf'.frnsh1p, the p~~sona1· law.~, tn.~ .· I . ·3. 'One who 'ts -marrled.. to a .. Filipino --c1t1zen -and
seek!: to adopt. jointly· with his/her .spouse a
· · rela)i\1e ·. withirf · the . -fourth·· ~1!h) .- degr~E: of· , ·
tonsang·uinity-or' 9fflnity of the F[lip_in9 spouse'
·- ·" . · (R.A 8952, See. 7). ··
· Note:· R.A·.- 8552 stilhe_quirns· that the ·husband aod

.- wife mVst: jointly··a.dopt: Where •. the s"p'"o'i.i'ses. are
....-Iii---:-•--":.....· .u:,legfil!ys~i:t~ra_ted,the husband orJhe~.wife:·can·adoP.t.
.. . . · ._ .. , alorie and the coilse·nt of·!he qthe.r _spouse ·is no
· Ex~eptior):_ Wher,e,.public- policy cir h'aj_rJterests . · ' .longer n_ecessary·(~E;MP.19-DI.Y,, Cohflict, supra at
. of its: in~?bita.nts> forbid its e·flforc.ement · and 102). · · · ,.
demand th.e .substitutiqn . of the lex fori : - ·-
·.(AG~ALO, C9nflict, supra at 279). Jhe·~e-quire~ent ~f si:ltt'een .(16) yec:irs·-diflererice·
, . be{~e~n the ·adopter' and. 'the aqopt~e may be .)
.Legal Etfo·ct$ th.at Flow from Adoption:- -;·· . -~· waived if the a~oj:)ter is·~. '; ~·~ ·
:. ·1. The SUCCe$Sional rights of the adopted child; 1: · The biological parent of th!;!_ adoptee; or . _
z.. The parental authority of the adopter ove·r the · 2 .. :The spouse of the:_.~dopte_e's·parent (R:A. 8552;
acfop~ed child;· and. ·: . .: . · ·. Se0.-. 7). · . . ..
3. The ·entitlerji'e'nt of _th·e adopted child IQ all the
righ,ts and. obligations· ·provided by, · 1aw to
. -· . . . . . ..)
. !",late:· Jl.isticE;l Sempio-Diy is·of the 9pinion that under
-- .
-legitimate philqren (R.A_. No, .. 8552, Sections 16-. . Sec .. 48.-··. Rule · 39 of.. the Rules- ·or Court, the
: · : 1.8): _. _.. . · ·_ · -~ ..• :.. ' . . .'. . · . :. Philippines . can, recognize ·a foreign ( decree of
·. adb_ption provided: . ; . . . . . - . .
. -·uncle/'the. Dom~stic Adopt!on A.cf of 1998~(FtA. 1. The for~ign .cou·rt. had ·jurisdiction to" render.said·
' No. 8R52), an .Alien (Who is Not a F9rmer.Filipino·. decree, and ..... .
Citizenf May:·Adopt, Provided that he is: · 2. -1.. There was no want of notice,. collusion·. ·extrinsic
1: . Of IE:Jg'al age; . ·. ··fraud, oi clea'r-mistak!3 of law-or fact-leading. to
2. _In possession of' .full" civil' CaRasity and · legal ·. : the fo~eign d~cree of' adoption · (SE!vfPIO-Df.Y,
• rights; C9nf/ict, Sl)pra at 104).
.' .
3 .. Of.good mo~al;character; ~ .
,.. . ~. . .~ .
. .
2019 _SAN BEDA LAw· CENTRALIZED .BAR OPERATIONS I 27
CON·FLICT O'F ·LA·ws
SAN BEDA.CAW
. .. CENTRALIZED
. . . BAR OPERATIONS - MEMORY
. AID
. 2019
Inter-Country Ac;lopti9n .
A socio-lEi°gal process· of adopting .a FilipiriO child by
a for~igner· or a Filipino.citizen permanently residing
abroad where'the petition isfiled, the.supervised triai
. _cu~tcidy is und~rt~k.en; af\d the decree ·Qf adoption is .
issued outside,tlie Philippines.·This is an-alternative.
--~~~~~
1. O~er the .pers.ori . ·
a. 'Appointinqcourt-
Rules.on
. •,._ · ..
Guardianship
· 1': Court of the domicile

.. of the-ward-
b. Powers :, . · · .' , of. 2: Coextensive , with'
I .}'•
means of 'child-care it'the child. cannot"be cared 'for . guardianship those . of the
in any su'itable manner. in the P_h.iiippir.ies (R.A. No. appointing court (law
8043, Sec. 3). · of · the ·appointing
-state)" ·
'Note: Adoption lsnot one of the ways ~rescrioed by ·
law for the acquisitlon of Filipinocitlzenship, . Z -. Over the property .1.·- Court wherei .. the
· · · ,, · a; Appo1nffng court . property is, found (lex
Ad~ptlo~ do~s not confer on. the adopted. ch11d the . b. Powers .. of .reLsita(:J) . . .·
. citizenship -of tti_·e acopter; Adoption,. i? political, and_ . quardianship 2. __ Co-extensive with
. those of . . . the ..
hot 'civil, in nature, and the .ways in which it.should.
· · · · · · · · appointing' court (law
.·. be conferted lay::i:iutsi.9tf1Q·e.amp[J of._!_~~ Cj,viLCode of-. : the ·. ·ap'poin'ting _
.. (Uggi. Lindamahvd.Ther~<e,fsen v. Repubtic, G.R. No. : . .. . . . . state, L :' · · · · -
l.:-21951, November 21;· 1964,._Ching'· ·Leng v; · ·_ • . ·: .. · ..
·Ga[Eing, G.R. No. L-1'1931, o_~tober_?'!, {9.58)~~u· ""'Vi3~@ver-th~~pers~n··anQ .Same as a?OV~,
· . · : · ,'
. ~ . , · L;aw:Go,~_erning,the Adoption·Proce.~ifr~rr~·-
~, · .> · :L· 1\ .
. ov~r-. ~~ . property. · .
_,,;,,_ · .· (9~ne al ·ua[dia_n) ·. . .
, · · · - ...
· . ·
An ali~n·quali_fied-t? adopt ~~der tit.9hil9 ~nw.ouui. : . . ·"~-- ''<~~-
· -: ..: ·, _: ':_ , · ~;. . :.- . .
'1:"-'.elf33re,~qd.e:: -~~1~D was _m·for.ce.a~ t~~-e, t1. _e ~Ile~,.: .. \"Rules·on·F~her91s· ., ..
f_1hng· of the petitiorj--acquired l:ve·sted~ _ight"'which ,62~ : '. · ~ . ........._ ~-'\ · . · · ' ·· ·
· . • .. Ji. .t.:..,--,. . I -,· 11'1). ~ . . Cl
coµld,-~ft be ~ff~~!~? :b~ the;_~UQ$eq>.,J,;n.t~~~clctm~{f Jr\ ·· . . -~~>'_· :ij' •: . ' .
of-a new law djsqualifyinq ,him. ·:.Consequently, the ;(jfa,. F. I · , ..,- .r::-d':\ t · w'h. th.· b. ·d·,·. b .. d
,. F -1 c ·t., · .··ff,,. · ~ ·· ~ unera s ·- 1nc1 ens . ere e o y 1s une
enactment o.f t Ii e. §!ml y. oae_7"e ect1ve··1U.§t1S!,-3l l!IID _ 'tn<=i'r ··f . · ' ~: t·. ·: · -··' -·~ . ' ·
1988, will'hot impairlh.e figh~qfit.~Rir)de~t.s-~l')o a_[.e- .. -i;,J-t:.,;,ud'.~o ~ 1l · . · ~-., · ·. ·
. a]i~~s to a~opt ~ Fili~i,o_o.chi~d\eca~se_-t~e.\i~_ht !"@~. _Ii '-$J;_"ff'®~.9't··
Cf~pfl1cj'-Jsup:-a..at 303) , ._ ·. .
becpme~vest~d at.tt:ie_ time a.f·f11i!Yg.0f t1e"P}~t1on for~ITl!J!j/ .. .. ··, · -~.:. · ·. . ·:: :, , t .. ·, ·
, adoption ~nd ~hal_l. b'e- Q()\Jei;.n~~Jt,h1:!1Jc!~,tpe·n'-in . • :· r. //~J/:. : . ' •../ ·, . ' ,! •I' .'-· • ' •
' \orc~.(R~pu.blic.y:·_¥_ ii/er, G.. R. . W_o,.··12gfJ2,.0_E
.. ri/21,~- .· ·i!~~_;·h
/-y
~."'';_.>/\''t/-'· · · · _·_:'_.:_·_: . . v·· ·._·;
, 1~9.~( . . ·
--~~c.or~igg_:of
·-·I··-., ..
F?,[ei_gn::~~op~io'hs
- ~-\;~->-'-~ ~-~- ~ ~: . : _) _ : · P i?r~-~ -= Ft, . :>. ·. ·,·.
N~~~ -~'frri~' . . \lYZ · . < .j . . · ·: · : :. . . . . . . .:,_·_ :. .
"~
x:.
~[J:it!:'~\:;;;:::i;:,l_t~ ~~e~ _ ~"lc~~'*~-~ifo_iiriid),i· LaWf ~;/1,'r?P•~Y _
- ~;h~·~r;-~t1~;1~~:~~;e~~;;i~~~.t~~~~t;:1{J'.~1_a~%2~·:,·MJ.~(t~~~:-~-,-~i-~~-J1~-~;tr:_the:1)\i~::~·;,·~wrj;ri_hip. ~·i·. -
State.t,avmg 1urrsd1clion ~o cr_eate_it, ·will b'e g1~the6 · · · .• .-,a proper;:tY,.?uc~. }h"?t th.e ~apac1ty to. ta~~- -~nd ; . .- ..
. . sarh~·effecfirl:'ari'qJhe'r'state":~s is_given bfthe.lat(er \ ·: ·.. i Jra_nsfer: ·t~e iQr,rQ<?l_fti~s_.·,of.~'s:o,n~ey~nce,·_1.th.e.;",
·. ·.. s!aJ~. ,IP.- the)tatu~:of.'~d6P,tion· ..w_he'n c/,eat~d. oy. ~is·. . ·.. ·· -.-- .. ---~ss~n1i,§11 :~~li9i((and ~~~cj c5f the tr~~sJer. oi:·t~e - . · _..
'.: . .- _own l_~IIY'- :Thtfsta,tq_s·.of_ ?~oppo_n·,:oncr· cfea_te~ (tffder . , _· • · . 1qt~r;p_re.t<;1t!p~·.anp. e.ff~cJ . ..of: Cpny~tanr,;~_, ·ar~, t()' . ',-.
)h~ (?fOper foreig·ft lawtvil!L ~e·· re:co~i)ize"d. Jn;· thi~ . . -: ,· 9~_de.!~~'11!,~~.d; .. _and : , _ . '. --/: . <' ,.-, . :. . . . ..
. ' : ~?u_otiy~x~~pt '«bW~:py _ blj~po'lic:;y,oi.:!.~~J~teres'\s. ~f .. ,· :· . r::ff f.or~_ign,.l~.Vf_ q~. ~w_n~r.s~ip.:~~d :.p.~n.Y~Yc!D~~;.is ... :· .
· . · . · its mhab1ta·nts forbid- .1ti:r'!;mforcerhent ahd sdemand · .. ·. ass~rte!=USJ Cqnf_hct with a~ domestic: law on ·the
· - · .. : the :s'u~·s!f~utiqn oUh~ -Tex /orf Implicit in /\i:.t: 1'5-?itti~ ·:· . ·.··. \:: .saip.~·Jn:aite(s JrfE
·_BEN(TO/Cori.f!ic(,_ supra 'at
. ·. . · ·. Civil. Code is th~,t .the,~ei::ercise(0f. in_ciden!s to 'fqre[gn ' . 2~Q}: .'. . ···.· , . .• . . . ....
ad~pti9.rr reni.~in·s-subject !¢'.the· !oi;:al lay; (Ma.rc~ida . . . ·. · ..< .. ·, i"- ·:. . :.. ·, .. ,· ·, ,\:. .. ·:>- , .
. . v: f!.g_lLJ/Jat, Gj,'R. ·,yo. ,U24Qb6,.N_ov.einber~2i. 't'9_67r .· . . . -~e.(ftus _c,~·lex·f~i -~it~A-
~e~.l~prope.;ty. is-_weil·~s .
. . . . , . · . pe_rs9hc!I proRerty 1s sobiect to·the laW·of-the·country ·
., ' · .. ·· (Piec1s.e. ;see .. R_emeii/ah La1.<(, Me.mo'r-y: "Aid·. th~ : . ' fa/·: Whiff it· is.:5itwatedJ<{I.V/l .GODE/Art.:J 6):/ · . , ; . . . '~ ~ . ·.
F?roc~dure fc:Jr'Adoption ·and,' Persi3/'ls 'and.'Famfljt' '.---.- ~· :~:· :.:· ' .. · .... : ._:,' .. , . ,: ·
. Rf:(atiori~ 1,mder..thi$·'E3o:okon th~·bomest/c and Inter~ . .· ,._ .. ··;-. ·. · . . . · :;,_ .. · r; ,.\ :
Cour.,tiy-Adopiion Laws.) ... ·"..'·_.-- _'.. ... . . : ., . . . '· ,··.
\·\...·_ ...... · ~·.::~.~ · .. ·"/· . \.
~ . ~ ... ... '· .
:·.·
. 28.. . I 2019: SAN

. .
·BED.A:
. LA\/V CENTRALIZED
. BAR
. OPERATIONS
.
. ·CONFLI.CT OF LAWS_:
SAN BEDA LAW CENTRAUZED BAR O,PERA'j'IONS. - MEMORY·AID 2019 .
. .
Rules on P.roperty
transactions . involving
movables in transit may
Real .prpperty. . .: -Lex.· Rei· .suse (CIVIL° be resolved -by law 'of
CODE, Art16,par. 1), any· · place, . . havinq
Excepti.ons: . substantial connection
1: Contracts .not dealinq with the transaction
with' title. over real c.
. ·• which will : uphold. its'
property -. ·Lex·. Loci validity. . The owner is
votuntetisot Lex Loci thus permitted to choose
. tntentionis: between. several leQ·a1
2. Real property is given systems:
as .securlty . - 1 ... Law. of the temporary
· .mortgag:e .· governed . resting place. :(e.g,:,:·
by . .'/ex rei '. sitae,-. interim 'port); ·
principal . · contract · 2. Lex loci actus; ' · .
governed · by: proper · ·3.' Law of the place ·of
law of the contract. · destination; or..
4~· _ Law of the last . real
Tangible Personal Lex ·Rei Sitae _situs of goods. -
.Property (Choses. in . . I . , - . . 1:1..
Possession) _ Exception:_ Artificial or
Same Exceptions under Constructive Situs i§
Real· · Property but given -tothose which)~o
security is pledge, not -not .. have. a fixed sJtu;
mortgage. ,· (usually in motio171). in . assignment.of choses ..
... . -"" in· action. - Personal .
l~w of the parties, law
Means ·. .of of the place . of.
transportation execution : of ·.
asslqnrnent, law- of
place where debt is
. recoverable.
2. Involuntarytransfer of
' ·choses in· action, ·e.g.;
garnishment ~ law of, I
.
·-Thing in Treneitu
' . Loss, -:
. - ' ~ . . ~r.;,-- . . . .
a7s~r::uction, -1,.....i.:. ....... ._.,J
the state .'. where -
debtor may be served
Loss destruction.. deterloratiori -- L'1iw of summons, . ·.
dete:ioratior), . . .: _ 'the' destfnatioq;(,6:/V/L ' ;3. · Debt . for. . Taxation
validity/effect of. seizure, CODE, Art. 1753): - · Purposes - domicile
disposition/ alienation. . . · · · ,. -of the creditor, wl)_erE;
' · . · . ·: Seizure .and ·artest ..;_ · the colleclible 'credit
. Wh~re . ' the." owner's may.be taxec;:l.,, . ,
creditor seizes. the · 4, · Adrninlstration of.
. ) goods . in. transit, the .·," .. debts - . where the
result " is · that . the. ., .. ·: assets of the' debtor
.transport is discontinued . .' · are usually· situated.
anda temporary resting
. place-is thereby created.
'Oapacity totransfer or 1, Lex 'situs
Thelaw of this· place will
acquire: property . .
depend on whether the
seizure was -lawful, or
- whether hehas acquired- r:
a lien, pledqe, privileqe.'
or a similar right or what
pertains to that right.
Disposition -of goods -:--

questions . - arising . ·from
I • 2019 s·AN BEDA LAW CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS I 29

CQNFLICT OF LAWS·
SAN BEOA lAW CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS - M.EMORY AID ~019
%tifyMW&tft:+Mwtw:
r:: we
0
.. ~liM;ryt .'¥S§)'k' z; ffiOM#§b iffijl\it I w_a,u·,,w:,:s1,, »;ih iPjt5fii i£ I EMN# Strer;;cx, frF>W&i-4'fiifiP81
Rules on Conveyance of Property

1: Interpretation and. Effect of Conveyance -
· Exception: Voluntary Lex situs. · ,.
transfer of interests in 2. Extrinsic Intrinsic VaHdity .. of.
chattels (other than . Conveyances . · · .
. assignment . for the General Rule: Lex Situs
· benefit of creditors ):-
validity. and effect of Exceptions: .
conveyance between a. Art. 16, par. 2 of the ·civil Code;:.
the . parties b. Subject matter of contractis land, but isSUE;)- .
determined. by the pertains to contractual rights.ana liabilities of
local law of the State· · the parties'; .
which has the most c. Security is immovable property but .issue is.
signjficarit the validity-and effect of the obligation which .
· relationship. to the the property secures; · , _ · . ·
parties wfth respect to 9- ·: under a policy-centered.approach, when the
-lb~ particular issue;' · situs of the movable- at the time of. the
. , .. ,. .. 2. Goo:dV'!ill ,:.· ., transfer was insignificant or.accidental; ; · . :
/ <;;overne? by ·the. law . e. When the issue involves consideration other
0;
·N~gotia'bility or
. .
0
bus ...ess /"
rion-, The law.;gofernini~~
,,._ ·
.
UJ.:·A.v .,1
the i~nnc,~a~.e ~han)he vaii~ity .an\;(eff.e,.ct .of the. transfer - .
11,..~ourt may look, into. the, law O,f:,,a.rfot.~er
s'jate Which has a re13I interest in applyinq its .
~n·~~;~~~~~y of •• ~n
. . . . f. t . f .
\/al~d1ty · .?_ · ~. ra.~~-er,
I .. ~ 'I ·1
.. n_.g,~J!J{a s1 ui?
r~~~J~,l'?J~i~~
f th T· ,r
·'*-~"-J~~~J
A ][
i . ~oi
{mmovabl~,1.
the contract to transfer ~n .
1i!.1nstr,~ments
. . . .
l[:1
9_.···,1Negotrr,1 . - . : .·
delivery' • or
·
.negotiation
•· ·
msffumen~t
"11' f _. "ii · dr
d the,~t,me "
v'-s t. N"eg,o
~ ti1aj1
-1;i·i·t1 y· - 1 aw governm ·
9
the riqhts
I
of the instrument· · . tra~er,. ~livery.-'; or ,Fr· · . tbi· t · t , . - ·
. . · . . n/gottatidri . ,, ... ,, t · ' 1n "e·,~/,m~n . . . . : ·..
•• • , • · • -" '-- q_ • ,.,·,:~ -, !, '· ,.-.,,.j'Jj/ li. .. Vali.dity· o the transfer, delivery; .or
·~ff~ct on a corporation La~ dfl the. place""°'c5~'f4 ' , tC._ .' ·- negrtic_1tio'n -: .law of :·the· s/tus of the
.. ~f!l'!_e.'~~J.~ of-<;o_!p?rafo -irf,~ofRO!Jltion ~· ~~ ,·'-='.\:rr · . ~.r:i.$!r.ti~.e~~ at. t~_e, tim_~ of trc!nsfe(,.
- .?~ares . . ··.. · · '":'<( ·\.: .· ~ ._ • ~--' ., • · ~7d~)f,~ fHl negotiqtio~; · . ·~·
- · · · ·. · · f -r ~ · rP.°Y ~ ·. b. ,Gorporate·,snar.es· -· · .-:
-~ffe~;t... ·J)~t~een ~h.e' ,te . . l~c(v\~n~~.(~\'gex ~. ~~~-t· !2(ag~(~ld~~· corporation and third
P~.rt1es . ?f. .tfie·· Si:!1~ oy
((!Cl !n,.tent10121s J~l?sr - · . /f~rsonf .--:-:.·:·. law .of· : the· place- of
.corporate shares··. . law of the con_tract)p fqr, · . · ·1ncorporat1on.. · . · .
. ,;, ... ' . •.'. : .. t_his-is rn~IIY. a contr~~...i:~/ii.~ ,Ji3'e_t~een t~.-- ?SS]gnqr .. c!nd-
. : ·. · : _ . · · usually._ 1:i1s · '-Y.]~
!)la~e ~~'\ J
ajsrgn_~e$ ·-. ·· la"'.{: · nio:5t ·· .clos~[Y
:-Vh~re ·. th~cert1.f1~71~ . M1A.:""\\Y~~ri~e'cted to ti]~ transaction.·_ ...
. · .. .. . . , _ dehvere_d: . ~ ·l, .' · . _t\.\"""'- iir. Tax·atiqn· :.on dividends r~ceiy-ed by :i:
:, .faiat_ion . _,.<?:n · .. the ·~aw of. me p1a2~ o:·~ . · corp~ra_~e· $~are~ i$. -~P~~~P~P:, ._b.>' !h~ .· .
. ...... divlcleriqs · bf. fOrporah:~ incorp9ratiori . · · . , . la~ of . the__. place. , of ~~corporat!OFI .
. ·stia.res:. ,, .... , ... ·'· .. · · '. -... .. · -·. · · ·' - .. -. (SEMPIQ~Q{Y, G0Qfl1c_t, supra·at:-119).
. .· .·. . . ... ... . . . . . .. )v. ·Sal~. of ·corporate sh·ares betwe¢r,i,
Taxation. 1, .. ol"! · . ; the Law. of- the place· where partie's. ~Qroper law of the· contraet;-le:;
income. frqm th·e· ·-~ale the . . . sale was . ·the · Jex. fooi.- voli.mtatis : or .Jex :·'foci . . . '
o(corporatE{shareS ~· :consummated ,:·. ··:~ intj9nti~nis: ~hjch'·ln many cases, .is the ·
Fraiich:t;;~s · Law; of . the : place · that · - · · plaJ::e: where the. certificate 'is-delivered
g··r·an·t~·d th. e'·.m '_ . . . . .
:. •••:tp·:the
,~ ~
bUY,!:)r· : . ·. '. .' .
• ,' .1 .
. . -;· . ~- . • · .. , .
,__ _,_.___ ~_~....,_ _, L Franch.is~s.:-: subject to the law of.the·state
Goodw.ilf .of :: ttie L~w ·of. lhl:l:.plac.e · wh~re·. thaf.granted the mi and : ; - .
busin'ess & · taxqti'on th:e. business i~ . carrie<';I j. Intellectual Properties : ..
tti~~~to ; . pn': ; ·. Ge·n~r.a.1: ''Rule:_ . :.·P~tents; copyrlgbts:
Patents, COf:?yrights, In il:ie· a.bs~.nce: .of .. a - trademarks, . trade .. names,' and .. service .
fraciemarks,.. . . ·1d1de' treaty; - _. th~y . a.re mark~L'arii 'pro\eeted· only .. by the state(ttiat. ......
names · · p'rotected ·or:ily by the grahted/rec.ognized·them.' .
· ·-· _St~te th··~t_gr~htE3d th~m
Ex~eption: When c\: treaty provld~s
. (PARAS, Conflict, supra at 318-322). · otherw.i~e;' .
. .
3,0. I 2019 SAN BEDAL..AW.CENTRALIZED.E?AR OPERATIONS.
CONFLICT··OF :LAWS
SAN BEDA LAW CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS. - MEMORY AID 2019
c»• ur:tt1t: "s:s<t':1!¥£ :;; 1•,;;srl"t'b'' ·i!NStJli 4\ t :,;,:, --s,: .bSe@ :s; .,g:u:ew· 32.. ·!ifi?NkY:,:i•.o s a u;s fAA1i -,t' avf.i
Tr"ade name, meaning, a corporate· name, shall be · . :_.. - · on their·home_ -regist,r,ations·; or to claim priority
protected in all the c·ountries of ihe·Union without the rights · in connecti_on ·with pen.ding "foreign
obli_ga_tion of "filing of registration whether Pf not it:: applications; · ·
· forms part of the trade_.nalJ)e (Union Convention for
the Protection_ of lnd._ustrial.Property, ·A,rt. 8): , Groun~s for Refusal of Registration" ._
· a.· . Mark constitutes a· reprodudion of a well-.
The owne_rship · of a trt:idemark. is acq1,Jired by its known mark. .· . .
registration and its.actu"al use-by' the·mariufacture(or . b. ty,ark is ~ri armorial bearing, .flag, etc:,
distributor · of ttie: g"o9ds made available to the · · c. Ma~k infringes rigli"ts of others, is delioic;l of
P.Lltchasing public (UFC Phflfppines Barrio· Fiesta' v. di'$ti_nctiveness .. or. . is contrary to public::
Manufacturing Corp., G.R. No. ·f98889, January 20; morals.
~01~: . . ..
• !
Territoriality or. _lndependenc~-- .of
Under Sec .. 160 ofRA, 8293 (Intellectual Property Registration.
Code, hereinafter. IPC:), a .foreign 'c~rporatfdn·,. even . Thi;f Pari~ ¢onvenTion provide.s thata""mark duly.
if, itis · not engage¢ in .business in: the PhiJi~pines," ·, · .registered "in a· .. ~ountry_-of _the .Union shalf:be
may. bring ··a · civil" oh administrative action for: · .. : regc!rded as independent.of r:narks"registered in
. opposition,'. cancellation; lnfrlnqement or unfair .· · the other.countries of the' Unio!l, inclucjing the·
:- competition. Sec. _156_ of the same Act also provides · country: of origin"·. (Paris . Convention for · the
that only owners 'of reqistered marks may recover~ · : Protection of Industrial Prop~rty, Art. '6). · _ ·
damaqes from ..any person who (nfringe~ their rig!Us~
(SEMPI07DIYJJqnflict, supre al 12_1).. ·-- . . . , ~ 3.. · .FJle·· .l;l.ri ·:'a~tfon fqr · infringement .or; ·onfair
· : corn P,etiticin; · · : . .
_ .
Pa'ris .Convention for the Protection .of lnd~~~i-al , 4. ·· Oppose or cancel the reqistration of an identical
P;roperty_(Philippines is a Member country1,· . mark ofs'ubstantially°si_milar to their own marks
: Nati?~als of_me~ber countries shallbe e.n(i,lle~.to:_., ----or-trade n~m·es; .
_1. Rights provided .by the Pans .. Convention in th~ : . ·}A_ ' -.
.. ~hilip'p!nes which are· consistent t:,itti P.hili~pi_,i~r,"1 Nqte·::/bj \h.~
.enjoyrnent of· these rights," it ·is ,.
· l.aws: and". . . · · . ; · J,(.__ · . '- ·. f, . '. neqessar~ .t~at- foreign nationals. submjt proof
··2{,: Enjo.y the privileiies: that PhiliP_j:iiQe la,?.:Q_ill~t'o~: . ·-. · . that )tbeiff.-c,ountr.y ·gr~~ts substantially similar
may qrant to· its· nationals ('AGPA 0,. Conflicl,\ · .rights_ane pciv1(eges to citizens of the Philippines
. . ': ., supra at 366),_ . . - and' fh~ir. marks-should have' been previously.
registered in {he_ Intellectual Property- Office or ~
·, are\vell:Rnown marks or-trade names.· ', · · .
'L.: -, '. :'._ : , . ·. . . .. . ; : . ". . . . . . . ~:
: 5. erote-ctjon if) ·the .Philippines against.· urJfair.
L·,'f . · . , .
~~ ......--~co~.
filll!Jon;
- .. . : . . . . .
Right. .of Priority,
.
si.Jbject"to - certain GOndit_i
:
ons;
.
.. N_ote:~Tr.ademark-protection h~s .it? sciu~ce in, and _is·

c •
... ~f~htat Priority· : · ·· . '- .. .
··- slibjecf to the. iimitations o"f_ Pt}ili°ppirie~laW;. not the ·: ~ight ·_a,ccor9e~ '-to' an·.· aiJp·li.cant_ . wh(?.~'has
. _ law of the f9reign natiO:nal's _owh country. (id: at 398).· _· previou$1y filed: an· a·pplication. ih. c:10Y. · q.f the
. :_; ..
. ... . ...
· .·.. ·. .
·-·
-:·.~
· Sources- of. Right. and·· Legal- Remedies · for
.
. ... \. -
. ... . . . ·' ·.· .. •, ..
.\: . .' :· member ·countries,. His c:1pplication-. filecHn .the .
. Phillppin.es is con·sider.ed ·as if.it-were filed on.the .
Trademarks-- . . . .. . ...............
. . . . date _th~· first application was .filed in "the. CQLlntry
of-origin .(AGPALO,., _Confiict, s~pra. at 391): ·.
1. · Prio"r- use in commerce of the mark or trade
.'.: na[Tle in t.he Philip.pines . from which .grows
' . . prop'ei:ty . rights ~.ther~'to . (INTELLECTUAL 7. A§i~ign·trad~mark
·.~ - .. and protect trag~
', . . . . ... names;·
. . .
.·· PR0Pf;f:ffY¢QDE, .$ec. ·12J.2); and .. _·: · •. t'·.· . :
_2.. ··:..'rhe trademark ..s·regis,tration wi_t~ "(he: ln~~llectual . . : ~6te: · The _Paris. Co_l)y~rition_-' feqµires··: ·th°e·
Property Offic~ (INTELLECTUAL. PROPERTY .. .. protection of . trade .. names'. ev~n. ·without .
·. · . . ·<- .•· · .. ..
CODE>sec. 'f22-): · · ...
. ' .
<. : . .. . · . registrati9n. Sec. 165 of- IPC incorporated: this ;
requiri:frneQt by protecting !r'ade nar:nes ev"en .
~ Right~ ·. o( Foreign. , N·ationals .: Pertaining·· to prior
. . to re·gi_stratiOI],.."; . - .. ·....
Tradema'rks . . . · . ' · · . . ·. , . ·.
1.· Sue Jn tra,demark ~r servic.e mar~ enforcement. ·. 8 ... Right-to.· protect.collective
. ...... ·.. marks;\ and
. -
. ·action· UNTELLECTUA_L "PROPER-TY CODE;
Ses_. 160); · · · . · . ~ ..
· 2:. · Registe,: their marks or trade names under ihe ..
· same terms ar'icf 9ondi_tioris as thos~ ·applicable
to l_ocal applicants ·or to. qase their applic~tions
.:.·-·
·2019 SAN BEDA LAW
.· .CEN1RALIZEDBAR
. OPERATIONS·
. 1 31
-v . • • .
co·NFLtCT
. Sf,NBEDA LAW
or LAWS
C£.NTRALIZEDBAR OPER_ATIONS - MEMORY AIQ :ic119. . . . . . .
~"'®>'i4iMR\!$JbC1 "· # f4Wi&?#; ::+ t J'&i ¥§ \ i!'Mt#ltti? t6 fiRftj t§ f ti;:h tr::?: Sit!#ZE-41 ! fSM#fia;: t5ft%Tfi®'i#\e#m M#B!A
Collective Marks Rights Guaranteed. by the Berne Con°ventio.n for.

.. Any, visil;)le . sign . qesigriat~d as. :,uch in the Copyright Holders ·. · . .
application for registration and capable · of 1. Authors .shall enjoy tn countries of the Union;
distinguishing the origln or any other common other ..than the country of origin, ·the rights which
charact1,fristics,iF1cluding··the-quality of goods or their respective laws do now or-hereafter gran't. .
services of different e-nterprises which, µse th'e to their nationals; .as Well as rig~ts specifically
sign under the cohtf9l .9(the registered·owner of ·granted by the Berne Convention; ·
the.-· colle<;:tive .mark -(INTELLECTUAL . 2. The enjoyment and exercise of these rights shall
1.1:>e
P~OPER7Y CODE, 'sf!c. 121.2). not 'subject to . any. formality and .... such , . •
enjoyment and such exercise · shall be
. ·g_ 'F~ight. to protect seirvice mark.s. independent-of the existence of protection in the
country of origin ofthe work; and · · ': ·
Service marks · · 3. Where the authcris not a natiohal of the country .
. Any visible sign. capable. of dis.tinguishing the of origin of the. work for _whjc}l he is protected
· services' ot- .a.n enterprise (INTE.i.LECTUAL under the Convention ... he. shall, enjoy in· that
PROPERTY coce.se« 1.21.1). , . ' country the .sarne ri9ht _:as'")1ational ·. authors
.• ., \ '; ~ •.. · ': _ • • :. r-. · · · , (BERNE GONVENT/fJN,-Art-5). · · · _ . ;,
Legal Remedies of For.eign Natlonals.: :. ·. . " .
u IV . . . . -· .: '. . . . :' 1-. .

I .: • ·' : I .\. :.
·1. Actio[!· .°for damaqes 'and ir'ijunctio'n tfased· on ~-:....__: ;· . . _ . · ; .

infri~g~~ent,. unfair,. compe_titi'on ~f~I~
desiqnation, and false.descnpt10.n;L:~, ~- ,. CONTRACTS · ·
2. P~t!t!on-~o·.oppos~·and cance_fr~gi_~~~tienf~~ , · 1/ '". : . ·. ; ·.· ,· . . . ... .
V· X . : :
r
3. Petition · . for seizure of ..;Bfoh1b1t!=)cV...;,gooa_s . ': > ·. ·
.(JNT{=LLEC,TUAL ·:PR,OP.ER,f-N'C<D&l;.-;'.sec!""" ~Gontrac_t_ ~~--, ·-:, •
160)..
• ••.
.' . -'. ·. ·.·-
• ': .
Rights Pertaining to Pc1!ents .

. . / '~ • •
·
•
:
·7~~~"V_,
~.
· ~
-b. · v, •
·. · . - <:
"i{" · {J.o~h'f-.VleWp,.Qet Conflictof \aWS·, a d\SCU~SIOO
, JP>· -~' -.,.<?tcontrc1fts<?Ql~jir)c~u~es t~o?e.~h!c~
• :_ • •••
. . ·. - ..
a.r~ pur~ly,c_ivil
or com~ercia\m.-naJure ... It .e.~cludes those. ~h!ch .
.. •
Oi
y N~tiohals q'f 'member. cftrJ;r.ie.. enjoy in otfier ,1 • e,reate:-a,sta.tus, (~g:,Jlama~e) or ~hq~e !rcJnsfernng
-. · . _l)lembe._r :ouhtries t~ela~~c\1:}l~esn ~t ~~o1[1h1 ~r~~~ngi_s .. (PAf'AS., 1on(/Jct,. s_upra · ~t, .374_ and,
· · -_resp~~t1ve laws. w.apt_ orj ~d,n'!lal:';· ·. ~ . '5 ,
2: T~e.1f)ve'.1~0~ shall h~ve, t1e·~1gR. o _q~ilioned~1-
. a~ sµch ,n the p~tent; . ; . ·.. , .\'!!' " . . . . . ·~
1 ,, ?§.Mf>Jlo.pn~!._coqt~1,e;~-~up~a
· . -·. fJ0lf·F·
at 1~2),. . : .:·:
.f· ::·
EJI .·· - .t··. .c·"' t t :· · · ·
,,tst_a~ esy9 . 'i_r~_g f 1 e~en -!n }?n ra~ ~- .
·.<_ ···: • · ~ ..
3.. The ~~a_n{ofa R~!~nt:~~ i~~QJe r~(i.~~d_fJ -~Jt.JJ~X~t~i· 1 ~1~101,J'l} bec~,~1ng .a.·~_arty ,.t~- th.~_
· patent·shall not be 1_nvahdated on the.gro1;t~j'<iNha~ ~~~ ·. A· ·.-·.- •• ·./. •• · • , • :. •. ,, : • •• ·: •
. th · · ·1 O ft"'11e pa t ef) t prpdU~.

• e·sa.e · ·" · 't Or :", th·'-~ d'-°
Q1.~1 e p,r.o U(;; ~
..:.€2"~Ft1es
l'(v ..• c o~omg a fore1go law.as their choice of
·a,, .. , . ·· · \ . ·. ", . ·.
ob~a(n~d. ~y th_e··p~<;1t~.rit.~d·:.bl9..~.esl',is~s·ybJ~~6~JI1~~ad~s: .61i. e~~c!-!t!ifri .~f:ld- pert.~r.=r;an~~· .are~· .·, ·
res~~!C~lon_s. ~rhi:i]ll~t);>~~ _sesl)lti~g fro~~m~l~drft.er~~f.ro · e?ch otr.e.r (P:.EJ3_ENJTO; _C_onf/lct,. . .: : . : ·.
I'
law, . . , · ~., · ·. . . --l'J)a ~
s"03.~ 'at 87)· - · . · · ' ,• ··~ · · · . ·.
4
· :~:::fi:~:~;~t~;:,t:~;~;~:d~,i~I M~~&on1,~st~~11Ji~1,;,lions'.:
n:i~nu_f~?fl!r~q !~ an~ Qf the. c0~~~n~~of t~e .unTorl~--~·;The· . contr~ct.ing .-. parti~s~ njay ..- est.aqlish~- .. such
·· :·· ·
:< · (-" · · :_
. .
. .·., . . s~au i:i?!·7nt9!\-_.tq~e1!~r.e 'Of t.htp~.~e~!; ·~ ·.··.. , ·. ··, . $tipu!a.tioDi, ·c1a'1:{se~. te[rils.'.aGd :condi,!io_ni:-.?s t~ey.: ·: · :·
'--\ lndu~t~1~I .'.des1g'~~-. ~h-~11: .. b,e .:pr?te?t~? · !19 ·:a..1.1.. . .. ·r:n.ay. de~nf .. con\fnient;. -p·r9vjd,e_cl ,Jhey. are not . · ·
. : . -c~untnes o.f:!~~ l:Jn,1on·('AG~'AL0, Conflict; supra. : .. contrary.fa lc)'w,' morals,·g·aod-customs; publlc·oraer, ~· · ··.
'l 44'4) " d' .. .. . .. · '. ,. . . . .. ·
.E! .... : a~·,:··'.- ..... · .. . ·, :·:.,: ... :. 0/ .. ': :, or·pubJi.G poli9y.(.CIY!L GPPE!.:fy'J.1-386). : .. · '. · · . ·.
6. Ent1tlE?,d:.to'f1I~ .c1·su1t for 1nfnngem$nt of"'_patent... · · . ·. '. _.- : : -. ·. ,-::i, - , · ,: · ,: · ··. ·· · ,: · . , - , ·· . · · .·. · · . ·· · ..
,:. . '
·~ ,.'.
... . . .. . . . .· . . ···-. ' . : .. . . . . .· .. ' . . . . . : .. ,'\
· .. ..., - •· · · ·.. · · · · · · ·· ";-Counter-bafc1ncirig the·. priJ'.lciP.fe,: qf autonomy of'., · ·, · · ·-

ReqJir.erii'ents·· fbr' Foreigo Pat~ritee's ·'Right (o. ·· ·cbntr'act,in·g· ·pa'rti~s .i~ ;t~e ~qually: ~r_en~.r~(ruh3.: that .. · ·, ·
. file. arfl~fringerr1Eii'.)fSui\·.· i\ .· :.;;:. . : ._ . . . . ·.
pr,oxl~iOf)S·:cf.~pp!i_c"aRI~' 14y.,;· espe~!?Jly pro\fsion~· · .. ; .
: .1: . He~is 'a'national~ods a6niidle'd:6r has a.ieal 91Jd:. . . r~la_tirig ·to
rrr~\t¢t~ . .'~ffE~fted. 'yiit~,· piJ.blic.,:' "i:rolisy; are ·:,. .:
. 'ett~ctiv~- indus.triM· establishment. in ·:c!n{ of'·the · difomed·· 1;yritterr- into· Jhe contrate Th~. goverhing· · ··
me"inber c0untries·ofthe,Par.is C.ohverition: and . · prin~ipJ_ef".is ·..that: pi:!"rti~s· ·mc!Y :np_f-con(ract;-awaY. ·· ·., ... · ·· ..
·2. 'If · he·. ing\:ige"d. b'ttsjne~s
ii :'frf in ';ttie .Pliillpplr:ies';' · applic~ble .provisi6h!:> · 0f,'iaV:i espedally ·peremptpry_ ,. ·. '·. .' · .
tie must first secure c1 license to business as ·aci pr9vjsiof)s 'd~alihg_ 0i\h -ij,'~~~~/s.
h:~ayily· !fl!pres~.~-d · .. · · .
a prere€Juisite. to .. fil,ing· _and mairtalriing the with public interest·.· The .law rela.ting·~to: Jab-or ar,id .. ·..
. infril')gement's"uit'({d. i!Jt 446). . l3mp.loyment fs _tlearl{s,tJch' a.rr·a·r~'ajnci pa(ties are · -.. ,
. ' .,,. ·. ·- . ,, ·not· at liberty :tct·insulate. themselves their. . . ·aha·:
rJ)atio"nships from >th"e iinp.a.d of Jab6r ·.Jaw$, ·and· .
... regulafions by ·simply .confract,ing :.with" eacfr oth~r.
. ·. . . . . . ·r· ... , . . .
. /·
32
. .
I 2019
.
SAN
. BEDA.LAW. CENTRALIZED
. . BAR.OPERATIONS
. ·.
1
c·o N FL:I CT: O·F LAWS
. SAN"BEDA LAW CENTIJALIZED BAR OPERAflONS - MEMOR.Y AID 2"019
if:*W¥!~%~tt:m~tUMk't: g;;; !.\ii 4J'!!!i,'@di#$#41 %iJ:·Jiii.\·k_%kf.!iP!iN£1 RSt~$,!@f.!;; ::;tiffo ',:f.!'<'JP#t4¥ffi# P#ii¥$fflQ/~
. (Pekisien lniemsiionet Airlines Corp. v. Opie, G:R. Rule on Validation · , · . . . .

No. 61'594, September 2~•. 1~90). · · Parties entering into a contract upon- equal terms
intend their agreement' to be binding under any law
N?~~:' Even
·if t~e~E:. is a 'c.~9ice · ~(law siipul9~ted. i~
the contract, the law of the place of performance will
whose .appllcation . the parties: ca'o 'reasonably be '
assumed. to have taken· into account. P.hilippine
always -find' applicability' to 'ensure that .local laws . . courts. rnay.adcpt.thisln interpretinq Article 17'6f the .·
'thereof are not violated .or, public. policy infringed by Civil Code, in cases where execution "cannot be ·
. the execution' of the contract (PE BENITO,. Contllcl, . 'Jqtalized due· to· rnultl-slate contracts (SALONGA,
supra at 87): - · · -Conttict, supra arQ44). . . .
. . '.' (":
Generally, in. a conflict-of-laws sifuati~~,' a court must . Intrinsic ,Va.lidity -~· th~· policy of ci_yr la1;y is. gi,v.e lo
.defo'rm,ine. atthe 9utset.the ·_nature of the.problem ·.. · effect ..to the int~ntion 'of the parties (CIVIL CODE,
presented to-it fo(solution, 'specifically, itit-relates to .Art: _1306F · · · ·. · ::-: , ·" ·
torts, .c.QQtrcJcts. property, or ~ome other-field, or to.a ::_ . . . .. . _
. matter of,. substance or procedure (Erie· insurance . .' · . · ·Th.us, we should apply the proper law of the'contract, ·_
. Exchange v. Heffernan II, Misd. No. 2, June 13, .- i.e., the, Jex foci v.~lt.mtatis (the law' expressly _agreed -.
. - 2007). ' .. · . . · . · .. -- - .1. upon by. the -parties) .. or-the )ex toe! if7tentioris :(the-::.
· · -. law impliedly agreed. upon by the parties) .. (SEMPIO- ·
bJY, supra at 126)·, . . _, .
• ' • • . ·' .1 •
. nire; Pos;f~le ).!a;s 'that ~ay_,Go~~rn,'ln;~i~si~ '

yaiidity:. ·. · · ,.·, - · . .. . ,
1 .. · Lex locf .contractiis -; Law of ihe _place where
, · · the contra'cf'h3 made or' execute'd. :· · · · · ·' ·.
___ Reas~n: :."ft:ie·. part.ies' .f!liiidse.~s · are uiually.
foGus~d pn
thE:-la~ of the_·. place of· execution ·
when .t~e~er,ite.. r.- 1nt9 .~ont_racts (P?' ~EN/TO;.
l i "· .
Confllcr< ~ r:"'·at 98) ·.. ·· · · '· ·, · ·' ' .. ~
· . '
Th~;Lul~ ijh~~>/~·ci.co~;!~:chii·,J~e~:f~w: ??;' tti~ · . ,
' .fi:' . : plaie where tf.ie corW!'l.ol 1s made, governs JA ·th,~ ·
· 'jurisdicti0\i. C_d't;Jrts of'the ·forum will nof enrorce:.
· · ~ny,;f~Jgn.~Jrn obnoxi,o~s to_:the fon.irn.·.s· pub.lie ·
6.
T p~licy~ rlere: in J~e Philippi_nes,· employment
. -· . agreeijie'nt$·.iir.~ mOr~:hhan\oriJractuar in riatµre.
The C.on~ti'tution itself,'iri Article .XIII, Section 3 · _
......... ~..(;...._:9~~u~a!!.,ra~n:.!,)tee~' the special, protedio_n d.Vycirker~. ·'.
'. E°i:emerit~ to.C~~sid~/ (Ecf( ' ' (F,'rinc~ss.· 'Tale,nt ·.Center proguqtion, Irie: . V...
'Masagcf;i, G,R No. UH3·10·. April 1.1, 2018): ..
1.· .. F9.r,mc:1I cir_ .!;.x!fi_nsic Validity; · . ·. .· . ..<':. . .. I,,;,\ • ••• • • 4, • ••
.. _: 2 ... tapa'oity;to '¢nter in:td: contracts: and.' .· . · ' : .

·: .3. :, _!n1fjr,isic va,li~ity (PARAS, .Contlic.t:;supra-ai 374);' -2. L."e~:
loci ,<;e'!~b~~tiJ-~;s ~ i.:~v;i:of i~~ "'pl.~~~· of · .· ··
: .
. -. ·. ~.erfor'nianqe cir· c¢1eqration·.: . . :~ · . ·
E~trir!~i.c .. Va_lidity .-· - ·go'v~rn~d
I b (' · -· J I. · · ·
.·by··
lex .lbci ·. · ,; - . · · .,, . . ,.,, · · ·. ·· . -
Reason: Srric1 c;1 'c'oritr13ct.is' to be' performed in
-
·. ~j} · ~at>.ms:o~. e.~/q,~contractus ~CIVl~ __ C°.DE, Art. a. ·partfc~lar' pJace .'ii. s.tate) it· is p.rqp~r~ ttia't ·the .
.·.' . ~ . ' . .l~w o(_t~at_" state govern~thinelationship of the ·.,
' '• .. '' .7·parties·(P'E'BENITQ,'.co'nf!id, supra"at 1()2):' · . ,.
· · : · . , Variatioos·: ·
• •.. • f : • •· : • • ~=r : • '• • • .. ·.....•. ' Y
1 • • • '~ • : •, ' ·• ' • • ,'
. .· . - . 1. ·A. con fr.act: ent~r,'ed info .by trie .partie~- in· tWo
... : ·. · ,diftere,:it 9ciun..trie~ by cap leg ram; telex. odax is·
·3:, :St~te:.?f .tHe ·M.ci~tSigrii~icant .Relatlo'iiship:-
.· Rule ·or. the Cent~'r' of Gra-vitynoc.tr'io~ 'or the:
. I · ·, .. prE:slJmed 'to• h~ve been "ent,ered, i~ the. pl~·C;o '- ..
· ,Gr.l?uping-ht-Conta~t~. theory .:.. Law of the·.
· whe~e the,,offer _was made: (.CIVIL CODE "''Ait
1319
•
0
par:'2)·a; · .· .. ~ :--.,. . .' ".!" . '' plac.e·. ~itt( t.h~' mos.t.'c'o.il~edion. to' the ~ ispute..:.
. (Id/ . . . ., . · . . - · .. ·· . i · - .
I. . ,' 2 .. : 1( th.~· pla'~e .~t'executio'n was. ~·er~ly·ca'soal or'
. accidental, · the .. law . wh'rch .. has :the most Re!=!son:· Convenience and·.practicality.·.·. ·· ·
: significant rilatiOriship to. the transaction should ·
.. be· !3pplie_cj: -. · · · · · i::'~~t~~I c~~tac~s to. ~o~Sider: .. ·'... ·.. · .
,. ~ ·. -'.'a .. .' PJa.ce··of-contrcicting;. :. - .
· b·: .Place of negotic;lting; ·
c: · Place·.of per:fo'rrriancei .·
2019 SAN BEDA LAW C~NTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS I 33

CO.NFLICT·OF LAWS
. SAN.BEGA LAW CE{,JTR/J~/Zf.D BAR OPERATIONS.- MEMORYAl~.2019 .
d. Situs of the subject matter. of thecontract; 3. Adhesion Contracts ·

and . . General Rule: Adhesion contracts are not
e. Parties' domicile. residence, nationality. . entirely prohibited, ll,is valid in, the- absence of
place of incorporation, place of business. proof. of arbitrariness, abuse of power, or gross
negligence and itIt is fairly and.freelyaqreed ..
These contacts are evaluated depending· on . upon, reasonable, and just under the
their relative. importance tO the issue at hand . -, clrcurnstances. one who. agrees to it is free to
·(Restatement· (Second): of Conflict of Laws; reject it" entirely; if. he' adheres, he gives' his
Section 188). · consent.
. Exception: Whyll i.h·e~e is an oppressive use of

Capacity to Enter: into Contracts .
General· Rule: Capacity to enter.· into· contracts is· superior bargaining power, a· Philippine· court
determined by the personal laws of thecontractinq maybe justified in refusing to apply the contract
parties, either nationality or domiciliary. · or a.stipulation on th~. gr.ou[)d that there is no real ..
. arrn's-lenqth -. transaction . . . between . the .
contracfinq' parties. ·. · · ' · ·
. ·~ .
,· :- .
C~griovit:;Claiise.:or CoDfes~i6.n~~f~Judg~~ht ...

Debtor _ ll]~Y .aqree . to .be s.ubjecl' to · the ·. : Exc~ptiori toJ-3: · :
jurisdiction of.:a specific .. court/s. .in- Gase. of . . . Lex situs if agency deals
. contractua] bre~cfi:·(t;OQUIA,-·:supra
. . .. '
it.
379)/:· ·, .. , . e·; .. ,,,,. . with .. >,c..qm.ie.yanc.e;
. encumbrance .of, property

·. _or
. 2.. ArbltrationClause . ·.. .· .- . . . .. : ·_ andthe P[Opert_y .applies

A ... multista:t~ _9t .mi,1.l~i~.~tior,al ',.. contract . -that .
. contains
• •
an', •
arbitration.
• •J
clause .qives ·rise to the:
w•'•' ':.: }' • •
(,·
issue. of whether one 'of tWe parties tan 'compel

. . .. ·c, . , ·.
the other to submit to__ c1r?itration: . . . - : , ·. .: .. : . 1: . Extrinsic validity. -1 : Lex situi-· :'. .; . · .· : : "
· 2. Cappi:;ity·cif:'paiiies . 2. ti:Jf< ~iti£: . .i .
In ~h_e _ Philippines,> the ... Qi_vil cdd~, c(ri~ Jre· 3,. intrinsic validitY: · 3: .L°ex,situs .. : , ·
. ~· - . : ...
.··
. .. ·, l .
Arbitration Law .(R.A. · 876).· embody a clear
'legislative· policy in ·. favor _. of · settlinq . Npte: lnv~lidity of the
. controversies by ·a method considered more . prindpal. cohfract results
expeditious.Jess expensive, 'and .. with qreater
, •I
'·in '_invalidity · of' ·this
chance in some cases for substantial justice. · accessory.
-34 I 2019 SAN SEDA ~W C~NTRALIZED.BAR OP..ERATIONS

. · · .CONFLIC·T OF LAWS . ·-·-.~
SAN BEDA LAW CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATiONS - MEMORY AID 2019 • ,
,"-t,t· :::=;:ae>e :ce;».-,;q•tu ::,·~ ..&A,, ;•&Xattffik:i?4 ::w;:a2,;e:<nsw@a1.;.,n.ia-:t:f6 e:• f' ~,·,~ ti.
(hereinafter, . A,QUINO & HERNANDO,

Transportation Law)).
International Air Transportation

1: .Extrinsic validity · 1.' Lex loci celebretionis Warsaw . Convention applies. to all international
2. Capacity of parties' 2. National law carriage of. persons, baggage, or goods performed.
3. Intrinsic validity 3. Lex loci voluniati~ or by aircraft for hire on the liability of airline in case of
the lex toci tntemionis death, injury ·ta passengers, or loss or 'damage to
~a-rgo, but not to . carriage of mail arid postai
Same Note as above.
pack-ages (WARSAW CONVENTION, Art. 1, ~;11 & •
.18). . , . "I . •
1. Extrinsic. validity 1. Fixed . situs

of the Recognition. of the. appiicatibn of the. Warsaw
·2. Capacity ofparties ' Cartier . · (depot' -· or Convention does not preclude the· operation of the
Civil · Code and oiher pertinent· laws in the
3, Intrinsic validity restinqplace) · ·.
4. Liabi)ity .. for loss, 2. Fix_ed. ·s{tus of . the determination of th_e.· extent of the _liability oflhe
. · · destruction, . · · . ·or carrier common carrier (Philippine, Airlines v.. CA, G.R. No .
·deteriora'tfon · · of 3:
Fixed . situs the of 119706, :March .14, ·1996). ·
gogdS·in trensitu carrier
Generai Rule: The limit of liability for b'aggage_lost
p • • • p ·... ..
· 4. Law of the destination

is $1',000 and for death ·of passenger'is $100,0dO.
(A:rt. --1753, Civil
·H.owever, the,parties tn~y stipulate a hig~er limif 9f.
Code).
·lic!bility (Alita'lia v. iAC .and Pablo, G.R. No. 71929,
(PARAS, Conflict, supra. at 370-- 3.7?).. . December 4, 1990). . .
Limitation on Choice .of_Law· : . · Exceptio~: The.carrier is liable for damages beyond/

1. GenE:fally; the parties cannotselect a law, wh_ich those'.lfmited·hy. the~ Warsaw converi'iio·n if there is.
has no. connection- at all with the transaction or' n:ialice, gross negligence, bad faith, or. improper
ihe· parties.". . . ', .. : ., · .· . . _di~c'riminat\91 by carrier or its ·agents (Lopez v. Pan·
2. If the' law 'selected should 'chaflge,').t ief the pP;,vJ'Y'''' ·Am, G.R. Noif-22419, March 30, 1966; KLM Royal
. , law that' should be applied except If the change · D_utch Airynes v. CA, G·R. L.-31150, July 22, 1975):
.. . is.so revolutionary t~"!t:it G_OU~d n·;~yeloave·been s..:
-. contemplated by the. parties.' . . ... ·· ~f
_. Lim'it~ i~
1iab,lity strai1. n~t a~~;Y. if i~- ~;oved )ha;
3. Several laws-may be selected, each of·whicFi will damag_e resulted· from an :c,1ci or omission of the
govern diffef¢!1t elements.of the'tr,ansacJion . carrier or it~ servaKts/agents, with intent· to cause
4,. If under the selected law, the co_b!.ra~t is leg~IL : damage or· done reckles~ly, with. knowledge' that
. but In .the place 'of performance, i\is illegal,· !lie ·damage would probably re'sult, provid~d itis _pro.ved.
·· selected law should prevail and the contract tha the. servant/ agent was· acting within the scope •
should be considered leqal, .· · of-the.en:iployment.- - . · ·
5 .. ~ If theJaw of the performance ca~ be ascertaioed, ' . ( ' .
.: the substantial anc esse.n!ial.validity should-still · .. 1\- does not operate as an ~?<elusive en~meration of
be governed by the. properlawof the contract. instances when a carrier shall be liable for breach of
6. · Choice 'of law should not be interpreted to oust . contract or ,as an· absolute limit of. the· 'extent ~f
the. jurisdiction, which the .. court has' already . liability_ nor ci_o·e? it regulate. or exclude .liability fqr ..
acquired over the parties and the subject matter. other b._r;eac~es of contract. by the carrier; misconduct.
7. The parties cannot contract awa~ provisions· of . of it!:? employees, · or . for some- _particular or
law especially peremptory provisions heavily . ~x~eptiona.l type of..d~m~ge. ··
impressed· with·p~qlic interest. · . · -:·
~- Coqnovit clause (confession of ju'dgme.r'it) ... is . Period of Responsibility·· .. . .
valid only if the parties were of equal bargaining lnclud,?S th~· t_ime .the :baggage or gqods are· fn"the
power aod the. debtor agreed to it voluntarily : . cha{ge of the carrier, wherever it may.be (WARSAW
•. CONVENTION, Art. 18). . ..
(SE!t(JPIO-DiY,. Conflict, supra at 1.26:127):· . . ' .
Transpcrtation'by.Sea ' · : ·; Ven4e of Sti_its at Option of Plaintiff-Passenger .'

1: Phllippine- ports toForeiqn. ports r: law of the . ., . 1. . Domicile of the carrier;. . · - __;
. .co_untry of destination (CIVIL CODE, Art. 1753}: . 2: Principal· place of buslness of the carrier;
2 .. -Foreiqn ports to Philippine ports · .3. Where the· carrier has a place-:of business
.a. CivilCode (prfrriary law); tl')rough which the·coritract wa_s ·made; or
b: Code ofCommerce; and . . 4.' Place qf'destination (WARSAW CQNVENTION,
c. Carr.iage of Goods by Sea.Act (AQUINO &.. -Art. 28). · .
HERf:JANOd, Essentials of· Transportation
and· Public Utilities Law, (2016), p.39
. \
?01.9 SAN_B!=DA LAW CENTRALJ~ED'BAR OPERATIONS I 3~

CON-FLl·CT OF LAW·S ·
. SAN B_EDA U\W C~NTRALIZEDBAR OPf:RATIOf'!S -·MEMO(!Y.A/0'2019 .
,.,:55iit?S;W, -t\%:f!P.JIP%#M!?S?=::XP¥-# "F'f& '.A'S· page· g.14':4Jttf.# 91<«, 1§42'1&Mri&*JEf.,RW@t#*,i.g ,M~fii .. RWl""-::-,
' . .~ .
Action will .Prescribe . if Not Brought Within Two Enforcement of a
For.eign.ContractClaim· ·
(2) Years From the: . . Philippine-courts n:,ay assume j!-Jrisdiction as lonq as
1. Date of arrival at the destination;.· t.t1e.re is jurisdiction over- the person of the defendant
. 2: · _Date on Which the aircraft·ought to ha~e arrived; as a personal action is·· involved. (SALON.GA,
. ·. or. · ,. : Conflict,. supra·at·385J:
. 3. Date on ,which . tfie 'transportatlon stopped ,
· (VyARSAWCONVENTION, Art. 29). ' .....
. . . '- '.
Note: .Method of countinq it{e peniod ci(i°imitati~n is WILLS .AND AD,MINiSTRATIOi·i

deterrnined by. the law of the-forum or le_x fori. .
. OF EST-ATE .
.-.. ,
· rv1kdJ:' ·::6;":··an: .-.,~-li~h. va1fd\i~· lh't;· p~-iliJ>}sY;:;i3s·· if· . ·

' - abroad : ' . . : yal!i:f . ~accor_dii:iff _'fo . ·1e:X:~-
. . . .• ' . : n.aflona'(li,.or lex dorric'i!ii
. \ ·, . ' . . . . ' oj . Jex· ;'(~yj :celebrationis .
- .. ~ (ctvtt: cool, At:t..ai9J ·
<·
. ~··.._
36 I 2019 SAN BEOA.. LAw, CENTRA~IZED

,' ~ BAR OPERATION'S
. '
-,
co·N"F·LICT OF.:LAWS
SAN BEDA t:AW-~E.NTRALl!ED BAR OPERATIONS - MEMORY AID-2019.
Made: by -a .Filipino Void . because. of · ,"ex here ,'and· due, e;ecuiicin

. ·.··· nationalii (GIVIL _GODE, must be stiowh ·. .. , ...
abroad
Art.f}19) .. ·. · ·. · probated. Lex fori pf the Philippines
If already..
Ma8e by an alien irJ ihe· .Lex. . )oci ce/ebrationis, . ·abr9ad . . . again·. a pp.lies as to the
Philippines _ther!:)fore. void ~ven .if · .procedural aspects.,- the
apparently allowed by . Will · must · also- be
: 'Arrt'. 817 . beqause · the probated
. .
here.
.... because,
prohibitio_n-on joint wills is as a . general· rule,.· a
a clear expression of, our foreign judgment. cannot .
. . publiu polj_cy., · have .. e~tra(e~ritorial.
f-'--'----'---:-~~~~--,-+-~~-'-;--~-,-~~--, . effect But instead of
Mc;3~de by an alien and
Fi\ip\no abroad·
Valid as a ro
the alien if his
. ··· national law or ·1,;1w of hi"s
proving due· execuiion,
·.generally it -is '?noug)l· to· .
9p·m_idle1 or the ~x lod . ask fop the enJ6rcement
ce/ebrationis · :allows it; · . here of ·. the· -foreign
·' :, ·,. ··, ·but voici a·s to the. Filipino, judgmenf of·· the probate ·
the·· sa~e-''belng 1igain'st ·abroad . .. \ .
our public·policY-.60 ·joint
\ ...
wills •. , . (SEMPl()-0/Y, ., N6_te:Wills proved.and allowed.in atorelqn country,
Conflic"t, supra-at_ 14~)· -according ';_to lh'-e · _laws 0f -each country, may "be
allowed, .flied, andrecorded by the proper.courtin
trie Philippines (RULES OF. CQ_URT, Rule 77, Sec.
1) . . ; .. - , .. ,. . . . . : -f -- \... . ·. :' . . ·.. . ·.. . .
"'. -~oreigri,~f may disposerafter his· death of'his

property ii1Jhe philil:iRines by testarnerit ani is not
· obliged toigrant it ·in. the Phlllpplnes; You can- do it
.. in yoyr ~in;d'<?.~\try-?r ill a}i<?J!'i.er ~ b~·t in ~e~o'rd~~~e:
, V(lth. ttie1·· la~s._. of. the country 1ri· .which . it .rs
., · grant~$.f.Atti!le 635.o°f th~ c'od"i:fofCiJil Procedure, ,..
t
r~s~ecting-~~e~fre~d.;>~ of.~the te?tatm to ~rant his .:»
w,u,_n any p~.,,p!ov19e~- thatthe testamentthat .
_qih be legalized in aforeiqh.couhfry in. accoidc!n9.e
,. With· the: laws. Of that 'country Cclr) also be leg.ali.zed
{n,lhe,.Phi.lippin~s (Dc1_lfqn: v: Gib'er{on,G.R. No. ': .
: ,_. Note: In case oCCor,ffct1......,....,._1 ... ,y.u_n_f!30, 1952): . . ·. . .· . : .. :·.': ". ·, '.
between, "text hationajii . ·. . ·' . . ., •· . .. " . . . •. ·.,. . : ·.
and lex.- domisi/ii, dse
.can be treatea as ren"iioi. ' .' . . :~ . . - .
. , ,~o app,!y.·_.Phl(ippii:)~ ·1c;3i,y '. . -' ,!Jrevoc_~tion !a~~~ place Pbfiip1?.i11.e-la¥'fs. ::... ··.·• ·. .
even· :if:·deceased was· · ·, .: . in : ~he · P)11llpp11:ies, . . . · .
citizen of another. cquntr.y . . . .· '.whe~h~r. thE;. t~stat<?i is· . . ,'
(SEMP(o~o,v, . Conflict, . dOfl)IClled ·. > In_ . . th(? ..
· s_0pra at f07) · · · ;-: P_hilippines. or'_. in , _some :_ ,· • I.
~~~~~~ · ... . c;,tt:ier·.cou_ntry. . ; . · . .-
--. . . . .... . '• ._ . . -·· .• ""'\ .
.If revocation.takes piace Philippine laws. -'

, . 01,.itsjd_e the .Philippines;
· by· a· t.'?stator dom)cHea -· . . -~-:
. i~ the· Phil_ippines~ '
· :· .. Revpcation ·. · done (. ·Lc;30. -o{ .·the. place.

outsi_de. the Philip.pines, . . where. the' Will :\'las .
. by· a testatoi- ·who: d9es · · made; or. . . · .
n_ot tiave _his dqm'rc:ile .. iri ~-- Law of the placei" iiJ
.·,. If~. iibt yet ·. "pr9bated Le>(fori·.of:th~ Philippineis this-country. · ·which the testator
· . · . · . ···,h.:id his domiciie at
abroa_g · ·. ~pplies ·a_s (o: procedur;3I
. aspects:...:. that is·-: the. will ·: ·. th"e . . • time ,- 'o{
· · -m:ust be .. fully · prob~ted ·re_vocatiqri. . .
2019 SAN BEDALAW_CENIRAliZED_BAR OPERATIONS ,· 37

CONFLICT OF LAW.S
SAN BEOA LAW CEl:,JTRALIZEOBAR OPERATIONS - MEMqRY AID 2019
valid when it is in accordance with the law's of. ·-

the Philippines (Id:}.-· . .. .
3. Revocation done· outside the Philippines,. by' a
Where appointed'. Place of domicile of the testator who does not have his· domicile- in this
deceased" 'at · time of country, is vand when itis done according to the:
death or in case of •non·- a: Law ofthe place wherethe will was made;
domiciliary: where assets or
r-. • . b. Law of the place in which the testator had
· are found .. ·
his domicile at the time. of revocation (Id. at
Powers ·. Co-extensive with · the 35n. - ·
qualifyinq , or · the'
appointing .court - that is Administration of Estates
powers may. be Like probate, adrnlnlstratlon is procedural ir:i nafure.
exercised only within the P.fiilippine law and procedure. follow. the main
territorial jurisdiction of principle of. territorialisrn. TheIaw of the domicile
the court concerned. qoverns' distrib.1.-ition . but the law of the "State
. appointing _\he· administrator or executor qoverns
Note: Tt:iese: rules also -administration .. · Administration is governed by th¢~
.appif'.. .to . prin~ip~I ·
po.~~c~ha:~1 or_ anc,111.wy-
adm~nJstrators ~~n~:
u ·
law where adrnlnistration takes place, and that is the.
law,.o~th~ country 'rrSm which the admi_oisf~ator
~\rives" ~authority ($EMPIO-DIY, _C.onflict; supra
r: rece1':'er~ J.vf~n bq.o- . . .{ tVt-tQ). f ~ _.. : · · ,. . . . ·
. su~cess1on:ca~~7 ~'h_'\.. .-__ · . :: ..: .... · _'. ,_ · .', -~
. (PARAS. conflict· supra at 344 _ 345).!././ · .:11'
Note· me .A:o_r'i]1nistrat1on extends _onl,'. to the ~~sets .
1(
·qifdhe 1ec~depS[aund _wit_hin .t~'e_.. state or .country
· · , · · · l,·7 .,· · . . ;{.

. . · ' . '. . .• . , ~ /.: • ·i. ·- ,~· ·
'Other RuJes in Phllippine·~ohfl~'t 1::a\v JJ: ~ -~here· '.t\ was gr~nte'l~l.To adm1rn~\~r- the property
y:· situated a _f!)re,g;~st9t~. the adrninlstrator must ·b~.
lnterpretatlon .o,f \Jl{ill_s · . · \. . · . • ;-, . .__
j~! J,~1~RPOlilil_te~-:.olla,.o.e'1'1)one
n_a._r:ned·in thal_'sfotc (Id.
1 .. In ac_cord~n~e with· th_e_ tt~rdr~s-ii:it~ritip~; ~ ,,i ~t{'f,10):. , .:._j. · . . _
2. ~er.l;>a l_~?J$ 1f term~_·are_ dea(and _u~~1-~uou~~\~l1i@J ~ .· ~ .· . ::--J · ... · .· ·. . ··
3. lnterp~tc!tion. 'of. 'amb1!u'"acl_s.t .torct~~,-pd_e ··1n -·------- ... ~11.1c1~~ . ~1,i1h,a,~fd~1Jll)IS.tr_ati_on .. !I~w.
acco~d-~~~e· .with' _t~~ larftni9~.\W~~QSt'lffi. J.~1g~P,;Mt~y:zn· g~~f. In· the. cou~try th~ . of
. ·p(~~·~.b)y_'in th~. mi~9:of-~st~fo~~he~~Jle\.\i~4~ &~te·c~ii)s_las· .~oni/1c1le. ·. · .- · ·
, thos_e~".Ypr~~ ane Vflt~ Wh)C~ he ._i'!~£(e?' ~'dlo, ~~ - -. . ' ~· . ..
be·mo:5t _fa~i_li~r (S~MP.IO~DtY, ~onflict,. ~.a~P:'~?1.1~~~J.cl_t11!~i~_~a~idn - .. · ., · ·.. : . . •
at 109\ ·. : _· . · ·. _ · "\~ ·,:t .. • . : ~[EN'1:\®11~tra~on_· 1gt :other_ ... co.1:1ntn~s where_ 1. th_e '-;/ · ...
· 4. \.!f. ~~~.:~::1_1_1:.aqm~~?:()! ?l~er_~.rJ! !~t~r.~e.tal~~s~.e.as~d--also l~ft ~ropert1~s. · ·. .
·.· :. · ._-:;1 i;~;!J~edf~~~

-t~-~_.:d.·~~_ 01'~
19?·s;·~-~j~!- MP~~~i~fra·~ii:n.·
5 .. The mte~pretaf1on thal:".JIII g1ve_tf:i.e will tfie mos!
. i~-: proper./~henejer
,..persqn dies, leav!ng:1n a·cour)try·oth~r th.an that of .
·a:·
. -ravorablE) constru_cti"o_h-to c:icc~miplish its purpo~~ 'nis last domicile,' prcipert"y to be administere'a in'the -·. : ':·..:.
--:shall .be made; . , . .. . . . . "n"ature. of assets o'f the .-deceased liable .. his . ·' · -. for
, '-: 6. Eyery effort.shou1c1 .be n:_ic;1_cie-Jo prer/ent int~stacy , : ir\diyid_ua1 debt~. o(··.to' be ··.distributeci.·a.r'npng· 1;1fs .
·.in ~eeping Wi_th. the: poli~y."bf _r~sp~~ting."the)vilL heir$ (Tayag\,: Be,:,gt.ie.t'C9n$ofida°red, inc.', G.R~ ·;
of !be . t~sJaJor; .pro':'.ided tha! this - can· ·b~ No~·
l.~23,145;' Nbv_emb.er>ig,:19_~8). : ·: . ·· ·. : _. ~- _'.'..:
ascertain_ed;_or · . . . ... , . .··. · - . ··,· .-. ··. ·: ,,,:. , .. ·,.·. :.-~',::, .. · .. ·: · · ·: .:-·. ··· ·' .. ,._:·, .' :- :··
; 7. ·.1')1e natio'ri·arlaw·of .th"e d~ceas~d 'shblili:l .a'pply · R~asori: Grant of adminjstrairc,n·· d;~s. ndt e5c
. sine?. we .m:ay,rf2asopably p(e·~IJrn~ JhE(t thi?··.v.as proprio· vigor~ h~v.e any. e.ffecil:>eyoi:iq .t.he lir'nits'of
the !~stator's intent:{f:,fRAs:··conff.ic( sµpra-at th·e ·cou.ofrv_ iri·.·which.'. :it' is· .g~anted_'.~_Hence:;-:,an_···.
356): · :. · .. ·· '· .~ ~ aa;ninistrat6r appointed· in a forE1igh state: ha:{ no· .
.. -· .. i=!Y.~Q-. _v:;., B~n_f]U~.J ...
'·auth_o.((t_y'_·iri tl\e 'Phi_l)r?P.i.ries ·. (.T._
. . o;f wilis
Rev·bcatiori .. ,... ·'. . , . ... · . .. . · Cpnso t1ua-;..i te·d, · tpc., ·GR
. . · N,o.·, L - 2')145 r"'b :.-,.
,-.,_ .·. ;'ryovem1.e_r
-1:-·.
1. If_ reyocation ·• t9l<es· place . iri · the. Ph[l_ippiries, . 29, 19.68f· . ..· · .. ' ·.• .. . - . ·. ·,. ·
. whether. the''' testator· is·. domici)ed 'in ·fh'e .'. ·,. /.~.· :,_··.·, .... ,> : .: .·
Philippines.or:ir{sorife oiti·ei 26~}1tr.y."it_fa\ialic1
.. , . .
if . · - · · ·
,Note: -ll:is·· c:i"gener;:if .rule urii~~rs.ally. recognize9
·: · ,··-
in ac¢ordance with Philippine,· laws (PARAS, .... ·· tha\ ar,frr:i°ir.iistr.alt9r;',' wtietper 'principal or ar:icillary; .· ..
. - c'onttfct;.-supra· at 356)'.. . · · . ·: ·. . · . cer:t~inly e?(tt:!.ri'ds to ttie-a-~SE?tS ·9f ~ dec~dent fou.nd .'
. 2. If revocation takes _place outside. the Philfppines,. witfiip, the state. or country·.where ]t was' gra'[1ted, .
by a t:e·stafor domiciled. in· the Philippines, it is . the _· corollary beintJ ·"ihat: -qn ·administra\or
\,
38 2019 ·sAN BEDA LAW CENTRALIZED

.. . BAR
\. OPERATIONS
.
C·ON.FLlCt-o.F· LA\N.S
. . . ; SAN !3EOA LAW CENTRALlZEDBAR OP.ERATIONS.- MEMORYAID 2019
h4¥Sif!'.4§.."Mt fw~"#e + '-@ 2l! #i'iiih#t¥#ifilatS;&i-;
ii§.·i?ttWii'>Hid-M9,&4t-S:*:sif4#11§,WkStN23,fiF i#l,.'i
.
0
~- f-Sril41.t
app9inted in one state or country -has no power . ·1 1·

over property ln another state or country" (Tayag ·
v-Benquet Consolidated, Inc., G.R. No. L-23145 · TORTS-·"·
· · · November 29, 1968). - ' ....__---:- _ __;_...,.....__ ....,..~--_.;.---:.....;_..J
•' . . Geiie~al Rule:· . . _
~is_t,ribt.ition of Estate.s - reg\Jlat.ed according to ttie
L~x loci delictf coinissi or law .o'f 'the place w.here the ·
national I.aw. of th~ person __ whose succession ·is
tort was_ committ_ed ~[II govern (WEBSTER;s 'NEW
under consi~eratio_n (CIVIL cpoE, Art. 16 P-ar.' 2) ... ·
WORLD LAW 0/CTION!-,RY,· {st_ed., 2'006).
. . .4 •, .
·~o.of11iciliary I a·dministratioi, .of- ·t;he. estate. of . a ·.'.Under th.is 'pre_s~~p.tion,. th~ ·,-court .aPRliE:1~ the
· deceased Americancitizen in the U.$. has no·po~er
/ s.ubstantive laws.' .of-the state where the last' event
-over and is notentitled tothe possession of the stock
_ certificates .bf_ shares of - stock . owned : by .the
- . nec~ssary .'lo, fT)ake a'n. act0r liable the afleged for
. Wrof'!g tak~s: place (Shaw v. lDCErite(prises, '863
. : deceased in.:.~ . P.hil[ppine . corporation.; which
N§. 2d·.424, March 30, ~007) .. .,: · ·
certificates .. m.ust be delivered ·10 the ancillary
administration of the ·deceased'.s·· estate in 'Ihe
Philippines; to be ,ad.ministered. by 'the. latter in. the I~ one' case inv6.lviRg torts; the :"conne-cting factor" or·
nature of assets ofthe deceased liable for his.debt . ''.point of c:'onta'ct"':co1.Jtj_ bethe place orplaces ~he·r~.- ..
. or to be distributed amonq his heirs (SEtv1PIO-DiY,. the tortious . conduct or lex · iod actus~o·ccurred.
Conflict: supra at 1, 11, . i_ayag· v. _ ~~g_uet . Philippines coulo be. said. as
a· situs bf the frirt·; the.
· Consotioeted, Inc., .G.R. No. L-23145; Nov.ember29, · places where the · alleged. tortious -conduct took
1968). · place. ,.r1:tat
certairi" acts · or.' part:h:i.fthe-'.·injury
. ,· alleqedly occurred _ in another country is of no
Holoqraphic will~·· . · Jn,brpenf For, 'what ,is._imp6'rtarit' here is the place,
M,ust. be· entirely written, dated, and sjgned "by('fhe · wfiere th!;!_over-all harm. orthe totality' or-tp~ alleged·
hand.of_ the testator him.self. It is.subject to-n0 other .1rij9ry to. J\i!?,..pfrsori, ~.ep~tation, 'social standing and
-~orm, andjnay be made.In/out of the Phiµ,pifuie.s, an...9 . hyman .~1ghJi:R,Of complainant, had .lodged: (Saudi ·
need. -~ot · be witnessed (.CIVJL· CODE ArJ 81 u, A(?bian_ AiflilJe§ v. · Court of Appeal§, .. q.R_. N9. ·
. ·•· Sf,MPl:Oi~!Y; (Jonflict'. s~pra at~ : . •' 122191,.Qc_tbb•rB; 199W . • . . . . · .
·. _·cohfli~tBules· if a .Person.
. .. .
Dils lnte$tate.
, ~-
. ... -~.,
~.
$i~i~: ·fo.~w~_'.
~Jti~~-::t~:o~. th~,rig~t~-·~r\h~ .. _
/ pc!~,i!:)S vested;~r-~ iQtne pl~_ce_df [nji.Jry arid-nbw_~ere
irn~~.
. ~ivii' L'a0.·cour,tries (Philippi~ts).-./e:; l!tionalii ·.L. e.ls'e. _(P.
..:E_BENJTQ: Q
.. Q·n._"...c··.
l' t·'.·)}_u'
pr~-.·...·~{.-1' 1_6)... ·.· ...·._::.·.· ..•_ :_. .
~omr:npp ~aw Co_untrieS;:- splitli"s§!iiiofifsysle.~.
_ 1.e.-,'Jex.domi~ilii of the aecease·d at tbe time·of cfea11i · · Reasons:· · , · ·· · ,·· · : -
; a_s tb ,personality," and Jex situs' as t~ re'al1rop.erty,. ,_ . ~e_stat~-~li~re the ~cicial distu,rqar:i_se' 9cct,i!red .
(SEMP/0-DIY, Conflict, p. 1.05): ·. - .. · . has-the primary duty to re'dr~ss tlie w~orig ~ind .
, ... _. _. . . ·detergiinEl the· effects Qf th.e. injury; ·and· . . , .
C/\D,l!_.CIAIW .RIGHTS._ . : ~-· 2. To ·c.omp~nsate_the vict.im)ci'r'the '.9amatj°'e or
· ... · injury suffered (SEMPIQ-Di'(, Confli6f,· .supra}11
· T~o- .''.fh~~;i~~:
Adopted.· ·st~tes ·..by .
·c1ai~ .. tp_ . . 1.~1);. . ~: . -.' : ·. ! .... ~-· ·: . . .. _. ·_
Properties Leff. by Decea·sed with ·No .Heir; and·

Nd Will .,. . ·· ... .Except.ion: · . . : :·. · -.. · ·. ' .
. 1- :.:~ri_g'~-~·iid.and.M.ost,-AriJ~rica~ ~t~t~s . - . )Vhen pla~e of the. (hf
iort is a.n if1~ig'niff car.it COl')tact,.
Sard 'PfOpert1es . become bona vacantia or the factors that must be ·evaluated are:, . ·. . ·
: .. - .. ownerless -and should re~ert to the state wh~-re · \:., .Th.~. pl~c;·e where the-:conctuct:causiri\g 'th~ injury.
· · they are. situated ·by estheat (Id. at 111). -.. . occurred1· • .. · · · · ·. - · · ·
. ·. ,. ·/. · . 4: Ttie 're~idence." or pla·c~:, :of b~siriess· of the

. _ ?: ·. S~m.e Civij La"'."-Couritr1e~ (Philippines) : . · · . ·- . partie_~ and · ·· · . • · ·. · · .-
.. . Tfie !3.tate~i~ tt,_e 1a·st h~i.r oCa_ dE:iceased_pe.rson .. ·. · 3. ·. Thf: .pl'ace: wher,e the rela_tb~s~ip. is.· ~erite.re.d
· J:'l~nce, the $late suc<;:eeds_ to the 'properties left · · .. - (Melton .v. Stephens,. t} N.E. }d 533, July 22,
by _th,E:1 saLd;.de~~.as~d as an .hei: ·oc:t. a_t .1.1/ J_.. . .,.. ,?014). ·: ~ . . - .·.
~ ~ . . .. .
.. ·:·
...
;·
. 2019 SAN BEDA. LP:,W CENTRALIZED ElAR OPE8,6. TIONS I 39· .

. . .
CON·FLICT--OF LAW,S
SAfj BEDA LAWCENTRAL.IZE£? BAR OPERATl(!NS - ""1EMO.RY AID 2019
l.
Concepts of Place of Wrong/ Locus ·oe/ictis 2. · The Interest-Analysis Approach .

. Considers· the rerevant concerns··that two or
Illustration: A was hunting in State X, near. the mor.e st?Jtes may hqve in fh~ case. and their
· boundary of State Y. A.accidentally shot B; wlio was respective interests •,in: appl_yirig their law's to it.
standiru; i.n State Y: _The State which··:has the· more .relevant and
'weighty fnterests . ·in the . case". ·should_. be ..
1. Common:· Law. Cor:,cept - place --~_here- the considered tne·Jo·cus delicti .. ' '
· wrongful act b~came effective.; e.g·. last even't
necessary'to make an.actor' liable for an· alleg·ed 3. C~v~.r·s .Principle of Preference . '
tort occurs. f_.ocus Deli9ti is .~itate Y. ·. ·.. A higher' standard of· conduct. and financial
· protectionqiven to the injured party b~·cine State
Reasons.. . . . is· applied by the State - where- .the .injury .
1oothing
a. Without an iojury, there is to protect . . happened, ir.-th~ latter State. adopts ··a· lower
and.there is ho .necessity for" judicialrelie! - - .. -standard .of conduct ano financial protection jo
(SEMF!IO-DIY, Conflict;· supra at 132); : ':the injured (SEMPIO~OIY, -Conf/icl, supra-at 132-
b. V~~te.q.r[g~ts theory;' Le:, if, the harm ,q9ei,. . · · ,)34): .: · ·
<not take place thenthe tort is not completed · · , .-, ·· -.· ~ ·· ,
'(80QVIA;·Coniflct, supra~at 409). ·-. :.'· '· ·. . . . 4~ ·.·.Germah .R~le.or .Electiv1{Conclirr.ence· .
2.
. · · · - · · . ·· _ ·. ·
Civil Law Rule.- place where' the· tortu·ous~
··
u
·.s(~Je~ ~- ~{ .. , . . . :r·~~~~:t~ ~:t~f/~~
. ~ · The ·injured/perso_n may choose to sue, either
N".'"' untj§J th'e. law of- . .: · : · :· ·
f~ 1'
. b~~an?o~u.s:.6eJ~c-til.s 0 _a.~t~r- e,n~ag~s: in '"
. Re'ason: _T~e· l~~ality or· ilr~gqli_ty ··9f\..oneJ~~b,'"- Ql*'8 .where the effects of his conduct
:· _sf.iouJd: be -~,etern:,i_ned_~9y. tpffa{;,o~fi~t~.t~~ C,cc~ ~ · . · ' · · _. · · ,
where he is at the time' he d~)A~tie
.: . _·. _ _.: . :' :
3. . Th~_ory -'-~f. Pf·
act f!a.)..
/; -~~·. ' .:-f. ·...
Rab~11r;.;::,st .(?C9~f'.~e~,!f} . ;~
I
r '~-A: w· :.' '~·. .
~·Not~:.~
'<f">J. . . . . . . : : : .
~~-~.not _cu-.~1ul~.te· the benefitsflowinq
' from mor. ·tna1<we·~Jl.W, , ..... --- ' : . -..
. eemparat-1ve-faw). - 13laG8'.c-Where-.the-1m o - ~t · .. . · .. \ ~ · · . · ..
and substantial·ac~s .. lea~j~~ofkf torfuou'S.~t? I
'r-(C~mparpt\vc~!trtP~irrnent Te'.~t. '·_. - . ..
wen~ .- .C::?D1r1itte9/ ··.·p1aie !Jav1,i:1g-_:. th-le ·: f9,??-.: .,..~lso. k~own · ~s -~~v.er~r:n~~t~! !_nte_resJ ~est"' 1t il:i.~
__ sub~t!3nt.1a), co11~_e}?.t19h_ ~~~~~ ~lom~ ul ..?~t. ~d.~t~ri:r,1~~tjJe· )I'1~9f~nt. of pohcy_'.r,e~ult1f1g fron:i' .
. . e:9·, ··sit_~':,' .. C11: "i?.di~ . ~J;Vioq ...~!:,~ ~· i. e_PUS\Ai. ·. ' :(, e n9 .·trJp~i~a1r?.r:i.,;;e~t.P~)<:3WS 0f a .sw.e a·n~ th_eh .
· ,.?r.oa~castw~s made._is tti~d'cus·_deJ{c,rj~ vetiij i...:
1f~i;,~~fhe,w,p~_!r;!le~"t.tb.. d~fer"t:1m~_wh~· ~~~_nd_s ·.
, · : 1f broadcast-is heard:m m~ny:-py,i~es (lc.iffe't_S). JJ:ill . "Q~~~~~~.~e/Th~·iyr1:fd1c.t:~n. tnat.l??.~.s ,:nor,e 1s \he
:•Ary.> , ·: .\ · :\::·: f:. -s~;EJ1l!t,'i&~~6,"Ef:.,t~~ ~' ~;;;:~·Ji&l"!\·

obitg~\i~~
~~;;i~q~Q~;cio~l~~r~~~:rs~~~;)f~~~~ :M
MJ
•. · . ~-' . ·. ,: · . · : . · . · ... :'
tor~uqµ~ a.c~ f.!n.~ :m~y_~_e enforqed:1wh~r~~¥',1.ay 1!.t\~~;ee-t1ered.:_ a_pproac.h. _th~t 'mvolve_s a~
pe fou·nd (Id.). . . · . · : . · ~mamu:i,§li6n. qf Y'{h~thE;r t_here_ I~ a 'd1tfer~nc~ 1n· th.e
. . . . -:- . . .. . . ' . : - . .. . . ·. . . ·: • . f~f _theJ~tisdittipn·~. Jn'vol~_etj • .whe~~er me.re, is·· a:.·.·. -,'
'· Mod.ern. ·.Theories.
T_o~?·.,, .. ·. · ·_
.
._ ·
··in . ·oetermining
. ,... .
, ·. _.
...
·Liability
· ::····· "'-
for
•"' . . .. , .·...
· .
.
/··
.
'
. tfu'e:
,•
cqurtwill
C6r\flict
·.. .. . of:law, "·ahd.-iH:1•
..
apply.th·e-_rc;1w of.the
- .. true"
. : Cdnflicf
stqte
.
wh.pse
e'xists';:.
·.·.;. .·. . tbe.
interests/
.
· ·
.'
1, .,! • ; .. , • • , • "'~ •• , , ',

I I , ' . ,,1, ,l., l,
• .. ~,
, • ' r.1. .' '., • • • ( ,• ,•·
1:· · Theory- of Most $igni.ficanr Relatio11ship. . is more inipi;lired (PE "BENITO,: Conflict;· .suP.ra at .
. (MSR)' ·. . ... '.,.: ',: ,, :-' ...... ._. .· 119)'. . .. ~~' c_ ._,: •• ' .. • . .., .
···An ab1~'n.f6f--t0Ji.hi·a;b~:fil_e-d"rr(t~~'cdun'trytha) ::._ .. _..}'.,· .--->, . ."-_< ·.< ·., . ;·:<::::- : ::-~ · .,,: ~:_··-. :·..
. . ·h..9s t~~-' rh?st .sjg~_ificar,it .. r~la!iqn;'hjp'_·ib>t~t ~ Steps ·in Coni.parati\ie '1ni·i?~irmen_i.jest:. '_ .- , ..
•
occurrer:iqi
•
)111d__th~
I/ . '
'parties
• '
ancfthus,
'' • "
hc;is
• ,•
th'~·.
.
r: ' Tb§?. . ; -
~O_l,J~t
•
de~errpio~.s
·• ?'J·' •• ' ' .
whether \he·: rel~-~a'nJ. law .
?!.
'···f ~- • # '- • • ', -· • '
_ ·-gr_~c1.teft <;o.n9.~rn ·~ith_:_ tt:te · s,pecifJS i~q~-~-.-qf:!he, .. . )~J: .~!f.~~!.~d-):~~i.sSicti:on~ ,~it~ rei~ar9 to;,tie - .
. c.ase.: .· . . '·. : .' .. . .. I . - ....... ;l.S.9µ~;1~i-:qy~~,t1o_n, IS }h.~. Sc!!l)e ~r_q1ffere;nt_. _ . . ..
· ' 2. If there is ·a aiffel'ence, 'the. couiJ·examini3s eac_h'
·,1 t~o~step .. ~. ar,i;;ilysi~ .. for·. •thy.: si'g~ifiGant .: . ·,juri<5di~Uon:s ihter~fs.t'in.(b~:.appljc~!iC?n·_of it's_'oym .
relati911.s!Jip··i11quiry: : ·. · .. ,. . law to_. d_eter,:nirie whet~er a_ true-Gonflict,~xi_sts. .. '
· .. a. · Coj..irts_ wilr c6.ntiriue·to ev.aluate the contacts 3. . If'. thecour.t. finds, that 'there ,is true Ccin.flict, it .a
:·. . . .- . ;,;ith;~-a~h inf~reit~d jurii.di~ti~n; a'hd . ·: .. - \ .·. -;~refull/~valu~.!~{ ~~·~- th~ ~~tu~~c~~p~~is',
p .. Co':J_rls· will co.nti_ntie. ~o ~valua}e th(interests _ and str(;lrigth ,ofthe i_nter~st of- ~a~h jLirisdictior:,.
· and public policies·of·patenfially to·ncerhed ·. to. dete(mine which stat~'s · interesCwould .be
.ju,risdiction·s .(Rest~te!nent .. (Second)'. i,f - rnc,re impaired· if-its policy ,;..,~re subordinated to
.Conflict ofLaws, Seqtion "1'45). · ' .the po}icy of the 'other 'state (l<;J. at 68). · · . .. · ·
, ..~ {
40 I 2019.SAN BEDA LAW CENT~LIZED BAR OPERATIONS

co.-NFLICT·OF'"L·Aws
SAN BED/\ LAW 'f::ENTRALIZED BAR OPERA1:,0NS - MEMORY AID 2019
Choice-influencing.Consideration"s Approach Note: While all procedural matters are gov~rned by ·

To determine the· applicable _law,. the ,following the lex tori, all substantive mattersare governed by
factors are considered: ·.- 1
lex loci delicticommissii (Id: at 135).· ·
1. Predictability of result;
2: Matntenance "of the interstate and international Alien Tort Claims Act.of the UnitedStates
_o~d.er; _. . Grants US dlstrict courts oriqinaf jurisdiction over
.3. Simplification of the judicial task; · .. any clvil €)Clion"filed by an alien for a tort committed
4. Advarc~rnent- .of th_e forum's ·gov~rnmental in violation of law. of nations/treaty of the 'United
interest· and · · · ·· · States: Applyinq.saidact, _the l.JS· Court of Appeals .
5. Application ofthe better rule of law (Dow7"i et a_l.. upheld a Hawaiian.district court's.jurisdictlon over a .
v, Mi:J.d. Slfngers, 279 Ga. 80$; October 24_.',2005) class action for qam,ages brought, by thousands of
Filipino. yictirns of human riqhts and torture allegedly
· Kflber~ ·D~ttrir·e· · ·. . . committed' by the: Iate . President. Marcos .. and .his
Where a wr"ongful death occurred in A 'state ari~ the -, ,_ .. officials· (Trajano v: Marcds7Manotoc, 125L ~d. Zd
'action for damaqesis brouqht: in _B. state, B is r\'ot 661 ;.113 _S;,. C_( 2959). .
bound by A'.s_Jaws on' any limitation of-liability arising-·
.frorri·the death.where the set timitations.orr damages.
'are procedural.The l_aw of the forum (B) should be ! '·. ;·
. applied (Kilberg v, Northeast Air/ides,. Inc., 9 N.Y.2d CRIMES· ...

34," 2.1) N. Y.$.2d, ·133(172 N_.lj=.2d '526).·
Rule of Generality-in Crirnlnal Law

. ~emal -laws and· those of. public security shall be ·
_oJJligatory u~on ·all who live or sojourn .in the
Philippine·ter,ritory subject to theprinciplesof Public
. ln.ternatio~)~~iN .and LO 1,ea1Y stipulations (CIVIL.
CODE, Ar,,.1'lf.). · · _· . - · · · · .
·. 3.·
. . · ~-erier~t,full: Le<f loci ~~li~tf or,th~ law' ;f th~·piac~ ·.
4. where t · ~ crifi:le was committed wil_l.9ovw11. .. ·
E;xceptio,ns: - " ' :, ,: .. ;

~. · Theory.of·Stats-lmmunity-::- Crime~ c;;ominitted
1:--·_. by heaqs ·of state( state -·official~. :.dip\oinatic
r.ewesentati"v~s·; . and adrr,,,inistratJve .. officers
~'.":'E;....._.__;___;a.tt_§co.gd tp the di°plomat cwattache ar:rd officials
of recog!')ized_ international. organitations
. (CQNST. Art. XVl,Sec. 3). · . .
2 ... Frerich "R~_le - Cri~es' doni-~ltted o:n·-bo·a.rd a

. / ' O fore_ign-_vessel even if withi(l th-e ter.ri\orial waters
The officials,_m_a/b.Eth~ld ·1iahle.-fo.r da;i,ages in a fort. .. of the coastal state, c;1s-long as the effect.o(suc;h
suit fil.ed against -them in the Uhited States for acts· . crime.does not affect'
the.peace c;1nd order of the
9f torture ccimmittE?.d 'agair:,st politrcal d~tainees or · .. coastal ·state. Thi$ is· .~ased on ttie N_ationality
· .Pri~6ners in · the_ P):lilippines · ..in · violation · of Theory (SEMPIO-DIY,:
. ·. . . . . . ..C9n(lfct,
. . supra. ..
at 141).
· international an.d municipal· law . (In' re, Estate.· of
Ferdinand ·}ytarco{>, Human~ . Rights Litiga_tion, 'Note: The:Bhilippini,!s -ado.pts the Eriglish, Rule,,•.
Maximo ·Hilao, et.al:, class Plaintiff No. 92-15526, .w~i.ch is pyr.suant to· th_e. Territo.rial Th~bry. The .
· tXs:·'co,urt of Appeals for the 9rh· Circuit; ,Jun~_-16,: . : - territ.Qry where ·-'tt:ie . crime wai; com.mitted: will
·1994). . . ' . have jurisqic_tion , except:' cin . matte·rs: ... (1) 'in
reia:tion to:th~ intem:,al ·order and aiscipline of the ..
: . --· Conditio~s" f~'r th~· E~for'c~ment of Tort ciai~·s · vessel; ahd. (2) solely affectiri~r,the ship ·anq· its:
1. TheJoreJgn·tort is based on.a civil action and .nov. occupants such· as mi·nor ·or petty -criminal
on-a crime- . . . . . offense·s committed by members of the crew (Id.
2. Th_e erifortement of the tqrj would· not infringe.· at' 14,1). . · · · ·
th~ public polic/.of the forum; and . ·.
3. The judiclal:m.achinery of the forum is adequate.
for 'its proper enfor'cemenf '.(SEMPIO-DiY,·
Conflict, -SUP_ra at 135). .. ' - . -..., ·
2019 SAN BEDA LAW,CENT8ALIZED BAR OP_ER.ATIONS .i 41

. CONFLIC-T OF·_LAWS
SAN B£QA-LAW C£f,ITRALIZED IJAR OP£RATIOJl!S - MEMORY AID 2019
3.: .Extraterritoriality - Crimes punishable under. Rules on Crfmes ·

e-
thelocal law, although committed by Philippine
nationals abroad, pursuant to the·. protective
principle · oi · criminal · jurisdiction (REVISED . Essential elements Generally; whe.re comm.ilted
: . PENAL CODE; Art. ·2), .. - · · -: . of. a· crime arid fts ·· . · ·,. . · · .· '· : '·
pE)nalties··· Note: In tile Philippines, we
.Theo.rles on Jurisdiction to Try .'c'riminai ·· follow the · Territorial
Cases/Theorles on Extraterritorial Competence · Theory in general; by Way of
1. "Terrltorlal-theory - Th·e State where the crime exception, Art. 2 . of th_e.
was committed has jurisdiction. to try the case Re.vised., Penal Code. ·on
(PARAS, Conflict, ·supraaPtd3). ·. Ext_raterritoriality. pu.rsuant ·to
the Proteqtive Tt_i,eory. . .
· Two. kinds: ·
a.' Subjective Territorial Principle -1he slate .
where the crime began may prosecute the
.sarne even tliough.fhe crime was completed
in another state (Id. at 404):- .. . Frustrated .-anci--Wher~. the victim <·'wa·s
· -b ... Objective·T~rritor_ial Principle - The state consumtnated. : .. : ' injured- (not .where ttie
can-prosecute crimes that began abroad but ' homicide, ~ murder, aggressor wielded. the
were completed Within·its territory J,t9..,J'!" '_ ,,.,,.......,U·· ~nft-ryti_cide, · .. .and. weapon) ·
· ·,., •• • .,.7 •. · . ~ : f>. ·
lpaJflC,l._c;ie..:: . . _ . .. .
2. NatJonal!ty · <or .. P_er:sonal ,1.The'5f;y/~cti~ Atte~pte'cJ ... ho'niicJd~. Wh~re ·the· intended victim
. . . . N~h?D.~l_1ty- T~~.o_ry,_,- ~he c?u~f\~.-o~~w~e~ ~he ..__ m.o~aer, ~aj:an!~id·~. wa.s_ .(not. · :wh~re ···. the
.... cr.1min~l 1~ acitizenor a sub~{ct ~s_;yJ1_sd~cllon-:-:. ,~ ancJ,parr!§:ioe? ;.~·aggr~sso_r .was :sit~at~~).,.-
- .· · r(j).·
. : to-try ~1r:1 for t~e offens~ hi!.(swPi~s~~-9.a~tD H,. · W· ~
. co~m_,tt!:!d, wh~~h_e~ the-¥.ttecftirpo~ o.t tKe 9,cJ · 1&. · · . . . ~~
~t\
solonq as the weapoQ or. the.
bullet either t~uched him or
· b~.1~~1de ~!',ou_ts1qe 1t.~ tev1tory, ~o_v1_de~ lh~lJhe_. ~,v~ iell _ins\~E?·tl}e·terrilO.fY_:"ihere
.1
act rs a cnrne under his cotintry's pena~l
- . . -. . . laW{ld.{.?
., ~ I . . ~\~ .
3. -, Proteetive Th.eq~y·- A~y. w.a.te .whose natf~efa ,....,...,
.
CZ,::-,;;;"
'\
ti . . ) . .
~
Eagamy '.' . . .· ~
ne was :. .
!- ·..
·
.. -
· ·
-.
1.h~re-_:t~~. illegal. m~_rriage_
interests·--niay be'· jeopraize'd\ h_a~1sdi6ti6n ~~ ":, . ~- . ,, - . 1a.s pelj'or.med . . . .
. . . over_ C~iminal,. offe~ses\l (1/V~~-.if\\:~hw.m1t£e1··' . ~fhe _a&:~-6bblr~ IJ'{~erE(·the property ,~as
o~t~1~e its terntor~,a~.d ev~n 1f?on:im1tQapy_a .:-'""' ~~~
_all_~~~!.n qrd~r t~at 1_t,m_ay-protect ,t!~lf (/d~J'21 5),.- ·
· -· ·: · :_ . . _· .\ ' ··.,
.
:
~
~-- · .·.
. · . 1·..
,t_r:il~wfolly · ti?ken: from· ~he .
v1e:t1m (n,ophe pla,ce to ":Vh1ch
· . -· : ~he. crim_inal went .after th·~- ·
.
._4·.--·.-·~~-al. _i:~1::0:ry/_E~lectic _Theo!")'_:--·· ~ny. ·~t~rE \h . ,· '. . · · ~ommis.sion of_the ~rime)·· .

_. who~_!3 penal coae ~as:_b_?en. t~~sgre1-sed~on · · . . _ -K . ~.,. ... . . _. .. ·:... · .. , . . :. -. ·
, ·' tias ··jurisdidiori · _.'to--:-~ bring justiG~~OpiJI)~,.,, ·-· ~t¥~"\o~r.' ,\..?::}-' ~dim~: W_t}er~ .. tlj~ obJ~~t_._of th_e. ·
. _perpetra~ors of -the. offense, w~ettier~~--:-<~~me .
was committed inside-or .outside-its ow.n·terr1tory
M·
{tl\009_~
.J-r:e~eri at1ol'!s
Y.. .
fal~e ~nm~ . 'f'~s __ ·. r~e:;e1v~d .. (n~t .
· .w~e_~e. _ · the false
. . . . . ' ~ - . . . .. . . .·· ·. ; ............... -----· ... ·:· ,, -: . representations were made•) -~ ' ..
(ldJ · . ·. , _ '~ .. 5- . -- · . . · .:- .· . . . . . ·. ·
· . ··. : · · "· · .. · . · · · ·-... - · . Conspiracy · .. -... ·. to vyrie're·:':tfie,:. conspiracy'·_was
·5 .. · C'o·s'rriop~itan ·or u·niver~ity .. Th~Qry :- .'-Any : . commit ··: . treason, forr:n~d (not wher~ ihe .-ov~rt.
:- .. $ta\f 'A'.~~re'.'~IJ.e srirn_ina{_i_~nouri_d or_ ~hich has · . rebellion:, or s'edition· .act. of-·.treason; 'rebeili6n; ,or
custody G'Jei')-1im i~ ves(ed with ju_ris_dicticii:1 to try: . . : . tNote:. ·: , · 'Other, :sed'itie:ih was committed•'
'. J\im for- · 1he -crime . he·. is'· c!IIEi°ged _to have · con.spiracies -·a'ri,i n:ot · ! .
·- . • c;:omm(tt'ed ~.u9ies.s ~?(fr:a~itio'n is pqssibl~,(/d,_)-_: .- pEit')alized by · our . , . -- .. -.

laws)'
·5~. _ pq~~i.~i .· . P_erso·rjali,ty.· ·. Thecr&iP.as~ive
Nationality~~Tl'ieory...;..:... Xhe state .. qf: wliii:;h. the..
Ube1 ··, Where.. ,'· pubiishEfo .:.>or
· circulated
"·:victim is cf ci'tiien or subject has·. jurisdiction'
__(PARAS,.
.· . . C9hfli9t;
. .· supra.at
. . 40.3-4Q6). ,· ';
; . ; Contifluing triine~ . 'An.y pl~ce ~tiere the"offerise
b_Eigins·; exists, or contirn,ies
. ··~'
Com~iex crimes . Any place-w.hJr~· ai}y.or°ther,
:_. essential elements .. of- the
..
: ·.
. crime took p·l_ace
(PARA.S, Conflict, silpra·af'399--401).
. ~ . .
. .
'·
42 I 2019 SANBEDA
:.
LAV! CENTRALIZED _BAR OPERATIONS
.
CONFLl"CT·OF LAWS
. SAN BEOA l4W CENTRALIZED BAfl OPEflATIONS - MEMOflYA/0 2019
I w.c ..; SRt-4 --:e: ,,gf« ,•,,w!»P£i:3 cs ;s W·A & 9: %&S@t::• iti\t rif# ?4!?8S·Gk5d: e,:: ';2'±Zfffe%! .
duties . of members,
stockholders, and office.rs
Rules on Juridical Persons
Validity of corporate-acts [aw . of the place ·. of
and contracts· (including incorporation and law
"ultra-vfres acts) - of · the -place · of
performance (the .act or .
Existence, · leqal Geri~ral Rule:' ihetaw contract / must . be
character, capacity,' of.
the place.. · 'of authorized: byBOTH
powers and liabilities incorporation. LAWS).·
Exceptions: . Righi. to sue ·and

y· 'Constitutional . and amenabitlty .to court
.. statu(Qry processes and ... suits Lex tori_ :
Restrictions . · against it
''(CON$T. ·f\~;,.x1). Manner _and.· -effect of Law o{ the place of
dissolution - • . incorporcJtio_n provided
ihat th'e public p·olic;:y g'r
the. forum, . 'is .; ::rfot
initig_ate_d ~gain~~ ···
If not fixecj by the -.law

creating' or.recognizing
the corpor;:ltion ot by .
, arw oth~r- provision. :-- · ·
· the ·domicile.is where hs ·
legal ·.i-ep_res~nta'tion: is
estatilf§tied ·or wherf-it .
. 'exerciS\:!S 'its . principal' .
_function·s . (CIVIL
CODE, Art. ~-1 ). · ·._ : ·. .
.Receivers.·. (appointment Principal . r¢ceiv~r . is
';·2 .. -Con~ol Test o'uririg · ;_ --.i-,;a_n_d powers) · . appointed by the.courts
... Wartime,... th,'veil of . · · · .. -:-- of , the 'state · of
·' .__ cotpbrate,:identity·i;;;.s.1~--i---~ . .. · .incorporation: ancillary
'. pierced t, -~ 119. 1He_ - · receivers, bythe courts
. . n~tiona!ifx . · a . ' _ the of 'any' state where the
. controllinq ,,. , . ·. . · corporation ·ha's .assets
stockholders .. Jif - .·. . ' : ·, . .. (authority .. c;il receivers
LJ.$..ed Jo ge~_ern:i.n~ if · '>. · · is GO-EXTENSIVE,w1th . ·.
}
··a corporation .rs an · · the · authority i( the ..
·:-: .. enemy. : corporation :.. ·. appointing. court) ". :...
, .... -or not. (the Control,
.·. Test) .: : · ([Javis
· · · ·win.ship · v. · ._ Phil: · .
·· · Trust · Co., L-3869, ., - The . existence. o~ non- The-perso~a1·1aw of the .
January 3{ 1952). existe·n-ce . of'.· legal pa'rtnership -: :that is· ..:. .
personality.- pf the firm; the ·--law~·:of the ·place - ·
. 'Alteration of Charter taV'{. of the .. place . of capac;:ity . · .to . · co11tract;: wher~ . it. was . cre;:l!ed.· .
f-1'--n'-te-rn_a_l_O_r_ga-.
n-i-za-t-io-n-~.
_incorporation.. . · .· liability of the firm and the (CODE; ·.; · ·_:_- . OF
· _partners:to _thirJ:rpers_6ns.: COMME.R¢E,; An{ '15):-
rvierger· Jnd ca'ns91i.dation Subject, however;. · to
the· .exceptiqns given .
Formation . · _ of -· · . the
· ..above as ·in the·· case pf
corporation . (requisites);
corporations.
Kind.of stocks; transferof
stocks to · · bfrid ' the
corporation; .. 'issuance,
amount, and ,legality of
dividends; .. powers .. and
.2Cll9 SAN. BEQA LAW CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS I: 43

·CO-NFLICT OF LAWS
. .
SAN BEDA LAW CENTRALIZED BAR OPERA tlONS - MEMORY A10·2019
. . . . .·
I.
The principle recoqnized in the Philipbines is 'that
every State may impose conditions on the exercise
Creati0~ of br.an~hes in. Philippine ·Law (law 'or . by foreign corporations of activities witbin its
the Philippines: validity the . place , where the . territory. The minimum contrast .required for the
•,,• ,.
... , . ,.
and . effectof: -branches' branches were created) · power, of restrtction and-supervisiort is t~ fact of.
comrnercial : transaction: (Cpb"t_., · · · ·- · OF
and 'the jurlsdiction of COMMERCE, Art. 15).
"transactinq . or doing-business
; . , -
in-.. the Philipplnes
. . (Id.).
.courts.
Dissolution,. winding .up, Philippine law (GODE

and . termination . of OF_ · COMMERCE, Art.
branches i~ the 15) ..
Philippines
Domicile r.
. ····- ~- ...
·. '; ..
·( J" ...
. ·...:.:
44 I 20i9 SA_N. BEPA LAW S::ENTRAUZE'.D BAR OP_ERAT-1.0NS,

CONFLlCT:C:>·F LAW-S,·
SAN BEDA (AW CENTRALIZED BAR D_PERATIONS 7 _MEMORY AID-2°019
/J_
- . .
Jurisdiction Over Foreign Corporations . 4. When,tl'\e parties have··cpntractually stipulated
:.:. that the ~l')ilipp_iri_es is th~ venue: of actions; . :
Consent Doctrine . . . -5.. WllerJ-the·party s~ed is_-~arred by the principle of
A foreign corporation will be recognized and will be · · est9ppel ai:icj/or principre of .unjl)st enri.c~ment
allowedto t{9n"sact business ir:i any state which gives .• f(om. qlle~tib"ni"ng' 'the capacity of the..J6reign
its eonser)t. This doctrihe is established· in Secs.: · c;orporation; . . . . ~
140-153{ Title XV of the Revised Corporation Code · 6. Recov~ry of. misdelivered property (OE LEON.&
-of tlie Philippi_nes. 05 LEON -Jr., CORPORATION CODE (2013)
·' supra a{ 798-8o"1f · .. '. ·: . ·... ',·,. · · · ··· · .
N6't~: A for~ign c.orpofation la~ully·doing.bu~iness 7: . Agreements. or: transact.fcins . fully , transacted
in the Philippines shall. b·e bound by all laws, rule.s outside the .Phjlippines·-(B. Van Zuiden q.TVL v.
and regul.ations aRplicable· to domestic CO(P_Orations . · · Mariufacturing;lndustries lr,c., .G.R:,No. 1.47.905,
of the-same class. except those which provide'fqr the . 2·a.
· .-tviay 2067);,and .. · ... ·. · · _·, . · · ·\ .· · .. : .' ..
creation; "·formation, prganization . or 'd.issolufion, of ... 8. P.e.tition filed 'is mer~ly . .-a corollary defense in a/.
corporatio~s:_ or those . which· fix . the relatic;ms, . . . - .. : -suil'.~g):j_inst i_t. , ,' ) ·. , -, ·.·-
. '. . ....
_ liabilitie9, re~pbnsibilities, :or duties ·.of ~.!?·ckh_oldE!rs._, _
memb.~rs, o_r officers of_corpora_tioris ,to each other or .. · Effec"t"-of"Failure to. Secure a License to. Transact
to ··the." corporation:_ (REVISED CGRP_ORA TION . Busines~ . . -~·. ... . . .. '·°..'. ... · ... - J :··
- .-CODE
. OF THE
' . PHILIPPINES·,
. Sec.
. 146). · . 1 ... Th'e foreign" corporation which does businessin
·.. -· . .,.. .: ... ~l. . . . .~ ·:· :~- ' ,' ,::·· . '.:__, . . ·; : the Philipp] nes without a license has no _right to
A foreigri-corpora\ioo may be. sued after it withdriw sue in: the: Philippines, b~f itcan_ _still be.sued
from business in the. Rhilippines on. contracts. (THE(·.. CORPORATI.ON . COQE_ .. .()F<: FHE
previpusly entered into by' i~: The_ sami_·rule :ap.~~~r · :PHILIPPIN~s_.·: · · Sec. ·· _:1~.3-, .. (R.f.Vl$ED
. · to contracts ·enter.ed _into prio'r.to the revo~ca_t1on gf a .. CORPORATION CODE, Sec.' 150)); arid. '.'- ·.
foreig·n corporation's.lfcense (SEMPI0.-01.Y, Conflict, .__-2~ ....... Ths· contrpct~ entered into .are ~a.lid. as= bet~_eeri. ·. _
. supra-{i'_t 14_8). ·· .... : . . . • ·.. .-t~e. parties,.blit they. may not-be.enforced in the · ·
· '. ·;: PhilipP.ioi cotirts' (C_OQUIA,. Conflict; 'supra at ' ."
-P.ar~nt and Subsidiary C9~por~_tions" · . . -#' , - 517)lf · ·· .. ,, . · ' · ,
Jut~dictio~ oyet the p~ren! c~rp_9..r~1~n can' ·IS"e.. . . , .· . ; ." . - -' . -, '
acquJr~d~ ~h~/n . the .separ~te ~(St~nGE!_. of:· the.•. : F'~reig_rJ .. i)io_r·~~r.~tio_ns' and ·. Compuls·ary:. '. ·
.. · subsidiary has not been fully1tiamtameg or. if th~ . ·Counter~la1 s«, .
J • -, · .parent )las acted within the state a's th~]Jibs~diatY,'S . 1.-. When a. foreign 'corporation .. is. sued, it' may ·
~- agenf (.C.OQUIA, .Conflict,-"suprafat 92jj,. . . · ~ . interJDqse a ,co,qnte~daim.,wtiic~ wp1Jld __ defeat the.v
if
. :·~owever·. ;~e~l~cal cou·n.te_rpa._rt~~i~~y ~j~-~ · ~ ·2'. '.. ~
0i~i~~~ig_n.corrfora.tion ts suing on ~r(;s~i~;e~ ,
· an -ennrely distinct personality;jurisdict~ver !he contract 'or is exempt from: . the . license
tocalccunter-part is notjurisdict_io'n.o)Jerfhe par~~reCiJ't.;ire"ment,. ·a local. defendant can file .va
· company: (Id). ,., · .. ·. · V · counterclaim. .' '. , . · ; . - '· -
- :-. . .
' Rig lit of..a Foreign. CorporaUor:i·to Brjn!JSUi .
I.. . ~/ate:' lo .either. case: the_. fpreign GO:cpor~·ii~h .. is'·not
General Rule:> . -~ · .. i- . . · · ~ '.-: . · . " · · - · ... · -maintaipi(J°g a :sQif. F.urt~~r. suc;n cot.interdairrqnay
No ·farei~n' cor"ppraiio!_l transacting t;iusine~s· in:'t0e ·. . ""embrace . qnly compulso,ry. c.ou·nte.rclaiii'.f, ;,not. a_
.. Philippines without a lice1_1se, or.. its _suec~s.sor-s br. . permissive one, f!=i.r t_he former is deefmed waived if-
.·· . -as.signs,'shall .be permitted· to,,m.aintain.or ·inJe'rven~·-·:. ·.. n0t raisea. (AGPALO, .Conflic"t, supra·at-475), :·· · ·:
.:'"'.< in. any actii:m;:.suit Or• p'r9~eeding1_in. an.i· C()Uft pr·· .. . . :' . .. . •j . : "·C .
administrative _age.ncy :of th_e Philippines; _but ·such, . - Trusts _ "' .. . . . . ,·

- corporation· mc3y be sued .. tir woceed~d ·ag~inst. ··: When the.!rust-cor)tains·an ~xpr.es~i"- choice~of-law
b~fqr~-: Phili~_pi_ne courts.or ~d~iilistrati.~e-_tr_i9Li~J1ls·. . i)rovfsio.!:l',)h~t)aw itiall apply_. __ lri lhe,.~bsen_~&:of_an
on .~ny_:; v~li~. cause of act1pn·: rE:co~rnzed :~nder. ·· · express prov_1s1or,, the courts. "YIILdeem as cor,tr~lhng
Philippin_e. laws (REVISED CfJ.RR.ORATIOf~J' C_ODE . the law that sustain· th·e valic)iJy. of:.the, trust . · . will
OPTHE Pl::JILIPPJNE.S; Sec: 1.50j. ·. . ; ,:-·~ : . -: · .. ,.·. ·.,.·.. · ... ·.: .· · .
. ~ .. : . ·.-J .
Excepti6·n·s: . _ ., ··.. /'

·1-. Isolated transactions (Eriks PTE. Ltd v.- C,.:\, G.R:. ·. ,, .._· .. .: .
. . No'. 1 l8843, February 6, 199'1.); -· · . ·· · · · .... ,
. 2.- . Action to . prote~f trademark." . trade nam~ .•

go9dwill, patent or fo'r _unfair c.9~petition; . . .
3. · To enforce- a right not arising_ out 9f a business ..
. transaction."· e.g. "tort that o~eurred . in the
. Philippines; '
..
~-
~019 "SAN BEDA LAW tENT~LIZED BAR OF'ERATfONS. I, 45

<:O_NFLIC'T OF'L·AWS
SAN.,BE:b~ I.AW CE:NTRALIZW ~AR OPE:RATIQN~ - MEMORY AID '.201~
. .
Rec'ognition and Enforcement 4. It must r)ot be barred by prescription both in the
. q{ Foreign Jud~me,n.ts' State_ whe~e it was promulgated a·nd wher.e it is
sought to be enfo'rced; -
5. State where the foreign j1Jdgment was obtained·
allows' r!3cognitfon· or .enforcei:nent o( -Philippine
judgments; _ · -
The _ qefer.idant or' The· plaintiff or p'etjtioner
respondent.,is pr_e_senting wants.. the court to 6.. If judgment is for a sum of money, it must be
the ·foreign -'judgment po~itiveli ·carry· out and fixed; '
meq~ly as a 'defense,. on make . effective. . . the 7. Foreign judgment must not be contrary to the
the basis of r~s judicata .. foreig_n judgm~ot.· , public policy ·or good morals of the country
where if is to be enforced; . .
Invoke~ i:,ierely· a .senie 1·rnplies· an act of
· 8. · .Judgment must
not have 'been obta_in~d by
fraud, collusion, mistake of fact or law; and
of justic_e . (Perkins, V. sovereignfy.
9. ·11. mu.st be a judgment on civil or commercial
Benguet Consolidated ··
Mining; G.R. N9. '-:-1981,· ·~ .. matters, including-qu,estions of status, not.on ·a
- criminal, rev~nu'e, or adniini_strative matter. ..
May 28, .1954).
.··;
\.'
-- _-e-~-ds-_n_o
1-N-. p_ro-~-e-.e-d-in-g~--0-.~-1-.
__u-i-re-·.s:.._·
-.R-a-·
_e_q -,_s_e
__p- ·. . . ~~~ip!:~~~· · ~~le
.. a-_r-_a-te .on. th~,' E~ect of !=~reign -
action but implies that the act1on-brought-prec1sely ~· · . . .· ; ·.
same has :a(r,e1rdy been to· ·make the~eign l .:T ;rhete~ect o~ a-Juc;l_g_me~tor_f1~91 ?r~er of a tribunal of .
fil_ed : aqainst :· the ]ll_dg~· ·e!)t e ~e'.'fi.. ~ U .J!3\l0re;gnl0~ntry,, hav1_~9. Junsd1c:t10~ to_ render th~ .
.defendant '• - who is : . <, ~r >..::_ -~-·"1:~':!J.e_n~~fl _al ord~r,,!~ as follows._ . . ..
inv~king . the foreiqn ' . ~ >.- .~ . • 1 ... ln._a-~~dgrr,1~nt,or !in?.!-._o,rdeJ up?n a spec_1_f1c
judgment. .· · · . · - · v· .. ~~r---t~g; l~J~dg~:nt:or-.f~~al_ or9er I~· COnCIUSl.'(.e
. . . . . . . . . .r. .
. Recognition· is a· passive· Enfurceme'nt' is Jn acti
l5', I ~ ui:on.mt vt~o,t~e _thing. and . . .. . .
,)..l, ,2~ In a J,udg~~rit or final order aqainst-a person..
· effect · ·0~ - forei?in reJ<figri}J_rc(n. · . a d. N' ·. the 1udgml,~ fin'a1 order is pres~mptive ·
. judqrnent. ·. implemef tation . 'of ~JR~ Ii I ;-' 'e_ ·~rr.rce o\a~~-l\ as between the parties ~nd,
· · . · f~r~~ 1
judgm~ t f~~h, · :: 1 _,.,..,," o th_~ir su~~-e.,,.~s7~'·)interest ,b~ a _~pb_seque~t t1tte:
. · . tie..Jo.Cal court,...rendenn 'li'iI'R. . · 1 • ·-1 ,i . -l ·
.t~~~ei~fnJJ?A1¥/~!Jllfs.:a'._..,.. c:: In e1t!2lf~~e .. t~~']U -·t~~t _or· fin_al __or~e~ r:nay 'be
. · · -· : -· r--;
\ .
dorv~stic\·jud~l§.'eo\ and• gf · Jlff P.~ i9}'@Jev1ienc,t"o a want,: ?.f iunsd1ct1on:· want .
seeki~~ ~s.· enfo~l~foi£lni~. ~~&7J.~~yfo- t!)e · pa:n_,·;. coll_us1on, ._fraud, _or ·c1ear ._.
by\ ,the_ . ·s?~f,~·t:fi.)~~ -,,_ . . ,\!.,~e//:6f_ lci'w(~r.fact (RULES. OF CO~RT, Rule 39,·
ac<?01;..aani;:e · with ft~ :;;.,e,e~. 8).· · ' J· . · . · · · . · - . .. ·
.
·-
..
:· ,· ·
,
.
Rules"of G~urt ··. ·
. , .·. .
.~5t~~.
_ . . . lE ,
, _.: ~. /;'/. ·' · , ·. ·.' .,.;.
~l'!ietJ~~m~nt.m _th~ foreign.cqurt does ·not
. . . . . . . . . . . . , . _. . . . . ~u¥)'}', --• M
(S_EMP[CJ-DI_Y, Confli~t; sl!p_r.a at·1.S.i':.t'52): , :=--;<1;~ns~t~~J~~1t1d1c~.ta _a_s ba~is for its e~forcemei:Jt : ·.
·,wll'leJ;if,..~mg_, fh_e 10.s,~g party the. opportuf:!!ty to
Not~.: ~~f~(cerri~n~ n~ces?aril_Y i~pJi.~s. r~~T)it~eiil (~Gl?ALO, <;o~flict,-s~pr'~ at'586): .. ·:.,- _ · ,
rec_ogrnt1on d~es not.nec~ssanly 1mply:enforcement. · · · · · · · ·- · ·· · · · ,
•• · · · · · .. .:, i":h(ee_.~9-~~s ot ~,H·9~semerit ot Judgm,ent': · ·.,~·
.. ·
Examples:o/ F~~eig~ J~dg~~-nts .w.ni°ch c'ari· d~J~· ·1', . 'By ,Jil_ing <a: 'petition \in··· .the.···ceurt, where.'' lh'e
. be re·Gognized:.' ·. · ...... .-· ., : " . . .. .'jud~me·nt is. sought- t6·.'. b.e ·recog.nize_d:)o~ 'the
· f Declaratqry,jµdgments; . . . . . _i. ·/ -- ·re<;:_ognition of:the-judgrrient; :· ·· '. .' .. ·: ... ·.
,2.: Jud_gmefits-which giv~ ri.o affirmative relief;·and · ·.2:· ';BY_·a.s,umri,ary"(,rocetf~r~·.kri'ow·n a·s exequatur~ . ·...,.._
3· ... Judgments ... ,which.·:·. 'determ_ine .. 'the.. parties'· :· '.- P,ro·ceedi.ngs (.a surrim~ry procedure outliMd 'in . ·
- . · interests'in·a thing.or.status.. .. · . ·, thei statl'.l'tes. o'f.:s.ome.'civil law-countries-s1J.ch· as.· -
. . . · · , - - . Fra_riGe; 'Italy;, Switze.rland, ,and ·Austria. ;for' the
.. R~q-~isi'tes .fb~ Rec.ognitfo; or'1Enforc·~·~-~~t .· eriforcetnerit of foreign -judgments .tliaf.have nb
1. . The· defenda_rit has bee~ 'giv.er( r.easonabie . · aLJfomatic eff~tfor apthoritY:in. themsel~es );·and .
noti_ce a2:1.cf opporturiity.tq, be heard; _ . 3.: _By. ,r~gistra_tiQn ·of the foreign 'juqgmei;lt ·.in . ~
'2_. . There -is adeq"u9te_proo( of. foreign judgmenf; . . . . registry 6.f judgm~nt? ih the forum where,fis~with ·
3. The fqreign judgment must h<;1ve'disp_os.ed of.the · 'or_·_ ~ithou't _·ju.dicial s.t.ipervision · (COQL!IA,
confroversy 6ri -..the ;meri_ts ~nd ·· must ·be .;-Js. · (!onflict'. supra at'561-:.563) .. \ ·, · .
judicata,. (.e., judgryient q,n . th~ m!'lrits is final,
· issued by:a fore,ign .. court having jur[sdiction ayer·
the,su~ject' matter and p<(lrties, arid there was ·
id.entity· of pa_rties; subject rnatter, and cause of
acti9n · ., · ·
46 2019 SAN '2EDA LA_W C:ENTRALIZEo'-~A_R OPERATl(?NS.

CONFLICT OF LAWS
. SA~ BE~A t.AV•iCENTRAL;ZED BAR OPERATIONS - MEMORY AID 2019 . . .
Bffili M t aez, f#*i2'&fytdfte:w, ws kb •at,W! &¥ :ose 1 ·e .:eaw&14 i&fM»;cz:2µ~ .s dF&--?c; r-;,: esvm 144± ,%1&;::»U17t'"
Reasons for Refusal by· .a. Local Coy rt to

Re'coqnizeor Enforce <'! Foreign Judgment: .
1. The requisite proof. of the foreign judgment may
· .not have been· presented (Note: The manner .of
· proving -a Joreign judqrnent is. the same as
. proving a foreign;law:·(RULES OF COURT, Rule
132, ·Sec. 25). ; . -
. 2. The .. foreign .· 'judgment may .contravene a
recognized and established policy in our country,
.e.q., forelqn decree of divorce obtained. by a
· Filipino from· his/her filipiho)pouse.-abroad; or.
3·_ The aqrninistratiori of justice 'in the country
where the. foreign [udqrrtent came· from· may be ·, ..
. r . S~Clckingly corrupt or 'n'ot beyond reproacli. . ...
.,--- : . - . . .. . v-
<.. j ' •• I • - '• /'\ ·~ -. ' ·, • '· • .- .: • ., _·
Procedure ·_of ·Enfprcement of .. .Judqrnent in -the

Philippines: ·\ · .. · ·:," , . .. · .. _ · ., .
1. · ·Filing of petitipn·in the.proper' court attachinqan .· ,
authenticated copy.of the foreign· judgment; and
.•'-2. Authentication. calls for the_;Philippine consul.
. · · assigned' to the country where the fore.-gn
judgment was· decreed to .certify that ~ucty ·
· · _judgment was. rendered by a court of competent
-. jLiris,dictioli(CO~U/A,
'Forelqn ·· .Judqrnent must conform......,witfi th!'l

Co_nfl(.ct, s.. :~r~· a_t 5:J·
Constitutional Requirements . ··7 ·.
. Th. e requirement that ;,i [udqrnent must Stgt~_J~e fa·~sr . .. )
and .wEl
law upon i ,which .it:_is _bas~~~f11D_C.di~d in.·. .. ·!. ..... ~ . . : ~·.
Sec/100·, 14 of ·Af!1c/e V!II. of: th~eonst1l!,ilton?' AnY..
- foreign. law, whether . subst~nti)4e or- procedural-;"
cannot overrule or prevail ttiis'1'.qr~~.litutlo,~I
. pr?yisio_n (AG,PALO, Conflict, suwa a.t 644)1 ~
ovil
.... ,: ..
.:: (' .. •· .
. ~ - ... ·
.....
. .~ ~·.
. -.
r-: •. : .... . ·
• ·, • •.,· I
_ .... ·.. .. -,~.
._:'-"',·
f • •. :·· ..
···"
'·
.. ,
~. ·' ' ...
. ' ·.. .. : \
::....: - ·,. .
... . '. . . ...
'.
·: .
.--
·2019 $AN BEDA LA\J.lCENTRALIZED BAR'OPEJ:<ATIONS 47
:PERSONSAN.D
.• -
FAMILY RELATION·s·
SAN BEDA f..l;lW.CENTRALIZED BAR O~ER;T/ONS - MEMOR_Y AID 2019
EFFECTANP APPLICATION
OFLAWS:
The Civil Code took effect on.Auqust 30, 1950.

\.
• [ EFFECTIVIrr, OF LAwS(ART. 2)
Ge~eral Rule: Laws shall take ~ff~ct after 15 days

.following __ the ,c?r;nRletion of their publication in the
Official Gazette, or in a newspaper of qeneral
. circulation in· the Phil_ipr.!nes (qJVIL CG[!E. Art: 2 as .
a([le[lde.d bY._ E.Q:' No.'_200 (198_7)) .. · '. . .
·,. "' ,
.. , ., .
. ;;.,. . ;.. .
' .
,:
MQNTERO Torts and Damages

.,· ··- .
. \
. ... .
. , . .
PERSONS-AND FAMILY·RELATIO . N~
SAN.SEDA LAW CENTRALiZED DAR OPER~TIONS - MEMO~Y AID 2019
4.' _g_harter or a city; This applles to all kinds of domestic laws, whether
5. Circulars 'issued by the Monetary Board, the civil or penal- (Luna v.. Linetoc, G.R. No. L~223·7a;
.purpose of which is not merely to interpret but to June 29, 1968), and whether substantive or remedial
fill in the details of the Central Bank.Act: (Zulueta it. Zulueta; supre); · ·
6. Circulars and' regulations . which· prescribe . a
penalty for their violation (People v. Que Po Lay, Foreiqn Law Not Included
G.R. No. L-6791, March _29, 1964); and . The presumption does not apply· to. foreign laws
7., $><e~utive Orders°'(Taiiada· v. Tuvers, supre), . because there is no judicial notice of such. foreign .... ·.
laws; such laws niust be proved like any other matter
Publ_ication.NOT Required: (SIU)·. . of fact. (Ching Huat v."Co Heang, G.R. No. L-121.1,
1. §°i.Jpreme Court decisiqn;> (De. Roy v. CA,· G.R. January 30, 1947). . ..
No. 80718, ·January 29; 1988); ·
2. Interpretative · regulations (Secutiiies and .Iudicial Notice , . .,
Exchange'Commission v.. GMA Ne_tworl<, tnc.; Refers to the act of the court in taking cognizance of
. G.R. No. 164026.· D'ec.ein_ber--23,'?008); . · '. matters as true or as exis.ting without.theneed of the
3. · Letters of Instructions issued by administrative -introduction of evid,ence., or the au'tlio"rity' of the court .
· superiors .on rule!?lgµideli0es .tobe followed -by t6 accep't certain' matters ~s
Jacts· even if no
I
subordinates· in the performance oftheir 9u_ties . evidence of their existence-'has,beeri presented.'

J. • ••
' (National Power Corp:--~. Pfna~ybo Co'[1mer9ial,

'- G.R. No.~176006; March 26, 2010); and ': :J Doctrine of Proc.essual Presumption ·. -
4. Those Internal in nature, regulating only. the Where· ·a foreign law is. not plead~d or, even· if
personnelof the administrative aqency (Tai5f;tda ple.ad~cf. is not proved, Jtie presumption is tha,qhe
· -~ v. Tuvere, s1.fprpJ.. · ·.: . roreign law ·is the same as ours (EDI-Staffbuililers ·
Int'/. Irie. v. NLRC,· G.R: No .. 145587, 'October-26,
2007; Industrial Person'net & Management Servicf:)s,
tnc:~e Vera,. G.R-No. 205703; M~rcli.:1. -2016).
. -. .... 1,.
Mistak~. in· ihe~pplicatidn as. Basis·of G.oqd F~it~

N""'mistake/iiJI 'tbe applicatign·· Of inlerpr~tat1or1- of·
difficult· orf dqubtful provisions pf-'[aw:·may be. the
basis of .good fai h and h~s been,. give.n the sar;ne
·efF.e.cf ~ a. niistak~ fad, .whic;h.:may. _e«~use oi;ie
from ne legal cons$,quences of his _condu9~ (CIVIL
·. CODE, 'Art. ..52§,..par •. 3 and·Art. 2155) .
.. \~.'. \ .. , ~ .
. .
No'l'l' RE'tROACTIVJ;TY OE LA.ws' __'l
. '. ,· . .
: . . · .. (ARJ;'~ 4) . · · : ~
; - · ·
l~rioranHa.Legis Nol) Excusa;· .. .,.. · ; .·", . (.

. . -~
''Ignorance of the lawexcusesnoone.f A mistake of : Retroa'~tiye Law · . . , . . . · .__..::
It . is .one ·intended ·to·. affect· transaclions which
law . cannot be, Utilized . as, a lawful justiflcatlon,
.. occur.red, or rights~which.accn.iec(be'fore'.it _become
because everyone is presumed to knowthe law,a:n9 · ·
opera.tjve, and which ascribes .to .. th~rn ~ftects not
· its consequences (In Re: 'Petition t.o Siqn-ii: the Roll· ·
. i,i:ihertr].t in-tt,~ir n9tur.e; _in.vie~·of.'tlie law.in fprc~ a,"t
. of Aaornets, f?.M.. No.. _2541i September 24, 2Q·13). _·
. . .· . . . . ....... . . ·,·-:.. . the time. .
. of their oc;c1,Jrrence (RABUYA, . sup_ra. _at 12) .
......
It i$. founded not only on expediency arid policy' but
. also on necessity {Zulueta. v, Zulueta, .G.R. No: ,428, General R~le·: t.aws'shall have no retroactive effect
' A'pri/'30, 1902).
•
··. · :. :· . · • ·
• ...:.:· ••
<.
:
l- . · ·
1 .\
~(CJVIL CODE, Art. ·1r · · .... :
··, .. Conclusive Presumption · .. >-- .· . · ' · -, :,. .' Exception; (~~UT :N.ICE) ... ; . . . .. I . . • '.?
·-... · Every person is presumed to know. the law even if-he 1. : . .E_ro·cequra.l.. ·. a<rer,n~di~(- :·1~w's .·
(A~aneta V,
has no actual knowledge of the law (Taflada v. Doronilc;i, G..R. No. L-348821 A4gust 24, ·1976);
, Tuvere, supra). . · . . · · 2. Penal °laws favorable t0 the acc;used:. provid~d
• I ,, that' the accus~d is' not a·· habitual. delinquent'
Note: ltapplies only tomandatory and prohibitory (REVISED PENAL G__ODE, Art. ·22;. People v.
. laws. This nic,'ly be deduced from the langu~ge of the Quiacho,:,,--G:R, No: 17Q236, August 3.1; 2006);
provislon, -, Which, . ·nO.tlNjthstandtl)g I a. person's 3. Unless the law otherwise provides; · . . · .
ignorance, does. not· excuse, his or 4. Jax laws wheri expr~ssly declared :or. is clearly
her complience withthe, laws (D.M. Consuriji, Inc. v. the legislative intenJ (Cebu Portland Cement v.
CA, G.R. No. 137873, April 20,. 200.1). . . . CJR, GR·.· No. L-186.49, Febryary 27, 1965);/
. ) ,.·.. .
2019 SAN BEDA LAW G;NTRALIZED "BAR OPERATIONS I· 4.9

P.ERSONS AN D·--FAM IL Y RELATION:s .
. SAN:BEDA LAW CENT(IALIZED BAR OPERATIONS .. M£MOR·Y.AIO 20i9 . . ' . . .
$~1ff:te#2? ,hf,¢%§:§;,;.. i&$9 3&4-a:k · :M-¥& ti , :·S $t%> ;: ti ;p.;gt .£.Vi Pf fAiikt\k& ri M?4ii'"t :..t 0PM2 AWi ~
. . .
; I
}
. 5. Laws creating New rights (Bustamant~ . v.

. Ca'yas, G.R. Nos. L-8562, Decembe( 17, 1955); WAIV'.EROFRIG~ITS .
6.
7.'
!nterpretative statutes ({3PI L~asing Corp, v. CA,
G.f?.--[vo. 127629, N_ovember 18, 2001);
· .Q.urati.ve or re.medial statutes (People v. Zeta,
G.R, No.:.L-7140,":December 22, 1955); and ·:
I
·~~..,......,.~-(_AR_T_~_6)~~---.:·,----J··
Waiver ;,· .
8. 5mer'gency laws (Santos v. Alvarez, G.R. No. L- It is the i~tentional reiinquishment of a .known right
. . .332, ,lime 18; 1947): . · or such conduct a~ warrants c;1n .. inference of .
. relinquishment qf such right . (Christense.n v.
Exceptions ,to the Excep.t_i.ons: (EL) . Car/econ, 69 Vt 91; Castro v: Del Rosario, G.R. No.
1, . fx Post Fas;to Laws; ,irid . L-17915,)anuary ~1. 1967) ..
2_._ .!:aws that impair oblig.ation of contracts (Asiatic
Petroleum Co.· (f.l.), Ltd. v. Llanes, G.R. No. General Rule: Rights rnay be waive.cl (ALBANO,
25386, · October ?9, .1926): ..... 'Fafnily: Code of the · Philippines (201,"l), p. · 21)-
{herein.aft.er ALBANO]., ......
· · · R[g~ts that can hot be waived (IJVARN) . ,, ...

·, AoTS CoNTRAR.Y to LAW . . · . 1. ·When.thee Waiver. is.prejudicial to' a third person . ·.·
, ···. .· .. ·(~T~'s)·. : . -.· \~ _, .. ~A~ rl~ht (ec6g.niz~d b\daw ~CiVIL 9.00.E, ..
. ·, . .
G_em~:_al . Rule: A~ts. contr:=1ry to ffiindato)-y\.m"'
»: t\._· · U ~·
i~'i1eg~dright~! w~ifh .. reaily-d~_n~ltexi~t ~et;_ ·
-,3\fyio~e ttJe)~.en~nc1at1on of '?Jh1ch w_9uld 1nfn):lge-
proh1p1to~y·laws·are1'.vrnd.,(Cl'i/l.?LOf;; Art ..
. ·. . ··.. - · . .. . . '..<...>- , Y+
st . , . . . .
YR~rJ!pt1~~y,Jiol1cy (CIV~L.C(JD_F;, A~ .. 6); arid
~~~~?-. a0{,I n_gpts,. su_ch as ·the ngflt Jo life (Id,· at. 40- ·
r, . :.-.,.,.;. :. ~ . 21;1)\ ~~~ • . .
MaridaforyLaws .. '
Laws !he vio!ation,of·which{
. . .:
t~/
.. ~
.Pt~~eeding .. ill_egal · a_~d. v91d -U /:,.TOL!ff..!T~NO, ·:::~

t~ acr··~ i . .·_. ~-r· . . ·. · ·. · · . . . . · · · ·. -
1gh,t . · · .(. () . · . ·
·
. . . . . . arf~p])\·.j~-.
Cemmenteries anq Junsprudt;flce,..,p1f the ·qv,L(;od
. of the Phi(ippinfJs ~ (19f)O),,. p,c,.26 [lieremafter.{t-. 1. '1t ·\
, ~--,, Ih~PO:'-'~rr ~r PQV(leg~ ~1v.~_n to. one person and, .as
·_; 9".'frule, ·1s-. dem.anp~bJe\of another.· It denotes· ~n
1r
:::i 5'i~~-~&t title 'il¢n .opject gr p:-or:\'erty_ (f3la·ck.'s Uiw
.· TO~'FNT~N9]). ). .
'if the .. law.demarids_some~ing':'>!o

· -», ;.. ,t _ , . . \
6 Aqr:e...,iUs·~.
~JlJ],Dlct,onal-r-P.- 15
4 fi?]·
aH· ., ., . .
._, · · ·., :·.
_.
. ·. ··
mandatory (R;?.BUYA, supr« n:f{ . J,;Llf5.~ll}eF. s-of Riglifs'.(~P) · . · · -. .· .
, · · .: . \J ·. · ~ . ~ ~ A~t~f:subj~cJ ·- o_.. ~ ""'.ho Js ~i:ititled-'to d~m?tnd.
~~~hibitpry· Laws· . ... . · ,- iY . ~b,tofcemEfnt of the rig~t;~aod ··· . · _-· ··: • .
La"'."~ .whicn:. if omi~ed, · ~en.d.er~··:the · pr.oc!=le iR~o~ 2~Rassiyysubjecf-· one . who. is duty~b~unq to
·acts rEr!~ing J?.. it_ g~neI_al!Y--111~\Q~.1 or voi~ ~ JI} .·.1S°€J£}ff\~~ffeir.its. en/f6r?.en:er:it (RA'.B.UYA,'supra 'af'-18).. ·,
cpmmands_lt,at ~~m.ethin~ sho1,1ld not be·~bff. (~ Z, ~ ;· .· ·.
1 .., , • : • . ·•
. Brehm .v .. Repub/Jp, · G.~-:.ryo. ,b185p6, --iS,.2p!e1J1be.r . Kin~~j~1,.13,1gj)J:5: ·... ~ _. .' :· · . ~ ... \-- ,.
30, .1963.). , · . 1. : · : · ·• . • :: 'x, V.f : · \_ A P'\_'\Roht1Cc!li'R1gh~s c: those. ng~ts _refer.ring· to the.
• •• j
. · · · _ ) · . ·. . _ ·. . .· . ..· : ·~part~patib!)· of pe,rsons 1n t.he .gov.E?Jnmen~ of the

., . Ex~eptiqns.:_(PAV,E) r.\ . · ·.-.:.. ·_. · ··:: : . St.ate; 9nd,;, . :. ·· · .·~:··.· .. ·· -:-_: :.· · ".·. ,
1. Thf·la\N .f'DakE,3's:. the a~t ·valid:·. b:ut H_unish~s th~ · ~- .. Ci1,1.il1 Rights -.inclliqe alJ others; th.~y,)3re furthe_r
. . yiolalbr· (e:fi Marriage s·alemnfzed by"·a person ·~ .'cJassifi~d into:·.,:·· ·:. .. -·... ":, · ., _,
· ·, without 7ega/autharity)i· .·.:, • -· . .. . a. ·. R1ght~·c>fpe'r!:iQnaljty.- cann6t oe waiv~d; ..
. 2·. The law ..iJseif ~uthOrif'.eS ,its vali,dity (e;g .. Lotto, . 'b. 'Ear:n[ly'. righ_t~;:.,:· caririot b.({wa11ie9; ·ax1d: ... :
'·· .: sweepstake~); ... .':. · ::': : · .. · . · · ;.· . . ·- . _c. ~ Patrimonial 'ffght~ - maf be ·Waived· (Id. at .
·3. The ·1aw· makes the act .orily Yo_idable (e.g._. . · 1.8-1.9) .. · .. ·. · ··, . . . . .
Voidab/e··cdntrads:where consent is· v,iliafed); ·... · . . ..
and. . . ·. ·: '... ·· · ·. , -·. · . . · . Typ'.es:of ~~trir:r.ioi:,i~I, Rights. . : .. ·. .
4. The .. law declares: the· .'nu.llity : of an act .but . . 1 .. Rea1· Right Uus in reljcis in rem) ·
. recog~ize:5 its ··5f,f~cf~ ··as legafly exii'tii"\9. (e.g. . . TJil'e· power' bel~ri~ir)g· over a·· spe~foc · thin:g ..
Child : born- after annulment· of marriage. fs · . with.9!-Jt·. a . passiy_e_. · -~ubject individually. · ..
· _con~ider~d_ legjtltnate). (1° PARAS, supra· at 3$), qeterniiried.·agi:tinst· wnom such ·right may, be
'pEifSOn_ally' 8X(:)r~fs~d;. it ·is. ~nforceciole _against
~·. the'wtic5ie'. wcidd: '- ·,:,.. . .. ' .. · . . '' ...
2. P~rsorial"Rignt'.Uus in personaml ju~-ad te_m)
Tqe power b~l.ongfrig to .one· persori to <;le.rnand
·: of ,ariother,; as. a·:...deJinite passive. sut:ififot, 'the .
. fulf~lrnent 'of a pr'estatron tq QiVE;!, to·dO or not to
·~~~: . . ...
50 I 2019 ?ANBEDA LAW CENTRALIZED BAR()PERATIONS.

. . .
·PER.SONS AND FAM I.LY RELATIONS-:
SAN BEDA LAW CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS - MEMORY AID 2019
Cti#$£tWf s#Jt4; g,:,;;•:t I &d b¥4##Gi!: : £:<o St&#,## #c#R$i : 'i0i:pa Mi? t :s,i 62 b l,CS iii Mi ,,MW; & a, : c ,& §'"fftX ¥ # Ut~
Requisites of a Valid Waiver (CUE-CPF) : deemed repea)ed unless it is clearly manifested· that
1. Full _g_apacity to make the waiver.> ·the 1e·gislature so intended it (Lledo y: L/edo, A.M.
2. Waiver must be .!,!nequivocal; · No. P-95~1167 (Resolution}; .. February 9, 2010):
3. Right must _sxist_at the time of the· waiver; _
4. It must not be· _g_ontrary lo law, public policy, Rule in Case of Conflict between a-:-General law
morals or good customs; . - and a ~pedal Law .
5. It must not be .Erejudicial to a third person .with a 1. If the general law was enacted PRIOR. to the
right recognized by law; and . special . law; the latter is c_ohsidere9 the
6. When Formalities are required, the same must · exceptior:i to the·generaljaw (1 PARAS, supra at
be complied with. (1 PARAS, supra at 39).' . · 4.7),. - .
2. If · the general la""(. was en~cted AFTER the
· special lc!w, the spe~ial law. remains, unless: . . ·
.'a_: There rs .an expre_ss declaration to the·
contrary; or .. . . . .
REPEAL OF LAWS b, · There is .. a , clear, necessary, and
(ART.7) iri'econcilable .conflict; or
C. the . SLJb$equent general law ,covers · the
· · whole . subjE?ct arid· is clearly intended to
Repeal of a Law replace the special law on the matter (Ibid):·
It is the legislative act of abrogating through a
subsequent law .the effects of a previous statute or · Effectjf th~ Repealing Law is ltse.lf.Repealed
portions thereof (STA. MARIA, supra at 11). 1. When a lay; which·expr~ssly repeals a prio'r law
,is· itself repealed, the law. fir.st repealed shall not
Types of Repeal: . ·be thereby revived,, .unless expressly ,SO
1. Express - 'one which is literally declared by a ._...,.,.....(?rovided .. ·
. new law, either in .speclftc terms,' as· where
particular laws and provisions are named,
identified, and declared to be repeale'd, or ·in~ Example; Law A is expressly repealed by Law
,1 B: l_f La,~Bis itse_lf repealed by Law C, Law_ A is . ·
general terms (Id.). . ;; . not r~v,vea, unless· Law C expressly so
. provides. - · ·· . . ·· •
A repealing clause in an Act which· provides that · / · ·
"all laws and parts thereof incorisisterft with th§\. - · . .· · . '. ' ·
provisions of this 'Act are hEf.reby"repealed or 2. ·"' When a law whkh'impliedly repeals a prior law
fsitseff repeai'ta, he prfor law .shau -thereby be
modified ac_cordingly" is certainly not an express rev,vecLi,mless. the language of the 'repealinq
repeallnq clause because · i .fails to,...ident,ify 0~ statute provides' ottierwise. 1 . .
designate the Act or Acts that are .intended to b-"e
repealed. Rather, it is a clause which predicates Example: Law A is lrnpliedty repealed by Law B.
the. intended repeal upon the ~ondition that _kaw . .B is later repealed ·by Law C.' Law'"A-is
substantial conflictmust be.found in exi~ting ana.-·-""'_,_._.__revived unless Law C provides otherwise (Id.· at
prior ads. Such being the-case.the Rresumption
aqainst. implied repeals .and the rule against .49). - ,
strict _ construction regarding implied . repeals · ' :unconstitutional.St<!t~te~-· .·
apply ex proprio vigore. (lloilo Palay and Corn . -
Planters Association, Inc. v. Feliciano, G.R No. The Constitution is the supreme.: organic, and
fundam_ental li,iw of the land.' It is axiomatic that no
L-24022, Merch 3, 1965) .. ordinary statute can · override .a constitutional
provision (Floresce v, Phi/ex Miniog Corp., G.R. No ..
2. Implied -:takes· place when ~ new law contajns L-30642, April 30, 1985).
provisions contrary to or iriconsisterit with th'ose
of a former law without expressly repealing them : . The consututionatity' of a law or administrative order ·:
~ (STA. MARIA, supra at 11). may not be collaterally attacked. and they shall be .
, 'deemed valid. unless declared null and void· by a
.Requtsltes of an Implied Repeal' . competent .court (NAWASA v. Reyes, G.R .. No. L-
1. The laws cover the same subject matter; and· 2?~97, February 29, 1968): .:
2. The latter is repugnant to the other (Agujetas·. v,
. "CA, G.R. No. 1Q_6560, August. 23, 1996). . Operative· Fact Doctrine · ·. _ .
This. doctrine mearis· that before an act is declared
Note: Implied repeals are not looked upon with f;:ivor unconstitutional, it Ts. an "operative fact" which can
(U$ v. Palacio, G..R. No.-:i 11002, Jenuery 17, 1916). be the-source of rights and duties (RABUYA, s'upra
If both statutes can.stand together, there is no repeal at 26). The actual existence-of a statute, prior to such
(Licbeucov. Aposu», G.R. No. 19628, December 4, a deterrnination [of- unconstitutionality], ·js an ·
1922).' When statutes are in pari materia, they operative .tact and may have consequences which
· should be construed together. A law cannot: 'be cannot justly be ignored. T~e past cannot always be
.,--.-
2019 SAN 1;3EDA LAW CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS 51

. PERSONS AND FAMILY RELATION·s
~AN BF;DA LAW CENTRALIZED BAB OPE_RATJONS - MEMORYAID 29;9.
.. .
erased by a new judicial declaration (De Agbayf)ni v.
PNB, G.R. No. L~23.J2-7,.Apr,il 29, 1971). [n-short, it. · 1·· . DUTY OF.JUDGES I
nullifies the void law or-executive act. but sustains its . · (AR't.-9)
effects.
~.________..,...;~·
•., I
Thus,'i.iegisiati~e o~ e;ecutive·~·ct, .prior, to ·it; beii:Jg

declared as unconstitutional by the.courts, is valid
and· must be· comptied with (Chavez' v. NHA, · GR.
p,
No. : 64527, August ·1 2007/' · ·
\ ~
.. ,.·
' ,.
·.P.ERSON.
.- S AN·D~-FAMILY
.· F{ELATlbNS
. ·- .
. ,. . SAN B~DA LAW CENTRAL!ZED BAR.OPERA T/ONS - MEMOqY AID ·2.019 .
Ml WlfWW ,. M @S #fQ ;-:; 'M£#fffi' ! :m :S 'ff?tN •:; 1 M#il $5 s14'5t1&# ?¢i:1 £, fa?W %4 , {i£?&·0t MW&f t:%2 24&$ ,ltkiM&@iitB! N ~2S?BfG. .,
. without due process of law. Judqes must not evade r~quires that "a qu$lQm must oe proved. as·-a fact,
' performance of this responsibility just because of ari according to the rules' of evidence" (Article ·12; · Civil
apparent non-existence of any la;--'! governing a Code) On this.score the. 8ourt had occa·sion to state
that "a local custom-as a source of right cannot be
particular legal dispute or because the ·[aw. involved
Is vaqueor-lnadequate (ST,4.f0ARIA, 16}: ·
\
=r= considered by a .cour:t 'Ofjustice unless $UCh·custom
is properly established by competent ·eviden(::e like
Note: Whenever. a court has .knowledqe of any act' any other fact. ·The sarf)(:! .ev[dence,:.if' not' one o.f a
whicfi it-may deem prop-er. to repress andwhich is high~ degree,' should be · required· _of a fo'reign
'not· 'punishable .by law, it. shall. render th,.e proper custom (Yao Kee ·v. Sy-Gonzales, G:F?. N_o. 5.5960,
· decislon, :. and shall rep mt· to. the . Chief. Executive, November 24; 1988) . ., . -': . ·. · : · · · .·
. t~rou'@h. the Der:iaftrrje'rif}Jf Justice: ::t~~ . reasons .
which induce,the court to.believethat said-act should · ·General Rule: Customs must be prov'ed ·as' a f~ct .·
. be made the. subject .of penal Jegisfation (REVISED acco_rdirig to the rules o~ evidence (lri the Ma'lter of
. -PENAL CODE, Art. 5, par. 1 t .. . the Petition for Authority to Continue.use of the Firm
·name·'
I
10zaeta,
.
Romulo,·itc.",
• .
G.R. N9-... X92-1';July
· in.-trie same· way, the· court. shall s~bmit to the Chiet 30, 1979): . . . .I .
..Executive, .thro@h the Department of Justi_ce; such .... , •• • - ......
: •." • ·: ·.; • \ • • 1· :~. • '-~ • :: •
'stat$mer:it 13s -:~may~ be· ·.:deemed .. ·· pro~_er, . without · Ex.ception: .Jf there· is''c;1[rea.dy- _a,·decisiqn rend~red. · ·
su~pe.n9ing the executiqn of· t[le. sente_nc~;.-when a by .th'e ·sarne · court. recogl]izing t~e ·cu_stom, it
. strict. e·nfqrcernent of the. provisions· of· the' Revised , becomes an ·official' act .of the- judicial. department
· .. °f':enal·Codewou!d_result in the imposition of:a clearly . which court -m~w lak!3 juqidal noti,c~ {RULES OF
ex°cessi_ve · pe_naJty, taking into .\:Ofl~id'eration lhA/" , COUf:?T, RULE_ 1 W, Soc. 2)- · ·: '··· .. · .. · - · .
degree of malice an.d · th_e .injury cc)used by the
· offer:ise (REVl$fi.D PENAL ·CODE;Jl.rf. ,5; PW- 2).
I -._. . ._, ' , . '.'
.. Requisites t_o ~a~e a.Custom an Ob:..ilg.~tory Rule ·.
·(POPTtJr.l) ' . ·, . ·. / . ,· · ./' . · .
. 1. Plurally or repetition oUicts; _ - - .. .
.-2. The community' accep_ts h as ~ prop~_r "way of
:: : :. ~S~bH.t.iuch 'tti9.t. it .[s, c:o_n~,i,q~red_ §$:Q~li_g_etory
: ·j_·. ·.t!Jit~lby~h~'.g~~~t qHh~)OCi~J.;r~up; ~~s~

4.. Cor}ti~ue~ . practi9.~ .·for.i'.~ . Jong: period. ot· I1,me ..
(ALBAN.@, sil{J{._a at 38-39); . . . ··. · · · · · ...
5: 11.Qjt&fffftV,of':iajm[iyof ~?ts 6r various solutio~s ..
. . to·\he ..ju(gjcal q1J.!3Stion; an,d. · .. . i' · .
·6. '·. The" rm,ictice ,· must ~Nci.t b~. :contraJY tci .law,
1 .......... _mornls, or public· o~der'(RABVYA,.supra :at 37).-
. ... \ .
·. . Judicial Legislation .
. The. judiciary, is: tasked. . with. r.esolvi.ng legal
~~.:-.---~=:t::=::=,:..;__;..:'.~_:__.......;:....__~·:.!:'".::_·
~-·-·2:,;·~--,
R ·< · '"p·' . · · '. ·, ': . -. ·
. ,
eoritroversles and'lnt~rpretirig, s\atute's\lihe jJJ1ic;iary. ~ · ·
. cannot legislate: However,' even .. th~l~gislat~r (_ . : .. -. UL~ ON· . ERIODS - .:· · ·., ···
himself: . thro'ugh:·. Article 9 0f: "the Givil ;· Code; . ,. .: (AJ~T. ·13) . : : ·. .': .· . ,.·> ~ . :
.. ·recdgr:iize's.. lh~fin\.e'~~in in~tan.ces'i :foe
·so'u'ri'"mbs~ : . .' . ' .. •. .. ~ .· :._'.'
'. .l~gisl~.te.:'. ·.~O fill' in-the ·ga'ps in tb•e"'faw/· be.ccftiseHoe . .. .
... r.nirid oftne, legislatq'r ii: fiiii~e~ ~rid· therefdre cannot . · · Rule on 'Periods·
... e.nv1s·,1i9e all.p~o\ti,ble·ca'i:ise?,.to Wh°i~~-.!_he:.l§IW. ~ay
1.: Year-·.. ·,·:: . '. ' - .'.-~ .. .. -··~··.-._: · '· ·
. ~ .. apply.' (ST~- MA~/A,'. ~upia, 17). = ' . . . ..
. : 1.
: ··;
Note: 'Art. ·13 has .been ·superseded by-E.O. Nq.-

,• •• ; -l • ~ • ' ' -~; .: __ J.., .:~: : .: • : . : •
·. '292 :or th·~ 'Reviied Adminis-trative· Code-of 1987

_j ·, .(CIR v: frimetown .. Property Gr6.up,)nc.;· GR::.
.· .... · .• :·1:
·, ..
:
· . ' · C~s'i'OMS ·' ;;, . · :No. -'1.62155; Augtist . 28, 2007);.
. : . - · :. ·
~~ -
.: ... ;
,
.'•. . . . (Afi~s~ 1:i~iii~) · - ·s.ec, ,31: .Legal,' Periods.' ~ . "Yea(·· sh.all be .
'! .._ •. • ;/- ~- ._ • • •• •• • ~. I". ' , • ... • • • •• • ·~
. uQderst.ood .to. be ·12, calendar- month's·:(E0.~292 .

(19,87), {3ook I, .S.ec.31).'. '. .
. . .... •. ...
Cl!stoms' . · -. . . . , .. . . . - . ,
.. Rules · of conduc.t formed qy _. repetition of... a~ts 2 .. Montn ·:_ 3~ d~y~.-:unless ~·ohtti)~ .idenflfie.d;
uniformly observed as a.sociaJ.rule. They ar~ ieg~l.ly.
bin'clir:i-g and obligatory (STJf MARIA~ supra at' 18)...
. . " ' . . ··- . . . If months· are desjgn~tetl" by t~:'ejr ~am.e, .\hey · ·.
· . shail be computed pyih1,3 number qf d~Y.S which
c'ustom 'rs defin~d as··,ia' rule of cond~ct formed by
.. · they resp~ctivei'y°have (CIVIL CODE, A.rt~ 13) .
. rep~titi6n of acts, un.ifomily .obs~rved (pr_acticed) 8$ . . .... : : . . \ . !
a social rul.e, le.ga_lly b,inding ·and obligatory:" The law
.· 20lf:l SAN.SEDA.LAW (;ENTRAUZED BAR OP_ERf>.TIONS 53

PE·RSONS A·N_D FAMILY RELATl.0-NS,
. . SAN !3EDA LAW-~ENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS. - MEMORY_AID_20i9 . , .
. . .
3. · Day- 24 hours; · · Exceptions (CIAO)
4. Night-'- Sunset to ·sunrise; a. ·faJ:>acity~ to-succeed;
· 5. Calendar week - Sunday to Saturday: b, [ntrinsic validity of testamentary provisions; <. ,
6. Week· :- .. Count 7 days as indicated, not c. · ~m_ount.of successional riqhts: and . .

necessartlySunday, to Saturday. . · d. Qrder ofsuccession (CIVIL CODE, Art. ·16; .
par. 2).
-To count the period,first day is gxciuded, .bast
day
~ is [ncluded (FELi)"
. . (CiVIL
. CODE, Art. 13) .. . 4. Lawson Forms 'and Solemnities
Exc~ptioh: ·Rule does NOT apply, IQ _the

. . computation of age; each year is counted based"
Or). birth anniversary (Gervid« v Sales, G.R. No.
124_893, A(?ril 18, 1997). . ..
... ;· . .
Likewise," a i=i1ipi~~---- citizen · who'. initiated. a - .· 1b1..-;.: • ~.1. •
·,
. '·,c;_liyqt"c;ejiroceedfng_. abroad, has the.capacity.to · . Family. righhi° Rifai ~n'd ·person.ai Forhts. · .· arid
r'erhar,ry\u_p_der" p~_iljpp°fr;ie law after obtafni_ng a . and ._ ·. duties, property- · · ,- · .. solemnities .- · ..
favorable judgme.rit against. his :,or nes" 'alien ·. . status," . . , . . ., . ;:._ ·.:._ (extrinsic .... -·
spouse who is capacitatedJo remarry {Republic· v condition, and : · · validity) ·\:
1
v,.:Nf!3t!~I(!, GR,· N_~:· :~2'(0291~fpri(2_4,: 201{J). .: . , legal :·caP.~city ~-. ··· - ·· · ·· ·
0:f persons - ..
3.-. La!N~_on.-ProP._ert/(Real,and ,I:>erson_al), . . ·:· -·
.· L~~·Rei Sfta~/.The faw.;f the 'courit; whei-~ the . 0
. property is situatec ·shalr qovem: property

_transactions (CIVIC COOE, Art. 16, par. 1 )."
/.
,·
54 I aois SAN.BEDALAW. CENTRALIZED 8AR·OPERATIONS
P_ERSO,NS A.ND fAMJLY RELATfONS
. . · SAN BEDA LAW CljNTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS - MEMORY AID 2019 .. . .
£ *:**fe6WB·d4&48R~!M§:;$81Mi'ii1L49fi• lil*#NW¥t2$ t@Zt ei t2
1 fff!S,k~M£8t!\'k?i!!i'Q,%S, §. ·t·;#'ei3'5ft!#i *1). ;glli';j
Family Code, _(CIAOl; , .1.: Art. 26)pa_r. 1

HUMAN RELATIONS
Art. 26, Par. 2 1. ~apacity to of · Family .. (ART~. i9-2i)""
: c...._succeed; . Gode;
2: [ntrinsicvalldlty Z. lntrinsic ".
. of.the will; . validity . of Abuse (!f Right (CIVIL CODE, Art. ·19) .. ·.,.:.. . ,
3. }~mount cit" contracts. :. Th_e principle of abu?e of rights departs frcim the
successional ·, classical theory that ·.·h·e wtio uses. a right injures no
_ . rights;. and -one." The modern. tenden_cy. is to depart ironi the·
4. Qrder . · of classical and.' traditional . theqiy"; ·. ancf. to. grant -c
suceession ind~mnity for ."damages in cases where -there is an
abuse of rights, eve'n when the act. is 'not illicit
· (RABUYA, supra ~t 66 & 67) .. _ ·._. ·. . . ·.
Rules :on_Person<;1t ~aw:
Dorniclliary Rule.a~d
.. Nationality Rule Distinguished.. . . . . .. · _N(!te: Abuse of rights is actionable. this is based o~:.
~.' Domi~iliary Ru.I~ - The b9sis f!Jr determining .. . the fatr,ou~ maxjm" su_um jus. su.rhma' in}uria. (the .
· personal .la":' of. an indfvidLial i_s his ctomicile. · _abuse of a. right ·is \tie g"reate;;t possible wrong) ...
b. Nationality Rule - The basis for determining. (JUR~DO, (;ivil. Law Rf3,view'er .J20~:9),· · p, . 34)
pers6n_al-. l~w· is his· citizen§hlP ... (~ABIJYA,. · [hereinafter JURADO, Civil Law Reviewer]).. . , . I...
_supra-at 42). . · · ·' . . ·~.. ~ • .. _:.
. (.
· The' following elements mu~t concur;: (LEP) ·
. 5. Re,:ivoi ~poc_trine - Lite.rally .means refer[ihg
'·-·1. Existe·r.i~e of a _beg.al ·right or duty;-··· - ·. · ·
back_.-(R~BU'(J:I, supra- at 52); Occurs when a
. 2. Which'is"Exe.rcised in bad· faith· ,
. -citize·n o_ranothe: -~o_untry_ s]ies. as,a · d9mici.Uary
· 3. ,,_.For the, sole . interit. of .E_rejudicing or injuri~g .
. . · ·. · of _another country: Where the,-canflict" rule~ of
.. . ·th~ "foru_ni re(er to ·a· forefgn lq.w; 'an'd ~~i~_tter
--~another (Padillo. v. Rural Bahk of.
Nab"unturan --:-
·: . · ·'·.fnc~G.R. No. ·199338, Janu.ar.y.21r.2D1°3). . ,
· . rE}fe~s it back to the.- intern~I. law the·law-·of. the ~ .. . . .
forum . sh~li" a#ply (In Re: Te~tate': E;sta·ie · of Exer."c.ise of Rights:... ·: .·. ·.. . . ·.. - , .· -. :,· '·. .
E,dward· E. Christensen, ·G.R. Nb, l:,_1£149, ·· ·
Tt,:e ex~r"citeffof a.. rig~t must b~ .JD ac~'.c;ird~-n-ce with ..
. ~ Jc;~uary 31; :1963) .. ' .· · . S::" ; ~1)!3::~UJpo\~ t~r·:""fi(ch it \<\las estaol1s~~cJ.'·anc;f rT)USt, ..
__6. "D_oc_trine of_ Processual)~.res~mptlQ.I"!. ::- It the ·
foreign law 1s -not properly alleged. ana proved, ~ot b~ i{cesswe or. ul'lduly h;:i_r~h~Jh~re must· pe no ..
1ntent1on t0 tiarm · anpther · (Ardiente v: Sps.,. .
the-presumption is.that it.1is tRe1s~as our law
Pa~toiiide GR. No. 161921, Jt..ily 17, 2013).- ·.. . -
(E,P.I-Staffbuilders .. Int'/, Inc. . .y NkRCElDJ- . . . . · ... . . '" . .
: Staf{bµi{ders Int'/,· Inc. v: ·.'N[RG:; ·G~R. No.

145587, Oct ..-_26, . 2.007) ·poc;:trine·
1?f
:yo(~nti Non.' fit.: J'n]uri~ (t~
which a
.... . ".. ··. :_-·. . , . ..'' .,·
· person a.ss.ents i~ __not est~emE;!d in'lc!w-as i_njury).
'\ . . . . ..· - ·., . .·.
It r.efers·to .. s!;)lf-inflic;:ted injuries or:to'.tl-)e. consent to
.. :· . Transmlsslon "Theory: I( the-fqreJgn law ~ef)rs ..
· injury which preclude~- tl,e .recovery of .cf6m"ag~s' by,
: ._. · . it to a· third' country, the said. c_o.uritry1s 1awJ~a11
. - govern- (SEMP/0-DIY, ·&onflicfs-orl!aw 1(1200.4) ·
. . .
. . : p: .62).[hereiria(ter SEMPI0-0/Y]}: ·. · . . ' . ·. , ·.
;. . .. ; .
~ ~· . . ,;..
, onE: }~~o' tia·s knowingly arid ,vol0ntarily, exp6$ed'
him~elf to daniier,· e',(en if h~ i_s. not negllgen\in doing
so; (Panta/eor, V.. American . Express ··'fnteinatiohal .
_. Rul~-on Prohibitive.Laws : : ... <. . . •.· •
Inc.,·. ,GR.· No_. -17 4269. (Re.sblution), :_)J,ugust 25~
201()): .. · · · . . . · '. · ·- . · · . . ··.. ·. : · ._,
General Rule~ Prohioitive lawsconcejrnnq persons, . . '
.their·ac::ts'or-property; andthose whichhave for their. : ·
. object public order, public policyor qocd-customs . . . ~amnum'.f\bsque-Jnj_~ria._(Qani~g~ ~-i(~c;,ut Injury)
. . ~r;_ not rendered ·. ineffective by laws' or- judg)nent? . A person · who-exercises his, -Ieqal. right". go_es: no·
· ·.. promulgated or .by determinations" or convenflons . . . · injury· ..-·t--Jowever,. if' cannot be. said' that. a~
person .
. · agreed_ upon in a foreign country (-CIVIL CO.DE, Art. . . exercises a· rig~~ when -~-e l}nnec~'.ssa.r.il/ pr.ejud.ices -
17, par. 3). . · · . ~. - . · . anot_h~r 9r offends rnorals .9t .qood customs: W.hen-
·. . · ·. . ... : . '?~·mages result from '.'1 per~o~·~, exercise of rights,· it
': .. E~cep.t(ori~ Art. 26,. par, ,2. of.the'Famtty C~d~. (e.g. . . J!:>. tiemnum ebsque inji.Jria' (ABS~CBN v. CA,. G.R.
. Divorce !:;aw).-._. . ::: · . . : · · ·, · . . .. ;:_. .: . . · . No.f 8690, Ja~_uary 2f/ 1999): . _. · '
, . .
' . .. ~ . ' Acts Co"ntrary to Law,... .
'· Every person: who, contrary ·-to lai,y,. willfully. or,
'.
negligently causes damage to another - shall
: 'indemnifyJl:ie latte~ for the same. (CIVIL CODE,.Art. :.
20):. . . . ' ..
201~ sAN sEoA ~ w ·cENTRAuiEo sAR oPERAT-16Ns 1 5_5

PE"RSONS.A.N"D FAMILY RELAl'to·Ns
51:<N BEDA LAW CWTRALIZED BXROPERATIONS- MEMOR.YAtp·2019
I,
Acts Contr« Borius·Mores. (A.gainst Good Morals)

Any person who\,villfully .causes loss· or injury to PIUNCIPLE OF UNJUST
another in a manner that is contrary to morals good
customs or public.policy shall compensate the latter
ENRCCHME;N'.]::·(~T. 2"2) ,
for.-the damage (CIVJL: CODE, Art. 21): ..
Memq t:11"m.A1teri{!; Det~,D~'ti:em"ento Protest
Elements: (LCI) No person should unjustly ... enrich .hirnself ·at the
· 1. Ttien~ "ii, a·!:egal._ad; . .expense of another (Frenzel v, Cetiio, G.R. No.
2. B.ut whichis Contrary to morals, gpod customs, · · 143958, Jul'y 11, 2003): ·
public order public,p61icy;··an_d ·m .
' . .
" •. .
.
3. It .ls done _With· !ntenY to ir:ijure (Mendoza v. Accion in Rem verso ..
Spouses Gomez, G.R: No. 1601.10, June 18, It. is 'an action· Ior.recovery -of yvh~t has. been paid'
?014}: . ' .. without just cause (RABUYA, supra at 80) .
... .. '·.··- ·,
•'. ... ·f .. . ... '· \ ·.·;

v , .\
··! ,( . ·~ ...
·.....
• I . •
.. · _: .. ; .
' . •. I
. ..-r .
,, ...·· . / . .· ·.
· 56 . 2019 SAN BEDA LAW CENTRALIZED.BAR OPERATIONS

. .. . ,· . ' - . .I.
PERSQ·Ns'A-N:D-FA~MILY RELAT-l'ON-S
SA°N BEDA.LAW CENTRALIZEDBAR OPERATIONS~- (',1EM°ORY.AID 20.19'
b. The resolution. ot such issue 'deterrnines

whether or not the crirnjna! action may.
proceed (RULES· .OF _COURT, Rule 111,
. . •. . Sec. 7).
· General Rule: If both. crimlnal and civil cases are ' ·
. filed in court, the criminal ~ase- takes precedence. · Note: There. is: no prejudicial question where
. / one case, is admirnstrative and ,the other is· civil
Exceptions: . .. . .. (Te .. v: Court 'o( Appeals, .. G.R. No. 12,6746,
·1.-: Prejudicial Questions .. , •• · Npvembef',29, 2QqO).. :.-. .. ; · " ;
.. Arises where the ' resolution of a_ 'case is'; . . . .c·
. . dependent on the resolution of anissue involved , . : . :4. ..l~d-ependent civil actions ., granted· by .. iaw·
.. · in another case and. assumed. by a different' . . :(cD~~RQ). ·;·. . . . · ,. . ··, ·
· tribunal. -The issue involved in the latter· case· is . a. · , Breach ·of. f onstitutional and other rights
-· the logical ·anteceden.t of the. issue' involved .in . · . -(CI.\IIL_.CODE, Art. -32); '. · ., . , · ..
· · · . the former case., ( Sps. Gaditario v.·
$an Miguel. . . b. · Qefahl.a\ion,. fraud, physical· injurles (CIVIL
• •·• _r· .. ~ Corp., ().R. No,-188767, July 24, 2013), · . , . _CO.QE,-.Art.<)3);",:·: ·.:,. · . · : ;. · .. , , : ·•.
, ,· : ... c. ·Befusai . or.failure:of..city.or,mi:Jnicipal police
The prejudicial question must b~·determ/n_ative ·'·: · . · , to give .. protection (CIVIL CODE, Art, .34);.
• < of the case before the .court, but the jurisdiction .. · and · ··., ·
to try arid- resolve the· question must be lodged -d. ··:Ouasi-delict., or , 'culpa'-~quilian.a {CIVIL .
in another' court or tribunal (Ching v. Court of ... COO.£;, Art. 2117), ·,. . . 1··
. Appeals,, G_.R.)Vo:· 110_~44, f!pril ~7, zoo»: . . ; · · . . -. . ,. . . . . . ,•, , _
· · ·· , Crimlnal · - Prosecution 'Does. Not .Constitute
.•. In case. o"f :prejudi~ial q'uestior:is\ th:e 'crimin_i:!1 Prejudihial : .. Qu_estion .. -, to . '.:Administrative -
cas~ is· suspe-nded. beca4se the issues in. the Proce.ed_ _in,g foi: pi~~ar. . me~t or .~_u?.p:erJ~io11 :of- _a_
civil case ,are determinative o( the- outcome of lb "
th(;) c_ri~imii ta'se .. > ; · ·. ·.:- . : , .. ' ~-. ·. . "A~~~~~al pr0se¢utioii':wJ1(~tit'c.6nstituii·a·~r~iu~icia!
· ·' · - · /.,?: · :. : q.llestion~.e)~~:tneis~m~ f~c\s.anct--circ.um:3tanr.P.s
' .It ge11eraily c:omes)ntd.picw ih ~ .. sitDjti5n.:Where. . are. atten~jn~i~th_e~aqm1r1s~rat1ve .~roceed1r:igs for
. a· civi1- .. acti9n. ai:id a crjmin~l..aS,!Lon are · 9.9'frl . ~ t~e di~b.a_r.:i~n! .?\sus~~nf_1on.-,?f."a ..~~.i;n_ber ~i the b.ar..
·"~pendi[1g.arq there exis!s;~n.',l~-'fQ~r:i:iei;.-~n '"ssue .. b~~.a~se1--.ad~:i_!nist~at1~e .case.s_:·. agf3_m~t .. 1.~~y~r~ ·
· .. : · w_h.)ch must be pree[npt1velY,'re~ol_~ed~.efore·~~e belong JO: a_ cl..fls.s·of.'their·?w~: They·<;3.c~-d_1st!~~-t from
·.. · .latter may- proceed, be~a~~e..JJ,e.~0eye1i t~ and ~Y pro~~d ._1ndepe_n?en9_y ·of c.1v1I and
: .. i:3sue· rai$ed in the dvil ·action is ·resolyJd_w~ulq , · criminal c·as.es(Wi(son Po-C~1am v,p1zarro, A.G. No.
; .. be. _d·eterlT)iflatjv~ Juri~ et de .jure .of -~h~ gu!~r ~r · · ·. 5499,'·August-16, 2095).' ·. : .· · ; . '
.· _ . i[ln_ocenqe yJ"".the. accus_e~ _ii") J,he:. cn_mm~I case_ ..
: · _. _. {~ps: ·Ga_d1tano _v. Sant":1.(?ue~ Cor~-·.'!_.. No. .·.. -.j. ·:-.
, . · . _ 1887,67, July,24; 2013). ·' j " l ·', ·_........
-...-.,;......-1,-.:.;..__ ., :. ':~··,w,~:,~:'iJ;J~CWIL PERSONAiirr . ;,. : .
.
;>~·~te: The ~ul; a'i'ith~ri~~s ·_only .th/s~ensioii,
of the criminal action ,an.d ·not its .aismis.sal ·py:
. .
··
= ;
·
:, .'-(ART.· :i7) -~ _·.·
· ·. ·
.
~·.· ··
·. . . reason ·of. a, ~rejudici.al question·. (RU,LES OF-. .. :. · , ..
6)-. · · · Civil Persoriali'ty .... --· · . ·. · :.: , .. : . .
· .. ··,COURT, RULE-111,.'~(}q. ·.- ·· .. :·. · _'~ .·, , . · it:'i~·:the''aptitiJde. of ,tieiiig.·the.:su~ject;. ac:;tive,·o.r ..
..IJl.!h.l!!re. to 'File Petition to
~us pend.:.:_- :, , ,· .. : , . ·:. pc;1ssive," of rights_ai:id obligatiqQs'-(ALBANO, supra-
A petition for su.sper]s_ion of the crin:)i~al _§Ct[on . . . at 16§(·: .. : '· : .> . .:. _ _"/.':. : . ·. ··· . : " '\ . · . >· . - -.-
_based· up~:m'' the ·peridency· .of. a· P.rejodicial. · .· P.-~rso_
.n_.·
.... '-.· -.. ·... :·. '/_ .. ·' .... _, ... _ •• ·. _·,._ :_ : . _ _-_:··. :: _.: .· ·.' · .. ·'.~- ...
question in a ciyil action-m·ay b(;l filed.in the offi~e . .

_. of the .prosecu,tor of the Aourf con9~cti[1g'· the . .. · Any Jfelri'g; 1Jc;1iural qr_~9iJi"~i_al;.c~pable ?f p9,ssess1hg
.pceliminary_ investigation .. W,hen the crimi_,:ial .· ~'.'leg,al rights-an? ob~(:gc1ti?l1~ (.1 Pl\f:_/1.S,._s/J~:a.at ~?D:
action has ·been filed in:.court for. trial~the pe!iti"ol") ._ ., . .. - · ~ ·: , · . . ·.. · _•
. '. \o· susp·~n_d shall-"be ·filed· in the sam.E: criminal·. . . . Al ~7r~on; .1s· a_ny b.ep~g_. .s.~sc~p!1.b_le }>f nghts ~no
· actjqn--at auy·time -~·efore qie. wosec!,Jti_or .rests . ,· obligations or more sp~c1f1Gally, 1t 1s .evecy pt:iy,sg:;c;1I
(RULES _O'f COURT,· RULE 111, Ser;.. 6)-- . . ;· . onn$raf; 'r'eai'_or jQrl~i~_a'i'and~l_e~fal. q'ei~if~usc$p.~ibi~.
· , · · :-. . ·-of rights.an.fl o.bl!gqtions or .b.eing_the·?ubj_ect _of legc;1I
·. Requisite.~: .". . · . · · ·, : . '. . . .· · ... ·. -_relaljons'(RA?,0'( A~' ~up'.~·at : 2.8).' . -~.
. a. Previously iri~_tituJed ~ivil acti;on involves. an : ·J; ·
issue. similar· or intimatefy related tcY the Note:·'E~tafe of a deced~n1 is consider~d by lgWp?
( issue rais.ed in )t:ie subs.eqLient criminal .a:pers6n.· Hence, ·a fqrgery ccimmittea after th_e deam
action; and. . : . . of a 'mah. wbose nc:irrje pµrportsJo be signed to.the ..
. 1nstrumei:it ''may "be prosecuted as wit~ intent to·
defraud the estate: (Limjoco v. Estate of Pe.dro
Fragante,
. .
G.R. No. L-"770, Apri(27,. 1948). . . ..
2019 SAN BEDA LA W'CENTRALIZED BMi o"PERA TIONS I 57

-:.. · PERSONS AND FA-M·1 LY RELAT·ION·S
SAN BEDA LAW CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS - MEMORY.AID 2019
.
ss · n.~W5¥·f i?t::_ ''* .
'Wii2#FJS4 'h ·' ?#z¥1 t-PW-?f= G: •+•, ».::: '. 4
..
ft!t' ame' ;:ciec:s;;;, ..59i~.5#¥4S§ AA ,a- Mt £d si
Two Kinds 'of,P.ersons . Restrictions on Capacity to Act: (M120-p'c)
1. Natural_ persons - human beings created by God . 1. Minority; . . . -
through, tlie inte·rvention-of parents; ·and Minority does not exempt the minor from.certain·
2. Juridicc;1I persol)s :- ·those created· by law (1 obliqations. If-he does an act.without the consent
PARA$, supr.a at 221). of his- parents or guardia'n, the contract is· not
. void but' is merely voidable, that is valid until
Juri°dicai"·cap_acity V: Capacity to Act .. annulled .. In other words, it is not that a minor
has np capacity but that his capacity is restricted
(1 PARAS, supra al 223)." ·-
. 2. Insanity; · · ··
3... !mbeqilit.y; ·.
4. ·state of being Deaf mute; , ..
. Deaf rr1ute mayeither be sane or insane.
5. J:rodigality; -and ,
ltis the state of squandering moneyor property
. With arnorbid desire to prejudice the h~irs -. of a .
person (Martinez .v. Martinez, G:R. No. - ..445,
·"tvtarcfi 3"1;: 1902). . . .. . . . .
=~=.."""-,.,. ., . ,· 6 .. tlvi_l ··interdiction {CIVIL. CODE,. Art. 3_8; 1
~':. · ·= · . -...E'ARAS; Supra at
23_7). · : - . .
[Jfr7,'"~~~~~~~mtti$i~~~""~""::;;z.ify=-~,--;::=.~~~-~ V .1.VA teison wh~ ~~ffers 'civil_ irite~di_ction is depr·i~ed_
~:..J.:~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.z·]·~- - -.... ~fparent;al or marita] ~rn~hs,rity. .

-·
., cJI, . ::--b~S.~~g!'!)l g_u'ard_i~n · ~f the:..-p~rson and
. 'f W · .. ·~rop_~lY,afl.aiward... . . _ .
.. . •-- : 11 IA\ c. . ~isposi_r:i~ ~~ his properly by an a·cf inter
L?1U°l2r?f h dea~h a~d
rettn_st.~d : by totl:!_or . .] 1
r~'·; ·v\1os (be0an~ot dc:m.at,e, for. this is. an act
·. . ,1 tei .yilos· ~l)t 1'1e can make a will, for. this.is
""ifl."I'.-;:;_ Inti r_,.ti._, t di
causes .
:r.1 - . .
,,.,..,..-.~..;.,..,~"-::.,...,.a-·:
.
. •. :. --~ ~-:~~i~ .tr' 'Jit.
a_ . 1spo~1 ion rqo _ ,s ca us.a .. _
) .
..
.
~~~~~ "'., imif:}7.JJ.Iiri,. d. · ".a"r1aging~h.ij lowh O p~bper_ty. _(REVISE_D ..
wl!Jf..~
. . <. . ... ., ··' ·. . . . .. .
Gan· .. exist: ... withou_t Al~9.Yi) • exi ,:~·· ·w1th:;rfi
qapa-cit'y ~c{act:,:. _· . . jyri~j~al"ca !3Cit,y\'.~·
_ .... ~
· r~ ~0@~
•j
_,
.I.if) '2.3fj~ .. · · _ ', . · . -. . .
- :
,'4-f,f_ .. , . ~ ' . •,
<EQDt:r· ·.. rt. "3f; 1 __ PARAS; .~upra at · :
(1 PARAS supra
·, ·. '.: .. ·.· ,..
at 222). . :'\·. -.
~- ·· ·: : •. .
·
.
-- · W.
·
'Ote~: -":-_t}"e p~n~lty of c1v111_rit_er~1.ct1on_1s ~!ven to
Ycnf!lffe8I punished by 1mpr.1sonment for 12
- Fu.llfGomp.let=e.Civil_ Capa.city :-·:. : .. : .,.. · . -~- ea_,e.sl"aridfj~Y ·9r_ more.' (REVISED PENAL .
. .·.:::.~"~0 :.:~::·t;.:::.:\::r::~t?t;pc;. .• t · 1,~~~~~~~~~pt,hJ M·
(StfJ_o.<fa"rd Oil Cp ..v. ~;e·na.s,:.(3._R. No::s~'!,~JvJf·25; ··1v .ufr_qrti c;~r:ra1h obhgat10.ns as \Vhel'!_t~e.1/!Her.a_nse from
.iric'apaCi\~te1J ;.rncin
.. 1911):. · . · .· .. · ,, : ... · .. ·.· .. ·: .. . .~h1ncts:·· or- from., property relations, such--as
. .... . ·:· . · - . :,:-:..... ., ' . easements' (CIVIL ¢OQE,' Art.'. 38).
• · Theories.on .Capacity:to·Act · · · · · ·
.,,..,.....,.,.,...,..--;::.,...,
'.,.,h - ' ·- .. : ., ' ·.··. . • . .Mo_difi~ationsiUmitation~s o~ Capa-~ity to;Act: (IF-
1-PAID-TAP:A)- - , ...
·v }isanitx:;' . ·.· . :. -·- ... · - . - ..
. 2: ·. fa(llil.y r~l.ations;' . '..'
... , ..... :: · ·.: · 3: · !f11bed1ity~·
'ji.Jr.i~ical . . ~--. -,.Eenalty;. . .
. 5 :·Age·-:
t'iiwr::tt.:,;. ~-.~~~;:it;:~~~~::;';7'7.-
. ~~wg . 6~ . insoivency; ·
- ~ m'.-.i,. - . '1 . 7. "state of._beirig Qeaf-rnut~;. .
. ·{«idti-' ~-~~pl/ ··:·efi.t~~pf Thi·01rrnfr;'.'tt1~·-JpoJ_er\·_of , ·.. 8. : Tn.isteeship';.
onfY: 'in · those spe'dfic. juridical. per$ons .only to' 9: .' ~liE!_nage; .. ( . ·
:circumstances where· those. that are expi'essW -·· .. 1;0. J~_rod_igality; a~d ( . . . . . . ... ~
the c'ap~i°city:,tci 'aC::t' is 'co.~fe.rr.ed.- L!J)On: then) Qr . ·11. ~b~ence (Cl\(IL_ CODE, Art.· 39).. ·
(esrrairied. ., . those: which cah b~ . · · ·-- ·- · · · · ·· · ·
.,_ . im~lied _therefrom or .
· ingidentar thereto .
.- . .
_.,,..·
58- I 201.9 SAN BEDA LAW CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATl()NS. . ;.
PERSONS~AND .FA:tvfl(.y: R.E-LATIO.NS:
:
.. i!:ft!@:•mansa,
' •-
=•P·: }:" 2 ··»
· . SAN·OEDA LAW'CENTRALIZED BAR.OPERATIONS - MEMORY.AID 2019
ill .z,•,: .•w·-ww,>:11tttw,& 12*1t&11&iiu a;,; s"Aetmrn::m" ea ::,;sMst;s s·w·;,,ar.
How Civil P~rsonality· is EX:tiiigu'ished
NATURAL P~RSONS Civil per.sonality .is extinguished by death. Tlie effect
of death ·upo,n the .. _rights and·_ obligations of the
(~TS. 40-43) 'dece.ased is determined by law,' by ·contract and by
will (CIVIL CODE, Art. 42). > . .. .
: BEGINN_IN~ OF PERSbNALITY .. ,
G·eneral Rul~::-Birth determines .personality (actual Note: Civil lnterdictiOI')' merely -restricts, . not-
personality) (9/VJL CQQ_E, Art. 49).. . . extinguishes! capacity. to act· ( 1 PARAS, supra· at
232).
Ex~eption: The .civil personality· of .t~e· ch'ild shall
commence from'.th"e ~iryie of its' conception, for. all .. Presumpflonof survi~orship,
If th_ere isdoubtas to wnom: between or arnonq two
· purposes · fav9rable to . him, subject. to the
requirem_ents .. o'f }\rt. 41 of the Civil Code (P.D. No. or ~ore· persons called.to succeed each other, died
first, the following rule? shall apply: _ · .
6~3, Art: 5!, This pers:o'~al\ty at ·conc!,lpti_on is ca[led
·· pre~ump_t1ve person,~h~Y- ·. · -. . . .
J. · Whoev~r alleqes the - death· of one prior to 'the .
othershall prove tn"e same; 'and :· . ' ..
The law considers the conceived child as born for all . ·2 .. In the absence of proof, it shall. be presumed that · ..
purposes favorable.to ·wi(bOrn alive .. Ther~fo.re · the they dled-atthe. same time. There· shall beno ·
child has a"'pre~Limptive personality, which-has' two transmission of .righ,tinro.rn oneanother (G_iVIL .
characteristics: ·_ . , .· _ CODE; Art: 48). '. · . · ·. · ·. . .. · . ·
.I . ~i:~~1~:;·d~r c_opdi~ional (-Q~imi~uing v, le~o~·.Note; A;t.:4,~ "ap~l;es .wh;~

G.R. No.·L-26795, July 31, 1970). .
th:~
more personswho are called to succeed each other.
c~s~·jnvol)e·s: two .or:
· .. . . · . - . . ·· : . ~ But i_f the parties are- not c_allad· to succeed each

Note: T~e concept of provisional personaiity >., other, Rule-131, Sec. 3 UD of 'the Rule$ of Court
··CANNOT._o_e-inv_oked to obtain damages for-'a1i'd-in __ .§JPJ:>I~. Both are to beapplied only in the absence .
. behalf ?f. a~ aborted. c~Bd (Geluz .'.!.; CA; ·<?.R. _ No. 1:::: • of fa~ts(rfJA'tA.s, ·_supra at 235):: · _.. _ · 1 _ -- • •
16439, July 29, 196.1).

· · .-:.- ·
· .· . . lJ \ ·.' - ·
PreslJ.mp~on '_i_q ·ca~e t':"ci' persons. _wh? are not
·
_ called to_..su~~eed died m the s~_m·~ ~cc1de_n~: ':
. ,Th~t ~xcepqo~ purP.o.se~of succession. when'two
_ .. persons-·pe.nsh in thesame calamity, suchas wreck,
.: battle,_or conflagration, and it is not 'shown who died
flrst,' anti tJ,EiLeare 'i(q particular clrcurnstances from .
. , . '. which , . it, can _b·e inferreq:_-,t_he_ . survivorship is_··_-
a
WI-Yen is Child ConsilderedBorn .. .. . determined from, the probabilities resultinq' from the
. General -~ule/For 'civil· purposes, he<fetus .is · stren~th and··t~e age- of the sex~~~ ·ac,cordi~~. to the_
cQ.osider.ed born. if it is· alive at tne time· it is~foll,ow1f19 r.ul_es: · - ·. -·. : -·- · .
· ·~ompleteily ..d~IJvered fr~m -the mother'? wom_b (,CJ.YIL . . . r:· ~f .?o!h wefe unde.r the .a~E;i ·cit-'15 yea·rs, the qldei-
COOE, A.rtA.t)... ' :. . . · ..- · · · · · :_,.. · . _· .- _ ,s.d<,?emed to hpve surviv~d; · ., .
· '. · .. ·, · · · 2. If bo_th were above the_ age 6Q,;th,e young~r is
E~6ep~t~.~: ·-If. th~· fetus had ~i, intr~-uter·i~e-·l,f~ ~( -· ··deemed to have survived;·: · · ·:
.. ·:less 'than i:'rnonttis, it fs 'not: deemed born .if it dies 3:- . lf'one.fs. under: 15 'and the 0th'er'~·i:,bvi 60,· the.
. ~ithin, 24· . h~ours·aft~r its comp).ete deJi\(ery ,from_.~ne •, fqrmeds.deemecffo.have ·survive&,: .... ·. >.. · ·
..
: ma.!ernal .womb (CIVIL. GQDE, A.rt: f .·
. . . .
11 . 4. · lfboth:be·over'15 ·and under 60,··and thtfs·ex be
':differ.ent,-ttie· male is .deemed .to .have 'surviv.ed,
\iru~tratiort: ·· ... :· ·. i \• .. . . ·. ... . .i the sex be·th~ sa'me·,,_the .older;·"· · . ._ .... :.. .
·~ · 5. ·1f onl;l be Linde.r. 15 or. Ovet' Eio; and .the ._other·
. · .. bEi!yveen. thdse' ages, the latter i's. deemed· to .
'-have surviv.ed '(RUf:ES OF-COUR·T,.RULE 131, .
. ·. . 7.: ms:mihs: or. mori3 ;Aliv.e' · -. upon . , :'comptete -· .. Sec0 3 (jj)J.'. - . . .-:'. 't·:· .. .·
- . (.Ordi_nary) ... · . ·. ·_qelivery -· even if'the .child
... .. ·i. .dies.within':24 hours N.ote:lf .the~~ ita d~J.JQt. ~s between ~o· or-'fnore
persons 'wiio'.are called -~o succeed eactiother, as
·. Less.-than- 7 months ·Alive ... : upo_n . complete to which· of Jhem.-died first, whoe~er alleges the
(ExVao.rdinary) - , : delivery and at .Jeast, 24. .· · deatll ·of. on~ prior· to_ the other;. sha·II prove· ihe
·· · hours' thereafter (f PARAS, · same; in the absence of' proof, they: .:5hall be·
supra at 231).. · · . ..... :.copsidered to have died at the same tifn~:(RULES .
. OF cpuRT,.RUL_E 131; SEJ~. 3 (kkJJ.'1, .
.•
~ ., . ..
.· 2019 SAN BEDA·LAW CENTRALIZED-BAR OPERATIONS 59
PE.RSON.S AND FAMILY RELATIONS
.SAN BEOA LAWCE:NTRAL!ZED BAR OPERATIONS_- MEMORY AID 2019
·,
'..__
.( .
JURIDlCAL)?ERSONS
. . . ...
_. 1. .'CiTI?:ENSHIP ANP-DOMiC.iLE
Juridical Person .. · Citizenship. , . . ·. . ,

A being of iegal existence susceptible of rights and'· It is the status of being a 'citizen, or of 'owirJg
obliqations, or of being · the subject _of juridical · alleqiance to a state. for _th? privilege of being under
relations '(Roldan v. Philippine Veterans Board, G.R. its protection (Id. at 264). · · . . . '
No. L-1197_3, June 30, 1959). . . .. . . .
Note: Article __ lV_pf the 1987 fhilipP..i_ne Constitution
. Wh.o areJuridical Pe.f?9~f· now governs the rule on. citizenship. . · ·
1.·· ·-State .. 'and its . political . subdivisions.' '(Public
.Corporations ); . ·
. .
2. Corporations for public interest" (Quasi - Public
Corporations)' -:- governed: ·either·. by the 2.·
:. Corporation Code - Qt . thefr special - charters
,·;,::, ••.. >
·: P.~~_se~ bythe-leqislature: arid .. , . ,-•.•
·<:-- · . . ·
.. ,° .•. No )e,ngth__. of. ~~~ ide.nc:¢; ,It _is: f~aj,d~n~.~-. ~p~pl~.d

0
... · · without ... intention· ·. oLwith iriterrtloh to. r.einl3jn

· . Tei:n:airij~g :y(i·iJl .CQn~tit~te. for an UQliinlt~tj~'tim.e -. :._... ;:
. _d9~if~jl~j ·,.. ~---:)-~..- -':-·; :.:·>.-:
•· . ·. ._. .,...
·,·> ~:.· . : ·. - -~-·~:
(R9f;ni.Jaldf!z~Mar_cos:: v:"·:COMELEC; · ~-R ·.No ...
11997.6,.SeptembertB; 1995)-..
"\ • • : •
. . .
·- t •
···-.-
~ •
~ · . ~. • • • •
·E1em~tlt~8·t-oo·ITfi~(l~:;~Pi)'· : .. · . . : · .': -~ .; · · . ••I'/
1~-~-. 'Pll·ysicai~Presence~f,f '~,fix€d place; . · - ·~..

.•.• ·..:' . .-.!- ··-· ~ ;---'~ .- ... -.- . · • · 2. ' !rite_l)tio.n".1ci.· rem~'if.i,: permanently ii): said- place
~igl)t'$-of J~riai~a(· p~-,:;~-~~s . ·; . - .' . · . (tininius : · manendij.' \Romualdez,Martos- v.
1'.' "To'acquire arid··possess· propertyofall kinds: :.· · .COMEJ.£C,· G.R.' No. '1.1f97q, Sep'tember 18;
:~. -To-.ir:ic;:ur.bbligafions;\iind: · ... . · . . . . 1995).. · . '- . :: , ·.. . .. - ..
3.-' To br°[ng ·civil' oc crjrriinal actions (1 PARAS,.
supra:at24-1).
I
'.' -i" · · :--
. 66' I 2019-SAN BEDA-LAW-CENTRAUZED BAR-OPERATIONS

I ' • , • I ~ .
Pt.. a a,:e bibtfi t di# W di&ifSEM·IW Sl°tt#Glfi\SN A· WHAi RIMt&lklid!. 5iidf ~
P.E·Rso·N.S AND·-FAMILY RE.LATIONS .... ~~,

SAN BEDA i.Aw CENTRALIZED.BAR OPERATIONS - MEMORY·A/0 2019
Kinds 'of Domicile ..

1. Domicile of origin -· -That acquired by· every
person at birth. It is usually the 'place where-the
child's· parents . reside .and continues untlf the
J. FAMILY COPE
same is· abandoned .by acquisition of . new · Executive Order No; 209 otherwise known as Family
domicile .(Coquilla v. Commission on Elections, ·• Code of the Philippines took· effect .on August 3, ·
1988. . . . .. . . '
.G;R.-No. 1519t°4,-July31, 2902);.. . .
. 2. Domicile of-choice ~ That which. is chosen by a
J . ·.·
" . person as' his more or· less- permanent home:
. that' to-which, whenever he ·is absent, 'he intends
to return (lnre: Uytertqsu v. Republic, G.R. 'No. MA.RRlAGE
~ . .
· 1.·
L-6379, September 29, '19.54); and
• • •• • - 1 -·. ... '
Note: Three basic rules on -,domicile of choice: ·"·Marriage . , ..

·. A special contract of perm.anent union_between a
a: · :A man must have .a residence or domicile
.. somewhere; : . . . .:. . . . .. . mah and' a woman entered into· in acco'rdarice with
·iaw for the estahlishmenC9tt:onjuga1 a11d family life .
b. Domicile, once established, remains until a :" (FAMILY c·ooE;., Art: 1). .. . ..
new oneis validly acquired.and . . ·.
· c. A rrian · can· have but one· residence: or • I ; • •
In Republic v. Nolasco, GR. No.· 94053, ·March 17,

• •
: domicile· at ariy given- time · ( Ugdoraci6n v, ·; 19_93, t~e Supreme Court ·st(essed the strong need
. COMEl.EC,': G.R_.. · No. · '179?5'1, . April .')(;
2008). · . ·.. . . I re. tq 'protect " .. ·.the '·basic s9c_ia.1 institutions ..of marriag~--
and the family in the preservation of which·tlie State ·
has _the strongest interest";:tt,e. public'·p9licy he're '
3. Domicile by operation of law -· attributes to a iiivcilyed is of the m_ost fundamental kind. -
'person a domicile independent· of his 9'wn
intenti~n :';)n:~ctL.fal·,reside~~e. ordinarily l}l~4lti~g. j. >
In' f\rticie:::J I ,·'-).\~di9~' 12 o(\he. Consti!utior there is.::
·· fr~n:' leqal do!1:1_es_t1c_;r(;lla_t1ons, as ~ha~UnE:! wife set forth the 0llowing basic state-·pollcy:., The State
arisinq from marnaqe, or the relation'of a parent .r(;lcognizes_.th»e sanctity'of famil/life. and shall protect
. . .: 179851,Ap~il.18'.· 20P8{. L . .;
and a child -(Ugcjoracion v, COMELEC, q,R. fY..O.:·
:t.
an·d strength~n the fam.ily· a.s a. basic autonomous .
social ·institution\ The· same ··sentiment- has been
·e-~pressed · injtne F.amil.y Code of the Philippfr:,es in
Requirements for . the: Acqu~sltion .o,t,., N.~'« .. . 'Art:.. ~1'1-?: 'Ihe':'family~ ?ei~g !he Jo.~nd.atio.~ ._Qf t_h_e..
Domicile .· · (·/~ . -~- · · nation, ts a basic social institution yvh1ch public policy
1· .. ·Bodily presence .in a new l_ocalitypfctu'al . · cheris,h'es _anQ. prnte~ts .. Ccinsetjt,Jently, ·, fan:iily
removal or.actual chanqe _of a9mi0e: .- relations. are governe_d· by. law and .. np· cos~om,
. ?· . ~n~:nHon ·.t~ r~~ah. therein .(~n~tn~end.1\ · ... pYa2tice ·or agreement destructive 9f tl;le-family shall
be recognized or-given effect (Rf!public·v. Nolasco,
3. Intention to abandonthe old :d,or.nic:,ile (animl1s , G:~~No ... 94053, Mafc_h 17, 1993f · .. · : · .
· · non revertendii (Roinuald~jo. v, RTG_, · !, · 1aef.
Tecloben City, GR. No. 1 (}4960, Ser:lembffr 1.4, · Marria.ge- .sha.11 not be. ··a· -~e~~on t<;> di'sc:fualjfy a
1993;Pbe v, COMELEC,-·G.R. No . .22·1697; April· female employee from work - .· .' .· ..
5, 2016}: . . Where ·a. coml:i'any'.s ·poljcy..:disqualified frc:im work -
. -any' woma.n. worker Who 'CO~trads marf.i~ge,. ',the
Rules in Defermlninq -the Domlcile of juridical . .'Supr.eme Court,invalidated such policy a·s-it not only
Persons: , runs afoul of .the constitutional provisidri on .e~ual
t. G·et the domicile provided for in the law .creatlnq protection: but a,1$o ·on· the fLindament~I polity of the
or . recognizing. them Q~. in their ·.articl~s of . St.3te toward marriage (f hilippine . felegrap~ and
aqreernent; ,: .... · . . . .:. . Telephone Company v. NLRC,. G.f?. No. ·118,978;
2. If no.t proviae.d.for, get the plat~; . May 23, 1997):'· ,. . . . · ·· .1 •. ·.·•• -
a. . Wheire . tbeir' legal .. , representatio"n . : is .

.· .
eslablished.· .. \ Absei'o.ce of Real ·Intention to Establish .. a· Lite·.
, T.og~th'er· i~ lns"ufficient to Nullify the Marrfag~ 0
b. or
...;here· they- exercisie. their· . principal . However, irFRepublic v. 'Albios, GR. Nd> .1·9878.0,
O'ctober16, 2013, the Supreme Court s'aid that-, "th-e
. · funcfions:(9'\1/L CODE, Art., 51).
possibility that tti·e p;arties in_·a m~rtiage might have
If the corporation has a head office and .br~nch no real ihten.tion· to .establish a - life together is,
offices, the domicile is the lpcation of the head office however,' insu_fficient"' to nullify a, rnar!iage freeJy
(1 PA_RA_S, supra at.366}, · · ·entered into .in accor_dance with law. Thet_e is no law
that d\:!clares. a. marriage void. if .it· is entered into for
pur"pcises other than what the Constitution or law
. declares, lsuch as the acquisition of· foreign
citizenship". · ·
2019 SA_N.BEDA.~W CENTRALIZEO BAR Q,PERATIONS 6·1

PERSONS.A.ND FAMILY 'RE·L.ATIONS
·• SAN BEDA LAW CENTRALIZED BAR OPEl?AT/9/'JS - MEMORY AJD·2019
~1.ti?~@Fe:&%:R 1#P'$M?¥£b&fp§1&Mtfl:ma,. !l&&h?tM¥9$1ViS1£M¥£f?*W¥MWS&2& !£'!;¥ #'! Z%2ikM&M#L!'M®4i'i
Note: Contracting parties rTJl,JSt be of different sex.

The fic~t article of the.Family Code explicitly provides
that marriage should be between.a man and a
woman (STA.MARJA; supra at,1Z13).
Effect of Sex Change .·.

-A person who had a biological sex change from male
to female _through gender re-assiqnrnent surgery.
and ·sought' the amendment of his birth certificate to
reflect the chanqe in sex as cl preliminary step to get ·
married to his partner. remains to be. a male. The
Supreme Court ruled that sexdetermined visually by
lookinq at the· genitals of a baby at the time of birth
. is · immutable and that there· is . no law legally
recoqnlainq. gender sex' re-assiqnrnent (Silverio_ v.
Republic! G ..R. No'. J 74689, October.19, 2007). .
/ '
.~. .
$..r~aqll :of. olJligation·s of Breach .... 'ot . cirdin.c1h'

-~usb~ncf' and ·w·i~e does'[ con't,r~ctS:°give~;'rfs_e· ta.an
·ncirgiv~'. riseto an 'action action ·for.damages.
for, clarnages .. Tile faw ' . . · . . .. ·.
provldes ', penal and' civil' .. . ·. '
sanctions." ·. such. a~
prosecution. f~r__-i:19ultery .'
or . . concubinaqe. =and
. proceedlnqs '. (or.. lega.1 . ·
. separation, .·adion tor . . ·.
support, ere. · · ..
62".1 2019 SAN BEDA LAW.

. CENTRALIZED
. BAR OPERATIONS
,
.. ~.
. ·-PE-RSON.S A.ND·FAM.ILY
. SAN BEDA (.AW CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS - MEMORY AID 2019
RELATIO·NS . ·. ..
. ' . . .
. ": .
darnaqes pursuant to Art. 21· of the Civil Gode marriage. Mo.lives, s_uch as acquiring foreign
(Wassmer v.. · Velez; G._R. No. L,·~20089, citizenshjp (Republic ·v. A/bids, .G.R. l'Jo ..
December 26, 1964). . 198780, October 16, .2013)-or ou_t of rever~nqe
2: Where a· man's promise. to marry was. the for . the . other spouse's parents · (,Pepublic · v.
. proximate. cause of. giving herself unto him in Romero·://, G.R. . Nbs. 209180 &' ·209253,
sexual ·congress and there is that proof he had February 24, 2016);. are immaterial for the
no intention ofrnarryinq her.ithe promise being determina.tion of the validity ~f marriage. ·..
·. a _de.c~ptive device, darnaqes: may be awarded
pursuant to Art. 21 ofthe Civil Code because of · .-Formal Requisites of Marriage: (ALMJ
the: fraud and deceit· behirid.it and the: willful · 1 .. Aut11·arity:o_f the solemnizing officer; - . l ·
. · · in}ury to her honor and repuiation'·(Baks·h v. 2. Valfd Marriag:e·.!:icense;' and . .

Coiut.oi Appeals, G.R ... No ... 97336, February 19, 3 .. M9rciage ceremony .. wl)ere the .cqntracting .
- 1993). . . · parties cJppear befoi"e ·the· solemnizin·g officer,. .
. 3. Where the .rnanforcioly abducted a 'woman- and w.ith their_ personal ,deCl?ration tha,t .·they. t.~k°e ...
.. had carnal knowledge with" her against her will, . e,!'th othe.r a.s husba'n.d an.cf wife jn thEfpreser,ice
and thereafterpromised to-marry tier in order to rof
o( 'les"s thai:i 2 witnesse? oh~g.al age.
escape- criminal. liability, only .to thereafter· >. (Ff'_MitY CODE, Art.':3). .
· -. renege· on such promise after cohabitlnq with
her for 21 days, such 'acts irrernisslbly constitute -:
acts" contrary to 'morals and . good ··cusJ,9ms
(Bunag'v, CA, G.R. No.- ·101749, July 1.0, ~.992).
In marriage, -the parties assume new .rela.tions t

. each·,--9.the~ and 'the -~!ate' touchinq - nearly . evrr/
aspect of life and death -. In a real sense, theri;are
three parties to every.civil marriage: .tw~1lling
spouses and.an appr.qving State (Manuel v People:
e., "' -~~· .1~584~~~c5vem:b·e:2~'. ~o°.sf. :L · .

~ · ·~.ar~.1age rs .~over;ned by""La.~a. Cannqt B.~ ·
Subjectto Stipulations- ', ¢ :· . . .. .;
The State .is a· party. at interes_t to ',th?~rit~miage · ..
to.gether. with the. husband and wife'.'"''f:h~efjtionsgJP. .
is one in _which the Sf~te is d~e~~.n5ern~d,.·anq
over, wh1(:h the State . exercises a""'Jealdus .: a~d
exclusive dominion (RA.BUYA, supre; at 167J. . · Va.lid; . byt . ibe
. ~ ·-
person
General Rule;: The law declares thatthE:l:.-nait1re-. ,,
respo·nsiqle · · fqI
. consequences; qnd 'incidents of rriarri?ge a·rp,tg'1>¢ .the. · ..'..irregularity ··.
· governed_-by law and· -cannot.vbe s\ibj€c::t .:Jo ... .
shali: be' . civilly,
~\ipulatiqns·(.fAM/L y:090~, Art. ·1).,- , . .. .. : · ..
acfrfrinistrativ'e'ly, .
anc(. crirhi.naily
Exception: .. Marriaqe .. · settiernentsc'may - fix the)
liable:. :· · If· · the
property, "relations · of the spouses _during_· the.
irregularity.. w~s
marriaqe (Id.):· · , · · ·• :,· · '- .. · · ~. .. . . '... ·caused by:. the
But even this freiidom ~to fix. the pr_operty .relations .·
. c(vii·. rl:;)gistfar, be
during.-·thl:).· ma.rriagE/ is· not absolute ·as· the'same shali ;. also ... -be .
must-be exercised ."within the limit~ provid.ed by th·is ·
'ad,n:ii~istr'atively .
Code" (RABU'(A;.supr,a at 167)>> ·.. . . · . liable.·. ·
..,·., ·
(Ex~m..P.le · ·... of
.. , .- ....
.· . Essentia(R~quisites of Mar~iag~:·(L.C) ... : . · . ·: .,
irreg·u1_arity:' ,
. 1 .. .!:egal.-caRacity of the contracting parties, wlio
·, 1. · No witness.es
must.be'cfm.ale_and.a femaJe;.,H)d . :. . . . .. . of iegc!) ·age; . ',
} . a.. Eigl)teen (18) years.old o,r above; and · 2.' ·only . one ..
.b. .Not: un.der any impedir:n·ent . mentiored. in : witness . of. · .
. . Ar.ts. 3f and 38.(FA°Mlf.Y.CODE, Arf,.'5) .. : · ·. -,.egal age;
2. ~orisen't freely given in· the. pre.sen.c;:e of · a.
~- · Witn_esses b'ut
solemni~ing offfcer..(FAMILY CODE, Art. 2). ......
nof' o( legal
age dur;ing thei
. N~t-e: Cons~nl IS different frorn motiv;, A Jree,ly
marriage . ·
.· given · consent requir~s ·; that 'tlie. · contracting · ceremony
parties willingly· and- deliberately enter into the ..
. 20i9 SAN BEDA LAW CENTRALIZED. s·AR OPERATIONS I 63

P-ERS:ON.S AND. FAMlLY RELATl·ONS SAN BEDA (AW.CENTRALIZEDBA.R_OPERAT/€1NS- MEMORY.AID 2019 .
~"'"'!* ~ti:ss<,e .i~!5 £:,, :s?:t -ra:x: · §tstms:2, w:; JP~-¥.,,:1 ;;;1 ; !":. ii@ ;g,•as : @'·it-.t·'t:es =w k*'o/1::-m%td
. .does not alter or qualify th~ authority of the.
(STft MARIA, .
supr« at 1.28); - solemnizing officer as provided in the_ preceding
:_ provisiqn (Navarro v. Do1J7agtoy, A.Ji;f. No.- MTJ-
or
4. Issuance of
~6-_1088,- July
1. 9, 1996), · · · ·
. ri\miage'
Iicense : A priest who -is commissioned and 'allowed by
despite his Jocal ordinary to_ marry the faithful, is
absence . - of authorized to do so only within-the. area of, the
(
publication- diocese or place allowed by· his Bishop. 'An
..... - prior, tel." the appellate court-. Justice .- or a Justice of
completion of Supreme .Court has.jurisdiction over the entire
the , - 1 o~day Philippines to solemnize. marriages, reqardless,
period _ for of the venue, as long as the requisites. of theIaw -
,.:publicatiprf. are compliedwith. However, ·judges who are
-" · '{Alcanta,:a v. · · appointed to specific jurisdictions; mqy officiate
.. • - 1 • Alcantara,· in weddings · only wltbln said -are~s - and nor ,
. .,.. __ . G.Fl. . 'No. beyond. _Where:.,<! j!,Jdge_ solemnizes arnarriaqe
1677 46, , . - Ol,l_lsid,e _ his · court's .jurisdictien, ', there. Js a.. :
-'. Avgust'- 28, . '-result~nt ir_r~g_ularity i~ the. f_or'n:,al -requ!site laid
,
. · (SrAfl(fARIA; supre at 1
.
W). - . _ . /~--~.:' ·
.. 2007).- ;~~n in.Article 3; which while 1t may riot affect
·_ · • ~It,.. • u·- :x.
1t~e. valid_ity of· the marriage, may. subject· the.,
1\f offfci'i'ti~~ official" to a~rt)_inistrativ~ liability ·
.-· .. - . . h~--'-.1.~J;. ~(Navarre.v. Dqmagtoy,-A.M. No. A4TJi96-1088,
Note: ,'{Yh~f1- either . or bothof
. ~~f~n~~ ~i~~~~~1i~-1~ln~~f;if~tr!rtftJti7fi~{-of-t}i~;~k~ni~i~g-~ff-ic~r. .
._(FAMILY
.- .·
Marriaqe in }est ·
CODE, Art. 14).
_ · ,. .
. L,
~
t _ . ~. ., , ' . _
tlie~p°*~s·e~~are . . - _:·
.!he ,s_olemni~i!}h. _o~ic~r- is, 'n~t dutt b_o~r.i_d to-

·, ~ -, _ . · rrv~ · · - investigate ~tlier- the ._marc1age license was
.·":_--:· . :-.-·. -~.,.=--
·lI.-
·im -..,,..~, ,g_u1,arly iS~l!_e~:.,..J;:ie mus_t on!Y. d~fermin:~ if i_t

h -_
-~Jul~t{~9p).. . · -,_ - - - _: ·:
. . : ;.
A pn=r_tende,d_m~rriage, Br;i
.1:eg~I i_n f?Ym ~ut,e"n\~rXiiJrl.07' _j S-~~as ,~sued c~Jpetent o(fl~!a_l (Alcantarq.V:
. !~~~~ 1~k~ril;:;;;i
rei~~~~~ti~1_~~!f~-,t}l~~~1}£Q_'.~-~leas~ G;~Jvg. ~ 6,7:r 46, ~:u~ust ~~:i2~~7j;:_
. uoderstandmg th~! the P,art;\.~(tl· p_b~o~p_d.,fill ~ _ Pf ~'\2~ .. wtj o,::;"1ay S_otem mze. Marpage: 0
!.h~ c~r~f!lony- 1.5- rrot . f~llo~~/l 1;>~ aq_~Q.~L!~~ ~, '@>"? ~'@:~~l ··; - . . J- · · · - . . . · . ·: · ·- · · · ·
.l
md1c.~.tmg ·~ p~~pose __ !o ·_E)_n~e~~t~ ~u.cfY:,,rr~~li?~-~~. ~ .. nesf~abb1,.WJc:im·or mm1stetof_any chl!rch ·
rylarr!ag_~~ ·ln_Je?f\are ,vq1d ab·mJ,(10, n~for,.y1J1a~eq'i.- · _ ?r·relig1ous_.sect; .:, - _ . -_- . ,: .. · .- ·. :.:•
.. _defective, ·?~:!--Jrii~~~l!ig~nt'e;9ns_ent·but-_f0i\1:&co~tf(l?l,?t 1. · Du_ly_ J~thqrized -~by .. his -~~urch · or- E'°1"'f'\~· · ,,
_ ,_ab$_enc~ of.f9?~J.nt·_(f:<epµ.bl19:v. 'Alb(Q$1·~~~:·'fiJ9~
- 19878Q, Oclo_b"._\16, 2013). · : :
-
~\j~g,;,tered • wotb : the_.:office of the . civil rl.)o: : . . . .
.. !·\"~lgJ.$2.l:lS'_sectJ_ :-, --. _ • .- - .- ·- ..
. Cc:irrim~_riI~;_Ma~riage .. :, .- __ .
•. · ., !. ·~ : '~- "'~
. . :-:_-,\ _c_: ,.. '{:,-. ·-
--A,, .-rron~¢e~emp111a.1 · 9r· .. 1nformc1! m.arrj~g!;l:' --·qy
.·:
·
. ""'~ • . .. . . '\ 'I . . •
MN ' . " -
iir(~;;{:-~~~~Tt~~~::~~- Limits ··of- t~t ~rit~e~
·
• • ""' • > • •_.
a_utliontY. granted; and · . ·.

~ •• •
. -·
·agree_rnfJn;t, · en~ered_ i11t6 by a ·[iian an·cm:1::-worh)3~ · · · , ·. iv.· At )east:~ -of· th~ parties belpngs·to. the - --
li_~ji,n~./ _C~J?-9-:G_l~Y:: to ., m,ar.ry, . 9rdin·~~l_1.YJ.{yvitfi.o:~t ··- . s'0lem11izing00fficer's'.'·church- or .r.e.!ifJi?US'-. - : ::-
.C9_IT;lp[1a11ce ..V>'.Jtf1_ sw:h- s_t_at.utory_formaht1e~~as->lho~e. sect (FAMILY_CODE, Art. 7)., · .-.. --
·pertaihirig -to--~ marriage lice'ns.es. Go'ititnon- 'law· · \. • · -~ ' , -- ·
n1_~rriag_e~· · ar(: ~~i-.
re~ogilized • in; th~/PfiillppinJs ._ .__ 'b: . !ncLmqent rn\~~ber of tHe' iudiciary·-within
~(p,TA_.,MA~?(',/~u-·pf:ii:at:f2l).·-_ ·_ -'· · . .: ·<:i~\<"'__:-,~.~--\-' ·;, .-_'.: \: .: ; -: . · th·e c6urt'{jur.isdt:Gtion· (F,P.MILY·'CODE;· .Art,
. 7); ·- ' . . .... . . .. . . . .
,F-orm~I ~~q4is1ti~ of.Mar,ria·ge:· ·:I' . .-;. : ;; . . Note-:.The ju~i_sdictfon"Gf ~he,hl~·thber.'s··.of:th.e
. i'1. · Authcfriti:o'f solemnizin'g· officer. . - . _·,:,] ... - · •
It- is'- riot>the · pr~sehce. -or. absence:":C}~thif. ' . Sup'r°err)e- ._Gou.ft;. the -Court of ~Appealsi the·
. :solemni'zing :office.r~.whith· constitu.te:fttieJornial ·- ... . .:sahdig,:i-nl:>ay.an, and .. th·e Court· .of ·Tax.
···>-;. ·, .- : , .... -.. :·,·- .. · . .:.· ''
.j •• ·.,.,;,,.
requireflie11tb.L,1Mhe· abse·nce .or pre.sen'ce'.9fthe :- ' ·

........ •• '.~"-,'·· ,_-;. ::.:., ........ ,· : • • •
·. ·, A'pi:i"ealsfo'sQle_mniz~- marr1ag~s.\~-\~~ ·~ntire . .

sole_r'n~.izfo~i'-offiq~r·s· ai.Jfltority at the)l'tni.pftt,e 'cou·Qtry. (SEMRI© ::c.:01.Y, _Handbook on the" .
,-- . sof~m'n'iz~ITon:·on~e ·rn:,frriag·~:
-,~·F: ~'.'-:':~:--~<
0::
-
. 'F!affi.ily.Cbd(]_·dtth~Philippines.(1_995); p.-12)·:. -_ -- _-_'
"[hereinafter . SEMPIO
, ... . - Dl'f.J.
. . -_ .. -
.. Und~r·,·A~i'cl_e t,
·marriag:~. ~ay b~~'.~tii~rifz~e~. - . ' ,('- .. _., -~
.Note:
. ' . . . .
It-is not sytµcient tq_a\_the·paf!ies enter
, I • ~y,'.'amcing, others,·,"ariY: incumbel)t"rhiirnt?~r.--6f.
the jud_(G'i"ary. wit.hin- ·the· c·our:t's jurliqfctfo[I,'.' into ·an-'agreernerit>.'.'that they take eac_h other · .
as. huspand_ and, wife", or (hqt consent 'tie ,· .
;\rt_i.~le· 8,'._ which - is a tjirect'ory pro:vj$i~_h7r~f~fr$
orily.. to:the_. Venue of tffe "marriage cilrifrnciriy :a'ntl giv~n~ Article- 2(2)- of_ the ·Family·: Code. ·
!. . - .
. ·~
'
f;l4. I 201~:S.AN BEDALAWCENTRALIZED

,. . ·. . - . BAR·.. OP.l:RATIONS
..
PE·RSONS.AND. FAMILY RELATIONS
SAN BEDA LAW CENTRALIZED 'BAR" OPERIITIONS - MEMORY AID 2019
c; ;s;.,:" 1, t-,, ::=: c , -2:epex;: e::::
a ::: 3-i , t & ea&?> m? ;;u~:&:·:s:-: ; zq , e : ss w+afa;;., ·&R P?C1~,UJ' ~~il
21
. . .
. requires that such consent must. be given "in · . · iii. He· acts· not only as the· solemnizing
. '. the' presence of the. solemnizing . officer" · officer; he. must also perform the duties·
(Navarro v. ·Domagtoy, A.M. N6. MTJ-96- · of an J._CR (i.e. issuance of marriage
1088, July 19, 1996) .. license) (FAMILY CODE, Arts. 7 and
·10;. ·~
· c. Ship-~aptains or airplane c_hiefs;
i, The marriage must be in articulo mortis The solemnities established .by Philippine
(.or:i~-'of 'the parties is at· the point of laws-shall. be observed ·in their execution
death); · ·. (CIVIL CODE, ht. ·.17):'
-ii. The ·. marriage . must be between
passengers or crew members; f. M~riicipal and city .Mayors (R.A. No. 7160
iii. - The shipmust.be at seaor.the plane· otherwise l<nown. as Local Government
. ,\ .. must be in flightj including. stopovers at · Code of 1991, Secs. 444-445).· ·
. ports of call (FAMILY CODE, Arts. 7 and
. -'31). . ·}~. Note: Tlie term··."mayor" includes a vice-
mayor who is the ~'Actirrg Mayor" or. \ivho is
'Not~;- Assistant pilot ·has. no.:authority,-t~ ... merely acting . as ··a Mayor (Peopte: v.
solemnize a rnarriaqe even if main pilot dies, . Bustamante, citing lzexemene 11. Bettezer,'
, · (STAMARIA, 'suors at 142).; '. , . ,.. G.R: No. ·11_598, January 27,· 1959).
·. ·-r .
Note: 'Such .marriaqes can be solemnized Gener~I Rule_: Those·solemnized by any pers.on .
;. durinq stopovers atpoitsof call; wherein the not ·_lega.lly authorized-to. perform ma·rriag~s are
voyage. is not yet terminated and includes· void (F_AMIL Y.CODE,'Art. 35, par. ·2):
instances when there are transit passengers
which the. others affirmed (Minutes the ·qt Exception:·The marriages were contracted .. with
147th joint, Civil Code and . Fa,nilY. Law either or ljoth parties believing in gqod faith that
committees held on-J_'!IY 19, 1986, page _"10}: th·e sole nizing officer h;::id the legal'.authority to
• '-,J • - • • • do so ff}1IL.YC_ODE, Art:" 35,_ P(H. 2~:
·: · · d. ~oinm.9nf)r. of~~· .ni,litary
·. ·. . -~ absence o_f-chapla1n;_ . , . Autho~ized · enues.of·M.ar~iage · ·..:.
i:- .•.. He' or she must bea military cqmmand~r -
_/ .. -c, Genlrar Rule:.Must be solemnized publicly;·and
·, .- _ of a unit;' · · n'o't ~~sewJ1e_re, in·t~e; . -: : . -~ .· . .
. ~ . a- .Cliamoers o _;fhe judge orJn open court;
- -
Note: Unit refers to a battalion under.1ne
. , presentfable of organizill_on and n9t,..a ·. .· .·. · Article 8 of the, Family Code .requires that
marrf~_ge·by a .ju_dge1:should only be .. in his
.. · ., ' 'mere c~mpany . (MINU_.TE~S- .QF: iHE
. CIVIL CODE REV!.SION, P: fl -/. : · . . • . office. or courtroom (Keuppers v. Judge
·· · ,....r,;.....~ .........,....,....,._Murica, .AM' No. MTJ~15-1860, .·April 3,
· -· ii..:': He
or .' ;h,e must. tie- a.. com~issjoJ1ed . ., 20_1.8). · . · ,, · ' ·· '
. officer, . . . ... . . . . . ) , . -." . ,.. .
. . -r · · > · :.Artici°e 8 of- the Family- Code clearly s_tates'
/- · - Note: ._..Rank .. should start fro~ · 2nc1 .. that. a marriaqe _can 'be held outside · the·
l:.ieiut~,narit, ensigi:i, . ·or above· (S·Tft.:·, ' · judge's .-chamb_er1i.oi: courtroom only in ·the
·. • > . l'!fARIA, sUprf! af:142). . . :_, : ' · "follt>~ing instance_s: 1 .. ] at \he point of dec;1th;.
• " < • " . · 2.] ·in remote place!'i _ir:i' ac;_cord~nce with
iiL-° A
ch_aplain must -be assigned to· such · · · Article 29; or_::n upon the req1,.1est of .both
· unit/:. .... - .. : · ·, '_, · ·.•. ·pa.rties· in writing:in a sworn statement to tliis
· .... . iv: ,such chaplain· is_ c;1bsenf at. the· time of :- . effecr (Keuppers )I. JudgEl ·Mu_rjea, .AM No.
. the .marrjage; -;, . -. ,. .. . :. · . . · .. MTJ:,.15-1860, April 3,-2018): ·
·.· · . v. . Ma.rriag·e m.u·st bEl iri . ~rl(culo/norljs; and _ · .:: ' .. ·.' ..•. :--c. . ._:.. . . ,.,_,: :.: : . -
. vi.· The'· · contracting parttes; whether . . . · b: ChJ,.Jrcli, chapel or teniple; or
. ·r;iiembers· of· th_e· arr.ned: force's or c .. ''.Office of consul-general, consul ·or vice- .
'.- dvii_ians; must -~·e yvithin !he zone 'Of . . consul. . (FAMILY
·.
CODE,
. ··..Art .. 8). .
military operation (FAMILY CODE, Arts. J ·
·?·and 3.1)- · • · Exceptions: (HAR) · .
.,,
.. a .. Mi:lrriag~ at'a:.t!_ouse or·place designated by
~ .. ~onsul.g'i:rn~r;::ils; .consuls ~r-vice-consuls o_f . the parties' in a ~worn ·statement to that
ttre'Republit 9f the Philippines abroad; .. :effe9t, · .with .tf:le. written · requesf of_ both
L ' J..he marriage must 'b·e only between· ._partie~ to ttie solem_ni:ting officer; ..
Filipino Citizens; · b. Marriage is in ~rticufo.m_ortis; and
ii. ?aid ~fficiai' has. the only authority to c. . Marriage in Remote places (FAMILY CODE,
solemnize marriage abroad; Art. 8; STA.MARIA, supra .•.
at 146).·
.
·'
2_019-SAN BEDA.-LAW CENTRALIZED Bf\R OPERATIONS 65

·PERSONS AN·D FAMJLY RE.LATIO·NS·
SAN BEDA L.)l°W CEN_TRALIZEDBAR OPERATIONS - MEMORY AID 2019
Note: This provision ·is only directory and the the qualifications of the contracting parties
requirement that the mar_riage be solemnized in and found no legal ·impediment to the
a particular OJ a public place is not an essential !'ma"rriage
.. . {FAMILY
'
CODE;, Art..,_ 34):.
requisite (STA.MARIA, supra at. 146).
_ Note: 'If without the certificate of legal capacity,
2 .. Valid Marriage License · .·' . · ~the marriage license was nevertheless issued,
Issued by the Local Civil Registrar (LCR):of the the marriage .celebrated ori the basis of such.
city or municipality where- either of the marriage license will still be. considered valid as
contracting party habitually resides (FAMIL Y 'this _is merely an irnfgularity in cornplyinq with a
CODE, Art. 9). . . ·. formal 'requirement of the law· in procuring . a
rnarriaqe - license :(Garcia v. Recio; G.R. No.
General ·Rule: The LCR, eve·n if he finds an 138322, October 2,· 2001; FAN/IL Y CODE, Art.
impediment in the impending "marriage; rr1ust 4/ . .
nevertheless · issue .. the marriage license
(FAf.1.{L:Y CODE, Art .. 18).
··~'
66 I 2019SAN-BEDA
. LAW CENTRALIZED
' . . . BAR OPERA110NS
. .
PERSONS ANl:l FAMl·LY_-RELAT.IONS·.
SAN BEDA LAW <;ENTRALIZEDBAR OPERATiONS .: MEMORYAID 20.19 .
·Marriage Counseling Exception: 'Marriage of both foreign citizens

Tfils +s-a n~w requirement for the issuance of a will be solemnized by their country's cohsul-
marriage· license under the .Farnily .. Code in -geoerai' assigned in the· Phi)ippif)es:if their
caseswhere -the parties need parental consent country's law allows the same (STA.MARIA,
.or parental advice: Ttiis is to. enablethe -parties , supra at 158): · · · ·· ·
__ ..
to find out if they are compatible before they get . '•'
married. The lack of the certificate "of marriage b. Marriag~ in artitulo mp_rtis betwee.n
counselinq is the.same as the lack of parental p_a~senge_rs o.r .frew membE:rs may. be
. advice (SEMP/0-0/Y,· supra at 21,'. FAMILY solemnized. by a ship ~captain or . by an
CODE;, Art. 1;6), ·. · . : airplane pilot not only whi!ethe ship is·at se? . ,
. 'or: the plane is in. flig~t .. buf·a1so du.ring ·
Rules on the-Validltyof Licerise , st9po.vers at ports of c~II (FAMILY CODE, · ·
. a. The.license shall be ya lid. in a_!ly part of the. ·Art.31); . , . . . _
. · Philippines; . . c. In Bernete pla.ce - residence··of. either pa'rty
b. 'Valid for a period.of orie hundred (120) days is. so. located, tqat there·_is ·no -rpeans 9f
from th~ date of issue: . :. . . . .. . . . . . .. . · transport:3tion to .e·nable,the.fn to. pe~son~lly
C, It shalr be-deemed automatically .cancelled ., , . appear l?E:for_e the_ LCR·(FAMIL <;QfJE,~Art: '!
2~; . . .
upon the .expiraflon b( said period if the
Pl
coniracting parties have not made use of it; .
·and. · -. · · · ·· · · · · Note: For No~·:.2 & 3, the solemnizing <?ffi~·~r - .
must unde_rtake the necessary · steps to·.
d. Sc1id· expiry date sh.all be- stampe_d b~I~ _.i~ . ascertc;1in· .lb~ ag~is ·and .relati9nsti'ip _ _of the.
'characters · on the face. of every. license ·
· cqniracting· parties: and· the _absen~~- of the
r
: issued (F-Afy1/L Y CODE, 'Art. _20).. . .
legal impediment to marry (S!A:MAR_IA,
. .Note: Even if.the license is.obtained elsewhere, .
sup.ra at 121). - -- _·· .
'riot. in . the local civi] registrar of th~9tf. or d. Marriage i_n. §ticulp':inorlis_, whicii. re.mains: ··
.. muni'cipality· where either contractipg party.. • . . ' vali_d e\,eh. if. ailir:,g party· subsequently.
·. .habltually.resldes.Jhe valid_ity·oftne marriage is.. . . . -·.survives (FAMILY CODE, ))rt,. 27); -. · .. ·.
not-affected since. this Is · a mere ir e~~la~y jn .e. Af o~g Muslims .. or mern_q_e~~ of ethriic ·
the issuance. of the. 'said licens,e --(R'ABUYA, cultural. communities · · solemnized- . in
.supra·a(2:18)... · .: .. :-·;· · '. · ·. - . ifccordanee .. with: their c·ustoms, rites,: o~:' ..•
I· ;_.-,
. i:I •. •
practices (FiAMILY CODE, A[l .. 33);. · '· · . · · .. ·
N~te: :rdexception' -O~;y,_;ap'pli~s·. to .·

Muslims· and ·mer:nber.s·of t~:e etbnic groups
of . the···-C.o_rdi.llera Aytono_mot.is. Region ·
. be,cause they are governed. by_ the Code .. of
.,-- ....·== i'Vll'.lslfrri Personal.iLaws ·of .the Ptiilippines .
. and·· ·. Org'ar:iic Ad of . the· .. CordilJera
~ ·. . . . - Autonorn9us Region (R(l.. ·No .. 67-66). oth_.er .
ethnic· groups are.. still . governed · by tlie
. Family ~ocfo (STkM(i.RIA, supra at 201).:
.. .. . . . :·.
f. 9
'ivia_rriage in artic·u, mortis J:>e~we~n· p~rso.ns
· witt1in the ~o'ne· of , n:ii!i_t_ary -?P-'?~tion,_
whether membe·rs· of the .a'rmed. forces or
.: 'civilians .'may 'be· solemnizec:f by a ·military·'.
. ~6mmander · · o"t. a· unit,·: ·who.·· is a . ·
commis.sioned· offi.ce.r (FAMILY.CODE; Art. · ·. ·
-. · R_e;son:· .A·· ~eriificate· ~f .i~gal capacity i_s · 32)' . .· :: '· · ,:.· · · . ·
necessary.because the. Philippines, insof~r ..
. as. marriage iii .concerned.. adheres to. the
g ... Ma(rii3ge·qetween a man and a wornan "'fh9 .-
nave lived together as _husban·d and wife for ,.
-· . rial.io.n.al ··law of the contractinq paJties with .. at· ·least . five·' .(fil ye:ars, an9:" without legal .
· · . respect to . their ·-J~gal_· capaclty.tc contract· impediment . .to :ma·rry. each' olher '(FAMILY-.·
marriage. Witnout this certification ·O.f legal : CODE,· Art. -34)_. . . .: . .
capacity; the LCR will riot issue the marr)age
. license (ST-A.MARIA, supra at 197): ·.. , Requisit~s: · : . · . : .. · · .. ·.
· i: . The man and woman must have been
. The capacity of a for~igner to get married in . . . living as nusband an·d_,..wife tor.at least 5
· the Philippih~·s is· gqverned ·by~his natioQa_l · · years befor~ .the. marria'ge; .
'a.
. !ciw, for~ign law,. thus, government offices : ii. · The- parties .rriust have .no legal
arid courts cannot take judicial notice· of said imp~diment to 111arry each other-;
·. I~"'.' (SEMP/0 - DLY, supra ·at 26).
2019 SAN BEDA LAW CENTRALIZED BAR QPE~TIONS J.J57

PERSO.NS·AND FAM·ILY RELATl"ONS
SAN BEDA LAW.CENTRALIZED BAR'OP£RATIONS - MEMOR.Y AID 201.9
iii. The fact of absence. of leqal.irnpediment circumstances to shqw · capacity· to, contract
between the parties must· be present at marriage before· a marriage license·· can .be
the time of marriage; . . obtained (EAMIL Y cobE,.Art. 21, par. 2). ·
iv.· The- parties must execute an affidavit
· before any person authorized by .law to Marriage·.certificate : . .
· administer ·oaths stating that, they have· Best documentary evidence of the exis.tence of·
~.\ . · lived together for at .least 5· years (and. a· marrfage (Ten.ebro ,v . . CA, · G.R. ·tJp, .! 50758,.
are without legal impediment to marry Feprua_rt 18, .2004; FAMILY CODErArt. 22) ..
each other); and · '
v. The solemnizing officer must execute a Note: The mere fact that no record of 'the
sworn . statement that he . had ' marriage, exists. in the reqistry of marrlaqe does
. ascertained -the qualifications· of the notinvalidate 'said marriaqe, as -lor:ig · as· jn the
parties· and that he had· found no legal. celebratiorl thereof, -~11 requisites: forlts valldity
. impediment .to their marriage (Borja- a~~ present (People_y .. Borromeo, G.R: .No:
Manza()O ·v. Sanchez, -AM: No. fv!TJ-. 61873;·0ctobef.31; 1984)_..
· · ·· ~ : ..o~.13_2Q; Mafch· B, 2001 ). . ·· ..
,: . . ( .P.~0.!9~t~t C_~py:,pf}Jlafri~ge·Cerj}_ficate .
,41 .•
Note: The -solemnizinq officer is -duty bound to . A-m~.h\1 photcstat'copy of cl. rnarriaqe certiticate.
· 9Scerta.in the. qualifications o(,ti-i'e contracting. ·. . .: ! .. is .a_yiq,rthle~s pieq(9f_paper:(Vda~ De C~ua v.
parties'(STA. MARIA, supra at 121). · ~A,.·G.R. No: 1168351 March 5, 1998)'put ifsuch.
· . ·: · · · · . · . ' ·-~ . lJ·N:-p~9s,@t<C~P.Y .ernanated. from [he-_Office of the
· Computation of 5-:year Cohabij;.tion~Perio:£1 . Loc;:altGivil ..Regis.trar.,-ar:id, duly.certified by'the
-~ T'~e. 5~¥El~r_p~ri_o~d s~o!-'.1.~ be .. ~mpllt: ,Jn-theP . ~bG_R~s~~n).~the~ntif_.cop~ q{ t~e records _ln h~s
: basis of co~~-~1ta~1ori as ~u?b_fiW.'d'tv~e,YJ.here...; - . . ;_ 9ffJ_G~ ·.J.~S~~'\. c~r~1f1_ed .. photostat copy rs
· the o~ly f;11ss1_ng}a~tor rs _the;rc1.n'.)h~ ~ontra~l, j~ -~.: ';adm1~_s16Ji)'.ff:.e~1_?_ence as (STA1":ARIA, supra·at ')
, to validate thEt:ur:u~n (~-~- i~otWc:otiEJ,~ll<jQ. at lhfP 1[ ·'\o/ 1,f3..q),\:
years Qld).
.: ·. .
· -~-- /
/·.?
'-t:. · . ·~.
ag_e of 17, coun)ingsterts when 'f:Ji}f}ies each 18 ~- .l.fo.
?'\)-, _,
1:ii!;
. , · .. ·
·· · · _' ·.. - ; ' · ·
.. . ·, . ·
Not~f _l.f .:thOOiotost_at cop_ie.s, ·though not
; c~rtifie9-by, ~~ic"e·of.the Lqcal-Givil Regislrar,-
:, , ·.·· ·
·, · . ·.
··· ·!hi~ ,:.~-::-Y.e~,r :· pefi9d ·--~~$tJ_la. b}3 ..thr, y)~~s'"_?:,!!fill 0~~~ir.e·rt~sente~_il') ~-OH/:
without objecfiO.t)_f~6rn th~
.. . . .- !-mrn~d1ately b~fRre :th'e:_~-~X··•P~_Y,f;l.mama_g.E: ar:itl•Jhu1"~·.opp0s1ng p_artiB:~:rcy;~·.consequ~~t-~y,adm1tted by .
· - 1t sh_9ul.d · qe ... c;1_· · pe\no'd~ of· ¢j1}~1tatl~ ,-.:::,....._r-/ · ~t1~!t:~ t11J said Pj1olostat·cop1~s·are deemed
r' . ·. - : cha'racterized_ by: .. >. f'il ,r~~~
f m .. ff\.- -~t,iff,jJ~~f p~~~o~.?f~\h_f.faGtS.~(?nt~i[ie~Jt.ierei.n,and ..
· ~--. _l;~clu~l':'lty. ·::- ng: ·leg~·1.;'1rnJ:e.~1_11 ~~\was~ i!..~"J1~tfrc·,c.:in b~p;our_u( rnarr1ag~. (,Sy.·.v.··Cot!'t
I .·
.. • : : . . pr~~~r I l: ~ ~- ct1 ,y- L)\l~~~ VJ1lh in the~G. y~'a1~ii~~t1• )1,;,.._JJSjPJJflP'J~ G: R_; fj<:>:· /2726?, :!ipril ·:-2, ·
2000) :.~· . · ·
· .. _ ..._-b .. ,-~o.i:itin,1,Jlty-th~t.1s:u~broke.r1'~epq~~~~s/;f·!:·',·.-z.-.· '.,," . . ,. ·.,. ··, ',. :·',
' ;: .· :;.-•:.: . ·: ~t/1i\?~:;~ii;,1;~i:1rQ~~i;1tlf~~~~~t;~;~:~i

.. ·.; ... _14! ·2goo). · ,:QV)· ~~..:.
· . :-._. .. .
fn~~\~~i~~-
.. --~ "'-\itp~ss~~~ ~o,iep,nL~i~g_-offic_e~:'[s_ ~?mis~ible ro
tb\n;>~~-rri~·~e( I • •
. ,·,: .;-,_ : , · : .- .. ·.,. ·~-- .... ~-- · M-t\1~'\(-~~-factof·ma.rn~ge '(Reople· Y..-.Velas.co;

,. '· .. · . !'.'le~~: .Th_e flye~y.ear,F~mmor:!-a~:,co~a.b~ion. ·tVlJ;~-?G.Ji?~os:-13523.1,·~;3; Febru.ary.-:28_,~·2001). . ~.:.
;p$r19,~.ur,id_e_r f.~~1.c.le:76\mean~ a ~JY.~r-Y~~r.peri'&t.~--·.. ·... - .:· :- · '· \ .. ····.-··· ... :. · ., ..
·· · c,oJnputed oack from.-the dafe- oh:elebrati.911 of · ...-_,.·cohabitafidh.as.1h·sufficie'ritProof.1'·.·:
, .. ;:rJi~rr_ie.9.c~;;i_n<;l,-·re"f~~~:t<;i,.a;,P~J:io~-~p(lggal_ ur,(on _.. ·--·~ ~-~~e}coha~1tatio~·-· is·:·:psit:, 'a -·~fre'cfi,pr.oof of
. ;: z-h,_ad~,tt -~or.~~eri fq~·t!le, ~??W1C~ of-.a_ .r;n~rnagEl_. _It _ · - -:<:m~yiag!:l;'.,. ·arJ.d_ .i_t._ rn,~s.t:-bf:!; prc:,v~? . Q\CP.~<?P~~
. . .cov~r,9m_e-.y~c!f~_11:i;i.med!?.\ely pr.ec;:ep,ing the .gay , . · ·.- ·- documen,ts , or,- by .9r,al• ._te.?t.1m9ny~m,. cas~ )hf,ly .
·· · · · :.. , . . ,. , o~}I:!~.- QJ~rfic\9_~,. cJ;tara~teri.~ed Ot. ex.~l~s_iv!tl -::- ... :C . ; ·,· . h~fe'. =befe_~ _lo$t· }~~A. ·,_MA'.R_IA,-N;1pr§1'..$t 161, · ·· ·.. ·.
·· · me!m1!1g ,noJt-i!rd P.cJ~YNfas 1n,vo~yed ,at;a_ny·tii:i;ie-. . . cdmg;u_s v.. Evangel1s_fa,·_(31R: No:.9841; Ja·nuary · :
·, .:_witbJ~(-~h,e Jiye · yecJrs_·;-:;- -anc;I. _c;6~_tinµity thaJ is 9, '191'5): . · _. ; · · ·
• · 1. unpr'oken (Republic ii. Dayot, GR. No. 175581, · · ·.. :,,., ' '~,·,. ··' ··
. ,, M~ic.~)8,·-?008f~- ., . ~· ,.· ·, · · .- .,,: · F\e-suiiip_tjon of.M~r.rfag~. ". .: . -:-:·'·.,. , _ ..
. :• .:A:
-~an'.: andc'a .1~-fu~!1-arrdrt!0g:t~~-~~elve~ _as
. . . ... T~:$ r~isity.ota_8-_~ttid:~;!~·pt.. m~~it~1-~~11a_~itauon, . . . ·. ,~.?,7 b~:.'9}!n;d."'A.'.1f~Jl'r~;p~etum~,d ~?-~ave ~ntered
. , : .. :· .··.\;,wbE?r.eJhe,. part1e? h~y~,1n,trQ.th·fci.Uen·.$_h9n: of t~e ... ,· .. - into .a,la:,.vful· c;:onfractof; rtlarnage "-(Rt(LES 'OF · · ..
.. . , ·rninitnum: fiv_e-ye"ar reqµir.~_me'nt, '· effectively . ··· , G(?tl~~ R~LE _1-$1; ~-~~-\3_"(?ia))-'
. . ....
<·:1 . . '· · ... :· .
- .. ,, . ' ....... . ., . ·~·· .. ..... .- ' . .... ,. - .
.>
rendeYs, the marriage .vo1ci'ab initio for 'lack of a-· -
mar'r.ia.ge· license (Republic. Ii.· Daybt; G.R. No. simper-praesumit&fpt~'maYrimori76'.~·Alw~ys .

. 1-75581,.;March·?8, 2008). , . .. · · . pr:es~rrie m_a"rrip_g'~, However,. t_hi~:mes-urnpuori ~
. --~ :·· " ! ' .•_. . : .· • .
:rn_~y -~t:~~jtt~~iq_r~d/,by ~ ·p9_~yr§if;i~~.9.verc6~e . ·.
. , Stateless Persons·or Refuge,e-s . . . by ot~~r ..e:v1d,en<?~.(ljy.v. $P,.~·-Ja.C.$8/Tlpf'!a1G.R.__
-/Stateless. persons-.' o( , refugees. fro·m. other No.:?06220, (l.ugust 19; 2015). .
:-!·. - .. . ' --· . .
couritri.es.- . /
shall. ~submit .
.ari
. .. affidavit
....
.. stating. - . ~ ~ . ·.. _
'·- .
q8 1· ·;z019·_SAN B.EOA LAW CE,NTRALl:2'.ED BAR OPERATIONS .

.. . ..
PERSO.NS.AND FAM.iLY RELATIO°t~-$
SAN BEDA LAW CEN[RAL~ZED BAR <}PERA!IONS, - MEMORY AID 2019
. Reason: Marriage in this jurisdiction is not only ~-arria~e License v. Marriage Co,ntract
. a civil contract, but it is a new relation,· an
institution· in the maintenance of which. the public
is deeply interested. Every intendrnent of the law
leans towards legalizing. matrimony; · Persons
dwelling together in· apparent matrimony are
presumed, in the·· absence -of counter-
presumption or evidence special to the case, to ,,..
be in fact married. The reasonis thatsuch.is tfte
common order of society, and if the parties were
not what they thus hold themselves out a? oeing,
they would-be living .ir:i the constant-violation of
decency.and of law. Once a man and a woman Absen_ce . renders Best - evidence to prove
have lived a~ husband and ·wi'fe and such r:narriage void ab· initio existence (not validity) of
relationship is not 'dehied nor contradicted, the except in.- 'the i:;ases marriage. ' ··.·.
.. presumption ortheir being .. married must be ·p·rovided. under Arts.· 2i ~·.' ·
. admitted.as a fact (Adong V; Cheong Seng ~ee, to 34~ ,
G.R. No. L-18081, March .3, 1922; Alavc1.do- v.
C!ty Goverttment of. Teeioben; G.R.. No. L-
..,... 49084, October. 10, ·1985; . Vda .. de Avenido v. lss0ed by the LCB Issued·· _by the person
Avenido, G.R. No. 17354_0, January 22, 2014): ·
.
!
.
..
:.
•
• • . J'
• ••
.' (FAMIL '! cpqE, ,Art. solemnizir;,g ·. the
·19): , '- · . · , marriage . ·(FAMILY
_GOD_E, Art. 23). . - .
marriage. ma_rriage.
~: . -~~rriagef~~r~mo.ny _ :
., No prescrib~d form or-. religious rite for
.. solemnization_o ~·rriage is required:·-(FA(vi/L Y
CODE, Art.-6). . .
Competent Evidence to PTi:hi·e IYJ'?ri"lage,.
i:~e Sup~em~ Court ruledin Jnnidad v,. Gf,, ,G,fj., _ ltds not· s·~fficient !_ti.at the- pa_rties e~ter,. in.IQ· an
_ No, 118_904,. April 2Q; _ 1998, . that ~.hen the ---agreement. -.._!bat they take each oth~r:~pS.
question of whetl:ier a rnarriaqe .ha been nusband .. and wife" or that .consent· be given.
: / , ._ . contracted .;' . x," arises ,.- . in -----~-A_rticl(il 2(2) .of the Family Code requires. ·that
. 'litigaijon, ~!3i? rnarriaqe' niay . · '\. l:le pro1eu by ···such ·consent mqst be givf:in.'.'·in the presence of· ·
relevant, evldence.: To prove the fa<::t of ... · the,solem.ni;iing offlcer''(R/rBUYA, supra aM86-
marriage, .' the '.fql)owing ' would ·'·:constllute .... · . 1_87.). : c .
'competent evidence:· : ':, .. . : . : . ,. r ••
a. The -testirnony of a· witness . to .the :· -·. · ( Absence- 9f Two· ·witne~ses .· .
· matrimony· . '· · · . .The absence of. 2 witnes.ssis. of, legal ag·e is
· .. _b. ·,-The coupl~'s public a·nd open cohabitation merely' af) irregularity. but' the party responsible
.: as: husband ·and·. wife after the· alleqed . for the irreg!Jlcirity'shall:be 'civilly, criminally, and
.. wed.\ock; .· . . ·.. : -, . . . . . . . ·.. adr'ninistr:atively lia.qle· (FAMJ£ Y CODE, Art. 4). ·
c ... The' birtn and the baptismal· certificates of
. ' - . · ...
childreh born du.ring st.ich union; and . · Marr,ages i?Y p.r9xy :, •...
d. The mention of such nuptial' in.subsequent · · a. ·. If it wa·s ·s·olemnized in~·the Philippines, the
documents {Trinidad v. CA, supra). ·. ,. -~ . r:narriage_ · i;> 'VOID,· .. because . physical ../
e. · A solemn staternentin the willof deceased a. appearance is required under Art. 6; · ..:..
'as · fo · the,, f~ct · o{ . t1iS·. 'm,~rria~e · .is also .. ·.· •\•• ·b. if performed ··~~.ro.a.a!.:~ ~he_ther, ,betyv_een
admissible proof of such marriagf:?-(Son Cui Filipinos· or ·.foreigners· or mixed, the_
'\
v.. Guepangco y Lim, G.R. No, 6163; March · . contro_lling article .is Art. 26 qf the F.·amiJy
14, ·1912). . . Coqf.(1 PARAS, Sf.!pra at 347!- ___. .
Not~:' The.mere· private act·of signing·,a marria~e

··: . contrcrct bears no semblanc~Jo a v,did marriage
\ . ~nd 'thus:·needs no judicial tje~laration of ncillity:
Such act· alone, witho_uf. more; cannot: be
'deemed to d:insti!ute an ostensibly __ valid
. 2019 . SAN BEDA LAW CENTRALIZED BAR . OPERATIONS

. . I 69
'
PE:RS.QNS AN·o FAMILY RELATl"ONS
SAN BEDA LAW-CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS - MEMORY AID 2019 ..
~W¥1tat1Mt;4?¥• ,.: ,2F.u:s:at#i!ffl!t?*5 ,1.¥ttff&i,, "tt(1s,v SP?4ft~.!5Mt+ a·:@e*' t' ,,;·,;...¥, w;:.. W :z»i=t,P&it :sew @+44 2i,
. marriaqe for which petitioner might be held.liable Note: Cornrrion-law ma·rriages-obtairied ·abr~ad
for __.biqamy lipless he first secures a. judicial by 'Filipinos 'are not valid : in. the. Philippines"
declaration of nullity. before he; contracts. a . (STA.MJ1.RIA,· supra at 17_2). . .
subsequent. rnarriaqe (Morigo y. Cecho v.
Peop!e, G:R .. No. 14?~?6, Febrl!_ar.y6, 2004;:. -~ Note: It is necessary to prove the fa.reign. la·w· as a
que-stion of fact arid then to:prove the celebration of ·
marric;1ge · pursuant t~ereto by convincing e·vidence
(STA.MARIA,, sup_ra at 177). . . ..
. MAluuAGE.CELEBRATED OUTSIDE.
Philippine courts. cannot take judjcla] notice of :'
·... . THE
.
)?HrIJ,PPINES
. .. .
' .
(ART. 26)
.. - · fore!gn laws, ··uke· any" other.facts.r they m~st" be
alleged and· proved. Australian marital laws.are not
Validi°ty of M~rriage. · . among those matters that judges an:). supposed to
..: .General Ruie: Marriages contra.cted outside the know by reason of their judicial function.Thepower
- · Philippines inaccordance 'with the laws.. in force-~in of judicial notice must o_e exercised with caution, and.. · ..
, ·. .. . the .. countrywhere they were solemnized are valid in every-reasonable doubt 'upon t_he subject should be: .. ; '. ..
- Ihis c_ountry·(FAM.(L Y CODE, ;1.rt_ 26, Par.. 1). · · r_esolved·in the.neqative (Gerci« v. Recio , G..R.'No -.
_ : . . .. -: :'.· .'. .' .· ,_;... ·. , i .... -~-. - ··.·. , .'- .' , : . . 1{8322, Ocioper._{ 2001). ·· ....•
In case a Filipirio·ccintrads.a'roreign marriage which": .
-~~n:i:~~-'x
. , -:' isriul' arid void [n tfie place where ·it was solem·n~eO: . ·
. the same shall also be null and void~
. Ph(l(PP(nes .e.ve~ if-such was valid if cetel5'r'ated Gnder . .
the· U·
Marriage ?f .Filipinos Abroad . · ·
It 1~,m~hd. ,Th.e·F.am1ly Code mandates thatonly a_ .
.•.b{~e ,,andr fem~le ca~ marry 'eac~ _other. =r~is is,
·
Ph1l\ppm~·1aws., · , ·_ .Z·"--~)~-th.e~eror~ya~pubhc·_po!Jcy matter wh1ch·~anriot be

._ . , · . _ . /W,:· .~--~ .
~r··.
r~nder.eg · meft~t1ye : . by .. any foreign law
If bOUi, ero fprOigno-~. lex ,lo~·;·
r.eJ_eeJb.[_r:at__lon;St,rr;fies. 176· 177; FAMftY CODE, Ari
.:/~ JS'FA,M~'R/%~~upra.at
·-.~-~ee··.C(~I~ qoD.E, ~~':..17~: _;: . f .: .:.- ., \· ~); CIV.IL, &.O[l)f)~iJ~.-15a(Jd' 1?)· ... ·. ·.- - ·· ... ·
__
.
·
Note.: The r.ule:on._the val1d1 YJ-O.l,foje1gn. macriage ·
un?Efr Art. 26-.ap"p.l[e.s on!y ~P.irio~ (SEMPIG~,
. • · .. D·~·Y, st.ipra at.2~)~ .· : .
r:: - ·
cxce~~1on~.=
: .· · , •. .- .
F?,re1.gn · m.a r~s .. s_H~I

.
~·'. . · ·(
~. .
~-l:--b.e
i.
:c
~ :: ~
A
t /~
D1vor.ce
l!i q_qfir~I .Ru~:\
}~
'\/{p}
J.
~ot~"~
\@il@ft' (?5808) Septem_b~F:2!J~ ~98).
1, · . . ._
is -not· allowed in the
Jlli t~~!l'.pp1~es (Gang,· v... p ou(f of Appe.a~s•. G.~: ·No.: -
.. . ~ .
.. · .
--· _ ...
.,
:
.
rec.9gnized m the Philip~ines ifr.(~MBARf))l\; ~ !?:~x-~ep,)o~~·. . .. ~ ... ·. ._. --: . . . . .

1 .. 9or:itracted b_y-a.nat1onal \1''!1o-1s .§elpi~~~e~s~ ·~~ -~~~n 2_ialie~~7.1f valid m }he1r-n~tJonal :laws.
of.~g.Ef~nC!·legal.capacitylo c_ont~.i:n~p1~@e) '/..~~,!t-:_1f.Jm~rn~J~·· wa·s celebrated in· the ... ·
· (FAM/f:Y.(?.OD~, Art. 35 (1})," : .. ~ .. ~~ p~1f)PPjes;-~~-~~o ·. .-: . ·· . . ·- - > '.
. .-~~~~-~~:. ~-h~·. ~h.ili~pine~·. ~e~.e~- t& t~1~~~;;,;F~l\~-: ~~~i~-;~~~a~::. ~e-le~rate9 . :> .·: ·_.
that_:th~ marr.y1_ng·.cap.ac1ty":of_th§..~2bt :;~~-1.-·(-<QQEe~~n a .F!lipmo c1lizen. and· a. for~1gn~r; ..
. P~[l1e~·.1s:governe9_by,the·nat1onaftlaw ~(_J~at
. ,.. pafty, wh1cl) is the.Philippine Law-(ST~A~~yahdd1vorc:;e acc:;ordmg to the nati~nal law
M· ~\a~:-·: .. · . · :··· .· .-· . ·,. · < .,
~_uprci a.t 169). · · . · .. . · . - . ". - .of -the foreigner is .. ~b\g1Jie9 .abroad.-b,y .the
· · .. · . . " .. , '. · · · . ·- ali~n . sp!-:)use. tapacitating ·-·Nm-.:or :her tc{ · ,,
'Not~-: Tnis: e~c.eptibt:i shouid be ·constru:ed a$ - remarry.(FAMIL Y CPDE, .Art. 26,.par. 2-·as .
. referri[lf: to . 13· '·.:situation·. where·, ;both . the - ) · .. · amf!_.n_dea.byEO:'Nr:i.· 227- (19$7));;or .,
.co~f~~-c_ting :'·p_artie_s' to. a: marriage ·abfo-~d' ar!:) ' . : ;. C ... A Fp"rei'gn ' Divo.rci:;_ :.s'ec.Lifed·: by '~'' Filipino . .'
· Fi!iPj~o··citize.~s (STA MARIA;· sup_t~°J:1t-.170). · . Against a _F.oreig·11 ·spot.is~ is -_Valid:·-· A.'. ·
.,· • • • ·. ·: . < .. • _ . >. . . . ..:_ . :· .. -, · F!lipijio-cjti~e.n,ha.s.Jhe:.capi3city·to:rerri~Jrry· ·.
. 2: ·!nf~slu"qus· m?rri~ges (FAMILY,CQ[JE, Art/37); ·-: ,··· u_nder Pliil_ippine ravZatte:r initiclting . a divorce' ··
3. · c.?~~ract~d' _thr.pug~. M_i~take· o( o:ne'. p1=1rt~~n35 · to · ·. p_roceedin·g v ·: abro,ad- ?Cl~ o~\aining- a1
._. the-1aent1ty 'of the other (F~MIL.Y C<;)DE, Art: 35. · . f?v~rabl~ j~dgment: against, his ·0r- her.alien
- · · •. !".~ (5)F" : :· - .. · . . . · · ·: · . . . - spouse-, wtio ·. is ·,._capacit~ted . to .. remarry·
:4., .§ig~mOUS;Or- pol.yg~[l'.ious -exce.pt. a·s. proviped·in· .. . ~ · (~(}.p_uqlic. v . .Af.ana/o, G.R:-No. 221029, (l.pril .. _, .. ·
. : ·· ·.;Ar(,4.f·(PA'MILY.··CObf;,·Art:;·35.-/4.)J/" '-:·. - : · ~- .. : . ::: 24;.. 2~1:.8)< :=" . ··:_ ..;· .. ' ..
5. ·.'<Contracte·d · - fqllciwihg tt:ie· : Arinulmeht . or . ; ....
' : ci.etlai"c!tiOi'i°6friuliity."6f a:p/ev'ro~i""s-marriage bu.t ' : ·Note::T.he p~rp6se of'P..ar~g.raph-2:cif Article 26·i~·t;
0
. . . before partition'(FA_MIL Y COPE,- Art.35 (9)); .. ·avoid the.'absurd situation where.the Filipir::o.;potJs~
6 .... ~.henJ -~ny .o_f · th~ . party, is :'.EsychologiE:ally /e"m_a\ns married 't0 the alien· spouse who; after a
. mcapa_c1ta,ted when the marriage was celebrated forefgri divorce decree that-is.effective in Jhe cou~try
·- ·(FAM/LY C.QDE,: Ait 36); ~.nd · .. · · w.here it "."a·~· renderedi is no longer mc1rried to th·e · •.:•
. · . 7. Marriage· i.$ void by. reason . of _Eublic pbli~y ·. Filipino spouse, The provision is, a· ~orrective
· ·. (FA!v1/LY GODE, Art. 3~}: . · 1 measure to ·address ·an anomaly: wh·~re th~ Fi!ip,ino
\ ..:
~O j' ·2019 S~N B!=DA LAW.CENTRALIZED BA_R-O~E~TIO.NS.

... P.ERS.ON.S AND: FAMl·-LY· RE.LAT.IONS
; . SAN BEDA 0W G:E!JTRIILIZE_D_BAROPERATIONS- MEMORYAID 2019 -. • .
·1e.:1 I',:: ¥¥.. w,w aN,m:~fk >c,M '¥¥! ss·AZ'.P ,e !!Si&;a;;1se4en :•.,::s pc; ,-ssn•.; S'ii' IP. §fit¥: sM 06%iis@w e:;,s'}it, :4&SIM
. spouse is tiedto the· "marriage while the. foreign Proof of Divorce ·.,... ·
spouse is. free. to 'marry under the Jaws of his or tier .Party pleading it must 'prove- divorce as a fact and
country (Republic v. Manalo, G.R. No.-221029, April ·demonstrate its· conforrnity to the foreign Jaw
?4, 2018). . allowinq 'it, which. must 'be proveq as courts cannot .
take 'judicial notice of
foreign laws. If. a valid· divorce
Wheth.er the Flllpino spouse Initiated the foreign decree- has been obtained abroad, there is no more
divorce proceeding· or not, a favorable decree. .need to file an action to nullify the marriage (Felicitas
dissolvin_g "the" ma'rri~g·e bond-and cap.acitating .his or -· Amor-Cetelen v, Ck, G.R. No. _167109, February 6,
'· her _alien spouse to remarry will have the same 2007). · . . .
. re:sult-tne Filipino spouse \viii 'effectivelybe' without
· <a husband or wife. /,\-Filipino who initiated a-foreign . Philippine courts will only deterrnlne.rt ) . whether the
. 'divorce' proceeding 'is in the same place and in "like. fore.ign judqrnent is inconsistent. with an ~overriding
circumstance- as .a. Filipino who is at" the. recelvinq: -publlc policyin the. Philippines: .and ·(2) whether any·
end of an alien-initiated proceeding. Therefore,' the ·. alleging party is·able to. prove anextrinsic ground to
subject prcvtslon.sftould not make 9 distinction. In: ., repel the foreign "judgment, .i.e. want' of jurisdiction, ' ..
hath instances, it' is. extended . as .a means to "want of notice to the party, _collusion, fraud, or clear
recognize.the residual .effect of the" fo_reign 'divorce .• mistake ..of Jaw or-,fact. (Fujiki v, Mar.ir:iay, q.R. Np.
. dee::i-ee on Filipinds whosemarltaltiea to .their alien. 196049, June 26, :2013)'."
,, "":"'
. .
spouses are severed by 'operation of the latter's
- national law (Republic v. Manalo, G.R. No. ·221029, . 1rt'~rp~e~atl6n ot"Ai1:. 2~·(2) of'th~·Family C~de . ·
. Aprii· 24! 2_D{8)::. . . Art. 2·5 (2) ·alf0wing_ for:divbrce _appliE;)s wner~ parties
·
1
were Filipino'citizens ·at the time of the marriage was
celebratef' and later ori, ·one of them becomes"
naturalized as a foreign citizen and obtains a.divorce ,.,
decr~e: The're9~oning pqin_t is t~~iir citiz~nsJiip· at the
'time,tffe-valid't;iivorce is obtairied abroad by the alien
spouse capa~{~ing _t_he·:1atter to re.marry (Republic·. -
v, Orbecidtt·{'1'··_tyo.· 154~~0, O~tober 51 2095): .
·.·:A filipino;;vhJ ba~ ~~e~. :d\v~r9"e.~.
~Y-,!Ji:s:ai·i~n·spo~s.e.
abroad ~ay '{.alidli_remarry in the· P~ilippioes.'even if ·
tne ·r:~ageJ-"Yas\solemnized befor.e_ the Fam_ilX .
. Code oot<effecc-"~'er:narriage:tie, when.severe.9 - .
· a..s: to. one~p~<ictY, 'eeases to. bind either'. A husband ..
· wlthout • a, -wife,· or a' wife without ·a-husband, is · ·
.; unknown "to" the law ;..'There is no need to retroactively
agply Art ~6 para_grap~ 2_ of-the F-_amily C~de,.~ince
i~-...:~:th'ere is ..st1ffi:Cient· jurisprudefntial ba~i~HJll0wing the
Court. to rule·· "in the· ·c!fficmatfve· (San~. Lu{s v.
Sagalongosl'· G._R'
.
. No_: 13402_9,. February .6, -2007).
. Cap~'city .. to . Re111atry must be- state_d . in the

. 'De.crEfe of Div"bi:._ce : · .. .-- · ·. -. . ..... , . .. .
There
. . . must. be.. a showing' that . the. . divorce
. . decree
. )
gave the. for~igner ~pouse legal c.:ipacity to.remarry
becau~~ in ·.some "jurisdi.ctions, · .remlrriage-rtjay be··
' Non-applicability of AiM. No, _o1::"11-1 o.sc . . . -:··. ~, . limited _o( prohibited (G/rc;la ··v: · R~cio;-:rG.R1 No.
·i:tie provisions.of A.M. No. 02-11-10-SC -applvin a · 13832-2, October,2,· 2001). : ·. ·
case. involving reccqnition' of _a: foreign decree of - . ··-
.
<. divorce .. A . decree of absolute divorce procured

, .· · abroad is different from annulmentas defined by our .
Tne.legislativ~ -intent-is-'for ·t_M benetlr.ot the .-Filipino
spouse: by dar1f9rng .his or her marital status, settling .
family laws. A.M. No. Oi·11-fO-SC only covers void. . · the· · doubts-: ·cleated ·, b>C the . divorce
·and· vojdable · marriaqes · that-are specifically cited .. aecree., Es.seritially;· Art. 26 (2):··qf. the. family .Gode
· arid .. --·e.numerateds." in. the. Family Code. of. the ... provided the Filipino ··spouse.·a .substantive tight to
Philippines") "(Republit:; v~ Co!e, : G.R: No. 2_12860, !)ave . his·. or. h~r ·'r:narriage ... to: th~ alien.- spouse
·-March 14, 2018): considered as dis:,olVe_cl;. cappcitating him or her to ·
' . ' -
· remarry (Cqrpuz v. Sta.· -Tom.as, GR. No. 186571,···.
August 11, 20.10).: :_ .. , · · ·.· :· · .
. . .
2019.SAN BEDA LAW CENTRALIZED .BAR OPERATIONS· I 71

·PERSONS·-Al\lD FAMILY RE..LATIONS
'- SAN. BEDA LAV:' CE!'JTRALIZED BAR OPE(!ATIONS -·MEMORY AID 2019 .
Exceptions:· .
VOID-MARRIAGES ' 1. Art. 35, (2): · Either of the contracting. parties is in_ -
: good faith. -in believing 'that the solemnizing
(i\RT.~ .'35) officer has authority alttJough he has hone. in ·
fact; and .
Void Marriag·e 2: Art. 11·: A person whose spouse disappears f~i-
A vo\d m·arriage .is that which is not valid from its . 4 consecutive years, or two years 'where there·
inception. (STA ..MARIA, supra 'at 206). . . . · . .. was dancer ofdeath, the present- spouse' may
validly mar.ry again-aftec. he-or she; . . -
· A rriarriaqe that is. void 'et: initio is considered as . a.· Has. a well-founded belief· that his or her
'having never to have'taken place' and cannot be the . spouse is dead; ·. > .,_ • '
so~tce·. of rights. lt-can.never be ratified (Nffla/ v: b. Procures :9 judicial declaraiion of
Bayadog;-G.R. No.'1'33778, March 14; 2000) -. ·. ., 'presumptive death; and .
._, c. At <the ,lime . of., the .. subsequent marriage
RTC has Exclusive .Jurtsdictlon in All Actions ceremony." is in .good faitn with · the ·
iriY~lvir:ig the Contract of ,Marriage . . . .. subsequent ' . spouse; otherwise. the
J'. . R1~-' has jur.isd!ctioh· to, <rule '.'orL, the- yali9_ity · of - . _;. ·_ V~OY.lpd:·s_·equent
marriaqe .sh<;1II b"e·_. c~'n:ii1.er~d· .
• ,· ..-1 marnag~ solemnizedand eelebratedby the ..Church.
pursuant to· the- provision gf the Family · Code. · ~- . ~ ; · , .
· -~ ·
A!thqu:gh, marriaqeis considered a sacr~ment-in•tl,e ·
Ca!Jiolic Ghurch: it has civ.W~nd. 1e·gal· con~.e~~ce·s
wh1,c_h. ar_e<.govemed. by me , Fai:i].il9.<<so~~~s
·lJ. - - ln;.tqese two cases, .the good faith even of only one
?{
...,.va4~.
!r,e ~0!')trac~ihg .. parties :shal\ ma~eJhe · rnarriaqe ~
70_~e _y_9~d; bothof the contracting pa-_rties must
pe,t1t_1_~i:i.er _ S~:~ef:ll~ p_ointE:_9 .~~t, the?-h~ta,._ii!}~titi~ . . _ · ·q~ .-1~ .b_~fail\_(fAMIL'(. GqDE, . Ar,f. ~4;. STk
only s~~~-s t~ n~)l1fy ,~h~·~arna.~~o~tr~c~etw~; :SUP.;,~!'24:0).. . .. .· · · ·.
the-parties aspostufated in t.h~Fam1ly1.Godesdf. the_. jt , . . ·"""·...~ ~\ · · · ·.. , ·
P~i.l\pP!ii_e·s;.·:-~flcj _t~e· decl~~~J10~· n~_llit/ ,_:of !~1°>" . 'X' .·1Jrwesc{i~tibi)it~.J?t\A~t1.o~, for. Dec·l~~9tion . of
. par~1e...s .. m~rr~~ge_: in ,the rehg}JDUS af'!~fecclls1astic~I. ~ ·NaJhJy ,1 \.( l"'). . ·· ··· . · . · ·
aspect 1s_ ~nother matter. NptpblY, me pyo~ee.diog · :<'". r · T~~ act10 o~ def~se for the_ declaration of aps.oluf_e
for churc~ annulme~t ~hich.i~~c?rdanctwith_tti~ If · 1~l_1ti·_of a mamige sh~II not_ prescribe (.FAMILY
norm~:o~-~-ano ..~:L:a":"'·1~ no_tJ~1~~nf~p~~:t~~ .S
as...-t~~,coµp~e 1s ~till ~q~·~,t1~1£·marne?n't~·~~ch~Uimt(- -,~,
~~?'
.J~ _' · ,:·· · · : -
1
11;1~!/:)E,.!f.n. 3~, .a s1~mil'de~by~-~--N~: 8~3_3)..
~, , -·:. ·. _·
,·
": .
. - <?_t~e_r 1n t~~·-e~es-of the c1~1_1\a:Y:'~'r.{us, ~~Wm;ic1ple ~ .O.nlY,;_i®Sp9~=\e-5 c~i:i :·File·· ,P.~tibo!" .. for·.-_
?f: sepa~at1on- .of the· churclitansJ.\sta~R~S :'noffif Hi~eclcy7.AI0.p of,full~ .·~ . ~ .·. . ·. . ', . .··-
. applicc)tio'n' .in-·thi_s ~ase·'.'(Ti7a~'(-· :ilar,.. 'G;:~:. 9~· ~~(.~f~~~t~.Ap: ~(). 02:1:1.-:107SC (~C Re-s9lution··
~1~~29,:_J_(JJ.J-2'..z_o17). ·-;., · ..·. - ·\J) ·-· · W.ljJ.~5pl5.~ft~~t C?n .March_·15,-20~3). a p~t_itiori. fqr:
__ _. _ . · . . -,:-, _ . -; ·.. _-.· ,.'.. ,' ~. . , . · · •. ·. . -. . -~cl?.,E-a~10.~ ef .abi:;_o)~fu. n.u!hJy,Qf vo1p _ mar~1ag~. i:r,ay .: . -
.. K.12d~:,<~f ~Old _l'ylar,n~ges· (L~P:IS):, ·_ 7-: -~ scru1\ne,e~~d;).~~1y-b_y.)liEl h:u,sb~-lil~ ·or>lne':Wlf~:.' T.tjus, . <·.
~ 1. _Th.o.se_~?.~tr~~ to·;a~ 9q~.u~h~R91.if¥1': ·.. ·. _ ·. ·, _ ~~Qul!orJ:~ ._1.1t~:5tate;__J)eir~s .can q_uest1or:: Lh~_ : . ,.·
_2. -~_bs_ence-of ~s·en~1a.1 0dormal'requ,s1!G)f) , . y.a!ffit~ ·_.?f )Ji;,:m?rrJag_~- of _-th~. spo~.s.e~;·. not· If"!: .a· · .- ·
3.-. -~)ther,· of . . the ·.·pa'rtie·s · is ·.e.sy.c~ol691!i_l11x .. ).,,{ ,B(Pf~~9,i~,:for:·d\'!fl?rc/t.1on,-6f ~.ullitY~ :~tJt _up·ori' t~$ ...... -
,· .... 11191p~sitated;_ .. • · · · .· , . · . .tV l.J.o5qfr~:spo~s~.m:a pr.qe~ed1ng-for. lqe: ~ettlem_Eli:it
·... - 4. · !_nce~tupti"s .ma~riages; ·ahtk .. ,. ' >-:, - .
·_ ·/ .. _
ofl:".tne. ~stat~;of Jh:e:.dece<ls.e~ spo:use,. ~1.e'ch in: the;-. ..
· · .. 5 .. ·Vqict~ub~equei:it marri~ges, , . ::,,,, ·> · ·reguJarcourts. (Enrico·v.-.H~irs o(Nf~d/(Jaf;.eli,'G.R:.:
·. · ·-.,_::, .· · · .... ,,··:·/·_;. · ~·:· ,,··. ·.' .··.·. . .fY6:·1:l.~6.1.1;,Septe,mp$t-28, 2001f~_',' ~ .. ',···. < .. ·t
~. . : Gen'~r:al~'-Rule: ' Good . faith· an'e: i. bacl1-"'raith •, are .' ·. .. . .. '< . ;, ·.;-' .·.'. :, :. . ,, . . .. .
. . immat·erifuJJfl qe.termining \iiihether}:ir.:not'a marria·ge . Exc_eptio·~: . · _C_ases for.·, ··nullity-- Qf: _(llarriage·.
is'~ull•:;iri'd vqjc:J,.'.ttie partf.Whc(l<riew'.that tie otsh"e / eomm~nc~d. PRJO~··t.<;:i._March-.15,.',20,P3: by.-,p.e(spns. ~ · .
'was _·_~ritetfr1g .:~· .. void: ('mfurdage:"·'.p'efore'')ts .. · .. -... .at.h~r.';. th.an ... th~; h.~spand ·_a~d:,·:wife .. _.'.(Girl~s. :v. · - _.·: ··:
.sole::m_rnzation maybe held-liable for damages by the Sancfovql! G.R. No .. 179922, Deeember- 16;.2008). - · ·
.. · · 9the.r_ Contracting pg,11:ty unp°er-'}\r.ts-. ··1 ~; 20 'afld· 21 of ·. . . . . ·. - " · . . .- . -'.-. . ·. J · ' . ·: '. . , : ':·· . .,
. · f!ie,Civil Code. · .. ·.· ·: .'. < . . . . , · ·,::, ·, .. : •.:" '. - . . · · · De~l_c\r<1tio.11 of N\illi.ty·Not a·P.r'ejudici~!;Question.
· · <" ·. . :".. . '... · · · . ·. · . ·. . .. _.:- . ·.
The pe1;-ide.ncyof thEl .ci','.il·actibn for'nullity of the· ffrs.t .. ·
'N.qJ~.=.1~1$/h~~ri§ !ti~.t. ~~~- !1()ili~f 0{)1 mairiage c_an _: . : r:n~r~i~g~ 'qp~s ,not; pos_e:~ .·pr_ejµqic:;i,al .. q~~~!io,n ip a. .
b~ _i3s:s_e~ed··.ei;,en~·1f 1l_'1s"'hot 'thECmain ·dr principal· · .. cnrn1~ql· 9a~~.:for.cqne,ub1naQ.~;,"(~e/t,;€)n ,v.):People, .
. ~S.,S.!-!~_bf ~--~a.::;_e:'NR;_er~vio~is.Jt.idici§I d¢daratio'n:'of . f3,.~.' f-!o. ~Jl-~67; _June. 20, .2000). ~y an'c3logyrthi;5 ·
rfu_llity,.is,'. r~quirecJ·b'y law with. respecT'to":ariyottier.. . . ~uhn,g·app(~es m-~·Ci3Se.for b,igamy S!QGe_ bqlh.eri_mes·.-
. ~att,~r.wli'~'fe·:(~:e i.~SU~·_of t~~:yoid_ne::,S-'<?f a'~atriag'e . , . · pr.es_uppos:e \he SUb,sistence _Of. a ·marriageJ(?bbis. V•.. : ~
1~_·.pertiner:it or matepa.1, e1the.r. directly'or 1tidrre'Clly .- B_ob.1s, :GR: No.13850ft, Ju_ly 31, .2000).. · · . ·.
(STA.Mf\RIA,supra,·at 211).- . ,.. ' . ·
Re;;pon·dent. cannof be permitted to use tiis own
mqlfea.~ar:ice to . d.efeat "the criminal action· a'g·ainst.
him when· it w~as res~o'rid.ent'i:; clear inte~t- to.. obt~in·
'• .
. 72
. , · 2019'SAN BEDA LAW'CENTRALIZED
. BAR OPERATIONS
. .
PE-RSONS AND FAMILY RELAil:ON-5 •
'- SAN BEDA LAW CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS -~MEMORY AID 2019
' i. •
..
. t!!l>!M#fri@&SP&+? i&!@ t9i fffi4*14 &3#FtMYWM W@@®A'"; otiW ; .diffi"it&E,, ,4¢%MiWtt'.?i'id&H¥&"tif MWfkSM AA,tsM&@urE
:.... ... . .
a judicial declaration of nullity of his first. marriage_ Reason·: Parties to· a marriage ,should. not be
ard:thereafter to invoke that very same judgment to P.~rinitted tq: judg~'-· for themselves< its nullity, only
prevent his prpsecution for bigamy. He Gannot have competent courts having ·-such authority .. Prior to·
his cake. and eat it too. Otherwise, all that an such-declaration of nullity;. the validity of the first ·.
~dvenfurous bigamist has· to do is to disregard ;Ari: ma~riage is beyqrid q\jestion (M_ontafiez-v,-Cipriano,
40_ of the Farnily Code;. 'contract a su_bsequent G.R. No: 181089, October 22, 2012). . · ·
marriage and :.escape ·a bigamy charge: by simply ...._
claiming that the first. m,arriage is void 9nd tha_t .the _·.Elements.of Bigamy:·.·
:subsequenl mar,riage is _equc!IIY, void fo~--!ack-- of' a . 1. The offender has-.been legally married.·· ..
prior ~ecla"ration .o,f nullity of·the 'firsf (Bobis. ',(. Bob is, 2. · The marriage tias'-rJot be-en legally. dissolved. or in
GR. No: 138509, July 31, 2QOO). . - · - . case his 9r her. spouse . is abse·nf;-:- the absent"
•: .
.,. •• \ .1 .....
; spouse : couTd . ·not'-, yet· .be: presumed· "a~~d.
. . Attacking a Void Marriage . .- according.to the Civil.Code. · "- , ··.- ·. · ..
', .· · .. General Rule:· A- voi.d. marriag~ ·can be:·attacked . · ·3, The offendec contfa~ts :a se_cond or"su__bsequent
. . .~ollaferally·(STA. MARiA, :siJpra at i92).: ·. ·.. : . J.. m_arriage; and ,•. ·, ·. : . ·... ; : ·, . . . . . :
. :··4., The second ·or ·sub_sequenf niarr'iage has all· the·
. Nbte;·· 1n a case for° co~cubinage,.. t~e aCCL!Sed. n~ed · i ·. essentjal requisite_s for:'validity (2_-8_&YE$, .The···.
not p·resent _a· finar jLidgme~t peclari_ng h1f rriarriage · '· Revised Penal Code. (2012), p. 972):- ·,: ·· .
·~. - ~
. v_oid;- fpthe-can adduc~rnvicience in the criminal case ,
· of the nu.llit{of his r'narria'ge otb_er-ih,;i'h proof of a final · · G,~iity of Bigamy ... ,
'judgment declaring·· hfs. marri~ge VQid (B~ltran v, General _Rule: One who" 'ehters mtca subsequent,
. People, G;R .. No, 1-37567,. June 2d; 2000J: .· . ·· riiarri~gE: ·. without- . first · .b_btaining · such ·judicial
I·-, . declaration is guilty of biqarny.: 'This principleappfies
Exceptions: , . · . ·· : ,. , even ~if· the· earlie'r:. union :i~ characterized by stat~te.
'Direct attack, not a collateral attack, on the nullity of as "void'": (Manuef.-.v. People, G.R: · No. 165842, .
. . ... · a-inarri13ge_ ~~st firs~ be· un·~ert?ken_ ll"!~en: /·· > No.vemb-er 29~.2005}.' · · .. . · · · · ·· .. . .
1 ... A person in a void marriage wants. to remarry; in ~ · · ·· · .' · .: ·· ·. · · . ·1
· suchscircumstance, he must firsf(il~"a'1:ivil case .,..,. The requireme1t for a declaration' of-abi~lu1e i1011it/
· .. · to obtain .. a-judicial declaration of nullfty.-.of t!)~,... ·. a
qf _mar~ia{e)~i-ls0/or the protection .C?_f t~e '~po.u.se
fir_?t.rriwriage_(FAMIL '(G_ODE, -~f40);Y · . who, bel1et1ng. tnat his or.her rnarnaqe is 1Hegal and:
. :2. 01:itaining a. ·judicial'·· de'clarat1oh ··,of ~Jllity -fm .' ·~9.iq, ·m~}ie~ $~a.i.r.)A'.itl1._th~.'j.udicial -~-~:C.larciti~m of;·
·pun:i'ose~:.. oth er . tharr relfarilage (legitimacy, ; '. : .the nullify of bis 0. her !!)8rrtagct the- person .. who
seltlernent of. estate, ·csirninal ---casetw.)1en tt;ie. , marries again canno_ be charged· with biqarny. ~
. · ·y?lidity of the : marriage is · af). i§.sl!le'i' (plifif;Jii\ '. jl.fdiciaTheelar'aii6n'bf·riullity is required.before a vali'd
·Baya_dog, G.R.· No. -_133778; ·March 14,-.2000): subsequent · marriage .· ~n oe"-'conttacted;,,br. .etse,
.; arid . · , . ;.'. ,. . . . · .. . what
\ 1 . transpires'
' . -is.
. \ a · biqarnous . ,,,, ··marriage,·
. .. .
. \. 3.-, If a donor desires' to :rev.oke a. d.ona~ion bropter reprehensible: and immoral -(Teves' v. -Pe9ple, · G.R/ .
:-·. nupt_ia5r (i,n .cbnsid~r~tignof ~h~ ·ma~i~e) _.9iv-7.n ·---N.o,.-1_ 887-l~·August 24; 2o:1.1; lwasawa·:.l( Gangan; \
1-.
· to or:ie or both the spouses on the grouna that G:R . No; 204169, Septerhberf.1, ?013J> ·>- ·: · •
. th<:: marriag·e Js vbid~·(F.AMiL Y COD~rt. 50 in , . ·· · --. :-··
relation._to,Arts . .4::3,<par. ·3 aryd 86; pa,:._.1) .. _- Exceptiqi1,YA jtfdicial.· d(;lclaratici_~ of~;_nullity;:is- .not• .-
.. , . ' . '. • . : . I' . ~··· . • , ·, ·- - . rieeded::woenh,.o· inarria·ge· ce_rer'horjy at all: was.
. ·. · · · ·.J.udiciaJ Declaration ofl'!4lliiy .. ··:·. -~ . ·... . perfcfrme·d by_~_duly authorized solemni_~ing officer,
· The·absolu.te nullity .ofa: pr,evious tnarriag~. may .be as . where: the' · p·a/fi~s·· -·merely. -.'sigri·e~ ,·a· -'marriag~
invoked for' p·urposes": qf rernarri9ge .. qn· the- ·basis contract on' their ciwn without _the presence of the
solely" of'~ .'final. jddgmeQt declarif19· such ·previous ... · . _'solemnizing . officer ,(tvtorr'go· V People, _µI{,: .No .. ·, :.
marri_a.ge-vo~d '(FAMILY CQDE; Art. '40),,· _ _145?.26,_February,°6;:-2004f.:·· : .. :., ..1 ~:.· \s ::-.' '. ·:. '
"t··
.. .
..
. .
.·.
.
.
~
- .
('. ~ . .
N-~t~:.,0.th~r--.Jh~~ .. for· ;~;~6-~~/~(re~'arr\ag@, rio . · 1. 'Void Mari'iages.pu'e'Jo Abs.ehce ofAny:_o~the
judicial action is' necessary to:declare·ir m;miage a_n· Essential . or· _:Formal Req·ulsJt.es ·. (FAMIL'(
. · absolute nuility. F_orother;i:>Ufpose~.-such.as ·b,ut not '_too·E,-ArC35): (18-AtBl-53):' '. ·._ .. '1 .
limited· to deterrriination · of heirship; legitimacy or a: ·'Those . conttacted by: cl~Y-.-party below:·
iliegititnac.y'"'of, a ... child, .. s~ttlemen·t 9f. . estate;. , . eighfe~i:i· (18): years,iorage- everi:w,thJhe · .
dissolutio_n"ot property regime,· cir a criminal cas¢-for .. 'corisent of parents ·or guai:dians;· -.:
lhc)t matter, the.court may pas.s u'p6n 'thei validjty .of · , b. Thosl:!·soleinnized by any p·erson,not Jega(ly
inan\:ige ey'en; · in a swif. not direcuy,-:j.nstitufe~no . ~uthorized to pelioriit marr.i'ages ·. uhles_s
qu.E:stiori_.the same· s?.·_long as it is essenti91 to 'the,_ . such 'marriages were contracted with either
determination of tbe case. (Niijal v, Baya_dog, G.R. - qr. both pa_rtie~. t:ielieving irf goqd 'faith· that
· No. t33l.'l8, Marc/J 1{ 2000).. . . . . the ,solemnizing . officer . h°i:i°d the;·~ legal
. auth'ority to.do so; . . . :
·>c. Thos_e .so!e.mf)i4-ed:. wi_th_ouJ 1,icense,--except
. those covered by the. preceding Chapter;
' . ' .
2019. SAN BEDA. LAWCENTRAL[ZED
, . ~ BAR
. OPERATIONS-
•, . .I 73
PER.SON.S·A·ND. FAMILY RELATIONS.
SAN BEDA LAW CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS~ MEMORY AID.2019 ,
d. Those §.igamous or polygamous marriages E;ffect of Reappearance of Absent Spouse·

not failing 'under Article-a f; · General Rule: The subsequent bigamous
e. Those contractedthrouqh mistake. of one m·arriag~ _under Art. · 41 of the·. Family Code
contracting party as to, the [dentity of .the. remains valfd despite reappearance of the
other; .anc · · . . - . ·abse(ltee spou.se. · ·
f. ·"ThOS§.'S).Jbsequent rnarriaqes that are void
· · under Article 53 (FAMILY <:;"ODE, Art. 35): · Exception: Subsequent· m_arria,g,e :' . is
. ., . . . . automatically terminated 'if. the .reappearance .
Genera] Rule: A marriage contracted by any was recorded in· a sworn statement in the civil
.. person d.ur.ing ·th_e subsistence of a previous · registry of the. residence of the parties· to the
· 'valid marriaqe shall ·be null and void (FAMILY .subsequent marriage at. the Instance of any
CODE; ·Art:''41; Gomez v. Lipana, G.R. No. C- interested' person with due notice to said
23214, -June 30, · 1970; Republic .v. Nerceoe, spouses, without prejudice .to.' the tact of
G:R. No. 182760, April 10, 2013J, · reappearance _being_ judicially determined in
- ', case SL!Ch tact is disputed, (FAMILy CODE, Art.
· Exception: Before · the celebration of 'the 42):. · · ·
. subsequent marriage, . a declaration of · , . \ , . ,
P'.r~su111ptiy$ death .. rri'ay . be:. obtained . 9fter Ex~~·pti<>[!S to
the' exception: .. .,
. tom prying· wfth ... the following requirements:': .. ' a. If 'the 'first :·mwriage has. already .· been
(SAB) _ · . , ~an[lulled · pr has· ·b.een declared 'a nullity
a. Present spouse. musrjflle a
~.§.u~r~ry._·u 'l\_ 1 (~MIL_Y·C,OP-E,A_rt.42, par: 2); . . · . ·
proceedi~g for · the declarat~io · o~e . 1.
yb.1')~t~~~orn st.a~~m_ent of:t~e. re~ppearan~e
p_re~!-J~pt1ve d~at~·.of the ab'!en_ife w-'"9ut~ i~o~]~orped .!n the .. c_1v1_1, registry _ot_th:,
prejudice to ,the' latter's re,iPl?~~ran e; . · ~- .. ~ubie~,.i:i,ent spouses' residence; ·• ·, · : . .:
.b. ~bse.nce of the . bth~r iQo·u~vrrfu~t..h~Ve j}. ." ·~··c~f\tf)~e.Js no...::~oti~e to .the subsequent
b~en · for 4 consecut1v.e,€e1irs/Qr t2 ·
year~ . k · w · ~p~~~s;~o'r .- · . :. · . . . . ·, .. . ·
· ~here t_he're wa~ · q-{n.get'efJ/d.eath upd~r , I!~·Ii\\.. -d,- · l{t~e-ta.1So~e~ppearan9e is. d.i~p·u,ted ·i_ri-_the· . ·
c1r_cl!mstanc~s laid .,o~irt. 391 of the ~. · . · . rope-r\o~tslo!_law, and r:io Jl;lclgment ts yet_ · -
_NCC; _and . . ·L. · : . "" ~--, tJrni .- . rf~dere~ p;..-.Q.~,~firming •.. s,uch · fact of ..
. '• c. 'Well-f~unded §elie~_ortht presen -sp~Gf~ ~ _·itappea,~a~ce;lfa.otqs V. sa1;.tos, ·GR. No.
-· · '."'.~o w1~he~-~o .remar~,1tH9it ab?en spo~se,mnmrmf~ .. -, 187061J:Oct91e,~ ~·- 20·14):.. ,· ._ . ~ - . .
·JJ.· ·,:· - .
. • ,• . :,: . •' ·. . . ·\·(_()i- x~ . . ,. ~-
-. 1s.?lre.ady_dea9,(Ff\·Mlt:-Y...(;_OD~41-,
. Note.: ;h~ _well~_founp~d_. 'ehef 111\~.e ~~.fl ee's~

... '$'"..:::.~
·:1r,t}_; Np.tl~·
~-
·~
...r·t?it~e
:i a~~~te.e-reappears, 'b~t:no: st~p is
t~!{@; to. -~rmin_~t/ _the ·?ubs~qu~n~_ r:r,arn?g~
· death requires. the- presen , spouse t9 p'i=o~ ·~~ . i· / ,d.e11Me. b'lf. affidavit or by cour:t ac.t1<?n', ~he
. ,.hi~/~·er. Q_t;'lli~r-. \'{~S- -the r~§Ult',.of,. tigehya~,~{~ritee's. merfreappear.a~ce. eten,,.if m:ad.~
,· rec;1s.on_aple eJforts.t9 locate,the abse_n_t ~p~~e,~YE'l..Yr\\f>,.~~l<o'!iP~to .-t~{.sp~u_s~_?·:· in:, the_ .s~~-sequen.t·
_ and t~at b~sed. on these eif~ts _andjJ!.,EJ.U!ne~~.]i~rp.~~1IJ..nott~rminate:~uch~marnage_(SSS ·,,· .
· ··the --absent · spou~e 1s alr.eady~e'e,ct.[ It M'!\..\~\.~·:\,- ;

-'. he/~h~ b·e1ie_x~s ...that-<u~9~r- t~e ~.l(CW~a1c~~\~!'3~_~!R.No. -1.6~545,:Marct,.24, 2op6) .. ·.
nec.~~si~ates ·exe_rti.on ·.of. active·, effort~. _a -1 V!f)->~c.!ar~ti?h ; ..

· · · ·. ·.· · ·
?f
. ·. . , -
_p_~es~inptive ·. ·~:,de_a~~
.- p_ass1v~ _onf3· .(R.~pµbltc· v: .Caqtor, ·.~R-~mll).~'.d,1ately.exec~tory.- . ·. · .- -.· ·.
·,1846?-t,, .Qecembw 1-0,. ,-201~; ReP,_ublic. v. . 'By- ~xpress pro'yision;: the Jud~j'mei;:il of:t.he·:court.
,,· T.arripUS/G.R.·No., 214.243, March 16; ·2016).· · . 'in:a s~,rnm.::ir.y_proceeding declarinifpresumptive
.t . . . . .,· d~.ath shall be··imrne~diately .fin_f!I anc;J 'exe~utory
· Re~son:. Thi_s· is, lnterjded · to pr_otect-'tri¢ present = (FAMILY.: CQDE, Art. .-247). ·-rnerefore; 'since: tbe'
. . spotjse fr9m' Grirriinal -prose'¢utior'f fo_r,·, o,igamY . j1,1dgi;nent.)s :.irrime,eiiately fihal ,an_d:, e?(eCC!tor'y,
. . under ·;f\rt._· 349:.of· the -Revised Penal co-ae: · .'. appeal is riot ~-n
avaiiable.remedy: ..An ~ggrfeved_
· . . . ·However.,'·· if< the · ~igamous· ·:' marriage · :wci$ .,, - a
· : 'party'may file p·etitiqfi fo(ceit!Qrarito :qi.i,esti0n .
. · cbmmitted abroad, the. guilty P?rty._cannot be· . ab-!,i1,e of. discr.etion-. aniciunti(ig· .to lac!< -qf .
. criminally ' pros.eG"J.Jted: . .-for : '.big~my. '._.jfi-;_ the. . ~ . ' -·juriscl_ictidn/ ~uch petition ·il]oJld" be
fil~d. iii' the - ·· -
P.hilippine,s as~our ,pen~f statutef cfre Jerritorial 'in . Cgurt , .. of. ,J\pp~aJs in . !=1¢.cord,i'nc~.:· ).vit~.'.·;the . ,,-,
· nature-.(STA.MARIA, supra. c.!f· ~75).· . · Doctrine· pf.:.Hier~rc.hy oL_~o~rts._ .(R_ep_~blic v:.
· -. , . ·.· : -,, · ·. · :· . · · - ... Ta'ngo; G_:R. No: 1f31Do.2, ·.July 31r,2009). ·;'·
. Exi6~pfion tc> the e~ceptfon::lfboth sp;·use~ o( · . . , . · . · - ' · ·· ·· · . · ·.. ,
< ·. ·ma·rriage·sha)I
the·,s.ui;,se'qu.~nt m~rr(a_g~·a~ted· in~bad fa,ith-..-~~id·
be vbid-ap initio _and all .donations
. · ·,. · Note·,- En~ine~aticirl'-in.Art:-35 ·is
Other \(QID niai'riages.inc[ude: .
exciusi~e.·.
. ..
·Nof
·. ...: ma"de by one.in.favor of the other are.revoked by a::· M·ar'riages in ·a.play, _d.rania., or movie;-._' '
. ·_ operation oflaw:(FAM!l)r'G.ODE, /1.rt. 44)... . . . b: Marriages between·two· men or two women:
. . . . . ' . . . ·c .. Marriages.in jest;' and . ,· . . - · · :.
d. Co_nimon law m·~rriages·. '(STA. MARIA,
· supra at 192),. · · ·
. 74 I' 2019 SAN BEDA LAW CE.NTRALIZED-'BAR OPERATIONS

PERSO't..JS. AND FAMILY RE.LATIONs:.
· SAN BEDA LAW CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS - MEMORY AID 2019 ,
.· ~-
e. R.A. No. 6955 otherwisek . no·wnas Anti Ma,·1- The

. Co.urt
. .riu 1· e·d ·th:a t . t.h ere . ·.1s psyc
· · h ological
·
Order Bride . Law -declares unlawful the incapacity In the following instances: .
practice of 'matchinq Filipino . women for . a. A · senseless, protracted, and constant
marriage to foreign nationals on a mail-order refusal to comply with the essential marital
-basis and other similar practices (1 PARAS, obliqations by .one or both of the ·spouses
supra at 424): , . · . · · · . . ., although he, ),he, or they· are physically
capable of performing such obligations (Chi
2. · Psycholoqical lncapaclty.. . ·· · : . - Ming, Tso/ v. CA, G.R •. NO. 1-19}90, .Jenuery ·
. A malady tliat is so .grav·e and permanent as to 16, 199_7); .: .. · '1. · : . · . . . . .· :· ·
deprive .. orie of awareness of the duties. and b. A . person who is -unable to. distinguish
responsibilities of the matrimonial. bond one is · between fantasy and reality would be unable·
about to assume (Del Rosario. Ii. Del /:~o'sario, . to comprehend the .!egal .nature "of the .'
G.R. No .. 222541, February 15, 201°7). · marital borid much .l~ss its psychic· rneaninq
and the obliqatlohs.>: attached to · .-the·· .
Psycholoqical incapacity -~ust,ref~r to the most . marriaqe, including parentinq. One unable
serious cases of personality disorders clearly : . to adhere to. reality cannot be 'expected to
demonstrative of an utter insensitivity or inability adhere as well· to-rany ·legal or emotional
to gi_ve meanirrq andsiqniflcance to the rnarriaqe · commitments (Antonio v. Reyes, G.R. No.
· (Republic v. Dl[J ,Gracia, · G.R. No. 171557, · 155800, March 10, 2006); · ·,
Februery: 12, 2014).. ' · , · : c .. A person who brings her childre_n· to her
mahjonq .sessfons. 'exposed. "them. to
'Psychological incapacity,' as ~ grounq to nulfify gambling that erode .. their moral fiber; h.e.nce .'
a-marriage underArticle 36 of the Family Code, she is · suffering . from psycholcigicai
should refer to no less than a mental. -\!Jot incapacity (Ka/aw v. 'Femendez; G.R. No.
merely physical··---::" incapacity, that · i::aLises' 'fa ·16p357, Jariu_ary 14; .2015); ~ .: · . . . ·
. .party to. be truly incoqnitive of the basic-rfiarital A person wit.ti paranoid' personality disorder,
· covenants that concornitaritly must be,qssurried more severe than borderline and narcissistic
·. an? 'discharqed by the parti~s .. to tfielima~riage personality disorders, made him distrustful
whlch.. :3s_ .-s_o expressed m A~ic11~8 ,Jf a~t,J .rorone _to. jealousy and ;parandia'" so
the Family -Code, _among it~s. 11l§lude their· · e1tre'rne an_d· ~evere th9t;these caused·him .
. m':;l~~.al_obl_igatio~s-~0 l_ive. to etner,,,observ?'iove, to poke a gun at petitioner's head,.and acts
respect_ anc;i fidelity a_nd reD .§.r l'l~l~allii supQo'rt. · of depravity, incap;:icitating nfm to fu!ly
(Espina-_D"?n-V. Qan, GR. No~ 209031, April 1f3, c0mprene~and: assume the · essenti~I
. 2018)_ ~. . · . ~ . . 1 ·. ,-.·. · . . -_ • ""YJ ~blii;rnJ~or:is pf.ma'rdag~ (Tani:De La Ft1ente_
f v. De La F(!ente, Jr.,· G.R. 'No, 188400,
~Art_icle. -36 :.'6f · th_~ Fami_ly_ Code ~ust r:iot. be . March 8, ~017); and.. · - . . · ·,
cqnfused with a divorce law. ttiat cu s_.tne'mar'tal Respondent Martin· .»'cJS ·.diagnos~d · ·with
b_ond· a_t: the time tt:i·e, ·g~ound_s 'for· d' or,ce"'"':"". .....,.-.,...:.111,.............~arcissistic. Per.son,a!ity . _Djsorder~ .·with·
manifest themselves·; rathei';.it'mpst be limite~ to tendencies toward. sadism.· This ·advers·ely
cas_es where there is
9· dow.riright incapfil:ity or·
. inability fo assume and fulfil!' the ba~ marital.
·affe.cted Martih in such a 'manner that -he .
. formed unrealistic· values an'd standards on
·."obligati'c:ms,. not'- a' me.re : re{usa·, .. _neglect or _his .. own'·_·.: marr-iage .. a~d . proposeid'
difficulty; much less, ii! will; on ·the. part ·of the ,uncoriventi.onal ~ex1,1al pr_a_ctices_. (Repubifc
errant spouse (Repub/ic-v.- Ro_me,:o ii, G. R. Nos:. : _, v. Javie~, G.R. No. 210518, .April 18, 2018).
209180_ & 2092,~3,february 2f,. 2016). . ·
The ·court ruled·-' that.· there. is· · no·.
· Requisites of: Psychol.ogical Incapacity: psycholo"gi"cal, ·incapacity .. in the. followin·g
. (GAi) . .. . insta.rices: · · .. · . ·_ . . .
· a.· ·Gravity - Must· t:ie ·graveiserious such that a. . The .. spouses' disagreement· on money
the_paJjy wmild_be incapable:of. carrying out · mqtte·rs are .com_mcin-· and even normal .
. ·the o"rdinary dqties required in--a marriage; 0tcurrences between husbands and wives
b. Juridi.cal Antecedence - Must be rooted in (Tongor· v. · Tango/,· G.R.·,.No: .157610,
·the- .history of· .the ·party antedating the October 19~- 2007); .
,. marri;:ige; aJtlio.ugh ·the ove~t l]lanifestations . . b. .Th~ · ·spouses' frequent . squao6les and·
may :emerge only after the marriage; ancl · respond~nt'~ refusal to :sleep with petitioner· ·
c. !ncurability - Ml,!_St be incurable_ or, ·even if it . a11d be supportLve tdhim; and their bickering
were _qtherwise,·the cure would be beyond a.nd arguments even .before their marriage· .
the_(neans e>fJhe party'invoived (Espina.~Dan · and· resporid.ent's s¢~r-idalous outbursts in
v. Dan, GR.No: 209031, April 16, 2018). · public, at most, show their'immaturity, ancl·.
imrn_aturity does not co.nstitute p~ychologital ·
incapacity (Navarro·v. Cecilio-Na.varro, G.R.
No. 1'62049, Apri/·~3, 2007)i

PERSONS. A·N·o FAMILY RE.LATIONS
SAN BEDA LAW CENfRAUZfo BAR OPERATIONS·_ MEMORY AID 20(9
. . .
c. The interpersonal problem· with her co- willfully concealed the same (Buenaventura v.
workers does -not sufficeito support the· CA, G.R. 'No;_ 127358, ·Mqrch 31, 2005). .·.
conclusion that she -was · psychologically
incapacitated to enter into a marital union as Molina Docfrine. .
·th~Y are -polesvapart- from- their ·marital° .Iurisprudential.Guldelines: (P.~OB~aPIG) .. · .
relationship. While. both spring from human' . a. lcicapacity must be·.E_ermanent or incurable.:
. relationship, -their.· relatedness·· and b. · Boot cause -'of the psychological incapacity
: relevance to one another should "be fully 'must be: . · , ·. . ··
established for: them to be compared' or to i. Medically or clinically identified; ·
· serve as measures of cornparispn \vitti one ii... Alleged .in' the complaint; ·, . \.
another (Republic v. Encelen, G:R. .. No. · · .1:) $ufficiently proven by expert; a'nd
. 170022, Jc3!nuary9.,.2013); and. . . · . . 2.). Clearly explained in the decision
d, Sexual .•. infidelity. . or perversion and. c. Marital Qbligations refer lo Arts. 68-71° 1 220
.abandonrnent ". do· not, 'by themselves, 221 and 22p°of the Family. Code; . •
consti~ute. qrounds for declaring ·a'

marriage. d. · ·Pl~i.nt,iff _hps ·§ur?en _qf proof;
.void. based .. ,on/.psyc~ological i.nfapac;:ity e. _lqcapac1ty"proven to b~ !;~istjng at the. time
,.. . .. , . :(M,a/Jilin_x.~'Jame~.olarn/n;: QB>·-Np.'.192718, .(?f.the ~-~Jf~ra.tior .of marriage';. . .. . ·· r:
·F~bru_wy 18,' 20.15; .' see ·a/~p:. R~pub/ic v, .f. . ,:riai '.~ou,rt. mus]: cir~fer· _tile . .E_ro~ed.utlng
Tecag, _G.R. 'No. ·°i29272/f.Jo\/etnber·19, : attorney or 'fiscal and lfie Solicitor-·General to
2018); ·. . . .~-- . ~app-~arfor_thestate; ... · . : :....· .. ·-
...
.· I e·.'
.
~m'otiona,I _im~at_urity, - -. irre~R0nsibility,.
sexual. -prorniscuity, · 'or , othe~J:eha'.,Vi0ral .
u·
Ng. !~r.~reta_tion.s of the ·.National :Ap~ellate ..
·/ Matr1momal_ Tribunal of the Catholic-Church
_: · disorders; of·_..:.;themselve'( ~ar.~
~ot~- . . . oJ_/\1.e Philippirres . \-Vh)I~ QOr. 6.ontrolling
tantamount to psych9lbgi¢{!f9..9~Pifcity (Del , ·sn_oulcr~e_ ~iv~n:W§~f.respe·~!)inp·· .... _ ..
R~sa_iio'·v., Df:)I Rosario/G.R,\_N@~22-25'4r,-· .;~, ~h ......;_l t_me~ 'J!AQr'?.ve, :nou_gh to. brJnQ a~out_
·' Fe9:uwy.1:5;?017);- · J~Y /-::· =·1P.2 },[ ~(. ·~1?-~b1l~ty.h'to .ass,t,J.Q'.\~ ~.ssE:r!i9_I . 1!1-~-~itar
. ~- f. Fa_1J1~gs __as huspand/<?nch{p.ther;{s\J# not {\ .m:., ·· .~bhg~ttqns (Rep!Jplic v._. C~ .and_ M,9/ma,
;?V~. , .
;I __r~i~-1,_R.~- th~\t·~\trin~'i~ ~ep~bt[c v: f;~·:·~~d. '·
·· . t~nt~m.ount·.:._~o psyc£ological ,.incag:acit)''\tO - N0.(!J_8j163, february 13, 1_997).
. , · . _·. ; .· ~ni~~{~/~~~~~~,i~a~1,~~~~;~;~~~-~~~-j;~5:~1n
. _ . :·· · ,_:. me~ning of.-~ ~syph\J]Qg!ec~.',- i~c.a~\city. It~.· :~~:fvf?h~:,a.·: '(1_99~)~'v':'f1,. i~appl!tcJb_l~ .. 1,h( -~o~rt ..
0,l~e--mes~-:-SeFJ?.,:IS~~a's~i~f.
--_, - _. : •. ·REl~sE>nalit ~- d:_9~;th~j..cpses of P~X!(hQlbg_1s~1:_.~n,.Gf P.~~Jt~--
t. : ~'8U~f.: -~ ... tJo.iRl~-- .,r"'ri .. ~ S~9)J/Q)pe .1e.G~~-d_f_?f·?~ l[l~ ,p_~~~~_-of~.?.lnorr.--
..
.· .. · . . . d1sor.per.s,· ,(Ga:fe(
. _·1~35'41,; /.f~g~~(2;:.2@._ftJr~,\ .. '', =., ~
:.· g. t0ere s~ow1ng,,of: '1rr~con~1la!5le_;;d1ff~~fi~~s"':"'.
~<'. .,,t:;~ ~~19-8t10.'}-$,p~ed_ft1o_ns .or Q~Jler.ahz?.t_1.?t1~ b.ut ·.
~ ~c~rain~Jto ,,ts/_o.Y-m fac~s. · Courts. 'should'
- . · af)d · '_c_o_n_flicting}per-son~l.ities' in'~·ri~~e: -- .' (iJ~.r~~~Y,th~-~~Oi~iOn_}?r). a C~SEt~O-C_?!~~;pas_is; ·.
·.,, .--~Gon.~J1tutes·, ': .. psyq~~lqg1cal- ..... -.. 111ca.~8W~[T--EC'N:·1·1"\\.'h~t-!. :T 't!~Y:~1PJ~~e_oc~~ -t~~-· rir.c!_1rgs~ -_~J~,,~.x~ert~
. . . (Lontp_,G-Cruz. 15,{· q~lf~, ~Q:-R.,, N0j2Cill}'8~~~J1t'.'/.c\~.~~~e}5.. in ys~c_ti?.1<:?.~'·cal· __a,~.c,Rl~n~~·. ,.
'··. . ·- Gctobec1-1, '2@.17);:and- ...-, 1\-'.. · ..[· 0.- ~ancitbYl,cl~e1ston~ of -church· tnbunals.:·Wh1le 1t
h,, Petitiorie.(s;bafe cl~ii:n tha;i~f)onf@J a·· 1. j· /\.~ie\)iQ.t¥fugg~stiri?(t.tie.:.a6·and~~rfie_nt\>.f .ttfe. ·
.' · -:._ ·p_at~oi_ogi~ah:g~i:f61~rti;is~_lr-re.sp?~~ie· ~.nd · 1Vt0\~~a.b'ctrin~'.·. it r~l_e~_Jl,~.t \~id_.:d?-S!!~-~- ~as ..
·, : ·:'.~='. : J~:LI.:\qble t0"~E%e_JD_'.aJ?P,_ 9?es'n?t:·nec,es~l9':"'- ~ti~9?t,p~·siJJr?Jl-J~c~e!: fprc1r.ig~ a}L~1z_~s}9-J1J ,'~1o.
. . . · -trar:islat~· 1_nto,; ..unassa_1lable. proof that . and b~ bo.und. oy 1t, ancl'.l[l co_nveo_1er1t1y·iapp.lymg. .-
:.. , .. ·· ,. resp6ndenhJs':psych.qlc::igfcc;1lly·Jn~apat;itafed:,-_ · s?i9_ dct9lfine;: :i··h'as,::. :--alloV-'.~9 /·\li.agbosed- · . ·- .
,· . . to pei:f.9rrn .tlie essential, maritgl- obliga,tiphs' : .... ·s_ociopatns: - ~-c.~j~0p.rienit~,. ~y_m'i\hor'riar)lac~s; . . ~ .
. . ':: · . ·. (~i@ff~9Q:_v.,:. Sirfg_$~o::. _<:;R1.~NO,: 210,7(3({: · narcis~~sf~:_an~-_the: lil<_e_. _t0 t?~tif1µ_ou_s,l_y cl.eb<{se ·--., . . · ...
/t. ~ .
:-. ·>:···'.·'. ~J_c/.()Uc!.ty·8;- ?P1 §h·';(':': .. ~a:;-·:,' .. ··· ·.:. . . ,· .arf.-P~.r1~rt- t~.\'\ ?c!nc.t1ty. ?~ ma~n~~,e:' (~d,'llard: ·.:>. ·.:: ~
: ·. '. 1. -· Abf:l_nd.onme_nt 9f _it\e. fc1n;iily · dae.s, :. nqt · J<,e_7Jneth Ngo ·Te v.: ~owe(J_a· O,rJg·.Gut1.wre:z._Yt/-- ,· -(
,.· automatically .,-:justify: ,·a: .. conclusion-· of _:. ·r.e;.G:R. N<;Jd61793;-.Fe,bruary.13, 2009), _-. '
· · '. ;-.:-,( , p·~y_e,hofogical :ir:icap,acit:{t.(ndElr·Ar:tjcle;36·of ·:' < . _--:_ ··.,.· , ·,.· : . :- . . . , .
:-·,:.- ,/ .. · · . ·.,. -: ..
·:., :· .. .th.e;Family!.G.oa:e}tv1atu~c1~, vJ{eppbiic, G.'R, . . . N.~!e:: :~er,e . .;ya_s.i:i9 ·a~and~~-il:1-~\lt'_of.:th,:e ~o\iria: ·. ·,
· ' _·' : · No. 203284,' Noyen)l:/er M-~ ·2016). ; · · , . ·Gu_,.d~[meS',· r:a'tner Ngq_Te, s1n:iply '$9ggested. the _.
. - . . .. · :_ ·... ' ·:\ . - •. ( . :.. >.. ,.~ ' ./ 9.~
~~la,~?ti.9,!l_. . its' "stri11_g'en("_ iJg~.ireryierits .· .~-·. .
,· · ··.Aw.~~_di'of,1NJoral:.D~rriai;ies ... : . . :·· · --.: ··.c: . · .· . . (~?_U.YA_;·. 9i.yif·-'-~aw.; R.flv,i.(/wer:(201]),~ .. p~· 88,.
·: eetit[oner.' ·is, riot,;':e.ntltled:. t_O)' moraf,. damc;19~s • . · --~ · · ·. ·, 'fl:1,°f)Teihafte(RA'B.UYA;'c;ivil (av/ f?eyiewer}).-: · . · .
· ···:· :· bas~·d:or-i'.q~c_laration'.Qf-°p~ych.ological;incagacity · · >-< · -~·:, ·-:: . .'_· \ :- :. . - ':. '- . ,- '· _. : . ·.
·.
':· bec;aus.~ tffe~ award·o( [TlOral·c;:l;:1Q18Qe:s sho_uld be· .. · . , v;Jeighf 9f f=Xpert 0!5.inio_n . . - . . · · , ' · .'
. ·. : _,-p.re.cj\c:a.te~., not.:pnJ9e ci;rer~. ~c(of ,ehlEl(th9. into_ BY. . . _th,~: \'Ell)' _nature- · of c;:c;1s~s :'.invqlying the
. . · >{.the:marriag'e; qut 0r1 sp.ec;ific'evidence·tharkwas . .,-applic~tio~. bf A~_icJ.~. 3f;- ·it·: is_._. loQical. and
·· .. .· _aone·9e1lb·erqte1y a.nd.wfth ·~aifoe.by-:a i;iarty who . . .. un.der.standabl'? · t.o· · gi~e:werght tC>;'the expert
.... had~ kQoWledge of his or. her disi;lbility. ·and · yet · opinions. furnished by psychologists regarding
.
,. · . . · - , . ._ ·<.; ,;.: , 1 · the. psychological' ternperamenLof. parties~ in .
-76 1· 2019 SAN BEbA LAW CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS.

. ·. : _.. ·.. - .. · ' . ' ... ·'
PE.RSONS ...AN D. FAtvH . LY )~·ELATIO.NS.
SAN BEDA I.AWC~NTRALIZED EJAR OPERATIONS - MEMORY.AID·20190 .
order to deterrriine. the root. cause, juridical . Personal Examina'tion by·. Physi'cian· Not
antecedence. ·gravity· and incurability · of the Required for ·a Declar~tion of Psychological
psychological incapacity. Ho',_Vever, such ll)capacity ... . . '
opinions, while . highly_ advisable, .· are not Thert3 is· no ·requirement that the person sought
conditions sine qua.non in granting petitions for " . to be pecla~ed psy9holog(cally incapacitat~d
'declaration of nullity of marriage. At best, courts . . shou.ld be p_ersonally exarriinec;l by .a physician
must. treat such opinions as decisive but. riot . gr psyc_h~logist .c;1s a co.riditiori .sine 'qua non tO.
1.Ddispensable evidence in determining the . ·. 'arrive.at s·uch qeclaration. It can be.prnven ·by
merits of, a .qiven. case. In fact, if the 'totatity of independent mean.s that o_ne .is P?Y<;:h9logically .
evidence presented is enough to sustain· a inq:1pacjtated; there·is no .reason why the sa_me
fintjjng of psycholoqical incapacity, then actual. §hould not be. credited (Republic v. Tanyag-San
' • ' medical Of. psycholcigical I examination . of the ' Jose a.nd San 'J9s'iJ;, G,RNp. 1683~8; F.e.biuary
person concerned need n9t be .resorted to: The 28, 2007) .. · .
\
trial court, as.in any other given case.presented
before, it, mustalways base: its decision riot· H~wever, · '.'ps.ychol~gical incap~city" ,does not
- . solely: on the expert opinions. furnished by: the · mean tq · ·gra~p . ~.all'·,. such· , poss.ible.;. cases
:'pa dies . but :.alsq . o~ :·.the ·. totality . of evidence . . pt_·p~ychei§e~.:'.' .The .Ponencta, ·citi!lg,Sanlos v..
<, . adduced in· the·. course, of the proceedinqs . · Courfo(Appeals, reiterated tl;)at "psycnological--,
(M,endoza v. 'Republic, G.R. No. 157649, -incpp,:fcity~- deliber.ateli pertain,s to "the ,most
'N6vem9er 12, .. l.O1 ~). ·. '· seribus· ~~ses·. o_f' .i:>ersonality diso,rders clearly.
; ·dem·onstrative of an utter.insensitivity p~ .i11ability ·
'Alc~holi~·n(,Abus·~:'. and Je~l'~usy- .to 'give'· meianing· . arid ~significanc.e to . the
Similarly, the husband's· alleged_ alcoholism, marriage." (Castillo . v:' · Republic,: G.R, Nb.
'drunkermess.. his habitual verbal; and:physical 214064, February 6, .2DF)- ·
abuse of thewife, tailure to support the latter a_r.ia
.. her' c~ildreni, and, unbearable · jealousy, ~<1:nqt ----· he evid~nce need:.not.r1e.cessarily ..come1from·
· . the allegedly
,_,;. in.capacitaled
. . . · spow;e,
. . -
but .can.·
, .. _- constitute psycholoqical incapacity,,,. (RJpi.rblic 'v. . .
come from· persons intimately related to the
_ . Melga~ GR. No. -13967_6, Marci) 31,; 2006)::
sp'ouse( lJe. relatives ·)and dose friends, who .
-.: ·;COUid/. ctec:lrly '·. te';tify.. • on ih'e ... ,alleg'ecjly·
· .-. : ·... i~~a·gitit~f_~cl;po.~~.e'.s ~or:,oition. at or ~bouU~e ·
·· t1mf ?.t Im~-Jr,narnag~ . (Bakunawa · v.: Reyes .
· Bakunawa;-G~R: No. 217993, August 9, 2017) .
.... - While the· C.ou~t has .co·~~isJenti'y" foll~wed' the ..

- ·.·: par$nieters ·~in· Republic. v. '. Molina,' ,_ .. th.ese
·1guideline·s
' are •.not .'.m.eant ·.to . ~fraightja'ck'e't. a'fl ·
· Q'etifi.9j_s for .decla):ation· ..oLriullity .of 'marriage.,.
---·The' merits of each ·case are determined on a
case-to:case' basis, as no case- is _Qn all ·fours .
. · .. - ', ''Wh~~ j~· important i'~ the pr~s.e~ce ~· eviflenc~ : with . an'othe'r . (Republic. v. Javier, . ·G:R-:--- No .
.. · .... 'th.at,. can '·adequately:· establish the. party'.s . '210518/Apri/18, 201.8) .. ·'. J. · .. ·
J.. .,
. . .. ,psyd1ologital 'ccrrdltlon," "[:r]_he complete facts •, . '. .., ~ , I, . ' ~ ,: i '-.: - t • I
.__ · shot.ild.afle.ge the physical manifestations, if any; Appfi'ca~iiity ··af Res J_~,;1;9c1ta ·:. : : · ,,. · _· · . :·. .
. 'as are'.·i.ndicat!ve of ·psyc-~ological-'incapa~jty ,at. , Fir")al. judgm~cit denying a petftio.n:for nullity ·ori
· . · the time.of-the celebratioriof the marriage" such : . . . .the ·ground· of. psychological. incap'acity. ~ars. cl
. that .'.'[i]f"·the, totality 'of" evidenct3; presented is · · . - ... ··· s't.ibsequebt_petitio·n. ror'declarcltiori of nu!lity ori .
1
.. ·~iibugh./fo . sustain" a. :fintjing ~of: psychological ... ·: . the grouri'd·:af lael< qf:marri9ge license'(Ma//ioi-i·.
inca'pacity,. then actual..medlcatexarrtinatlon of .v: Alcantara,. G.R. No.' 141528, October 31,.
the person concerned 'need riot .be resorted 2006).. : .
. . ·. to . ".(Espina--Dah'v.·Dan,·GR. No .. 209031, April '.:} ..
>. : ·.> :< . . . ·:

16,: 20.18).· .·:--; ·. >.'.· ,. ·: :'•''• . . . Bu.rderi. of f.>.roof ':: ·;, · .- · · ..
. ~- " . . ~ . - ·. In· p~ti(iori$·dor · the ~eda'r~tior;\. of. n,ullitY of
· · .While the· Court has .declared. that there is ·no .. _marriage, the buraen of-proof .fo:sho.w·the !JUllity
.. : requiremE)nt .,th'at . the pe'rson to. be dec)ared :... of. mar~iag~· lies 'witn)be. plaintiff: .·)Jnless the"
. i.
· · psyqholog1ca.lly '. ·.incapacitated- .should . be · · .evidence presente.cJ· clea·r1y. reveals· a:situation
.. 'personally exarriined by cil··physician,.-much. le~s _· wnere the parties, or one of-.them; could not J:!ave '
be subj~cte~d. tq psytholo'gica! ·te:sts; 'this rule .. . :·:validly ent~·red into a._marria!;j'e b/ reason. of a
·. · .. finds application only if. the .totality uf evidence- . ... graye aod serious ·psyc,hological 'illness existJng
.. presented is. enc:lugh to ~ustain a · finding :bf af the tfme it .wa~ c.eJebrated, we.are .compelleµ
psy~hological · fncap<.3city (Bafsunirwa· . Ill .v .. . . .' to uphold the .iridissolu.bility of the·. rriarital tie
. Bakunawa,. G.R. Np. 217993 ··(Resolution.), . (Republiq_ v. Galang, G:R,. No,. 1683_35, June 6, ·
2011).· . · .
' Au_l}ust 9, 2017). ; ,
2:019 $AN BEDA LAW·CENTRAl,JZED BAR OPERATIONS ·.1.77

. PERSON·.s AN.D FAMILY RELATJo·Ns .
SAN BEDA LAW CENTRAUZED BAR OP.ERATIONS - MEMORY AID.'2019
Who mayFile Petitionto Nullify Marriag~ on

the 'Ground of Psychological Incapacity - -·Grandfather/Grandmother
· Even-the psychologically incapacitated can. file
the action to declare' the marriage void /SEMPIO 2 3
· -: DIY, supr_a at 47):
Father /Mother Untie/Aunt
3 ... Incestuous. Marriages, · · ·Whether, the
.. Relationship is Leqitlrnate o,r Illegitimate, l
between:
a. Ascendants & Descendants_-of-any. degree; x
_arid· .. . - ·_ _ · .
b. Brothers & Sisters whether. full or hair-blood 3
('.AMIL Y CO,DE, .Art._ 3?).. - .
· , Nfece/Nephew Cousin's child'
4 .. Those Contrary to Public P~ficy Contracted
Between; (CoS~PAA~FA-K) : - . .' . <,
a. Co!late.ral·blpod (elatives_ whether leqitimate Thus, a person (X) is 2 degrees removed from
or- illegitimate 'up to the 4th ci_vil d~g'ree; '... . his-brother/sister, 3, fr.om. his uncle/ai.mt,'·wha· rs
-· b. §tep-parents-'& step children;. . . . . : . . '. the brother/sister of his father/motlier, 4 fr9m'his .
. c. .E_c1ren.ts:in-law &.children-iri-~law;
· ~::. l-~:}~J-~~ri~n,~/:~~~~t~i;~~·
-z -~ -) J.
.ad_op.t~r; _ · '. _. +-: . ·-
f. . __ _.~urv,1v1rg ·spou_se of- \re·
·
ild ~.l...he
a~U.~g~El~t & ·. . .
u . cousi.n,.and so forth (RABUYA, supra at 345)..
};/Nftet.
e1ai\onShiR b/co-!';ang~ini\y.;s in itself
~bt=_cay.able.. of dissolutionJHe~ce, the.merefact
l~!
'a .cor11~.~m. ascen.dant, a· gra~d~athe~ tor.
. · the _a_d?pted.ch1I~; /.,·~VE.
,· ·. :"··
j~ · ~exa~pla::::q1~a_\does· sever the. ··blood . =.
.9. §.urv1vmg spouse of t[Caclop.ted· ~l),1ld ·&) ,f. "o/7 r!:)la!Jonsh,P,~rst cousin~ (STA MARIA, .sµpra
1 '-,/J·· ·
. \m . . · - .· . ·. -
· 'adopter: · · · Jf' ~-.!&.at 244). '\'--(-. ·. · ·· · · .
h. ·.~dopted,children of;·t:i~ml ·adORfe~; and·. A"' _ . _ 3.
i. _ Parties wherein ~I) , ~.itli .#th~ intifl!io.n t~-- _,,-~.
1e":',~: on 1'?.[qi~~tion of Marriaqe- on the
. . · . - · : \ ~ \ ·. i ·: . --·- · ·
~arrtthe other, .!S!I.IJd'ffre,l~tter's si;i!:5u~"e,f0r ~
·- ~1s/he.r.spou~e (ff,Ml~©©.D_E,'Am 38).·
N?t~_:. There . .is· n9 n~~.d, fpl\.~On'v'{I, t1 '£1\ln_ ai

cr1~mal c~~~ ..of ,the. g~~tylpBtty.· 1:
e:Ja"e! _of:,,,·
r ,',!iIJ"Aff~fi1ty .Prq~~p1t11C?n'.' . . . . . .. ·. · · · .
~, .
~-.&,WiJJf/~-a. ·
elatroni-1),p~bb'taffinrt~ is ~-o,t ~er.m1n~ted by
i~Jer11nat1dnJ of- the. marriage wnelher
~e_a'f
J&.@-;.. : ·.
or_~~~ ·~.~~r3ri
.th~: rnarr(~gEi: ·.._
:.cB.llatr~sh1p 15~-~ffinrt~ 1s. d1s_~?!Y~~ 1.f one _of
!n
.
.
;,
~1lhng-.co~m1tted·bys.on~lUhe. Qart1es:J"o'\'ih .. ;s;; ~l'le.s~ouses dies and the-spouses h.ave:no· ·

·rn.a.. rria·g1f ·.·. . ca.n '. tf.e. . .Pr·. ove. ~ ·i.nn:., a... · civi .. ··ea e... ·
. -(~{~·~f~l~,_su~:a.t.2~:rx. :· :.·
·. ,· . ·.: livi'),9"is~u. e~,ifr.c_~,ildren.; jt doe~_not ce.~s~,.if
:,: : ~~c~b>.:Prn!~~:~.t~!~~o::uv;~~~rthceh_1·~~:~;-;ff·
.. ~~=;
Th~ fol.l9.wir;tg can: now ·mqrry, e~~otfie
- (LSG,._CA_C) . . . . . · . '·' . .. . . . .. .
a . .- Brother-:in-h_a:w and.s1st~r-1n-law; .. · · ··. ·
U.J :~
·. ·M· n-,\..~
/\ ·
;~~~ifi 9~are__ comm1_ng~ed.•. :.. .sm~~ . - t~e
1
l"--1\.c.~~J~ship . of: affinity ·. wa:'.. . contr~u:e~.
tHrougl} the medium of.tn~ 1s$ue:of marriage
b, §tepbrother ~nd stepsiste,:;. ~ . ..__ , - ·:($.TA,.MARIA;.supra at '266-:_26,?). . . .·
.,.·• · c. Quardic3[1 andffward; :j-- .. •.. __ · ..... · • •.. <.r: ·C.,: :·c;:~ntinL:Ji!1g· affini'tt.Vi~w" · · ·, -~ · . _ · ·· ·
·d::···Pactl~s .. wli_o". ha~~ be~n:: fonv.icted. of- - ,-... ·,- · .. ·
. :- ·. c:19\.;ll.tery or coricuqi.n·age;· ·an.q. -, .· < ,. :: : , . . . · ·= Th~ ·.. ,P~ilippin~;:; - f9!lqws ...the - :
co.nti'nuir:ig ~...
. ·~:- 8d.opted: and. illegitimate,ctiild, parents pild .·· .. . · ·affinity ,view, wnidi.means thattnif death bf
:..... relatives. by cons~r.iguiriity. cir-. affinity.-of the . -.orie sp_duse' deres .. riot ter.minate .. the.
. adop'tef;and - . -, , ·: . :, .,-,.,........ ·:·relation'sbip'by.affir1ity-rega.rdles'sofwhether
·· f.::. Collateral relativ.es • by· the "half~blood ... or-not there·are childre·n produced unde·r the
. , • (SEMP..fO~brY.;·supra at 45). . . ·.. : . . . -marJiage O• (Intestate . Estate.' . ·of.· Vda. -
. '. Caruf]9COl1g V;· People,"G.R<No.-· 1a14M;:
0
• . . . . .• ·:. ;., '· .. ., .·" •
\oet~rmioatjon. if T;o/~er~o~s-_are''Reia_~i;es . . · - J!ebrua ..r:i; 11,. 2()fQ).' · .. . . . • . . . - . .

up t.c;, the ~th·ci.vil p~g'ree:· · . · · ·
·. .- .. a/·. eonsTaer·, .. the·: :n'tia~est,'' a·na .. imrriediare· · . ·:·.: : .. =Note.:· -Th,e_.. ·~.ontin.uing. affihity').iiew : in .
. :>.c.oi-rfrnon a·scen'danf- a'nd . : . . . . . . ' . . . . ..·. ·.. . lntestate:)=sta,te· of· ,Vda .. Gqrungci;mg.~ v.·
b: CounHhe ·number .;f.
relatives from cine o'f · .. · · f(lop/e is di~~u_ssed .in light of the-1.ang!,la·ge
Jo an!J
• f ••
them the-'~-~mmon ascencl_a1'l'i f~bm . and· spirit of Article 332(1) of:tlie. Revised
·. the- ·c_ommon :ascengaht ~o · th~ other · on~ ... pe~alCoqe.. ·
(STA:MARIA,-supra at 260). ;
I
-· .· -:.
·"'·'.
. . :··~ .
\ .
- 78 I 2019 SAN SEDA L?,W G:NTRALIZED BAR OPERATION$.

P·ERSONS AND-FAMILY-RELATIONS:
. . , .. - SAN BEDA LAW CENTRALIZEDBAR OPERAr_iONS - MEMORYAID 2019 . .
n,P,
e-;gzw, 2#2~M;e :nt4ifi¥.0rH;;sttb?&&; i £ki&F:-- ,, ' sJ:'4$#15=#' i§Qi#;>; Si®" ' 2 t s:4;;t¢ · a; t.>:w't
.. 8#1 ":;, 3"5tirid«.WA£Pd,,,/Tlf'{,
_,
5. Void 9ubsequent Marriages

a, Without judicial decla~ation of:: n_ullity of
:' previoµs·void marriage (FAMILY CODE,' Art.
40) : - :.: , . . · . . .. · .
b.: V,Vithout. judjcial. ,declaration" of. presurilptJve-
death of absent spol!Se (FAMIL y· CODE, .
Art. 41)
· · Note: No: judici91 proceeding· to annul a

subsequent-marriage-contracted under Art:
41 ·i:fnecessqry, A1sc?", the termioation the ot
. s.ubs~quent marriage b.y affidavit· provlded
-. for-in "Art. 42 does not· preefude i~e fili[lgpf ·
. · .·an-.action in c9urt to prove the reappeara(lce Pro.ri'erties ·are ii~uidat~d .Pr~pe.rti~s ai:e.
llq~idated
· of .thf abse'rile1e· and obtai~ ? d~~laration of.· .. in ac"cocdc;1nee with the in accordance witii--the
. .- dissolution or termination of the subsequent drd.inarr rule~: of ··,co-. rules.· provided ·Li rider the
. :... mJ?r_riage.(SS$ v. '(da.-Oe B~/loh,-Q.R. No'.. ownership, i. · , '· .. ~chaptefs 1n the· atisoh.J_te ·
·165,545,. fyfarch 24/ 2006)~ ' · "~ ... . · · · -. .· ·com.mu·nity_".,of property· ·
. · and · ..>Hie . ·. conjugal .
c. Wher~. the :·~bsent: spouse .. wa_s presumed partn_ership of.gains. . . .
. . ·.. -·. ,..
dea_d; and bolt) the - preseht spouse and.
would-be. 'spouse:· were "in bad _. faith in
. contracting· marriage -(FAMILY 'ccce, .'Art
,· 44);..a_nd, ·. - · · . .: . :_ . · ftr>
.,d, Failureto comply with Art ... 52 .-requiring the
p·a~i,t)bn 0an9 _distril:iu\ion of pr?pe.1ie~fand
.: _de11very of children's pre~um_p.t1ve·,~rmmes
. : ·Y".h!ch s~q;ul_d.be r~co~ded (n tne,.appropriati
, .. civil reqistry anc;l:..,reg1str.y, of\pro[)er.ty~ af\er.
- _qb(~[ni~!;! Jl!d~·m.~nt /?r. qedcfr~tor _~CJlli~y .. _ .
. · . _ _.or an,nulmE?n_t (FAMJL:. Y.~00E, Atr-@)7_.: ..
. ~ . . - . . ' \ .
. ·... Noter. ~~f[ure to ~ecorcf',i,fr~civiHegistry
· ·.·and r~gistiy: of .• property the J~gm~ri~!
. prir)l,Jlme'~t- _ o'r. of ab~olute tfuJllity. of1Yie .
· :.. · ,. marrjage, partition and ~istAt5ati9n of. tlilt
' . . propertycfthe .. spouse's and; t~ ~elivery of ..
(FA'f;f;;}lif',-.-~
. .,:
. . ·.·,. .the .. children's _pr~s.um'ptive·· 1~gifi1;1ils. ~~U ._
.. · .· rioJ a'ffect tnird',P.wsons_
• , t v:~; : ~;~:~~ ~- v6~•~.1eM~;,;.~~, \ -- · i~i~~f~:;~6~~~1e 9 ft .~.,e is a d~10,1 ;.'..oy oi • -,

its ~ssenti'a1 requisite~. (lei;iaf cappci!Y andconsent). -~
It is considered valid andproduces all its civil effects
until. it isset. aside by-final ,iGdgment of a- competent.
court in an action for annulment (RABUYA,. supra at
448)_.·.. . . ' ,, ..
R.~tific~tionic·onfirmatiori ' . . . .
-Ratif!~atiori_-o:r. co~firmation lsfhe ·c!~(bY. V{.h_i.ch cl·
person; entitled" lo' tfring -an action -for .annulrnent, .
· . with.·knowledge".q{the. <iause'.0f _aiin1:ilmenfand <?fter
.· '•
incapabJe . -of;; ;_b.~ing can ·.be· convalic!.ated by · .. 'it- has· c"ea'sed: to exist: va"lidafes th~~·contract' e·ither
convalidate_d .or. ratified free". ,,cohal:>itati_o,j: . or . ··~xp"r.ess"1y··.-: ·. 9r ·. impliedly'_ ..... -:(4 ... : :.'TOl;.t=t-JTINO,"·
JVITUG;;:supra at 273). · pre~cription (VIJUG, ·. Corrimenf?ries'and Jurispn.;dence ·9n t/ie.9ivil Code
~u_pra a{283): _ · .. ·, ·
of "the Pffilippines (1992); p. 600· "{hereinafter 4..
· . TOLENTIN?JJ,·: ..
. "can be. attacked-dir~ctly :cfari" Q~l)i'-'·ti_e aHacked.
or. ·:coliaterally·. in .. · an fhro1;1gh a·.' direct. ?Ction '·.. ; .. ,.
action filed or by way. pf .filed in court ..
d~f~hse.. · · · ·
2019 sAN. sEoALA w '.cENTRAL_izEo BAR. 0P1:RA T1o~s 79

"PERSO-N.S ANO FAMILY RELAT·IONS
, SAN,B~DA LAW CENTRALIZ.ED B_flR OPERATION,S: MEM,OR_YAID.20(9.·
3. Consent. of either party obtained by Fraudulent

meansas.enumerated 'InArt. 46 'of ttie Family
Cod~;(NPSD)'_ · . .
a. Non-disclo~ure of a previous conviction by .
. final [udqment, o( tli_e' other party "of a crime .
· involving moral turpitude; · . .
b, Corrcealment by" the wifeof the fact tha] at .'
the time of the marriage, she was Pregna'nt
"by a man.other than .. ner_h~sba_nd;--:
..
'
,....
'-, --
·'
\. '
80 ·, 2019 SAN Bi;DA LAW CENTR,f,.U;2'.EQ,BA8 OPERATlpts!S

•
. _PERSONS AN.D- FAM IL Y RELATIONS
. . . . · . SAN 01:DA LA~ CENTRALIZED OA,R OPERATIONS - MEMO~Y AID 2019· . ,
c:v=e@e· c i:e u a 'W:±'>4 ~at 'i&kH ec,@ +it a t:i, W'F' ee,fu, 2 t ,:.i: t:: 1 :!'• ¥' .2sc-1:mt_e 21 , essiire*s 0a9!t0W :::;, e.J!fiii!f;'i,_,.....·"",...,.0..,.
4. Vitiated consent of either .party ·through Force, defect in the anatomy of one of. the parties or it
intimidation or'undue influence; · - may be due to chronic illness and inhibitions or
fears arising . in· · whole. or . in· . part from·
Note: C~itnj~§'I liahility ~tta~h-~s to anyone who psychophysical conditions. It may becaused by ·
uses violence; intimidation and. fraud in psychogenic causes, where such mental block
contracting ·a .martlaqe (REVISED PENAL ~ .or disturbance has the result of.': makinq. the
-coDE, Art. 350). . .· . . spouse .ph):'sically incapable- of performing the.
,. ' / rnarrraqe · act .'. (Alcazar . v.. Alcazar, G.R.
'Violence . f.Jo. 174~ 1; October 13, ..2009).
When· in order to wrest .consent, serious or
Impotence .
irresistible force is employed (CIVIL CODE/Art.'
1335, Par:'1). ·, . . ·: ·-<:. trripotency refers to: lack of power to ··copulate,
. . ·. not.to mere sterility (SEMPIO~DIY;_slfpra at. 71).
Intimidation· · · ,.' ·
. lrnpotency.beinq an abnormal condition should
.. :v.yneri one. : of the, . contractinq · parties" is
not.be. presumed. The presumption is.in fav.or of
compelled by· a reasonable and. we_1r~grounded
potency (Peopie:v. Benjemin Lim Y Beltran,
. fear of an, imminent·, and- grave evil. upon' his ,.,-
. G.R. Nos. 131861, Augus't-17, 1999). It refers to·
. person or _;property, or ·upon 'the· person .or
the physical. inability to -have sexual 'intercourse
. property pf • his.· spouse.. descendants, 'pr
_and is not· synonymous with sterility.
ascendants; to give· his consent (CIVIL CODE,
Art. 1335,,_Par. 2). · .. .,· ·_- . ' ·. · Subsequently; sterility refers to the. inability to ·
·, .
~ - procreate'. (Macad9ngdang v. CA, G:R .. No. L-
·"
49542, S~ptember 1_2, :1'980).,- ·
'!mpole~cy' caused. by.' a supervening infirmity

--~-does· not invafidate the, 'marriage (RABi.JyA;
s_upra et; 462). · --- .
. . ~ ll . . . . •'
'. Requ'iiit~'s fo'r'A~nul~ent due{o Impotence:
(Not-lJ-PIE)
~.,: .
-. ·. .. . . .. . ·.-.
a .. - p_sxists af the· time of the celebration of the
marriage; ' · .... '
t· ...
.,: Undue influence . .- . . . . ' )° ' b.
It is' Permanent;
IU°s\.vhe~~a_person iakes-imp,ropef'advantage' of c.
It (s.fricl;.,!:.9blr· .
~n_qther,. deprivlnq ·t.h~ "latter of .. !~ason:~b)e · d ..
It rs . .Qn_l<nown to..the,other spouse; ana
. freedom C?f ch~ice- (C/VI~ CODB,. Ari. 1337)\ . · ,, . - e.'.·
The. oth.er.spoose mus't.Not also.be impotent ,
_. , ·. _- . , . · · ·. · .., . • . :"/·· ($_,.T_A:~fl:IARIA,P.ersoits,.s'up(a at 322-323) .
. F~ctors to .~onsiden the cqnfid!:)ntial,. fam,y, . · .. '. ' . .. . ., . ,· . ' (
' . spiritual and other rela_tions' t;>etween the parties :Th~ _r:narri~ge is ri_ol ~ubje.ct t9 ratifi.cati.on by the
or the fact that the person alleged ta-n·ave been continued eohab1tat1on_as· husband ·and· wife
,Uf'?~Ul'y ir:1fft:,1er:,ced· .Wa~: s.u.ffering' from mebia( beCqUSe !~e,re ha'~ ):)~en an:_entire an·d complete
. ~e_13kr.1ess·or, was.igMrant;ot fn firian¢ial.dist~ess · failu~e .-· of
the .co.nsid,er~tion of the ' marriage
((;/VIL.CODE, Art: 1337}'. .. '.,.·,. ' -. .·~ co,ntrac_t. However,, the.def~ctmay~till be barred_
.- Jhe marr)age IT)ay be ratiryed,by itfe.i1,1ji.Jred p_arly ' bY.' prescr!i:>t_iOrii(~ABCJYAL·~Upra at 464). .
.· .~X .fre.ely cohabiting with the guilty':$pouse .. as'. D.octrine.of T~iennial.C.onabitation·. .
. ·, ~~s~~~d ._and .wi~~ a~er, the· .di.sappea~~rite, or . ·.
Tfi~ ·presumption'0tHat the ·h0u'sband:i$ rmpot~nt il
__cessation of fore!:), . intimidation or undue ' ~he-wife rem'ains ~ 'virgin (or at least :fyears fro.rri .
· inf~uen? (FAM/t. Y. CODE, Art. 45,' PW- 4/' i ·. . . . t~e time sp?uses start~d cohabitin{i (TOf'!lpf<ios
.. . _ . . .:-; . . : . , . . . .·. :< ... · 1.. v. ',Tompkins,. f}2, NJ J 13.as '<iited in STA.MARIA
• 5. ··J:>t:iysical. · incapability of.·. either., party. ·fo ·· . si.iprfFa_~,3?4;{f::A~AS, supia at 472). - ... . ,
. cpn~ur'n'ni~te~ the marriag1r~with th~ oiher,. and. . :-. 1 • ,. • .
· .. _. su~h incapacity c;:ont_inues and· appears to b~ R.~fysal .on 'the ·pa~ of a F.iiipino girl to subm'it to
. incurable '(!r'npotericy};.)ind' . . . '·.· ·~_<: \, 8· pny9ic~rexarrjjr,ation tq determine, ir:npotency
- . .. . . . ',, ~ . ,. . . ·~ does ·nqt: .r~[~e :th.e·--presuinption bf.lmpoten,cy
· Note: A_ri: 45, Par: of
5 the Family ·Code·_.refe~s : ·, · · because of the n?ltural modesty. of ·our native
t~ .lack of pow.er: to· copuiate.' ln:~ap~city, tg . g~ls;(Jimen~z.v._ Cf!()izare~, G.R. No. L:12790, ,..
consumm~te _the . marriage de.notes .. the .. -~ugi..Js_t,31, 19~0).. · . · · ..
. 'pern:,anent inability.on the part of-th.e s'pouses to
. . ,'perform· .· the COf!lplete act : of sexual 6. ~ex~ally ,trans.rnis.sibl~ · dise~~~- o'f 'either ~~rty
· interc~urse. Non-consummation of a marriage ..found to be s~rious. and app.ears to be··inc~rable.
may be on the part of the husband ·or of th·e wife
ana may be. caused by a physical o'r 'structural
;
2019 SAN ~EDA LAW CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS I· 8-1-

PERSONS AND FAMILY RELATI.ONS
SAN BEDA LAW C~NT1"!ALIZEO BAR OPERATION_S - MEMORYA!D.2019
-- Elements: (SEASU) . · . Pendency of Action for Ailnulme~t

.: a.". §.exually.transmissible disease; During the pendency of .the action and . in the .
b. :gxisting at the time of rriarriaqe; absence of adequate provisions in a written
c. ~ppears incurable; . ·- aqreement between the spouses; the court shall:
d.·. It is Serious;:and : .. -.. .' . . . 1. · Provide for the support 'of the spouses ano the
e.' ·· .\;!nknown to the other party at the time of the·. custody and support of common children; ·. ·
. rnarriaqe (RABU'(A supra at 465). · 2. · Give· paramount consideration to the 'rnorat and
_ material welfare of the said children and their
The'mar~iage.is not subjectto ratification, by the choice of the parent. with whom they ·wish to
continued cohabitation. 'but .the defect ·may still remain; and · ·
be barred by 'prescriptior.i··(/~.). ..·. 3. Provide for appropriate visitationriqhts (FAMILY
CODE, Art. 49). ·
Note: . · Whichever ,comes · first. between ··
cohabitation or prescription may convalidate the Note: Visitation rights. flow from the . natural right of
., marriage: .Th'e term "conyalidate" in Ramah . both parents to each other's company. There being
· :.. < Catholic canon law is .tRe making of a putative : no· such parent-child relationship .between them,
-marriaqe . v~lid ·fbll9wing ·the·.·rerii'ov~I of some . Gerardq; who. is J~e .. father __ of. Mario." has. rfo
' .. impe.'qi.~ent:-A ceremony in which_.a; :m.arri~ge, demandable right ·to visit the, child ·of .Mario __with
.... .such asa-clvilrrrarriaqe.Is made rewg~ized by Theresa ·"(Con·cepcibn v. · CA,. G.R. {'Jo'.· _123450,""
the church. . ; .·~August 31; 2005). ,_ . - . c ,. •
. . . . . . . . .· . . . , K ~ t., .!J.lY~ .Arinulmc°ntOi yoida~teMa,r'.a':es >
1\PJ?IT~O,NA.I(l{EQpiiJivr"W7f.~~ ~~-· · . :
~N·
. . ·-. E~(OAR.
. Jl_DEOi-".:,)l'.~·Of.·O..J?IB .. .Y:~
-: . . ULLITY T. · !/- .; ~e·~. 1; : . ·
.suPREMEddu ·T4iNffAi!~ - ·-_ . , .
. . . . - . : !~,· ·~·~. •' · .~£
. .RE@iui:10N
,. . ' . '. --. j{.:ni
·. . · 1.. ~~1,i-io'-s~Pf'
·~l .· ·: \' ' &!' ~ lii'~l.,1! :.
.·. Pro~.C~i;n!J,a;torney o,_ ns\~,i~J~~-i·ci~:--()_· :_ ·
1. Appear Qn beh~lf of t~-~ ..state, · . : · ~
. . f i _-=. ·-
· . {[l::l · · ~
2 .. Take··.steps -to pcevent .:coflu'sion qetw eJ\, t e . ·'
~- . : ~:i~es~;~~-t~a;· ivi~~:~c~·} .:~~t\~·~·ri:ai dJ~1£N·

. ·~.·/~_.Ppr~.~Jed w_A~!</
.~ ~ODIJ; :~,~$1;_:Q.: · ·. -~ .· . •.
CQllusion' :-' .. · .' : . · ~
Th~re\ioul_p be:~oilu~i.o_n ..iUhe partWs .IJad ar:rang~.d.'
'()7 .
...
M·
. to· :M~1<~ .if. ap·p:etir t~:a:r:a· ~a.trim.onia! J~tten~e~had . · ·
b~en'.qo.fl)rnitted; al(ho/ig~ i(.wefn76t, .6(.if.th~, partie_s· ..
had ·conhiv'ed to 'bring ,aooµta legafseparation even -: .
iri the absen'Ge 9i°groi.ln~s :th'~r~for (D~ Oc~mpo v.... ·
FJ6fencFan6;G:RiNo.' L-'1'3553,Fe.bruary.23,1-960);.
iHow_ev~r,.. l?.~ii\ibn(=:r's_},yehe°fl}ent OP.P.O$i\io)1, ·frj lb~
an~ulmentpr9cee~iflgs rieg~t~s the condusi.o~ Jh~t- .
. . · c.ollusion_'eXiqte.d' between ,the(p~rties .. Urider' these- : .
. : . circumstaitces, . ·;th'e\: ndn.!.:interveritioh- .• of... a. . · , .
. prosecwting." attorn'e:Y. to·. assilre'. !ack ci. collusion, . . . : ..,._.,· •,..
· betwe~r,· fhed:'on·t~nc:ling' par.ties 1s not fatal to:the ·.
Qµr,ipg lucid
~alid}ti. ~tth~. pr,q9.ee'dfr1g.s in:_t~e-!rif:11, cioy_rt {Ti.Jason .
. v. C_A, ·interval. .or:·
. '.(}_.R.'.Np
.•
.•
. .1-166Ql;-.~pril
-.. .
10,'.. 19f}_6).".
.
. . ,. · ...,·
after .. ..._· .........
. . . .. . -..; . - . . . .- :.-.... . . ... · .
N.ote: lf~the'~d¢(encjant:s'p~us~. fails td a(jswer the· · · ·.·. .-, regaining .·' ., . ;)
sahi{y ·. ·-~,
complaint, th_e. c_ourt cannot declare. tiim or. her i_n
_ defciu[t;"_ifi~te?d, it.should order th~p9qlic prosecutor
· to.- d~t~rmine. if. coUusi.ori ,exis~s between· the: pa_rt.ies ..
'(RULES OF COURT; f3VLE _18; Secs._6 and'13 (b); .. ',
'
: Suprerr,'tt, .court.En Banc ..Re.solution:supra). . - · ..
· 82 I 2019.SAN·l?·E·DA LAW CENTRALIZED BAROP~~TJONS .

PERSONS.AN.D FA.Mlk-Y R'ELAT.IONS,
. SAN BEDA LAW CENT[IAL/4£0 BAfJ.OPERATl~Ns,.:. MEMORY AID 201.9_. ·
Notei 'fhe ruleapplies to Leg~I Separation (FA(vfll,Y

Frere : COOE;.Art.' 60).: .·; . . '
cohabitation
Within· .5
. - .years -frorn even . wit·'·ti . .After, the court 'grants thepetition, it shall issue the
full·· , decree -of" absolute nullity' or annulment only after
l~e: ·'< . · .
·knowledge
discoveryof ] ·. · ·, · - 'compliance with the fallavving: (l::iPaDi~Le~Re:Z)°
: · .. of · - . facts 1: Liquidation, .Partition; and. Dis!ribution.,...-Qf 'the ·
· fraud .·· constituting
. ·;-. · · . properties· ofthe spouses includir1g custody and ·
·.. ,; . the' frau~r_ . :. · . ·• support. bf the -common children. unless .such
. . matters .. had . been '. fldjudicoted .' in . previous
·-, F'ree . .judicial proceedinqs: . ~: '. ._: ·, . . . .. .. "' ' ..
. Wi.thin · . 5 c·ohabit~tion 2. Delivery ofthechildren's presumptive Legitimes'
years: . from . . . '
the firne .the after .; ..
. 'in «, cash; 'property. :or
soundvsecurlties unless.
force.. ,·.· ·:. ·•-... disappearan .. otherwise. Jnl.Jtually ·agreed upon and. judicially
ce of force, · ·~ppr9.ved; :·-:_
.. intimidatlon, intirn idation/
or. . ·undue
· ~nd0e. -· . ::.· . .; .. Note:. Deliv:ery-. shall .iri 'no
way prejudic~. the.
·i.nflu~nce... influence, ". : . . .· - - 'ulffrna_te'.· .. successional. r_ights. of. the . cfiildreri
'ceased . respectively . . . actruing/dpon .the .. de?th ofxeither :oc boJh.:
.parents. The value of the properties received_
. :shall be', coniidered' as'.' advances on their .
. Within ·. · .5
·.: ,legitime· (FAMiLv:co,_~E; jl,iL..$1}: ' . , . ;;
.. : ., · ye'.ars· after . . .
Injured · ·. · the
party. celebration
.·, 3 .. Registr~tio~ ;t
·the ent;y-of jud_gment.·granting
. the or .: P.etition""for ~eclaration of -absolute. nyllity or .
.·· •. ~_li:ne't:if .. irL .. th'.e ·ciy[I·. Reg~stry whe~e- !~~ .
· · · rnarn~wa~. ·celebrated . and 1n . the. C.1v1I ,
_'· _-'Re~_/stfli\eJe·l~'.e m_arriaQ?·W~~ rJC~rded; ahd. .
· 4 .. · Reg1strat10'\ · of- ,:_ approved,:. .. -p_~1Ft1t1,on: and ..
· . , _distrib'fiti~n/~{ pr9pe.rties of).J:le •sp_ous.es irJ th~· ..
. . . proP.lr.: .!jeg1st\Y:· _C>f peeds:..,where ·: th.e . !eal ·
· ·p.roi{ert1es re1ocat~d,(fAMIL.Y CODE, Atj~.,50- ·
·-: .)-~~~:;. . ~'·'.· : <-.: ·/. ::· :i '~--.~.

.· . '(f/lfvfJ~X.S?D~,~Arf:: .1s·:a(1cf 4?. . .-/l - · . Effe.cts· ofjh~ .De-cree ofA_nnulm_en_t .. :· · . .
. . ; . T.erni1nation··· ·of' the .. marital. bond:· but ~ffects
hereof are ricih total!:( wiped· ouf (RABUYA,
· ... Decisio.n'onthe· Nullification of the· ~;Jr,flage:.ti··u-· ...is:u,~ t!Jpt,a'i'§t313;'. - ._ ,(_ .. · .' _ · .· · · · . · ·
~ . N~ Juqgtr~nf s~a,11,be tiase_9 st(p~lc]tib~ \Jpon itf~ct~. .· 2.: :· Either of the former'spouses may'~e-marry after
. . :_or .. cqnf~~sfqn O~J~d?n:!~.~t (~AMJ~:
Pa,: .. 2J.:. · .. ; . . , . . . . ~
G©J2~JJ:v.: . 1. r. . ... complying" with ·itne'. re:guirement~. ,,of Art. __ 52-
-.:...,,. . . .. ,• · . . ~- . ·(FAM(Ly c:;op,E,./lr(.53)..,.-.: · . :" . . ..
3. ·· .On Ch[laren. (FAMILY CODE, Art . .-54). . .
-- stipiJ1~ifot1:qf.F~t't~· .. · _.- .. · .. •. . -,: . ::- .. ,.· .. , .
.... ·. An a'd'rni_ssi6n by·both parties, mc'ide in'¢.9ui;t aweeing_ ·~
· .: a._,.: J)~~se · _c;~ri~eiy,~d··•· 9r .. b.qrn . b~fore:. )~e ':· ~
>- -:- j1.J'dgment or·an.nulrne.ntor ~b$ql\,Jte.r)_ulltty:of: . -
. . · to' tbe·existehc'e of the. act constitutir)g.th~ g_round tor. · . ·::
.. : .. an"riulrnen'i <·or· fo~ .
the·: . declaratiq~ ·:·of nullity· . .
·.: ·.' .. · the iriarriag·e 'L.1n~er Art. :36 ·has:become f)ncJI· ·
·. · ... ·.and·. 'execL)t9r.y,. ·. shall ·. be/ . considered - :
. · (STA.MARJA;-·supta ii{3~.5J;_- · .· :·. ·. '·., · ·.
. . .... : . .·· :.:·. . . . . ·. ,•. . -:
..,.. : ::: legjtimate .. ,:- > ,_;_ . . ·- .
·. . ~- .. : - : ·. ·:.
.8: · Those·con.ceived or born of-the .subseqoent
cotifession.ot Judgment:-' . .:: · . ·. . .... . . > .. ·. · "marriage .under 'Art:--·_53 -shall lil<ewise. be · .
. . _ :rtie · a'ci'~is~iqr1. rn:~·aei: i'n· .cDurt liy. the ..· re~poodE:int . ·Y:legitimate: . :,~· - . . . . ·- .' ... · .
: .~admitting 'fayltas j.ri;vokea 6.y. the_'.pJcjintiff to 'sevet the ·.4. If the. · marriage . is · gqverned. .by-- Abs()Jute ·
. . ; . marriage ties (l,d). . . . ' Community bf property.·ofCo'f1jugatPartn_ership ..
1 '•ot J)'ains, the· ,sarn~ ·$hall t;>e .termina~ed ·~r .:.
Wh~re. ·tn~r~· _is .. :evider:,ce · ·qt · the. adll.lt~cy- . dis.solved· .arid 'the". same· shan b,e liquidat~d: m ·
in.dependently_ of the. defend.ant's stq!enient a_gr_ee.~ng . · · . accord~·nce with the 'provisions of Art:· .1 O.?..an~: . ·
. · to' t.he Legal s~p~ratiof1, the decr~e of separat~o~ . · · 129, i:espe_c::J(vely, of the Fatnily ~ode (RABlJYA, . · ·
. -should 'be gra11te9, 'since it. would not qe based on . · supra at 493).. · . . : . . · . : ,· · · · •-. .. .
the c6nt'ession but upon the :eviq~hce present~d by a.· Unless the parties ag'ree·· to ..~ complete
.. the plal'r,titt,: yVhat th'e 'law proribit~ is a j_u_dgmen,t_ . : separation . ·of . property .. in' a. nj_a,rr~age ..
based ·exdusively- on defendqnt'~ _confession· (Qe _ settlement enterect,irito before the ma~nage
Ocampo>:. v:. -Florericiar,o; .G.R. No. ·. L-13553,' (D7nq v. bindG.Ff.No. f7{3044, January 19, ·, '
February.. .23;l
1960).
. .
· 201-1;:- . , . . .. . .
.- -PERS.O·NS AND FAMILY RE,LATI-ON·S
:SAN OEDA LAW CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS - ME!,JORY AID :2019
I . .
rule, they usually occur after the celebration of the .

, - rnarriaqe. No other grounds can be invoked bfany
party other than those-stated bylaw (STA.MARIA,
supra- at 370). · . - . .
Note: This is'in furtherance of the p_olicy:oMh~ State ·

to: foster unity in and ·to preserve
the marital.rei~tip_iJS
as the .same is essential to public welfare (Id.).. _
1. · Repeated physical violence or grossly: abusive

· conduct directed against the petitioner, a
- -
common . child, . or a 'child
.
of the-petitioriet:
. . .
•
'
'
~ l '
$4 i .20f9 ~AN·BEDf:' LAW CENTRAUZEP BAR OPERATIONS

':
PE'F~~:SON.S. ·AN·D
...
FAMI-L
. .Y RE'.-LATlONs· \ ,.,
- SA/'J B_EDALAW CENTRl)LfZEDOAR OPERATIONS- MEM?_RYAID 2019 . .
-et£:@t!'te5SW3;8 i",t £,i!i"«:1:-t: :tilt'.@\ :a:, ... ,Lt9i3Mt#% q:,N#E&@:ttC:Pl?H,%-tSoiS 2WIB5Vi5Wi-',: ::
. .
.. ~ot~: If th~ respondent i's convictEfd prior. to the Preponderance of Evidence ,
.. ·. c~lebr~tion. of the ma_rriag~; it will_ already be cl Mere preponderance.of evidence wilf suffice to prove .
· ground for annultneritif-the crime involves moral .. . the existence. o.f - these grounds, except the 4.1h
. ,_turpitui:le and. that fact of· conviction is no't- grourid, previous criminal· conviction is essential. in
. - disclqsed to the ottier party (RABUYA, suwa at view of thenecessity of a "final judgment" (1 F?.ARAS, ·
353) ... · .. . sup_raat 50_3) .. _· ·, - ' ··. .
'i
- ·;5 .... _§e'xuaf-infidelily or -perver~ion ... A decree .. of -legal separation, .orr- the qround- of
~- .· v -.: concubinage, .. -rriay .issue upon proof .. of
Note·:· Sexual .perversion includes engagin·g i_n . preponderance of .evidence irr the aiti6]1 for legal .
·~ . . ·. .- . such: b·ehavibr [lot' only .with ·third· persons b0t · separation. No-criminal proceedings or conviction is -: ~
. . also.with the_'spous~ (Id; at '376}'. · necessary (Gand(6ncp V. Hon Periar_anda, G.R. No.
. . .. . .. . · :_ . . 79284, Novem~er: 27, 198!). . -. r '.'.: • >.
. 6.'· H~'E5ffual ~f~0holisr;n or Qrug Ad.dictioh or. of the . , ., ." -, . . . . .. . ., _ .
· respondent; . . · · r. r' ::. . • ·: • .' R.A, · 9262 _ Antl-violence. Against.',\11Jo'me~ and
; - ,i .• ~-; " . . Ghil~ren. (fyiarch 8, 2004). . . . ' .
Not~: lf---the sarne-. was. present, durihg .the ·
celebration of the- marriage .but. the same is, -Atts · of Jiol~-riJ-~: ·. .. . - . . .. . . . .
concealed from- the. other party, there is fraud · 1. ·causing. phy$ical. harm to the: woman: or her -
. . which ·"coostHut~s a qround .. 'for annulment: . child; -· ·,. ·, ..... ·- . --:-.· :· ,:: . ·. . --
.• >JFAMILY [:JODE,.i.i,rt. 46(4)) , . _. - . . ., • 2. Threateninq to :.cause fhe w.ornan or -her child
· ·. · ._,-, · . ... ' ·.,. ·- ._ ..'-· , ·· ·· :,_. . .. /} .. _physic~l·harm;· _ ~·--:" ", ; -: , -:--:, · -. · ..
. _ 7_. Contra~ting 'qy ~esp_6n~er,t_ o.f.' a subsequent ·. 3i . :.t\ttemptin'g to .caus~·. the w~_rnan ·9r her .. Ghi_ld
· . .'2-igamou_smarrjage;:. · -- physiGal'harm;· . -;: . - './.> ·
l . . , . .. . ·,4 _ , r19c!r~ -'ihe .."'.'qm,9n · or· ~~r . c~ild· in .. fear of
_ ·, __ So',lq_ng ,as there·has· be'eri .a'_seGoilqJ:;iJgamo9s,
·' .. · · :- marriage,:_.- wherever cel_ebrated,. a'I:':- lega_l .
, · .. ~rient:!Ptiys,cal·h.~rm;
5,: Atternl?t~~ to -polT)peJ or compell(ng tt:e woman
< .· ·., · ·
·
.or h.er, ~1ilct)o, enga_g~:- in __ Co'G~uct. :w.~i~h the ..

- . ·-r- .
· .. - _ sep_ara!l?.n dee/~~ __ m~y. iss"ue, ($T.~·::·M~R/!j, ·
--~JJp~a a_t:375).
·
: . . r. ~::.·
)
·
,:,-.womar;l b}~er-'_c_hi!9, ·h~a?' .lt~e pyll~,lc,)_:~e~!~-l-llom': .
. .-. or·des1st-.froru- conduct- which the·woman-or her ....
NqieJi.th~: big~,~9~-~ ~.a/rige~~re·¥9~riiitte.d. . :_ ."°<:hi~:~~[t.ieJi~~~ to ~0gagt in;·_6·r\att<:!mp,tin~·to _
abroa~._:)he. gu1!lY:c:-Party <::ar,i_no_t,fl5'e '9.rimin'aJly. -· · -rest~ct otr-~.~t~1ctin_g._the·.won:ian's _or her. child's ·· ·
. · prqsecut¢cif6r·biga'fnY. in the-1:-:fiili~nes as our' - '- free om f·roo~11eJ.1l,_or f::01_1du.ct. by. force o~ .
. - / I panal:~tatlite~ are territori~ljin_natLJfe (/ti_): . ·; threat.oUor..~e. r.ihysical or other liarm or thre~t.
. . .. . ' . . ,· . ,of .. ,physic91' ~o(" 9the;.r .. :h!;lf.r)1, 9r ·.intiri1idat\on.
---~- ,:~o~ndonm.~~t . .- ~!-:;-the · · petit1pnet' ·-.'py':: . _the . directe.c! against. the wqrnari or chilQ. ·This .sha]I ,
.-· · re:'p9ndeT)t withqut jus_tincib!e.·~ause fo(,rnor~ inc[ud.~' .out_sh_all not _be_Jimited to, !h~_Jollowing ,.,.
·. \ ·... th~_n·.1'year.; ·:. ·:: · _ · · · -"Iott..,_. .-
.. acts c_ori:1,1:r1itled"witn,·th~.,pu_rpo~e.or··~ff~ct~of ·.·
·. _ / .- 'Note:. ·There .must. be. 9J:i:s,ol4te. ces.sati,pq of_ · · ·.qontrpJling - or r_est~ic~ing ._th~_. vi.'.oman_';,· or her'
··_ · ' · marital· ,·r~l_c;itions:, du~i.E;)s; .:and' rig)its, ~ the ·. ?. ;child's 'rnov.emer.it·o'r':c9oduct. · , .. · . · .'. .
·.- ... , - ;·- ..ioten![6r1,_9f.,perp¢tu_ai ·i,ieparation° (Parto~a~Jo :v; .. _;,.(a· . .' j:~-r.~atening tcfd~piiv~10~,'a~tu?_l_ly qi-lpnving__
. :· ·-. CA; :G,,ff_ No. :¢~606,) qecember'_ ..18,.,).~92). •. . . > ,·. \. ·.l~!? Y,.,C?man;9r_her C,hild of cust_ody, t_o h~r-(tiis ..
. . ._: Ab,a~d_b.nn:,~o.t ;_imJ,.l!ie_s .lOl§I . re_nuncLal_iQri. of ' ',. . .. . ._fari:liJ.Y~.• ,.. ' ·:.: \ :,· . _. ' ._ ._.· -~ ;.·. ·. ·.. . ;·
. ·-. ,., .dutie;,: 8riysic"cJI.' ~ep9ratjon_ aJ9ne .. fs ,no~. th.e full . . . _· ._ b., D~priving pr -.-lhrnatel)ing_ ·10 , .ciep~ive,_- the
. ···. m~anihg-of:!t,e'terrn abandei'nrnehf (.Oela Cr.u~·v.'.' .-.- , · - .. womfo,·.ix _ner.cliildren:.of.,fi6aiicial suppoi:t
.'. .o'eiai .¢ruz,_ :.e;;.R: Wo. ~7195_fJ5;\. JcJnu~ry, 30; -
·_ · ·: 19'l3Bf··.· ._ .·... · ·,_,_-_ . --.. -. . . . .. ·,
'>~.: · ,/ qr.
leiiaiti° du~ _·h. ._e,_r h,erfarJ:iily;. _o/_d.-~l.(t/~r~tely
· • -- ·provic;Hng ·the woman'~ children 'irisuff_icie'hf
. , •· ' • .... . ~ ~. ... • • ),I': • •
·... ~ ·; .. fir:,anciaJ sup.pbrf; .. ~: ... - . - . ·.. . . .
. 9. · ·Attempt by'the re.sponderit against the _!,:if-e.of·the. _ . ~c. Depriyirig ._pr thr.e_;:ite'nic:ig · to. deprive' - the · -
-· p\,ititfqner;·and : ·. . ., . , • · · ·· · : ~ -. . ·wornan or.her child of a-legal-right; .ana: /". ',
. . . ,· ..... ·· .· :\~·-·; ·,. ·:: ~. ·::: . ~- . .. :.,. . ·. ·' ·.. ·: . . . . .. . . : ·. . d .. 'Prey.enting · tiie- womari· in. engaging. iii any_, '
· :· .,Nofe_: Tt:Je attE!r;nPt o_n, the}fe_ o.f th~ spouse _must . _: .· . _· .; · _ legitimate profession, ·occu'paUori; business . :
-- .... : . proce:e~uro·m ~n e'Y.jJ -~esign ·and ,n.o~ from _any ~-.. . .._ '. or· ~~tivity .?r ~o~(r:qlling_:_ lpe_; .yJc.ti_m's.:'OWJl ..
· · justiVable cause _l_ike SE,:!lf-defense or' from _the. .. ·money or prope~es, ,or, sqlely c9.n_trolling the
. . fact'that
. the . sp9,use . _,, . caught
. ''\..:':.: lhe'C>lher.in
. . . .. . . .
~.
flagrant~
'\ ... . . c::_onjugal or comll}_Of) rr]oney, or properties; ..
. :.-d~_licto t,avjng .. cc1rn.c;1!· l(nowledge with ariother 6 .. Inflicting- or th'r~atenirig to inflict Qhysic'al liarm
· · _ · mah or w9ma[i (STA.MARIA, supr.a _at_ 376~37-7).. on 'onesel( for .the:pL!_rpos'e. of controliin!}' her .
•. .. · .. · .· ... action:' o(qecisior:is;_ . :_·_ . . -":· . . . . . : .
. .. . . . . ( ·. ·.
1 o~. 1.esbianism or homo~exualityof the r.~spond~nt. . oi"
7:. ·causirJg :'f1~len:,pJing Jo' C~!JS·e _{!')e .. wqman ·or
. . . (FAM[LYfODE; Arl. 55).·.· . . . her child \o)engc!ge in an"y"sexual.activity which
does not.constitute' rape·, .by force .or lhre_at of
fo.rce/ physical harm, or"_ thro\J'gli ·inlim.idation
. '·.
2019 SANBEDAl:AW CENTRALIZED BAR OP!=RATIONS 85 _.

PE.RS.ON·S A-N·D· FAMILY R:ELATIONS
~AN.l;l_EDAI.AW CENTRALIZED BAR OPERAT/0NS. - MEi\'.IORY AID 20 f9 .
. .
directed. against the woman or her child or her Fail.Ure of the husband to lookfor his adulterous
immediate family; . . . wife is . not condonation ·to wife's adultery
8. · Engaging in purposeful, knowing, or reckless ··(Ocampo ·.11. Flotencieno, G.R. No. L-13553,
· conduct. · personally or throuqh · another that Febiuery 23, 1960). · ··
alarms or -cau;ses substantial- -ernotional or .
psychological distress to the woman or her child. Sexual intercourse is implied condonation
This shall include, but shall not be limited to: the· It has=been · held· that 'condonation is · implied
following acts: . . from sexual intercourse' after knowledge Of the
·.a. .stalking cir following the woman or her child ..other's infidelity. ·$.uch acts necessarily implied
in public orprivate places; ... , ·. torqiveness. It is entirely consonant with.reason ·
b. Peering in· the-window or lingering .outside 'arid. justice -·that :if the wife. freely consents
the-residence of the woman or her child.. to.sexual intercourse after she • has full
c. Entering or rernaininq irr the dwelling or on knowledqe' of -the husband's .gu!lt, her consent
. · the property of the woman 'or her child . should 'operate as a pardon ofhiswronq.
·.•· : · against her/his will; ", · :. . .. . . · . . . . _
. d. Destroying · the -property ·, and personal . · It has been held ina long lin_e ofdecislons of the .
. . . belonqinqs or ir)fli9tLng harm. to -anirnals or . various supreme courts.of the different-states of ·
'. .. '. pets of the woman or her child: and. . . . the- !hat_'. ·~- 'sjngle w.s_. :
voluntary> act
. e. . E"ng?ging in 'any form of harassment 01" ': · . . . O.f sexual 'intercourse.by "the· innocent' spouse
violence· . · - . · '.~after discovery bf .the , offense "is ordinarily
.·
-.-" 9. Causing rn~:ntal _or e'rnoti~n-al· anguish?irublic T::: 1 · l
jSUffiCiE)nt to constitute' condoriation, esp~cially -
:idicul;. or h_umiliat!o~ to th~- ~OmcJP.~1s._ertGhtd, . V
1.'·\/_-a.s }g~inst..t~e · ~u~baqd'. (Busuego ·V. Office. of
, ~.n.cilli:11ng,_but not lim1ted-to,.reP.eaf~v.e~b~~.nq,....-_ ...........1(1e_ Qf1Jbudsman, G.f3..,No. 196~42, October 9, -
emotional abuse;·and.. denial I'~ on-rri'a]ltia[sup6por.t · · · .2013~6 . . · . · ·
., orcustody of mfnor _childrer:i-of ace;esvo~t~_e-
~-,r ~-·.
-~1 _ _ -~--
_.
~ - ·.·. . . _ ·
-_. .. womar:i's child/~hildr~~ ·(~-f l~o~t-~,/3/9· 5)~ ... ~ . : %'f
}~qns_e~ _ lF),lf~.mniissi_on -: ~r. offepse .- or· act
lp_.cases of le~al separa\1on-,_ wlter_~- v1.9Jence as· ..~. Lt}l. com~l~m d of;. ~-· ·. . · .: · ·
_ 'specified'inRA. 9262 isfallege{Art.-58.of the." 0 ·, - . ·V\.· ·. · · (fJ · ·· .,. ·· .
•Family Godf?. on tlie' 6 IJIO.~C©o_!ing-jf\ P~0?-d j: i .....,~t Son 1 el')t · ~. ·. . . . .
. sp~II not_'ap~ly. --~he c~~r~:~tialipr?c~~~on tt:j~_l; ~ :r~h~~e. is C(?~ser:ihwr~n ei~h~r_:of the _spouses
~a1_n. ·_case anp _?ther m,cide~~i-?f .the case 'a~mJJJjj}
awee~ : to or~d_1a .n.?t_ .. ob!~ct, d~sp1te · · ful_l
soon-'as-. p_oss1ble. · Thfi:ij¥/)lrl_Q'g1'6Q_ any~-. · .. l<no~e~ the_ ~it 91vmg ns~ _t0 a gro~_n1 fo~ to,
· -~_p~l)catidn · for.'-a pr~teJ~9n/(?Jlfetfi{fio4:·!r~efffi · 1 ~, legJl"":'~pa_r4t10~1'8lfore:·~uch: act ·wa·s 1n ~~ct
-~~t,tLon_e~-- mu~_t;- b~. ~i~~uct~d_ -~~~1%_)t_fie~ ~-r;;efp;-,&~1ttft.ed'f~TA'M/:4R(~,·~~pra at;~.O). · -·. _
... · m~ndatory period .spec1fiecf '(R.~. ~,2b'Q'J:Sec!~- '·""' (S:,,'J:. . ·. ,_. -,. · · . . .· . : . . .
'_!9) .. ' __ ·. _ . -_·, _ .._ · · .._- \ ·~_:.. ' ·:· > _. .- - _
C~risjn 1s.pr_i?~fy- t~e ac;;t: Cond9nati6h ~o_m~~
. : ·-- .·. _- · ·. · -_. ' \;:-. :. ·, . q~E_i:.V"f'\~cilia_e,r.:,(P<:ople-.lv.. Schneckenb_urger, G._R. N~. 0
.
.T~~'W_o_ma0 v1cltm ofvtqlence ~\a_l( ~-~;,nt1~~t~~1f3;~o~n;i!J~r. !0:._ _· 1941}r ·_!l ~~Y: .. be.. .
the: cus~ody :a~d·_~upp_ort o_f}_e~1j~/f?1!?rf.'l~P.r~~or tr(lpltef. _. · - -.,· .· :.
· Ch1ldrer\ be.low 7· years: olq· ·or· :ol~~pGi}¥-'1th
.. _- _.rrfental~or·physjcal "disabnjtie)· sh~II autorr, fcally .
/(1 . ·· },~ M -·, · .·. - .. ·_ .· .
· ': . · ·. ,.- . .- · ·. ' · · · · . · ·· ·· ,. · .. ·
0--_ W. ere tlie ~·pauses en~ere_d 'i~to -~n· ag~eell)ent · .
'.he,:giveii.'to.'"the nio\her,' _witl'i"'rigrit. tq,~ .SUP.PO . . . . ... _(hat-.' -~~cl] _cblJld. liv~..,- with - a~d;:hay~ ·-c~rilal"
"unless. the" cq"ur:t· finas ~cirilp~ll1r,g :reaso111( tq . . ·.: '. . knoyv!eage: .. wft_t,: . : othe( : . pe'_rsons .. _:.without,
.·or:der otherwis_e~ A victim -vho is's11,ffering; frofi.,' · · __ . jr,ter:fe'rencEHroiTi'ea~cll s·pou.s_e, the a·g:[eeme"nt
~battered· ·wonja(i·
·sindrome·· .::shall·· nor ,be, · ; : ... ·-·-is-fiJ.tlF'and void tieirig ·contrary .to law anff·good . · ·
·. dj_~qu)lifi~.d ·fr,o!Ji. b~vi_tjg custo:dy .d:-h'er·'c.hild.ren:. · ~ . , rooraisl_' ~lit jt .m·c!Y.· be.cof1sider~·d ~ons.~nt_wb[ch _: . .- .
_:- .. Jnj"rio · case shalf:-~uslcidy" 9f· fnio_o'r-,chilpr~n. be :._.· \· . bark.an .action {9·r .le_gaJ s·eparation· (People v.-- , : :
.. given· to the .p~rpetraior Qf ,a:woman who' is : · .. ..·' ...... scfm~ckenburger, G.R. No.. 48{83; ·November. .
s:u"ifering fr.qm bc!tt~red wom·an·s.yndrome (RA .- .· ·. ··10, 1941f. ·:... -~ · .. : · . ; · . · :·
.. . •• ... -· •• - ,, • . ~ . . -· ' ; .- --. t .. . . . - - . . '; . ~
9262; Sec. ·28):: : :· • _ · · · ·. .. . :. · . ·.,, · ·- ·.' · ,
... ·"';:°.·_ ·:·. : __>:. · ,_.·::· ·:. 1 _· ._./<-.> ·. _ · . ·3 .. Connivance betweerf·pa'rties.'in·co~inissio.n,.of
Grounds f9r, Dental of Petition· (FAMl(Y CODE,· · ~ ~fj'offens~.oractcfonstituting a'.'gfqund·fcir denial
A,f 56): (MC~0PRi;>) · . . · :·-_·:· , .. · -- · . ·,. , · .. · . of:the_.petitio9;_. ·. · . ,:-·.\ ;...
i. • :
1. <go_ndoiiation_ of tn_e·offehJ:,.e or:a9t'cornplained of; · -:° .;_. ·. <. '·;:"'. _': . < · :·· · . · '·. '.' : '· .: · · · · · · .. , .-·.
. , . . . .· ·. . . . . . .. ' _' . . t.onniv.c!nc,'e:or procl!renierit ' .. -~:· t: · .. · ' . ~~
Condo'natio·n ·. ·' · .· . , · 8enotes' dir~c.tion, influe~C(;},{p'ers·onal ·exertion, . -
It .is· tbe ,act ·,Qf forgiving' tne: offen'§'e _;ft(;;( its . br-Other ..action· with ~nowledge· and 'belief !hat .
. comm1ssiqn. It impli'~~ a·conditi0n o(fi:Jtu/Ef goo_d . such 'action· wo'uld 1:froduce. certain· results and ,
b.¢hav.i9'r by :th_~ 'offending.·spouse. (Si A. MA.RI~; . : . ,which- results' ai-~ produced· (Con~ni pJ.vorce 'a/10.
supra· ill 3.79). ' . . ~ _ · .. · '.:: . . . . . . . · Alimony in North G_ar.olina,. 5~; IV; p. 98 as cited
·.· - . . . ·. . · ·· . jn STA:MARIA, supra at 380).
. .. .. ., ·- ....
·.·
. 8!3. 1 ·2019
. SAN. BED'A LA w c~'Ni'RALIZED
. ... . BAR OPERA r10Ns
PERSO-NS AN·D FAM I.LY RELATIONS.· .
. SAN_ BED-4. LJ\W CENT.RAUZEf? BAR OPERATIONS -.-M£MOR'i' AID 2~1~ ,
2. In the.absence of an agreement between the

parties, the court shall Qe?ignat~·_the husband,"
Collusion . . . the· ,wife, or a· third person 'to 'rnanaqe the
It _means. th~t the' spouses agre·e. to ·.rr1ake.··it 'absolute community or conjuqatpartnership o°f
appearin. court that one of tliem has committed .(
property (FAMILY CODE, Ail. 61); and ·
a- Q(Q!.irid for
iegal ·separatior:( or to 'suppress 3.. . The husbari"d shall have no more right to have .
evidence Of 'a valid. defense· to: S\JCh- action, :tor: . §exual intercourse with his wife.. (SEMPIO-btY; ..
· the purpose· bf en_abling 'the other Io. obtain a . · ' .
.
supra at 110).· ··
,· '
' · ·
,...
·decree· of'Jegal separation - (SEMP/0 - 0/Y, ·
· .. supraat104-105f, ''· •,· . - Note: The .wff~ who has. been granted legal-
separation cannot petition tobeallowed to revert to
1 5. Mutual gµilt or' Where. both 'partles have given her maiden name (CIVIL CODE, Art 372). . .
ground for leg·ai, separation;' ... · . . ',' ,' ' '' ' ' ' '
.' ·5_ .,Erescriptfon;· . . - - r.: Custody of Child . ·-: _
, ,. -.: As a.qerieral rule, .the-father and the mother shall
· Five-year prescrlptlve _periqd_. · . . . jointly exercise parental. authority over' the pe~sons
· .. An.actiorrfor legaLs·e·paratiorJ shall· be filed:with_in . of .. tr,~ir :. common- 'children. However,· :in~o.ta'r: as
5 years from time of o_<;;i;;ufren_ce 'of the-cause · illegitimate children-are' concerned ,' Ar1Lcle', 176 offhe.'
(FAMILY CODE; Art _57.) · -~ ·: Family Code states that jllegitimate children shall be
~ \ • # I · - -, · :... ·>-. •·. --- ' under ··u1_e parental. aulhority Of their jnother.
7 .. Qea.th·of ~ith~r party_-during thependebcy-ct the . :(Masbate -v. Relucio, G.R. No. 235tf.98;· July 30,
case·(LapUz-Sy v:-Eufemio, G.R. 'No. L~30977, ·. 2018)". · . . ·: '
January 31, 1972);' and . ·, . ·
· · 8. Reconciliation_·. of -, the •. spouses · . duri~g. 'Rec'o'nciliation ~f Legally Separated:_Spou_ses· .
. . : · .···:pende~cy ot the case.' ;· . - · , , ~If the. spouses ·shouls:l. recc:>_ncile, the correfsponding
· · < . . · · joiri mal\liftstation·_uhder:oath-duly .signed ·lfy_th~m ..
• Join~--~~Qif~statiqn . I . shall be·filea w.ith th.e court,in.the·same pr_ocee~ling ·'
. · If the spouses sh_ould reconcile, a corr~~ponding .,·for legal· seRaration (~AMIL.Y CODE, Ar:f_.. ,6~)..
j~int ma_n,ifestation._under· qath duly signed'.J;>y . . -l. . ·.
, : .. c: · . : · · .. ·
. -th¢m. sh,all.,.be .·filef wjth. _th~ co~i"l t~~ame. ·· ' . ~ff~cts ·otfR~c·p~dliatio_n of th_e Spo~~es- . · ~ .
. pr9ceedmg for legal sep~~at101Y(F~'M/(f'fe.0Df;-·, · -·:·1. · Jhe/lffgal:, s·eparat,on_· proce_edmg~'. . ,f · ~t,U ·.,
-i~rJ- 6q). ., ·, _· .. · P.~nclmg, ~hall:. t~~reoy_ /be· terminated ·at _.
.• . .. , · ·· '0iatev~r stage. . · .. . .... .. _ .·
Cool.irrn-off Period ~- . . . 2. T~n~e,9r~e of.legal se'paration shall be ser -
. ··. "'6-ni_onth per.io~- fr.om ~he·,~li~g~.Qft.t~~ ~e!ili~n · · __ ;=:.:, . asid~, _buUhe~.'se·p·arati_o,n: .. ~'.· ~rop~rty anq any·
. · · designed to give-, the parties· .{11ough ·time. to · ·. · forfeiture of share of Hie guilty. spousEl qlready ·
· ... furth~r ·contemplate tbeir pqsiJions w~the end.. affecte·d shall.stibsis~. unless the spouses agree
_ _ · in vieyv _of ~t\aining' re~onc_iliat!6n'.o1etwe~n·.th@'p:i , i , to-revive, their .fq'rm~r prope.rty re~im~.· (f~MILY ·
-:_. Nq_; ac;t1or:i· .for. legal ·separation :Sfij311 be1,tr1ed . . ; c;oDE; Art. 66).: . · . . ·
· · · · du_ring such ·period (FAMILY COOE};-'Artf :o§)'. It " . . ~:, . . - -' .. ··: ·. · ·: ·.: . . . · . · '· ·
· .. is a·' mandatory" : req1:.1irenfon1',: and· • i!s.:., non- : · · -: .- Revival-of Property. Regirj,e ·, .: - -· .
c9mplianee·f!1ake~ the ~ecisicin infi~m (PacetEJ v,, . -~ Agre_erii~r:it of 'revival and· motion :for: i.ts .appr.oval ·
· Carriaga, Jr., .G.R. Np. q3880; 'Mar.ch 17,:1.994). .: · ·::Shall be ..filed .ih c.ourt,in th€3'.same proceedin·g for
- ''- '.. ' .·.,. ; . ,' .. ·. ' . ' . ' . ' ' .. '·legc1t ~epara_ti~n ·and shall.:be.execu.ted-under:o_at_h,
-.--Even duririg th~_:6~mon_\q pe_rJ§_d, howev~r.·the . . where·.it-s~all.~pecify:.>: . .:. .. .. ._. ·_ ·
· c_ourt must still proyide for the support·of the _.. 1. Prop'erties to. be contributed anew _to festored
. spou.?.es and the:_children as well as the custody . ' ' .. ' ' regjme;, ; ' . . . - '
. ·. of Uie· children (Arar,eta :.v:'. CoQ_cepciofi and . . . i 2 .. _ Those to be reta.ined··as separated properties of
:·. - '. Benite_z -· Aranet;{ · G.R: No. L-$667; .July 31, · '·ec;:i.ch: spouse;· imd · : . . .
· .. · 1956): ,· .. . 3 ... Narnes'-of. all kr:iown creditors; ·addrEl_sses, and
. . . ·· . . . am<;>unts'owing, to·-'each, (FAMILY CODE,· :Art.
A ~rit .:of preli~iq~~- mandatory in]unctipn-· f9r the . .' . ·. 6-7j: . • . . . -- . - ...
..., · retµrri' of tbe wife's '.paraphernal.-property tan in ..the···: , - · ' · ·· ·· · · ·-· ·
. nieaniime,.~e _hea'rd and'grantecl'qurfng tt:i_e·6~1T)6nth Aft~r due-h~Eiring:'th~ -~ou'rt' shall.take rrieasur.e~ t~
period (Somo.sa-Ra17Jos v .. Vamenta, Jr., G.R. No. L-.' · protect .tli$ i)lterest of creditors-and such ord~r shall
_:_ 34132. July 29, 1972/. . . . ' '· b~ .reco~qediir) th'e proper i-e'gistrie$ 'of properties qut
.the· same' shall not. prejudice creditors not listed· or
.. Effec.ts o(filing p~·tiUon· for legal-separation:' . notified, .. unless the': debtor-spouse' has 'sufficieht
(tDS) · ' .
. . .. ( .' .- ·
.. · - sep'arate 'properties ,to satisfy the cre'di.tor's claim
1. The spouses shall be entitled to .!::fve sep,arately . (FAM(t Y CODE, Art. 67).
~m~~~~ .. ·. _· .
. ·. '2019 SAt,fBEDA LAV/CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATION_S 1.87

. PE.RSON.S AND FAM..._ I LY R'. ELATIONS.
-\ - . .
. . SAN_ BEDA LAW CENTRALIZEDBAR OPERATIONS - MEMORYAID 201~
_ Effects of th_e Petition for Declaration of Presumptive Death,

. . Nullity of Marriage; Annulment, and Legal Separatiorr-;
l
Summary / _ proceedlnq: No
motion to dismiss 'shall be allowed except if the qround 'is. lack of jurisdiction. ,
judgment may be rendered · . . · . . · .
tiased 'on .a.ffida~its The qrounds allege_d must be proved .. Nojudqrnent.on the pleadinqs, summary -
documentary_ evidence (); jy9groent_~r con_fessibn of judgment shall Qe allowed. : . . - -
oral testimonies at .the' Notes.:· . . . . .
'sound discretion 'of the court Stip'(ili:ition _of lc!~{s - an admission by both parties made ln court agreeing t~ the
-(FAMILY. CODE/1\rl. 216) .. existence of the· act constituting the ground for annulment' or for the declaration of
. __ · ...... ,,. "nyll1ty. ·. '. i· :. ·. · ·. . · . . . ·. · . . _ .. ·
v" _
e_o_ri(e'ss1on ofju_{;!gmen,t -, the admission made ii) courtby the respondent admitting.,
·'. _::..-·.,::·· .... ~ault):ts··i~vqke.dd5X the plaintiff t6·s.evei'.the marriage-:tie:3·:(SJ:A.'MA.~/A~ "supre .. at ·
335):' · c' · : '·t' ' .. .,., -.~
.... · . . . . :·. ·
In legal sepa.rn_ti~cases~ne•decree shall be issued unless.the Court .has taken
, st~ps .. t~warc1;r'eco_n.cili,iqr( ol\f~-;,-1,po~es: and . is· fully(:salisfied, despite .such
·e~~~s_,_t a 'ecr~~:t_i~:u(hjg,illft-pr ~~~A~ILY ~-~Q~,;~rt.-;-~9~_-·_.. ·; ...
~~~
._.::'-, .
·. '•
·-,., "'
... c~~t$'a/ih)!i:~·Vof'~l~~1jk; oh~iri~~~g~~'eh~§_>· ,·:_ :-:, .-:,i:: .: ; '?/:-: =, ~·\_1_r.·:_-_-'''.· \ .. : ·;·..-· ...-:: ,·,.:, .
. ~h.~JLb,~-.dE;?~iqe~)y .\h~·q9tjrt ·1.·w_n.~~r.~Br~1tii~ot · . . _....~ · . ...· .-:., .. · ~ . ..' '; .· ·. · ·' ·. . :_· ._.;·~- · :~.: .
i_r'Cseparate 'proceedinq 'for . :;t:·Abs;en'ce·~thereof,'·the- courtdecides. based .on best interestof child ·and 'may- ··
~uitody .· . · . but ·sar:t1e .· '.aw~~if}n:,ih~roil9w1hg or:cfer:df:preferehce:,.. :·. ·,. . ; . ·. ... . -~,. .
~q'r1~i~~ratloijs(./as ':.-: in' -:-,~~e?B.qt_~,J~atentihoint!y; 4• . • . - •• ••. : .. _;: •• .. ... • ., ' · .•
De,cfar~tion 'of Nul.llty\ . . .. 'Jt)~ht'ier 'p~/~nt, may. cpnsi,der ¢hoi¢e ,bf -~hilcf over 7_ y~~rs. urile~s .ppr,e'nt
-.· ' . -, . .'-chosen-JS unfit· ·, ·. . ··- .. ·. . . . - ' . . .·,· ;.... -- . . .....
· ·· .. : ·. , t . . , ,,· ··. .·. , • ·. c:. ·§~_f.i)yirt,Q~~rpp~p._ar~~;. _i,(.§~~~ff\ !~-~n l~~ic,~ . 9(chil,~. ov~r_.,.1:;:v.~ar~'; unl~~t
, -. : > - · . .· : ·, ·,. .tf··:_gra..nqP.?,r~nt_~h~_s.en 1s u~fit/~1sq~_allfiecl; .i · < ·. · ·' . . . , . ·
.. Eldesrbrothe'rls1ster over 21 unless unfit/disqualified; or ·
. ' · ~- .· · -:,· ···
. -~- ,; _'-~.rAnioM~(p.!el~Bn.d~_err:ied_'s_~itable by-c·o:~~- . ' · .. :. .. .· . _. ...
. . . .. . . .· ..
. ... · ,Aft~'rd~Gre.~:. it,:· t· . 1
. .
•. .•
. . . . . .
.To:ffiefii;ino:cerit- spouse, but no·child unqer 1 shall be-separated' frqrn 'the mother ·--..
: ·~··. ••
:unless·.there are'comp~lling reas.ons, :.· . . . . . ·. ~. ' . . . . . .- . . .. '

.. · '. . ··- . . . . . . . -
.·., .. .,. •. .··.,
.. ,.· '/ . '·
PE.RSONS,·A.ND :FAMILY RE.LATIONS
· · · s11N o_wA LAW cENTRA1.,zEp BAR a.,'EflATIONs - M_EMORY AID 2f!:'9 · ·
. Note: The _matt.er- of custody is not permanent-and _u.r:iaJtera.~l,e. 1t~.e parent who was.qiven ,lf
custody sJtfers·c:1
. future character change and becomes unfit, the matter ofcustody can always be re-examined.and adjusted. To.
be sure; the welfare, the best interest, the beneflt, and the go9d of the child must be determined of the time as
- that either pareh] i~ choserrto be .thecustoclan (Becketiv. Sar/n1f}nto, Jr., A,M No. RTJ-12-2326; January 10,
2.013r .,.:,. _.·: . · ..,_. .--::> . ., .. · . . _,· . · ·. _: .· ". ,:-.-. .. _ . · . _<.· . ·'.
Support in case. ~f· dispu\e· During pendency: -~~-
,shal_l J1egitjed by thecourt ·1: Wri)..!:en·agrefen:ier:it;· .. ·. ._ . . ·. ., _ . .. .
1b~
ina ~epa~~te proceedinqfor 2. In the.absence thereoj.frorn properties of. the-absolute community-of property.
· custody p~t
with the same (A~P) or c_onjugal partnership (C(:>). . . . r-: · · - .• ·., _ - •
. considerations , c!S .. in ,.. ·

:· Declaration ~f Nullity.·. Afle~pecree:_ .z'· .· __ . . . . . . ..
• · • -t-, Eitherparent' both. may; b_~ orper~d by-court.to give an amount· necessary for ,.
•
, c .• 'support in proportion to re·sou.ree~/me'ar'i$ d the qiver, and necessities of the

. , 'recipient. . ',· ~. . - . . . . .. .
. Spousal S_upport during th~ our,ng pend ency: . . . . · · = • ... -: · :

pen_pency'bf action (FAMILY 1 .. Writt!:)n'agreem.ent;· < . -. . , . . .
CO()E, ·Art.' 49).~ · . . 2._.1n'·t~e a_bS(;f~~e}h~e~f; ·fro(ll:.1toperti_~.s ,o!,
t~e· ':"CP_ ?r CP •. considered ?s
- advance to tier dedtmteKfn:>rn share dunn_g liquidation; and · · · ·
3., Restitution if ItterVtinaJ [udqment court ..f)nds that· °(>erson providing: support
·. p~~df!rite' mej:3 ript liabl~)t.~±:_eforJR.LJL,.£S OF;.C<;JURf ~ULE. 61, ~ec_.. 7). ·
: . ,·
I ,•
.··.·
I ..
·. •.: . .. . ' ....
. •.
,...:.. ....
·.'.: ··. -~.

. - ... .. ·,
•/
·- ..
··}· . ~· •. : - - .
'··
...... _.
~019 .$AN BEDA LAW CENTRALIZED. BAR .OPERATIONS I 89

PERso·Ns AND FAM.ILY RE.LAT1o·N·S
, SAN BEDA LAW CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS.-· MEM()RY AfD 2019 ·
1 .. Shall -rernain vaiid, ·1. Shall remain· valid, .unless 1. Shall remain 1.· Donor . is given option to
. unless donee . donee contracted valid, - '- . 'unless revoke:' if-donor decides to
contracted rnarriaqe in -. marriaqe in bad faith, .in · donee contracted ': re_voke,'musfdo so-within 5 .
bad faith, .in ' which '. which case, donation .is . m~.rriag_e· in. ~ad'. ' _·years from finality of decree. .
case; donation· ·is revoked -by. operation ··of · fa~th, m . ~h1c.h 2. But if - ground. for leg~I
revoked by operationof] law. · · .,.. ' · · case, donation is separation is · sexual
law. -. . 2. If both. 'spouses __ .·of _ r~~oke_d . f l'by infidelity ''(adultery or.
2: If both spouses of subsequent · .. marriage · operation C! aw · concubinaqe), · .. donation
43··fPl.atr.3)_.lh
subsequent marriage ' . acted -. 'in bad , faith, ~2 (Nl?,H. between person$,· guilty
ac t e d : ·. 1~-. b a d fat'th , d ona t•.ions prop_t er.nup ti,as. . Art.O con IC
par. WI
as . : th'ereo f :a t t''irne .P f · d on.a ti19n ..!S
86, 2
donations . propiet made by one in favor of such does. not . void (CIVIL CODE,,Art. 739,
, nupties made·by one in . the other _a~e. revoked by require that par. 1). · .: ·. ·
favor of the. other' are .'. operation of law- (FA.MIL Y rnarriaqe _ be ••. ,r
revoked by operation of ··CODE, Aft. 44). · '. annulled first

law. · . · ··, . _ ?-Jf ppt_h ,?PP~,~-~~- .i.r) ;,~.909- , . b'ajpre:dqflor may .. .: .,. ·. . . . , ,, . ... ·~
.. ~- ·: · .faith, donorafter finality ot]. revoke . donation _. ....
. . decree ':i-nay -rev'ok~ ., .donor has. '5
'"
pursuant to Aj,;,,!36(1?~, · y~a.rs · from time
4._ -~ele~~;;r:i~~ · t, ·}ifo~aj.
·· a: '1hos_e\ st!pul~t~tt, i.r:i; ,..,,,.l!3ckt' of~On$:i..en~;
·~ _ m11'mag~~lt)emen_t - c,~nr,iot r~vo.~:, ,it
·, .: -~- : _.· a~,_+\(01~(fAM',~ -,,~-~re~:--~~
~~o/,DE,'A~'. ?1).fP)'· ,
b:r't\'1$e e . c:lude~ .
~n_owleqge · 'f.':)..J '..
A~efo~e f~'i~
t_tie _
A _ . l .
. marriage.settlement-or t3·_rrarn~gie._·. (. r)
eon~llc with l}(.t. ~
~ff ·no· ·s'uch ' contraG!I
~./! . b' ·\.. f)~· b1iii r-"'8J5;,par. 3 ·but
' may. et'- cevo!>e "'.I'¥; ~~. 3 -:..] - par Atr , · ', ·
~A,r !,
~1?.nor~~IL y., -~~~-pr~v~ii~~ore irf J ...
if) -~~~
·
&%1-J), ·. · ..
_,;v~~r-ia.rm©2,:t~
. : . .r,;,:: · . ~
-·
}pI_ .,,l#'iige'}ef~l~urposel -~-
..;'.1@nteri1'op(~t. /.··
j-4
- .·
':"
:. ·
·
-wJl~
.· .. •. . r.
,.--,.,,.,...,.,=,.,-.=··......,::-:..,;:,..;·...., ~.,.,._ '-.. = ~:.r.-,~,.:rY.a . ~,....,--~=-~:-.-:-=-=-.,,,-.---,
·.
-..
;. , ... ;
.:... :· .. ".
...
• I • :· • :' ,{ ··~ •
-· .. ~. .• ·\... .. _._. ..., ·: . .:
1. sp;u~:e· in.-ba:d faith. disqu:~iifi~d "ta i~nerit, from' inrr9c~iit\3~ouse· by tesrcite7 :1.):;>Jfending ~-~ . -_ · . : sgpu's,~ .
. . or j_nt~_s_t~te succession: · · .: . . . · · ···.- :-. ·.. - . - .. · · . ._d_isAµaUfied from ·.inheritfng· · . · ·.
2. If both, .spouseEi ots1:Jbs'equent marri.age aded·:iri bad-·faith,' testamentary . fcom · innocent_ spouse by . : : ·. ·.
- . dispositions made· by o~e irHavqr of th~ other.'are revoted by ·aperatron o( . inte'state succession. ·: ·- ' .
law (FAM]L.Y CODE;, Art,. 43).. . . . .. _ ., ,: .. '.. ·· ·. _ "._ " 2:.-. Ffrcivisions . in .,_Jav0r . of
. ,/ . : .'. offe.riding spouse' made ,in . . .
.. . . . :. > .th'e. will:.:.of innocent s'pouse . . .
'. ·. ' . . are revokeid·by operation of . ·.
': law · (FAMIL 7· CODE, /!,rt.·
. q3(4)j. . · . : ·. ·.
_90 I ·2019
. SAN. BEDA LAW CENTRALIZED
, BAR OPERATIONS
P-ERSONS·A~.O FA·MILY-RELATtON.S .
. . SAN BEDA LAW.CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS - MEMORY AID 2019
Effect of Declaration of Nultity (Art. 40) ·arid ~ul~ in Fixinq the ~amily Domicile
Annulment (Art. 45) 'onPreaurnptive Legitime of a ... Both- husband and wife shall fix the family
··Children· ···- · · . · · domicile .. In-case of disagreement, the court'
1. Delivery of presumptive leqitime of. all common. shall decide .
children computed as of date offinal judgment .b. . The court may. exempt· one spouse from.
without prejudice to ultimate successlorral rights · living with the other-It the latter should live
of children accruing upon death ·of either or both abroad or · there are other valid and
parents, . . . . . ··compelling : reasons" for. the. exemption.
2. Shall be considered as advances on common · However, such · exemption shall not.apply if
. children's legitime (FAM/I,. Y_CODE, Art. 51): .: the · same is · not ·· compatible. with the
.. ' . -.. solidarity ofthe family (FA!yfIL Y CODE, Art .
· 99). . . .
. ·RIGHTS AND OBLIGATIONS 5. Joint responsibility for the\§.upport of the family:

and·; · ·. ·
· BETWEENTHE ~VSB_AND AND .: a: Expenses shall be paid.from the: community
THEWI:fE . property; . ·, ; . " - . . -. .
b. . In the absence thereof, from income or fruits.
·of their separate properties; · ·
Rights arid- Obligations· b~t.;_,een, Husband and · c. In the absenceor insufficiency thereof, from
Wi(e (LORD~SM} . . . . . . their separate properties (FAMII,. Y GODE:;·, ..
1. Duty to bive 'toqether: · · -:- .. Art. 70).- .
Extent of the Duty · . · · . · , 6. · Joint Man.agenient of the household. ·

. : - - '.. . .
IJ\'._hile 'the la_w proviges. that the husband ar_d_AJhe .___.......,,__ . ~ . . (:'\ .·· . . . . . ,
wife are obliged to live together, observe .r.:m,,utu~J ---:--.1."ote: Expenses:for such management shall be
love, respect-and fidelity (Art. 68; Far,.nw.~code), pai? in acl\rdanc. e wi_th Art, 70 _{F(l.MIL Y CODE_,
the -sanctio_n . therefor . is . l191'da)ly
"spontaneous,
thJ .
_m1,.1lual .: affection jfbetwe~, ...".;
husband-and wife· and not any legc!I m~ndate ,of
71/1: \· . · ... _ . . : ·. : .: .
Art ..
Effec.t of N~glect of Duty ',' · .. . .: : ... , '
court order (Chi ·Ming Tsoi #GA, -G.R,. No. When-o.r/e jt the_spous_e~ n.egl~cts his or_hE:!r duties
1-19190, Jiinuaiy 16, 1_997'). , _,· to the conjugal· (Jn10n· or commits acts which tend to
.'.bring'7cl~ger,,i..Bisnonor or. injury to _tt,e other or to the
·, family, the_aggrievecf party may apply to thecourt for
. relief:(FAMIL Y COOE;·Art. 72): . .
~..;....--
---·
....~. F-ilir.ig a- case
......
Th relief may takeonmany forms:
.for
·.
.
legal separation. if· there 'are
. g~oLJnqs fodhe sanie;, · : ·. . , . ·:
'2.- -Filing an action. for declaratiqn·of. nullity"IJased · · ·
Action· by. Husba~c:I · ·for : Restjtutibn of· . : .. on Art. 36 if .the· neglecf is such. that it do"es ~ot ·. '
Conjugal Rights ..J · ·1 . create a functional marital life;.-and . . .
, In- an· action_ by the husband against a_ wife ,to_. 3. : . P.etitioning the cour.t for receiver$hip, .for judicial.
·obtain ·a restitution of conjugal rJghts, the court . : . . separation of property, "Or for authori.ty°to be the
.. entered a judiciai declaration to the' effect that ... _·. 'sole administrator of community property. 0r
the wife had absented· herself from the marital ·· .' . ··. conjugal" partne~ship .. (STA.M~F?/A1. •.• supra at
home . without ·sufficie~t ·cause, and she was . . . 427/ . · .
admonished ihat it was.her.'duty to return. Jhe,· .. -,
court, howeve.r,:refrained from.making an orde°r' · Note:: M~ritalJighfs ..l~clu_9ing :c.overtur'e ancj Hving . _in
absolutely requiring· her to return ·(Mwiano. 8. · _ conjugal dw~llihg ·may not bl:! enfor.ced by the·.extra-
Arroyo v. Dolore·s C. Vasquez de Arroyo,. G.R. ordinary writ. of habf?aS corpus. No court ·is
f':Jo. 1?014, August 11, }921). e"rnpowered. as· a
judicial. ·:authority to com_pel :a
husb.and fo !ive· with ·his wife·. Coverture c;;mnot be ·
2. Duty to . Observe m·utual love, respect_ and . enforced by compulsion .. of a . writ .of habe.as
fidelity; corpus.carried o.ut by sheriffs or by .;iri{qlher me.s~e
;3. Duty to.Bender mutual help & support (FAMILY proc_ess. That is a matt~r beyond judicial authority
CODE, Art. 68); . . . and is best leffto the man and wciman's·tree·choice
4. Duty to' Fix the family Qomicile;· · (1/usorio v B.ildner,,G.R. No~-- 139789 & 139808,"May
: '12,' 2000) ·. .. · . . · . .
2019 SAN-BEDA LAW CENTRALIZED'BAR OPERATIONS I 91

PE.RSC.NS AN:D F.AM.ILY. RELATIONS
. . SAN. BfDA LAW. CENTRALIZED- BAR
.
bP.ERATIONS. - MEMORY.AID
. '201~ ~ .
Exercise of Profes slon shall not govern. but fail .. to stipulate what
General', Rule: E'ither spouse may exercise any property 'reqime will ·be applied (STAMARIA;·
legitjmate profession.. occupation. . business or supra at 439).. .
activity.without the 'consent of the other (R.A. No. . . .
10572, . Sec . ..:.1 amending Art.· 13 of. the.·.FAMIL Y 4., Rules on co-ownership will apply in. the absence'
CQDE).. . ' · of local customs. ,_.
._Ex~e-ption: ·The: other spouse may object only on - · . Commencement . . . . ..

valid, serious and moral grounds (R.A. No. 10572, It -commences ·ar. the precise ·moment of. the .
Sec. 1 amending Art. 73 oi tne F~_MILY COQE).. . celebration of. the. marriage. Any stipulation-to the
. . . : .>. . v · • 'contrary sh911 be void. (FAMILY CODE, Art. ea· for
Rule in Case of Disagreemenf · , ACP and 107 to/GPG). '. . . . · . ,
in case of disagreement, the court shall·· decide · · · -· < - · · · · · •
whether: (1) tJ,e pbjection· is proper; and (2f the Marriage·s~ttlenient _(MS)_·. ·- ·
· benefit accrued to the family priofto the objection or- · ,. It 'isa 'contract entered into. by the future spouses
· thereafter (RA. No .. 10572;· temendinqArt.. 73Sec.: · .. fixing. tlie:" _pr.op~rty regime .,that will govern: their·
..... _, . ot __ th~ F_-Afv!I~ v c;;ooEt _s,uch is su[I'irjl<;1r{in natufe: . .. p(esC:J.~1 and fot_u_r.e·'prp'p~r::tl~~- ·putirig)heir rl).arriag~
.. _ ·, .. ($TA.MARIA, supra at 4~9). , · . ,~ . . · '. . (SE!..JPl9-:- DIY,. S.l!pra_."<1/J}..5):· .. · _ -· .
~· • • ·-: •• ·-· • ·-. • ,• • ~ •• ·'. • : • • • .,. • ;.~ ·:" J • :· .: ~ - •• :·: • ~ • • .- •
t: . s·en.efit.accrue·d.to· fa~!IY~·b_efore .Qbj~ttionot~:";· 2:'"ln~i~~ence of a mariiatje-~ettlein,ent or wheh \h~ 1 •.
af)_ immoral or unlawful. pr_ofessi~

benefit accrued ·. pri.9r to the · o):1~~~o~~e
-t~e r~gjn:f~_.a_gle.ed"· upon is void, ACP shall' g9vern,
.._Q[, Art._75). ·
'1(F4'_MJ!-_YJX:> . . · , '
-u,.
're&ulting _oblig~ti?n, sh911 be ~nfor~etj~gai~lhe_-. - ~-: .. V:~~ : ~·: . -.' . . ·, . · ., .
-cornrnuruty property (R.~.·:No~P,5/i{;. . ~eq: 1' .:· ··.1 · Requ1s1 e~:i~),Nc~f-~~~S)· , . , ... '. '.:· .· · .
Par. 2,. an:ending Art,- 73 of the 'fA!yJll!v(C<vBEif". ;.~~ : ;~Maqe. ~e.(9r.~~l~bratibn :0_f _nia~riag~- (FAJy!ILY
· -- · ,· -/t;'i;_)£· f · 1p) 1iA w- eo0E "Artf"}6J'· . ,, _... · ··· .·., , ·,- · - .
· 2. . Ben~fit ·aa.~r-~ed _after <?\>Jectior;-· If tti~,,.bJn~fit · - ~. q~ ~it[n~X'ev,.e~odi.fic~-t1or:1s)_(FAMiLY GODE, Irr
accrued ther~after, -~u_eh .obl~9tion shafi}be " . ' Art.:17.); .. U'-> \ _. . ··:· . .'_ .. _-- .
en!orc~d a~ai~snlie s4~Fare,P:QPfiY~-~f "t~~.. ::. · . ,., · ·. . ; . · ~l ' .: · :·' · ': : , .
spouse ~ho ha~ fl~_t·o~ta!ne9;~~.~~en!· t{~:A~f.J<J:._; C~?'(~e. g_~_ny-ral__ ru)~(~~J~0at;_ rn ·o~<l8.~ . ~hat }lnY
-.·... , ,. 10572,, Sec . .-1, -.Pa.r. 2. r·~pa1~g'··Arf. -h3 .qf fite~\'fi])iJlJ·:Wm"c~ r rcatron~n'=t_h~el~~rrrqgl=:;settl.~me.nt_S'_f!lc!Y_ be
...
. , · ~AMIL:.._Y.Cc;>DE). ,_ ·., . · -~ . _: ~:. . . • .. ' '.- {5?-;.7 '·v~r' ~t:wu_~, R~_:ma,a~ _b.~fofe·'th~ -~ele.br~tion· or .
· . ·. · , · .. · · .: ·. · -,; (.) · ·, .'. ;,,:, : ,, :. , rfi / J):-'}, , ..the;tm1!rtiage~~-i-wc1.tJng ·and signed py . the .
3. ' ~re,,d_~tors . w_h'o.:.c=!ct~q. }n_ :·good:-_.~~.._"~~~._~~ ,~_Q!efj\~f~~Y'._o·ff_~~~~P,ti~/1;_:~Q~i~~-al]?1 can .
. ~ p·~ot~cted, - If spouse. tr:3rs?cle\ Wl\fl\(g~d~Of.µi_ · . -~~~:?e1.~~'.J~~~;~!a~.e ~e~.em_or:Y; .~ut SUCh. ·
. . w!thgut-th~· cons~ni-oqhe .~,l_h.e_r.b~"hcre?1toj'h c-J~ . · :~·- ?,ci(f!ea~q~ 't~,h~~".ne_~.9:: iu.~1~~al:·~app~\:>V_al.~a~d
· , no k.nowl~d~e:th~r?of, th~·:_q}i_so!ute·,,~8!:11~lY1.EN J.t'~s /?~d(only~ref~r:'·to-y;!=l-1~_s_ta_ne~s,pro~1q~d _IQ· 1
. _ qf. ·: prope~Y,· _(AG~)·. Qr,..~9~Jugal··p9rt9.·ets~1p · 0~:&J:!rcl;e~66·,J.f:/1.2?.? '!;.~5·;,a~_d) ~6 'of-~h_e a1:mly f
· . gains:, (~PG) ;ha_ll be· liable.! (RMi,..:t{cf}J;q5rg~·o~e:)l~jJHfA_a1.A,sdp._ra_:at:422.)_._ \ .. :_·.,..
,·· ·sec,_ 1_al[lf!ndmg_Art..J3.of t'7e FAlvf_!~·~f!EJ-
· • : :,. . • ·: ., ,.,' . ,:: .• !- . ·• · _-_ {. •
M~
/\~~,?~~~m-~~-~-s~~1~.n.:\~.n.t1~/9!~_.an_d c_~hnot
-~\b r~Wf!:la· by·,any·Glarm 9f: par.t1al.executr9n or
Effect-of.ciorripul~ion·- ·. '. .· ·--.::,. .· '' .· .. :----:-·: ,, ... :·' ' ab~;er:ic"e-o(:ooj'ection· .. (STA::MA~i.A/supr/ a_t
· If,: a ·.husl;ia.i:ld_., c.ompeJs Jh_e· .WifE? to. de$.i.st from : •.. . ··4:_-1z)c ' .:., ·" ,· ':, ··.·.' .. ·· . : :'·.: .
· :pursuing:a professiqn or_a_qy. oJt:\'er ~onduit Which the·_, .. ·_.·.·.· , ~ ·->:- ._;,: · :, · · :,· ·. ;·:. ·.- · ._ ·-: _ . · · ·.'; · ·:,
: wjfe, h9s~ ·JhEi"-·.r.igh(.Jo .. eng~ge, irr, thjs:· :ccih b,e · : · : . , ~)Cception:-l_f m'arriage is t~rmihate.c;l· by death Of
·qon_sid~red .. aets:·'9.f.. vi_bleriC~- again~t wo"rn~'(-1 ·u~de_r . · ·. :· ·-q'ri"e. df_.-sp_du.ses·.··a.rid··_:survi~ing marries· . \sp'olise
..: R:Jt 9262_'(STA_.ivtAR.IA;_suprc!.-a_t"428).' ·.·.... _ :.._· · , .: . 0• : ··:agai_n·wi.th6:uJ'.iriltfat1ng:~\~ttlemen(El(proper(i_es
0
. .J ·. -·-: .:-; . . ' ' - . ~ . . ' . ·: ... ' ; of

pr.eyious::)n~rrjag'.~:\vit~io·-'~:in~: (Jtye_ar'.frqm ..
. .. . . .'\ . . . . -· . ·':_,_ ~ ·. -. .· . , ,: ·. . . . . . ' "d~at.h.'pf.deqeas~d.ts'pouse; m·anclafor.y;regirne of·· ..
,_,·,.. \ ·,'<' ~.-J.c., .·,,.. ·. :-:_. (' ,,:·· ··.'( •. _.· ·. · .. ,· ,~orrfp_fe.te,sfparati91):· . of"·p·(~P,.~f,ty_0sliaJl_gov~r~.-., .
. ,. PROPERTY-RE-LA'HONS.-B~T.WEEN-· , · ::prc'>"perW --relations.· ·oF$ubs~tjl,ierit. marriage:.
- ·. T-IIE.H u~:iiANri AN]) ri-:iii WtFf .-· ·. · . :.'.
(FAivttLY,CODE,_ .•Artsd~~--~nd. 130).-' . · ·· - ·:
. : .. ~·, .. ·.:. ....... ·. ·.,.:~... :c. . .:- . ·.· .. . . .. ' . . .; .. ;- ·, · ... ~ • ,: . - J,.; . :.·.
, , . ·,,.· · .. ,.·• .. · ...- ..- , ... r :....•.. · · ,., , ,-·: ,. (· .... ·, · ·.3:: 'Sig"ped::by-tl;ie_-·paf:ties-'(F!.\M/tY:COOE/'A(f.J7'7J; ·.· ·:.. · .-·
· d-~~i~~id· by;~ .. · · .. / · : . :. ; ·.: ·.···-~ _:· .·: .. : : . . ~--·· :· .' 4. . '(\fill_.· Not'<:Ql:ejupice '·thir\j persoris -' Gnle:Ss. · . ·. ·
· - , :1<-::. Mkrri?ge s·ettl~m-futitt,('Mstexe.c1,1ted beforerth-e·; '. __ _· · -~·regislefe'd-:·in·;~the--::~ivil..;:.regis_try-;and~ "proper -~- · · ·.
. · marriag~ or ah_tenvptia(agree.me.nts; · .. '. registries·: of property (ST-A.MARIA;. supra ._at ,
2:' :Provisforis o.flh'e F-am(ly°.Code;.' ... -~ · , • ·, . 437-43£));,' ... ·• ··-, .· . : : · .. · .~. -: _.,. _
-3:. ·L6-c~I 9us~on,s:-when·~~pbuses repudiate 'ACP·, · 5:· .§1:i~I! Fix ter~s arid . conditions-o!th_eir property ...
·(FA/vfll.:Y CODE,<Af:t. 74); and' . ,, ·. ·relations;,. . _.
Note: Applies.when partie·s stipulate in.their MS. _'6. Must .Not (\ontain provisic>n~ co_ntrifry_-to law,
·.that 19caf custqm·sti_a11 'apply or..lhat-ACP regime· .·, . . gqod morals,. good. .
customs,, public·.·ord~r
. -;.-·· ,:
•. and .
. '.
., .'
. ·.92 ·
·.I 2019 SAN BEDA
. ·:.·.
LAW CENTRALIZED BAR OPEM TIONS
. ... · .· . . "· . :· .··. ·;.
·PER.SONSAN-D'FA_Ml~Y-RELATION:s·
SAN BEDA LAW (_ENTRALIZED 8:'fl OPERAT_JONS_:.. ":'EMORY ~ID 20'19 .
. -::
public· pol\cy, or _against. the. dignity of either . rer:naio ~ubject to ·reduction for inofficiousness upon
'spouse;. and . the donor's. death, shbu!d lh<?Y infrii:ige the Jegitime
7. ~dditional signatories/ partiis.-. . .:._" ... o(a f.orced heir (Mateo. v. Lagua, G.R. No. L-26270,
, October 3.0, 1969)... . · · · .... . '. _··
. . . . . . . ....
. Civilly iri!erdicted . & . incapacitated: · It : is .
indispehsabie for tl:le guardian· i=!PPOiriJed by · Note: Donations propter nuptias can be contained in·
/ court to· be· r:nade· a p,arty to,· the mc1rriage · a-marriag~·se.ttlement. (STA. MARIA,. supra atA44).
se_ttlement (FAMILY CODE,-Art. 79). . .
Requisites: .(COB) · .• ·. - ·
. 'Efficacy of-M~rriage Settle_m~nt,. . .. . .J 1. In fdnsideration of marriage.;.'·. . . .
1. :. Th~ consideration is the· marriage .itseH: If th·e · 2. · In.favor of One or both .of the'future spouses;
· · marriage_. does -not take ·place, the m·arriage · and, · .. t .' . · ·
settlement is generally void'." . . ... ' -: . 3. · Made .§_efore celebration. 0f marriage (FAMILY
. CODE, Art _82). · · · · ..
- I ~ •
Exception: · Stipulations in- the rnarriaqe

. 'settlement. that do :·riot· depend upon': 'the' Jtequi,sites-:.of,ciValid nonattonby The,WouJq-be
.celebration. 'of -the marriage shalf-be.ivalio . Spouses to Each Other: (MOAG)· . · ..... .
(F~MIL Y CODE, Art._ 8·1), .. -: ~ , .. .. . . ·1. , There must be a valid·. Marriage settlement'
- . ·-stipl.)lating a
property" regime other t~an ACP
;·,2. Jn, the -absence of contrary "stipulation ·.iri · a · .: '(FAM/f.. Y CbDE,.ArJ. 84). . . . · ~ · .
marriage: settlernent., the property 'relations shall · :2·: :· Gene,fal··R,~ le.. qq·n"atioi1: in. Marriag~.'s¢tilerijent .
·b'e. governed by' Philippine laws, regardless~o.f . _; notrnore than One-fifth '( 1 /5) of. present prop:erty .
.. the place of the ·c.elebration -of the marriage o' • '· (FAfy!iL Y CODE, 'Art. 84).' . · · · · :' · ·· · .. ,
.· _ '.he. ~a-rt~~s''. resi~~-nc~ ... \J . N~e: An'{ ~xce.ss s.hall ~~ cdn~idered v~fd··and .
--7-. .
_ • -~ : •• ••• : .• _· -,
1,
Exception·s · · ~·.. · . · · Hie · d6n_cd!ion~ will· be ~~du~~d to 1 /5_- (F'::~ltY ·
•
a.
v.
o__
_:ir_9 th_ ,s_~o~_sei:~rcrc;1u_~~s_-. ev~ri;i)P~rrte~ in
the Philippines. : : .. (·;·· .. ·
_,_·_.c_pDq_tt~4J.
/·!
~ ... .: _ ·. _ .
·
. _ -, _ .
·
_
b. Asto, extrinsic valfdity:of c_on'traets a'ff,ectipg· -.' Excep,,.~ioJi :· '. · · . . . ·/ _ . · .
• «, '. ·\ • property; : · . . . .· . a.' -l~theU" pr.op~rty ~eg_ime is:AGP, no_ reduction· 1 .
·. · ·:. _:'_';'. i. · N,ot siluated in .-·the. PhilipR,in~s~ _anQ. . · · will be made; -and -. .,..- · .' · : · · <~: ·--: ,·
1
.. . ·· ,. · . ~x~.~uted:·'. in .'t_h ~9lH1tr¥, w_h)3re.-. _ttie b .. 1.Lin::iit~\~n _aci.~s not apply if dqhati9~·propter.
: . prqperty I~ locsit~d,; cl!ld . ,·. ~- . nuptias - is/n.ot. \f)q_U9.~d .._in :.~~r~ic1~e .· ·
.. .ii. ·_ ;-Situated in\:i: f9reigj,f~_µnjcy. ~n9~e,IEi~ .. .s.e. tlement:qut con\airi_ed i1.1· a separate·d~ed;.
_,
.,,.
. r~quire diff1:3reot_f~nnalities for, extri.n.~jc gene.raf. n,ile~ on .doil;aiion- app!y, e,g. no ·.·
;
. '· valipity, en.te~ed:-~intp · in the P.Hihppines · person ··rrfay give· or. 'receive by_ ·way_- ·of
. .. -(Ffl,M/1:.Y. 900£;, Art. 80). ' · . donation more. than he 'may give oj reGeh.(e ..
·... ·: . . • . ' , : :- . _-. ; • .-· :·-·, ·: · .: .·. ,: :·. . . ..A•_,;;;.;;;......;.-,..i....:_... 1:5y wif! (s_f.J:i,°MARIA, ·.supra at 44:1). _.,- _:'. -·. ·...
Mo.difiqition in. Ma·r~iage Settl~ments .' · · . . ;·•. .. - .. . ... ·'-· . · . ,
Ge_nera"I Rul~:Jt:rri_u·sn:iinnade.bef6re tHlrf1.qr,riage/ ·. 3:. Ac'tepted'by w'ouldcbe spouse:"'~nd .'' >·.·' ·.; ...
: .-: ·iri.;wr!tirig,_-sign:ea. by the parties.··.' . .-- .. , 1 . :'· · . _..-. Not~:: bone:e .i:riiJst · accept. !t:i~· ,9_o·r,i~tioo: .
.. .-, . - personally, or t~ro1,1gh ari ·a.utborit~d iers~:in with
. E_x~_epti_qr;i~~--- Modifications _m.,;ide through. judicial ,: . : spe,cial. power ·fo~ the· pt..!fppse; qr ~itl-1 ~ _g~ne(a)
decree during th_e:marriage:· •. . . ·: · . \: . qr sufficient power; other-wise, the donation·sh'all
1.: 11') .. case ·.of r~vjval .of former prop_~rty regjme-' - ·. ·be ·'void. (CIVIL/ CODE,. Art/745;-".STA.:MARIA, .
: .· -:.=be'tw~en r~conci!ir:ig,'spou~Els-:atter. tjes;"ree· of· ·:. :~supra.at.41'14):,Acceptarice· must be.'l')'lade quring · .
. : ' · .-legal separ~tion · 'has ·. been.. issued '(FxAMIL Y . ., · . 'the lifetiriie:. 9fthe. -d,onor· ·and. the doriee ,((;!VIL ..
C.OD{=/Aits: 6£} fl.rid 67); . ·, . . · . · , _- . . •· . .. ·c9DE, Art. "7_46;·-STA MARIA;,:supra at_444)_. · . ·'
.
2.: .-w~er ~abandoned· spouse' 'files . petiti.on. for·
. )ucHd~ s·e.paration of:-property ~ndef.Ar.t. -1~8; ..
.. i. . . - · ·.. ·,.·. -~
4. _g_omplies.with req_uisites in Title II of B.ook II of-
• .
·. 3.-, \A/h.eQ ·. a spou:;;e1 • fi!es. ·p,etition. for ;judicial·· ·

..·. Civii'Coqe
....
on Donations. ·..
.
. . . :- . '·.
. ·.. se'i:iaratiofl of property 'tor" sufficient cau~e under .
·.· · ·Art.J ~5 ·ofthei C)y_il_'.C_ode:;~na.- . -~ ·, .· .. :., ·
_ . No_te:.: If one 'ofthe requ.isites is~_not coi'nplie9 :
.4-., 'Petitipn for. vol~nt~&· diss.oluticin .of properly
'. . . witt:i,: it may st,n be va·lira:s an.ordin"a_ri.dpnal)or,i ~-:: .
. (PARAS; supra at 522). :_'·, . . ·· .,- .
. -'"''regime ~nder Art. ·135 of thE!. Ciyil Code. ; ·
. <For·donatioh o(p_re~e.~.t prop_erty to-~e '(ci!id', th~
. - rules governing_ ordipa-r.y doriatio"ns underTitl~ Ill
Donation by Reason of,Marriage (Donati~ns .
~ of Bo?~ 1\! :~(Jh_~_ .Ci\til, t;o~-e: mu:~(be-~bse~ed: -~
.·· Propter "!_uptias) .· ~ .,
. ,;• ... : ... ·. . •. ... . . . . '- . .
... Donatiqns·made.by oner.spouse in fav9r ofthe other Pfe·ase' refer to Property · Law · on requisites. of
. 9r, by ·::1 stranger: It i~ without onerous-consideration, valid do.nations. . .
the marriage-being merely the occ·asion qr motive for.· ·-
· the donation; ·n:ot its cs~usa. Be.ing ·liberalities, they.
')
2019 SAN
. BEDA . LAW CENTRALIZED
.. \ BAR
. OPERATIONS
.· .• . - I 9'3
PERSON'S AND FAMILY .RELATl'ONS
SAN BWA LAW CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS - MEMORY AID 2019.
Donation propter nupties ofFuture Property Rule on Donation betweerr.Spouses During

Donation propter nupties {DPN) of future property is Marriage _. .
aliowed by 'A'.~Y of exception ·to'Ait 751 of Civil Code; General· Rule: Void; either direct or indirect
which' provides that donations cannot comprehend ' donati6_Q . '
future property. It. Is governed by the law on-
testamentary succession. both 'clS to intrinsic and Reason: , .
extrinsic validity (FAMILY CODE, Art..84, 'Par. 2). 1.. To protect secured creditqrs;,
2. To .· prevent, the-. weaker spouse .frorn being
Donation.'propter nuptiee of Enc.umbered. influenced by the stronger spouse: · .
Property . · -· - 3. To ·prevent an indirect ·violation of 'the rule
The don~ti9n· is valid because- the· donor ts still the prohib.iting .modlrlcatlons of the. : marriage
owner, even if it is· encumbered. If mqrtgage is ... '- settlement .d!Jring the existence the marriage .of
foreclosed-and sold at a lesser· price, donee is not (1 PARAS, supra at 545). ' ·,
Hable. for deficiency but if sold for, more, conee is '·,
entitled ·to excess (FAMILY CODE, Art. 85). Exceptions: ' .
... ' - -·. . _ ... 1. Moderate. gins· . on · occaslons of - tarnily'
. D9nations P,;Opter Nupties v. Ordinary celebrations.. . . .... . ' ' , .~
; . ·. ·. ~~: : .. :. oo·~ati6ris ,_ . · . : : ·,~-t :
• . !~ ...
·. , .... _
·;.-•' ....
~~~.~- ' · ~- · M_~ffiage' takes·.place·withc:iuf,Patentah~QfiSe[)t; ..·

-: _Grg~nd:s~'tqr: rev~~it,~n"':~t?undi '~r-~re:~O.ca"tion 'as' req'uired:·b/law; .· ~ ·. ~· '' :,. _;.; : ·; ' '_.,,. .
.are found-in Art. 86 of the, are. found in Chapter 4, ;3 .. M·arriage is·-~nn·u11ef anc(cbrie is-jri bag·fa'ith; .
-, · Family Code ..- · '· · Title Ill, 'Book Ill "of the 4. · Upofl · ,!iegal ··separatia'n,·· the. donee ·.·being-- the
., ·· · · · · · Civil ·qode.. · · · . . , · ,· . guil,ty sppus.e; ·' ., . : . . . .·" '·. .,:: ... ' .
' s:· Dqnati9ri' is 'wit~· a. B:es:01utory condition _a.f!d·.t~e
(Sf=MP/0 :-. 0/Y,. Sl!A'fa·:ar 1_45)'.. · ~ .. conc!ilionwas ·complied with; ·an·d <: · .L ·- ·.
6:' D.onee ¢ommit.~~Act_s pf iograijtu9~ as,sp~cified .
·. -~~clitde~·,:ooh~tidnd(.-··' .: . ~:.··_:·: .:. .' .. "<, :· ., .· by' Art 765'0( Civil·C6de (FAMiL Y C._ODE,"Arl.
B6t ..-· - · . . . " . .
1 .. .- Thosejnade. in-favor. of .1hf:t.s'polises .after the \.
'- · .. celebraton of the marriage; - : .. . , . : i . ~-
· 2. Those.executed in. favor. ofthe future spouses
. '6ut not in consideratlon of mafria~ge;· arid. .
3: -T~ose · r;ii'~nted· to. _pers.qns. ojher . than the .
. :spouses-even though they may' be· founded· on
·· the marriage (Serrano v. Solomon, G.R. Nb. L-
1 ~093; Jurie,-29; 1959). .
9~ 201$ SAN BEDA LAW CENTRALIZED BAR OP!=RAT!ONS • 1 ..•,·

PERS:ONS
.
A:NO FAM·ILY RELATl·ONS
~AN BEOA LAW C~NTRALIZEO BAR ORERA TION$ ·- MEMORY A/0·2019 .
!iii FkM,'P £ 1Bb''A R.fh1: §?lilMI\M »;fr:·JM1,i•, I alilil .:''. It, ,:v::::»:,tWZ=k)illlt ril,q;:,e.,;,:·. "" @it f&W& $/J'di\i,&Wlffif.fl,~:
property. (STA~ MARIA, sµpra at 463, citing

. . . OF PROPERTY
SYSTEMS '-- . . Metthews v, Taylor; G.R. No. 164584; June 22
~· 2009). - . . . '
··.·REo,nvfE ·
R~1e·b~ Games ~f-Chance . ·
·f Absolute -Co}1~munity_pf Pr~~erty (A~P) Los st Shall be borne loser-spouse and~y the
s- The , property regime of the spouses in 'the shall not be charged ·.to the community property.
absence of a marriage' settlement or when the-
. marriage settlement is void. (1 PARA$, supra at" Winnings: Sha)I form ·part of the community
5291• ,· . ·. . . .' . prqpe.rty.,. . ·
' / .
It commences at toe precise · moment - the .. _Exc_E;ptiorn If said.\icket ~~s given to a spo_use
rnarriaqe is. celebrated; .any stipulation .forthe by a friend, it shall.be considered as a donation
'. cornrnencementthereofat any other timeis void ·u~der· Art. 92, par.' 1. The· winnings '!Jill not be
(FAM/L·Y .CODE, Art. 88). The same applies to- ........ ·. . p~rt of"(he ACP .. unlsss expres_sly so provided by ..
C~G (FAM LL Y. COD~; Art .. 107) .. • ...'. .. , the:donor of the t.ickef (FAM/I, Y .CODF, Art.,9~
";. . .· _;. . : fJ.dd Art. -92, p~r:.:. (1)). .. · -- .. ·· '·•. ' . . :
v·
• j ; I '\ .• ,· : •
. Provision·~ on. co-ownership apply to AC.P in all ..

. · qiat~ers not provided by the -ChaR1_1;lr on ACP ·
N~te:. · The_ ;ame. ap.plies . t~ ·. cpd (Ff\MIL
· - (FAMIL '(CODE, Art. 90): . . --·. ·.. -:- . . · CODE, Art.-123). ·
. '
-:'°s~m 2. Conjuqal'Partnership of Gains (C.PG)'., . . ...

·G~~eta; . ~ule, · ~o~munit/ . pr9pert;
_consist._of all property owned by the spouses
.the time otthe marriage or. acqulred'therea 'ter
~v; .
It is._that formed.by a husband and wife Whereby
they place in 9 common fund the proceeds,
produqts, fruits .and income of .their separate
=
(FAMILY CODE,Art. .. 91). . ./ . •:---Qropertie&, and those acquired by.either or both
s.pous~si~~rC>~~h thei(~ffor~s. or by c)lanc~ .. the.
, . same toflil~ dlvlded between th~em.r~qually .(as !3 ·•
:_ · .. g.ene_~jl ·[lie) upon ·t.~e , n · of: the,
· .·:·;rnii). ·~r t.h~ ~art~.~rs~ip (~A~~·~_Y C~DE,
0
· ;~ ;; ~Po,'!.[~s agree up;~ ThH:PQ. ;,~,

· apph~at1on-shall · commence at. the precise .
. moment .. =·when: -the marriage · c.eremony · ·is
___ 'celebrated. What is considered is- the hour and
nov.~e .dy:ite· of. the marriaqe ,.(FAMIL '( .CODE_;
Adl~~~-Ar:t,.-4.Q7:.STA: MARIA,-supra at {51.7! .. · ' .
. '· . ~ . ;. ' '
' . The CPG

.~hall b~ g~verned by.the.roles ·an' the
: , ·. ·-'· contra.ct .. of. partnership .in .·all that is.·not in
. . . ' . : .. · i:;onflict·with wha~ is provided-in the' .chapter··ori:'-
. -~·re~_umpti?n: :. Property. ~cq~irecl _tjurfng·. the • · ·,.CPG· or- ~y.·:the· ·spouses in ·their MS. (FAMIL y.
·- · ..· marriage ·1s. presi.J.med to ·belong.· to : the.·.:. : ': .· . C?Df=,
Art. 108). ·. · · · · ·
. '· <;:om~uni~y;. unless' otherwise.· prcj'iterr'"(FAMIL Y _
.. CODE, fl,rt . .-93). It is not rebutted. by. the-m!:)re . ·. · P.res.~mp!Jon · :in:
Favor ·.. ~(_ , c·onjugal
partnership Property - · . · . . __ ·v
.fact that the Certificate of Title is in tile n·ame of. .
. . mily one ·spouse (Sideco· v. Aznar, G.R. No. -L- .·' . .All.·· ·pr9perty .. acquired·. durir-fg- .th~- marriage;
. 1?31,April ~11.~53), ._ . · ·. : . ·. · '.:·· . . w~·~ther· the acquisitidn -appea'rs.,to have QE';leri ..
made; contracted· or· registered ·1n the:narrie of ·_ ·
Note:· No waiv~r. ohig.hfo is allo~~d during _the ·.one or bot~ spous.es; is· pre_sumed .to be :conj8gaL .
: · mar~iage .e~c~pt 11f·ca·se of judicial sEiparation·of unless· the. contrary .is· proved ·(FAMILY CODE,
Art 116)'
property. The· waiver· must ·be,, iri . a'--pub.lic ..:: . ' · . . .····- . : : : ,·.. . · . ·
. ·.... .:.-.: ~
··. ins~ru.m~f}t:and ,recor~ed in.the oft.lee.of the loc·cil'
civ.il regisfrar. whe're ther marriage contract was ". · Proof of ~~qu{sition- du~ing·the Marriage
rec~rded - as well: 9s in:: the ·~oper_ registry of -····.'.Proof.of ?Cquisition_·during ·the cciverture ·\s-J3 .
· _ pro.pe~y'.(FAM.!L Y COPE, .Arts. ·a9 and}7). The ' coriditi~n sine qua non· for the operation of th~
presurnptioh · in . · favor · 9f : · conjug·ai:
~pme ap~lies to CPG (FAMl~Y CQD.E,. Art.· 107).
-pary.nersryip.' The ·party .. who,· · 9s~~.rts ~ lhis · ·
.w~~n Alie.n Married. to Filipino Spouse . · . presu:mption must first.prove .said .time' element.
An. ali_en married to a Filipino ·cannot- have any .-~The· ~resumption. does .not operate when 1h'ere
interest ·, in the com.mun.ity .. or partnership is rid showing. as ·to. when 'the pr(?perty a11e·9'ed to
2019.SAN BEDA LAWCENTRALiZED BAR OPERATIONS I. 95

PER.SONS AND--FAMILY· RELATt:O·NS·.
:· · SAN BEDA !:AW CENTRALIZEDBAR OPERATIONS - M EMORY AID 20;9
0
~VitS5,fW&#t5¥#Wf!*WJf# ks ;s; 1t*fF sfM'; ,&re s;s ~are::· e: ;;-;, g :e,

-4•,::;: i:; ,i¥£oit ast&W29ifS.Wa+t t, ea
be conjuqalwas acquired. lt therels no showing . spouse'. which .is payable : [n parttal

. as .. to when ·the property in _ question . was .· · · · payments/ installments <;3J1d collected ..dwing
acqulred-the fact that the· title is· in the name of . the marriage (FAMILY 900E, Art. 1,.19) .
. ·. the \<l{ife alone is, determinative of its nature as
paraphernal, i.e.; belonqinq exclusively. to.sald · Dispo'sltion of CPG·· · . .
spouse. (Jorge· v. Marcelo, GR. N9. 23,2989, . , · A wife'.~ consent to 'the husband's d.~sposition of ·
Mwch 1'8, 2019). . ·· .. - conjuqal property does not alwayshaveto be·_.
explicit or set forth .in. any particular .document.,
so long 'as lt is shown by theacts of the.wite that
such consent was indeed ·given ·(Pelayo .v.
Perez, G·.R. No. 141323, June'B,''2005}. · · ·
. .. . _ .....
· 96. ,. ~01~.SAN BEDA LAW CE,NJRALIZE:D.BAR OPERATIONS''
•' ·~ . . . .. -· . . . ' .. , . . .
.PERSONS-AND_
- ,.
·:°FAMILY REl·ATION:
' .
S
SAN-BEDA LAW CENTRALIZ_EDBIIR OPERATIONS - MEMpRYAID 2019.
·1 . .
Unearned Increments . ' ': Property Bought on lnstatlment
Unearned increment (such as increase in Property bouqht on iristallrnentspald partly from
the value · of the paraphemal property) exclusive funds-of either-or both the spouses
belongs to the spouse concerned. ·. and partly from conjuqal funds: .
. ...., ' .
0
1 c. a. If full ownership 'was -vested before· the
• A~q!Jired._by rlght of)Jedemption, barter or . marriage· -'·it shall" ~efb_ng ·:10" the. buyer-
exchange with property 'belonging to either spouse (Illustration: contract of. sale .was
?P 0U~e; . .
0 -. . . . perfected before the 'marriage. and full
payment was made .du.ring marriage using
,,When exclusive property was redeemed . . CP-);-or ..· , . 1· .
thr_ough conjuqa] funds - . . b, · If full ownership' was. vestedIdurinq · !_he.
Ownership still belonqs to. person · who has · rnarriaqe - .. it shall .belonq to· the conjµgal
.. - right of redemption, even if conjugal funds : (. partnership. ~(Illustration: . contract :le>' sell
. are used to' redeem, subject to entered . into before 'the marrlaqe ' but
. reimbursement. · (Sentos v, B?rt9iorne;· G.R. ' ownership was transferred . durlnq.mairiaqe)
. . ',
....:'""
·. · . No. L-18032,-November 23,, 1922) ... ~- . .;,j_ . /

'\ . . In both. cases.vthere ,is reimbursement upon
. · d:_. Purchased with §*elusive' money, of either liquidation. In (1 );'.own·~r~spotJse reimburses the
.. spouse (FAMILY CODE;· Art. 109); and; C.P. ln:'(2}, CP.shall reil)lburse. the owner-spouse
. . ~ ~ "' (FAMIL YCODE, Art. '-1-18).,· · . ' .. · ' .
.
•.
. ' . .
~ When . ~ew pra"perty w.as acquired O
through separate property and conjugal lrnproverneht-of Excl~shie Property/

' Rever!'j~ 'Access(on . . ' --::.-· . -, ·. _.
If the· cost of the. irnproverrtent resulted .in the.
increase
•
in value
• .....
of more
•• ;
than
•
the.value
• J •
of the •
---Rrihcipal -property; ~! the, !lf1le. '.of.-, the.
improvemen(, {he entire property shall belo_ng to ·
·GP.G .. subJect ,to reimbursement' of .the value ·.of·. ·
, 'i~,e1. p_l,;ic[pal, prop('.lrty, at. the'. time_ of .. tne.. '
·, · · .. i.mprove~·en\to,the'ow.ner-$pQuse (e.g.: the CP' ·.
\ : buiit ~ 1 P-mi1norj)e?9 tio'use.rn ~ 5-.rryilli.on:~eso· '·
( exclusive p"rq~y) land_ ahd . a~ a . ~e~ult J.tie,
-&°ah.Je O~Rei'ty·werit up to. P18M) (FAMILY - ,,,
CODE_,M,....120,
. . ...
:. ..Par. 2): · .
'.: :- J'.\cc~~~·icij,·;: ....· .': ' \ . > ,:.. ' ' ~ . ' .'
If tbe · cost of the improvement aird plus value is
------ ... -~qua I.to -6.r is J~ss"·th,€1n the yalue "bf th_e pril')c\pal .
. ; prop~rfy at the .iime of' the· 'improvem~nt, the
entiri:l;property'remains. the,exclusive property of
: · ,:. .. :. ---:· , · . •. ·. . ,_., . . . , . ·, t.<ih~.
_ipquse·,. s4bject, td'_-~eirri_b_ursem~·~.i o( th_e - .
·. r: Dominion over Exclusive Properties . _ : .. v_a!y~ o\t~~- ?qst 9~:,impr<?ve~~nt·~e:~:: the :_CP
··.. ... :i'.He.~pp_l.lses r!3ta1ri tl)e _owciership:; ,possess id~. · . bUJlt a J0°m1ll1on·peso house.in· a 15-milhcin peso
_administration. ancl .enjoyment.of th.eir exclusive ·,. '(e~9fusive' property) land- and "as .a result. th_e
properties (F~MIL,Y C(!DE, Art. 110). ,• . . . . v.~lu~ of th~. ~f:OPe.~y went tip to-P30M). . , :
·( ...
• . . "' : I •• • "l I .... : . ·. , ...... , ·.J·. . .. , ..... . . . . . . . . -
·. Eitl)er :,pous_e·.. m.c;1y f1lOr:\gpge, .· ·encumb·er, · The o~fig~tion. to· reimbu_rse-rests on !lie spqus~
.· aliena.te_ or 9theFWise ~ispose o.C, his or ·her upon whoin own(jrship._of t_he entire property is
.e2<cJusiVEl.Property
. . .
(R.A.. No.-,1. ,Q572, $ec
. .. 2). ·!. : · vested, but there isho-obligatior:i .on the part of .
. the purchaser· the ·property in· cas~ ·the· of
The ·mere·. fact-' ihat . a husband. administers property"is sold by the owner-spouse-(Ferrer v:
property of his. wife does no't, or' itself, deprive ' .. ''<.- Ferre.r:, G.R: No: 16649'6;-Novembe/·?9,.i.006): ' -
. !he· .wif~ 'qf'the ·oyy11ership;. ri_or is_.tti.e facf of . :_ '· ,: . ," .\ :. ·.
administration alone competent evidence to · .'-..
, ,
. 'prove tha_t'. i~e property b.elongs tb:the husband . ; .. -
(,Rodriguez, i.t:. De la _Cruz, G.R. · No. L-3629, · .. · ' : . i~ . . . - ... ·-.
Septf!_mber'28, 1 f;O=?).
(,
',,-·
' ~
. .
2019 SAN SEDA LAW CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS
• • • • # • •
I 97 .
. .
PERSONS AND
. w
.
FAMILY RELATION-S
. SAN BEDA LA CENTMilZEo" BAR OPERATIONS - ME~_ORY AID 20°19
i J,4<¥fd2i ff%W&2N #4iUiMit;t k@
. rnJhW:ta:wm t#tM@t2ffi:<3t+ ,-lt@.:A4iitA ·§~96811b ,a· f5 ·oSffSW# 3tte,a@;a ef ·,s&
Charges
. Upon andObllqatiorrs
. - of .A.GP and . CPG
. .... . . 1. Anfe-Nuptlal Debts For· Ante-Nuptial .. Debts,
Chargeable _to ACP same as ACP but in· case
if · .redounded ··to 'of ·insufficiency . of
Support· of the spousesvtheir commcl~ children, benefit of family; . . separate 'property,
and -leqitimate Children of _either spouse by a -2. · Personal debts· not obliqationsenurnerated in
pr~vi9u·~ marriage. redounding· ·:· to Art. 121 must first- be
. benefit '·o"f . family satisfied; . before. such
For· · . . illegitimate For · illeqitimate children, such as_ liabilities debts rriay be -charqeab]e
children, support from support from separate incurred PY reason to the CP. ·
separate property . of property of . person .. bf crime .or quesi-
person obliged to ·give obliqed to giv~_supp_ort. In . de/icl; chargeable to
support; In case of _e:::ase. of insufficiency or .: · separate property of
insufficiency . . . . cfr absence ,.Qf separate. . : . debtor spouse;
absence of" separate property, · CP s~~II · . of
· p Ir - - 3. In .: case.
property, _ AC ..:5ha advance- .. supportf, ·· -~ .rnsu"fficiel)cy . of
advance support, charqeable to share o · .. separate _· property,
F ...
.r. chargeable to share 'of parent. upon liquidafion, · , charqeable to AC.P ·

parent upon liquidation. ~ut· only:' after. obliqations . _ but- ·. . 'considered ·. ~· ... • .
': ·- . . ·1n ·Art.· 121 · hqv~: ·· been · · - , · adv.ances '. . ··::, .
. . .. c9.vered. . : .
Debts i=!nd·96!i~~li?rs Gontract~<;J·Du~~!jrig~e
1. By the ~dm1ni~trator·;spo_us~·
,·.
·-u··~ ~-
. . deductible . fro;,,
~s~_r\ ··of· debtor-
cle~g~·~t~~-- ..~ :¥·~r(')!.W'\;i..·. upon •' ·
. administration: · - -.·
3,. Bi one with th·e·

.4". ..
·
By
both spouses.
_ . . .,
rt. -1 · · · . · ·,
M_$/~_P_i'.>Olr)~e.~. -~Y coufYo~:~
·· · ·.
.
_'j~~~rwy~ol~
2·. -Sy one withoDt-the- cofisent of>.the.otlier'-

XJ.L-.:..,,;..
~o1fi{;\)af;d·. ·:·· '
~
,
-~
.;
·
'.
,_· ~ . ~l':9_u1gah~:~:.
f\.. .
"·ID ~ Jk:
, .-"' X ""--"
~s:. - · ·~ "~
. _ ..
. · ·. .
~otr Tlie_s,para!e. p~~P..e~i.es. ~hall _tie soli?arily
· liable, for tlie. fb.llgat1ons -1_f !tie ·community or
(/.~~~' · . cooj.~gal pr0perti~s~re inswfficient, · · , .
.
· · ·· · ·.
_
For (1) and (2)." Ar.editor·. J;l~~ur.~.en ci prcivi~~: "?I ~ii ~;- .}
qe_rie_flJ . tq . faJ,lllY __ ·~n?. Aqf'liJJjl charg !pb\e "t1:>, r :~,· -~'-
·l . . \.~· · : .· .
rnrfit9_ -~haH!!£lt a9cr~e to a ~\!s_gand 1n h!~
· . _ ·. ·.
~x.terit· of"b.en.eDt proveri, .o~~~se, ch~~g~qble to.\~~:.:' . s1q9~rµ~ su~ety. __ o.r ~a~anf~: agree,_m.7nt not In
separate- property of obligo\?t>odsll\. \ 2 ~- · ... f,ofo'f}the-J:fam1l>dbut _1~· fa_v9r of his_ employer
· .· : ..... ·. · ·'.:(<'f)·.·-~ ·.-.. ,
··,ff . _Jt\··.i~~-ti9nf~:.p~t._B.enefit_s_\h.at can be-.
For-(3)-and (4), benefit·to farTJ!ly . ·pre~'rlie'('~, · ·1]. ~~
c ~J.?ered. a~ -~1v1~g · a-,_d1r~c.t-; adv~n!age ·
. _ · ._ ·.. ,· . _. '*- . · .,~. ·~- ~- J. -~~~
niingjt~ the_la.m_1.ly:· Hei:i?e; ·t_h~--_cred_1to~s
All t~xes;. hens,: c.;haroe:3. c1nd , xpense ··upo (tht ~Gd_nn9yg_o og~.m;,t : the·. -~onJugc1I p~rtr:iers~1p
c~mrhunity of C_Or)jugal pr~perty._ . ·:: •. -~ : 8cYEN:f\hp~oJiefty. iff satisfying ',lh_e ~~)ig~ti?ri··\ubje~~ of
C Taxes- __ ciinq .. E::,cpenses Ta~~s _anq ·E~]en;.s,es fa.& - . ··- . ;...,,,-:th~u~~Y,?~g~e~~~,!:-·J\ ~ontr~1>'.. vie~ .'tf?u!d P.U~
• for. mere.- pr.e¥rvaiion rri_~re. pres'ervalie~~rj~g . ~11e~~-e, cop1u'g~1. partn~_r~hlp W:O~e:ty b_y_
d!Jririg·. _ma_r.ri~ge: ·upon .0'arri<'!Qe· -~P,_ci~ei;,ii~ate -M~,._all<??git to.-be_ g1yen·_grat~!tousl_y ~1m1!ar. !?
~ep~r~~~ .property_ .qt pr<;)perty pf,e:ith,er. ~s;e,..-,...:._ ~~a~_~s., ~f __ dpn_~~1_q!1 o.~ ... c.on~ug~!- p~~[)~-~sh1p
·.eH~er._ spouse;_li1~d)y -r~gwc:JJe_~9.: of wbeth_ef or <. · .·. ·.· · .P~ope~Y.· ·.wh1c~ _1;. pro~1b1.ted (S,ec~nty _B~nJ< .v. __ .
family." . -. •. .- . .· not :: used -!b.y · family .: -· . _ _ _M?Jr,-T1erra_C~[P:1 (j,-f?:· _No. ~4338~; N~Y_.~f!lp_er .
. . . ': .. , . --' b~·caus'e:. us~-:.:-· arid: . . ·: . - ·29,< 2006). . .. . . . . . '. . .
. . . . . _. enJoym~f<if ··af ')e"pa~ate ·.' ·-. .. ~ ...
. "- . Ttie . COQjllg_al par:tf)ership is·: not· liabl~ _.fo°r' an
. · "··· ·P[Opei_ity. <?J... tr·~:.,~P_bLJs_es. · , ind_wmnit).'.·ag~e:emenf ei;i.teted into, of
the hi.Js:banq. to .. \ .'
. :· . ·'. _ . . . · ·belohg to .th_e part11er_sh1p:· , . · · d t . th' d. ·· · ... -t, · (s· .·,. · .. t B · k M...
. · . · · .. ·· . ':: ·" , ···· · ac~~mmo. a e,~.. 1r ~par y·_ -~c_un Y. ·.an. '(:· ar 1 .
. Expe·~~i~ . i~ · .. }11~bl~ .. · eith~r ·:.spd_Lise ._· to .. " ~· Tierra·corp., G.R:.N'o/43382;·Novetn/Jer29, 2006). .
. commen"ce/complete .·a profes~i.O:nal,.:vocati.opal.or .. · . ' .. . .. . . . .. . . . .
·:. ~ih_er._acf-1ffy..fo(sel_f-.im_pro_·v'errien't_·. ··...·- ,·._: __ : __ ·; . ·,ProvT.sfofrs.Cornnl°o"nto.·Ae·Parid:CPG·.,. -
. ,. ·a: . Admiriistration ?:. c'>f · '-P_rop;rti .
(FAMlLY ·:
Value donpt~d/promiseq. bY, bqt!:J spouses in fay9r. . . -~ ... . . .CODE,.A(;P: Ait ·f)6798lCP.G·: Art:.124~ 1 ?5)
of coriimon · 18gitim8te -· childr'eri' for eXGllJ.Siv9 " · . · · ·: __... : ·· · ·. ··: · ·
purpose · of. · commencing · ·.or·'' ··1(;:ompleting ·. · ·G~neral ~~~~;-A~mini~trati~·n··~hall ·-~~lo'ng. ·
professional .or_ vocational' course or 'oiher activity . · . ·. - · : 19'hoth spouse~ jointly (FA.Ml' y COD[:;'P.rt. :
.for self-improvement. . -·· , ... ' : .. -,. ', 96). . . · .
, . . . ... • (_J
.Expense.s of litigation. b_etween spouse's .unl~~i ~uit -~ -: t.·
found to be gr_o~ndless. , · ·
· .. ·.
gs r 201s_sAN BEDA
.. • .
LAw cENTRAuzEo·
.
BAR
·.· ..
oPERAt10Ns-
.·· ..
PERS0NS ..AND·:F·AMIL·Y .RELATfo·N:s
. . SAN 0£0)\.LAW CENTRALJ?_ED B"Af! OPERATIONS': MEMORY AID 2019 •
¢m::RSSS:;+& r·:i\GS5'& sw;s:tvm2
·. · ,ci-WM:ai:F
.... . .~ nu±:s. @t i>MtK
. ffia:tii :@.;*"*'**?Wt »?t:i:\ we»mt,Mttsr:
. .
:'@::. ,W®lt:
Exceptions: . 2; CPG: Art ... 124, per: 2;- Hores v. Sps.
i. .ln 'case of disagreement, husband's Lindo, G.R. No. 183984_,}prir.13, 2011). • ·
. , decision . shall · prevaiC subject .. 16'. .
· · · recourse to. the ·court by the wife for · Prohibition on Donation . _
proper remedy vyith(n .5.·years from date Neither spouse may donate any community
of contract lmplernentinq such decision: · · .property without the consent oftheother but
ii. In 'oase _onvpoi..Jse- .: is incapacitated or · either may, 'without the . other's • consent,
unable -to · participate ·· · in the make moderate donations-for charity or on
administration . of. (he · 'common , · occasions of family fejoicing or' family ·
. properties., the · ether ·. spouse . mcjy . · ,.distress, (FAMILY CODE; ACP: Ari· 98;
· assume 'sole powersof admlnistration .. .: . "CPG: Art, 125) ..
. . : (F.A,MI['( .CODE;. Arf. 96 par, 2).
The' prohibttion also applies :to parties li~ing
· These pp~ers.dc;i notinclude: together as husband. and 'wife-without valid
·1c.-)· Dispositlon;)rnd '°'.;: · m~rria'ge (SEM,P)(? - o_t_Y, supra at 17 4}.
" . · ·:·. . 2:},- Encumbrance.
•, '
"\. r....•
· ..-._ . Exceptlon. In ACP; · either" spouse may ..
w_rit~e_d. :co'nsent:· or ~th:er sp~·u:s:~ ~ or ...... : .. dispose bywill.ofhis or het interest in the'.':
: : authority · of. -; · the . .court )s. -required; · ACP (F(!IMIL Y c;;ooE,.-Ar(97). . . . .. ·
.· ..... otherwise disposition or encumbrance is.
·::- . . . . .. .void (FAMILY-'CODE,.Ait: 96.par. 2). .. bi. -Rernedles of Present Spous"e. in-Caseof.
· ·: . · '; ·· · .. · , . : ' .. · ··,. · · · · . . . · - ·. .A1:2andorirnerit by The Other Spouse or
: ." Spouses-are ..Joint A'dr:ninisfratgrs Failure' to: Comply . with: Obligations:
. . . .: Tbe_·_ ~U$band :· ahcl . ~ife .. are_ .. th~ j~~t (RJA) . - - . . -. • . ·. . :..:_-
' . . . :-: · admm1strators .of ·the1r_-,pr_?pert1es -f~~mg Receivership; : ·· · · .·. · .
, ..... part·. of ·the conjugal: i;iartr:iershiP,T~rid ii. Jtidiciar'se"paration'of.p"rope,rty; anc:i"
. :· absol_ute tcimmunlty' of prope~es;,T,Jie.-ri,glir - iii. ~ut_hority to.be !he sole adri,1n"istratbr. of
.. ,-: ves!ed. upon· th·~.tn lb<one-ha[r'(~). ~f th~ · 1·
. t~ii_ community. 0.r GO:njugal pr~perty:.
: .. : . c.?n!u~a_l_ a?§ets .. do_es :·not·. y1.'s~un~Jp.e . _(fA'¥1LY_ C_ODE, A<;P. A(1. 101, cr::.G ..
_ -'. ·: · d1s1:i0Jut10~ an<;!. hqu1dat1_on · ~_p'the conjugal . . /},'rt. 1.28). . ·: : · . _. _: . . ·-·
: p-artnersh1p. The. sale by .tn'e: t'iu.soand o( 1· \ · · ,. ··
·__ \,-'. . :· . ptoperty:;_ .b.elortgin·g -10_ ·.. ttre~ -~.' co·njuQal, · . ·. Pre's~~ptio.n of Ab~nd~n~e~t . : . . .. . · ·
. pa~ne.r.sh1p -or._. tlje absolute ..i;comm~nit~ · "/YI. spol'.I~~ rt?een:ed.!:P hi=3Y.e'aband6ne?Jhe ._
~i,th6i.Jt t~e·c<;>ns"~nt of tl~e. wlf:e:-or auth0'f''.tf . .ot~en., he or she has· leftthe conjugal · ·
· ·'oflhe court is_.void,...(Abalos v~Macatahga1, . dwelling w_ithout- any intention ..of."reti.Jrriing. · ·
· _: :. · : G.R. Nb:.-:155043., ~SeptembeJ30, ·2'Q04}": · . 'Three .. (3) month~· disap'pearcmce_ qr failu.re, ;.-.
·· · · . , ::' · · > ._: ·. · . to : .give within- the '.sanie · period·: any ·
Co11tfac.t .i~. ·. vq_i:d · .wlien · ·mprJe·· w.itti~·t...:.-...........-~-,.i1nformation as to·· a. spouse's· whereabouts
consent <!nd. kno~ledge ·:9f:o{'e -spfi.ld:~e; .·•· . · prim a ·facie raises,. a "presu"rnption that.·the"
. and ·. annullable:, .. when .. ma~de .with . . .... :, . absent' spouse has-no.intention of. returning
· kn6'-'!'fedge,but with~u'i"~c;>'rise_nf . . . ·- <.. · ·. (FAM_IL v tobE, ACP:·Art."}Q~ par.); CPGr
If. the ".husband; ···without · knoyvled_g~ ·. anq · ·. Art. 128, par. 3). ·. . . .
·cq('isenfo(tl:ie ·.Wife·, seJls cpnjugal prop~rty,:.. ~ .. ·.. . . .. : ... ·.
. _..-
· · . ·su.ch s.ale i9 ,void .. If th.e!' sale _was_ with. th:e . . . ·, .Gr.oundS fo/Te"rr~i'nati~n (FAMIL YCODE, · .
kt.iciwl~dge"but wit~out.the approval of. the · _. [A<;PJ Art: .99,101; [CPGJ- Art. f~6:-12B):
. · ·wife," th·ereb·y resuiting ··in a·· disagreeme.n"t, (SAD-JR) · .. ·. . . . ..
. ·: · . ~. s·uch sale is annt:illable· at-the instance of the . .. i. ~- ··when· there·. is ·· a · decree/ of . leg·a1
·' ·.· wife Who is given five. (5).year~\fr.o~~t~~ date .. · •. Separation; , . . . ... .
.. · . the .contract irnplementing tne· decision· of · : ii: When . .the . marriag~ .. is .:Annulled or · .
. · _,'·. ; ·:· the hlisband·.fo ins.111.ute__the ca_se (Ravina:v.~. . : . dedared. .void~. .. . .
·. ··.··.Villa Abrie/le, G.R. No. 160708, October 16, · . , .iH.-'. Upon the· Qeath-of-either sp,ouse; __; ·
.. · ·•. ·. ' ~d.Q9J;_ ,. ." · · : : · , ., · · ·· · · .-- :-. - · ·,. iv. In. · ca~e. · of. Judicial. sep~ration . of
. · prop~rty during· the . mprric)ge under ....
.. · , ... · .'. ·. •· ··Contiri'uirig-:-~ff~r ; ... , · . .. · · Articles 134·.fo 138 (FAMILY CODl=,.Ait
J,he · .. transaction, - 'however; sh~II .b~ . . 99); or . . ' ... :. . . . . ·. ·
a·
... ,· . . · coristru'ed a~ cot-ltinuihg offer 9n the- part..... v: ·: ~l.Jpon- · the{ filing 'of. an:· affida'vit · of
. of the. consenting · spouse _.and the t_hird · ,Bea·ppeari=3nce. of the .absent spou·se
person';, until' accepta"l)ce. by' the·. other.· ./
.$POQSe,or authbrization 'by the court before,

· . · the offer is withdrawn by · either or both
. offerer~ (FAMILY CODE, A_CP: Art. 96, par...
~019 SAN ·aEDA LAw· CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS T 99.

·P_ERSO,NS.A.N. D . FAMILY RELATlbNS
. ·-
. /
SAN BEDA LAW C£NTf?!o11ZEDBAR OPERATIONS.- MEMORY-AID 2019
• • t' .'
. .
,Liquidation - . after affidavit 'of Receivable, from Each Spouse ,
Re.appearance <, Should a·lso include receivables from
Another . instance · when an absolute each spouse -for; ' "\, ' .
t6rn.ryiu_nity of property .... or · a conjuqal 1.) Amounts advanced for pe·rsonal
-~ . ·>. partnershipofqaihsris dissolved .is- wheh a qeqts of-each spouse;
.- ' reappearinq spouse or an interestedperson 2.-) S.upport pendente ·Jite of each·
-. under· ·Art. · 41 · files . an affidavit . of sp'ouse; and ' ... - .
appearances to. terminate the: subsequent 3.) For .. : CRG; inclu-de value cif
marriage of the .present spouse contracted. improvements' . constructed cin-
. with anoth·er person: Ac'cording to Art: 43 the separa!e:_prop.(;!rty. /
. ' , .- termination otsubsequent .marriaqe. shall
'·""'
result · ir\· the dissolution: of the absolute ii. PaymentofAC_P-or CPG cl~bts; ~
.. _comrmmity property or. eonjuqal partnership
. of qains of: such- subsequent marriaqe (STA. . _·· Must. first pay. out of- the. ACP or CPG -
· '_ -i , \MAR!fl.,.supr.a ·af..497):' :.. · --<prope'rty; . i( lnsuffleient;' -spouses' are
:~ .. _.·; . ·, · · ·•· :\ . sofidarily liable with separate properties,
;_..:-, · ·._ ---~~P~rati_or,jrffa_cf(Oe.f:act9;.Seppr.at_i~~) · ._ ," -: .• ·.. · · ' ·. -: . · ·
.... ,.· . _ • . -._(F:APy1lL Y, CQD{;,'-ACP:· A.rf- ·roo;.
OPG:- Art. ·- .. . iii. For CP~. must first reimburse, spouse"
:-t . -~ .: · . ·_,._-, 127).- ,. ,, -: '; . . . -··. ·- . ,- . : '. ,· . ,. · foi:'sepa'i'aley_foperty'.:acquirecl· oy GP . ';
•
. ..
.. . ·.·
. . .The-separation infact between -h~b~jLa:2
· .
_- _ · ~ife· shall notaffect the ~egim_J-~J-ACFJ[C3J:G 1.

~.
lUr I"'-\.T.V}i:~ 'r
due· to· increased value· 'thereof as a
.re~ult 'of._irnproveme,:it_s:thereq.n; . . . : .
if -~-cPG; unles~; .owner indemnified
vr~i
_: )RftMJLY
. . . ... ·' ?~-. /.-.v.
. ' . . . ccot; P.~r. AH .. 1
_.,· . . 1J:, ,· · : .-
. , .
.I . .
wp~tev~-~- s9!,11'ce,1 payment _of 1~$s
. ·.j,(g~t.1nora~1~~ of mo\'.abl~-~----~.elon~_ing
.JP: : I ]{· · \-;:

· .Ru)es Ap~_l1~a_?,l_e·wt1e~ ther7"1~ D~;Fa~~ . ~Q. ~J1.e(sP.~_use_,~~at -~a:5,·~s_ed _tor_ the ..
Sep~rat.1pn; ;_. : [~- '?' ./ . beper1Jtc;>\th~farrply; . , :- . . ·
,i. :_ · Th·e·: sp0,yse,:.who ·-1e_~c4fth~'fc_o~jugal · ~ .i'',. - Ii. .Oivi~~'ftof.Det '.as_sets (for ACP)_-._or-_ net.
/ · ~~me qr _re_ft:Jse,_~ejlhe~ein without A/~ -.. - ' proJ1~~(C::~f);wh1Qh ar~- not·su~Ject to
.. · , Ju~t ca~?e, shall' not~,h:c;ive·the r ght to, Q~ _ 111 ·; _ · • Jo~rf?1~e.;i_.· ··. ,-··: .. · ·.. . , .. _- . : · .
_~.I
.. · : ~upporte~; .. - . .{ ~"':.r , t=""·~ . · 1
VL. Del'.¥,~ry_._of.~resu.mpt1ye leg1t1rne_. 1f any, ·
__ , !L ·: When the.co_ns~n.Jeili"ote sp~ljj\eto,ar,if@iil'j_filj'~. · , ·A:, ~o-t~\e_M!ld!fn;,:c!~,d 1.·... : ::t·:.. · ·.-: · .. ·: · .· . ,- ··, ·
... _ _tr ~n.sc1~ti9:n_:.6f'_t'be ?t~_er'_)~1J°red ·~ . ::::.--__ ~~~ 9judl~~v1 7::<:if. c.o~j~gal dwe_l!in~···and
>. '
0
: ... ·IFlW,,._- JUd1?al.- \l,lth~J:IZ~tl_?-0~~ II b'1ffl - i:~dlt" ·, . : : lot:/~· '::' ·:, . : . ·. · ::·· ·
, ·. _obtained in a, suryhi9rP·~,{9ce'dl_g,a1Jd'.*i, .,!;.,@(" ·. 'R',..;;;, · /. · • · : • > · · :. ·. · _- · :. . · ·
. 'iij .. lr:i~to~<abs7i:_ice_·o\.~u.ffjcie~b~o . ~Q.!tfL~ ,' ,,~;.,( . ~"-'ternJJ.n.~ti91)1js:Calj~e~-i?Y _D~~tli-~f. ~ith~r- .
.. ··;prop~'f:ty;:tfle separat'e ·progerty· fjt5'0 h. , - .--sp' use (FIY:tu:..Y.CODE,-.Afl.:1o3·and.1.~0)_ ·· ·
, . · ·. :-sp0u?~s. ~hall p_e·sqlf-ar_ily )_iaole _t6z.Jr(e~IEN't\h· i. ACPj ~d' ~PG_· ~FT~II lie· liquidat~.9 in. a ·
,,_-.· ·,- '.i S~ppoit;,·pf_;-_thef>·farpi(i:·_·];he· ?~S-, 1 · .. : . : ~~OC(;!e~ing for S~tl)eryi·~nt'--·~f est~te ·of
· ,; :. · ·. ·· ... presenl sh.all-,, up.oh ,proper. .(e'tffi'oni1r:f't?1 . , , ·(\'' ·.iVtj..eltlei;:eased•sRouse} ·: :· · · '· . -~ · ·, .- · ,
. . .-'. . ·. .' . :.s~,m·m~~-_.pjocEt~1i_ngf:.b~~V.~!,J1i.al~M ,\~\;!V .!J""~?· ju'dici9J;settl~~ent ·j:fr?°~'eecii_ng ·. i.s .·
.. , · __ ~ ''.·' .. • auth-9nty _to;__adr:r1:1~1ste! or,e~e::urryb~ 0-· ·· ... ~-. ~n?!1l~~_ed,_~the :?·SP. 5):~j~G. ~~-~11'-_pe, · .....
. . ·. . · .. spec;:_1fic 5.E?P.clf?~ pr0p§rtl of .the qther . ,. · .. · ·. JUd1c1a11y· _9r· extr_c;icJyd1<?1plly, ;1Jqu1dated
·. ·, .. :_ .· · ·- . .-spouse· arid LJSe. tneJr\JiJ's or pro9e·eds .. · "'.:' ·; · .. :;_b·y :the:s(!!rvivi.ng ,s¢:ou~e.-within .1 year ·
'. v :: •• -.. _.. thereof; ro:-.::'satjsty;_ ·ths ·. 'latter'.s. ·share ·. . ... : -· •... from the, _death cit th~ de¢eased·spouse ... ·· ....
. - . ·.. -)~AMIJ.i.'!))_O?E/f. 1.·rJ._,fqoJ,:~---<-; . . · •·: · .·- ,·-: ) . t; (.>· '..:-,::,,::'"····.' ..
. : - . . ., . .. . .. : . . ' lf~'tber~· ·are debts to be paid,·. 'the. .
· . ,~- ; . ·. ·:,c: , Steps:; in·. Liq4idatidn, of,. 'ACi=>"'· and·. CPG . · : ·. ·. · ·-<· :·surviVil}g; spo~se.:ruGsl-file ,f preceeding · · ··.,.
- . ·. (FAMIL Y.coot-'Art ...)02·an¢·}2"9j . . . -. . . . . · .. _-.f~'r..the s~ttl~meot.of:.eitate;.-. .. . ::
·.-i.',-.)nvento:ry_ofACP:9r_r;pG.p.roi:ierties.and .. ···. >: ,-- --~·''· .. X-r,--f·,,:_: . _'(,:_·,;·:.::,.,-· -·.
excl~siye propetty·of"each :spouse; . .. ·. .iii, ·.1f the 1~.yeqr perio~:Lhas·9lre-ady.eJapsed·
..~ ~ . .. .. ·_~:~· :· ·.·., .. : · · :•'\ · :· : ·,.-·, '.: ..: ·.·- · .- · · - ·. :'. ·,: . : :· ahd :mf )i°fl.uid9tion:::w.as. ·made; ;_arw·: .··.,-· .
: i _; Re,a~on:;·~t~ara.~ ..'.W?P~·rty ·lr:iciud~_.d·. . !P . -: : ·: · ._disp\)~1ti_ori' qr:~:ri~~~b_ran~~:o~:t)le A~P. ,
.,, . : ., b~cause 1f.-;.the: coryimu111ty. l?r9perty. 1s · . _ . , · _qr Cf>9 ?h?I.I· b.~ ,y_o1d; _qr. -~· . . . ..
.. '.'< . :·.:-:. ' . · n'of .. enoi.iglf ',_iti1-e·· s·po_uSefs :'are. liable: : · . · -iv:., If . t.h.e ,· ~suryiyiog· ::. sp,otise .. coli tract. a
·.. , · . solidarily'with thei~·.SeP,arate. properly° (1_ ··1 '. ·.. .' - : · sub_sequ~nl ~·arriage v,.,i(rout liquid.9ti11g
: _P;ARAS,._§up'ra_.'°at:551.; Rlff3U'(A, suprf! .... . •. · - : t~·e~~C.F,\or_~f_G, JJ:)~~8~tqry -~egiryie'~f ,·

·. af'.4'48 )'. . -·· ·,· · .. . ·. . ... . . .-; . . · , · com.pfe\e_;;$eparatiohtof.-prop:erty- shall
... .. . '. . . . : '._;.. gov~ro t~~ :• P,roper!Y. relatiotis pf. !lie
. su.bs~qaenf rnarriage.· : ~- . .
~ . ,:'· . ':/0:' ·.
'r" • •••• ,'', • ••
··' '
· 100: 1. --2019 SAN' BEDA

. ....
-~ W CENTRALIZED
. . . "BAR OPERATI.C)NS
. .··
. ·,J
P~RSON~S.AND- FAMILY. RELAT:10N·s
$AN BED(\ LA_W CENTRALIZED BAR OPERA1:IONS :.MEMORY·A/0 2019 .
Effi946 !l'Jfi s&-4,!r:%#, ! Y&%f..!it%#Zffi#b">,: k ¢2W,'!#fi#Ei£i£ ft·'}_t·tN iM'i iiiBSf·#d ?J:3§4 l·Sr%·h49~.P:.,
. ~
,3. Separation 9f Property and_Administration:of- b. When the ~bsentee spouse reappears:
Co.mmon' Prop,~rty by One :spQL!Se·· Duri_ng c. WFlen the civilinterdiction Ierminates;\ , ..
Jh_~·Marriage. . ·1· .. · .. :. _. · . d. When .. _Earental . authority is · judicially .
, · ~~re$toreq to the ,spouse -previously deprived
1h the _absen"ce--of an express d~cl~ratiorr.in the·· .. thereof;" .. ' . - :· ... - .. ·,.. ... . . .. .
rf)arriage settlemen.ts, · separation-· of .:Properly e .. When. after· voluntary dissolution- of the
. dl!iing \he· ma"rriage shall_ not ta~e place. ex9ep_t. · absolutecommunity ofpropertyor ccinjugal-
a
..· by judicia) order. Such judicial. separation-~of partnership has· been judicially- decreed
p'roperty may either be·vqluntafy or.for sufficient" upon the joint petition of, the spouses, they
· cause (FAMILY COOE_, Arf'134):., .: , .. : · ·., ~ ·. ·_ · ~gree to th.e reviva] 'ofthe former property ·
regime. No voluntaryseparationof .property
Causes of .Judlclal Separation cif Property: may th~reafter pe·~ranted;.. . · · . .
'(.scALOP} ., · ._'--: ·1,-.,,· ··, .,·· ..• ,.. : f .. Whenitiespoµse:whohas!:efttheconju.gal
.· a. ·-That at ihe time o'f the 'petition, the· spouses· : . · ·-home."without- a 'decree of'l.egal ·separation
have·been-~eparated in fact for.at least orie. ) . . resu_me"s common life wi_th the.oth'er;.or . . . : .
. (~) yea_i- .. an~ reco.r:iciliatid~. is . _.high_ly . \ . ~ g.. Wjlen the ._spa.uses who have ;~·eparated· iri' .
. ~ .. impro_bable; -. ·'· .. ,-,,.: < · . . .: -.· . ·. . . . . .\. · ... · . .
·fac:t' for. at: l~~isr one '·year,""'rec"ciricile ·ancl·
. b. ·. '-That·th~ ~pol.ls~ ·.of ttie·'1'.ietition~r:.na~ been . . ., · reshme comni_on :life: (FAMILY CODE, ''Art."
a
. , · · . S(;rttence_d-to .. penalty y,.ihich'c'a_rrie·s·\\fith it. . · .,_ 141).. .. . '
· · . ) Civil interdiCtion'; -· -=~- · · .. ~~-: \ : .. ·:. .. . . . .:._ , .. ,
c.: :·yh~t. the'_spo"u~e. of the-p"etitif~~r ha~ b~~- .~ . . when lh'e "spo.yse~ wl')o have. ~epar"a_\ed in fact
· ' Jud1c1al!Y:declared an 8bsen_tee;_. · ~; t · :.:_- ·. ·. · fgr at·· 1e8:st one. ye~'.· ·reconc1le ;anq res.Y.me .
· d. _That _!;oss qf parental auth0nty _ _. o.f. the common life. · .. . ..
. . spouse of petitioner has been decre~eq b .
- .- the court•· .... ·. · .. • . . Note/No· '(Ol_untary :se·J~ratio.n'~f pr6pe)-ty may .
·. ·. e; That-· th~; sp0use· of· the 8etit)9:ne has ffiereafter b.e graoted (G_l'v/L · Cf?DE,. (1,rt.:_.14·1, ·
. 9bandoned the lc1tter or failed.-to comply .with par-. 7).-· . . ' ·- · . · · -
.. : ...
.
his- or_· her": Qbligat_lons·:'-t? · ·tfi.l:l fa(nily _as ~
, . · provided_ for in Articl~ .. 101;· an9 ·,1t..._;, "L,i · .
.
Adhlinistration · ·of
I•
Exclusive P~operty .. ·
·.<. · L .. fhat:_·!h~ ~po~s~ gra~t~~~~'?.)~~er: of . (FAMtl Y,¢oo_E, Art/142) · . , '_: ·, - . ,. :
cJdm1nistrat1on 1rf th~ marriage settlements · · a~1lihe ,drh!ri_istraticin -~f ~!I ~las~es_cif exclusive _
. tias ·abusea that· power..·. (i=Atvtlb.Y :(!;ODE;\ · ·. .' pr.opi~.¥ of:;t:ither ~p6use may be transferred .. ,'.
.. · ·.: Ar/· 135). :- · ' . · .. ·. · ytfie cour.t f0 the other-spouse (GACH}: ·
:· ... . . i.--.5Dlhen _,one .· SP.OLIS'(; .. l:>ecomes ·. the
.,. · ·. · ·· ..,.Guardian of.the:other; · . ·~
t'?<·---· . ·:· li. .When orie spouse 1s jud.icially oei::1.ared
· ·.... ) ~cin: ;bsent~e;
1
1
• ••· ... • - • ·'. ' -
~ ......._.... jji. .WJ:jen one.,..spouse is sentenced to a :,,

..~-. . .··. : '· pen·alty which carries .. y.,jtti .. if fivil ..
. .. ;' · ·· interd(ction; or · ' . , . :.. . , .
< • •
Eff~cts- of-Ju.d.icial-Separ:atiqn :of Propeft~/ . : ". , .:· . :,.···.iv. when·. one_ spo_us~ become~. a f_ugiJive .
-· . a.>: Olssolutien" _ar:id-· liqui~atiori. hf .AC_PiCPG · ·.·:. · from · j!,.Jstice :Or is.- jn .!:!idi,:ig·· as an
(FA/vf/LY d.OPE;Art:,137)-; :" ·. . .. _}"··. . -1 ·'·. •. . . ·, acci.Js_ed.in a c.rimi,nal ·case ·(par~'1). · -.
·. .. b.: l,iability of, the spouses to:creditors- shall· be ·.: ;;-- bi
-
_b .. If the. ottier spou.se. . fs_not
. . qualified. \· reason'. .
: · of incompetence, conflict of interest, or ·any ' ··.
.solidary with their separate properties;' . . . . t:
,.c: -JA.ut~al.'. pbli~ation .Jo-.: s_uppq_r:_t '_~a~h::;_other · ... ·· · · other ·just cause, the court shalf. appoint a
. . . continues except when there f S .legal · · · suitable: person· to. be the adrni,ni~tratorJpar ..
. . 2); \ '·•. . .
·· · .· separation; a119. · · ·- : ' ·' . ·,J ••
- d. · Rig_hts 'pteviously 'acquiredby. creditorsare. · ·.-:. ·.- .

· not prejudiced (FAMILY CQDE, .Art. 1"40):.. · . . · ...
...... •• ••• •• • ;\-.:· ;:• •..... ;· " '1 •
. : ·.Revival-of :For~~-/Property· Regime:.. (CAT~ .

-. ·. . . ·· PALS)"-;·_:: .. · ._:. '. ,< · : . : ) _.:. . ~:-:· . I•'·,•'
. " . - It sh~ii" be qoverned by-Aft: 67 and may be _fire·d -..
;. , ·· · in th_e sarneproceedlnqs -where 'separatfon of
. '· ..
.. property WpS decreed in any of- the following
. . instances: ·· .. . · ·.-·.
. a .. When :1h·e ,:g_ourt; being satisfied that the·
· spouseqranted t!}e power of admlnistration
in the marriage settlements will not aqain · ,
abuse that · . power, • . authorizes • . the
resumption of said administration; ..
2019 SAN s:EDA .LAW CENTRALIZECfBAR. OPERATIONS·, 101

P.ERSON.S A_N-D FAMJLY--RELATl-0.N·S.
. . SAN BEDA LAW CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS - MEMORY AID 2019 . _ . • .
~;ti-#dSBfiM_ttffi·i4:!i·R'SWS%ZJ55!t&t \3i & 2' 4¥... aeno,e.ff!-1¥?#*4% ,rs5.,f' '&"bi& g: :..aftV#t41 §i!t·:fft@3!W&3!fMSl533_¥tfttst:1
. Comparison of ACP_ and qPG ·
..... . =·==--=.:.:.i
Tne:·abs.olute community oJ proi~ity 'shall commence The .conjuqal partnership. of gains. shalt commence at
attheprecise momentthat'therrrarrlaqe is celebrated. the precise moment that the marriage is celebrated.
Any stipulation, express . cir . i(!I.Pl.ied, for . the Any stipulation. .-expfess · .or impJJed,· · for the
commencement of the community regime at any other commencement ·of the community regime af any other: ·
time shallbevoid (FAM~LY CODE/ Art.~88). time shallbe void. _ · ·
/
No waiver of riqhts, interests, shares andeffects of the of
No._,.:,aiver rights,-inter~~ts, shares .and.effetts 'of the·
absolute community property during the marriage can conjugal partnership of gains during the· rnarriaqecan
be made except 'in ease of judicial separation of be. made . except. in case. of judicia] separation .of . .
property.t(FAM/l.:Y, CODE, "Art. 89 per. 1). "property (FAM/L '.' cs~E, Art. ·107,). . .1 ..
,' .
\
. . , ....
. ' . ~· \., ·,
.· ... ...
,
, . . ~. . ,·; : ... · ... ·.

-.-:·· -- ....:.
.
' '
: .»
j ..
. . ·: ~ .
'
;· ..
- .· .:.. . .
:
.(
102 2019.SAN 'BE,OA LAW CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS

PERSO,NS AN·D· FAMI.LY RELAT·IONS
Sl,.-N BE!)A LAi,y CENTR,4-LIZED BAR OPERA:IONS-: ('/,EMORY A/0·2019 .
...
1. Property acquired du.ring the marriage by gratuitous 1. That Which ts brought-to the marriaqe.as his or her
title 'by either spouse, and the fruits aswell as the own;' . .·:· · ·.
· · income thereof, if any, unless it.is expressly provided 2. That which each acquires during the marriage by
by the donor, testator or grahtor that they shau form , gratuitous titl~;. · . · · . ·
· part of the community property; · . 3. That which is acquired by right of redemption, _by
2·: Property for' personal and exclusive use of either .. ~ barter o·r by exchance .with property b'elonging to
spouse, However, jewelry shall· form. part of the . only one of the spouses; and
community property : :., . . . , - . A_. · Th;:it which is purchased with exclusive _r.no'ney of
3. Property acquired before the marriage· "by either the wife or of. the husband '(FAMILY CODE, ArJ.
_spouse who has legitimate descendants by a former ·109).- . ,; · ·
marriage, and the fruits as well as the income, if any,
·•
of such property (FAMILY G.O_DE, Art. 92). ·
~ ·,. . . - . . . . ..
W~atever may pe lost durinq the marriage in any game of chance, bettinq, sweepstakes, or any klnd 'of 6th~r
.gambling, whether permitted or prohibited by. law, 'shall be borne. by the loser 'and. shal! not be charged to the
community/conjugal partnership but any· winnings, therefrom shall form part of the communtty/conjuqal ·
partnership
•
property (FAMILY CODE, APC-Art. 95, _CP- Art. 143):• . t ••
.· · . . · . ?
1. Upon the death of either.spouse: . . · ·A . . . .'.' .

.2. When _there rs a decreeof l~gal segar.atron; . ,
3. When.the marriage is annulledor declared void; or ·. . · z .~ ·. : ·· ...r> , · · ·
4·. in case of·judicial separation of property,dtiring marriage under Arts. 134..:13.s (FAM!i...Y CODE, ACP-Art. 99,
. · .· c~ -Art, 126J. · · · .. · · · ·. · . · · .. . · · · · · • . ··
1. 'if.he, spouse whb leaves ttie conjuqal home or.refuses to live· therein, without just cause shall not have the
r_ight to be supported: · ... . . . . _ · , . · . · . · .
2. When "the consent of one spouse to any transaction of the other is required by law, judicial authorization shall .
be obtained in c1 summary proceedinq; . · · ·. · · : . '. · . : · , :.. . ., : . .. '
3. In the absence of sufficient community property, the separate property of both 'spouses shall 'be solidarity
_ liable for the support of the family. The spouse present shall, upon proper petition· in summary proceeding, , a
'be. given judicial authority to administer or. encumberany specific or separate property of the other spouse
· a_nd .. use .the fruits or proceeds thereof to satisfy' the latter's share (FAM/I., Y CODE, ~GP-Art. 100; GP- Art:
<127). . . .. ' .~ .
If a 'spouse without just cause abando'ns.the other or fails to comply with his' or h'e~ oblig~tions to the family, the
aggrieved spouse may-petitidn the court.for receivership, for judicial se·paratfon of property orfor a\Jthority to be
thE? sole administrator of .those abso!.ute·community/conjogal partne·rship property,. $ubJect to such precautionary
corid_itions as the court may impose '(FAMILY CODE, ACP-Art. 101 par. 1,'_CP:- Art.· 128:par. 1) .
. -
. . /"
2019. SAN BEDA LAW CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATION$ 103

P.E.RSON:S·AN,.D FAMILY--RELAT,IONS
SAN [JEQA'LAW CENT.fl/\UZ~D BAR OPERATIONS·--: MEM_GRY AID 2019
'l ..
. -.
:up~ri t~~Je°ftt1ir{~tjon' oi-\i'I'~ ·~a~·i~~i~-15§d~atb?t~~;<£6.rijugaiR~'fi~E!iship-;pfop~rtfs'h~ffb.~ hqm8~te'lhri ·i1:1e:s~hie . · ·

prdc~e'ding· for-the 'settr~rneJifof.·,th&H:staf'e of'tfie,.aeiceased': ;.,,. · .. · · . -: . ' ··.' · .- ": ·'· . ,· .'/. · ", ' ... · , .. · ,·: . · . ·
-.·,.,>? -·:-··~ :~/j\'#S~;-~ti<:,.;:~,·~t·~:?::~,'~t\"~--:c:•:}{Y-~,':"'·
.:• .;:'., •..~---• ~-~'.·'<·.,(····:'?/-~. :..:_;f ;:<\;. tf":'.\~," '.-~{-::;}·:,"·:L:>~/.;·;/:.::;:--'.i . ·
· .If· nojudicial; proceedinq is in~tl_tute?; the ~!,J("".iyin!:fspoLl_SE(l' shal! !iquid~~~?_.t~e:·~oniniu.nity qr(6njugal, par,lnetsf{ip
property either -juqiciall:f: or. extr-a::.jtidid~!IY(~itf\in one year _fr'qrn the':death·.ofthe; deceased. spouse. ILupod·the .
_ lapse" e>f'.l_he _i:>l)e.-¥ea_r, p~r!<?d ·n~:·1Jgtii~ati9q_i~ rriader any ,d~~po~ition or e_ric1/rnb~anc'e)nvqlv.ii;ig )he" (';o~jugal·
partnership property of theterrninated rnarriaqe shall-be void. ·· · ;, · ·
r. .; . ;: .. ~ . . ... ··.- .. . . -, . .. : . - .
· 104 2019.;,AN_'BEDA
.·.. .
L:AWCl;:NJRALIZEDBAR
. ··. ~·
OPERATIONS
:~.
'
.
-PE.RSONS· A·N o· FA·M IL Y ·RELATl"ONS
. SAN'aEDA LAVf CENTRALIZED OAR OPERATl<;:JNS-·MfMC>RY·ii1q201~ · .
i3?Hi!M:.X: ai4!&4Rt§ :t ~h~ffl ,i Si:AWSfiSf' rt:t&§'k: "dMZ§f? w;_&:wa iJ#fPSi??d#¢. 8 r;a;, gp r·2F9!':&p4%%-b-#bi'tc#ata:-
. . /'
Should the _. survivinq spouse ton tract 'a subsequent ·marriage without compliance with ,· the foregoing · ·
requirements, a mandatory reqirne of complete separation of property shall govern the. property relations of the
subsequent ,m,miag-e (FAMIL Y.CODE,ACP- Art. 10;3, GP - Art. 130). . . . ...,-·
.. ·.. . . ·. '. ,, . ·. ~ .-~ . '. ., . . •. . . ·. ' . . .
Wh~never the liquidation" of _-the·:c;c:mimunity. ot. ~onjugal partnership properties of two or· m,9re 'rnarrlaqes
contracted -by-the sarne' pers'?n before the' effectivity of. this Cpd_e is carried cu] sirn_ulta_!{eous_ly, ihe-respective
capital, fruits and income of each community or partnership shall be determined upon- such proof as'rnay be
considered accordinq tothe rules of evidence.jn case of doubt asto which community.or partnership the existing
properl(es b~IO:n"g, -t~_e.}?ame sli~!l.~b~. ,divided· be~een or among the different. cornmurjjjies or _parn.~;~hips in
proportion-to the.capital-and
. '
durationof
.
each (FAMILY CODE, ACP: Art. 104, CPG: Art. 131). · . ·. : · ·
. . .'
·,
I , :. • - . .:
· 4. .RegiiI1e:9f Separatf~fr1 ·of Property

,'
It may.jefer-to present orfuture property or bolh,

,,;'_ ,:
·. \ ·
l. ~
/ · 5 .. · ~roperty ~egi~e qt Unions ~ithqut M~frri_age <

-total _ or p~rtial.. [f. partial, ACP;...: shall govern .. -Art, 147 v. Art . .-14~
. -: properties-not aqreed upon as separate={FAMIL Y
.. C(!DE, Aft. 144):' . . . .
4 / ... .
.· a." Each· spouse shall own, dispose of., possess,

' - administerand enjoy his qr her own sepatate
..
• estate,. without
-, need . ofl. the... consent.
.
other. To· each spouse s_hall. be!ong all
.
of thi,.. .
'earninqs fromhis or her profession, busipess lrY .~ , ••..;...,"' ,..,, •• _ • •
or industry and all fruits, natural, indusl[ial_or The.... · following · rnirst 1 ~)ri '. ,.·~·cases"···· .. .of
civil; · due· or· received during tha,marric!9e ;· conc1:1r: ·. . · . cohabit~tion,not !cl!.ling
from _·his or ,rir:_:5eparati_ pro]. rlY, rt~.MIL{tr;f- 1.: Pgfli~~f.kU:,it be both :under Ar\ .. 147 .. ,-.. .- ..
-. ?
. COQ.E, Art_. 45). . _ . . . . . ='·
· b .. Both, .. spa.use? . ~.hall ,. bear- tlie . amtLY
1 !"'- -~· ... ~apa_c!tatf?-10
each other;. ·
marry · p ·. rti ·
·· a e~
·,
. are .
. ..
nq
t
··' · · ·· ·· · · · ·· rf - ·y',(F; · · .. ·2._- T.~ey/liv~l'ex~I siv~ly. · ·. capa:c'!_at~_a. to .-".la~ry

. ' "'. · ·'. ~~:;!ti·/~s~~-~i~'.~i~;def;~,~~~~re~·r:%\ . . withY eaci ot~er 'as -eac!l· . .-ot~e~ .d~_e .. to
: .· . , .. t~~ c,i.m'~nt ·ma,rket alue ofS'tlleir sep.tr>~e "' . Flust5ana ana wi e; .- ~~fl)~ ~ega!" .. ' . '
, prop·erti~s. -Th_e lfa.biHH~s of lb~ sp~u_~~s''\9. ,· 3 ... Withou 1m;:irdag~
tbeAienefit tf!!pedtme~ts; ,
cre?)tp_r.:5 ·. for faf)1ily: , ... ~xp_e~se~\ sha)!, . '. of ·or. un.9e_r· : .:··- alt~ou~h. ,t may <:31~?
. ~"
how_ey_e_r, be SOU DARY. (5/1.MIL Yi G(?DE, .. · · a void marriage (par. · ~all · __ lJnder a , votd ·· ·. ·
' · ·., ~ . 'Art. 146). · . ,.. . . ,. · . ·.. 1) .. · ·.,_ ... ·· . .. .m_ a_rnage . ..-- _. · . ·
9. A C6n1Promise . Awe~m·erit wtii~tJ · '~~;;;.....,._-.-.... - ,...._,...,:~~Void : m?rriag~s· _ ··. 1 •• • • • :••.
· jud.i,qial.ly 9pprovecf,' ·,s·:.. exactly · suehf" a·. ·. · : . · u'r:lder Art. 35i · ··· .2:. lnce~t~9L!S .m~r~tag_es.
, : . separation . o( property- all6wea bndir. the . · .· .. · ..-'.. . i: Those· • .. · <. ·,. . U~?·e_r Art.;3~; . . .
. . _., . · :· Jaw. However,.' volunta~Y,: ·..sep13ration. q( . ·. ' :so.leriiriiz~d .. by. 3. Vat~: . f!:ar_nag_es
. property is subject to<the < rights·, of- c;lll ' . ' ' ... 'anY: person . not aga.!_n_st: 13ublts po_.hcy .
3~;
:creditors of the co,:ijugal p_artn'e(Ship-:qfg~ins , . , . ' legally. . · . u,n9er.A~ .. . .
, : _ . arJ.d. 6ther . ."persons- )Ni th pecuriiary. jn~erest"· autho"rized -. · to ~-- V.o,d_. marnag'rs ~~qe~
p~rsuc1n~ to Art .. 1 ~.6 ..of !he Family, Co.de 'perform .· · . ., A~ .. 35, F?afs._-:1 a~? 4;
(Maqui!an v.:· Maqui/an, G.R. No. ·f55409;· · .marric!ge~_; ~- __ B,_gam~~~ :.marriage
J_une B;-'2007]: ·:· · .... .- :!.., · :.. : : ·. • · ·. ·· , ii. Those ~- .f\rt'-
u.n~,er.. 41 .
. , ·. .. . . . ,:, .: ·'· . solemnized . '- .• .
. .._, ' ...
without. ·. a
.license; exc;:~"pt
. ·. ': .. ,· • # r
_those. . .coy&red . ,...
. . by the preceding
·_. c;h~pter; · · ... '
• ! -· .. ' iii. Mist~ke in
. identity. ' \
'1 :.: •
b .. Void marriag_es. . .. ~
. bas.ed . ,
psych_ological
on , .· -
-incapacity under
.Art. 36; or
..
'
2019 SAN SEDA LAW CENTRALIZED BAR OJ?ERATIC?N$ I 105
.PERs,o·NS A·ND FAMILY RELATIONS .
: SAN BEDA LAW CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS ~ MEMORY AID 2019 .· .
~lMNi~i@l 'iif S¥1¥&WS:td & ,, S Sic afySSFji1#&M=4 'Pifu-t:!S·Z t~f?i ,Mt \d5%S· 1klf!?Jifite:! -.~ .. #&:£!*·• 'S(f2t4% if¥%i6i::¢,5~#&i S #-<f! ·S
c. · Marriages that
. are void . under
Art. ·53 . when
either of . the
. :-.forme·r _··spouses
marries again ·
without.··
... corrjplying . with
the· requirements
of registration- of .:
. Jud{Jment. of 2.
annulment,
. partition and
delivery , , of
. :presumptive, .
. l~~it(mes ..
(par.·:-1)_. .·
', -· !"
·.... ,
. . ·.·_
...... :..
Note: Neither' party can ··
encumber or dispose by · · ·, ,
acts-'intet.vlvo's of .his or .
her ... ,share .. Jn . ·th_e :- .
property. . . 'acquired' · ._,. \ ...
·)
cjuririg cohabitation and .:·
owned-~ .. in, . cotrirnon :
without .the consent' of .
the· other until· after the
~ terrninatiorr . of .thelr.
cohabitation (p·ar.3).
)
. .... )
-· 106 I 2019 SAN BEDA.LAW.(ENTRAl,JZED BAR·OPE}~ATIQN$·

. .
PERS.ON·S AN,D.-FAMILY_R.ELAT.IONS_.
' 'SAN
~ BEDA !.AW.CENTRALIZED BAR 0PERATiONS
. . . 0
. ~ MEMORY AID 2019.
.
Only p~operties · acqu_ired by_ them through their - g.

Petition for Habeas corpus; and
. actual,joi~t contribution :of money, property, · or h.'
Petition for
Settlement of estate ·of
in9ustry shall· be own·e~ by them in_ com,~on· _in guardianship ang .custody of children (STA.
.propoi:tion · t? their. res·pe~tive contrib~ti~ps ... The f:A~RIA,. suprciat ~?O). · . ·
.words "married to" preceding the ·_name of spo_use ~- . . . . \ .· \.
are merely: d_escriptJve "bf the 'civil status of ·the .. Note: For Article 151 of 'the Fcimily Coc:l~ to. apply,
registered owner. Such words do not proye ·c·o- the suit '·must' be exclusively between or ;:irn~ng
6whershi.p .. Without proof of actual contribution from · "members of the··same family" (Moreno ·v. Kahn:
either ot both spouses, there ·can be. no .. co- G.R. No. 217744, July.'30,
. 2018}.- .. -
ownership under Art. ·14.a of the. F_ainily Code. (Go-
Bangayan Ii. Bangayan; Jr., ;'G.R. ·No. 201061, July Term "Suit" Limited to Civil· Action or Civil .
.3:·2013). - ~ . · · Liability , .. : . . .
The term "suit" provided by law dearly implies only
·. · civil actions (Manalo v. CA, G:R. No: 129242,
~1-
· 1- . '·'
'r ·
.
• ·. •
_ . ·THE FAMILY ·
> · ' · ·
·-_.
.
r>
• . , ... • .
_.. ·
. -_.;
r- .
r : · Jenuer» 17, 2001). On [he pthef hand, Art. 332 of the ..
Revised-: Penal Code provide for exemption 'from .
criminal.' but.not civil liability, for. the crimes of, theft, ·
. SWin_dlirig Or rnallcious mischief corj,milted:or.caiJsed .
-ri,~·.ra~-i1y.· bei~g the ro~ndaii.on of th~- natton:· Li_ ci- by the fo1Jowing: · . __ . · .
... basic socla! institution .vvhich- public policy cherishes .... :'1:. Spouses .. ascendants . and. _gesceridanfs, or ·
. and protects (FAMILY..CQDE; Ar(.'-_149); therefore, , .. relative by~affinity in- the· sameline:' .. .
no suit between members of the.family shall prosper , 2.- The- widowed spouse with respect to the.'
unless earnestefforts for a comprornise betweer] the .' property which: belonged· -to the deceased
parties ha,ve_fall_e·~ (FAM(t.;Y:GOD.__E;!',_((. J5J, par.p.)~ spouse before the same _ shall have 'passeq-into ·
Family relationsare governed ~y ~?IV( and no ~US~m, 'the .pOSS-EJSS_i.on ofanother: and . ·.. . . .
practice or agreement destructive Qf .the fam1l¥,.shaU
_ ~:;}co~ .ri_ize~ o~· glven ~ffe.c;t .w~:~/l:~- 0~~· Arl .
3. Brotners and ·. sisters and . brothers-m-law a_n·d
: ;iSters-7rr, if liyi~g tO~e,her .•• '. ,, ·.
.. . ),. 1 ' . '
Note:' The exemptiqn_' established byArtlcle ~32 pf
: :Fa.miiy Relations inch.id~:_:{~~---~o~ss) ' ; .. : : .. ' . ' the Revised: ~.enal Code shall not.be applicable to
-1. Between Husband-and Wlfl:!y· .. ' · , · ,.. -·. · ':~strangersf l:)alti.c(~fing '_in·.the. comml~sion. of .!~({
· -. 2 .. ~B~t;,;_;een Parents and _g_hilar.en;. ; ·. ·· . ~· ··crime (S'TA MARIA, supra'at 620-621):· ·. .. . . .·
3: .. Ar:no11g· ot~~er ~s_cend~r;its ··an~ !]!~ce.ndarjts; · · . · • ·7· · -~ . . . . . . -· ·, ·: . · · ·-·
· ~. and · ,. .. . . Ii!. ,. - :· Ru!)riing.of,.P-r,esc1fp.tii/e-Peri~d~ · ·... · .- . : ,.,. ·.' ·.
4. 'A(D.ong §rotners an'd..§isters_ ~!3etheri-fuWor~al.y : Unless _otherwis_e JxovJded. hy:(he · Fai:nily Coqe. ~O.?
· blood (FAMILY CODE,"Art.~150). · ·· . other: laws, Art. 1109 of the Civil Code·provides that
. ' . - , ' ' ~-· ' < _ _. ' . -.
prescr;iption does _not,r~n. be~w~el}i :-:-- . ·: . : '~ . .
Mandato.~ Pri~~ Rec~ur-'se to .c?~pr'~i~~ ,·: .; ~ '·""'."1. rtusba~d :and. wife; even though· th~re. ·be· a
Ge·neral Rule:· NG sUJt ..between · memoers · of the · sepa·rati.on of ·property· agreefr · ~·pon in the · .
. s12me,:fi;m_ily sh.all· pro's per unless. if'snoulclar.m.ec1r. . . . niar(iage settleqients or by judicial dec;r~1::; . ·.
·,. frdm the ye_rifie_d._complaint· or 'petitidn.Jbat .. e.atn'est 2.,_. .parents''and_chi.[dr{;ln during ·th~ l:altEJ_r's rtl'inority · ·,
. ·efforts tow.arct a~compromise h~ve been _made.'.. but . ' :'or insanity; ·.and: . ' . . . ' ' : . - . ' . '. . '
tha~ t~_e same-.ha_v~ failed:·lf it.is s_hown'.that~o suc_h _ . · 3: Gu·ardia:n and ward during·: ihe· continuance _of .
_~ffo_rts -'!"ere in;}a~t in.aae: the :_same ·case ml!~t· be· .. _· · .th'Ei guc;1rdianship:(STA:M_A0'l1\ supra. a( 624)< ...
_dismissed·(fAMlL Y C.OE>E, Art; 1-51, ·par.. 1). ·. · ·. · ·:· .. : · - ,. _.,-. · · .. . ... <--it . ·..
Exceptio'i1s'i . . . _ .
,
- .. :c
-Family.Hdme
·t·· . . •. .
- ·. ··
. . .
· - · ·,
·-...· . ·- ...·..•.
lt'jS. constitutetj joi['ltly_,by the husband . . and ltie'"w1fe
: . ;._
.. ·. :·./-
.
1. When. a stranger is i'nvolv.ed,. in the suit · or by"_an "_unmarried _tieaq'· . of -the fqmi\y:·' 1t · \s. the
. dwelling house where they' and their family reside,
Reason.:· The ·i~terest..oLsuch -~rranger m~y . . .·and· t.h?-land on-which it is situated.' (Eli.Ml~'( C,ODE!
'differ frorn.th~ iriterest' of,m¢mbers ·of' ~):le·.same ' '. Art. 1.§2)..· .· . . ' ··-._:. ,
family (STA:f,_AARIA, ~upra,at 62t)). _. # • I •
·,· . ' .· .
· Th~ r~.q~irem~~nt of a hous~-;~-~ -j~n~ ~-~- c~mstit~tive· .·
'' 2.' In cases . ..yher.e ·.the. com.prbmis.e :is, invalid.: of · .;i family ,ho.me sJres~e~ _·.-me .element' · of
(F2AC-J-V!-1S) :. . p_~rn:ian'~nc~f 1:-!en~e. poat.on.._a water cannot. b~ a
a. ,Euture,,,slJpport;_ . constiti:Jled .a· family .h'ome (ST_A.!vfARIA, 'supra_:at
q, ,Euture ·1~gitime; · . · . · , ·.625). .
. c: ~ny gro1.Jnd~ for_"legal, s_eparation;
d. _g_ivil sfatus,of persons; Gen_eral Ru lei: The .family .ho~e. is :exempt from ..
'\
-e, Jurisdiction- bf courts; . execution, forced, sale or-'altqchmerit '. . . .' .
f. yalid[ty or marriage· ·or :a 1ega1 separation
(CIVIL CODE, Art. 2035);
. 2019 SAN B~DA LAW CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS I .107 ·

PE.RSO_NS AN:D FAMILY RELATrONS_
SAN BEDA,I.A\,y CENTRALIZED_BAR OPERATIONS - M_EMORYAID ~019
Commencem~nt of ·exemption: · ·rrom execution (1 ·REGALAD0, Remedial Law

Ex~mption is effective .ffor'n the time of the' Compendium, · (2010) p:453 ,· [h(:!rein~fter
cqrfstitulion of the fami!y home as su.ch and Iasis so REGALADO, Remedial !,..aw)).
•• •
. . • 'J.
long .as an"y of its.'beneficiaries ac.tuallyrres·ides . .

r .. the.rein·· (Spou.s'es Kelley, Jr: it. P(anters· Products, Outline · bf· Pr:,~visioo~
Regar~ihg the Family
)'
lnp., G.R. No:'·172263 (Resoluiien), Ju!y 9, 2008),.. Home: · · . - ·

.1: · It is constituted on: the dwelling house · of- _the
Re~son: Wh~n_the creditors· se.jze the.family .~Ot,JSe, '. family-and the land on-which houseis situated .
they virtually shatter the. family,.itself (1. RARAS, . . . (FAMli Y CODE, Art .. ) 52); ' -v , · • •· •
supra,at _66J). · · . 2. · Deemed ·constituted.· from· time· o( actual'

. occupation 'as a.
family . residence, (Ff\ty1Ji. Y
Exceptions: (P~LM.T) C/ , CODE,.··Art. 193);· . · L .- • •...
1 -". Debtsincurred'Prior.to constitution of the family 3> -Continues to be such as long as any of -its
. home (F:AMIL/CODE, ·Art·. 155); beneflciaries ac\ua_l(y., jesides therein (FAM/~ Y. · · ..
· .. , ·: . ' ·- . . CODE;.Ar:f; .153); . , . -- _ ', · . . . , .. :
_'As" a .rule .. the Ja~ily .horne ls=exempt :fro~· 4. Must' be part of 'the. properties, of· the absolute.
e~-~c~.notr;. f 9tG~.9 '.S.q).~... q~ 9ttach (Tl ent,-Hq~.<?.Y,ef.. 'com m:u.n ity.or, th~ .c~n i yga_l·:P.~.rt~ers.~j r,;or..Qvyfl''t~·q;.
·Art. 1,55(3)" of the family Code $Xplici~y_allG>WS · .· byperson constitutinqjt (r:r,qy·pe . ~ilhe.r prl~O.ttJ .... ~;··
the· forced ·.sci1e' of. a.''rai]lily. nom~. '.'.f~( _debts .. ' 'spouses" or' the' u~hia_rrfed~ h~a8 ·'famlly) . ofa'
secured by. rnortqaqes. 011 the premises before-
or after s~ph. (?O_r:is~itutio'n.'.' _'(Spi .F9Jlal1fa; v.
Sp?: ,Lap_"": .(3.R.: -No_; .._: ..17~$.2_ .8 8 5, ·.'A~gurr.v.-
u·. ' I-·'\v_.,~
~(FAMIL YCODE, Ait f~6 par. 1); · _ · ·
~~
_t~;at:is, the ·~u:-bj~ct :?ta_ :C9_~dit_i,o~·a.1.:sa!e.
?V~.ns _
t9~l~en_t:>.·W~~r~_·o.~r·~~s)1_1_p,_1s .. reserve_d_'bY' .·
·
2.,012).··-c,. . .· .· (._ ": . .: .: ~C;1

J.~~··~OQ{~nl.r, ~o:-~'=1.a~an,_t~~:P~Y~~nf pf:_t~!=l·
~;, ..... ( , - ... :. · ~)':·~ ....:,.~ }5urcn~-~~P,~1Ce rTlcW~e. COn~~ltU~~d·as a:far_n1_I~ ·
. Note: Art. 1-53 cannot be g1Yen retrokct1ve· effect · -,fr., _-...ho~~·JJ'Mli~·cooE,Art. 156, par. 2)-., ·· ··
.. to stiield the hiJmes of de.bt~r~c\rw!x.e{utioh-~ _ -~7 -~Th'eie , .m~s01:5e lf' ·a :
fi).(~d .- ar1d\ 'per.'man'eiit ..
. , judgment arisi~itfr~m-.d~ift{w~1~~ec.tnie dJe' -~ !.&. ·coririecti~n (wi~,h~ p~rs6ns 'cohstitutipf_it: .
arid derhan·dable prior .t~ th~ effectivity ~of 'the r\r"A··x, . ST. .M;A.Fj?IA{j_upra c1.t· 631). ·. · , · . ... ·
: ·f:.amily C~cf~-. T.o be .a~1{·~pi[·qf Jh~_be~~~ . ·;: ~ _Ru-~ ap~!i_e~ :foaUdit~·i,a v~idable' rriarri~ges _a_nq
1w
·pf_. a_,, faflll!Y_ hC?(!W. In' r~ela!Jonf_to_. d.~~ts wfoy_~/~. ~ ~ve :to co?l'. _qr:i~l~ s~~u~~s·. !l~der· Arts:J47
,ll')?tur.ed_.:pn_Of. _t_o :A~_gus,!,,.,f~i~·~a9..~.8~ ... lt·'iil!_S.~:lbe\\C~lli/TuJ.1\;ll and ~4~ ~ t~~~~r11y God~;·!'l~_a;. _ .... ' ~- :·: ::... · · -
~h~~n-- th<'.1t)he ~ol1;.~.\"Y~~"'c9)2~~~
. _JUd1c_iaJly, or ~xtraJUd1Clqlly(_e~~si1an~~llfe.:oid0,.
e1the'r.~--.-~8. :Co_
I~ ·,: Off'#;_~~ne.~Jhea~ th~ faIT)~ly Jor_·.1_0.y~~rs,_qr
ffl~.
d;esr,1~e-~~.at~·ofon_~ pr.;l?Qt~:~p_o_use~.
,P'.
. Ciyjj Oo~.e (S_TANARIAi~upJ9i;a~-~,2/y_~ . 1~: :iC:'f~ a~, g. a/·~· .m~·~'?..r; ..b~_nefi~1ary- l!ves t~e.re)n.
-;2: . Q~bt~. ·d.u~, .. t'?.,~_a_b~r,e~s.~-rn.~ch,eryi·cs_i ...~'r:_~b)!~c~~:J.I ~~IJ .~a,n~9.t'P.f1rt~p?n ~~,e s·~uzie y,n!g~s ~he c0ur_t.
·. QY,_!!?!3~S,_ fT1.~t~paf::~e,t} ~1'.id,, ot~e,\.WQ~'sl~f.iJ\.~.S: co1npl::lll~Q'., [~a~9)'1S .Jf!erefor~· (f!f\/vJj~Y.
· -re~d~red_se~IC\\O.r~J~r9.1s~~d ~ateriat·}~S{:~JE·N·?.M~_yOGO(Art. 1,59.J.: __0_ •• •• • ... · •. ·~. ·-. • :,. ·:.'· . • h
· •.. c;qg~tru_et1~r:i.9f_t~~~b.l!.\ld!r_l.9;,.'\..' · · .j~~ .... ;:~~ . ·-:·!···,.· .':£..
· .. · · '.r· ...-·, · ... ,
· ;3:-, D~bts}~cur~,~·:b.Y' M.q~~-~g~s;
~~th~_· i1r1~e. · . · - ;'
\~~t'.cr§.f!~_O·xe.arf~~.d. a min~r. ben~~,<;i~·ry.:stf .. , .
·be:fqr:e :qr .aft~r: _c_q~~J1tut1<?.~ ~of·,t~?~f~~Y.lD.?f.1.e; \.·A b..'.'.!i\~?,~~-rE!in·,
th~: fam1_!x ~Q.~_e· s~_alt,P~ P,r_~~e-~ed_ . · .-.
,, ?P,9· : ·: ... -:-._:i: :· ~ .. ·.,. · > _. . . :;-..:; ._· : .·~-~ :" ._.J,y·µ·.
~"'..9P-ly-·~~til_~h~t m_mqr, ?.~r:i~~(!:_iary recie;~7.sJ1~.:a~_f:1., . ··:
4.'. N9n-P.c!Ym,enJ ~of Iaxes (PAM/LY- C_QDE; ~~fr~n:iaJo.nty: -c:q,e_-;.1.rite,nt,011 ·of.:t~e _ la1,n1~:J~- -'.-_ .
155):. . .: .. , .- ..... ·:...: . ·.•... ·-, ·:: . :'_ · .· ·saf.egua'fa and prc:ite~t·the:·int.erests'·pfth·e··minor' ..
· . '. ·.,,. . ...... , ' -:, '. . .;:' .· ·:·. , . · ,·-. . ·. .' I ·:~ . . .~: • ·-b:en'eficiary\mtii.' he'.'r.e1bhes.:th~:.ag~:9f..r'n~JOrity° . -.
;•., -· .... " 'lo~ 'l'
~· •, .~''I ', . :- ~.- ... ,•.,,•·, -'.:• • 0 •, l ''.••.• • .... ~>M• •0 •,, • •·o
Exemption must be timely ·raised ·as' a defense.. • ·· (P.atnc,o .' ,.v. ,. Dano-_ :///;.:: G:R>··' No::,- .1·70829, .. ·· ·,·'
a·gain~t eiecution .". · .'< ' .. ·. .. : .. ·., · .. · ~· .. -, .Nc:/vf:Jm.ber-20;'-2006f · . · · :_ : : ' ' · - : . · .!
: wtii_lh it-isJi:.u.~tt:i}U~e··fgm11y:.tiome. kcoD.st_itutea: or.i ·. . . : . .· .". ·. · · . : . . ·_ i· /'. : . ,· ·· · .. _,, _
a bo-u'se)1rid·lof}rom'·,thEdlrne': ii'i$,'.,ot¢Lil)lecf as a. ·. t:. . ·. FaJj,ilyJiome Shi~lded f.r0m;P,~'f.ti~ion·\ :· , ... ,:
.fa:mjiQ·fe~i~.~r.1{1;;~:~n:dr is' ~ei~~mpt, trp~
-~iEic~tiof\ . . J?~ : _' . . . , . T~.i :
family _h9n'l'e · is :~~(elded· fro'r:n )rritn~c;li~te · ·. : . -.
f~r-c_e~?~!~~ un~d~r .1rt!51l..~. 1§~.~·oft~~:,_Fc;J_Qlily; q9d"~; ·.. · · .. p'artitiqn< ui)der. Ar;t,'0:. l59' reg~rd1ess, of.: .ifs .. , .
·suc_h_.-·cra1111 _for_:exerflpJ1on .StJ(?~ld t,e-:._,s,et, up. anq .-.. :· ·. :· . · :oY".rle\ship;T~is,·Sig_fi_ifies~~~~f--ey~f.if:t~~·-farnJ!/ .... ".'
· ·pro.ved·to·the .Sheriff b(;lfore..the'sc1le of the property ~ home_ ~as. p_a~sep .by. s4~c_e_s$1on to· the: co~.
aJ public auction .. Failure to .do, so wol.ild estciP. the , . ownership of the heirs, or. t)a~ 5·~en will ea .tc;> a_ny. ·.
· P.~r:.t/tfo_;;;.J?.tei,.c,~ir,%f th.e)~~o.1i:itiQri~U-~bQra~;:r ii. · . ._. . · :~~e
~t th¢r:n:,:thi?~f~c.ra_1onei;i:~nnot fraii·st~rlJl the_ . · :. · · ·
9A, _G:R . . Nb; ~ 66-3.33, Nov,en:,ber 2q,. 20.0?.i '.se<;J,als9. . ·fclli_li!Y hqme iri!o. afi'ordi~ry· prope-rty;.inµc;:Mess
s_ps .. 11,.~a~eli. & _Ef.irf!_.~to,:ge,..f1~sa. y. Sps.~Acero,.G:f{ -: . :, . ~fspel· the prot~i::ti,c;m· ca.st UJ?oi{Jt,b.y, the lay.i,-,~~~
Ne( 1-85961-, January 1B, ·'201f2). :. ·:, ·: - . ·-: .. · · . rigli'ts of the . individual.' eo-.owr;i~r:.;' of. th~damiiy
'1"'.
• ·. _ . , . , ... ':; c · . cl • ,•. - . . _ •• '· ., • : . ho_m:~"cannQt'.?U~jl'.fg.aJ~·.lh~,tights:g·r~nt.~Ci,lJnclef
RelJletly;~g_ainst-.E~~c;utiori _is 11: ~'otion .to quasti. ·\Art: .f5~f to the beneficiaries,·of-;,the·t:irnily ·home
A_ mot~o'n"to .. _q~;~s;h ·i~{A~a_il~ble~:.w~er'e.Jhe \vrfCpf · '(irrio/a viArriola, -~R::,No.' iT1703/Janua'fy?,8,
exect,1t1ot1 vanes tlie :\~rr11s of the Judgment, or wqere · 2008): · . ;.-_ . · _ · : ·.... - · _ , • ,. ..\ .. · · . '
· it is soLJght to be;~nforced·.-against
'• ,· • I •
property exemp\
.• • ••
'-, ··
\.
. ,.'.
108 I- ·2()19, SAN BEDA LA \A/<::ENTRALIZED BAR OPl:;RA TIONS

• • •• ..' .,.'.. • • '· •• 1 • •• • / ~ ••• • .:.. :·.. • .. • • •
·PERSONS AND FA·M.ILY R-ELATiONS
. . SAN BEDA
•
I.AW CENTRALIZED
• ' I
BAR OPER/jTldN,S'- MEM~RY AID 2019
. • ' •
• . .
•
C dAtddF ,•:g;rn fy#,' 5: 't??tt:J

.e ts.;;y f'hd •,a '-nt;za1 a• 'r3·iW-;'J? ,;;,XI '&: $WA' :sez;g , i?#:t:::Wc Pc ,11 ii~
9. ·-Tobe a beneficiary (other than the h~sbanci' and Legitimate Children (MA2VS) . .
', the.wife oran unmarried person who is the head 1. Conceived or- bornof Mothers who ..might have'
of the family), the following requisites must · -declared ..against its legitimacy or was sentenced
concur: ·. as an adulteress'(~AM/LY .C(JDE, Arf. 167),:
a. They'. · must be parent, · -ascendant, ~: . Those conceived or born bef,or_e the judgment-of
descendant, brother or sister whether ~nnulment· or absolute nulljty., of marriag_e. has
leqitimate-, or illegitimaJe (FAM_n. Y CODE, become> final and· executory if the ground· is
Art. 151,par. 2).. . · psycholoqical incapacity .(FAfi{f{L Y CODE, Art. ·
b. They must liveIn the family- home {actual 51); .
occupancy) (Salazar· v. Felias,- G.R .. No. ' ~- Product of ~rtificiai'insemination of tbe wife with
. 213972, February 5,:.2018). ·.. . the sperm :or the husband or that of-a donor 'Elf
'c. They. are dependent for, legal support· upon both . provided bo.th\ spouses authorized'. .or
the head of the family. · · .ratifled such procedure [ri a written instrument,
executed, an? siqned before birth. ·of child _and
Note: . A .grandson was· riot .considered a · recor.ded in the qivil .regjs_try together with .th~·
. beneficiary of a1 family home owned· by his . bjr_th, certificate· of the,child {FAMILY CODE, Art ..
grandparer:it because, wti[le_ the said g·randchild 164 par. 2); · · . : · · . ·
was living in the-said family home, he .Wf.lS not 4. .Those conceived . or . born during a.. Valid
.dependent for support on the grandparent, who _. ·marriagidFAMILYCODE, Art. 164 par. 1);and
· was the head ot.the family where the grandchild ·' . 5. ' Thos_e born in ,;:i'~ubseq!J~i'lt.;.void marriage 'due
. Jived, but onhis fath~r (Patr:icio v. Dario Ill, B.R. . . · to failure to complY-with Art·s:52 and 53 (FAMILY
N(!. 170829, November 20, 200fi). · . · . ·. CODE, Ar}_ 54). · . ~- "'
./
' I
The enumeration. in (a) may .include in-laws . i11~gitimate· Childre_n . ·: ,
provided the home is _jointly constituted' by , Conceived· and born outside· a valid· marriage or
husband .• and · wife. · ~-~t thevlaw deJj.J;itelX\Jl inside\1 void ab ,nitio marriage 'such' ·a·s bigamous
excludes m~id~ _and overseers (Pafricid"v. Dari~ (J and''incest~s>-marriages ·,fr{d· marriage "'dedared
Ill, G.R. No. 170829, November 20,,2006).. . void )or. bejn~\ ~o~trary tq la'vV an9 'public policy "
.
_,-~ .·· •.\ . . . ) . (FAMIL,Y· COD~ ·Art.· '165). ,. . , ,\.. · . / · .
I•·
-·: - ~~-~itt~~J.
·. . . :
~hi1J/eri v .. 111e~itim~t~;c~nor~~
' -
. . . . ·:- .
0. a.
b.
. c. r:.•;.
- : ..,.. . I . '
. .:_. .; ·.:...:,_ : .. : .. :: •' ----l- .
.. . ·· ,. · · ,. -; •.. : · Excep_tion::· ,C . . ', ·.
.. •
. . ·, ., . I( 'child's . filiation -has
: : · · · .: . { ·. ·-_' . - . bge.n .. _ ·. \.. 'J expre-~sly. .
•: •I"
• ..~· . ._. . rec,ogniz~d. l;>y th'e,father
· • • · ·: 1. · : . . t_hrough the record. ,of
.. . , ·, birth. app'earihg 'in 'the
.. : :: . ·:. .'' .. ·. . ,. '.·· civil-r'egister, 'or- wher\"a'n
. . . . ' . . _. '. .a..dmission'.,_.in ..a ;'public
. '. --
...... ·
· · ... : · · . d0Cume'nf.=_· .j:5r:' .Priyate
.Paternity . : . ;_ .. . ·.. .: · . · · : · : hatidwritteri~ instrument ·
ft is the civil etatus.or relationshipof the father to the . . ,•, .· . . ; . :; '.. : .. :is made' by the '•father :
child .. (SEtvfP!O-DI.Y, _supra et ?,55). · · , . \.. (R.A; No. 9255, Sec'.._-1/-
. . . . ·. . ' . :': . . ~
Filiation . . · . ,. . .
"lt isthe cj~if status or relationship of t~e'c\lilp.to the ·.
father or mother (Id,). . . Joint au.th6ritY, of pare,nis So!e parental authority
The ; fi_liatiOf! 6f child ren may be by nature or by . • (FA!yflL Y CODE,. Art .. o'f mot_her. -(FAMILY,..
.adoption. Natural filiation may be leqilirnate ·or ." ' . 21.1).: . "' .C.9DE,'A.rt_. 1.76).·: ~ · ._ · ·
illegitim~te. (FAMJL Y CODE, Art:· 1.63). .
"'· ·. -~-.
. r ..
20!9 SAN BE~A _LAW CENTRALIZED BAR:ORERA T(ONS I 109

· PERS.ONS AN D .FAM IL V ·RELATIONS· .. ·
SljN BEDA LAW CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS - MEMORY,A/0 2019
~1f:S&sw, :. •,wajew,~mttiri® ev11MJmLawef,,ws= @@ ,0 ·»:me,~:ma a m&._h,st« eW¥*¥4*&tn 5% ::; :t'!?t mte:::a
Rcile on Children Conceived as a· Result· of

Artificial Insemination
Entitled to . receive Entitled to : '_r.eceiye The- status of the child is legitimate if all . the
support Irornany of his or support only Lip to, his or requirements under Art. 164 are complied with
her_ .direcf ·asce.ndants her grandparents · or namely:· (BAR) · ' ' ·
and · · descendants · in grandcli-ildren · as _ 1 .. ~oth · spouses· .authorlze cir· ratify .such
accordance with . the provided for in Art._ 195, , insemination; . : ·
priority set by law in Art. pars: · . 2 · · .and · -B 2. · The Authorization or ratification is in written a
195· and 199 of Family ·(STA.MARIA, supre. at instrl.Jme·nt signed by them before thebirth of th~'
Ccde. . (STA MARIA, :p. 686).. .. . ... J childand ·' - . ' ' .
' supra at. 686). · · ·· 3, The instrument .is Recorded ·iri the civil registry_
.. . , · No suet, preference. _together with the birth·qertificat~ of the child ..
Preferential
Note: - Even if . the above ,.Jequirements are not
complied with, and. the husband does not impugn the
-ll~gitirrfaci_of the. child .on qrounds pro"'.ided-.by Art.
16°6.witbiri the Qres.crip,tive period; the child shall still
' '·be cdnsi'de(ed le\jit'imate becaus'e the child has, bee'n _ ..
_J. '
•-: ..
.· ',•
• 1:-:3 •.'""' . :·"··. I, ' t·: .••• - .... ..,..,- ·... ·, :·- :. . . ,.... .r; :.: • ...l . -~. . .: ..
. · . ,A' marnage·';_b~twee·n- an. No' .,. such " prphibition ;,- :
adopted. ··chi)cl . 'and. :_a .betl,A/~ert a ' marriage : .. ·_

rinp~>tency . : ,- . . ,.
legitimclf~::-.' chi lo the of-" between- 'ari- / adopted· · Impotency refers fo phY,Sical)nabflity of male:._' : '.
adopfo_~ is -, .Y.9id/ as cBild _ar:id: an ille-gitim?t.e - ·organ'- to ·copulate .while -sterility is Jailt,ire Jo - ·
· cjgainst : "public policy child of the adopter. '· - tic1ve:i:1 ¢hi!d •({PAf~AS, supra.a{6_i6). · ..
. . . . . .... .· ..
(FAM/VY CODE~ Art, 38;
.pa,:.-:'f).- · :. ·'.·.
...... ·-·
.-,.~_,.L·--_, ~>·> .:' : . : .... _.
.":. . _ ·: · . . . .
·- .
·, . Wh~·~ Art.-j 66
sp.eaks.of: physical in~apl:lc.i_ty. __ _._
.- ·. , .··q.(tht4. huso~ndj9. 'haye" ·sei'xual intercourse_' ' '
- .. \ • '-,• ........ · ···,·.l.
witn .tne _.v,fe, 'the - ·,a_w. is ...r'~fer:ririg to
~rtifici_a1.1ns_-e~~inatro~r:i~;;:; ~ · . -, . , -, . : - ", ·.. _ ~- ·- _.·. imI?otency;-· wbich import5':.a total·_ wafir-of
.lt.is. the lrnpreqnationofa female withsemen from a . po_wer pf copu!atiori ::and·; g& a nece·~sary ..
· ma[~ without sexual intercourse. The semen· may be .'. · incident there!~; ttie:.in/1bility tb'.p-rocr.e'a,te.. As,
'_ that of a husband, 'thatof a donor, or a combination a result. of which, ·sexual· intercpurse or .
of the husband's anif a donor's 'semen (SEMPJQ~-· - ' access is·· physically· ifrfpossible (RAB UYA,'·
DtY, supra:at.259). - · · supra at 599). · - · ..
11.b
.
I 2019. sµN·
. ~;
BED.A 'LAW CENTRALIZED !3AR OPE~ TIONS.
. . . .
PE.RSON~s.AN'o FAMrLv· RELATIONs·.·¥-Jll_S&,·
. 5/IN"BEf?A LAW CFNTR/ILIZED BAR OPERATIONS. - :MEMORY AID 20i9. .
.· ..
Note: Must ·be proved by convindrg and 2. !!icil~gical or scientific Ptoof inat. the ~hild. cou.ld
p!;rsi.Jasive ElVidence hence; the .fact that a . not li'ave been ·that of the .husband; and, · ·
husband, who was never sepa'r;:ited from his. Note: Racial dis.sim"iladty may be, cor:isider.~d
· wife .. has . _been abso.lLJJ~ly stiff in the-hips at · sufficient scientific proof (STA.MARIA, supra at ·
' · the time of the _conception of the <;.hi!d has \. 653).. . -- .
beE)n he·ld. as not conclusive enough· to . .
·overturn.· th.e. presumption. of . legitimacy . For sterility to constitute. proof of non-paternity,
(STAMARIA:supra·at 652). . . .. the husbandrnust be shown .fo be completely
.. ,, . -· ..
fact
0
. ·. ~ .\
sterile at the time . .wheri the child was conceived ..
-.·: · -N~te: Th~; : that '· the husb~nd had (?TJ!'.:-MARIA", supra at_654) .. , -~ . _:. :. ' ":
ungergorie:v~_sectom.y is not enougn .proof
to requt ... the presumption· of legitimacy of 3. Vitiated ~on.sent i_n artificial lnsernination. .., ·.
:legitimacy of a· child · sired by· his. wife
(STA.MARIA, ·supra .. aU55~). · . NoterThemistake, traud, violeffcECi.Qtimidalion_,.
or undueinfluence can· be exerted riot only, by
.·. .-· .. -, .. ·. .Vasectorny invoives.the' removal of about a~ . t.~~.~pqusesag9i_nst each other; t)_ut alsoby thir~ .:
·. . ' . · . / inch:df- 'the: 'tubes or. vas. deferehs-which -is persons 01:1' both of tlte.spouses" cir on a_hy one of." :
. · 'the- passage. way -ot-the 'sperm from the· them.Inany case, only the husband can impugn ·
r, .festicle to the-. urethra .aod tying ·-ih~.. theleqitirnacy ofthe chi)d, or his heir~'.in'spedal
\ . ... remaining 'en9s'..The sperm can're-channel · . _. .. cases provided in Art. ·17{' . . . . ··:··
: ·. . its~l(and effect a fertlli_za,tion (Id.) · . - . . ~ · · . . . , . -.. · .· . ._ . ·- . , . '. . : . · . ,
, · ·. . . . ·. _ ':J"A · . Prescriptive Periods to Impugn· Leqitimacy:
. . The fact of vasectomy must-be coupled withl, - · 1. 0-rie year from. knowlecjge of birth 'or recordin!fin
. ..,, -concrete proofthatthe husband·YJa.s:eniirely the civil r!3gisler, if. husbandor heirf_livif'iir-the .
·' . st~rile; and. tba_r re-channelization_ .did · r,iot ~M~ 1city/mu11icip~l[ty· wher~,. th_e b,irth. ~b.ok
.... - '.oc~ur (Id.). . - · ·· ·. ., , ·.:: --: ~'/ Rla-c,e-or was.ret:;,orded'. .. · .. · · ·
- · . · . / · , ,.._ : . . ~- _·: · . Two y_earS\ _if both·resid~ in t~e ~hilippinE?s · .. · · .
. . b. ~U_s_banp_ and -the.:"'ife w:re !ivi.ng sepc:Hc!lely~ T~r~e,y;,a.rs,.if)h_c ·c~_(ld'~ birth ·t~~-k place _or was. - :
" ~ · .: _ m .~lJCh_ ~- "Y-~¥ that_.sexu~I 1nter~o°l1rse- w_gs. _, r~cor~j~ U~~1e: P_h1l_!PPl,n~s_.~h1le t_he,_husban~
. , · · ~?t possible;;,> · ::']dl,ilJ ·. /1:J::it'.:::· ·. . . ·'.has_~ 1s. rei1d~ce -~bro~~ .or ,vice versa. [F-~MIL '(
· · · , . · ~-.. · · ~-, · CODE A"M 17.0) . ·· · ·· · · .. · · · · ,
::· ;. -'. Nqte-: I\Aere re.mot~ness:.oJt.lle~\fro.r'ti-,ttie.-, ·. :::L . : "\ . :
· -. · . · :· ., : . - : -~-.: · . · '· -
~· . ' . husbai:1q is fl'?~· .. sL,ttjcie,n~{~isayow · ... Le~,i~imacy i:1orsu~iec;:n_oC~J~~ter.al Attac~ ...
. . ._.. ·,, . -: PJ!tern1ty:, H~nc.E;_; th·e ba~t-~t1~<:>n¥ ~Y.'!Mj · ·.. W~~~::;E:. Uec:14,~e'r~le t~a.t the_._,ssue_ :of l:e,g1t1m~cy .
. h~sbaR?' that_:he ~nd h(?""·~w~! 1!~11}£1 ·~ · ,,· .. cannqt. be·. att_ack!;!d ·collater.ally.)f.he./~t,_?nal<;.. for
thirty miles away from each oJher·at!tf\e time these··rules has·.been explained 1n t~1s wise: The
. 9_f_the c6'nc.eptio_n. of _the c_hild is-'.ng,LE)nqugh : ,- presump,tio_n of l_egitimacy, in the _Family. 9?de
' . to snow t.h.E!:l illegitimacy of ~he cliild .withQ.\!lt a. .
actually "_fixes ~ivil::-·s.talus. f~r t_he.. ctiild b~rn i~:- .
·- . · ,: ' .... any:shoyJing· that the s·eXUcll jnte°i1::our&t1ttith: . - . · wecllock: arid· tt)at civil sta.tUS cannot p_e· '.att_aels_ed
.•. . , . :· .. the. :wife· ·was·· not. p'cissible; (Sift:Ar:J'IARIA;. :' . 'collaterally: ·The Jegitirna~'y c:>f. ihe :d1ftd_-_ccan ·.. b_e · ,
.... · .· : , .: · ··supra. af.:652). · · . ' . . imp0gn~~j, .ci~ly i.n a'· direct ·acti,an· bn;,ughpor that . :, .
, '· · .' . -- , -:. :purp9se, b'y th~ proper p,;1rti~s; _aQd-,yiithin'. ttie period· ·
C:. -_Seriou'~ . illness~: o( the· :husband vi.~ic.h. limited by_ .law :-'(Geronimo v~:'. Santos;~·-Gjf::No:
absolutely-prevented sexual interco.tirse: , · 1Q709~i' Septem6er 28; --2015 s.~e a·1~0 .Tis.on _vs_. , .
·.. - . ·: '· ... '·· ' ..... '· ·.- · _Court of.Appeals, G:R. No. 1.21027/ July 3_1, 19.97).·
· ·-· Must
:Not~:. be: s.vch: as: t9_.~·bsolut~fy pr~~e.rit ... : · .
•.... :him from'·,~i}g'aging in sexual interc;9u'rse. · ' Parties wh~ ~ari Jm·p-~g~' l~giti~ac{~t a ·Ch.ifd : ~ ·
_ Th.us, ·in, AnQa{#v4: · Macqra/9, G'~f?:· NO.· L- .-, . General Rule: ·only t~e husbantj may impi;igr,:;- ·. "· · . ·
tvta9
· 2474; 30; ·195j; ttie.Co!Jrt ruied th.at.the Impugning the legitimacy: of-. the child.·· is:·_a' sirictly
: lact that the' husba'r1d was "s'eriou"sly sick with .. pers~mal rig~t · · of th·e . hushand. it .·is or]ly · ·1n.. · .
tuberculo'sis was not suffici~nt tci .overcome_;: . exc~ptio'nal ·-cases that.- his . heirs .. are, allowed 'to . ·
: ,.~· the presumption;of legitimacy, .Impossibility. - · contest. suc::h legitimacy. 6utsjde qt thes·e· .cases, · ..
... ·-··· . '_:··: . ofaccess·by husband to\wife'would .. jnclude ~. . none-eveo his heirs..:._can: impugn· legitimacy; ihat. -
. ·. . ~.bsen~e ~during the . initlar· period- "of- ·: · · would. amount to ·an
insult to his mem.9ry (Liyac3·Jr. , · .
- . ·,_ coni::eption;_:: impotence . which; is" patent, v. Liyao;
. . . . G.R.~No.
. .. ·138961,
-.. .
Marc/J7, 2002). ~ ..
cqntiriuing ' ' an·d . ' . incuraqle;: . , ana
irnprisonm"ent, unless it.ca.n ".be.shown th'at E~ceptio~.: .T~e- heirs rr(ay impugn wit!:Jiri,th.~ ;ame- .
1
cc>fiabitation ·iook' pla.ce through .cor~upt period in· the following ·.ca?es: · . . . .. · · .
· . violation of prison regUla~ions: . . ·' - · .1 .. If the husband."dies hefore the~expi'ration of the

period fixed for bringing his action; - · ~ . .
2 .. · If· he should. die after the filing of the ·com.plaint ·
without having_· desisted therefrom; or ·
·2019 SAN.SEDA LAWCE.NTRALIZED BAR.OPERATIONS I 1,11.

PERSON~S A·N·D.FAM.ILY·ltELATl'O·NS
-· SAN ~EDA LAW ciNTRALt'ZEDBAR oPERA.TIONS- MEA10RY AID 20_1~ · · ·
3.
p
·If the child. was born -~fter .the husb~nd's death
. .
No Presumption of Legitimacy After
.
300 days
. .
{FA~iL Y CODE, Art.' 17.1).. . The law does-not give a.status to a-child born 'after
/ ,· . ..
300. days, following the-termination of the. rriarriaqe
M6.th~·~·ha~ no Rigt:,t't~_Disavow ·. .'. : .. (SEM_PIO-:: PJY, supra at..-283) . The leqitirnacy .or
-Anassertion by the.mother against the-leqitlmacy of · illeqltirnacy.ofa child-bornafterthree hundred days
h'er · c_h,ild cannot · affect the legitimacy of' the child following tb_e termination of the marriage -shall be
born _or:c'opc_eived wlthirra valid.rnarriaqe. A mother proved by · whoever . alleges· such l'egitimacy or
has no rigt:it.to disavow a child.because maternity, is ill~gi~imacy (FANIIL Y ..CQDE, Art. 1-69).
never · u.pce,:ta_in :.(.Cqp~epqiqn_ 'v. CA, G.R: No. · ·
..... . 123450, Aijgust 31;:_20P5r. = · "-c-· · · -», 'Npte: ~r:t·. neqates any presumption of fili?.tion Xe9
, :_ 1 .. . . . for-a .child born· after ~00 -days: from .the termination
· · · .· DNA-Testing in case of Death of Father of .a. marriaqe, in ·ttie.-· absence, of ·13 subsequent
. . The'dea'tti bf the putative father does not ipso facto marriag(HSTA:fy!A_RJA', supra at 662). ·. ·
,· .·.. · · ·. · ··n.egate_-the appl_ica\i.on 9f pNA;testi_ng for a~, lonq as . . - ' ··
· ·' : ' . appropriate bl9logi~al)c1rrples.9_f hls DNA:~xfst'. In . , Proof ofFiliation : :_~ ..
· ·. :· such .-'a .. .case" the· petitioner .must e- show : the Fili~tiorf Procee:ding.:-..::.:'... · , . . .•. .i -
·. ·.\·... .ir:i:i8qssj.l;>i[ity.·of.:o.~ta_i_r;ii~g .c!~ .appropriate .bioloqical Is a speci~Lstat4tory:pro~eed_i.ng~c~jmi11al in. term but
:, : ,~:;: . /~.mP;le. t~~r..~an.·~(~till?:~f fo_r_ !h~ c;:o~d~ct gf [;)NA .. ·. ',in,).he :_,.n.~tur,~~ ot ,'~·; 9iyf Ac~j9n ,.t~ ..~Q~O~ce_, a C?("'.}I.. . -·-
test1n_g (l;.~(a!f(.of,''Roge/10 Qng · v•.. D,a?,;, G.R: No. ·
~u·
obliqation, or duly,· sp~~!f,cally f,R.r:!he: ·purpose . of
· 171713, O,ec;ember .17'. · 20Ql.). ·. , . ~... =establi~hing p~_r¢n~:8.~e· ~rid .t~~,p.ut~tive f~t):ler'_s duty · ..
~ ,. ·. . · · \. · : .~· /:.-t\.. .. .J~ s~_pQo~t)1_s 1lleg1t~m_ate,ch11d.(1·PAR/.I.S"suprc! a(
. .. · $tat~~- 9f :C~~areD~~'lf:~ Wi\~i~ _!}!:~e Hu~-~fJd 16aJtf. kJ3. . · · ·. . . . --,. · . . '
•' ,· . ·g~~)!~~:;t,r;;_ ·~r~:ir;~~:~d[(a~.n>f~-~~1~;:
'Ma~n?~e-·~.
.: _
· .'··:-~ .-.. ··, .. · .~ _,
.-:F.i~i~tiq~rj~. :)n~,s)~::·~·ot~:~e(;ly-~e~o1_;_~ 'J'h/ · ....
. _ · -ff, ·m~~er~t·r~JcJ.!1onsti1p·":'1th a P~.r~nJ.b_ut als9_,~ecu_re_.
-Req·U1s1t~~: (TS-WB!'J) .- . : -· :~. · · ,--, . fir,\ · ~- ·t~e · 1.egjl [1g~,s~~oc1~ted· with. that relat1onsh1p:
1 .... Fir~t-ma:rr'iage_ 1ipJ,sI€:rmi
. ~-.: M.otliec~~oqtrac~ed, 9· §L!t{sequent. mprrl~E;~ _.,
.~iJ~. . . . - ... ~ ~ ..
~Y)
4_,tiz~ns!1jP_, SUP.R9rt, .. li;i~
i~he~1tan~ei_am~n~. oth_ers.
$Q.. 1ntewat;-d ,1:;:l~rr.r,i,q~t.,pfl~'Of fll!?JhOn _IS_' _en,t,rnJy •..
. . ~-,. ~.LJJ:i$.·~qµe_rit 1111arria9...~ j~c~tfitr9qte1tl_: WitQi~......... 11 :1 • ~.PE_9Prilt.e ·tb .~tb~9\tJOCl f<'?.f'-- s~pp_ort .. filed b_y
. ·_ ·. : ~O~ ~€lY}.a!i~r.1er~i~ati~ii'it~i:wevj~u.s'r~rri?gEf; j~. ;!!f'~--.P~it1one ~i,c~~I e.fP~.~ef. c~i!d. -~-n· actio0!?-'. -~-uppo_rt ·.
f Child '!Va~ .§orn ~,thin·.300-d~Y. peJ1q_d·-~\ .. , ., . r .. ,. ay ye .· welj es.E?IVl'f tn:at
1neluctabl~ · issue·· of',· ·. ., .
5 .. :,,~P-· eyi_~~~e.e. a~ . ~-o. s~fgst'.~l,· chi~rF.AMIL Y ;-J:- pciterni . -®~·
ir\?l_v1s.:t~.~ .s$m~.,;~~r.~ie~,'!)s ?.r~ught _· .
~ ' . c,op~;?rl$.: 1fi_8,al)<j, 1 p9l~ .I?\ _:'- -~· ... ··.: '<.121· . 1-9.~e ~r~~:£:<~-iu~t.r1t.~~e1pr.2R~LJU.rJ.~d\Ct1.on,_.~r.ays to ... ' ..
..-:: .• - ... 1 .::·., :<·.\ · ... "'-\\'.! . -~ · ~. ~~
l?.l!~g9mt10~ef;~at7i:r,iql-.r_el,9~19n;,., and.-.,~v~kes .,.
__ ~~!.es ..<?.n,Br~~~~p~,.~n 9{ F~\c1:t1~~~p ca?:I$"!,,. /~: ._. 'J1l<;lJ;g_a~1-;te~/o.t1~,n:jf.q~ ~o (~,~e~{a·Y·: ~~~:aner_o, : .
.Jwp. M~r.qag,e?, .,_ ., ..._._ . ·<\ .. .. .:. : . .. . . .
t;;:f} _. 9 .. _2,06,6_47, 'Augu_~_t.9,._20.1'7f . , . ·: ,.. .
_ ~1._:_~- T~:fir.sl,:.,~a,rrt~ge~·iLCQild_.,.w,\s bdm_~efq~e\tJl.~~- ·;~ ... · .;/·.-,'-;_:-·~·i·, .. ·: :'';- .~: _.(, _' . ·.· · · ' · · · ·
. } ~·la_p_~~>~t }~·~ :;~ay? }.tl$[,ffle~r-a.t,,~~~-M~~a_l::~~:,&'.~~9t~-!DW.t9:A.~··'1:?-~ of:.tlil=l F._c1_m,1y _
. ': ., .,· r:n.a~r:1c,Jg~; .pr~M~ed,: 1r~as>"porn( ,,._.,~,{) ~O,da)'S"'i . . ,,,.~oa.~~1.lka~p1~p'(~.E?9!i!rna~i3.(9.~ ·.,1~_9_1t1m,ate ):·ch!ldren
, · _.-, a~~e-~Je'r':1'1.in~ti~1~~ t~e -! :~.r:n.~:nA~?,· UJ_-_::. ?X
M. · . ts-E{s~~i~~ei;r .~ny.,of t~~ fo)l?.~i~_gURJ_~).. ~'·.. . : ·
' 2·. . ,Tc;> _s,eso.!1.d'' [l~f!-1.cl_Qe:.' 't.·.~~'!9 ·.
We!~.-. B9~0.:,,~fte_r.. iv
l_[~;..rn.~Rec;:or~ -~f b1f'!:~ -~PP_eanpg'mJhe E:l,YII_ reg1s_t_ry' .. :.
·,. ·. t8_Q_e;iay.s_.fqllow1l)g_.- eel~br9t,1ptr·o.f 2~~ ~rTJ.~~ a final:Jd(lgqieot;:-er -. · ·. . , ·· ,. . .-.
... ·;~~ex~i.)_:}li9:Y~.?iif1.~tb?~n>Nltnfr, J.~-~--~_?YS a'f.ter:·_ .·. : .·.-,.,,.\, :: .\\:,.·::< ::,· ;>.-:.:'. :_
.> : . . .y. . . . . .
;, · :-, · t~rmy:ic;1llon ·of\:1'5 . rry~r.nag_e (FA_MILX~COD.E;~rt. - · · -. NJ>te.: ··':-_-,: : ~ ). -.:.< -::~ '· ·., __ ·. ';· > ·._,_. .,- •.. ·: . . · · · ·• • . ~- .~.
• ·~ • ··,0168); · , : . :· · ...... :.~. · .... , . ,.. . ~·.. Jurisprud'ence teaches' thafa birth certificate,. t'o , · ,
.. . • . . . . '-' ·/ ·-:b.e q_ffi'i,sJa:er.1Jt:~~--v:~Ji9_~~-,n9.:~ pro~t,.of,'.p°~tei-nity, .•. (
. ·'ii'i_ust~~~!Pn·:~. ,:·.,-/~: ,.... :: >:.:. -;:',_.; ,(,,\.::./.''. ; ·: ,,. i ·,~:; _< · ; . . . . , ,,jlfld.,8$: ~~ ;fn~inr~T.J.'~!'.it :9_f::r!3.C<;J~[:l'JtJqn;.)D9!;>t -b~. ·
· J err,nin~tiqri o.f.fir.~t·marriag~:. Qtto~er ·1-;. ~\J1°:I. . ,_, ·, · . ' sig'f!_e·q:2by .t'1~.f~t_b$r: a_Qd ;rh9:thJ~i'Jo,int!'y\P_~ Q~ the ·:
- c~febr~tion~of.'~eC,qQ~- m:«:!tri9ge·:.J.~r=iuary ·1, Z012·. : . . .. n:i.othe~-~ alomt1f::thE( fath~~ ref!:JJeS -{f,lnge}es . V... . .
- _3;001n'.~ayA[.Oll1.terrr'iih'a._tipn :c;>(first7'1i1arci;fg!:l:1Juix ·26,. . ' . :· . M.agl"!_f,_a,,.G:R:}'}~. 01.§.~79f],' qeptef!1.ber'2; _?005)-; . . .. .-·
.. 20)'2.I. .-. :.· ./·. · '::. · :, } ·.··:. ·. ':.' .,; ·.:, \ .. : .... :·! .. ;'-i··-... . . . :'· ... -;'_ -.\ . . .
. 1 !:lQ!~:day fn;im:G.elebratkm.qf;sicQ.~'d r:narriag:e·:~~une· .·· ·,::'. Note·;.·( . .'-. . ':"; ":' : ·.~ . · ,:'} :,.· .. ,. , ":·--·· .· .
:: ·_ ·: .:_\ 2.~_r.101,?:_ >. .
._.· ··:_:_:_ ...~.·-. \-:\.-.~.·... -.·.' · __,._·~.\.: ·_..._:__· ::... ' -.~.~.·
, : •. _-;-..
. ·. ·".. . · ·=; '. !:-· . (inah _j49gen1~nt, '. tJ,9.~~'y_et, ,:bas~d on·.' a .
,_._~-~rntirpm,i,se.',.:a~r1~~~nt-:w~~f~(t,~e.: pa_rties · :-
Henc~:.-'. .... _ri_: ··. . , ,:, - .. ,,. . : ; 1st!pola~~d:and·a9,1;eed JJJ:th!3,~_~atus:9f_a1p~r:son. :· · ··
'· Ghi!<:i. borrf p_n. C?r -~efo.r.f'Jun~ 28;· 2612 j~ presumed· · ·. -::..· . is\iokfli§TA. MARIA;f'.,s_uprif.cJt~6?3:) .. · . , : ·. : . · . ,, ·.
! l>,be. fjJjate.ct.to.the_Jfrs,t'ti_t!sban.d,, .- . ··. '·, · .... ,: ,._., :. ~· · · · · · · · · · ,: · · · · ·: .. : · .- ·
·· · · · ·· .;i; ;~A8- -~-~tjrnis~io~• _:o(·· 1~git1m.~!~i)9r iit~giti~ate) . '.. , .
· Child .b'brn· ~t' ?Jny)ime_:~fter .. J\.iri°~J.8, 2012 (even if . .filiation :'j~ ,a.. ji.uqlic ~pcume'n! .or .,a. '·private
before.J~ly 26!. 2012).is.presp_mfd'to.b'e.'filiated with · handwritten instrument and sig_nec:I by the parent
the,s·econ:d:h1,1_s~a.nd, ,, ··· ·'°, · "/ . . cortCElf~~d.... . .. .
... · ..-.•
'"
•• 1.,.
. ,. . . . r .
. 11-2 I 2,019:SAN. BEbA
• •
.\-A W'C::~l',IJ~LIZED. BAR·OPE.RA TION~
4 ••. • • • :
PE·RSONS AN:D .FAM-I LY ·RE.LA;TtONS·
SAN BEDA
. ' .
LAW
. ffNTRALIZED.BAR
.
OPERATIONS - MEMORY AID 2019
. N~te:_ i 1- • . · · Baptismal Certifi.cate . · :_ . · -'. · ·

lf:is a me~e instri.Jmen\, not in the hal")dWriting Of. . Hbwever, [n \he subs~querit ca·se of Makati Shangri-
the suppos:ed parent or not a public· instrument it La & .Resort, Inc .. v'. · Ha'rper, (GR, No. 189998,
will not_qualify un_der t_he law (lc!J: · ·· August- 29, ·2012), the Couri held· tn~t •. as a:rule,
t;>aptismal certificat_e; being . a hearsay; . is_ riot
E~_cepti,ons: In_ the abs.ence of,ariy'of the for~going <;:onclusive· proof of fiJiatiori. . · . ·. ,
.: . -· . . /
. evidence, such legitinia.te" or illegitimate rnfation sh'all
be-proved by: (OA) . ·- .. Wnile a baptismal certificate- may.be 'considered a
1. · -Open. and continuous
. p'ossessi o r.i of' the \ status·- ,
. public document, it can only 'serve-as evidence of-the
·· of a·_legitimate or il_legiti1J1at~-child; administration . of the sacrament .. on the ·· 'date
l( .,....- · specified '.but· ri~oC th~ ;i'.._e_racity _ of the _'yntrie_s· with ..
"Continuous" does. · riot .__ mean. thar the· respect to. the child's paternity; and' that baptismal-
. possession of 'status shall continue forever, but -: certificates were "per se inadmissible in evidence as·
. . ·. . 'only that'. it 'shall, not . be of aii intermittent proofof (iliatiQri," and thus "cannot be admitted.
character-while lt-is-continuous. The possession indire.ctl.y\is:circurn.stantial evidence to preve.flliation .
. pf, such 'statu~; m§laris.'tt,at_-tne-fathe~ has treated' '. , (f:liir$ ot Arf:}"cjo V{:ilcorar;tC{R::Nb'. '.f63362,,}~1y·e,.:
··the child as his own; ·dire6uy: and not 'throuqh . 2.~~.t5{-. .,' ·:
":.<·. _:, ·:· .- . . · · · . .,~ ;· :;;'_.; : · ·
· others, · j 'spontaheously: , · : and: ." ·. ~ithout, · · , . . .. ··: , '-·.. ,.. . ." :\: ; ._ · .. · :. ": . '.<. .
· ;. · concealment, though without· publicity. .There . ·
1
'A..·· baptismal. -certificate' is "ho - proof of . the
. · .. ,m_ust\>.e a 'Showing o(per.n:ia·nent. irite~ti~~ of the · •. ·de<;:laraliQn_s in .. the-. -record .. with 'respect J9 the·
. supposed father to 'consider the 'child as.his _own . . · parentaqe of. the child baptized, · 6r .,of· prior and..
· 'by continuous .and" clear rnanifestation cif distinct facts which· requi~e separate .and concrete.
·patern?I· affectior» and. "care ·.(M.enaoza·· v. · CA, 'evidence" (Heirs.o! Roklenv .. Heirs of Ro/dani.G,.R.
· G:R. No: .863_()_2, September 24, _1991 J: I No... . ,. . Septembei
202578,·· . . ., 27, 201]).: . :- ,, .
2:::~_~ny other ~~-a~~ a_1i9~-~~ -~~:~t~~ Rui°~$ Ott¢o~_ri · Social"Seturity:,Syst~m1 {SSS) f·~i~ ·. . - ,. .. : \.
". a_rid.~pecial __law}, (~ANJ.!4Y"C:;ODE_i)H;:JJ2); ~ ' ,l_n1A~uiiar ~:JSiasat, G.R: N?·: 2.00169:.":"-!~n~ary" 28,. ·
:a .. Ari acr·or deCli;J(~tiOf1 c.9n·~er'ning pedig'~ei:i . 201_~, .. pet1t.ipR~r·~ :sss - ~0rrc:i . : E~1,: sat1_s~1es :\he·_
~ ., · _ (R.ULE;S OF COURT., RUlE 1·30 Sec;:-3·3),;Y' requiremenf foi-l&>roof_of f1hat1on and re.l_at1on_s,h1p to. .
: · b .. · f ciIT]Jly._: rep_Utc',!.t_iOI). or· tr§<}it~rco~i.ng ... · : ' \hEfAguilf _sw.?~Se"$· :und~"r' Ast. .172. ciJt~·E;: f:amily.; . ·
_. . . · :: _pedigre_~_ (R_U~E~ qf CO/JRT,-:R..~!-E-'.1.30Ji__ · Cotje; .- by, 1,tse_lf,. saJ9. ~oqime:n_1._·con,l?.t1t~~E?S ~[1;.. · .
. . , ... , . Se_q, !J-0),. ' ... ' . ......,__ -~ . . ' . L"adlJliSs~·q~t~-gitimat~ fili~ti6_fi j~-a pup!ic,9gc\Hfl_E:nt: .
. · · _ ~-:· ·Common ._rep~t~tioo re~p-ectin.9,r;P,-e_digf~_e. . o,r a ,rrlvafelianclwrit't~!l- irJ_str\Jme_r;if sigre'd _by ·the
:- z. _ -9.~
(Rl.JL~~ COU~T, RULE 1J30; S(tp. 4,1)U. · parent conc~rne,d". . ' .. · . ·.·,. . . - ·.: .
_:· '. · d. , J_udidal .. ;a~mi~si9n (RUCES, <f?~.BPYffJ{ · ·. . ~ ".. ·"' .. .' · · · . .:,.' ~.:, ,- .. ,_...; .. · ·:_."
,. RULE 129,q~c. 2); ·; : · . . . .. · . \: ., NcHe: In ·t11e aforementio"ned cal?e: petitiorer has
. ·.~: · .-/;",dmi~s)cin :.of-a_· P.a.(ty. (R!-!~~~ cg~C0URT,. sho"tvn-that he\anriot·p_ro9_uce hJi\Certificate:of Live '
. ·. F=?ULE'1·30;.sec>22); ahd ,... ,. l :'":. .- . ~ -~ir:ttJ.sinc_e."all -~he-records:9_overrng .the·per,i,od ..1945".
-f ._.Ad~is~ion.b_y'sileric_e (R_(JLf=S_ @fJX2>Ur_r,: · 1946 of the.LCR'of Bacolb'cl City were destrqyed,
:·-·.,-" RU~E f30, Seq_. _32}, '· ·: .' .. · ·:· ·: _ ·· · ,. ·. ·,· w~i~h .·· [1e.ce,ss(t~ted:· _tti.e· · ih~roaucti9~ <of iother
0• ~- . ' ··1• ·,: . ., _ d_OC:L.frj,e~tai:y evidenc¢ ..-. part_i'~u)$rly'tiis"S$:S~Form
·: ·.Qttilr ~vidence of Filfali~n . :._ ,·.. ' ·· ..-:-·_- ·, .. :,>. '· E-1".--to prove filiatiori (Id.•).. : .... ·."~ ..• ·, .. · _.: · :: 1
, .. ·,, Baptisin~l.certificate, judicial,adri:iis.sior(family:biole·, · :. . . ·. ·· . : . .,: · .. .. .· . . . .
. xvidenc~ : of; ped,i_gree, .. aqmis_sion PY. si.l(;)n.ce,.· . : >Q~A -T~shn·g 1o. -~~civ~ ~~t~rnit~<> _.> ~ , .. ,--. ,
· test].n:ion[e:s of.'· v'litriesses. and · other. piec;_e~ or· :- · ·oNA evide:nce ca_n: be;used to .pr9ve·pate'rnity tor the: .
evidehce-:under Rule ·130·cifthe Rule~s:o{Gouij.;-may first time. l_n ·-upholdin'g :the valiqity _of· th~ order ·
be prdofs of fiiration.(Sal~s-.v. Matusalerh; ·oj~;- No: . -requir.ing DNA f~~ting i,o prove paternity, HiE1.. Cou'rt ...
_180284, S~ptein/Jer.f 1;:2013). : . . '··. · . ·. _:. · pro.vided that:-:irhas 'long believed, in the :merits ·,Of
. . ... ~ . . ) . . . ' ·-. . . . Dt':)IA.:testing_ ·ar:id haV~·- repeateqly express"ed.' ~s·
Handwritten Autobiography. ,. · ·. · ·muc_h· in_.the_pasL~Thi~ case·comes at _a· pe~(ect)im:e :·
.In Dela-.(;ruz v. Gracia (G:i?. No. 177°"28,. July .31, . · . vyhe_n DNA · testing: Jias,: finaliy. ev.olyed·'·' into a·
a
. 200~), ha·ndv:,;ritten autobiography of-tQe_.fpth.er"was _ . ,. depeiid~bl_e-. ahct authoritative· rorm-· df e·vklence
.. re~cig_~ii~.d . as: :evi_d¢nce . of filiati<in· :.alt!f~ugJ:i {lOj gath~ri_ri~f- .We t~er'efqr_~,· t_ake ,.this :~9iJ.poctu[l,ity · fo
· . ."$i{ii}id."·_:T_h~, _C9urt ·-ru_led Jhaf ·.~yvhere.;Jhe. povate . r . forcefully reiterate ou( sta.nd· .that DNA testing is· a
·trandwritten )nstrum.ent. is accompanied: by ·other . · valid .means· ·o'r- dete~~inirig·.paiernity:(Agustin vs.
relevant arid CQm_petenfe'v,iq.enc~.,_i.t s'uffic~s-tha"t th~- . ~o'.µr(of Appea(s; .G.F{ 'No. f62571, Juni/l!5, 2005). ·
claim of filiaticin therein ber. shown. to have·: been
made.and.handwritten· by the ackn_owlEi°dgirig pa_re.nf Acti~n. to Clai~.Leg.itimac.y '_. ~- ·' ..-
as it.is merely corrob?rative of such otherevideh.ce." .Whp.ma'y claim:· . · _ ... ·. · ~ "
1. ·.Child ,....,. .exclusjve. and persona.I _.-right. of child
wh\ch_.maytie' brought durin·g his lifeti1:-1e, · .
P-ERSON.S AN.-[) FAM.ll..·Y· RELATlONS ,
SAN BEpA I.AW.CENTRALIZED BAR OPERAT-J.ONS .: MEMORY AID 2019 -. ·-
;:·
Note: .. lifetime of the alleged parent (Id.). .
If ii]!:) proofs .to be used by the illegitimate child · 3. Unlike an action for legitimacy, the right to claim
· are those under the first paragraph-of Art. 172, . .for status is not-transmissible tothe heirs.
he orshe has his or herwhole lifetime to bring
-.the action .to claim he_ or her llleqltlrnate status __ _Pure Act of Charity riot Sufficient
'. . • . . . . .· r,· • •
The paternal . affection and - care must _n9L be
However-if the proofs used are (hose mentioned · attributed to pure charity. "Such acts, must be of.such .
in · the second paragraph of Art: 172,. the . a naturethat they ·reveal not.only the 'conviction of · ·
·illegfmate,chfld may only brinq the action during paternity, but .also the apparent desire to have. and
the lifetirne-ofhlsalleqed parent (STA. fv!ARiA, treat-the 'child as such in all relations ir, society and
sup,:aat 692; see atso.(Ara.v. Pizarro, G.R. No. in life.~no:t accidentally: but continuously" .(Perla v.
. 18727~. Febr.uary .15,,2017) .. Baring'._·G.R._ No-. 172471,. Nov,er.nbw, 12, ·201-2)-· (
-.. ·· .. Aft~72.(1_) ~- Art 172(2)

==-.:,.,-v,:=:...,.,..-=r=
\, .
. ~ ~·.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-~ ~ .
. Rigi-if"t1:i--' inher_if./~b- : Nb dg~fto-inherif a~ such
- inWs_tala-- - ·, · .-,'fforj;':·'-(GJ.VICCODJ=;An: 9"92J/'
. legitrmate .. children . ' - . .
and'·'relatives'. of;J·i°is .
. "father '· or . motlier . ·. ··.
tcivu: CODE',., Art.. .

992). .:
' ..
11·4 I 2019 SAN.
.. ·- . LAW
BEDA
,. . CENTRALIZED
. ,
BAR OPERATIONS
..
. . .
PER~ONS ANO·.FA·M·ILY·RELATlON.S
SAN OEDA CENTRALIZEDOAR OPERATIONS - Mf1-1!D_f!YAID 2019
01.AW
Note:_lllegitimate. child-is under the sole· parerital .Legitimati'on is Automatic .. . ~ ' .

authority of the mother, who is entitled to keep the Children· born .P.u·t of' wedlock to parents who were
cnil9 in her company. Recognition of the· childby the not allowed by law to marry for being minors are now
father could be a ground for orderi.ng him to give qualified for legitimation. This 'has -been made
support to. but not to the custody of. the: child. possible by RA. t)Jo. !;)858 (L¢'gitimization of Children
· However, he is entitledto visitorial righis over the Born_ to· Mi_nor Parents), approved on. December ?O,
child· (Briones v. Miguel, G.R. No-, 156343, October 2b09 and has amended Art. HT of the Family Code
1"8, '.2Q04). . ·· of 'the · Philipplnes. Before R.A. No. 9858, Art .. 177
stated that only. children born our of wedlock to
· However; if the alleged father. admits that the child is , parents who" were riot disqualified . from getting
his and lives with the child- arid: the mother under a . married at the tlrne- of conception could . be
void marriage or withoutthe benefit of marriage, both leqitimlzed. Under- the present law, legi_timation
parents ·exer,cise parental. authority (Dempsey v. would automatically take place upon ..rnarriaqe of the
RTC; G.R. No-:-77737,' August 15, 1~88). . . parents=Moreover, couples who had.children when
·'·.,. ·· ~hey, were,: below tl:}e. rnarrylnq ,age .need . not go
Illegitimate· Children may Use the Surname of through the process of havlnq Jo' .adopt thelr_ own·.-
thelr father if: (EA) - offspring just-so their children could enjoy the rights
1. · -Theirflliatlon has been ~xpres~ly recognized by · of leqitimate children.· · · · ·· ... · . .. ' .
. · ......
. the father 'through the record of birth appearinq . . .
in the civil'reqister; o_r . Effects of Legitimation: (RIBS) · ·
2 .. W~en an· ~dmission in a· public document or . 1.'' _The effects .of leqltirnatlon-shall _Betrac)ct to ·the
· private handwritten instrument is made· by tf\e ·· . time of the child's. birth (FAMILY CODE, Art.
. father; provided, that the father has the rignt to .. 180); ... _ · : · . ,
,.. ..... ~"' J
fnstilute an action before the' regular courts to

prove non-flliation durinq his lifetime (R:A. Mo. ate: The legitimation of the illegitimate child
925_5, -Sec.. 1). ·· · · .,.,.,....--.1does not affect property -rig.his already vested
(STkMARIA, _supra at ~~7). .
Note: An acknowledged illegitimate. child is }JIJcler no ' .
compulsion to use.the. surname' of. His· illegi_timaJe 2: Legiti~atron may. be ·!mpu'gne9·:·anly by those .
.
father. . ·Jt is not the
.
father or the .,,-
mother
A
wtfo
-
is·
'
: -.. who ~h~ prej~diced. 'in . theiir rights (FAMILY.
·-, granted- by law.the right to dicta~e the surnarr1e of GODE, _Ar.182),=:.·, ·. , . ,. · -, · '
their illegitimate.- children (WdntJ~,. v, "Antoriip, 'G:R: :l.' Tlie l~gitj[ic\tiori of children whd ~ied b.¢fore the
No. 206248, Februery' 18, ~014)~. -" · celel5rat1on
.
of
,
the..,
r. .
marriage··
.
shall ~-
Benefit. th.eir
·descend.2.11ts (PA.ft!IIL v·coDE, Art.'. 181 ); and· · ·
- Legitimated .ChHdren· _ . - .. [egitimated children:shall enjoy the .§.ame rights
·. Thd~e· conceived and, born· olrJside ·a~. ',\'.el:l oc;k of - -· "
parent? .without impediment at the · Jime of.
.
. children· (FA!yl/L Y, CODE/Art. 179). :
as. legitimate
. com:eption; or were so disqualified :oolY ·becaus;f?·---.Note·. Legitimalion ·creates. forr the legitimated chil9
. eith'er or both of· them· were below 18 andr-!)1ad · ttie tc:ital arid. fulr. ext~bt 'of ih.e" · blo.od~relatioriship
s~J:is_equehlly married (F_Atvf IL: COPE, ~rt.. 17.J), _ exi~tin~ 'within' ti}~ farrii!Y to includEfall.ctescendants,
· ascenaants and collateral relative, unlike in adoption .
·_· --._Legitimation : : . ·, . : . ., ... ·: '!Jl}ere··· only a pare_dt-.chi!d' rE:iatior:iship -fs created ....
• - It is a remedy" t:iy means of which ttiose· who in fact (S'fA.fv!ARIA; supra at 6_981,- ·. , ,· , .·· .· ·
_ w~~e con~eived. and ·born outsi9e of wedlocl( and . .
·.. · should therefor~ oe ..considered· illegitima~e 9re by~ . · Pe.rso~'s °E~titl~d tb. Q~estio'.n L~gitimati~n . ·.- :
- _legal fiction.considered legitimate. It shall tak_E(place ... Generally, refer to.those who.would suffer economic
o_nly by the: subsequent.valid marriage between tbe · ·Or . materia·I . injury . by: legitir,:iati9n, · such. as
· bjological·parents (SEMP/0°0/.Y, supra at 284}.1lt is test9r:nentary or inte~tate heirs (Id.at .tpor _ -
purely. a statutory creation (S1AMARiA, supra_-at_ ..•
696).. ·, ·. . . · ' · ·: -PrescripU~e .Period of Legftimatio~" · :- :· - .
r· . Legitirifation ·may .be. impugned within 5 years from
Requisites: (MIN) . . . . thedin:ie their cau$e .of action .accrues, thal is, from
·1, 'There· is a_.valid .Marriage subsequ'efit to t_he · · ·. the death of the putative parerir (FAM!!!:. Y _CODE, Art.
. child's bi.rth (FAMILY'C(?DE; Ar{ 178); . 1_~2).'. .
2. The child is !ll~gitimate; and , . -· · . . :-, .
3. The parerits at th.e time gf ttie chilc;l's conception . <;;rounds for lmpug_nation . . _.. . ...
are Not ~isqualifieq- by ·any. impediment -from legitimatiqn may be impugned on grounds like:
· marrying ~ach other-or y.,ere sci d_isqualified only · , 1 .. -The subsequent marriage of the chfld's parents
because either or both of ttiem were below 18 · is voia; .
. ye"ars :of· age (FAMILY ·CODE, Art. 177,. as 2.. The·child _allegedly legitimated is not nah.1ra!; or
a[11ende·c1 b_y R.A. ~858); ·· · 3. · The child is· not really the child- of the. alleged
. parents (SEMPI(}- DIY, supra.at 288}". · .
2019 SAN. B.\=.DA LAW CENTRALIZ~D. BAROPl;:RA TIONS I ·115

PERSO_N.S.:AN:.D FA·f'r1-IL y· R·ELATIONS
: ,, SA/}/ B~DA LAW C~N.J:RALIZEDBAR OPERATIONS_. MEMORYA/[) 2019 ·
I ----------------.........__.._~I
. .
Note: "No. J>1ndin·~ -cornmitrnent for an
'.ADpPTION ,. adoption plan shall be permitted .betore the·
,_____· -. :.. ~ '. birth of his' or her child. · ·
,,
• • • . I.,
..
•
·.· ..
\, •
.i:he. process~o-f.hlaking a-chf:1, ~t,ether.r~L~ted.or ..' . :~:: . A period of 6 ·m~r\ths shall be aliowed:fqr· t~~
not to· the adopter, .. possess (n general, ·rights::· · '·bicil.ogic;:al parentts) - to -reconsider any
accorded to-a. )egitim9t~. child'{1 PARAS, supra 'et . decision to . relinquish. his/her child. for
711). · .. ·. . . . . ' · ... .'. ·. _ -adcption before the decision becomes
# ...
· irrevocable. ·
· .Best Interest ofthe .Child . · . . , . .
Adopfion.statutes, beihg:h-~r:nane and salutaiy:hold , .b.· Prospective ·ado"ptiv'e parents (Sec. 4, · par: .
the .interest and welfare of' the child- to: be of b); and ·: :- - :. · · · ··
paramount. consideration and· are-:. designed to. c. Pro.$pective adoptee {S~c: 4., ·par.·c).-- ·· ·
provide. tiornes.: parental ·caJ_e;, and:-educatio~ for .
· unfortunate, needy, or orphaned children and Qive.·- 2: Exhaust a)I. efforts 'to· locate the unknown
. them 'the. -protection ;:o_f .society - am:Vt family, ,ih: the " biological parents. · .: , .
~ ·, person ofthe ~dqpt~r .. as yVe!l:~ai{to:'allo~.childle~?'..:. ... : . .... .. -_ .... ;.... -· . . _, ·. ·. __.:· .. : .
, couples-to experience the joys' ·01,~·pan~ntli'.ood;· and · '. :' , r: ~bte:·,.1t efforts fail~· chlldshall 'be :lisr~d; as· a
·', · · give them legally a,-child iii the person' ofthE)~adopied . , .· · • : fouh"<;Jlirig .. and- :sh.all,' be. judicially _··<;letl_areo as ·
· !or . the· i'nanifest~iio.~. of ~~f_!(
. ·,
nat~,ral -. ~nt~l~baridpn~d (Sec; 5).
instincts., Every_· r~a~onable. 11),tendm:e_nt ·-s~ould :be
_.s.1,istaine~ t~ .' pron:,ot~ · an? "ful!ill thes'e~ob_l~a.nd · , .rJ.: .,t!9 ~-~lact.op.t::.
lJ _ . {X_
.:, . . . · : · · --
.
,, : · · · ~- _
compa~s1onate obJe~.t1¥._~s ofthe.Ja~rf(f.?_e!V~w.'fTon~"'} F:ilip1.Y'~~!J1z.en.:,(LP.G~co['JE)-. . . .. · - ,
f<::r. acJgr!ti_on of·Micl.1el(e P .. :.&.,;:
~ pmi- _as,?
_68f)92, .' . · . · _.;a. __ C9fj:e~.:~ge; . '.. . . ,__ ·_ : .. _. . '.. ~-
- NJay 21; 200.9): .·:·. _ ·_- - · .-·. · ·. _ ..- ,-.V,·.; '. .· . i.s'.i; . . . b.,,,)_n _a,~0;;1.t10. n to:s_u~po~,-~_nd,care_·~or ~1~/n_er: .. ,
·. ·· '<·. . · .·-· · ·, . ···. · _- ·r· .'("A· ,: -~· .,
---Jf· . ]{ . t~1~~\efi~ Reep,mg.:w1_th_ .t~e means o_f _the _
·Nqture ·of Adop_tior;i. P.roc.9edin1N ·· , -, ~ · .... tam1ly,· ( ·. . · · , · · ._. · 1
The prevai,l,ing)lavys 00 adq§tr01:f:ar,e:the omestic Ai'\._ t. Q0od-~~nharacte~; . ; : .'·:· ·-, ·

_ ·.Adop\i<:~· ·A~;t.:(R.A. . ~~52~p~t?e~. i'ntE![-CbUl)[.Y .- - f: · , . ,
'l\-~ossessig_n)t-full ~_ivil :capa~ity or'.legal
_Ado8tiC?n Act-.(f3:A, .r-,Jo, ~-0.43·)~~i:!lev~~t,~l}C?··jttpp, ! I'~- .'- ~_ghts;:. _r __ 1
:Fam!!~ Co~~~ wh1sh_'-': rept_~1aiE-_~h:ey- sufusta_nt1.vei'l~ · ··e:.· ~~ast.J ~~ye~rf Qlcjer tq;:111 the ad_o~t.~e;· · ·
...> 1< : ·. _.· · .
1(8~)
. pro~1s1on_s · of.. P:D> No.· 60!3_:_'c!n'€1t-E:0~\9·1 on "-~'---C · ·. · B~cept10_r:1$: · ·. :--. · · -. ·. ·.·. ,· ·. _,.- ·, ,. .:
_;:idop\fon.: .JOE·. ~.EOij ~A
,.W.ff-tWfY:9.~~pecia}iJJ.· I~- . .' :~iolpgical p~re~f of-ttie f)JA~{pt~~§~h~
(?roce.edmgs .(Essen.tial.(or the;,;,p'?A¢q.-an~t rilf3ar)~ ~ adop,te~; rcy,d: . . . . :~y· . :· ' ..
fi.·
·-. {201,5)/ ?B6JJf!\~inafte(
.·. - Sr,ec1aJ,Prqceeclmgs}):-. .-- . .-· :\.. ·- -;·:-.~ .
0~\1?"f·
~!:~'.~,§}(''"-Qfii:/J. . · , ,, ~
. ..-
i!· - :
{~?pte(i~ tbe -~P'OUS,E:), of: th_e ad??te~·~
··. - · · ·parent/·/-:. . .-_- ; -~- · ; · · ~ .. - ~;
'.1 :: ·/~o~iib;;- i~'.

"~~:.jo,~i;t6_~·1:
. : ... macle.::thc9ugh'-·.t~e--cquJi;:-1qr:·y1'\._pQ(s@pt:~; of · .
:~~t.- ~,C!~' -.~o/~d-~~l:ENJ1~;:~ _
_.'..-~a.~~4e~:n_:. ~~nvi~i~~-; ~~--: an/~-c-~i;~ ·
-<('lrV~l~g morai:turpit~de;_and.!,. . • _.- · ,
< .· -~.'
·:
··· . Rep'ubllc},ct No., 8552.(~--8552)'i_s~ctq;~tnis ·Ml\.A:. /)..,_ J\.°"-~'iQ.··}~§19Qt1ohally.a,:id_.p.s'yGhQlogically-capable-of.. _ ..
; .. ; jµri~dicti9'n: - ,.·. ·_; :_- _.·.' .-:.. . . . : . ··:; :;-:-, ;:~~rir,g Jor'childr~ri (S.eb.. 7, par.. :a):· . : : - . : \
.- \~opti~n· ts. -noi~~/~~i;:rar;;v:; a~:~1c\~i ~~\i~~oi(y. · ... _· :2 . .- .1iie~.;~;~b1~ir- :·._· ~/: · . /. ·-.: . ·,:~' :·· . : · ~--: ·:· · · · ·
--· . · :.··· ,and,. ~rWre!Y. c!rtificfal,: Tq-_j1)tabli!>h_ the- relatiqni .. ·. :.: -- :- a:·~. :'§ai!ji.,.quzj_lifica!i9ris -~.s c_l '~ilipinor._,_ · . ,. -::. -- . ":"..'">,
th~f statutqr-y .• · reqlJ!'reme~ts;: ·mt:fs_t .'be .:stricJfy ··: ·. · : · : .b:_· "Cou_i\tr,y_. :ha~·, Qiplomatic··,:relations\with the· ·
· .. · C~f~ied: '.01:Jf · bth~rwise',-. the._· _ad()ption .,.f~
·,ah -.. . . . : _ · , .--: . . ~- · ._Philipp_in~s;: ·: · .": ,: . < : · . •. . :-' ·,. · . · ·.
. . · ,, ·. ·a_b_s_bl!J,!<:l yullitS'-. (b../~,zatin_._(1.;:,9a.r:!,PfSi:-,~:Fff ',/IJo's;._ ·_.. _: :·. '.' '·. '. ·. ~,-:··\<;ElrtJfie_\:J;:bY·_$~id( ?ffi~~- t~at· hi~: gpy·~r:rim:~n~ ..
. .: ..- ,:L-4395~p6, Jt.J/Y30;: 197~):-iltpinnqt'.be gr!3nted . . . · · ·~ .' allqw? the-yadqpte:e to _.!;oter,h1s c~untry ·as -
. administratively... --· . ·.. ':· ' > . . ' . . .. , '. : . i. hi~· ~doptea_ cliild:: ::, '. ;;; . ·.-( :i . ~ ·:. . ·-- . .
. . . --. . .-··, ·. · : >. ~·, . ':.- ,}· ·: ;', '~i ·.. ·>·
i ,' · .' .. i q ... \,lasi beeri_: 1,iving ·.in· t.~e- Phi_lipp,ines for 'qf_. _', ..... :..
~ ·:z-: ~d6Rtfo,n:pri~lileding(ar~:p,\ofeectin'9s ;frte,:n; . : · · . · .. 1e,t~t--' 3 '.-·~ontinuous. y_ear~. prior to. ,.the - __
_ari'd pub)icatioi:i ser-ves. as ..constn . 1.cfiye- notice to. . i ap'plicat_i_~ii, ,f9,r-:atjoption a_fid 'maintains;.s4th· .
. . tM°Ef :whoie·:·o/o'rld: :slleh·.· p:9t>lic;:1.tion. ._is ·}~119ugh ,·· . .', .; . _ .--.:.. ~~sidence"·· :un~iF.- :fh"e. adbp_tion ·a_e_cre:i"e. is .. .··,. .
where·the:residence.of thEf parents 'iS urikno'wn . : . e'f1f~red;~antJ:, :_'.· :,- ·.:· . i · ' ' \_:; : , ·..._,.:· ...... .'
·(Saf1i0~ v~· AraniarJSo,~ >G.~R. ~No. ,·L-2382a,. . . HI.. .. • •• -- ,:.·:·\._ •. - ·- ~-~ :: 1 \• ~ ! •
:· : F.~~f~try:tl;·4-~$~rt,?··::7;-"<\,~,i~/".~".?".:(: : . . - -. ·. :·_ ~·c-,, / ~-~rtr:;Ji~;:1~-( 9)~~:frrl~~-~ry:i::th?:s-!~(

:E>omestic,Ac:lqp,tion A9.! or-_1.9~8 (R .. A. No. 8552) • . ,.. · ·l3mergency:reason's note?.{ce_ec:li_~§ ~ixty.(60). . ·:. , ..
Pre-ac:Jofi~!o.n _servfoe~-(~~( 4~·6), .. ·.::··. . ,> .: · days_.-ir.,t,qne .(.1) 'Y-~-~r ~o.~?·
qo_Loreak· Jhe
· The DSWD sha11°proyide'fbr the_.follo~intrservices: -.continuity · re_quirement-< (PROCE;DVRAL .·
1.-· Couns_ej~ng.ser:vjc'es,fo'r'- .. ·.. RULJ= ON A[}QPT/ON,· A.M No?02-6-02- .
a .. Bfqlogical p~renfs· (Sec: 4; par. ·a); . SC). ,.
' • • l ~ I ••• , • ') • • .' •. •,• -
...:: ·'
. .. - :·. . . .. . .-, .·
1·16 I 2019 SAN
~ . BEDA.,.LAW
. .".. . . <;:ENT~ALIZED-BAR
. : . . OPERATIONS-
- . '. .
. . .
PERSO_NS.AND FAMILY RELATION'S
. • • . SAfV BED.A LAW.CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS_~·MEMORY l)!D 2019 . ,,
f\-14 4-1 ::w &#h lU:4;B« $I. g 1.f 2i e•e 1,4 kt &
1 : : if#t w4a ti' 1§@192 s ?ii :a • g;?;; '* ~ ts:44:, aw #9 ey 7=;;Zf.of"m'6.U.'-""''"'
e. ; Certified to have-.!:egal capacity to adopt by Who may
be ac;lopted: (l;!C-RILL) · ..
hislher ·diplomalic or: consular office but 1. Child whose ~iologicar or adoptive parents-have
· 'certjfjcation may ;be .waived in the same died, provided that no proceedings shall be
-; instances ... for waiver of . residency initiated Within 6 months from the time of death
, .... · . requirement intc) (R._A. .,8552; Sec .. 7, .per. of saiq,parents; . ' . .
b). ': ... :.- . . . 2. Any perscm below 1 s years of age who has been
. . . . . . ·. . . ,.' . ";· . . . . voluntar'ily ~ommitted to·the DSWD. under ·P.O.
: · · · Note: Requirements listed under (c),,(d).and (e) Nq. -60_3; ·or judicially declared .av9ilable . for
niay be waived if the. alien ·is: ~ . • . adoptiqn; • · _ .· · . ..
a. A former Filipino citizen' who seeks to. adopt - 3. Child who.pe adoption . has been . previously
•• 1 a• relative w\thfn the 4ih . degree of Bescind(;ld; . . .
.· · · .''ponsangu)riity.'.o'r affinity; i- . .4. !llegitimate .child of. a· _qualified -adopter· to
b. OnEl)· who seeks. to adopt the legitimate improve the child;s statusjo'that of.legitimacy;
.: . · sonidaughter Of bis/her.Flllpino spouse; and 5. _begitimate _child of the·other spouse; and ·
c. · pn·e 'w-ho. is marriedto.a, Filipino citizen and ·· . 6,. A·· pers·on · .. o( ._beg'i:tl a~e, . who, prior· to .. the .'
seeks to adopt jointly .wjth his/her spouse- a , adoption, has been,cdn~isteritly .. considered by
·.'/relatiy~ .' ·.Within· the· . .411!.. ·. degree .of th!=)· adopter $s hi~/)ler. own ·chilp sinf::e _minprity
. consanguinity Of -affinity of the. Filipino (R.A. 8552, Sec .. B). · · ·.. · .. :· . ·.
. spouse- . . ' . . ... .._ - ' A \ I~ 0
Con~e:nt in Adoption-(A-Bll!S)
F oreiqn Adoptee does. not Automatically · When' written corise·r:it of the fo]lowing_is requirfq:
, .. ;Acqujre Citizenship . . . .. . . . 1 .. · Tb~- ~dOP..lf e; if he. is '10_-1yea):"s of age .9r ~Ver;,.,,
Ii.a Filipino adopts an alieri, the adopted alien 2. Known Biological parents-•orJegal gu9rd1ans· or
."· does· not acquire Philippine citizenship because . proper· government. instrumentality w~ich has
· - .•.. such acquisitlony of citizenship '. acquires · 1,e ~al custody qf the. child~ .. . . : . . ' ·c .
. :- .character .of .naturallzation -. which' is -reguJa ed,_ 3 .. _begitimate/ai~!opt<:!d chlld(en, JO, y~ars ~Id or
.. - ·not by.the-CivilCode or th~F.amily Code, bufby . over, of tne acfopte(and adoptee; ;. . '
; ·. · ./ 'special law <,Ching"Leng v, <;ala.i)g, G-:- . No .. L- 4 ... The- lllegilirqa,te childrer'r, 10 years old or over, of
. _1HJ31,·.qctobe_r.'2,7;1_958). '.~. · . · the .. ad[ptkr~f, living wi~h- .the__ ad_o'pt!')r ~ncl . the
latter}~p1ouse; _al")~ ·. . ._ . . _'. i . .:
5. · §pouse qf the adopter and adoptee.dR.A .8552,
Sec. 9):'. i · · ·;-: ·
) . . . . .
· A_dopter in a eositiori to.~lipJiort ; ..... ·
·. An a\lege-d cppa!J[lity tq,?upp,ort an.ade>ptee through
.. the "lielj:>.of othE;i: per.s~ns·is:not'enou"gh ·to;suppoct a:..
• ,. ~ .· ~ul~ o~, Adoption ~y s·pouses , · peti ion,- .for . adoption.·
. A9cording·.
/.
to tt)e
. . . . Supreme .
. '; General Rule: Thehusband and the wif . C9urt,.?d9pt[~m-i~.p_e~s~nal between the ,;!·~_opter.and
.·· .· .. adop{(R.A.,8_5~2;, Sec.]). . . . . , . adopt~e; ·.th-e adopter:.slio~la. ·be in· a--p_ositioi;i _to .. ·.
. .' . . \ . .-
- - -\ . . . s~pp9[! the ·V'(01:J!9-be. adopted c~ild iri keep_ing.,with "
.- · ._ Exceptions: (l:.IS) . --:~- . . . . ·. , . the. means of th~ family '(Laiidingin .i,:. Repuj)lici <;3.R. .·
. : · · : 1.. One spouse.seeks to adopt the.-_begitimate child
: .' · · of the 6fher· spouse; · . · · · 1 · ~ • . •. : · · · ~
·Na, 1 f!'f/~48,,June ,2.7: 2006)>.: .
~. . ·.. ,• ' "'·, · ' .
< ' . '.... .:· : - . .
: . ,_. .. ·. . ·, :; . . -. : \ -::1 . ·. -
· · _. · . 2,. One .' spquse .. seeks · t~ . adopt . his/her own , W~itten Co'nsent of .B)ological Parent~ -~ · · ..
.· . !llegitimate .chnd wilh the' ·consent,of the other . Sec. ·.9. ·qt._ RA_: 8!?~r-Pr?vid.es .. that i.f. the- w~itfen ·
. ~pouse; arid ·,-:· . ·. . ~-- . - consent pf the b1olog1cal.parents ca~not b.~ obta,n:ed,
3: · The·sp0t:is.es a're legally ,2eparated (Id.). - the c9nsent.of t~·e legal gu~rdfan·n;~st be· sbught.;To ·
. . .. ·, .'
~ . . ~ ~ ~
\,.
dispense with the.,requ"ire'm'ent of.written 9onsent,.the

~.eason; For the rriai_ntena~ce of harmony.t,vit.hin th(;) ' - a.b;rnao,nment musf bJ). sho.~n io ·have. exi~Jed~at the
family (ST~-tyfARI~, supra·at ,12·1):~<-- ·:.. . ·. · time,9f adoption- and .,evjnces a. settle_c:l. ·pwpos_e to
-"7 . :!~· forego a!lparental duties. The written cons_ent·of the
.. · . :Othe~ fac_t.oi-~ ~to :be .c~ns.idered in ~valuating· bi~logica! pare_nts i~ indi.Sl?ens~qle for-th~ valid).ty of
. pr9spective.·p~'rEints:_.(P.~-ci-i=2M) ·. ·. . _ . a decre.e ·Qf adoption. The natucal· right,of parent.to ..
· 1. T~ta) _Eerscinali_ty of th~ applica·nts;--: - .. _ child ("requir.es that consent .. be obiained before
2, .srr:i.otional ·maturity; · : . : parental rights ana duties1may be-t_erfniriated and re-
3. "gu_qlity of marital relationship;,' , ,·,,·, :·. .established . .in :.adoptive parents. (ta.n.dingin v. . .
. 4. fee.lin~ a9ou_t chil9ren;,. ,: . .. . · .Republic, G.R·NoJ6494.8, Junf].27, 2.60$)._ · ·
-~. ·feeling ·about chil_dless,:iess- and readiness t_p :- - .
. . · adopt; and _ · .
6. ~otivation (STA.MARIA, supra at 718). . :- · . ..
. . . . .
2019 SAN BE[?A LAW CENTRALl:C!=D BAR OPERATIONS r 117
PERS.O.NS ·AN·D. FA.Ml LY R.ELATIONS
SAN BEDA LAW'~WTRAitZED BAR OPERATIONS - MEMORY AID 2019
A perioq _of 6 .months from··the time th~ biqlogical '2. The ~dopte·e shall be considered as a.legitimate
parents niade their :decision shall be allq.wed· for· the ...., child of t_he ad9pter(s) · fo~ all intents and
biological_ 'parenUs · io reconsider any decision for"- p_urposes (Ir}. Sec. 17); and
. adoption subject to the paramount interest of the
chiid (STA..
. MARIA, supra at725).. . · · . ~- -3. In _begal pr intestate succe.ssion:. the ."adoptee ..
arid the adopter(s) .shall have reciprocal rights· o{
. ~ffectfvitx··of Decree of Adoptio·n I succession without .distinction from legitimate
A decree qf adoptiqn shall be effecti'v'e c1s of the·date fiiiation. Howev·er, if the"re.-is a:will, the rul,es on
th~ 'original p·eti\ion was .. fiied. this·. applies· also in tE:lstal'l"!entary _succession shall be followed (Id.
caie•'the petitioi:ier- ·dies before the issuance of the __ $e·c.-.18). - .. ·. ~ ·
adoption decree, tb :protect the. interest of' the
.adopte~e (R.A. 855?, Sec, 13).. · , Section 1 ~ of RA 8_552 provides that, in.leqal and
intestate succession; the rights of the adopterts):
Exception to' Retroactive Effect. . . . . and _the adopteerefer only totheir '.feciprocal.
In Temerqo', v. CA,· G.R. No .. "£35044, June
3, 1992, right$ · of · succession · "5'ithout. distinction from
· where thepetition for adoption :wa's qrantedafter the" legftfn:iate ·-. fili9:tio.n/ · ·.sy" · "using . the term
· chiig had. ~h~t. and ,. killed ~ _girl, the" ~-G · dtd · not .. . "reciprocal/ the limitation is'clearthat the rights
' consider the.: .~etr9'ci?ti.V~-. eff_efcf:,of, t~e: ·de_cree of-.c · - - oniy · pertain . .to' those, existing:, .c;U)plicable )·~na' :-
·. adoption so as to inipose a liability \JPO[l. the adoptirig s9lely" between: them in fheir. relatlonship as. , ·· :,.
· parents accruing afthe time when they had no actual=:' .--..,~erit and: -child. · Thus, the- . adoptee · .is
or physical 'q..1stddy. over the adopted :chii.a~JfFelq T ·.:r ]\ 1c~msidered .a stranger as- to, :the adopter's · t·
_· that<retroactiye ·effect may: be._given 'Ii(~~ §>l1c:b is .L) 1_ V
Pj'Fe'l~s. Jhe lin~-. is personal and limjted to the
_e~_sentral_:t~ », p.erm.it: th~ _accrual ..o~f!l~·91.n~!tor~· . -. · · ·. aaop~~an~clopter only:'.·,,·· · · z . . •.
_advarita·w~)n'_fayerbftl'l~_adopte~C,Ql~~ ~o:b0la-tha.,L , · · .·. -·~·~·"-· .. ::.· · .. ,. ,- . · . .- _ -·
parental authority .had beeh retroact1vely.110~ged"in ~t' . ....._IL1s a. u01t-success1onal rights of.the adopted
.. t~.e --~doptir)g_·. pa~ents-so"'·as.)6~Y~jrf· t~fm wiiJ2i J
w-·ana\the·'ap2J?.ter\§IT~_.pur;}Y statuto1; 'U~less '·
.hat;)lhtY. for a tortuous:a~t tha.t ~ey.-cd~a n!::1ih7r:have· 7.~ . ~.
pr~v ped tzyrt~f':\1.<?l?~l~n. stat~t~. \he adopt~d ,
fcirnseein· ~or preyented_ '~~::· J,Je ~ur'\fa1r. and 1-~~ · child does;neft1r.He~~t-.fro~ th: hnea_~ or coUa_ter~I
.f
unconscionable> T? ..r.ule ~e~,s~ ... wo~lt · -bt. r:iJ ..,../, "'n. !fd. of fl,)~ad~~t1ve parents (::31 A M_AHIA,
- . c~7t~~r¥ t~ _t~_e _doc:~inE: of_v1c_~:~~us 11~b11it~~-. ~j1 ~i
~suprvi ~t 7~8t:H~ . ·. ·. . · ; :·: .. ;. . _. _.
. Middl_e N~~p·of.A~?Pt~ct'.{~ a,- _·.
... :·...
The- 1ll~_g1bf!1ate : sh1ld. s_ubieq1:1ep ly· .a~~~l\ . _bYf.ql' · tf;Jt~a~.
~~~re/.~f·0
.. . .·
d,opti?n_ ~ot ·Sµ~ject 'to ~9ll~t~ral .. · ..,
!¥ .;_ · . . .: · . · . :· . ·. · . · i ·. ·,.
his/h_er 'naturcil Jalh~r ·1s .. pe~rt't.E(d~o .~)"aN1-~~~ ~(f!J.1.2 ·~ dpl}ftQ'{'q.~ ree-· 1s 1ssu_ed, 1t c_anno_~·,be
· mitld_l~·r1am.~. t!'fe-surnanie of ~r:.'nat al-~~)~~· I : ). ~- lte.a7co111er~11y a.s ir:i ._the a~tiori:f6r,partition;but ·,· r.··.,... •
the f.o_l)~fvi~,9.~~$sori?_ · :.· ·. . ..: · . . · · ', .• : .X
J~~ai,~~ctpj:~¢e~di1;1g·ffon\c!ll{~ddres15i~gJh~.issu_e · .. .
1':' ~ lt, . ,_s,r;ie'cessary: to. Pf~_selv'. \ and--m.a1ntc:11Q_lsJ1e 1E..._
'r-r:~S.c!t?o~(C~1;G-:'j!'Nos_: 8$224, ·January. 23,_ 1_[192; .. .
. , · ~h'i_[d~s.·filiqtion with-:her0natu(a,niot1Je_f~~cad~e~.,se0~SO:.~[Jjla :'-' ·san!iagp,:'G_.R.. No.. 1'3.2395,
.. u.ndi;fr Art.. 189 ,of~th<? FalT)ily C99e, sJi~"r.'~rvaihs:er. . -·Bt5{!J.lf.f}J, ·'20Q1).. -~· "' · '. . . · > :· · .
. .tp ~~ an?fntestate l;ieir·oMhe,.l_atter~Wm.~f;n,t
: any-~~?~fusi~n an? · ne.~dl~·s:s -~a.r_d,~p;_.~the:.
M'1' y~)..~ . ..: .. : 1
· .·:. • •
. [R~~$~·,.°:·n-of. A~JiJJt_i~n.-:-, dec.ree -o(adoption'
• ..••••
~a~ . .
·, ; .
future. her. relat1onsh1p-. qr, ..·.prQ"of , pf,. ~h1~ b"'el· ·rescmqed,. ·by .the _ADOPTEE: on11. (R.M 8552,:
. relationship with: her~natural" mci.th~r snould be: · . Sec.' 19):: : : · - · . ·· ,. ,. . -·:. ·. . ·. · '. ·. · · · .
mairitaihe\J· ·- ;, . . -~ . ;.· . . . .. ·. ·• : . . ... : . . . '. : .. ". ' .v . . . , .. · .: . . . '·> . ·. .
. _'z, -T-~e:r~·--~·is--':·ri~;·: ]~W eibr~-~~ly· .. prci~ibiting ·tlf~·· . .Gf6unqs: (PASA) ·,. , .. · ,,, .:. :">··. ,
.; . · . ,··adoptecf'.·to• use;. ·the·. si'.Jrname-:ot her ·fiatural .. · -~1. :.;Rep_e ..atep· f.hysical :er verb.al .. maltreatment by
. . , -. . Jtibt~i(a·~:~et 111Jcfgl~ n.ame .. Whar°~~:<i· iaw d~~s
1
. . · Jlle .\ ad0pfet'. '. ··.cfesp_itei '._ h~ving. ·' \in·d~rQQQ,9
. .- ·--norpro_hit5it~ it ·aljows;·and·_· : '.... ·':7 . ·. . ;._ . j .counseling;. .; . . -·. :. . ·,: ·. .. :··. ..
_: . ' 3·:. IJis §ustoniary for.ever{F]!lpino'to h,we ·a "rniddle·:. ' · 2:: .~ttempton the life of the adop,tee;> ',.: · . '' ..
··name·,,wh1ch::is1:ordiha'rilfthe. surname of the- . ~- :· ~~?(ual aS$q\,Jlt br violenc(;!;.·. ,· . . . ·, .·,•.
- . .'. :- .. _hi'~tfi~r~ (lri_~- t!j~·:._,.;,#er' ,di '.the_.· .. Adoptic/ii \Jf . ·,. · "4.:. Aba_ria9niri'e.nt : ...an_d· ,_ faiiwre: to· ·cbmply : with
- . ·.. ·_stepfiahi~; N$fhy ·,As(O.[f}a Garcia, G.R.· No. < ,. parenfal 6blig~t(o6s·(R.1:t.·8552>_se:c. 't9). , . ·. -'·
·.•. ·}48311 /-!/~~~:~1• .zo~5). . ..: :. · · ·._. · · ··.::· . .-: ~- .. :·Aac;,~t-~r.in~; o"r;;',~·o·;iii'l:h~r,it,A~~~t~~/:-i,::_.. .... ·.
Effe'ct;-:-6l . .A:d6pt{6"n: (SAL)··.. . . . · · . Adoption ~hall r:ro_t be; S°t,Jbj&lc(to' r~sc,ission ·by;Jhe
· L :§ev_e'.ah~ff-br l'egatli.es-··be,.tweer)' th~ b16logical · ~ ·. ;~1adptets?HoWEiVer/ftie "acl6-pters,ii'fay":ciisfr%-erit-tne
. ,-. !'.>'arents ·and the. adoptee; which shalf b·e v.este'd . ·_ adopte·e for·causes provided···unde'r'.Arf~f19:cif the
· in.Jhe. ad6.pters; . ·. ·. :.. . . . Civil qode (RA. 8552, ·s~c. :1-iJr :.: -'~ ·•·. ·
. . . ~ .
Except\im:_ lf.the_bicilog'icai ·pa(~n!·is the spouse.
of tti~'.-agopter (R::A. 8~52,·Se·c. --16) .
. 11~ 1 2oi9 SAN.SEDA Lf..w CENTRALjzED.BAR OPERATIONS ·. _;.·

.PER.SONS.AND. FAMILY RELATIO·Ns
SAN BEDA .LAW CENTRALIZl!D BAR OPERATIONS - MEMORY /\ID 2019
An adoptee refused to use the ·-surname of the tt is a crime defined and punished by Sec. 21 (b) of ·
adopter though already adopted. The adopter R.A. 8552 committed by any person who shall cause
sought to rescind/ revoke the Deeree of Adoption the fictitious reqistration 'of the birth of a· child under
(DOA),. but the Domestic Adoption Act (R.A. 8552) the names of persons who .are not his/her bioloqical
which remo_yes the right of adopter to challenge the parents -.
validity of the DOA became effective. SG held that
the adopter may disinherit theadoptee, andthat the Note: Sec. 22 of R.A, 8552 on Rectification of
latter has .the. sole right- to challenge the DOA . Simula_ted Births has b~en repealed 'by R.A. 11222
{Laham v.'Sibulo, .G.R. No {43989; July 14, _2003). otherwise known · as "An Act· Allowing . · the
Rectification of Simulated Birth Records and
· Disinheritance of Adoptee ~y Adopter . · Prescribing Administrative Adoption Proceedings for
Grounds: (GAMM-CARD) . · the Purpose" which has _!)een·· signed into law ori
1.. Groundless accusation against the testator of a February 21, ·2019 and took effect orr'March 29.~
.. crime punishable by .6 .years 'or -rrfore of 2019.
·_ irnprlsonrnent; _ · · . .
2. Found guilty cif an ~ttenipt against the life ofthe simulated Birth Rectification Act (R.A. 11222) -
testator, · ·his/he.i- -.spouse, . 'descendants or· Grants amnesty and allows the- rectification of the
ascendants;·." ' .. . ' . . simulated ·birth of a child where the simulation was
- · 3. · Causes _ the .testator " to_ - Make er -chanqe ·a made for the best interest of the child, arid-that S\JCh ·
testator's will through. violence, Intlmtdatton,' child has been consistently considered and treated
fraud, orundue influence: ". · · .by the person or persons who simulated such- birth ..
· 4.' Maltreatment of the testator by word or·deed · as her.: his, -or their own daughter. or .son and
5 .. Conviction of 'a crime which carries the p·enalt~ exempts' from criminal, civil, a_nd administrative
of civil interdiction; . ' .: . liability those who simulatec - the birth· record of a
6. Adultery, or concubinage with testator's spouse; .child ·prior to the effectivity of the. law (R.A. 11222,
- 7. Befusa1 without justifiable cause Io sup_p_.ei:t~h_e §;Z"?): ~ .: ' . . ' '
parent or ascendant; and , · . ~ ' _- ·
Notwi_thstandi~g .any.provisi~n· bf law to tre·co~l_ra·~.
8. Leads a, Qishor:iorc!ble or disgraceful life ·(C!VI&
CODE: Art. 919). '. _ . · · . >· a person cl ~ersons- who, prior to the effectivity of
this Act, sf.iu atld·the-birth of a child, andthose who
cooperated in11the execution of such simulation, shall
. not be gimir,ally, civilly, or administratively liable for
such'"acr:Pfat;a"eci,Jf at the simulation of birth was
. made for....th_e_Q__est>interest of the child and t.hc\t.the
child tias been consistently considered and-tre.ated,.
b~ such person ·or persons as her, his, or the_ir oyvn
daughter.or son: Provided, further, That such person
_,____ori-pe,rsons has -qr have :filed a· petition for ad.optio'n.
- with an applic-ation for the rectification 'of the .
. simulated birth record within ten (1.0) ye'ars frorn the· ·.
effectivity cif this A~t: _provided, fina1/y, Tha(ali ·the
benefits o~ this Act shall also apply t6 ~dull adoptees
· (R.A. 11222, Sec.4). - · ..
.. . .
_ Exemption ,from Criminal, . Civil and <
Adoptee Remains an Heir .of the· Natural Parents -Admf~_istrative Liability , ,
.. .Beinq a Ieqitimate child only by virtue of adoption, it A person 9r persons· \vho, prior to the1effectivity of
follows that the child is .entitled to all the rights" R.A. 112_22;':"simulated the birth· of a child, and ihose ·
. provided 'by law to a l_egitimate cliild:_The ·adopted. who cooperated.in lh'e e~e-cutic:m of such simulation.,
child remains ·an intestate heir of his/her biological . shall "not be criminally, ·-~ivilly,. or .administrative_ly .. ·
parents. Hence, she can well assert her. hereditary liable_ for such.act provided that: · · . _ · · _ ·
rights from her, natural mother- in .the future ._(In, ·the 1. That the simulation of birth. was madefor the.
_ matter. of adoption of Stephanie Nathy Astorga best interest o.f "the,-child ·and that the .chi id has .
Garcia, .G.R. No. 148311; March 31, - 2005) · . : . been consistently cor:i'sid~red. ar:rd tre"ated . by
. ' such.person or persons as her, his, or their own
Simulation of Birth daughter or son;· - . · _
It -is the tampering 'of the civil'reqistry making it 2. · That such person or· persons' has or have·filed a
. appear in the birth records that a certain child was petition for adoption with an ·1:1ppli9atiori' for th·e·
_ born to a person iNho is not his/her bioloqical mother, rectification of the."simulaied- birth re.eord within
. causing such 'chlldto lose his/her true identity and ten (10) years from the effectiv.ity of this Act~ ana
status (R.A.8552, Art. 1, Sec. 3, par.j). · 3. That all the -benefits of -this. Act shall also apply
to adult adoptees (R.A. 1122'2 Sec. 4).
2019.SAN BED.A LAW CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIC)NS ·I 119

PERSON_S AN-D "FA.MILY RE·LATIONS·
SAN BEDA l:AW CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATl(!NS - MEMORY"AID 2019
lnter.-Country Adoption Act of 1995 -(R.A. 8043) 4. Has, Not been convicted of a. crime- involving
The.socio-leqal process of 'adoptinq a Filipino child .rnoral turpitude;"," · · -,..
by a.. fore.igner 'or a· f::ilipino citizen permanently 5. 1··£ligible to adopt- under his/her national law;
residing.: abroad where the petition is ·filed, the 6. Agrees to upholdthe basic _Bights of tfie child as
supervised · trial' .custody · is . undertaken, and· 'the. embodied under Philippine · laws, '.)he : u.N ..
. decree of adoption is issued outside th~ Philippines Convention .Qn the Righ.ts cif. a Child: and. to
(R:A. 8043,-Sec. 3, par. v). abide by'.the rules. and requlations.Jssued Jo
1
· · ·: • · implement the tnter-Country Adoption Act · · ·
Who may be··adopted.: · 7. Comes. from· a. country witli , whom the.
Only a ;'legallifre·e. child" rnay be the subject of inter- Philippin'es has· Qiplomatic .relations .and whose
country ad_optioh·(R.A:_\8013, -Sec. 2).· ~ . · . qovernrnent maint;\ffns a sim.ilarly auJti~orize_gand
. r- . . . aceredited aqency andthat adoption .is allowed ·
A child· for the purpose ofthe act is any person below u,nder his/her nationallaws: . ·. .. ·. · .. ._; .
fifteen years old of .age or · unless sooner 8. In a _Eosi~cm _to. provide the proper care .and
emancipated by la"." (R.A. 804_3, S~c. 3, par. J). supportarid to give tn~. necessary moral.values
.,. : ·: .· . a,~?
·exai;nples_..t.\?· al.I. ,h[s.':chHd_re[l, lncludinq the ·:
_ Leg~lly-fre.~ Ghiict !· • . . . • child ti;, .be aQ(lPt~~; aQd . ,. -;< · · ·.. ·~ : , ·
· · '·'. · ·A. child -who rras 0been . voluntarily-or ·involuntarily .. · -9. Posse_sse_s all' th·e::g~al!ficatit;ms·_9n"Q 'none o(ihe ·~··.' ..
1
comrriittea,. to=the: 'DSWD pf· the . Pnilippiries. in' . diSCJLialific9ti9ns · undeY.~ the : !hter..:..Co1:1rtry · · .
·
. · ... accora.ance with ·the Cbild _& Y<;>L!th and Welfc1.re-.
_: , ~ode (R.A 8043, S,:?: ~,.par._x)"::_. _: ·. · ~ .· 1'..:
... · · · · ··' · - .,'· · ,· ~- ~~. ~ . 1. '\/ ?mende"d) .. _ · · ·
: th~ 0atchin_g, ~(.-t~e· cl)_i_l:~..:'A'.itn :ar:i ~tlic\nt;n~be~~-
u ·]\ . ~p_ti~ri iAct :~~~.
otl:)~r. applicable. Phili'pp\n~:
1Ja:s-.{trnp_lemen~mg R~l_e~-or-B,A. P_- .. 8pf3, as
.J /': ;..· , _ · . · . . .
. . .... ,.~. , ,· _
/If
. .
> ~ .'- ·.: .
.
. . c_arrie9 ,ou.t durJn.g, .'.'!·· ~.at~b!ng ~O.Q.~,_~n~oy,~_ll!-· · · •.,F~llng ?f.Ap~qat ?~ . : . _· · , · .·, . . . · ..... ·.
corr]mitte~ t9gether with the h·ead_..2r-sop~l,w,Rr,~e'_i:.of.·
. . ·.the agency ..or Jhe· Secretariat/$ocii:!} J.'ork~r o~,·!JJ~
J
A E:1the~1 h~tbe_ Pti1l1~p1~e- R:f.C. h_aving-J~rJ?~~c.t~on .
·ster t~~t ~li1ld,~_y,.,1th tlie:.lnter_:Goui;it(y. Ad9pt_1oh
·, · inter~co.untry ad9ption board._;rhe·Bo~r9.stif_ll set tlj'.e}. )\ •Board,·t~(ou·g~,J:11! 1~ermed1ate ~gen~y (R.A.:_~0,1_3,_ · · .
. guideline~. for t_he ,manrJer- bY. wl)icti !lie [T!atchi'gg~'"\~1' Sec; 3_0,_rd--.51).(j J_ . ,, ..__-, · : • : ~~ ·
· f)rocess shall-b_~ conducted f~8043, s1c. 35). f.t/JIJ;, ;,;~ .,, ·.. ., . . ~ . · _ . . . . . .. , · -~
. .' ._·. . . . . . . f I· ·: : ,'''\ .
,;c.;"f -~,f~t'tlii' r1'1{er-C_opnt~y..A:cfopt1rn B~_ar? .·. .. . . . ...
Then=: ?ha_ll. be. no. phys.ic,al iran?_fe[ .of a·vql.unJa~11y~ro,lln1j!1:acts·f}s·,fh~·,cewfn:!11uJ~sm\~ .in maU.ers relating. t_o :
a
cor:nmiite~ _c~ild eaf.li~P .tr,,~Q ~frrf(!(l~hsf~h~ ate_,:::,..'.,- ir:ite~-c~~ a,~_opt(!?,n .(Sec. 3;- par; .h): ,; . . . · : . · ·
C>!. _exeq.1t1qi:i :.of- Qeed of ~oluhtary ·.()q_~m ,:nen ·;-.,; :l._0/· ./1:~J-
ti"'\ . ·· -~ ·, , . ·. . ·.;. . _. .
except:_. . : .. · .. ~· ·. , . ·... \-u. J.\- ·---·· ~A.\.,.fi;JL fdfbl:'J.~<il ?mili·:~-~St;J,i~ th9t:a)I· p~S?~b1ht1es, fpr :th~ . . . • ..
:1·. ·A~?pt1oh b~.,:g.relat1~e;·~n~-- ·. \.; -·~~ !tii .. ',:-f.~2t10Wot.tb~·Ch1l~,-Y~~er, !~e Far.n1ly .q~d;e h_a.x~ ·., .
2 ...:··.Ch1ldren · w_1t~ s~e'.c1al me91cal ·con~1t1~n . (~'t~}l~~f,~aµsTe~ ~nd,._t~at 1_r-it;f,.$.~~ntr.y_ado~t~~~_ 1s.1n · · ·
, •. ,,8.01.3,:Sec.. 26).,. ~· .• , ~·~tl'.~ni'<iroiithecMd, :· ". ·. '· ·.,;. ·i ·:.·:: .
: .. ~t~i;~~~i~~ii:Gi;~:ti~.ios;1;1~,i;
· i~. M. ii~\fPn~ri\~ ~\i~it1h;}6~r~iP~1~;:1;,ro;
· · 1:, ··beJng ·: VOl~n-~anly_ ~ubn:11tte.d/ f~r. aQ,Q~llO~~~A: . .A." 4[l~~w~-ac;lopt1~~ ~ ,~_lc!9_er:nent, .' . .care:· and,, f_a!;l~ly, . ·. ·
1 ..
~Q13, ..$pc.· 3,par,. s). ,:--· ~ .,, : ··,. : .: ' ~co.u~?E/l_t_ng·:oH~.e,.~htl.~, f9_pat Je.a?!::6:·,mpajbs~f~on:, ·..
· .- ·. ::~ '. · . ·:. . ., · .. · ~- ·. hi~/her, .9frJyal·'if1. the:J~$iqe:n·c~.:of .t\}e' a·p.p,lica.nt/s,
Who may <ctc;lopt': , · · : : · ' when . '· i?PP.lic9bl~.:. · O~riflg:::: · '.t!W". :JPr.e'.~ac;lpptive , .'.. ··
1.,. ::;,\ny_ al.ie'n~ .or.:<:<··· . ., . : .,. . :.· . r. · placement;'the .fbf~ign. al.Jtho_rity agericy shall fLi{Flish' '.
. 2 ... Filipil)5'_ ·.~citize.n,, bot~··;.. pe,cmanel)Uy · r<?~idinG . :· t~Ei.~9.~rd.~iH\CJ:,!_a;rt~rly 'rrpofts,on'.i~~. (;Qi,l_?)-~ec:i!t~_. ;.
· ·· :.a_bro_ad,(B.·:~ .. 8,043, S~q. -27): ·. _ . ·,: .·. .,. .... P~-X~D.9~~0.er1:1Lac;IJl,J:~tm~r.it.',:~-n?;r~J.~!\Pf1~Q.II\W.(t.~:t1J~. . ....
··· · · · ·· : , .-. · ·~ ap,phc::an.U?-'·'Ji~~ .. r~p9_rt·.s_~~II al_~o. inGJ~d.~'·:UP,dat~c!, _: . \
·c-~nditi~~-~:--.(~Ac·~NE.RD'-PQ) . - . . . .. :. .:~··.. . . : in_for:m!3tion'. .. : reg,a/di_ng. t_h_Ef.,: applic.ants····:pers~·~al. ~ · ...
~!.· ·· ~a:~~~trt·J~}~J_ti~(:'sp~µ?~~utf~i~tly;i\~ fort~~
·2: · -A(l'e.asHZT·years .. Qf:Age.. a:riq,atleast..:1 Efiears
·_G'.r~.~t~,~P·~-~~s·,::i~.~h~~(J-~9/...
1:
:t:~_\· {\;: ·. ~.-·.-->··: '.:·. :_ :· .,< . .
Star\$. up·on :c1ct~~J; physical. tr.ari,$fer .of the. c;;h.il9
_ · · old_e\· t~~.n t~~ cb}l,d tolie 9~~'.P.te.d. it-th~ tim~· of · JqJhe.ra.1?,E,l!9c1i;i~ .»'W>,.?f ~c~uEiJ c;:~.s.~oqi_~in, ·s~~I_I
· : ':the·apph(>~t1on-.unless;the-ad6pter:1s: . ". · . · exer91>e: s.@sh~ut~:.par.~rtal,._ autl:J9-[tty:·pye,r--:t~e ·
- a:- ,P?.r~i:,t by nattlre· d~he .child to be ~d6i;ited; · ·p.~rsc>n-~of the CQild, {lrflplerrienting Rules .of R,A.
• :-~-~·or - ~·\. •• •-• "•'.:- ._...;i ••• : :: ·' ;;. O ,", ,,:. ~: 804~; se.c. '•4-2)!,: -~·~-: ·::. : .,~. .:.:_·,·· ·:- <~·;:·::~-r~~. -_--:· ~- :1 Ao~:~ M,··i_: ','f, \ '
. ,b.. \ Sp\:lu.se .qf si:ich parent . _ .. · ., 2. : T:hS:~:~~ppfing, 'parenf~s)::.:>t:i.alJ_·s4,brnif to. ·the ·

3 ... ~apacity. tc;> act· at;1.Cjl ..:assu·me all.· ri§bts 'and · ,g·9y~fnment13l ': ·age11.~y· .. w · al-!tl:lo'rized · <ar:i9 .
. -. . · r.esp.on.si~iliti~s · incidehtal)o. ·par:entaf ·.authpFl!_y · '. ac.cr.edit~d.agency; .which.::sh1:3II. in -turn .t,:an·smit a .
· 'und~r his/her nationc;11,1aws. and has'~m·dergone .·· co'pY. .to the. Board •. ia··prog~ess \epo'r{ 'o( ttie'.
I .
. t_~e ,ap.prepriate ·_Gounsel,itig. from. an--:ac..,credited , . _chiid'_s cidjus.tn:,ent ··
.·co1Jnsefor. in'·his/he~ country; ...· · .· . · ·
120 · I 2019 SAN BEDA LAW CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS

P.ERSONS AN.D· FAM_l"L~ Y R~·L;ATl,ONS -
SAN BEDA LAW CENTR,4LIZEDBAR OPERI\TIONS - MEMORYAID" 2019
., '· ~ . ' .
Disrupti~n and Temiinati~il of Pl~c~ment:· .

In the event o(serious damage in th~ .r.elatio[)ship
,..between ·. the chi la and· ·ap'plicari_t; or .wh~n the
continued placement is ( no longe"r . in the best..
interests of the child: . . ,., ~' .··
1'. The Board. through the __ Central Authority shall
take necessary·measures to protecHh.e 'child;in
particular cause ·the child-to be. wittidrayVn frori')
the,.·applicant ahd arrang~ for hfs ·temporary . . .~ ... / • . .. . : ..
· care· ·· Family · ·court" . of the Family Court where· .the
2 .. : The Central Author.ity shall exha·~~t all rriecins to . place . where . adopter' pdoptee resides' or ~ay
. . . remove caus~ of unsatisfactory relationship; . resid~s. · · ·be . fouhd, · or Int.er~
3: The ·ceritral Authority shall SL,Jbmit .a complete . Country Adoptioo Bo;:ird;
. . • report to the Board· as to the. actions taken c)S· .. ·· ·. th.r_o'u_gh an' intermediate
wel(as recornm·endations; and · · .' -. ·.- · . agency,. . : . wh'~ther
4. B,ased.'-or.r th'.~ report s't.:tbrtiittecfby' the 'cen_tral · · · gove'rnme"ntal :or :: an' .
· Authority; the' Bo}ird may·: termin!3te th~· pres ··, , ·authcir),z~d .' . , . : . · .· ,and .
ad.optive . rela,tion?hip . (Implementing Ru_Jes of , . ~,: - · · · ·acqedited·agency, in the · ;
. R.A. 8043, Sec. 47). .., .. ·· · · · ·. country . . of the
· ·· .. . "pr.ospec,tjve.: .. _:. 'adopt)ve
· ; · Note: If_ .a satisfactory pre-adoptive relationship is .. · .• ·- -parents
~. (Sec.
-- - -·. 30 9nd .
51.) .
formed" 'between . the ~pP,li°tanr. and the' child, tile
Board shall transmit an Affidavit of. Oonseni to the . . ,
.• Adoption executed by the Department _tp the ~entr~I 1 .. Any' {ilip"in';:dt[z~fI; . , -~qr.eig'h .: '!_Jtiortal~ , :~nd
.Authority and/or the· Foreign Adoption Agenc\ ~) 2. Any · - alien Filipi_r1·0 . . . , __ Citizens
. within 15 . pays after' /receipt' -of the -1~~~0.s_t p:,ossessing · · the· :permane.ntly residing
placement report (Implementing Rules of R.'A.·8043, . . same· cj,u~lific~tio_n? -~~rbi:id.: ·,· · · ·
Sec. 50). · · · :• . · . ·, · · ,-~~- .... ~,. - for Fi_lipjl~ 1ationals; :·. .· \. \.
· · .· · · .· · '· · ·· · . · ,. · · .· - (see_.,/· di,scu's_sion ·.:,
A copy-of trie final decree of .a~_ciptibo ..., clu the__ · mg 1,
rega,:ging, ·. \.- .... , ·. . , . <.: .> · · · '
-C_ertific·atl") of. Citiz~nsbip/f\fptur~(~~n;. ~he~e,.ver '- qualifications) arid · . · , . · .: ·s
_applicable, · shall be- trans:n,itte9i · by~e · Central _ . 3. Ttre gualdiail wit_h : • - ·:.
Authority-and/or the FAA to the Bqarc:l'wilbi~ 1.m~~h : ' .. r~!> pectto·. the 'A'.-a.r~f_
after i~ · issui,inc~. _.T~e · -Bo,arcl~ s~apeq~ire._ ~ne · . : · after the termination
tecordinq'<of ·the final judqment m t~~p(Jr:.opnate ·. of ihe·. quardianship /
. Philippine Civil Registry·(lri:iplementing Rules or_R.'A. and clearance 'of this .. ,
1fin·anGi,f
c : ,:· 8043, Sec. 5?): ·· -~·- .. · · ,'. ~§)): -· .. : _ · \.
In ·:t~e-\;e~t- ·.~f. te/mi:at!o·~ .;< .. -.-:<-~.:-::·.

.the'W~-?d6~,;,iJi~veliiio·_.""'·
.-- aj?~- ~~~~~~ef;~&°"~tj
C_P_t:Jlnita~b~ilijit~ie~s~.
1·
• ._re1a11o_nstj1p, th_e ~oard shaU!qent~fy.fr~rri't~e.'5o?ter. ·. ·. . .,.._ .. ~~~~f.~~~v.~~L4-~
. of Approved AJ;!plicants. a s,u,table.farr:uly w1tlfwho!)1· · · · . :1.:-' An.;
p~rso:li be.!ow·18 o"~_ly ~- legaliy' ft_ee: c~ild ·-·.
: tci place the.'child. The.:. "_G.e1:1tral Authority· an'd/0r. the · ,. ·- · .. :years . of ~g·e who may b'el' legally c1d.0P.t~d :..
·.. . FAA may. also propose·:a. r(;')place'f'flel'lt ·famity· wl:lose · ha~. ,been. v.qluntarily. _under ' th·e- ·Jnter-c6untry
.. applica.tion:. shall_ ·be' filed. for the· approv'ar, of trie--. . . . ,. ..
' 1\1 - · · · · -. · • - . h · 9.ommitted.;; ... ~- · · adoption act.·. < · .
. . Board_ .• ,o adopt10!1 s~ali: take p_ac~ 1 until after t e· 2_ ~Tri'e .,.-,· _ .. l e gitim,he . [Sec:8]. ·· \ · _; .. · · .. ·. ·
-.' Board . has .. aprirov·ed the, · ·application .. 'of · '"suc.h
0:
·' sqn7da~gbte/ of ·one , ·. ·', - ; . ;'. , ... :: ... _ .
replacement'· famJly_ · (lmp(emen(irig. · R_u/es·, of. R:A. sp9use by' the ,other· l.egally-free child "mearis
'8043, Siic. 48). ·. ·. : .. ·- : -~ ·, ·.. :_. <·_.. . . ·spouse;·.. . · ·· a
child' ~ho. h~s- t5een
3: An C: · iil~gitimate· vo)untarily-. . :-:· 'or
Presumption .of illegal. adoption: (CPEN} -·'. . . ' son/daughter. "by a· involuntarily committed
t · f~ns~n\ for adopti9~n'was acquire.d· th.rough _Qr 1 :: ~.qualified adopte.r . tp. "to th~" ,Departine.nt, in
-.,·
..., · ··_attenaed t5~ .coercion, frau9; )mproper-:rnaferi~I' . ··_.impro\,'(;) ,,· _hjs/her ·afCOrda_nc~ 'w_ith . ih_e
. inducement- .. - . . - .· . . . . . :. . . --.. .
. status . to· .that .. cif .Cni_ld,and·.Yo't.itt, Welfare
:r frbtedures-'fun_d ·safeg~_ards pr.6vided·by -i~w for . legitini;:icy; . :- . ·code ( Sec> 3(f)). > ~--·
adoption were ~qt complied with: .' . : . 4. · A person_()f legaFage ·
3. Has; EX.posed or .. subjected ·.the." child to · 'b'e . -regardless : of . civil
. . ..
adopied to 'danger, ab.use or exploitatio"n; c)nd
' 4. ·J'.!o au.thcirity to effect' adoption ·from. the Bok'rd - '
· 'stat1,.1s· . if, prior to . .:·
-adoptjcin,, . ·. ·'.s"akl
(lmpleme.nting_ _Rules of R.A. 8043, S~c: ;57). person . :has been
,· ' I
.. :
•, • • • • • ~ '•
co~is.teni'1y ·
considere.d al']d' .·,
.\ ;.
2019 SAN BEDA t:AW CENT_RALIZED BAR OPERATIONS 121

PERSONS AND FAM.ILY RELATIONS
SAN BEDA LAW CENTRALIZ.ED BAR ~PERA~IONS ~ MEMORY.AID 2019
. 6.· !::!_ot subject .to waiver or compensation; and ·

7. _gxernpt . from attachment .or .execution (1
TOLENTJtyO, supra at 575).
,.
,··
l
I
I
\I
'
I
i
.: .
Ob!\g~mm't~.:gi\!~-S(-!~port,i~ ~~v¢rn~d ~y .th; law of:

. his country., l~ Del Socorro v. ven Wils_ef!I,. the ·
si;iprem_e:~court · held ..that· ·"The· 'o~lig~ti0n · to. give
.. support to a child is amattej.that falls Linder family.
riglits·-and: duties. Si_~ce't~i.-Fespond_ent)~ ·a.·citizen
. of Holland-or the.Netherlands, heis.subject.tothe
laws or.his · country, not to" Philippine law, as to
-. --V'~i!h~r he·is· oblig,ed. to·gLve support-to hi~·cfiild;\is.
·· well as the. consequences of hisJailure·to db so."
.. However, .since ·the. law of. the _ ..Netherlands as
' . rei;fards. the: obligation to support' has not been
122 ·,. 201s·sAN

. BEbA
·.
LAW
. . .
CENTRALIZED
. BAROPERATlo"Ns
'
PERSONS AND FAMl·LY RELATIONS
. •· SAN BEDA LAW7<:ENTRALIZED OAR OPERATIONS - MEMORY AID 2019. ·•
'. properly pleaded and proved in the. instant case, it js Order of liability if several persons are obliged to
presumed to be the same with Philippine law, which giye support: (SDAB)
enforces the obligation of parents to support their -", 1'. §_pause;· · · .
children. and , penalizing the _non-c.oinpliance 2. Descendants in the nearest degree;
therewith: Additionally, when the foreign law; 3. ~scendants inthe nearest degree; and
judgment or -confract is contrary ·10 a sound and 4. §.rothers and sister.s (FAMILY CODE, Art. 199) .
.established public policy of tlie forum, the said . .. .':. . .. '. . ) .
foreign law, juggment or order shall. notbe applied. If the -obliqation to giye supper! falls· upon two ·or
---..... Thus, even if. the· laws- of the Netherlands neither' more persons, payment shall be diviqed bety..,een
enforce a parent's obligation to support his ·Chfld por them in proportio~ ·to t!1eir· resqurces. In case of
. penalize . the noncompliance therewith, . such urgent ne.ed and spe'cial cir"c,umst\;ince_s, the-'court
obligation is still· duly' enforceable iri the Philippines·· r may order. only one of them· to furnish_. support
because-it would be of"g'r'eat injustice to the child to provisionally' subject .to ttie _right- to claim from the
'be denied qf financial support when the latter is others the_share due them (FAMILY CODE, Art: 200,
. entitled tnereto (G.R. No. 193707, December 10, par. t-2). ·
r-
2014).-: , . --
· - · · lnsuft:i_ciency of ~eans to Give.$upport \.
·.' _; '' . .. . . ' .... .,
Obligation to Giv_e Support vyhen two or' more recipients at the same ti_me claim
for- support ·and_. fhe person legally obliged to .give.
does not have suffici.ent means:to· satisfy all <;:!aims:
- 1. The order of liabjlity provid~d · by -law shallbe
. followed; and - - - ·1 , _ , •.
,2. I If.the
. conc_urrent.obligees.
. .. . . should
.. be. the.. spouse
and cl child subject to parental authority, the child
shpll be-pre(erred (FIAMILY CODE, Art. 200). -
. . : , • , I
In Mang.anon v. c4. G:R. No. ·hs641, June ,30,

2006, .th~ Sj~r~me Coui1:·o~dered th~ ·grandfather,
whq was
4proven. - to be_ welt-off-_ to._ suppo"rt his
grandchildr~n on the b"asis of Art. 199, considering .
·- th.at thei1parentswe.r~ not c'apable of ~_9pporlinrj the.
· Pertains to.' parents,
childr~n. : . · : ~ .. ·. · ·. ._
passinq to ascendants
only upon its. termination
' ·Support by~~trang'er; when ·reirpbursable: .-
'or suspension. .
- Under: Art. 206:--(IN) . ·:. :- ·. - _ . · .: _
... . .,
. ,-
. 1. Stt~nger · gives support to another person. )vith.
thE3:!ritention !o:o,e. refmbursed;. and ., ·'
P-erson obliged t9··.give suppo'tt to 'lh.e reciRient
doe.s Not have·knowledge
. . of.Hie stranger'
. .s . a<;:t ·
:_ .; support ~f. legitimate-.~~9~ndanis;·);~enaa.nt_s·
(legi_timate/illegiti.mate),. brothers, . and \ sisters Under Art. 207:·(UFU)
. (leg'itimate~illegitim~.te). only. "separate prop~Y.. of .... 1 .. T~ere is an· !,!rgenf neec:Vto be. s.uppo'rt~a ari· the·
- person obliged to give support shall be answerable.' part .o~ th~ rec(pient; , . . .. . ~ ..
. [n the absen~e of .separate property, __ the CPG 'or · . 2. 8 third perso_n furnishes th~ supp9rt• to: the' - ·
ACP·' shall advance the support-deductible from needy indiyidual; and · ---- . · . .
, .share of SPO)JSe' obliged ~J?6n' iiqufr:latic>n (FAM/CY 3. · The persq_n· obliged. to suppt;?rt !,!n}ustly' refuses
. . .'
·coo.E, Att. 197).
(.
· : .· .. or fails to give the support.
. ~ . . . ·. . ·
. . .
· · ·In case 'of legitirr1ate descendants .which are the Appli_~_ation of the P._ri.nciple _ot' Unj~·st. Enrichment
. common ..children of 'ihe · spouse 6~ 'th~. legitimate _ Ip Lacs_on v. Lacso0 G.R. No. 150644, flµgust 28,.
chi!gren of either spouse, the-ACP Qr CPG shallbe · '2006; -the Supren:ie· Court q..1l~d that the. siste.rs
. princ_ipally cberqed for; their supportas mandated by ' · would, through their·mother, turn to thefr uncle,Noel .
lawin Aris: 94, par. 1- .and 121, par. 1. This is different Daban . for 'thef r sustenance and· education when
ft:oxn personal support owing to themfrom the father · p~li_tioner (their· fa~her). failed to· give th·e ~fame, a ·
ormother-as provldedin Arts. 195.i:!nd 197. failin_g which stretched fr9m .their pre-schooliflg days
to t!'leir _college. years. Since·such failure- has been,
. Recoqnltlon.by the Alle_ged FatherRequired - · estaql_isheq; .-.it - is. no( amiss to .deduce,· that. Noel
·-, ~
. Before a childmay be entltledto support, he must be Oaba.n who; owing to c;onsideration of kinship,, had
. recogniz~d by Jhe alleqed' father (Perla v. Baring, . reasonsJo help,. indeed~len't:his sister Lea money to
.G.R. No: '.!2471, November 12, 2012). · ·_ , support her chilafen .. Mention may also .be made
that, contextually, the r~sulting juridical relationship
between .the pet[tioner .an.d Noel Daban is.- a quasi-
• l • •
. . .
2019 S.A.N BEDA LAW CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS I -123
P·ERSON·s AN-l) FA_M-ILY RE.LAT;IONs·'
SAN BEDA LAW C£NT{0LIZED BAR OP£RATIONS ~-M£MORY AID 2019
eontract, an .eqLJitable principle enjoining one from imperative necessity · without which it cannot - be
unjustly·enrichi_ng himself ?t the expense .of another- .. .: demanded, and: the law presumes that such
necessity does . not exist, unless· support _is
Support Pendente Lite . demanded (Jocson 'v. Empire Insurance Co., G:R..
Du'ring the proceedings for leqal.separation or for No. L-10792, Apr~l 30; 1958). - -.. .
annulment.o] marriage, ano for declaration of nullity' '1 .
of marriage, the spouses and their children shall be . Performance, of obligation support (PM) .;_ to
supported . from the properttes of the· absolute The, person-obliqed to give support shaf have the
corrtmunityor t~~- cori_jug~I partnership:". . . following options: . . · ... : . ,· . .
. · \ .. . . . ·. . . . . . 1. · p_ay the-allowance fixed, or. . ·. ..
.,-_Mutual support between the spouses ceases after -2. · Receive· and Maintain._in the family dwelling the
final judgment. . . . . ·,_ . .' ' . person who has ·a ·_right" to receive support
._ . . . .. . . ,·, "'··· provided.that.there isJ10 moral or. legal obstacle·
In caseo] iegal separation, the court may orderthe · to do so (FAMILY CODE, Art. ·204).·. .
guilty spouse to. support· thein nocent . spouse· · . . · · ·· · · ' ·
{FAMILY ccoe,
Art. 198 in releiion to Rule 61 of tne . : Not~: ,l~tt~-r alternative cannot. aiailed of i~ irie b~-
RL!fes otCourt). - .. . . casethere is 'a moral or legal Obstacle. th·e·r~to."such
. • .- •. _;_ ,._._;_ . ---~ - • c, - ·•.• •. . • . -, .• ,.:; •. • • as. the . strairied ~Jljaticir'fs_h'ip' .,-b~tvyee"n···_the -parues ' " ~·-
In :deten'niriing Ihe amount-to be awarded as 'support ·' (Mphgo_nqn:If.: 9A,_.,sJJrfFJ) .. · · · -~
·.· -p~n~~nte_ iite·,:i! is n?t n~cessary"!o go f,~l.ly,i_nio~t~·e.,..~1>•~,~-;,:;:
rrtents- ?f th_e·c~se, 1t ·b~1ng~:suffic1ent :;th~t~ourt
_a~~~_rtain_t_h~ ~ind 9n~ anio_un~.o~ e;v1de.r.ice ~t.. ~y
.-·.: ":
S~-~l?-~....i;Xx~r:ip_te~ ;,,!_rom_ . At!.a~hm~. nf .·. _~rid u: '.;{1:;.ye.~!'9l.:X: ,:,·:/ .. "·
·> _· . _.· :_. : /:.:·· . _\:·.:.
· ·.> . · ·:' · ·, ~ '.:. ·':,,.
de~~·ns_!,:lfflc1E?nt .!o'.'.~nable _.1t· to.' JJslfy~solve the _~T_q:~m_g_hido~~-eq,r.1~~0-s~~PR~,·9.s. w~ll~·~s._rr_qrey_ ?r
. 9PP,!1call?h~ --~_ne.,_way _or···Jhe qt9..:e~(i~ ,r1ei.?1112,. . ~r9p~~~?,_l~\Q!3/l.~ su9._~-~J!PP~~t s_hall'r:iqt:.b,!=)·ley1,e.d, ·
mer.ely prov1s1onal character: of th;'.,~olu'fion•td15e J.J'" upon. on-.attq£nmer:it _or :exeeullon (f fl.MILy· CODE;
ente~~~-Met~ ~ffi~av(ts ~ay $9-fis.'0.J.?i'oi_:rl~o pa~ .' ~- . ~Ji.ff 2_6~f~~r;_ln1-~~~i:of;co~fractu?l}?PPO'rt 'or :~li~t
upoFl' th~ ap~he_at1oh· for ~uppqrt pen~ente Ille,: It 1s -tJjye~. b';!, i,y.1ii\!ne.,..e{c~s~ !n amoui:it: ·!l.~'.>'.,O~d-Jh~t ·.
enough' that the facts be established'by a da · s o tf't((·-.. required or legal~pp0rt shall be subJ~ct·to levy on -·
rt \ . :
~th_~r_d6cume~J;:iiy_evJderi,c·~,ap~Jii:ig inJ, e-·r~or~J;il; .. attac m_eln!·O~-:~,e~~-'.9-\(~AM/LY'CO~-~· ~,t ~QB).

(Reyf?s·v.. lnes-Luc,ano, 6.R. WO:-l!!4_82_19, ebrubry/_ru;j ~?'.' :·: · ., .\-. . J · . . . : ,_. · · - ·
. . ' _ ·.· . . _. ~<- .. _,·. , . _ \'~'(:
28, ,19?9),., · ': ,'.
~-.. '0\
(/a.>~:~
· ~.' . ni~~f:Jllf_f?i11_'.t?~Jg'l:Jue"_l~~~J-U1'0:9.i;n:e~t. d~btor· i~ .-~uoje"q1 to .
~ttacti ~~rndt~~s~~~oi:12..ari?:" \_h.~~ .. on~y ifit \(not_
... 1 ·~'!1a.eJ0~aJDp_earJ:by!'·lhe affidavit of the debtor or
-. -
Amount·ofSui;,port· .
It shal_l:be in. p_r9portion to:!he res$:uri::'e~·'o"~'~"--s'qfci>n.
~f- ~~h).~A~f2l(J?.~
)§~i:iing~~-r~ ··n~c.esi~:ry. f~:r'"th~
·_ttle .g1vec €1nd,)o: t~e _ne~e~s_iti¢s. okth.E;! 'r-e.frpi~~£Gl · s~~~9f.~q_'.!5a.~t'Y.·J,Prjqe~ 1~.e _RuJ~~ otGo~~t so .
. (f!,\Mlf/(':C.9f!E_,,,}rt: ~2~1-:.:}i'!:!
}'fhv~l9{~}~C~?Jth_e,:~~rn1~q,fqf:t_he'_d~:bt?rfor· hi~,:l?E:rso_Q.?1 .
. ,N<_?;._1~128~;_.M._af~fi:!~;-,2004).:_l~;~~n- . b~,1rwi;fa.~~WH:.'N"111~e~1.. ~in-.t~~~<:!r!h wec~d1ng t~e !eyy_as a!e·
r~.9_1:l~~d P..r,a~qrf1~~.~tely~_·a_c~0rd1i;l~ ,t?. .t,~n~~ne~~ ry~~tl;r syp.po~ of fi1_s ~~n::i~ly (RUL.~·-·39,
S~c;'"(.ft/P
,,, • y
·· · · ·.. o'.--r:eauct1on of_ necess1t1~s-'.of. t_he req~e@_ar:,11 -!lie . .. · · )~X1f!.!i:>t fro.~. e_xe~uiion_ (Avendano v.. · , ..
... : _· · re_so~J9es·or mean_s· of,the)per_~~~: obli'ge'~·_f(~Al./!_cx.
CODE, Art .. ~02). . .· . . . - .
M.
~fil{EJ.~Y.f!,· .!.FJ·. L--.g1?B9,.ryq,v.~m~er. 2~,. n6_4J..;:· : _·, .-·;·
0
.N.r
· . -- .. · .... , · . - · . -. ,,.,..,,, -.· .
·
• • • ·:-._.,· •• ·. •• :.: ·, I\ .. ·', .,. . c .·', • . ••• . .:· . .' . ' .. •. ,<?;or;itra.ctual .. Sypporfvis-a-vls . .Le~ial'Supp·or:t<··...
·. · ni_e:la~~ o~\LlP.Pq~t is5q_?tf§"e,o·:1hf_faft t~~-i,,\~~ rig_~-t ·-: ·._.- ·. <9~.frict~:~c [f,,o~~)~~!~r.i~.'?,di? th~ . . ~-~l~p.¢,1 'i~i.
:and,1uty. to;~uppo_rt, eSJ?E:C1_al)tthe/~g~t !d'e.d~r;~\(Qn, - ·, :· Pc3-.~\1~~JJ~~-a_(l_y1w._1tt:J •. re~1RW~~l:qwt~es_?~d9bh~c)!!~8S . r
. _s.~b:>{s_ts_. eve~ p:9'.t,o~d th·e age,_of'.ma)bl'1Jy:(Esl<:!le·of ·,aod·,1~ ..~.9!,IJl~f.19-~i~c! by.,_l~w .. ~qw_;v~r ... l_eg~l ,supp'or;t' ' · · .
. : H,f.ano N/·.-R'!l~N: ~A;r-_(f-;,R_.;f'!P·} 18~!1·, ,Ja~i.J'ary ?:~;
. ·1996)-.,. · ·. · . · . ' .., "" , ,· .•. , -~ _.,.,
. -~)b!=1,t.fr1c,h.,!? i:n~.n~~J_e.. _bYJ,~1/f:tq_ QIY.~Q:c!r:l~Pp<:3t ''
. ,t1h1cti_ 1s prov1dea,1r:i Art. J.94 (STA:.MA{?IA,·supra:af. · · "' ·
p 9~
-~ . . ..... · .· .· ;.:_ '826). ',> -~V. · ::- , ~ :, .. • :· . ··. : .'-_.., •.• .
_::·O~'n:i~iiff~j·t/Sd~po'rf:(;frt,·.20J/:::·· .. ;. ,\·,,,:,· :\ ·. · \ ·, .. ,. _;_ ·": . .c ,--, ._- .. <>· ;_

The' obligaJioriJo·give-s.uppoit shali ·be dema'r1dabfe . · W,hen·.QbljgaJi.C?n)C?'S,u)?i:rq.=t:ce~se_s -, . ·· .
·· fro/n t~eU1ine'.!Jl\:l"P.ersor\: w~_o: ti'as}a. rig.ht to:, re·c~f~e . · . · Th'i( o~IJ~~~ig'n .!ti·_fuffii_sh'~-~PP?.r.t--'sea~.e~'):ipo_n.:_frre ·
th·e ·-same 'needs iOor: rii~intenatice', -b.ut it 'sh~lr .not . dea~tl of _the.o~J1gor;_ eve_n ·1f:he_ may-be bound lo give- . . .
pe_ ,-,·pai_q <:except-.' .. (rqm :=-;tne).date .. _of ji..1dicial. or ., )_t: tri . ·s;,orfip,tiarice ·,,".Vllh i ·a ... final ... j~~gement. -: The. · ;:" · ·
e_xfraj_O_dicia\A~maii\J·($y'"v.- . ·cA:'·"G.R'. No. ,f2'45·1 a; ·. . . obl_igaiion(t6: giyl:l ~upp'6i{shMI alscr'cease:·. (OREO- ·;· .. , ··
De._c'e(,.-,ber 17_, 2007.). -- · ·' · .. : .· .. · .... :. · .. :·. ··. B).. · ,...:, · · :·· ..; . · _·:.-- · .· ._··, . .·:·. ·:. · ,. , ·· ·
... <.: .. .-· :, ·.:.. -~ .· ·, 1 • , • •••• • • ~:- ' , • •• -::t U(lbn·.the·heath.of:lhe·recipient·· .. ·. ,,_: . . · . ,
· . P_axm:_nt y(;~u:~p~r(starts··frp~m~·the :tim~ v/t,e~. 2.: W,he!'f Jh~-re~ourci:is of ·th.e})b,ligor:bave. be.~n : .
. Pemand-was:made- .. · - ·,, . · ·. · :.·... .. ··. . . B~9_uc.ed_t'p:th~ p~rrit wffer~)~-.cannet.g/v~·.t.he. ·
~~ym·~:n~· ot.th~··anrOunt ..fci'r s~PP.b·ra.:.-S'tart~on1y· frohl;. , ·~ . .~up_~ort yt}t!10~t .. '1!391~;~Uft9 . ~.is ~dw_n: n~e.~~f: ~-n~~·. · . .
·t,he'·tim_e -~~pj:\ort ~a_s-~een.j~1icia,lly 6r.extra":judicialiy_· . thq_~e of li1sJa.m1ly; . : . --, '.. . . . ·-, - '
dem_ande.cl:-forJ the• nghH0 Sl,lpport does' not arise 3. "·.When the··:recieienC may·_gn"gag§i" ·in· a: trade, .
frc5m'.-'"the-· frfere_. _fact "of· :rell:itic5i'i"ship, bul. frofn profession, or·inal.1slr'y, or bas obtajned wo:rk; ·or.· ..
.. , .... .
.;1~4 1 2org sAN-sEoA LAW .CENT8ALIZED BA~OPERATIONS
'. : ~ • • ,.J ~ • • •• • • • •• •· • • • •• "' • •
.
-.- - . PERS.oN·s A·N·D·FA·MILY
. . SAN'BEDA I.AW CENTRALIZE:D BAR O~ERA'rlONS--
R·ELAT1·0.N·S ·
MEMORY Alf?. ~019
·_~--p.:
Cf'PZ2N cJ;;e;ea: 6#1;; ;em• ,,est bf;.;; !7ti¥ ·&tE8t1Qi&"¥: g;, »•s:s •; 4tM ;;a; 1«!i k?lfi-!4 Z= 2? i'it!ii9#8Gi t >,M.;;::Jfll]j7j1L;..~:=;;.ii
'.
t,as imprqved his .fci~tu_ne in -such. a way_that h_t their mother's loving ca·rn , (P?Jblo-Gualberto: v~,
· nb · longer _needs the allo_wance- . for his Gualberto1 G.R. No. 154994, June ?8,,2005) ...
subsis_ten~e; ·, .. . .
4. When the recipient;, be ·he er forced heir ·or not, Exempti~n to Maternal Pr~ference Rule
h'as. comrriil\ed some act. which .. gives 'rise to M~ternal ·prefererice is not ar:i absolute, rule.- It is·.
Disinheritance; _ -~ . . ... inte.nded tq service only the function_ of a _tie-breake~ ·
a
5: .when tM· recipien·t is· desc'er:ipant,'._ b·rother. or . , · in those rare instances when pare'r1tal ·qualities are.
s·o equally bala_nced bet~een litigants that r.~sqrt ·\o
sister of the 'obliger and the ,need fon:lupport· is
··caused by his ·or hec !!ad condt.iGt or by the rack .. ,preference fs · necessary, (STA. MA~_/,~, supra _a_t
of application to work, s.6·,.long·· a? this ·ca_use· 84.4f The Court may decide to separate. tfie n:roth.e(.
subsists (PAR~S,,?t.jpra ai 7l.6). · --~ from 'the child. in ·.excepti0nal case~ wt,ere: thefe· is
. ) compelling rea~o-ns to do s'o ,u·n_der/r.t. 213: • · ... · •
'" I-_.----------...--------. ----- --,I . ·

. ~ARENJ'AL)\:UTHOIUTY.~- ~
•. . ~ ' . I - • ,
Parental Authority is· Purely Personal · .:, •.· · .·

..
Parental authority .and respo_ris.ibility .ac~Jnalienab!e'

.
.
.
'
1--~-~--------__;...;.___ .......__ _,_---l. and may not be trartsferred or renounced. except· in ..

_ . _.· ·· . ·_;. .. /·-:·· · . ~- ·_. · _·:_ : · :· ·. -~ · . .. cases .. a_uth~r.iz~d ·by(ra~: The" riQht_ Saltc)_che'd. ·t.p..
· · . Parental Authority _(f'a~r1a Potestes) _, · · \ .· .. ·. ·· .. parents] ··autho_nty; beinq. purely persona] .. th~ law .
It is '(he· sum total of the right of the parents over the .. · · allows a waiver.ofparental authority-only -iri cas~es of ·
personsr.and . property of. tlieir unernancipated adoption;-guardianship and surrender to a children's
children. lt.is pursuant to the naturatrlqht' and duty . home .or- 9n° 'orphan institution .. 'wpen a- parent
_C>(IJ.i:\reo!? over. tt:ie'sa_me:_a~q it !n~ludes ~c}fing_lory; .~nt~u?/s _the custody of a.. mi~or to.another. such ~s' ·
and. rearing of S!JCh chrldren for civrc consciousness . a, frierid or· qodfather, ~·v.en m a document, whatis
. and etfic::iericY.·and-:,lhe development of their "moral given' is ij)erely -te,mpora'ry custody.and it does not
'. and physical "character .and :·well:being (FAMILY constitute' a renunciation·of parental authority. Even
'C_QDE; ~A_ff. 20[Jf''. '; ,.,, . '· . _·.· -~ _' / ·_ if. a definite· ·~ri'uriciatibn.:i.s ·rnanif~st; :th_e. law- still
, .,. . ..: .. _ . · . . · 1 . 1: ;,...,_ ~~ . · • 'disallows the same. The fatbe~, a.nd moth'er, being
·.'·. ·· Characteristic~· ~f' P:are~tal' ·Aut~or/~y: (Na RD} th~ naty[alfgJardians o_f 1.ingr:i:_1ar1c.ip_a.teq cp)fd_re~··
. RT_W- JPT) .. · , . ·i··. · . '. - ., ·•. i{ .. ·; · · : 9re_· du!y:b_$)u~d a_n9 ,ef'),t1tl~q )9 k~ep ..{hem _In tp~rr ..
.1. :A Natu~al ~ight·a~d ~ui~_:Hh~.:Qa~en_~s (F.JAM~~~ '•. ·. cu~toqy aJl~ rc_~rr~/?~n.y, (~qg;;il~~f=~la.o·. v:· C~, .·G,R:- ._:
CQDE, !.Vt 209), . . ... -~-. _ . ·~ . N.o._ 116J73, Ja_nuary 16, 1997). ..,... . . .
2:- It cannot 9.e-,8enounc_$d/!;ran..§f~r.red, 0r W~!'vea ~ ... -: · : L. .._- . · · ,. . · ' , _· . . .- . . .
ex_cept iry the,q9se~ authC?rized~by~I~ ({ Al'UIL_Y The fignt of castoay Je~orde<:l,to parent~:sprin_gfrom
')~· _ C(_)D~,_Arf:21()): :·· -.:, · · . ~- · \,. . the· e.~erei?e:oL-pl3_·r~-~tal_··.c}uthbrity;-'(Sanfos·y:·.cA,:
3. ·, It' 1s Jqrnt1y· exercised- bt:Jhe _fath~a~d. mother- .. -' G.R.- No.. 1-130q4,;_March. -161 .1_995)., :; ._ \,. ·
. (FAMIL--Y CODE, Aft, 211,.par. l1);: . . I . . ·, .. ·. - ., .. . ..: ;.·. :. . ;_· · .";. · · . _
•· 4 .. ·· _ii· fs _Eu rely perso_npl 9n~· cannotlf:ie ex~rcised Rule~,on theJ:~ercise of P~iental _Au~~ority )
. ··thr9ugh- a·g!:!r:rts·.;.,and --~- : . · . 1, • -··, , . J0inta...parer:it~1-·:al,Jthority · by .the ·fatneesind·. mother
·. 5: . l_t is.temporary an'cf\vjll e~d w_h'e the· c~il,$1· is·.· . · . o-.z~r, !~.&-persons <?f thejr cbmmo~ ,cliilcfr~n.'whetl;ler .
.- . emar)cipc1t_E~d ,.or .,._CJ!n-10,then,yise · tak.e tar~ of .,. ·· · legitimate. qr ·illegitimate: :r.n c·ase-'of: qisagr.eement,. · ·
... · l}imself..and ~is pr9perty, br._!he' par!3~t !s _an.c}ble:·. - · ,' . th.e- father's ded~ion,-shall pre','.ail unless. ther~ is. a.·
. fo:properJyexet-cis·e. the authpri(Y. ($Efy1PIO-DJY, . ,juaicla:I qrd.er to -tl:Je contra_ry· (FAMILY COQE,_ Ar(,
supr~·a,!:.3~?::'. ~ ·;_ ·-'- · · 211,)Jar 1P , .. -,· :"·:,;·. · '.'. .•. ·., ... ',.· ..
Par.ental _Prefere1_1ce ·Rule'. . .. . . Linder Art:. 1_7.6,~-' p_arental:-· a.uthci"rity° of .i.lleg_itiniate

The,·natural :parents, . Who ·are of good. m9ra1· · childrer.:i;,.-gen_erally--with fhe··ri,qth$r.:J:o harmpnize .
.ctiarader ancr who ~§!r:r r~asonably,,.provide_· ,for. the, · ' .. · . · Art: 176: Witt,· Art:'211; jojr:it. Pi:\rent~1 ·ayth9ritimay be
child, are ordinarily ehtitlecftb" cu'stody as ag"air,:ist all_. . -exercised .over illegitimate children if:. ,' ' .... · . . .
otl:Je'r persons _fS:TAMARlf\,. supra a.t 838). _. . : 1: .The fc)the(Js ~~rtain; .a.nq :~ ·. ,". . . ~ .· , . 1 . :
.. ·':.. ~-- The ill~giti_!!late childr~n' ar~-._iiving .. with t~·~--~aid.
Maternal ·Preference Ruler . · · father and. mothe'r: wlfo· are cohabiting· without
The'. law f~vors th~- m'o'ther if she. is a .fit' and proper- lhe 'benefit of'.marriage,,qr ,L!Dder. a, voi<:l, marr_i~ge
person to'ha\/~ "ct.ist9dy,ot;_her _cMdren so that·th'<~y, _ncit f?Jling .under Art~. 3$.-sir:id 5~. (ST~:M/l,f;?/f'.;
may nbt only· receiv~_n,er aUenJi9.n, c~re, supervision. · ··· · .supra a_l 830-83:1)._· ·.. · · .. ·.:.. ·
· and kindly advi~e;but also ·may have "the ·advantage
. , and t;,enefit 6f a mother's love, and devoti9n ~or. which .Note:- The-' recognition by fh~ fat~-~i-,.could, a :: be:
tt,ere .is n9 suo'stit~te (STA. MARIA, supra 9t 839,'· gr.c'>un~_Jo.r orderi,:ig 't1in, to give' 9Upport, ·b~t.npt, -
, · citing Cooke v. Co_oke, 7.0-ALR 3d· ~55). .
.
~ -~ - -
~
The general rule that. chiJdren under seven years of
-
· ·age shall not be s~parated from thefr mother finds its.
· · ·. Gu~to<:ly- of tr~ child. Only if:tre 1')1Qlher- defaults. can
. the· f9tt:ier ·i3S~U_me such -~l!sto9y -pr-,,~uthority.~ Only
th_e . m()st . compelling of· reasons., such -~s ,ttie
· mother!s· unfitness to· ex'eicis~ · sole·. parental
raison d'~_tre ir:r the ba~ic need of minor_ children fcir · authority shall - justif~ d_eprivc)ti'on. of her parental
2019 SAN-SEDA
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authority and the award of. custody to someone else . waive that filial privilege when.he voluntarily testified
(Briones, v. Miguel, _G .R. No. · 156343, October 18, against_ Artemio. Elven declared · that he was
200.4). . . . .. . .. · · testifying as a Witness agains!_his father of his own
accord and only "to fell the · truth" · (People v..
tnvencion, G.R. NQ. 131636/March 5, 2003),
.' -.
Marital Privileqe
In line .with the filial. privileqe under,Art.··'.215 of the
Family .Code is· the rriarital, privilege provided for.
under the Rules ofCourt which.statesthat: ·
-: .Excepdan to: the .'.

.. \.,. Exc:.~gfiqfl: <; .
126_ 1 · 201$ :3_,-:'.N .BEDA LA \/Y ,C.ENTRA~IZE[) .B,A.R OPERATIONS

PERSONS:AND· FJ\M.ILY SAN BED/\ lAW CENTRALIZ~DBAR'OPERATIONS·~ MEMOR: AID 2·019
RELATiON:S
' agre~ o~ custody regimes th~y ·.see fit' to~ adop\ '
Unless th~ court · finds
(t;)ac9sin v. Dacasin, GR_. No. 168785, Februa_ry ·
compelling reasons ·to
<, 5,._2010): '- · ·
-ord_er otherwise':
l--~·~--,--,------'-1-....,-----'__:c__~---i ·w,u"of ~9b-~as corpus In child custody cases
-Death, ·· absence or Substitute - parental Habeas corpus may be resorted.jn .. cases where
unsuitability of both a'utho-rit~. shall " be rightful custody is withheld-from a person entitled
parents. · 'exercised · - by', ·. the . the~to ·(Salientes v: Ab?Jnilla,' G.R. No.- 162734,
- su~rviYing gf8ridp~rent .. .Ir -August2f!, 2006)~·.
caseseveral survive, the .. - - ·. . '
one designated- by . the -, Consideration .in Child Custody .Cases
court shall exercise' such, . ·, T°t-~e···controversY does not involve- the. question. of
·-· takinq' into. account :the . parsonal-tteedorri, because an infant is, presume~ to .
, best interest of the child.· 'be in- the 'custody of _s.omeone until he· att~1ns ·
- . .' .- - ·. rpajoriiy age. In passing on. the writ in a 'child cu~todt '
::(FAMILY c90E, Arts. ·212 to 214): · . . ;· case, the .court deals ~yVilh a matter of an equitable
· . _..- · .. . . .. ,, . . . , - . , . ' ·_ . nature. Hence, the· court _is· not; bound to-deliver a
Dcctrines Reg_arding· the Ma~erna! · Preference - · :·cbflc(fnto: the -custody of· any claimant or of. any
Granted by Art. 213, par. 2.-: · i. . · .. · . · __ . _ · person: .but should, in the consideration pf the fa_ct~.
. 1.. Maternal preference cannot be subjectedto: '·: .. -Ieave it: in. such custody asIts welfareat the time
. an· agreement . between · .. the -. sega~?te9 ·· appears to.require, In .short; the 9hild's welfare isthe
spouses · .. . ··· . · . : · .. · _ Al supreme consideration:(Sornbong v, qA, G.R.· No.
The separated parents cannot.contractawaythe -1·11876, January 31; · 1996). _ · · ·
provision in th~ Family Code .OQ the: ~at9ff~I J'...·- • -- • -~
custodyof children below 7 years any mor~ than M~t~~-~-al Preference/Tencie.r Years Rul~ .
they can' privately agree that a motli~r vth,o_ Genera( Rulen-Jo'child under 7- years :of age shall
is;uneniploy,ed,-i!J)moral, •hc!bJtual)y,drurk,"cl drug . . . be' separated, from the ~other.. ' . ': ·: .
addict, ir:isa()e, or afflicted with-~ y_()m~unic_~bl~. c-" - 11\• ··
disease will have sole· custody of a'-cn1ld µoder, · · Exce~tio.ri:fVV.f-ie.r.· t~e court finds c~mP:!?tUrig reas'on·
~- s~ye·Q_as thes_i are r~~-~·o,ns,dej,m~cf'.'corzp,e1!.(~rg-... - . t6 ?rd~i:_oJ~ert~~~--~~~f..'_elfaf~:and_:,vel.~:?eil)g:o.f\he· .. ,
to_ preclud~ ttie apphcat_10n o~he . ex~lus1)Je cbild~ 1s- the· garamoul)) ·-cons1der,;1t1or:i.- in awarcjmg ·
. . . mat_er0a1. ,cusJody · ~egir"flr,U ~e~Athe _ ,secona . .· cus_tod.{(Ff.M}~_'(.f}.2g.. E'. A~~21?)- ., ' . . ..
· .. ~ ,,pc)_ragraph .of Art. 21.3, .· . -~- . /.
· · ·. · · ,· · · · ... · · · . .-Substitute~Rar.ental A~thority . . , .· · .,
/ -~ f\~Y agre~me'~t of _the ~arti~t:if!._dU y <1l~priviri , '.. Per.sons .who will ex~'rds'E? pa_r'ental,·authority in tbe
. - .. :_ ~hE: mother_ of G~stody of their cnil9.c~.n Pr.?e~ : def~ult"of p~rent~_or .a judicially ap'pointed guardian,
. ye9rs. of a_ge:: 1n ~he _a)J_sence· ·_of~pel!1~g· 'in tff~,qcg_e_~iridicat~q: (~9C)· :-_~ ·,. .: :: · . .
rea~ons~determined. by court.s. is null and· voJd, 1 .. ,.§.urv1~mg_granpparent; ,.-. . . : .. . · · .. .
(STA.MARIA; supra _E;Jt 841).· ·: ·2: ·. Oidest-brother' or ,sisteri ovei' 21 .ye·ar~ bf. age,
. · · ' · · · · _ · - 8nless·un~t.or disquplified; ar)d . ; : . · · · .. ~
2. A_s to· ih.e bias fa'loring··the rri~the .:~-~~r tfi'~·,. · 3. · Actual Custodfan __ oyer-21,_years·9f age unl~ss .(
· father in· case ·af se.paration . . . . .:. .. ·. . . ·, · unfif or disqualified (FAMILY COQE, Art .. 216) .
. _· · . : .At: any ·rate, the rule's·. seei')'l_ing liarshn~'ss ~r -: . _ . . . - · · ~- _;·; .">_· ·,.' ·. '\ • .,·
. . unde~i_r_aqility .. !S: . te_roper~d. by_,. ancillaiy . Note: The _same· ordefr:. ·of preforence ~hall: ·_be
:.- . a!;fre.emeritl? .t_h,e seria'ra,ted fJ..0.rents· m_ay wish to · "ooserved v.tb.en the appointment ci_f-·a_"guardian 'over
. < ent~i- .. sµ_ch' ~s _grantin"g th~ :f~thei:-v_isit~_lioh ~mg_, . . :"the ·propt{rty\>f-c! child becom'es)1e9essary: · ·
.,·. other privil~geSi lihese· arrangemenlS·-,are'·nat.·· . . ·. - . ' ·. ~-.'. :·. .. .
· inconsistent. with .the. regime of sole. r:ri'ateciial ·.: '. Note·;.:The person exercising s_ubsti_t_ute: parental
. : .. · custod.y under thejeqo'nd p-ara_graph·of-Art .. ~-1~. ·.. . authority sh.all' haye: the .same auth.ority over-Ahe·
··, yvhich merely gr_ants.tq,the !1ipther0fi!1al-~uthdrity / _ .. person of Jhe c~ild-'as· t~e R~re-nts (Ff',M~L~ C.ODE,
oh the care and ·cu~tody of"the mmor Uf1~~r--:7 , _Art: 233, par: 1).- · ·. · ·,_ ·· . · .. · . . · .
_years ofage, \_n case.o(disagre~ruerit~JDaca~in, : · - . . '
v._g~~~$in, G.R. NCf._ 168785, Fe_bruary 5.. ,_,20_10). - , . In. the. Ab~fon.c~ .of. tn,e LegitiQ1ate: Moth-~r:· the
.. Le.gi"tirriate Father. is ··srn'i' :preferr-eci· 'ove·r the
3. As to the_ l.imite·d period .. of applic:iltion 'ol Grandparents··.: · -,. ""
-pr~ference ' . . · -' : . · · : . . ·. ·_ · : · · . N_o"twit_hstanding·,the' _fact that p(iv.a·tE? : res·pondents' ., .
Furth~r. th·~ LriiP~?e~ cus_fodial regir,:\e und~r th~ (grandparents) demonstrated love and affection· (or
. second paragraph of. ~Act.':·.2~ 3 · is_ limiJ~d. in · . the boy, the· legitimate fatliE1r is .Mill preferred qver
_ ·auration~ lasting ohly ·1:.mtil the ·chi_ld'sJth_ year. the gran'dparents. The· latter's . .- wealt.h is : not <:!
... From the 8th.year. until the c~ild's ·emancipat!on, ' de(::iding 'factor, par:ticularJy.' because t_here i~ no
the law gives ft,e separated parents ·freedom, procif that :at the pres~nt ·time, -petitioner·.is in- no
s~bject to the usual contractual limitations, -to position to support the boy. The fact that .h.e. was
. . - . . . ' : ··. ,' - :
2019 SAN BEDA).AW CENTRALIZED.BAR OPERATIONS I ·f:27

P£RS'ON,S
.
:AN,D: FAM It}/ RELATIONS
. ~N 8£01\ LAW CENTRALIZED BAR 011,EflAflONS - MEMORY AID 2019, • . ' •.
u)nab[e to p~ovid.e fin~n~ial suppoi:t for.his -~inor son committed by ~he student will_ attach to· the
from bir:th up to over. three years when· he·took the . tea_cher, in - charge j::if ;,uch· st'uc:lent, following
boy frq~ his in~laws wi'thout permission,sho_ula ,noi· the first:part <:>f the provision. This is the general
b.e. suffjcient· reason: to. strip hiryi" of his .1;>ermarient rule. In the c·ase of establishrrienis of arts and ·
right to the chilg's CU$tody (Sa.ntos· v. CA, ·G.R.-·No: . tradesi'it is t~e-head" thereof, and. only he,., w_ho..
1;! 3954,'Marctf.16, ·1995;:,' · . ,- .. · · · - snall be held. liable as an ·exception fo · the
. g_enera_i rule. ·1n o(h.er~words: te_achers 'in ·general
· Rule -in .. -case · of-
Foundllnqs, .Ab:andon~d, shall b"e liable for the ·acts of their students
. Ne.glected or Abused .Children . and : other .. .e~cepfwh.~re•th·e 'sch.ool i.s .technical in nature,
C~J1dren Similarly Si°t.i.J~t-~d: ·. · · · · · in which case
it is the'head thereof who shall be
.: . ':".\·.··· . ; ;. ,answeral?I@;· F6II01.vlng · the:. carion ofAidde~do
Foundfinq. · -~ :· . · .. '."' , - .· ; . .. ·,.singul? :sin'gulis:. "t~achers" shoul9 aP.ply to the
· Newborn child_:_<?l:lapdone.d· by· lts parents-who-are wo·rqs tp.L)pils and·· sll,.1deht!;," and "heads· of
unknown (Bouvier's Law Dictionery, 3'd_f{evision, p. ' establishments .of arts. and trades" to the word .
1.293). . . . . . . ' : .·'. .. . ''appre(itices'!. .·-· ·· ... .
. ·:· :
•.t-
, .\ ..
. Abandonedchild ·. ·· . -, ,. · ., . . · .· 2. · Administrators and .teachers; and - . · ·

~- One '.who ·-has', 'n'c/.-proper". parental ~ care· ::~r . ~--·. ·lndivi~ua1;~ entity or_')n.sthuiion -engaged: in ·th.ii~· !.. :
gu_ardianship; 9r°tlios'e wh'ose parents of gu'ardiar\s' t,~are. · < ·, .. i ..- •.
·u- .
v
have d~~~r;ted .. him for···~- p:erioc:l-' of at. \~--.6~ :,- . : · · ·.· · -·. , · . . · · . ·. - ~
.. ... . continuous ·month{(P.D. '603; A,j:.141,;' pa1311--2J.~' ·· t:\,ot~: ~:~ cas~ .s~all _the persons·~xe'.c1~1ng-spec1al
· <, . -: _. . /. · ~. -, . . · .. -', · ,Z
p~en;_a!'.~4t~bnty _1,i:in~ct corporal ,p_u~1-~hme~t u~on.]~.;,
Negleded'child. · ·· .. · .; ~lhe-ct~11dp.t•i1/~_90[.?E, Art 233;par.-2).. ·:.,!:~ .
. On~···'«fl?~e basic. n~ed_s,· have- lS_e~;J:·~el(tiiel~tely . ·{·, .. ~·.:·)())(•;.,. ,· .· .. · · , :· .
. una.ue·~_tje~. or: inaa~qua~ely·:_-atl~ftGl~_;cfl)q%_ire:=· -~~-. Pr~_tect1_'(e·~4!d. Sup._erv1s.?ry·Cus~?dy . . . · . :
. d_o,ne .t~r'?ugh·.pt"1ys1cal QI, er:n~1~a~;.9egl~ft (P.I@ -~<shE)kfii~ tl:ie,~~~oi~a/isoc·v.:., f:Jnllante.~,--G.R. No:. s: _
603, Art. 14.1, par. 3): Arf ab/;sed .c'liild,·can cqme -~ .~2~625' -O<ttog~rii ,z971·,. the ph~as~ .. so IO(!Q as
· withi,~:·the emotional_ly~neglelted
supraat.85.;3). ···. ,.
\.: · · .. ~ .. - · ·..
·.·
. . L.,. -. ~-
chil~"(St..4-.MAR/A,
.. . ..~
.,.'::> , , . . ~ ,M,)
1 ·,
~~--~ty~erts)~emfw\rrthe~~ custody". m_eans_ the~,.·
.• ~ot'~:C~ve·;a~d.,~~s..o':)'·cu~to?Y ..t.~at.the __s~h_?_ol.
.I:! ~-~~~1t~ h~a.~~ ,and:feactters- exe·rc1se oyer the pupils .
_; ~~r~ntal _ ;Autii1?rity'. . shaJ°i~~ __entrus~~cl-' .i;i ~:· ~dim)iad,stq9;e.n~s,_f9r1~?~e'l9~as.t.~ey-ar~ ~t'c:w:e~d~~ee.2~
S,ummary ,J.udicj~I-. Pr6ceec:lihg to·- H !ds. qf;, ~the.scho~n~lu~_!n~- ~~ ess't1rT1e . .l'~?r~p.not_hing.,1~ · 1
(COS):-· ._-. : · . _.. . · ~ . ;· }-.:" ·. ~~- . ,._. : ~ire-1~J.(gfr.e~1r~s ...t_J:i.at. for.~uc~ !1;:ib1hty-,t~ atta1ch, ·
·t. ,.:f~_ildr~n·s-tiom~s;·
2,. Qrp,haric,!ges;· or . , ,, : ·.. ,
<·. ~/. '/.~.)-, .-~ .JI. ~t~
.. . · "ffi . lll'.lf! ·
P~~1b'. ~~-s~p~e,~wio c~mm1~\.tlW t~_f11o~s. qct
\,:.~(s.t4Ew.
anc;l 5oar~ 1 the scho~I. -In- the view of _the
,' . · -~~\~er.n.~e~t-~ge_n~~ .. ~~~~t\)~;~.O:f;N~t~;;1i~:~~~V,lct~~:r~~du~i(~'.itft$c?Pt~~·i:~:

·,
.. Sp~c1al: Par~m~al ~_!.lt~?Q_t~: (Ads,~218;/~~h~t~-~~r-semes,er has_··n?t ,y,e_t~pegun. or· ~as ...
. ca·r ·, only=, be· :,~x§rcis,ed _,,_by·: :,the~sG'(J~_l/it~
· admiri,stratots and teach'er.s: or the ·individua~_m; ·
alre~Mnaifc:l ..:.. ·. · .. ·. . .· . · .- .. · ·M··
.··. : -
M [\)..~ :· ·... .;--~~: . ·.· · · _ ·.·. : :·. ~ · . ;.:, --
.. · or,Jn~tiJ~ti?~;e·ri~ag_~~·.in -~~il~,.ca~~;9v.~/m.inqrs ~t~~~~ici!. P~r~_rit~J'A~th_o~J_tYi' _:.?,ubs.ti!u_t~--"- . .:· .
. unqer their.supen11s1on,11nst~uct1on .or c;ustody,. Th~ • . ·. , ,,:. ,. ·. ;,par~ntal:Autl:lonty. : :- ·i:-· ~..:: _
· ', authority :: aitil :.:. resp·ons1bility, :.-~Isa.'·, attach: to·r'all - .',,.1-. .• ,;. ::-, · · ··- .•.: ,: ·• •• ;..: .. ;~·-·. · .·, ., ''-· ;.-,: ' .:,........ • ,. • ·,· · ·
.. autt:ioriz~d acJjvitie_s' \yhet~.e~, iq_~ide:' 0~·6ut~id~ji,e .. ·

ptetriises 9f}h1,r s~h.Qo\ entity 6r,,ih$litution .. ;., ; .. . ·., ·, :
""'~ -·_.... ~ .: . ·. :.:·:..:. :-' ~--. ·: ·:: -~:_ · __) ~-(-'.~.r r-_ ~. ·:.'; ~:# .• ·.\ .... :....... . ,' ~
• • '--:, }., > ••!>::: ,.; ,• ;,"•\•• < .•::••I "'r-> , ..i•'..:t,~• :i\ •" ,d,~::~-.~ I
T~~ following sh_i3II; b~: h_13l9 ·prfncip_-allf-an<;i:soljfl_a'i:ily · "Re$ts. on the-theory· tti"at, Exerds.ea; 1ifcasei·of,:,: · · ·, :•·.
liabh,(for ~aama'ges.-caused ;by.-the)acts.or a·missibns : iv'hi~~:.t~e/~hlld .. _i~i,ri: 9:iEY ·EJ~at~ •. a)?·~~n~e,-6r:; :' '. . ·,.
:ofth~'tih~rii9~dp~t~_a;.11lir{or:;(s:AeJ,.: _.: .• <:--'-- _;:c,.- ,ca~e and. e:ust9.dy.:of.. the ~nsu1tab1l.1ty. of. i:?c1rehts- · :..
,.1: School;::No· distfnctfon,between···ac,:i"demic.:or,- {iersonys-;,:.:.-,,exer~faint). JF.AMfLY CODE, 'J.,.r.L ,· . '
. = · · : .. n6n;aca·tjeajic '(;;iris.and foides ). •. ' . •.
::
<_ ·spi:I¢ia1: . · : ,. · pare_ntal
-~uth6rjty, -the. ·:pacer)ts.,
216).
...
·· . :· ·... , .... · . · .
. .·. · ·, •. .. : · .. · ': " · ..
1
• '. : -'. '· ... ·"""~- -· ... :::·.~ • ..': -~·: - , ;..: • -.: ,t, ... ·-~·.: ·,' .... ·;: •• ~~ _., ••
.· ·· L:rab11ity;i .whin~·th·e:· schbpL, is,;tecf1hic~( 'in temporarily···< :re_linquisn . _'I . . '• •. _.,
.· · ~ ri~h.u:e;·t~e-he?_d; 'n•ot {he te9_ch_ei:.h, prim_ar:jly · -p~r'en.faJ ~utl).qrity;. :·:-, ... ~:
: .. ·.· .
:· ·. . . .. : . ':;./
.
·i .- .... ·, ··. ....
. . ·.. - . . :_ 1:1ia~l~f"foi:·.th·eJort·.c<jmmjtted:'by,·ttie;sfud_ent ·•·. .
· -:1n:Amadottr.{·.CA; rJ:R:::No:-L'-47'745/A'pri/'.15; ·
1~118,.the Courtha.s comeJoJl'i-e cmiiclusiori:tbat . · ton'c'6le'
r r. it'- °..',. :.~., .·. ·.,_ '.w, ith. N.QJ. .: :· ·;\ -~~~rdsed-
. Arti::2'18' a)1d:_.2,19. sHou)d appiy t; .c!II sthoois;- .
. .::;.. _;:-·~"'.
·. . R9rental
.
:.~ =
authority. ·. · . .
¢~nc_urre·ritly·.
.. ~.
:-wit~: ·.:_th.e
· · ,. ac_ademic .a.s -'~ell as ·nqn ..:a'c,;1~e·rnr¢. Whej the ~xer~i~~ oY pat~_nts,". ·
. school \is ~:~1cade'ri1ic -ra.ther thc:in' techrilcal- dr
·:<yocaf(o~al 'lrtnatµ.re; -~~spori.sl'oillly·roTffi~_-tort ...
' .
·12a 1 2019.SAN
. . ... ... .. BEPALAw:~E~TRAtlZn.P
. .. . . .. . . . BAR
.
OP-ERATIONS
.- ··. . . .. '.
-,
P_~RSONS AND FA-Ml:LY RELATIONS
"SAN ~£.DA LAW CENTRALiZED BAR OPERArt,oNS - MEMORY A/0 20_19
. .
-Prjnciple of Parental Liabllity .

The principle of parentalliability (under {\rt: 221) is a
·· ·uabilily is,piin.cipal 'end 1. If there are persons species · of- vicarious · Iiability; or the doctrine of
.solidary to. the minor exercising - special imputed n~gligence where a person.is not only liable
under their custody.· parental authority ~ for torts· committed by himself, but also for torts
-. \ . ~ ·, -4~ . -r·· : Liability is.'. only committed by others with whom hehas a certain -
_ _-sµbsidicj.,Y. (i.e. only if relationship· and ..for" whorl) : he is responsible.
, .·
the. persons With Pa.rental liabitity' is, in otl[er" words, anchored upon
special · - :parental · · the parantat.authorlty.coupled with "the· presumed:
: . ·authority .•.. cannot ·.·parental. dereliction ··rn the -discharqe-' of the duties
· satisfy their liability). · .. accompanying such authority (-Tamargo v. CA,. G_:R.
·,;. ·2. · If. 'there· 'is : norie _-:,: ·. No. 85044; June.s; 1992). . .
,-.. ~":.· . .:
Liahilily, is .direct and, .. • ', . . • . ' _:._; I ."- .··
primary (S_ee.FAMIL"Y Vlcarious L\1b~lity· or Imputed Negligen'ce ..
CODE, Ait 2}9, par. · Parents and other. persons-exercising pA,shall· be
". ~3., . in .retetiot: .... to. . · civlliy-liablefor in)uries-a_hcfdamages caused by acts
,\ . FAMICY ,CODE; Art .!' · or omissions 'of their unerriancipated children living
-,
·221_ .and '. CIVIL . . , .in their company iin.d ·u'nder'·their::"PA subject to
CODE,' Art., ~1 (30): _ . _ ' appropnate. defenses provided' .by _. l~w .. (FAMILY
, .. ·. CODE;Art. 221). -, -:' ": , ·
'~- ~- -. . \
i:_~e parents may _sh8~ ·. that ttiey -~x~rc_i~_ed .....the ·

be.fen.se pf exercise the ·jr there· are · p·erson~ diligence' of- a qood, father. of a, farrnly to ~emove · ·
,fi"r6p~f"-. . ·· . · di,ligen~e, exE?t~_i$in'g .. . :~.i:iecial themselve·s·: frcim ''liability -- under A(t:' -221
· · ·req!Jir5:'d. ·. _unde(, Jhe parental au~hciritY; · . I (S·T~.tyfARIAis"up'ra_·at869)-._'· ·_ .
pa~ic~lar- ··.:. ; . 1 · ·\ ,N(? st:Jc_t, ·. defen~ _ 1s~ , ._. ···:·· :·.
circumstances may · a.vailable in ·case of Effects of Parental' Authority .
extinguish . .t~e. prin,c,ipaP . a,cts orro'missio.ns~ 1: '.. Upon tJ:ie \ersb_n:ofth'e Chil~ren- . . .
, _ and solidary_ liability with , .. vo~n:iit~ecfi,.~ile. }~p , · Right~,~ cl puttes ._.of rParen~~ and -those
·th_~-_ 1)1in9.r . (FM,j(L ):': .ch1lp,1~sP,.lhe e::os\ody.. - •.. E>.eeri:i~i_ng _ _":. ;~r:e1~tal_~;,At.ith9~ity:·, (l<e,EfPEF- - ·
• CODE, ~rl.
219)
..., . ·.
, •. •·. •. . ~~,~~
_ 1:2a[en.tal ~~thor,U,1\
-~;z~;;r ~ , .: ' :~i~h~·~,; ·... . .. · . ·
in th~;, cO~P<(nY: \o s~pport,
~ ui;at~.anystruct ·th~m .. by :n~_h\ prece~.t ·
-. ·: · . Suosidia6i liabUity J · . • · •· · .and::gg.o_d,.ex_ample, and t6 _proy1deJ9r their..
: :.' \. . :, ,· ·, <.' -~-- ._._att"c!chet°,2yher( .th1' ':upbringing.in keeping with:their0iea"ns; ..
,;, ,persq'f.l ·. e~e~Ci$iilg . . ·. b.· ·To.Give.them fove•and.affed'i0n;".advice ·and'.
'·
'·.speciaf. i:wrental . 'e"ounsel, .. -.j:~., ~:.compa'nioosliip, . and
·:·.-·.authority: canAt>t : un__ erst~ndihg;:::>.'' '. ·::-;,..: . .
.( ·.- . ·.-_satisfy n!S liabi!itxM'." . ·. c~ . To·- P"rovidEf. them"· with .. moral 1-md spiritual .
2-.. )n c;1cts an<;l\omissions : : , gu\dan'.e-e;' .··inculcate. '.in· ttierr,. honesty,
) ~ ·.. j ..... conimittecf . outside . . .· int~§rity", ' .. $•e"tf~dts.cipline, _. . s'~lf-reliance,
.. · :. '
. . . the". ct:Jstody·. ,of: 'ihe ., · ..; ·. . Jng_usfry a.nd: thfi1'.t, stirhulqte:thejr. interest ·_in
·. :. .· .•.' .. scffool, ,· .entity :. or . ·.. ·,·. i ~_iyic aff~irs: a"nd-in_spire.'in"iJherri.fqn:(pliancEt .
-_::-_. :·r· . . .. . . i <"" ·: ·, •• instllu.tion, . for: . the·. ' ',,'{itl:i. th~:dutie~ of citizenship;. . .. ; . : ..
'. ·.:·. _,.- : .,_.·:< , :_ ,:pdmcJ.&Jia.bili!Yot the_· <· d:·- 'r"o· :·: gnhanee·. · -,protect: _ . ,_ preser:ve; a·ncl_
' ·: ... Pc!ien.t~ .- to. at!ach .. , 01ajntain lh~Jr:physical-and merital .health at .
. : .· ~ ·. .
\ ,l" •• ~
.. urid.e(·Art: ·221.;·the ., ·. _. :,a!lli.Ql'es;·. · __:;·_.·,-: ·.· .-.~- ... , · :~1-. · ·<-· .
· · uriemahtipated child ~ -~- .. To·EL!friish th.em ·with good. arid'wholesoriie
. ·' must· b"e. .Jiving in their ed.~cati?na( . rii.~t~i:ia"is_, .. --supervise_. t~~ir- '.
~ . ~cbmpa"~"y" A.ND· under , , , act_ivities·, . .recreati9ri "ci"ndi:·as.so~iation with- ..
.. "t',·.
. -,, .· : -their ·. ·. · .... p-aren'tal : others-, protect them from bad GOmpany, and.'
·' .. •,:
. ·authority. . . prevent thi~ftir _. ' - .·. .. . . ·. ·..... ·:~·. . .from
• 1 , . . ... ·. ·, ' ' acquiring h~bits -detrimerital,.tb' ,their _health, .
. .. , .... ...
.·· .. '. ·s"tudies :and morals;
-~~
ff-· there· ,s no person. .... · .. ' . . ..

.\: .... · .. exercising ·· , · . special • · .. f. · To· : Qemand ·trom :them · respect and
.._.,,,. ~ ..
paren_tal authority:: ' . . . -· · obe.d,ience.,. · . · ·. , . . .. . . · ··
1 .. Art. ..221 ofthe Family g. to ·Re.pre~ef!t them in. all ni.att~rs affecting-:
· :code _is.applicable_, their. interests; . . . . '
· h .. • T9 !mpose_-discipli!"}e .on them as ma,y- be
re~uired.un:der the· circLJ111stanc_e_s; and , . ·
-·
· 2019 SAN BEDA LAW ~ENTRALIZEDBAR OPERA TIO~s· ·, 129 . ,

. PERSON·S:A.ND=FAMILY.RELATIONS
SAN BEDA LAW CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS- MEMORY_AID zoi»
==,.....,.,=.,,_~W:'!ttW Dz:~, ~9 ¥ >.UNa. OMA rr5it_ st&i! ·9& *?'kl '_1-5:w5,@ t:,9·!4Uri?£r#1MA! )'7
'.41?'5W'S:7'<ffi«&f1a»:A?,MW .f6:§ 141;;; J ii
. i. To . .E,erform such other duties : as are . 2. Upon the·Property.ofttre Child~en . .. :.--

imposed by law upon parentsand guardians .Administ.ratic,rn._of the Child's Prope_rty by the
. (FAMILY <;ODE, Art. 220). • . · Parents ·
· The ratoer and. the motlier shall Jointly exercise
Duties." of·· P~i:e.nts · under P.O. No. 603:· legal guardianship ov~r the .'prop·erty· · of th_e
· (GESIS.-PAGA) unem.an~ipcited . ·co'mmon · child without the
a.· T<YQive him .affection, companionship and . necessity ot-'a court appointment. Jn ·case of
understandinq; . · . disagreement, the lather's d'ecision shall prevail,
b. To Extend to him the benefits. of moral un,le~s there is' a- judicial. order lo the contr9ry-
guidance .. self-discipline ·- and ·. religious . '. (FAMILY CODE, Art.· ?25)., _ - .
instruction· : · ·
c; re §~per~ise his . activities, --inciuding "hls . N.ote: There are cas~s where a pc1rent. c~rinot
recreation; . . . . . . be : the administrator . of the property of his .
d .. Tojnculcate in him the value otlndustry, children und.er th·e.provisions on succession, Ar.t:.
· ·· ., ·tfirift ano .self-reliarrce; . . ·. · 923· aria Art 1035 of the Civil <code; :on.
· ~- . To :.~timu[ate ·_ hii.: interest .. in civic. affairs, ( .. dis1_hherited par_ent. · . . . .
. ·tesich. him the duties of citizenship; and.··. ..
· . '· ,. : develop hlscommitrrrent to hiscountry: ·- · Bci~.d Requirement . .
as. Parentsare required to file a bond where the
u~
f.: 'Tp-frovide him with adequate support,
defined.i_n Art -. :194 o_~ the Family Co~ · .: .....;~~~et _valu~ ~ 'the .prqJ?,erly.'_ or. !ti.e annual o~
..• g. i;-o ~dv1s~ . h~m_. properly on ~y _m~t,ter )m.~.ri:e o] the S~!.ld exceeds R~9.ooo:,.The b9~d
affect.1ng his ~eve!opme~t an~;J""b·e~g.,i:: .' ..f Vs~all f-O ~ b~ lessthan _ten .per ce.ntu1:7 (10%)fof
h. To.alway~ .. set.~-~?o?·-~xa~~le'. anrt.~f.\e ..~~~~.ot the :p!op~rty_or annual, mc?m~,:-~o
. i. . ·To tdm101s{er_h1s.proper!y(if any, ac.ccfrding .- .' · .. gti-~ntee~~ performa_nce of the, obliqatiorrs
. _to. his best _int_erestsr, su~~et~,.i~-tlfe . .ft:_ . ~p~cri~-~---~' general quardians (FAMILY,
, ._p~9visions orArt, ·~27::5
(P.O. 603, Art. 46)...
of~Ltte
. .-
.ifam·1Y, cpi~
_
I
,,-~
l(., _ ~o~~)~~t22f5).
;,\. f ~
-, ,
. . .
_
.
.
.
.. ...
. .. · . , . ' .. ·- · . -~ .. . . ·. ·· , · .,~A .. Frui_ts ~~d H!3fi_ts o~ Industry.of ChHd: . . ..
· Procedure. for· lf!lpos1 g. ID•. c1pline. on the_ } a. (j)wned, ~~ child; . . ·. · ·
,Child:: .· : ... -. . .. , ~I.,' ... · . \ i ~"'Ji j' . ,..
e;:_ -~?-, '.

r,hall :be cl~vo,ted .§~clu~ively._ to the ~h~ld'.s
- a. Parent~ or perso~·~xe~~c1smg - parerit~~ffiJ,ii.l"~-,._ · ·-p,upporf. a'nd,.,¥d•~~~!1~:m. 1=1nless_. the--. title .or
-· . · authority:· may petit1oi1th,e · pr@i:obrt · of. ,;:.::J- 7.:::.ry · ·, ~ /fPtsferirbvides <?therwi~e> : · - 0
••
· . the place .where ttfe child res1a~ _for ~in~ J.>1' c· f.aJ.~ntm~y~l~_use_ such fr_uits _ard·ihco_me ;
9rder- providi!)g f0r~isci~liQary\;~J~lur~~~. ~~.r(_frt ·
-~)~11,:bfe lim_11id pri_mariJy to t_he. child's .
· ?ver. th~ _child (fAMIISfCO~Et; (irc:~2) _ · ~r::. . ,.Ji ~ s.Llppfrt · :an~·;see:onct~ri_ly · .to the coll~ctiv~ · ~ .. · .
1-.-· · Re!1ef prayeq , for . ~~ may 1~1 e_ · · . . · - ~ 9_a1!Y n~tJof. the f_9m1ly (FAfl(IILY, (;,.OD-!3, . . . . . ·.
·_.·~~;~;~tj_~~.'ci~ii~e~~t;e\t~~it)~~~,s,.~1}J?)~~6/: .. ·.· : .. ·. - ~. . . . .'-~ .. :. -:·-~~: ..

·, · . :hon:ie~. duly ·acc:ed1t~-<t~gJe~~fhJ~1,$b:~t1on . '?r .Ma_';?,9emen! of Parents' -· . ;. · . ··
_ go"".er~ment, age.n;cy · !or .not, ~O@'fa,n ·;.'M.) :
J\.·""\"t~o,p~(Gy.1:J_~e~anc_1pate.d _Child. ~-- .·. . . · - ·
30:days.-· - . ·· . . · : : 1¥ 1..().-\.~r!'.!e·· net pro_ceeds of such property. shall
. H .. · lf~-peUtion .. is .. granted,- par~nt sfiaU no~./ belong· 10-th~ parenfs-.owner. . : .. :': ·. ..
·. ·... ·. iriterferi!i°.~~il!i :tfi'e. inipletnei'ntation. ()f t~e . :· ... __ ·. _,.. : . b .. " !'lie
':cli_ild: ·_.s~all be 'giv~n a·. reasonable:,. ':. .. '
'.:, . ) . : .d~.cisfori·_b·u_t shall.'contiriue·to p~oyide(for .. ·._·:. ' .. ·'-. -rnontli!y' allowance in .an amount'.not le~s .
.. .'. hii:;'suprfo:rt_JFAM/LY·COP,~,-Art. 224). , :-:- : . ;., .. \han·tl:Jpt·wtiich.the owcier would have.paid-'· .·
b. Ther~._will ·be a ?.um~ary hearing· and/ ttie . · '.· ... ·. \if\he.,aami_ni'~trato{ were a strafiger,·unles.s. !
- ··- ~~ild ·shall·.tie· ~rMlep to the··assis'tqnce of. .-'. - · ··· · the· b.wne'r; gra.nts th~ enlire,.proc'eeds:to th~
c,0_u,ns:el/eithe(of tiis'·c1J9ice' or~appointi~ by .··;- ... : ···: ·-cbil_a. . · · .. . . ·· . · .. . · .. _.
:· . th~·q'9drt (FAMILY· eo_oE, Art.,:22~). · ', ' ..· . . · · ~ c: The.'p"focee"d~.given in whole or:in par:f"shall ,· '·:
· ,· c. 1y:ir, the'same pro_e::e.eding the court finds t~e-. . · . no.t ·be. -·~harged · to the. ·child's legltime
. -. .. · ,peti~ioner aHa.ult:,,ifresp~ctfve of th'e 'f!lerits. , .. :· ,.,._ (FAMILY COOEi Af1:227) .. · . .-· · ·. .,.
' oOh~·petLtio,n·; or when the cird..1mstances so . . ·· · · . · ' · · · · .. · . · · · ·, · -
warrant; \he COtJrt . may · .als_o : order ihe.
depfivatioh or·:·s·uspeosici'nt''o( .pa'rehtal ·· :. ··" · · ·· ·:... .. ·.. ,•' .. :
: :·
autt1q_r:_ity·or adopt suctfot,her n:ie~sures 'as·it . . ; , . ,' , .. ·.
~ay deem just and ... pcgper (FAM/I.:.Y _CQDE,: ,'.
Art. 223).-:· ·. .. . . . .. . . , . (
.d, The <;:9µrtmay terminate the Commiiment of
. the ..child whenever just' ana prqper (FAMILY
. CODE/ Ar( 22_4). ' . ,..
..
,'
130 I .20i9 Sf:\N-BE_DA:LA.W CENlRAllZED 8AR·OPE~JIONS-

• • • ' • • • • .•• I •• ..,
.PERS.ONs.,ANo· FAM'ILY·.RELATIONs·
. . .• ·.. . SAN B°EDALAW CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS ---MEM9RY AID 2·019_ · .
Et#WS:&ist&& §t»t,:610 f e:,a:e&&dt:: at Fm bD1:Zti fr& &:iiiti< ,1%¥# a&t:ltt,:a kdif.SQt::•Ct 5f1 M ;a•t;Q5¥2if.t·¥Hf9Mf
. ·-. .. ..
. E~ception: In ~ase· of conviction for crime which a
'carries with it the penalty of civil interdiction, the
authority is automatically reinstate.9 upon service of
penalty. or- pardon 'qr amnesty of· .the offend.er
(FAMILY CODE, Art. 230). ·.
Earn·ed · -Or' a·cquirecl by Property.·. given .· by the Gr~u-nds_.for Termination of Parent~! Ayt~ori_ty
the· child. through his parents to the child" for
work, or' 'industry. by _the l9_lter fo,administer or Permanent termihati'on: (DEDS)
onerous ... or . gratuitous manage: . ' 1. Death of the parents;
title. 2. Emancipation of the child;.
3.: 15eath of the child; and . · . .. ..
4. '.'if the ~persqn .exercising p'are11tal authority has
. subjected .. !he child. or allqwed '. him:: to ,be
· subjected fo .§exu~l .abuse"(FAM/L Y GOQE, _Ar.t.
/
. 228;-Art. 232). ·'. .
Child·_. ·. ls . alsb· ·. the Parents( : are · . Tem~orary termlnatiori: (1-DAGA)

usufructuciiry, . but~ the ·usufructuary. 1. . Upon ~do'ption. ofthe child; . : . . . . -,
child?s use of.. 'the . . . 2. Upon.appointment of a Ge_neral guardian;- · .,
pro.perly, . ' shair . ·:be 3. · -Upon judicial declaration of ~b_and9riment of fhe .
secondary'_ ·. to · · the .. child in a case filed for the purpose; ·
colle~tive daily needs. of · upon' final .· judqrnent: -bf -a ·competent·· court
·. th~.family:., · Divesting· · the party" concerned · of. parental
au.thority; or: . . . . . . . . '
·5i.......U~ori juaiciai. declaration· of "absence or
· · !~capacitY] of the. person· exercising parental
., _a:u.thority rA~IL Y CODE, ~rt. 229). . r:
Loss of lren. al Authority. under the Revised

Penal Co"tie · · . · · : ·. . · ··
Ariy parlnt of a1c_hil under sixteen years of age, w~o-~
· shall Teliver suc..9. child gratuit?u~ly .or . in
consideratio.Il...Qf:.any price.icornpensation or promise
· to any ·pe'rson being. an .acrobat.: qyrnnast, rqp~-
.. Slispensior:i. and . walker, diver, wild-anlma! tamer .. or circus. manager-
- Authority-". · .. .. . . . . . . .. . . ., or-:--en~ig~. ·_in. _a similar :·calling wh_o -employs.sald .
Grounds for suspenston; (~E.0-8':"N) ·- . ,t.i"!'!-;...---ch1Id m....exhibitions- or -to any habitual vagrant or
1. ·. t_onvictiorr of "a crime vyi.th--l_r~. pe11a1tx of civil ~· 'beqqar may, be deprived; temporarily or perpetually, '
inte;rdicti_o~; (FAMtty cpDE, Art. 230)~. in ·the· discretion of ·-th·e court, of their parental
2. Excessively harsh or cruel treatment against the authority (REViSED PENACCODE/Ad 278, per.ia) ...
child;· · · · .. -.. · - · .. · · · ·
3. Orders, . counsel or -example which· .. are Loss of-Parehtal·A~thority under RA No: 76.10 ·
corrpr>ting·.- given· by · th~·-. "person · exercising sec, 1 o(cj or R:A,.. 76.1 o provides as penalty, arnenq
authority; .. , : others.' . the: loss of ·· parental authority to · any
4.. Child.is compelled to §.eg; : :. · ·. · . . · ·ascendan( stepparent, or guardian .of a minor, who • .
5. ·subjec;:ting chi.Id: or allowir:ig 'child to besubjected · shall induce, deliver or oftersuch 'minor' under his .
to Acts of lasctvloushess; or ~ · . - - custody to persons prohibited 1by this Act_ to· _keep,
6. · ··N~Iigence.'v,thi,ch is culpable, committed by 'the persons describ~d an_d enum:erated i_n Sec .. 1 O (b). ·
. person exercisi119 authority (FAMILY C,QDE, Art. I
.. 23.1). . . .. . · .
Sec;:. 1.0 · (b). ?f .tt,e ''RA' No_:-- 7_61 O_ punish~s any
· person w~o~shall keep or have in his c;:ompany a·
.~N.ec;ssity ·.. of··. Co,urt .·· Or1Jer .fo~ . S~sp_e~sion;
minor: · · .
Revocation·, an·d Revival of Parental Authority 1 .. ·. Wtio is· 12 years old or younge·r in ariy public or
General Rule:' Th~ ·suspension -or dep_riva'tion · may
private' P.lace,. ho.tel, motel, beer · i?int;
be ~evoked and parenta_l authority revived if the_ court . cliscotheque, ·caba.ret, pension house, sauna. or·
finds that the cause tias· ceased and. 'will not .be massage parlor, beach,. and/or other tourist
repeat~d (FAMl[Y CODE,° Art. 23?'. par. 4J: resort or simila'r places; or . . - . .
2. Who is 10 cir more-years his junior, in the places
erium·erated in (1): . ._
· 2019 SAN BEDA LAW CE~TRALIZED BAR OPERA TIO.NS 131

PER·so.N.S .AN-b. FAM I LY'.RELA ll-ONS
. • SAN_.BEOA'I.AW CENT_'Y'LIZEDBAR OPE'}ATIONS- MEMORY A,ID ;'?,.!T • .
. .
Note: The same provision expressly provides that it
does not apply.to any ·person·-who is· related-to the ·
minor within the 'fourth. degree of consanquinity- or
afflnity or ar)y_ bondrecoqnized.bylaw, local custom
. and tradition or. acts in the 'pertormance of a social,
. moral, or legal duty.: . . . .
. . ~ .. . .
' .
. ' ·l ~
. .
134·_ I 2019 SA.N .BEDA l:..AW CENTRAl,JZED BAR-OP.ERATIONS ....
. '. •. . . ..1 . I .' "' ·: .... . ·"'!,· ; • • , •. · -. . • . . •••• • •• •
- ,. . .
PERsoNs·:.ANo' FA.M·1,Lv RELAftcl"N·S
. , .~ . ' : SAN.SEDA.LAW CENTRAUZEdBAR <;JPER(ITIONS - fv!EMORY·AID :io19 . .
e;aw+i±A &+Mi¥¥i4£14%%'#4¥&S&a2++ii&;·,;u:W@« PH:J&@;;i-g;x;ci@,? sw, @&'1vsa::2$ss$;;.. if!&G2i¥&r~
· RULE ON . DE¢LARATION · OF ... ABSOLUTE grqund of bigamy .. On ·the contrary, when Section.
NULLITY OF ·VOiP, ·. MARRAIGES .. ANE> 2(a) states that "[a] petition '. for declaration of
ANNU!-MENT'OF VOfDABLE MARRIAGES (A.lli'I. I 'absolute. nulllty of void marriaqe 'may be filed solely
No. 02-11-_:10-SC). . . . . by the husband qr' the wiff' - it refers to the
.This·_Ri.Jle became effectlveon March f5,:20.0,3 (A. M. . · husband or the wife of the· subsistinq rnarriaqe (Fµjiki
No. 02-11-10-SC;. Sec. 25) .and'qoverns petition for v.s'.' Marinay, G.R: No: 19604~ Jun'ii_26i 20'13). ·
·. declaration of absolute nullity of void ·marriag~s -and . , .:, ' . -, . . - . ' .,:. ' .·
. · annulment of voldabte-marrlaqes .. (A:'M:.· No.' 0.?i-t 1- . Only -an- aqqrieved pr injurnd, spousezrnay file a·, .:
10-SC,' Sec: 1r This rule covers marria-ges under the , pelf tion for· annulment. of. voidable marri,ages or
.Farnlly-Code'of the Phillppiries ·ahd is:'prospective jn . . declaration of -absolute: nul)i!y gf, void · rqarriaqes .
. its·· application (Enrico :vs.' ~Hef,:s ot Sp{ EJtogio · a. · · · Such petition cannot be' Jiled by compulsory' or
Medinateli 'end Trinida,d Catli-Medinac/eli,' GR. No. . inte!i!a,t~ ·hejrs· of the'.spo~se·s.or. by \he .~tate·-Wnrico
·\ 1736.14, SepferrJber 28,.2iJ07),. ·, .· ·.. ·. c_ , . vs. Heirs of Sos. EuJoglp'B. !vfedinaceli ci.,~d Trinidad
· . : .~ Catli-Medinaceli, G.R. No: 173614;;. Seotembet. 28,
·Nature 'of an· Action-for· Annulment' of-Marriage·.'· .2007.) . .'. - . · <· ~:. , ), ·. . .
i:t1is' is ·~n. action.in rem, for it son.c~~n~;ttie·~t~tus of . .: -- P..rot)ibitio~ A:gaiD~.t Heirs ~o ,_F,il~· th~ 'Pe~itio~
. the ~art1~s h~re~n,,. ~n~ stat~.s:jf!'e~ts. or ·_binds th~ . Does '.Not· Apply if the Gase is Fil~d·. Before
. ~hole world .. T.he cqurt has Junsd1~t1~~.o~er ~he. re~'. . Effecti\tity of the Rule· r ·• , • . • :~. ,,
., ,n:, ari actio(l for a.nriu_l~~nt n:i~rna~~·· ~rqv1:de_d. at O!

: . Th~.-;, d_o'e~. -}19t .apply . to .. cases . ,alteady'Rufe
·.· least,.on~·of t~e. parties 1.S dom1c1led l~;.O~:a n.atlO!lal, .. · commenced. before ·March .15, .2003 cilthough the .
of, the forum (Rayr~y v~.; .shae Kyung·'{-:ee,, No.,_.L- ..;hl<?friag~ in.valve{ is' v\l\t.~.ih~.:u,e ·.c}JV'r~age qf /he.-
181?6, Octo~er. 26, ,1966). · Family .·code, lJ1is· is. so, ·.as:.Jh.e new RLil.e .w~1ch
·Ad.ion to Nuliify ·Mafi'iage 'must· be: made' :in~a-. . became.-effective.'oh'. M?rst,~1.5, ·20.03 .is j:)rb~p:ective
· . · , ·· in hs c!PPli_cati.oh (r;.arfo'$ vs: .. 1San_·doval•.. GR_. .-· _No.
Dir.ect Action: · . · · . ·• , , . .r - . •
1 92 "~ b 16 20QQI
/· A petitier'i'for correction or canc~llatiol')· ot-ai:i.:e~try.19 · zg -2.~1:cem .er: ., ... ·w· . . · . · · ·
.. the civil' reg'istry ·cannot. substituJe -fot an4c.\ion to ·Whil~ the. Famiiy 2:·cide \j~nt' wfth r~s~e'ci' to· the is
. invalid~te ~ m.arriag~:, A
direet'.action J.s ~~~SSi:J.ry,.t~.. 'P:r;ope?' P<;1:rtfit101e_ari pe_tjtion' for de~J~rsiiio·n -~f me·-~~
. prevent ~irc?!TWE:~t1c;m .of t~e .. subsJ_an'tlve -~a9-d · · nullity· of marriage .Prior _to A.M .. No. 92-1.1~!. O,S.C, 1t.
: · :·prpc·e.d1:1ral:s.afegu,111:ds ..of f.Tl~,ma~~u~aeun~.;-m1ly, .. : ~ ·. h~.s)l,~~n/t,el~ lti.ar ii) "'..~\d .inarri~g·e, i~ ~which'. no f
Code;·A:M. N.0. 92-1 ~.-_1,0rS~ an~otner. re!_ateP·.!~W~.. ' ·.. rrfarri_agihasa~k:eli'pJ~c~:a~d. -~~.n_n.o~ b~}re source
f.
(Republic_ .vs. O!~Y~c!C G.f?;. ·f/6.,-;.89538, F~brtUiif:Y .· · ·, .9 :rigi:Jt~. ,an:{-m~erEzI~?. P~.rtt fl)aX ; a.~,a\;:~. _the ..
10, 20_14) ... ·. _.,:,_ .. · ·: \{ ·.• : .. · . · · ~. marriage dire'ctlY. ~eot!~te.rany w1th91,1.~ 1Dr~scr~pt1on, ,
. , · .,. . . · ... ·.. . . ,: .·~~·. . ,' . · . which ,IJ:l_9y.15e-:filea everi ~.eyond. the hfetn).1.e·of the.
This .":'as.. ~e~te(~t~d 1n a. ~_nrn1naH:c~~!"'W~1,r~ thl. · _'parties, to, the. marriage (Jil/ianp-Llave v~.. F.<epµblfc,
, .. . c·our:t._p.rov1ded t.h~t the_v9hd1~y .. ofmar~1~9.e ~";~not:15~ G~R. ;Nq. 1qf}766, Marr:h..'30, 2011):. · : · ·... l ·.
,_eol_late'rally attac:ke.d~sm~e under_-e?<1st~ng~~s. a~d ·· .,. · ,.·:·' · · · . ' . .
: juns_prudenc~, 'the. sa~~ may ~~.q~est1V1e9~onl1:v. , Recourse of Heir~.in.Questio~ing.'the-'Validity, of
. : : ;~:~~~~\t~~;~~t1;t-~rt\:t~0unb;~n~tl~e(d,~i:, ·,. ~~ir~al~:

~{;;~1~ ~'10:~c' a·~;la~·~·~ that:~-p~.t;;i9~' ..
. . ·, J,r. vs: Pe.opte; GR: Nos, 2_1~6.59-57, Nov.e,n,qef.23;· tor'declaration of absolute nulilty of marriage niay be.
... : · ~016f .. . ~ . file~~.: sol~ly ,bx:~the 'hu's_b~rj,d:..or "."'ifi\it ~~~~f·n~~ .· . !·~~·
"' .".- • ;.M- ... ,, .:-::--·- :_mean.tfiat
•• - the comp·uisory or 1ntestate·h~~rs_are
~-.- • . .. ·
A.M .. No. Q2~11'-1 O:~c· Ru!~ ·,Doe~ ·Not· Apply to wfthou.t ariyJecoi:ir?e the: law. Compulsory Qr~. unqer
Recognition of Foreign·Div.or.ce .. , , . . . . · . . . . ·. ir:itestat~ · heirs .:c.a·n still· quesl,ion toe··validity. of the·
. The P[QC,~du_re. in A.Mf No.-; .02.~1·1-:10,SC· ?oes ~ot , ' '"marriage ·Of :.t11~'· ~pbu?e·s(·'ti·9t• in. a ··r:iroceeding· for.:'-
·aP.ply .in' a petition. to .. reco'ghi4'.e:a foreign judgment. ·. ' dedaration of riullity:but ·upon the aeath'cif a -srouse: .
.· annu!ling _a·.·big,a,nous· mardage where. one of. the·:-: · . in a pro'c{eeding'.fo{the settlemeht·9fth~,estate Qf\he ....
. p'arties is a·,citizer:i of the for.~ign cou.ntry. Neither Cc!n. - · deceased· spouse· ·filed in the regblar cour:,ts (Carlos .
R:A. NQ., :83°Q9 'define ·the jurisaictio.n of the_, fornign · · Sa;ndov.al, G,.:R: . vs.
17-;}92.2;". Df!._c.emberk· 16, . No:- .
.court.(Fujiki·vs.-Marinay, ·G.R:.·No. }9604.9, Ju(le 2(!,
- .. 2013).: Ji
> \·:'- f· .. ·':-" ·, ·
:.
•
-2008) .. · · : :_. " · -,':
.,- · · · .:-·· .•. • ·. ·
J'. . .': ·
. . . ·
> · ~.:', ·. ·.' . < '.· ·":.
: . : \·.· .
.Who· may'. Fif~;,' ~ .: Petrti~h . ,, : ·-:
for: D~claration .of
'·
'
i.: . '. WV.·o~i9d:: .. e.~,t·
a,:bl)'ll
,M
g:·:~·a
a.Fr.ri (1e3. ..•.(J'C'.el~Fti'-tFioC'rSa·
·.). fo.,-r'.·.J\n ..ri ~Im fu ~~. ~o.f .
Abso.l!,J~e Nullity of Void Marriage ; · , . (~:·The ·

co~tractihg · pa.rt:y.,·· w·~qs~_ .. ~~ar~n(_ ;·or'· ·
A petition· for ·declaration· of ·absolute nullity .bf void· · ·· . ·guardianr ·. or- 'p~r~on ·. exerc1s1r,g ,.. substitute
ma.rri9gi:fmay b.e filed·. so.lely by th'e tiu~baocJ or the· ..;parerital · au,lhority ·.' did not give his·· or. her · .
. .. . wife {A;M. No •. 02~-1-:J:-10-SC;·Sf!'c. 2).:, :-:. ··._g_6nsent;.withi8:five ye?rs afte(attaining.the ·ag~ .
. ~ ,' . '' . -· ' . . . . •, ·,. . ... . . ..... · . . . :. of'twenty-one tiriless; after-: attainin~j'the age ,o{
, . ~ote:· s.ection.-2(a)' of A:ry,. No. 02-1.1-.1.o~sc: ·.doe~. : .. ,·. · . ty.,enty-drie, su.ch pa·rty free1y·coha.oita'ted with
not preclude a spouse of- subsisting m·arriag~_':to a . the other .. as . husband· or' wife; or th'e p'arerit,
questiqn.the'v.alidity ofasubseque.nt 111c!rr\~ge'on the_ ~uardian or··person· having l~gal cha:ge of.'the
......
2019 ·SAN BEDA u,.. W C:ENT..RALIZEDsBAR OPERATIONS 133
. I
PERSONS AN·D FAMILY RELATIONS . .
. • . . SA.N BE.DA LAW CEf:JTRALIZW BAR OPERAnONS - .MEMORY AID 2019
.m-MS!@srtl ,P>1:1AA33fMM2ffiiU a&(& 8Mt;@-Q.Q514'!t£fl?fS?fii#t§ \1£#lf@%£§SP5SW4:ti:SAPt&6 :s:etth?!C.f,iU: &tM •,a ii.
- . r ~ - .
contracting party .. at anY: time before such party Code· i:nandates that· the .appearance of the
has reached the age of twenty-one: · prosecuting attorr,ey or fisc.al a·ssign~d be on. be~alf . ·
2, The sane spouse who had no knowledge of the : qf th·e State to .. ta.~·e steps Jo prev~nt collusion
· other's. [nsanity: or by ariy relative, guardian, or between the parties ahd to take care that evidence
· person havinq legaJ charge of the insane, at any · i.s not fabrlcate'd or suppres,sed. (Antonio vs .. Reyes;
. · -time before the death of either party; or by the G.R..No. 155800, March 10, 2006):
insane spouse ..during the a lucldfhterval or after .
-reqaininq sanity, provided. . that the petitioner, ·_ Noter Nevertheless, · the court· may• require the
after-coming to reason, has not freely cohabited parties. and the r public 'prosecutor, in consultation
with the-other as husband orwife; . . · with 'the Office of the Solicitor. General, to· file. thek
3. _The 'injur~i;l party whose consent was obtained. respective memoranda support· of their ~!aims'
· by .E.ra.ud, within fi'{e· years 'after the discovery of · . within fifteen days from the elate· the triai Is
the- fraud,': pr9yide°d that said party, with, full terminated. It may require the Office ofthe Solicitor
. · knowledge of. the facts constitutinq the· fraud, · -, General' to file, its own memorandum if the.case is_ o.f
has not freely 'cohabited ,.-witli. the -other -as significant interest to Jhe: Statet (AM.No. 02-.1'1-10:
husband or wife; · · ·, . . ··: . · - , $C, Se.c: 18); .
-· 4 .. ·Th;ri,n}~red partywhoseconsent wasobtained :.__....
. 1. 'by'£orce,.ifltimiaati6n,.orJ.i.ridue influence, with.in Prohibited Comprom"i~e· (GVL-SJF) · . ·
u
. , • five.years.from thetimethe.force in'Umidation,.o/: : :1. ·The-.fiv.il status ofpersons; · · •·
.. · u~dU,( _ influence" . d}~a~p~acecL: or c~ea~ed.r. 2~e )t:~lidity, o.f 'a rnarriaqe · .: or _of _a·· leqal
provided that the. force. mJ.1m1~atlo~or'~aue ,)._.1se[Sarat1on_;. ' . .- · ·
influence having. disappeared o~~psedps·aid ·1.3'f A_fi
g~119.forJ,egal separation; · · . ·
party.has no!.there~~erfr.e.~1y·~11a0Qe~y/i't_t1Jhe:. . . . ~Eutuf~§:urmort; · ·· . · ·
ot.t,er:~;·~~·s~a'np·or::i!!.i:C·. /Zt-.~~'__.._:.· ". 5. ·Th~u~is~~t1~m:ofcq_L!rt_s;.and · ·-. .: . : . <
5., The .. 1n1ure'd_. party··~fiere:,W~ ot~~sp,9~u?e.-1~ 2t~ · ?:-:-future legr{J1t1m~. (A.M.. N~. 02--11-10,-SC, Sec:
phys!cally . !nccipc!ble oflg~su_w.~a}t.n~> ~~~ - . A W -16)\. :. . · · . . ·,
~arpage. with_ the other,and -s~ m·c~pa.b1li~y- ~~· A\\·., · \ · · ·. ·: .- · - '
. conUn~~s a0d.:?t.PRea~s :¥fo :_be .. i~<:,l!r~~lff, within {p Moti9¥.4or. Rec.~~ {~tion Requir:d· to File an._
·five year? after th_e cel~or~o{ marriage· and · ·1·:f:t ·.Appeal.· 1 · .\ ~ !· .. · , .
6. Tb~, inh1re? ~arty whe!e'thf ,o~li~:. ~r:tY.~~::::Ji ,n~~p·pell fror:ry the dec1rion ~hall .be-all_owe_d .~n.lE:SS, _
. , :a~.tcl~d.. w1tl;t ~·· .§.ex,ual~-tra~~r1s~1ble1\a1sea~~~n·1r~he·-a~pell~nl'~~irt~1.e~ ~- mQ_~~on for r~~.ons1d,E:rat1on_.
: : Y<?.u.n_d to 9e s~pou~ ari.d. c!P.1'~
9rs t? ~~~ur~ble, . · .... ?r ne f~ · w1thm' ·fi~eeri days, Arnm · ~ot1ce of
1.· · .- :· . ·. ., . ·. ~,t:t6!q.e{i~i~~l · .·\

. · w1t.h1n:fi~~-Y~~:,~,~'.t~r. t~e ~il::~-~f\.1~n\~_£Ua r1~?~~ ; J;1_JU}~f?~{J'·M.ffe~~i 1-10-SC, Sec.·'. 8, PW- .1 ) ..... ~':-,, · · .
. .
r: ·. .(AM.~~· ~2 ;·:·..JO. E;C, _$ee:a) ... -.~·· .. ~. .. · . _· . ·. . ·: . -.~:
Venue ~~_the.l~etlt1.on_ : .. '.!)e~;l{c'1s1~{b~<:o~e~·fmaJ,upon:the:exp1raJ1on :9f.. ·
Th~,_P~t1.J1on sh~I~ be. filed~m theJa~1~y ~~urt Q.!:._J,h-e..,JL'x·,.,..~ff~~ ~¥_~.::.fr?,m.,1not1ce·· t<:> ,th.e . parties. · ~ntry_·. of, · .
. prov~i::,c_e .:·or- .. : city ~here .. _the J)ettt1~mey.·-~J;;_;,;.,t~~Jb~e.9t- ~a~-~e ma9-e · 1f. flO, · mot19n_ :for.
r'·, - resp9,:ident has been:.residing.for af!'east{§~~nths... · ,,,.i:eco-Qsi9e~<i\.Eon~or-riey.,·,t~ial, ·or ~.Pl?~al Is filed· by any.
pri~r .-t_o tti.e'. d~te· .of filing:. 9r in th£f"c·~.~e. ~·'lon~. M...J.i®rth.~)..ltit.e·(t"he_.pl.i~li~ pr()secuto~ ·or the, ~onci~o~.
re~1dent·respon.dent, .. wher~~he m.ay·be t3ttn.El 1.lthe ,L1'.3'enerc)pi(A.M: Nq. 02.!11-10-SC, Sec. 19, p.f1_r . .:~):.
P..hilippif'.(es; a(the-'._electio.n gf:the petitioner (AM.,ti/.~· · · ·. . ... :: .. · . . . : - '·
·02-11~{0.~s.c;, ...Se,c.· 4/ ·: · -~- · ·. · - _ · · . · .: · · · ." . · ·- · fffe~t ;9f..Pe~t!,..9LOne oft.he Par.ties.' .,
. .~···: . ;· _; , . _ _ _· . . . ·. . . . ·. . ., . ·. · L rn-.· casef ·a .. ·party Ai'es ;.~~ .:any ;stage· ·.of the
· In . . case _-ttie .•. ~es:pondent· F.ails. ·ta -/AnsW.~r,-:t!le proce.e,d,ings· bef9~e the': e·ntry of• jLJqgment;:-.\h.ei ..· ·
Prose,~µtor':sli-~11 f~vest(gate W,~ether- th~re· is.?·. . court shall order · .the - case .closed .. and-
.co11u-sio!1,· Oi{: .. ~- : . ·. '":: , . :· · :. ..,,- . ~· ·. :··· :· .. : .t~rfflinated·,c,withoui-pr~jvdice 'to.;th.e s~ttlem~nt .
:.. Where· 'no ar:isWer __i~ 'filed .or i.f. ttw ansV:,'er. doe's not, ' ·. ·.of the· estate:f o prope·r proceedings .in ttie reg ala(.
tender. an)ssue, - th.~. co.urt sh.all· ~rcjeUhe .-public .· · c.~~rts. (A..M, Nd_·:, 02s 11-10~$.C, Sec: 24, padJ ·
prOsecutOr.: to~inv:e·stigate . wtieth~r c·o11u$i'on· exists · ·· -·- . .·. ·~ · .:, : : · ~ · ..
beV1een the."pc1rties. (AM. No. ~.2:-/ .1 ~ fo-sc;:s~c:. 8):. . 2. If.. v:ie:·party dies aft.er ·the ·~ntry. of judgrrient 'of
. - ... ·'.. . ' nullity :or annulment, the .. judgment stiall . be
Certification·. from .the.: .Solicitor Ge11J:!ral No . . bin~ing upo·n the.parties and.their successors in
.. - '.Lo.ng~r.i~~qyi.r'eg. ·. ., .::.' -;;., · ·.'. . .,; .. ,.:·~· ·. ·,:.-, .... .. · .inte'rest._ir.j··the· of
settl~me'r\l' .the ·estalEFin'.'\l:le·.
· ·Molinit'·; case·'. bad. provided·· for. an.':. ·additional · '. fegurar courts (A.M'.Nc/ ·02~11~.10-SC, $e.c: 24, ..
r.eq1Iiremerit that- the·: .s_olfcitor .'General ·issue · a ·. .: par:-2):-. · =;. · - . _ ..
·_ ce.rtifi9atidn ..sta.tlng'his,rea~o.n.s. for·.hi~,a~ireement or .....
opposition .to':the petition .. This· requirem~nt however Effect o{o~·cisi~~ Grahtir:ig i:>~tition · ·. · ~-: ·
was di.$.pense~. wit_h·following :the implementation ·o{ .: 1.· ·,he .partie~;-including the Sblicit9r Ger:ie'ral arid
.,.. A.M: No. 02:..11'-1 o~sc·. o·r.ttie Rul~ on Dedaration of . the · pu.bl1c: prose.cDtor, . shall be ,served. ·.wiin
.Absolute Nullity of Voici'Marri.~ges and Anpulrrient o_f copies of:· the' 'dedsiqn' · ·personally :Qr 'by ·
Void~ble ··Marriages .. Still, Article 48. of ttie Family. reg!~tered· rriail. lfthe' respondent summoned· by.'·.
-.
1_34 1 · ~019 $AN. BEDA'-LJ.\W .CENTRALIZED f3.AR OPERATIONS
·pE.RSONS-AN-o·-FAMILY RELATIONS·
.. · SAN 8£DA LAW CENTRALIZED BAR Of?ERATIONS-~ MEMORY AID.20!9
0 .
publication ·failed· .to appear· in t.he

. action, the -Abandonment. · of petitioner 4. by :respondent.
. 8ispositiye- part ·of: the decision . shall . be : · ..wi_thciut ju?tifia.bl_e cause for - than o'n.!=! (1) more
published on_ce in a newspape.r of general year;· .
. circulation (AM.._No: 02-11-10-SC, Sec .. 19. par. . 5·: Contracting by the respondent cif a·.'suosequent
. ' 2) ·- . . . . . .. . ' .- . : ··· .§_jgarr,ous n:i.arriag~. · wliethef :in or outside the
2. ,: Up.on the finality of th~ decisioA, th~ court sh~II Philippines; : . · · · ·
·.. ~forthwHh issue \he. corresponding. decree. if. the 6: .
~t~ernpt' _on · the' · life .of .p~titioner : by th·e· ..
par.ties· hav~ no.properties (AM.-No. 02-11-10- · responderit; · - . · . .-
, SC; Sec. 19;:par. 4). . . '-.,,_ . .- . . 7. · hesbianffm ~r h.omos(;lxuality of th_e·re ..spondent;
3: · If the P<':)rlies; h'ave · propertie~. the'. parties snail 8: ·At!empt- pf r~_spondent to corrupt_ or !nd~ce the.·
·. pr9ceed with the" liquidation, .partition· and . petitioner, ·a·:. _common child,· or a. child· of. the
distribution of'.the. properties 'of ··ihe : s}iouses, · .. · petitioner, :fo_.' eng~g:e ·, · in · prostitution·. or ..
· . i~cludf~g ~u?fbdy, su8port of common .. criMren _ . :_connivc1nce' in such corruption ~or iridu_tern!3,nl;
. and _.delivery : of tl)~ir presumptive legitimes and , · . .. .· .-
" pursqaht to··,r,Jticles· .. 50 ~rid· 51 oJ:,the ·F~rnJ!Y 9:. 'Qrug ciiddictiOn or .habituar· a'ic;holism ·of the
·. Coc;le unl.(?ss su9h matters had l;>een adjudicated · ~ . respondent; an"d.' ' . . ' ' ' .
, ln ·previous J\.idicial p·roceedin'gs (AM. N.o.~ 6_2< _j 0 . .§.exual' infidelity or _'perversion· of. respond~nt ·
' ·11-10-'SC, Sec;. 21): ··::: - . . . · (A:M.·No: q2~11-11.:.sc, Sti_c:··2 (c1j),.·.: :_. ·
.. : . . ... ~ ... . . ·.• ,..
1
Note: Decree of nullitywi!l ·be issued by the court. M.·~tiof toDtsrniss ,, . . .• . - ..
onlyaftercompliance with ArticlesSuand 51 (A_.M. ~a··motion to dismiss .. t.he petitionshall be allowed
No. 02~11:-10-sc, Sec: 19, 'pet: 1). If the parties have except on the. ground of lack of. jurisdiction over the.
no prope.rties. upon finality of the decision, thecour •· : subject rric!tter·or·over·the·parties (AM.. No. 02~n-
: will.issue.the corresjJOl)ding·'decree-(AM. No .. 02e 1'1- ~- ·11-sc, 'Sec.:4). ' '=·> ' ' ~'
to-sc.eec. 19, par_4/ . ·. · · ·, .·. .,, . - · . >-< . .· . .
· · · ·· · ..~ ·- : · · . l::iquiclation,-l?artition and Dlstrlbutlon; Custody;
.. Dec;r,e~:wm be reqistered in the <::i~il.:..R~egistry ' . ·. and Support of Minor Children .. : . . .
·. The prevailing party shall cause. the i:egisj9tion-df - Uponentry of~i\~-judgr'nen_t g~antin9. the petition,' or,
· ·. .i~e· Decreein .t~e ,Civil· RegJstry wlier~:t. e marriag,~ . in case o'f apP.eal, . upon receipt ot- 'the entry· of
· ·.:".'Jwas'reg'.i~tere.d,Jhe_ Civ!I. R!:gistry q!.t_~e.:P.lac~e·re, . ju_d!;l_me~!f·f t~e a~ella tef~ourt gra~ti!:1_9·t~e P,etition, ·
; ". . the, Family Coo rt is ,.~1tuated,.;.M.Wm. -th~_Nall'onal · the--Fam1ly· g.9urt, on. motion :~r e1tli~r party, shall
. Census· ~nd_-Stati~ti~s_-O~fice. H~s_hc1~eBor_t td ~}'~ J\'fo
pro.c~eg,,.-t.:itn ·liq idatit?!1; part!ti~~'and_.distribution
court compliance with_ this. requ1rernent,»'1th1.r:i th1gY. . of !~e prope res ot tne. -spouses, mcludmg. custody
days from ·r.sJC-~ipt_·o(th~ cgpy of th,e.E>ecrie (AmJ. and·supportQLlom'n'ibn children, uoder the Fainily.
No.:-02-1· 1-::19-.SC,.1$~c._ 23;-/;at. 1 . . ·:. :__ . . . '._ Code unless such· rnatteh; bad' been ·adjudic;:::ited· in
· ... · -. · : .· · · · · - .. , Rteto,us-judi.si~I P[.OCEle~i~.g~·· (AM. }io... 02~11-11~
•,. : .When publicatib~ of decree is requil'ed - , . . SC,- Sec .. 18): · · - ., . ·
,·_.::In·: :case servic_e· : o(;. su'nimons :.yva's ·m·adeAY:: .. . . . · ... ·
' ' p~bHcation: the.par:ti~s-~h?{l c;:a~~e. th,~ _P~~li_c~~o{qf_ .:. . ·, W~er,i 'n:iay 'the·. CC>Urt· lss,ue a _De_sree: .o(Lega·I
· ' . t~e. D~·cree·· ·once ··,n a· newsp~per_ 0~ ge,per~I: . . S~p~rat1o_n · .. · .. . .'··_> , · ·. .. . .
i:;irci;ilat1on· (A.M. No .. 02_-11-:10:SC, Secr2;3; p_ar . .2) .... , · _1 .. After reg1str.~t101r of~·:the· .._entry· :of Judgment ·
' .· · :: · ·, . ·- · · · ·· i .. : ·... ·. :. :· · · · ·· . · ' . -. grantirig.:tf,e petition ·tor .legal· sepa_rat\on .in-the · · ·
··f{t.lLE ON LEGAL SEPARATIQN· '(A.M_'. No. 02-1-1- . · Civif>·Registry-~"wtiere '.: · the·,. m_arriage'\. was ' :
·:.11-~C} . ··:·. ·· · · .·:·: .. :· .. .' . . . .. :.-~elebrated and in:,the Civil.Reg[s'tfy.'where the . ,.
,. ·. · · ·· · · · · , . , Pamily Court_is locate.d;·and .· : · ,:·, · . ·
.Who.~ay· File>The ·husband o~·the wife (AM. No. ·2; After-registration 'of th_e .ap'proved partition and
02~11~11~$C;:Sec: ,2 (a)j,- . . · · ·.. . ·. distributi6rr;of ttia properties .ot,thec-spouses. in
. . ·, I . . ' . . ··.. . . . , . It}~ proper ·R_egister: ofbeeds. where· the real ..
"·.~h~:n to Ffle:. T~e pe'tition ..for-le_gal sepa.ration may properties -ar.e- lqcate·a (A:M.' fjo. ·02-_1'1-11-SC,
.· ·be file.d Within five: (5) year.s .from the _time .of the ·.$ec: 1.9) ... ··: ·.: . . · · - ·... ·. ·: . ,. - . ·.
· ... pccutr~nce{pf'any" of tlie · follci..yi~g .ca.uses: (VP-6,f:
... 'BALID.S)· . . . .. :_ , · · .... , . ., . · .. · ' p'etitfon fcir R,~vocati_ori' of.t).onation~-: . -- '
...,·
. . · . "f · 'F{epeatE:id pt,ysical· Ylolence Or 'grossly abµsi\i~' ... Wtie.n to:·fiJe;",,Yi.t~in five_(5) years 'frorid~e date the ..
' . . .· conduct" . dire<;:ted ag'ainst t_he. petitioner, . 'a ... ~ decision granting the petition for legal sepa'raticin has
. . c"ommon child,:br.a chiJd' of tbe petitioner->.' . b(;l_cc;i'r'ne final; th~ in'nocent spOuse· (nay ·me a: pet1tion .
: 2. _f:hysi~al vJ~lehce or mo.rar p_res.~ur_e ·to cotnp_el under oath-the.same proceeding for legal .s·eparation. ·
tbe petitioner to change: religious or politiqil · to revoke the don)tioris .. in -~av'or of the offe~dirig .
affilfation-· . . :. ' . . . . ·spoLls~. _. ·
· 3. · Final jud'gnienr· sentendng· the· respondent to
imprisonment' of more tt)an six;{§) .ye~rs,. even if · Where rec6rd~d: The revocation of the donations
pardoned; shall. be recorded. 'in the Register ,
of Deeds
,
of-De.eds
I
in . the_p.laces.... where. the properties . are located

~ ...
2019 SAN SEDA LAW CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS. I 135

PERS.ONS-:AND-FAMILY RELATIONS
SAN £J._£DA LAW CENTRALIZEDBAn OPERATIONS - MEMORY1110·2019
Note: Alienations; liens, and . encumbrances RULE ON PROVISIONAL ORDERS (A.M. No. 02-
reqistered in" good faith before th~ recording of the _ · 11-12~SC).
petition for revocation in the registries 'of property
shall be respected. Rules for Spousal Support
In 'deterrmnlnq support· for the spouses, the court
Afte"r the issuance of the ' 6ecr~·e· of Legal may be guided by the following rules: . . · · ·:
. Separation, the- innocent spouse -may· revoke the 1. Ii is based on ··writ!en agre.ement between the
designation. of·the offending· spouse' as a beneficiary· spouses;
in: any insurance policy.even if such designation be., 2 .. In the absence of (1 ), the spouses" may be
stipulated as irrevocable. The_ revocation or chance . · · supported from the· properties of- the: absolute
shall take effect upon written notiflcalion thereof to community orthe conjuqal partnership: ·
the insurer (4:M:-'No. 02-11-11-SC, Sec. 22). . · ).. The court may award support to either spouse in
4"" • I' •. ' ,•
such.amount.and-for.such period of time.as the

. Decree of Reconciliation ·. court. may, deem· just and reasonable based on
· . 1 .-· If the· spouses hao · . reconciled, a . joint ~heir standardof living during thernarriaqe: ;m~· ·'·
·~ o.,a_f)ifestati9n under oath, duly. signed by the
. spouses; may. be filed in the. same 'proceedinq The court may lik~wis~. consider .\he follo.:Ving
. .. .
,
. 'f.Qr legal separation. . '·,., \. . _. . . : factors: . . . . . .. .;. . ".- . .
ff
2.·· 1· the . 'reconciliation · occurred . whil.~ .. the , . a. whether the' spouse .. seeking support is the
proceedinq for legal separation-Is, pendin_g the-. · custodian of a child. whose "circumstances
u· . >.... _;. ., for.
· ~: . .v b.1
., . . -. court.' . shall immediately . ' issue "'. aq~c!.~r make it,__ appropriate that spouse. not" to
.. terminating. tr~·~_roceeding .. ,·
3. · If the reconciliation occurred after t~end1t1on
k .
J. I srek·?UJsipe employment: '. ..
. tne,)t1me necessary to acquire· sufficient
·.:.. _
\.
of the .j_uagme~t gra-ri)ing th1:§eJUipo,1or._ l_egal · .. · · .. -.. . "".·. ~uc~_g"rl;al),~ Jrai,111ng- to enable.thespouse.
separation but be(ore · the ..;..!.ssu~~ce . of..-th~ seeki[lg·~.upport to · .fJ_fld . appropr1a~e
. [;)ec~e~. t9.~- ..s~quses _ s_~aJ~e'XP}E?,~S/ 11\ lhEj/l). !\ Vr , · f mp~OY';t?Jlt_, '. a_nd~ that. spouse'.s future
·manif~~!ahon whether:· or- noiV'tfi¢y agree, to· ~~ .!&. €larn1tlg _ca12ac1ty;. , - .. ·
revive · the : former regi~e ··of/th,eir. proper! · .r-y':'\ . · c. ' the.-d~ratJ&~ 1f the marriage; .. .-
relations ~r-.choo!5e ap·l?"Y~l~e-: . · .ijil • ,.,. .: \he.f:omp~rat~ve ._fina_ncial re:;;ouri:;es. of the
· . ;, _ _.. . .· -f ~-,, , · . . . 1~ :. ;.- -~ -'spous~s/""Ti:iclJ!lding .. lh_eir_ · c9i:npa.r~iive
Tb~ court ~h~ll·irrimedir!2J¥fi?sue a D~cree£q~ '1.'lf/- ~i!)g·abi!ili!s in the la.b9r_.m_a~ket; ,. _.. .-_._ .:
: ~e~bnc!Jiation · decl_arjr~~at (.fffij . : legal · • ,. . e" ~?.e~d\an?obl_igation~· ?f _eac~ sp6~:5e;
'?~par,a_t1on._ ,:pr.O~-~~QJ':lgi·iS.fJSet °'}U;~ ': <1n ikJ · .1 ~'"' . .- • tho/ :CQtrJbUt!OJ1 :Of each · _Spou~e t_o... ~he· ..~
• . · speGifyiog.t_h_e regimEf0f;P.~0p(,fr~y. rE?lalicfni <;le~ ,~ --~~r,r_\ag~ •. iq@~qjpg;_servie,e$ ~rendered-:. i~
-..
·•
whi~!:l the,s8o.us~s· s_h_all 1:5El covered.J., ill ~· r--:' - . ~~ liom~fni:!.~!ng{_child car~. e.di.Jcation: and
· -· i - ._ · • •. __ ., .-.- : _ · . . -· . ,. _ · · · · career build~g of the other.spoJ.)se;.
4_' .lf'th~ S~OL!Se_s 'reconcil~d after"tlie._1s~~-cC~tSe, ·r·~
rr'\hg .•.t!J(ag(r!~nd:he~llh.ot'.tie spoµ:~~i __ : .·, ,: .'.·
.!~e De_~re~_. t_he co~rt;· up~i:i proper n::i~t1011:,~.,h~ll~....t'!~EtPWsJc.al anq:-~:moJ!?n.c!I _g,0na1t1on_~ of ~he·
... _ISSJ..1~ a,d~q;~~ OfleCOQ,C1J1~.t1,0n.O!:!QlaJ!r@br,irie1n~"'(\""'~P9).!.Sj.S;,: ...,·· t ": :·· .. :·,. · J :·. · ·. ·-,,_:, .
-_- -- _ that the .o.eer.ee is sel ~~ide b~t'the ~Erirar~:.wr,1 9r· M- _A.,~i~ v~a~ili~y~o.t:~h<;l: supporti11g spou~~ to ·give
·· .... proe_erlY.:a.n.d. a_ny_.f9rf~1tur~_9f. th_e _shat~~-:· _.l v .1.t"\..~SURpor:t,;_.ta~ing_ intq·_account~ Jhat spo\:!?e'?
· .· guilty: spouse:,alre9dy effe'ctid s1:1bsist~·. ,uoles~· .. _ earning,_ capa_citY, ·. earn_e·d· · and ... \Jne·arned
· ·. .·• .. the,spous.es"'
h{1ve·agceed
. . . ·, :. .. . \,. . to:r~yiv~-i_l:ie"ir
. . .
. ~e·gm:ie:-, of, p~operty rela~101'}_~. or: 9~qpt_ .. a nr;i,w ,, . '.
. . fo"r"mer·
( - ·
. . . • · . r/::
. ,• inGbme,·as.seis.
. . . .,
~nd·. s"tandard ·of .....
liying;
., ..,. J. -:. c!_J')y'-qt.lle_r-fayJ?r th~ co~rt may de~.m JLJs_t~r.id: :·, . ·.;
') - aod .,.
··· ·.'\·
regime. . "'· • . ··· ·· ,. . __ equitable:. . . .. , ' Y

· 5-.. Ir\ c~se- 9f par9graphs (ti), (c), ·and. (d). :_if ttie_ . . .-,. · ..~ · . · .· . .-. -~ ) .-""."~ .
: · . · [ef.6.r:iell_ecl'.,?POL!S~§);ho.ose· to_ ~dop}~ r~g!hl~;@f- 4. . The Fa_~ily ~{iwt _m·c;1y diricf the,Q~~U<;;t~o'~· qf:l~e .. ,: : . '.
._.,· · .. property.. r;elation~:qif(erer:it:,frcim thqt 'NQich .t~ey._,. provislonal ~uppqrt_from the salary cif th·e-spouse: ·: · ·
: . . · . h~d 'prior -to: lh~,°:fili1ng--?f the _.petiti9r; {q_r.:,1.eg'.'ll _ , · (A.M;"No:. Q2,.1-1'~12:S~; S~9.. ?)- -,. -· : "";_ \ . , .:. .
· s_epq'r~tipn,. - the spouses sl)all · ¢9mply with _ . : . ·-..: ·_ · · . ·. .. ". .. ,
· •·· ,: Section 24 h'ereof. ·· .. · · ... .., :.- .. · .,. · · ·. · ·>-- Determination'-. of .. ttie :~mount of. Rrovisional <
, 6:; T-he_.de;cr~e ·of.rec_onciliation ~b.aJl·b·~(ecorrt~d· in. Child 'support ·:-i. . . . ... "'\ ·-, . :> ..
t_ti~ ;qyil ~-E:!_gisJfi~& "'v'.h~i:e.-~he-m_arrif!ge ~rid_ th,~, .. , J~.:.e;.,q9~CT10.n ,·chl~1r,ei;i_.:P~dh.~,. spo_u~_es, s~alt ~~- ..
Decree·had,!J.e!:!n reg1s_t~red (AM. No:•,02~1-1-1:1~ '-. s_uppprted from· .tfle,,pr.op_ei11~s':·!slf · the;. ab~olute
SC,. Sec. 23). . '. - ·. -~ _<-com"rnuni~y·_or .the_ Gqnj~ug~I p~ir.(r\~rship. ·_ .. ,: __ ·_) .
. •. . .• . . '"'" - . · .. -:··.' ;··· ·:._ ... '._.·.,·_i;~ .-~ .. ·~ ·.~ ._ -:::~~ .. >·~! ·. · ·;~ ·~, . . . ·.-·. _; .· ~ .
· · ., Th~ f~ll9wing:fc!s:;tors at¢-considered:.; ·.· ~ ,. : ..
.. . ., 1, The financiai r.esources.of the custodial ar.ip· rtoii:- . -(
/ eustodi~I p_ar~nt and-}hqse.of._the._'.child;· i'; ,._ .
2. · Th·e .physical and- ~motional ~eaith of-,,the child , ·
. ·'". :·.·
.~·. . and his .. 6r her.special needs and·.aptitude$;'
:
.. \.
-· .. . ' .'
... SAN BEDA LA.w

. 136 I. 2019 . CENTRAblZED
: . BAR OPERATIONS··
..
.PERSONS. AN·D·.'FAM.IL Y.;RE . LATION,S·
. , . . SAN BEDA LAW CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS - MEMORY AID 2019 ,
Mt™:?.¥**••reGM·,:s1i &Ft ecem•4¥)t, :,wm¢fic2-i;m:3,%i¥2 ·;w 's ,.tW ;u:aaff S1PS,ttt':'a&w mtJ&?#IB'42Mh#fy'¥-iwcW1 J
. 3 .. ·- The standard _ of livinq. the· child has been . .. "\ ..-:· ..

._., .' r·
.....
"accustomed to; . .- F~NAL·PROVISIONS

4. The non-monetary contrlbutions that the parents -·
wjll. make.toward the careand well-being of fhe \..c .. ··.
· . child: · . · Refroactive Effect :· . -..' · ·
'-:-' ·. :rbe.Family,Code·shall·have.retroaci;v:e effect.insofar .. -
F
The amily ..C~urt. ~;y :dire.cf th~ :dedu.ctior:i the oi , as it does not prejudice-or-impair vested acquired ot
or.
0
. provisional support 'from the salary otthe parent' ·right?·in· accordance with the Civil Code other laws .
(A.M. ryo.
02::11-'12_-SC,. Sec. 3): . __ ·. · . _; --- :
• • -. ?
. '(fAM_IL Y.CODF=;- Art. 25.6):· .
' ;• ..
I ~ 0'. •
·_Note>THe; ~hra~e "vestedor ..acquir,e~frig.htf ~-nd.er

·consi_deratlbn i.n .i:i~t~r~inlrig .. the. ~_ight Party to
Art. 25~ of the Family 'Code is not. defined, thus .:
- 1 wlfom Chi.Id Cust~'dywill be aY!ar~ed· , : ,
-: leaving· it to.the courts. 16 deterrnine what it means as .
In deter'miriu,g the right party o~.person t6 whom. the
·-. , each· particular Issue is · submitted -to . them: -lt is
'. .. cu_stody of the: G.hild~o.t tqe ·pa.ftie~ m.ay b,e award.eq
··difficult to provide· the, answer. foreach .and every .
. · , ·,__p\,inding. t~~~P¥fition_. ·.t~~~o_u·1 ~~a11 c1n.sid1r.~6~·best . question -that may arise itl the future (1_ .. PAR~S, · .
. interests· of, ..the ch_11d afld. shall give paramo.unt. .
·. (. 'cor.isic;l_erati~.~:(?· tr(ef riiaterial prid :moral yvelfare o( ..
· .Persons,-'st_1p};a
. . ~ a.t--8.35).
. .
>· . · ·=.
the=,chrld'(A.M.·No. 02-.11-12-SC, Si;Jc .. 4).
• ·!' • -.....: • • • ••; •• • _.... • ••
.The: Family .Code t_ook' effe,~t -~-~·:;{u~ust i:_1~$8. .:
• • • ,I . _. i ·. , . (M(!mo. Cir:c. No. 85)., · · .. · · · ·
.' · Ord~f of:' :Pr.$ference. 'in. peter~ining 'child· \ ( ,"'•,:,,: ' •• ', • • . • • ·• •- ,,• ·.-·~ • •,,, • : I • • '
r: ....
·.,._: . ;;~~· >.· .c:· ·r

cu_stody' · .. :; .\'.. ' '. ·.: -~
· 1 .. fo bo.th·pafents jointly; · · · '
·2. · T.o either. P.~r~n't.taking into'·.acGo_uni ali rej~va'nt
. ' . /. cdriside·ratici.n.s und!3r th~ foregoing paragrapti,
.·-. : · .. es'j:>eoiall_y:th~ ct;ioice of, the c~ild over ·~e~'eti ~ i." . ; . .':
,, .. ·. : ' .~
. -:. years ~fage'. -~-nles.s)he:pare_nt cho~en ~nfit_; , . Geri~ral G.!JisJilirie~'.-'_. ,.:;~ ">: •.. , '.·~.--.· ... ··... .
3. To the. sul'Vl~mg g(andparent, · or 1f · tliere are . . J. Duty .an~rig_~t to;mak~ arrc;1fiQem~rit fo.dunerals~
.. , · _s_e.veral_ ?Yth~rn.,..to _t~f- gr.alidparen~(c'hosen ?y, . . ... aJe in ·~c9wai:i:~e·;Y.,i.t,r,: ri,g.h-,~ -and duty.'--tq'support
: . ·· the .,c_h_rld- ,%er·_.s.even. year~: _of a§le(prid p_f .. . '. LH;ide~,trtf, 19.~ of_ the Family Code. .ln .c~se of .
:..: _·· ~:· ,sLi~jpi_e~_t;.di~c.e~nment, u~less. the gfundgare'nt is · · de~.cW)_qaf')ts Rf:.,tlle-.s·a.o:ie ·~~gre~./ir ', brothers .-
._ . '';.·unf1tor·d1squalified;;,···.- .... ,,di'·· - . .. . · .i:incl ;i~ters,:,t~e ~lcle};_t- s~·a11 be .pr~fer~ed '(CIY!L
. - ..4. ·To ,the el.~est,orot_her _or.:sid(er·ov~twenty:one· . , y.<;J.IDE;~ft. 305)'!'. ': · .. · ·, · '., ::; . .-·.. .
. · years.'·:.o.f:· ,age,: :unless he & "sHe ,tis . ut)fit : :2.. The funeral shalrbe i.n keei:iil'.19, with 'the.,.~pc.ial
... · ·1isq~alifie~;· '·· .... · .. , ... · · ·· · .. ·.. · ·:· ,. - ., .:· . posi ion-. of .thf cj~cea.sei:l·j911JiL ·c90E; Art
.· ·. :_. ·q .. To)b,e crM's .·actua.1.~_!,.fsfodiari o~tw_erity.-q[ll·
.. -. ·: . years oqig,e(unless: unfit or,disq1,.191ified; or.· .
:f ·;3Q6)\.:· ···<'..
. . . .
·<:·: ,.-.·,, .
. . ~-· . .
->·· . · :'. /" '...
. -. .
(''• ' 6: :-:·T.o ,any ott:ier- -persor;i deem~d · oy. tli_el·.col,Jrt Exc.ep~on:. Prohibitio~- ot: the·. Rf;!Vi!>ed Pen.al ·. ·
_ ,· S~it~bJ~,tO 'i:)rq\,_iae: proper C?lrt anq gµidance fop .eode ,on p:omp.QY!o: .and.· ~li?!:lorate ·funeral· of a :
·. · . .the·child (A.M.-.No:, 0_2-11-::,1_2-SC, Sf:IQ. 4), · , · :; .. crimfn~!l'who '$yJf$re'd'deatfi pe:naJ.ty (REV/SEP.· ..
. . ;_·.. .. ..: ·· .. · ' ' .
.. : . · PENAt <SbDE,.·Ait. 85)':- ·· · •.. .,. ·\ \' ·· < ·
. ·.. '. · .,Visit~tioh Rfghts '. .·. ·.,. · , ' . ·. · . , ,: .· ,._,;.: ... ,· - '~"':7·\.:<.;.·. ·: ,.'· · -:-,.· . ...:.;:. ,·. ': 0:. ••• • •• .•
. ,· : . '·. A~i'prpp'r_ia_te 'visit~tioh. ~i'ghts ~hali'pe · provid~l fo. ih·e , . : :'f: the funeral rffes··shall:be.condeieteci ;iri·this· order ..
P.~rer;it: .w~~:.-i$ 11.9t.. ~'f.8:fqed :1?.rovf?iQ_n3=1I _.·c~~tody ,.' .·_. of pr~feren~6°:~ -~_' .. :- . '-· · -~·:· ·· ·• ·.• .. ·· .. · . · .·
. unl~ss found unfiFor, disqu_alifi.ed .by. th~ ~ourt (A.M. · a.
.·. · !=~pres.sed ~ishes of the.dece~seq; -..._:.
· No/f2~J1-_1 ?-~c,.: Ser{ 5;:.;.,. . ·. · ~. ._ , . '~. ·. . .. · ·,c- - . . ·, _·. 'b .. Religioµs _beliefs'br affiliat)~n~;- a~d _. - · · -. · ·
}./ '·":-·-':.· .· ·:: .. : ... "·, .. ,. ,·,.·-,· ..... -:- · · c, -D~sir~ .. of ·petsoo·obliged'·_·to. n:i.ake. ·.
Ad,niini!5tra~i_C>'n ··of.;Commori Property in ·'.dise: of . f1in$.ral.}1.riar1ggrt1ents\ 'aft!,if.consulting· . .' ., .
· .' Aba~c1,onme~r ..... , ·~" · .· · .. ,.. 1. .. /'. > - _· ., .... ;:·'t~e· .. :o_t~fr rri'e0qfrs '/~f dh'e .. 'fa_rn·ny o:-:. : . t1
:If-a spoµse _with·9ut jt:Jst Gausef 9baodqns,,t(1e.other or .. · PA'RA.$,.supr.a _at.[344) ..... ~ · . · . ·
- I
. fa1!s ):i . ~ompiy' with:· his \o(~~er. o~iigations;. to the' )4, ··· No h~riia'n'\er1ai~s sh.all· b[)i!aired;-_ i~-~erre9, .
. ·farriily,~ thf;l. ::cou'rt ··may, .up:or1. applic;atiori · .of the '. . dispdsed, of; 9(exhunieq v'Jit~out: the cons~nt·of ,·
. : ,_aggrieyep party u:1~.er.oatl1; issµe a_rkc;iv.iiidrial brd~r. : th~ persons· i_n · Art:·..,\gg,·of'~tti¢'·Family: 'Code· .
'. . ' ·. ·., app9inti9!'l·th~ ~ppl_i-cant:g1 a -tbirEl7perso.n as .rec~iv~.r . · (G,JVf L ;(XJ.DE; A'rt:;~9SJ.. .... _ . . . . ·. :, .>>. :_: .. : : . ;_:·.
. ·.. ,..-.or.sole.admir,i~Jr;atorof11ie cdll)inOh propertysubject ·. . . 5·. 'Any,pefsci'n\vho disre~pecls Vie ~eacl b(allows · .-
·.. . to. such. :precautionary 'conditions·. it-:m'a!/ impose ' . th_e":saine ·or·,wrorigfull{interferes 'i.vith' a' funeral ..
Y~Jv1. No ... 02-11--12~$.C,.Ser/ 8):.. · ·. · . . · · .-' · . . . . . · .. ~h.all be 1.iaple .~O~ d_ama~)'es to_.t~'e'facnily ;of t~e. ·....
• •• • • : ·• ..- ••• : ; .. • ,0_. • ··- • • • •• •• deceasec!.'(C/V/~ C.ODE;.11,rt:_ 30f!). · .· · . '
· · 'Note: Th.Ei°·receiver or administrator_ may not.di.spose · 6'.' ·If.the qeceased ·:is. rii:arri~_<(· th~ 'fonil;>slone or: .
Qf or. ~ncum_ber .any. _cmmn:io.n. . property or sp~cific · ·mausqleufn is deemed. a~
part .. _of, the· fu.ne~al .
separ.ate prop~rty oL.either-. sppi.Jse· wtthout. pripr . ~xpense · _and · tharg~a_ble . agal[l~~~ · Absolute
author.ity ,of the· court .'(A. M: · No. 02~ 11-12-SC, .. -S~r;. , Com in unity" of Prop_erty or Co'nji.Jgal Partnership
B). · . . of Gains <?!VIL"CC?D~, 'Aif:·· 31 o}: · ·
.....
- 2019 SAN BEDA LAW -CENTRALiZED
- . . . BAR
. . OPERATIONS·
. . 1 137...
PE:RSONS AND FA . MlLY R-ELAT.IONS
. . i
5.4.N BElJA LAW CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATJONS "'. MEMORY AID 2019
Note: The incidents of funerals are governed-by the.

lavlof the country" where.the body is to be l:iuried. (1
being no
.severance of the vinculum. It seems to
. be .the policy. of the law that the wife should
PARAS, suw~. at 839). ·. ·. c6r:itinue ·to use the : name indicativ·~ · of' her
. ·. unchange,d: status. fo(. the ·-benefit' of all·
·· . ' co'ri'cerne.d (Laperc;il v. Republic,.,·G.R. No. L-
. _1.8008,.. Octob~r 30, 1~62) ..
j , ,_,..._:__:u·....;.s_E_.o_F_·s. .~_URN;...""'
L. ..;._ __ . ;....---~ _E__
•..;..:
s__ · ....;._;....il .
4, A wido-w: may: us·e-_ihe.:deceased .husband's
surname as· thqtigh' he:· ,yi/er_e- still ·living·, . _l(l
Name· · ·- . accbrdanc·e. with -Art .. ~·70 (CIVIL CODE,, Art:
It is. a wc:r-9 or. cdmbinatiqn of wo(ds by which a ,373). . .· . '. : - . ' . · . . . .
1'
• •
.person is kno'wn and identified, .and as distinguished . -~

from others; for th~ convenience·of the world at la~ge ..U~e of Surname.by th.e.Child
in addre_ssing- hiin, or in speaking·o( or ·dealing'with .. .:.. .. ;. ; ...
him.'(1 TOL,ENTINO, supra at 67~). : . · · .- - .
. ... ..
.. Legiti~~fe .·· \ . - .
Note: The right fo a surname is not exclosive. It does
. not· pertain in ownership to any d~tt'lrminate persorr :
(Id. at-673). ·.. ' ' .· - _ . = _ . . • . . . ..
. . ..
...
:
.· ·:·~s;. 9t-th:;.· Mb;~;;;~\~s~J~~:~~:~~n~:.s;~·~:ritG~~\·;s· ..
. . R~:qµi,::erJ :.for. her · ll!eg.timate ::Children1.s -,B:irth·
. ·.ce~ificat~s,'' -: ,(-;. : ': ·;_:- ,.... i. ,.:'.-' ·.:!.' .· .
.. l ··~
'.Ttie 'IRR. of-RA. No. ··9255- states, f.liat'.illegi_tirii'ate
r
- . . . dhildren. shall ,us'e- the ·surr:iain'e ar:if shal( be'·i:inder ',
·. ., .th'e '. .,.. µcjtental ·:.autno.rity.,'/of ,' :~heir"': 'mother; . ; - ·-
.· ·· · ~~ . · · ··· .. ·' ~- · · · · . ·· ·~The :~i§cretio·o_·.-.an ·the:~·pa_rt Of.·t~e ill~i9i~!ni8t~ ..child to: .
. 3: '. yvh~ri·
i.~·~.~ii~ep~~~tibn. has, .bee"n:,_gra'ri~d,. the· .. · use 'the'.surria'ri'fe"·ot-.the', father ls.conditlonal upon· ..
. wlfeshallconllnue .. us.ing her name andsumarne' proofof cdmpliani::e,with· R.A..No .. 9255 and its·IR.R
· .~rriployecl . Q.e~qrejh~: -~gal:' sep.a,:atio.n:..(9/Vl.4 ·... · • · · · '... :. .· r ··. ;. .... "· • · ·.·: · ·, 0 •
. , . ~ODE, ~rt;
372):-':
.- , _-
. . ·r-.iote': ThE)JaiJguag~~-of_thE;f St\3JUtEfl§ mandatory
. : I. ~'.· ·~~fif m~f;oi~~~t.'i~~~-'t~:nffii~1:\r\:f~~~t~;a~~ .
.' cas~s~-.iriespective-6f w_hetb$r' the father rec?g.ni~es
. "thatthe wife, even after the 'leqalseparation' has the child as his or not The only leqally-known-parent .
beeri':·qecr~ed~- shal! -contlnue, usih'~{ her.name . _/ 'of an ..illegitima~e. child, by thefact etilleqitirnacy; is .
. .and "surname. employed .. before .jhe .. -leqal " . the mother.of the .child who conclusively carries the
_ separation .. This·. is so. because D~f: .married" blood of tt'ie 'ino.ttier .(In re:;. Yaha/es Jan .f3arcelote
. status is .unaffected l:>y the separation_. ·there· Tinitigan, G.R. No. 222095, August 7, 2017).
. ~" - '
.
.
138. I. 2ciis
.. . '
SAN BEDALAW·CENTRALizE'D
. .. . . .. . _ .'
BAR
.
OPERATIONS
~ . ·. . .
.P_.E.R.SONS AN·.D .FAMI.LYl~tE-LATtONS
. . . SA~ BEDA LAW. CENTRALIZED·BAR OPERATIONS·- MEMORY AID 20-,9· ...
WitM¥4fdit.£,?4f#!!if\*~@tM.'rf~£t-!IS~ $AAMJdi: fflf!lll.~$ ti:iu:H• es*' kt~Sijtft. ,'fi¥$iE&1l\ t&Sl@iib£4+M$~ -lff&tiN" '·Sffr~
, Identity of-Names and ·surnames. ·

}. The younger person shall beobliqed to use such
additional name _o·r -surnarne - as will avoid
. ·t:·:. ABSENCE
confusion (Ct'v:,tj:. CC/DE;A,:t.374.).. .· _
2, Between. ascendants. and descendants the . .the le.gal status .of a ·person who· ha~ absented
word ' "Junior". c_a'n °be' ~u'sed only by. ·a \on.· -himself from his domidle and whose· whereabouts
.Grandsons and other' direct 'male descendants .a,:,d fate ·are:u;nknown, · it .not bei.ng_ known with
shall either: · · .· certainty ~hether tie is still living· ot,n9t(JU!j?ADO,
· a .. Adp· a : middle , _ name 'or the - mother's . supra at 260). · · . •· . · · \ . ··
. . surname, or· _ · ·· ··. ·
"b . 'Add fhe.Roni~n,J~J~me'rals ii,".111. andso Ori, Kinds C?.f Absence: (PD).: .
(CJVIL.CODE, .. Art; 3?5). -: ·:· · · ... 1. · .Erqvisiq·nal -abserice (CIVIL CODE,. Art.· 381) - ··
When: a person· disappears from hls domicile, his
whereabouts beinq u,~!lown, wi_tho\,lt leaving an
Art. 375 restr_id~ the _use of'"Junior". byt sb~ial us.age
;-. agent to administer his property.. · . . . ·
.allows_the·us~·o.f. '.'.J!)r,ior'' also for ..daughters, not for
-a. .There is~n9-dedaration;9f-_absence yet but .
· g_randdaught~rs (~ PA~AS, s.upra ~(875).
... . .. - <'_l§ga~ :ep_r~~en·~~t,ive ma.y, ~e: appointed .only
General Rule: No person shall use djffere~t riames . r: . when urgent representation is· necessary
and surnames. (CIVIL CODE; Art. 38!)). -- -· • · r- and applies only i( no . a_gent hasbeen
·· · c---- ·• · · · appointed .Jp-' 'represent-cthe '. .absentee or
Exception., Us~ of.pe!tnam.E;ls or staqe harnes is ;-' ~ ag_ent's authority has expired (1 PARAS,
'permitted, provided it _is done in.qood .fi=!.ilh and ·tl1e're . . • · supra arB..74); ' :: .. · .. .': .. _ \--· .
is.~o injury to third persons (CIYIL CODE, Art. 379). . · : . : b: . The. spouse. is .. -preferred -as ~the · legal
. .. ,: -: . . . . ... ' " ._re·p.re_s~r)tqtive except when thei~re legally.
u-sµrpatio~ bt
a.Na~:e·-·: ·· :·· ·. · '. · .. · · ·. . sep~rated (CIVIL. CODE, ·Art. 3[!3, par. 1); .
9
_usu_rpa!i n :ora·.'~a~.e'~ani:J:°.sa~n9 rri~
subject ·of ar.i .aGtron for.~damages-, and.,.0toer. relief.-
-m~Le.e ._the anc;I . ·. . -
· ·· :c. -. lf ...abs~ntee l~_ft _no spouse; any. compet~nt ··
·
".(CIVIL '-<?ODf, ·.~.Art.. 3.!7f. Col)~e'qi1~Jly,. · th~ .. . . . · . pen~P,11\any:be}PP?inted (CIVIL CODE, Art .. -
..·Unauth!)rlZ~d _O( U~lawfu( us_e of an9tti.e_r~pers;m;s
surrame .grv.e._s,a _rrght ·of action to. th~ ... 1;:itter. .(elVIL: !,, ·
.· . · 3~J-gar,_ ~r ·. . . . .
~- , Qe~la~~d c.l.~\e.nc~ (CIVIL CQDE, Ar( 3?,_4)
·. ·' . .
CODE; Art.- 378). - ... ::~ · . . ,· /:· , ·'·: · · . __a: '-'~'f,f.rt~~ut;· admrnrsirato.r- .. - , yYheQ.: .a person·.
. . . :· .:··· .. · . ,· .. . .. '~- . . . ,. . ., :-drs~p.rea_rsifro~.,hi~·d;>,:nicile, an_d ~--~ears .
Eler,:ie"r1ts: (AlJPI)•. : .. :·: >· '. -~~
1 .. ·There i:3_.an ~dual ~~iii °dfc3nother~:;rrairle byihe .
,· hav~.elapse9'yv.1~hou} q~Y·~~~s-about._him,
0!,SllilC~ theJ!'recerpt o_f th~_last.ne~s. . .
.
. ·. defendant· : , ': · · : -~ · · . '· · . · · - ~; . \'Y)ln, aclmi~istt~tor - 5 years~have. elap.sed

2.': The·u·se\;~ynauthoriz~d; arid , ·. ·: ·. . . · ._-:. · ;_- ·,:.: .·; . ·· .
- 3: .· The use of an.other's· n·ame-· is·.: fu . Designafe· .. [.be fql(o~ing. may ·_ask .. for the.-·decla.ration ~f
:·. p~rso"nqlityor !denti_fy a person (T0t~'1[no. .v~ CJAj:.....~ _absenc~;:_(~1!.R}._.· ., .': ·.. · ·.· . __ :·':.. . ·:. ·' .
. . ··G·'1·. No_:.L-4_142'7,·June .. 10,· 1988). ·.~ ·. - · · ., - . a.· ~po~se pres~rit;.' .. -·· ·· · .... ·
... _::- . . ~. . ... ·· .- : . .. .~ . "b.. I estate heirs_;_·: .. '
Application for Cha.r'ige "ofNa~e . . . . . . C.· . !ntesta~e h-eir?; ana . ... . .
. . CJ}an~e· of riarn.e. is ·a ju.diciai·· proceediri"g inJ,em. · ,.-.; · d. 6t_tier PE:~S(2!1S s_ubordinatecffo Eights over the· ·
' . ;Juri~'qict)?n .. ~q ~ he.ar_-.: _-~h~, . determine a· -~~tition· . ':. . . ·. . : prppe.rty·of"abse.ntee "qy d~c1th;"·(C?'Y!t- .<;ODE,
!her~for~. ··by.· _law_: is .. · acquired_ af~er . publication ·,· · : ·' ; ·. Art, 3~5)" .. · .. ,· ·· ·<.:.· . :, _·_. ·-: · · · '·.' · · ·· · . . ·
·,.he.arm~ ther.ec;>f_.-::-)o~··:l. succE_:!.s~~ive weeks -iri .. a / . . .. ·.. __ ; · · . . · . _. · · ·., · .
news·paper ·pf- general . ·circulation." .Buf ·for. that The J_udr~raU;leclarat1on o_f _absence shall not.take
·1;i"ublic?tiqn -!o be effyctiye; it .·must gi~~'-.cqrr·ecr eff~ct. uritil·.6 months a_fter -it~ publication in_.a · ·. _
information: · .·.. - : .. : · ··. ·., .. -., ·. ·· n~_yvsp9per qf genera.I crrculatron. (CIVIL C.ODE,-
. - .. · .-: ·· . ·: ·.· . · '. · . ··-.-.. ·- . ·~· , .. · · Art . 386), · · ·
i=or°pLJrpds~s~of a·n -ap"pii9"atl_on fo~ ~ha~ge ~f. oain~ .
An _a-dmipi$trat~r ~f t~e absent~e.·s~-~rop.erty'shal! , :.
ynder_Art. -~75· of the Civil Code,'tt,~' or,ly_rja.me that
be appointed by the,court in accordance with 'Art. ·
may be ch~nged is the _true Or offiCi~rname recOrded· . -'-
. ·in·t~·~_civil. re~iste,r::1n··qdd_lt~On°; fqr,_a: P,'Lib_l[cation o{a . 383JCll(IL CO£?.€,.:f.i1: 387). . .
· . pe,t1Jror, for.:a chailg,e of name to: be vaJi.d, the title
Necessity of Judic_ia!, Appointment" . .
there9f · should . ·in.elude,·· first ,his. real ·. name
Appointment "by the -court is essential. to·· ' -
. ancJ' s~co"nd, ·h·i~·a.li~~es, i(any(Je~us Ng
Yao Si~n~ . · capacitate the wifEf fo" °represent the ,absentee.1 ••
v. Republic! GJJ. No. L-::20306,;Mprch 31,. f966). ·
. . . . . . . . . . . . ·- ..... Otherwise, she.c·annot, for ex.ample~:dispose ot" .
.c~njugal pr_op~rty (1PARAS, ·s.upra.a(868) ...
Avoidance of cSnfusior:i _is a· compelling' grbund~to
change one's nam~ (Chf,!a .v; Republic; G,R· No.
23_1998, Nqve__'!'ber ~O, 201-1). ·
)
.J
2019 SAN BEDA LAW CENTRALIZED .BAR OPERATIONS I 139

-PERS.O.N,s· AN:o·. FAM·IL Y REL-ATIONS-
SAN BEOA LAW.CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS - MEMORY AID 2019
· ,i the wife is appointed as an adminlstratrix, she Presumption of-Death

. cannot alienate: .. 6( .encumber the -husband's (Cl~IL- COfJE, Arts. 390 Jo· -192). .
: property or that of the. conjugal 'property "without ... : t ~ • ..,. I~ •' ,,·, '
judiciai-autrority (CIVIL COD't~, Art. 3_88)·. .

·, ... - •. .... ...
\.. Rights of Wife:~s· AdajJni_stratix: . . . '
She-rnust'always-
. ...... .
obtain·
. •'•
judicial
l
permission
. '
or
~- authority.in order that:· · Exception: . .
_ a: . ·She can .. ·ali~h~te · ::or . e'ricutriber her.' For pu~.po,ses_ of operfirm su~'cessi?_n ., . '
· .:- -' 'husband's property ... , · . . .. · .. : , - .
·-.·,.
~ .b ... She .c.ao_.ali.enate. or. encumber .th_e:conjugal ro yeah, ~rJsum·ed . de.ad ,·fot purposes ·Of
· . proper:ly'(1 PARAS~
,' . ·.. : "; . ~ . .;:_: --;: :;- .
supra
}it 876). . ,. ·,
.
. ' ; . ':,-
. opening 'succession
=.::··.:.-,,
, • • ..._ :·~ •:. • • : I
' ; __ r I•
J.
,, .
·s::··.
. .140 •
i. 2019 SAN,.BEDALAW,CENTRAUZED
·~ ·:. ·: ~ -. ... • • ' • • • ,w •• ••• •
BAR.OPERATIONS
'---.. •• • • _.. • • • • I._
. . _.PER.S.ON .~ ANP:FAMILY- RE.LATI.ON.S .
. -. • . • . . · . SAf'! BEDA I.AW CENTRALIZED BAR. OP6RATIONS - MEMORY 1\10 2019
IA::: '2':'ASh !5 AA ff ;it;.gz 4#24 ,tF P:s%!i $ S:c 1 :, r, R • e« &?t #&'*v · %9¢:i , • 11 :::i•: ;;::.s &J W.: ==.:J
f:.9tllwu··,.,·,:.;..;·
NotecTheleqal.requlrement on the need for judicial" : l.
declaration ct-presumptive death does not apply to . CrviL REGiSTEi

a marriage celebrated under the (Old) Civil Code
as thelaw. itself presumedas dead the spouse who: · . . .
disappeared . for a period of ·7 years where the · . . Act~. ev.E!nls and judieial decree:(concerning the 'civil
· present spouse has no news of the absentee being .. status of persons shall be· recorded in' the' civil
alive.ior for less than 7 years where the ·absentee · regtster (CIVI~ . COD_E, Art: 407). r This incl!Jd~s:
was g_enerally presumed dead. Hence, proof of "well- _., (BMQ~Lf..VALA-NEC-JVC) ·· ..
founded" belief is not"require.d._Petilioner. could riot 1. ·,§irths;,_, ·
have. been expected IQ comply with this requirement · . ?. Ma~riages;
since "the Family Code was not yet_ in· effect at· tlie 3. Qeaths; . ,
~ime;_of her marriage·(Valdez v. Republic, G.R. No. 4. 1,eigc)I :3eparation~;.· .,. · .. · ._ ,
1808q3,~ September 8, 2.009). · ·. .· _5. Judgments 9f 8nrtulment.of marriage; .
16. , Judgment decla(ing marriages Void from the
. .. Claims' based on bare assertions, uhco~roborateo by beginning'; ' . . .: . . . ~ .
\ anykirid of' evidence.' falls short_ of the diligence 7. '··8c;loptions;- · . ; . · ·. /.; . . . .,
required: te.enqender a well-founded belief. that the 8.' .!:egitimations; .. .....
absentee -;spouse is dead (Republic v: Catubag, G.R.. < 9. · ,8cknowledgments of nc)tural child(en;
No. ?10580, Apr.ii 18, '2018): · · .- , 10. · Naturalization;· . . ·. - . · .. · ..
~ ·~~ · 11 .. '.§est]on,.'-loss'o_r recoy.ery of citizenship';';:· ..
· W;ll~i~~nded Belief . ·. ~~. . -: 12. ~ivil· interdiction;; .... ' , ., . . . ·
-.· The:.:"well0fouflded. b~lief' ·in the absentee's death · 13. ~utlicial>determination of filiation; .
requires the present spouse to prove that his/her 14. :.Voll.mtary ernan.cipatiori c>f a· minor;.and
-betlef -wa~, the result of diligent and reasonable · 1?: -~hange of name (CIV!(CODE;-Art.J408). _.
efforts- ~o locate the . absent spouse and that based
. .·:,. "
. on .tbese efforts and inoutrles, he/she believes hat N9_te: 'These are._entri~.s s~bject to. cancellation_ or
· under-the circumstances, 'Ihe ' absent ;.Pou?e· ·is -corre'clion upori' gooc{ and valid grou.nds [RULES OF- .
~lready, dead.Jt'necessitates exertion of-active effort : · COU~T, ~U~f=l 1.08,. ~e·~. 2). ' . . ·.
. ~~, not a passiveone. Assuch, themere abserfce of-t!Je > • .., : ... ' . / 1·,.
.. spouse· f~r1 suc_h periods prescribed under th,~~aw, D,uly of~ e Gier of Cou,rt \. · • • . .
.lack of·an,y news that.such .absen ee spouse is 'still. .' ·-r.o ascertain.· w1;t~ttier the··,,· decree done, -ba·s .b_een' 1
aliye/ ..failuie: io ·-. tor'nmu~ira e;·· ·'l'br-:'. 'geri~ral . registercfci.

4!' I
ana if
· •.
tfiis h'as hot
. · ·, ··
been r .. ,.
to'send
· · .
a
presumption of absence under me· eivil·.(oae would . . GOPY of said decree to'_th.e. ~ivil reg'istry of th.e ~ity or·
· . ·. ~ot 'suffice (Rep~blic ~ Tampus: ·9.R. fWf. 214243,) municipal_ity whe_i;e· fh~ -.cQurt is functio.rii_ng .(CIVIL.·
, ..~ .... Ma,:ch
.
16,·2016).,.
. I . . .: .
.. .
· _CODE; Art. 4_D9),. . .... r
. . : '
' '.
f ; • F •••..:~' ~., • '( • . • • -< • "' •
. General Rule.: Any-rnarriaqe ca':l"!lracted by..a pe·rs9n Nat re'·of! the -!;3oo~s of the·, Civil .Registe'r .and
1
8elate.d:Oo.cumer.its· . ,, • :-'- • ••
.. , . "jur[~g the,subsistence· of" a previo.u~- ~9rriage sf1all
· · .be n·u11··and ·void-_(FAMIL Y CODE, Aris. 1 anah5 · ,. ·. f' · ton.sfd.ered ·public clp~Jrnehts: ·and '·. · . .,..
'(4)). ·. :. ;. .. . . ·'. . . . . - . Q. :Pril1)~ 'tacie . eyid_ence . of, }he· facJs- contained
' . ,. . ~. . '
...... .ttierein.(GJV~L
. . .·
CODE,. ~rt. 4W). . .
·r .
'. · · · Exceptions: .... - . · . . .' · , . .·.
. U~la~fti°.Altedti~~ } :. _..·· · . : '.. .,. .:.i
· 1. - BE!fQre. the ceJ!;lbra\ion _of the.., sub~eq~ent- ..
·,_ General Rule: ~very civil registrar ~h~ll,-be 'ci~illy
. . rT/.~rj.age,: t~ .prio_rspol.Jse had be~n absent'for .·
. four coF1se.~ut1ve years and-th~ spous·e present . _re.spqn~ible for any· unauthorized.1alteration made 'in
· · · · · ha~ a we11:founded belief ttiat the abs~nt spq'use · ?f1Y ·civ,il·· rsgister, . fo ai:ir person suff~ring. d;::irii_age _
was alre~icl_y dead; .or . . . : . . .. . : . . t~ereb.y.(C;VIL
. CO.DE; Art'.~ 411).·-. . · ....._· . -, . ·
. · ·· 2. ; In caie of clisappea~ance Vrhere there. is danger
... '. ':- •. .
Except'i;rf If_ the.· CiYil -~~-gistra~ ·pro've;, that he has-
· . · of death uhder'the circumstances set.forth-in tlie
. take_n _every··reaS:onable· precl;iutioh ·to lp'reive.n(!h'e- .
. . :· .: . proYiSi':)11~ of.'~rticle ~9'1' of'the Ci~il_ ,Code/an
~bsence-.of, only. two year~ .shall be sufficient' · i.mlawfuJ alteration, he' -may exempt himself from
(FAMILY-CODE, ..Ai-t. 41). · , . ..::.: lia,bility'(C/VIL CfJDE, ~rt. -4.1-1).- °' . ·._ . . .
.: \ 1 • . ~' • ~. . . •
\ • • • I • : •
··, Not~: Article 41 of flje Fami_ly ·Code only applies·

. . ' ....
, • \ '., ;· . ~ ,. • ' .
· ~'urttie~,.a~c;; kt ~µtt,-~rit~.·of t't,;e ci~il- Re~isf·d·r t~-
whefl' the peti\ioner seeks to. rern·a,rry (Tadeo-Matias . forrecf ~·lerical al)d Typographiial Errors U1_1d~r
v:·, Repyblic,,' . G:R. · No: .230.7 51, April 25;. 2018). . R.A.~~:-101_ 72. (An. f.\c}..(urfhe~i·/.{thq(iZif1,9, (9e·.q(ty'..
. . :- or Mun_icipal_ Civil Registrar or·the .. Consul General to
· Carree( Clerica"/ at Typographical Errors in tl)e· Day
· . . and. Monttf 'in ._the bate. Qf Birth or' Sex' of a 'Person
· . · Appearing in the Civil Register without Need of a
Judicial . Order,. Ariwndir/g For 'This Purpose
Republi.c Act Numbered Ninety Forty-Eig_ht) ..
~019 SAN BEDA LAW CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS

. . I -- ·.
I 141
, P·ERSONS A-ND FAMILY.
. RELATIO-
. NS .•
• • SAN BEf!A LAW CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS: MEM_ORY AID 2019 · . .

~\liHAS&dtA: -ii!Sl'\?.df.:¥!£..*:44YHkMB#StNS i#&lttf.f4:'&t:w:r, %¥44T{§\.#£%¢M~'r1 i!fi~ ~§&tBiti %' ,, µ 't®UW#N Me-:v.. :.,:.. w:me
Author-ity to Correct c·1erical or 'Typographical . Grounds for Changes of Name.: (.c2qiAR).. .

Error an.<:f Chahg_e"of first Name or. Nickname· 1' .. When the change will ?V6id ~onfusion;·
General Rule: No entry in a civil register shall be 2. Having f.Of.ltinuously used, and been known
changed a·r corr.ected _without a judicial order (CIVIL since· childhood by a Filipino name; unaware of
CODE; Ail. 4·12). . . her alien· 'parentage; . . .
3.· When··sthe · change results ·as a. _begal
Exception: Administrative proce·edi;g_for clerical or consequence; ·
·typogra.phical errors and Change of ··name: or 4, · Wt:ren the surname causes Embarrassment and
nickname, the day and month in tlie date of b'lrth-oi' . . there. is no showing that the desired charrqe .of
sex of a person where· it is· pa.tently clear-that: th'ere · name 'was for a fraudulent purpose· or that tHe
'/
was a clerical or typographical error or mistake.ih the chanqe cif name would prejudice public interest;
entry (R_.A. No. 101?2,·.S.ec:-1); . 5 .. A sincere desire to adopta · FiJipino · name. to
erase.siqns of former ~lienage, ~ll'°in_good falth
Clerical·cir. Typoqraphical Error . and without prejudicing anybody; and . :
Refers to a mistake cornrnitted.in the performanceof · 6. When the name is Ridiculous, dishonorable or .
· · .. · clerical .work in, writing, copyinq.. transcribinq or, ,. extremely . difficult to .write or pronounce
.
,.
typinq.an 'entry in the civil r.egister that Is liarmless
and . innocuous,i. such '·as . missp'ell~d . ·'narn'e'
(Republic v. CA G:R.. No.· 9790q, May,-21, 1992)..
or' ' '".f . . .. . . ' . . . ·: ~-
· misspelled place of birth, mistakein the entryof day Fjrst Name . .. . ,
r: the hke, wh~~~ 1s·y1s1ble:to the -~y_es:o~.C?b~oCfs~'lh_e

und.,.~r~,t~ndmg·,·: a.nd. can b.~ '. c?rrec~~~-
u
and_·:11onth. (n t~e :?a~e··of birth- ~r sex of !he_ pej,R-~fr--:-. !t"i~~ _t~ a- ?a._me or _nic;:~n9me · given_.lQ_ .a. pe~~on.
('\h1fh:[T1.~Y. co.r:is1st of on_e.~r m_ore rtarnes.in addition
chp,r.i~d . · · ..AQ\thfrn1~dll'ar\:d last No. 9,04:8, Sec. "?" (R./l.:
only by referenc~ to .other ex1~t~mg reca , -or r.e~o ds~ -°:""~(~l, as ~eT1de9). . . . . . ·. . _ : .· . . ;
(R._A. No. 10~72, ·Sec. 2, par. _3t ~)'." . .. . ,.,. ·· ..:_.· _. ·· -;ti_ · ._ , :. · ..
. .-~ · .. -~- _ . . . . . v..; ·. . - V. . . .: ,;fl;· .. ·~qrou_n_d~ .for~Charge. of First_ Name o_r Nickname
· Except19n~ to.th_e,,ExceptJbnt_ (~~) . -~- ;.- ., : .]f»,·.l ··. ,(~:A N.~-·_904qf_f{R~Rt .. · . . ::. . . .._: .. ·
_1. ~g~ -~- . _. : / ...Y _· · . . · . · · · ·. ·. _{tr,} ~ ;__
New\fir_st:1~e~'11ckriame has b~~n_.t!~b1tually
2. .Nat1onahty. . f;....;_ · . _ · . ~- rf~1!'\ and :font1.~~o~ly, ~ed.. by the. p·et1t1oner. and--he
_· 3. §.tatu~ (f!.A~ No. 10.1 !2 lmg_te_n:en,(1~g · ul~s ·;;:ind . lrn! --..v. h~s pren p~qhclY. .\nolJ>.'.h_ l?Y that first"'name. or
,
Regulat,on_s, Ru_le 2.
• · • .-.. • . • •
7J-, . ~-,
• ~-~
1
·. ·.
·-~--~-=-~~1?kf.':in;ie)11~-~-e ~~ri.murnty;· .. · . : _ . .!". ·
-••• ,. .-~n:illHJP4~_Th_,changef1l!'('~yo1d-contus1oi;i, or. · : .. :.
· Note:··corceGtion: or change 'tat1l be·· ~e by the~ 3. Firs~re or nick~ame is ·Ridiculous, .tainted.
c~n_ce_r_n~q c;:Lty ·or muh_i_c!pcil cfirt,l$.~~fr~l5~c?n.sµI ,Lt,) . , ,,~.zcti'sh~n~_r~0t'exfre~:!Y__.diffi~·u'1t to ~rite .or
. g_en~ral_ m ,accor_d~r_ic;:e ~1th ~lie-pr0'V_1~~n-s~ , s ·Ac::;- . ~~ 8-E®o'~cel· (R.A'J
Nf!. 9048,~- Sec. --4, .. a~.
and 1t~-Jmplement1ng ru_les an~·remul_at1ons .. \..fl I.fr:: . · "'~i!Ijn~~d)f · / · _ _. · . :.' :. .
..... Gtlange-~f ~·an~e:is-a P..ri~i1~~~-- '-..~. --~:__ - -<s.'i:. , .-rt'~t~f?_J_&b4-8 (a~-'am;'ntj)ed 1.017;) do~s~· ~~-R.; _ -~
The State has·_an int~r~s.~ in :~~~am·$~o~ 1:,yJEN_~~EH•. ~a.nct~a:cif'ange 9Lfir~t.~naQ1e·on.'th_e· ground ··.
~ ind_i~.i~u_al~ ar;id ~ntities._for pu'rpp~es-o1 i~_nj~c~~,W~ -otsex\l:~~~t~.ent,._.Tb·rule_ ~th·e~ise-111ay·c~ea~e · ,·.;
_A ~ban~e.· of ,na.~.e._ .1~ .. a pnv,1.Le~e,.'-r.1ot -~right·... "\ .I .1~av~-~~l1c~!1ons in !he c!v1I r~g1stry .a.~d pt,J9l1c_ ·
Pet1t1oner. must show·proper or reasonab~~r lVl.lintJrest,(Si/veno v. Republic, ·G.R. No. 1746?9, ·
arw -~c:ompelfir]g 'reason w~ich . fn_~Y. _j.u,stify. ,sy.c;tr_ ... · d:ecl'bbe'( 22, 2Q07). ·. .· ''.' · · ·· ·
c~ange (S.ilveri<r:v. Republic, G:f?:-.No, 17.4689,' . : ....:· :··, . - ··.. -- ... _. . . . ·.. .
Ocfober 22,-2007)/ ·~ ·. · ·· . ;/· ·, .'."·. ;- ·-· Wht,.,.may.file,a petitii::injor,,th.~,.~or~ectio.n:·of a··
· · · .,.. · : : ',: - .. . ... >.,. · · - ,·. ·.:· · ·, cl,er';c·ar 9r·typ<;>g-~l3phica!. error, in, ~ff Sri try: andfor: · · ·. • .
. A·charig.e-of. narrte ii(~ pt'ivii~g~: and not a·· m.ati~/d : . .~h-ang_e oJtfrst name or. nlcknarri¢ ·· .. :':. . ·, · ·,·
. ~igh't; a .proper-·. and r~~sQ.iiable. _"caµse :riiu_~t _'eiist_' ,. A_r;iy perso-~ having· direct and personat1nteresf.j0Jhe
.before a, per'sofl ·may be~auttiorrz:ed. to Ghahge. his. . ... crn;re"dion. of:_a' cl~rit1:1) ·or,.typ9gr_aphi<3al. errq(iti an·
.riam"e~·;:1Pi graiiing.or denying 'petitiotls:fordicfng~·--of . · efritry. ?nEl/o'r,c_hange•of-first·~am_e 9(.nickname.in,th,e~ f.
, .:· name, }tie''qu~slioh of proper an.cfrea.so~able caus'e - . civil· register may file,. ir'l-pe[sonf a- v_erifie9. petiti.on
. . 'is. lei"fr to''iti'e sburid :d[screliQO of. the court-. :wtiaf-is . -" with:. the , IQcal. civil,·· ~eg_istry>· office . of -the · city o_r·
irivc;ilved::fs· ncit \i meri ·matter . o( allo"w.an_ce; or. : - .. · municipality where the record· being, sought-to· be
dj~pJlq».1~nqe ,, of.· t_h}:~ reql,!_e,s~. · b~t . c! .j_uqicio~,s . correct\3.d.or changed i$ kep~ (R.A No, 9048,.'Seg. 3,:
·. ev~iluation·.: of the· sufficiency'. \:ihd :proprie.ly; of .tne. ; .pa(,1, _·ai~mendetri>'. .,. . . •·· '.• ·.B .!· .. ·.,
_j~stffica.:ti90s ad_y~ric~~t'Jn 'su~port ihe.r~9.t:'°rhin~fu] o_f .. . ~ ·'·- . . ,' .
the- consequen.t.results.inJh'e.:event of-its· gr-ant ana Ne>te: 'All· pe_titions for·the -clerical or ·typographiGal
with ' lhe- sole: . "pr~rogi_il've ... for ·makiri'g' '. such efror? ~ricjior _ch'ang~ of fjrst. 'name's ~r l'lickria'm.~_s
.. deteri:nination _bEiling·· J.oc!g.ed-i'n th'e courts .(Gan _v,. fT!ay be ~vailed of. ~nty once .. (R.A.'N_o .. 9048, S$c.- (
R,{public, G.R: :No: 20714'7,. Sep~emb,er_:14, ?916). ·.
.· . . .
3,' par. 5,_
'·
as· a·mende9). .
\
l
\ . ~ ..
. 142. . ·I 2019
_.... . SAN BEDA LAW
. C::ENTRALiZED .BAR OPERATI
. . ONS
.
. PERSONS ANO FAM-ILY·.-RELATIONS
,..... ·. ~· SAf.tBEQA I.AW CENTRAt/ZED BAR OPERATIONS:_ MEMORY AID:2019
.. # ,. • • , , , - : .I
·· Venue· of Petitjon . ·the Civil ~egisfrar and ·a11 persons'who have or

1. "Petitioner has ·already migrated to another place claim any interest w~i.ch"-."w_o.uld be affecte!'.f thereby ..
in the Philippines-· ' · . shal_l be_ made parties tq:the pr9ceeding (RULES OF
' . . CO_URT, RULE ·1 QB, 9ec: 3)". · --
· 1_n; casei ttie petitioner ITas already .rnlgrat~d to·
ar:ioih_efr place _in ·the_c.~untry and ·it woulp not be · ~Upon-the filing_ of the petition, the ccrnrt .. shall:
practical for · such party, in terms of (FR9) . - . , .
transportation· expenses; time ·and 'effort- to .1·. fix ·th~ till)e and place 'for. th_e··hearihg · of the
appear in
persqn. be(o're the local civil. registrar . · same· . .-- · ' ··, · ·- ··· . · ·
keeping· the ._documents : _tc{ · be·· cqrrected. · or . 2 ... ' ¢.aus~ ~easo~able 'rioti~e th~'rebf to be .. giveh-to_
, changed, the. petition may be -fi.led; in p~rson, . · th.e p,ef$<;ins n.amed:in. the pe_tition;·and ., .
·, ~itll t]:ie ·local civfl registraroft!"Je place_where· 3: . ·cause the. Order to be published· once a.week
the--"intere·sted party i~{-presen.tly residing' or· . · tor 3. co:nsecutive '.:_wee.ks fr,' a ·'"newspaper qf
qc,,nic::iled: Ttw ·. two (~) )ocal . ~ivil regi$fra_rs·. .- . ·generaF circulation. 'in (he province'"(Rl)LES OF:
concerned will then "cdmmunitate to facilitateHhe .... :·coiJRT;- RUJ.Ji.1 OB, 4):' ·, -~ .·. : ../
~-a·
. .• : Sec. • ' ~
pr:°~c·G_s'sing ot'the:p.e\itfon. . -\· . .
- , .. ... "'" : . .
. Opposition. to the Peiit_ip,:t _
~.
- _. .- . · .. .
-~ .. PetJ~an~r·;~·a: c(iken· oft~e-Philipp.ines· i5:;esenuy . Opposition rriay be filed by the civil.reqistrar andany '· ,
'fesidi_ng ir:i a:toreign country · · ·
·. .. .' :,. . . .
·. "person ··havi_09': or . clai~'ibg: :"int~re~_Lur,der th·e·. ., ·any
e~tr:y". whose .. capcellatjon or. co'r"re.ctioii. is: sought
Citize-ns of thaPhilipplnes who ·a~e. presently · within 1s·days from n9tic;e""ofthEfP.etitiqn; or'from.the .
-- ·. . r~siding 'or dom"ic,1Jd:fi;- foreign· countries· rriay last 'date of publication.of such notice (RULES Of·
Ole their 'petition, "in· person, with- the nearest · COURT·;:'RUL,.E ·1QB;"_Sec. 5).' . ,. -, . ,, .. ; .
, Phili'pprne-Corisulat'es·(R.A.)Jo:· 90~B;$ec. S . · ·.'.. ·.:X '-- .. · . . Y-· ... -·. ·. ' ··· .
:". _-. : parf2 anc(3, as-'am!:nqed) . · ·· ··· ·. ·· · ..l~G.1~de;s ~t E~pediting:Pro_~eedin9s-' ·-.-~· ... i · -. · ·.,: · -. .
.• r~ · - · :Grders~•exp~ting the. pro~~e:dirigs.'.;,ind"prelil'T]inary .
·c"han.ge -.of Midd!e-.N~.,-';E?· · · · _ . inju~~t~on_ fo'lhe pres~rvatio~· of the rlgfits. of the
. Middle- harries serve-to identify the matem~!"lineage· _partre.s P.~n~IQQ "S}l~h-:pro_Ce!;)drngs·· may._ be granted.
· or filiatiori. of i person, as well.as furtlieli.dislinguisli
.nim fr9n,.otliers Wh.Q ITic!Y·have'ti:fe.s"arrifg1vem"'1'1~rii~_'
: .. ·__ ar;i~_~ofri~'rneias:he)ja_:;;. Drop'P.i8,g~~ trJ°(qdl~-n~~m~t.:'
.. 6).
·. -
-•:
·_--_·:·.
1·.. "·\·' . . ·' .
· by the 'court {R"l!JtES QF COURT, RULE 1[)8, sec.:
· .· ··_:.. _ · · -'. ·• . .
<, ' .-.
. ,; .. · , . -~ .
. . . . .
" .
• ..•
. - of a fT)i[i(,)r so that' he, will not 15~di.ff~i'en _(ror'n his°'. '. b1s01i~sal of Petition, . . . . _ ·' ·: ..-.
. . classmates in . Singal?6re -. and o_n~t~e qdditi9nal. .. - _Aft~~~a~1n~. tie ~oy_rLmat,. ~it~ef -di~_[lii~~ ·~he '
ground-thi;!t it wotild ·c~us~ ·confl!sio:n· 'i!..~d-.difficiJfty rn · petrtroh,Of'IS$.1lJ~-an~order grantrr:ig ~he caricel!atron or-
its pronunci~ti6h in ~ing.~pore .. doesw..o.. c!n~!itu~~ · )~or,r~~ti?n_ P:a1~d :!cir. In. e_itber_~a~e;.a :ce1m~_a. 5~p(
· proper and reasonabJe cau~e: to:.J:J~op it)rorn. Hrs, -· of the Judgment· sha)I l;>e served· upon ·.-the .crv1I
, . regis.tered-complete "Mame .. As ha- is df'tenaJrage, registra,:-.1cohcernedWho'shall:anncitat~ the· same in
..... ·. he ma": r:i?t. yerun·~e~stanq a'nd~_a·p·P!.~ei~l'f~e-~~9,e_ . :his_recgrd_ (rjULE~ OF. COl/RT, RULE -S-ec.J):, . 1._o~.
. : · of.the, ~-~~ng~ of_hrs n.a[:1.e ~~d-~r~~tn:1.~ ~f.:th.~j1me · ·.
.. , (.
,a.t t!if's po1nt·111ay Ju...~t· preJudrce hrmrn hrs.r-1.gt:it~ onde_r · .

. our.·law's.(lnRe:.'Pe,tition for.Change of Name-Ind/or ....... ··:_-,.to ·.
· . Cor(ection{Canc~llatiqn- o(.Eritry in Civil Registry of ··
, Jµ/ian· Un ·Carulasan·.wang .. v. _Cevu Citf Civil . : . ""':-'·
... ~... .. Jr
Registrar, G:R: No: 159966, March 30, "2005).·.·
.... :·.: ·. :_.. ··_ . _. _. '+ -~~-~--?.: • . - . _-~· ' . . ·.-.
',.:.
· . ·._· . . .. ;' . ~- .
. . '
.flease·:refer· to'Rem.edi?JI Law Memor:y·'Aid :for ·a .... ·: .. -:....· .
:· ·~ •.. · .. ., .•.
. CO((lprehen.sive discussion of the procedural asp·ects .. ~-- .-.
·of cha"nge: of name. . . -;
.. .:. - . '•
.. r-:-.
. .
: . ~-=n~~r:i~~~-~- or' Corr:~~-ti_<m:o·~- ~ntries i~ !he :Gi~H .. -. .• ,·· _.r •... '!>' ••
__:..·· .... · ..•
. _9, ,ry_ . •, .. ,.· ... · ... , . .
• ·· .. • ..·t
. . .
--:· '":
.. ,.. .··, .
· · :whci may file:· Any. person interested in .. any.-act,.
,·.. ..
. . even(i>rder---or decr~e c"oncerning~the civi_l'-s(afus·of · .. ;.., :', :- :-_ .·.·
" ' .... ·.' persons . which:. has ·b~eh recorded- in .. the- .·civi) .
'.. :. · register; r:nay · me· _ a · verified ,_petition. · {cir • the . ·.· . .... · ·.·
"car:icellation _or cbr-re_ction of. any·· eri_try. rel~ting ..
thereto; with the Court of· First lnstaFlce ·· oL.the·
pro~ince wti~re the co~responding. civil ~egistiy is
located (RULES OF.COURT,.RULE 108,.Sec'1). ··.· .
·20ls sAN sEoA LAw cENTRAuzEo sAR 0PERAT10Ns · r ·143

SAN ~EDA LAW CEN~RALIZED,BAR OPEf!ATIONS - MEMORY AID 2019
Classification of
Thing~·:~ . · .
~~1~---~~~P-R~O_P_.E_R_T_Y~·~~---~-1:1. 1. "ResNuuius - "b.elonging to:110 one".
,: ~e~sor: They have not yet been appropriated. ,
Property as.a subject .. . a. " Res Derelictee .: abandoned .bythe O\Yfl,~,ir·
It is a branch Qf civiklaw which ctassifles and defines , · · with the intention ofno.lonqer own_ing them;
the different kinds of appropriable objects-- their. , b. Ferae Naturae - free in I their ' natural.· habitat.
. • .
. acg~i.sipqn and loss, and in general, treats of the
n~t~re and consequences of real r!ghts (PARAS; Civil ·
Code of.the Philippines Ann9tatedyolume ll,.;(2016),
- .. ' p. 1 lheteinetier Z PARA.SJ).
,, l •
ProRer:ty ., ..1 ' ,. •
. . Al! · things . whlc_h· are or .,n:iay be the object of

• : - . .appropriatlon (CIVIL· C.QDE, Art. 414).
'
.. •• 1·
! ..
...... ..
...
• -· .. • . . 7'·-...
- _._ • ·.-.
. ·:·... .• ... ··. • ·--~- •. t:. !.,..,.--:. :·•·. -·<':·~· ,..... ·• -:.; .. --~- ..•... .2J~.
· . · ~XE~U:rJYE COMMITTEE.· '- -, sµµ)E'c'.T COMM!pEE . .. , .. _rvmMD~RS-, :. - ·. . ~YJ1iERS· .: .
·, MA:R~.
e~~ELL C. s_UMANQUI,_ ,MA,:. CJ9.~A,. D. ',AflROYQ .. : ~)i, J?E~~?· ~RRTI:· ·I?~~ "~D ·, . ~~P.IT .. ~'.;• ·.:
.< · 01?er.·aU -, Chairperson,": ~RIC_:A · S11bj~ct"C.~a.[r1 MARY--CI·!ERW'i'.t11 ~~llF~.: · M._ ... ~Ctfi.;! .~::\NP, O,;.._in:.~MJ;l~::P., .'. :\ .
_MAE;C .. YlSTA-<::hgirpe~ori for L. -~~O Assistant" S11pjec0_ "CHA~ ·.RbS_E· pYJ%•''R..' '-S~NTO . ',m, · 'At_!Y. .: .•,.\ . ·
Academics;
. . -- ·• DEN . . . . REI
. E. Ghair,"
.r JAYSON . .. P.·.
.. HIQUIANA
. ... -• .ROMANO,·
. . . ~ '"". · · :-_, ' . Mj\N~L
. . •. 'P, CASil'.l'O,-'Atty.- . .!.
.,
~ B~ERQ--~)lairperson [orHotel, , S11bjec~--J;lectronic pafiz_Processing, ·J,J\!'IINE ..,'. E:~q.£· ." . T. Di\}'ITE O .. DELA CRUZ, Alfy.,.·
Operationi, JI-IE!f?~A L(?.~J;·B.. · MARIA~ Af.{GELICJ\ R.. LQVER!A ·. G~Gp~; .¥A: ~!-~~JAN.¥··;, R0WflL. n. ~GJ\N,: NtY\. , . . :
DJ.MAANS)· Vice Chairperson for ·: Co11jli_c1 -of la.ws,; ., S_Oi'HIA ·. 9·. ~~A}l!G<;:b, . .__~J;.A -, )Q.~EP~'· . F;E~W~·':;,t,•);-: ~·
. Se5.'elarial,. EARi; ·• JUSTIN M. Y_ICTORIA E: ~A-_Persons and ~·.tl. l\1AJ':1ARIL.,_JE~ ·:;;;_:..·. D~~~ VEZ, -~tty .. TI!ERp>A:. . .
-Y~J\Q y~e _C~airperson for . Familf: ~elations,·._ 19~~
QY~.. B~!S~ .:· D. GEJ:-IBVIE~~-CO, .
·:-.: ·, pp_eralio~s,·M(L~4N6EI:,ICA ...I}._.: .·ELIZj\.BETII -'.'' -~· )_,(~• .-· ... ~M\'3{\;',:R9NNA}9.U~.-"n .. ,·.;... ·;:;·,.. ., ·;"'-.. _,.~- :~·- ... 1 ~ .:_ .',
, D§. LEON. Vice <;hairperso11, for · Ml\k~O~NTO.· YProj,e{ty... an~ . _Q9¥F,F!'.(\5.9~~)~ G. , · • - .', : : -./• ; ;: . , '·.'':_ ·.•. .' , ·
Finance, '·ARRA OLMAYA ]. ·Land. Titles..: and· Deeds,. KEVIN· RON'Es;;GERAfU) CEASAR S.- . ' . . . . ,..
- : .·~ ·;BADANGAN-·vli:e''tliiiirpmon-: ·.cHJU~. A..· .PASION JfAG@IQ-;-GAMitr.E°C:iuio."' . ·-·:,, ··: '.-· .. -·, :; .,,- -:,···.. I •
Jo//11fdit,JORDAN N, CHAVEZ Succes§ion, JAMil.. P.

DALIDIG , MORRIS. MEDEL- F.1 ~OI,tliio, '. · · .. . ·· . , ·: : · · , · ~
Vice ChairpC'rson for EDP, HANZ ObliiatiOIJS . tlnd · . Co~ITtlcts, ')bSE: MAWUCE .ROMEO· V. ' . ·:·· ' ·
D{illRYh-. D·.,,. if.IU··.,-:Vite' KEmyiN ;\NTiiONY B. -Y.11\Dd' :·sALv4¢icf,t-j:;1w?,1¢~,.ri.... .,, .. '
Chairpersohfor Logistics, a!ld_ Sales '~nd.'Lcase, K;ORn'!'A::CES'M. · WBON, C~KA JOHANN G. ·
D<;>I-IN.Afl:I.IBP. E: AQ~ CUEVA Pactnership_ im'd Agency, , CO, JEANNE;.. PAULINE F.
Vice Chairperson for Membership .MARIA Af;IA ·, ANG~· :--,T. ~~c;:CI~:)N, . ·MARJA '
SIMPAO . Credit : Traruactions, ·,EMiiIA A:>SIBAL, ]ERRIC B. .
GIZEllE · . KARlNA . · , ' D.C. . CRISTOBAL · .
MC>~O Torts ?'nd Oamag~ . '-·
· ....
.:,.
., . . ~ .· '·
. ... . :
' I •'
PROPERTY
. . SAN BEDA LA..Y CENTFIA_LIZED.BA,ROPERATIONS- MEMORY AID 2019 . .
~iSUi-fltNih&.1 E@WAr1Af01tWR_ifu?Mi¥¥! R@'#?NtF ?t%tt, °tt:~s;pµ A:5i!i-!@&iitifiM~~ %? t~'W W i, Mf1 :S?:St :~stiW.Mif#3?5 @sti•~llfm. .,1.;:z'E ==;;,J
.. 3. Mixed or Semi-movables . . . Note:_ Under the law cin Sales; a thing is
. a. Movables -that are .rendered irnrnovable by d~termint1te .. i::ir spe~ific wl)en i\. is-· particu1a·r1y-
reason of being tin mobilized by dest(nation or designated or physically se'gregated from all
throuqh attachment to an immqvable;· -. o.thers of the same class (CIVIi.:. CODE, Art .
.. .: b, Immovables but are treated as movables ·1.460). . . ' ' '
b'~ca_use they . can be transplanted '(e.g .. -. .. .
<•
plants) or dismantled and moved to· another 8. -DivisibiJity: • l \
,,
. \. · ...: .. place ' ( e'.g:' house of iig~t- materials) without a.·· Divisible;
impairing their-substance; and · b:/· Indivisible· (DE LEON; Prop~rty, supra at. 6-
.c: Anirnalsfn anirna] houses', -pigeqn houses, . .·· '· : 7) .. :. . . . .
etc. (CIVIL CODE, Art.·414, per. 6) w_hich ant 9. , Consuma9ility (Movables):: ·
-classifled as-irnmovablethouqh transferable . c;1.: Corisum.aqle; . · '-
'from- place' to place or-they. can move by b:·, Non..,co·n~umable (Id.).
. themselves (D~ LEOty,. Property, supra ai 9- 10. \Jl/hethe·~.in· ttie Custody,of the Court or Free: ·
=1 OJ. - . = ..... _a.. In ·c;ust'odia /egis;.. those seized.by an officer
· ·. · · · , · under-a· -writ of attachment or ·execution:·
., . ' -bJ · '·'F:reet' p~operty (Id.). . . . ·
. . \
. -~ .. ~
,;, /~.. . .· ..
Importance of ClaSsification: . <:· · · . :.
-The· classifiGation. of property into. immollabl~s and .
. ) · movable~ does, c,·01 assur:ne i_ts' imP,or.tance ,from the
2. ''fact of mobility qr-r:ion-mpb,ility, but from the fact that .
'di'fferent p'rovisions of the Jaw govern the acq\Jis'ition',
. pbssessiori; dispositi6'n; loss,· and. r~gistration: of ..
immovables and movables (2 PARAS,'-silpra at 5) . .-.· ·
1Jrit~rn'~fi~_nal
.1. I Privlte Law, the,_gen~r~J rule !s
iha immovables are· governed _by the··raw of !tie
.'. _co~ntry.ji' which ._-Jhey ·: are· located,_ ~)ler~as
·. · · • · m~vab1es ar~ :g~v;erned' by the'· personal Jaw ot ·
·, -the ciWJler(Df=,-~EO/Y; Property, supra at·?): .
11-
·2: Unclef,:~h law, on:· Don.atipr:i i in· order. that th~
... '•. ,· cl~tfon ·qv?n:'i~t,tovable may. be yalid; i(inust :,
. _be_m'acJein a p_uoJic·docurT)ent (CIVJL.CODE,_Art ..
· 749)... 1.t.Jp_g:___san:ie·is~ a ~,-ova9leip'roperty who_se
..::value exceeds-PS, 000:00,,both··tbe dohati6n and
__ .._,tli~:·a~t.eptan~e:9f 'cJc;inati9h musf be in writing .
.·. Note: The Phillppine-peso bills w en ,at!empted. (GIVIL-·CODE/Art. 748). · '._- .,· .· ,. , . . . . ~
- to be-exported •may be deemed to·have been . 3. Jn.CrirTlinal l::aw, usurpatior of property_.can t~-~e
. taken out of c:forrie~tiy clrculatlon. as ieg~J terld~r . ' -:-_ plac~--:~nly:· w~t~,.resp~-~t -to ~eaJ.;~roperty,; wh)le ..
z • . ) :- 'and may therefore be treated a~ a. cMnmodity_. robbery and theft can be· committed· only -.y1th ·
~ .. .- Hence; bills' carried i~ exce.s.s-o_f- that qllG>~etl by 1:esei~t: _t'? . .:.p_E~'rsonaf i:toperfy·:: (DE LE§!.N;
_. · · -the Ba_hgko·Senttaf rnay.'b~_forfeited PlJ~~Ll'arit to . . Property; supra-at8~9). · · · .... ··,· · ·- ,· .. , -:·· ·
. . =: '-- Gf? Circuler: No. ;37 -in: relation tp Sec'. _1_363'(.f) of 4. 111 · <;;ivii, Pt1ce~_u_re;"_aciiof")s .. c;~nt;:er~ing real ~.,
.. ·. :lhe.Re'vise~ Admmistretive-Code '(Cornmissiorye_r . property ·ar.e · bro.ugh! in ·,the RTC where··. tti'e ·
~ ,. of 'Customs 'v, Cepistreho, G:R:· No. ,'L-11075, ·. '··property or ·:·any parr . th'ereof.. lies, ·. wh"erecis .
,:'Ju.ne 30, 1-960):. · .· · . , · • \ . ;~ '. , ·. _personal prop~rty a~~ 'q~o~gh_t 'irfthe: court ~here
;." ·' o• : .,' ._'°;:,:; • ,\., .:: lt. .' .. ~:. -~-•:,.• ~; .. •I
,_.th~ def_endant-6r any ·.of it~;-defen<;lah_ts .. reside of
5 .. :->Deperide_n~efor'Jmpqrtc!nce<· · may_ be found, o_r where the plaintiff or any bf the
p.. Principal; . · ;- ·' . . :~-plaintiffs resi.de (~d. at 8-9): · ·: · · -·
: · 'b,' Accessory (DE LEON, Propeny-supre ett». 5.. 'In Contracts,'_ only. real ':prope,::t'y. cc1.p-' be the ."
. :a.:' 1r '.'-. '. '
-r . ' .'. • , ·: ·: • \.. · .· . subject- matt~( of0real mortgage· an'Cl .a?ftic.hre~is, ·
6: . .Capability of.Substitution:
·· . · · ~; · while only persori?I prop·e·rty·can·.be the; subj~c't
_._ a>
F'ung_ibl~; · __ · · ... ·· , . · .,·. m~tter- qf siJTl~le, I.can: ot niutuµrQ_, .. volunt;:iry
b.·· Non-fungible (Id). · · .· , ·•· d~posit; pledge; and chattel rriqrygage'·(ld:- at 8-
7 .': ::peOni_teness .. or Na.tu re: ·\ , . . .. . 9) . . •. ; .<, . \ . . .
I .a.- Genedco or' Indeterminate.-· refe'rring. to. a. 6., Urid~rlhe Jaw:·on. Prescription, owriecship ofreal
grqup on:lass_;· ·: . . '_. -. prop~rty. may be acquir~d· ••by prescriptio,n,
O
· . ·· . . b, ·,Sp.ecifi.c or Determinate - referring - to· a . -- alttJol!gb;'there is-:-bad faitb;_,_in :thirty (30} year~ ...
single,
. I
'u'nique object ·(Jd.).
.
· (~/VIL (;OD[;:, Art. 113J), .whereas the perio(is
or:ily four (4) years! :if·i_n g_ood faith a11d eight (8)
years wiJhout 'need of any·.condiiion, in the case
I,
of mqvables (CIVIL ·c.ODE, Art, 1132).
·,,";
.\.
2019 SAN BEDA.lA'('I.C:ENT_RAL1z1;o·sA·R oP~RATJoNs·, 1,is

PROPERTY
.. . -
. . •. !iAN BEDA LAW ~EN.TRALIZED BAR OPEFMT/ON~ ~ MEMORY AID-2919
•i'liB&&E&f&·,ttM?A@Mf§:Mdt®M·f.ii#t&iiMff&iii#WWS:~;;s_P#,Af40M3iket5¢W5i!2!4&&iSi2ffS,#&:i5#§5US&§t:tmt##$$£:\.QES#15?
7. In .' order · to affect third .' persons, generally, . despite reasonable efforts that, the head of. the
. transactions' involving reaJ property 'must: be _ · hospital or institution hav'irig custody of the body
recorded in .. the Re.gistry of Property.. however, . _may §hie consent for organ retrieval orrbehaff of·
'sald- reqistration requirement is not necessary the 'patlent., -Failiriq this,· liability. for damages
with respect" to personal property, except in the · arises "(Alano . v. Magqd-Logmao, G.f?. No.
case· of ··ch~ttel. 'mortgage .(CIVI~ COPJ=.,. Ar(: . ,· .175540, April 7, 20.1.~)- ,..
21,40; DE /::.EON, Property, supra. a.(,8-9).
. .. -. ·. . . . .... . . .
2. R:A· No .. 7170: Organ -Qonation Act. of 1991 .
Note: :The contracting parties ~ay validly stip,ulate Under this law, any individual, at least 18 ·years
that a real property be.considered as personal, After of age and of sound mind, may give by way of
agr.eeirig to such stipulation, they.are.eslopped from. legacy, Jo take "effect after his death,auor pqrt of
c'laiming;otherwise.·· (Seir;j.'s Products, Inc. v,: PC/ his body for' medical, .or 'dental education;
· l:.eas,ng & Finance, Inc; · G.R. No.::j 37-705, Au_gust : research, .. advar'icement of medical or- dental
·- 22,. ?909). . . -". science. therapy, or. transplantation, as .the case
m13y b_e.· ·
' .J
'i
146 1· 2~19 $A~.B~DA 1:AW.CENTRA~IZED BAR OPERATIONS

P.RO,P·E·RTY.
SAN-BEDA LAW CEfl/TRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS - MEMORY A/0.2019 ·
C,Mf# ·f; MX&._ti&iP¥¥#iiSi&:w.;;: #tW?#iWRFhZ •@twu:ffleA!:Ui\%14;;; ... *¥®&¥ii£:
.
k&ii,mJJ4S# id mµcm;:wW~@r~,
-
Righ~ as Property: · .
. 1. A realriqht or jas in re is-the riqht.or interest,
. . belonging . to a. person. over a specific thing · Created ....... by· Created merely by..,"title"
.. . . without. a· definite .passive subject against whom· concurrence ·of c1. title. · . ..
· such right may be· personally enforced (DE · and a ~ [Oqde of Note: · Title is the
LEON, Property, supra at 3). .· - . acquisition . . · juridical -. · right which
- ·. ·· :-~ . , ., .qives , a .rneans to the
_Classiticatior:i·, of Real Rights _··-sased. on Note:· : Mode is ·,.ll)e acquisition. o_f.- [such]
Dominion:','> . . . . speciflc cause.: 'which rights ' '(Spouses·
. a. -Domino pleno ·;_ the ·powers'to ·enjoy and .to . produces dominion and Stliienopoatos: · v.
dispose ,· are · united ( e.g. : dominion; civil, other real rights. as ..a. Regi~ter. of Deeds "tor :
-possession; and hefe"ditary r!ght);· . result'. of . the . co- l.::egazp/ Cit·i:..G.R. No.
>--··. b .. Domino merio}; pleno ....,."thepowers·to,enjoy exlstence, of" special· 224678,:-.July3, ~018).
' - ·' . -and. to 'dispose 'are.· separated ((j!.g .. surfac"e .. -_status··· of _·' : 'thinqs, ·.. ·..
:.,'right; end usufrµct); and ; ' '- ,. . ,. •· capacity, xx _x l~tentfof1 , · .-·, .·· ', · ·
-, c.. · Domino Iimitedo-. the powers.to enjoy andto . :of.· .person-. and ;· [the]'., ·
-dispose. though united, are limited by a charge _fulfillment,.. of · the.I ..
. (e,g. ···~a~errient,. tax);· . tw· .. a.·gtJaranty: (~-Q- . · •· -.r~CJ]!sites : 9f ' law .c;.. ·.·,. '":°"'', •
m(f)rfg?ge, pte·dge); by a privilege· ( e:g. pre: ' .(Sp.ous~s . _-
,- emption, redemption;, lease record) (DE):.EON, . Stilia,o6poulos··: ·. v. .
.- Property; sup"ra at 4).. . Reg_i$fe_r.~ .of_ peeds t,or -. · · :
· ...-... ~-- 4-ega~pi. City, ·G.R: No.·
·• ! 22467;8:)uty 3, ·2018). ,,.,.
. . ~· -~· .
·J('is· .dir.~_~ted.ifuair:ist .1( -.:is. ~._b(9d,ing ·: .. ··or.·

··tiie 'wh'ole,wor1d;-giying: 'eqforcea~le oi:Jfy ag~inst.
rise.' ·o.·. reaL action.s .a, particul~ir, person ·(the_ .
._,.--........i~(ac;tioo.. .fFD;emf ag·airJs't._ · de_bfo"r), .. givir\g · ri§e·.'to,
third P.Eirsons: _·. -~. .: .. ; person;';![ ai;:f\ons ·(action -·
. .... ,- ·. . : : .. in., personamr .against
. ..... ·. . . :~~ch'1iebto'r. _- ; . ·,·· . : '
' ·r • ,• •• • • •. •' • ,:',• • , •. - • •• • • .,.
....._,,--~~~~~~~- --'~~~.,.,-~·.,,-'-~~.,.--
The ;object, is' g"e:ner-ally ~ It ... is"- ~ al',V·ays an .. · .. ro:Et~ON, Property, supra._'?{ 5-6X. , .. · ' .
.. . :- .corpo_real. :. thing{ (objects ·.in~orporeal thing,·· .. :' ' . ,... . . . ._. < :::- . . . . . . . : ·:
<' •
·w·h.1ch ·can' qe_ see·n or ·.· ·. '._ ·-.._ ' · . IIY1M.9VA~tE_PR9P..E_RTI_E_S .. '--
.· . · G_ategpriifa: (NIDA)-' · "'" · .. J , • •
t6_~c_hec:l):: .· ., .: . ,"~ ·) . _.: :,°-1 ·.. Real by Natur~ . ...:. )t cannotbe i:arriiq. fr.o.m · pl.aqe -
1ilililll~i
~
't~{placE1.1(C/V/L CODE, :A.rt: 4.1.5, P?is:',1-2 and 8) ..
;..2. ··. ~e,al< .PY. !ncorporatib.fl -·, )tt~ch~d to ., an
. \mmo_vaql~- iri' Jix!:lp rh'ann¢r.·a to
be.. ~h _integral~
·; : · He . ·. 'geri¢·r~lly · . acts; He··. a'cts':.:· indjre~tiy- · .: ·. parLthereof(C/V/L CODE, Art. 41,5, 1?c1is. 1- ·4
· qi_r,ectly. · . ·. ·t~rough the promise of ..... . '·. and 6) ... ...:_·_:; .: ·,... · ., .--. - -
. · tbe_.o_bligor,_ :- . 3, .. Re"ill.b{Destination:_:placed in.an imni9vable.for ·
' .
. ~ 'the ~rn,l],niives ~i;f\h.i
actiy_ity.-c,~~r_i~d there'on .
\' (CIVIL (;ODE; Art. 415, Pars. 4 ~ 7 anp 9):.,. · .
4: ·R~al bi ~1!alogy,..... it is so c)a&s,ifif:)d. RY ·expres~.
. ":''. .,- - · provislbn 'of_ law (DE LEON, Property, st:ipra at.
,i. :·· ... - • '
.. ,77; 2·PA.R,fs/supra,'.at 12,_ CIVIL <;ODE, "Art: .
. · ..'41p
..
par.·
. .•..
10)'. · · . ·
~ . .. .
2019 SAN BEDA LAW CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS 1 'f4i·. ""

Surety Co. Inc. v. Iy», G.R. No. L-i:10837-38.
May 30, 1958). .
\.
-- . ~ . ;.;
v,
148 1· 20~9
. :.. · . .' ..
SAN
..:.\
SEDA
. ....
lAW.
.
CENTRALIZ~D·
",·.. . \:-
B.AR,ORERATI ONS
. . ..... . . .
· PROP.ERTY,·
, SAN BEbA LAW CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS - ~EMO~Y AID 20i9 . ...
NS:§t&ffid&R . !_:~WWr:t~ 2¥4W·iftS1t~- ~2&tilfi? \S,fitN-2 i ib :&?WU.~· .. \ WVi.fSiiJSk'S'lff4!M,t,tt$f,PJ? 41\f*,Mci!::c•t,W& 42-WMf#S#rte~
natural product of the. latter (2PARAS, sup/a . The' fad that. the ~achineries we~e bolted or
at J 8)..- · ': cemented on· real property mortgaged does not
·, · make them ipso facto .irnmovable . under Article·
b. Growinq Crops . 415 (3) and (!;>) as.the parties' intent. has to 'be
·Inasmuch as the law makes no.distinction, looked into. Even if-the properties appear to be
'. · growing crops. yyh.~ther .on one's land. or on immovable . by. nature, nothi'ng · prohibits .the
another's, as in the. case of usufructuary. a parties. from treating them -as chattels to secure
possessor or a tenant, should be considered ·. anobliqation under the princlpleofestcppel (Tsai
as-real property (Id. at 19-'20}, v. CA, G.R. No. 12009?, pctober z. zoot):
On 'the . other hand, once · they have been· 4. §.tatues, reliefs, pa.iritings, 6'r other objects for
severed . they become . personal property. use or ornam·entatioil
.s'ale 'of growing crops is. sale .of" personal
· property (3 MANRESA 22 as · cited in ~equisites~-(0~01) . . .
· PAR.AS,. supra· et 19) because when the. a .. It is an Object 'of 6r~a11Jeritati,01:. or object of
J. 'crops are sold it is understood that' they 'are· . · use (DE L,EON, Properly, .supra at .2.1 ~??); .
to be.qathered (2° PARAS, supra 'et 1.9-20). b. · The property.is ,Elaced on a.building or land.
· :. (Id.); .:. . .. .. . . .
3. Eve~hing' ~ttact)ed· to. an immovable in· a o. It niust. 'be 'placed 'by· ,he Owner·.of the
fixe'd manner irl')movable· qr bY !;lis ·agent (buildings or
.. . lands) (/d.);,and :·
d.'. There : is an.:' !n.tentic:m · of · permanent
.
. the'. attachment need· .not be 'made' by/the ..
owner. The.same must be such that if cannot' be ann~xation. or attacnmer,it, eyen,if adherence
'separated fr.om the · immovable without br.ea~i9g· will not involve breakage or·injury-.this is.the.
the rnateri~I,. o_r · deterioration of the ..c>bjectJr~e r:n.~fn, c~.nsideratiOJl· (Id.): ..
breakage· or. in Jury, -rn case of separation. must be
substantial (Id .. at 20),._
4\5
Article · ~·ar~gr~~h~ 1 and, 3 pr~.vidi that. IJ!al
property mayconsist of construc'fions)of,alf"kirids
adhered to the soil and every.thing,altached'to-'an ·
. immovable in 'a fixed manner, in such'"a way tha .· ~ · or
it cannot be . separated th~refc.om. · with9ut
.breakinq the material or deteJj,orati.on. of~the·
object; T_6e pipellne ; system in qu,_estion is · by M~st..:.be placed ·by. :the
, lndubitably a. construction' adhetinq. to ~he soil It. . · owner.or ~is:agent.
is .. a~,tached,_to the land iii su_ch .a -«an~-9.lit .canno.t. .
be separated therefrom. without .e:J1smantlln~U:'ie ·
: by: Re·a1. ~. property by
· ihcorporation · , arid
steel . pipes:·-
which
. ~..,"Were"'•w,elded
. . . .... Io.~ form the destlnation.
'pipeline. (Mera/co v.. · CBAA,. G:R .. No. LP16245,.
· May .31, .1982) .. ·. . . · (2.PARAS, supra. at 20) ..
Where· the, property .like'.c;1 water pump and its 5.' MacJ:iinery, · rec;eptacles,.. h:istr.u.m.ents; · or
. accessories cari be separated ·. f_ro~ ·. the implements for an induitr/or works .
immovable ~ithfut bejng broken or ·suffering.
. deteriorati.on · as·.,whert such ·removal involved ... · Macl)inery.is a collective tE!r~·.for machines and .
. rlQthing mor'e compl.icated than ;the looseni~g ·Of ~ ·.applian'ce~\Js~d in·the indwstri;:il arts (DE LEON,
bolts qr ... dismantling· of· .fas.t~ners, ·.the. said . ':. · _Property, supra at. 23). · . ·; ·:· ... .- . · _ _
property .is~ npt immo.vable .urid~r p~r. ·3 (Yap v.. · .
Tanada,·G:R. No. L-329.17,.July 18; ''1988). · · Equ.ipm.ent c~.v~r~ physical facilities availabie to~
.. ·. ' ., : . . ·' . prod1:1ctio'n, inch:1ding buildings, mactiineri'es and .
Bo.th el~ctric lines antj.communicalions· cables, i~ . tools (ld.). . (.
tne.'strictest s~nse, are not cfirectly adhered to the
soil but .pass through- posts, relays· or ..landing .. . frnplements pertain. tp wh.~teyer may 'supply to
stations,: but both·. may oe classified ... Linder. the· what is lacking especic;1lly an .instrument, tool or
term "ma~hinery" a,s _real property ufider Article utensil (Id). ' · .. · · ·. · · · · . · · ··
415(5) qf the Civil .Code for the sir:nple reason that·,.
. such. pieces . of equipment serve ..the ... owner's . Requisites: (OBEM)
business or tend fo·meet th'e 'needs of
his irldustry'. ·: a. It must b~. placed·. by the Owner· of the
·or works that ar.e on ,real estate (Capitol Wireless tenement- or his agent; . . . .
v. The Provincial Treasurer of Batangas , G.R: · b. The industry or:works must be carried on in
No: 186110, 'May.30, 2of6},. · · a .!2,uilding or on a piece.of land;
2019 SAN BEDA LAW C.ENTRALIZEO BAR OPERATIONS: I 149

· PROPE:RTY
.-
:· . . -· .,..
~l\W« ew: m , M :&W#t4?5'?'%iSM4# P@C.5¥51&2 @:+ia;M,MWt ·N':Jtffi lAAWSWS c:wM!4WB#§4#EiW~ffif:f@if;u• %if i
c. The machineries must be an Essential and Conflicting .Views on the . Effect :of the
principal· element of an industry .or. works, Temporary ·sep.aratfon ·. of. Mov~bles from
without whict;l such industry or works. would Immovables to.which they 'are attached: .
. . be. unable °tQ .. function or .carry on the·. c:i.. They continue-to be reqarded as Immovables
. mdustrial . purpose· for .. which. ·it~ 'was as long as they are-utilized or still needed ir(
.established .. · ahd , not merely" · incioebte: · the· i_ridustry . (View'. supported by Atty. De
machinery, etc., must tend directly to; arid . . . Leon) .. __ . . .
d. They·Meet the ~eeds of thesaid industry'or b.' Factofseparation determines.the condition.
works (Min<;Janao .~us·
Co: v. City A'ssessor of the object (View supported by.,Justice
end · Tr.easurer;·· · G.R: No: L--17870, · , ~f:!r}1sancf Dr . Totentino}, . . ·. · ·
'September 29,-"1962): .· =. . c ... Things . temporarily r separated' from -the . , ,
../ ' · .. lm.m9.y,able' shall-continue tq be reg;:irdep as
The equipment and living quarters of the. crew, · ·•· unmovabfes if there is fntent-tO put,tneni hack
beinq.permanently attached tothe platform.which. . ·(Par;t_iqai,).. : . . ': · . • ._..-· :
is also an immovable, are immovables. This is· · d .. ·The. material." fact. . of. , incorporation '. or
· especiallyso that theyare int.erid~~ to- meet the .. . · .. .' _; .· separation \s:wtia(determines :the condition
. needs , of the . business and industry. .of the· · · of .these objects: 'so, that:a~ soon· as. they are
-corporation" (FEL$: Energy;· fnc .. v. /~rov1rice of· . . ' .: ': -separated fr:o.m. tti_e' tenement, :they. 'rec_ov~r
, · Batanga·s, G.R:No:16855(, Feb··1§, 2007) .... , · · -:-_Jh~ir··co,nclitioii ·as movabl~s··irrespectivt:! of-..
. . . : -~he . ..i.~tentiQf! · of::the . .'o.w_n·er )2:NAVARRO
~achi~-~ry, movable'.· ·i~ ;.: !la\ur~;_,;b~om.1::su :J\:
j · 'AMAND/1iPr~ ai_r1-1-s(· ·. · .. -'. :· . .
··1m[!rob1hzed when pla~~d ·on a p)aut]l _the~~er_ .1: .\e. Ftt];~ }l.l.~~Ji(ri,e_1s s!1.11.. 1~ tlje,b~1ld!ng,_ b~t. 1s. n!~ .
~f ·the. prqp·~rty but, not•SO·: when: Rlc!Ced· by#"~~'.{.l~~ger,u~ed · 1_n, ·t!J.~'.mcjustry;'. the· IT.lcl<i::hme · ··
tenant, ·us~~uc~u~~:·or'.~ p_er{ptbjYin'g~~r4X_ert~~-th~:._~o~dition~of. a cf:i~t\el:.Q(1 the· ·
terT}po_rary. right, unles.s_~ · /~-~ Y;;·. r. . ._. ·~t. · ~o.mft1a_,:i~~\5t1JI l)~edeo for, t~'e industry;_ but
'· ~-
a ... ?.uc;h· pefSQn act~cj a_s,i;lg~t~of;t el9~ner¥ I }r
l( · · paratfi.f~~m t~e-ten~_ry,ent te~pbrarily, the:
' ... : _ .· · the la!l·d;·or · . f ·-: >~ . · · ~- .. /•, .. · ~~ ~- . P_f>i?,erfytco_p.~r.\!-les to t5e· c)n ·immovable (2
.):>. ·.\'.Yh!milie tenant had P.rDRJiS'?d.to leave:the ,r:"" ··~ · PARAS, s'.Jd!]rcl at 23)... :. ·. . . .•
m~phin~ry:gn·t,he;_t~~~~fla_t the. ~d0oflb~:- .' ,r"Jf;,:: . .' · ·. · ·.~'t_:.. · .' . . · . . · · ·._ .· ·
_.leas~, (Da~ao Sa_vy~1l... ~~:f v.· 9as~~llo)?'Gs~-;ir-~··~~~111:1,._~. ho~i!:!s;_ :PL9.-~~n; ·.ho~~e~,,. be~~1v:es, .. ·,.
~9- 40411; A.µgvst Z, _;_1,;9.qp),.·: ,,. \·~· ·:. -~.~- iJ.?t~f1sJ1P.onds :.or.~,~r1,:e1m~ ;plf1C_es .. :.of' :s1m1lar ·:.
·· .
r
L. .
• :
··
· ' . , - l~
. According.
-~f\·.. ~-~ . ·.
natJr~
to ih~.-.P.r.incipl~qf,E~tcfp' ek w.l;!;re. a~·· . , -~- ::': .- 'J§Y.. . ".;·JJ,:~
· ~-. · ·· ·
·- . . ~ ·.:.: .. ·_· · ·; .. :·. · ·." ' .
',~-: : ch~~~1.·.[l11'rtgag'({.i~. ~o_n-~t1\l:lle:~·}on:_a '€a~n!{)_er~. ~lrRe~~(t~~.(P10)1::. . :. ·_ ' -'> ... · ..· a • • .-: ••.. · . . • •. -
, . :·: _- ·-perllJ~~~nt(Y att~ch_ed_·. to Jh~. -~roa'Q:g&t,(F" '~ . -:liirri:~~ ~e'.r:n~~~n~?artqf th~.1m~o-.:abl~, ' .. .' ..
~ .: . : · .. ·· mac~1oery IS to be,r~g~rd_ecl 8-S per~_<:{laLp!!5°~~~~- _· . ; W.1tJpffiEl·;!nzeJio_n of: pe'r~~n~~t-att~chrri~nt;. : --:
.. ~ _.' ,_ , . as lo.ng as the part1e.s to Hie- coritrac;t ·so agsee;.1 E~
{>i.. · and,· '·. · · ·. . : "· · .. .' · ,. · · · ·--~? · - · ~: ·
: . . . : : .... a.nd; no 'ii;i~pc:7nt; _tlj_i_rp .-_p~~iy'-'~1 .9·eipr:ef~-~.i~~tl~yP,~~~t. :e:Qw~~r .• ·?r by a t~~ant ~-s· ri.g~nt. :
· ..· · . · ~thereby ·: (Nfak9t,, -~-~?sing:· and< ~~a7ft1a[~_;~~e,own~r (2 PAl}AS, $.upra;iq7J::·.,· · . J.
· .• Z6''l.~tJ1:9.\,:m";iiJJ~"'";~i11 ~s i~i,tt~,., p1ac;~1~,;"~~1~~~~,~;;1 ·. , ·• ·.

. . .· . . ·. ·. . . . , .. , _. ,. . . . : . . ·'... .. . property roE L:.E,O('J,.ProperJy,$UPrq_ a_t 2f)). ·. '·
The spedar civil action::pf-re·p1evin-is ·applic,ab!e·.. ·. ..· '-;: .. ··. : <.' .•·. :· : : ·'~ ~- .·:··, ;·: ;: :· :\· . .,; : : .:· .
: onl:y toJ>.erso1i'al'prc#Y~rty._ti(,9annc>t-!Je ffl~ci whefl · . ·;--:' ' lri:pai3$.s:ef ~ff~h~tiori," i(t~'e:i'.i1:1ildin'g' 6r-tefie.meht .
. th}l ·subj~cr 'machine.ry and· ~q~iprrien\ :·1had . . . . ·. in:~Jl!Cti tf.ie inirh,al~ 9t~.Rla~~chs alsqiaJi~nat~d ..
. . ,, · . becoJJ'.le· ~an· irnrn<>Vabl.e<prop~rfy·,;(Machin~,y · '&. : . · .'·. t~~f a're to;qe .reifar'aeffa's-immovable. HoljJ°ever,
·. . . . ,~· .. :'· Erifjineerlng· $~pp/ie$;\l~c:'\t:" CA.;,· G:'f~...~·JYb.' _L'- ... · · . ." · . -~~e.0. t~~-·9ni~ql:( in~j~e·.,,~he·'.pe_rtn~!le~t' ~nJm_al.- ..
: -~ · :.., : . 7057,. O~tober:29, 19~4)._ ;f " , · ' · ·. · · · - ~ ~ot:faes·ar~. ?JJena.te.d or'ler9u~ly·oi: gtaJuit9usly, it · . .-
. . •· ·, .. ·..•• ·• ·• • ••. .: '.: :· • c ·:-'· ' . • • . • - •• is oettevecftha't the':transa'cticfn is an alieoati.on'of
·. Pol~s· ?h:d:steeJ suppo_rts· orJq~~·rs·of. ar'i°.elec.\ric · ·': pejsor:ialjiope)"ty_ (2PAR'AS; supra ai'21f_ .
·:-_.:cq·n:i_ppny:af~ nofrer3Lprb1?.irty for'the· P,i..Jrpb,$e!of · ·,·. · . ·· . · · .. . · .. · ·
: ·:.th~' real pro_p~1y; ta~. ~ince :.th~y\are· .merely, .. : ·. t'Jdwe~~_r:;'Jnini~ls.ared;:be rei~~m;f~a:·~~-i~r~b·IJ~I ·.
· atta.ched to a ·square metal .fram~. by m~a11s ·.of .. : J?rope.i:ty fc)[ purpo},es of cri.Q1iilal law (DE. ~[;ON,
. -.:'bblt,s': whi<:lf{ i8\;i1d>eas]W·'b(i". aisni'~H~le"d ·. ar:id· . ·: . ,~·) f:if6'pe_rty,:supra:aC29F· .. ·:' : ...,;_ ·., · .. ,:· · · · ·
. - · 111~\ietl.f~om-p_!a°c;~ .tb'.Rl*e~(.~p~rd df,Ass.essment . - ·'' ·. : .-· 1:·. • : _; ., · , .. ' . ·>
Appealsy. ManilE!.Elec_triq_ Company; G;R.· No.· _L~. . 1,'·.~~im,~1sj;,_~ich. a,r.e·:te:fi,l_P?r~ri~y .o.uJ~i-~.e :~~l s!ill.
·15334, January. 31, ·19_6:tl). ·, ·· ,.. ·· : - be cbns1dered·r~al'propeny, _a·s lor:ig.as to·e mten~.
· · .. ' · .. "·· '. to· 'r,eturn i~· gr~§.ent·; ·.as· irl)~e: ¢ase09f homing
·· · · - .·. . , . · ..: pig¢pns (27':'AfV\~: supra,.~{2.7): :-:~ _. .•· ' ·
. . . .·, ~-
... ·- . ~ . . .
..... . .
·. :.
150. 1. 2019
. SANBEDA
. .
LAW.'CENTRALIZ(;:D
. '·.
BAR OP~RATIO~S-·
. ... . ..
. PRO:PE,RTv··
SA"f BEDA I.AW.CENTR;,;i.,iED BA!J OP.E!JATIONS - MEMORY Al~ 2019.
7. Fertilizer · 10, Contracts for Public works, and. servitudes

.: This is,an immovable by destinati~n (DE LEON; . and other real ·rights·
_Property, ·supra at-2ff30). · . · · Properties referred to' in par. 1 Q. are not material ·
· things but.riqhts, which are necessarily intangible
.The term ,;actu.al_ly,us;d'' means that it has ·.bee~.· .. (3. MANRE$A 11 as ciied ir: 2 PARAS, 'supra 'at
· ·. spread over theland '.(2 PARA_~, supra at 28).· ·-. . _30).. ·. . ..
Fertilizers kept in abarn 'or still \n their containers 'wher,e·the res ofa real right is. real property; the
: shouJp be reqarded .as mevables (Id.), r-: · · right itself is real property; but whereitis personal
a. 'Min~s,· q~~~~i~s,a~d:~l·a·g d·~-~ps· ·

They are 1con~idered as realty on_ly, if the 'matter . · ..
r-: '<. . : . pr.operty,. the· ·right itself is personal -property.
Hence,. ownership · is real· property if the thing
. owned. is immovable,' and. personal 'property lf
· movablEr(DE 1.£0,:V, Property, supra 'i:1t·32).
remains iinsevered'frorrr the soil.. Once severed, : _. .. · (..... . . . . . . : -/
they become personalty ·(DE tEON, Property, ·
· s·upra~at·30f. - · · ... ~ · · .. ·. -._ ..._ · · .'.. . ., Hencet.a-realrlqnt over a real property is also a
. . . : . ' '• .• ,r. .·.
real property .. and.a real -rlqhrover: a personal
· · Mine.1{:--:mineraf'_lahds w~ere ~~cavatio_~s· ar~ property is· al sci a· pefsonal _prop'erty;. :- ·.... · . .'
_ ..... -·
+done to extract minerals (includes minerals when.
still attached thereto) (Id) ·. · . · . :,- ,, ; ". .:. ·: · ;A personal right js, atwaysreqarded as -personal
<, .-:~·~*;· '.'- ..... .: t : ~.: < .:~·.· ~ ·.- :<·'-·. ~ ·.~ . property." ·The . exception· is in ·u:ie 'case .ot. ..
contracts-for public works which are considered
... 'Quarries,.... lands whe:re ston·es.are cliipped _of.on
where ·s·a~d is. b~ing ext~acted;·_?ri:ce extra~,teglf:J . ,:j- as real· property-(ld.}.
· . th~y beco~_e-movables (lcfJ.. ·. , · _.,. · " ({ ·, . ··.,,. ' , .. _,. : . . " .. . · · · ·' .
:.· . . · , .. · · ... ·· , ... ,.,_ · • :'·. Pursuant-to Act.No. 416'6 Sec. 1·, sugar quotas;" .
. Slag du_rpps -. dfrt.§nd:soil ~a~e.n fr~9m a·mine .?0d. ····· a1th0u§h ~ot physically united tq the l,~lh_g; ar.e .
· piled upo_r:i
... tne·surface·of.the . ground:(l_q. . · -_..,..~.....·~\
consideree.:' immovable l;>ecause
.. ·they· are•' : .
, . · .. , : ·:· ; ·.. r;,_·,::. :·. ::,·::: · . · · · ·· · ins~para.ble-th<3refro.r:n ·and.are real rights··oyer ·
W_aters ,:-: those still_ attache._d·to ;0r r~fiirig t ·ru .... · inimovat're\roperty {PINEDA, La.won 'Property, ·
</h~·}°-)~-~~~gr~(u~d:(~~L, · · :· ::·..:.-.· ;,.{.~: .. : ... - · · ...... ~r~~9_J{J_jl '.¥:·.:. [~e~~~~a_fl~-r~:.PIN~~~:··_~~-·w on

;: . .
. w~~e!$ whi"C.h ·are im'rno.vab~1...st.ich 'a·~\-se·a:·rivir l I ., -
·•· .· · Ihf;~\~ia1~:~?~f~if'r~~ater·;:.- r;r~Ba:::R~:i::RTIE~' '.•
• •0 9. ·. Docks and·stru.ctui:e~ , .. ,. . · · -~--, . ·. a·. Whether·the property'can I?~: transported_ or. · .
' ·, . \c'
. · : . Since)'waters._either •runn.ing· o.r-:.,stagnanF ·are . ... . car'ried.frorii.place·to place; an~( .. · - : ' ..

: cpn~i,delred: . immov~bles, ',:if·' is lbgical''. that . -., b. Wtiet_her).u_c·~, ·ch~n~i~. ·c5f"locati_?n:·G.ar;, be,~
constru~tions ··.united to. them: in .r .
fixet:lii"'a:ITTJ
• ,. \' ,?h.. . ., made ·. wittiout,·· injuring··. the,· imcriovabl~ )o. · ·= ·
·. p.er,m_an~nt_ !'1_·_a_._.nii.~rare_,ais_o_.__i_~:01
.. ·_~vao~_e
£._\-JW:_;_~_,J·(.
__ :·. · :"'. ·.wh)cli
...·, · ·. .
:, , '. :· .. ihe. Qbjecf m'ay,':be '. attached : (CIVIL ·.:.
CODE, Art;·416}'.' · . ,: . · .
Vesse_ls: are ~onsiqer'e.a PE;fSOr)al "p~operty -~ri9er. .. •,. .· · - · . .. . ·., · .·
•the:'Civil·Law as·well ·as·lir:ider the 'cotrfmorflaw; · · 'i· .By
e~~l~siq~ ~_: wh~ther"the'.object goes n.~tfaii" ·,:
. ~ ·. :although· occaiiohally··referred:·to as- a pe<::l!liar::" · ·. ,:w_ithih·a·ny 'of ih.e,1 o'ca;:;es ~numerated in Art.· 41,5
kind: of.pers9nal proper;ty (Phi!.'J:?efihing'Co'.,· lnq.· ;. · ··,_ '. (2 ·f ARP,.S/$uj)ra a{ 34p· . '· :-~- ·. :. · : . ... , · ... ·-
v.· Jafque:. G:R: No>41506/'March 2·5/1935j:~: · 1- • • • , •• • •
- . . .: :' ... ' ·: ··,:f.:-.: ·,. . ,. •. : ._.. K.inds of Movable Pto·pe'rties': (AP:-F-TOS) ._, -: ..
Aithough · ~-~s;eli° c1Ye p_e·rs6n~:ii' ·prop~rty, · th~y , · 1 ·. . Those _./novables susceptible ·.of ~pprppriation
a
partake to .. .certain · extent . of th.ef·nature-:and · · · ~ - wh1cf) are: not_ inclucjed' in. the prec.edi~g :'article ·
. c~r:i~jtion_s· pfriaf proper:ty b~cause of the[r. vall!e: · . · .· ·. · · AC,.VIL·CObE, Aris .. 41f( pw.: 1)>: < . ·.:: ~ ·:. "
.... ·~·an~ :impcirtan'?e 'in;-'!the· w9rld'··of_.' coinnierce. .,_ · .· : · · .': · ... •. :, · , . ·: · · · '· '., ·.. .', ·, ·,
v:
. · . (Rubi~o ·Riverci/G.R ... No:· 1.5260; "August 18;,_. ·2.·
.R·~~I pro.perty ·_;.:,hih .by _;ny· specicil'pro~fsion ·of
'°' ., _ · . ': · · :.: . :,-. ·'· . < >
··,·
.s ..
... :. · ~ 1920).'-·' .
·. .'
.'.: ... · '.-. ·
Power ba~ges.· ;r~ cat_eg9riz~·~ ,;s-. immovable··

law:js:·cb~sidered ,Eer'sona!fy.(CIVIL CODl.;,.Ar.ts ..
,·. . ::'1:9-- 4 ~? . ·;_i:·, ·. ·., \ . ·- · . . . <~;-_·": ,:\ '_., _-· '-

. . property. by destin~ti9n, bein·g· .the nature of : . · · · '. Altlioug_h' Art .. 415 pa_r.· 2 consider;:; ·g_row1n·g crops··
. · · M.a,cliine_rY: an_~··. '6the.f ini.plerneri_ts.· int~'iid1d·'by ... · .. · · .. · _·_aifimmov?ble;' they are,:.~qyVev.e(.recogriized as
·: . ·· th~."owrier for an··industry or work:which msiy be . '-,. personal ·property. by the Chattel ·Mortgage Law
. ·- . c~rried·&n' ii1·,a·buil9ing or on:a;piece of"larid arid: · · . · · (Act No:. ·J 508, .Sec. 7). for purpo'seis· of c}ia.ttel
·- ''\ . ': which.- tend· ~lirectly- to'_rneet the 'heeds df said ' mortgage cont.racts (Sibal v:. Valdez,' GR .. Np.
. industr:y or work (Fels 'Erj.ergy; lnc·v: Pro.Jince of '. > 26278, August 4, 1927)... .
· ?atangas, G.R. No'.~168~57, Fe_?!uary 16,2007). ·
.·.-,
2Cll9'SAN BEDA.LAW CENTRALIZED BAR bPERATIONS I 15.1

·PROP:ERT·Y
SAN_BEDA I.AW CENTRALIZEDBAR.OPERATIONS- MEM9flYAID 201!?
3. f9.rces of nature which are brought under-control . b. Non-fungible irreplaceable . qe~ause

· by.science (CIVIL OOf?.E, A:fs. 416, .pet: 3). _ 1 identic<JI .objects must be · returned; if it. is
agreed- that the identical ~hing be returned, it
lllustratlons: electricity.. gas, rays, heat, light, is non-fungj)Jle (Id: at 39). · '
OXygeq; atom~C energy, water power, etc: : ~ . ..
' ll~ustr.aJion:. Ricy':is ·by nature com;umable ·
·1t IS. t~'e·.that electrlcity i~ nolonqer, ~~ formerly, · but if the parties intended .it for display, it is
. regarde_d by _electricians as· . fluid, but its non-fungible ,because the iden.tical rice·.need
inJ(inifestation{and·effects.Jike lhose-of gas, may be returned,. If-it is Joaned.for.cqnsumption, it
beseen.and fE;l.lt.Jh.e true test.of what is a proper. is both consumable and (ungibJe·(DE {EQN,
subject. of )heft· is not whether ":the. subject is PrQP,erly, supra ap7).. ·
.. cbrpor_~a,I or incorporeat butwhether it is capable . . ~-, - .,;
of appropriation'by another ,th~ri -the owner (U.S. Note: The G_ivil Code, in' many _instances,· -
v. Carlos, GR. t,Jo. 6295, September 1, 1Q11). us.es the ter;ms. consum?Jble, a,nd fungible
. .: ,. ,} ::
~ ,· . ·. . . . . . . :, . .
.: ·. int~rcha_n~~_ably (2PAR_AS,.supr.a at 39)_._:
4: .tn qeneral, .all•t~ings whlch can be Iransport~d.
. from place to place without-impairment ofIhe .r.eal Pfopert_y in Relation 'to Wh.6m. jt, ijel~ng~·.
· - property.to which. they are. fixed (CIViL 'ccce, · Property is either.of:.·.· _;_- - ·. .: · -·:·
.. •. Art:.-416,)Ja,:. ?f.J..· . :,.-··
" · . ''
< ~:~·-_-· · ...
r'.. ''. .- :c 1. .Publlc dorrtlnion ..-··own·ea bythe sia-te in' its
I · ( · ·•· · • ' ' ·'
_. . .. ·· - ... · _ ,~.: . . . . ·. :,.,.._,. · . · · -...p!,lblic or __ sovereiqn- capacity and intended for
5. 'Ob/ig_ation!J. and .ections -whichhave;'for. their l ..T x_-puolic use and.not-for the use of the state as a
. ' . o_bJ.·ect rn .. ovables ;or d~ma·ri~· a,bl!;l ~sG: ~- r_(·G.~IL~ 1. ·\jµrJ~!~;l ·p~on . .(D_E'.~E9_N;' Property, a} - .~?P'i
: -·,.,. ;, . . ., . . ~- . ,. -, .v
CDDE, Art, 417,.p~C: 1( · .. , ·
,.~n-acti9n,to re_c~wer·a·pe'r~o_pal_pr.opJ~'Ji~~,a~r ,;i~,

1'
) ;,,;,;,,,,- , ".
z-- ' :_ 38{ Yi"-.:·,.... ,; ,
2 ... P.nvate own~rshrp
"'."-'-a..
(
..· ,·. . ..
.
{'rp~-~.ow~? ~(t.he _Sta~·e and:it~-p_61itic~·1 .
--· - · 1s ·.p_erson.c!I· prQP,,erty.;py- rt$~1f~Bl;l· t1:1f,:rghtJ~--, },[ }1: : J suqd1v1~1~s-11 tbe1.r_. pr.1vate, 9ap<J.c1ty· a.nd.1$·, .-
, · ~-· · .... _re~qv_er poss'e_ssion ·of ha p,ie~z~f lane( is .r aJ- .J\. . kR.!)~~--a~ g_~J(!mo~iaf_p'roperti,r(C/VIL:CQD~,, .
... , pr~perty, ,. . . h , ry f .· 1fl$. 42_1~4)l . ···= , :
-. , .· .. .
· - · -- . · , · : . . •. ~ · '-;;,t":{ -\ . ~-. ': . ~11..._._:_: l·~I · ,,, ').~: · ~f~P~rty ~belqog1v9},~ privat.e _pers.oris,;~ith_ef
. :· ~ ' -~q~u~~\;;~~d~~~e~iO;~b •~h~~~ ,i~~µpll\;r:ctovely;~~/V?~~~'~~;
. . ots. w
, .. -./.
6: '§hires. of· stoC~s ag n<:t\Ur,i ;l~,g,c(,i.a~tji!l
. ind,ustr_ial .enti!]y_~; alJ~o~gfl#t~~-yVria}~:. e ·r~al] -~~
. I J'rbpe~i.<:_
anf;h9~i._rJ t9 tht contrary (S.f:!la.s
!resuCMo 60; owi,-.d -~y.ihe _State·;O 'th,;' . · ..
tA_~s~;{!~__( v.. ·:·.·.
· :'..': . estate. (CIV/J..,COl)E; At:l.: \tZ.,·P.,an 2) -~'-.P . Er ·· ~'J:~°;(.G·f?)~?::L{!.~9.7..B.B,Avg_~st_3~,·1Q!-?_L-A_JJ'-c·. ·.
'')/ :_ ·. ·'i-h~-,t~ifu~,;;·~titi~~T i~'~i~ct}}'~II ju;id~lt.P. ··r~~~;;;ir~:J~~~o~~~e{:i:rrr~~itt11~111

.•. SQ.~h·'as,partoerships; ~lthOlJQ they.dg.noti_ss~e1,££!.._l?r~,:ti(~s; t~·
~f R;:Np. '1.54,993,,Ju()_e. ~6, .2.008).
~lf;J;·
: ~-
· .· . :\· •shar.es: of).tQ<::ks_ (PE. f;E<JN,-. froRerfrf§ji.q"ra-at~'ft.ct9wi{f!l~i~l?lic, la.rids,,, r:itjt. ·.sh9Wll ,t"l~w~;:~een. )9.
_36). . . ·. . .._ . • · ,,.· ·,. ·., ·• -·~ ~-
. . , .' .. ·. . .·. · _ . . .... ·.· •... _ :_:,
-~vJ--
,_. .·
l:i
M- q,~~ifie''s\#.ecl~ssifiea o_(::re,~aseq, ,:·~s·. ~ie·nable .. . _
.~~~l}~I:l<J-~c;l_..~,r:,al_i~n_a_t~,<;l·:t~?.J?riya~te P..~f,s~~- ~X ·. ·.
" , :\Sy>~~"~:~: ,:.'-: ·;··: ··'1· ·':, ·.: r::··-~; .<. ,.;__ _. ..... lhet~t?t·~.remq1n.p~rt.o.f;th~!9~h~n.9bl_~Jqp_<;l~.2t:e.ubhG ,....
.. f;'~rl1G1p:a_t10~ .. 9r ~-in!e~~~t · in .a· ·:.~l,JSJnes~2 !S .-13 ·, · dOJ!!_sll~ .. : :.-Vheref9.r~;- ,,tJ1_!:l:·:2nus .)o .-.·.qye,d!:JQ1, . by
- . p,i:~rso'naf'prope'r:t)('b.ut,·intere~t}rjr~b.e .r_eal-prciperty ., . inCOfltf.P.V,ertipl<f ·evitlf1f!CE;li.,! !l;i~,J1J.e.sl)_rr,1~tJSfl'! ._!hat th'e
, .. · of a busines~.enti_fy is a real prqp~rty:(/~.r · . .. · lan9 ~ubject \OL, an;,:c;JPP.!i~aypn- .for r¢gistraij~n .!s
: . · .... ; , /,~ ,_·, ·. '.·. ~,. •., .·... :°'· . .__,: .•._. : 1 i ~ ,.' .· . .:.,' .· ;... alitnabl_~· .a_fld. _di~po:>~~le :~~~ts J.vi!t,: tl1~ -~pplic~~~·,. -
CI~_s,sJf!!=~t,1.~nof ¥pv.ables-:_"·,';:' f: -:.:.~ .. -. · .. · _(R~p_ub{1c_:_v;:Spo_µsfJJi-'Al~1a17~re,:~G.:~·.Nf:2t~~1(!~36,
. 1. By~~!':!re:. ·-.· ~-·-· .. :.. .-'. __ ; -, ._. Oc(ob~,:17,201B). _,., /-/:·' .·. · ·--·. \
: .. '·. · ._. -~: .~O-l)surri~b)e·-:-.:c~~not,.b~e .. _us~9 9,c::~.o~di_ng (o·:·. . Z;~\. , .... :·_·,,~··,·<".;,.·.,··, .. ·.- ·{~· ..::.-::·} .<,· .. , ·:::..:/ . ·:--·: .·· :
, . < · ·. · ,its~nature Without it beipg consumed (CIVIL T.hi~.priricip,I_E?·is rootec:I in;th~ f:?.f/9.cJlia'n;qqq(rine l,lnder ' , · "'
- ,·'-' .;-:, COf?,E;f.1rt.:-41fJ): ... : ... \.:·1:>.· . .-, ... ·.·:-- •.· whlchJhe.st~t~~:is.\h~,§.Q!lrc.~.of:a·M:?_ss:erted)ig~.rof: _.; .
- '· :-b. · Nt;in~'consornable\ any other~l<ind o.f moyable ov,iiJership ·of'land· (CONST., Article-XII;See,:,2)..:' . ·
~J$J., . :· . - . . ·.
... :
. , '.. a:·
p~op_~r;J.,£/cfVibCCf>DF/_!gt
2. '_-By lntentrol):. _· , · 1 '. ·. /· · . · . · . . _.. .
F.ungible ;,-. replac.eable ..·by an~ eqi.ial _quali~y _
·· Pr~perty, 'of..~~bli~· P.9~ir:i1o~L:· ..
C.o·ni:~pt; ltgoes __noJ jmpQ.,tJh~ iq~a oJ 9w,r1g_r_st)_ip. __ lt
<·., '.J ·<.:<;.,;.- · · ':"·: . ,.
-~-. .-·-·- .: ~~q:gqagtit~;·?~~t~7~,q.Y~Dc!l~r~ t:>f-·jhi?gs· or . _ !S_'_.p.9_1::.~p,v.'ne:d_;;:l?Y:}t./~";..~tat~~\Jl:'i~.irnp_ly~un~w-}s ., , .'..
agreement;·1f 1t,1,s. agtee_d.·thal'th·e,eqµwalent · · Jun_sa1ch.oo ·. _c;md' aarri1nrstr~tJqn _fo~ , fhe'.·.collec~rv,e · · . ·
· thing)Je,returnecf, it is,'fur,gible (? PARAS, _e.(ljqyment, of .. p~ople. , J;~e.'owh!;!rsh1p of ;~uch·
_.., . .supr~.at-39),. ·r, ' .... ,:·· . , . 'J:i.rop'eljties is ip_ the ~oci?II gn:~up, »-h!;lther 9_a_tio,:i~I.
. ' .· •. ·, provincial or,·municip~l·(DE'L:EON,. P.[ppeity,:s.tJpraat
,· • · . .· · · 3_9_~)-. ' ·. . .'
.·. '\.
·, ... ., • ;r
' .'
-152 I . 2019.SAN
.. '~
SEDA-LAW.CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS
: ' -) .. ' •,
. .... ·
PROPERT.Y
SAN BEDA LAW CENTRAuzio 8/\R OPER/\T/Of'!S- !,jEMORY AID ;019
Efhiiri 4t=iiib; SS?#di % .:,54, ri J #5iif M lsf6#?Hi-4S' Bfi¥4 'CM,;WSI,:@ :t ,1•• i!lk ¥ z.a 'iMr:n EIS&:;;:,7 Ni~
Purpose: to serve the citizens. for the common and Canals _., ar.lificial : »-at.erways designed · for
public welfare .and not the state as ajuridical person , naviga!ion or for irrigating or draining land '(Id. at
(QE LEON, Property, supra at 80). · '41). . -
. Ch~racteristi~'s: coi-PEAR).: ~·~ ~ . . ' ·,: . _, Shores - portion of the. land .: bordering 'the sea
,, ·1. Outside the commerceot man except insofar as . and which: is subject 'to the ebb arid flow-of the
- they may be the.object of.repairor improvement ·w~~e~s (Id. at 41):' ,'
' orothersimilar things: : . . · .. · · . , ,,. -~. · · .1:
. 2. .: !nalienable, however, when it is no longer needed , a
Roadstead ~ place less sheltered or enclosed
.. · fo~. ~ubli~ _u~~ or service, ·it may be
patrimonial property. ... , · . ··
as === thafl 'a harbor (/d.·a·t 4_1).. : .·
-
· . ·
3: .:It cannot be acquiredby _Erescription. · : T~~rent - 'amount of water which in case of

4. It caririot, be burdened .with _!;asements:. . :'h~avy rain' 'g•athers ·in: deep p'laces or canals
. 5.- It is J]!-'.)t .subject to ~ttactiment ~r execution. where it is supposed to flow afterwards (Id. at 41).
·· · 6::~ It. cannot . be ;·~ge~ister.ed under> the,: P(operfy· . .;; .... ;; · · '
'. Registration Decree of P.O. No. 1529, and be the . Note:" The: term "pelts" includes seaports and
. : subject.of aTorrens Title (Id. at 4~-.44).. . airports. The MIAA Airport Lands and Buildinqs
· · · · · · f,. :· ·; ·' , <i · .. · . cori.~tituff ·,a_- "port" constructed by the State.
If er'roneously·. included in a Torrens Title, the ·land . Urider Art: 4~0;.-the·sam~ are properti~s of pyblic
involved remains property of public dominion . The dominion and thus owned by the State (MIAA v.
character· of - public property is not affected by . CA,· C{R: No. 155650, ~uly 20, · 200_6).
a
possession' or_ev~n Torrens Title. j1:{f~vor of private. . ·.:': · ''.: ·-.;,: ,...._ . . · . ·_, -_: ' . ,: · ,
, persons (Palanca._ v, 't.ommonwealih, . G:k:· . NtJ: Ex~m-ples·of "a.nd·o_thers' of similar character"
46373,'°Jan. 2~, 19.40). . ·' - are: · · · .
. , :1. ,, _t _ i. _Pi.Jblici'stre?m~; natu'ral·b~ds·of rivers; river
As· property of public-dominion, the Roppongi lot is . channel~)and_ wat~r _<?f nver~; creeks and · ·
outsi de the commerce of inan. The fac·t ihat it·has· not
0 . . •"esteros'' ~ ' - ·. . ·
. be~,n. used fO[ ·.a long'. tirne do~s not a'utomatifally . b. J Accretib~s tp the· shores of ihe sea· by a9_lio"n
~1 ·~ · . . -. . .
~ohvert..:it t.9 ·patrimonial' p-roperty. · Tihe, tonverslc;in :. of thetwater· · : -·
. haj:>p~ns:orJI}' iftfie abandonment is ~ffnie and4i:Jp<?"n·1 c.; Submeiged.'lands.'and·reclaimedJa.nds;· .~ · · .-
.. . a formal d_~cl~r~tion on .the part o .tn~ gov~ernm~entto·
· t~ithd~aw)t from public"L.ise (Laut'el:'il.VGarcia,,,G.RU\Jo. ..·. Nqte: .llhe ,:·rtiere. reclafl'laliqp.:/ of··. cert~-in
..... ~?913, July·2_5,·1990).: ~ - fores orelan .and s~pq,erged <\lreas·,by a
. . ~ . - - ',. . ... , ·: · , · ·. . . governmenragency · like the Public Estate
. ·. .. Only the J=x·ecµli','.e .. arif
,po:~si.oly~e:-Le'Qisl.citl,':'e· . . Aui_nodty .d.o'es not._i:;of1vert·.these i,:ialien?.t;>le .
. · -· ·. ~;epartments· have_ Hie author~ty _.ari.d ~the .P?werdo .n'atural· resource~ Qf ihe{State· intq· a!ie.hable.
1 ·- make tt,e declaration -that· th~· lands so gamed by - .or 2~sp~s~ble lands of the public· domc:1in: In
. ,_. ,actibn 'of .the sea fs not necessary for,.pu'rj)oses"15f. e arid~ ·at.the .gov~.rnr:nent• agen~ tas~ea
. ·. - , · pubii~: 1,1ipity/ir: fo(the"cau_se · Of ~9_!a~u.~h'7}eD,t ·Of . . . . ~incl authori.:?:_eq to,, dis'pose .'of· alienaq)e and.-'
special . mdustnes .. or· for. coast· gua'ra services. ' • .' · ·~ .·· . 'qi'sposaple, ·lands 'of public do_maJn;. these
- . (Naiiviqa,d I(. Dire'ct(?rof Lc!nds 9s .cited in MonteVfJ(de . · , · . · l~nd~ 'ar.e ~ti(p~blic, not privat~ lan~fa. There
·v, ,The-Director' of Land,:: G.R: No. L,. 46'28,.;'May'25,. ...... ··· ': • :. ·must be a law.or ·presidential ·proclamation.
1953). · · . ., . ·._ ... -. · .· .'officialiy pla?~ifying:_th,ese-reclgii'rDE:9 lan!Js 8§ '
. . · .. - . :. .. · . . ; · '° , ,... · . , · :.-, ali'enable 6rf 'disposable· :ahd> 'open to ·.
Apsent any:expropriatjorf proc;·eeaings,: and Wit~out. . · :: _disposfti6Q.or'concession·(Ghaiiez v:°f:?ublic.
:.. : · an.y .eviOenc.e that th~ petitiOner'doriclted Or so{d the '·Ss.tiites Authority; G.R. '(\Jq .. 133250, .. :May 6, ·
. subj~ct'·prop~rty to:lhe mu_nicipa'i. gbvernmen\; ihe. 2003}:'C}havez.·v:·Nation,a(Hous1ngAuthvrity;
· -same.'is still private.property. A.municipal ·orpinance G.R: No. '164527, August 15, 200.7).
,. dQe.s: not convert .. the sar:ne to . public · pro[Jerty · · · · < ·. · · · · ·· · · · ·
... (Gatchalian v.-Fiores, G_.R:No .. 225176;.Januaiy 19; d .. L.andi 'thai.· di;a·p~~~red' i~to·.-·tti'~' ;ea. by
~.- 2018). : . . natl,lr~r er6si9n due to the' ebQ and·flqv.(~f t~e
' : · ... · · tide· and ·
.,Kinds:., , -· .. ·. . ·. : .. : ·,!. • ·1-· ''. ) . ~ . .-: . •.. e.' Fof~shore tand.s;° :.when. the, ·s·ea moved.
1 .. F.or Public Use-=- may. be' used by anybody, .and ' · toward· a"n estate.ano th~'tide invaded i(ttie
not limited to. privjleged individuals.· It' includes. . invadea p,roperty ·becomes for.estiore land
roads:· canals, . .riVers;)orr9nts;··ports and· Q'ridge.. s · · ·' and·passes to)he rea_Jm. of th~ p'~Plic ddrnpin,
·:constructe9 by. the. State, bank!5; . shores, and;accordingly canno_t pea subject of a free
·. ·road~teac;!s: and:.· 9_th.ers· · oL 'similar cha~acter · .,· pa\~nt··.(R_epublic v. <;A,-. G.R: -No, 100709,
(DE LEO/\J, Property, supra,. af'40-41).· , ·. . ·· . ,. Nove.rriber-14; 1997) .
. ',
: ?
., ..
·','\.
,· 2019 SAN BEQA.LAW ~ENT~LIZED BAR OPERATIO~$ ·1 ·153

P·RO . PER-TY
I ·
. SAN BEDA LAW CENTRALIZEDBAR OP.ERATJONS~ MEMORY AID 2019. . :
mcn;w.se , teMt?f:AWs=tt,t?&:"*'**Pi«¥mMif. ·=eti?:¥'·'***;,s ?!!@ --&t@tsAfs!w *'*:*5tsizi&2s':* ~tZ, &4MtM$@~1M».+«iAFI·
F9reshore l.,.and - a strip of land th~t lies subjected to private right or-devoted to public use
. bet)Neen· the high and low "water m.ark~ and . (DE LEON,' Proper._ty, supra at 45).
. 11"\at is alternatively wet and dry__ acccirding· tci'
the. _flow 9f the· tide (DE LEON, F'roperty, Pro_perty of Private· O~inership
.supra at. 42).. . . Kinds: . · .=·· ·•· .
. - . . . . '- ;.. . 1. · .P.roper:ty ·owned· by the- State and its :P.olitical
De Facto Case. of ,Em_inent Domain or. s.ubdiv1sions . in their· private. capacity .arid is·
Natural Expropriation · . .-.- known as ·patrim"onial p_roperty (CIVIL ·CODE,
Ir is the expropriation .. resultinq from the . /l.rts. 421-424); and . _ .
actions pf nature 'as in· a case. where land '2. ··Property. belonging· to ·-private- persons; .. either-
becomes part ..of the .sea.' Tb.~·6wn.e.r loses - -- i!'Jdiv,idLJally or collectively_ (CIVIL CODE, Ar(
. ,his property in favorof the Statewithout ·any 425) .
. compensation (Republic I(. CA,: Morat6, -G.R.
No. 100709, .. Nov.emb~_r 1:4,:_1997). . - Pa\~irnqni~-1-Prri~e,ty ~f
the.State . . . .
. . ,., J. property of_ -the :S)ate". owned in· a- private or . ·
'-<If a river. is. capable, in its natural. state, of · proprietary capacity; and. . · , . : ..- . . . ..
. being used forcommerce, it is navigable in 2. Property. of-public, domlnion, . lyhen no: Jo_nger
. fact, .and theretore] becomes a .publicriver .. :__ intended for public use or for public service, shall ..
. . ;,.(t;-~ileo,:i· V; Secretety-ot f..1:1blic Works, :G.R,
0 .. . . form ·p~rt'
of ·lh.e. -:pa!rfm_on,i.al ,.-property.__(Cfl(IL: .
. · No, L-24281, May 16;. 1967).' '. . ~--.CODE, Art .' 422):· .. · ... · :_· .. · '
2. ·-.F~r ;~,bJi.~~ s~~ice· )- ~a;~ -b~- ~-~s4~by

authorized persons: , ~,-
· .. ;:·:·
U~i-~;;j~·42;::·is. n~t ~~-lf~-~~~~uti~g,:ar,d ..
_.·.;·~.9-ann9t,,~e 1of..er;rei:l;from _non~us~,~!on~.1?bere
·: ·. i· . .. . .. 0 ~ . _. . .~
must-15e a/f~;mal-de~larat1on. by the executive or
• !'.ii ·pu_bl_Jc buil.di~ ~sins~r~i- ed._Ey;,{h~ ~~ate"'lor t~
*
~~O.S $,!oly:(i~e·)tgis_la~i~e: .. .-9~p'art_ment·'_l_hat :!he
0
its-offices -and fun~llohanes ;_15'slopgfto-. tl'.11~ .f?las,§> A . ·'\VT property oft,1)1eJ,p~te _is·. n<?': lc;mger-.ne_~deq ':for
'(Baguio Citizen's Actiori:vlciy""e"cf{in_cil,G:R.,No. ,/&. p_ubli\·_use ~~!~~~ub!ic;: servi~e. b~fore th.~·s_ame
~-~-?7247., -April.20,, 19?3)i- ~,-,. ·.-., .__ · ~.f""< : can ti>e ·cla,r~e~_\c!s:· P~!~1morn~I .or ))Iwate.
· - _. /'.· ·, · . ·- · · :· t · prqpeify ..of'tne,..§.t9te (Mani/er Lodge :No:· 7,61 ( v. . .
··3. ~o~ th~ ~-eve'.o"pme_~-t-~f _ ~ti~r ~ealt~. ~~~~:. i·-~:- :~·:4!~~:-;,)Sff tem~e~:-~O; 1fYl_6)_:.·: :·. ·-._-..- . . :_
··G-erier~_I Ru_le: All na\~ra ~9~rce~igto tne':.7" :· Gharac f~cs{(~D~§~) , __ · - . · ··. ·. '·· · .: . ·.. ·. · . ·. · .:--
. 2r.'. . . . , . .f _ :_.: · -~-- . ~

·. AfU:=?"·:Sec_. c,~~~"~-' !n<l'Vl~v~fs/. 9r :qrporall~m~ . thro.u~_h .·
~. .. : .
,. . .. : . _ .. ; ... : . .·
·.". f:);C~e-pt1Qn.: Rubhc :~w1c_ult_. 1 _lan_d
;. . . . ··' · · · . ·
i·
··.:· ., ~
. : . . .
· , . ·., .. - . · . ··, ·
;_ ¥~-~.f1pt1~ !.f!I.VIJ:/f!ODE, A~- •1.1J3), .... _ · .
zy~Y:b~;Q1sp_q2e'1oy the:Sta~e;· . · _--:._:· ., .·-. ·:'" , :
·· ·
· 1;,~("r.E - \~l.t·e~.1sts·_for· the Stat_e to . .§upport·ttie:att~inment_.of ·
. N.?t~_> 1;3efore _:~~q_lJc._.~gricfui_t. ral_}anf 1~~a'.ee~frofr/ne)ct(,~~d_.;... .:.-: ·,._. ··: · . ~~. :·
. av_a1l_a~!e· fo~· d1sl')os1t1on: t.~~.Y _a~~~P_(P°~~-r.~f'nf-.·. . ~14~an ~~the .obJ_ect :<:>I:.ordmary -_g_ontcact ·(DJ:=··
> · ;. · .· ; : --·-; .. ·•
· ·-~~~!~~~~rnam·_-~0~. t~e-:~-~~~lq~m-~~t~®l°D_~'.- MA.~~ert!'::8·~r:t~-46)::·.·
:. ._· :· . :::__.., .... ·.· ..
, .. : •. _· :- • :-- . • • · :-:-: • · 1 :-". _;· ~~Pror1.~rty_of.~oli.ti~.al_Suodjvisio.ns:. .. . . . . . ,.
Th~·-(s~ar~Jg~. :·_of.. ~~es_ ',·!a -tti~< p~b_l_i:C_,. ~de~} not . . · 1 :: Property foL_P'.Uqiic.:.. ~.s~ . -;-" -~onsi,srn:--.of_" roa·~_S,'. : _
· 'deterrnine .. the.charactEfr-bf"tbe proper-tw whether streets, squares;- fountains, public .·waters, _
._it- is·. of-p_ul::\li~)!oQ'jiriion.,or :n_ot: "Art-.·':420. :~~nri~s.: · promenades an~'))1,101_ic .wcirk'stor;pu!Jlic se}:vice · : .
prop~rt'y'ofpu.blic":{jom,njon: as.one .'!inleJJ.decNor"· ---. paip for: by _t_tie~ LG.Us; they- c'ar:ir:iot'b~ alien13ted
pub/fc-;_use":'·E.v,e.fi lHtfe,9.ov.ern.me."r,1t .c;ollect§ ..toll .. ·· .. ·. · ... and . .- ·.acquif.ed;,i by.-. pres.c;:ription, (DE,.,l~Qt,j, .
fe~s";'tt:re _roa.d;js~-~ti!l·"intem:l.~_d' for p·u.blic·-·us~",.if · :: : • · Pr.bperly, supra a( 50).~ · ·: ·_,: ..... , .. : · ._: ; .. ,· ·
.-.anyqnec.aii\1se·itUl'}9f;lrtl:_l~·S_am:e_terrhs.aod ·::·.:_·- - .•· ! ·,-···. '.,· . ."_···:··· ,·_:··,·:.·-.', ~
'.· c~indjtions. asJhe rest· 9f. !lie R.U_blic. (MIAA -v: CA, , Note:: : The- ·~hurji~r~t_ion. in: Ait:1 . 42'4. ·,. i!:?·.·· nof .. ,
.. ·G-_:R;_No.'
·~
155650,
.. . :_July 20, 2006).' ·- - · . ··· -::_ . . •' .~exclusive. .. ' · · . .. - ,,· ..
. RP_.ur_s_b:~:t_._ctlia9nn_.-d··.bsef,:e_e_·
.n__ ~_
. :..,:o, .t_ ..·.~d.s_· ~ri.-~--
..,-~.e.~n~_-:_n.,-_~---~,,-~ ' · .. · Char~~teris\ii;st
.· ' _ _ . .: .. -· ~· ..
. :W"' _ a." ·Qutsid.e thefcomm~tc(;l 0f-ri:Jan~· · · -, .. ·. · ·.
.. : . · :'.
, .. The·ter:m "gov'ernm:ertt lands.'' i$,b.coader'.in s·cope. · · .. ·. b. _ -_.ca·nnot):?e-9cquir~d· ~y·prest~iption;_ ·. .·
.. lfin__cJud~s l.alid,~_dev9ted to p_ublic "us~ ·&,s.~rvi_c:;e,, . '. :·-.. 'G':'..'·.NQt subject \_c:(attach111ent _and.execUtL9n; ~r)d ..
as·-we11-:_c;3s"p'ublic lands b.etore:ancfatter tb.ey." afe · 0:d. eanno"t: _be ·'burdened_, by. any."·voluntary_
. m§!de i:3Vailabie for. private·aj:>proprj)~t(bh and ~Isa . easement (RABUYA;-.Property,(2008), p. 88-
patrimonipl lands. While '1Jj.ublic land.~ is used'to . · 89 [~ereinaflfJrRABUYA, Property]) .. --: :.
desc"i-lbe-mlich of the 'national domain under th·~ . . ' '. .. '
iegislative _power" ·of Gongress as ha;· riot,. been·
. . . . . .· . .
. <-
· 154 I._ 2019$AN BEDA LAVj CENTRAUZED BAR O~ERATIONS.

PROPERTY.
SAN BE.DA I.AW-CENTRALIZED1.!AR OPERATIONS.- MEMORY AID 2019
.. . =· . .. .. .
2. · Patrimonial Property all .. other properties .

possessed by _LG Us including property for· public
service. without prejudice to provisions.cfspecial
'laws:: they may be alienated. and acquireo..by
I~· :
. . , .
OWNERSHIP
• . I
others thru ~rescriptiorl..(2 PARAS, supte at 75). . It is the Independent. and, ge·n~ral right of a. person to .
. . . control a thing . particularly in . his possession, .
. Note:' When a. property is owned by politicaia enjoyment,. disposition, arid recovery, -subject.to no'
. subdivision in- -lts :public . and qovernrriental · restrictions, except t~~.se· imposedby the .Stc;1te-· or
· capacity,' the _CongressJias· absolute control. But · -private persons, without prejudice to.the provisions of .
. if.: the .property ls owned in ·it~ private or · . the. law}2 P~RAS, supra. at-83). ..
· proprietary' ... capacity, 11 · is patrimonial · 'arid -v, • • • • • • ' •
- Congress '. has. no absolute control. -The Note: Ownership and: possession are; two distinct
. .municlpaltty cannot be deprived. of· it-without due _lega~ 'concepts. · (G~icia. v .. CA;· G.R:<.fjo.:·. ·13.3140;·
process and· payment of just- compensation· · . A_ugµst 10, ·1999): _· . . .. . .
(RabiJco V. Viflegas, G/?. No. L-2_'46£51,· Febru.ary· · · _; _
.28>_~~74). ·.. '·. : .. • ·.. . , . , .. . -. . . Kin~s of Ownership: ·. , . . . .
i · .. 1 -. , Full -ownershlp (dorr,iniurn or jus in re.propria).:
. · ,:·,Ad. 42~.arip 424 speak of property fb.r pubifc use,. · · · includes. allthe-riqhts ot an 'owner: · · ·· .· · -
. .indicatinq that property: tor public. seivJ,Ce_.· is . 2. Naked _ov_.,nershij:>.{ouda proprietas) - the bare ..
·patrimoniaJ.. However, the Supreme Court; in r : jitle to ..property: where. the right to the· use and
. 'Province: of Zamf)oang~' Del Notte '. V.. City of. . ·:fr°uits- has been denied· . . ..-· ·..... . . . ·,. ·.· ·-
. Zemboenqe 9ategcir1cally; .stated tha.t "the c6ur.t_, . 3;. .Ben~fici~.l. owner§~i~/Usuf~t.fc"t _:. :. right ~o:'enjoy
is not .inclined to hold,that m1,1nicip'al property.held · · ·... th:e,use_.antj fruits of ·a property, !3eneficial use,
a~d ;dev.ote~ to public 's·eivice· ·is .. fri ·the: §an;ie . · ·owner.ship or·interest. in proper_ty i~~the rig lit to' its. · ·
·. _i :~a~e·g.~ry . a:s · ordina~Y. p'ri~~te- p~operty.)Tr~ , enjoy~~'1 in-.drie. pers.on;· i.yhere the legal title is ...
·· ' : .class1f1cat1on _ of municipal property-. deyotecl {or· .,.in1anotne·r-, , · .. : · .· ;,:. ·• ·. · ·. '" .; ~: · ·:
·. distirn;;tly governmental . :purpos~s as~p!.Jblic/. . .. . . :·-.
·.' und~~ t_h~·la1N_<:?! -~_unic;:ipa_l. qo.:.pqi;,~t~~s •. ·~ho~.lg~ . . . . ~ Not.e:_ N'~~~~ywne:r~·hi~ +_ 8~ne~icialo~·l)e~ship;
,~prevail overJhe 91v1I Code.Jn this par 19ular.c~~l'." · · . F,:.ull owmersfl p.. .-.. ' : · · ··. · . · .· ···
· · -· : · Th~~ ,.:law _.9f M_un.icipal .. S9LJ?9rcJ.ti3°Q_s~:y.;,as ·. : ,~./-:l · .· · · .· · · " , : . · . · , · . · · · .
. , - -. : . · cons1dEired:·9~--~ ~P~.c1al law;~:'t_f.ie:cp~texPof Art: · 4.. ~oJe i>~ners ~p -' :One) __ yvher~ th~ ownersh(P is . ,
. · ..:.424,.of.the C1v1I· Code_ (Rr0vmc.e·. of .Zamp_oanga . · ! .vested m only Q[le person; and '-: • ·.: . ·. ..
· ·· . .· · ·. Del
. . .· Norte·
._. . : v . ·c·ty
, . of ·.z..a.t...b f
,.n ,oanga,". L,· - .
G~~... ,v.,co..
.it- , 5! Co:~wnmtii~lfon t! .,,;,
t'h·e-ownership·
· ·1s·ves.·ted
.. 24440,.March_2EJ; 1968}J " ..... . _ ·. '". _-.:. jn.}wb::·or:m·oj.~~perso-ns .(bE.LEON;.' Prop~rty{
. · . -<--· · < · .. . ;, ..;_ r :·supra ill-7.§) .... · .... ~· . · . · ·....
. properties of- public .dominjon: ~!:).yoted to· p~olic .· ' . . .. . ·. -: .. . . . ''.·· ·., .: . . ...
use.are·outside the" commerce of m\i-Yaod c.fanot, Su.bJ~Ct.Matfor._.:. ~--::,,:. _· . ' -. ' . . ' ' . ·:·:
. b.e cjisposecf of.or."leased by·ttie.-1:GGto gr.iyate 1.~1bi6g~6sual_ly·f.cefer.s,to c_~rp9real property.·. .
' p'ers·cfr1s.' LGlJs ~-zjv.e:--no .authc>ritl°fo-·cantr_Ql'-or. _2.. -Rig~t:. wh_ether. real cir- personal:. is.cJa~sified·as
. · regul.~~e .. the .u~i'. ..of pu~lic propehles, tnless· ,:.-..: im;o~pqre~_I. prop~rty 1,c1y1c ~O[jE, ·AH: 4,2_!.)<_· : · - :
. ) ... sp~cific ·authotity ·,is .ves\ed '. upon. tfie'm·' by . . . .,. .- • . . . .. .
, ·, ' ·congre_s~. '(Macasianq, : v.:'))iokno,. G.R. ·: No. ·s~~e'n.Attr.ihutes.ofbwn~rship'lPUE-A2~~V); ... ':-· .. ·
.. · ·. : ... ,97]64;.fiugust.10,, 1f)_9~) .•. , . ', ... ·. 0 ~ a·. 1°: ,./.µs °J:9.ssidehdi -:-(fhe right: to, posses's; It is ..
. .-.· . ' .. ; . . . . . .. , ' . . . different:frctrn b~ners_l)jp LJucfgriienfof.oyvnership . .
Prope_rty of.Private"Owh~r~_hip .. . · qoes.,·not ;iriclude. t~e· :right· to po_ss~ss ,except·
.Coll~c.tive _ciw.n.ership includes co-ownership an.cl:..:_ · ·- .. · ··:wh¢n·· claim. of p9sse,s,Sion.; is_. based .. u·pon. the· .
~wner~t:it. by,~c_g~~oratio~s •. pc;1rtne[_~hip_s, ._and. ·.. .: claim-o_f qw~ersnip)_ (DE/~ON,Pr_ope~y;'SUP.Ta ,
other Jµ.r101cal' ent1t1es which are allowed:.under. . · ·atBO). ·n .• · •• · ,· ·, ·• • .:·' ·, : ·• -
. the law to .'cJ'qquir_e· an.<f)ossess p~operty-.of ·a.II , .2.: · ·~us_.Qtendi.,.;'The-,righ.t t~ use anc{ehjoy;·i.may
. "kind~ (2 PARA~;\s~pra a_t 76)- , . :-:· · ':· :. . · .. . · ·also includ·e. thE;J :right·~o exclude atly pe_rson-fronf .~
... ·' :· .. .. ,· . '. . . · · ., ·:· ·. enj9ymeot ar,id disposaJ:qf"tlje· thing (r.elate· to
A. posse.ssory . information. irised.bed~ in · the. ,· · · C!WL· CODI=, Arts. 429.and 431;:' · ·.. ·. ~-
. · -~~gi~try (!( P_r0prrty -showing. po~s~s~i_on .by · 3 ... Ju.s..:· f.ruefJdC - Jhe. rJgliLto enjoy. th~:·fruits · ..
· ::- pri\lat~. pe_rsonp and. th~ir predec~ssors' since . (natural, industria.l. ~nd dvjl);'p.os.sesso'r' in gciocl ·
. . .time iinme~orial demonstrat~s ·prima fac[eJhar· .. . .(aith (CIVIL CODE, Art: '544), usufructuary (Cf.Vil.,
, .. ·_-~the p9sses.sors of. the landJ6 which i.t refers are · _ . ·COOE, A,:t: .566),.- les·s·ee- of agricultural land· .
' the owners thereo( (Querubin v.: Alconcef, G.f?. : · JC/VIC CObE, ;A.rt . .1676)- al')d aiitichretic c,reditor .....
No. /...-~3050, -SeptemQer 18, 1975).'-· .. -. (9/VIL CODE, Art. 432)_are entitled -to .the fruits:
. · . . · ·· ' · · · · ·· . even Jf they are not the owner. ·. : . . :
Note:. For~ighers·· carin;t ·acquire land in .. ~he:· .
· · . Philippi!1E)s · except : in case. of h~rei::litary
successi_oo (CONST., ART x11; Sec. 7/ ~ · . · ·--
. -.· .
. 2019 SAN
"
BEDA' LA'W Cl=NT.RALIZED
. '
.BAR
·. OPERATIONS
. . ;.
I· ,.155 ·
PRO.PERT¥
; .
SAN BEDA,:LAW CENTRAUZE;
.. .··
'BAR OPERATIONS~
.
MEMORY A/0'2019 ·
.· .
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156 2~19,SAN· B~DA lA W C~NT~llZED:BJ\R ,OPERkTION$

. . . . . •, . \ . ' '. .· . . . : . .. '
PROPERT·Y
SA/\/ BEDA LAV./"CENTRALJZED BAR OPERATIONS - MEMORY AID 2019
t "'"') •. • I) ' ~ '' • • • • 0 • )f"{' • \ - : . •
'
-. LEGAL. REMEDIES TO ·R
. . ,. ;'. : .... . . ... · .': . . ··1 .. "\
EC.OVER
' ··.... , ·' .. ~.
POSSESSio'N
·. . .
.QF PROPERTY
. ~ .
-.' \
:i... • • -- - ,E;'
. . . l .
R.eplevin A. remedy .. 'fo.r the. rec6~e·ry of 'Phy~ical RTC or. MTC. Four· (4) years (if
... . ~. 1pos's~·ss!o'ri
. ' · . •.:
'of personal property Possession . (depending. on 'posse'ssion . in good·.;
_w.hfc~·i~ governed by Rule 60rof th'e amount) faith} from' the.time the
.ihe Rules of Court: . ·,. .~ . '. : ·.. . ,_ · - ·· possession thereof is
. . ..~
f As a forhj of'prinqipal remedy lost '\,,. . ._,
.: . - tci rega'in·possession ,~ .. ·. :-: : - ...
' ·2: As ,f.: form of · provisional · ·, '· · ' ,. Eight (8) years
. remedy, - to. ret~in .what h~s '.. • .. < •... '· ' ..~- (wit.haul . other
. ........ . ,""; .. ~ , be~n wr611gfully· ; detained . :: _ .
. ,\
coriditiohs) (CIVIL
' . .•. . l'
CODE/ · Art. 1132)
1 • p~ndent~_life. · · :: .
'- ~. .. . . .· '.
:•
from'' ,ttie time .. the, .
. Exception: when the prope_rty is · .,:· · .. ' .POSsesq_ion t.hereof is
·.i· · : : ~n~.et,pustodfa ~e'gi~. : .... · · . lost "; ... · · -
... · ..·· •')
. ··.
~JG-, .,_.
11;re.sRect1\/,e ..' of
b_ne'(1)yearf~om·~he
date of actual entry on
..) , ... th1f ~m1?unt :. of the lano,.'ex~ept w~en .
•.... ,.I . 'flamages. ro~ entry . . '.Na·s·. , made' ..
unP,aid .. ·. rentals througij stea'lt.ti, one .
'scii.Jgnf ;. to pe' (·1) year starts from, '· '
recovered the time . the. pfaintiff
. . •.,.... :.'·
leafn'ed' ihereof.. ':.
":" ... . .. ,. . . . ,,
·, ·.. . .Reas9~: . .J.t:~p.ective · · cf the ,·,I
.-· ,/'' ·.. actual cond1t19.p of. the ll!le;i)o ·th~ .....
,_',, • I ...... •
I· .~ prdperty1'the paiiY. ir(.peaceable, .....

•' ...... -:· . . · ,; .. quiet · possesslop s~~li not:· be,.._.. ,,....,
. ·. . : turned. ··out by stron~- . hand, . . -;
' i ...
,: vlolerice: or. terror (Javier:'.V. . . . . "'. .. .. ,. . ... ,·
· Veridi8no, ·· G.R~- No... L-48050,: · ·. : ., · ... <r_· - ,·_ • . · ,,;
-·-· \ . '
October 10, ·1994).
.
, .· · ·
.
.. .r-
.
·. ,._
.
.-, :· • , •
.. ·, .., .
.~ ,7' • r ... ; • ! . · , ...

I
'
• ·• !,. : • . • ' .••• . · · .. _.. , . •.'.'i · . . .' . · ,
' - . ,_:. •
·r... :. .. .. : ' . .. ·~
·• I
-A~!ual · possessors ·.. who, ·~a~· c: · ... ..
. . /. :
prove p~!Pr possession ·. can :
..,
- . . ... r.~c~y~r such . possession ~ven ..
against the. · owner . himself.
Wh~tever.tnay·b·e the chara~ter ·.. .. · .: : · .: . '.
-r-, .:»
•' /- ... qf such-possession, 'if he bas in . . .

:•, hisfavor.prtority in time: he .' has· ' . : \:
:. . ·( . : ·... ;
.the security that .erititles .hlm to -, . ', . '• . ,' . .. . > . · ..
. . ·.. .
. remain on _'the property. until. he is . . ... "' . . .
;;;•
.1,a.~ully ·- ejec~~d~. by ~-·, person : ··: . ': . . .,
having a better· right· py. ecc,on .. -·. • • > •
••• 'I-- ••• 'publictana ~. ' . : or.. accion " .

.,· )
i. • ..
,-'-'. .. .. -·
·, re[nvindica.toria : . (Ger.man
., ..... :lyfaha_geinerit '& Services v.' · CA,
.G;R. Ncr. L-76216, Sept~mber
14, 1-98f!). . . ,. . .
I.... .
.··.
..
2019 SAN BEDA LAW CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATION$ ) 157
P·RO-PERTY ,· .
. SA_N BE!}A LAW c;:_ENTRAUZEDB(',R OPERATIONS - MEMORYAID 2019 . ,
\\JWUiA#P4'M-
. . ffi$JifA9hi§S'5. ¥9 T®!Mflt4¢Mil&t S¥Ei\:!BS¥
- . en,W¥43'MP1Dii9@
,-· iWE?W¥
' .
iMW4£Stt#M&l'M¥:W i·#5::I
b. Unlawful . An . action .:for recovery . of Possession MTC .One (1) year· from the '
detainer .. . possession of ·any 'real property detecto date of last.demand to
(desahuico) · by a landlord, vendor; vendee, or vacate. Reason:
other person, aqainst whoni the .Owner may waive
possession of. the· same was. · . action .: ar:id : let
'L!r,lawf_yJI/. wif~held, after; ~he' .. ... .. · po_s_s~ssdr:remai°n~
expiration or. termination of the · · ."
. right to hold possession. . . . . If there· ii( a fixed
. _ -.-.._ . period- for termination
A person. or . squatter, . who of -the lease; .. lease
occupies jhe. land o'f another at -.: ends . automatically .
. the.;· .latter's .. tolerance· . or - without · need . of ·: ;
permission, without ·any .contract : demand, one year .
· -, between them, is .: necessarily· . . perlod -is reckoned
. bound hy an implied promise that , . . from- the .expiratlon of .
. . he.will_vacate ·upon.·'·deniand;. , ·: . .:. , ·. · th~_Je~se·(2 PARAS, ·· ..
. _ '. ·· __ .ia'iling whJc;:h: a s~mq,_ary. action' .. ,- ·... · · :· ·. :... •/ .-i -::'. _supra at Jp9).· . >,.· .
f?-r-~jE;?ctn'.lei"!t ~~~Li_r;iliMul ·?etain_er .. ·. · · . . .· . . i-' •• •
~t-F. . tv. - : : . ·,
r- . • .. .." , .·
is the proper remedy .against him · , : . If.· 'the ' rea;on . :fbr
((u,v. De lere.. et.et; ~:-No. ejectment is'. non-
.. : ~· . !6.9~.4,.t-J_pvem~~}Oi_19~-__ -, . . -5::)' ,: . .. _: ., · payJll~nt of..- rent' _or
-~ ..
.. .
Note:' /-~- J;.":::::: ' - . ,._.. f.. •• - " . ,__ non-fulfillment-. of '. ttie
0
;Ah action~~~hl~~:···;,/~-- :. :·-· .• fonditions· of'. the.
. - /
. .
· .·
· _·-:,. ·. ·,
.
·ci~tpi'rf~r. · i0aci:i.ll}ar;yl'in~ur~-~
and the <}r}Y~1i~thal(.ne_eds tq ~(~ ·
~ be;_r~solr~ l~"'J,~O:i/ ent1tle,)__t9., -~
' . · phys1caJ .. ,PO:>j~SSl?i . ~ pf.. ·..th~.
• p·rer.nisf~t-~s~essiq1referrir:19-!Q
~
3,, . ··
p · ./
., · · ~
. . -1 ·. .
... : ·• 1 ...""-. ·
. . . .; r;
. ·.
· . . :.
·.
V., :- .' 109). : .' ·
iec!:s~.
or.ie yeqJ:.~~riod
:."· J~ re~~Qn.ed' frqm tti~ . · .
va·ca'te·.' (ld., supra.

· ·
.
date. o'f.. defnapd ··-.to : :, .!

it .
,.
. ·. -po~sejs~0n. 1~ f?_c.t~. a~r·Dq! :nil ·. ,.,,.-~ ~ . . . .·.. ~- ( .·

. . _po~sess~e_i~re, N0n~-tti~~ ~'\ .... -·. · · . 2) , ··.. ····· .,·. l
, . . · · :, , ~ w_~.ere t~eyalit1est;o;~p eJectmeR:t fmlfJf-~~·-. .,. : . ~ · ·

• .. . -.. ca~era1se-th'e,is§°t.1,,¥'\0Jo,rnershi~-t .. : ~ .-· :~_' . ·.,
· Jc"r'} · ~ · . • -:~: . ...
· • ,. ..
.·. _-. · :·_ :. an_d.suG~sep~"r~fY,:lfnked.'(5
. .1. • tn~t. 9f p_ossei~io~,tlj\~~y;~~
· , , m_ay J:>9\f",upon.._ t~at{1ssl!e. to . ·
; . ~w~ ~ '._ · - · . .- - . ;
{S.) ·.. . . .· , . :--, :
.-:: , . _;~
"... ~ . .. det~·rrnine\_:wtto __ ,be~v:,iei~~~ . ; . -: :· :· ~· ;,,. .. ·.-. _:. :-;_: . ,, ...... -:-.. :.~
.,l ..
. Pfl.~l~S )'has t_he_. b.e!(er_. n~.l°i:.Nffe~ ' . ' .· •, :,- :-- .· . : : .
··.. ·,; . · •• 1·
~~jJ~6!tio~H\'-~{rgf~~i~~~ . ~, · . -~. ·_: -.. ' ... : '. : .. · , ·:
·-is:su~. :h6y.,~v~r •. i~,-~fir:f,el a.n.~ vf
A~\~:., · . :.. ·.. : ,- _ ·~:· ... · .... . ·'~
·Ql!'_)_dm!J: -Tb~·-san:i~.1s. only,.tor 18,_~-~ .. · .· . . .. · . ·, . · ·
., ., purpose-pf. r.¢~qlyjng tbe ;i~sae-_of · · - · · · - , . . .. · , . .
..
· ., pos~ession. (Ba/e9i:.es, .Baleares . . :: ~ . .. · .....
\ . ,., _ ... ·, .· ' . 'v.,'.~sp'a/ito;,. G:Jt ~~:- ?2964~; : ·.. · .- ;. · .. · · . .. :.< .
. . .- ·. · ,June.6, ?p1BL,: . · .. '-.' . · · . .- . ,_.. ,,·r.:··· •:· ,, ,,: . -., . ·,· . ( ..
·--;° ·j·t "do·e~. ~ot' ev~'n . ~atter:

' party;~
ff' a
title to.. the .. ptope'rty·;·i~
.· :, : .. '. : ;' :":-.:\'·.;
: ... ·.. . . ·: .. ··, . ; . ·.. -·
·<\ ;:;~- . ' . ' ... . ..
•, :.
que~!i0n~_bie: w.~.er~ the pa~i~s ... · · .. ,·: . · . . ,. · __: 1 ': .. •' .,· · _: .. ,
,· .. · to .. ao ~j¢.Gti:ne_dt_c9se raise .the · ·.' · ::· ,,. · ·; ··

_is.s,i:1e.. of owi)ership,'·: tpe. courts .. ' .c . . ' .
·-= ,,· .. e mc1y pass- upon· 'ihc1t is.suei. to· ',.;•_..:._ ·. . , . . ' .
•• : I • ·• ,~e.trt'~r,mi,nhe ;wthh~ -b~'~tt)~Ewnh't'
lQt_e .·.· .. ,~ . : .-.,'. . . : ... ,,. . ,.-. ' : . : ·, .. ·. .. .... ·
. <'., ~=:. ·... ,· .··, .· 'pa.1e,s.s_a$·· ~-· e er"ng' 0 .· ... ,-,.,. . ··:·;;:_.--:.:. -,:-
. possess lfie property (Spouses' .. . . . '
Sariiif!9:0- y;0 Noitfibay :Knitting ..... _..· '. · ,·. , · '· •·· · , ... . '° ·-:.c·.
1,·. ·inc .. (NK!j, .G.R. No: . 217296,.· . . · ·:. . . - . .
bctdb?r. 1-1, 2017). . . . . .. . ... _·:
.. ·.. . ..
PROPER.TY
. · SA-N DEDA I.AW CENTRALIZED DAR OPERATIONS - MEMORY AID 2()19'
-
2 .. Accion: An ordinary civil" proceeding to Possession RTC .or MTC. Ten (10) years from,.
_ Publiciana recover possession of real. de Jute- - -, -Vy here the the time., the cause .of.
property when the dispossession assessed value action arises.
was committed: · . . . . of the property
1 .. Where.- the . entry · was· not 'lhvclveo does
· obtained thru f lSTS. or failure. -not exceed
· to state that· deprivation was P20,'000 (or .
.. · caused by FISTS. Th\s can be P50,000 in Metro
· brought as . soon .. as -·_the ManilahMT8' .
. .: ··'
dispossession· takes. place, -If the assessed
-·· - . without wa)ling for th~ lapse of. . value 'exceeds
· one f1 ) . year · ( Gutierrez V. such amounts -
. =Roserio, G.R. · No. ,J._145, RTC. .,.,, . . .
. · Jenuery ze, 1910; Gumlren v. ..
. Gumiren; .: GR. 'c:5364, No. Note:
January t 1,, {9.12):' · . . ·- . . .. .. .is -- .; . ~u:risdic;:tio.n
_2, \~{n~re:the ofle',iyear·perigd'f(!r .· _r'tot_ <.. : ; . .-':..: determined . :·~ j
~. . .. · .···.:·
:'.'." .bringing -'. ,forc(qle:. · ep~r.y pr . ', <7 ::.:.. -, ,·. only, ~Y· the type .. i" .·,.
'unlawful detainer has. already •:; . :, ' .. : . . . of action fil~d :btit

expired. . .. ·.- : ·.. ·' .also by:·''. the
. assessed? value
u. . . ....: .
-l-of'the property. 1[1
eccion publiciana
. and r - - , • • .
. . - .-'. - teinvindiatoria;i .· •,
"'.•.-.,
___ ....__ Jtte ' ... .assessed
.. v;:iJ.~e ·of· the.· real
·. ·pr:optrty . is a
. .. ,··.··
.·;,:.
,
: . j~ri~cfrctignal . . ... '
.. ~le~e~·. -~ · !O _ ,
·determine · "the· . .
'cdtftt. tb~t. could
take coqriizance.
oj.:tlie~tion_>ln
.:,·: ••• =·· ..
the .absence ·, 9f: ; .. :,.. : ......"
-·. . ~: , . :any .. aJleg~Ji_or, -in :· . ,. . ..
.· ...
Ihe _Complaint 'of
,'f..,::.;;;;;;.,,i,..... ----1 Hie,.-~ , as~es~$c;l
·. ...
. :. ':,. ···-
. -. -·,
• •• .I
. . .
value~·.
. . subj~'ct:
the.
'. . ~-
of.,:. -· ·: ..
.·.-·- ... .' .
.,"i·
.'· (: ·· ·.: ,.. · .,,·, ··' .. ,. - .. ~ -/' :praperti~s;_/, .it
· ... ';. ··. ': . . . . . Carino( ~. : .. be
. .:.. ·. ,
' ', deferm"ined .· : . < :· i ,' . .. .
:.·" .. ;_..,hich' ~2ourt -has . .. ,
.. . . ~ .
. . · I .: ,'.,: · /> :~-~ tr~.~ft;bn;ri~[~=~· ,::I·':\\ ·. ,_:_ .: )·,_~·:>·' · >· :,.
. .
. .·, .
. ;·: . :..,.':, ' .-
.. ·-· .. ·r~SP,C?,nd~nts' :'· .· · · ·· ;. · ·
i. ~ ..
.. - . · · ,_ · tom·'i~Jairit" · . _. · '. ... .-
.... i (R~ga/a.do .. v. De ·......
_. .. · '· .. ·· Lfi. · Pefiq; .' · GJf, : .
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2019..SA~ SEDA LAWQ:NTRALIZED ~AR OPERA'TIQNS I 159

. . PROPERTY .·
• SAN _BEDA L~W CENTRALIZED OAR OPERATIONS- MEMORYAID 2019 .
. ~9.552 !!tat ,;\,,¢:£4{@? a,&t' ,ew~: e;<;;; ·iW *':f gg;; f @Sf 4 :-:;:; ., .. ¥'4f:1·J#xt:P ff@Pf5 "5 r..ct ·$£fs 2#iC 5SIC?f?&¥-9
3. Accion An· action to . recover. .real Ownersbip RTG·or MTG .. Fo°I.Jr · (4) years if
Reinvinaice- property based on own~rship. . -Where the 'based on ·fraud from
iorie assessed ·value the- -issuance of .. ;.
of. the property certificate title over of
Involved does not the ..property- -.
exceed. 'P20,000 · "". .
(or':. PS0,000"- in. -Terr-: (_10t_ · ye~rs_ . if
Metro' Manila). ~ based. on implied or
MTG, _ .. . · constructive trust. .
-If the assessed· 0
·,
• ;· • '. •
•. ~ value . 'exceeds lm~r':scnpt,~le. wh~n.

SUCh · amounts " _pl~mtin . , IS· In
RTG .· po~sess10~ .of
,· property. ·
:··
;
··-·· r,
1·. ,
. , .:-fmprescripti9le
• I . ~. ·•
Possession.
" '·
....-.. . . I
. • ~ .. 2.- writ of · .. · of
Preliminary
Injunction
.~
... __ ""':·
,..
·.. ;: ...., .:
.
···: .. ·.,!
\ -~
• '<• ·,,1,.l):,- '. I
;,,". ..:.. {:!Ii.'-\_ , ... > • • .l\. , • • -.~......,.. •• • 0H • •
:r~q-wevioits :dernand:-fcfr De~'a'~~j~)Dr(i"1idion_a! i! ·' ·.

. the. defendant to. vacate Ihe . gr<?.und1· :-.ts : · J")O_n- . .,·
. · .·. )s_ nec!fsim"ry: · · · : · f?1rment::-·_:-?f· . -~e~!~ls· .or .
· · ·. · . fa1lun~·.t.o-.comply with the! .. ·.
_ •
· . . , · le contracts . · · else' ": . ··· ~ ·.
,. ,. . - -. .. (RULES_ OF COU~T} Rule::7.0)'.' , :. ' . , . · .- ' . . ,J
• •.: I • 443·,•• ,._'°" "' \·, • "", • ·:•• ,· •,•• •' • ,.'- •. .r: '• .._. ;,~·:.: .. :..i.~._:··~ •
_,. ~laintitt .. ~~~/·p~ov/th·~·tPlait,t,ff':~0~eci.'~~t1> qavi , . ·. .- ·. ~ct~~n.sa~~i!e_ctt~~d~J~~.-- t~,~- -~;:;~:riy·.. mu~t_:\;e ·. ··

0
he-was' in prior 'physical been. in ·. prior : physical identified; and "the-plain'tiff -·must "rely on.the streriqth ·-
pc;issessfon.. of . Jh~- possesslon. oi his. title-and'not
on.the weakness "0f,the.defendant's ... -· ..
pr~m.ise~' ·_until · he w~_s. . . ·. \., :., claim · (CIVIL . COPE, Art? _:4.J45.is b~s.~9 · up.Qr,: . _:
:depr~v~d th~reof-. b}' th.~ ,I .· j~ris'prudence .t~af in· an action,tcr.re<?,civei:',"'f~e-p'ers~n ~ .
d~fe__ridant. .. who claims that t:ie ttas better right to .therprqRf:Irty ~
•: . -' . 1nust satisfactorijy' R(O\le. botli ciwn,ershiP._and id~ntity .
. ·,.
. 160. . I 2019 SAN

. SEDA. LAW CENTRALllEO
. . "-:':'
BAR OPERATIONS
, .
-PR·OPE.RT:Y.
.. : SAN-BEDA LAW CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS - MEMO£J,Y, AID 2019 • . .
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€2WW~
.~ .' .
(Pang-ocfen _v. Leanen, G.R. No. 1389~9, December . '4. No_ Qelay iri one's exercise (i.e., at the time an of
6, 2006) .. .' . · aRtu91 .. or threatened c;:!ispossession, .or
iiilm~diate!y'13f:ter the. dispossession. Once delay
Requisite·s: (IT). . ··., ... lia.s taken place,· even ifexcusable, the own'er or
1. Pro.of of-!dentity o·f the Property lawful pos.sessor must resort to judicial proc~ss
He must· fix the identity of th·e land claimed by for the recovery. of tt,e property (CIV,fL COD{=;·
descr,i ,bing the loc_ation,. area, : and boundaries Arts .. 433 -and,53.6; DE LEON, property, supra at
., _,, ·1P5r . .·. . . ,, :·· ·· . .
the_reof. ·.
. ·. . ~ ~ . .
Failure to prove the-boundaries of theland _ the . . . General Rule: A person cannot interfere -with the.
action to recover will necessarily fail (Santiago v. ·. . ' right of ownership of another (DE..LE,ON,.Property,
Senios; G.~. No. L-2024_1, 'November 22, 1974)., . supra a{112}.;· .
It is then- incumbent upon the 'Complainants· to·.· . Exc~ption:'Oobt~ine-of lricornplete .Privileg.e'or.State
convince the court. .by competent evidence that of. Necessity '<i, _CJ_VIL COD.E,/irt. 432). .· .
· the .subject properties' form part of . the . [ate Note: Art:· 11 of the 'Revised Penal Code on self:
Arevalo Cue's estate because in order· to defense includes ncit only defense to a man's person,
· successfully maintain actions . for· recoveryot · but a1$_0;_ .that of 'his right$.' to. ;prop_~rty/Thus,· .the
ownership. of a real· property; the cornptalnants. doctrine of self-help can be applied ii"! criminal law.
must pr.ave theidentity of the land andtheir title, . · ·· · · · · ·
thereto 'as provided under Article 434 of ttie qvil Acts in a ~tate of necessity are different from defense I
· Code. They have the burden _'.of proofto establish against unlawful · ag·gression or 'defense- . against.·.
the · , ·a·vermefnts. . in the complaint I by · dangerous· .objects.: although . the. .principle 'which
preponderance of evidence, relying -on the justiflestherrr is the same, If the danger comes from
· strenqth _of thei.r _own E:~id~nce a~d: n.ot up~~t~~ another's property, -andthe forceis employed against
weakness of their .opponent's. ev.1~en'?~- (A,rl_omllo . it, the~is--,.one; of defense ·c;1gainst' dar:ig~r. 'But if·. ,. ·" ·
v. Pagulayan, G.R.·· No. 196074, · Q.ctobl;Jr_ · 4, , another's j:lrogerty is.used to avert danqer not arislnq -:-
2{)17). -: from it. the/ict- .is essentially 'one 'in a. s~~te of : .
necessity; in ~t~er words.r.lr is for the purpose or:
2. Proof .of Title- . protecting;fhe ~~cto( himself or. another person at the · ••
In an action to recover, ·the glainti~ rr1,.u~t rely on· expense of th<=;j·owner of the'property whohas rio part .
the strength cif his· title aria 119t q.n,JI)$ :weakness ... ,1 i.n. t~~·strue of necessfu'. (2 T:OLE":fTINO,, supre ·atf38). ·'
· of_:th~ d /VIL COQ[z, 'frl. ·. tij,B-4),_
.. E:f<¥n_.d~nt's c__ laim (~- , · · ·
_ . The\1ctu~I inY,fillib~ of pr~p~rty'rriay·ccinsist of: · . ·
Reasons: · ·. - · · · _ 1. Mere. disturbarJc@·.of.possession·; ·or· .. ·· · · ·
a. Ther~ is_a_possi_bility that neit~r the plaintiff 2: .re~~ d~s. pos.s_e,ss .. ion.. (Id_: at 6.8)>
npr tf'ie _d'efend~nt:is· the trU_e _g~er _of-t~e
property. . . . .. . . . l .; . Tihe-t-rul.~s,_al,ie: · .. .' .. ·. · '· . . .
b: The O!le. in possession-is'.pr~su~,ed. to~~- the · · 1. If it is r:nere disturqanGe of possession, force r:nay-
. owr:ier,. c;1nd he 'cannot be obligep,to -show or be \,iseg · against_ it i::it -~ny time as long ·~s· it
. prove·.a better title .. · ·- · ·· · ' · · ·: , .. . . cor:i_tinu_e$; evrin · 1?eypnd the prescrip,tiv.e period
c,'. 'The_ pa~·sesscirin ttie '2~hcept o'tan owner is .... : for _an' action of forcible .entr.y· (e.g. If a: ait.Gh is
.i::>re.sl:!rned·to be in. good faith. . · , ppEfned by P)rJ. the.l~nc;l_'9f J, the·latter mc:iy close.· ·. ;
· !:'le wh_o. reli~s on th.e.~xisterice of a fad, .... itorcoveri.tby_forc.e·atanytime) (ZTOLEN,TINO;
should pro.ve that fact-:(.2 · PARAS, supra at . : supra .at' 54). · · · .!. ·
152-153)." . i: If iLc.or:isists· 9f. a. real dispossession, 'f9~ce, ,to
/C -,
regain .. 'poss'essiOf"!' . can . only he . Gsed.
Principle of$elf-Help . _. . · : .i_r,nm.eqia.tel_y · a'ft~r· the dispo?s~ssion Je:g'. If .J, •
The· own.er, ··ar ·Jawful. posses_sor, t)as ·.the. r.ight to
withput . P's_ perrl)issior:i, · picks up · a b~ok . ·
ex~lude ·i:i!lY person· from the erijoyment and disposal , bel_ongirig to the .latter a.n_d runs off with it, P can.
Qf. the property 'by the use· of .s.uch forc.e as· may, be
-reasonably··necessary.:to rep.J91 ·or prevent actuaL or. ·
. .. pursue J and recover;the boo_k by for.ce.) (Id.
.. '. 54).':- . .. . : . . . ' . 0 ..
at
threat~ned uh lawful physical irwasion or: usurpation · .. . . .:,
of his property (CIVJL·.CODE, Art. 429).· 3 .. · There ~hould -bf no delay in the.· use gf force. to .
. recoyer· it;· a delc;iy,' even .if e·xcusatlle, sucl:i · c!S
· Requisites: (ROAD); ,w_hen''due to tbe ignorance of the disi:iosses'sion,
1. B_easonable force; . _ . . . . will bar the right to the use of force:, Once the
2·. . .Owner or lawful possessor is tt:ie .person who will · usurper's· 'possession has become firfY1 by )he
exercise; . 'lapse ..of,time, the'lay.,ful possessor.mi:Jst'res.ort'to
3. ~ctua'I or. threatened physical invasion or the compe~ent authority t; . recov'er. ~is property.
usurpation; c;1rid (Id.). . .
2019 SA.N BED,4 LAW CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS 1,61

.,.
PROPERTY-.
SAN BEDA LAW CENTRALIZEDBAR OPERAT/ONS. - . MEMORYAID 2019
.,,M®;;;;;;:,n•-x,1w; !¢t}· .. u Bw.-si,µ.s;;w:.»x+& R&Wfi:,,·t' M ::wsf,<·&',2' :;;w:_;-H**)*?zl1 f-OJW 1,2 N*: tw·t,;4'
, Caisip contacted the police to drag 9 tenant from ·inJury or darnaqe suffered (Andamo v. /AC, G.R. No.
his totwho was weedinq' and. refusing, to vacate 74761, November 6, 1~90). · . . .· · · · · · ··
the premises. She · was were given a . certain · ·
period within which to vacate the premises, the · An owner cannot be debarred from the legitimate use
act cif..the owner .in dragging .her .is not justified .of his property simply .because it may cause a .real
under Art. 42.9. DLfring said period: -she is - damage. to his n"eig.hbor (Higgins' Oil. & Pue/ Go: V.'
considered as lawful possessor, Thus, the real Guaran"ty Oil, Co., 145 /9 2.33/82 So. Z06, cited in as
-owner.did ·not have the "rig hf to use force· aqainst: . 2 TOLENTINO, supra af'67). · . ·
the 'possessors of the land for the 'sole reason
lhc!t' there was no' actual "and unlawful physical Do.ctrine of: _Incomplete.- .. Privilege· or State of
invasion orusurpation of-property for _it is .absurd Necessity {CIVIL C20DE; Art 432) ·
to accuse the .lawful possessor of invading· the lt-authorizes the destruction of a property which is
property that he · tegally. possessed· (Caisip. v .. lesseriri value to avert the danqer poised to another
People; G.'R .. No. L~28f16; Nov.erribej. 1°8, f97,0).: . · property, -thle value of.whlch. is much- qreater (2
.· PARAS/S'upra:a_t-150;151):' . .
, However, in• another · criminal ..case, the Court · <, · . ,
· sustained the· use of force under Art. 4"29, _. Basis: There is no' unlawful _aggression when a
whereby a1ri~ate '.corpOi"?ti.00\oµ_g~_t. t6't~ke 6V:er · person Or group Of person. ?CtS p"ursuarit to the· right ..· ..
., . ? l~h'd_:by-'fen~[ng ~h.e·.~_a):De· witho1Jt.au:u1·drity-"or. '. . qiven.in: a.state-of necessity (DE Ll='0N, Properly; .
court order.' Be~a~se··ar·t~ls; ·accuseo~tch·a-sapt:~nit. 1"05). _; . · . :, . ·. _ ·. · ·. · . .
wh~ o~n~ .. tti~ sam~ land~:-whic~ h~h?.~ beer,l J \--r~~~-- . - :- . . . . .
~ Cl,ll_t1yat1ng ror _19 y_e9[S1 through __ fof~~;_ f9~ghJ_, off \.2) .4,_~4)f i~Sed,:on ;':'hat:_ IS known as. th_e st~te ·of
and0p_r:.~ve.ritecttti~ w.o~~er~ f~~w1°'0K~m1?.!m~.,1re~nee~ssityh,iust1rymg._c1rcum~t1,mce rEtco9nized in_ the
fence .. In.~ g~a\'.e _C_(;?_ef.C)orJ 9.?,~e, the;,Sµpr~r'rie ..· . Re~[.se_'d_~jl_J!/,f.<}'cfe.-(Af'!. J 1} ?~t ~~iS~ does ~ot.a!so,
_cou_~:C;Jfg~1tteq _\he -~~~us'¢d(ho~a112~.,.l_~-?~~~he:'gse_ · ~~~, _e~mp~fle· off~~ fro~· c1v_11 · 11ab1!1!y:· It, ·l!ke11y1se
_of su_ch_._n,ece:>s.~ry .f.SJfy~-- t1,~1o't~;¥P,roP.'.teJ~~~J~r -;i e~b?~1el u¥!(r.mc!81e,~f tpe_.lea_s_Lev!I r'.ulef-l·f :,. that
possessory · ngj:)_t~ ..- c_qn§.t1tutes1,. a /iu.st1!J1~g -~- a~betwe~n~wo~ev1ls,)o~e1s.Just1f1ed m choosing the ·
cir~umstp.ric~. un_d~f. ou(/~1 .,laws'. lPeo_~ e;l.(·.. ·".J-,les·ser_evil (Id,.). (J . ·- . .· . ·
.Pletch~, G.R. {vo. 19.02JQ June.'27, 19_7])... , \~:...,; .. ,, . ·,,,, . . -~ . . . . .
·. ' . /'.· ', : · · . · ~ { · . . · ~-- -~~. t~-~' e_:. It 1, ·a1s~ _fo.i ~he punppse of. pr_otect1ng t~~ actor .
R1g_h_t __to ~n<;.l,os~ o_r,Fe~y. ·: -~ .. .. : _. :· .. . •. ·,~ ·'S..\1.--«JJJl., 11:nself. or;anot~gf-~.peJ~on ~ at._.l~e. exeenS!:)· O!, t~~
tenement~ by. me~ns 0f wal~l- d1ts:tes,\~J\°~~ead1·

he_d~~S.; 0\ by an_y oth~_,me9r~ WllnOt,Jt ae_t,0q,e~t te.lt-
· J ~ · . · · · ·. . . · . . . '· . .
Ey_~r.y>"'ow[ler~ ''T'ay_ ·. El_np!ose/'.?,~t;ence,,cfiiR~ land .. ot'. .- ;;.c--~.wner oltf;r~r~P.e~tyy.izH~~a:> no part m the state of ..
i !>!:"le~ess1 'fei(La!).
JC.@;~,.fi- . ·.· ~- . , . . ·
• ~- f
- servttudes const1~uted .the_~eo,·(CIVIL. c<S5: ;., ~ :4 :-..! . .'.'tR~~yer. ~~the,. s_9cnflc191 pr~perty :_is· .obl_1ged l?.
_430).. , , .. ·.·· .. '. ·.. . -~-. · . . . '·f~r,'~t·, the.,~c.t ·o(aestruct1on .QUt IS- er1t1tled·.tQ_
· · . :· . : .. · . . · ,:. ·: .. _ ~ ·.Sc1_E·:,,_'r-f:i1i;r,pui:s~r:ne·~,t-.byarr. tt:iose,who_..benemed through
_Evei:y__ owner _hc)S --~~ ~.bso~ut_e·ri_~tjt 0".'~(~p. (Qper,_ty.: -~ r~ h~"?c't~or ex~ (C~Vll; qo6E,JArt. 4~2).:·- . : . .
and his act_of·fencmg and _enc;:los1,rt~- ,he%a~;.,;,~an~"('\'\ ",,;7/'_.· .. , ·_.·.. _ _.
:1 · ... · ·· · · ·.. ·.
a~t Whjch: he·n,ay·lai.yfullir,,erforn, in.U,e..ex~..r¢l?e· of~·M· . 1?asJs~ot.,Re_i_mbu~_se·mentl.!b.e._benefit,deri"'.ed from··
said rigt:it: T_hus,"9!3'mages arising from l~aGt ltt the . JJJ-1.act. · . ·. · . , ···,. ·. - . ., . ... .
OWriEff iri:·puildirfa:a· ferice Within il:i.e'l~_!.t~r\·.lpt'"-iS. _.·, ,: ·. >, ... ·· .. ·,., . '· .. ·· · ·: _:: · . .-.··. · , ·. :_ ··~
~bn~i~~re_d~'q!'l_rimuni; ~.bsg~iJ.. in'Ji1ri~;"' since. "iris·. th~: , Re_q~_isii~s_:· (!P)\ ~- : . '. : :- . : \, ." ::' , /.::: . · ·'
.owner's legal nght to. do so·'(eustod10 v,. CA; G:R. No ..- . 1. : lnterferenye necessclry-·to.,aver1· an 1mm1nent and
1161 oo, ·February 9: 1°fi96J.. >- . . .· · . · . ·. . ;/ -i ·.-. , : · · , tti~eatene·a da_nger"tcithe·9ctol-·o.r a thi'rd, ..person; .
. ' ·. .· . . and' .. ··.-~ . . .,- . . . .. . . .: .. :· ·, .' : .
()bligatiori"fo R~s'1:>"ect the"·;Rights of Pthe}~'.-._ .' . . ·2. ·.Qamagi·to ;:fnother is much.gteaterJh~in"damage
Tf1e·owner ofa.ihlng·d:inhofmake·use therebfhi'such· , . ·.. to prop.erty (DE LEON; Prope'rt'y,-supra at ·109j-:.:...
. i1}ann.er. ai:~tg-·fn]~re- !ti~:'rigtih/o(_a t~irc:if~if~'bn" (sic,.. . ,·. .. . ; ... : ' . :· ,: . . .
.t1tere tuo ·ut 'alien um iion 'Jaeoas)" (CIVIL· CODE, Art. .i'll~~fratfons:. }h~,: ~tta.cki~g- ~r1i~a"i; b¢1~nging to ..
·. 43.1).· ,'· . ·:; :,-:-,; \··.-.· ,. .. . . . . c,H10lher,-m·ay.be·kille·d By.th~ vi9tim;·a.hO:US~ in.th~ .
. patti of a· fir.§!: may ~e-. de'rriqlished;· ar:id a "d(~e.rnay·be.
Adjoining. _lando\.vn~rs · have· ·r:n'-!t~al ~nd. ·:recipt99al · d~$_!royed.al one point to: p.rev~i:it a flood 'over .other
putiE:,5-_W~.i~pletju_ir.e:,tb.9fe$qh~rnysfu.s,ehi~'QW[1',lariJf .. , ,place~ {2 T()L;f=N_'TINO;supi~ ar~_B)_. :--: \:<:·· ;: ·..
iri fl'·r~cfsonable "lj1cinner,."s0 ~-s~ncit:to Jnfr!ri'ge up_qo·. . ,.'-,... '•
- th.e rignt~,an:~:inte_re,sts .dfo\b~rs/fhe,sfru9tur.~~.!"Tluiit. ·, . . ~-u!e. ·-.on-. ··· the.. Depj:ivatio_n: .... of, --. Prop·erty
b~: )6\con~rruc,ted ·:an:d\ 'rhaintaln~f· ..;using. all: -~ ,·.. lf __ the- deprivatron is· in the: exercise "of-the ·.pow.er of
reaso,nali_le· c_are ~]ba~._they ?~nnot be_ g9o·ge·rous tp . eminen.rdomain, ~o· pers·on sbal.1 be deprived of hi?
a~~oi~)'1l:i: ,!a.ndo~~~~s ao_d:, 9~.r:i y.ii!h.~t·~-~d:J~t ~S!Jal property ~xc~pr_by ·¢omP,~te.n.t auth?rity ~nd f~r p~~lic .
· · and. expected Joi;ces.of nature. ff the st,rl.!<;:~µr,e~. cause· us.e and always upon payment of-JList comp~nsat1on ·
injury· or damag~. t~ an :adjoining _la~fid6'w'n~r 'qr."~ thir.d ·.· · {CIVIL ·cob(;, Art .. 435) ... · .· . . . . .
· person, ,the latter c;:an claim inperhnification- for th·e. · ·-
. ·'
1'62 .2019 SAN BEDATA

: . W. CENlRALIZED
- BAR
'- .
,'
OPERATIONS
'
"PROPERTY·
. • SAN·BEDA LAW CENTR,AUZEDB'AR OPE{!ATIONS - MEMORYAID -?019
tR•M t«' *A~i>ft&i!>i AIM Y MS s: W#-t?!'J:~:1144..g :m 2« ::2~&·WMI ,!,P$ 4..g M # 2! kdtt\C& £S\¥ff\f%$ ,1 W W~it:f&:2ik!'W! 1. StCt.~
The-,-ownership: of .the property is \rat1sferred upon . Restrictions:
payment. I( conditional,: ownetship. reverts· to. the 1. servituc;1e's or..e·asements; ·
original owner when the. pr9pei-ty is· no longer.needed 2. Special laws;
.. f9r the purpose' for·'whic)1 it was .. expropriated· (DE 3. "!_Ordinances;;. _
·. LE_QN, -~roperly, _supr~ at 121 ), .4:, :Reason~ole requirerirents ._of ··aerial.: navigation;
. ' . . . . -... . .. . ·~ ·. · and ·. . · . ·., .. · .
. - If .th$ ~ondeinnation· or. seiz.ure 'of property .is jn ·th~ s: · Prinqiples· 9n h~man relations or right~- of third ·
. ' _exerci:,e of police power- -in. the interest,of. "h.ealth, · · · persons (2PARAS, supra ·at. 196). ·
.safety. or security, the owner. thereof shall not' be
'entitled to :compensation, .u/iless he cari show-that'
. such condemnation :or. sei_zure is: unjustified (CIVIL
· CODE, Art. 436). .. . . . , '. . . . . . . . -: · ·
. . '
·6~ctrin~ cit ~elf~b~lp v~; _S..tate of ~e~e~.~ity~: . . · . . "";• ..-··
· TJ:ie._dpctrj~~: of.,s~Jt:-helj:j :is ir;woked ~Y:!he· 9"'.-'.h~-~ ·9r Requisites -for the Property .to be Consid~red
rawful:po~s~ssqr m prote_ctiori of ,bis. rig hr-to preve_nt. Hidden treqSUre'(HU-MoJO.-L): . . . . ·, .. ;
other, pers6n's-.Jr6m interfe_ring ·with· his prope'.rty,._The 1.~ !:!idden,andJJ.nkno'*'n deposit {such that finding it
state of·neces§.ity,.on .It,$ oth~r. ha_nd, 'is avajled of _by ' · , .. ,·,. would indeed 'be a discovery); ,. . ." .
· anothl;lr per$Qfl · against someone else's property fo( --?· It consists. of Money, Jewelry, or·Qth.er. precious
· the · purp9_s'e: of ~veriirig' .. ari:' irilinirient 'dange_r . to ' . ,;. pbjects; and . ·- r- .· . . _ .•.. • .. . · ·
. ~imse!f .or., to ano.ther. persbr,i · or 'lb their:· property .·· Note: The phrase "other .precious objects" .does
· · .(F?ABUYA,,• Prop_erty; supra at 134). - ·· . · not include. property embedded to .the soil" like
., \. .- ~ -rninerals (2PARAS, supra at ?06).· ·
· 3. t_heir _bawful_ owner d;es. -~;t appear· {CJVIL,
• Gen::~~ 1:::::::J;,.;~Ure b~lori~s io't~e'

~~fl!il.
, owner of 'bujldinq J>r other property 'on which ·
·. it [~ found. (Ci-'th1,'tODE,
. Arts. 4313). ;. ·. · · · ". · -·
. . .. . ·(·:~ . I- I".\: . .· . -.. . .'' .
. · ·ve.rtica!iy: -~xtends below the §ur:tjc.ef-.ansL;a~-6veit-to· Exc~ptions: _lhe fiJ1der. is entitled to. one-half (}'2), ·
.. th~- extent ~eqyi.r~.d~by· t,hfecfonomip~IJJ_t~rji!\'t,~.ko_r··
· utllity to.the owner.jn relation o the ~_xplo1tat16ri1that
· ·
may be made of the property (Id.)._ ·. · ·
·· . ~
·_~i!-J:P;ce: . Th?_'. o~~e,~-.' ~~nnbt "cq~1)iai .. ,·of:}h~ .
l·:· . ·
.f. ·
· ·1.
pr0v1dede.(~$.G,Z061r~M.)::
.. ·
. ' ·: ': .:, · ·. .
_DiscovEll'~sci:i,ade:o~ the.property of ~not~er,
or of the ~tate. orany of its ·political subdivisions;
.. 2>-~Ttie-find_ing.was made by-Qha·nce;
3. The· f_inder is: not a Co-owrierIof the property .
. ·' . . ....
,
reasonable r~gujrements. o~ a~ri91 navigationr.(~/Vlf . W!jere ...it·,iS found;_· .. .

CQDE, Art.137). · _ ~: . . . , · "4: '.jTh~ finder i~jiot.a,r~espa.$ser; . . ..
. ··. · · .9.~; -.Thefih_deris·rio~an.~gent of.the landowner;.and-. ··
.The ~igtits over .the Ian~. are_inc:l.ivlsil5le :antf'tne land 6. ·· The finder is not., Married . under:'the .absoldte ·:
itself c"annot beialf-agricuitural ·and half-min.era!.· The ~~om.munity or thl;l. 9qnjugal ·p.artnership · sy~t.em .
classifi_¢{1tio[l _ in_u~t ;be categq'r(9al'-· the' !_arid' llll!_st·be . ( olherwise·_tiis sh"are ·belo_ngs· to the comrri'ut1ity)
· either- completely mineral or compl~tely agricultiir~I. (2 PARAS;sup,:a-at 201-203). · ~--- . . . ·. ·:' - :.
. . In· the i~$tcint case,, . the·: land .w~iGh~was:\originally
classified as forest land ceased to' be· so ·and became ' · It is. ne:cessary.< t1\at . ~o. -~~ovtn 6wner- ~p_pear!,:.·
. mi~eraJ·~ ~nd.~onipie.te!~ min"er~:f~.(?_~_ce the-rtiJ~ing a
"Hehce:· the.'i'n6ne.y'found in library, wben ihe boc:ik~
_claims· ~ere _p.eiif:Ct~_d. A~ !(:mg· as mining ·operations · . were d~livered . tci. · the(: legcjteeS- in a lestameritacy '
wer.e'being unaertaken·-thereori, .. or underne·ath, it did :·pro_ceeding, :could not be. considered a treasure ·
t9
- not ·ce-a'ie 1be sq. ~nfbic1me:..:agric-ultural; even,jf . because it'was stiow.n that the li~fary h'ad b~en used
: only·par:tly so;'oecause it was enclosed ·with::a fehce· . oy-the" test~tdr--and'that·mone/ consisted; in greater.
. and. 1«a'i. cyl_~ivate_d -~Y. _. ttioi;;._§l,':whp 0er.~ -~nlawftilly.. of
. . part, .. this kind .in ;cir'culatiqn during the . life _of the ·
.. occup_ying.the: surface.- (R~pu_~/ic v.' CA;D~{a R.osa,. ~: test"ator"·(1 ·Capistrano·<394). -. · · ·. - ·,.: ., ·
·. ~R. No .. D439~8, April 15; 198B) . .' . . .., ·: . . . : · ,. :- .-.. . ,;
. . .. ' .. · . . • -F· - .. '.'A~d by ch.anc~"-;.."bygood lu~k/implying.that_one·
. Th·~ la~-d?W~1,r'.~ ri~·hf eite11di. tq s~~~:~ei_ghf o~ d~pth . who int~ntiohally ldok~.'for th'e. treasure is embr"acea
where It.JS possible for them·to obtain such benefit-or· in t~e· provisiqn (Of° LEON, Property;. supra flt 134) ..
enjoymen[an~ il is,,E/.xtingui'shed ~eydhd ..sLlch :limit . . ; . :. . -! ' • . .• . ' . . . . ' '. . ·.· ..
· a~ there w_ould .be no monf interest protected. by law R~ason::."::fr js ~xtr~me'ly . difflcult :tc/ find·. hidden
(Nation~lPower Corp. v: Ibrahim, G.R . No": 168]32,, treas·ure with.out look_ing for. it aeliberat~ly, forin many
. June·29, 2007)> · ·. _· . .. . . , · , · inst€)nces, the treasure is buried (2 P,4R'AS, supr~
202). . . . . .
at
.'··
20i9 SAN SEDA LAW. CENTRALIZED.BAR OPERATIONS -1°63 .

PROPERTY
. SA_N BEOA LAY., CENTfll!LIZEO_BAR OPERATIONS - MEMO/lYAID ?019
Stranqer ~ anyone who. has absolutely no rig~t over · Art- 440 does· not apply to property of public domain
the immovable ·o·( the thing. in which the treasure is (SP,s. ·Gµlla_ .' v.. Heirs of Lebredorr-G. R. No. J 4[)418,
found. The term also .includes a lessee, .a July 27, 2006). -
',
usufru_ctuary;. or a paid laborer working- for the owner
of ,th_~· land; provided. ·he ·has not· been engaged. Accession is nota mode 6t
k·cquiring e>Wn_er~hip; Itis
precisely .to look forhidden treasure. (2 TOLENTINO, · merely. an. incidence or· consequence. of ownership
Civil Gode,. supre at-94). .. . · t.,. . (OE LEON, F:_rop·erty, supra.at f37j .. _· · · ,
In· case of ·a usufructuary, he shall b_~ ;onsidered a . Basis: It 'presupposes ·. ~ previously _: ex_istirig.
stranger with respect to· hidden. treasure· which may . '- owner?hip, by· the OyY~·er over .. th~""principal· which is
,b'e found an ffi~ :1an'cl 'cfr ten~oienf(C!ViCCOoE;· Art·: not. n~_cessary in mo.des:of. acquiring own·ership (Id.).
566). this 'means ·th9.fth~ u·sufr.uci0ar~,:does not g.er ·
~ share, HqW~.Y.'.e.r. it.he is thefinder, he qets one-half A'cce;sibn v: Ac'cesso'rie~
. '--, . \
(Yi) as such finder: . . . . . .. ,
. ::.· ---!-·.. ~:~ :.~:..-.~:~:l/-~-;-< ... ·~j.~.-~~·-:;.'.·.··~-~j: .. :· -: ~-: ., ,.

. .Tli~·).ght ~i";:,Vir:tu~. qf:,~h~G.t:(:t~~.: owl;l~f.·:~f=a._._tt,in.{r ~ ·
_.b.~c9n,,~.:r t9.~.:8~W~~-:of/.-~Y.~kYl~J11Q _th~r1~:w.o:d~ce9, :· .
. thereby ~r. wh1c~ ,s -. m~orp,9r~d. qr,,a.!t,fe:hed th:e.r~to, · .
: · -~i,tneu1aturany·tjnirtifje,;ialJSr(C/.'(IL ·copE, '.Aff s.. 44.Q~ .
. ~:7.~J.'.' . :·i>>;;~).t~·} _>::\.:-. .::: 7·_·:;:i _ .'.:·. ·<.,/·: _.-·i, .

111.geritifaJ,:.•_,tb~e.')1g_ht .. 6(, ~e:;ce_s-~i9rj\,.is · automatic, ..
r$quiring ·no-piiqr act on tfo3 part.of the. ownerofthe
Pen<;:ip.aJ· .(,~{l~n..ue_v~ y .. --·paqstr9,.·.:G.R, :N_o.,. ?51.0i
August. 24,- 1f!1?;./i.r_rioJa. y_,j\rr.[ol9, ·G,R· No .. 1_77J03, .... ...
:J.a~µ,.c/ry
. ..
2?; 2QQB) ..
·- .· : . ·. ' ... , · .
' .
164 2019 SAN BEDA":'LAW CENTRALIZED-BAR OPERATIONS·

•· '' ' • • • .~ -. ." 'I •: •• • • ,•, ~
.... . I ..
PROP.ERTY·.
· SAN BEDA ~W CENTRALIZED BAR OP~RATIONS - MEMORY AID 2019"
Reason: First, it is not known· who the male Applies.'where: ,

is. Second, during the pregnaricy_ of the . ·a·.. The owner of ttie property recovers the same
Iemale:: its owner is gfeptly burdened by the · from a po_ssessor and th_e latteF has not yet
,. consequential expenses and · virtual . ·received the fruits. although they may have
uselessness of-the animal, and it.is only fair already been.gathe~ed.or harvested;.or · · ·
that when the young is. 'born, the owner b. · The ·possessor had ·-already rece1veq the
g
should 9in, or at least recover his loss· (Id. . fruits but is·urdered to return tlie same tci the
at 140-141). - · owner {DELEON, Property, supra at-143).
. - ., •. I·• . ·. :- ·_- • ·..
· b. · ·lndw;trial Fruits= those' produced by lands of - ·' Note: The above provision is'niia·pplicable
·any ~!nd.-through cultivation or 'tabor (CIVIL when·' the plante(is in good faittr 6ecause in · ·
CODE,-Art. 442,. Per. 2). : ·; - :· this cas·e,·,he. i's eriUlled to the. fruits alreapy
.. . \ f ..• received; hence, 'there·. is rio 'nec~ssity of
Perennial crop~ gro~\n9_p.~.r;,sefason without . reimbursing'him (CIVIL 'CODE,:'Ar( 544).
,-· .
the~ need of replanting are natural fruits. (DE I • . ' ...... ,. ·- . (. ,; ·,· '
'·· ~1L.EON, 'Property!'supra'at.141). · '·~ ".: · · Note: Th:e_goo:d.or bad faith.of the p_dssessor
,• • • - r, • • • ; ,J I
~ <'· ..· . . ~.. ' : ! ~ .· . . ···is m_aterial w.here the fruits .are "still. pending .
Annual crops planted each yearare.industrial . (ung<!thered) at ~he ·time, h~ _.'gc!~e. up, hi~
··rruits'(/d. at 141). ' pcj,ss'ession·. In any:'ca~e·; Ar(. '443 stiould ber
.· ..
read in con.nt!lctidn witfr:·Articles 54~ to 551 ··
- ~- Civil Fruits . · . (DE tEON, :pfoperJy: supra at 144),
. ..\ . . . .,; ·..../
i. .REJnts of b,uilq.ings; .' . -. ·. ,· .:. ..J
ii. · Price of leases of lq!1d?;,an9 .. ' · Note: :A
p_OS$essor in?b_ad fai\h. -~as no right
iii. TJ!e amount of perpetual .or life.a~_n:~ities WQatsoever'fo the fruits, Q§th~red OJ ·penaing, ·
or other similar income (CWIL. CODE, except.·. ~inly necessqry e)'.(penses for
A~. 442/Par. 3). · · .' · _·. ,,. · . · ·. · gatherecj fruits {Id. at 389).
. . :' .. ~ ._
·
.. • t - .. · .. • .~ ... : .\ • •' \ .; ... : : . ·.•. • . •
, Bonus to planters for th~ "ri~~\n9prg~~e,in Exception: . The .Jule does i'iot--apply· to
mortgaging property is not' a -civil frµit.of the _ :e~~ilg fru'.ts und~r J;li1-.4~9._ · -~ ....~~'.. , · ·_.·.
mortqaqed property hav_iri'g n<o.' irrfmtdi'ate
relation to the property but only.a, r.em9~e.and .- _Whe~ ·N~tur~I Ffuits, a!.1d .)ndus!rfaJ_. ~ruits. '
act)Mrital relation, no~erived,from the.land . pe~ ed.to Exist(C{V,IL COPE, fi,.rt>1.1,'1) . .·
nor based 011 the· value' therepf (EjJacfu:ach
Motor Co. ·v. · Talisay.:~/Jay·Mi/lihg Cq.; G.R. ' ,. - Natur;al
. . ,ana
• inaustrial
,< ·, ·fruits,·
ungatt,ered, are real property. T_he following rules
•• while
·,_ .. still
No. ,352_23, September 17, 19it).
Right ~f 6w~el\o 'the FrLJ°its' .,

-.' •· .l ·• · a_pply . iri d_ete(&,ining t~e time whe'i-1·: they"are
,..__-_. ·-1~E;i'rriifsq9. ~ave;~xist~,d:·,. ·.. . : . ,,.;;·, >: . . .
a. · Rl~nts' producj~g .. one . ~rop o~ly and th,eh
"_·J~ep~ral Rule: ~<?:.the ownerio] the principal --- p~rish - They are· d(;?emed to tiave exist~d
. I <belonqs ~the: nature], inOU.Stripl, ,~ncJ CiVifl .fruits .. from· th~\tjme their $e·edlings ~pp_ear frcjp, the
(. : .. · . (Cl'vlL COJ;iE; Arf:'"441). . .. . .• _. .. ·, , 9rot'.1r.id:·~· . · · , :· · -',.· . ~ .· ,_.,\ .'
." .t . . .- :_.~".' ....... ,·.-~::: ,·-··.:.. :- .. ··... . ·,...-_:;. . -· .•... ~ . .
~·: . Plant.s .· ancr tr1:1~s 1i~ing· f9r. ye~r~i_' and
-, · E;xceptib"f1s:- Instances wbeo. the owner·-of the , producin_g ·periqqjc fru.it~- They 3;-_~ cjee~ed
.. ~- .• : .·Ian~ d_q_~f n?t-OWQ th~- {rui~~:--(~lJLPA)'"' .. ;·· ·. to h_ave · exis.\ep 'from tt,e timef:they a,ctually
· a . .,.Possessor in good faith; . · · .... • ..
appeared o!'i the "p!ants cir' 'ttrees. . '-~ ..,.... : ,/ ' ·.
• .. . # \ .-
: · , : · .. · b. usufructuary; ·.. - · . ' c.. Anim.~1.s·--'- Tl:ley ~re.de~me~· to'ha~e exi~ted .

. . .· . c: . 1:'essee of'rural fa'rids; : ... ; . ~ .·.,· . .... ,. at the )beginhing ofztM.hiaxlrnui'!\ p_eribd of
9. .f.ledgee; or _ , :· _ · · . _ •. ·.- . ., gestation: - ·. · ,. ... ·,. ·~ ..
. , ·l ·:_1n·, p:q_ssess,i9_n: ?f a,:1,;~nticpretiG cr$gito~ :(2 · . \. d,. · F(2Wls-the f~d Qfa.ppearaJlce r~troact.to the
.,. ,PARAS, stJpra.aJ..?QB),- · ;' .. ·"·- '· · · beginning of ilicubat1on. (DE LEON, Pr.ope.rty, • .
• • ~ ·. ·:. .l •, • .' .' • :· ... • • ' ·t . · :·.: · · .: supra at. ''145): '>·~ • .:·- . ', • .. : •• · •.. .
· • _... Obliga~~on'ot ~~ciµ,ierit''o_fF_r-l!its t9_.Re_i~J?,urse,

'. \ . . . ) . :: ": ', .
( . .· ~~ ·~ _.
Necessary-Expen.s.es of Tliirc:i Persons·· . : · R~le'·for ~ivit Fr:yits as. Distii;lguii\~ed-'from ·.

-.:
Gene°~·a.1 ·; :R1,1le: · ~ t-ie. cessary: . (no(, luJ<i:irfpus) '.. Naturat·and lndustrfril·Fruits -:i, ,,' · ·,.
.;
. expeFlses' ·.. ot _'pr_odudion, : gath~rini(:arid .. ·civil'fr6ifs ifr'i/easJJy prorated ~·,,-de' . .for.
r· Art. 544- ·
•. ' . • •.. preserv~tion (whethe~ more Of Jess, th~lr,1_ the ' of ttie _ Civil Cddei' they are ··deeml:ld- to a'ccrue''
1;
. · .v$1ue·orv,e.fruits) must.be born.~_by·t~e rec~iver d~ily. They are ·~co9sidered in the. ·categ0ry of
of t~e.fruits.(CIVIL CODE, .Art. 44:3).· : personal .pr.o'perty and belong.to,the possessor in ..
·- . : ', ... good . .faith iri tha('proportion. while ~n'atmal and
~ .. . .
. industrial fruitsv'ordin~rily cannot oe.proratecl cir.id
.are considl:lred ·re.al-property wtiile;sti[I growiog (2
PARAS, supra at-216). · · ·
!. ••
2019 SAN BE~A~LAW C~NTRAL\ZED·~AR.OPERA~IONS I 1.65

. PROPERT.Y . .
SAN BEDA LAW CENTRALIZED B~R OPERATIONS --fv1_~0RY AID 2019
2. Accession Continue= The fight pertaininqto the propertyof the owner-spouse at ihe lime of
owner of · a thing over everythinq that-. is· the improvement; .. ··
incorpcrated ..or attached theretoeither naturally b .. otherwise, said property shall be. retained in
or artificially; by external forces (.2 PARAS; .suore ownership by the owner-spouse, .likewise
· at 220) ". · · ~-. 'subject to reimbursement of'.the costof the.
improvement. ~ : ..
-~ea·$.o.ns::: -_~c;onomic . converiience.. i~ better
. attained in. a state of slnqle ownership.than in a · In either. case, :.th~ ownership of the ·entire
co-ownership, and "natural_justice demands. that property shall be - . vested upon the
the owner .of.-the. principal should .also own the . reimbutsernent.iwhich shall be made at· the. time-
accessory (2 PARA~, supra 'at 211): '.' - of. the. _ l_iq.uiqgitipri,. or. the conjuqa]. .partnership : : ~
· {FAMILY CQDE, Art. 120). .. , .»· • • •
. ·.
•,.
.,I'. •
. ,·
166_. 1 26is·sA'.N BEDA

\ . LAW CENTRALIZED
,,
BAR OPERATIONS
.
:PROPERTY
SAN BEDA LAW CENTRALIZED BAR OPEnflTIONS'- MEMORY AID 2019 ·
.IDNfflGieM :Hj N3F?":®ii&Mif¥¥5&Ms.ttl_afae¥k!sYii¥t'±> s x5±w $3§&·5%4 u.ffirc »trywf\t:titn:IH&iti"m;w«~&? ·:ewe 11,rn,
_.' t.Acqulre ·. · ·1.Remove · t.Rernove ·~:

improvements . improvements . materlals : if
after paying . in any event; w/o·ihjury; ..
~~··,·a X, <!j:,<
indemnity. and .2. Be · ·· · 2 . Collect . value
1. Ac~t.iire.. · .1. · Right · '1.''Los~ · .' them damages to B; '.. indemrilfled ·af: materials,
improvements : . · retention for without right P, S; · for darnaqes., primarily from
and, · pay '. necessary . to · indemnity 2;SCrbsidic1rily .· . . .- · ~- _B, ~ •. S;: ....
indemnity . to l . and useful ,(CIVIL . .: Hable.. . . to: .. -:· --.·:· .3.Subsidiarjly.
. ~;Pi ~tOR . expenses: 'cooe, .' 'Art: . owner, . of ···. : · .. ..«, · · .. ·from ·. . LO
:2. Sell . to·s. · P _2:. Keep . .: 4'4f!}.· _· . : . materials . · : · .. · . .(CIVIL CODE,
···. 'except if th~ · bulldinq, · · ·. · 'fc.1v1i_ CODE,' · · : ·· Aits. ·447,..and
value of land · . plantinq' . qr Arts. . .: · 454, · .. · · . ,. . 455):' ·: . -:
:··. is · sowinq · w/o · ·• ... · . 44'7! ~...: ';and . : . -:, •
considerably ·. irid'.~fnnityto ·. - 455):' . ·'
more, forced 'owner' _pf ..
lease: · ·materials. ·
·3:Withciut and . collect ·
. . subsidiary : damages. r
.. liability . . for (CIVIL . . 1.',l\6q4ire. · 1. Right.' : ;- . o.f -t-. _Collect v.ah.i~ ' ·
, : cost ·. . of CODE,' . - in:iprovem~nts .. rete·ntion . ,J.or :,.. of .. ·materi~ls
· material. ·. ·, · -Arts.' ·546 · '. ", aft.er . · .. · ne·9es9a_ry_. . . primari,IY. from-
. ·, and 449).. · . ·iridemnity'.: :. t9 ..·· e~p.(ms.es;. . s;\ 8. .-s;
I' :, ~ -. \ • •• i ·-•
e.
B, S;_ @'R -~ . P_ay v:alue ·.of : _. su~s,id]aJily · : ..
2.Sell · to_B, p· ·~ mate~ials ~o ·f(Of\1 LQ;. : ,
. . except: i/ftt')e .. owner . · · of 2. · Coll!;lCt
·. : . valu~ . ·. . fis . .~?l~eria(s a~.? . d?,ma.gEi~;· .
co_ns1detabl} ·Ray . • him 3.,.lf . B, P, S ..
. '~ . mqre';i·.·, 1· . . dai')"l?lges· .·· , ~ . ;::icquires
.. 3: Re_nt · :to: S : ((?IVIL. G(?.P.E, ir_nprov.em.ents
< .
(GfVI/LGODE,. · rts. . . · 546, . ren:Jove '.,, :
· Arts. "453, .: _,,447).·:' .~ ·. .. m~terials. · :::in
l . . ,'54?,'
.~ · 4:18; .. 546: _.. . . .any ·· ·. · even.t,
455f . - '.' ... ·. {QIVIL, pbbE;
- ·4--:-S~bsid!arily .' · -' Arts. 447, and_
lia51e · · , .. to ·':· · · · · - .:/1-55)... _- ::. ---~-
1--·1'.·-,--.9Wfler,, ·:.of, · · :-,_:. )·~· ...
·... r:n~t~~ia.!s.\ :.. ,
1.Abqui~e .· ·w1~·· 1. Recdve~. ·.· . • f Colle.ct. yalu~,

. n\:).ce:~s.ary ,. :·, •.• l..., (" «, . : -~ ·. 'payir:,g : . . . .. necessary of.··.· mat~rfals
. .:e-*pe(l~es to ': ' .
· ~- indE:)m.nity and , expense_s_: .- : ancf 9a_mages
·B~P,.S (9/VIL
._. \_;
. CODE, . Arts.] ·.. .

:? s_qfl_e,ct :; ..· ~.'. : _(Cl.'!f~'._q9.bE; . :fr_ar,fi·. B,; i=>;: s ·
. . ·damages~: OR. . Art: ·452; ·and · ·and ·. . · ·
449, 450; arid : · . ... :·, 2;'.Se.11 .. ·to· _13;._ P. ·44$); ·.·. :. · , subsidi~riiy. · ·
4_"5.1).. , . .· ·__ :... ~· .. ariq rent· to S 2.'Lbs.e frnprove- · . from LO; . :
· .an~·· ·.c_ciliect : ·,m'et1_fs : w/o_. ~:H.~tnoyl3_ .-. . .
:·., ·•
·•
19am.age_s;
OR~ fight:· · · of ~'._:'rn_aterials: · in· ·.
' .. · ~.pemolish · o·r · Je\eirition from _.. :c;1hy'ev.ent if·B,
. . ~~st?r~ ·: ': ~nd -~ .. Ldt'.t :(Q!VIL ·. P,. ~ ·acquires' .··
.- cpllect ·' :1 · :· · CODE, Art:. · improvement:,
.. • Sarne. ~s. tti'o~g~ all acted .in good fajth'(CIVIL . : I ·.damages; " :.- . · 452) . unlets, ·. .. . · ·. · · ··:
·.. C:_Of?E;.Art. 453), . . ·:. 4.Pay . LO· sells the· ,· ''..-, ...
necessary · 1and.
expenses,. · to·
:s;·P, S;
-.
'2019 SAN E;lEDA LAV/CENTRALIZED BAR.OPERATIONS' 'i 167

·pR'OPERTY
. SAl';I BEDA LAW CENTflALIZEDBAR OP.ERATIONS". MEMORY AID 2oi9 • ,
cro\y..Pp@iiMl#N:"t: '."**'&i¢ Mteil'Mi@tita, -#:$\ ~:_,Mtl@il\¥+"(**\P~t::'l~Wlif:l~~!li":?®M :tl#H&l'S·#ll 'iifiltiitl.
5. Subsidiarily ·. , .. .. Th.us:· ,a_lthoJ.Jgh .it ~c;ie~.,i:1ot_ appearfrom 1Qe records of

"' liable. · to .-: t the-case that theappellee (owner .. of the p1.,1ildings)
owner . of· 6"'{.ns·th~jand L!P9_nwhi_ch lbe buildlr,igs.yvE!~e.eres.ted,
materials the, appetlee" must bear the p.plig?t[br:1 to.pay fqr!Jh/i·
. - (Cl,Y,IL CQDE, · value ·ofthe cohsjruction-materlals: the appellaht.has
. Arts. }149, J-
the: cor~espqridiJ:!g. right io .'r~q_oyer" the ' ~alu'e 'of the
· 450, end c: .... ...
. : . ~•• I,
.unpald lumber' .and construction materials (Pacific·
451) .: · Farms, Inc .. ~ v.·. Esg_crerra; :.GR:· N..c;,. . t.-2118~,
November 29, 19.69J- . . .
...... .!;,
. .·',
':..· ·-
~ .· .. ,
.
. ,~·.,· .
) '
.. · ...
!
2019 SAN SEDA.LAW CENTRALIZED~BAR a°PERA TIONS · .
. . - - . -: ~ . . ,,. . . :
. . PROP~.F~.TY .. ._ .
•tttk4Mm¥nsu~4:\ffilra@·,e.,11µ},;;!0~~;~!!;!;!~.:::::r;:::a~1~;~;:z~.:;@;~;wsi•1tUtiiM®Wll'~·
- ~~ Jurisprudence . is. r~plete. · ~ith.· cases. wh;ch . ot~er ~arty fails t~ p~y saidland (lg~~c;~·~:Hilario, ior
catedcrjcally declare that Article 448.~overs only G.R. No. L-_175, J!.pril 30, 1946).
cases 'in .. which .the builders, .sowers or .planters .
· believe Ihernselves to be owners of the land or,' · Shau.Id' no other arrange'men.t be: agree.cl. up0n, tlie
a
'at-least, have claim of title thereto, but not\vhen'· ; .: owner of..the Jand does n0t· autb~atic9lly become the·.·
.t~e-inter~st is merely that-ofa-holder.tsuchas a. owner of the improvement. (Filipinas Co.lieges Inc:' v:
- . mere, tenant, agent . or usiifructuary. A tenant Timbang, G.R. No. L-12812, ·septe,;nber -. 29, -
·.1959).
cannotbesald' fo-be a builder in good faith.as he ·-
. has no pretension. to be. owner- ln.a plethora of · ·R_ight to . Chaos~: The .-·option. to, appropriate the
· casl3s,:thi;·cailrt has held'that:Articles,448:·afthe· building.-or .se'll the land'·belongs' to the landowner. '
Civif Code, irf relation to 'Article 546 of-the same. The oril{right bf the _builde.r in gbod _faith':fo the righ\ .
Code, which allows full reimbarsement c:if useful. to reimbursement, not ,to .compel the owner of. the
. improvements -c)nd_-re,\ention Of the prerntses until . land to sell. _The opti6n .is- not . t.o -.'t)i:Jy. but to· se:11.
retrnbursement is: , made.: -appltes. qnly:.: to (a . (Quernuetv. Olaes, -GR· N/J. L~110EH April· ?9;·
possessor i!') 'good.· faith, i.e... one·
who' builds on -, W6~: ·
. ; .· ·. ; :.
•
land.with thebelief that he is ..the owner-thereof: It · ·
.. does not applywhere one'sonly interest is tha(of . ~easons· 'Why t~e . · Option. , is G'tven ··to 'the
a.' iessee 'under a rental ·. contract; ;olhe_r,,;;;ise, it Lando~ner: · · , _: .. ' . . ·. .
would always be. in thepower, of the ··ferfant~to 1 .. ·. 'His right is· older; and·
· l'improve"'his. landlord out. of his _pr9perty (P,ari/1;/ ... 2 .. By the· prLnciple:ot:acces!>)on: h~ is:enti.tled-to -the .
v, Pilar; G.R. No. 167680, Novef1)b'e'r 30, ·20Q6). . ' ownership. of thi j:lccejsory, ttiin~i'_.{DE ~-'LEON,
. ·' . . .
Prop_~rty! s_upra at 167). ..;_ .. ·
,·.
Note; Wh¢re the- builder, planter or sower has.acted .
• ~~
in-good •·.faifh~a
..
.conflict
·'Ii.. . •
of.riqhts
•
.arlses
~ •
between
·'. .
the
. .
· <?-Wne~ ~nq · it. becom,e_s ·ne~es?ary . to~ p!o_te_ct .~h~
owner ofth~e- rmprovemeflts:wrthout causmq rnJustrce
. to the owrier_..efithe.~and,_(n'.vjew 'of the. i!llpracticability
··of' .c~e.!=l~i~g_.,a· .~t~te of· fo~~.~~ •cd;-C:>w_mer?.~i~ •. the 1a·w
. ~~s pr9.vrc:l.ll!ed j .Ju:5t·.so!utron. (',O~prf v: pu0tao;0G.R:; ;·
.·No. ~-57311B,·tay~<1.98~~- -~: .'. :. .- .• ~· .· .. ·
.. ,n view ofl~ ;mpract[cabiiity: of creating ~.st_a(~ of
for.c.e.d. 'co-owne .shi{.° Jhe l~w. has . provided a. just
::.sql_yt(b~ by. gi~i.n_g, t_h~ _owner of the- [arj~ t~e·,O~llbn.Jo
. a·eq~rre_-. tbe:: r~pr9veme_nJs·.· after:: p~y(llent-.
· · proper-rndein[,1rty,. <?r to oblrQeJt,e barlae'r or-. plant.er to. __
or the -...
.. . ·. ·. •. .. .i· ·/· · . , ·.·· · -\ •. . ._ .•.· ,_-,. . . • . pay fc;>P ilJ'"ir;>)'and ·~nd ·the ·sowe~ ttiir pr.9per -r~nt. t-1e .·
• . 2_. ·, ln:iproveme:nt'; coh:5truc~ed, 'bfl '0ne\ .611J'\Ja~d : ... ~arin0_t refus_e .to,~xe~s:;is·El _eittier optio-~:_ IJ _is th~....?v.:ner::. ·
.. .--: ··: ·.. subseq~eQtly s?ld .fD.E-LEj_ON;: P,rop~pra-at . ~· qf th~ ·l<.Jnq _w9~-rs·.a_uthorrz~~d to ·.e,XE!TGrse ·~he optr.9n,
· · . -165,~ 167); ·, . : · ·~ . ·. . , -:-'.'., .' · ·, ·. beca1:1.~e tirs. rrght rs . older, . and !becal!Se( by-, the.
3_-· Bu_ilde~ •. a belliger.~nt occupant (Id:. at J 66); -~ ·. prin~iple' of. acc~ssion;:h~ is. er:i\itle_d· to :the. ownership
· 4. · Constructions-not.in ,the 11atu_re·o( buildings-(/g. at- of.the. acc,essory thing (Cpmn:wnitie~Cagayan Inc. v.
, . . .1.67)/ ar:,d .. . •.:..';: ·., .~ . ,. . . · ~. :·:·, ·'.. :pps: Ar::1eni?,:G.R. Np._·1767:_f!1;.Nqverpb'e.r1-4; 2012)._
,-:. )f· Prope_rtyofpu.blicdominion·(ld.:at.1.67.}:·::-, · ·' .. ·' · · .:· . .- ·.-::\ . ···'.· ··:. ·-·~·:·:: :-;·· . ·::;_'.
·· ·· ' ' . . · .· , ,,< Noteveri a declar'atior,i ofthe build~f!s·bad'faith shifts°'
.' Optroris. of ~he ~~~down~( . . · ... .-·:. ·. . . . . : the•option to')i'tm: as p'r°ovid.kd in· Art'. 4_q0 of,1he Civil: ..
·. The.:·1~fridoviner cari. c.hcfo~f,bi:i~~erf iipproprfating v:
· Gode (Sp_s. Benitez ,Cly G.R. No: 1.04[!28,. Ja_nuary .
. the . buj(ding:; by ;·paying- .tb~· proper .. ir;idemoity or . .16, {997). · .. • ... , · · ......
. . ; obliging ttie. builde~.t.o.p~y ltje p'ric~e ofth~ lar\d; 'ur\less~ ~ .. . :·. ' : . :''
;__ '·. ·~-its.·va!uf:l · i?. c:ons]p~r:aqly more', \nan that. of.. the· . '· Ori°t'e.'the c_tioice is ~~q~:, by>the l~nd6~rier(.if ij~· ··
. . ,·; siriJ~tures:. in) wh_i~f(:gase the buiJder in'·go_ocf faith'. generally· irrevocable' (Tayag.\i. Yus'eco, ·G.R. No. L-~
.· ·: '.. shall'payJea·s9nabfe,re.nt.Jf.the'parties .Cc!nri.ofcome · · . 8?139, Octooer 24,.-1959).· ;.-~~- · ... : . .,: ...
.... . . to te,'rryJS:)p.ye·r._.'ihe _cor:iditipr;is 9fthe leasJ,frJhe/··court , . . ' ,_ .• .
. must~Jfx~the-~e·rms thereof (Ro~f!.fes·,v:·castelltor(. ,. · ·The. so-'c~.lleiiO'work:ablei" solu~ion".-;i.Jgg~ste.d in.'ifie,
G,Ji'Np .. 1-57044, Oct 5;.2005r.°''·. ',: ·. ,. · .· .. :case· of-Grana. v. CA (G/R.'.No_\ ·l,:-1\248:6; A,ugu~t:3_1;:
·· . · - :c ..;. · .. · · 1960). wh~·re:ttie. Court ordered 'the owner-of-the land· .
·. The· la~dbwn~r- m~y ~ not,'. refus!;i both t~: p~/ the·. t9 s_elr.to the buil~er;-etc,;the ·part·of tt)e_:land int~upeq
bujlding ~nd ..,fi~~.sgll'Jt)e· larld, and, in:~·tea'~ts.eek to· upon thereby depriving·'him :of. his right lb ch'oose
. compel ·the- own·er;' <:>f ihe building' to reh\qve. the ' b.eca'use· it .would be. impradicql to''choose· the first .
.. building.trom,:tfie 19nd. He is. entitled to such re-n;ioval alternative· for . the . whole' improvement': might· .be
only w~_en; after having chosen to sen the land, 'the · rendered usele~s. is c9nfrary to_ the expli.ci.t 'provisions
( .
. 2019 SAN BEDA LAW CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS 1'69

·PRO·PERTY
SAN BEDA LAW CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS - MEMORY AID·2019
1
. .
ot Art .. 448. to the effect that, "(t)he . .owner of the tt:ie act of building(p_lanting;.or sowi~g was done with·
land . .".shall have.th.e right to approp_riate ... or to ol:>lige · "his knowledge . and without opposition on his part,
... ·the· one who bu_iit .. ~. to ·p9y ·the prlce of the land ... " (Delos Santosv. Abejon, G.R. No .. 215820, March 20,
_The'law_is clear a·nd unambiguous when \t co.nfers th:e ' ·2011). . . . . •
_rig.ht.of c.hoice upon the.landown~r-,;md not upon th~
bL.iilder:and.the courts-(lgn_ao v.·/AC, G.R. No. 72876, ~o.od· Faith May Co-exist with· Negligence
. January·.18; 1991),.; .· Good faith does oa"t- n_ecessarily preclude negligence,
·for; in fact, in'·negligence. tt)er_!:!. is no intention to .. do
Note: ArJ. 448 is not mandatory. There is nothing, wrong. or cause damage uniike in bad 'faith. which
however, in _the law to prevent the parties from pre_;,upposes. such -intention- (DE LE;ON, -Property,
. supra a.t:177):" · · .· _- ·
aqreeinq lo" adjust
. .
... their rights .in some other way:
.
R~~edies'of the Parties A~i~ie.s. 448 ~~d 54J ~~bu-il~efs ·i~· ~~o~ .faith i~
The. foltowinqare. the remedies. cit the- parties should not, applicable :d~ cases . covered-r-.by , the
the builder _ifr g·abd faith is unable to pay "the vajue of . Condominium Code .. 0•
•·. •• , · • • ..
· the lg.rid asdemanded J5y the landowner., . · - · Artides448 and 546- of the Civil, Code -on builders in.
"l , The parties may dEgdd_e to leave thinqs as -they good: faith_ are inapplicableJn. 9c!Ses:·coye"red<bY the.
are and -_assumEr the. retention of -Iessor a!)d ~orid<>m].IJ.il,lm. Ac~»'here th~ ow~er:·of'the land and
lessee, and ·should they dlsaqree-as ·to the · the builderare already bound bz( sp~qific legislation'
fix thatarnount.. · :, . .
2; Should the parties not agree to assum the
,_ . ~~- - ·u ·.
arnounrof-rental, then they· can go to the<court.fo--oi:i the, s_u9jectprpp$rty. (the. Condornlnium Act), arid
q)-c9lJl'f~t~t (th~ Maste(Deed and·.t~~ Hy~t;aws~o!.th_e
..G.O\do~nium cbrp_oralion) .. Th1f'ra1son. d -;etre for this
. rei_atio~ of· le~sor .. and lessee,)~ "§wn'er!o .tbe~'-i:,' whl~~ · ~<fb~lde_r. ·pla~1_e-i;. on·.s~w~r. has ~cted !n
. · · 1c\n?. rs , entitled . .to · ha\'.~/t~> ir,P.to'7ement ·:;-- 9,!?2~ ::fa~. ·.a~op_flict oC ngh~s- .a_~~ses··-betwee!"l- the
. removed: and . . _: .-· ,. : /;;.··· Y.7~YJnyrs,.· a"!d~;·~c0me.s, ne~~ssar.y. t~~ pro~e?t ~he
3 ... i:.he: la~-~; ~f\d the .!i:':1Proverp~_:"'.)Tij!Y oe sold1~t ,A owner, o'Nh~1mp~Veruents _w1thoyj'c~usmg.1rJUS~l~e.
,. :. .·.-pubh9 auction, applying t~ proc\eds th'ereof first ~ t6"the-ow~er olt~tl9JJ..a\ In_ view-of.the 1_~pract1cab1hty
. · .. to·.the payn;ient of. the. vilue of the .lanh and· the {:-.v-·, of creating a_·stat~Of}forc.t:d to~ownership, .the -law
I·
; . ~xc~ss,.-if ·any t~ be_·deliie~</.t~e-o n.e~·<:f~tQE!. m hg~nP,fOVi~ed.:a il.Jj~ti~ri·bY_gi~[ng. th~ ~W(l:erJ)f the_
· .. 1mproyement. in pay~ent-.(tfle(eo_f ·\(Ftl1p19a§,r°'?:·1il1 ~(a'na'.itthe)°pt1on _to c::icqu1re ~lie: improvements aft1_?r
: C911~9_$S, _-_,nc ... V:. Timba'!9,r.$Jf?. No. L-·1281'2~~aymfnt,_lof th,e. iropej ·uide_mnity,, .to obli.9e · theor
. . ...... Septeml)e~2Q, 19~9). \·~\" ~- - ·-c:::puilder• ·~tei~;P.1a¥f~Uhe;'i_and a~d:the ;,ower
a ••.• •. < •, . . . . fol
',.; .. , ). ~ 1}~e ·p1~r..iJent:Jlevrste ly1an~gerpent .. "$y~t_em, tnc.,
·-. -~_ote: _ -Thes!i_·_-:alterr,iat(~a'?ternedie ~ ,:~IL- -.~Ii~: ~}f~~+tqlfiizTOWf?_~sl{O' l_nc_.; 6.R. ·f'!o. J,~9353, ~pril
.. r(;!~orte~·.to·_?Y the·p~rt1es._whe~th~. 5,gil?~m.¥:i ,~'fl.~.t!}) .. ~' . _·:,, .'_ , ·.. ::. ·_ .·...
-!·· :· . ..
. go9d _faJth.fa_1ls,to,.pa~ the_.yal~!;l orl~e.l_;m~Wf:i..@~ . : .... ·· ... -·· .. . ,. .-_ . ·. · . .. . -: ·,
··' .-.s~·ch:·i$ aemand.ed bft.he:la~!),'kO~~e-(\O~[ ., . fcr~ssio .~a.tµral .·, , · . . :--:. _ .. ·.···.-· . .,
:· · to_o·,t~·at .th.e ?Pti.'?~~,:_of ~he_'.laAdo~ne7oi:i·~Ar:t~-M:W!i/\fiq~ ;·quviuin.}CIYIC~0£?.E, ~rts. __457-
. - ·,_· :A4t!. ,-ar_e_. alte~nat_l".(~:: a~d ~ extlos1vEfJ,W1lp.tas~~~J\7j~~rem_ent:
. . ·,.(;olleges:. }nc._:. V.:i. 7)mbang, ·GR:-N~o.-.
. . Septetobet··29,J1·959). · ._. · .. ' ··
J!di2812,
"- . :
·M· w~.1~h. la~d~ ,ab,~_tting ·nv.ers .
N'\J1t~"Qually1'eq1;ive as a_ result,of. the 9urrent pf J~e
_ ,['\-{vater'!' ·: ._.. =~: ·,' . · :. . . .: · -:- · . · ·
. __
·.: . . : . :~. ~: . ,~:;<.' .~.\_.·.-· . : ._· . _·.:.-. · ... -··,· _.-·_·: ·. :.: ·- . ·.·. ·:<.· -·' ··-;>-. "· ... :·.; -i~·:·:~~_.,._:_i~\-:· ...~_1.. ..:..~~:·l ·-_:
vy~~>. ls _a.:Byilde:r--i!1 Gc;,od Faith_?: .. :- ·, · .... : . · . .'Accte.tion ~The pro_c~ss· by:Which'a fipari.13r{land· ..
T'o..b·e cBn?,idered ?·bQilder:in go_od-raith,.it_is ~sse~ti_al grffiqual!Y: arkl -impem:eptibly reqeiie_s :a.ddition . :
th~t. a- pe(sori :·a~sert~. title to the land in which he . rrfade. by° .the.' wate-f_ ;;fo ·'which ,:'th•e .. -rand .i's· ... '.
_.. build~ ... i·.e{,,:Jti9t h~·;be·a;pos~ess<:iin··.the.coilcept.of_ co"ntig~oui/. / ·. . -.·· . ·., _. . . '·
- .a_ri.own~r ?ri.d _th"a_t·~e,t>"e0Gn9W9r_eJtiat ther~ exists iji · - ,,. ., .·, · ;, ,· .... ,.,..-.- ... i\·~ .. _: · ,•} ._., ·:: ;;.,.>:·> - .
- his ti~le . or._ mode of.";a~qllisition. any_dlaw .which · ,•, _ : · ' ..,; . J · '¥6: · :. •.,·
invalidates it{2 PA_RAS,.:supra,'iit.466-; Spouses.de - · .. :· P~OP~kf.A.Wf: . .
. -~: ~:f ::::::,:M~::;:::,:2e:~~:~~::::::: .
qs~d_. in' ref¢rence· ta.· Artrc1e· 448 of the C:i~i1-c·od.e,
refers to: ..o_n~:.-~ro, -n"ot. being; ttie .own.er. of. the la rid, ....
. · · ·_:. :
'J,: t{t( :· ' .... "\> ••
'
bui)as,:i:>lapts, 'qr s~ws_ori ttiatland tielievirfg -himself:

to be·'its-ow.rier and unaware. of-th·e defect in- his title
· o~ _IJ)ode of acquisition, The~ esse!1ce of gooq ·raith Jies
in_ an' hon~~t.-belief: ill· thff, y~l)tjity . .-of· one.'s "rig tit;
ignorance ·of <a supedor.··tlc!im.~· arid abs~nce . ."of.
· intention to·.overreach::-af,-other. On tbe. other hand ·.
bacf .fa/th may-oniy be ~tfributed'·tO ·a lar:,downer wt)e~ .
170 I 201_9-SAN BEDA LA\(1/ CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS

PR.OPERTY.
SAN BEDA' /AW. CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS· - MEMORY AID 2019
Ripari~n owner -- the owner of the land adjac.erit does not automatically become registered
to the river bank. . . . land-just because the lot which teceives such
l,.itto·r~I owner -- the owner of lands. bordering accretion is covered by a Torrens ti_tle .. The
the shore. of the
.. . sea or lake· or... other
. .Hdal waters
·. riparian ciwner .rnust register the .additional
are,a within 50 years (Heirs· of E. Navarro V.
. If the 'increment is formed bythe action of the.sea, !AC, Q.R._ No. 68166; February -12; 1997).
the. same is not.icalled alluvium/accretion but . .Ownership 'of a piece of land is 'One thing;.
- - 'foreshore land. 1>:s, such, it is part of the public' reqistratlon under the Torrens.system of that
domain (Heirs bf E.. Navarro·· v. /AC~ G.R .. No. ownership is: another·· (Delos Reyes: v.
'68166, February° 12; 1997). . · - · .. Municipafjty of, .Kalibo, Aklan, · G.R. No.
. ,.
.
• • . ('
.. ·.·
l• f ~. • ••
·. ' . -21'4587, February 26,.2018). ·---~:, · ·... r •.
("-, ,.
, ·. . ' .
Alluvipn v: Accretion
· Article 84
: -. ·.·: of the 'spanish ·,law of,Wa.ter's cif
... ·. . .,.
-"-. 186f? specifically covers • ownership . over
· ·· alluvial deposits aloh·g the .banks ofa creek.
· -; ·• -. It reads:" ·ART.-. 841_:---Accretions · aepesited
..
. ·: , ...
: .,
gradualfy.•iipon
.
:ti:mds,contiguous
. -/ ...to 'creeks,
·.· streams, rivers; end 'fakes,:·by accessio.ns or
· ..
. sediments trotnthe wste:« titeteot, b~lo[lg Io

the owners: of such ..fanci:/ · Interestingly:
· .: Article 457 of-the-civil Code states: Art.:457.
To the owners of lands adjoining thebenks of
rivers · 6e(9ng · the··· accretion which . _th,ey
gradually.. receive from · the . effects of i the
curreru.ottne waters, It-is therefore explicit
fro~e fo"r~going provisions .'that alluvial
__a~pos~ ·alorig; !he ~anks ·o~ a·-cr.~ek do. ~ot
.. · .-- form par.t oMhe public domain.as the alluvial
'., . . pr~p~ijly\~Ut0mati_cally-9e_for:i_Qs.·. to '!h~ owner
.· __ ofjthe estate/ to· ,y.,h1~h·· 1t may_ .. have been
· <
a_$lded. Ttie .only restriction, provi~~9 for by ,
. law is Iha! t\e o~rier of-_th~:_a_dj9ini~g property.._
must reg1sf~ttie s'ame under.'.the,·Tor(ens ...
system.; otf.ierwise, the. alluvial' p_roperty_m_ay
_}·be. subject t<Yacqui;,itio_n'thr.otJgh· pr.escriptioh
---··._.) by ·third pefrs.ons (Qffiae of- the_ City M?yor of ·
Pa'raflc;iqu.e: City y. :Ebia, G'..R. No.. 178411,
.....,;st;,_., ..;.;·Jun~ 23, 20_1 OJ;. ·. · · · · · · · .· · -. · . · ~"".
Reasons for the -Rule: : . .. · · · · ·
a: . Tei co.rnpens~te the owner .for lo~'ses ·which· ·. · .: N~te:, Lands a~qujred.by accreti~~·_a;.,provided in
I·.:.,., , '1tl'ey':~ay suffer- b'y er6s_i9n;·,.· . . . :' . · ..... -Art .. 457ls ncit_lcist'up6n-thesudcfen a~d a~ruP.t ..
. p. To com·J?:£:fr1s~te _them fqf thf! burd~n(of.fefg~I . change of-course by the r_iver c1nd separated .to
· . 'ea~feinents, Which. are ii'npo.s!;lcl upon them;· ·.: ' . · · the' o'ther· side (Agustin· v: ·· /AC, G:R.: Nos.· L-
,. ·c: . B~cause. it ··is t6e owner'. o.f'ttie 'contig\J·O~S .. . ... 66075,. Juty.'5,..1990). In the·abs.ence·.of evidence .
. : ·_·Ian~. ~no'.c~'n::utiii~e-the iQcrem_e.nt i~. the. best- . . . that·. the cha·nge. in 'the cour_se. of 'the river was
. 'adva~t§lge;: . .. ·. : ,-·· . ·.· . .· .... -. . . sudde_n, ~be presurnpti.on is th'at:,lhe c.tfange was·
d. Because .. this. is 'the orily feasible solution, gradu~I and was -cc;iwsed by alluvium and erosion
. . . since .the previou·s owners can· longer be· no' (Payatas.:Estate· lmpr_ov_er(Jent _Co. v.. Tuason,
· .id~~tified (.2 PARAS,'Ysupr_a at.267-2.~8) .. · G.R. !';Jo: 3qb_67;. March_-23; 1.929r\ . '.· · ..
·· Effects of Acc~~tidn on :Reg,;terec_iLarids .. : , ·Nb,~:·ln .the.absence of evide~·6~·th~t·t~·e· cli;·rig~

. a.. In case·of diminution ofarea -, . · · · · in ·the course.,. of the river was sudaei"n· o·r that it-·
. : . J~e-gi~trption. und.er.Toirens ·system;·does not ' ·OCCUJ.reci through aY:u!sion, 'the jfresumptiofr is .
. ~ protect. the riparian'. owners-' against . the-,: · t~at the .cha_n.ge·was· gradu91.ari<;J'was c'au~¢-d.by. .
diminution of' tne area of tiis .registered land alluvium·· ··and.· erosion (Bagaipa V!· Court . of
. (Viajarv .. CA,_G.R. fvo. 77294,-December'12; Appeals, G.R. No: .116290i oe·cemb·er 8;-.~oOO) .
. .. . ~ . . .
. 1988). . . . - .. •·. ·. \
. .. . . ·. _:''_t>~posit-- Caus'ed·. by Human Intervention Not

b .. ' ln:case of increase area of · · Covered. .· · ·, · · ·. , .Or . •.
. An alluvion is. automatically o~rieg by th~· . A riparian owner go~s·riot acqyite tti·e adciltion to
riparian owner from the· mo'me·nt the. soil- his· ·1and .cau·sed. by spedal works (e.g., dikes)
depqsit c~Q_ ~e seen; but: the additional area expressly in-tended· . hy . ~ him·. to .bring... about
2019 SAN BEDALAW.CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS I 171
•
PROPERT·Y·
. . SAN BWA I.AW CENTRAUZEI} BAR OPERATIONS - MEMORY AID ;019 .
TI\:iiki SW Pjiii 9:,:iAf-::•,r t,?t ;;;;,.e ¢ :. 1 iif. •;e 4..P:ttii "e:,# ¥ e,,54&@,tK:•-; .#£. ,;:;p;::; ,., 4-.SS?C,., t{:1· fSi#&® t-ci·i· R- ii§:iiffef§.4\; I
accretiori (i.e., for reclamation purposes) and not acquires ownership thereof (2 PARA.S, supra at
to protect 'his property from the destructiveforce ~7~. . I ..
of the waters· of theriver (Republic v,. CA, G.R .. ·

No: L,-61647; October-tz; 1984): ·.-··. · ArJicle 459 .e:an be-appljed bt arialoqy' in case a
. known portion of land is· transferred from one
Art. 457. excludes ai\.·d.~_po~its~caused by huru.a~· est~te .to another. by. other- forces of. nature such:
intervention: Alluvion must be the exclusive work · . as [andslide, other than -the current pf ariver (DE
of nature (Vd<J.' Oe".fNaz_i:ireno; .et af.'.v.' GA, GR. LEON, .Property, supra?J-178). . • . ".·-: •.
No. 9,8405, .)une-26, 19~_6). ·" .
.. '•.
... i·
r -/
,···,
~· . .
. ·:
11?··1
• •
2019 sAN_·s·~oA
• ~· . : . • . . I .
lP.V:J c_1;NrRAuzEo
' . .
ElAR oPEAATloNs ·
, . ·. .
P·R'O.PE'RTY
. SAN~,- 8£0A LAW
, . CENTRALIZED.
. . BAR
,. . . . . . . . -
OP[llATiQNSi-;'M[MORY A/0;2019
Alluvium v. Avulsion ..
Belong~ to the:owne~r.: ofl ·~s·elorlt;i'~f~-.to:;the~ owner

fhe property to whichit'is .frpm···whose;. property it,
attached · · · · · · · · was detached" .
1!.r
• .v ..,.: :_ •. , : •. ~ - . . './
·1 •
. (2 PARAS; supra a_t'2.75J:. :M ...- :.,/~· ?:•• :' ~·

. '· ,· _;
. .
. .
- . )
,. ·)
Removal Within _Tyrn. (2)· Years: The ownen .
must remove (not in'ere/y claim) the frar:ispbrted
/ -, portion yvith_ln .' two: _year.~ ·:.io .re:ta~\n_
!o~nersnip' '
{CIVIL CODE, Art. 459)._ · _...,. :
. I : , • \ • • ·• . . ' . , 4 ... •
Reasons for'Rernoval ." •.. ·· ~ . : · ·

a, The·segreg~ted portion is usuall ·very_?mc}-11;
· b. If the area is large there [s a_ neJcJ-tti:~laimJ0r- . ·
itsvalue within .two·(2) years; _'. . . ,'·.';, '.
c. If: _the(~J's~n.9·ri~e_d·l?~-c~jm. i_l~fE;ehn_g·. may
· . .arise.between the ny[9. h_~pr~;·~_ .... ··'. ·:~ .:'. ·
-9.. ;. To_prevent.le~al ~t;>surd1t1.es;d'"~- .. . ;_., ·
e. To prevent permanent ..atta~~P')e.nt; '?r .
. ·r Theprinciple is similar to 'lhaf ~derl.ying qt_- ·
· ·' ·. r: 460 (2.PARAS, supra :?.r ~76~-2~!)-. · -, -: · · '.
·R.~1~-i~· up-~o·~-iedt~~e-s·--·: . · ·. . : · · · :·· ·; · ·- · .
. Trei'es uproo.~.d and carried awaY. ~y-the' CLUrent r .
._, . . ·-o( Ifie waters belong--tp the' owner land .. onhe'
. -upon which' they- may be 'cast, 'if the o~n'~r.s;·do
. .not' claim th'~ni ..witbin '6 _fr\'onlns · '(C]VJ[ ·_ CODE, .
Art: 460):- .-. .. · .· . ·. ~-1-· ... '_. ,, . ':·· -. ·-- -~
',; .
. . If such. owner ,clairn~'',th~m: they,-'shall·}qy_'-th.~} . . I • ; . ,· ''\- .
exp~n.ses 'incurred 'in gathering t~ern:.qi: putting 1'n. 'b~s/ o't-- · ~prooted treds, ·. ttie .' ow'ner.·::·retairi$'• ·.
them i'n ~--safe. place. (CIVIL 'COQE, ·.1gt. 460)..,__ : . . . oviri'furship i.f ~e: inal<'tfa 'a' 61ajm:vy,it_hir::i ..s)¥:'°.(6}"1T1b·n_ths/.··.
. · . ,· :· ·, . . ·' . ;. ·. · :' '-· ·.·: ·: - 'This.'cJ8es .. not'includehrees'Whiqh:rerhai~·p1anted."_9n . ·.
. ·The. 62mon~tJ periqd is ,q CC?,nd ition: pi'~9~.d~n_t ~_rid .. : . ·a kho'0n· po'rtioh of la.nd. c·arried by. t~edorce the o(
- . nof a prescriptior.r. 'Aft~(a' .clai~ is ·n;ia:de .Wi~hin~6: . waters:· in-ithe ·latter ca~·. 't~e-_tree$ ·a~eiegardea ~s
·: ··' . m0[1lhs,-.. an action, _ry;ay, be·. p_r?~_ght wi{hin: th~· . · ~ccessions"of'·the '1and·:thro4gh· gra'd'ual· c_hanges· in ..
. _ · P.~~icid_ by lay,:_f?r P,res~·r;.i.~tiorJ·of-rn_o~~ble,: ( C/V/l ... ·: ,: .th1_ . course_._.· of adjoini~g, st~ef m :"(fa_yatas' · [;stat~
: . co,p~,. Art:) 1_10)..:. .
. :_·:
.• . · .. - . . · · · ·.
.,
, Jmprol(_e'!7entJ?.o: v; Tµ,a~o_r:,, :'G;~: N_o. :~09~!·· M~rC:h ,,1 ••
2'3,1'94,9). - ·.. -·.~- ··-: :·J.,. . ·-
. '.. ~ .
.•:. lf ·_the:'ownef 'of. tl:le 'la'nd.,1.J~o:n .. which 'the _trees·: hav!:l · ..
t . . .. ·. . ·been cast~ 'tra~~plan~ed them _qn hi~( oW_n -1~n?, ·_th~: · .·
former owner 'may ~till recove~.-the same -w1thm:th~ .
period· of .6 · m.onths '(3 fv!ANRE_SA,· 244,-as cite'd in 2·
PARA_S, ·sup'i·aat-273). . - .· ·' · '
,: -·- ..
2019 SAN
. I
$EDA
. ,
LAW CENT.RALIZED
. .
.BAR OPERATIONS
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I 173
P·ROPERTY
. - SAN t°EDA LAW CENTRACIZEDBAR_OPERATIONS.- ME!iiORY AID 2019
••~lbl@att •¢H9\W\f&1111144Mil 'liiW\114. lffll'. ;,;$© ?,ltl~;.: _¥_65¢ ·t.1@ X :; Mj't#:, .If ,ol:~._*8R&t@h ii'M·. SW 1illtlkW! iilWilt <,,'*'.:;,, M
3. Change of-Course of Rivers- .
+·: ...·.
-:
-, . ;;'~c:
. '.~'
-:=-~ }·
j I .
. ~:~:. .,. ..
. . . - • '2
·..
)
.. ' .
. .
. ·•.
'"-'•"
.-
.. -~~_qui,site~:.(C?,:A_,_.!;>..E. · ·:, -- -•.... -, .. :-: ...... /
. a. The.r.fl....rnusLpe:.i:l ,na\l.lfa.1,:fhapQe · ,in -the
. ·<, · ic6u'r.se;·ahhe\vaters,of the. river; .otherwise,
i·. -·.\h.{b~cf "rria·y.he.'.iiie·'.subject of- i State'.grc;1nt
_ : .- . · (~EYES-:;:Fjur/9, ~n_"'9L1tf~n~.,~f_t~e.'Phjfippine .
. . ·: : .. Civil. l,.a.w~ (t~§f),P.:~1hfheremarterRl;=/E~:-
.. , .. _., · PUNo, Rhilippin~.-Civif..LawJ;: ., · · >' . :£- . · ·
- b, . . 'rhe,2h,ang·e:~·L,J:{fb·El.~-~br'upt .ox su.ad_e_n; ·- ._ .
. ·• ·, ·- .•. ' . . :- ·: '- ,.. :"i ~···- -
· ·1r he.J,as·.·incyr~~9, ex_p~n~.~~ -for p~e~~_rvirig ,t_!l,~rn ,;. a~.
·." "}• ' : ·-.. ·.• • :.. - , .. ·' ·... : .: ./· .
· c~· 'rt1·e·re:must be Aba.ndonrl}.ent qy the.owner of
· .- ·. the bed· i.e:- a· de~ision not _to .brhig·'back: t~e
when he-qathered them. m a.safe.place for.eveptual. ·
riv~-r . {q. ,-th~ 'old. -~-b-ed (REYES-P.UNO,
. return, .. or :_wlien he .. franspJan,s them •... :only ·for ..
.._ Phillppin'eCivi!LcfW, sufira·:at ,?_3); :,.. . ,
•
0
Qr~~¢r:Y.ati6n-· > puqio~e·s~r; .: ~.e: '.:is.·.·- erititle.d~ ···:to~
. d". 'The . ~hang_e- IJ.1U_$t ·be Eerman'en!; )he-. rule·_
lndemnltlcatlon. ... -i ::. . . •. . . . •.. ... .'- .. ' . . _;.. .:·.
.. . "does no! ·aP.ply t9:tein_por-ary overfl9wing_; and
1r· ~~ ----has" :d-ooe. · nothi~-g-.: ···tie,~_ ;a~~ot, . :c1e_n)~_n€1 _-. e. - The river.cpntinues to gxi~t "(2_ PA~S, ·supra .
· - at 283-284); · - · -
indemnification 'unless he has 'suffered in.any way
and .the real 'owner benefi,e\:C(2 PARAf,-:supra at
_280). . ,.
.. .......
174 f 2019.SAN BEDA-.L:AW.Cli.NTRA.LiZED BAR.Q8ER!dlONS

. ..
. .
. . ' .. .
. " . .
.
:PROPERTY·
SAN BE'?A 0W. CENTRALIZEDBAR OP_~RAT:,Of'IS - MEMORY'.'ID 20!9 - ...
Ete§ffiic»·:, !¥--- WH1X?itiEr:nhPS:ffiC ft'%¢,., b: t ,4i® • ~f > t iW9eH,..ZS'-k~!3s "&diit@B?&iP\? - .sh; 5 4'?$t. W'A·i!
"River.bed~ which are·ab~ndonedi'. means that

. "
ii. .'outside territb~i'al waters -. to tn~ first
. where there: is abandonment by the .. government · occupant (This is in 'accordance with· the
of its· right over· the old bed, the .owner ·cir the principles.of Public International Law for
: invadedland automatically acquires ownership of discovery ·and occupation ·consid.ered as.
·the same without the necessity of any formal act a definite: mode of acquiring. territory),
- · on bis -part. No positive. acfis needed on their b. If formed in lakes, or
navigable 'or floatable
.part.ras itlssubject thereto Ipso jure from' the. rivers - State; -also a. patrimonial property
. . moment ·tfre ... mode. .of acquisition becomes' . (CiVIL CODE, Art. 464).· .· ·. · ...
eviden.!,(? TOLEN.Tlt:JO, supra et 1.37):
· Navigable or. float~ble river.=- if useful for
. '1n .' 'proportlon
to··the.:a'rea'·1~st1' contemplates floataqe and commerce, whether. 'the tides.
· · · tw9 or more owners.whose lands arE_l occupied by affect the water or not: 'should benefit trade
· the· new bed.:"it- only.' one owner has lost, tie gets· and cornmercejz ~ARA.S,
.. ' . -~ _;. \: . . . - - ,·.
'supra
·at233}; ..
.
·the entire 'abandoned.river bed'(2 PARAS, supra ..... .
.r. at 281 ). . c. If formed on.non-n~vigable:q( non-ftoatable.

rivers (CIVIL" (;ODE, Ail. 465):· .. z • • t- . ••
r ··' -. ·1~:dpes not·:~·pply to·c~sei;~l;i~re th.e river ~iitlply . r..~'·Jf. ·nearer to ;o:ne 'rnarqln or bank - to ttie·
· - .. ·. dries. up because" there-are no' persons _:w_hose - nearer riparian ·owner.·,. . .., r •.
· . lands areocciipied bythe waters of the river. The.
,..... . ·new river- tied-thus formed 'become of- public
dominion (Cl-'{11:.:cobE,Art. '462} .. · ..
: ·". •• • • "j
. _,
; PROPEJf1:YA. . · ~~e~s.on:··+h?~.' n~ar~r: .rn.qrg1n .hai/.t~·~:..

.-~ . ..:.- -~ . . . ·--'-. · ... better chances of :aeveloping. the island ..
. ·:
. -,.
....-
·- ·----_. ·. . iri, .the .ifiterei~"t
............. · · ..,.supra :.. · at2'44).·
. . .
.'. \
.... .
.
.of
·agriculture· (2 PARAS,·
- - ·
. \~ .I.
. ':....,. ..
ii. . If equ(c;fistiiiit./ram· both ;banks -;:, to )he '
'. _riparja'il ow_ne(sA>Y h~Lves (.C/Vf L ,CODE;
... . . . Art: 465). . .· . · · ·. - .
. .. ~-:~~
. ·.
• ,I ·~·
: ttr.-
r:'• :- .· ,., . '¥:.:
· .... .' :·,, ... · "p~qP~RTY !3 -:i
-· V/ --
...
Note: The piece bf fand forme8. by· iS'olation · .or ·
~. 's~paraJion. b~longs t.o· the. owner.. ~of .·R[.Operty. B : ...
sirfce· :· : n'o . . . accession·. . takes. - ' . place.
·He reta.ins ownership' overthe-li:ind·(/d. at 233).: - ·.
;.. ·. ; .. ··;: · .. -·.' . '.-
5.: ForrriatJon ··:. of· .
isfainds·'.:/by ·,~ success.ive
accumulation bt~ail~viafdeposits· ·..
· a.· If formed on the sea:. ·. · · ·
· . i. ·: Within· terrifori·al"wate'rif - the · island/s·
· belong/s to the state; said isla.r:idh~ isiare .
; : .
. considernd'·patrifT)onial p'ri;>perty (CIVIL
· -cofJE; Art:.464); .. · · .: .. · . . .
... ·.
'/
2019 SAN. BEDA :LAW CENTRALIZED .BAR OPERA TIO·N.S. I 175· ..

PROPERTY-
.SAN BEDA LAW CENTR1"LIZEDBAR OPERATIONS- MEMORY AID 2019
RIGHT, OF ACCESSION · WITH RESPECT TO -d, That of greater merits take . into
PERSONAL. PR0PERTY .. consideration .. all pertinent provisions
·.... ,·_ ..
applicable as wellas thecomparative merits:
-Basic Principle: Accession exists ·only- if _separation -,.. utility and yolume_(~/V/L CODE, Art. _47f?J.
. is not.. feasible. ,:,<DJherwise, . separation may 'be - ..;. - .- ~.
demanded (CIYl!f
.... . CODE, Art. 469 ·, ' - ··With reference to.a ~o,0(vehide, the enqinernay
be considered as.the principal, allthe other parts
. ef the .vehlele., ·being regarded as mere
accesso.ries-.{2-PA~S, supra at 293) .
. / ..
' .,
' ..
· 175 -1 2019 SAN'BEDA

. LAW CENTRALIZED BA.R
~~ OPERATIONS
PROPERTY'
. . . · . SAN BEDALAW CENTf!ALIZED BAI;/ OPERATIONS - MEMO.RY AID 2019 • ·
. ~t#W' i es_§fi&WMIMi?!6~.~MAt:1¥:ifff., fh10ffi£5i4~@St13li.fi,f«i.P \; if tfifip;??m.; :4t&@ti#¥5!!¢~t»~m:t:s~ ·
d. Adjunction in bad [aithby both owners -, their Not~: If y0.u ·use your own paint on th'e danvas of
respective rights shall· 'be deterrnirred as 8f]Of!J.er, this is adjunttjon. Reason: llie canyas is
tho.ugh both. ~re in--good faith (Id.).· considered the accessory, in · Art 468 on
.. .. ; -!3djuriGt\Qn (Id: ·at 299). . . : . ~ ·• , ~ .
\
... ... .
Form.oflndemnity to Owner of Mi;it.e.rial ~· 1;
' ../t
1. Delivery 9.fa thing equal in kind and value; · <;:;e~eral"~ule:· ·. ·... · . .. ~ 1
~- • -~
2 .. Payment.of price. as appraisedby experts a. · Owne~ ~Uhe J?rif1<;:ipal(worker)ingqod faith:

(CJVI!- CODE, A'rf. -471).. · . · · · . i. M_l:lker acquires·,the· new thing; -~nd"'···, - ·
. .. .. . '
.• ii. · H~ IT]J.JSt~ indemnify the owner of the :
. 2. · "-:1.ixtur~ '-"- It t9kes· place whe.r:i 2-6(mor¢ thif1gs ·. · ·material (Id. at 2~9). - ·
· · belonging · to · .different ownets are· mixed or .. · ·: t : • : ;;:
ccirilbinedi ..with., th_e res'pective· ider\t1ties ... the . . . bf · ·· ·Excep'tion:" . · ' :·. :·. · - · ··
-con:ipon·ent-'p~rts destroyed 0r los((CiVIL: CODE, · ; . If .the:materii,iis· more ~aluabie than· the
Arts:· 472-473). . , . _ .. . resulting thing; the owner.of the:.material h_as'
.the.option: . . ··. .: ' . . . . ,,•. :.~ · .
. Note: As-qistingui~:hec:Hfrom a<;fjunctio,n, ·there is,·· -~ .i. : To acqu.ire the work~. indemnifying,for: the'.
,. in- · niixh.fre greater. · inter-penetr~tion· · or · 'labor· or ·. ·.. · · · ... ·-·· ·.' .· ·' · . - . ·
decorriposition:.of the 'objects : that :ha~e • be:en · ii. To -d~mand fnd~mriity for th_e: mate}i~I (Id. .
. · mixed (DE LEON; Prop.erty, supra at 203): .- · . :·' ... at 2.9'9r, ·.. : .·... ': : ·, :··· ;· ·: ._·'.:
•f,;
'. •• : • ' • : • • : I : I- • • ' ~ • ·~ ' ••I .. ' •
0of
Kinds:·:,. . · b. Owne~
the p~iricip.al (wor~~r), in, go6d-J;:iith·:,
a.· CQmrni)<tion..,. .mixture of.solids · butowner of. material .in. bad: faith Applying.
b: Gonfu9ion - mixt~re'of.liq~ids,,: Art AiO, par,:·2 byanaloqy, the worker: has. ·..
the following. option· with a· right,.to indemnity .
. : for.darpag~si'' . . . -. . . .. . . . .
.a_: ;i..-,-- J. J'.\[lpropriate the rieV(Jhing: with~ut'paying
. tfie owner of. the material; cir .'·. :· · : .: . ·
. ii. : . ~-~qt1ire the. ov/ne~ oft_~e:~ater.jal to: p~y .' -
· · hlm-'the value of the thing or value ofhis
- . wbrk or labor (DE LEON;"Property; _supr.a
· · att10j t : ·.·'< :: '··· ·,,.:··': . ,... · ·. ·
·'
• ;~r ·.~rt~~if)~i-~.al·_ (~9:~k~r))n b~9.)ait~i'

···b. the o~,µer--ofJhe:material _ has'the option; c:.
i. · To acquirethe result withcr_Ljt indemnity;
. OJ;; ··~ -<· .· · . .... _·.-· : ·it.,.::
if." To demand indemnity for .. the -materlal
~~~;,.;,~-- . )1.::p1u·s damages (Id. at~t1)/. ·. > _ ·-. ·, ..
. ~~· :. ~-x~ei.·tf~r(~o.7J~·e;·:~;c~ptj·~·~~- ·.0Vf[l·~r,. df: ';~~- :.

· material .G~nl'.)9l appropriate t,h.ei worldf the value'
, . ·, of: the·. latter, 'for artistic-or. scientific; .reasons.Js
..... cops1~~-ra.biy r:no~~.:t~~n of,the:m.a,teda((f.d.).. , .·.: · .
• • · •••. ' .l .'
-, • < :,~: .. '' .,.. i:
~ • ·-:-·>·•. ·-~ ..,.• ~·-
1 • •• • • • ·i •.••• • • •
.. lnpen,nity qf~the Ma~erial,· lio~ Paid,;=.·. : .,., '. -.·

e. . ·. :·a .. , The deliv:ery of.the,same kinc;i and ~f11Ue and·.
.. ,· ··. -~ i. :· · '.. ·.. Lr:i all ~th.er re~p~ds to t~at ,employed; or· . ·
b. Ttie payment of-the valµe; ,·a~ per e~pert ·
. -.:·app.raisal (9IVI_L·C9D_E,·Art,
.. . .. . .
\ : . .- ~ ....... .
4N}-.,::·-'- -......
. _N9t~:'J~:·c1~t~r~i~in~'the.'1~1~~-: ~-~~t,~en~~(v~I~~-
. must be t~ken into, account'_ (OI.Vlf,;-.90DE, A:rt.·:
. · '4 7!5):° : · ·: , ·: . . . .... . : : ·. . : . . . . ..
... ; · ..... (.
; ~ .. ~ ... i .. r >;.•• f,
. i · .· Exan1ple: .Using t~e..-paint'of another to. rriake .. a .. '.'

· · painting.on your own c~nvas '(2 PARAS, ·supr.a a·t ·
:
299). .
. ..
.
.
:: t
.
. · . .
.
. . . · - . ·. ~ ·...
.• . .~
i .• • • •.
'"\
2019 SAN B!=DA LAW CENTRALIZED._!3AR OPERATION_S_.j .177

.PRO.PERTY.
SAN BEDA.LA"'(. C£N"(RALIZEDBAR OP£fl!I TJ.ONS.- MEMORY AID 2019
. "
Adjunc_tion:v. Mi~ti.Jre v: Specificatlon Requisites forthe Existence ~f Cloud·on Title

{l~CEP-VJP), . ,._ . . . , .
1. There is an· , Instrument, Record Claim
_sncumbrance or _Eroce~ding {IRCl;P).: ' · - -· .'
2. The : instrument, :--,claim,' -encumbrance or.
proceeding is apparently yalid or effective: '
tnvolves at Involves at· May involve one 3. Such . instrument.vetc. is' in truth and in· fact,
least two "(2) least, two (-2) _(1-).° .. thing ·(or [nvalid, ineffective, .. voidable, or , unenforceable
thmqs. : . thinqs. · more) but form (despite-its prim a facie appearance of validity or
is· i::lianged. leqal efflcacy); or has. been ·extinguished· or
terminated, · or . has' been bfi'rred by: -expnctive--
prescription; and · . . · . ~ ·· - ·· . ·
4'. Such instrument, -etc, may be ,Erejudicial·to said ·
title (<:;!VIL CODE, Art. Lf.76).. ·
General Ruler Only. real -pr_operty .·coold .. be; the

· subject matter of-quietinq 0(,titlejDE;/,.EON,-rProperty,·
. _.·supra_.at247)::. .' =.: · .:, :-· · ·
. _,,. !;6:.,_ • ' • ••. •• ·- • :-. . - . .• . •• . , •. • - .,. •
i ~e
. , Thinqs joined
··nature ... · .,. .

Jhing$ · ini~ed The new obje_ct ;_...~xcegtio'r:i: Certain personal.properties
· retain .; their or ..': conf~_sed ._reta_i~~- -~r·
m_ay_ · .. either; rreser-ves YJe · . ·V-
u- 1~Yjbl~
· .}- . :' ·· · · . · , . . .. .- · · . .·. · ·
vessels
the object of guiet(r:ii:J of title (ld,a_t.2-17). · .
: • . . c~~-t~_in ·. Qr: _-ls,~e·· ~~·~1e \0 .,_.,.the.,.. --~~tt:1~.:

N·.1[)). A
. .. \$!i.<?h_sforiq~i~ti~g·,0f.ti_tl~ pre·~e.itrer s~its in_
, ,. ~" .'. th_e1~ -.· .: _ · A. : ~~911Jal--SbJect. •. _ ,. .r'!.T. nprv~1t~~4)~~onam. They ~re suits .aqainst a
. respective · · · ~~- .-· ·.;;g,, Pc!rli_q.il.cJI person ,m~esp~ct .. to _the res: and . the
. ·. . , . n·a_t~re~.. ·,': . .- . · · j4.-9grrie_r:i\w_ill ar:i~ ?~IY. :to the property_jn _dispute.
·.~ ·· _ · . ·: ~ ·-. . . S. < J\.
,T-r\l3y ai:e,iuit~ qu_~si/P·{f!m·(RealtyS,a(e·s.Enterprise,
:(DE /::EON; Property, supra·atf2~1-.2-,~3): · t·. ·i,/nc. v. ~terme'tfl,a_Jj.)ARcpel/.ate_ Court. ·G.R. Nb. L-·
-
, . · · , . · .· --· · -~ · · ·. ·.,-; -:7-
,.c;.-t ·· .,
. .. ·
'l./l~~ ~ : ,
:J:I· r4f?·
671,~j,·$eptef!1ber..2.._B,',.1\87).·:
· ji ~ l r -.- · · . _ · ·
.
.-
. .. . . . . I . . ~ ,./ J:, .'·\~,_~' . 'f ;, I' ... ) : ;. ; , . ,·. . . . . · ..
. · '._ ·.. .. · · . . . I~ , I _. ,~
1fil~pt1?n~-~quas1 m. ~~1)1TdJjLW1lh th!:),status •. own_ersh1p
• ~-
0- \
. ·. .' - :. -.QUIETI:N"G "©F T T~E-1 :

~or l~abrhf c:.cw·a. pa,rtitll_lar .prop'er:ty: but ..yhich, are
. · ·_:. -, . =-: , <., . -. - ·.;.
:.-;'<•~1 < -r,_ · ... :-\··;.,"....,·.
. ~ .vtJe.~~e
tq.op~rat~'"'o~ !hese··q!JE:Stion:5 :o~ly a_s
. • ·. ·: ·· • ·:. .. ·. · ·~ . · . ·~·.#-: -~· \{<'>)..."=: ~ "°'t~$~8),!~~e.p_a_rt)~uJaJf_l}art1~;,· t? thepr~ceed[~gs. and
... ~. · A_cth:>~';to Qu_iet'_'.1:"i.t~~:::·· : ·· ·. . . . . ·-~~-"'-"', · ·iy~gji-~ert~ilor_cut~0ff_th:;ng_ht.s:~r.·:mtere~~s qf,all
•. · ·. Ah. ~~t1?n lor 'q.':!1eti_ng.'6f titl~ ·i_s .e,.,s_sentia_ ly a·GQjt\'n1~P9§~1~f~\ ~la.~~cll)t~:ff.he.~ .. .JU.qgm_e~ts !h.~re1~ • -~re
1aw,rem~dy·g!o:und~d_-~h~-equ1ty. 'f\l.:e cdmpeten49urt/E~p1r~J:!}g!OJ,l{upon_t~e;par:t!~~-~ho 'JOll')~d 1_n·th1,ra~t1on · . ..
1s . task~d _to, det~_r:m in~:· th~_;i'espec{vEfr_!F~t.s ·of --tti'e=,~.:.JS-pn~e-~--~~~n- v. --topezi· G:R. ~ No .. ~ 10607,. Mar~~ '
. _C~~el~t~a~t_-9nd_ pthE(if; cla1rp~nts, .nQ~~J1)o-,l~Ce.,,,,...,_.-25(:0\1~\l:,J. . · : .'
thm~s. m·_t~e!r.~rqp'.~J?:pl~~e_.:t? m~ke·.th~ o~ tHQ~has
no nQhts'"'to.sa1d:1mmov~t;lle·r~spect:a.ftd"not...-:Elisturb . ,l<!n.d~fPActionReferred to (~EP): .. ,
·..
M ~;\~ }.- "., . , ·. :,: <...

. .-_:_;. _ • ·1-; · <. . • .' .•. :
. ,
·. · · ·, ·_. -·. .- '· . · - · ·. ·
.
11'.le qt~~i:.':~Ll{also. !o(th~. p~nefit-o( b9.f1J;. !:ib'tha~~~-e. ~¢~!al-::an/~c~jcm_ t~r:r~[ll.OV.e th,'e tl9t!d· or to ·· .. : :·
.who. h§3stfhefright:wou1d:s~·erevery cloud of aoubt over-·· . qu1~!)1tle. to' ·real pr!>J:l~_ftY..or-:an .i.ntere.st therein. ·
the _prop.efty qissipated,-:anp he. cnuld afierv.(ards ·-: (C,VIFCOD~i -Art, 476; Par. "1). ':-:-,: · .-; !:;' · .
withp_ut te'a;-- int_taduce: the irripr0vements ::·He· 'may . 2. ·_ ~xu.ncuve .. -an·, actidn J<L_guier or·. r.emove. mlEf
-de$ire. to'·use; and. e'Ven to ab'u'se1ne- property -as.he cloud :lberefrorn,,w)len the ·:contract,-_instrument, .
de.erris."t:ie.sf--((v1arian'quj/,:·ecal."
. .· .f80f)76;:,,Nove.mh'el12;··2012).. ',: !:.:,:,, : :. .
Moico, 'GR. No.
· '
v. . ::. otne.r:cib)igation h_as; b~_$n,.~~tirigufs.hep .-or 'h"as· ;_
... · · :b~en:(en:nin~ted 8~? 'b'een,l;lari:e.d .. bY:extihctive' or
. · . . ' ' ··.,. . . . ··:···,.( · ·· . · . -pres·qiptiorf(C/11./L CODE,'Ar{ 47.8).' · . -;-. ' ... -·~
· - Purpos~: T ~ securei an. adjudic~tion tha~ .a claim of
3, Preventive.:-ah actiori to prevent a future cloud or"
._titi~·-. t~ :6f ~Ii· inte_res.t' in p'i-opecty/ i:roverse -tcr thc1t of ~· ·doubt; fiorn·. beii:!i/·casC'iiponr·.itie· title .-,10- ·-real
complainaAt _-is···invalid,. so: that· the <;:'omplainarit- and - propertY:,o{ an interest iher.efn-(GIV!tJ;odE; Art.
· tho_:,e cl.aiming _u.nder him _may be forever.afterwartl.. 476, ·par.. 2). · - · . . .. , .· . . : . . -· . .
·fre~-: from \a_ny_',d!:fng"ei'_of-· hostile .·claim~- {2:·PARA·S,-'. ..
. supfaJit 301). . . · ·" _ . : ·. :. · ·_,.
~ .
. .. - · . · , Re_ason? f~r-Allow_ing\t_h~Action:·. ·.
> .. ~- . ,_. ·;, .·: :<\, ._: ~- ,
·i ... ,_... \:-, ·.·.·,. !: .. -~· ·
· · · · · · ·. 1. · Th_e prev.ention·of,liti~fatfon; - : . . ·· ·· · ·
Cloud ort Title . . . 2.- Th~:~protet:tic:fn of.. the true, tit1e:.and possession·:
· A semblance 9f. title, either legqJ or- e·quitable; 'or :a - . _ and-- - . . : · ' ·. · r. · .-· . •
dainior_ a'right-in_ real.·property, appeqring-in some-' ·_3, The promotion ofrigtit and·j.ustice (2.PARAS,
· legc1l·form but.. whicn is, in fact, ·invalid·or which would - · · ·. s1,fp/a.~t 486). ·' · · ·
\ ·.···
be.inequitable-to ~nforce '(DE LEON, :Prbper:ty, supra .·
at215). · -~
. ·:'
,•
'
. ·.
' . 178
.
I 2019
"' ··.
SAN . B.EDALA
.\ .
w CENTRALIZED
. . . ....
BAR 'O P.ERATIONS
·. . . ·. .. ·: . ..,,
p··RO PER.TY·
SA/<{ BEDX LAW CENT__RALIZED BAR OPERl!,TJOfvS:- ('IIEMORY AID 2019
. .
Requis_ites for ar:i A~_tiori .to _Q_uiet_Title to 2.
There.must-be a _g_Joud in such title:
. ~rasper: ·(LCD-R) .,. ·: . . . · . 3. Such: cloud· must be ,Que to some instrument, ·
1.· Plaintiff mus:t hav·e a .L.egal or equitable title tci, or record.iclaim, encumbrance cr.proceedlnq which
. : interest in the real prope'rty,:which 'Edhe subject is apparently valid but is· in truth invalid,
maHer ··o( the action, but · he heed n,ot · be in ineffective, . voidable or unenforceable, 'and is
possession··.of· the·. pi-ope_riy (CIViL · COQE, Ad ... prejudicial to the plairitiff's-title (GIVIL CODE, Art.
477'). . . . . .. 476);. and .. . · ·· · . .
4. Plaintiff must Returnto the defendant allbenefits
In order that an action 'for quietinq 'ot.tltle.rnay he. may ·ha~ received from the latter, or
. prosper, the plaintiff-must have legal orequltable . reimburse . him for expenses that .. mar have
.. title to, o~:in~~est 'in; the property which;:is the, .redoundedtohis benefit.\GIVIL.CODE, Art.-479).
subject. matter ·of 'the action: ·while legal. title · "· · · .,: ·. · >·' · · · ,.. · ·
denotes registere.d "ownership, equitable title There· may also be an action. to .quiet .title or remove ·
· means beneficial ownership. In· the .absence of · "a cloudthere from when the contract, 'instrument or
suchleqal or equitable. title; .or interest, there. is . other \Qblig-ation. : has been- extinquished :. or'. has.
· no cloud to.be prevented-or removed. Likewise, terrnlnated.. 'or has .been .. ::';barred . by --extin;ctive
'the plaintiff rnust . show .. that. the ·d.eed, /claim, prescription (.C,/VIL C'ODE/Jl.rt;' 478):·· ... · (.: . · .
. . encumbrance.' or .proceedinq ·. that ·p~rportedly .. : . . ' . . . '. ,. . ( .. . ·. .
, casts a cloud- on. theirtitle-Js ·in fact- invalid or · Re_qui~ites f6[: an A~tior('t,o·-:P~e~.~nf a_ Cl~ut(6"n
inoperative despite )ts. prirna facieappearance-of Title (TBA):: . . . . .
validity or legal : efficacy (Delos Reyes. v:·.
L Plaintiff has .a •!itle to a real property 9r, interest
Municipality of Ka/ibo,Aklan, _G.R: No. 2145.87, . therein: · - -' · · · ·,. · . · .· . ·''
Februery 26_, ?01i8)- :·· , ,. . 2 .. ." Defendant-is B~-nt on 'creatinq a cloud on.the titlEl-
,·,.. . . . • , ·, . _., · ,. .. ._;· .. ·. ·.. :. . · ·-or. interest" -th.ereln. Tbl:l da·nger: musf n6t . be .
, ln{he ab.sence o,f-sych'lega·1 or.E°?q,uitableJitle,:or ·,' /m~rely 's~eculative or·imaginary but'.imminent· ,J'·
\ ---~~~t~:~t~;;di~;·f~i;~uf~e
No:.2041 ;31, Jun~. '4, 2018); ·
~;;%;{e;;~'~-:~r , . r
·
~s: t)·d·;;e~d'~nt,;s ;rn·~;~ain.ed,~/stopR~/
. · ·th·e title·Jteresr<?f t~e_plain_tiff w·illbe·p_rejudiced
· · . . ~ · .. ,... ·. ·or ~dvers,e!y affected (DELEON; Property, S!Jpra
The. Court ryled .t~at aJyq~r;irnnt d~l;lti{ w~a.il_ed ;
· to redeem. the pr.opertyy,ithiwthe time.prO,:vid.ed
. at 217J1
. · ··. J . · 1.·· · ·. . · . . ·. · ·: ".· · · · ' · ·: ·., · · '': · · ·
;!. · .. <. . :· . . '·
~or had .. l_bst"~fla>e~er'riQ~t,.li1 tia9~ir'.fqe~l-~_n9'_ ·.Pf~$trf1ttiv~~fioa;· ··~.: . ·· . . : .. · . . . '.·. . .

. If). question. G~rt_aJnly, ~·e -~-? [ongf}_. ~~~~e:s,~e\d. . { ,.p'fa'fnfiffin po·sse~lon.::.:-impr~s'cri~tiblE:i b_eca'use.~
· any' leg_aJ .(;')r equita_bJ_e iitle to or [Q.terest?.°v~r-:.t~~ .. · · the own..e..1:Js ·given ,the continuing aid. by the court ·
parcels Of land;_ her:ice; .hE: cann..ot VglidJy mamt~fn. td -ascertain. arid determine the, nati.Jr~ ·.of· SUCh."
. an. action for-tjui~ti.ng of title lJnqer ttie: 1964 claim ancLits. effect ori: his.(itle. He ca'n':wait until
·Rule_s~of Court, w~lc_h·were fn ~ffe·~t-at,th~ftjm::, flis~gos~es.si_o~ is ?is~u-rbed ~n?. atta~k~d befqre·
t~e. -~J!:JdgllJ.e.n! qeqt_?r.-..O~}eqemp,t1oner. h:ad-~~ , t9k1_nQ_ st~ps to · v1_rid1~ate · h1~ ·pght· ( Coro_nel '._V.. .
nght,,!o. r~.d~e~. the .pro~~rty fro.~l~~9./~1f6in ··.· · fnt~rme_d1ate -Appellate Coµrt, ~R. N~ . .7_019._1,.:- ..
. twel_ve .-~~_:2) ·months·_ fr~JII· the reg1~.t~!1~of_ J~~ ·. :.. ·.. ·Oc_tqb~r _29, 1,987;:Estaterof D_eceased Spo_~~~s.
cert1ficc!te. of sale: . With-- th.e expiration;· of'::the-, : . · . FranC!a v.:-.;.·Tan,-; ·G.R.1:.No, ·,2.25687 (Not,ce),
,: twelv~~rl)O.nt_h ..-:~~f\?9 ·.of/7-ciempti?'n'.·-~r:id: .. no · __ : ,·~ .. :1o~~mb_,er2;J,·2Q18)~>·.,·' .. >, · .
.rede.r:npt1on having _been_ made,. as m this case, . · , . . · .. < . , ... . ·. . . .. -~ ·: . . . · .
O:\he - j1Jdgment
• •
oebtor,-0(
•
the·
•
reder'nptiohefr,
•• \· •
lost... ' ·2.•.i-~:p1aintiff
• - •
.not
·,
i,n ;pOSSsJS.sion
•••• ·'; ....
- ·-1 O·.-.v years; ":.
(ordinary)
• ; ., . •
·· whatever right tie· had .ove'r the. land in,.que_stion. - . or 30.years (exfr?Jor.dihary} or.estoppel by !aches
., It v(as. oniy in-.J~nuaty 1997 ·or fiftee·n'O(-i 5)'years · .· ·.~Will be applicab.le'(DE l:.EON;-Propetty,. sµp/a,af'
. .-·--rater tha't he ·~anifested his' deiire fo)eacquire·. '····225). . .. · ,, .. , . ': -. :'·. : .:.·. · · .... , :·
'· . the prop.erties. Clearly'thus, he li~id l0st whaf~ver . . . '· · ..,._. ·. . . · ·
righ( he had over.Lot Nos; 1"50o~A"'an·d . 229_-·E': · -~n ... ~~tJ~~:°J~-.i::.r~coi]vey_ar:ice bas~d on_),:nplie~. ,
The pay~ent of loa.ns rna9e by.',Lu'c;asan:_to P..NB . -·. ,tru~,t.partak~s,!h~ na1urE;): of _a,n actj_onJor·qui.eting ·
: and R,PB. in 1997 .can.not,. i.n an/way.' op'ei-ate 'to, _of titl.Er if ttie .. plaintiff re·m!=li~_$ in poss_es~ion.oJ_the. .
restore w_hatever. r'ights he had over the ·subject . subj_ect pr'ciperty, -~hereby. making th~-: action
pfopertiE:l~, Su~h P?Yrrient·only, exting\if~h.ed·.his inip.rescriptible:·· .,.: t.: ·: ·.·-. ·, · .:. · . .
. loan obligation.s ta. t.he mortg·agee:bariks ·and the Tti'ii. Court/in a ·ca.tena of cases, ·has p~rmitfod· the
· · · . ·. lfens·. whlch· Luc~san ·c1ai_r:n·ed were subsisti"ng at. · - filing· qf an action. for.r.econVeya~nce de$pite the lapse
the' time of the registration of the""'notice ... of of-rriqre t~an ten:_(1 o.)yeJrs frc5_m ·1~e is'suance of till~:
emb~rgo · ·and certifica~e .of sale . (Lucasan: v. .The common denominator of.these· cases is that the
.. F'hllippirie Deposit' Insurance .Corporation:· G'.R. ·plaintiffs. therein '.were in· :actual possession ··of'the
No: 1.76929, July 4~ 2008).. · . . .. · < · dispµted. _lan°d, . converting· .. the ·a~tion·. from.·
reconveyance of property i'rilo one for.quieting of title.-
lmprescriptibility is accorde·d .to c·ases for quieting· ·o.f
title since ih!;l pl~inUff: has _the right to wa(t. untif his
.·_·: 20i9 SAN BEDA LAW CENTRAU:2'.ED·SAR:OPERATIONS ·1 .17-9_·

PROPE.RTY
,SAf':/.._8£0/1 LAW CENTRALIZED BAR <;iP~RA'.IONS·- MEMORY.·AID 2019
possession is disturbed or his\ title· -is v questioned.

before ..' initiating -an action. to.' vindicate his right
(Ocainpoy. Ocempo, -Sr.:;·.G·.R. No. 227894;.jufy 5, . Remedial. .irr . Preventive . _-.)n. P,reventive ··.in
2017).. . . . · nature, involves' · nature, in order nature. in
.a,_- . pr~Sl=!}lf
0
• toremove ~loµd order to
;ac!':e(se claim: .which . maybe prevent a
· used-, for future future cloud.
actions.
\,
'··· ·~
-..
...
·· 1~0. I 2019 SA!'J BEQALAW C~NTRALl4ED. BAR o:PERATION$'. '
• • .• ' ·,, •·•• 'i • ., . • - > \.
PR.OPE.RTY·. . • ~ .I • •
<,
.. _ . . . . • . SAN _BEDA_LAWCENTRALIZEDBARO}>ERATIONS- f11EMORYA/D-2019

tSN!! +x § 55;4;, tta:w@pcte? mm:,fi&~wn.:z•ifi es~: :;c; t .,7mn.E tp,2 s 9·£,~tJ s :a ;;;a;~2ihi?¥!t.J}if4Prltffititw•>
@¥ :: • e, ,,.511~~- c
· .... ,:_.
., _·._
c_·:
· __ o_~__o_w_··_N
__·:E_·il_·
s_F_1_.1P_.
__ · _' I.
eg-.9¥ner;hip . . . ··. ,'_ . _
It 'is that form of ownership which exists whenever an
undivided .thing· or right. belonqs to different persons
(QN(L' copE, A:rt: 484) I, . '·•• ., :'' . ; .
. ' . '. ~' . . . . :' . . .~ . . . . ; ·. . . ·. , :
By'- the, nature ·_of-, cO:c-Own~tsriP., .a- c0:-;qwn~r cannot

· pqiilt 10· any spegifiq:i_orfion of the property owned iri
-cornmon.as his.oWri,_b~cause his share in it remains
i11tan.gible and ideal. '(Avila v. 'Sps. Berebet, G:R. No. ·
141993, Marci) 17;/WOf?( . .. . .
Beto~rEithe partitionofa land .o(thing he.ld.ih comrnon,-'. ·.. ·

.Jio.::..indiv.idual ·_ar··_co~o.w6'e·r .can ·~claim .litle .to,' any ;, .
_ ·de(in_rte· port.ip'n_ :th~reof:;'.:AI\ t~a~ 1hi ~-Ocown'sir hasis
.. an ideal or abstractquota · or proportionate share in
';,,.· the entire land or~thin'g.(l:Jy .v_.· Estate pf Vipa
· .. J=ei-riande'i, G.R: ivo:-206612, April 5,'·.20:11). ~ . .
~=i~lil[tiiJigji~iiJJ2~
·· . , · · . . · ., ': · 'Co-owner C~Jl dispose of A·, , partner, ·.· °i:1n(ess
·: · ... · ..... · . . · .. ·.~ '. '. ,.,
. T~e -, ~~ture of_·possess1~n- o~ c!. c~.wnE!r IS li~e that ~ · , . . . 'authotized,' . . . cannot>
·' aJrustee: and shall not: tie regard.ed as adverse to the ' dispose· of· his' ~h9re ·anci ·
oth~r.'co-owner, but.in ·fad;ben~fi.cial\to-_all of -t~em ,
''(:Satadorv,. ~A'.~-G.R:_,No:,_1~~9_10, ~~?I ~IL·
substitute· another .as- a
·part.n~r inJ,iS'~~~~e; .·_-· .
f>:.s -~. ·right ·of,.~o~~~n- dom!.nion \;V~ich twg_ or ~or~
. persons have 1r.i:spmtual part:of a thing not n;iatenally
·. ·.or·~;physi~aJly dtvid~d,'(San~· ez .GR. ()Jb,
'yr hCA, . :_ .. · ~· ·. . . .·., .
· . 1,08_9flf, .Sffpl~mber'29-;,19~·7).:··· .: . :. . . ,· . _T~erif'. ~is :~~g.
·_·rit:1tu__ 9I ·A_·)art:?er.ica.~:'g~-~~t~lly
· .. ~--_ .. >:-:··.···· ···~··,.· ·;.· ·, ., ..... -:·.-··, ·. rep(ese.9,~t1oni: _ .:- b1r:i9_t~epartn~r~h1p:_ .
: ijequ1s1tes:.(POt) · ... .· .. . ~... · , .. · If - . I . . · · , , ·· . , · . · ,
. . · 1. · .El1:1rality 0(9wr:1.~rs; · .-· · · . ·.. ·. · . · .. · ~
. ~:·_: ..Th.~ Q~j~_c.t ~f.._ow__ ners~fp m.~t b~Jliing or~r/1·gt
. . wh1ch,1s-und.1v1ded; ·. ; ... , ·. · . . ·:: . : ·
·. -3_:·. -.E_a~h -~~owr:i_er.'. s ~igbt r:'~~t· be _!£im.;~i_t~d ori!Y. t . -.-.
~-· ;·. h.1~_ 1deal·sh~re ()f;thE? P.Jiys,i~a! wh9le (D LEON1
.,~- :'Property;-'sup,:a·at 233). · ,._: ,. 0 : ,.: _,,.~.~-..;...... 11.:.:..!!.:~~~
. 6~~r~-~teri:S'ti2s'::(~N:~c~~(eG). . . : .· . t:Illlm~iimlltmllfflill
. 1·. .:.:
_El~/r~lit~( 6.f ,si:i°bj'~'ct~/6.~~er_s.. ·. ,< . .:,: . _
.. . 4: . · ~li~re )s Ncf ·rnutl!a.1 fepre.s·ent~tion . by th~. ~o-.
. : .: : .:· ,o.wri.~_rs., >.·': · .. :, . . -~: ·.: . . . :. . .... . ... . . ,
· 3.· : It exists for .the Com·m·on. ehjoym·erit ·of the co-, . ·
· · o0i1ers · · . · : ~--- :,' . ·. . . . •; .. : . . ·
. . ·"4·. - There . . .
is· ,i'. §_i~gle .· otij~~t.y.,h)i;:h
..... ····t..
_is . -n.ot,; . rtjaterially
'· .
· d1y1ded · . - . . .· ... ,· . . · .. . . ·
. &:: · ;·1f tias no:·di.s.tmct Lei:i~I pers~nafity . · . . . .
·s. ~. of
If [;. 'Gover.iie'd ·:first·. all hy' the .. contract.:o.f. the-· .
pa_rties;. othe'rw1se,. tiy ·spElcial: !e'g'aC, provisions; .. · ·
,J, · aod .·ii, . defpult· . of :_such-. prov1si6.n's, ·.'by the.. .
'.: •.
· · .· .. p·rq.vi~ions "qt fftlt/lfl .. 6n··co-o\vQerihip (fd. ai :._: ~~!ti--~ '.

. . 23.4). · .- . ·. . . . . '· •, , .
·.. ·
: . ·,· ·•. . ' - .. _ ...; l • _., ·.:· ( '
An. agre~fn'e~t 'to }~ep, Tti~}e: . -:·.:
ma/ ·:: :··~e
· . .: .. so~i~Js·:·(c2Lostf the thing~ undj~fded,for a' ~gr,¥'.~n;1enr ·.:a~·. 'to, ·~a
r <, period of.more than teh 'defirii~e ~erm .without limit
. 1,:,-_ .£0.ntract ·. . · · If
2: · _g_har:i'ce · · · ·:,_. (;101:Y.e.~rs i~'.~P!~_:: .·. :.. ,_ ~-~t-bfla~:_,

· 3.- haw. ~- . . . '. ,, ·,.. . (. , .. :.,·. .:· .. ··
. 4.· .· Qccupatitin ·. . . ~' - · .;·;
'
. • '.i• •
,,{
(DE. L.EPN,.Prdperty, supr_a ?..f1?J?j-239). ·.
. . . - . .··· .... ·· ,, .
5: : .Succession · · · .. :, ....dOn9{ion
:· 0
'
p. ,!estafne~!ary' .disposi~iOJ') O.r infer ViVOS

(Id., at 23~:237). · .
\ • t, '
2.019 SAN'.BEDA LAW ,CENTRALIZEO. BAR O_PERATION$· I _ 181

PROPERTY
_SAN.BEDA LAW CENTRA_LIZEO BAR OPERATION_S - MEMORY.AID 201?
b. . Half-rental may be demanded 'for the use -of

I the lower floor.Rent could be asked because
others could haverented the same, but only
half should be given because A was co-
owner (Pardel/ y .. Bartolome, G.R. No. 4656;
November 18,"1912).
. . .
2. · To : §.hare in the · benefits and ·.charges.· in :

· , proportion to the interest of each. Any stipulation
•
to the contrary isvoid (CW.IL CODE, Art. 485) ..
• • !' • • ) " •
. .
'Each~ ·co.o.~ner .. may .Each jolnt-tehant.cannot
dispose ofhis ideal share dispose of his own share
.wlthout the "consent . of without.the consent of air
;'. the.others.: . . : Jh,e•others.. \
~ ...
'Note: The :c'red.itor's. cons'e~t would.be .needed

. only ·Jf expenses ·haVe' already baen·.,ficurred, ·
otber:wi.~~;..thef.e \YOUld Q.i(as yet nq.'_cre.dhqr--i (DE
LEON;. 20f1, .. Pi:ope"ity, · .supra., .at.· . 245) .
. . . ..
182•
1- 20i9 .SAN BEDALAW.CENTRALIZED'BAR-°C)PERATIONS.
·~ • ' I •, • • • ' ' •
. ;PRO·PE.RTY .. ·
SflN·!3_EDALAW c_ENTRALIZEO"a.i\R OPERATIONS-_MEMORY-AID 20!9
.. Reimbu.rsement co.vers ·o,nly nece"ssaiyexpenses 8. to .Qefend the co-ownership's interest in court

(2 PARAS;
. ... , supra,at 333). .
.. . .. -
· (DE LEQ_N, Property, supra at 253--255). . .
. .
. ,' . .• . . . ·".
· Re_n-cmciattbn i~ h·o1 ~:1iowed if the co-owne·r~hip -Anypne of:the ~o-o'v\lners m~y. brin·g an a"dion for·
will be-prejLJtliced:as in the case ofa house which ejectmer:it (CIVIL CODE, Arf. 487): · · . ,
is. badly in need of repi:3irs. in order to pre.veht'a.
collapse, the waiver in·this case is void; in which· ·487
Art. ·allow·s a co-owner to· bring·an:1fotiori for-
·. c.as~ the "other co-owner may proceed to. have it - ejectment »1hi~h cove~s all kin,ds _ofactions for th~
repaired, and the co-owner who·· has .made a Recovery of Possession,_. irn;:luding ·F.ortible .Entry
. ··previou~·, renundatiori would. still be. ·liable (2 and- Unlc1:wful Detair)'er-, ·._with.9ut, the n~ce~tity of
:. TOLENT/f\/0,.supra at. ·17-7) . .°' ·. . ... -.' . . . .. joining all the other co-o\yners as Go-plaintiffs-
-. . ~ .
':tor
BUT, _·he. m~~t:
if 'pra:tic;'bi/ first hotlf~ .his' co;
qwners .ofthe n~cessity for such r~pa~s. .· . .
becau·s~. it "is· deemed to be. insthuted
· benefit of all· (2 PARAS,. supra .at 329; 'Heirs
.Ampil v. Manahan, G.R..No: 175990, .Qctober 11,..
the-.
·of.
. '-
2012)::_ ,. r . . .,.:
5. TO ~pp.o~e ~Iterations made without the·cci'~se:mt·
efall..even i(beneficia) (CIVIL.CQDE,_.Art. 491} .. ' Co-owner riot a necessary parfy in .an.action for
. - . - . . . . . . ejectrnent, '•prb1frled the" ·compli:fin~111t "claims' .
Alteration . ""> ,·.: .. . . possession for·:·a11· cp-owriers. (Cateqrilla v. -.
An act by virtue of '.X.IJich a co-owner changes the Lauran; G.R .. No. 17901·1, April 15,2013) .. ..'
\ thiQQ from tbe. state in which .the olhersbelleve it·· · · · · · · · ·
, should' remain, or.withdraws it from the use tci,- . If.the action is for the benefit of the plaintiff alone,
. ·-which they desire lt-to 'be,.iri!er:ided:. It i's" not such that he claims tha'possesslorrfor hjmself-:·'
limite_d tq_-
material· or physi"cal ·changes'.•"(2 and not for !he co-ownersttortne.acuon will not .
TOLENTll\/0,~·supra at 192).-: . ·· .·· · _:·i·-,:.' prosper (Adlawan. v, Adla'({an, G.R."·.No. 161916;.
· · ... • · · ·· -, · . , '::> . .-· ':,- · ·, : . . ' .': , ... · · Jf!_Auar,y 20, · 2Q06; Heirs· o(Ampil V," Manahan, ·
·. 'f'Jote:_·However; it.shou11 not be unders bod Jp ' GR. Nb. 1'7\599€J.°,Ociober1{ 2012). ·_.;_ •. ::,· ..
inctude.anychanqe which a- co-01tmer.'may nia~eWi· ·· . . : -J · · · - · · · · · . -.: : · :. ·, .:.: ~
Qi
-r-;
.· · :in-·~I~~ _COllHll?i\ "properly; .. but. OJ~!/r1~~!.. jNc~- · . : 9. · /o dem,a_ a Ra~itlori at any time.(<ZI_V,IL_ ~Q_DE, ..
mo,d1~,~~- and hm._ 1t.s·1._and·.c;_b?ve 91~,· J:J_reJl!lcltce~ t~~ _ Art. 49fl}: :::\ · ·.. ·_·. . .. · .._ .. · ·· ·,; ,. _ .. · ~ ', · ·
condltion ,Qf .the thmg .. rts1enioym~nt oy.;the_ ·· \ ·; , . : . /. : . · . . · : -:- ·-<· . '. - ·. ·
"'others,(Jd.). . . . . . . . . . '. •. ·.·. ~ .. ·_ _. .. :. ~- . '-l :
(;eneral ule: l'?artition is dem"andabfa by·any of
. ·.·:·.·.,: · ,:·.·::·. ·.- . ·. '\. :·'
..~orth:·P:urpq,~eof.!~g~l1:Zm·.~:gltjrat\9Q'O!'.th~e
.. ~"::,·~~,~~,.,~ '.l ·_._......
...
,
(CIVlbC:q_BP;.;Art
L· ·
·ti.f~~uw~1c11~\~i..l~ 'J::1il.1LL~,--_or·~~igl1L __ stanytime .
:· .. 494) ... : __ ., . '. · .:.: ·:··
~C?1T1rnO_n_. prope~y,)the,. CQr:J~er,t:µia~t• ~.~th?f-. . .. : ., . ·. . . : . :' . . .. · ~. . · : · : .. · · · ·· .. _. · · ·
.. e~pre~~ or, tacit_. _A. c~-.o~n~r; w~o,:k~:OW~'..rh_~ . . . ~~ceptlO.!'~-· (S_~~LUJ:>~}_- · : . __ :.
.· alteration ~!JI does. not_mter-pose aQy_o~1ect1on- ,s · · a~Whef! -th~re 1s. a:§.t1pula~q~ agam~t 1~; but _not
deemed to t_acitly consent to. suchialt_eration (ld;J. . to. exceed 10 years. However, thel"term .niay ..
. ·, • . ,,, - .·-- ... ·. . . . . ./" ~. .
be ~xt~_nded as·many:'times as:tne c_o:owners'
··'Effects of. aii lfl~gal.Alt~fation: . - , ·_:~ ... ./ may stipulate -but' eyery"..exten~ion mus{ ·n9t, ·
. ·-A co~owrier:·wrio· ,rnakes:'·alt~ra.tibrr'witfioul". the- ;_excee9 1.0 years~ (GIVIL-:GOBE;.-'Alt. 4..9-4);;'-. ... :
. expr~~S . Of)r:n_i:>}ied ·.·.(:·qnser)t_'b~}he' ~th~r 90- .' .· ; . b.· '-W~El~ ·_the fdncli~iOI"). Of indi~isio~· i:' i~po~ed
· . - owner$· acts· m.. bad faith ·Qe"c·ause:he·d~:r~s so. as l _ _ by the·dono~ or testator; but. no_t to_ exceed. 20._
- ~~ : ; .if.-h·e-.were. the·sole.o~her~ T.tius) · - _: ·years (CIVIL· C.ODE;::Art: 494). :·.. ,·. __., .. ·. ·, . . .
·:·.·:·., . ·. . _.
a. · The.'co-own·e_r-'r'esponsible may los·e,what he ·c. V\:'hen the· -_begal.- nature''.°"of the'"community
. '_has·spent; .. '. . · •, ..·· .· . ~
( _.' preven.ts·"partifion. ' '... • • : \ ·: . C ,
·. ~ . . b·: ."_Demoiitio~;:c_~-~- be corip.ell~d;· '. .· . .-·. ..

d,· _When·~:.part"iti9n :·woy,lct/end.~~. _:t~e:>thihg_
· c: -tJe.would·pe liable .for lo$ses_and darnages; . !lhserv,ceable (CIVIL CODE,·Art.·495). : •··
· .. , . ·_and.:· · . .-. · _:_. · >·· ."· :·: ._(: ;--":_· · .. :; .:. . ·
· _e·. , Whe_n_, p_artition ·rs. frohibiteq · tiy law_.(C{Vll,. ·.
· d.. Wh.atever ben(;';!fits· the co;.ownership derives:- , · ·: , COPE, .Art .. 494J;·af19. · . . · :' :. ·. '. - . .- ·
will be.l9hg ..to ·it (3-.MAJVR!iS~ ·as·cited. in .f· · .:.f.. ' Wl\~Jl·.~noth'er·c~bwn'er has poss_e·s'sed I.he:
PARAS;:supra at-;349},- · - · - property as·an exclusiv~ owner fo"r,·a period _
·
... .. . . . . .. --·: .
. ·_sufficient_to. ~cquire it by prescr_iption."" •.
6. Td f~ot~;t against serio~·;ly prejudicial decisio8s:··· .. · -i .. · · ·• . ·. ,:
- . · of the··majorily. :_ · · . ' . .. .
· ·Perpendicul~r Own·ership ... ' . . · .. : · .. ' .. ·
. I-~ . . • ,_ .: . ·: • • .. '- One where the .diffe'rerit' stories of:;,; b.1.Jilding: b~li;mg-
1.' · .beg91 redempt_ion; to be·exercised:within 3Q day~ ·: · . fo - different: p~rsons,. as 9istinguished . from. 11an
_: from :Written- n_otice of sale of an undivide<;l_ share ordinary case of cd-.o~nership w~ere'. all ·the floors· ..
. · of another co-owner to a stranger (Cf.YIL CODE, and ev1:?rything· else :.belong· fo · all co-owhe_rs (CIVIL·
· Arts .. 1620 and 1623).::, . -. . CODE, Art. 490).- . . . -. . .
\ . -· . .. '
2019 SAN BEDA LAW C:ENTRAL..1,ZED BAR·OPERATIONS 186.

·.PRO·PERT:Y
.. SAN BEDA LAW CENTRJ\LiZED_BAROPERATI_ONS~ i:1EMOflY !',ID 2019
., . \.
. . . r.
When. natu'r~ of a t~i~G \•Vh~,nnature.otthe .t.hirig

requires· modiflcatlon. or ddeis' : · nor · require
changes - (sucn - a~s ari ·mQcl.ifi~atfon, or._-9ha.i:ige?,
- Industry or,...·: business), modiflcatlons made are
m~dinc,cfBPr;i~ ..i11~c1~·· '<\re ~1ter<!.tion$.·.:'-.- ·. , ·. ~ ·. · . .
. - _simpl_e_.~d_mtr[~fr?Jlidh.'.. ?_. ·- ·:· .... :·:'· '· .· ·(·· .. ·.'.·
> -: ~ ..
~ .. ... ' ( .
,1 ~4 1 · 2_01s SA~ BEDA.LAW c~NT-f<ALIZE8-SAR9PERA :noN$
.. - .... . . . /
.,.. . .
PROl?ERT-Y·
SAN BEDA LAW CE/'ITFIAL(Z1P'BAR OP.~RATIONS ~ MEMORY AID ?019 .
1#@-kd i& :ZEWsaZt@\2 $f!fyitidti#!kf:t:~ 'MMe{'2stk>?r%R4Ztbff5*:# ..3~~f#i-%@t~ · ¢ ;,.gµf, ,412 \is W ,#~1b-3:!iZ!'.>WW±A 19%(#0l~
Rights as to.·the.ld~al Share of Each:'Co·-owner In suchcases. the.remedy is to ask for partition,

. (CIVIL .CODE; Art. 49~) ..; : not. to askforthe nullity of the sale (Aguirre, et. al
· 1. Each _t:1as f\JII ownership of his part and of his. v. CA, GJ;?~ No. ·122249; January 29,~2.004). --. '.
·. :.... share· of the fruits 'and benefits; ' .._. · · · · ;· ~ · · ·. · · .; ,- . · · · ; ' . · ' ·
2_,. Right . lQ .substltute another person ih its . ~o.rged SpecialPowerof Attorney to' mortgage a
.. · ·enjoyment, EXCEPT When -persortal "rig'hts are: real property rnade.by a-co-owner 'shall be· valid
. in~olve~·.or,foi: the-purpose of.giving the \hing 'a only.Ihsofat-as'theshare of the forging co-owner
ditfererituse fromthat aqreedupen: . '(Rural Ban_k-c;if,Cabapbaraq, Inc: v. Melecio-Yep,
. . s: . . \· . ·. .... G~R. No~-·f78451, JiJ/y30,:2014).L.,. - ·., · ·
. Persona] r[ghts - used in its real meaning and not. ' - ~- . '· ·· -- · :.. , . , .
· inits leiial. qr technical sense.It 1;, the right"whicti Donation bf Ctn1jugal Property'...:~ : . ::-·:, ·
. cannot .b~ .transferred · because it affectsrthe, -.· -The. spouses ·;:i~· the t absolute :,owriers -of · their
personal relations of the co-owners- with,";one. _:. .undivid~g one~ha[f-i~terest. over 'a 'conjuqal property.
-; another .. ,. ; · . , . ·. .c.: · · . ·; •• : .. The'. d¢ha\ioi1 by·o,:-ie. spouse of'.a tonjugal properly·
".·. ·, - ··, . ·,. ·. ·. · ;- ·.' :': ,;. ''· :. · without theconsent of'ttie··ath.e/spouse,will ·transfer
3. Right to alienate, assign, or mortqaqe, dispose or : · 'title only·· to' the ·:extent of
the · o~e·--hi:ilf ,undivide·d.·
· encumber: · ·· : . · .· · portion-of'that property by. tl)_e donor-spouse.jfhe
4.. Right to.· e~emP,t; himself from· neeessary _ ·dor:iatioh i.$,..nqt··wnqlly: vpia: ab, initi'o. Accordingly,
,, .. e,spenses ·.and tax'es PY. renoun.9ing :Pc1rt:l?f. hj~ . vehdees ,'in ih-~· ··sµbsequen't. -sale; :of .'the< su6j~ct
·. jnte~estin.t.~e COco.wne_rship (2 PARAS, ;{upr,9- at<. p'r~p~rty,_. !S
c.o.nfjr1~d ~mly, tc;i':. th'e dne-h~·lf uriaiv,aE;)d
· ·. · '~. 35.9-3.f>P);_·§md· .-· · · · ,. ,-\......' ... ,1 ·. <. _,.. . p0rtion thereof:'(S,bouses. Carlos .. v. '.Tolentino; 'Q.R:
. 5:. ·. He~ may. d.~mi:1.~d1pa_rtitio~. of th.~_ lh_1rig ?WrJ~p.,in . JiJq. i34533, -June 27,.'.2918). . . _... . ·. ·.·: · . . -
· · eommon, 1n so far. as n1s share 1s co·ncerned · i .. ·. . . .· ;
. (DELEQ['J;.F?(~Pe'riy, ,?-u~ra elf i9~r.:_. :._.: )' .

Right-of a co.:qwner.. !<> .D~rrian~iPart1fipn:<- :
N~te:· T.his. ;igf)t'is without: ~reiudic~~t6 . t~~ ex-~rcise . ' N9 C~O:AJri~·r 1-b_all· b~ obliged to "j:em~in. fri' the:. c;:o-
. b th · ·th. f th·'· ht f d · ·H d' ownership. Each,co-owner.may·demand at,any lime
y e·o ers o e rig o 1 ega.re~mp10
1· 1-· ·un er ·· , :- ~\· : . ·. · d .. · ·'' .· .·· f
Art:· 1620.: . · · ·.'· ,' ..·. ·. , . ·· · : :. · .. t~e,part1t_1~n·ci..Mt1<=;.-t~mg owne . in common; ipso _?r. ~\
_. ..·· · ·. -- : '.... , . · · .. , · .~ · . _h1s,sh~re 1s'co,eerned·(C.fV/L COQE,.Art.491); ·
_;:··rt' . . . ·.. ·. ·-/: '\· '·
·
. S~IEfor Mortga'ge of..Conimon Pr.ciperti ..
. 1. \:,U9~i-~ided·:p.(frt)'?,~ .:.ffa~sf~ree~~e~.;nit:'aGqujre ·.•
': any spefcific,·o,d~t.e~minatejjjJ1ysical'ppr:J1on o_f the·
'Re,a~~/?'.n~:. < : ~\ ·_('· ·. · :·: ·, :_-~ . .. ·~-· _' ·, . ·,:' : '..·.. --.
· 1-. ·: tc1'.'f11s_c?tag~~:~o-:.~wn~rsh1~,.;a~d ,:· · ... · . . . .·
' whole propeity:(/d:.'.at 2_98).:.;1_ . · '.· . 1 .... · -~· ·.. 2-.. !,~r'f4erT)~1'};/n)l'l~ ~O:~~f1ers~~ I~ '.t? ··s,l:l~Ject· _a·_ .
·2. Oefir:iite- PC?rt.iorJ _-. vali9; ·sy~ecf;to the in~erest-iof: · ·. · · ·' per.son fo · ffie ;i:J?s1re,s c:,t-.t~~~· r~st~.;, cqnfhpts .. 1n ..
, :( the·v~ridor·(.ld:.f.t 2~~)(.i . __ 1:;_. .. i. \<=' · J ·. m~nag~.~~.DJ.-~ ..z'ng- ~~un.d .to ~~1~e .(?· . 'PA~S,- .
. , 3~: : V"'.h?le -propertt. X~lid'" ?fll,Y.:.ins(9f~_I" ~s. \~.~: ._ ~-?- .- . >· _ spfra_.at.-?,~21.:. . . . .. ':' , _ ..... ~- ., · ·:· , .· . _ , . . . .
·.' owner's share .. 1s-concerned; unless lhe sal,e rs.-
0 ·:·:·.-- , _. ·,. _-.; i"'"1., · ',-:·, ..
~·uthQrized. by t~e· o.th_e~ · co~.?wnep,'.. righCfo·· ·. l;'r91i1b1~ to_ Pa_r,t1tio~·.B~c~u~e of. a.~ Agr,e.ement
renounce: ... part ·of . his intE;lrest. to reimbilrsee . . (6/VIL---C_ODEt_Art.494).. . . .'. . . . . .· ·. . ·:
n$cess~ry; :expJ:ln·ses ·.incurred :by:Ji~o~~frld>- _ ~ .1 .-·· 1P~rio_d_·mµsJ nbt:e~te~g ,mar~ _t~~'-_1~.'y~:~r~; :_·, ... · .
C?i:ner (la_.·.?f. 26.0)1 · 1 • . :. • • ·: '. ~' ? . . ., · . . 2: .. ·!f 1\ E:~?7-ed,? }_O Y.ear~_. ,try~, st1~ul~t!o.n 1s.:·.y~h~~n!¥
4.-, ·T_r~~-':;actio'ns'eht~~fi:d]ritp by,.e~th c6'-o~ne'r.-o_~fy. . ·./ Jnsofa_r_ ~s t~~::firs.t.:1 Oy~~~~;·.,: _ ·:..: .':__ ''... ··:: · . _- .
......- ·.
\ affecf his' iae~rsha(e'·(ld.)... ' .. ·' ··'· ,· .. :. ··~ ~- . ~T~~~~- c_an _ _-be, ~'1 ~~~rDSIO_rr but -o~ly-:a~er; the
, . . · · -. , .,. , · :or1grnaf"penod ·has.-e~p1,red;; and , : . · . . . ·r; ·
'... ·' When·a cosowner·sells-thewhole·pr.C:iperty as-his,.>:: .. 4:r':".Aner the first,ext~n~iori; th'e're.J::an:b.e ariothe·r; .
. . -·: lh(;) sale affects'only:.tt:ie s'eller's share·pro indiviso· and ··so or:i:.- ir.1defin\tely',' as' ltjn'g' as _.for. each .
;: · .... ·ant:l'lhe tran'sf(;)[ee.:ge.ts only what cdr.resporids to . . .. extension, the.period of 10 y~ars)s not exceeded
' _his· granior:fshare .. ih the par_lltion.of;.llie· P.rop~rty ; : . ·..;: . . >· (3·MANRES~ as·_dted'inZPA~ljS,.supra-a(362); .
··ownErdin·comino'r{.Since·aco~ownerisenti.tled--. :···· · .. \::,.'. ... :·· .. :';··:: ·· ·.: .. ··: ·"··· ,'· .. : · ,
··,lo -~ell his.· Qn.divided sha;e, ·-a 'sale qf-:th~;en,tire . P.i:i'rtitiori , , '-. . . ..~ · ·, .. :~. ·· ,\ ·· . . . :
·· ·..; .properti by"'onei° co-ciwn·~r without the cdnsent of. .' P.~r:titi6n.is the s~paratio.iJ, divis.ion an·g.a.ss(gnr:nent of
the';otner co~owners'is riot m.ill and void;'only·the .. 'a thing held:in··chrrimdn"amorig tfiose to iivho"m it·may.
, rights of J~e.__ CO~O~(ler's/~Elller ~are' trar1sf~rred,' : ·. :b:elbng) lfmay be_~ffe.¢y:!·_d ~X~~a}u.!'J:idaf_fy_bytfie·~eirs .
·. ·- .·/. ;- thereby, m~~~r.ig' the. buY.er~ a _c9.-:o_yvner.. of" t~~ . th.~..~selve~- tpro~gh. ~ ·puQh_c.1nst~.rnE:nt:-fil.ed ~~~o.[e -::-
. ''. profjerty (,()~srner5.v.'Paraiso Dev.elbpmeht Corp:;:. ·. the. regi~ter of" deeds.-~(Esp'inas;Umuza· v:- tuna, .jr:, ..
·'. · G.. R.'fJo. f57493i'FeHruary-5;?D07J.: .:. , .. : : G.R.N9.'229.775,iytarcfi_11·;2DJ.9).·, .·:·'. ">'
· ..,.• .. T·h:~ e~~-~t qf. tbl ~i;enatio~ ()~ .th~ ~o-r:fg~ge,\vit~ · Ari·. :~ction:'f6f ': partition· ·i~:/·at , ;~ce ·
a~ a<::;·;~;·· f~r .
. · : . . ·resp,ect to .tfie· co-own·ers;-sh~II ,.be limit¢d ·tc'ilbe. · decfar~tio'n· ~f cd~o0nersbi~' ancH6r s~·grE!gation an'd.
ti~~ion :.whi~h · in'ay, be ~1.1o~te9 Jo.i
\')inj in Jh<;? . con:veyance. of:a·deter-m1nate p6rtion.dt~e. properti~s
division upo.n· th~ terminati.0'1 of the co-owner~hip . . lrlVQl"'.ed (BcJIO . .CA; G.R. "No:-129704; Sep(ember 30, . ·,
(Magsano 'i.l. Pangasinan . Savings., and · Loan. · · 200,5): \.,
Bank,
. Inc., 'G.R. . No: 215038, October 17, . 2016).
·,
?019 SAN BEDA'LAW
. CENTRALIZEG.BAR
. . . . .
OPERATIONS . I 185.
PROPE·RTY
. SAN (!EDA LAW CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS - MEMORY 1\10 2019
"'M\-1!':?~#54 Effi#:#$*:fli&S•tM}Zif@ , ..* sr:r:W $,~ Wfii;-!t#t.if!ka:t Wki4t
1 @S#h! ##Wd~lfiefM¥!Wft:f1b1S=Zh ,.µ W#BS%W 4 A#i?SfiE¥
Reason: The policy- of the. law· is, not" to favor· co- which belongs to.each hei/(Espinas-Lanuza v. Luna,
ownership - because .it is . not conducive to. the Jr., G.R. No. 229775, March 11, 2019).
development of the community property- particularly
where it involves real estate (DE LEON, Property, Mere _receiving 'of rents or profits.. payment-of taxes, .
supra at 27.2). · · ..., or construction. of a fence or building· would not be. ·
. .
of-
..:
sufficient proof' exclusive or adverse possession . :
· Noter.The thing,itself may be physically divided, or if because anyone in the: co-ownership may do it
not. · its value . ~a/ b~J.p~rtitioned· p MANR.E,S(l. as (Laguna v.. Leventino, GR. No: t 473.89, April 18, 0
cited-in 2 PARAS, supra at 362:·Art.:-1079). Partition 194:1). · .• . ·.. . . . : .

is governed. : primarily by : the . Civil c~.e and . - .
. suppletorily by 'the pertlnenr'provisions of the' .Rules · The act ofexecutinq the.affidavit of:,:ielf:-pdjudic~tion
cit Court particularly Rule. 69. .'.. ·. . . ./ · . ." · · , ~ did· not constitute.sufficient act of repudiation. In fact,
there was-badfaith of.the co-heirln .feigning sole
Gen_er~I R.u·1/\Jnd~wArt. 494.(par, qf.th~ Civil-- sf
.ownership of the property to the exclusion of the other
Code, prescription does.notrun in.favorof or aqalnst co-heirs (Galvez v. ~A, G:IJ. No. 157954, March 24,
._cl co-owner.or co-heir. · · · 2006). , . .. ·. .
Reason: . P.9s.ses~fdn of' .the .co-owner- or. co~heir.Ji _ ... ·W-hile', it'1.is true that- reqistration · uncie~ the: Torrens
ordinarily rrot adverse .to -the 'others, but .. infact, · system is constructive notice of title", theTorrens title:
beneficial -to- all. of them. The: pos~E:!~Sion·~,._co."""' ·~oes riot furnlsh.a .shieM for fraud.' Thus, Where- one
oyt~er . Js similar· _tq. that of , a tfu.stee~.-(0,iy. LEON/ILJ -fpg!1!~~ci t_ti.e- property in question it: his ~a(:!~ iJl · ·' .r .
Property, supra at 267). ...--. -~· ~- ~ . · . . fc~~cl _ _:t:us co-~e.l!,s, presc_npt1.?n. ca!') only be
. ·.. .·. . • - .. . . }'~deemed'tojiave.cbmriienced 1of from the tir'ne-the'latler
Exceptio~::·.'ih~~~:cf co-~·~ne~ o~ c;.f8i-~~r ~pUcfi1:~·· ~.:.· ji~c~1r~~~~ao.uien'fa~i (AdiJle v. CA, G.R: ·_No._ L-
the c~-ownE;)r§J:11p·-or-co-J:le1rsh1P._t.f21:e.$9~t1of!:'QeQ1~~ .· ·::;"s·-··f-l.'1/~46r!~uary'2JA19~8}. . . . . . . . . . ,·~ -..
to tun ·frorn.JheJi.rn~. o_Uepu~_iafi0ri).~.uqj~ct .. tq;,!~§l'. i: ·"'>'f .. : \. .. ~ \"'- ·.. · . .. :--.- . ,
concurrence of. following cond1t10.1:1s'.1{f-'UKE).:· ~- • :'!f:_· 1
lJ~der·th~ la~. ~n o~t\of tbe fO:-owners· m~y br.irm
1~ His .f.ossessio.ri is opeQ/ contir_-ufous; exclusiye, t :)../'~an action for ejec.tQJ.,tJt-rc1VILCOD'f, Art: 48?). This
and·.notbrious · f2, I · · ·. ·. ·. jij'1' can . be done ... wlthout-4. joining. all ojher co-owners
2 .. · The co-oy.,in~r ha.s ·perfo,med·.![!~equivo.cal ~§"a~~ i.::~Eao'~E:,J~·e. ~_yll ~~f~su,med .!9 haye_.·bee.n file9 !or
:.90-9wners_; .· . -. -,..
3. S_u9):l po~1t1ve. _.acts .1of
i·1--~.\-:. . · . .'
repuqi~tion·.arct~l,Jnling·'fo_,;,Q(otstE:!;P.t 11,e o!~~4i"zm'edben(!lf~ h_i~ f.b;::of~~r~. .-(Bal_?lby v. ·-}:fqlar,. G.R.
gud,1at~on .pa\(~
-~-c:' o.:15?7~J,1'jS.epte'D9.er,9-,_2004J.· .
bee.n~' . ~J 'F./·~.. /.~-J ..... · . . ' · · · . , . ·_. ·.
-:-. ·
: ..
,.. madeJS.~o:~n -~o the· oth~ ~l-owrJf_rs-;~~'\..;. ~ Jf.lff~dJm.J?t10~ of}h~. wli9le -pope.~Y.:·?~ the··tq;ow~~r·
4 .. Tbe . .§.v1aence ~b.~r~_of .._ 1s ·c1~ar- ,and. c~~~n~il . -·~.,g~ifJ.~e~~n.: ~~m;{ole. o~r.ie:~h1p ?,ver. the__ s~1d . ·
(~obl~s ':'· CA; G_.f?... No. 1?350_9~Marc ~P~P:e~:Y.·,fed'e!)1pt19tquly_,,rnad.e:_:w1t~in tl}~---pe-r1od ..
20qo)~. . . . '; . . . . . . ... '•. . ~'. . . : ,:__ 8CjE7'). rP.\e~gµP~~~y.:l_aw jnu~es ~() .-.t~·e .__b_e.~~~t.:of. ~h~. .'c;o- . . . ..
.. . .·' < . . . .. . . · . · · ... 7:' '·.:: _-. )l'I bW!:1W~lp ~'2Jtd_2,e_s:n_o_t·put_aQ ~nc;f to __JIS JXJ.stence. ....
· Npte: f\·,cp-owrier· cannot.:.. xVJl~"!~.t·t.~e,q~~flJI..}' p.f~(fv!artaQ{~'?j,fC~:R. No,: .10.1522, AIJflY.:~B, ..19f)3). . ..
the·oth~r.:co-Q~neJ~.9r_a;Jl:!d1c1a!·decre~~rfil:Jaft to "l.. l -~'N->-v..·. , · . . · ·. ·. ,- . . : ··_,L : · , - .,,
. :RuJ(f). ._6'~ of t!7e Rules_6f_C.9un,~dj~~ic;ate··to.hi~f 11'! .1y~,~~a_!1!fip~ti.?~ of qrf~~t~r~ r.m_ct·J.\~.sjgnees.·
fee _·s1.mR1r i;1·d_et~rm\nat~_ .. port1on ·of.!~~ lpt ;O~neq~.in~ ~f:J!i.~ C<?·?Wner~ •n _th~ _P~rt1tton (CIVIL ~QPE,;Art.
~Q.1"11mon_,_.tp-the.:,.exclus1on· of ,other...:co~PW\lJ:lJS ,(D~f 497) ·. ,. . . ,, .. : . .. . . ·- .
.· · "i3lcih~q:· v. :'.-ln(.ermedii:j:te>_'AppfJ/la·t~ Gourt," GZR: 1 :No: . ., ·1-:""- · S~op~·. of,Q r~p lto'f.s·:or.A~_sig nees < . ., . : · · '· ..
]2694, De.c'e,T(lb.er 1, 1987}. ':· .. : ·. · ~ : -·· .. . ' .· · .. '· C_redito~s- lnqlude 'all ·kina.s of .¢retji_tors pr:o.vitjed
. '", ., . .. :. ~ .°:' : ',. . .· . . · .; . . . : . . they becarne-:SO du,:irig ..the exJster'lGe· Of'ttl1.c6·-
~1' 1- ?3greernent ,oti'P?rtiti9R',:_.th\:'LJ.Q9. otal;: ls _v,ali~ -~rid .. ) · · : .o_wne~~iP: , : ·.·· ··,~: · ... ,·': ,._:._ · ·.. . .::_:_ . · · ::-, ··.. , / .· ·, .·.
·:.
·consequently. b.iriding upon ·the _pqrt,ies. ·rc.?.m v. CA, ' · · ··,: · ·. · ··. · : .. , , ··-< ·, . , ·... ·-- · · · · ..
q.R. ·Nix U460()1, fi(l:~tch·:45,' 1 ~82). :_ · .. : _,,-·:~.· ,. /: .· · .\' As$igriE~_l?s::a.~Jrahsf.eiE:eS "pf.. ii:iterests";'of _qne or
· ;, ;· . · · · :: _.:_ · . .-.. , . •.. .·... · · · .:- .. . rr:io.te . of· th¢·· ca~owners,,(DE,:,lEQN; Prope.rty,
AS between the pc1rties,. ,i·puQltQ'.i.ns'trurneb't'is 'cieithe-r . . supra"°?( 2?7). . · .. . •. /, .. . : , . . ,
oon·st1tutive. not..'in ,iJJh~ren_t.·_el.emeRtof. a:_contrad::qf. . .. · .... ;.,_.'-., ·· . . . '.'.:.. . . ·_: -·>..... · · · ·...' .· .,
<
P?rt1.tien. sin;c:{e _..registratiqr:1, seryesias·:const~~ctive .. .·.. .·.· 1:11uiJ~atio.n: A, B ~.nd:C ..ar~ c9-0".'JJ1.ers. Asgld his .
. . ·. n_ot_ic;e_-.to)hirc;Lp,$f$Pn~-,':"a1'1: ojal,.R~·rtitio~ bi.I.he, heirs_ ·. · .. : ... -s~~re t9.,·X.-: .\0,'hc:>..is ~ntitlE:'d to ·pa'rticfpate in t~e ..
. is valid if. no creoitors ·are:-affected.,. Moreover . , _eyen - partition, A-or.X?· ·.' . ·. · ... ··. · ' .. · · · . . · ··
the req4ire'rn'ent of c1·,written. rriemorand~in ·.u['1cler:the ·. . . . · . . .
. ~tatute pffraudi:do.$s· riot· ppply:to ,partitioris:·~ffect~d Answer:- ·j(depend;. ·: . . .
oy 'Jh~ · .. beir?./ wh~r.l:l- :no.· cre'ditors · are:· lrivolved a.'· If .A ·h~fd s'ol.d :tiis whqle interest, ·.aod' has
· CQnsiderfng thaJsu~h trar:!sacU6n;i~ n~t a C~)livey.,ance · deliv~refsaine~th'en-X should partlcipate (X
of: P._rop(!lrty. .r~sulting"-in: .ch~:nge qf ownershi'(i~ PL!f · · .. ·;. is participating~? ra.co::_9wn¢.r) ·. · .' '; · ·
.
IT)erely' .a designatioi:i
. .· . ' ,and
.. · . segretiaiio"r1
. .
of . that .·par:t .
."'·.
I . . ..,. - .. . . .
__18g 1,.·2019 SAN BEDA Lf\W.CENT.RALIZEE):_BAR OPERATJON.S
. . .
PROPERTY-
. , . SAN BEOA l.AW CENT,RA,LIZED BAR OPERATIONS - MEM9RYAID.2019 . . ' .
A•Nt@N1MS#i49#3t#&JWU Wa:&$t S%)@ W G"tt+i:i&:S.%15# f&Uff\%5W·4Wt# db-$A I·t•·&?-\i PW <i£ft4Wit4Mi8!%4®W ii42WSS ?MAS'3\f+am ~
. .
b. .lf A had sold only partot.hls.share.ior even. · .. Effects of Pa.rtition (CiVIL, CODE, Arts. 500-501) - .
if he sold his entire share, he has not yet :1. Mutual.. accounting for the benefits receive·d
delivered same to X,·: both. A and X are (CIVIL CODE, --Art. 500); ·: . ·,.
allowed- Jo participate in the _partitio'n .. (A· 2. · Mutual reimt?ursements for ·expenses .(i.e.:
participating as co-owner and X as assignee) · necessary expenses, taxe.s, arid others in prop~r
(2 PARAS, supra at 382 - 383).. · . cases) (CIVIL CODE, Art. 500); .
~- Indemnity for damages·. caused in case. of
2. Right of notice ofpartltlon . n_!:)glig'ence or fra.L!d (Cl,VIL c;;oqE, Art. 500);
· While the law does . not expressly require · 4. Re.ciprocal Warranty fo.r, aefects of title or quality _
previous noticeof the proposed partition be giv~n ·of th_e i:i9rt'ion' · assigned. to a· co-owner (CIVIL .
to the creditors and assiqnees, since· they are '. CODE, Art." 501);' . -- . . ·.
. granted the. right to participate, they have also the 5.· Each former- c.o-owner is deemed_ to have had_
right to be notified · thereof, such that in the . exclusive possession of the part allotted to hirn
absence of such notice, the _partition will .not be for __ the" entire ·perlod during "which 'the co-
binding· .on them ·(De Santos v. Bank of the posse~~ion lasted (CIVIL C[)DE, Art_. 543); a~d
Philippine. Islands, G.R. No. - : 44065, July 30, .. 6. - Partiti_on confers. upo_n each: the e?<clusiv,e title
1938) ... ' over 'his .respective·· share '(CIVI_L ,.CODE, · Art·. ·
'10'91).
. 3. Right to object to orlmpuqn-. . . .
a.r l.f notice is given, it is their duty to appearand .orounds ... for >the . extlnqulsbrnent .. of. co-
make known their position, .they may concur .ownership:(JEx-CoS-M-LEx-T2)· . ·
with proposed partition or object.to its beir1'g 1. _Judicial partition;' . .-
affected. 2. · Extrajud.icial partition; · . .
b. 1( · no . notice is .qiven.. · the- creditors .or Note: The possession of i;l co-owner cannot ripen
assignees may question the partition aire~dy . into ownership because the possession is merely -
made (DE LEON, Property, supra at'278- .....-- .. i~e-conc~pt of a trustee for the other co-owners .
279)._ (Salvad~~_CA, G.R. No.:·556.91, May 21, 1992).
There i,WJ[~·.JJdical dissolution of: co-ownership
However, they. cannot impugn when the thing is sold·, either publicly qr privately, .
already' executed, unless: t~ __a t~td: ~er.}on_ (Republic 1t. Baltazar..-Ramirez~
a. There· has been fraud; or . , GR.. tjo. 1~8103, J-':'IY_ 27, 2006). ,. -- · . ·• _
b. T_he partition wa.s· made_,'l)otwithstariding:, 3.: Whe~-. bJL presc~pt1on, one . Co~o.wner has
formal opposition presented tO;Rre~en(it (Id.' . · a?eu;1rea_ ttie _ ;nol~ , property _by . 'adverse
at 278-279). '-it · · · ' . possession as against· all the others, and
repudiatinq uriequlvocally the ownership of the .
___ other: . - .
INlie~ · a §.tranger acquires by ·J:,i-escr:iptbn the
.... ~-~-~-:thing owr:ier in common; '
p: Merger in one co-owner: .:
q. Loss or destruction; ·
I . 7 ._ Expropriation. (here, .the -inde_m.riity will. be ·
Whenever .the thing is essentially .indjvisiqle and distributed accordinqly _(PARAS, Property, supra·
the' _co.-owners cannot agree: . . . . . .at348); , · . · ', . .· • ·
. · Firstly; the property may be allotted to one of, the co- . · ~- 8. · !3y the Ie.rmination: of the period agreed. upon, or
owners, who shall in_demnify the· other. ·· imposed by the donor or testator, or of tlie . period
. , allowed ~by law (CIVIL CODE,.. Art. 494, pars. 2
dthe.rwise, . it shall be sold·,' and . the. proceeds . and ;3); arid . . . ; .
distrjbuted (OE LEON, Prope':y, -~uj:)ra 8:(280). _. : ·' 9., __ By the sale .by the co-owners of the thing to· a
. Ih.ird ·person and the distribution of its proceeds
Protection on the. Rights ~f Third Pe~soris · .arnonq. them _(CIVIL CODE, Art. 498).
T~e partition of a. thing owned fn common shall not . ,.·-
'prejudice third persons, _who shall .retairl'·tlle. rights of
m·ortgag~, servitude pr any other reql rights ·belonging
- to them before the division was made. . . .
/ .
Personal rights: pertaining to them·_ against the· co-
ownership shall also rerl]ain in forc_e; not'Wit_hstanding
t~e partition (CIVIL CODE, Art. 4,99).
. 2019 SAN BEDA Li\W CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS . .-j 187

. p·R-P.PERTY
SAN BEDA LAW CENTRALIZED BAR_OPERA!fONS - MEMORY AID 2019
. . . . ¥ i&&iSiW ,pgu;µp.4: ffi@_ 'Jt26¥¥'M,0£ ·:&?,i1?!¥ipf¥5!*:; .. %#kW+i:Vi!fii? 7:t=S#i&:+S5\!i#':'lt%

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/
THE-COND.OMIN.IUM ACT : '. .

CR-A, No: 47:?6)·
••• 1..'
·,
.. : .
.. . - I . ..
188'
. : I 2019
. .. SAN
. .BEDALAW
. ..
CENTRALIZED
. . BAR.OPERATJONS
. . ·. . '• \
· · PRO,PERT_v~... =,
. . . .•. 'SAN BEOA LAW,CENTR!iLIZED BAR ?PERA TIONS - MEMORY-At0·io19
0 · . ··
f##§ HWkSfjZm&#~:l4Mi&Hi*:*ft4*fi:AAi\'YWAA:4k£~joJMi#&Y. t-6'UJ.i,k_r¥?i:rn M 4,94iS¥:i eait t#JZi& !dt~#W~1·S #¥%Pt§'#€ • .f ·NFIJ
5. . Each condominium owner'.- shall have . the . · . Not~:' If . thi/ Court finds that the- conditions
exclusive right to-paint, repaint, tile; ·wax;",pap_er provided for
in -this Act or lrithe declaration ·.of .
.· or · ~tt,erwise reflnish .... and decorate t~~- Jnner · -restrictions , have not. been met, tne: Court may
surfaces of. the· walls, ceilings, floors, windows decree .a reorganization of the· project, declarli::ig·
' and doorsbouridinq his ownunlt.. ,',. which 'portion or" portions of .the project .$hall
6.' Each condominium . qwn~r··. -shall .. have · the continue.as a
conqorninium groj¢ct, theowners,
. exclusive right to.mortqaqe.tpledqe.or'encumber and the respective- rights of -:sajg remai~ing
. his. -~Qf.ldOnii~(Urri . an·d; to hc!'-;'.e _)h,El ,'.)arrie· ·:_oy./ners .and just ·COIT]pensatiq.n~ .. if· any, Jtiat. a .
appraised . . independently · .. .of ·-··the other- . condominium owner· may be entitled to due to
· condominlurns .but ahy oJSli_gation·· .. incurred by - . .deprtvation of his property te»; 4726,:Sec. 23). . ·.
_.-_suchcond9miriiqmowneris,personal.tohim;:an9: .. ' ' ·. ,.·,, .. ,.. ' .. ·: ..... ,,;,·· ..... ·
-7. · Each condominium .owner has .alsothe absolute : ·. 5.,·' . That the. conditions. 'for such. partitidn by sale-set
_J rig.tit}o·?:ell:of_d,isp.o,s.e19fhii·co~~~miniu1:r1ul)less forth i.o_, .the · declaration .of '.. restrictions, · duly.
the rnaster .deed contains. a requirement that the . t_ registered in accordance witi1- the terms of this
property be- first offered'. to 'the, condominium Act, have been met (R.A 4726,. Sec.;_~· (e)Y:, ..,_~ '.
/ ow,~r:5.'wit~in a.r~a~01Jc@e;p~(i9ci'of time)efore.
the s.ame.1if oJfer~tl t? .. C>'u.tsi9e -par:tjes .(R,}\..,·No.
,.•. · . .-; _. .-· .... ., . '".:
The o.wne:r pf
.
a:
. .:;: ;..;·
-project', shall, : prjor tq · ·tt,~
<: , .
4726;: Se9. 6). ,t · .. ·· · : ·. , · ..... ." . · .. . ,eoriveyanc·e of any condorr\init.in:r tlierei~, regi?te~ .
. ' .. • - . .. ; . .. . .. . . , a~ a~cl.aratiqn. _9f 'restri¢!ipns ·rel~iing, t9: ,;s:uch .
' "Coin~.o.n ~~e~.?.): _ : , .. / . . . . . . ... ,. , .. . ., project~, wt,iclJ- r~str.ic~ions · shal~ cor.istitt.Jte ,~:..lien ·
The entire prbje.ctexc~ptall urits:~.epa_rately g'ranted : upon_ E)ach co·11dominium in ·the. proJec:!; ;:ind~shall .
· Q(held or. r'e~·eryed (R:1:''No: ·4126, $f!c. 3)-.. ,, in$ure-t_o,anp_oir\d;~II co~po,:nlnit/m 9~qer~ ..ip,t):1e
·· ··, ... . prpj~cl;- ~uc.h'·, li.e,'.is,-,!.mlE?~s · otfi'erwise.~R(ov.iqed,.·
· G¢.~_e.,r:.31_:-Rul~: ... G?rrimo.JJ ;area~ -sllall · semain in"as,.,tie·enfqrce'd by ar)Y'.~Ol]~ci~ini4.rri,owr:ie.r, in .. ·
Lfndivi9ed,.~nd V:iere _sha!', b~-..~o jµ~di~i parf.tion9_1 t~_P(?j{ec~or by_the m~na.ge_~ent_b~d? of ~uch: ·
t~ereof (R.,9.. No. 4.726, Sec·7)... . , . . .. . proJect R.)?. .. 4726,.§ec,.~).. ·. .- , ;,. _. . . .,
. :. __ ":'· :.;r' ". -, ~· .~ .,.·:-~1~ . ; ·~:·.:~\., ';(. .: .· .·
E~_ceptions/_Gro~n~s f?r
P.artJti~n·. (';:;- . _., .- Ccindomfnium Corporation -:._. :·:·,: · -<·.·~, .. ,: . · ~· ·
Where. .several: per,sons.· own· condp~1rnums m~a· Wh~e,n~~-~r, ,t;_f\mirl}QQ ·.irE\?~.' ip\;~ c~o.ii~omini_urri.
. .~9(idominiu.(Tl prpj_ect,-an :acti?r). -~.}',l5e~bro1:1Qht.,b~: . ._.pf_OJe:9 ~r~~l~Jj~ a.~.9;f"1tj?!J.11[)1.UITl,~~O.q~O(at101n; §~9.Q. .
, .-~h~ or. ~9~e ~uG~;.l?e~s9ns for .1;.~(t.i_oi;i .ther,.eof.t:~-ysale. . corp·9rat1)}r.:.slialJi~onst~tt,1te ·!he m~nag~rrient, bq~y .
._oH~-~-'· e_r.i~1re P~PH1.~t-i-Jl~. ( tDe ·o}'.ner,~f .911 .. of ,the. . of.J~e_.;:P:~oj'~~'.' . :;: , · . .' .·- · .. · .•. : ·.·...•...· .:. -.: __,-.'-.· .·.~-_:_
.•... ·~;·....· ·.· .. _,'.) , '~-·.. ~
co~d.om11J_iµfD~·m .. such ,woJe~~ w~r~Tc~Q.w~e.rs_ ~~he ,· ..
_ entire P.fOJect·1.n the same propoftl£l!l !:\.~ their. nter.est~. · The ~cirporate purpose$ .of- such 'a cor.poratiq11.shall '
t'.ti~·
. !O· ·C0mll')Q_I) ia(eas: ·(~.Ai,;.,'4-72_61 Sl/c: B)·· in' .~e. ; --~~ .Hrfii_t~(~o.ld_in_Q·'qt'th~, ~?tn'frior.~Fetaj:;;_~Jth:~r·.··
. : . ·· .fol[t;>v.r.mgq~~~.s:-·; ..7 .:_. -:~: ., · •• ·.. . . • ·. , in ·aw.ner-s.h\p, or· ·any other iptere·st. in re·al property._·
··1... 1hat:three ,ye~rs a~er, damage: or ae·str:uctio.n to recog_n_i~f@.by.law.; ~<?. t,he .!Tl.~n?.g~rn.~·ql,of.tr'; i:l"roj~ct, .
.:' . th'e;;prC>j~.,.cfw~iGh- i:en.q.~~~.:.m.a.t.eri~~~.r'.t. '-tjere15 , .~ ~_gf'l-t~t.§UCl')):otb;er . .pypo,5.e5.~c!~ ·ll)a~;:!~~-·fle~e?sc1ry. __ ·
. ,unfi{ for it~·u~~ 'pr,ipr. tl)e,reto,lth~,.p[oj~ct·np{nqt incidental or ·convenient to lhe accomplishment of·
· ·b~en_rebU(lf"'Of';F81)'8i(ed· SUbsfantiall\,;,te:, ·itS State .. ~'S,·.;. ~ ·.· ' . \· .··.·:\t~,'-~:.·;:_:~.·.-., ·1,'.I,.',;_\._,·,'.'-:_·/._'._:·.·..·
. ··:.s_:~ip_.;~_U(~~·Q·S t.,;,~( •
' prior" to._it~ d~mage or cfesfru,~tio'n; ' ·... :~ ' ,' - - .
. ; 2.: That damage:·or·desfruction··Jtc>"the··projed h·as· .ME:mtQd.elfSfll~.f: mh·... 't·ha>{Stof<;l9min,t!!'.JITIK,:::~QrP,~fatt_1onk; ._; .
,. . , ·· ,_ "· · ··' ·, ., ,·. · . ."rega. ess owe er··1f1.s.a SOG ·qr:non·0soc · .
re0d~"red qne-half 6r. rn¢.re: ...of _t,he. units "therein. ;·cor'P.oration, stjall .nqt·\:ie tra,nsf~rabl_e.sepqralely·from
· u.nteriantal;>le· . ani:L !flc.lt. ~cihdp_m'iniUfl1 .. ov;ihers . · fhe cbriaorrilniCJm'·uriif of',whiGh' it :is·'?.fl. a'ppurtenance:·· ,: .
: :· i . holqing ·in _aggregl:lte,inpre· ttiari· thirty 'pefcent ... When a·membe(or'.stdckhold-er c'eases:fo ov/n {i unif .
.( (~0.%)· ·. i_nterest ·i.n "·'th~:. ·commori \areas·,\ are · ~· in the" 'p'rojecf irf..which tt,ei co'n'dominibm Jorporatio"n. ·
· ·:!:.' : 'q"ppci's{a to·r~p~i(or re'st9ration: <;>f ,thif prbj'e~t; ..... , · · · ownfu · :"ot holds the .' 'ccfrnmon" :_;·~'r~as;: · 'he' · shali
· .3. ·. Thafth'e1proje:d has bEie'n ir-i"_~1cistence.ih ¢xcess~ ,, ,. ~ . · ,, ·. .. ·. ·" · .... , •
·:. · of fifty (50) years, : th~t .it is :obsolete apd . aut()mat1ca(IY. cec1se to. be·.a~·m.E)mb~r or .~tOG_khpld.er·
.. un·econdmic, and thaLcondomiriium dwners · °.f t.he·co ..n~o~Jni~_riFt,o~poration (R:ti~:A?~6! ·$~c!:! OJ.:
'. i1ol~i.r1g _h,' ~9,W~~~t~.'. ,:np.~e; t~~~-· fiffy}~~2.e~f ·· . The_. ~e~rn :~f. ~.
tqn~~rrji~;u~ _;c~r~:o~a-ti~fl\h~IJ -~~- c;-- ·· ·
. (5~~)· J!)~~r~s\_· 1ri t_he .. c-?~mory_ · prea~· are.:, ., termin1:1s· with. the duration" oh.the· ·condominium '
op1~p.~,~?}°.:~~P._a1r -~{ r~s.t?ra~_ro1!_-9r remo~eJmg. or-. p~ojec!;. tht(p~~vis.io,:,s· cfnne. Co.r;porat1q.td:.'a~ .fo; the, '-
_r:n..q~er0f1_n.!!J.o,f th~-p~oJE!c~; .._. · .. :.-: ·.' ·. ·· ·.-> : contrary:riotwithstandi'n!:t(R:A:'.4726,·sec.11) .. · ·;· · _
4 .. That the. proj¢ct' or. a Jriateriar part ther~of ha~. . . ,: . - · . . ·: . , . . . · .. : .., . : >" . . ,
be~n .c6'1id.ernhed.or expropr'iatec:i ans:J tb~qhe , . In, cas!:}' ?f .inyol4cqtary dis.sqlution. of.~_ con_domir:,ium ·.
proje~t · i's' no.' l~:i'n~~r : vi~ble, - or . -tti?t · the · . corporation for-any.of the causes held provided oy law, the 0
'condon,inium owner:5 holding in_a~gregat~ m,o_rE;. common are"as' own,ed .or by-' \he: corp_orat,on
tnan .. sev.eptY:~P~(c"e.nt .j!,~%f Jp.ter~$t. i_n.' !~e' '.. sh.all;- by .way of liquidation, be transferred pro~ihdiviso
, cqmrnon ~r!;las are .. opposed _t9. continuation of · .: anc:i. in proportion l.o their intere~t in th!:?" corporation to
· tti~ COnQ.OniiJJiUrTl regime' ·after. expropriation· br the mempl?rS. o"r sto'ckhdjqers there~of, subject ·to .the.
·conde,mna_t,on-of a''rnateria,l:'porti9·ri .thereo(br: ~uperior.rights of t~e corpora.tfon c'reditors'. : . .
2019 S.~N: BEDA lAW CENTRALIZED. ~~R (?P.ERA TIONS I 189 .

PROPE.R~TY·
S~N B£DA LAW CENTRAL/ZEq ~AR OPERAT/Of'!S - '!'1EMORY AID 2019 . ·
Such. transfer or, conveyance shall be deemed· to be

a'fulL'iiquidation of the interest of such 'members or
stockholders in the corporation. .
1.- S~M~_SPECIJ\L·-PROPERTI~S · ·1
After such transfer or conveyance; theprovisions of

this -Act gciv~rnipg: undivided co-ownership of, or
undivided .interest . in, the common ar:eas . in
condominium ·projects. shall fully apply (R.A. :4726,
Sec. 12J:. .
.. '.
'·
.....
' . ..
-·. ····· .
~90 . ~019 SAN BE~A..'!;..AW CENTRALIZED BAR.OPERATI~~.~ · ·.

P.ROPERTY
• . SAN· BEDA LAW CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIQNS -'. ~EMOR~·AID 2019 •
r!t8¥f¥ lt'ti!#ts::.::w ;i•e• Zit&·!} 2:1' § ctX?!tM4.' W4 ,<¢ t5 , .. !.. aiW¥ti,< :£ :· ;;tet$;g -f4& iffl'hS re, 11$$,;;;:sfiBZ"Z~·k[~,17k~~]
TRAOEMARk AND TRAD.E NAMES.(C/VIL CODE, a. Jus possiqendi- righ~ to ·possession which
.Arts. 520-523) · · · . .__ is· incidental, to or included in. Jhe right of
ownership. (e.g. I owh ·a· house; therefore·, I
Mark ., am entitled. fo·possess it-);-'(PARAS, ~.upra. 9t
I~ any visible.sign capable ofdistinguishi.ng.the goods . 456) ... : . :· · . . . . ~ . _ ..
or. services of: an e_nterprise andc shall . include ·a . b. Jtis · possessionis ...: .right of possession
· sta·mped· or ..m.arked· container of goods ·(R.A. No. · iridepe,:ident fcqrn · the right ·9f own'ership ..
:a2Q3,Sec.121J .. ·· .:~. ·., . -~-· · ··.. ·. · ( e.g. I am renting a hbuse"_form C.- Alt~ough 1.
am: not t.he, owner, still ·by virtue of the lease
Service ~ar_k is \JSEld in the sale. o·r ad°v~rtising of contract, I am· ~ntitled fo..poss~ss. the.same)
s·ervices to identify the .. sefvice~ of _one P.~rson · and . . ·(Id.):' .
. ~l.i~tinguish them f~omserv·i~e·s of qthers, ·and includ.e.s
without limitation ,the marks, ·names, symb'ol.s, .titles,. Requi,sites:
designaiions, slogans, character hames·, ·distinctive _ i. · 'occupi3ncy, apprehen~ion, or taking of ·
feiatures of radio' or: other aavertising ?DE. LEON, ·· , · . ·a thing·or Qght (possession in fact) ·
Prop~rty, 'Supra.' at 327L · · 'w.hi9h may be. aqtt,Jal or cons'tructive (2
· ' RARAS,-supra. at 457)> .- . ·
-T~daNami . . . . ··:ji, '. Delib.erate· intention to posse$S (ani,:nus
. Is a name 9~~designatiori ·ideri_tifying·or. distin9uishi.ng . .possider(di);an·d. . .
-. an enterprise
- . (R.A.No:- 8293;
. sec. 121 . r· '. . · · ....
.· . Note·: An insane. or demented. person .
. La.;,.,s' Gove~~iri'g Trademarks an~ Trade names; : . . . tannot acquire.possession· as they are .
1, · Intellectual Pr0perty\..Cocle (R:A: N9:"8293) ' - . ; : . .· incapable Qf underst,inding the import of
2. Civil Code. · · (_ . ·.thei_r' aGtion.s· (ld.f· ·
.. of .ttie'Philfppines.
. . · :
\ ..
: .'., .
.. :··:.•. 1r:---~ · iii. Byjvirti.ie of one's own right·- iri. his .ow~
l
·_- · .. tname or in that ofanother·(ldJ.· · .
Posse;si~·nmting'cii;h~~:fro~ ~·wne.;s.hip . . . .
'1 ... -·· ·:..
A:perstn ~~\~e.. de9.lare~,.the.owner-b~t h~·.~ay· ..
(1
, .n9.! t;i,lent1tlea',t(? .possession .. _. · -~ : ·· ,

2,· A; p&fsonJrj,ay have introduced improvements
. · tli~on of~ich may riot be deprived without tfe
:. · '. possess ih· one's own. dght- (CIV)._I::. "G©QE,.,-Ai't. . ... due he9ring, He:rha{h.ave other valid defenses
·
523). . . . .·
... .:.
.
.... ·. . -,,.
·i . . ..,.i . ·.
. , · .· :. ·.
y. ~-:
1)9,:r~sisfsurrerider ()f. pb~s~ssioh. '. _· -
3:··· Judgme_qt for· ownership does not necessarily .
c ',
2. · : As. a·'f'.ac~ - (existence) when, there is hold(ng or · · ihclu.de-'pos·session .as a necessary .. incident. (2
enjoymen~:(CIVIL CODI=, Art. 5.231. . ~/2AR~S')supraa.t 458). ··. ·. ' · .,
. - .. ,· Th~ f;;t of pos~-~~siq~ ~i~~s ~ise. to eert~it[lrght~ . _· ~'egr~~~~ .: -- ·.---· ·--· . : ._,.. _' ·. .. -~ ·. :. ·.. ' .·•. .. . _
. and.' presumptions •.. ·s.uc:h,._:as .' thf' right-.tg· 'be ' · .' ~t·. Gramma~ical .Degree: Possession without 'any -, •.
_. . . res.pt;f~ted in· his· possession, ~an~t ~ho"uld he, be title whatsoever-. mere hoidjng· withou] anY. _right ·
. · ·. disturfied- t~·'?Yein;. he, shall ; be ·pr~tected in~. cit .a.t all· ( e.g:'ihief.or_ squatter) ·(OE !;.EON,. Property, ·
·. restoredto saldpossession -(CIV(L.'COD.E,-Art: supra at.3;39); · .. ··. . , :. · .:;..!·, :. · · · ... , .· .
· 539) .. · · · .·· 2, ·. Jur:idical. Po~~ssiQn" Poss.e~sion.with juridieal ·
.... . title . -. p'redicated ·on ·-juridic.ar~:relation. existi_ng
·, Possessjon'is D'ot·.i(difiriitive ·p~o·cit:of ownership· . betwe·eri·· th¢ J:>ossessor°"and ':the ··owner. (ex.
nd· . i5:.'no!:l~poss:ess16n<1,r1.con·si.ste"nt iherey.,j_~h_:,..... ·.. lessee,;ust.ifructlJary, dep(:)'sitary, agerit, :pledgee
(Heirs ·of ·G. Bpfill v.· C<4, G:FJ.. JYo,,107930, . : ··and.trustee).(ld.J; .. :· :. _. .
· October .. 7, · 1994). It is 'welf'~stablished . th~t".. · . 3: · . Real· P.ossess9ry .,Right:~ Pbss·~ssio'n · with. ju~t
o~ners,hip ·: a_n~ .. P.~~se.s~iq.n. '. ~re:~ two-.
.rntirely,. : .title . ..:.: th.~.... p_ossession· _bf a·n. adverse .. claimant
. . . .. d1ff~rent legal . corc~pt? ... (Sg_otJses: Sabio· v. whose title Ts SlJffi<;:ient to transfer owne)~Sh.ip but
... ·... .lnt?r.na.tio.nql Cqr.porate.: 'f?a_n~, G.R. fl!.9.. J3.27p9, . · i_s' defective (ex:·wh~n the:selfe(. is rot:fh~ true· ..
· - . ·. · . 9eptef!1ber·4, 2001 :'. ..Heff.s £?f.Spouses.Arcifla v. owner or .could:not. transmit his rights the'r~to to a
. · · . Teodoro,.G.R. !:Jo;__ 1.6.2886, Augus~ 1,1, 2008). . .. ·possefasor.'wfio.aded in. Good Faith) :(Jd.); o:r..
J4.... Do'rnfnh.im: Rossessidri .wfth. aJitle. in. fee simple
3.. i,.s a right.:...'(c.bnseqtienc~s) tl)e .ri~htpf a ·person ...,;. de.rived from : the · right of .· dominion or .
. to holc:J. or .. enjby .to 'the ·e~.clusior:i- of gll others . posse~sio.n of an· own~r; th~. highest de.gree of .
· . h.aving bette,r' right thari: th'e _p6ss~$~6('. .:. · ·:·possession (Id.);:. ..1.· •· ·.··-::_-,: :,
- ,.· . . . . .
:. . -·
20+9 SAN.SEDA LAW:'CENTRAUZED _BAR OPl;RATIONS·,j 19.1

_ , PROPERTY
SAN B~DA LAW CENTRALIZEDBA~ OPERATIONS - ME~ORY AID 2019
192 I 2019.SAN BEDALAW·tENJRAU:ZED BAR OPERATION$.

. . ' -· - .. . . . ·. . . . . .\ .... , .· ',;·
--------------------~. -
P·ROPERTv··
• SAN BWA LAW CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS - MEMORY AID 2019
c;m:;i, d ,ii4#f~ et; ¥JtUP ,! :r¥J??t8~~*!. s&•-0!'.i !Ml W es:r·m; :iE#f4Hi if.: .. ;#% a:» m:: :':§@i@fk;::s
1
cw ;:e.f?R.:!S.t\ i4 if"E.41
·: · _:'that ..,tl:1~ thing belongs to ~in:,(Cl\{JL Article 528 of the-New Civil Cope. provide that
COQE, Art. 526). . . • . ._. . .possession acquired in qood faith does not
·I
lose his. character,' except in, a case' and from
b. .In . ·bad·. faith . (CIVIL; C()DE; Art .... 92,6) - · the .mornent facts exist 'which show .that the ·
_'. ':- pb~ses~or '.is . 'i!w~r~ . of . the , flc:1w thal .. possessoris :npt 'un~y/~re.th~the possesses ·
· 'invalidating. his .tit.le .. · the - thif1g' .. improperly or: :. wronqfully.
·.. . . .. . .. .. . . ~ ···. . .. . Possesslorr-tn good'· faitJ,: ceases from the
Bad faith does not simply connote bad · · moment defects ih the-title are-rnade known.
t ju<;Jgment ~fn{glig'ern\e:)t .q9n·t~rriplates:·a . .. to' the pos~~ss'ors; by extraneous 'evide.nce.or
... · ;·stat~. of. mi_nd .affirmF,1,tivelf 9pcrat!n.Q., with qy suit for recovery of the.property bY.111~ true:.
:'.furtive ..de~ign or SO[l)e .motiv~ of ~elf-in!erest owner: Whatev~r- may. be the cause .or .the":
'or'ill~will for ufferior purposes (Villanueva v. · fact frorrr-which, it can be deduced that the·
-· . s_angiganbayf!P,::,_.G._R,. .105607.,. June_ No.- -, possessor-bas knowledqe Of the defect of his
... '· .. _ .2_1j}Q93)..~. -"• i:... · . . title or- .mode of acquisitio'n, 'it,~must be:
considered· sufficient to .show bad faith (Ren
. ;' O~IY. p~:rs~~~I 15ribWl.ect'g~ bfthe flaw_'i~ one's . . . Q_~velppm'ent ' Corporation . ·and· .b:as · BfiS?,S:
title or· mode bf acquisitio'n can .make him' a. · R~sort' {Jorporatibn, vs. ·.Martine; Lf!y/Ja lnc.,
poss~ssor ,fri b~_9.Jait~ .. )t. i_s_-riof tr.~ijsmi~sible.
. .- .G:R.'No. ....21·1845,'August
-",
- .. 9, '20J,7).
. '~ .
'·
e,ven tb an heir. · ·· · · .. · "
' · r •· _ ln:·the ~b~enc~i:~f-~t~er'facts showi~g tp_e ..·

~b~ies;ion'. in ~-60~-.f~ith -ce~se~ frb·m. the · ·· possessors: . km:i:,vle<:lge,.·· 9009 -. faith· f S
moment 'd,efects in his .title are mad,e known . '. __-interruptecf_:.fr'oni'"the ... receipt' c5f service .of
), : '( · ~6 'fhe:'pqsses'sor · (DE-CE,Ofj;, P.rC?.P~°q·i;; supra -judicial summons (DELEON;,Property, supre ,
·af.35'f). '. · . • .I·.- . , - · .at:·J54J .. ·.. . · ·- · ·
·, ', ..
~.. • •
. . . . ."'', ·-
• • •• ,,
~ : I"'
The·ciistin~liqn-:qetv.ieei:, po.ss.essio1:i,.in good .- l~date .. of..~ervice .ofe.summons cannot be . ·

..' i ·.· .. faith" ·a·n'd ', i:i'qss.ession in bad, faitt?'~Js. of . . . ·aete~inec:I;'- .then gooa,: fafth~, .ls' deemed .
·'- ir,np0tt~:ince. p°ii'ncf p911y: in /onnection.wit ti th~ ' . · '.interwpted·.at the' date bf filing.an 'answer. (Id..
. . . . '•receipfoffru.ifs_an'd the P.~Yrne_nrof'expj§'nses . . ~ .ap541)\ .:~ ·. . ,.~··> ' », • •" • .'
.....
. -~~~· _l~pr_over,n~~!~·'-:un_9~[~~ §4 . ~_?5~; . .:1 . · ·., J. l; \. · :· · ' : '' · ·: · .· . . '> :" · : ·
•
.. · anci< ·,tl:i.E} _a,cq1,J1s,1.t1on·. ·~ ..<?'.NIJ9~W.P.· : ~y I 13.. Extent:o,Pqs,se~~on: :: :· :._, .. . . · ··; ...
·. "f\l'~~r.ri·~jio~ 1_1r)<iA.r Art~ff,,p7.
~~.~ay§r.,__su.~h1·: ~ ,·1. ActLt 1 · po se.sslon:'- .~.c?Lipancy in:-:fa~t ·yr (11~ _
. ·: g1stmct1on IS 1rn111atenalJn th~ ew~1se oqQe l;i;J . ·'Wnol.e QC at le~1;1bstant1ally the.whole ~rop~rl¥- ..
. right to recover unde'r'J!:rt .. 539..,wM::t) sp$laRs _u 2-. 98strue~e c
....po!_,~.!:lssion ."'=· o.ccup'ari,cY"of p~rt. ·m ..
. ·. · 'of.every po~s.e.ssqr (ld .. at-347). . . ..'the·:~ name .. · ·of · the' ,;..whol~r <under;' such)
. .,
.,_ · .. ····: .. : .. ·:
///
~./ :. : ·_·....
~ ....... ~
· -. '··
' ;'l.. ,' . '
•••
·.· drcum~taiices.-'',thaf::ttie
J •• . ' .. ~ , ... :·,1aw ' ,'ext~nds·_:the:--.
' ...
. ·.. :_ ;.: . ':Mist~~e.upon_ ~..d_9uptf1:1l},r, qiffl(:ult que~t1?n ·· _o6cupancy to_)he pcisse~sion. of the:wh.61eJ(OE
~ · · .. ' . ·: of law, whicli may .be .the b~sis C?fgo~d ·fFJith -uiGN,·P.rdp·erty; supra at'340}. · . - .. : · · _
. . under Ark 526, refer.s to hones~·error,'in Jhe. · ·.... c, . : .~ ... ;; , . , :. · · :. •• ·· . • - • · •. ·
'. · , . . - . appJiG~tipn: .o,!.::t.tJ~:- (aw _o.r~'ifi_!~rpr~ftfori of. ·D~ct,rine 6.i·:c~n:~trudive _p.osse~sio~ . . .~:.-. : .
·J : · . :c:1ou_btful · 9r., c:onflic,ti~g· _leg'!~!-· P..r0.v1~,1@r:i,s ._gr · . _. . Possi:issio-n in the eye_s._qf.thefaw-dcies hotmeai;i ·
, . ·. > .. ·aacfrfn.es',,tiuffs· d1ffe.rnn'Urori("igiicir~ik.e of . . ·. ' .. that.a rhari h~s;to:hvave b1,s .feero.n,,EN~ry squar.e.
_,./' ... ~ th_e_·ia,.v;"__a~·v.:li'e~,a P.i;r.sci.n
_qcgu.!red,pr.~perty . . ·.· rT}et.e( of grou.r1d·I)ef9/e it: sai~tha~ ~~ is.iri ca.r\h~
· by:? de,e9 wh1c;h·Js ..abso[utely v~1d ~~cau~.e.1t : · ·. p.ossession·(R.amos v: D1recto,r of Lands G,f!· No._
<: ·,. is ih yfolatio'n.pf prohit;,it9ry laws '(ld.'·.at·35.1'). 132J)8 ~Nove(hber 10,,'1918)'. :..:· .. ; ·,_ . ,: i "·
.·• :- -~ .= ·~ ~. ~ . •.. ··.~-' ·_ ... · : ... ··. -·=··/'·~. ··,._ ..· .·-~y.:: . . - .. ·· '} .... "., J ·-~'. .. ·;· .·-..;···~ :.~:.-._ -~ ..... • •• :·: ...
... Bad,faitQ)?·persoria! . .J,ust;~e-~_au:~e·a 'pey,;;_o~n ,_ .Posse~s.ion· can be acquired· not or:ily·by.m·aterial, ·

. ', is..'· in. -bad fa_it\1 .d<?,E:lS not. m,e~fl _lh9t hlS' ·. · 09cJpatj6n.: ))lJt_ al_s·o ,bY,° the ·fat:::t_ t_hat,:a· th_iQ9_. i.s
s'uccessor.s:in::lntefrest· anf als.o irr ·~a.d. faith subje'ct to the:~ct,io'n o.fone's. will orJ>Y the··p~oper
>(l{~p.6_4j.:· >. .. .- -. :. . . . :· .: \,\., .. ·. ac_ts >~.nd
.leg~I .: f_oh~°!~(i.t!e~ . ,~~tab.~i~~~d,. :.!°.; .
acquirmg.suJ~!):nght: Pos?ess1qn ~an.qe acqu1re_d
A- lessee who con.ticiues ;tay on the 'iq. · by juridical a~t$:·Thes·~· are ~els .to·whfch the law
·-... ·, premises .-au~r th_e expif<?tion '9f . the , lease . gives the fore~ bf acts.9f'p·q~ssessi~n, Ir] p_ne ca.se.,
... · .. ·... .C.91'll(~~t.j~:dee~E}~ a_~pU[f;i.~r;.?s SlJ9~·.he,?ias · ,. · . this i Court :·has ;:considered a· .claimant's: act· of.
·.. : , ·· becorue.a possessor. m bad (a1tt')_ (Repllblic v. · assigning' a. c~ietaker over the' dispute.d land_,
'. ._ . . Diaz, G:R.. No.· :L~36486~ .August .
6,' -1[)79).- '.
·-·: .·· ... , who c'ultivated the sanie. arid' built, a .hut thereo(I,
.. as ev.icJence:ofthe'claimarit'S·pOSS8!,SiOn of the.
Pos~ession in.:-cgood faith is ~onverted , to . $.aid. land (Mun}c;ipal. ·Rural Bani{ of'Libma(lan,
pos~~ssi9n jn bad f?ith from th~· 111<?ment Cainarine's Sur ,v.. Ordonez; G.R: No:.··204663,
facts , exisv-·snowing the. po.ssessb(s Septernbw.27; 201_7). ·· -.
. ·. ·~- . :. knowledge· of ·ttie _flaw (CIVIL CODE, Art .. '·
528). ·. . .. '··
·201~ SAN' BEDA LA w CENJRA,LIZED BAR OPERA TIO.NS I 193 .

PROPER-T.Y .
. SAN BEPA LA_W CENTRALIZED BA_R OPERATIONS~ MEMO.RY AID 2019 . .
..: ·~iff!t,'??i '®fr.:Zf;9i¢iiS¥i-W! ;·#-#:~.,= :: tttcNR#S<e: ®#?#' §9?t46158~$MW::ti&M@t% , 11M*i_?Mif'#P!?ifuSiAAt!'4 4ffi'iz..¥A
. It is .essential that Ifie property, be not in the Manner .of . Acquiring Possession (CIVIL CODE, _
_ adverse possession of another- (Sarmiento v. Art. 531): . · . .
l.esece, L-15383, .June·30i" 1960). · - 1. Material occupation of the thing or exercise of a
Jurisprudence states. that the law does not right - includes (both .actual ;'delivery and
require a_ person to have his feet on· every square, constructive delivery . ttrsditio brevi. manu and
meter of the. ground before it can be said that he constituium poss'essorium); . \. -.
is in. possession thereof. In Bunyi vs. Factor, the · 2. 'Subjection to our' will.- this includes tradition
Court _ field. "that: "visiting the . property on __ · lohga ·maqu and "{raditio symbolica;_ or . . -
weekends and holidays .is evidence ·of .actual or · 4. Proper acts and legal formalities· established for
physical possession. The -fact -of her .residence . . 'acquidng, such··fight .(DE LEON, 'Property, supra
somewhere else, by itself, doe's not resul] in loss . . at 358); . . . . . . . . ·--...
· of possession-of the subject property" (Spouses: · ' .: ·
Fahrenbach v, P-.angilinan,:· G.R. NQ. · · 224549,. Rule's irr the Acquisition of Possession
Augus( 8, 20~7). _ . · : . Mannerof Acquiring Possession: .
. . 1, Personally or by the same person who is to.
'Prasumptlons in Favor of the-Possessor: enJ~y-Ji; . - · • · . ·;· ··. - . ·:·
1. Good faith (CIVIL CODE, Art .. 527); '. Requisites: . ' . J
. 2. . Oontinuity of: initial _good'.faitli (Cl.VIL, CODE, Art. . a. ,_-'_·Intent fo possess; .: . '
· . 528);· · . ,· . . . . ' b.: Capacltyto . possess: . and,_ . . :.
3:: Enj0.yf"l)~nt. in ·the·.- s~me c_h~racter. i~~hi~h~c-~ject must-be capable of beif'lg possessed ·
_ p,OSSeS~IQn. was acquired until the. ·C.0ntrary IS·u A l"):·.-~ · . • .,. . . .. , .".
pf~v.e_d·(CJI/JL_.C~JD_E, Arl.. 529); _
4 .. Noh-Interruptiori
1c\ F\,. -, .
lfl . favor· ..pr~9':J~Ser)f• 1• -......~e~.nlat,ve or ~gent;.
· 4~ \'TJyou~h ~-~-a,~Jhonzed person ,o_r by his ~egal
. . . . '
..
·, ·
posse_ssor ·(CJYIL"_ CO_D[=,_ ~(i",;-55#-J_;,,and ~
hereditary property (CIVIL._fODE';fo}/533):-- ·*·· -,
- . ........;, ... "-,,.: ..&~· .
R~,q~1s_1te_s:._...A. - . ·. ~ , .. ,
· ·. · ' . . .. · .
'. · . 5. _ Contii:iu~us pqs!:,~ssion bjt~21i""h'ofec9~ fJ ]S:- W. ~- }i~¢nt_ t_q A~ 1 7~. ss·f_or. pnnc1p\~I;.· . _ . . ·
· ·._. · · ., , R0sse:ss_1on,of wh1~h he_ wa_s wrongfullw.depnv~d ~ ./&. ~- ~~t~~nty~~~1}~_c,ty ~o·po~s~~s.-afld _.
,·' - . . ((}/VIL.CODE; Art .. 561);/ >,-;..:..., { '- ,{""-\,(\ c. · P lnC_IPcjr..§;S,mt'~nt.an~. C?pac1ly_ \o poss_ess.
, , , 6 .. 'EJ:<terislon of po_ssessiori ~~"re,¥11 prop~rty .._t9, ~II il:JI- ;;, --~-, .·. : - ·t~- ... · _ . , · . , . ·::
. movables contained tnerem-(@IVJL COD~'Arf}, rjl:_3:'Jtrhrough.an unauthonze~·per~o_n-or _by a.oy·
', . q42);_ . . . · .. j ~f.. -~~>~mw~p~r~/n_s·with_&0't~a~il>owe(or~~thority; ·
..• -:,.:. .. 7-,_. Jus.t title ·(CIV{L f:lODE, 'l\fr.!"§4"-1)1 (11_ ·. . . . _,,.,-:, ..e, . wh'~~- } . ·) . ,
.. 8. 'Coflti~uity. ?f p'o~sessio{qf ~r~~ert~j)~s,tly los,%l ~ _,k;)/ . ~
·: · ~/ · :' _ ·. · <
- ,., -,but leg911y rec(:lver~d (Cl'i{Jtlcof2_E;~A~)"5.,61);-1~ M@.·Regw_i,.ite~-hi. · . :- ·· . . .-~,
9:.~ .Poss;e~~ion -~.0ring intei\ieni~g~p..,e~id{l;Ji& VII':.' ._,,W. ~i '.~nt;o;·po.~s~s~. for __ another - prilici1?i:ll; · · ~ ·.
c.'' C(j)[2E._ Art._.1·138,P_ar. ~); ac_d /~'-,_··· · -. · . er-
· . .C~P,~ylt(~f ~!PC~Pfto poss·es~;_·a_~9, . :
tO: ExclQSJVff~P.OS?es~,?~. _of ~-~0mr:ri~11.pr.geet!_Sl:l ~-, Fert1\~9-·. 'R2tlfJcat,o~ t5y ~nnc,pal ·C?'f.f1:RA-S,:,s_upra at .
. . . !:la:C.h.9~t9f_the part1q1pants __ ~1the1r_a11,tted.-¥trcir.el~~-- ~~~l&~i
· ·. . _ · . ;· / . : .__ , _· _ -:·· · .· .
·.·,.. , L!P.OFI d1y_1s~on-{C/V/L ~QDE;_Art. ~~(.9/i~<'\,)·:1
-: . ,·:.- ·, ·_ ..
. ' .·. , -.- ·. · · ,_ ·" '. ,- , " - · - \:J} . ~ A r;_Jot~· I.~~ 3, posses·s,on.,shqll 'l'1ot b~0• c;.o.ns_1dered as
·._·•• ·_:· · -
. o'bj~ci'of_p:o~ses_si~~- .. · . . ·. · ._ ·. :.\ .: . : ':;.vµ~~!~'in~ p-~~s,~6.'.:1n·-~who~·e.'p~nie t~e)~~ b~: , ..:;

p~neral J~µI~: ··All::tli1r1gs_:~md. qg~hts: su~c~pt11;i]e"'"'0~8~S,se,~~!.~P (~~~, e~~c:.:i-te?·-:~~F-- Jjl1fi~d- _.t~_e...~al'fle,,: ., ··:,
·be1r;ig:ap):ifdpna.ted.(C1Ylt ·CODE; Art. 530). . . _ · "'{1tho!Jt :(:lfeJud1ce. to th_e ·iunp1ca_l .cqqse~uences of · .
- - .. - · . , ." .- · . .-, ·. ,_ · ,.,:..._ . , . . . · ._negptidrUn(gestiq .in,\~:~},ropei: ~~s& (~o'.j.. : , -· .
_,. · Ex~~~ti:b:~~i (P~~~) ·. · . · .. ·.: ,- · ' · · · · ·· - .. · .. ,., · - - · · · · .. ·.; ·
· J .· .E_rot:i'erty,ofpubli(dominio'n; · .. Acquisjti~~ .by S.uccession (Mortis ·causa) '
2: ... Res·corhi'ntJfles; ·. · .. ' ·.. •.. :·· ·.- -:. _. .. . /' ·. 1.' ·Ti.~~e-:<o(..1~.CJ~i~Hioh :;~_ lf:-the .. ih_her.itance is
-3 .. : Easein'e.nt; and ._· · . · · ·..... · - , . :. __ -~ · at:c.epfed;·:. tlie' ·€!$fate ~is . .transinifted .._. without ·
4·.. ·fro.hi~ited_by.,law {2:PARAS; 'supra ii {82}:: . ·:.'irit~Hupti~n fro6i: ihe?cleath: o(.th¢ :p.r~dece$~or: . .. ..:..
, · .. ·· · · · - · , ,. ·· · · · Bllt the. h'eir whCtre.pUdiates. is'."de~med' neyer. tO · · · ·
ACQJ.:Jlsi:r.10N oi= .'P.OS.SES.SION · (C/VIL- .. COfJE, ,' · ··,. · liav"i:l . ac'quire'i:I ··possession (C/1//J._. CODE, ·-.A'rt: . ~ :~. · ·•
Arts(531~538)_'. - · .. · ··, ·.. -._.-:- .- ..· .. ' ··_ ). }.:\ -~~-3)..... _ ~- , · : . :, - ... : · , ,_ .-: ... ~- ." -~~
!=ssefitial r~q-l!)riments-for acquiring pqsse§"sio.n: ' :, ': :· N,ot~: A.n h_eie_ ciri ;ell),{>/·h;teyer·iilght, nter:est or - .. : . :. .f
· (Cl)". . ·. :' : -·- . . . - . : . p.prticipatidn he mpy n'ave · in "tti1:( property under: . · -·-· -··
, . 1·. j;~Qrpus (or ttiing·physic;:i_lly·detain.ed); a.nf . · . · . -~ ·.. · a~mfri[itra\iori, si.ibjec_t to the result'· o[ s~id. '
. 2:~. !ntfopo_· poss_ess (expre_ssiy. 9j· implieqly), (DE · .-administratior:i, ·(OF LEO('J, Property,-, supra· at·,
LEON, Property,_ supra,af'337)i. ., 362).' . . .-. ·· .:· ,. ·
,,
. ;.
. .· '
·~
194· 1.20\~ SAN BEDA·LAW CENTRALIZED BAROPERATIONS

P RO-P:E.R·TY .
. SAN BEf!A LjlW CENTRALIZED BAR.OP~RA_TIONS - MEMORY AIQ 2019
~ t7 fl,• MA# :eW ;a vw; f&f#Ji:±_sw1mwtt1nmi!N¥flrffii¥e ±2~ &,3 E>@»i.- tm ~~ az.2 »w:!4t-ift_~ &¥i$Z !f?i::: s;g i'J!Jfi&"t;iftk at zr£~ .
·From tnemoment of-death of the de_cedent, ea.ch Acts merely t9le'rate·9 are those which,·by,reason
bf his heirs becomes, the· undlvided owner of the of neighb.ourliness or' familiarity, th~ owner of
whole e'state !eft wit_t:i respe~t io_that portio·n-which property, ?!lows his-neig.hbour or.another person
· - . might be adjudicated-to him (Id.). ·. ·. to de:> _on the prop.erty (2 TOLENTINQ, .supra at
' .. ' ,. :-·-. -. '.· 268)., . . ·, .. ~-1 .
2. If the inheritance- i·s ·v_alidly renounced, the- heir

is de_eme'd .never fo h?ve po'ssessed the same Note: ·It is diffi_culf t~ graw a-tji_vi.ding line .b~twe.en
· ( CIVIL COD~,· Art::533), ; , · .- · . . . . . tolerance of._the ov,_.,ner· and ?t:iandon'menfof nis .
rigjlts ..when: the': ~cts :·of· the\- p.psse~sor are.
3. .; ~ffec.t. of b~d faitb of ·tfJe:;: decedent :- One-who · reP,eated;especisi:lly wtfen- tlie _lap_s_e onime has
·, succeeds by hereditary' title .shall not suffer the consolidated and aff_ir~E?~ a relation the:'leg~lity.
. - consequences of the wrongful possession of the · of the origin ofwhich.c;:an. be ac:,upted. When th·ere· ..
decedent unless- it· is :·shown, that .he .had is license or permis.sio_n, t_tie-prciof-is easy/It is-for
.' _·kno~ledgei of the. defects affecting _it;_.but th-e , the court' tcf 9ecide in,:each .case whether th~re
effects.·qf:.po_ssession in -good 'faith ,sha)I r= exists~ mere ·tolerance'. or an· aoando'nmenf of· ...
· benefit himexcept from the death of the decedent , . rignts on.the part ofthe owne'r·(4.MANRESA 196-
( CiVIL ._COQ.E;"Art·.5_34). . ... ,197 as cite.cl ih'.2 TOLENTINO,,sopra al-269).
.... - ··,--;· ,::.'. ·.·! .• ... :, .
::.. · :-.. . . ..·· ,: - \·
.Tackinq of, ·~ossession: .The latter- part of'-Art . · Sileoce. or inaction. is iiegltge_ne:;e'; ·not tolera!)ce:
·534 is not applicable if- the father (or-decedent)· . But whe~e a Qerson'occupies, another land w_ith
'liacl.'b.~e·n. iri gocid faith; for the.son (or'heir).would th.e. latter permission (tblerarrce), 'the,occupier, no
not __ suffer. In such a case .• the. po'sses~iOn-otllit· matter,how. long''he 'may-' remain,. can- never
father in good faith is added to the possession of a-cquire .ownership, ~etause'. he ~,·never h.ad
the son 1n:,gqo~ faith, ~nd,_we··cai:fnorsay._~hat1t~~ pos~gssion
. .
(2-PARAS;
. .
·sup'ra
. 9.t 497)
- ..
·:.: ..
-
effects . of .• possession· ::ir;: · good·- . faith> shall

. .· -cornrnenceontyfrcm the decedent's death .. .: l?.ossessiori, by. mere ·tolerance is·. not c:idve'rse.·.
. . . . .. . . ··. . - . ~: .·c ;- . · Thus·, ·it poes~rfot start,the' r-unriing .of the period of· ,
: A~q-uisltio-~ by Mino.rs and l·n~ap·a~ifate9,;Pe;s~nJ ····:. · .- ·acqui_si.t~~P._re~~ri~ti6n (Id·.~·,.· ·,, · _··::_-~- .... :;- :.
'General' Rule: . Acqutsltlon: of.. posse,siOQ_:' b~( Jhe
ac_tioi;i.__·of ·our will, and··-1:>.y._.pfope~c.t_s aodflegal.
1.·· I\
· :~- . Thro~1ih' ~la_n~es~i_ne efforts, sec~et po.s'ifossio~ •.
' . .
f9rm:a1ities:,~_.gre· · not '·?pplicabl~~o in~ap'a;'eitat~ _,:a~d. l'~hovt_.th\knoJl~dge of;·the P~?ses~o.r::of a .
persons· subject to._:th_e .: law~p · su:ccession.· ai:}d\ · thing!(CIV L .CODE;, :Art. ~37). . . . . . ~ . .
:"';.,.
. 'donation _(CIVIL G_O_·D'._~,-A_(f_._- __5;35J__ ,- . -. .
.v -. ..: . :·
~ ,· Requisit'es· . ··· r
. E~ce~ti6n:··Minors.·and· 1ric;apaciramd"perso~~ rl}a_y.. · a .. The actsare not public; and+ ,
acquire, . the : physical; "posses.'sioQ, -~of. :c~rporeal b. It 'must be
unknown to ·t~·e. possessor >or .
. properties; BUJ -they need _the!' _assistance,;of their·.. · owner. · ·,-· · .' · · · · · · · · ·
1e·g~l;represen~ativ~s:·i9._ord_er_,to ~:i:ce~l5"'the/i'9bts~-------;.;.i : ·...
which -fro.m tbe possession arise in the1 fav.our,,(DE Note:. A per~9n.-w·h~- believ$~ t,inise.lfc!,!_ntitfed to .
. LEON,, Property,~upi-a. at. 365). . . ... . . . - thef possession- ot-12.roperty. m·a·y nof takei'the _law
intO·his hahds-(Bishop bf <:;_e_bu.v: Ma_ngaro"n,'f?f? ..
Not_e;:C-v\inors and
incapacitated-persqr,s !'[lay a_cquire· . No. · 1748, · June· 1-;· :1-906; · Spouses 'Ailtat6' V.:· ..
property·of rig_htsJiy PrEl.scription,-eitheir.per~onally o.r :D(Jblada,· G.R. N_o. · 17~9Q_B;Februar/4,·2010) Q°r.·
. 'th'ru .the,ir'parerits', 'gua'rqians, orl~gal representatives . .else he .will be 'ni'ade to 'st,Jff~'r the conseque'rices ..
((?fYIL (;ODE, A.rt: -1107). :· . .· ' . of:his la,wi~ss.n~ss (S'ant{ago'V: Cruz,G.R~ N_o:- L- ..
. · ./ . 31919; f'v!arc!J 21/1930).:-·t=or _this_reasofi(Article .
Mocies Througti-Wtiich possession.:'Can-~ot' Be · 536mandates:that he must invoke.lhe-'aid of.the: .
Acquired: -(FT.G) . : . .. ·.. . . . . : .. . cbmp'etent cou'ri, -·if th~ holder. shbuld'refU$e·to" :
t ..... T~rough f.orce o'r· inWni_dation, AND, as long as . · deiiver the~tliing .. · · • · . · · · .. · · · · ·
. there 'is a:
pos.sessor who objects. thereto (CIVIL · · .. -. :·· · · ··
. : : : __ CbDE,.Art. 536):.. · -..... · ... · .. Co~fli_ct:Between Sev.~ral Cl.~,im~11,f~: .. ._ .
. · . · _:__.: · · · ,~ 'General•' Rule: Posses'sion as·-''a facr· cannot be
_:N~te> .. For. all. )nter:it~ _and purposes,: a. J~~al. r~cognized:_. at, the, '.sa1:ne--: time . .in. -jwo-· differe.nt ·
·. possess.at, even if- physi~ally, ousted, ·ii still' : petsd.Pa!ities (CIVIL GODE;·1fit538). .: '. :_· · : .'c' · ·
·deemed -the leg.al posse~'sor· (Cequena . v.
~olante, G.R.., Noc' 1.37_94_4; 'April 6; 200~).: . Exceptio~-s: rn-.case·ot co-:-poss.ession when.there is.
no. conflict -and possession ·in diff1frenf cqnc_epts 'or .
2. Through mere Ioler.anc_~ (CIVIL COf2E, Art. . · cliffe.rent degrees (DE f-EON,.Property/supia.at371).
. . . .. - l ~-
-,~37).·.
. 2019 SAN.-B,EDA
. LAW CENTRALIZED
. .. BAR
. OPERATIONS
. 19p
-PROPERTY
. . .
SAN BEDA LAW CENTRALqi::6 BA{l OPER/!.,TIONS - MEMORY AID 2019 .
·. ',
' . '
Criteria-in Case of-Dispute: : N'ote:Jitulo coloredo is what is meant 6yi'just title" iri
1. P.fesenl/actual possessor shall be-preferred: the, law·of prescription, and not tltuto vertiedero y
2. · If there are two possessors, the orie-lonqer in vetido; for if it .were, the latter, there could. be no
. possession; . . . . '_ . . . · necessity of -still '; acquirinq ownership +thru
3. ·_If thedates of possession are the same, :the one . prescription, .the qrantee being;-already: the owner
with.a.title; and· . · : . , . _ '. ' · - . ($0/is v. CA,'. G.f?.' Nb: 1)46°753, August 25; J989). ·
4. If all the .. above are equal, the fact bf possession - :
shall" ~e_· -judJcially determined,. · and . in the .. · P0psses"sion,-in the- Concept ~JHolder: .. -
meantime; the· thing 'shall be placed· in judicial , 1.. Lessees: · ·
dep~~it (CIY.lt C.ODE, Art .. p3_8).' . . . . 2. Trustees,' inclt,J<jin~f,p~rerits· over.the properties,
. .· 1 · : · .• , • ., .· · ·· · -,. • · -r- · • . • . .. if their children; and husband and wife over: each
~FFEG,TS/OF. POSSESSION '(CIVIL° COD'!;, Arts. _othe($l)roriert'y; J · . · · . .. -
539-561)./ ' CY- . 3. · Antic~tectic creditors; . .
·" .. ... 4·.;_ AQ_ents~·-: : . -.·. · - ' -, · ·:,:
· .· --_Right~ of.E~~ry, Pqs5ess0r .(whether. in the.concept _ 501' Altor.n_ey:s regarding' theirclient's properties;
.· of.ano.wn:er,·or,anblder): -,,- '. · :· . 6: :oepositari_~s·;·ar:id·.-· .. : ; :<;«, .r : ~-\ •. ·, · "
1. 'T.o· be.respected-in .hls .. possession: ·.. · 7: . Co-owners (2 RARAS, supia' at'523):. .
2 .. Tobeprotected in or; restored to said possession .. ' :: ... · · . : ' .. :::, \:': .. _ . : ·"'.. . . . . -,
. ~. ,·-by-.l~gcJl ..means should-he _be,,disturbed \her~in; · 0 N:<?te: Possessioruofreal ..property presL;1.rj1es;'.that ofr .' · · ·
. . . : $~d. . . "' _: ..._. ,• . ' . . : ::J:. ·---~~tl:Je....moyable~ t~er.eiri; s:O :l~~g _as(it ·_is-~oqh_own or_ .
3 .. -To.~esure,from_,a'.c9~pe~eri!~~-q~rt.1~~-a~t1cm. (orlJ r}r.ov~d;!_~a ,they,should ~e. ~xclu~edo(_CIYIL _G(:Jf!.E,. _ .
:_!Q_~<:;!._bl~:e.ntry·t~e-_wr:it of p_rehr:nm~ man~a~':Y l:M!4'54~)- 'it-> .-;· : , ,. -~- .:. . : /·· · . . .
· --.tnJ-4,nct1on'. to ,r.es\qre him _in h1srp~ss~ss10r~<·v-~- ' .:- .. -.,_.. .. . • .. _. ' ·. ~- , ;·, .· ..
(CIVIL:. COEJEfArt.,~5.39) ..-: ";(>- .~ ~umption~h 1~s,w~·ether ·the p9ssessor; be,_ in
(', -: :· '. · .: , · · · · , - . V/:,e?. . ·.st:; good_ f~ito_. ar&a~~~h,.-.ir:i· .m,e:._s .o0n· name or ·in·
·-:-... " ,. \ R~c!_srin:_ Ther_e ~are-·-n:,~n . p~bnQ~dJ~g~ii9,ns- _l
·a116t_~e_r,'sj<!nP._in,tc,.p»pep~o/JecJ.tieQ9.or,!n ttie··c-onc'~pt
~!·: :. ;:: -.ti~t.w.ee~'. t~E;!' owi:ier:_ an? -t~e--~tJ~p~rt-c3.n~ _thie ·/-y._
of~o1.?~~- ,2.PA~~s_'.Clifra at_530):· · · _ . _· .'_ · _
:, former 1s frequently-_depnved- of li1s possess,1on. f''>..f----...-:':. :· - . ... ·.,LJ::.l.-_\J ·, . , · ,·. - _· . · .: 7,
.· . · . · _· ' 2 l ' ' ...
Jffiil. RuleJ> on Go.-P._oS'sessi<tn: ·. . _:: ,. , ". ; ... '.
·. ~ . ·. ·..f9Je: A-~q·uatter h~s_ no posse~~or.~ ~ig ts ?f:§py,.~J}1'~c;h.,.an.~·ou~f.~~i\i'.Jp~nts:of.a.'t8ing:poss_e~s ..e~· .
: . ·,. ·, -. kind ag_am.st-9:iepwper.o~thei,land !Ato.w,h1c.~1}~~1,}7W~1n,:.~~{1~ns2?1l.lj>1r~E:~m..,.e9:tq,ha~~,-~xclUs_1"'.!"1ly_.
~·..:·\ · : - : has intru_ded (B.anez' v:'q~¢\R: ~o- •-30351;~. - • ~' R.oss.~~J}~,the,_R.~~ '{r.hi~M (l}ay· b_Er•.all~-t~ed,to-~im .
. .. -.. _. . . . ' Septembe_r 11;'·1974).. .-.,.'£:)~--~ mf.
I ef\ UP.~~lJ!?1srr.ltheJeof, f5?qhe;E;!r:i.l1re"penod 9ur1~g
~- . . .
' :. · "'.· · . · · '· .·. Y· ..,_ -..: - .'&/. · ·. -~ ~~ "'.,\>~ :.i.6iQ+;t're.-co!pos~lsion lasted· . .:- · :.. .. .
'. \:,~-- · .. Posse;;ii.OQ :in ·tM_~_--Cpn~-~el~of_-an."01r.~b~~{::. ~ -~~;t?r:i;tJcw~l~tth~Jo~§~S~!:on-·g_f:ttfeW~oli:or.:.a ..
: ,:/l~--... ~'?,QC~eftP cf~. pu_e!JO,'.' _- . '.,J ·:'· _:_.· ,·': ·.· ·<y'5!l.., . · , , P,af~·,?,f ~t~~r:ig-:po~~~s-~ed:_m· ~~-rrn:ion .s_h~ll_'D.e:·-tO.-~ ·
~ ··.:_·;· _.. Only pos_Sel:;~!On acqU)f~Q ~1r:d'enJoyed._11:1"\be;co.._~1P!r't'~ ..:,-'~~~--~JU~IC~~f;.:\.¢o'~~~~s~rS}_:anR-. _. ·.:'c?·y .· ..
·-.;-- ... ot:ow.1wr c~in:"serye a_s a title for'~,uJr.mfr.a.9ro1J.110n~8,?"'JP,..i.Ga.se~ci..t1l; mte.~r.upt1on,;,t~~·Rules_.of C?u~, . .: . ,
· · '.-. ~ _(Cl.I/../~: QOD~(A.d.; 5.1.0J_.~.v.enJ(-hE;?":'acteg.~~§i}0\fait~~~- ~l~~'Ppl 1ssQc \l@,IY,J<D/--'(lf(?.QD,E_;'l~r.t:-543/_' ,· · .. ·. _.- .··; -··
· . A:_P?-~~~-~.l'>.Qr;in·~t~~'- con.~~pt..P!- _;:in ,OW1J'.~r-::l;ia&1.l h1s';-M· :'6: . ~~"-Y~. ·.:':,· · . · . ' : : ·
i - _, .~:~ ··. '.(, · · ,.- : .:. · ·: :
~~vo(.!tlt;l,!~g-~IH:l~es_u.rrip.t1p~_J.~a~:h.e.p.o~se~s-x~~-- . ,.01,~te_r_u~ti_<?~ > .- _. ·:, :~-- :•:. · _.- · · .
J~!?,tt.!~.:i:l_l'lcj,,ti~..c.a.nnotber 9~l1g_e_d,-to ·.show or prove:<J!.---VV!J~.-rt_iJl)l_(;:)_r:.rupt1q,:i, ./s, __pr99 uc~d-.by- 1.ud1CJ.?l -summ9_ns _
(G,!.~l~·SQR~:A_f 54!}:~ · ·_ · .
:·- ·. _. • ..;,~.,-- ,,_. •. ~ ·.- ..• ~, · , c:-)'f. • , -;-,:,( .:
·> _._. . ·
J~;-·_.:'.
· '.:-'-' •. !_ :· . ..
.· to;-t,h.~:'P,O,S~-~pJ,()r,: a_n?: Cihl_Yt_t_M.~_s~,pQsS~$};,o,rs,~~e-r:'_ea·.
.- lt{1t~r;,jU,q1q~l.._-:.,~lJ':1!11~8S.:o_c;1te ... ~ff~c,~e9:·'(lD_l;-:L~Gf.\!, . -
. PJ~$!J.1;-1P;t)9i:i ()f,j_ustti![e._~d~~s. D.9:~ _apply iri_.'a~_q_uisiti~e ·:. . P~ope,(fy,.s~p'ra a~,/~~qr ·_ . ·_ . '· · -.\', .- ,. : ·. ·. .. '. .· i.
p~e!'ic~1pti9n.:-.The, R9v,ers~: _p.0$se~sor:rru,.1sJ-:p~qv_e: h1~. · .• _ _. • .. , ·. \.. ..:: -' ~- , -.:... ( ... t ., ,_ · . , - . · _: .
_ iEJ~t)itfe (DE /_EOt.J,:Pmpe.rty; s:up_ra-at:3.Blh, - · - · · . ~8.tf~J.uc;lic;;ial s~~rrJ()f]_S:_sl:i1:1ltbe!de.errie.:9·.)jot tQ'hqve· · .
:.,'·' . .·... ,\ _- :, _. . _,:; :., .:~ :- ;', .:·_.' · c· , : ~ _ ·. · .-· . .... ~ :_ . / _-,_. .'· , _1be'et\i~~L1ed,_ ar.1d ftia,11' nqt_:gtY~_-(1?$)6.jnt~rr.~p)ior:i: ·,;· :. ,.. : :
.-Kii:icJs J>t Titl_e,s: · · . ::--· . . . · ,.,- ;·· .. ;c:... _. . . 1. ---:,lf1iJ:~~9u,lq;6"1;r,vpi<;l!foCf~gk,,0f -l_e~icf sg.h,rnniHe_s·:-- ,. ·· -
t. ~TruEf :'ahtl Valid Title (Titulo-.Verdadero ji - ·, 2.i-.lUhe r;>laintiff.shoi:ild.desist'.frorn'.the';coinplain_t·or .
.' \ti!lfctq);:.-th~p~,:-~af~a,~·:m.<:ide_·_~_...()_f - tr~nsf~'rrin'g ·.-: , : _~:- ·: stlq~~~
a):1?,ytjfre'pro~e~ci'in~{~pj_iip~e;_·a'od ·;( '· _ · , ·. . .
..' ,,o~n.ers~,1p J3_n9 tt,e g~1;1ntor,_wa~;_the:: owne_i: 10!= · · ·3_. :Jf,th~· posses~or- 'shou.ld_be-. absolved from t~e : . .- · . ·.
· . 1:,5.JDfY.,, F!['op~'rti;-~i;pra a_t 38.§:3:tTJ.. .... . . y .:::-~qfnpl?.int. ·•. . : · . '.: :, . . .
_. ;.._-_-. · . :. __
2:-:,; ~ol~r.*b.1.e Jit.l(f,.(1:'ft~/(~ C_qfe>i"~?%;'t~·et~·:.was-· '. ·._.i\ -
,:/·,:·!._, . ·, .; --·- ;<,. ;:.,·~. :-:_... .,_,,:;:..
;_J -,'.:: -.~<;-.1 .,.< ·: ·:-':; · · ·
. . suyti· mode- .Cif- t~a'm,;.ferrir:_ig, oWnersnip,. BUT:. the · .. ln.-all: tJ)'~s~'.tas~; :tt,e,._p\'!riod'of''ir\tEfrr.uptjon· sh air b.e" ,
_·' : .g~~nt~~- w~·s~nli(t~~-9Y"f!_e,r.'(l~;;;·:_arjd: _:_ ' .. '. :· ··. :: . :·_ . . . qoun_teid :f':>r.the_·-~~~_sci-ipJii:i:~JPIVji_:.C9pE, Art;'. 24; .._: .. · f~
_3,. , 1t1,1tatp.;,e: .:f:1tJe;,, (.T1{ulb,, Pqtatwo) . -; ·.tt,1:1J: tltl~ 2 P',4.RAS;. supra at:525). ·. - -. ·.
:'c)l~hQf:Jgh ·.i;l ...:P!::rs9n; l?!::Jieves·.:,hir)ls~JVto~ be_-. the :. . ·. ,,:~ : .-. ·
-. ·owner, he llorietheless is. net; ·becau·se ·11:iere was. . . · .· -·~. .
n·o mode.oYa;9qu_irin own~rship rrd.j.. 9. . · .. i
. -~ ....
. .;,
1_£)6 [ 2019.-SAN BE;OA LAW.C,EN:-PRALiZED ~AR· OPERATIONS

.... - : . . . . . . . .. . . .-: . '·,. . .
!
.; ·.
P'ROPERTY
. . . :. •
SAN .BEDA, LAW
.
CENTRALIZED- ~AR
. ~ . . . ,. ,
OPERATIONS
.
- MEMORY
r·
A/0·2'019 .
Pf-Ni&i.R ms 3' , .fi-1 ,:~,
«4:m& Wf?f • dtk?ESb !' ""Jt\trtMti2i,1$Af4:J4'
:--: , . . . l
nw
;&ffj $@@ SZ9!thMAPtw~®t;tf#Wfj-§,tt¥1-3
.
OOt:UftiF/G'!n
-; Rights ofa Possessor in Good·Faith·v.-.

Possessor inBad- Faith .. · .
001yY, i{ ··acti~g _ · with Liable jn every case .

. fraudulent 'intent · or i·. · - .._ ... ··
_heglige'nce, after . . .. ,,
,~.un:im.ori.~. (Cf.VIL · CODE: ..:
Ari. 552)~. . . .
·Nofe: .: Before> receipt of

>
-c-
Judi¢'ia1, · ' '. summons, . ·.

possessor -· not liable. · ,-·
·(~/\R,.AS;suwa
·••• • • ."'· •••
at;5'(3/J.__· :-.
• • # •
.. '\ ' .. . . .
.: lawful. To: ~owner·. orv.lawful
. °!',Jeces.sary Expenses· · , ·... ·~ ~- . · .

.,',. Tho.~~ ·rnaei_fffor...
the : preservation . q~, the .. thing.
(2 PARAS, su°f!ra pt 53m.. .. . . , .. ·
. : ·. ': ... :f.; :k, ···:· '. - . - -r- • • .' • : • .
Us~fuJ Expehs·e. ·. :·:. . . · ~ ·.. ~-.< · .... , : ,

} Those. thtit Sa8a value to property or inGrease- the :
I 9bj~9t~·s produhvity (-2 PARA,s,:rwpra·ct.t:541)., ·, ·.
: o;~a~~htal/l!ux~~~~:f!~~s · . _·. · .- .... · :, . ·.,· .:
T~ose· thaf add· \1al~e-.'tq. the thing 'o'rily for certain. ·
persons irt vlew''iof-thefr parti'cula(wh"ihis;· rfe'iltier" -
essential fot'.p'reseryaljori ri'br :useful "Jo '~veryb~ody_'in
general .(2 P'ARA'S,' supra,._aU549). ' ··.::' ·_. .. , . · ·
,./ :· -l ~-~·~.'. ,,.·. '.:·_.:,:":_.;.', •• -:·,··.· ..• ,··.·~. 1·.· ., .· .
. ·-LOSS OF:POSSESSIPN (CIVIL: CODE; Art. -555)

•• • .,• •. • l ' <·:. ·; ..~ . ~... . . ·. .: ; •.
· ,General-Gaus.es, ·:. :.·. ,· ., ,.,·1· .. · ·- -- ·· ·
1.. '.By. t~e '('/i_ll .of tqei :posses~or. : , .. , ,; :
· · a. ::Aband0nmeh't;- and· ·: ~ .
. '.· b.. e,ssigrifllent·,. . : . . < . .
. 2. . AgaiQst the will :of Hie_·possessor
1 .--No'' ., relmbursernent; 1. No ·-'reirrlb~rsJment;
·~ and · .,.· ·"", ; : ·· :· .·- . · ~ '. · 'ar.icl: - · ', _; . '; ·. · .. ·, · .. . :,. i.'a.. .·. Eminent·doniain·,
·. : .. . . . . . , . ,,, )''-'"'·: · -.·,'.'.. .
b,; Acquisitive·.P,rescrip_ticin; · ... · .. ·: ··· ' ,.. '

··2: Removal. without injury· 2: Removal .. .: .without .
' ·I ' . . ,, . , .. . c .... Judicial decre·e, in ,Javor of one, -who:,has. a
· . ·or reimbursement -.of . , i'nJuiy .. ·,' · or . . .. · better rigrt-; . . . . ·., . ·, : . . . . . . : . .
. ·. -arnount 'expended: at... reimbursement . ·,of I
optiorr- ~··of. ':iawfi.11° ~: value . .'cff'· time- of. :d_.: ,. Posses~ion of an.o_ther"/or .mor~ · th9n ~m.e ·.
' possessor. . 'recovery, at option _of
· r."_ ,year;,·. · 'J :·. ·. · ·· · ·
... . ·,·.. .,, : ·.. . ~ . "· ... :. . .· .- / :· .. •·'
. ·~ ~ : . ' -. . .. -lawful. possessor,' < - •
. ··, °' .. . f .- ~·.. , . ·. ,· :·· :·· . . . · :. .. · Not~:· Thjs . .r:efers· .to· poss~ss1on de_ . . ff:!c(o
. . : '·where the possessbr lcises th.~. rig.ht to a.·,
. \ summa6, .acucin;·,.bul'-he_:·m-ay s~ill' bring.''arf
: ~dio:n._pu~lfci~na·or,rf;Jivincficatoria .. _: ;' ; .
.· .· . . . .· . ' . . .
Taxes and°Cl;c!_rg~s·.
·1. Charqed to. owner}.
. :. Taxes·a.nd.charges
1'... Charged to· owner;
(' . . : . e. ,, 'By re.asoij of the. qbject:
'
,. . .
i. .- Destruction or'total,loss,of!t,he things; :an'd
2.: Charqedto possessor; 2. Charqedto 'owner: '
ii. Withdrawal. .from commerce . ; · .
3. Prorated. · .: 3. To owner. . '-
~·
eois SAN BEDA:LAw.cENTRALIZ~D·BAR :OPERAT1o~s.·1 197

PRO.PERTY.
SAN BEDA LAW CENTRALIZED~BAROP.ERATIONS.- MEMOR)'.'AID 2!),19
Acts-NOT Constitutinq Loss o(Posses-~io~7CJV/L Requisites: (GOV)_ .

CODE, Arts: 537-:-538) . ·· · ... .., . . . . . 1. Possession is in· Good.faith;
1'. :· Acts executed by stealth. and without: knowledge . 2. . Possessor is ii) the concept of Qwner; and
of the possessor: . · ' . · 3.- The owner "has . Yoluntarily parted · with the
2. Actsmerely tolerated either. ffy ihe · pOSS!:)SSOr or · possession'of the thing· (DE l£0N, Property,
.. bY,his representative or holder in his name unless - ~µpra.a.r41.,;.412J.; ·. . . -.. ·
authorized or.ratifiiid; . . . -r: : ..
3. Violence: al}_d· . .._ . . _ . r: Exception: One who: bas" lost or., has been·:
4: Temporary ignorance -of the whereabouts of unlawfully deprived of. a movable may_ recover ']t •
movable .. property. . from whoever possesses. it without reimbursement:
. _tli,e. owner qf the thing .i:n·u~t prove: (a) ownership of
. · the thing;, and (q) loss or unlawful deprivation; .or bad
. faith of the possessor (Id.- at 420-4?1 ). . ·
..•
~ote:· "Unl9wf\JI ·deprivati~n.~ ·]nqludes\311 cases 6t
taking that constitute acrimirial offense..({r:(.at.4-16). ..
._....:
: ·\
.
19a' 1 2019.sA.HBEDALAw·
. . . •.cENTRA.uzEo BAR oPERAr16Ns,
. ..
PROP6RTY
... ~ ·. .. . . _ SAN BED~ Li;'W C~NTRAilZED BA~ C?~ERATION5 - MEMOR~ Alp 2019 ·· · .
1itAitti:tt
#4¥j t:: €$¥ S?S:tiif• 5 if'i#»
O:tl !t}t tN&i#Afbts
' .·
i§.. i&f#2 &:ttlt#t#
~ ': . oil§ 'fr4SP&:&'
. . . 'fifr?\ SW ;;;;y:;:-, -3?*:Z:tt§i!r,¢lfr#Zj'!
_Summary ofRecovery-or Nori-Recovery Principle' · Oiffere~ce in·:Right~. between U,sufruct and

. 1. Ownermay recover withoutreirnburserrierit: · · -. · · ··. Naked ?wnership . ·: . . "
. a. from possessor in bad faith ,, .i , ''. •.
,..,.-=,...-
b. from possessor in good faith Cif o.wner had
lost the· property or- been unlawfully 'deprived
··or·h)-Hhe. acquisition· beihq-frorn a private · 1.:- Jui Utendi 1. JusOispqnendi.
person) · ·. . .
2.' ~us.Fru.endi. .
2. ·. Owner-rriay recover'but should reimburse: · ·
'a. if possessor acquired theobject in good faith .•. --(2 PARAS, s_~pra:a[ 57~).
· .· at'phblic sale or auction ·, ," · · · . ,:!_, •. . :.:..!
3. Owner- cannot recover, even if he offers to Ftifmula:
reimburse: · · .. 1. ~ull Owl)ersnip = Nake.cj'Ownership + Usufruct; '
a. -.:°if_ possessorhadacqufred it in qood faith by 2.- · Naked Ownership =
F-ull Ownership.- Usufruct;
.. purchase from a-merchant's store, or in fairs . 3. Usufruct =. Full Ownership : Naked Ownership
· · _.or markets in. accordance withthe Codeof ·
Commerce and speciallaws: .
· . "(fa.at 578):, ,· / ·. . < ." . ·,: -·:· : _ . , '." > -
. b. if owner ·is': by qis :.coridu9t ·prec;:Iuded' from · Usufruct,. in'·~s~encei is- oothing. else ~ut. th~ right to
- / .. , ,denying the. seller's ?1Ah.o!"ity to sell;' , , enjoy anothe(s·prqp'erty_,.. 1/yhfle· this "right to enjoy the
c. · Jfpo_ss.e·s~pr had obtained the goods because.' .property o(ariother 1enip~rarilyjncltJ_d.~~- qdtli the jus
. . - . hewas-an
. I .
innocent.
'-·
purchaser
•
for value
.
and:
. . ut~nqiand the'jus' trueridi;·tli.e ow_n~r retain·s Lhejus ·
· . a holder bf a rieqotiable document of.title to' disp_onc,md(or""lhe-powe"r" to 91leriate: the same .(Heiis
·:. - the 'gooas,(ZP,1RAS; $U{)(.f! a'("5~(j); .e-. ,' •• · · of.Jafqu,e'. i/Jarque, G}?. No::196733, · Noveinbftr 21,
.... •. ... . ,· ' 201.8) .. · " .. ·. ./ ·
/": .
. ,
Ariirna·l~•may b"e:·.' ~. · ': . ., .: : . :: · . ·, .;

1: Wilcl·.aniniafs_:..:.Thoselivin~firi a state of natur~
,_ -independently_ of and \viths:>ut'tne--a@'and'car.e of
'. . man (DI; LE bf'!, Ptopetty, supra fJl;:::~23) .. · ·
· 2, 'Domesticated· or tamed anitnals ...Ii . ." -3.: · Purpose is to' gnjc:,'y-°the. ben~fits a~ffderi_ve. all ·_
. ·. a . ; Wild or savage bynature buthaved;iE?en - ·:- · · · . aavarifoges · from ··the ;. thih"g· clue .- to nc:>rmal
. · ! .· .' ·"( ·SU~dued~a~d~~-~ame:.ac~~~tOf ed(tlfjve; in: :>:. · .,.. · · · o-- ·, . ·
ixpioiti:ifiori; '-'. .. ·-' _J· •
· , a tamed condition (Id.); ', · · .. A. - May-·b&Qon~titu_ted on "real o~·per?onal:property;
: .b .. Born and reared 'under the·cqQti:ol ·c;iAEI care:· · · :·. f~flSUmaole · Of. ri~f1;C?ns~~ab~¢. -,,ta~9ib_l:~ ?F·'·
of mari, lacking the insflncf to r'oarh freely· . l~t.§lngible_; t_he, -<?.~rl;)r~h.1p: <?! wn1_ch.:_1s ,Y~s.ted in._
. (la.). · .. ·. . . .. -· . . : · .another; -and - ". · : . . ·· · . .
. . .
.:· . . . : ·. ·,::· . '
·•.
-: . . . . ';::-~ ..,. . . . . . ... . -~ ... ;·• . - · ... ·.. %_: ~· . · ' . :. · , . · . ·· :·: . ··.,·~.~ . . ~ ~· .
. ... . ' ..... : . :.. .·: . .. . ~. Note:·. A per$oh Cpiinot Gr.eate a· usufruct oyer his
.. . · 1 o\Ain propE{rty-and a.t the·sar:ne tim_e.retaih own:ership ..
oHhe ·,·same." F.or. usufruct is essentially ju,s in re
,:
: . . . . . ,. ~ ..
. ,;.. ,• ·.,
aliena~ an'd to b:e. -~ u~ufru·d~aiy o( on.e's own .
.'.:."-.·. .. -" . 'p'r:operty •is, iri l~w{a.· coritradictioli.ki terms_-_a"nq a
U$ufruct .- : . . . . -. . . , . . .. conceptual abs_urdit"Y.·(Gaboya V. Cui/G.R._No: L-
.. Usiifruct gives-a right. to ~njoy:.the p~bp{;irty of another .... 19614·Maich:27; "1971)'. i. · . . . •
. with.'~the ·9blig_atioi"1: ·of Pf.~$erving· ."its form and_
.. · .... . . . .. . _., .
~ . ··. . .
sub.stance,. u_nle:s.s the. t_itle .CQ!)Stituting it or. the. law . 5. Tfansmis"sible . (DF·L_l;.f)N;_-: Pfop(?,rly, -su~r~: at
otherwis~ provides {CIVIL CODE;: Ari: 562). 426). · · ·. ·
-· ..' .
.,
Tiire·~ (3).: 'F..u·r{Ja~~~tal· .Ri.ghts · Pert~ining to ' .. RiHtuiiJtes_~of Usufru"ct: ::.: . . . . '. · .... ..,, .
Ownership (DUF) ;. . . • _ - 1. · Essimtial: ~ the-· reai,. tempo~ary right to enjoy. .
1..;·. Jqs Qispbn(!ndi,--: righ~ t9 .dJspose,.a_lien·ate:. · ·. . ' . another's. propert/ . . . - .· . . . ..
encumber, t"ran~form, and'.d.~stroy · . 2. Natural -· the-:obligation to _pre~erve ·it~· forn:i or
, ; .2.· .. Jus {!.tengi -·right to "use.;:and :.: . .. .·. "substi3ric.e. . ... ',· ·. . ·. :·, .: ·. . . ..
·· 3., Jus Eru~ndi"-tightto the fruits:· _; ·.:. ..
.. ,
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Usufru~t v. ·Leas·ei
·1-. :..
Thosi
lhcjt .,;1cci-ue after, thei termj~ation. of the .
usufruct · 'belong- ;tci..: the : owner.· (DE LEON,.
Pioperty,.supra at 437). · -~
.· . ,.. .·
2 .. Over things· 'which . gra~uall_y: deteriorate .
. (CIVIL CO[)E; Ari. 573);.-:-, : . - . ·,
Nci't~:- -T~i~ . a_rti~1~

-rr, with . abnorm?'j or c;t"~~;;: .
· Imperfect usufruct. · It deals with things that
- deteriorate" much Jaster· -than :othe_rs: such. as
clothes; vehicles •. and /conipufers'·.f.:?· RARA_S,
sup'ra, a/'!597), · . ·· . :· . . · ,: · · · .
· Pers_C>n/ ;-. ·t:r~atinJ1 · the ·L~~·s.or~ ri;Jay 'n·of -~~>the ··:~·. -: • • :_.:'.~ :.- ; ... ~.-·.::·:'' •I •• :, ~ •
ust,Jfruct shquld. be \h~ owner,:-J:e .. , Sub-lessor, Effect .. of the . I Deterioration .. on c• the

OWn_e·r. ··. ;.OJ ·. his ·.·.'duly iisufructi.Jary.. .. Usufructuary's: Liability:' - '' "", , . · ·.. : . ,
·.-.·
. authorized° agent. . . .
.'-,· •.'"'-;!. ~-. ::. ·.·-:' ·. :°)/i.; ; ·.-·.~:.":., ,,',
> ' ,_: ·. . _. . . . . ·_. : :
";·:-·,: : .. a- If deterioration is· due .to. normal.use (wear
. . .. and 'tear), the.,usufructuary is ~cit:r~sponsibie,
(. ' - :c • • Nor, is .he required to, make' any {epairs · to
'·., ,., \ _, •,."'; • I I 1 -~ ·._,',,.· ',• • 'I ' ., ' ,• •, • ' ·, •
~~y.){~reatid ·?Y:l.av.,,;. ~y \~e'.~-~r~lly, .. cr~al~d ·by: .',re~~<?rf it. 't.o_: ·_its. f0rnie~ . ~?Qditkm: :: He_. m~y
co'ntract, · by· will. of th~ ~on tract: ... ·. . . . . .. return them· (Q the condition th~y,mJgt\t be 1n
-· .- -t_estak,r.--._· or:-·-·by'. . '. • -''. ·.· . -s--.- -.'1',-,---'--at.:..tl:le..ferminaticin.ofll:la.Lisi.JfrutLltha..fails .. to.; 0°
· · prescription. . · ._ · .· . ~ •. ~~!=7_Pt1~'::·, by ~a.>w, ....1.e. · do s6,'he·.s_hould,pajirs· value at the Iirrre the -'
.. · :.,- .. · .,' , .... ·. . _ _ ! ', ,rn~{~~?-.~~~- le~se(. 0 ( • , • • ·:-. ', ._usufru~foeajes-(lq.).',:, ·~---- " -, ; ·.: ';,> --.:· _ •• •
"' "·· . -· ' . . . . · .. ' .. .. ' . ·· . b./ If aeferidrati9·n is-due to an. event oract-that
. endqng~rs 'their ... preservation . (fortuitous . . .
-event) (<;IV.IL ·_ COPE.: Art.. · .117 4); the
us_rifrucru'ciry1":is .. ·:no{{ re.sponsibl~ .... He ' is· ..
. h'?~~~er;' (2l;>li~,':ld°'t~i~.a.~e· th~'.'n~·c~-~~_ary' or
, : ordmarY, ~ep~ir~ (_CIVJL CODJ?r A(l.. 5~2).:·.
)'"
,, ·· ·1 ~~,·:!o·r~iha~:/~~pait~;:;/'uhd~;~;~pd- ~~·ch.
·' . ~? -~rEjj requi~~d by tr,~
·Y'e~r _a:~'d. t~a~ due ·_to_
.,tne'., .. narur~K,-..:·usl?.-. of .. the, thing . and : are
·:. · .. .. lndisperisalli_&ltor its. pfe'serVatlon_ (9/VlL
·. · ·-. · .;. C~.i'>E.~Art?.'5!;!2).... "'"· ·.' ;· . . · · .'.
:If d:~t~~iot~tiqn~j~ ·d~e_to:f~al,I~ (:dplo'·i()c.id~nte..
·.: • ~--~C . .'
•' or·:frau~·;·arn.ouhtTng/.to i.~n-, eya_sion .:_of t~e .
· ~"'"' "!l ·.: :,...i-..._--.,,,,..,..-ot;,lig8Jion,to;pfeserve) ·or n~glj'genc~--(CIVIL .
. 'V~Lif,ruti~c!rl: Pi:IYS fo_r-l2es.~~·1{js _no(ge~~rally · .. ~ .CODE.Art;; 1174);ttva usufrucluary·sh.all. be
: _. . _ brdin,aryre.~ai~s-~tfa ·iaxes iJ~der "qblig_a~ ·. to . . . :.; oolig~~- ihd.~rnp1fy·- the.-:· ciwne·~ :for .--,~ny ._tp ·.
·. .. · on . th!:?: fn.11tiL (CIVIL yndertak~. r~pair::; or ,pay _· . . · · · det~ribration they may · have suffered: by
· ·· cooF'Arf 592) · :,· ·, taxes>:.,· .. , · ... ·.. -,n .
···>··· _-,·>:reis'o_n· ·,of'~his:. fr~.~~-: or:·:,r1~gli~~pfe: ~~iVIL .
. , · ·· . · ' ... : ..... ; .:· .· : . /·.... --: '-:_.,. r ·:':: .;· ·.' · '· · . . CODE1- Art: 573):. ··. . . -.:. ' -:.. .
,.. '(DE bEOIV,'Pidp~rly,-supt_{rat·4~.8~4_2.9).:."· .· .· · '· · '.. ·::-- . . '. ·. , · ·. · · '-·' - · · ··~.
:···. •. : ·. - . ·. :, : ._, _. - . - . . · , · . : · . ··· Note~ Such. liability: lio,;yever· inay tie..,._s'~t-ott
·against .th1{,frnp~O\,'.einents) tie· may:·nave
I· .:"- ·, ·~:.s·~~G°XAj; u~~·~i'u,-cis . ,

.- , -.~- • ,''
-~s1,Yt,1(S?~E.;_:_f~:~5~0F:-,. :_/ ·,_ '.: .·,

0
•·· 1 · . . .· -· _.m~de
. , .. ·..
L. -·-·~·._'_'
....;.··.-
...
·-· i . .• -....
• ,...;....--··-·.,..·....;._.
. .
;..;,.....;...~··-i-
.._;...;·-
••_.;.... _ _,;.....·__,.. ·-, ·
. 3: :Of cQn.slJmabl~::··P.(Qperty~·.(C/VfL~··qQ[)_E,.:Art_ .
. · . :;·:· :a·;( R1~ii·:·;;~~i~~~o"t'.s~p~·1i~s:\c1~;{

. . . . ·Art. 570);· , ,· ·./ : ' :::·
¢9bE,
:·. .J
:::,
·.
,;.-::1~:.:\~i~:· i/:ari~:t~~i -i~~;~'.~-~~::~ci~'.:a~-normal
Listifrucf'anc(is.-'sometimes ·referrec(to as ·a
. :_ Whenever a
usufruct is constitute'd·on the rig bl lb · · ·,: ::_q!-1~~~,~_:s-iJfru~t~:~~~au:s~)h~,f prriJ;-i{nc:it,;rea_lly _-.
::·~ -~r~e::e'iY':l'.a re.ri(.o_r.:p_e_rYo~dical pe~sio.n}_vJhethe/·in: ;.,·.. preserved .. Thus, ,this. IS really :8. simple ·loan (2
. ·, ·. mon·~y or in fruits, or.jn·-the interest· on -bon9s· or .. PARAS;;s.uP.ra at"5J9) .. ~· .. , : .
:securiti~~· pay~ble tp ~~ar~r. each,paymeot· du_e. ., .·. , ... ,.-. , :." ,.
shall'be-con·sidered 'cfvil fruits (,CIVIL.COD~, Art. · Rules,-for. Qu~sHJ~ufr-uct: : ·- . . .· .
. :-570) .. a.nd ._, shall' ..· be' · de~rn.ed ·, to · accrue ·; a .. :Jhe (J__sufructuary,(qe.bfor-borrower)·.c~n use: :
· ·. proportior:iately to the_ i..isufruc:tu'ar.y; fr9m the time the·m·as if he.is.the.i;>wn~r •. w.ith·complet\:l right
the -usu(ruct las_~s (CIVIL CO£?,E, A'rt. 5_f59F · - · of.pt~dge or~alienation. · .. · .· .. ..:·. ,· ·
: .. ', ·... -
\
. ./
. SAN
'2019 . BEDA LAW. CENTRALIZED
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b. But at the end of the usutruct, he must: c. Real right over real or perscnal property .. (2
i. · Pay the· appraised value: or ,· · . · .. PARAS, supra ~t 6?4). . . ·c.- '··-
ii. · Ifthere was 'no appraisal made; either
a. Return the, same kind, quality, or The
quantity or . Own e°i:Usufructuary
. . · · .Can. b,ema'nd ·fr~m the
.- -
b. He must pay the price current. atthe a. Authority to bring the action · (throuqh SPA)°;·-.
termination' of· .the usufruct.. (2: and · · . · .
. PARAS, supra at ~99). . - b. Furnish him whatever proof the owner may
have .'(CIV[L CODE,. Art. . 578).
_:.. ..
. ..
4. On fruit ·.bearing ·trees · andvshrubs · (CIVIL
CO_T.?E, Art: 575-:576);' . . . .
. ..... .,._
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202 I . 20i9 SAN_BEDA

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~- 9t:ii£¥i9¥i!¥$ •:·§f#!PJfyUMfytN5$jif$ 2:·{ '®-ti®" M ?4'&M}?"i:·f!P:, !ii £&\$-1:!41&.Zffi@-,h\- :J:1,e;ey.41. :Q ¢i :>i#Zk# StiS>, b @511,0~_:,
Note: .. Thil> articl~ applies only when the usufruct made in fraud of creditors (CIVIL CODE, Art.
is on a F.LOCK .sin~f. ·HERD . of livestock (not 75'9).' ·': ·. , · ,· '•
m:erely two
. 62or
or
ttiree):inimals) '(iP.ARAS~.·supra:at
' . .. . · 10. On · mortgag~d ~roperty
' .
(CIVIL- COQE, Art .
.
: . tjOOJ: ..
There.is Oblig~tion to Replace:".-;· .. ;.,.::-
·a. · If som·e animals die from natural causes, or :Th:~ usur;u-etiJary .ot'.a mortg;~Jed. imm_o'vaole
b: If 'some .animals are· lost qLie to rapacity of shall -not be. obliged {o pay the debt for the· .
.. beasts of prey (2 PARAS, s_upr~ at.620). .. . sec;:urfty. Of'Which the_'mortgage WclS constitut~·d. -
. . ...... ·,· · ·should lhe · fmmovable be attaclied· or . sold ·- ·
.. ·~ ~.. . . ... !-" •
· ·Note·:-1J1er~ i~ the d~ty· to rE?place: . eve'n-.tbough 'ju~icially fodhe paymenf of \he debt,'tbe owner
the cause is fortui.tou.$. Replacement should. b_e ~hall.be liable_ to tti'e LJs.~fructuary_ for'whatever the·
·made·fr~m the·young pr(?,dUC~ld. (td.}.. · , . lafter. may- lose by. reason ·th·erecif (~/VIL CODE,
Arl:'6_00;;- .· ,· · •·
• '•,., <r :; .. '. I
.-Illustration:· If· 15 .cattles · died, · btJ.t' bnly H~re, the usufruct is ·.p.&rticular, constituted, by
· 3 wereproduced, only S must-be replaced.hence _ ·.: · will orb¥ acts inter vivas, whether by onerous or.
,also~ if-19_9ied, but. ~9-:fere,.pr,?,d"uc~d.\~e excess · .r>, grat_u,itous , title. If the usufruct is urilversal,
_ . o_f~5. b~long. tq the-~sufrµctu~ry s~nc.~ ~h~y .. are coyerin~i all-the property of. the owner, all or.some .
. '.. fruits {Id.).. · .... · ·· · .., of _which -ar:.e_ . mortqaqed, the li_ab!litx of the.
. .. . , .. · .. · . .. . . .. · .. ·.- . . .. - ·. · usufructuary to pay for.the mortgage is governed
:r_p~re. •~-: N? ~-b_!•9~~)<;m tR. R.ei:>_lf15e:. · .... "~ · by Art. 598 (DE LEON,'Property, supr« at 491;:
a. : If th~re IS total loss ofthe' animals· becau 1~ of7... · · · · ·· ' ·· · • .
-· some unexpected or.unnaturalloss; or · ~ote: Since usufructis a real right, the usufruct
b. --~2-t~.)~r~is ~--p~rtial_.lo~s (_2.'.PA~A,.~j)s~pra at (a'~_distinguished_:fr9rh the propertyitselt) may.be
. mo.ctgage~rnot by the n~ke<:l 'owner, bur by the
•• , • • • • • • • • v • · • • -usufrJ{Ctu.~rY::_ln such-a case, it-is the.usufructuary'
r: :
. In. both . of the, foreqoinq- -instances: ,the-
~su{r_ljctyary m~st h.~v~--~9 /aul~ resuft~r~g-
___ loss {Id.) .. r: . . . .. , .. .
in -'.he
·
. 631). 1 · ,: .
who should~p~y
, . _: : . :. .. .. . . , .
·. · ,
his own debt (2 PARAS, supra at
,
~ · · · ·:. _.- · · ·· Li3biji ·~ ~f· 'the· Naked" o~fler May .. Be
,:· ... Note: Th:~ (e~il'i1s.';bt-th'~,~m-airid;n s_no -'~ gp - · 'Ext_i11,~uisp·~·c1: , _.... · .. -'__: ·. · - . :_ - .·
, _to-t~~: na~e"d:~o"Y~-~r. ;Th.e usi1fr.u.~0~1nw~.s on : a. }~Y, co~Qg a·~~uf~uct. qver_ an-~quivalent
. . . the remainder; · provided _tj1at"."tl'i!3:JIO s t:l~, ·by . estate; · · · .. · ... . ·; . : . . .
_ · , . a·ccid~n!: a11c1 _without-: fa~1r ~of_ tJiE! usu'rr-uctaary . . }.- · sy .. payfTlent : of -a: per.io.dfcal_ ·: pens_ion
- (Id). _- - . . · , , · _ ... · . . f .· . .. :,equivalent to JIJe loss; or . · ·. .. . ·:,..
' · · · · · · · · · · - -: ·. .,- t<.Any othE:lr_'si_milar·way ·r2 :PARAS! ·supra a{·
·. · In. :ca.~_e:: bf. sterile'. aniitl~ls; \incE:l'-th~ ~ at~ no . 63.1')_. . · ,
. · ... \. young, the rule of_ usufrJ.;1ct oi,>er 'fuhgibjes:FppYes ." .. . ·,. . .
: (CI_ViL, CODE;,_ivt·.-5.-(4) .. :. '· · . · . ·. -. . Nbte: IJ i§'believe·d that A_rt. 600 ~-a~- al:~· ·apply.,.·
. '· ... · -~- . :.. ·., .. , : · · ., . • .: by·a~alogy; to ,r;pl_edged m<?vable,- prqv1ded t~at·
-g, ... O\IE:li'. the. entlr:e · p~trimony. (CJVJL>C0pE, Art. ·.--:- . the :r:n9vable: is in . the, i.Jsufri.Jctua[Y:·possess1on ..
. ~98~.;·, ·,: .. . ,·: .. - '· . . :··.: ·. "··. · · \ · .. ·. . (2 PARAS; s~pr~ fl~:~~2). ·, ·f ., .
Thi~. appli.es,ln:·Ca$.E:l. 6f a.
u-~i~~~~a_1 ·'usufrUGt'. 'as . ' ...-(~<...;-
,.......;.....;.....;......;._-.:~,·: :- . -_.
~--_ .......;._~-----;
Wheri..,..fhe .usufr1:.1ct· inv.oive's 'the· . entir~ ·pafrimony · .. · .::- . ·- ' .. · ·
and ifat'thetime of its ecinstitution, tbe,owrie'r·has.: .· . .·. ,,_, ·.·R-IGHTS OF'. THE' ...
,·ciebtS:\)r01~6t,ligE:l_d to'fTlak~ pedqdical paym~nt~. _ ....
everi'°lf tbere should be no· known capital.'. IA_ this.
~ . :_.. .· ·,:·· ·u.sUFRUCT'UA'R.Y .'·
., -':. . O · • • . .• ... •• • ' · ·
:?
. ca.se, the_.p.rovis.iqns· o(Arf,s,-7$8:a~d 75fishall b!:· · · · ·.· . - .

. ·-·.applied.b.otti_ with-,resp_ect: to' thei. maintenance of Sum~-~'fy of Ri:gtit~ of a Us~'tructuary ...
. the. ,usufrucF..and· to· the. ·obligation·. of the 1: As tQ..th~ ttjing a:n.d its,fruits> . . .: . ·•.
·. usofructuaw)ctp!)ly such. ·1ebj$ (C!VIL!'CODE,' . · ·a to' receive ar1d beri"efit' fron'l ·all the fruits -
'Art. f2~8). _ThtJs_: · - · _. ·· .· . .. ·.- · ·_ . natural . ·industrial•·. and. civil '·'fniits. (CIVIL
a
· a·. _· If .ttiere i_s stipula!j_on for the_.paymE:lnt' oy th13 . COQE, Art. 566); . .
0 . .· . ~-. . . ,.
usufructuary o(the_.debt~ of. the. owner, the. b .. To . the half of. the hidden treasure_ ·her ·
Jor.rrier is li·abfo onlyJcwct~bts,~of)_tracted by accidentally finds '(C/Vlt:.'.COIJE,-"Arl,. 966 in '.
the latter - before. ·.the constitution of the· refation:to Art: 438); . . . · ·. . · . . ' ..
. _us4fruc;t (C(VlL C.OD'E,:Art: 758)~. ·.. ·_·. . 'c.· To. enjoy' ariy· 1n9rE?aSe t_h_rou'gn ace:essi~ns,.
b, _··. If . th.(;l~e' 'is· no. stipu)ation_:_ rega_rdin_g the__ · ·' servitudes, e~s·emerits:·· a_nd all· benefits ·
··paym~nt of. debts,. the usufructua_fy sha,ll be ·. inherent in. the property .(CIVIL: ·coDE,. Art.
·. ·resppnslble only \.vhen the usu'fruct'has beeri · . , 571); ·.
2019 SAN BEDA '

LA. W.. CENTRAUZED
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'd." To lease the.thing, generally,.for the same or Rights
..... .. to. the Fr:uits.
shorter: periodas the usufruct (CIVIL CODE,
Art. 572); . . .
.e. ·.:ro :·mal<i:( on _the property ifl usufrucr such
Dividends
improvement . or expenses he may 'deem
,pfope_rJ9/VIL_ COD~, A,:t .. 57[}); · · ·.. ·. - Products which ·' lll
f. Right· ~fq ~et..:o~ the'. irnprovernerits: h~. may diminish. capital' .t.
-have -rnade on the .:-property· against any !:jrowing
0
cfamage'tc{th·e:·same (Cllili." CODE, Art:· 580); . Fruits at

. -and , .. ; . .. ,:'- . ··,~- .· .; - . .. the· beginning of
g'. f otet9i~
1
t~i thirig~ uniii-h',rj~1·r·e.i111b'uried for
the usufruct . · - ./
· ad_yqn¢~·s }or: , extraordinary ~xpens_e.~. and Fruits. growing al 0

. taxes-on ttre capital (CIVIL CODE, Art._"'612). the termination· .
' . : .
of then usufruct
.. '
.. ·: ..
:_::~t··..
. \ "::
I. •
·· ..
. ;, . ,.
.... \ .
,..'
204 ·1 201s sAN sEo.~ ~w cE~T~i::,zEo"-~AR

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SAN BEOA LAW CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS.:- MEMORY AID ;l019
v .'
b. To. the half of · the . hidden treasure he : 'e. To.make such improvement or expenses he .
. accidentally finds (CIVIL CODE, Ail. 566 in. may deem proper on the property which is
retetion to· Art. 438); · the· subject of the usufruct (Cl\(IL. COD'E, Art.
579); · .
Note: The usufructuary is not.entitled to any
hidden treasure which rnay be found on the, · .. Note: Th.e .usufr~ctuary.has the iight to make
property because it does. not fall under the useful improvements or expenses· for mere
term . ;·fi'uit~{'. He shaU . be· considered ·.a·. · pleasure provided that he must not alter the
1 '
· stranger, l.e., if.he is the finder, he is entitled . form or substance 'of the property in usufruct
. 'to 1/2 of the treasure. with the' other half . but he shall .have no rlqhtto be indemnified
pertaining to theowner: ifanother' person fs 'therefor:.but he may either:" .
the finder, such person gets 1 /2. as .ifinder;' i. Remove - the . improvements if no
arid the ownerqets the 1other'half as owner .. substantial damage to· the property is
(DE LEON, Property, .supre : at 4~0).lf caused; or '
somebodyelse is the finder,' the usufructuary ii./ Set~off the. improvements aqainst
gets nothing (4 MANRESA, supra at 386- . darnaqes for which -he : may be. liable
387). . . .,/
. under Art: 580 (CIVIL CODE,· f!.'rt. 579 in
reletion to Art .. 580).
. c. To enjoy any increase through accessions, .
servitudes, ·easeme'n'ts. and all benefits . . '
f. Right.to set-off the ·-improvemE?nts he may

inherent ..in. the . property (CIVIL CODE, Art. ·. have-' made1" on .the prcip~rty. against ·any
571); · . . · · · . ·. ·
. . .. ...... .\ -. . · .. - ' dam·age'tb tt1e sa.me. (CIVIL CODE, Art. 580);
· Requisites ·sef~re· S~t-c:,ff Gan. Be Made:· ·

· pam~rne must have been caused by the
, USl!Jfructuary; and . . r .
ii. f~rovern.ents must have augmented the
. . valt1e.of the property (2 PARAS, supra at
~ · - . ·.1.~8} . -. .: .· - . ·. . .
Rul~s Gover.ning Art -. 580:
If damage exceeds the value· of the
---improvements, usufructuary ,is 'still liable
or the difference, -. .
· ii. If the value of.the improvements· exceed
. . . . .... . . . .. . . the darnaqe, the differerice·d6es not go
He may sel] future- crops ',subject to the ·r_ule:. to .the usufructuary, but accrues in favor
that. those lin~·atherJ~~ .. at th.e time. wh~n~..-- ....... -- ......-of the naked. owner,-in . the absence of
usufruct jerrninates b"et9pg tor the o~ner. , . stipulation to .th~ contrary (Id;' at 601 ).
Wh.Em 't~·~ .thipg$ .g.!ven · if! .. u:sufruc~c.,sn1npt _b,e .
used. without'. being consumed or were ... ,· · .-g:. To retain th.e.thinif uri'til he. i's. r.eimbursed for.
appraised·cwheri ·'delivered, 'the' usufructt.iary . .· . advances· for extraordinary 'expenses an'd'
may .djs·pp~et of· them (DE LEON, Property, 'taxes· o'n th~ capital (CIVLL9.0DE; Art. 6_12);
''s.upia at 466)..' , · · · · · · · · · ' · ,. · ·
. . ' , . . 2: As tb the usufruct itself· ·.. .-:···
If th~ leskee ·sho.uld damage the prop.er:ty, a. To. alienate' the. usufructuary rlght (ex·cept
the .osufructuary. shall qnswer to the owner. parental usufrµ~t): (CIVIL Cc;JDE; Art. 572 in .
'(Cl.VIL:. CODE, Art: 590) subject to the.·latter's· · relation to FAfytlL Y. CODE,· .Arts.· 225 and
·. ,righf' to· qernand :·.reimburse1:1ent fro".1. the 226}i ·. ·-- ·r
former. If· th'e' usufructuary canr:,9t pay th~ . ,.
· darr,iage- td' the riaked 'owner, hi!'i. bond ?hall· · Gene·ral Rule: Th~ usufructuar:y may pledge
· be liable': This is precisely one reasor for tt)e. · or r:nortgage · the usufr4ctuary right (because.
a
requir~nfer'ilof- bond . (C(VI_J.c ~ODE, Art. tie- OW.NS-said right) ,BUT :he cannot pledg~
583(2j):' . . . . . . . . ' . . . cir mortgage the tl)ing itself because he ·does_
not own the. thing. (CIV_IL CODE, Art. q72 in .. ~
Not~:'.· All. contracts·'' entered· into by the· relation to Art.-Art,.2085 (2))·, .
~scifructuary ~hall' :terminate . upon .. the
expiratio'ri of the us'ufruct or earlier, except Exceptions: · · . · ·. · · · .
rurai' · 1eases , Which .continr..ie "9uring .t.h_e j.' . The'legal_:usufruct of ttie pare11t over his
agricultural year (CIVIL copE, Art. 1572 m · or her children .canr1ot .. be alie!1ated,,
,:elation to Art. 1682) pledged, or mortgaged .for the right- is
personal and intransmissible burdened
2019 SAN BEDA lA W CENTRALIZED BAR _OPE.RA TIO.NS I 205

p db #9 . Sib IF M 3ii
P'RO.PERTY
SAN BEDA LAW"CENTRALl?ED BAR OPERATIONS - MEMORY AiO 20.19
as.It is by important obligations of the Usufruct . on a Building . and/or.· the

'parent for the benefit of said children Land· Concerned . (CIVIL CODE, Art.
(CIVIL CODE,· Art .. 572 in ·.relation to 607)·
FAMILY CODE, Arts. 225 and 226).
ii. A 'usufruct given in consideration of-the
person of the usufructuary to last during
his lifetime is 'also personal and,
therefore, intransrnisslble . (2 PARA$,
supra at 424). ·
· Note: In this case, if the owner should e. If: usufructuary shares> in insurance 'of
wish to construct another "6uilding, he . tenement in usufruc( and it was lost, 'tie shall .
shall have a-right to occupy the land and continue- in enjoyment of the' new one if.one .:
to .rnake use· o(. the materials, beinq be constructed or receive interest on the
obliged _to pay to the usufructuary, during insurance indemnity (CIV.lL. CODE, Art. 608}";
· fhe continuance of· the usufruct, the·
interest upon. the sum equivalent to the .Whaf constitutes ~s "sharing"
value ·cif"the. land and of the materials i. .Accorolnq to Manresa; "the :amount
. (CI\/IL . · CODE, . Art. · 6.07) ... Precisely respectively given is lmrriaterlal, and that
because. there was no usufruct on the as lonq as both.shared i.r.:i. paying the.first
land, the naked owner has. preferential · paraqraph of Art. 608 applies; except if
right to its use (2 PAR_AS, supra at 634)- . there be· a stipulation between them to.
the contrary.
206 I 2019 SAN SEDA LAW CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATiONS.

P·ROP~RT.Y·
. • SAN BEDA LAW CENTRALl~ED BAR OPf.RATl<;JNS - MEMO/lY AID 2019
f#,c:¥¥@ z\a. e, AAdki!Affi<_.e:--::2;:•1•," tt-, aen:::~::1',etev &EJ®ZxMA¥5:P*3 W•t:t:<N&,,t:+cs:se:,•s§t'i,fittl1i-'~~~~
. ., . . ' ' .
ii. According to Paras, · a better solution ii. If. the naked owner does riot construct,a
perhaps would b"e to make the shari,:ig of ·n·ew quilding or rebuild .. the naked owner /
the premiums · proportionate tq the ge_ts. the in_surance indemnfty but shoula .
respective insurable . interests, the· . I
PJIY the · intere~t . thereon to · the
p~emjum of · the· naked ~wnt:lr bei11g . l.lSufruc1uary (~PARAS, supra at=643). ·
ba's~d on the insurable interest of the · · b. If the naked·owner alone. pays the fnsurarice
naked 9wnership; · that '. · of the and tlie usufructuary refused to share: · .
. · usufructuary being based on , the i. . The na~iid · owner gets ' the . whole·
:· insurab(e _ _. interest · of the usufruct · (2 indemrijty (with t,he. obligation to give(~he''
. PARAS," s11pra at-636). interest thereon to the usufructuary).:
ii. · lf:.fhe usqfru.ct ',\leis '"o·ri the building and
. Note:· 'Article. 608. ··is silent · where · the . the lanq, the usufruct continues on the
. usufructuary ~lone pays the insurance or; land and the materials (CIVIL CODE, Art.
. · . · where both share in· the. payment th'ereof, ·as ' 644). . . ·, .- .
.: . ·.. to" th'e- proportion of'their contribution to the :.·. iii_. If the. u·su_fruc! was on ·the building alpne
insurance (DE /:.EON, Property, .supra· at . the nqKed owner may rebuild, .with· or
.502). without the. approval .of the usufi-uctuary,
· ·.· - but. he must pay .interest ·ah the value of
Rules applicable tp Art. 608: ~ the land and.the old r.nateri~ls that ·may
, -·
( The. insurance iridernnity (which cannot haye been used (Cl.VIL CODE, Art.· 697;
· be more than- the value of-the 'usufruct) ·• 2 PARAS,-supra· a"t 638). .
-goes to the usufructuary ALONE, with"lno c. If ,the -~naked. owner· ·alone -paid. for. the
.··, obliqation on=hls part -to .share th~ insurance but" there is failure or omission of
indemnity with, nor. to give legal interest .usufruduary- to share (2 · PARAS, supra at
thereon to, the naked. owner> . . . . . ., :644. · .
ii.: · The usufruct continues on. the land for
· the remaining period · of the ·usufruct . · , Note: lhe effect is the same as if triere was
. ~unle~S . the. ~SUf11Jct fl~,9 l::ieen. · -, a sfiarrg, ·. but the usufructuary ·. must
·. <constltuted on the _building ALQNE) / ·rei';P.~arse . ,:th~· naked · '}Wne,r .. · of .. the
• iii: The usufructuary has no ·obligati6n to . : usufructuary•s· share. of the insurance
constructa new· builaing: orrt~·- rebulld .· : 'pi~mium '(4_ ·MANRpSA-546 as cited~·!n._-2
·(~hether th'e·usufruG~Was constiluteg:on .· at
·?ARA~; su',J.ra 644): : .-·· · · · _: ·· ', ~
the building alone, or.on both toe buifding · "" , · · ·
. .. . ~nd,)h~ !and))Jh.~~Sl,J{roctuaJY ~§re~ • d- · IHlie~;fFUGt~aty. alone pays the insurance .
cannot be competled'to rel::5uild becau;,e · -r prernlum: .. · ·•''; r -~ · . ." . · .: ·
the 'insurance indemnity wili be milch , · i. · The. insurance fndemnit/'goes . to Jhe
·less: than the .cost of ttie building). (2 . usufructuary alone, with no-obliqation on
·. : PAF{A~; ·supra et ~34). .,,.,lll&lo.....,.....:...-.;._..:....,._.....his· part toshare the indernnity".@ith., nor
-. . . . ' . to• ·give leqal -interest "{hereon tu, the'
.• : , Note: Acontrary ~tipulation b.eiween the · ., . , naked awrier. , . . . .
} . :,> ., P,af[ies. will. p~evail- 6yer 'th~ ;--foregb}ng .. ii:" ... The usufruct ·coJJtrr.n.i~s on the land for
,. . '.·. ·rule_~:(ld.). . '. . = .. :· - th~"reinaif')ing·period~ofthe u·sa{ruct.
. iii. The. us·ufruduary'-i has no obligation .'to
:- : Pay_;en~ ~lin~~ra~~e 011 the' "!"~ne0~nt_ H~iid. · . · · c_qnstruct a ·new building Q~ to retiuil.d (2
ir, Usufruct(C/V/L ·c0DE, Art. 6Q8) . · · : ... PARAS, supra-at 644), · ' :
a. :.rt the naked owner.and usufructua_ry shar.e·in
. < · t,he premiums·· (a/id _the _property · is ·.. : 3. As·to adV°[~ces ~n~-d~niages - ·' .'
destrqyed): . · . _ . ·. . . a. To . be reimbursed ·'for il)dispens?ble
. i:· . · If ·the· owner ·constructs a new· bu ii.ding, . ·:·extraordinary \e.pairs made by him .. in an
' ·the · usufrucf continues on -the new .· : · ·. amount equ·a1 to the increase in:value which
buildk1g. -~. :-' .,:_ - : .. . . ·· , · ·· .. . . . . ·'. the prbperty :rnay° have acqµi_red by' reason of. '
. . · : 1.,) .· If-the ·cost of th~ building is less than
· · · the :. ."in§urai;ice inpe~nity, -~the
. .
,
such. repai~s (CIVIi,,.: G9QE; Arf 594); . -~ . · .
-
. ~ . . ._ :- ' .. : , .:· .. : .
What constitutes as·"extraor.dinary
.
·· · ·
. Usuf°n,J.qtua"ry .-., :shoul.d . 9~,t l_ega~ . I
· :int~rests on the d.ifference. · . ...... I repairS": . . . .. : . .·: I ••
. · .·· · ·. · ." ~-) .If the cos,t is· mor~ than the insurance • · i. Th9se req~ireq by th~ weq.r and tear-~ue
·· _indemnity, the l;JSufructuc::iry enjoys • to .the. ·natural· ui,e ·pf .the Jhin~ftiut not
. . the.new buildirig completely,\.yith no .indisperisable.for its ..preserv~_t!on; . -.· .
· qblig~tion ·-to give intere~t on the· ii. Those 'required by. the deteri9ration of or
. additional cost of the naked owner (4 damage . to . the . thing . caus_ed . by
MANRESA 542-543 as cited in 2' exceptional circumstanc_es · but not
· PARAS, supra at 5:12-543). . - · · · lrrdispens~ble for its p~ese~_ation; and·
.. ·
.:
. .
~RQ:p._ER.TY.·
SAl;I BEDA t:A W CENTf?!ILIZEDBAR OPERAT/ONS·- MEMORYAID 2019
iii. Tho_se requlred.oy the .deterioration of or· .Illustration: . ·

.darnaqe . tO . ·ttie ·' thfng .· ·caused . by ..., L ·. :. In case of do-~ble sale.of the usufructuary
exceptional · circumstances and are . right, Art.· 154'4 relatinq. to a _double· sale
indispensable -for its· preservation (DE ·.. applies. Thus, if Ihe <secorid buyer iri.
LEON, Propetty.ieupre.st 444).- . go.ad.faith· registers-the usufruct, h.e can
°< :· 1' , oust llie first.buyer who 'd,d notreqister,
-Requisltes-befcre
. •
-the
...
.usufructuary ·'· . ·,
.may.J even.thouqhthe.latter be in possession.·.
-rnake extraordinary repairs:- (Nq-FaiN). ·. <, The· righ( of the· "first usufructuary ·.
· c. Tbere must be ..due Notiflcatloir to naked would _be to proceed. aqainst the naked · .. ·
. ·. 'owner of urgency; . owner fq,r breachof the. warranty .aqainst
~t--, Thenaked owner Failed to. make, them: _ ··. evlction;:' - ' . ··
- \and:. . , . -:ii. -Iricase ofsuecessioru.lfthe naked owner
e. The repair-is- Neeaed.for-preservation (2 ~ · , · bequeaths.e (ff~; pe·rsonal_.-·property.) .' or
. . PARAS/ supra at 61.8). '.,_ . . . .· . devises '(if real :pr9perty) .to. a_r)'otrier thru
.. .·~·.:'. •·· a .Will; the; li:lgafe.e or devisee "should
Rjg°t:1f.of, Usutructuary-who Has· Made respect the usulruct; . . t ••
. >·,·- :1:=#ra.o~dir:iary ·R.$.P.ai~~: ·., -, , ·.,. ·- . . ,_, iii. 'In. case the property S!!,bje:tt of the
.t, ... i..;. ,. Getincrease' in, value (Cl\/,11= _CQDE,.-Arf~ . ' · · . usufruct-:-~s t sold lo 'another.: ~the·:.buyer ; '·
. . 594) oi-·get reimburs"el)'ren_f.of.expenses : mti.&he.~pe2t'::'t_h~'·1:1suf.n,Jct°ih\case' if-is.. ·:.
· _ ..'(.CIYIL.CODE{Arl,· 61-2);.,and ~·.· _:regi~te_red:or.'knmyn to·him·. other'.wjs_e. he · . '
--~ if>. Rig~t ·Of .. ·retenpon·. ,until. 1:iaidl"'l""'""""~i(Cf.V/.VllllqL~ 1
11,, ,:l TT !\. f\.\:'··~~ ·. _· c~n-s~st _t~e:usllfructu.ary,. wh': c~n then
t-t-1'/i_
_ -. _ : _- GODE; A~.--6_12( · .~' .... -~--- . ~ -~ 1 V·.. t· }o,pJ t~ th~. nak:ed.o":"~er f~_r;d~~ages. (2
,·,. . . · . ,._ , : .,_-,\ , · -~ . · · ., . . , · ~- .. . . . ~- A$, A Sf!pra.,at 6_0,1v602J... . . . .
. '),, .· . ' ~-\ - b : -:r'1 o· ·. b.e:> . renrJ
·-:.T-··. ' .. b ur~e·d "'f ·" •·
-: .or, ,,l!.X~-s·,.,o.J;J . cap1't a I · '· t, \· . : · ' · . , , ' ' · ·'.:· ... ·· ..... r ' ·: -. :· :.
· .. ' \.. .
. '. .~ . .
·,.':'·, ... · ,.
'.. -.· ; .. :· ,· f
J_he na~ed- OVfQer: ?~Y~
C,,,,,.._., ..
~{twc~s/
·-r:
. advanced· by him (CIVIi:. C01'~~'rt:_5~7);-':... · ~~ . --d~o req:t°.~-~i~t~v~menls·r:nad.~;_by him if the .· _
:i'l!.»'
impos_ed . f.'\~ '·~:
A '.))'( ·.· Sjlrl'!E\.:'t'illlnot ~nJ~re, -~he._prop_:~Y-_(CfV/~
· GO(J~£rt::579).. · . '.". ·: ·. . · .
'_,
. - , ·· · ·directly on• the cap1tal·.(Q!QV.1ded .the are· not ,r"w,'<""- · ; c· - · (j ) \ . · ~- .: . · .· · ·

;·.. :. . · ·, annu.q!,;--'- example, Me.:.~ta'te·tax) < .. : ~ _ -~ · :N9_te:. wir~qJpdsses.s'or- .in· good. fail~ is
''.. : ~~- • •.. ;(2 PA~S; supra;-a~6'-f7)~ f. '.·: , ·: .· · ~ltA [!1}-;;,--:~_·:e~!jf]e51H.<i,~-r~fu_w.cl. fqr.u~~fuJjmptoyemJn\s.,
·~ · \ · · . ·.-- ·: · :; · .-:-.~-- ~l: ~'J. ·,
1
:·c·~ , ·,, ". ~f~n_,-fjjjif'-¥..·":, ,fu?.ufru~tuc3ryl1~; not :(2:P.f,'\RAS, s1:1pra· at·.
:·. __ ·. .'.·-··If -~(\vanc~d_,Aih·.··tr,~,roec3(lt_1~. e b th~-· -~·.-6~.: ~"'-,~·-: .·,. :':':_-_. · :'-> (:·· : . .
:· .. ·. , .': ' · usufructuary,.:said
. . . . .. usufructuary~fy
"~ ·_n, .. '~ .. -~ ~ __ . . , ·~
' . r...:\ ~ 1-. · · ·. -~ · :~] ~ ~/.- .
.:·•.·; -. ,: ·. ·: .-, ·
- ~~ . .. • . .
,
..:....-
·•
---;-/.~ .. - .·; ·.. ..L.: shp1,1l~~-be:,~~IM~~-RS'~Q/t~;,~U7¥.i .---~·. ~ :.),·_-" :_~... ~,_ :_:_- '., '':, .'':~:.:·.· · ·. ·_ ~ ·:> .
_·: .... ! · .· . , _pa1d:w1thou.~l~g~interes ;,,_. {·~ZJ>~ _. · .. ._s:~.·:··· ·~- /· .·-.
7-'. -: ... J .:_·,,·. ·-::,. ,... ·.,.· ..-.. .,·~. ·. : . '·
:···A.:.·-·., .i/'. ·· . .-.. ·. · -:',.1.) ,Jf J~e· c1dya~~:~~as m~e.y,olupt~:. : .. -''.· 0~. :JB -~JQ.N:S .©.F. '.l.aI:E ·., . , .. ·· .. ;..0
' .:: " ...... ·, , ·.. : ";, ': ':. ': ··'the'reimbur,s_ern)nt.. ~h'a_l~b,,(_l'Tl@...~d;t~ '\:~~:')/.t}s~':· F-Rtfcfu~It:Y· : - .· . . ... ' -~
· ... ·_- · ··, ·, ~. ··-->·. th~ tefrnJnation:of'\~elusuJruer~ ·. 7 ~-. ·. .r;~ :-: ... -, ,::· ··. ·· ·:,, · . -: ·' ·, . ·. · ., .
_ · :- " ..... : ·. :.. __ :_ 4.f jf.the·~s.ufruc:;_fuar{w~s fqr~tot>ay':"( --,_. ~\v\./: ·. · ··. - . · .: . - ~ :,:, ·. .: · ·. -~-,- :·,
• . : . ·,- . :. ·. the· re1m~ursel!'_~n~:~n?~ia .t:iw!f a_de 1\.·.A' .s~~ryj~Q~~ pf 901~~~~f~n$, the:~tuf~u?tua1=· .. .' ...
,,:•. :·,. ,.'. ·. ·dh~r~~fter(f,q'..) .. :- .':·. '¥-~ .·; l~~etm-e··the-dui:attorr'_ofthEfu.s.ufructl~arY: .... ·:
· ·. _,.. >· ii.. 2 _i~:e_ritit.1~q.J9,H~:fENT.1_9['l _:(~n,ti(P,a!9)~o~i.. .·~- ·. '·fo;naki:~Q·,JnyentorY .ot,ff.iif'pr pert_Y:rc1v1c· · 9
- .·· ·:-:. :-beymad.e:(GI.VI~ COf?~;_/!!.rt.: 61.2). (lcj.). ·. 1 · ..... ·• . . . :CODE;; Art.;:5aa)::ana\. . . , .:~.>' ;.,: · :. ::.. ,
· · · · '-,, ·. · ·.· · ·.·_.· .. ··· "'_ ·b,.;::r··.,.-,: . ,,···;' ..·1:i·'r·-c·c1v1tcob~E.Aft15B3J". ·; .,.,
·- ... . .,,,,·. ·.'. _ .. fi,.d.·::.d'·"'·'. ·,. dt·,... '. 9_g1_._y_e_._·~.ec,.n_~. . ·:_._,··-. ,...,_._.'·-'.·,·:··':·,,.-_ ... .,. ··.·, -
· .. - . .. c. To Jfo-._indemni 1e.. · for.· am_qges cq"use . o ·.·· . . . . . . . .. . .
: ,.·· . :· . ."l)irn-by t~.e ~ake_d .own·er . (CIVIL_:cqo~. -A1··.
.. \ .. ~ .. , .. :::B{U);'~n'd~· ': ~-(, .:-.."-. -~:<(-: :>,f.;-··· . , "\?'···; - ...... ·_ .. _-,. ··,. a.'.:>r..o·flif<k;d'i-e of
. '2: .. OurintjJh~·\isufru~tuary_:·
the
... , .:-;-. :< · :. -'. · __. . -·'
propedy:as:a good fath~r;'_ -~ '.-· .
, .·<\: ·:·· -:·::; : : :· •:. •. ;' .."-~ ,;~ ... _:,:.. ' ..~:.:- .. ':,;: ·,. :· ..;-,··'.'.: .:' ·:' · faml!y
·''of'a '(.C{vrr;.'CbDE/Atf.';5~9)>·;.:. :.' ·. ·: ... ·. . ·. ~- .....
·: T)ie·.naked owner. may ·afie.n:pte.ctt,e/l?roperty_ ·· ·. :· · ·: .'··. b:· ·':r;o'}"answer ·-for:' ine/icls1 ofltne · si.Jo~t.i(ute ... · .-:·
. ·: , ir\.; ~-s~fru~f ?~~a~se. :tbe,: pt1,~·:·_0(10mjniu.~-. ' · >·.:.: ~:~j91v,u~:-109E;?:i{ ,~~bj with1.~f preju:~~e t_o . · ·. \ -~· .
.. · .. d1r_ecil!TJ1h rem~,1r;is \'.ested;, lQ· _·him b~~ .. ~~ · - · his·.right'of.ai:;t16'i:i,c3gain$.t l~tt-~r.. . . ·-.:.· ·.<: . . ·'.·.
. )· . carj"rfo~:- : ..... <· . : : . . . . .,'" . ·-~
' . .: ' . 'c; ·tc/tepJace··wiih:,tfie'°,idiJng. tne"~eb~ ahimals' - . .
\
:. · -i:, . alter' :;the · form .:.or. sul;)stance· .;_pf,.,. the·.~, : .. · . . <thati-~di~·'Of~;~re 'tbst1"Whefr··th§/ usufru~Us .
· ... : :" :prci"perly-:, .. , .. :_,. /·.\.::. .·.: ... , '" :·'·::{_\.,: . :· .. , 2or1iiif6tJc1~~oh\.fi8tR'·'·othgi-8\6f:)iveitock
. ....:, . :_ ..ii. . a? :~nyt_~in~}h~r~q~· w,~ieh:"ma_y·tqUS~,/1 ·, . . . 1 .. --~ (G1y:{~--~~BE,)4rtf:5~1);_-_'.:_·.:_. ·, .. ·.:: .. · :- '·,
.. ·-' -:9.1mmu_h?n·!A.t~e·ya_luE:~c;>O~~-~sufr:u~t-o_r,. . . d. ~-~q:rj)~l(e;.Ol:DINf\~:Y rep9_ir:': (6,IV{L G_©~E,, ·.· 'ii.·
, .. ··: be. .preJL!d1c1al- .. to- th.e nghts of the :' : 'Art:-'592:.Par.1);- . · . · "~ .:.:
. . . :·, usufructuary' . . •' : e. '-'fo,·letl!l(wpr~~.' ~~ti_~erov_e.fti~nts_ by/he..
. , - · :. .'. · : ·' ·. : ·. · ·: · ·: .. · ·;_ :. ·naked owner not,.pr\'lJ1,Jd1c1al · to· the u~yrru_ct
· '·(G1ViL'CODE··Art:°59"5)' !.. . .·
_:-.~yg'9~i_A.rt·:5§_1,
Othe'iwise, :he would··be'· liable 'fpr-clamages
·.·. ·: ... · ., · !·. .• . .
\ .·
:
,,
.. ·: ) "' :<'· .' . -:./ . '. · . ....
/ . ·. ~ .
.. , ., . . ,'
•,"
<.
SA_N:BEDA
-·PROP~'f:tTY.
. . LAW CENT/1ALIZED
. BAR OPERAT7oNS- MEMORY
.. AID 2019
..
I
- :. ....
. . .·
f. : To pay· annual .taxes: and 'charges on. the ' dc?mands a ·pub.lie· instrument ,to affect.Jhi~d
fruits '(CIVIL CODE, Art. 596); : , partie.s. · .. · . . · ·
g: Topayinterest on taxesoncapital paid by e. !;,XPENSES' are to. be ··borne·, ·by the
, the nakedowner, (CIVIL CODE, Art. 597); . usufru_ctuary, since the duty.'is. his /?~PARAS,
h, To paydebts when the usufruct is constituted . supra at 611). . .
-onthe wholepatrimony '(CIVIL CODE,. Art.
59_8); · ., :· . '. . .. ' c -; · .• ~. ·\· , ·. . Wt,er'I Inventory is·NOT Required: ~ · .
· ·. i. . T ~ ,.~!:?C';Jr~. · th.e( naked ·owne_(s· or · court's a. When no one: )Nill be injured thereby (CIVIL
. . ' -to collect credits
approval . .\ in: c~rtain
.
cases. CODE, .Art.''585), provided the naked owner
' '
. (CIVIL.:CODE/Art.'5.99);_ : ,; . .» •
,
, consents; · · . , . . >. ,.
.j. · T~'. notify· tb!{ bwnertpf -any prejudicial/act b. In case .of waiver by. the: nakedowneror the·
committed by third persons·:((;JVIL CODE; . · law· or .·. ·· ..'. · · , · l; , " · ·
AH.: 601); and ... · . . . . . c.v Wh~~ there· is-stipulation in- a will or-
contract .
k .. To .P~Y: 'for- court_,i;~_xp~nses ._and. costs · ·(2 PARAS,,supra·at 61'2). • .· _,
: .· ..' ·· re·gardJng usufruct (CIVIL CODE;-Art. 602),:- · -, · ·. ·:. · · . · • · -; ·
.. ··-:' - ' :. ·.· . _:... ,i To·givese~u-rit·/(c/V/L.COD!=,-_A_rt/ssjJ' '·
3. Adh~\~rmin.~tio·~~9f the 'usufruct; , ': . ,. · · . ~ . , .
. .- ~- · , a.' To: returri the· ~1:il'r:ig_' m-usufruct'to the. owg,E?r ·''.·\ Thisarticledoes. not ·appl{if-th'e, usufructuary 'is .
· .unless. th·~r~. is. a. right·0tit; reteritlon '(C:l';'IL. · :; . exempted: from giyihg- security: It applies-only'..if' ,._.
GODE;·Art.<6.12); , _ ·~ · -, · · , .. ·. , .. .'.· ·. h~ JsJeqyirecf 6ut cann.ot' afford ta· give· securjty ,
· b. · To'pay !e.ifa('il)_ter~st ~n. t_h~ amount_~P~ft -~Y·, . . :(~ PARAS;. sukra at 618f' . ·.. · ..... ·.
tlJ~·bWher for. exrrac;mjinary_ repai~s or:taxe~. . · · ," · · · ~ . ..
· on,the·capital (CIVIi- c0q1z, Arts. 5f}4,-597); · · .:. Nqte:·'Since- ttye· law. does ·l)o.t 'sp_ecify'_ what-..
. and, ·. . ' ·.. I.
'· . · . · ·.· ·. :·~ .. , ... :,- · , ·:.
kind of·· sEicurity .sh'ould be' given; it follqws that.
'c: 'To fndemnify the owner for ahy 'fosses d~e to·.. . any .kind. of-sufficient security should 'be-allowed
'' -~i~;rrf~gffge'nce'.'or of_'h~s 'transf~~(SIXIL~- '· .. , - SU~~! asra'cash'or personal bon_d, m_~rt~age,
. ·. . CODE; Arts.· 589°590): v ·, ,.~ ·:· ·· . . . . ·· .. etc. (ld;l~_;.· ·. - : . · ·.. · · . ..
·:Obl.ig~ti_~~'s_~ _6;,ii:.th~ · -~~s~f~uc~u·a6,· ~- Bef~~- · ... _ ~:\,e-~e~\tr~;~:-. the: ·~.u~~f~tt~a·~- :·~~~ · !~~: .
~xerc1smg th~.Lls~fruct: .. ~·-, :, \ ..<. ·., obhgaU.9n)~:_g1v_e::s.~~unty, b111d1~g ~1msel_f to_f~lfill_
-.1 .. Jo. mak~. an,: J[We!1tocy · o .all .the .
;, ·.. (~l~lb~~~E:~~:;~8_3~~ an>>:· < ·: /.:. , . _· _ ;
· <> the, obTiga~on~mposed· µpan hm:r:111 ·a.ccordance
rith tt,·e:C1v.i1:G_ode:-_. -i' ·-. · .·. ·.: :; ; · .·.· - . ·.c.. '
.
Not1f:.The inven.tory is m·erely a cor:ei(ofidJ? be

w:Y·
. · 'f~m.Rli~tj.:wit? l;le.~~r~ .t~,~ u·sJn-~~~. may. e~iJr ; . l~·-. < . ·: .-.
into, p9sses~10~ al}_~ er:iJoyn:ieD~\Q.f;th_e,p, 0p~rlt(2 ..:- , . ··
*4.': -~:
".. ·' .·. ·ExcepticiJll;;/ .,-. _·:. ·. .. ..
W.h~-rLn9 o~e \vil.l'be. i_njured t~-~~eby;°(CIVIL
G_Ol?._~.)·~rf; 5_Bf?)/:' .: _.: . , ::·:: ...
·
0·:;·
.. ··,.
. · • ,
.. · f?ARAS;',s.upra~at;604).. , · .. , · · . .-. J. .:· ;- · · ·i · b. Wheri·-th_gre 1s....:wa1ver by· th,e naked O'tJner, ·,
... · _ .<:·~·-· '. :._, <·-· .··: (:'- . --. 1
•• · , .• • .,.·. (4)J/rNR_~S°A_'.·~u~:a·at,164~4~7Jqr'there,·._is·
,.· -: . : '3_e.qtJ1.r:_e!lJ~nts Jor, the. mak1~9· _.of .1pvento'?':: ·.· . · . a st1pulat1b,.t\e1thet 19 ~,"'(Ill orby .contract(.-·
- (NDANE)_- .. , . ,·... . ~ ·. ·. .....,. .-._ ·, · · . , . - '· . ' ·c.· ··When tlie :usafr.actuary 1s. the- dor:ior··of the
! •• ,.,_ '. •• • a. ~The -own~r :(qr ~his',legitimat_e:' repres,entative) ' . ,, : '. . . prope'rt.y; ·'who . Has . resc?rved . the usufruct'
.· .: rnu~t'b~-p~~yiously~Nqt_ified ·o. epable him to .. ' .: . :-- '.(civ.14, _C.ODE,>Art.-584);' ,; :· >: ..·' . ' '. -~ .;
'. ._- . corr,e.Gt ~.rro(~ ih,the:invent9ry; i~ heu:lesires; _'· ... ·.· : d\~ \yh~r\the·re· is a··pareilta_h u'i,ufruct;_j.El. i~,.t~~-
:, ·_-· •. : ,·.· ;:\· ... ;._.,__:. ·_,:'_,:;; __..__ ·-:<. · ..•. ; : .·, . ' : ' "case, of.parents-_;who a_re(i.Jsufr1:1etua~es:.,ot .
.- · . ·: Not~, .. :The law_- ~;,;1y$_ legitimate,•mqf)egal , ... ' .{ _:: · · ·. their-ch(ldrerfs property (FAM(LY C0DE, Art. ,
':1: .· '•, represenfatiye, s.o'.that- notice. n;iay b('i',giyen: ·: :'· ... ,.. ' -225); ahd . . ,· : : ' . ' . ..... ' . : .:. . .. :
· · .· . ,·in:: proper. ca~es ~b the/o~n-e)-.'::; · parents, . . ·. ·.·.: '°. ··ef'·. ·1n ca~es. ci.ea·ucion jura1ona··(CLVIL CODE, .
. . ... ::-,- ~po.use, gua_t9J~n·, adf)1inistratoro'ragei1t (DE · · Art.'_5Ei7;·-~·'P,A_RA_S,'iiup~a.aJ 617): .· .. _:
.. ,;,· LEON, P.ropefty;·supra at.,449).·~ · · , . .... . -· • · , ·. ·
· _,:-· · · ·. · . •·. . ·, · '· ca·uci.onj~rato('ia-is a;·promise·u~der o~th to
! ; . Effect of. Non-Notiiic'a'ti~n; The :_inve~tory.:.. .'> -take gooc:fcare _of the proJ?,i:rrty tmd return ~he
.. ·. ·-can '.go, o_n··-~ut. the;·~a~ed· 9""'.ner r:n~Y. lat~r-~ .. : ' ... ·.' '·. same at the end of the usufruct: ·11. ta.l<e's the
··.·. . . . . , '•, ... : pqint out 9i~c,repan.ciescc_md omissior.is in tlie . . ·, ·.. place of ·a.po_n~s,f 'secu~ity,a_~ct_is 6-as'ed_ on
'-inveritory (4)AANRESA if50-452: as cite'<:/ in ·; :,- . nec'e'ssity. and humanity. (Id: at 617)_: : : .
DE; !::.EON! Pr_opedy;-supra.at-450)'. : . . , . · · ' · · ·. · ... · ·
. .. . ., . · ., · Note:', lri: thi~: .-kintf 'of < u~ufruct, · the
b. . Th~- condition ·. of: th~. immovables ml,lst be . usf1frtrctu·ary. · ·ha·s no rfgh~ .to, alienate his:.
QESG.RIBED; . .' .: , --< ·usufructu'ary ngh(or 1e·ase tpe.same fq_r that .
. c: . Th~· Mov,ap\es. r,:iµst be-&PRAI_SED;: · :: . .'· -..Wotild mean· that he does not-'~eed tlie house
. d. As· a ni!e, :NQ.FORM 'is·r,eq1.,1ire~ .~~cept that . . . ,' . or. the furrfifure or frie implem~nts (Jd:).' ,•j
when· there are

. . . . · .• '.
real . . properties,
..
Art. . 1358 .
. ,.
< .
,, 2019
,.,.·
SAN
·. BEDA
-
LAW·CEN_TRALIZED'BAR OPERATIONS,
. . . . -,.· .
209
PRO.PERTY
SAN BEDA LAW C£NTRALIZ~D B~R OPERA T/ONS - MEMORY AID 20 i 9
Reqiiisite? Before Caucion Jur~toria is

. . ...
Obligations of the Usufructuary- During the
All9Yfed: (PANS) · · · Usufruct . . .
i. E(oper court petition; . 1. Totakecare of the property as a.good·father
ii. -~ppr6val of the,court; . ~fa family {C!VIL COPE, ·Art. 58.9):
iii.· N~c~ssfty for 'de.livery. .of furniture, Bac!
0
implements or house included in· .the· Effect of Use of .the, Property H~ld .i_n
· us.uf~uct; ano; ·. : .· · .. Usufruct (CIVIL CODE, Art. 6_10): ·
iv:' ·,.§.worri.pr_omi~.e ·(Id. at 618). • a .. If bad use does not-cause consfderable injury
. to the· naked owner, usufruct continues, and
Retroactive !;f,f~ct of _Secu'rity . the. naked. ·. owner : .cannot demand .
:After · the security;_: has. been given by ·ttie .. · . administration qy himself. . .: :..... . . .
usufructuary- he shall have a. right' to all the .. b. If bad use. causes .con.sid~r,able 'injury to the
'proceeds and benefitsfrom the d9y·onwhich; in _ naked· owner, usufruct· continues· .but the
'accordance with-the title constitutinq the usufruct, naked owner. can demand delivery. to. and
he should have. commenced- to receive them administration ·by hirn.rbut he will beobliqed
. tavu: coo.~;_Art: .588): .:... · ·. . to pay ·. net proceeds to usufructuary (2:
, , i:-· · · PARAS, supra at 646). .:. · · · ·
llf~str:a,ti~ii.:_.,t
the. usufruct commences: January· · · . · · : · .
,. ·!~
~,; ·;w~:4 but security give_nr-March 3, ··20,2_4. the
u
Beinq administrator · merely; :.he cannot sell . or
usufructuary is e·~_tJ,tled" tozall the,pro~e~ar'id:;., · ....... alienate the-riqht to the usufruct, tho4g~ he may.
beneryts of the usufruct from-Jaou~ry 3~0~:14. __ .A. ~.tiliJilien1:1t~. the property, without prejudice to-the
. _ . · . · ,- · . · . k~· . · . · .-~:
.E![ect~.:~f -Failure to G1~.e ie..c.unty. (IJn ess~
0
.1.. \u.s11fruet-:_(.2l'A~AS;_ supra-€iM4ry... ..
Q:~-
.. . , ., ·. _ . . :
. ·
·:
· Exempted) (Cl'rl~ COJ)E, A2·4!J§)~:
. . :- . .. ~o.t~: ,I,.:,.,.~o.uit wiff aete_rf!'irie·:y.h·~*1~r or not
a: . Oh_ the-rights of the ·nrak _c:Lowq.er. , ~... ,': ,jt' · _thE;l(8' l&COjJ~ider\ble iQjUfY to·t(l~ nakl;)d o~ner ( 4
'
..
~- ·~8- .may, ·?~li~e~ _th"ert.)ro ·_ert .. to. )~~ ~
US!Jfructuar-y, · - ·, -~/- . :. . . ,·A'- .
· x, fyffl,N8E~~4i)prt _at ·.~487~49 ··:~~- cit(!d, :in _2
. PAR~S, sup,;a at.:...6rl-\7).:. . ·.. . . . ·. . .
ii. He rpaY_ c_hoos_~;c~tentih of the ro~ertyt .-:V\ · ·. \ V:! · . _. ., ·· .
. . · as a.9rrnr:11.~trato·r2 · · . . .· , · .· ·. .
·iii.· He.- .. ~ay_' d~.r;p~r'rd~ re~eiv~rship,~J~\:.f59~A.Par:1J;·1=-l
·'" adlT)mJstrat,on ·(l?~"tan,oth~r}.:o ·.the' r~a~, 1,UJ,J, at .• ·.
~ii!l
· . . . ~
·l ·., . _·: · . ' .
··2.~,T9 n:i,ake orchnary repai,rs. (CIVIL· C_ODE,_-!3,,:t•. _
, -... ·. . ;, ·· ·. . ·
. . . . •. .proper;ty; sale o'f mov9-5le; ~ rsio'ri 'ot,.:li.~~ For t~sufruct~,a. ·to·· b~ .. re_sponsible for
. · .·
'' .
·: < ·
.
.:
deposit- · of <::rndi!('"\ il}~t~e~t~, ·.· Ofm . j,#} · 0~9~Q~ feP,airsr-ttfe JollO\:\fin.g .must G._Oncur':
investment of cash·or"'plofits·cVPA.RAS~- .t:'-(~,;;,),"?(N~)..
stipr,a._~t-6_D9)_.;·<· . , .. \._. --~J~~--
I "'( r '. ' ~ . ~ ·_ . . .:'-. . '
,JV ~)ti~ya(e req1,1jfed by~~Or'f!Jak_o: ~;3tural·u.se;.
·t. . . . IV. He rn<;1y ·demand t at ,th~ ?Vab~-. e. b - · (l~y/are:· n.eeded f?!·-.we~er:vat1on;·._.,. . , . : ..
·.: . . . .'. <_. ...... · .s9l_~;. , . _,,-:a· . ·. . .' 1o . .<, • .••• 8~ . ,~~- W.~ ·must' h.ave ~ ·.Ot£,Urred-.~_d1:1rnJg Jhe
. .. ·' · _.: .y .. ·r-1e·-·,.Jlla~. Ae.~an_d tfla.t ·.;lh.e c e~!~:.,°~x,~~ce ttth~-u.s.ufru~t; .an_d -· .· .. ..
:
.
.. : ·...
·
. inst~um~nt ·bf·.:~~-~-~e. ed ..
. ·.· . ·_,cert1fi~.ate·_u_f,_.gepos1t;·or_ ~,
f~vr'J.. ,19;· M lar~~°I\!'l'?.?~(si have.~app~().~p.witfii'~r.'A'.ith_~;ut the :
J\SS_§~u c;oft~e µsufructu~o/ (2 P~~AS, syp~q at_ .,. ·
.... v, .. He.~.m.ay·-'demand; 1hat .,th~· ci;)s.!j ;arid. J._.,,, ,;.I'\-;_.,,,,,,622): ,, . . . ·· . : · . '.
···, .c.regits 0~ invested~·in'·$afe ... ·sec~jJ\e'S~ i'·"•,O - . ·.:.. .. . ..-:· ,.__" ·' . · ·- .,; .. · •• ·.-'.:.'·
'·.. : .. ·._-{Dt=.Jf.EQN;. p,-bperty,-supra:·at 452;:> · ·. .. .. .. Note: ·if riakf;ld 'owner_h·acfae.manded the repair, ·
b;·· On the.right~ro.t.the~·US!.!.fructuary. . . ,. ,.•. ·... . . . an.d the u'sufructuary· still faiJs,to db.,SO;.the own~r
· (.. 1-tl£annot-p,-oss·ess ttie·· property until' he · · ... · ·· ·ma/make t11e·i'i'i (pe·rsqna11y' ·ot thru '.~n:other)· a} ·
. give? sec;urity; .' .. r •. ._;... . ·- . ·• . . the ~)cpense oftni/usufruc;tl,Jaf:Y '(GJVIL CODE,
.: . ·, ii. . ,·He{:c;annof • ,c!dminister-·:.the ,,property, . ,·-' . -Art.692, par.2): . . .. ,; . ·... . . ·.
•: . - . ' .. h'enc.e; ':he.·. ~anno:t ~ :ex-e·eute. 'a,·. ·leas!:) . . . ..... . . . . . ; . .-· _. .. :... -~ ,. ;=_: . .- . . ... - . :
. . /··. _thereon /2 PARAS,-supra fi{616);, . Exenwt~on ·f~om the duty {o:J'np~e··or pay .for'
· . iii; · H_e : cann'o.t: - collect credjt? .. tli_at hav~ / · t~,e' nec·~ssary . r~R<!irs. ~-y-~~e·n~un~ing · the .
·. ·. -.matured/nor.. iJ'ivest: -:th·em. ·Lil?lless . the 'USUfrU"ct: .: ·. ·'.· < · . >.:.. · ,., ;· '" . . . ...
··:· ·. Co_urt ,;r'
0 .naked-.'o'wner cofrs~'nis (ciViL . a/:·lf lhe usufructu~ry_ ,had· ri9'
fatJli,:·.~e .cari ·.
. . . ·coo'J;, Art. ,599); · . ' ,, .. , . . . . r~noiJ'nce; b't.1t ..·he·_n:itist ·~urrend_~r ,th.e fruits_.
· iv: .. But::::the ,u~Lifru_cfua·ry, .c'aQ-·.c!l.i~11at.e. his·. ·., .. , . ~eceiyed::.·i . . ·; . _. :··· ,· < ~ ./:. ·: · ·.:, ·: ':- . ,· .
. . 'rjght· to .the Lisufruct: '. The g'.ar:ilee ,n,ay'· · . -b. , If he:haa.fa,:ult, ~e,.ca»ni:>(renot.inte.·tj.e, wo~l.9
. possess .the .Scin'\.\Hr9rr. th.~·m9ijj·ent h_e . . stHI be liable _for d<:lmages (2- PARA_S, sqpra
·. giyes · s~curity' (Z.-PARAS.;. ,s't.ipra,at 616)'. . · ;• ·. ·aU522):' .,. . . : ··:: ·
. . . .. . . . .. ,, ~ . ·.... .
~ · N~te:: ·,'t.:·ti'i~'::
h1ovab1e:. be: ·sold,: .tiie ;
ca~h ·. · ·. 3:,. _Jo notit:{ttte ~t,.urg~_r:ii. e.xt;a~~rdirjat.yowne(
.b.elo-~gi't_o·ttif~aked owri!:)'r., but,the int.erest .. · , ···rr!p_a_irs'(C/VIL CODE,·Ait,.59~); : ...... ,,.,·
thereon '.(6% per arinum) ._belo'ng~ .to the
·· usufructu-ary
.
(Id.). . ' · -
·, .
2·10· 2019 .SAN _BEDA LAW CENTRALIZED BA_R_9PERAT°IONS
. .
PRO.PERT-Y.
_SAN'EJEDA l.AW CENTRAUZED.·BAl1°0PE~TIONS ~- MEMORY AID 2019 .
&f#-#2 k e:G! 22Wthf£i'¢&:J4r::Mrl 0:stM &&$ #IMS·• d { :::pm n:mt:W'?X #?&# ,#! t?'r'® 1 !Jiti:¢»tt&JMYS?W4SJ.t"M)~
' I
Klnds of ·extra-o'r~inary_ repairs: -, ·5_ To permit works. and. improvements by th~
a. · Those caused by natural use but not needed _; naked owne(not prejudlclal to the usufruct
for preservation. · · · · · (CIVIL CODE, Ar-t, 595);_ ' · ·
. , · i. · The _nake_d, oymer should-be held liable,
whether or. not . he· is riotifled, by the
usufructuary. ·. · · '. · · · · , .. . .
Although the property is jn
the possession. of the
usufructuarytha naked owner' may. still - . · -~ .
ii. The- law does not . require the naked e. · · Construct works; · ·
owner.to makethem; what is• irnportanl is • b. -, l'v!~ke improvements: arid . • '• I
_.that: he .willbear the expenses made by · :._ ·. c: 'Make ne"':' pl~!:ltings,.(if rural)
the __usufructuary · (2 PARAS, supra at .. . .. ' .. ·.· .l ....
624)." . . : ..· .Provided: · ·. ... . . _'·.. . . ·· .·
b. · Those caused IJ_y abnormal or. exceptional
. ·.. . circumstances ' ·. and "needed •. for. .a.. The
o2. . value. ,, of the usufruct is not dirninishec:"
. . preservatlon., ·. ' .. ' . . . . b. The right of the usufructuary is not
i. The naked owner. shall be held liable.' · . .. pre]udiced
...
.
tcivn. 'ccoe,
. . Ait.
.
595).
{. . The . usutructtiary is . allowed to 'make.
. : .thern, with the right to.qet.the increase in Effe~t of Increase.lnthe Valu~ .pfthe Usufruct
. -~valu..e . a·nd the· right of. rete~tion (u.ntil ... ·a .. Theusufructuary's profits willlncrease (for he'
. ~~:iid) -af:the termination of the usufn.ict; · wilLbe entitled to 1he use and profits thereof);
.. I,· .:.:· : : prpvi~ed thafthei-e n6tifi<iti~n by_ : " Wa~· ... _ I:> .. .Theusufrucfuary does.nothave topay legal
, . . . the __ usufr_uctuariand fa_ilure: to 'repair By < .. · .• ~: . interest. . on' The improveme'~t'._ (2 :PARAS,
. ·. . . the n·ak.Eld·own'er (Id,).·-;-. ' · ,. . -~. · · supra ;:it'619.). · · · · · ·
c. · Th0:se caused: by abri9rmal ·or eiceptional
\. -. '
circumstances but .. are- . not ne_eded f0r 7. · To.pa~ annual taxes a:nd·ci-.al~es_and of those
preservati9n .. , _;..·_ - ·co.i;isipe'red as 'a. lien. on . the- fruits (C!Ylt
f. ·. nie: naked_pwner is resp·onsible. .. ·· CtJDE,Art."~96); ~ - · ~- · . . ·:, ·
::r
ii. TMe. · usufructµary·· canno.t compe·I the
·,· ·
. ..
nake_d owner t9 .make such repairs ·and
h.r is not 'a!lowecl to .l!J~ke ihd~ eve.oJ_if-. .
the naked ·owner .has fa1leO to· maRe"them.
·"(la)~':··.~· .. ,
· . ·A. <T ~'a~~v;,eJ~or:t·~~- ~6·t~·~t ~h~~:~_§ii~~f~~(~!~lt ·;,. ,

) ·:90D!=_, Art., 5!).OJ:
· w1.tpout'preJud1,ce~to his r.1~Vt :
>. :· ~ ' . ,.: .: . i,
.of actio11 ~g~mst latt€?r;·:· · · .-,. : · · , . . .(
. · · · · . · ·_ . . . .··: ...... .- , -: · : ' · . ,Tax1s : l~ivii:!d
. -.~ea~on.: It is the duty o,f the .. ,usufructua_ry.:to. "-"f_n;__e_c_a_~.,_it_,a_l
_·_,_:·_·-'-~--~ __ ,..__ __.
;pre~ePJ~ }hE: ·for_m an~. SU_bstaflC,~ 0 ~tf.l~ ,\Qin~n- ~: . . "., . ;,
'( .l)$Ufruct (Q.E LEON, Pr9perty supra -at 4/}5);J. .· . · Wh~t ·charge. s. : or Taxes: the ·Us~fruct~ary
. .. . ..· . .· (•
·N.~t~;.· E~e~
wh.eri the:r~ ·;; ·a sl.i~-~sufrl.lGt!~ry; it· . · ... M~st ~ay~ \ .:_ ·
·., · a:.... The an·nual charges-(in the fruits); . · · .
· .: . · ~
: .is still 'the; u~ufr-~ctuary:who answers·fo. the naked.
·· - b.' The ahnual taxes on the fruits; and
_:.-
. owner for ordinary.repairs,. tax'es :on' the fruits, etc.
· .' (2·.~AfY\S,_-supra·at 619): ": .:\. ,.
. c. . Th~oretically, .· annual tax~s the· . on . land
•. ••• ,, ·~·· •• :_ •••• ••• ~ ..- ;:·: / l • ~....J:-· . . ·. . .· ... ··.-. . ~· .' . .::,.,(in<::luding real .estate t~x) sr(ould also ~e paid.;:
by the usµfructu.ary (2 PARAS;silpra et 626-
5.:. To· replace witb ':the yourig•·(her~of aniin~ls .~·
. _. 627): •: . :· . . ·. . . . .. .. · ·.
·,' 0-that die1or,are·10.st from natural.c~uses or.du_e . . .. · .... . . · ..
. tO\ r~pacity~·.,.of b'east~:- .or · prey· -~hen the ..
·: .... Lisufruct' is 'constituted. flock o"( herd. _of. .
-
on -
· . ·N6te:'°A re~I :~'ropert·y ta~; b;fnci_a burden upon_ .
Jhe capital, s~ould be paLc:J by .. the .qwner· of -the
·. Hve~t9ck.(C/Vli° CODE; Art. 5Q1); .
~. .- I •• - ·:. . • '' • • .• ~ • ··-., .• ~ • "•' \ ' '... • .,._
. land, and . not· by a usufructuary (Boa_rd ·. of ..
· Reason: l;hi_s qbligqt_ion. is related to'the,,need to:· : ... , .. ·Assessment.Appeals of Zamboiinga def, Sur v.
.. pr~se.rv,e the.form .~nd .~ubs.tance,._of _the a~i~als, · .. Sapat '.1Mining Cdmpf!ny;: •. G.F?. No. ·L-~!3034,
··.: February.27, 1971). · · .. · , .. · _· . ·
,· ' . i.e., ttie. samfr:iuinber.al)~_.cond_i~io!'r·(DE L.EO_N,
Property, supra at 484) .. , . ..: - . ·
.... ... • .. ,: t
, Other-Gharg·~s on the Frujfs the· U~ufructuary
~ot;
. snail
Steril~ . ~hlrnals
tarinot b~ : rep'laceq · and
be !recited as fungible (CIVIL CODE;, Art...
Musf.Pay: '·. ·: , . · · .. , -
. · a .. · . Ordiriary ·repafr~; ·anq__ . ·
·.
. :·
· · .
591,- last'parr ·:•' , . . ... · ·· · · b. - Nece~'sary 'tultiyation ~xpenses {2 PARAS;

suera a~ 621).,. . .
. ~. ' · .. (For · further discussion, Sf;]~ the section on ' ·
· Special Usufiucts, particularly on Art. 591).
. I. 2~19 SAN BEDA,LAW

. CENTRAL:IZED
. . BAR
. OPERATIONS' I 21'.1. .
. PRO.PERT¥ .
SAN BEO~·LAW CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATl9N5 - MEMQRY AID 2~'.9
T
To
0
8, o p~y Interestontaxes on. capita I. paid by the· 12. pay for · court . expenses and "costs
·. 'nal<ed'owner.·(C/\i'/L ~ODE, A,,:t.·5~7); . . regarding usufruct, .(CIVIL
. .
CODE,·
.
Art. 602) .. · ·
,.\,._ .
The naked owner pays .. for the taxes imposed . ,C:his. article particularly applies' only when- the
.
. directly on·· the capital· p~ovided:·.they are not·
. ..: ' .' ,,
annual (2PAf:.AS, supra· at-626): . -: ·
. ~-· .· usufructuary has· LOST: the . case (2·· PAR.AS,
· supra at ·(}26). ·
. ·... ,'·':··.?' /.) "· .. '. ·.... '· . -. ;
'·. :""- .. .,
.. . ·' -, ·· .. >.
-------,,.,.---------------· -
- PROPER-TY-
. . ; . SAN°8EDA tAW CENTRALIZED"BAR (!PERATIONS r: ,;.,·EMORY AID :2019 . • -,
M3&AMiiW&4AP¥BfW##§Z%ttWt: 1t&:iifui!i8fu&&m
~ e&1;;ap;@e&1, s {S>»-MtAA&4tt#5:i:*&6#Sif&tO:lt£
-.:. / )
w,· ·@RcsMtst# ~
. ..
' . . f' ·. • . . . 2.) : If; the· successive -~usufructs were
EXTIN:GU:ISHM~NT('OF . constituted by virtue: of a l~?t will,
'\. ·. there .. should-be: only ·2 successive
. USUF)-UJCT· . :)_ . usufructuaries: a.no both musthave
... been alive·. the !tftne'' the . at. of
. . · Sft'.~ma~ 6fExtingllistinient of U~Lifri.Jct:. f~stator-'s"death 'rc°JVIL"CODE,.Arts.
. · Usufruct is . extinquished: (DERM-RT~f P) .-_ 863 ·ani:f 8$9;_ 2 f:ARAS/ supr~· al'
·. ·. t:·' By the Qeiam of fh~ µsufruc;tuary, unless a, . · 64_7~648):. , 1_.... . .:: _· ,:. ::i
. ' contrary frlfentiqn-'¢1early appears; - .' ·. . - . · ·
. '· 2. ·: By the.gx"plrai'icin 'of tne' peribd-for which ltwas . . .. ''. · .No.t"e:-Ttie:ciwn~r of 'proper{~ irl)PO.se·9 as'' th-~
,:--: '·'constitLife"d~ or
by the fulfillnieri_t of ar)Y' resolutory. . .: i;:C?ri'~ition}o(the 'continuation <>t- the __µs'ufruct
· : ·_,·qandition provided fo-the titl6\;'r~aiin't{tiie. ·, : . . - ' , over the property by his .kins.that ttiey;.::~hould.
· 'f · t · · maintain· anatmosphere 0J.c6operf1t10n·, .live -;',
. . us~. rue ; : , . . .·. . . . . . . .
- · ·.···\ '. _$y·M~rgei_9f.t~e usufruct and ownership' in-lhe. . · in harmony and avoid b[cker)ng.-There:was:a · ·
. ··.. .- ' sa_me' person:", . ' ·.- .. ·. . - .' ~ .- ' . . . ... . ., contin..uirig)mimosity among tbe kiht; hence,
:. 4._· -._:sy Ren_u_hciatio.8 ,aphe. 0.sufructuar:,i;: ·, ·: . : ·.. ., i it; is-fl grqund fo.r)e·~rj,-,n_a~io.o. qt-.\~e,.\Jiµ:truct. :· ·
' sy
s·. ': "the tdf~flci"ss of.the i~ing, in usbfrµct;_ · · · ·. · : · the\d'eted6ratidh. of. the.relations- ofJhe'. kins · ·
.. 6, --- 13,y ftieie,rr,iri_aJi9n·.9f-lh,~:rJgnt'of thtP,,e~son . : · an_)i!'mosf irr~.frieva'~le to: is ~~;.;g~od: · .).~yer
- . constitutiiig .. the u's"ufruct; . .- : - : ·-. /' - ·reasori .' _for: the·. ternjination·· of :-the,).1~u.fr~ct·
, . · . ·7. ··'sy _ -·. ; ·~- ", . · '.: -(M(!!_alidad, v,; P'er_nes, G:R_.· No:··· ·15280~,-
1 - . ·
_Eie.s'cripti~njdvitct>l)f
, · .. •· , •. · .· ·
Ari:. 603)..
•· · · .• ·. t
August3,.2006). _ '.,. . .. :.- --: : ,. -:
Mocl~s of~Extit;iQlJiS~~E:·n~ ?f
U~u-fr,uct_: (n°E,RM-R~- . -b .. In' case t~ere is -a period fil.(ed based t~~. dn
TP) (CIVIL COBE; Art. 603): c,· . .,._ . , . • _nj.Jm_ber of y~ars -thqt would elc!pse. b,efore a · .,
{. ·_Q_eath· __of t.n_·e u_·_.s,
_uf:ru_c_t__~_ary
__ ·_,· ,._·_· .. : . - .... _._: _·. · .:· ·)__ · · :- piir-son-,would reach. a· certain ··ag¢; WNL:ESS
· .,. _ .,y- 'the. i;,eri9d:.:was expressly ··granted only in ..
•. .·. G~ner~I . ~ule: · ._Deq~h:. :Of. jthe _,u_sufrll~luary_ . · . · (?~msider~li0f) 1c9(·t~~ exister)c~ '~of sJch, :·
..'. . -~eneral,ly _e_.._n 9:~ th~_eusu_ f,ru.~ci.,··_- .. -. (~ . . --~ · pe~. s, n, in-"Yh)ch. case. it.ends' c:1t.t!ie d.eath of_. .
. . L . : . $.ai'd ptr~·on(Ci.VIL. CODE, Art.· 606);_.and: . ·.:
, Ttiis is tr.ue even if a resolutory condit1orl or period · ·. ·.l- c: 1~-- c~~e the·· cot1tr~1y", in_tentf~m- _ C~E_ARL:. Y.- •
,,._ .. /h.as.. been, ·stiRl!iatetj·a·na:·de~t-~osc(fref~b¢fg~e \l:i.e. _ _, ·. =·. _: .awpe.~s \MJ:-N~ESA52;3-528:as cited._in 2. ,-,
· - ,/xpir.~!i~~ . of. _the-,·period~r. ful~IJme·f)t qf._ ttiei' · .. F?f,R'A.S; sµwa .at-"635): · ·· ·
. -qond1llon '(DE LEQN1 Proge'Efr,,supra at 46_5), . . ·. '. · · ·' " . · ._ _... · · . _ _ . ,:-: . ,. . .
·. ·. . , ·· - :· ·-•-· ·. ·- · · . · ·. " . ,·. "'· )- · ·. . 2_/ .l;xP,iraHon ~.e. ·pe~iod. ·or fulfillrnent of the
. . · .:; : N9te':· lt)~."~th.\3_= _d~at~~_oU~!=!- usu fr~~~ .;,vnich · res~l9tory.cona!t1on .. · ·. ,
-- :- · .. · · :'g~n~r~l!Y ./~~ul~s .··)~- )he__- ter~ina_tion ~ Q( t~~ . . a., 1.f· me usut.d.ictuary is a juridical· pe"isoif the
:·. - :·. u'sufr,ud. Henc.e,Jtie death of tne nakJd __,owne·r~ ·. ·term ~shobl9· not· ·exce'ed:.50,·years. (CIVIi...
· ·. :· : .. ·v.il!.!1Pl .. ejt.i~gu)s_h°Jtle u·sufruct unLe~.<n,e-pait~ e<DQE-Art.'-'605): · . · ,: · .... · · · ::··' . ·
_ ·, · _: -.::_ '._, -~xpres~l~(so·sllpu_lat_e (R~BUYA~. Rrepertx'4,upra · ' ·· !:{ ·:".1f. t_he~ ~su.frucl :oh :is a_' r~a( p;op~iiy, ~r or:i ·a. , -:
· .· · at 497f· ;··:. ,.. -·~· .. ·. ·, . . ' .r · . , °fE:al .. r!ghr 9ri _real. p~operty;:t~efp·Eirfqd_ni~slbe . '
>.·_J._-.:'- _:.. ' -~ ·\ :,i):. '., 1_- :_'. . ·, . ··• • fecbrded·to·bind ttiird.persons (CIVIL, CODE,
.. (.,"'E;xc.e_P,tl.O,:t;i.··, ~-' ., . ·.·. :. ,.;·· .. ' '· ,'' .- . ,;_-, \:J,r.t.01): :._'-:·. ··.': :·<~. _:·_·; ,::.-_: , . . . ,,_- . ·; ..
•• •
1
a.·: In 'the,cas·e _of"rnultip.le .usufructs,it e)1ds on · · . ;:' ·'c'.'_ ':Prem_at~re'aban~,qnm~nt_.<;>r~is?6~9ti0n,pf the
.' . · . 1 ,.':> . .· · the: de9th- 6f:th_e last-slir;vjv_or- (CIVIL CODE; .. .. .' · ji:i"r.idicah ·Emtity:. ex}ihguisoes' u,e·,_ u_sufruct
. · Art.- 6HJ; ,. -· ._ .. _.-. ·_. _. · · - · · · ::·: ·. ··(c1v1C:-cooE, Art:'605).- ·,__ :-_ ·. ., ,. , -=, .
·.... . ·.. I . ., .· . .'.·. '. ·. ~ . ·..
·, _.. . . . .
.. ·.. . . . . ·;., . ~. . ' ;
,• .
··. ···, ·,: .. :·..'; ';_. . ~.·.
. . ·· - .-.~. ,........ ., . :. : .. . :
·• .,.
: . , ' :'. ·_·; Rule-i_n: Cas~-,·o_f ·iylu_ltiple: Usu.fruct '(CIV/L 3·.-"- .Mer_ger o_ th_·e u__ s.'ufri.Jdand:ownersli_ip·ih the same , ·
f_
.. . . ·qooE,.;A,;:·6N)' : ·. · '- ·,. . . . .

. L .· lfi···ccmstitufed :~imultane·qusiy, ·-it, -is- . ···. _perso\ ---·: ;_ :: :.· - , ,<: _._._.<_~/:·,_·::.~; ·. . . : . ,
-'· .. · ..- · evident that ~II {he ust.ifru.etuaries-: must·: .·. = 'Ta!<es place. ·when. the rights- -.of· usu(ruct. and''
I.
·: · .._ _._,_:·: . ~e.· aliVE: a_t. ~~e- time ··<;if.th~ c_on~tiiutf~n/. . c;iwner: are acquire'o _by O[le and the-~arne pe~son .
. ·. ; . Th.E; .. -~~~_th of . tge _, la~t survi~or. ·:- _· ,:. who becom.e$· the absolut~ owne( of the.-property'.
_ .., : , :, -· :. .. e1m~u1~h~~ ttw u~ufrµct: . · : _, . . : . . · (DI; LEON/Property, s_·upra at 467):, .. ·· ... · ·.
. · .. u_.... ·.I\c_pp:=;titl!teQ suc_ce~siv_ely, Art .. · 61J · ·.. :_:.-:". '': > · ,:·. ,::_:"·_:-···-~;-·-.: ·' · /=-< . :. -:··.-.: :- . , · ·
.· . . a)~iq .appl_ies_. _ 1-jowever. to · constitute . . ,. 1111,Jstration·: H was·lhe u_sufructu,:1ry.:of.land owned · ·
, . · · success,iye.usufructs, it.is ~ssentiaitliat-: • by X .. X died; 'leaving :,in his. will: the ·,aaked ~
.. 1 .. ) "If the. SUGC~ssiVe USl,Jfructs. wfire -owne·rship ··aLthe:.la~d· to ,H>;The=.usufn.id IS.· ..
·- : ·con·sti_tute-d·by virtue of a d_onation,' · · extinguished because now; H is both th·e n~ked· ,-
·an _the donee-usufructuarie's rjius't be owner cinci "the usufructuary-(2 PARAS, supra.at .
living ='at the. lim·e. of the GOnstitutipn~ ·. 1. ·.'- .. .629J. . - .. . ·.
donation _.. of '__the usufryc,t (CI_Vlt · . ·... '
CODE, Art. 756):
. . I
. .· .
."I
2019 SAN-SEDA.LAW CENTRALIZED ~AR OPERATIONS'
. . . . . . .
I 213
.
P"ROPE·RTY
SAN'BEDA U\WCENTRA.LIZED OA~.OPERA.TIONS ~ MEMORYA/0
. . 2019
.
4. Be.nunciation of the usufructuary. that he was the owner but was' later defeated in
. an. action- concerning :;is ownership, it follows that
Th·~ ~~~~nder of the,.rights as -~;ufruct~ary. refers the usufruct ·mu~t . al sq terrninate. (DE LEON,
to a voluntary surrender otthe yery riqhtswhich Property,
. ..... suptee:
.
497). . . _ .
the usufructuary has, made by him withthe intent
to so surrender them ·.(City of Maniia v, Monte de a ... If the. usufriictuary .has a sub-usufructuary,
. fi<5dad, G,R. No. 1975;. N9Ct.10, 1.905). · · ' the latter.ends at the .. time the usufruct is
. exting_uishe~i' . . . ' .
Note: [t is really an abandonment by 'the b. Death · of the naked owner does not
usufnrctuary of. bis righ.t anddoes not, therefore, . -, .. e~tipguisli :!_h.e usvfruc;,f_fo( the ~ighti_ of the
. r~quire !tJ.e consent of the· haked C?~_oef but .it is .· naked owner .are. transmitted to .his own
subject. to the rights. of creditors (D_E ,LEON, h~irs(2 PARAS, supt» at 637). · .
P~oge"rty, supra et 496). ·. . ·._· .- -, . . ". . ."
. .
7:
5. Total loss· ofthe thinq. . rs to- the ·acq.. uisitive p·resirip.tion · -
_aPresT~~-1ps~i_roer:ife.
11
·General-Rule: A total" loss would· result Io- the · ·
•'(C/Vlt.99."f::E, "f,rts:' 1996 ard· 111.7)_ .?Y. ~ .
• • ••• ..:--. • · ·... ·
extingui'shm,ent· otthe. usufr,uct.: A tbing_ tsIost
st~afl9~f ejther Q,f the. usutruct orof tl),~/1"9ked ·
~,L· 'cooe;·· 60·
F
· . - -it
·. when · · perishes:
.. or. goes
- · out
, of~ ...commerce.
· ·. t or
.. . · -· · ·· · ·
owhership.(9/V , 3 , p"' ···6) :: .
. ar,~ .
. _·drsapp~'?r~ I~ such a ~a.r::in~r that its exis ~~ce IS . . · b: .. Mer~"n9ncuse.: of)h~ usufrud!,J?iY q.oes· not ·
--~nkno'":'n·o~ 1t cannot_ ?e rec~v~r~d. Hence,}~ terminal~ 1he-· t,1sufn.Jct,- unle~s· · it is; also a
·ma~. e_,ther .be physical o_r J~Urrdrc.?I
_ Prop_erty, ~'!pr.a .at 499). . . . , . , ·• ..
(RA.?1.!JYA,
~ , .. .
1u. 1-· N'
\. . .,.. ~.e~cfatio~ (2 PARA$, supra a(63_1}: ·
.£ ~J.:x.' . . _ · .
'>· . :. _ . .
. . . '. ~.r~~t'heri~ases ... ··.. . , . . . .
.
. . .-- ~xcepti<:>ns: .. ·· .:· :-_. · ,V,,,r z ... · . · :. ~rfnl!~\pt1r~scission of.coritracf;-:'~-' " .. ·.
,•' ;- . · ?:. lfth~ usu_~ruct 1~_con.st1tu).'ecl,ot1';~~-'Jd1_ng,..c!~d":'"·,{:~ _.-...b,Nitita~·~q~_e11t; .:,:~- . : ·. · .. ·. : .
the la_tter 1s ·aestroy~d f-~~~~e._f~,l'.l!{pf:~ A
·-w -~- A~~'f!mri;µ?ag~ _of r:r,ajority .9..f a chil.~ ""'.~ose
u~u.frustuary-! the,usuT,Jc~'?"f:ot,exJ1n~u1shNcl ~ ~. p\operty(.is: ~nder; -parental • usufructuary
. a,od_Arts. 607~608 w~uld .api:i~-: T· · : A)\ . ..
(ffA_!yt/U( ~[t,Jvts. 225-'ahcl 2Z6J:" ·a"nd .
b. -~If th_e . pro~erty ·. ~~ld~rf.., us~fn.1~t-w~s" l:i· _a-:-o
her ·_le_gal ~a.uses J _ r_esultihg· .i!") the·
·..
. t·-~::,
. . . e):(prop~rate_d fpr _pu~~~e,-·th~ ..
, .·-... not e?(tmgur_s~~~- ·: . . ufru$'f!I_,~
~ (. . ·.d.· ,_ ')\
:·,~..)lli:...~. · ·.at 6~1f
\~'illI!lJ..Jf .
.: 1.fminati~n1re.usu_fr.ud
1•
~~• •
(2 .PAR~S •. supra
1·-·. · J-. . .
." •
... • •• :·.
. '. . . . . .
·. R~·le in-Fas~_o(Exp~opri~tfq~--(~tVl!;:\GQD5;:_ . :..' : .. ·x~·-' .· ~- _ ·.·: :·~.-~- .·:·
Art. 609). . .. -.~if). · · '2)~ .. ~l- j '~-,;
. · :,. L~/ · I 't l- · ·. . · · · ·
,,
.•
~- ·!.f_- the· ~ak~5t_ owrw. ·_~lo?.e v-jas §1~ · th~-- ."' ((·· ; ~SE-M;E_NTJO"R SERVITUp'E··: ,
· .. mdemc11ty~he.·hasthe .. Qp.t)onte:. __ :· '5 · . · . . ~ut:,·:·.7:·: . .-: ,.:.-· .·· ·: '.. ·' ·-·
,·.··-·
...
-:-. .. i.·, ~~t
.. Replace witti°eqi.Jivalent thmg·. o r · ..('\~ : - '· ·;z',Y.· 1··~···'·y: . ·
• • ' ·1·.·- •· ... ·· .: y: ' .. · · · ..
'.; ·:\ _
:~ay_
' ii.
; • 1f;.'' , • ,~
to th_~·. ~suf_~~ctt1azy·J~~a.!·tnter~~P,QD{E~l=~~~jp.·.r
~ : )·
··>· . ' . . ' ... ·, ·---:. . . : ~.
. t~e mdemr:uty;_ w1th.tl;lff\~l?lrgahq~J9·~--:-=--~de"jjrJ~~;l?Sement ·or .. : servitude ... rs . an
. . .
-·
. ·".. se,c;:µ.,rity fo'r-:the payment)of1rJ.~r~., ~ . ~e,ticurtIB,r~p.~imposedllpqn_ ~n ii:nmoyabre_.. for, _the
b. If_ t,oth, the n-ak.ed owner ~n.~. th?bs~c.tlla_,y M me-c_V.fi~o~notherin:imovable b_elo_ngir_g to_ a 9iff~rent.
~.e_r~ sepa~9~eJy~giveri .!_n~er:iJh.ity,:~~?,c.~o;«n·· : ,tlw.J;1-e~(q~y~L,CODl=~·Art1:_6_J3) .. Hpwever?,.rt ~ay:al,so
.. : · ... th~. ,mq.emnrty ~1ve..r} ·tq hl_f!-1;th~ .. U~..ufp:1ct b~mg . . . · be"f:!S~a'~lr.$_fre_O'fOr-"t~e ·~enefi.~-- (jt -~ _C.?T1111J~.m1ty;-Or-of.
_ . _to\c;l_Uy_eJ<t1n_gu1s~~~- '. .. : ::. . .. · .._.. , . . _ o.n~ or.mo.":~ persons to_'whol.T)",t_hEfeneumb~_red esta~e·
c.-· If th~ L(SufrLfCt!-,la_fY.:~.~IQQf:l,X"~~- :Qiven .the.· . · c;loes·norbel_orig {CIVICG_0.0s, Arj. 614).. -1. , •• •
· . irJdemr,itY., ..he ffi.l!§_l.give. it. to tt}~ nake~.,ciwri~r - .,
. and:· .. co'fnp~I'-.the)~tt·er: .tQ '. r~J~ri:, ._·e!tfie(. the :.
. ·<- . ..- '. : · . . · : ·. . · .-.,:· . . . -~, . ...
Th_e~~tti~~-.a~pect_:~f- _e·~s:_ment_:O.[:~e~rt_~~~-·ref~r_s t? . .:
. interest or tosreplace; tJle pr.9.perty ... He:_may.. . th_e:.~~~-11~;,.<?_f~e'"".:rtu~e Ou.~·~e':!1tuf~$)!.Mi t~~: ~,g~t:_' ·
eV<fo-deduct the-interest himself, if .th_e _na~ed.. . wh1_ch corr:esJ?:9n.~.s·tq, th~:.bur<;len~1p1p9s_ec;f:· From · , ..
·· '. · · ownedai!s. tq·_object (2 .PARAS, .supra _at '645~ · tbii5_-Vi~y.poi~t,- an:e.~sem,~h.t or ~ervitude -~a_Y th.t.JS be_ · .
. .64q)'. ,: · · , ., . -:'· . ..deJJried,'as ''"c.i real rlght-,...constiiuted· o.n· th.e _corporeal' ·
··· -::. <. ( · . :1.. · : · ':!. · :·}~.:- , · ··, · . ,f · · · im.inbvab1~ brap·edidr anqttte;r."tiy vrt-fUe;of whi~~ th~,:
Note: A 0sufiuet i$ not extihguist-fed ·by.bad· use · · 9wner Jiias : to . refrain (rorn'"'cfo,ing·, ci~ must allow
·, of.the thing t)eld .i_n .usi.Jfruct•(RABL[_YA; f!(operty,. ,·, soriJ~bne-;tO:dq~· ·.s6me_tl}.tng '.9.n_:'.his.<.'p'rqperty, (or.·~t}~·· ..
!
, :· ·-s'uprf1.'aK5@0Y, .· .. :::. ;. . · ·.· : .. ·· ·_· :";-.i _:._, ·. - ·· :. . benefit :of 'another: th'ing';;~9r>persort :(RABL/YA,
~. 6... ·-reitnjna:;6n of right 6/f~e. p:e~son-constitutii:lg.the · . . 5P_rctef:f,. , -~P,T.~~t:-$.bi{. _:·:.-.· ,.· . :~_·. - -~- - . ;· . : ·.
·usufri.JcL:\. ,, ·; . . ' ·. . . '.'While.Article. 613· speaks 'of-a· ·r~al eas'.ement,
"' .·. · •· · ,·.· · . Artic/e'."M4·speaks .of. a·per:sona'1.·easeiiient.:Both ·
Th~- t'erm.inatio~- refer~ ·1~\h.~ rig.tit ~f th~ .pe_rson .. · . however-· are re~1_:. rights,'· but·~ will: prejudic~ .third · .
· ·' constituting. the usufr:uct,: not ·to_ ,a condition ·. p'er?pr:is:.onl/ if dul{regi~tered '(2 .PARAS, supra a~
frnp9sed upon _th.e usufruct" .itself; Thus: 'if a · _652): · -
. person·
, constituted.
. . · . tlie
.
usufffict
•.
wltli
.
ttie ·.
belief
. : · . .
~. . .. ·.
214 I 2019 SAN .BEDA
.
LAW .CENTRALIZED'
'; ., . . BAR
. OPERATIONS
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PRO.PERTY
. SAN BEl}A LAW CENTRALIZED BAR OP.ERATIONS - MEMORY AID 2019 . .
~»:Ii?¥®.Mi!\BiM'I :I IWI\I• wee ifi\5\Zlimil:i; I -:111: •;;: • ".':Witl ':lt&\1#\N@ I fkio/Sltld9!hld3iftlliM" i11AA &iS lim¥·$$*4 *'t4lli>yNH'l'i5"j'
• Easement v·. Servitude 3. It involv~s t""'.o neighboring est.ates .(in.·case _of

real 13asements) - the cjominant .and the servient
estate (CIVIL COOE;Art. 613); .': ··. . . · ·
4. · It 'is inseparable ·from the. !:)state to wlii~h it is
attached, and, ttierefore; cann·ot a'1i·enated be
·iil~ependenUy of th'e' estate.. (CIVIL CODE, irt
. 61_7); . : .._ · . . _,
· ·s. lt_is indi_v_fsible for it i~ not affecte_d by-the ~ivi~ip.n
· of th~)_estate between two or. more· persons·. The
I May . .' be .: real · or 'mere: facfthat lhe pfc>perfy was s.ubdivided does
personal. _n,ot extingui~.h 'the-('!aseinent (CIVIL COBE, Art.-
618); . · .· . · · .
tz PA_F?AS;
. .- ..... -
supra at .650). • 6: It i,s a~. right·.limited by ~the ··needs of the_
. qom1~a-nt ow_ne~ o~ ·estate, ~ithout pos~esslon; .
Not~: '.i}, us~d .in·. thE{·C.lvil -Code· easement .. is
7.· 1.t cannot coti~i~t in·thE:i.doing·cit an ac;t un.less
-equivalent 10· servitude rid. at 6?6f . .. the . act' is' accessory in relation to - a . real
. 'easem'ent· and . .. : . . . . .. ·-...
Characterlstlcs: . . . 8 . .' I~ is· a limitation ~f1 .th-e servle~t 6~ner'i'ri~his. o't
1. -lt:J~ a real-riqht but will affect third. persons onl.y .
. ·'own.13i'Ship for th!:)· benefit of the dominant 0wne'r·
when dl!IY registered;'. . .. · · . , · ·
I· . . .. . : ·..
.
. ' ...
.
and· the.r:efoi-e: ·it is· nor pre~1iin~c1.
(bfi ([=Of-./
,. Property; ;supra, at 4:7a-4.79)~: : " · ~ ·,
. ~~t'e;.eas_em·ent i$·,a real -. rigl:lt sinca the.right.is: ' : . . - . .· t
· __constituted· .on :the· t~iri_g_ itse]( and.' upon its rot
· ... Note: It is an abr.i6rr'nal resfriGtion'on.the prop~_rty
. ,. q~n.er ?.r. its. oc~upaht: ·As a_ cqnse_quence_ (t~e
'. ri~hts, °.~tifs~~ient .6wner_.·.'rh~s_. HJs incu.niben~ '
: . nght-~vatl_s against. eve_ry person· whomsoever
-----=uponthe dominant· estate own·er to establish the
. _ who may happen; for th~ time beinq, to tici4a~;
.-. .pre~~nce;of_ a,if the. preco'nditiqrs_Jo', e.asem'ent:
_ ·: . .int~re~rr~ th~ thi~g!,:0~1: a~ ~911ets~i:i~se'ss9r·. to · : .. (Cn~(oba1f. Court of llppeals, GR. No,_-1253:j9, -· ·.
: .. :xe_r~1se a ng~!_...of. 9o~~rnon over i_t..,i:he rig ti
cq~?st~ ofa !1m_1ted.·u_s:e and .en,Jg,ym~nLcif. _tlie
. June 2t I~iB>
Di~hpsq· Jr. v. Mars~~. -G.R. No:
• • .>,
. . . . thm_g_ ;W~thq~t p~sse~~l_o·n-.: andigive_s}ri~O·, p(1 "> . ·

..1~0282,.~pril\.·~011)._ . -~ ..... ·.'.\ ··:.-'.. _.
. . . . - . act/on tn: rem: In . fav~r; ~he_ . owrfer. of l~e . ·. · .Ea_seruent v. l-,e~s~- _:·_\ ·: · ~. ·
·· .. . ... -tenement . o!.
}h.~; _easeme~-a~~g~ii:ist-a8]
. : possessor o~ ~h.~ '.servignt .e'state?'(R'AB't!JYA,
. . . f?m~Rrly! -.wgra at 5_02).

. . .. .
. . ' ·'1,....
_,;;"°?'~' '. . J
·.\-:/,
~ l
2 .. lt-is"e_njoyec:i'o~e~ ~noth~r i.mi1ovable\ n~ver ~~
one's own.' property; · . · · ' - · · · ·
. . .. · · :,· ··.·. AffJii"-........ ,--,.·..;i,.:..:~~e~~':,.;:'
...lj.9bt,'·:
-::... . whether R~al_ right-oril.Y wf{err·ii ls · · ,
registered or not. ·. =.' ·regi'st~fe,d,/9~ .when: its
. . subject .. matter. is real
. property andthe duratlbri· ..:
• - exceeds ~Qn-~y~i)r'.... - ·
.. : ..
. - ·.· Not~·: Th~. term "im~ovable:" . ~~ :_..u~~d in the' ..

·· .·· · · ~. · · · · .-· · ·. · Jhe u~se-of re·a
a
:_ ~ There·. is:. 'limited' right to
-~)fTlited. r.ightJo. both th~
.. 1 p'r9perty o_f_. poss_. es·sion . an_~.. use of
·.·. 1 aw, rr]U~t qe understOOQ·in i.ts com'm·on·and.not th b LI,
in its. legal. se_nse~What- tfre·
iaw 'll'e~ts o(are n·'ot ... . - -~D.o. e~ . ut ;.V~ittYC>,ut . the aflo.th_e(s· pro'i;>.erty. . . ·.. :
ng~t of pos·sessi9n. , ' · ·', · - . · · . · · · · .
al,·j~ovabl~s a~
,defiri_ed_by·the· Civil CodE{but. .,
·?nly.~~ose ~.hic?,~re.so?ytlieir'na!tire.(are really°'· (DEL~ON, Property, supra at 481/ ·,. · · ~ ·
1.nc,~pablE: pf being moved), such as-larids roads
bu.J.lclings, .?rid· cohstfu~ti9~s adl)e_rjng· tcf th~ so'ii · :··· ..:·
(DE LEON, Properfy, supra at ·507). · · ·
2019 SAl':f f3EDA LAW CENTRALIZED BAR QPl;dATIONS ·,. 21_5

PiRQPERT·Y
• · SAN BEDA LAWCENTMLIZED BAFI OPERATIONS - MEMORY AID 2019. .
' u'l;\\;~!ts:a 'MN 1sm an :mliMI\BI· f ; ft•: tssi:·, aw 1@ ma 11 •&:nc· *' M: 111Nasim\w;m:;&7;-,,191sw:-Ntl!M-•mum M,4], ,JCi.;.i.&j·
... : Easement v:'l)sufruct b. Person~! - established for the benefit of a ·
commurufy.: .or of one· or more persons, to .
. whom 'the encumbered' estaf~' does not·
·be~o.ng· (Ctli\ CODE, A[f. 61~). . .
lll~sfr~tion:· .l;as~~~nts, of the right of way".
for the passaqeof .livestock (CIVIL. CODE,
• • ..1 Art. 657). .
Note: ·Thus·,. in thistype of ~e:~it~~e;· there is

: ·. no "owner ofa-dorninant tenement" to speak' ·
of;' 'and .the. easement. pertains· to persons
.without 'a dominant e~tate, in this 'case: the
public at· large (S..olid-Manila.. Corp, v. Bio
Hfln?r CoJ,. In( '._?3:R~. N9. 9Q5~6;,_~~·Wif' 8,
1991). . .· . · · · ·
.
..:'s
""''·.·· .·
. ..... :
.··:.
·,._)~· ,.:~_
J''..·· •
..
. -
,'r
. J · ·i11ustrati~n: Easement relating- nations: to.

, cirainage:6f°i
-:·'.' . .
' a n.ds
: . . (CIVIC CODE,
. Art.
,·
6;37).·
.'
.· .· .. . . /. . . .
·.. ·. . ·"'·
'· '•.
~
. 416. r _· aois sA~ SEDA ·LA ~/CENTRALIZED BA.-ROPERATIGNS
. .. . . . .
.. . :·. .. . . . ,·
' . .
. -: -. ' . . . - :. ..··.. .. ' ~ '
. . PROPERTY
. ;
.SAN BEOA LAW CENTRALIZED BA~ OPEf!ATIONS - MEMORY AID 201.9
.b. Discontinuous Easements -·those· which . · Example: Efisement of right of way whi.ch
are useg at intervals and depend, upon. the ·. imposes upon the owner of ttie servieni
acts.of man (CWIL COPE, Art ~15). estate the duty to allow th'e use of said way.
lli~s'tr'atfon: Easement of riqhtof ~ay which. '

,· b. Negative - on~· .:Vhich prnhibits the owner of
is used at intervals (CIVIL CODE, Art. 649, · the 'servient 'estate from doing something
per. 3): which= he co.ula lawfully do it' u;·e. easement
did·not exist (CIVIL COPE, Art. 616):
Note': · The ' easement 'itself exists .. . . ) . ·... .
continuously . but its · exercise may - be Illustration: -Easemenf of light and ·view if
continuous or discontinuous or there niay be m~de \)r"i one's own wall and ihEf wall does
., "\ nq\ixefrcise at all (DE t.EON; Prop~rty; supra · not ex.tend over the Rroperty of another (DE
f!,t 4?6). . . LEON, Property, supra at 488). . · . . .
. , ,
A's to.the rjght.give~: -.
For\: legal'
.. purposes,
.. .. - ,
- t~e. easement
. .
aqueduct ·is considered continuous. even
.-·of. . ( --~-6 ..
a. Right to partially (.!Se the,servi~nt·estate;
though .. the flow 'of water .. may 'not . be' - ·- · . tt · Rlght to get spedfic materials or.objects from
'continuous. or its· ...use depends, .upo_n the .. . the. seryient es.late; .· ·. .
needsrof ttie dorninarit 'estate, .or upon a· c.· · Right.to particip'ate .in ownership; or · · . .
schedule of alternate. days orhours , (CIYIL d.. Right to'. impede or- prevent'the neighboring
CODE, ~rt: 646.). l . _.,, . ., · estate · from --performing· ·a specific · act -of
~
·-_ . Note: IJY.hen,the court says that an easement
-, l - ·.··ownership (2PARAS, supra· at 657-658).
~· .· ....• -
• v; exists, it is not creating one (hence, ifiere are
· . . . n?),udic\§11 easernentsj; it.·mer~ly_ cfeclarxf io.,e
. ,, existence of an easement c~eated~t5ylaW or . - ' \ . .
: - · '~Y the parties or t~·staior. • (La Vista ~y "title" refers ,_to t~~juric;Jic~I_ <!<:it which gi'-'.es ,
· -, :·-, ·. A$sociati~Q;_.: /n'c -. 1 v, G;A;. G.R. 'No. '"9~2~2,
, . . _.. ·,_; . ,$f p~~~pe':_5 1~~7; _2.P':'RA~ 1 -rr~ 6_59).
·· ·.birth fo t~ef eijse·"!lent, ~uch· as faw, ~<?~atiqn,
COFJtract, ·andwill of the testator. · · .
· 4, A~ to the indication of.their existencec.,.. ' .:·N~t~4-h·e· ~i·iowing· ~ase~~~t~: ~~::6e"~~q~i~ep: ..

a. 1PPf_r~nt -~~sem_en~s - .-ttios~ hi~ti ~\e.· .-- oli)y o/uue, · · · · . .· _ · ·. - . ·-·
. . • . made knownandare conti11.1,1~lly,keP.t in,v1ew"- . a: · Gontinuous non-ap'parenf easem_ents; · :.
· •. ·_..• ,._by .~xterna.1 signs. that r~veaj fhe u~.e apd . ·b. '. _E>i~fQ(1Jtnupu~ apparent easemer\ts;-and •
;_ . ;.: · : ,:.· ·. enjoyment of the-same . (91Y!J:~ CO§E,' Art.: . c ... '•Discohtinu·gus non,:apparent ·ea$en'ie'fits (2 :
· ... : . 615), . .- _·. . .· . . . PAR'/fs;-supra _at 665) -: · '
___ ..,, : • ·~ -..-· ..:,;:•t\.:
' . . . (., .. 'l •
,. Example: .. Easement · of., agueduct,. the .·· 2.'. .. .P_re?cript,on of'.10 years irrespeGtive··of the·. By .
r easement ·of .aqueduct _ is always a·p~a/ent,·. . . · >-·. gooa (broad ·faith of tnei poss~ssor·:and'Wlielher
. whether or not it can-be seel"P(CIVIL GODE, . ,:. . cfr:i,6Uie tias just tit1e: .-rne. liniy require·ment"is ',
'.. ' : . .,. ·~1'(..·646) ... · ::·· ',• ):··; ,:·,.;- · .. : adv,er.s~ p0ssession·. . : ' . . - · .
•• • ,,. ·•.• , .. . :~. ' ' - ',•' ; I __ -. · ·. .·. · ·~ . . : ·>. ... -~ . ·, . · ·=- \.~ r.:. :-t: ·<:=_,.~ .. 1
Note: "The ma.rk or.sign n~ed' n~t:be seen-but :
Note: Orily.tontin_'Lio_us ahd apparent e¥~eirients
./, ·. shoyld. be susceptible· of. bei11g seen. (DE . . ; : :. :c~h-
be, .a~quired oy prescrip_tion '(CIVIL' CODE,
· .. '.:.::LEON_, 'Propeity; supra afLl86).-. ~-- . ·· -_:-: . : ' . Art :626): -I.hey a're·tti'e only ones· thetpossession.
t • : :., " • . •• : . -.
.· . . 'of wtiich f uffills two importari't req't~Ts'iie~ 'required
0.: .• .: •. ' • ~ ~. • '.
ti .. · Non...,.ap·1:fareF1t Eas~rrients ·- ih.ose which . . ,., by law for p~e~crip!ion,J9 _wit: that the _poss!3ssion
·• r . • ·. • sfiow no external indic.ation of tlieir e·xistence . .• t be public and·co'ntinl.JOUS,· ·. ·. . ·:· ··,
.· . • - , ,.
:
(¢IV.IL. COQE, Art:.. 615). ··:
. . . ~· ~
· ·. . - _.· P?iitive: , se.JyitucJ?_~_,. counted. . a. .
from· . the· dciy
th_eir e5<ercis~ (om_rr:iences (CIVIL CODE, Art.
. 5. ;~s to; du~y ?rs~rv.ie;nt .ow_n,e.r-=.· ·. . 1 _ • '. ·.621) .. - .· ·-· .- .' .. · ,· · : · : ,,
a ... P9~it!,/e ·_ ..q~e. ~hich· impose~, _upon-\..the b. ·.. N_egaJive: ser:vitu..d.e'-: counled frQm .th'e formal .
:· ow.ner 9f the. se'rvient estate the obligation of ? .Prohi.bitiqn tq the seivie.ot qwner to do any act ..
. · all_owi.ng something·to _qe don~ or 'of doing it oppose_d. to..the. There mu.st be. a· notarized.
. himself·
•• • •
(CIVIL CODE,
,; ,Ir
Aft. 616).• • .. documen't' exec_u.ted .by anyone wh6 desires
l . to estaplish th_e eas~me.nt: Tl;lus; th-ere is-no
:.
.... : e'aiiem,el'!t fo(a~long as th·.~ dqrii)nant owner .
. does .i:)ot_-· e~·ercise his .·.right . t.o. prohibit
servitude (CIV~L C.PDE, Art. 641)>
(
2019 SAN ~EDA LA,W CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS j 217

... . . . . . .~ ' .
P·ROPERTY
'SAN BEOA LAW CENTRALIZEDBAR OPER,AT/ONS .- ME;f:IIORYAID 2019
3. By Qeed of recognition d. To gxe'rcise all the rights -necessary for the

... use of the easeriient.(C/V/L COD£, -Art. 625)..
· · The absence of document or proof showlng origin . .
of an easement which cannot be acquired by Note: If-there be several owners of dominant
· · prescription m~y -be- cured ; by _ a deed of . estate, expenses -that. will. tie. incurred iri
recognition by the 'owner of the· servient.estate of making the work shall be borne in py" all in
by final judgmen(CCLY/L 'CODE, Art.:_623). . proportion.Jo th~ .. benefits which- each-may
derive therefrom (RAB_LJYA, Prop~rJy, s_upra __
Easement exists. even if acqa_ired by oral contract _ a[530. · ·
or by virtue of sornedocurnent that has been lost
(DE·.1,.f.ON, Prope_rty, $Upr9 ·at 496f
. \ .
4. By final judqrnent-
... .r" •
.. )
·21~ ·I ·2.019 SA~ BEDA LAWCENTRALIZEDBAR.OPERATIONS .

. .
'
p·ROP'ERTY -
SAN BEDA LAW CENTRALIZEDBAR OPERATIONS- MEMORY.AlD·2019 · ,
1W~f..i'i·4rr
·#M,l•a 'iftAAEYM#M!@N>: .f &·#w,#;1PU#f9ft ¥AhM!\MPi'Miliri4:-XNiW#
¢42'Sk#E't: •@+;:'&Aii#tt-t?iiiiifPPi t~..
esta"i~ (dominant estate), .as well as the stone. Of·

.. 1-r_ ......._._L_E_
.. G__A_L
__ E_A_s
__
.E_M...;._E_N_T
__ S~-_____.l. . ear:thwhich tfiey"carrywith them (WATE~ C.QOE,
.· . Art: 50). :: .. . .
'
· ·. . : . . < ,
.
' . Easements imposed· qy law. _have -for their object ·Limitations: ·-·· , .. ·. . .
. eithe~. pt..iblic use o"cthe interest of p_rivate perso"ns . . :•. a . Tl"i.e owner-·. of. the lower e'~tat~. Gcinno.t
. · (0/VIL COO~; Art. 63:4). ~ , . construct works. which·, will impede th.is
natural ·.,. flow,.· unless ··ITe · provides an
Kinds ot"Legal· Easeme~ts:· . . alternative method of· 'drainag~' (WATER
1 .. Public l~ffal easenieri.ts_ :-:'those for public. cir , '- _G_OOE;"Art.- 50); and'"· - · . .. '
. · · communal u~~ an~ goveroed primarily by special -, . b: Neither can: the· owner· of the higher-.estate·
. laws.and by the Civil Code.:~· ·. '-. · ·make works which will· increase' this natural.
··· 2.:. Private legal e·asements ~- thoseJor th·e -interest flow (DE ~EQN, .Prbp£!rty, s~pra at 515): · . . ·
of: private , persons _or-· for p~iyate· use arid· . . .··)
. gciyerrieci;' . : .. ---:- ... - . .·.. ·. ,; . . .: tit Rig of-higher ~state td d_rain wai;r_ :· ' - .
· :a ... , Primarily b·y the agreemeri_t of th·e, int~re~ted · the owner 6rthe higtier· esi'afe tJas. the right to _.
parties; . · ·. . · ,: · · _. . resort . to, artificial' inearis for the: purp9se · of ' .
b. , ln.·lhe absenc·e thereof,. by the provisTons. of ' •
·:. -. dra"ining wattkfi-o"m higher·to"lower'esta~es. ..
,•-• I ' • • • ~ .• • ~ : ' •· ,• ' •
,, j' .: •• general, or, lqcafJaw~ and ordiriance"s;·a.nd' .

c. · In default of (a) aj1d (.b), by."Articles1,634-q8T . . - Requisites: (Se Pa)·. . .
· . of the Civil Code (DE {EQN, Prope_rty, ·supra: .. : a. _: He must Select· the roOtes -and m~thodi:; that
· ·, at 5._14): · · . _. . . ~il(caus'e'th~:fniri'imum damage.Jo' the kiw_er.
)
- ·-.. ·: lands;· and · -- · · .. · : · · · ·
Classes. of Private· Legal Easements: (WaR-PaL- ·: ~b.. P~ym_eflt::·Of j~sf--'copi"p~hsa~)ori ·. is" made
·o~N-S). ·-. ~ . . . · . _ . . ' . _-. . · ::'(WNTiER G_ODE,'Art:-:.46): . ', ··" ' .
1} Easement .relating to. Waters ( CIVIL C:.ODE, Act.
: .", 637-6..18): (DARAD) · . ' .: ..· - -~ . · . · . Noe~. wi~;··~~ht."··~u~h--a~·:th~_. r1ghJ·. to·-~se- a ·
. a ... Easement .of :.Qramage o_f t1aters;· (C!VJM, - · ~rai_q~g~1i ch for irri_gali.<?,tl purpose.s: whic~ -~re
·· :·: ·. COD_E; ,fort: (}37; P.O. _No. 10~(otherw,Lse.' :·a·
·. app~rt~ajt; to ·:~~(eel- _.Pf._ la~9,:_ pas~, ·vy1t~
. . , .·' . ; . ·. known. as:Wat~r Code ot the e~ilippine"s,_Art· :. conve~ancE::qf the land,.al,though·,:iot·spe;G1.fically ..
. - . 5Q)• . , v , ', . • - ~
: ·· ,b.· ·.Ea~eme~t of-~butm'e~fof.d~ri:,;(G;/\i'/L.C.QOE';(
' . .
. ii\
me.~tt~e~. t~e : c~nveyance · fVa!i$rJ_o -v.,
- .Adnano, G.R. No. L:-3!409;:May.23,..19~!3J: ... _ .
. . .· Art_: 63~); • · . . -~ ., :_ .. . .•·
·.. c·.:·.-· ~_a$erri_~r:it · · on ':.~Bipariai P!PP.ert'):: (_~I.VIL . · · Q: · X _<i_w.Jl§_an cJgricultt.lraf- /ind 'p1~rit~_d. mostly·,
. --.. CODE; Art .. 638, .P-D~ No. 1067:Art, 51), . . : with fruit trees, Yowns:an cJcfjacenf"land devoted .
d .• Easeriie.ntof- ~queduct .(CS!!JTL·.ccpID~, Art.: · to his piggery busitiees, whf9h i~. fwci(2) meters_._
642~646); and, · _· · . · higher in elevation.-Althol.)gb Y tiesconstructed 9.
e. . Easement for ·.Qrawing water ,(CIVIL" C?,0~,,.-,....___-.wa.s1te; °&isp.osal ;lagoon· for. hfs p]g?:fefy,.")/; · is
. .-:.:A((. 640-641). . -.c ·{[:,I;.-,,.. . - ·. · inarfequate to contain the waste·w_atercontainlrig
2. "Easement ·of-Bight of way (Cl-VIL'GODJ:i,; i,Jft.. 649- . . pig, menure, arid it ofterJ_"o.ve.rflows·a_ndJnuridales
.. : 657); . .. -· . . . -, : ... · . . the plqnlatibn 'qf X., This ha/iijcreas(;Jd the acjfiity"
. . :-3.. Easem·entot' Rarty waif ( CIVIL C_OD~,).if. 658- · of· thfsoii'{n -itte pl_a(J_fation;·-~ausin°rjine trees .io.
. . : p66);. - . ., . . . . ... ' - : ... ·. . . 1 • •• • • .·' withe( and. die} x ·s(/es for. ·diimages..cause_<;J to . , :
4. Easernent.of Light= and ,v.iew (CIVIL CODE; Art. · :: his piantatldn:Y iflvokes his:rig!)t- to· tfie.benefit of ,.
667~673); .. -:-_ . .. . . - . . . : . · ·.. ~ _ a·_natural easemenNn favotof.Hisbigh'e_r estate; .
. 5. ·, Ea~_ement-of·.Q~ainage of buildings (C)V/L.CODE,: . which imposes·.:upon, th·e, lov;ter ·estate.. of X tbe ·.
'· · , Art."614-9-76);·: - . ._:' . ~., · · · ' · '· .-. :-,.· .. · ·obligati0n·to:ilicei°i;t~"tl7e wat~rs ·desc'en.(ling·ftom
6: 'Eiisement of .Qistances ( ClVJL .CODE,. Art .. 677- - --th~~-high~;..-esf1,t~,_isHernando correct?· . - .
· - 681);"· . . .-· ·_: .· . . ,( .. - . ... . ::. .• ' .. : . . .: ·.,,_ . . .. ·- . .· .
7. ·: .Easement of ~uisance (CIVIL CODE, Art.- 68_2~·. , "ANS:-No, · Y is'incorrecC'As--worded; Art. 637-of
. "683)'-and . .. · .... ·... : .: -· ~- . fhe·dviCqde,in:relation to Ari. 50 of the Water -
. .. . . . · 8. : Ea·s~menf cif ·' lateral. ·ar,d subjacent:· ._§upport· :_ Cpcfe/ imp~ses·, a···n~t_u'_r.af easem~_'!i "_'i1poh )he .
·· (CIVIL-(;OQE,-.Art. 684~687), · · · . ,, · ::;'lower.· estate ·io" /eceive· ·-the ..waters --·which; · .
.· - . ·. . .• • , .. i ·.: . _.;:- and'
. naturally 'wiihoi.J( the "-intervention of· man.
1 ....... EASEMENT OF PRAINAGE OF WAT~RS .· descend.:fromhigherc:states." However; w,here .. • .
. ·' . :_ ,: .. ;-; '.. ., ' ·· · ·. , •. : : the' waters Which ho.W from) higher s'fate are
of
· . Note: Art. 637 the Civi/Code has,alre.ady been 'tfJose. irhi~h are <!.rfificia/Jy.-collected·in man- . .
. superseded byArt, 50 of. the. Water Cod~. , . made -~JagqoiJs, .. -ariy- · damag·e -' occasioned
• • _.~ . I
. thereby entiiles'.. the own~r of"'t/Je ~o·wer,".Pr·
··: ·' L9wer estates (servieht estates) are··obliged to · ser:vienl es{ate. to ·_c9mpehs.ali~n.. (Re.mtnan··.·
receive· the wate.rs which naturally· and. without '. . · fnterpis.es_ Irie:. v. co·LJrt. of Appeals -and Crispin
the intervention of man flow from \l)e higher : ·. Lat, G.R. No:"125018; April 6, 2000). · · · ...
. . / ..
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2019.SAN-,
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1;3EDA . l.AW'CENTRALIZED
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BAR OPERATIONS
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P-
. ROP·E
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SAN BEOA LAW CENTRALIZED BAR Off.RATIONS- MEMOR~ AID. 201'(
. 2. EASEMENT.ON RIPARIAN. PROPERTY No'te.: T'rie i~'ct'e'mriity for' easement ofrigtit of

~ .... way must also be included, because the
Note: Art. 638, par. 1 of the 'civii Code hasbeen easement Iordrawinq water.carries with it the
modified by Art. 51 of the Water Code. Article s't. easement ·:of· right of. w~y. (RABUYA;
"of.the.W.ater Code stat~s I that the, banks ot.rlvers ·Prbperty,-supra at 638). , . . . ': ·,
· , and strearrrs andthe shores ·of theseas and lakes
· th;OIJ~h!)Ut .theic .entire Jen[i't~- ail_d·~Wi~hin ,a' zone
of three (3) ·meters in urban areas,. twenty (20)
metersinaqricuitural areas-andforty (40) meters
-in fare's! areas alonqtheir marqinsare subject to
the easement · of, public· use in -the- interest 'of
.recreallon. .. navigation; floataqe, 'fisliing .and -
.salvage. · .. ·· ... · ·
·:i
r.,: .
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220 · 1
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2019.-SA.N-
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..BEDA
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\JAW,.· C~NTRAliZED.SAR
.: . . . . . ·.'
OPERATIONS
. '. . . ... _
·-
PR.OPERTY.
. . . SAN BEDA LAW CENT!IA.L/Zto BAR OPERATIONS - MEMORY AID 2019
fiiXt: ¥13@<£..:A#r•'"h£tf4¥ ¥51S':ZZ:2t::,s£ , 5! '5? £ •p;;:;.ey: ,g::~J:i.ZUili! ·®!'swjW _Ai ttsi#Nf-4# #Jvti->:::;;p i Si£~ W.
- :Reqµisites:.·"(TIOEs) .. . . ... ·. '.dominant( estate· to the. public highway

· a. Third persons should not be prejudiced; · m~y be the sho~e~t (D~. · LEON, .
· b. · Purpose must ·· be for·.· irrigation 'or properly, supra al'512~'522). · -. ·
· improvement; .L • f
c. Qamages must be paid; and The following· arevihe requisites in order. that.the
d .. .Fhe construction must beon the Estate of, dominant estate may validly claim a compulsory
·. · -, - ;:inotl;lec{9JY/C.GODE, Art .. : 647/ .- . permanent right of way "cmd{r Articles ~.49 and
., : · .: · · ·. . : .. /, · ··,: ;· ·_,: .· · .. '. • ... _ ·. . · · 650_9f the Civil: Code rn
the· dominant estate is·
· · · 7...· EASEM~NJ... _R.IGH.T_pF \/1/AY_· · ·... P.F surrounded byother immovables: (2))t-.is without
.. . . · · · · · . a1'i.~qJ.H;l~Et-.oup~t to apublic hi_g~,',1/~·y;·(~)'aft~f the
Modes,cif:Ai~uisiti~~: . . -,. . · '- properindernnity has been paid;-(4) the isolation
. · . . . ,.a. By_ a .. voluntary .tit!_e . '(.~of untary easement), . . was riot" due to the.proprielor .of the dominant
: ... ·. r: jri~ .con~!(rute~,b{~pv_¢npnt)n?· d_oe,s_not.. " ' estate's _ _own a.cts{5.)_ the. right of way cl_ai,r;ned is
•• , . • r ./ ,· .. re_qu1r.~ t~1t t~~-_do.m1m~nt. ~~tcit~ be IS<;)l~t~d- . at a point leastprejudicial to the servient estate·;
. . . : · : '. .-: ·. · -~~d, yv1t~Ol:J.L a~·,. ~decfl;)at~ outlet to. a _P.u.~hc · · and · (6) the· rig~t. of .way must be: absolutely
·· · · • - h1g_hway_ (CJVIL .CODE, Aris. 688-.693).. , : · .. necessary: ·fq[, ·.t~e.;r,orm9I .. :enj_oymenf 'bf the .
-: ; • '• :-. ". :-·. :: .'. <: -'. •• : •• •••• • :_. aorninant_.es,tat~.· q~ Its .o'.w,n~r- (~MA :tanqJi_ic, vs.
. f''·:Bf . ~-:_;·:~c6~rp~ui'~~6ry·-.'°tftle:· . :·'(c\;hl:p~ls~~ . · . Wa~~i,vac~' Reside,9ts~ . Associati(![i . _Inc.,
- ~ase:rijent) .;:::if an···estate )s··$.b isolate'd_a'nd · (WWRA/)1 ~~R. No. 20~~-~?i !ul~ ·19:?~:7(
· .. ::, . : "".itnci~(.Jn '.:'1de·~11-~1e_ ··'outleit_ ·:·to., .. s. :P~bJic_ .
,-.~.]ghway,. th._e: . gr,a'!t :th~~;._of ·~(" ·1e~~ll~:.., . Geri~iai' Rule: Tne·le.a"st prejudke·criteri~n ~nd
d~ma_nda_9.Je :(C?!~IL COD_~! /\rt~ .. 64fH~5~~.l the. ~~o~~s( ,diSt?~ce:· :"cr!teri.~n- m~s(. concur
, ·.f?ABUYAfProperty; Slfpr.a at:64~)·.. · · · v . ·(.Ca'limoso"v! Ffoull-9,··G:R:'-No: .198594, January
/,- , ,. • ·_,_ • •• .J • • • • '·.'c:: .. . . ·:·. . ;" }5,"26_{6/ . ·' · I . ·.; ·. .
· · ··who.·rmiy·oemand_·compulsory- Rigtit ,of . i '.···:
Way: (OUR) · ·· · _Exception: If the two criteria do ·not c·oncµr, the·
i. . Qwriefr.of tiie·dominant:estate . ' :criterion ~east prejudic"e"•to'.the servient·estat~ .
. ,-.-.iL_ .·. pers_~ns.~_v~ith. · )~e~I- .. right£~ . i.Jsec__the . · .- , _ ~ust :pieifail: over-:.. the · c_~ite~i~~. o_f · sh~~est ...
· : .---.:: :: d~!111,nante_stte; a,nd_ ·, ,. · ..· •. ·· _.:, . M\. . . d!stanc:::.r;--(l(Qu\et:v
.. CA, G-..R
N_o. 1.1~33·1; f.1ay / .
• _·.:. · 111.:: !J.~ufructuc\ry (RAf3UYA,.,e oneft~uf?ra. ·., .:,: 29,·1~j9). / .. , ·.' . ,· · · ··: ... :.-._ ~ ... ·.
. .. t 647) ' ~- · .·-· ' . .. ,~,, . · ! · · • ' ·.
_-,. : . :.,:'- ... a'.·_.:",° ·: ·'. · -·i,-. · .}· . ,' .. ·: . , :" . - ·,_ -No~_ei ·f.he ·easehl.ent_~i righ{··of-wa·y ~-a~;~bt ·b~\
; :' ·' , -Note:· .. A· rhere,- !es,see . is....'hot . e9titlett· fo : · . ·, acq_uirecfJ.By P,rescri_ptiq"n-; ·.· bec~_Lis'e::_'"..it .~ is
.d.~m.and_:a'right--of-wf1y;1,hi~- a.ctlon is. ~ga111st · · ·. disconliOJJQ_Us-orft!1termittent (Ror,quillq· v: Roe.a,
:·.~·.
··th:Ed~ss_or.(~~.)-·. ,
• ••••
·.. ,..
1
. ·-. .
...
•. ·-
•• •• • ••• > ..• :
l:i:--- , :
.. ,: ..
G.~·--Nf_'L~10~1~._Fepruaf'>!. 28,' . 195_~)/0n,th~
· -oth~r.-~e;intj,·an~easementof:!1ghtand,y1ew_canbe·
. Requis\fes 'of :compulsory· Righ o(Way:'- .. ~eq'uirecj, th_(o_ugh.. -pt¢~_cription."c6unJfng:ff9m.·the
(C.D·fW~_E). ~- ·,, . ' . . ··. . '.·. . . . .. ti_niewh'er:i the .-owner ·o(·ihe·:dp_inin_arit"e.state
·":i. .... g_laimc3_nt mu~t '·the: .. own_er.~$ilf -~he . '·. _be ·-' •: 'for~ally. -prcllipits .. the ';:,idjoin_i119_:-l9t"·ov,ih~r.::-from_·
·, .entlq;>_e,d ··ir:nm.ova.blsi .~.r.. one· with xeal; :.. qlockirig ~he ·vi~w. of a ·wi~d_p_w.)ocat~c;I ~(thin. t_he ·
. ::"/ . . r_iglitr:_:, _·_ '. ·. .· ·· .• ··. , . .: . · \- --.;~_ · -.c~ :~omiri~ljl_:e~_t_ate (Alq/ino/v. Elore.s, .G..R.. No.· .
. ·. ;_ · 'i_i. :}Ii~ Q~rn.in,~.rl_-·~~ta.t~ Js,~um?unde.d :_by_·._-: '": ·. ·:f9:81Z('f'.pri101, ,.201_6).:_.. _. · · ·. ·,~ , . ·. ·. · ·: ·
::-· ,_: .· · 9~herii:ri!110V,c!Ql$.S'. anp)h~_F\3 f!lUSt be_.!1<5'-:- ·. · ·•· ,. · ,., >-, ::. ';_ ;- . \, ·.,, ; ( : .. : ... ·, ··: .· . .
.,
' ... . .-·:-·.-· -. ·, adegu9.tE!_l'.q9.tlet,t6 a·P,u,bl.ic highwa'y; ;-: : . ·: . ~he· of· P~<?'vi~g t_he -~xfstence ,· <?.f: 'the · . Ji0.rd~~
, . 'iii.,· _Bight· ,-.of.. -way · .n:i~st b·e . a~~bll:Jtely · . ·,:. ·: pr~.r.eq'-:1.i~ite~ .tp_,yalid_lY. _c(aJrrr a ~or:n~~r.so/y :ri~ht. :
·: neces~ary;:, . ·, . .... , · · · . q( way~ hes !Q-.the .qwn_§r qf the. dominant,estate
· · iv~ ·JsolqtiOfi. ·. ni~St. ffdt · b:e.";due -to the.- · · (CoS.t~be/Ja · COrp.. -v:·. · C'A, .~:G:R.'. No;·_ .. 80511~
... ,.. ,·, ·. · "'bjafrr_iant'sow'rfact; .·: _·:-~-:'. . jar,~_ary'2_5;_199'1). . _--;, ,:: :'._ ~ ::-~:. _'.~. · .
v. · _Eaym~i:,t of Rfoper)nde(l'mity. .··. · : ·: __ , __ ; · · :
··,
' 1.)_ ·If.. passage · is\ cohtinuqus · and · . Th._e k8~;:~ta·(id:';'!rtf:·f~:r- tt:J~.;~_/~r\t cif _·th~·.l,~g~j_"right ·
·--r" · · · ..-perm'anent:' · _. · .. _._;·· ~·· . · . cif.easemeiit o'f."rJghfqf\,y;3"y-is apetjua_¢.Y~:·1fttier~ .··
... ·:·, : :lhden:i'nity=··value"of.lanc{o"ccupieci+ < ·: "is alr~ady' a"n exi~ting ...o"utl'et from '"tlte• d¢minanr·
..... , ·· · . amodn_t or:_da_·m?ges catJsefl trU/J.e · .. · . ' estate.to. ~. p_ublic·highway; ev~n .if incohv.eni~nt.-
.. servient e.state; and·' ., .. . :_-· tfi;e. ·.ri~~d' '"to:·,:ar5'e:n. ''another,: is: \i"njustified .
· ..
.2.) lfpassage is tempo.rary:..
0 · · '(Cosiaoeila Corp: v: :cA;. G . R. ·No:. ·8051·1;
.
- Indemnity~ : paymeh{ . of"-· damage_ . 'Janiiary "25; ··199_1/Dichotio .v.'_ty1iircos1 G:R. No.
. . .. _-:-caus'etl.}DE LEON, Prdpefty,' supra, . ·.-- 18028?/April 1.1, ·20.11r_ ··. .. ., ' -·
·. ·. · at 512:-522);-and · . :. . .
. '- · vi> · ·Ease.merit'. be established.-. at .the·:"- ' . musf··".:."Where·th~, Buyer'.s·.Land Enclb-~_ed -· "··· .. ·. is
. .. . point' 'ieast ·'prejudicial to. the''servier{t .. \ivhe'riev.er c! piece of' jand. acquire·a· by sale,
··.·estate; a·nd 'insofar as consiste.nt with · · . . e"5<qha!'}ge or partition;. is -sur"tounded by other
· · this rule, ·where th~. distance from the . ~states· of !he vendor: excha_nger-;-.or. co-owner,
I.'
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2019.S.ii.N-SE.
. .. . DA LAW_ CENTRAL'
. . .IZED BAR
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OPERATION$·
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PROP·ERTY ·. -
. SAN BEbA LAW t:ENTRAllZW BAR (?PERATIONS - MEMORY AID 2019
..:. he shalt be obliged to grant a'right of way without . need of the dominent estate which determines
indemnity (CIV/1..,,CODE, Ari. 65~). . . the width ot the passage; These heeds may very
from time to time. As Tornes' business gr~ws,the
Note: In c·ase of simple donation·, the d.~nor shali · need for USE!. of modern conveyances requires
. : b.e inderrinifjed ,.,.by. the~ . d.onee-'· ·for · th_e widening of the eesement .. The facts show that
. estab)ishment of t)le·right of way-,(9/VIL CODE, the need for a .wkier right 'ot...yiaj 'arose "from the
-Ad 652). . .. r .. · . increesed production owing tci the "tfcquisition'by
Tomas of en.edditionet ar~.- Under, Art.- 626 of
Whe;e the Seller's Land is Enclosed the Civil Code, the easement can be used only
.... . uu tbe
is la rid. of the. granto'r (seller-barterer or . for : the. immovable ;originally, cc;>ntemplated'.
co-owner) · that. 6"e2omes ··isol~if!;ld, .he may Hence, the increese- i,f- wi(lfh. is justified· and
demand a right" of wayafter 1iaying an indemnity. should tievebeen granted. The facts in this cese
How~ver, · the donor . shall· not '. be liable for is the same as that o'f the cese of-Encarnacion· v.
indemnity (CIVIL CODJ=/'Ar( 6.53). _- : . , 'CA; ·et~ al.' where-the:· Court he/c{ihat:' "To force
-, . '; · . . ' . - · . · Tornes to _leaye .his )eepneY,.)Q',fhef·highway, .
. . : Rules .. if · Grantor's' or" G-~~~tee's. 'Land is · exposed to the elem'e_rits' ~nc(the.,_risk of theft.
,En:tlose:d (CJYIL._CQDf;, Arts. ·65_2·~ 653) .. ~ -~if!lply b~ca_us:e.. it: coil_/<! n·9t:fiast-,_ th_rq,ugh .ihe
t.he
a.: )_f ,fnc;foiing ~sfate~ ls.that of.the granter "improvise.d pcJth.way_, ·;s-;-sheeri)igheaqedness on
. (seller, _t5art~_re'r, or co-owner but' n?t·d~),,,••
, .: the qrantee-does not pay 1_nd!7rl)nlty~for the~u
:. . easement. _ .i: __ · ... · :- . _ . ·"/. ~ .
. N.'· 1
,-i--J!ilfarf ·?ffhe'.·,servi~nt.es_r{!te'.' . .r~rj,~s-sfiou/d.not
b/€ ~l~d~ a. pa,ssageway,. wi_qe_ :enough t,o
ac omroda_te hts - je~p[IEW:_ 'since: th_at IS.
. ,;.. .. b. _ If. tb~en_clC?s.~d .estate rs. thav€tjhi1 gJa!J}sf,~?sonab/e-' and- nl:}CeSS?J,Y espect of the plant
"the gratifor ~ust pay :inde'itr;Aity (? eARA$, ,. '2l/.~:.( !J/1$/flf,?s."(Efi'carna~~on v. G__ourt of.
. - . supra at 711>: . : . ·--~~ _. ·. --~ _ ~}." vr~g~:'~~\G:R, ··~o: _··7-76,?EJ;_·~a(Ch. 11,
.Width"of.tti~--E~serrient'/Y ... ··... 11 .ti\· .m,. ,\,~Lxrr:.\- -··, · ., · . ·. ·. .
.. .
·.· ·. T~~ ~i,dth of !~-e. Efasem~pt of-ri~~~ Q~\:v y ~c;ly be,!~.),:,_,· · J
R~l.e1 i.f the ~\ o(Way i~ _eerm.anent · .
. mod1~~d- fro!11_-tJme to t1vi9ei;_n.d_111gtu_por:i ~~-- 1~1 ·
_.·I _~~-.P,a\h be ong:s,t9 the servJ~nt estate, and he
· . r.easdnable n~eds: of thl d~~j~~-At e~tat!=l
C.ODE, Art. 6.51).
. The·:.
> . : -~ F
right ~f wa·y for-_.~ ·ire?s.~ouldrfc>tl\e
\" r~·mqr~~{c!
l¥(2JD ~pqys_f!_I the:t!~f
s., .. ~ t1m1.:rf- ·. · 1.
How~
~V/L-~Q~.:E'.:~~- 65'.4~. .-
I· · I
.-t_he. ·gom Jf~n~ e:S_t?te~· . · :
··
. ..
: ·
.i .
;than 10 :m.::t~r.s w1de_·un_!fi§'~?.\9~~afef~~- wa%r _ ~'\, a: i~~ld '.ijp¥~f~'}e~~ssafY_,'JPa1~~;'.·~~d _ . .
... · a-v_ested fight_ unper: lawlpncif to the"~)i:1 Cop,~!- ~-·~"b.. ..hou_ld fay tn71pr~po_r!1<>~.ate's~are .qf the.
... :
of_ 18~9:(C/V/~ copE~-";i:1\
oq7). \ · -~ ~-: tu., . ~ ~ es;!31~-by.-t~e.se(\/1~At es_t.?te _Y2.PARAS,
- . ): . · , · - . , \\ ., >'\..: . . /
at 7f2)1. . · · ·
.... -,
, ·. :-. ~J:~-!;:;n~~~:;;~~it;}a~~;~i»s~§~emp!~~~-.Ea{~::nt.:;~.
·. :~·: /0~~.f:3.d )u.st. · ~e.htf!d Amc~t'!·. Ma§:s~':) fVq~9ti~~~/(ln-.C?~:ln). ··. · '.: ;: . ·
~i~-~-!~-~~~~' - -~~ . ·.
·.. · _-
. · · :he~tf}re p~rce/--l~n<!: _T9··e.n_~~le_ -rlf-~ 'ft.a.Ja.ve'M A ,~ . ~~eas~i:ri~nt. must be _lnd1sp:ens.able: ., .
. · _access to the highway, Amceta··agreea_"'to ·grant ... >-" ... ~1. ·For_. .. the. .Q.qnstructto.Q;. · . repair,
·hiin ·a 7o·as/ "fight.·of Way::~. _meter-'.Wide.ih'rpug~ .· ·~ . impr0vem~l,t, altera~icjn: o(beaLitification~.· . --
- • ·,.
,;hich·h.e.cou.ldpass . .Th.rough. the· years·Tomas'
.· .. _. . . . . -. . • ,• '• . : .. I ..•. . .: ..···., .. ~ .
. . .~ofa
.. .
buildiA.g;'·
..,~. - . . '"" .
··,.,
·,
. ':· . : .
\ . :
'· - .. · .? ',. '·
Ta.
I . . . ·. I f'
b_usin'i3ss: flourished r;,.i/iich: enabled";"hi'm-to- buy ii_; ~ai:ry rri"aterjals through1.1he estat!;l.Of , ..
, . anoth~r portion. whicf{e'nfargE!d.·tffrfa'iea· Of his· . - . · · ·anoth'er;-qr /·:·;. _; .· ::--··.~ .: .··· ..
:_.~J~fff',:,/r~ili<~U:t'-tif':~t~ii(O~nd/q'W~i: He ·, : ~-iii.: T~_:·~aiii:,_tfi~:.e}?~ "~~atfdj~f~g. ?<other-.
-cou/d~not bnng·m tmd outofh,s pla_nt.t?l.{($ery,a. .. :_pbJ~cts_ neC!;l$$ary_ for-.the;_wmk (G.JV/L.
Jeep.or d£;(iyefy pa,,hfJ/.muth:I°e'ss· a·truck'.that-h~· · · .._.' . · -. -~c;ap·E; f:.rt." 656): ··· ·· .. :- ··. · , . ·
. ·n!!_~Pf?~ to.'-traJ?P'2rt"f!i~·'s~~d~ngs,_.rj~~-~<?W..asked ·: · · · . · · .._. ..:-:- _ · . ·... · \· ,· · : . . , .
· · ·Amceta. ·.to. __ grant h.tf!/.·· a:., Wt/Jet. p9.rt1.on:-:-o( her 'N.o_te_:, "1.ndispensap!,~:·. is_ l')\)t tci be. ·c;:·onstrued-.
: . 'prop~rlYi.th'e.pnqe o(whi9h hfi)v'cfs'.wf.i[iijg_io.iJay, "literally. 'Causing. ~ireat-' incoriverii"ence is
. to enabie hirrrio consttuct a'i-ciai10 'Have. access···· suffic;ien((d1tLE.6iv, Prop~rt/supra s3oJ. at
: ... ;:.to ~[~{p~rfl_o..tm!/~f!ryi.Anic._~.(9,re(uiest:9lf1/mini_tfJat . ·· · · ·.
. . · ·f she.ha.cf alrea.dy alfow,ed.him.a.pre_vio'us..road-right · . q. Pa)~~pt pf prt'p~rjri~l.~~Jity !o o..;'n~r q(t~e ~--. · ..
· . dffinahd§ ffQ'7? Aniceta}J~AR. 19~3).,. :.". < · ·. . .- . : .

. ···ofw.f!y. fs-,To',i,i'J's·intitf.ed-to".'th~ easement.he now· estate .for damaged caused (CIVJL CODE;-
.A.rt. .65~). , ' -
·
..
· · "!,NS:_;Ye~.A,:t: ·651,bftbe:.9ML. Code/;ro1r_!c/es 9t tt, f'JoJ~{T,h~ :Word "owne'r",c-..~.~-~p~e~~~ds _Jhe ·.· .

. ~ the yiidth. of thf; easement must: be ·,tufficient to . usufr.uciuary. whd may make 1,1s~ of the. right ·
·.. · f!)ee"t [(1~· reeq$_Qf the qa,mina,.ri~state; ·af]d·may. -. • grar:it~q (4. MANR.ESA 753 a~· cited .. in 'DE . ·
. accordingly ."cb.ange, fr6m,.tlme:to· time: It .is the
' . . . ... '. .·.
· LEON, supra ·at-520). .
222 1 2019.SAN BEDA LAW.CENTRALIZ~D BAR oPERATION·s· ,l.
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• SAN BEDA.LAW'CENTRALIZED BAR OPERl)TIONS -.MEMORY AID 2019 .
#? fu;:as: t!kS£ifi¥Si3 199~1a
~#¥:, '$ t•f*Sicli4R_MAAW2,_tt-:'#!i ?_} h;h ~»;;,: - M t*·h t~i ,iSIV £t5PSiiP#4dEM&P!!,;#-:.;;,,;s;. a ii~
s. : EA~Efy1ENT os RIGHT oi= w·AY· FOR THE . . - ' ,.

PA.SS.AG!= . . OF LIVESTOCK OR
SERVIDUMBRES PECUARIAS J.
G'over~~d·, by _the- .o(a!~~nces;. and regulations'

No limitation as. to use of None of the co-owriers
re.lating .thereto, and in. their qbsence.:_by the _tfie . party ,,-wall" . for rnayusethe community .
-.usages and· customs ofthe place (GIVIL CODE, · · .exclustve ben_efit of a property forhis exclusive
: Art. 657). · · 0
party.'. _, .. , · benefit. · · -·- . ' · ·
Maxi.mum Width:
a. Animal path - 75 meters
·6·.' Animal.tra.il.-·37 meters a·nd-50 centimeters Owner: may .free himself P~rtial· renunciation : is
c." Cattle--10.:.meters (unless prior to.iti'e old Civii from - contfibutinq _to' the' allowed. · . _. ·
' Code, vested rlqhts.had beerr.acquired to.a cost . of. repairs . · and
· -· greater. width) (2.
PA~AS, 0supra at114). .. · · construction ,·o'f. a" party
.»'.all by renouncing. all hi? ,·
, N'ofe:)f t~~
e~sement established ,is ~cirripulsory· _.,_. riqhtsthereto.
·t~.e.width_9h_c;1ll not exceed 10 meters (DE; LEON; ·
(DE'LEON;Property,
. . .. .
supra. at
.
536). · · ..
,-1::roperty, supra at. 531 )..
. .. . . \•; .
. Note: Not.'all co.mm~n walls ar~ party walls. Thus· .:
9. EASEM_ENT .. OF'. .PARTY
a w~II built on .a lotco-owned by two persons is a
_$E;R-Vl£.?.UMBRE.- -~PE - · common wall.but not aparty.wall (Id.)., .· ·
COE;JE, Arts. 658-696) · · ·~
<
-Pi~u~piions of-,E)fist~~~e: 'r~ntumj /.1~ris.
(CIV/f. GODE; Art, '659):. . · : ... -,: - · ·
·a<·irr.~i~)ci'inQ.'walls of ~djoih'irig build.in'gs, LIP to
.. point·..•. of ·--.
common
. elevation·
. .: .. • '
"·
Front View
. ,.,. . ~: .. ·.
·-·. T","······
Polnt'i:1( · t, ·
. . . - I
r- common --
'elevation
·~
-.
.; .
'·
r, •.
. . :. . . . . . . : ... ~ . . . . ...
_b. ; I~ . d_ividing wal,ls df_- garde.ns and yards
situated· . in cities · towns,':' :.or· . · ih · rur~I
,:
: .·
P.arty ~all ~nd'So-qwnersh!P Distinqulshed-, - .·,
.. ~: . .; . ..... : . . . - . COl'TlinUl")ities;
. ·._.,- '
/ · .-· . .:
-·~- - .. ··: -<.'. ..
: ... ·.
: · $.h~·re~_9f0p.a,~ie_s _:c'an_no·t Shares of the c~wners
... ·,: b,e; P~_Y9ic~ll(s:~gr.~ti~t~d. c·~ri . ··He: . divi_d~cr, and .. ':..
. b,UJ', :'. the~ : ~:'° ~ati( . be separated ·physi2ally but
. .: phy~1c~~ly,·1qe~~1fie~.,. - -before' ..,s.'ych .division, .a
. . . . . : ,.Go-oyVner.cannot point to
-"< any definite portion-of the
. .:.:: . /- .... •'· .. . hptopejty a:'!. ~eloilging lb . :.
irn.
2019.SAN BED.A LAW CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIQNS 223 .

P:ROPERTY; -r-,
.. SA,Y BEDA .LAW CENTRAL/f'.ED BAR"O~ERATIONS - M~MORY"AID 2oi"9
)
-. . ... : ... ,, . B_(in his.favor]
c. In dividinq.tences. walls and live hedges rural· y,, ori
lands: . '. . . : ' . ), - .· . . -:. -· ;· .
,.~ • I •
···:-
A
b:"· ,Vvh.enever th·~; dt~;din!:r -~~II is·;·-;h ~ne side,

.· straiqht and-plumb on all:its facernent, and on
-: -.ttie. other, it-has-slmllar.iconditions on the .
upper .par],: · b8t>tt:,·~. lciW$:)f/:P~_rj: .. slants or
projectsoutward; - ':-_, ., ~ · ·..
. ./ .
d. In dit~ties or.,clr~ins-bJtween \wo.'estates_
• ··: e ·: 1- ·.·._~ ••-.";,·":·"'-·'"' i ....... ~-... .. .. • :_-,,: • • • .._ --
.. · ".
- . /"
.. .. .. ~-
•• - •• '";" y •
,._.. ::: .
· . · ..... . ~.
.
,.' I.
.·· ... ;.
. . r. '•
. ·,
224 I 2019 SAN :~EQA LAW CEN:fRAllZED BAR OPERA ~IONS
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Sf'.N BEDA LAW CENTRALIZED BAR OPERAT/Gf'!S- -MEM0RY AID fo)9
I ·•\ •
·. . ..
. ../
e .. Whet:iever • the· dividing wall between
TOP VIEW'. •
courtyards, . gardens, . and tenements is
constructed in- .such.away that the copirjg' .. '
sheds the water-upon
. ·.
orily one of the estates:
. . . . -.
- The .deposlt ' of. earth or..dirt is on one side

.alorie is an exterior·sYg·n ttifut.the owner ofthat
side .is.·the. own·ef of th·e.'ditch.c5r_.drain "(OE
LE;ON, P'ropej{y,. s.upra at 537f; . . .'
• ': • ,, • r ,: .,,".• • .. •'
.
: ... ~ \ . Whene_ver. the -dividfng ·.wall,. being; built' of

. ' .. : .. , .rp,~son_ry: h~. steppjr;ig .cs.tor;i~s.. ~h.i~~- at
:- : · . -certaj_r:i .interyals· project from, the. sJ,Jrfa¢e on,·
. :,;", . one ~id.Ei- ~:>nly, but.not- on' tr~·othen .
. ,_; · · · : ·!&ifr:::I;·..
<':. ·.,., ·~ ,-,;: .
. ..: .
P.rop:e
·,/
rt y· .A
h
..,
~-tf: .: _;;.,; ,-, . -~ ~-:.
R-':'.~p.e ..'flY~ · .-· ....
•..
-- .,.,.
. .' · -
-.·, :·-
.. : .,.
~
;.s>_f~!--·.c:rr-_.E-,a_r.t'h-.,
"· (in his favcir)
"-'-·,..,_~
·
.r
·. : ....: ....
• . -· ·r; .-:J • .' -l\· . / ..· I.,:"':~··./ . ··./:'-· · --;· :.-_:- · .: .
·., .. ;..1:,
. ·--Np_t~: In -all· thes~:,_ca~e§; tl;l.e.,._awnei;_.ship .otthe ., ,
, _wallsJf~nfe~- ·or:1-h_e?ges ~h-c!t b~ · ~e~~ed·._to · :·
- .... . . . be.long e·x·c1.lJ~1-?ely-Jo the: owner-ofthe property or ·,
:.:: ... ··.· thii::ti . has'In.its
.. •,. - tene'ment
. ·.' \; ,,-.. .· .·. favorthe . presumpflon
' '.
, based! on any one~pf, these-signs.'(c;;J.ll/L COPE, ·
. Art-·6'60' 1 • ·. - · • ·.-. · " · t! ··.
. ··. ·~ •I,.:· . ;I: .... :... . '\t'". • . .. -:. J • :"' ;;,,.:, •• \ •
.. ··- -.-. ~r. > .r; ~:/ . ..- .. ~:. .: ~·" -~-·) ... ~: .1-. . • . . _.· .
..-- <.••
Rights 'qff!art .Owne..r:~JU!P) . · . .-'. . -; , .
1' ••
:- : ·----r,_ . . a. -·rcimake Use-offh·e·waii'in proportion.to their

,...:_r_e.,...s-pectiye'infer.ests.
,, .:• • t ,: . ~ . .... • • . ••
(.CIVILCO.DEi Art: 666),.
• - • '•· •• '. ~. . •
. . .: rest[r)g bujlcjmgs·on .1! Qr 1.nsertmg.J5earns .up ..
• (, . :. • • '
'• / • ,·.-.·..to 6nec-h~!f of, the:w:~!l's~thic,kri'e_~s; ... ,. \,' . :

,_ .· . ·~ ~. . . :) . '.: .: ·., . . '"; ' :. ·, · . .~. ~' . ·.. ·.:>· . . . . -·, .
- b.' to . .!n¢r.e~1se- .t~e l)e_iQ~t-:_i:(i~e. w,ail..(CJVJL "
·· · ,coQE,- Ari. 664)·.·He mUst: ,_ · ~ ·· _.,, .' .- .
\ ·... · .. i_. · ..,··p9~·Sc{a(f1i~(~.Xpef1~e;·;~:· ·. -~:\_ . ::. ,; .... _
· · · · · -'·.~· ~ iL ;. Piiy for_· ciriy .·dariiag~··~-~wtiich. frla1·· ·be
. - . :· - - ·.· ·cai.Jsed>.by" tt:i'Ef- v;tbrR-/ eveiYtfio_ugh>such
. · :, · . · · .dab1age- rfiay;b~. tenipdrary; ·~J1d ..
.:T
~:_,··: ·.1i\:' . 9·acqui~e-·h·aff1nter~sfi6)cYi:\y'frfcr.ease _of
. .. ; ;· :· ~ . _;r:'thiCkh9Ss·!~·i~~or .... · ··h&iQfll; .. ·>: p·aying,. 1 a.
. . proportionate share .in. the·· cosi-·o.[.the ; :
·.:· ': ·. ·. ,..jbr~: arid':onli.e' land ·.cove~ed·· py' the ..
' : :'. • .. -1 fficrease"' a'n'd. ·' . ·- .... - . ' ,
.• ·=:··.'.,.,
'
•
,_.J~_-·:,_ c,~:'t',:!•.:•::_,,_~·.\
J
•,'•, -~·: . ·::·_. ...
• • •
M' ~·r- •' ·~.·
.• •• ••••
< •
:
0
• .. ••
.s : ·· : c. To:Qemoli~h t_he building be[ng supported.by

: ,.ti ... Whei:).ever the earth. or .ciirt rembved tq ,open ··a party waif pfovid~d the .cost' of all repairs
. \:.' -the· ditcr _or ·to cl~i:ln_ it: i.~ · ci.rffy .Ori .. on~_- '.SJ.de . ·a11d ,work .n~c·ess~ry-:to. p.reverit "i!riy dar:nage .
· . ·· thereof. The owners.hip .of· the. di!c,t,; !'ihall which;t_he demoli!ipn rn~y:cagse to the party · ·
·· .. '. pelon·g to· the ·owner of tli}3- la'na· h·aving this
< · · ,. -~,xterioj sigf!: in hi~ ·favor (Cl.VIL. CODE; Art ..
'..B61}:- . ..
; wal_l;sh·alf ·be, borne by him'.··.
. 'N~ie,. He ~ay. also: ~~nounce his pa~ ow~e'rship

of. the walr (CIViL_ CODE=, fi.ri .. 663J: ·. . " .- .'
\
'·2019 SAN BEDA_LAW CENTRA~IZED_BAR OPERATI.ONS I, 225 ...
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. • . ··: . SAN BEDA LAW CENTR.{\LIZEDBAR OPERATIONS- t,1EMORY AID 2019 , . , .
~lb::PddWR4AA:WC*:*?PWWAiif-S.:WP*'7bMWhM#SUSW\tbryt¥M7*M~i SS1cii?&J¥i,MM etiiM-PSt5%WtiJ ,utte .P~i :t,;.:: MZ"S
'· .
Obligations of Each Part=Owner: ·. R~les for Regulqr Wiriddws (CIVIL· CODE, Art.
·a.'.·
To- contribute proportionately to the repair 670f · .. . · ': ~- . . . :
and maintenance. unless he .renou"nces his· . a. :·For windows having DIRE.CT.VIEWS (face to
part-ownership (CIVIL COPE,· Art: 662). . face), 'observe at least ,2 meters distance
b.- lfone part-owner raises the heightof thewall, · between the wall having the ~in_dows and the
hemust (MEGA).: . : boundaryline, . : · '.·. : _ . .
i: . Bear the .cost of Maintenance of the
additions; . - · · ·
vvai I
ii. Bear the. increased .!;xpenses of.
preservation; . .
iii. Bear theCost of-construction; and ·
iv. -Give _.~dditi~mal land.: ih1-eces.sary, to
- thicken thewatt (CIVi( CODE, Art. 664)._
· ..
. ·. -
,
226
_·'
I 2019 SAN BEDA
• I. ·.. • . ,
LAW CENTRALiZED-BAR-OPERATIONS.
" •. . . _. .... :·-- -.. '- , ..
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. • SA.N BED_A i,Aw CENTRALIZED BAR 9PERATIONS - MEMORY AID 2019
i!---S:t#P EV"td#WMtS#Wh MS: 2&8h!i' It ¥@S50i$' :AA i -tS t!'nttidW'?::: s; '3b'#St ?%d$31'! SM ¢ft4&; PC§_W.#5§ & ¢3 t'.it#Uf'"4'i"9'
.-· -.
Exception:· Unless a special regulation and '; v, The window must be tor· the .E_urpose of
local ordinance provide the. contrary (CIVIL .adrnittinq light and air only, but. not of
COE, Art. 672). . . . - . ' . view.
.b. Whenever by ·any· title. (suet") as by contract,. ·- . Ceiling joists . .

'will, donation, cir prescription) a right has Commonly. called ·. BEAMS laid: horizontally
'been acquired to have · direct -· views, intended · to , serve as· connection and · main
-oarcorues or. bel'vederes .. , overlooking . an support of the ~imbe,rs of
different floors that
.adjoininq property. .The servient _estate ·. separate thestories ofa.buildirig ...
cannot bulld.thereon if the direct view is less
than a distance of 3 meters from the. wall·
(CIVIL CODE, ~-ri~ 6f3). . . . '
Balcony :_, a platform that projects. from. the·

'·wall· of a- building: and -ls .enclosed by a
parapet or rallinq. · .' '-- .
. - •. . ; ~ .
Belvedere'< 8 structure (such as a cupola or
a. summerhouse) desiqned to command: a
view (Id.). .
There may 'be several openings provided.' the ·

restrictions- are complied with for every opening ..
·. P1oj,crtyA There canalso be several openinqs in every floor·
Servient Est.iite ,.6ako'Oy
.<
or story, for each floor or story -has a ceil_ing
(Bhoco v. Sentemerie; G.R. No. 6076, December ·
· 29, 19-1-1). · , .
. Re~~di~1, .of the abutting 'owner in_ ·cas~ of_.,

restrictedfwindows (CBR):. ·.. . __
a. ~-fsewtlw~operlin~s itthewall ~ecomes a,
.. P.arly
;
wall,
. ..i
,
... .
, • · . ..., • . a
. b: ~lqck the llgli~y buildinqor erectlnq.his own _ :·
w,all unles~a
• ..--.. .lflllr
servitude
•
.isJ acquired •• ,
by title• or, '.·
prescription; or . · . -: ·. . . . · . ..
.. , .c.· Ask for the -Reduction of°lh_e ope.ning, t0:-lhe
proper. size. · · .. · · ·
11.. O~AINAGE OF BUILQINGS (CIVIL COOE,.Arts.

674-_676) ·, - .
'·~- ' . :. . .\,
a. . Easement of .~:jr.ai.nag~_ ofbu_ildings - .the right··
to divert or empty the rain waters fr6ni one's.. 1
o_wn. roof or. shed to. the ·ne,ighbcir'$ estate
~ither drop by drop or through_ conduits ·(2
Casta,:,, supra at
53.9) ..
'Art.· 674 ·does not really create.-an,easement

w.,11 which Ts-not a partyw~II ·· · ·: tor it' merely regulates tlie ~se
.'c,f a person's . ·
'., ~· ' property insofar' as rain water is':concerned'(4
.. MANRESA:'810 as cited in. P,ARAS;'supia at
When th.e for~gQiRg . ·. distances -. arE;). not 724). . ·' . ·.
observed, _only restricted windows may be
made by the .owner of a wall 'which Is riot a -N~t~i-Ar:t. 674 prmlides an exception t6·Art:·
party wall,·:,-. subject . to the followtnq: 637. whic;:h obliges: lpwer \3?tates to r!;)ceive·
requirements: (WISH~P) water naturally flowing ·from higher estates ·
1. Theremust bea Wire screen; . . (OE LEON, Property,.supra:at 551). ·
ii;, There musfbe an•!r~_Q gr.ati_ng imbedded.
in the wall; · · b. Easement to receive falling rain· ·waters·
.· iii. · Maximum ~ize. is· 30_cm. square; deals not with legal· easement but-with a
iv .' The opening must be atthe Height of the voluntary easement to receive·· rain wa·ter.
ceiling joists {beams} or immediately falling .from .the roof of an adjoining building .
under the ceiling (techo); and {Id. at 552). . . .
2019 SAN BEDA LAW CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS I_. 227

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SAN BfDA LAW CENT°RALIZED QA(I OPE«ATIONS - MEMORY Al!J'?019 '.
- .
c, Easement giving· outlet ~to·,rain. water where. b. Plantings. · ·
ho~fe surrounded. byother houses .. Rules: (OC--2-50):
i. Follow : distances as . prescribed· by
Note: This.lssimilar to the legal easement of · Qrdinance·s; . , .· ~ ·. ·
riqbt of wa~ (2 PARAS,.supra et 729~730) .... · ii. - In the absence of
ordinances, .Customs
f.· "'I . -~Litt be.observed-» .... : . - . :-:-:·
· iii. . If none- the Jollowinq rule shall be
observed: ·
1.) For · 1'a~g¢', trees, at; least im· from
.,,- · bm:mdafy.· .. :- · · · . ·.: ... .. ·
·2 ..); ·For'.s,h.r'~bs:·:afte.a_tt 50¢fTl from the
center. of. the tree' (2 PP/~AS; supra ,,.
et 7?7r. ·· ·
: ... ,; . .:: ·: . ·, 1; ,'

. .- ~ : ·,:, ~.'· ·~.' ..·.
: :: ·..
... ...
-PROPER-TY
, . SAN BEDA LAW ~ENTRALIZEO BAfl OPERATIONS-. MEMORY flip ·20J9
a·
Note: If fruit feJJ ·bn a· public property, Note: There exists "a doubt as to . whether
.then the owner ot. the :tr.e~ retains easements· -aqainst- nuisance and l~teral and
ownership (DE= LEON, Property, supra at . subjacent.support ll)ay. be categorized as legal
552). · ·
· · ""'·
· · < easement~ (R,EYES-PU,NO; P/Ji/ippine. Civil Law,
·: supra et 188:J89).· While they'are-restiietions-on
13. i~ASEMENT AGAINST: 'NUISANCE .'(CIVIL.. ownership, still even ~ithout.a prohibition by th_!:?
CODE, Arts. 682-683) .. · '· dorninant:estat~. the eliminationof such· support
The: sei'vient ·owner,. iri' an easement againit would be.unlawful (2 PARAS, supra at 73.9). ·
nuisance is. the proprietor or PO?SeS$Or o.f the . -~he duty of·, · ·an .. adjacent .. ··ow~~-r. I inaki~g -
building or piece -of Iand.. Wti'd. ·cortiJnits the . :
nuisance thru noise! jarring, offe'nsive·· odor," etc. . excavations upon. his land not to, deP.rive .any
, i · · • · , · · acjacent land. of sufficlent-' lateral .or-subjacent
• · · '
· ... J~ f~.~AS, s~pra a.t 7)~-!.~7). ; . -support .is)in: absolute one.lt-does n9t _depen9
. .. , . : · · ·. ·"' . . . :-- · upon ': the degree of care and precautipn made by
. Tt,~ 9ene_ral· public, .. o~ ~·~Y?
00Y. injured 'by the ·. - .. · .the proprietor in-. making the. excavation or ·
. . n!Jl~ance ,!~ _!_he ~?!T!l.n~_~t own.er ,m an.. eas. ~ry,.ent. . . . '. building in .his.land ·(.Oe."Jesus V.· Howmert Corp.,
. a:ainsf: nuJsance:J2 f!iRAS, supr~ at?.36-737).· · · ·' ~G,._R..Nq .. 441._9~1-F{Au~yst:28,. t,974) .. · .. · , ·:' ·
,._ '1.4. LATE~AL AND sua,J~C~~T S.UPPO~T:(Cl~il · Any stipulation 'or >testa.menta~· ,provision
. . CODE, :Arts. 684-68_7)',: · · · · allowing such. kind of excavation is· void. (CIVIL
·· ~,· · · , . ·- · ·· · · · · · ·. · · · · ·· · · C~DE, Art_;. ,~85). . :. .
. · .., Lateral sui:ip·o.rt.·., .. :,~ , . · ,. . :
yYhen')he S!,!f?P.Qrtecj ai;i.d supporting. la'ncl.s are
· · ·
Re'medy: ,• lnjuhcti~e .relief and : dama·ges (DE : /
divided by a ·vertical plari'e: prl"the ·s'ame·l)lape LEPN,_.frope~y, supr?! at.558). · .. : :.,
.(DEL.EON,·'f',:operty; sup.rkat 553): ..· . . .. \rticle. ~~~ o; t~~ .' Givil 'C"Ode' ~r6~;dcis · fh~t. no ·
. -! • .. . . 1;>rq~_hal! ~a_k(,'l such~~xca~ati9~:S .U.P.Pfl hi~- ..
•••• t"
- _· . · .:l~nd. ·as_ tj-~~prive ·ahy a?ia~en,t·.lan'd. or'., builping_
·. . ' of, s_uff1~1en' late~al _qr. s~bJace~t · supp~~· An
. · 9w.nef,_k.~Yl\.'.1itue _ofh1!\~urf~f~ .r_rgt.it,,_'Jl.aY .. i:11f3k~_·.
. · :". . , .e?'c,ayatio_9s o~ ..~is)a11d;· bi;it'hrs ngt,t 1s::s_u!?J~ct to ·
•· ·-.,. '·. . . 1~.,~ n~1~1 · )-~;•
.. · ·
'
. . .
t~e'." li~ita~6ri)_\hat' h.e ..<?tiaJI· hbt '"d~prfve . any.
;· . · a~jacent l~~~uildjng·of s.uffi'cie~t.·l~t~~al':or.-·.
,.i ,•.
. l!ili.r ~/ ...· · · ·. · .
·' , ·. · · · ~ .
su.pjacent . su~oft: _·B~tWe~n:··'t\A.'.b _.: a,dj?ce~t. . .
landowners, eacb. t)as.'a_n ab$61ute propefty r-ight
•. :·:>· ·.; .,.·. • '.,;. :~t~ _hav~ hj~·l'.3n~}at_~ra)IY ~9~P?rtefby:toef:·~~9!1·~f /
· ·: :,;: :..· · : · ;11 ·.· :, ::. :-. : .,: ;? . ~1.s_. n__e1i).~~O~i' an~"·rf e.it_her; !~. exc.a~a_t,.~g·. ~n his
· · · · '· , •... ,0wr\i:prem1sesdi'e so.d1sturbs,.the·laleral support ·
1
....
.. · •· , ,
· • .
LATERAL SUPP0R,T-\,
• •
· , .
·, •... · .. o_f-,li,is,.ne1gh,b9.r's.· .i:a.ncJ/a_s_,to.' c_'al)Se')h~·-.·6.r_·;;
, ·
.• ,n :its·:
·
L....-....i...:....-..:;;;.;.;.;;;;,;.;;..;.;;;..~;.. ..;....;;
...;.;
..;.;.-.~ ...... -~~ ...~.., ; ,, .. na(ur'ah;tate, by-th~' pressu~Ef of its owri' Weigh(;
. : · :- . :"·to. fair away 0(. slide ·fiom. lts' positio;n;.:'{he:one ··so··
.S~1bjacen/~up~~rt f .: ·, . ;,, , .. ;. . /. .·., . . :excavating ds liable.Of ln"YhEi' lns.tant.·c.ase:· ai/ .:
:. ·..:, ·.. :_\ivtien::'th'~ support~Q, lan'c1. i~ a~·ove ·;a'rid' 'ilie . . e:a~em~nt·cifslibjacenrand 1aiera1:·s8ppbrf1xisfs ·.
t ~·. ~- . supporting· la11d. is b'en.eath :(DE' LEON,-J~roperly: · ·' :;i.n_.fay;i qf respo.n~ent,...lt \Al~? -~~t~_bl}sh~'cft.~~t t_he : ..
. · · ··.supra at 553).: ~· · · · · · · ·· . properti~s of petitio11er· .and.' responoenH1dj9in
. :· ... , " ... ~. . ... · " . ·. · J each other: The 'resi'c:lential. house· ·an·d. iot of
. ~ \ .· . }.. , .. ::·. '• . . ,.,. . .. : .:· ' . ~- vespondent. is located: on c!ll eJev~tecl 'pl,ateau,of
. . . . ;- ' . 'fifte~n- .. (15), .feet. a·b.ove ttil. lev'e°L.of '1:ietitionefs.
) : · ;- · . pr9j:ierfy);6~/ .em.bahkmEihH 9n~'.)h'e~:· ripjapged .
· .. sto·ne~ ; h~ye be~n' .in existence).-. ev~~ qefore ..
petitioner became .the .owner of the prop_erty. It
·. wa's · proven· tha't- pet1tion'Eir: -h~s-: oeen ·m'aking
' ex~avation.s. and ....d.iggings.~ :.'on' :-.t~e ... ·s-ubj~ct .' ..
. . . . embankment . · and,: 1,1nle~s . res.trained,';: the
~.· ·, .· .;:,. '. , ." . ,1tl1il· ·. i . : .. ".. . ..... ,'. cohtinued ~xca'v'aiion .'Of the.enib~nk.rilenl· .could
SUP,e·o~,:ED I . . . . ,• .· .. "·. cause the' f9Jm'dattori of th¢,rear -porti<;>'n: d~ ·the
_, ·",LAND· ..
I . . . . 't,ouse of resporide"nt tq· collapse, resulting' in the.
.· ·1. .... : , ' ·.. destruction. of a huge) part o( .the family d.Welli~g · ·
· · · · . (9astrc:/ v. Mon.sod,· G:R. No. ·i 1831.19,' February
' ...S.UBJA¢ENT .· . ~ . . '• SUPPORT.··
. . .... · .. '02, 2011),°'.: . .
.~
- ·;;
201~.SAt-:iBEDA LAW CENTRALl,ZED BARQPERATIONS I J29·.

. ' PROPERTY·
SAN BEDA LAW CENTRALIZED. BAR OPERATIONS
. .
- MEMORY A/0·2019. . .. . .......
Voluntary Easements are Established in Favor of:

.....__
1:.- v_·
_o_"L_u_N_· .....R_Y_,
·_
ET_A
.... _A_s..;..E;;...·
_M.;...E_;N_.........
_ '. · 1. Predialservitudes: .
· .1T_s_ - . · .
a: Forthe owner of-the dominant.estate; or :
b. For any_ other person· having. any, juridical
. Voluntary.Easements (CIVIL CQPE, Arts. 68806.93) relation with the dominant estate; ifthe owner
These are easements constituted-by will of the parties . 'ratifies it. .- . . . . . ·- . ..
or of.a.jestator. · ·· _ · ·2_ :. Personal servitudes:. for anyone capacitated to.,
.accept (CIVIL.CODE, A'tt. :613). · · : ..
. Remedy, for lrnpalrment
Ask for ·the· destruction · of such works and the Abandonment of Property, . .
. restoration of the' ihir)'gs to their.conoitlon before, the If. ~pon the . establishment of:yoiu.n(.ary. easement, tbe
impairment 'was committed," with - . indemnity for · servient owner bindshimself to '.bear the cost of use
darnaqes suffered (3 SANCHEZ ROMAN; supra et and preservation, he may free. himself 'therefrom' ljy
609). : -renunciation of his property (CIVIL CODE, Art.. 693). · ·-
- •. ,. . . . . . . . . . .: . .
....· . .
. ....
o·l)~e-~ ·~o.:o~n~;- gi~~s th·e~~-6n~~nt-; i;~::c~~-~cit>1atir

on revoke 'his consent, unless it is' a vitiated-consent.
In fact, his own successors.cannot ordinarily revoke .
the consent he. had ·given. (CIVIL ·CODE;· Ari. 691~ 3
··SANGHEZ ROMAN, s.upra at 640). . . .
230': I 2019 SAN BEDA 'LAW CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATION~

P·ROPERTY:·_
SAN BEDA LAW ffNTRACIZEfJBAR OPERA!}Of":I.~ .- /fl~fo(JO.R.Y AID 20_!9·
. . '
6. !:!qn-use. for 10 years;· . Other Causes .fo.r.-Extinguishment of-Ease·ment
1_. Reg_istration of the ·Ser\fient estat~ as free; i.e.,
: -~_Reckon'irig period:. · a!th·o·ugli ·. the se·rvient-'~state was· registered
· a. Dis.continuous easement- counted from the under
)
the.· Torrens .. system,
. . . the easement
. . -
. - day the easement ceasedJo be osed (CIVIL · ·-·-.t~ereon was not registered1 ·unless there· is a
··coDE, Art. 631 par. 2). · ' · · · ~ stip,uiatio_n or a,ctuai knoy;lec!g~· of the ·existe'nce
i b.. Continu9us ea.sem~nt- counted from "the day . ofeasement on_the partofthe,t~ansferee {Cid v,
an act adverse fo·the exercise of easement.. lren<t ~P. ,Ja.vier, -G.R: !;Jo.' L-141_'1§,. June 30,
· took piace (CIVIL CODE, Art. 631, par. 2). . . · . ·-1,960);" ·' , . "'. .:- · ..
,..... . /.. ._ ·. : .; :-- . . _.:
. .2:---> In the case oMhe legc!I easement of t:ight·of·Vv'.ay,
·.. This mode is .applicable orily ro easemen.ts that .. the opening of an adequate outlet to the highway .
h,ive been in use and l,ater at:iandone.d, for one .. ·extinguishes•_the. easem·ent, if the servie.nt owner
. cannot . discontiri'ue .using. 11,'.hat cine has never : makes·. a demand. for s·uch extinguish.ment
us~d:{DE LEON, _Property, supra at 507). · ,.... · ·. (GIVIL CODE, . Art." 659).. · ....
. . . . . . ·. : . ..
• ( . .· • . . f; . .,. ... ".: •
· The. prcior or ·nonsuse._r must -be in.dubita61e and EXTINGUISHMENT OF LEGAL EASEMENTS
this is ·particularly. trtJe .if tl)e easem!;lnt of_right of . :,, ·.
...
w_ay .. 'was. annqt~ted. in·. the . .Torrens ···-Title
(Benedicto v. OA, G.R, No. L-2-2733, Sep'fember .
Sp~:ci_al ,, Rui~s or th~ • Extinguishmenf- of the
Easeme"ht-'.of Right.of Way"· · • '·.
25, 1968). . . . .·.· . ~. ··~ : . . . ··• . . ,.: :· . . .. .
. Specia·I · ·causes: of eitincti.on-. {CIVIL CODE, -Art.
The ·non-user· must be due- to the ·domiA~nt
·: ~w_ner'.s voluntary_abst~nt_i_qn ari9., ncit"t,o fortuitou_s
ji§._5)° : . ·. · , : . : · · · ,·.i, . ·: : :·:·.· .... .. · ·
1-. ::' Tl)e o·pening of a public·ro-ad; or · .,· r
everit; qtherwls«;l'," the.re· Js. qnly'_.:_susp~r:isio~ of
· eas~f.r'lent (2· TOLENTINO, Ciyif'Cope, supra fat
2, . Joining the: dominant teriement_'lo a·nother with
... · ,_3~6). · ~ ·:·.. . ' : . )
: exit ·on_t
.
pLblfc
.
road
. .
(2 f:ARAS, s_upra ·a( i13).
. "· . . - . - .
: • .. - J. •. •
T~~ run~ing ... of the·.·· 10-ye:a; ~p.eri~~ ·w1i1t2._e· · 1 . ..

~·n·?bth.,~ases. the_.new ounet-mustbeaoequate '. ·
prevented by- the use of the. ec;1sement~y.;-of , . · .. · , / .\· .· ... · · ·. . . . . : ... · 1" •. .: . ...
'. the 'co.~~>Wn~,rs··.pf. (I-ii :domlr,.ant . es.tat~~(CIVIL · · . · ~~qur~1tej ·wo~\ t~e · :E-~t1n~!!ls~r_n~nt 1 _,.~f.: the. -·
CODE; Art. 633).
· · ·
· . . . _Ea_s~me'_!.t ~fJ Rig.ht of ~ay: .'
· 1. The. new·outlet11s' adequate. 1n .bott"fcases: ·
· . =:.. ~ · '··
7. : a. . :Joinm"fttie aoni_inant e-st'~te }o .another, wjth •
a
> --· into such conditiorr.that the· easem;entfcou.ld~n0t '- '. exi~pub1'f.c road'( CIVIL CODE, Ari; 655,
.t
.. ": be ·~s'ed·
.• :·.. .:-· ·:· . ·'
' ···
··• - .:· · . . .
f ·, ·. . . p~r. -1) or ·. .- . · · ~
?,. ~b. ·'.The :opeoin~j"°of.a public:_ioa_d (.(;/VIL-CODE,
. . . ·' ... -- . - .. · ~
.. ': . Note: r~is.'mere'ly s~spe~c;js ~inc~· P,~Si.lS!lity'~f ---Art ~55, par. 2;? P~RfS,"supfa at 7:_:3).~_._ ..
. · use revives the easement (CIVIL <?;ODE, f:,d~63-'f~c ·~· ~~-- .--. · 't :: ,:·· : .' :·:. ,, ·1-:- ·'.
' · ·. · par .. 3). • · · · ·. · · Note: The-openinq-extinquishes onlycompulsory ..
.- . . ·. ·. _ · -. · . ._. ·. - , . . . , ' . ·.. . . .. easements; 'not: '.voluntary· easements, that-are _.;.
·-s. Re.solution· of the',right· to"'· create. the _servitude, .. .. . .. extinghished .. o'nly ,·by .. mutual ... agre.ement or .
:- . ·(i.e.: in c.ase of:pa"cto de retro,: whe.ri thefprOperty: . .. renCJriciaticiri. "by._the dominant'-own_er (Uni~olJ(ce' .. ·,· ..
· ··is"redeemed);" .· · · : ; , _ _.. . 1 . . .. · - .-· , "'co'rp. 'I. Clwng,.GR No:: 173252, July,17,-200~).
- .. ... . . . . "' '• . . ; -~. .... ·-' . ' -~ ·.
\:·: iiprci,~~iat(;~- ;t the. ~e~i~~t es.taje;··a.nd· _ _;{,. . 2._ .. -rhe :·~erv_ie~t- ·own~_r muift\lei~~nd _tor- r~.r~a~e: or
.. - . : .. ; ... · - hi~ es_t~te:. c_ol.ipled: ·with:· r~turri of: il)d~mn[tY.
1.Q, ~aiy~r. ~r renuridatlon,by the domi~c!_[l!" Qwner: ' : '.·.received without· interest "(DE LEON, Prop·erty,
. · . -:--, · ·- .: · · ."supra at: 529).'''· ·- .:· . . '. ': · : ''"'
.· , · .. W13ivet or renunc_iation.~mus"t'._be ·exp_ress, cle<:1r:, ·,. ·. . · : ,: · .. -1 , . ·: . ·· •. · .. ·. . . _. ·
··-- .. ar:id.sg~cifi_c (DE l.:.EON,. Prpperty, ·supra at 504!- · .. ·. ·. ·. Note: The extinction. is· riof automatic: There '
. . . . : . '.· . .. . . . . : ... ~. ·. ·. . . . . . - . -- ·mi:is{ be a. demand· for-:·extinctiqn 'coupled' with-
. the mer~ fa~t"·that 1t h.a~_.not~been.used clk~II . ,_::tender,,of indemnity_ by ·tt-ie>si=irvient:'pwr:i~r."(DE
··· _ ca11.oot.g1_~e rise to_the_conclus1on ~hat t~-~~~ has . LEON; Property, ·supra at 529).\ _ ... , ·. , ··;>:-.
been a waiver (2 PAF3.f1.S, supra at 680): · .• · · ·· ·· · ·:·. >· · ..-, -;.:"
The. easernt'fnt bf. righ.t · of way :i~ d}s~qf1tir:iu~.u!5· ·.
· "The> sale of· th~ dominant est~t~ · dcfes ."not·
because it "is'exe~¢ised .oniy if ·a "p~tson passes or· ·-, .
_extinguish · th13 ·easement. There musJ be:·-~ .
. ·statement abolishing or extinguishing. it. Hence; sets foot .on _$oinebody ~~e'.s lah~.- The pres_ence .
. the use of the- servient. estate is continued ~y . _ . . ·. of more· of.--less'· perma11erit railroad_ tr~cks .does'
operation of law (Tanedo v. Hon. ~ernad, GR. ·.. ··... not change thrs: I( is npt the presence _of apparent
· . : No. 66520, August 3D_,· 1988). · · · · signs·· or physical · ;ir:idic.ations showir:ig · the ·.
.
existence of an easement, but rather the manr:ier·
' . . ,•. . . '1 ' • •
2019.SAN"BEDA LAW CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS 231

P·Ro·P,ERTY
. · . SAN BEDA tAw:cENTRAW.ED BAR o~Ef/ATJON_S ~.MEMORY AID ;1019_
of exercise thereof, .that cat~g6rizes,.suc~. into <.

continuous . ~.or, dis_continudus (Bog9.-Med~llin
fvfillir79. Co., tnc. v, CA; G.R. No: .1-246.99, July 3·1,
2003). . , ..
~ ..
. ~
... ··.·
. '; . ·~ .
.
•
;•: . ~r·: ~ ~ .
.~ . ,, .
• • ~I •
. ~ ·.
,,.·-
·/·'
'·_.;-.. .. ,..,· . .. .«:
. ~'.
. . - . ·.;. . . .. . .
.
232. I 2Gl9 :·$.AN·BEDA LAW CENTRAUJED,BAROPER.ATIONS
. ·· . '. . •' ·. .
. P.ROPERTY
. .. • .... · . . , : · s_AN BED~ L:fW cEi:irnAuzm BAR o,P~RATIONs - MEf-:10RY 1,o ~0,.9 .· · .
U&}& • citw?t\.Ji:?Sitzj*tt;*'*ANC ck' *Jfi'i&
rSi!!Mnef.. §?i' &Wf;.4&, o/ffiiW\f.Ji : W!2ti M#tt::'*7*?#' 2tkS,:~·,RH4 ffiQP4•&'•1lf/J7'.
who is ·i~jured. thereby; even .if the c~ild is technically

a trespasserin the premises (Hidalgo Enterprises .-v..
Belenden, Gf?._No. L-3422, June 13, -1952)':·· =. . .
A-swim~[~g·. poc{i or ;,..,,ater ta~·k is not·an'-~u~activ'e

. . A.batement is. ~- not, }b?tement~ . without · nui_sance unless th¢re ,s_ some unusual .condition or .
available .as _a remedy. judicia] proceedings',_ i~ a.rtificial feat!,lre· other thari .the·. i;nere water and its :..._
Tfie , ·acti_o'n ·. -.- is . for .~![c;,we-d. to suppress the · . · lbcaiion'_(PE:LEON •. Property,,Scl:IPf~ ·at_ ~66)Y. . '.. · .
damages'.:.,., ; ' nuisance. I , · " ·::·
.. ...... • :-,. • :..•; . ' ,· .. . • •. • . : ' . • •• ,.· f - ·-. / •• ·.· • ~·
(DE LEON; Property, supra at 562).. '·,... ,· "· Note: Failure/refusal 'to 'abate by the.successor of .
.. _:·. ·.: , ·. 1.. :· < :) . .: - . : .• property constituting nuisance-shall liableas the' be
Classes .of.Nulsance: . ·, , . . . creator of such (CIVIL CQb~,.Art. 696). · ,.
Astotheobjectitaffects: ... . ·.·. · ·-... . . .. ·i,.;. ·, ..
1, :-:_Rublic -)iffo~ts thecornrnunity or a considerable Reason: Injurious 'effect is ·a. .. continlling · one
··-numq~r~of'persons. ', ;> ; ., . . . .: - (DE LE;ON; Prope_rty.'supra/ai. 567/. -~ -: .. -- : -
0
,-2:~ ·Private..,... affectsonly a personor.a srriall number ... - .:' _' . · -. ·· . -• :· . . : ·-. ··>:·, , ;;_.: ..
: of persons. ... · ., .: . ' · ·. _ 1- . · · ·. TheDoctrine 9.~ Comparative- Utility or !?al;;incing .
~~ ., 3~ Mixeq..., nuisancemay be both public and private of Utilities Doctrlne .. provides ·thpt · there _is only a
·. ·ii"!' ~har~der_(DE: {EON, Propeny, supi-a·at.564- nuisance if the.annoyance 9utweig_hs the~yti!i.ty-t6 th~
5~_5),::.-.:'..~:·:_·· · ,· . · ... '1. . . ' actor a.nd to_s.ociety as a whqle (RABUYA, .Property,
' Ar:t1.- ~s1-6a2r' ·-..·:" ·, ·.: ... _ . :. . · · __ ~ · · ··: ':... ,. _._ ·. -
· As_.-t; it~~~~:c·~:~·tibilitit~ s~in~~ry· afiat'e~·en~~
"1, Per.·,se"(~u ..isan~e. ai'°law)'-. (lui°sarce".a_t· all .times
: , -and·· !Jnder,-· .all.- ·Cir,q.1mstances· .. · reg'ardless .of
'Remedies'against Public Nuisa~~e: (PCE) .··, · .
; :1 . .' J?ro~~cu-Hon 'uh:d,e'r t.tie~'itpc or loc~I ord.inalice; · - -
: .. loqation and· surrounarng: 2~:cfvii'Actibr:i;- ahd-- - .: • . · ~-- - -· · . · :. ·. . ·. · .
. '• -?·:' . P(Jf~ .. accid_enk, -~ ._ J}Uis~aoqe . PY-' reasqn. : of 3. ~~fraTudiciaf.t'-b?teniehi (CIVIL COJ?E1_ Art.~ti99) .
. . ; >circi.lmsfances;-'location},br surroundings~ . \, ~-- . . . < • -. • : • .,
··."·_-·\:' ,··:'-. · _ . . . t-~··· . :. · ·:_:;.· _.-,,,··. ·. ..Reinkdie;~agai~stP.riv;\~~ujs:a·n.ce:'·(CE) · ·

... _N1.,11sance ·Per. Se v.~Nuisarice''J?e.r; Ac·cldens, 1: :·::g_i~ii"Actfot); and ·. . · ': '1 • · ; ·
· · ·_. · -- -, ·· :·... · ' · - ·· · · J ·2 .. :§xtrajudi~ikl Abat_em~_nt'.(C/VIL GOQE, Art. 7.05):1.
' . ;,~~·-···¥· ,...,, · .,, < 'E~~r:aj~ct.lia~'lb;~~~nf" . .'. ·-:-':-: '>_';_ ·.·. . .>..
,. • • • • •· · · · ~ · . -Req·u,sites·: (INB"R'A'l)1: · · ,· · · · "z :.· .- .. ,.. ·, ·.. ·-:-
' 1 .. '.! N'uisatic.e....:musr'b'e .. specially .!njurioi.J's · to' lh.e
· p~rson affe.cteg;' . · · ·_ · .'. ·, .. : . •. ·'
2. · ,,~cfor~~c~\o_t- P_~~:1er°'r.
q6t1~~~:fs·~·cy·.inju~~-~1J:1p.st
be comrn1tted" ·' · .. · ·- · :
-~ 3.. Rrior... Der.nand;. ·- . - . ,: ~:~ . · . " .
· - 4. - : P'ri.or ciem~l')c):has_ be_en"E~je'.de~:··~ . _.''· ·· --~t· , . - . ..
. 5.· .· ~pproval PY dis~rict h'~.i:l!th ·qffiqir arid qSSistc;1nc'El -
'.... :otloc~r'po'iic_~(:.~~~':·i·,'-'/': :· :-_n·~:·· · .( ·:
6. ·: Value · . of - destructibn· · ' does. :-'not ·· · exceed. :
,. .
_ • ..,
• ..... "."'J , . ~
Ill, .~
..
,.
• .
• ~ r5:foo0rc11/JL. :c:00E,
•
.:". fi,t.··1.1f4J_
_. :,, .·· ·-:. -
'._;/:·:·:,;: · _.. .· :·.' . . ··:
·- · .•. • ~- ,.
~--r 'if. • • •.. • • ~ •• · '.• .' . ,· •• • .• , , : .,... , .•
. 1~J~ry/iri_-.::~or'D'.e'::t~i\h)s. ·1rJur.y•is. c,on_ti~genf ~i,tif ft . -~ }~:~· ac(i_ori; to_·_abfte·~a ~~b!iql~fiv~·t~:P~!s~nce:!s'._n·ot:.

:~!=!r:lai11 to·be:.irifliGle_dL.,, . cJCtua!ly qccLJJ'"s.. . . :_. . ... ext!ngo1shed,;_by ~re,scnpt1_on·. e~qepf:-_m'., e~sen,~nts .
., . ·. ·- · ' . , • -- · ·. , .. ,_ - · .. ,, ·· :· ., ._: _·. · · ···which. are.extinguished py··obstrl:lct1on:·and non-user -
· (ALB~~O, _-Totts: ~nd :· 1D_~mages (?916),. :· p.687'':- ·:· f6r1_?· y~ars _{2/!~R'AS, sifpr_a,"~{J4_Bf:si~cr.tn(l ·right.,· ..
,,. . . . . [h_e.r.f!_lmjlfter AL~ANO,_ orj~ ~[1,d. Damages1) · · · ! . ~wc)s. extmgu 1shed. by prestnpt1on, . 1t· Cec)s~d -to· be a
· ·cc .. ',<: '·. · ··. ~ · :- nuis}mce,anymor'e ·{Ongsia.cit v~ Ongsiaco, 'L-7510; ..
- · . N_uisan-~e(v.T_respass -~ . .. ."·-: . ·, . ·- .. : ., _.-·. : · March'30, 1957):. ·. ··;··.,· _ ... · .... ·._. : .
. ln'trespass, ther_e is entry ihto ar.10ther's'property, this · · · .-·
·is:"ncit.necessarily .so. iri··nu'isance. ·ln·"tresp' ass. the ·. ·. -. ·. , . . -.::_, .-:: .. :
. . ..... . . . , _Unles? . .a.-Nyi~~-n<?~;.i? ~~N__uisan~.e ger:se;, it May>
jnJury-i~Jlir:e9f ~-)ld:_irpmeqjaJe;')n: nuTs'abs:;~; i~ i_~ :only. Not be Sumniarily·Abated . · . :: . : : .- . : · ...
cor,seqi.Jential_ (2.PARAS,.supra at- 748) · : ·: · ..· ; 'A nuisance peir accidens or th·at:which-."dE:!peri'ds._upon
. <:· . :' : . · > . ': '. ·: ·.
o'octrine-of Attractive Nuisance : · .
_' . >. -~,· . ·- :.
'c·ertaih 'condit'ions. and - ·circumstances,: .. arid . its
· .
.
. · · · · . · · ,.. (:lxis_tence be_· ing a quest_i_on·o't faqt, . it· can_ , not be. abated
o_ n.:..e.'_. _·w.ho. _mai_rit_ains ·on_,' h_is_·_..: p'r·em_.is_ e,_s_,:·'·danger.o. us·, . . · , ·,without, due hearing there·on·· . in a tribunal'-<.; authorized
!11itruni_ent~.l_ities'. ci_f. ~.:: ch~fr~cter lik'ely_ i'lo .· attra_cf t9 tjecide wtJetber $1.)Ch.'a thir,g does.in law constitute
ch\ld~eh in play:.and. who fail_s· to exercise .ordim1ry n:uisailce" (Ran.av. Lee Wong, G.R.. f)/d; '192$61.& a
care to prevent children_ from .p.laying !herewjth or' N0· · 192862•· - - · 3o,.2014) · ·
re·soiting thereto·. is liable to a ·child of terider'year.s G.R. June ..
' \ ' .
201~ ~A~ ~EDA L:A w. CENTRALIZED. BAR OPE.RATIONS .. , 233'.

PRO p·ER·T·Y
.· . SAN BEDA LAW CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS ~ MEMO~Y AID ~01.9 • . .
~ll&#&&kfi. RMA,!tj!WfyJSiiiW:
i4ilwtdU%M:m&
iib2tP~?i#!jWM!ibi¥·fr# &XW3K3·f_S.W·MhS%€1hW1±tl$Si!SM#i¥56:·;'4¥P4MxM%'4@1
Defenses in actions fo_r damages. based on

nuisance (PE);:· ·. ' · ' · · · D'i°F.FE-RENT MODES OF
. · 1. .E_ublic·necessity
2. ._s~topP,ei: (ALBANQ; Torts and Damages, supra
ACQDIRI-NG-
. ' . . 0:WNEltSHIR
. ,. .
. _at 398).·
· Mod~ . \. . 1 .. ... . _
Roles ofOfficers with Respect Public Nuisance to This isthe proximate ·.cau~e_-cif the acquisition; the
1. · District. health officer. is charqed'with the' duty to actual.process of acquisition or transfer of ownership.
see to it that one 'or of the remedies against a all over a thing in question (3 SANCHEZ. ROMAN, supra
·. public nuisance are availed· o( (CIVIL.'' _COQE, at -199-200). · . · ... , -~ · · · .· . ·
Arts. 700-702): .. Hispower ii.simpl{to determine
whether- or not the abatement, without .judlcial Title
_proceedings·, is the best remedy (DE LEON, This is. the remote cause· ofthe : acquisition; the
Property; ·supra et 575f . juridical justification for theacquisitlon-or a transfer of
2. The· action rnust be commenced by the 'city qr ownership or other real right. (Acap v. CA,: G:R. No.
, municipal mayor (DE LEON, Property, supra qt· 1-18114, 'December 1, ·19_95): · · .· ·
fi0-$71)._ · .. ·.... . ·. .. . . ..: ·.'
:.i.. ·.• ~. ~ ~ • • -' • •
. ! .
.. <
.'
: :.ir&.;ied'i'by\;b'fh·_'tltY·(ra6;~i':,aeI;teiil'·.:by·::tifi~::,ara·~~~:
'mo9;; -: .. :?rld:. '·.'cJjredfy ~~vf . when ''th'i ti\le · IS
• • ,_·. •;_:'"._:.;··•... /: •• ·_: _ •.;-· '-'. • ••• ~ ,; .: •• '•1 ,. ~- .,'. • :
created over ~-·thin\f.: ,_··: .·ajs§\in~< rn~d_e ,is' in
. . . . r,:, ... , ~:. succession. '·it '·is"':· not
Effects of-Reqistration: ·. . . . , ... · . . .. · ..
. 1. O_perate::. as '.Cq ..nsir~'ctiye·,no~i_ce; _ : · . . ,. < . : ditectly.c/~~teci -~qver --~-
2. Does rial validate or-cure defective fnstrument; · ·thihg. · II:. is. exercis.ed ..
3, Car:1110( bjnd .property .where. it ': is '' leqally ·" . : , : .. : · ·· . thr6tig.h .. another· agains1 ·
ineffective: .. :': . . . . . . . . .. , .. : : < :whom· tne· acti6ri- ls .to be '
• • • , -~ • • • 4 • •
· ·b?i:iu9 ht: . .:., ·, · -· · -
4. · Does not.vest-ntle.iand . . . -
_s.: . : Rt.ii~.- of 'fi_rst .in !ime-;'·fjrs( in. 'rig°ht 0 '(P.E-LEON,·
: :_ Prop~rfy,' f~f~a-ft·~,79s5~~-.,;·:_·, ... : .: ~ ~ ·.··:··
•.
. - .. ·:
- '> . :··: .
.. . \.
234 , . 2019 SAN BEDA·.CA w CE:NT:RAUZED BAR. OPERATIONS

: .·.
__. .
RROPE:RT.Y-
SAN BED(.I.LA.W Cf.NTRALiZED SAR:OPf.RAT/fJ.NS - MEMORY.AID 2019 .
t'Ok O',,fify#?Jt .-u7.:•_:;;·:c±t=, efi: .. a\!"~Axt;giwt% #Mtkt g,a.,,:·,*!!;J.ff&:r! &iR3Xlf?ca=f s•:
1 e.J.£59;49,:z::fW?f.WW:Ji~·~~~~--
. Note: Original modes of acquiring ownership pertains

·. to those independent of any .pre-existjnq right- of
. . another. person wbile derivative modes are those
j. · There is one ·defi~ite: ·1. There .is 'an ·ac::°hve . based on pre-existinq righ_t held by another.person.
· Moreover,' derivative modes ..are modes .both for. the
. active subj'ect; . :. . . .. . subject '(creditor);"
·, acquisition and transmission of ownership ·and· other
2. Indefinite pa~sive 2 .. There is a· definite.
· real rights. (DE !-EON, P~operty, supra at,f?91). ·
· sub}ect ·which .is the · . passive. s'ubject :· J •
· .-V'<'.hole~W'or.ld. · - · : (debtor).· · · Traditio'n or D.eliyery .:·
. -.,
It is a mode of acquiring ownership as a 'corfoequence
. of .certain contrects by virtue of which theobject is
· placed -in . the control and. possession r: of· the
.,. Enfqrceable . against the_ Enforceable--: . · . :__ ·only transfere~;--actuaJly' or.constructively it ts aderivative .:
wh.ole world. -· . · · aga.in~t; · the · ._ '.or.iginal mode' of _acqu'iring. ownership and other' re'al rights.'by.
. . . d.ebtor _or.,_ his tr~nsf~r~e . Virtue of-which, there beinq .:ah 'intention-and _capaci.ty ·
. , charged with. notice ;of ·
on· the .part of the-granter and,grantee and the pre- ·.
"th_e·pers6n~11 ri~hts· . existence gJ..said rig'1t~- i_n the· estate of.the g·rant9r, .
theyare transmitted to the grante~ throuqh 'a just'title
(DE LEQ_N,.-Property, supte'e: 593).. . -. . ., . . -
.. ;-..,,:· ' ·:,:,, ....
·. Requisites (ARTI): ·
1. Transmission should be manifested by some ~ct
,· which.should be physicaf symbolical or.Ieqal ·
2 .. B_ight transmitted should have previously existed
in the patrimony 'of the.qrantor; · - . . , · · - ·
· 3. .Iransmission.'should-be by just title: and, - .
4. -Grantor af\d -gr_antee shpul~. have [ntention and:
·, cap_a·city,j~o\_tr~nsn:iit arid a~9uir~ _(D~. LEON,··
Property, sv12ra at 593).. ,: , _... _
Note:/h~,9~}ical fac_i~,:;-!n._ t~~-'c!i!fe~ent mo~es~:of

effecting c:feltver,y which. g1ves -, legal effect to the.
act,j~ the·actcial\intentfon of the vendor to deliver,
~nd_ its acc'ept~e-~ · by-th.e vendee. Without" Iha_\ ·
. intention; here is'nb·traaiti9n (Union Motor. v, CA, : ·
· G.R .. NQ·.. 1_1718'7,i Jufy'-zO, ?001; Repub/ic_v::Holy .. ,
... ·. "'---'""'Trinity. Realty Development" Corp.; G~R.-· No. .
. 172°'410, Apri(14; 2QOB);··.· ' -
~*"~~-,~--
Kinds: (RCQM). ·.. . . . .. ,
'.,
.. ·. '"·: ·1-c · B_eal Tradition,-'- _actual delivery~. · ; . · · ·-~
·. ·- ·-.--2: -~o.r.istrucflve,;Tr9dition- delivery. of the-thirig ·1 ri.or·
1------~·-'·._·_.
;.. .;· --'---1--'-'---'---'--,-------l . - ·; •.: real 6i: "material,-.:buf ·corisists. merely rn certain. . .. ·
wa:(f . :. whicb··' includes' _(;reation,. ·-disc~~ery· or· facts indicative of.the.same . . . . . ·: ·. - .
. 1ntell~ctu<;1I creation ··. ·\ invenUori- · · .. . .: a. Traaiii.o Symbolica -'- parties make O$e of. a .
toke~_ .. or,::?x_mb"9! · .-_t9, ·. ripres_ent, -the_ th_ing ~ :'
.• , .N - , . delivered. . ·. · - · · . · -· . · ·· ·· ; . •
., . ..~--~·' b: · Traditfo L~nga M~n·u ~-- b'y" inere 6onsent of . ·
;' ,·
. :~· .E:xist~nce"· -.of. 'r~quired . . the·..:· parties . if· the -thing . s0id : cannot-.-oe · .. ·
.·• cohditioh& . ·. ·.: · ~ransfefred to t~e possession~of)tie·vend.ee ' ·
·· ,·_. ·. (Exam pl~-~("~.: ·' ·c1y_1L ~,m~.
..
..
,•
. .CODE;,A_rt. 624,'AtJ~ 681~

. ·.
· · · ·c.
. . i3t_tt)e of th.e sale.:·. . . - ·.. ·.
Tr~dilio Brei.Ii Mani/ ...:... 'when the 'lefide'e·
.
. :· '(
Art.)134) .. 1 · .- ..• :· . :' .--~· .already.has poss~ssioo of the' thirig _solo by·
• i • ".
. ·: virtue' of-another title. . '' . . . . . . . . : ·,. -

.. Traditio'n · · . · c6ntract of the. parties . !.·
:- ·. d .. _· Trapiiio Constituturp Pos~essoritin ·..:.· w_hen "· .
'·
. . . ..:· Dof)atic;m · .
.'
·,
:-Contract cift~~ parties · ;. . t~e ·vendqr. continues in·_ posse?sion of. t~e ·.
thing sold- riot- as owner bot in· some other ·
.. : ~rescription . Possession · · · -i~ , the . capatity. · _ · '. . · -~ · · ·: · .. -
concept of
owr:ier e.. Tradition by pul:,lic instrum~nt- th.~ exec.ution
Succession neatb .. -. is eqµivalent · to" th.e ·delivery of: the· thing,
object of the contract' . . :..
. (D!= LEON, Property supra at 580).
2019 .SAN
. BEDA LAW
. CENTRALIZED
. . - . BAR OPERATIONS
, 235
.. PROPERTY- . ·
SAN BWA "LAW C£N_TRALIZED /JAR OPERATION~ - M£MORY_IIID 20·19,
•;"jJj\tAWY @Qibbi§
.
,e,a:s as&tc1s
.
,;:Nne>;;JPWsss12-:,cµ
:;iw,tS1121afa,1 s. •.;;
. . ,..
E #U.P4.1 Cii'.'S#a4&1fy&,il AP 41 I
·' ... .
Note: The. execution of a
publlc instrument 3. _Bequisi~es laid do"Yn by law IT!USt be.comptied
gives _rise· only-to a
prim« Iecie presumption 'with: ' · · .' · :_~ . · ·.
of· delivery whjch· is destroyed when the 4. There must be an -!ntention. to appropriate;'. .
instrument e·~presses that delivery was not 5. There-must be .§.eizure -, of a thing;
intended, "or by__ other means showing that 6. Thethlnq must.be without an Qwrier (D~·LEON, .
. delivery was "not effecte'a-beca'use a third Property, supreet 602). · ., ·· ·
person was in actual .possession thereof 'I •
(Equetorie! 'Reapy._v. Mayfair Tbeeter; G.R." J.

No .. 133879, tJ?.ve_;n_~er 21, ?001)., .
'•,
·'
.. ,
... '.
~··- ....
>.
-,
' ..
~
PROPERT·Y
SAN OEDA LAW CENTRALIZED oin OPERATIONS - MEMORY AIC) 2b19
! .J:ZtP? ii t:: Ai
I
t .5 1 i
'
WQ ·W&' :*": 4+4% ,:dt
. ' ' '. •
?* ,_2Gt ;s; !t:•m? fl"::aywcot,bb 4$ ms;µ . s_z i '• 5 PfG=,23 #ett:?,IPT·u:·~villi'.==::ll
• '
Can th~ State Claim Ownership . Over an · ·Rules as to L~st Movables:. · .

Abandoned Private Land? 1. Theft is committed by any person; havinqIound
There is nolaw whi~h cateqoricatly provides: that such 1os_t property. shall Jail to. deliver the same to tne.,
land becomes the property of the State. Slnce Aiticle local authoritles · or. to · its owner :(REVISED
714 makes no distinction between. land which never· · · .PENAL.. 8,0DE, ,4rt.·308(1)).:. ,. ._ ,, .~ .
had an ownerand a iandoriqinally :with ari.owner.but ·- 2. One- who:·,,buys the property. from the finper
later abandoned, it would seem. that the land .can riot.. knowing that he_ ls. buying lost property has the
be acquired. by occupation .. However, there are Civil • duty to return although he is not the finder .
.,; . Law authorities who are 'of the' view that, such · 3: Thing cannot.be acquired by prescriptlon even if
. 'interpretation would result in theabsurd situ~tiori of extraordinary. · .. , -, , ·. . . .: . .
ari.abanooned · lan9 rer:n~[~ing perpetually res nu/Iiµ~ 4 .. , law requires the finder. to deliver, the jnovable-to
and 'not .capable of being. acquired, by .prescriptiom ,.t.tJi i;nay9r,.-whereJh.e. finqirig has J~ker place .
. Thus.. it , ts ·submitted that· t~e .abandoneditand . . ((;/VIL Cf)DE, AitJ19, par.. '1) ... ',. . · ..
- . becomes patrimcnial. [and of tn"e Stelle susceptible of .. 5. · Abandonment must be voluntary and lntenticnal
to.be effective.···.·· · ·· : . ·· :· ··. -: · · .
. acquisition thru .acquisltlve prescrlplion, (2· PAFJAS, 6·. If tlie ownersshould appear iri tim.·e;'h~ is ob. liged.
· supra-791). · .: · ' . · · ·
,. ' • , , ,. , • J toqive the finder a 10% reward based on'the sum
or- the p·rice' of the· thing found· (CIVIL CODE,· Art.
72'ii) · · . ·· ... -'::-: .. · . . : .... ·:
· 7 . .' The' -~xpense'~ rrfci~f be r~imbursed by t;~ finde}
or the owner in case the' latter dairris the movable
,.
"(C(VIL. COD,E, Art. 719, par. 4;. DE ~EON,
Properly, supra
_; ' .:.. .
at
609·610) .. : · .. .' · . ·'
''. ... . .
.
. .. :
Not~: The rights ~~d· oblfgatfons ofthe
finder of lost
-persdnal prop~rty ar~'tia_sed\:in"the p~1ficiple S?f quasi:
contratt. T.he clµty impos(;)d on the.finder·by Art. 719
. i~ ba~ed pn t~ei~act. that o.ne _ who lost h.is property_
· .does:. not ·nee.e.~a·riJy.:a~arid9n, it· If th·ere )s ·no
. ol>c111do111.neritff'.the lost thing·) h.a~ not,-.b.Elc9me r.~s
IJUJlius (DE L~~?~-~~pr8.: a~- 609)-':_. ~ .. -. >:. -
.< D(?·.~A'.~·?(?N~ _ _ .,, .. , __ 1
.. ·. •' ..
:, . -:... ,\; ...·..
;.
onation . · · . ,.,, c .'i. .·., ,.·., · . .,.

It, is an. act: of _liberality·whe,reby" a ·perspn disposes
. : ·,, _·grc;1Jui_tousrx. qf.~;thing or !$~t )rf,tayo.r of-'.arJ.ci.ttwr .~he:>..'
ac'cep.ts it (CJVJJ:. COQE, Art. 725). · . : . · · .... '
·. . { ·. : .. -. . ,.__ . . ~?· . \ . - -· ·-: '. . ..
· · Recjuisites::,(CIDA) ·. '·:· · · :; . · .: ·· '::- . · ..
, · 1°. :· Donor must liav.e·:~apac;ity to 'make· th.i/donat'fon
· ,· . atJ~e ti~_e,of·t~e p_erfection'of.the b:nitract; . ·• -~
. . t' . ·.: . ; : •'·/,; -,.~ -;,·· ," ·.. •·•,r .. · ~:
. ·- .: , N~te: Donation· is :valil·even~if the persoh{has>
. . . s~hizoph~eni~. I!'- p_ers~ii suffe'ri!)g·: ·fr~m· ·~u~h
_s1cknes~ 1s presumed capable of·attendmg loJns
property rights. There. is 'n9 \o(al lo_ss .of. controJQ.f
· _. . hi~ menta\f~ci_lities (9atalc;1n v.. Basa; ·.G:R. No;·· .
. . :, ', ·. 159567,. )u.Jy 31-,- 20.Pl), · · , :' · . · . · ,,. · < ·
:-":r' • • • • ..... • - • • ""

By itself cannot lead' to May·lead le;> '.another f~rn:i
arfoth'e·r·. r. form':' . of .which' is pr'escription ... ' N6te: In_ certain. dor:i'aliohs, the· form prescribed·
acgui_sitiori. • · ·,- · · .. :, · · · · · ., :- by law must.be foilowed (Ci.VlL cob1=;Arts. 748.-
•,
,.
' ., ~ . . . . 7,4~;
. ...
[!€,L~ON, proP,erty, supra a(6.27): . ,•·. · .. -
. . . .. ...- -~ ' . . . .' :
(DE:, LEON, .Property, supra c!t 603).
. > . ~· .
2019 SAN BED,-:·:LAWCENTRALiZ.ED.BAROPERATIONS (23.7

. ·pRQPERT_Y·.
SAN BEDA LAW CENTRALIZEDBAR OPERATIONS·- MEMORYAID zoi»:
Essential Features/Elements of a True. Don'atiori ·-·]n Sumipet v, Banga, thisCourt declaredthat title-to
(Inter Vivas): (Al-AR) · · immovable property does not pass from the. donor _to
1. ~lien·ation 6f property .. by -the donor durinq: his the donee by virtue of-a D~ed of Oonation until and
lifetime, which is accepted:" . . unless 'it 'has been 'accepted ·in.a public instrument
2. [rrevocability (excepttor legal causes); . ._ and the donor duly-notified thereof. The acceptance.
3. Animus Donend); a,i_d· ... -· . , ·-:- - .. . ... rriay be rnade: in the very. same instrument .·of
4. Resultant decrease.intheassets or patrimony of · donation. ltthe acceptance-does not appear in-the
the donor (2 PARAS, supra
. . .· .. ;-
'at
881 ~882j.
,.
·. · same document," it must .be Ql.§ld·e in another. Where
the .Deed of Donation fails to show the acceptance; or
The fact that the· donors .would, in. the· future: be.ni3fit . where the formal notice. of the acceptance.rnade ii) a
from lhe. election· of-the candidate' whorri tliey made· _ ... separate instrument: is either-not given to.the donor
campaign ·co"nfribptiqns, . does· not. amount to: a · · . or.
else: notnoted inthe Deedtof Donation .and .in.the.
valuable consideration." Electoral 'contributions- 'are .. separate=acceptance, the donation is null and Void
considered as donations subject to the imposition of. (A°rangote v. :Spouses Mag/4nob, G.R> No. 17§J)b6,
· donor's tax (Abe/lo.· v.. CIR, · GJ~.. No: 120.72.1, Februa,rf18,'2009). - · '. .' , . · · ..
F,ebruary .23, 2005). . .. . . .. .'
.' ·,
•/
.·.,. ...
T.h~_~e--:~Gst, b~e . pr6qf,:'f~~( a i~;~ii

:n-ot)c.e·'._o( such
acceptance ~c1s~ret_eiVed_.DY -9.ohpf)freaf property i_s ·
involved; itmust· be- noted: in both- the deed. of · · , .
.donatlon and "separate instrument {Liigazq v;:· CA, . ..
G/? .. No; 11279_6, March 5/1998).
,.,
.> __
-· . ~- . •. .-
...·.
. : ·- 238 I . ·2019: $fl..N BEDA LAW CENTRALIZED BA.I~·OPERATIONS.,-

:.... t-. .- • ·. . . . ; .•-.. .• . . • . • . .
. ...
.PRO.PERTY
SAN .BEDA LAW CENTRALIZED BAR OPER.tffl?NS - MEMQRY AID 2019
Donations with an .Oner~us 'cause ~re governed Donation Inter. vivos-v . Don.c~tion·.-Mortis Causa
· not by the law on donations but by ·the rules on
.. contracts. Hence, on the· matterof prescription of
. actions for the revocation of onerous donation,' it
was- held that the generaf rules on prescription
applies (De Luna v. Abrigo,. _G.R. No. L-57455,
January 18, 1990).· · ·
A-stipulation ii:t thedonation 'that it '('JaS made for

. and in consideratlon .of the "love '.'lnc!. a(f_ectioo:
· whicti'tbe doiiee inspires irf the donor, and as· an_ Made put Of do·no.r's ·p~re ·r-Jade -in contemplation
act ofliberality and generosity'' is.sufflcient cause · . qenerosity. · of his death without the. ·
. for' a·. donation (Qui/ala v. 'Alcantara, · G. R. No. . .. . intention to lose the· th_irig
·-13268(December.3; 2001). . . . .. or its· free disposal in
. caseof survival. ' .
Simpleor Rernuneratory Donation v. -· .
· Onerous Donation
Primarily; the law , on

donations ·governs; while gove~ns.
the law on contracts. may
apply suppletorily. ·
Alway? revocable. at any

time .and for any reason
before the donor's
·'
death.
.. '
Th~ express
"irrev6cability"_ - , of the.
donation is · the
... "distinctive standard that
identifies the. document .
. The iUega( or· impossible The ob.li_~)\ltipn~h ili_etiar ·
coriditions . ·.. ' . . : are or impossible conditions as a donation inter viv.os."
· Here, the donors plainly
considered as · · not shall be annulled· under
imposed · ·. :Pu.t · the Art. · 1183~· ~~ · · sald'that it is "our will that
this · Donation Mortis .·
donation remains valid. . ' Causa · . .shall. · .. · be
• ··,- ! . • .., .
. irrevocable and -shall ... be
(RABUYA, Property, supra"
. . . .~· . . at 760) ..
. respected . ·. by . the
; ' ...... ~
·surviving . spouse:': The
The.· title· given · to a- Deed cit' Donation i:5 . not the,
determinative factor. which makes the donation "inter
intent to make ~ the.
donation ·. irrevocable
.vivqs!'. or "mortis ·cau~a-'.'.·Wh.ether donatlon'ts.iorez a 'becomes eve.n' clearer by
ViVOS or morfis CaUSc! depends upon the nature ofthe
the proviso that . a
disposltion made (Reyes v, '.
Mosqueda; GR.· No: . survivinq . donor shall·
. 45262, July 23; 1990).That the document in question respect. the irrevocability
in this case .was captioned "Donation Mortis Causa" of the · donation. ,
is . not 'coritrollinq. This Court has. held. that, if ·a Consequently, the
donation by 'its terms is inter vlvos; this character is donation wasin 'reality i:l·
not altered b'Y th.e fact that the .don·ar styles· i·tmorti~ ... · .. donation · inter vivos(Qe/
causa (Del Rosario. v. Ferrer, G.R. No.. 187056,: Rosario v. Ferrer, ·G.R.
September 2.0; 2010), _. No: 187056, September .
20, 2010). .
2019 SAN BEDA LAW CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS 1.239

:·p·R·o P·E.RT·Y·
SAN.8£01\L.t.WCEt,ITRALIZED._BAROPERATIONS. - M_EMORY.AID 2019
does not change: the nature of the, act --(Vita v.

Montanano G.R.· No. L-50553, Februery 19/1991).
MJ~t cornply , "'{i.t~ the ·Mu;t c9mply_ 'Y".i_t·~- the
f,orn'tc!l.iti~s ,.J~~L\ifed : by formalities ,,leq_uire?. :,l:?y
Arts."7 48 .and T4!f of the law for.the 'execution- of
Code. . .· - . , wills .
. ../•,
~- ...
-i.:«:
.2.i~
.
1. 2oi9. ~ sA~:..·.BEDA CAw
. ·. ' ·cENTRA_
·,::
L:121;0
.,.:..
$~R. . oPERAr10.Ns.
'
-------~---------:-----~--------,---·---,.-- ·. ·,
PROPERTY-
. . • SAN B~DA LA,WCENT(JALIZED BAR OP_ERATIONS- MEMORY AID 2019 z
ti&#\?' Nk MB !'*4/1'11-lhl\Rlil,1 il®G-'.' SMt"W.f \.$,, NS: g;i-;.q,; ::; 3-E ':4if#i{'»lZ:&:l'-, tM ?iA&lllW ·Jitv ·;.:; :li-JIHJ:":· ~ '
. ( \•
', ~onors . 'Donees . .. . . 1. ·;" .
The donor must have. both the capacity to contract General Rule: All . those . who are not 'specialty
and ·to dispose (C/1.{IL G_ODE,. ArL 735), and ls riot disqualifled by l~w may accept tionatlon · (CIVIL .
specifically. prohibited to make. a· donation ·(CIVIL . · CODE, Art. 738). . '
. · CODE,:~rt. 739). . . Exceptionsc : · Donations. may be. 'made ~-· to.'
. . ( . . incapacitated persons such ·as:. . ,.
Note: Donor's, capacity shall he determinedas ofthe 1: Minors, and others .who' cannot .enter into a
-. · time ofthe making of_t~e:d9nqtjon·(PIVltlC,QDE,. Art. contract, but acceptance snail be done throGgh
737). . , .• . 'their 'parents or. legal .representatives (CIVIL ·
. • .
1
· :'. < .. . COQE, A,rt: 741);· and:.'· - . . .
"Making" means -' "perfection" of the donation, 2, · .Conceived and unborn children, acceptance of
otherwise ff ::making•i·means.·"giving," Art. 737· would' ·which may. bemade by_those·pi:lrsc:i"ns·.wfio would
in" some cases be inconsistent: with .Art. '.734 whjch legally represent.them if they were already, born
states -that "the. donation 'is perfected from '. the (GI\/IL '.GQDE, · Art. 742); provided it .. for ~e.
moment the donor knows of tile acceptance. by the purposes· that are favorable to ih (f;I.V!L" C,ODE, .·
donee." ·To ~\lOi~:La contradiction. tfi~ rule ~;:if .. be . -Arts: 40.-.41). g)\h.erwlse, it is as if theconceived ..
· stated thus: ·:at' the time. thadonation 'is· perfected, .. child · possessed no -jurldical r, persona.lily)(~
..both life.don.or and tti'e.do·nee·must.be·ca'p~cita\ed) · , PARAS, st.ipr~,at.'908)·.· : · ., .r ·· ·· '·(
fh·e· subsequent- incapacity .of the donor does.' not ·J ' • • • . .
attect ~he validityof the.donation (2. PARA,$,·sc.ip[El at.· Note: · Ther- donee must -accept: the .donation
902) · ·, • ,.. , . · ... · ,. . · ... . .... personally; or throuqh an authorized-person .with
. . ', : . . ~,. . . . . : - :,. ,/'·, . . 1· . (. a 'special po~e·r,_f9_r th~ p_urpo~.~. ,Or with ·a g~heral . .
. ·. Donation b~twe.en ·spo1,1~~s _;. · · ·· · ,.': ~. · \ a_nd sufficient po.·wer.; otherw.ise the d9nati~n s,hall., .: · · .
'
. l:Joder. Art.. 85·.. of . the Family- . Code, •
ev,ery
.. ..
.donation
. .¥
_. '.,be,void·
.
('.G/V/l., COQE,-Art.
.. 745). . . · ·, .. : . ,
. between spouses durin'g the. marriage:$.hall-:be,void : . : . ,:. - -· - . . . - · ..
<... • except ,moderate. :gitts·· on ... the· :ocia·sian o~tamily Spncept.Qt in~o.ce~t pun:h~ser_tor va1~E;- c19e$._.not ,-
. . .. rejofcin.g.- Th_sl' .prohibltiQn . apRlies alsc,hb ·perso.nJ · : apply to grat ,taus transfer~. · :< , .
. . , . ·urici'e~ e·cticfn :5_3 'o(Pr.e.si~e.ntia_l Decree No.' 1_·5._29,: .· .
_ living· tog_ether a~. hu_sqana · an~;_ wife itJ;iput .~:/~i;l
s.
. marriag_e; o~ irf "illi~_it ·. relafion-. ~ Ar.( 1J) '6) the:ssq_de . . knoi.vi:1 . a~ J~ . Prop~rty ~!::gist.ra.tion De9.r:e.e.; .Tri. au_
.adds·~ th!:Jt- · doi:,a~_ions dr< .. p_romi§es ·to_ .common_ , cases 'of.°);egistration-- pro·€u_red, by: fraud; the· Qwner ;.,
··.. legitimate~ Ghilcjreri exciusiveiy[Tor;,coriimenci'n~r :~ . •: rnaY;. pu'r~.~ !ii: ~-i~, .le'gA(abd:. _eqy_itabl,~-j~--~~~!ef .. :'-
. completing .. a ·professi.onal 'or. ,;6cation'glkow'~e cir . against, fhe· p!rt1e·s-to such fraud without. p_re1ud1~e. ~
. _aotivit~ f9ose'.f-ini~r~Y~.~·n1-· •..•·. 1 ... - ': •• 5} ~t:~~~itM'!,~~.~.";'.;;'.~~OzJ~!~·::ii~~:!~~:

-. ·Prohibit_idrf. ·of'.: Don~~ion . by' .
Qorp~rati~:n {0• ; , 'inrioc~nr: ~.o,ldetfor: ~alue ·for. )htre{?s~n· t.hat ··~~ ..
. · Politic;al· P.~rtX :. ::· .. , · ·. .. ., , ~ _.: . '. acqi]ires· p'fopertf g_rat~itou.sl_y b'y a ·o_~~d ofDonation_
. Under:,Se_c. ·35·tb¢ ,corpo~ation'C.ode (now.S_e5:,-151?f~~nd,. n9t~~~J p~r.c~.?,~~- · ,.H~n~~'. J~e ,cor:i~~P!,Pf.. ~~:: ·
the Revis.eq Corporati9n. Code),' everrcorpor?1icin ·. m.no~~~t.-purcha~er, for yalue_ ca~.n.ot apply .. to him, ·!
· hc1s ·the. pqwer ·and capacity. ;ir,ter a/ja, to ·mi:ike .' (G.c!mb1to_)(. Ba,q,e,na,,-~_.~.,No. ~tfJ92p, .,!anuary 2fl!.
~easoha,ble do_oaffons::incl.udfrigithos(/for the·~pl.Jbl'it . 201_~).. , : .:· . : ·, .: · ' ·:: /': · ·: < ...
welfar~ .·qi; for ·hospffal, ·chcirifab,ie·, .cultural, scjentiDc;' -0>· : t· · ., p ·. h_.b··t ·d· b. · ; : Y (.·S·A·w·:
.. G.ROU p-·p· IC)
· · · ··. '-·: · · ·1 · · .· ·-H. . .·: . ·· · . ·. . . ona ,on ro , , e y Law... • .-
. c1.v1c, :or· s1ryi1 ar. purP.os.es. · ovyever.L 1t.:can.not· give. · . · '.· . · · · · .· ·. ·\. . ·. , ·, · . · -·
1
.., donation,s ·ir\ ~i'i~·ofanY'pQlitiq1I · pa.rty or°-'cancijdate or- · .. · . Made b'. _by. · pertsot.h~~ t.QU!lty_ f...od( ~t9pl~_er(yC./Vo/Lr.;
· . · · .. . , .. · , .. concu mage. a · e ,me-· o or.ia ion · · . ·
for pu_rpose~.o f partisan po 1.1t1~al actl'l1~y. . .. ·. ; ·. . C.0DE,·.P;rt.J39); _ · · ·: · · ·
N.ote: Donati;ns· i(!t~r ;~v6;

.niade· by :it)~ap~·citated . . . : .. Note!: _.::Pr~vi~L~··: lrimin1'i''. ··6o~~ictibn: ;.. :not -.. is·-:
donors a~e ~~rely voidqble. $f1(11El r~[e ~pplies,v.,her.e :.: . ·. h~ces.sary; ·the. 'g_uilt• may bei.p~oven i~ 'a. ci~il
......... eonse_r.it. ~-s· v1t1ated (~ Pf\RAS;':supra. at·'89[1.) :·· "·. . _ ,, . a9tioi'i .· for . ·decl~ration, · of: n'i:illity pf . donatior:i
. _...._ _ ·. "· : ··,. .... . ': . ·:. :-. · .. : ·; 1 :;:'",. , .... perspnaliiy (? PARAS, ·supra qr909f ·'. · ., ·..
· Guardians·· ano trus~ee~. c'annot ~lieriate' propertY, -· , ....... , . · · . '·'.. ·. · , .. ,. -. ·\ , . .' ·
. _entf!-;Jsteo to·.them·(.C/V/L·CODE, Art-7:3,6):. ·.· .. :- ·. · 2. _Made betw~~c:i,persons found guilty of the.'same·: :
, 1 .. T,hls prohibi.tJo,:r .is not ,absolute.1 If is :applicc1ble 0 _g_rjminal ·offemse/iri cof]sid_\:m3tio6·the.~eof (CIVIL .
. . ·· 'onlY.,in case of simple 9onation; buf not where the (;QDE,·Arl:?39{;·: . ' ' . , ·~·: ..
:?, · ·. dqnatiqn .is orierO\JS;' and· is, ben~ficiai° the . to Note: .'r.~~vi<;>us .crirriin~I. ·con;_;i~iio~·. i~ -~ec~s~~ry
- ben~ficiar:y (DE LEON, Property; supr.a at 661 ).
2.· · Tr.ustees wh.o have re1:>'utjiated·t~e trust. and° have ; . · (2 PARAS, supra.at ~12).. .. . : . - ·· · .··
. ·.·· acquired 'the\ properties. bY.·.' ):lfescription ·. are . . .... : . ~ -
· · allowed to-, donate. saicf properties.: (i f'A1RAS, ·. 3,. ·. Made to a· -p~qlic Officer ·.O( jis/her.· spouse:
,supr_a.at,900). . ·.. · ·. , . · '. . . de·scendants or ascendants in consideration''of
. · . ·. _his/her office (CIVIL CO[!E, Art. 739j; .
·2019 SAN BEDALAW CENTRALIZED BAR q~ERATIOl'IS· I 241

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. . SAN BEDA LAW CENTRALIZEDBAR OPERATIONS- MEMOR_Y-A/0.2019 •
fflM¥Wih
\..
iWPMWtA!ZW¥
. . i#BfRfH,Mftjffit5#,$@W&i!nflR4Sii-MAt:mtmMA%i
...... . @M'M&Si'Z.SiCMWtii$5i8@#41&!W:tti¥!¥:UttidSkB
. . . i.
4. Made to the Priest who heard the confession ot burdens· 'assumed by donee." regardless 'of
. the· donor during the latter's - last: illnes,s, cir- the value. . ·
minister ofthe gospel who· extended· spiritual aid b. Acceptance must be either;
-to him during the same period (CIVIL CODE, Art: · i. ·; In the-same instrument; or '
1027-1032); . . · · : · , · . · i In ·another_puqlic-·ins~rum~nt,. notitiedto ·
.S. Made _to the R~latives of such priest; etc. within · the donor in autheriticform, and noted in
the fourth (4llJ)1civil degree; or to the church to -both·dee_ds·.(C/V/L c;ooE, Art.·7~9)._. ·
.. Which:-such.....:priest _ belongs (CIVIL CODE,. Art. . .:· '· · . . .
· 1027); · Note: Article- 7.49 does .not apply to onerous
9, Made by· a
ward to the Guardian before the . donationswhich are govern:ed by rules 0.!1 obliqations
approval.of accounts (CJVIL CODE, Art. 1027);_: . and contracts (CIVIL CODE;-At1. 73~). ·. - .
7. Made· to an· alt!,lstfrig Witness.to the.execution of · · · , ·
donation. if - there. ·is ·any, · or to · the · spouse,.· Expression of matitud.e to the· donor without express .
. parents, .: or children, 'or: anyone claiming. under : acceptance "was held a: sufficient acceptance /
· . them,(C/.V/LC0DE,-.Art. 1027;);· (Cuevas v.. Cue.vas"G.R,.No. L~B327, December 14, ·
a:· Made. to a _!:tiysi~ian; -. surgeon, nurse,. health · 1955): :· · ,.. :c · ._. ·
j • , · .: • -; · · · ·
officer .or druqqlst..who ..took care of the donor· . ~ ~' ~ ·: ~ · ,.·· :· :~.. :>; -,.·.: . .·!. '. : . ~- ~ ". .'.
. : durinq. his/her last .i111;1ess · (CIVIL CQDE, . Art. _ A' donation of immovable .. to l),e valid must be in a-
1 O?!): . - .... ' ._ : . . '~. . ;,.,..,...,.. · ·-~ instru~e-~L However, .~ven if ~oid, .it'ca~ib~ t~_e
9. Made by ~n.divi~u13I$, a~~~ciations_.9r <s~?-?rat1or:isu blSI~ of· ~u1~1_t1v.~:pr~sc~1pt1on for.as long ~~·,there _IS .. _......
. _·not -per,rrntted; ~y :)c!y.1..Jo mak~ don~t1ons f(QJVIL 3d~r~f p,p.ssess1on· in._ the· cqn_c~pt 0f an own~r .
- CODE, Aft,)027J1 ... _ ·. /,~ f'~~-·;(l&lf.!t~taVoplelf!; G.R. No. 141007, S~pfemb_e'. ·. ·
. 10:--Macle ·by -~p.9uses .to eac~~:r\tj~ng t~~ . 13, ~OQS). ~~.. ·._ .-·:_ - ··'..' · ''::., · .· · 0: :···
: · marriage ort?_P~-~o~~.otw'ion#"utot!Jer.spq_use~ _K._Y' .i.,"\'. . ·~·.··. · . - :- . : . - . · .. · ...
i_s ?_presump\1ve. h~ir (CIY,lf/<S,~0£3; 1f.102l); .']i l~s_se~l~p_th~ a~e'.ect1:v_e_n~tanzatio_n:.w1I_( st~1p·the; -:. ·
aa_d : . · f · ~l .,.
·. . ·. . .· ..., _ f. . : . ~ ~ d~~~.r:ne~t Of:J~. public character and ·_r!:)dU~~ · 1t:.to a . · .
11. D?n~~1~ns .. vo19· ~y Jea~<?,Q of. ~nwortf.11ne~~ ?f f\t\ pnvat~.:' lf\strUrl]\f\~fort~c~e . 74~ .. Of· th~· .. C1v1I, Code · .
'd9ne-e under Art: 7_40· in re ·Al':v.- 103°2. H'c>Wever, 1f 1~1 requ1re$ tn.at doria~f-t{ei'!I property must be made .
.· the donor .. had k.iJ°owLedg\~~~l::isequJnlly~k'cte~"< llil=:ir(af-t5'uqlit Jns"iruim_efiqo be valid:· Donatiq_n~_of-.real
: ot,. t~~ ·. ac,f -~t. \J.n~qi~~·si o_f- do~e-~ {nci,~[lµ'pj:~)?~~Y·fy.oid.;wiJf.i!:iYtjhitor[n91iti~s·specifie_d_.ln.th!:)
·. . CQ~_9.?ne9::!he .0sam_e·in1writiq_gi ~qe~r.iatio!)· il,-.:.:...-.-for.eg91rig~9v!sir_n:: .~l'ej~.. )~~ p~rpo~~d- P.~.ed ·.of .
·I·,". ·
-,"
. ya,119 (<;_!VIL 90f?_E~/i.;rt:, .~:JJ~;\·· · . ~ "t-!_- . : ,-rjna!!.P2f>!JP!!1tfe~f,~ {~e~~~~,,can~_o\,b_~~_gq~sid.~r.ed ·

· · .- :: . · , · .. -··"f~
··. v'?f r-~~-.pct"l:>~] docfimentf .\/Vh1te·.:,1t- contains.· .an ;.· :
·F_9_riris: c:,:t·b~i:1~:tt911s (CiV!t.:. c6pE';SfArts,ffia a ~ ~~~_.a~~gmi~t.beto£e._a:.no1~rypu_bli_c, _th~.·~~·e.i_s· .

74.fl), : · · .: .. · , ·. · ·::. _ . .:· . : - ' .. · ·.. · . · m9rnfes11y ,def~ct1ve;·a.s·~,t was:·m:a9e .. ne1tber 'by· the _ ·
-1 _:. Qo~·ati?.n~ ·9f, f?,.ovjble)rop~.· . :: . . ... : . I ·. $cr1::.:rrai1.g.ei1. ~~~~' a_ncfilh~i( t_espe~tiVEi:s.pou?As{o~.;~y" . . .
' 'a .. lf.v~Lue o!_pr'i)P.~,cty E:xceecf~P.~iooo, ~O,(ll,IOA.:..,_....-the~~(HeJ~·ay-Manan.a ~ '.GflY of. Naga, G.R:.No ..
· · .:.~m-~'a.~~~P.tc1o~e··m(J~t al".'{ay~·¢0),wv~ngf,. 'lfl "."19r::.1t,;,·~2;2"018)\
·?Jlfl .. ~ :.,< · ·,;· . , : '. .·
.' .. ; ·otheryVIS,e; th~ s;am~ IS _.void (2 JJ'A~_,.S_l~pra.\.M. ·A. ; /\:.\~ ·).-_ ~ .. ..- .· .. '.· ·.: ; · . · · .· . ·. . · · . ·
, . qt. 9-19-~20( , · . <- . '. · . · ... ·~TthoLJgM: t ~- n_o~-re~i~tr~tior\ot. a .. Q_~;.9· _?_f..:~pn~tjon ·
, . . , , .. __:.:. , . - :·,.;· .:· .· . ·. ...-, .. ~ _- :. . ;_.. . . ·s~o1affe.c~ its "'.ahd1.ty,: th~ n~~ess1ty of·r!')Q1.§!ra.t1Rn ..
. ' . · · t;J<>.t1;,: . ~1m~lta,neoys ... 9~1ivery of· property · : . comes :int~_play. when the.rights of.tl:litd:):>erso.n.ifa,re .
- .. donated-ls..nof required {Id.). ':, ... _;; ~- :: .· --affected (Gonzales v:.CA; GtR/No/11"0335 dur/e·1tr
··_ 'b: · ,f':..v.alue "oLpr.~~:rty . is'less' .. than.'.P·~::ooo·. . ~} 09·7).·.::; "J ·;-:,::: . -· . . ' ..":,:'/·<·:.- . :: ·.·. < .:. '.:'c_ ..... _ . .' •..
· .- 1 d0i:ic,1ti.on. may,b~ 'in.ade§r~lly,.ori in.;,.,;riting · ·. Li.~'{tati:ori~ on.:o:9!"1atio,o.of,Prqperty:,:-. . ·. ·,·:~ .. :

·. . i. -:."(f.. ·orajly", s[rfi01tarie9·us: deli\'.~~··.·. is ,L Don~tion , may-- comprelie[if·. all the :·pr~sent
./eq4ired . (actuai or.:. :constructivef·for ·. property:ot tlie ·aori6r, ·i"frovided tnaF · ·. ~ ···:· ·
~ · '.vi:lliditi or<·· -_. : . ' .. : .>. . ,. . a., : lfjh~.d_on?r-ha.H9!Ged::heirsi jle C!3r)nq~ ~iv~
·jj: : If i.n· wtiti~g,. c:lonatl.Q.n i~ vali,d .;;ilt~~~gt,_~no ·. ·, : . "' · '· br -receive. br'doiiation,:inbre ··than· wliat he ..
sir:n.u_ltaneous.deliv~ry (/cf.):- . . - . c~ri"°give·or receive by.'wiW(CJV.JCCODE1.'Ait:: ':· '·
9
_·: No~~\ .;cc~ t_a·nce-iri~y .be ~1'1-~~- ara11y\,r in , . · : ..... ·. b~-\-~0~~-~dg~~/·~~~._;~:,· t~:rb;ct tieirs;_. :~ona,t,o~ .
· writin'g· (DE LEON, _Property, supra ·at 672-·..,. . . .. rrmy·ir1clUcie ..~ll'p_r:Jse_ri(p\~pe_rty·· ;-p-iovided he,·
~ 67:J). . . - . . . :- -:. ;·· . ' . . . . re·se,rjes fri·\!l("q.wnet~hi~fo"r !n _gsufrtj¢t,: ~ ...
. :·· i: . "T:he amount sufficierjt_to syppon him and
2. · Donation c>t°imm.ovable property·: . . . .. _ttio~e,_,rel~tfy~s :eintftl!=ld-;.to, 'support from
· · .. 'a.< .)Jlus't. alw~Y..$. :6.e. in.·a·":. public·. in.str:Umenf . · .· ..... _, !iin((~/Vll:' C,QDE;i 'Af!;· 7qOj; oi . : ., ·
. . . specifying.
:,..
tt,e·· .. property do·natea
.
and.
. the ii., Property .suffjc;:ienJ · to p_ay the ·donor's
. ·- debt co~tracted_pfior.to th~ dqnati6.n. . .
r
-~·.242... I' 2019 SAN· BEDA LAW CENTRALIZED

, BAR OPERATIONS
.
p·RO-P-ERTY:·
I • I •
j.41'{
BEDA LAW.CENTRAVZED§AR OPERATfONS -_M'EMORY AID 2oi!?.
t&iBA@1$:@ :t¥R iii&»tt1; @WS4¥i&i¥?0 ,an•t \#¥#1, ,&f5ik M®t &N454iffM,tf,¥iNaae-ilt u
·- Note: With9ut s_LJch reservation, the:donation 4. Donor's -warranty ~~ists_ if .(EPOB):

shall be. rE!duced on petilioh of·any gersons . · a. gxpr~ssec:l. ·· · · ·
affected.·. Donation is :still valid (DE. LEON, ··- b.. Donatiop is E_ropter nupli?._S: ·
Property, supra_ at.fi.85)'. ·~- • · c. Donaticiri. _·is .. Qnerotls, ,thus if. 'simpl_e or.
remunerative,. the do_nor_ is not liable . for
·The· limitation. applies· only to simple,. . eviction or hidden-defects. . :' . .
remunerative, and m'odal donations. BUT not·to > d .. ponor"is in f!ad (9ith (CIVIL·fJODE,' Art. 754).
·. 011erous.on"es, which are_governed by the law.on 5. In· donations -propter·· nllP,tTas, the do'nor must.
contracts (DE LEON, Property, supra at 6_86). releaJ:,e the-property from··encumqrances, except
- seryitu9es. • .. , c.,.. :_ .. · - . :.•. · ..
...__ "''-;.= .
:o~n;lions''propter·nuptfas canr..ot "exceed IT)~re'.'
, , than' 1/q -of the .present property-of the'·fyJure· Dona.tion· with :Res·ervations on the . Right_. to .
spouses, under. a.reqlrne'cther than the absolute: . Dispose·; ·". . . -
\ · ,· communityof.property (FAMl~_Y CODE, -: 81f the··i:ighfto_dis·pose o_f s.ome of the things donat~d. or .
> \ • • • • ·: ', ,,.·,
. : of. some' amount:which. 'shall tie- a ~ha'rge thereon·,.
may b·~. r~served· by- tt\e- ctonor. However :.it he.should ~-
\\.2.
· qon_a~ic>r;is .cannol -comprehend. future proP,~rty.
_. (CIVI_L CODE, ·Art. 751). .> . · · _· · ,::, 0
die withou't.havirig made use'c)f.tbis right, the property· _
or amount: reserved ·sha.11. belong to ·the done (CIVIL
· · ·" :·Fut·~;~,-p;opert~- '. . : '·_.:· . : ·.. · · . '. - '. . :. : ', . '. . cqPE. At 75.sJ. ., · -: , , :_.- · :"' - : . _· :.:
-, · . · · Anything which · the ·cfonor cannot dispose- of.at
, the time of the donation.(CIVIL GOD_E;:Art. 751,). ·i
. Doniation. of . Naked 'Ownership (dominium
.. . ~---directum). and Usufruct (dominium utile) - · · .
. ;Note:· Upon. the death of; his preiclecess.or., tj;je 1
· :rhe(ownership ·of:prop~rty 'may:. a!_so be. donat.e~d to/
: ; 'share in' 'an e_xisting . lnheritance .. 'is pre;~.e~t · l ·one. person and the usufruct to another ·or others,.
property although t_h_e -h~j( has not yet ei,tertd' _" pr~~ed~~II t~e ttori~e~ are l_iving. at the time _?f th?-.
·. into possession 'of.the-sarne _(Osoriq· v;,Osorio donation (GI.VJ!iCODE, 'Art. 756}. .. · ·
. · ·· G.R. No. :16544,,Match 30; .'1921)~"Thfsis basedi · :- /~\ r , • •• • •• •• • • •
. ' Note; In fi8ei .com;issary '.· substitution, -a · similar .. ·

·. · on the principle:~(!aw_ that nobody c~11,ldispe:se..,.cif
.. that.which does not belong to him~(9Ei'.ltEON,
,
.·Prope.rty,-~~pra_at_Bt?{ ~; ,; ·.
..
· ·; t. :, . ·.... , .
· it . ' -~· \
;. limitai_ion,isFjm~_osed '(See_ C_JVJL CODE,'·A_rt. 863).~ · ..
- . . . . . . .
(-b~--pro~~o~~-d is i-~-~~~qb;e; th~ f_~r~-alJties· ...
·3. ; _Donation: should ·not pr'a1judica.,.cre9jt0rs: ('0iVIL . f9r -dona 1qns of" rea}.p_rop~rty'.:must be made in_ 'ri .
. CODE,.Att. 759). .··:: · . - · pu_bli~_in~trument anq,_complied:with (CIVIL, CODE;
4. · Ponee--must reser.ve. sufficient means· 'fi1s- for :· Art._'749)-: . . ·- . . .. . . ..
.. support and for. hi_s r~latives ~liiC.h ~re··~n,fi.tled.to· . .·. - . ' ..
·._ be s_~PP~_fl_e_d_ .b· t_hirn _(.~_IVI.L c
__ ODE.·~';,.-
_ ._rl.,_75,o_~- . · R~asrin: The rjaked.ov/nership ii'nd uswfryct over rea·I
811Sl_............._proJ:)er:ty are :r'eai: properties : 'then,$elves (CIVIL.
Effects of Do.nation:- . ,· -··:.:" ·. :· - :-. ·,;' CODE,-ArC749).' · .: . · -. ,: .'°' .· .. : · .. :.:, .
. _·.1. <f{h.en ·1~~ ??natic;m.·is m~€1e t9 se~e~~i~qns' . _ . \ .. . . .. · ... _ . _ , .· . · . , . -· ·: · ·· ...
: J<M!ly,- 1t l~:'-Uf1~t~_rstood to:-be ·m:eq~al (?Ort1o~s .. -.. : Cor:we_titrona_('.Rev~r~jpn · :·· 0 . _.-· . · • • · .: _,.. ..
. · · : : without .acc_retio·n·'-~mong ·· th~m,.-.·un[ess· the:, -· R~ver$ion may'be validlt.estab_lished'.in favor of.only··

. , · ... ~ont'rary is stipulate9 (CIVIL.CODE, 'Art:.'793): ··-· - · ... the.d_or:ior' for any case ·anc:hifrc.Lir'ri$tances; but· not in .
. ,:.: . . .. , . . fa~,o~.of other person; ur\l_e$~They_ areiall. livin·g;at the
Generally,: there is 'no a~c'r~tion. By virtue· of° . : tin,e.'ofthi;? .doriatiori (CIVJLCObE:; Art.: :-'!_57).;-
·accretion, the share of the d:onee who. dies·ahead~ ·. · · · · _ · ·, · :_ :. ~ ·:. , :-· · _:.
· pf ·the·. d.onoi .. before'. perf~ction, or who · is_·. 'Any:reversion stipulatecfby the donor in·favor of-third
.incapacifat!')d, or-w_ho repudiates· ot refuses th~ ·. :- pe'rson in violation ofthis provision shall be'vofd, 'f:iut.
,. .· don'.lfifon, goes to:lh_Ef COcdoneeS;· provided.-that · · · sh~ll--not_nµllif/lhe d~natio_n (Cl_'(IL:GOD.E, Ari, )57). ·,
.:_: ac¢retioh is·proper,(O/Vlf.::CODE,_Ar[.'1Q15). · · -· · . .
. . . . . .. . . . • : ·__ .; ... ~ j • -~·'. '._ . A rev~rsi;h in'--favor.of'an i:u{c~~cei~Eic/~hBd'is·void
. Thus., when a donc!tion-Vfas-:'givei'ltoA_and B,an.a. _but such nulli"ty shall not inv.aiidate the do.nation:'(Se; .' .
··the·fqrmer [EifusesJo.-accept; B will_·hot- get"A's: CIVIL CODE, AH. 1230);° · . · · . ·.- . ·' :'· .. '.
· share _unless the _donor has)r?~ide:d oth_e~i~ei:' ,' ·. ,•. · · -'' ., ·· - :··
-1 . . . • Reason:. A _reversfon i~ merely· an· acce~-~ory clause.:-
2.' - D.orie1_,l' m'ay':-clemani:l the delivery. ·of the thing : that' may be disregarqed. Then'iullity .of-the· donation·
donated.· - · · ·· : · - · · · _. · - ~tse'lf. ~~irries! with ihhaf of. the. r.e.veriion (DE,LEON, · : .
3. Donee-i~ subrog~ted tb'"altthe ~ights and actions - Property,.supra'at 692).. · ·. : · · · ·,. · · .. ·.
which in __ca$e of eviction :·would pertain·. to th'e. '-. . . · .. · .. ,
. donor (Cl~IL COD_E,.Art.: 754t. .
2019 SAN .E;lEDA LAW CENTRALIZED'BAR QPERATIONS I 243 ·

. PRO;PERT'Y
. -
. SAN BEDi'. LAW CENTR(l_LIZED BAR OPERA,TiOtJS - .MEN)ORY A!D--:zqi9
.. . ... ~,. . '
Payment ofthe-Donor.s Debt by the Donee:

1. H 'there is express stlpulatlon.-the donee · is to
pay· only debts contracted . before the donation, if
nototherwise speclfled.He shall answer only for·
the.debts up to the-value o{Jh~:property:donat~d
unless the .eontrary- is stipulated · (0.E LEON,·
Ptopeny, .supr..a at .6Q3). ·
: .•.
c.
·' · .. ·:.
· ... .
..
..
444. ··.·I ·2019 SAN BEDA.LAW
,.
CENTRAUZED:BAROPERATIONS.
. . :. . . ·. ~. . . . .. .
. .
, PROPERTY
. .. .
. SANBEOA I.A'vV_ CENTRALiZED·BAROPERATIONS~-MEMQRY AID_--=1019 .• ·
e.
- .
Th'e donee shallreturn . not only the property ·· b. · The' sum for which the . same." has been
but also the fruits thereof which he may have rnortqaqed (CIVIL C.0.DE_, ~rt-~ 7~7): .
.. .. , .. re(;:eiy.~tNtl'.lr.)iav!riii /~i~ep to t0'1fifl' the . ·. . .. ,. . . ,·, -, _· .. : . ·. r-, ,
-. . 1 cond1t19[1·(C/VIL.COOf:, Art: 7_68). . The doneeshall not return the fr~its;·e~ceptfrom .
,.· -. .-:~· ': ·:· •. >- ·--.:··_,: ·-·~·1 ·> __: , .. -_-:th~_f!ling~f.t~ec~0.P~:ai~t(~IVIL_¢_op_~,_A1/68).
3:~ . [nqratitude' of the Donee .. .,. _'-, / - ··
. Acts-of l~gr;ititude;. _. •:_·. . - . The action gra~ted tci_ the _goner by .. reasoq, _of
a'.· .· If the- -done·t4 .should co~~rfrt·, some offense - ingratitude cannot-be renounced-if advance. .
. > again~tt~e person;. the -honor or 'property of · . :.- · ' ·· . . ' . ,..::_ •
v-:
· - : the donor, or of his wite.or children 'under his Said a~tiori prescribes in 1- year\ to. becounted
. . · . '"" from the time the donor had knowleag~ of the fact
, , parental.authority; . · . • · r• · · and itwas Q.ossi,ble· for. hirrito bring._the action. -
· b. ·.·. He· imputes to the cloner any criminal offense, · Thus, if .imrnediately after ·knowlecfge. the fact, of.
oi any act i~\JQIVing 'moral turpitude, .
·. even. ,.
the , donor . becornesxu n90_ nsc iQ_tj"s_''fqr.. 6 m.o_nths,: .
I ,• ' . ' ·, ' ,., •·
'· thoygh he should prove "it, unless· the crime

. · . · '; of,'.the actJt'~s 'been. committed ·aga.inst tti:e· 'the period of, 9. months ~hall riot be·counted-(DE
·, ··, · .. "c .. don~e. himself, .his" wife .or children. under his . f
LEON;. property, Sf!{)(a :~111_ i.13) · :. . · . · . <. ·
. . . . ·a'i:ithority;.ahd ... . .~> . -, . . .· :__. · .. ·. . . ·.
)e-vo;iti~-~ oi;d"riei~-~s;·ob'naiions . ... . ' ...
. ·. c .. ·_H.e '. unduly_:· n,ifuse;,:)im.. ~µP.p0~ when :the'. '. ' . Th~
a·ctio-~ .'for. revocatioi'l ~-of: an o~ei-ou~· don~t[c:\'n .
. · ... ;· ·''d9~~~ ._i_stt~gally. ·.~r ·morally .. bounb ·:t9·:·giye _ · .. a~~s: hot priscrit:i~· in 4 ye-~"rs. ·11· is,gov~rned by- iKe
' . · ·· . supp.art to:the. d~n9r (GJVIL C(?DE, A(t. 76.5). ·. law o_n _contri\cts)t" pr~scribes _i_n · 1_0 ·year~ (Se·c.-·or ·
·. '· ., . · . · ·. ·_/': .·. · .-. · · -- - -.,·.· . :~· . ; .. · · · Educationv. Heirs·otRUfino Dulay, G.R: Nb. 1647-4-8,
. . ·:.~ ~c;>te_: !)'rt.. !~-~-!~.excl9~iy~ )n.d T1,1st. h~ye l?eep .Ja"riuary,"27./20 __0_6/ · · ....: · - · "' · ' .. ·
: · con:in:,i~~cl;;~Y lh,e-?,one~ .. P,erit'.o,9a,IJy, (P~ _41;0.µ, . ·,. , ...
Rropef!y,·~upra at.7~9). . ~/_. · _· : . G~6uncj_s)6r"R~d'actiori ~f.Do~atio~:'(BA2SDI). ·-· ·
. '§.irtt( ~Rpeara'nce; "or-Adoption o(a· child (CIVIL
. - c;6DE, Ait. °760); · ·.-- · . ·. -:- ·' :: : .
. 2 .. · Failu_re· o'fij~e· don6r:.'.t~·-res·e~e suffjc_ient means·
.. ·-. "'.' ~-' :·- ' .. ,,.for :~u/po,r~:'.lof_hi.~~il~~--~~·,d~~-e~~e~t-j~~ati.~er-
··· . · · · ·· · -· · d . .- · fci· - ' . . t' ~- ·. O f. .· . ·(CI.V~t/CP.p~;f\_rt. 75_0),_. , . : .. -,~-. ,.., . • . .
. . ~als~fi.Ci~t1on of_ a de;e O y~ation ~~ ~n,-act - 3 ... Failur.e of. the dbnorJb reserve saffic1ent property
. -:)~grat1tud_e ·-'w9s~d~ .Y:_
C(i,,' G.R_. No .. ·11 n3 o,.. . , - . : .
to ·p/y~off his'· e\istin9 Qeb"t~. (C.WIL""CbDE, :Art.
. ~ef.~e_mber..,?,_'·1999).:-_. ·.-.
· · . ;" . - >: . . .,/;.{
t·_· ~-·
: · .- ""· . : ~--.
· ·. ·r:·. '759)·a1719 . ~,· · -~.
·. _: · ·: 4.. "1nciffidot1sness; that-rs, t_he' donatio~ exc~eds lh_af, .
· .. ·<· _,. ···: :
Where. the ~.ert1ficate. · of t:tl~ '.· was .al~~a,~Y: . _:. wJ,ich' the_ ..dono'r'·~an' give, by'will:-{CiYIL· copE;
transferred from the name of tile true o ner to· - Aits'. 752_ a·na771)\ ~· __ :. _·· ·, :. . . -·.··. · ..
·.. the'. forger,.' arid-while. it remair.1e'd that'.ytay, )he _, ~Of~r,>Ufpos~_es. of re9UCIIO, fl, the value,_of the_.
la'.nd- wis_,Sl,!bSequently .sold .to -an . inridcent·.-- .......... -~~-11 •
: ·- . :purcha~er:.Fcir. th~r:i.;th\ venc;Jee, tiaa the1.rig))t tb" . . · . e~tate, is tha{-whjch it 'had!. at· the tim_e o( .
· - dc:inor-_'s death,: :aflc_:I at,, tli~ !_ir'ne _pf the-· .
.·· ·
<. . . .
relY'_upop·
.
whf ·, . - - . . ~, .. ,
~pp~c1.red. i9.. the :cerl'fi'!::fil~f:Sps: · · - .
. :, . . . Eduarte v. CA; G..J~. '-No. ;.105944; Feb(Ua,y 9,
. ..
._...
donation.. .
,, ·· · ·· · ·
. .
·
< .
· , · .
. _.
, : _1996): · · .-.<:-; ·.· · ·. .. . · ·:. : <. '- ·. : ,.'. F-:tjt"1y.1a\>·. __.},:--.- ~--:· .- ,t/ .. ·. ··: .·:. :~-- ·
;' . --~:-· · _. ..,, .. · . ·, ~-'. ~:; ..,. ; :., ·..- · :··.-.:, '.':" .· · · ··:. ·. ·. - . ' Nef-Hereditary Estate,= ··proP.erty. l~lfminus·. ·
.• .: ~\tn'.o~g~ fh~.:'~~nc,tlqn __ i~p~vqJ<e~_:_on_ ac;~qLJr:i.!.-_of_ ·:·. ~ "._;:. ;.
.Jh.~, all~nat~Ql}S ... arid .m,?rtgc1g_es ..•. , · . .-. . . .donation ... · .: ·,·· . ' ' · ,
- - ~e~.t~ ·a~d
'.~har~es :p)ui ..--!h:e/V:alue of_ -ihe
·. ·- · .-,, . , .. -\ ....
1.11;igrat1lude~
.... effe"Cted
• ·-. ,. • •
.before:tfie·
·- . ••.
fl'ot$tion.
• •. <!"' . •
of·..the,i;o_m°J:,lairiHor·
... • ., . ., ....... J
. . . . . .. ·.. • . , .. . , .. ( •. ...,..- . •, ,· /' ... . ~: •\· : . ·..-- . . .
..
. . .. r~y9.catiqQ iQ: 'J11~-- - [{eg~sliY of . .Pt9p'¢rty ·. shall. ·. ' b .. The·:_acinee" shal[- riot_ ret_urn. the :fJ.liit~.}!XCepJ·
. -· · · .. , ,. scib-~lst: later.:ones 'shall°.bf void (9JYl!:,.".GOP,~, .. '.: .: ··. . · frqm -~~e ,fi[irig of tJ,~ ·cofnplai_nf(:¢IVIL ·coFJE,·
· · Ari 766) ;. . .• ,: :. . •'. · . ·~· ·. ·. · . · -. Ari 768) '· . · - ' ;, ... _. ·. . .~·
. ---. '..::- ..-.,.c.\.-->/·_·;-:;·'.·!_.-._:.·., ._· . . _.:- . .:_--:. :. . .. ·(.· ' . :_ .· .. _:__:_- _.,·_ .. _.,.: ':".:·:_.··, > .-·.·:···· ..
,. ln'g~atitude ~ofd9pe~ fjri~s no, appll_catl6n if ·1h}l°". . ·· ·.-· · N'ote: .!fa peed_ of ~onation ~xpr,essly prov1d~_s _·
.,._ dorjation is· onerou? (Cafasan: v. Oonorito,· G.R: .. for autc;in:iat1c rev~r.s1on·of..the prop_erty ~oriate~ m ·
. ·. · _No: 171 Q37'; Nov~_rn_bf?r?5, ~013f .· .. ·. ·.:.; ,. . · . . _· ·· c~s_e. of -~ial~tion~ ?.f.
a_ c~~dit)~n:,~·~rein,: ~ i_';tdicia!· ·
· ; ' · · ·. ·."' .,,:_' ,. --:- -:;. . · .. _ .. · · ·. . _.,·.·:·· • .- . ·; · . - ·declarat1gn ri:lv.o_krng}he s1m1~: 1s: n_qt .nec~s:s_a!J': .
' i. , · Fo( alienafrd.ns"· --~nd" : m'prtgages \ effected .. · ·. . ··.' Thi:!')'1,111:ls Ori c'ontracts:'arid,-t,he gen_et~l ·rule? oh· .
. before notation." of the c"ornplairit, ·"thei"° donbi" · · . ·.. prescription 10 years to. recovefin·cas_e of written'
. · sh~H ha~e a right to-demand troi:ifthi°dorieei · contra¢t~) sh9u1d·. apply_ ar;icj .n9t . the 4-ye~r
\ a.·. Tbe yalue"ofth'e p"ropeity alienate·d whict\ he . : prescriptiy~ period under ~rt. 764, _of the. Civi_l_
. . ·-cannot"recover-frorn third.persons; .()r . Code. (Rcima·n. Catholic Archbishop()f-Manila v.
· ·. · ·· · · , . .. · · ·. CA,. (}.R. ·Np. 774~5;_ June 19, "J.991) ... ,
2019 :sAN .BEDA LA w · cENTRAuzEo BAR 0PERAT10Ns · 24s

PROPER-TY·
SAN BEOA·IAW CENTRALIZEO'BAR,OPEJ.?A..T_ION_S- ¥EMOR.YAID 2019 · .'
.
·within four (4")'y~'1~s· from birth-of the Within fo.u"r (4) years from non- .With'iri .one (1) year from t~e-time donor .
first child, · or from his· leqltimation compliance, · · had knowledge of the act:':"
·((~_cq~n°[tion); or .. adoption, :·9r _f~om
judicial' .declaratlcn 'of filiation, or
from . receipt ·. of: informc1tior:i on ,.-_
existence of. the child believed dead
(GJVIL(:;GDE; Art. :t~3, par. ·1 ).' .. -A . .
.r·'
.- ..
....... ,., ,_ . ,_ ..... , .. ' ~~~~~~~
' 'If.ii~: . :: ' > .,, . • -. - • ·: '!· • ~ ''. ';: •.
The,, actiori : is - transmitted . tb General.ly; .. not tra~srJissible·, :n.or~can :the

·_ ,"ft,e: a~ti6ri is. t~an:>rnltted to .children
. 9n'9. .~.e,~c:~_n.tjc;H)~~-of . d?,QO(·upo_n. -~j~ 'dori6r) :-hei.r.' .,~.nd ~'.'may'_'•" qe .actjQn\b~-. file~ ,ag'afns~:_-he.irs
Of.'' done
- d~at~. JC7V~t. _GPDf!, Art.763! __ P?T- _e~~rc1sed~g,9![1s~t~.s (CIV/L.,·~-ODE; ~rt~170)._ .~ •
._2):".- ·. i.: . __ .: . -': .-. _ lie!~.Jfl\(l~_f0f~l76fttr.--~'· •· :_.-·. , _ ·:. ,...,,.,.,,,.,....,..-.,,,:,,,.j
'!' 1
' I•--::. 'I
'• ..
t-·:
.. ,
' .:' .
. , ...
.," , .
. . . • • :·•"-·'
•
-~···;
'!-"
'1•. •;--·;,-,_"'···· . ·• -· _.,. •,;· ~. ·;•, •••
.
•.• •
._ 'Not .\tr;3nsmissibre \for.:right to: ',._s_u°t:>port.is pers·oria)-.rn Tra_~s(nittect,·!6 tti:e.. tl_9oor'.s ;Jmnsmi!l.e.9: ./.,.,_.·'to-_.:. -the
fiat~re-(FAMIL Y G~DE,:,:i'it. _195). . · _ · . heirs.as. the .donation · shall. creditor's · , . heirs . ,:- or. ;. ...
- ~-·..-. . ··.. ::::·.: be as. r~i{u.~.eg~ f.~9c¥d~ .t.6.e'
~yc~~s~·o_r;$,~fn-in'tenisi.'. · . · .
·
: _.. .. · excess (G_I.VIL, CQpE,- Att .. (G!Vlb- ,GQQE; Arf-. _.1389). :' -- ,
771): . . . - . •, .
246. I . 2019 SAN. BEDA'LAW·CENTRALIZEDBA~

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OP6RATlo'N~
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-~N BEDA LAW CENTRALi°iw BA~:oJJrnAiioN;:- MEMORYAID 2019
Tothe extentnecessary to provide for icipport:(ctVIL Thedonatiori takes effect .. Property· affe~tea shall b.e
CODE, A,:_t. 75G). · .. . .- - . . during. the lifetime of..th'e. · .returri~s(.by lhe done for
donor-subject tc:i reduction the benefit of the' creditor,
only. upon his death with. subject.' to· the rigti.ts:"of
. ·.. ',•. regard to the excess (CIVIL innocent third . persons ·
coo~,. Ar;t.-. 771). .· .. >, = . (GIV.Jt:::CQD~, ·Art.. 13fJ?:J:.
. . . . ..•' - . . ,.·:-.: . :·: ~-- . ..·.. ' ·.....
'oonee;'"is·: entitled "to" .. .the boriee."~s owrie~. .ls not· Donee appropriates- fruffs TheIruitsshal' be r~t\itned
fruits as owner of property affected · by_ .reduction as owner:_(CIVIL CQDE, Art. if done in_ badfaith, and if ii .
donated_(GIVIL CODE_, Art (CIVIL· Art. A41). cooi; 441). · -:: ..... ·. . .. is.impossib)e;,to.r~~ur_~}h~'.
729)". o. · · but with reqard .to excess, . · _ . pr9per_tyJ IQ .be hel9 1,aple
.. · · · · ·. he shall be liable only for · _ .. . · for darnaqes (Gl'(IL PO.DE
.,. . ·' .· / -, those accruing from _the . · ··. .. , .. ~ Art. ·1388, par .. 1) ..
· _ ·: : - . , _-fili0g' the ·compla_int of ·. . . · -' · · .. · ... . '
'
. , (CIVIL GODE Ar:t.. . 768, __ ·,
:- - per. r-; ·n '. ': . · _ .
• ·
·:- .
... ·....
. ..... -;";,
. ~ ", ._,
., I .
-,
. ·)'
one whom t)e. believes-tobe "the" OVJner,'. an'd

.. -.· P·R.Es·c_.·RJPTIO~ _: -~ ·:. ,·, · : ··. · . a. "tituloputativo" ·,"p:~in.g .. 9ne.·. which. -is-
.11,;.. •.........,;.......;;;......;.;;.;;;;...__,. _ __, ..... ...,......:.·:;.;.;.-"---...;...,....,..... ...... ;....~.....1., ~PP.~'ii~··tp.,hi~e pre~!=:.c;l~=d tt:ifaGqui~.ltJ.6.n of
'··.· .,. ·: · '. • ~ -: •· · • .• • · • -,. • ;;/. • •
1••
c!J~Q_€!.f aJt~q_ug~ i~ ':a~t. it _di·9 ~P~·}l~ rn)~~t
· c;oncept:J_t: is J · me~~s- of:,acquiring ?~n~s~_ip·,~nd· _ .· ,.·.- - h9ppWiJ,r.h.en one 1s 1n po~se_ss10~._of ~ !htng
other r~al. nght~ or los1n~ -right? _or._~~t1ons.to;enf(!~Ce . . . • · · i~ !h~ 15eli~f)ha_t it had·_b!:!en b~queathe~ _to
.- such ..nght: Jhr?~gh -t~e. _laps~. C!_f _time (05 LEON, · • : , -.-: .. himJ.(~gµ1ri:e v. Cou[f-of Appeal§, G_.R:-No,
· Property, supta at. 721)- .. .:·. -·.... · · · · · ' · , : . ·. :. · 122249.·-Januaty 29; 2004) ... · . · . ·: ' .. ··
.'
"K_ir:id:5: --· - . .- ·,.
.... , :._ . ·:. :·-. . :. ·.,"
. -~/ . . :.. ; '
' . ." ;{:: ·f ;~ . ·.:
b,.. ExtraGfftilinar,y
< .-,'.- .·_ .. ·:-_ ·, .· ... ;,. ,.· _-;
; acquisitiv.e : ,·, pre~cription: ..
1. ~A~q~isi~iv_e. Pte.s~rip~io_n - ~~cqti~ . -· :: · acguisltic:,n of,o~nership a_nd ott,'er'repl_· ri~~ts :
. . o~~ers~1p·~n_d other,'.eal rJg)lt~ througJ.1_t~ (.~ps~. · ·• " · . · without.need- o~ title or of_good ·faittror_ any
. •. of time m tqe ma~ner. and-undeli tli~ .cond1t1~ms · other cbnditioQ (CIV!L CODE, A,:t. -1_1-7)..
laid down· by law. .- .. :' , A ' . • - ·
a_: Q~diriary·. a·cquisiti·~~~- t?r~scripii'B'rt:. reqlljres ·.
· · . ·: pC>s~·e.~.si'ori ·of}hi~'~s' in_ goop ,faith;_an,'cJ"'with . ' i.
· : : ·. · , • .. · . ·. -~ . · . · .. -~ .. :-- . · ·
-R~qui~ite~':(C.TP.T-):'. _-·.--.
\. : .Q_apaciti/:to . acq'ui/e_: qy'_ 'prefi'¢ri¢.ti9n
/< - ' - , :. -,~.
. _ · . : , ·• just .. title .fW t~-~-ti(h_e:fi~ed bY. law, · -~ -. , . .. -· (Natibnaf. Powe.r Corporation v: Campos·
· · · · · ~·-.-·/:..;. · ~· , ·:... ·:l : ....~ .- --~'- . ... . ,. ··· · . Jr.,·405'SCRA 194,·_2003);. · · .. · :
No1e: "Ju~t t_itle her~. rrieans f'.1er_ejy"cq!?rabl.e . . ii:.: A IhJng. dpable··. of. ·a.cquisi_tion · by
. title,:.!-~-. alt~t\'lugh Jhl:!re_..wa~ ~ mode_ ·of· prescription .. : .. ·· · :
. tr~nl>f~r-~il)g ·awniiistiip, the gr.antpt ..w~~ }JOT. . iif. · Possession of-: . tbing under· . cer:tain
.th~ 'owner' (Doli~rido..:i.(Bia,;nis't:J;. G:R_..-No. . -- conditions· "and . . '·. .. . . ··,.
·.... '2.765, D~c: .2.t . 19,ofj)_: .:· ~.. . '.: :.- . ·._·· . . . ' ·... ·,,, ..... _:iv.". Lap.Se cl
Im,e'.·p~ovid.ed," t;>y _law_"(DE '!
:.. , . · . . . : . ,·,
JUs e.vident thclt:;"by. a "titulover.efal:ferQ .y
. >,· ,.: .': ·•
'·
. . ·.
··~EO/\(Propf!_'rfy, supr_a·a.t.Z23);. :<. · ... ·
· valido'' in this· connec.tion v:.,e·:_are: not· to ".?· ·: Extin~ti~~·pr~_scrip_tiQ!"1··2,·fig.ht:{iin{acti9ns·a.re
understand' :a _. :'titulo · • que '--;'-pars/ ·' solo· · :" . lost thro0gh··th~ "lc!P,S_\:~,pf.tifn~ -in tBe,ma'nner. ang ·
tienefuitza de :<"transferir. el 'domini'o·· sir{ . , : . _under the ,conditions l~id. d<?':'Jll !)y lay(Jt. ts. also' ...
<: necesidad de la pr:hcricipn''. (a,tfrl_e .which <;:if. .. '\:ailed limitation. of".adioris (EJ~"M=.ON,'f'roperty, ..
ilselhs suffidenf to:;ttansfer"·the-·~ow_nership . ··supra at_723):- - ·. ·, - ' . . - ·.
with'outthe r:iece$s1ty:· of the·. lclpse .. of .the . , ·,. . . . .. .
_.. _ p·re·scription period); and .
w.e. accept . the ·- . _,·, ..
. opinion cif a learned Spanish law--writer who
holds th"af the{ ."titu16";;,ercJaaero y' validci"" as . .,,
. . . ~ . .~ : . ;- .-. •;
\
u~red. in· ~his.·a~i~IE/'of the cotje pre~c;ribes ·a'".·. . . · . "h •

i. · .•
"titu.lo Colora·do'' ~nd' h~t ·m~i-E:ily ."p_uta_tivo;";a · .

.. . "titul6 Colaradq"· being one 'which a per.son .
has when.-he buy$ a thihg~ in good faith, from .
2019 SANSEDA LAW CENTRALIZED·

.... BAR OPERATIONS I 247
PROPERTY·
SAN BEDA LAW CE~TRALtiED BAROPE{?ATIONS - MEMORY AID·20i9
. . ·--
. . ... . ,, ··- ..... ·., ,\ . . . . . '

'Prescription as a Matter bf Defens~ ·
-'.Surdeii~of proof: Rests on. th~e-pa11Y laying clairn'to ·
it'(DE LEON, Propettysupre'ei 729). :_· '
Effe~t of failu~e to plead prescription: . ·

i=afl.ure.to plead Fqnstitufos. waiver of the defense and
. ' '
cannot be raised for the first time at the trial or on
Relationship .. bet~~~r{the' 'One·d?~S rt_oCfook toJh_e appeal (Id.) . . ' ,. -,
occupantand'the larid in act of thepossessor but . \ ' . ,j, .
terms of possession ·. i~ to lbJ n~glect of the General. Rule: - The issue of prescription .. is one
Cc;lpc!ble of .producinq' owner. ·. _ ·-. , in_yolvfr;ig ~i.tide!lti?iy. ·mattirs. .r~quiri~g 0a f_u1J~b!.O}Ni1'
legar'c;onsequenc'es: -it' is' ··,. . . ,,.. trial on th~ rnei:its. aod ca'nno\be:determineo in amere
the possessor' who is J~e ... . rnotion .. to disrniss:·(ig.'.i{(730). -·- .
actor.' . .. . . . ' .. · . ··: ".: ..
· :.:,,--· ~~~~
. (' .',
..
' . . .. ·
. ~· ...
. :
i --~-. ~ .......
. .' ...
' •, I·'. •
; . ,,
248 · .. 1 201~ -;s,f\N BEDA
. . .. ._ .
.:;
LA.
. ·:
WICENTRALIZED -BAR. OPE.RATIQNS
. ~ . ·: ·.
. .
)
-~Pfescri~fion v. Laches r~quired for prescriptlon, it follows that things which .
' . · ... . . . are not susceptible .of being appropriated 8ANNOT.
be the~bjE:!ct of prescription (DE LEbN, Property,
supra 7_38). -. · · ' ·
P~operty of_ ·public dominion and common things .

. cannot be. acquired by prescrlption.;: ·
. ·, . .-, . . . - - - ...
Patrimonial property of the State may be acquired as
. . ,•
they are treated: the same way as property of private
1
A question or matter. ·o( :A question o(i~·equity of . individuals (DE f...E_QN, Prope~y, supra·at 730) ..
· tirne.: · permitting a claim to be
.. . . - . ' ·enfo"rced (this" ·;n,eqwity Period· of possession of publlcland before !t be'came
being founded ..on some patrimonial "ij_ n'qt. counted for ·.the-. purposes 'of
subsequent 'chanqe. in · c6mpJetir1g . the . prescrlptiye period . (Hefrs of
the condition ·or. relation Maiabarian V, "Rep1.ibli9, -crR. No.. t79.98Z, A'p,:il 9,
of.
the P?.rt~esj.. , · ~_- 2_Q()9j,,' • ·"
I
· .. '.·· '"
••• ',
'
,; I • '• ~ J ' •
Res nullius (p~ope.rly wfthm.it an owner) is. acql!ired by

. occupation _arid not· by · pres"cription because
. ·: prescription presupposes a: previous owner (Yu.-v: De '
. . Lc!_ra, "Q.Jf?. N9... 160[}4, Novem.bei 30, 1962). - .
. .. .
Ex.cepti_ons (R.S.M), .. .-.. . . - _.
1: Lands Begister~d. un_der the· _Torrens. system
(P.O. No. 1529; .Sec.47); . . .
2. eroperties 0f §P,ouse~; parents a,nd:children and
· , guaraians afid·war'as·und~r'certain conditions as
petween . tliemselves .· (CIVIL . CODE,, Art. 110_9);
.. ;i, ..· . cood.v14.11}3J. .

~n:V;b;esl·P?:-~E:-~s_e~:. ~hr?·~ih · ~ ·. ~~i~e. ·· (C~'{IL _
<. . . . . ., . · .· .
. ~:,. •.,/ ..",•;.f:--:~\
,c: .. · ·.... ,,···:· ···, .
Characteristics of Posse·ssion.to be the Basis of'
'Prescriptiqn (CIVIi!. COO~; ·Art.-1-,118): '(OPPU)·
Possession.is ~fundamental. b~sis• of prescription.
(OE l:.E~ON,F?roperty, suprii~(743}. · ·: • ·
' : t' I•.:./ '·'• :.-.. ~:·. - '-.,. -• .·,.·
,..-._,.,.1.;.;.·-.,.;Conceptof.qyv!l~r .... _:.:.. · _".., _. . :-.- . .

.. ,. vy_n~r.E:!··~rt~l ·. pf_opef"!i:_.w'a·s~-}.n · _.}he ,f<;lye.r~e.
· ·continuous and notorious possession of a buyer
,·in, ihe2 C0flC~p(oJ -owner· for- more than. half' a· .
•ceritu'ry;.the·cla1m bvei;such property. has. already· .
·' prescrib"ec((DETEON, Property, supra "at 743-
. Gerieral. Rui"e';Aperson m~s"t}ia"ve. t~J
i'egai°·q~pacit~
. to acquire property or rights )?.y tne other legar'·modes
. '745"i. : ~ · . ., , · . ~ : · · · .
. ~ ~·. ·. . '- . . . ' .
-. . ·. · · ·
. :·
.... · "Acts of ci pb~~essory ch,aracter·which.~re merely
, tn: order that he-may acquire, tbe same. by· means. of
: .. "tolerated by the possessor or whrch are·due to 'his
,,pres'cription .(DE LEON,. fioperty, supra at 730-731). '-
• .' ,,/ • ,I • • '·. --~c_e.nse: do hot constit~t~ possession_ (Id.).
·: -, .,., I
.· l. •, : ·;. >.-:• ...... t ....... -( . • : .:, • ..
Exe~ ption: ,Ml~~rs ··a.nd :oth~r: i"nca~~citated p'e~son~ . , · _Licgn~,f - . . . , ...
'may acquire property or rights by prescripticm, either .. 1
Positive-act of the· owner in favor of the· holder of
. personally or ttirough thelr'parehts, 'guardiari"s or leg~! . : · · ., · the. ttiin!;{(l.d.): .:.·, · · · ·.- · , · ·. : · ·.
representatives ({5)E LEON, P[f)perty, su'pra ·at,7;31- .. I , •• O ·:.
t
4
•
,· •••
•., J
O •' I •
7321:· . ·'·.. 1 ... , . .., .. - ,Tolerance ... ·. _ -. · :·· . .. · . · , .·.

_,.
. . .... ·... ' ,. I .•
f:=>assiYe acquiescence of theowner::to.acts· bein·g,
.. · -Object of
Prescriptlon- . .,.__ ;) · ,_. · . , ., · . perform~~ .. by : another,' wl)ich appe·ar. ·to b~
. ~eneral Rul_e:. All things·~_ithih th~ commerce-of men . · .. contrary to the -rights ·of the former. (Id.).
· may be acquired by prescription (CIVIL COQE; Art. · .. · l . . ·. ,. ...
1113). . . · . Tenants c~~not ,acquire .ten~nted lands by
. ...
..
prescription, ..nor ·can antichretic" credito·r the ah
No~e:, Tb,~ objects. of possession, are things. and: fig lits . laii·ci of his· debtor (Id.).' . ·. . . ~ . . . .. ·
which .. are susceptible of being appropriated under . . . .. •.. . , ...
Art.· 5;30 of the-·Givil Code.r-Slnce possession is
201~ S.l\N BEDA LAW CENTRALIZED BAR OPE~ TIONS 249

PRO·PERTY .
SAN BEDf LAW CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATI_ONS_- -'!'_EMORY A!Q 2019 .
a. f4 ·e-..-se:w SJ!ftiC. f#%-$kS5ti{:f.'iZ:tWX'¥fi.bSf! tee \®4-MS!*fk$¥ f¥. .;; WA5:Mrt&S&&liM'BHti..¥¥iiiBW e:a1-e.~ _5,.a
t'"'P£9b
2. · E_ubl_ic , . . . '- _
When the acts of enjoyment'are executed in such
a manner as -to be rnanifest or- visible to ·all,
especially to . the person against". whom <the
possession
.
is:being adversely
-, asserted
. (Id.).
.a.d.rn(hist~~tors ... '· (CIVIL administrators . , (CJv_lL
i"r-1 order for possession to be- public, it must be CODE,
. . ..
Art.··~.. 11'08)...
-
· COQE, (1.rt. 1108): .
known to theowner of ihe_thio_g (Id.). .
.... ·.
3. ··._Ee~~·etUi. ': _ .. - . '., .' .
. -lt is': acquired and· maintained without ·any
violence, .P~Jsic~I or ruqra~ (ld.).
\ .·
· Ab~·ent~~s·· -:·"Yh-o_ · bave Absenf~~~'·w.hf.cio·-nbf.

a~rnj~_istrat9.r,$. · : _<?ith~r .have, . administrators. .
appolnted "byJti_em. before -~~t-~_er: . appointed __ · by ·
. ·t~eir __ ·;·.·aRp.earanG~ :·- ,._-or them .. · befo'.-~ ··.- ·1p~1r. ·
appointed .. bY Jhe -, courts .appeararfce ·. · -: ' ...or" ·
·((:;IVILr.(/ObE,·Art:. .}.f08).:,_ .app9inte.ct.6y,thecouits-: ...
· · . · · , · '· · ·, · · · · · · 'tcivn: ··cobE, -·· '4rt.
, .1108). .
.Perscins ,: livl'r:ig abroad, ~-~ersons "fi.vi~g -~i:i}6act,
who . have manaqers or who · 'do "not · have
· ·ma_r:i~g"E:rs •. .-_ . or r. ••
250 I :,· ~019. . SAN

,,
.BEDA:LAW CENTRAUZED'BAR OP~RATIONS
.
PROPERTY
. ~ .... 5ANBEDALAWCENTJ?~LIZfDBAf?OPERA7:!o'NS-'MEMoRYAID.2019 .
t ».:;•,&§_?!ti%l~_*??§W ,3 #f!42'f$&#il·-.:, AW5iS#:@t<>fufl§ Sa; x·f &A'° ,4 t ! , §1itkSSS #· kt ·'¥.4i-_Mf.?Q oi##.§7§ B&, sf g mr~··
State (Ramsfcaf_Jr. v. Commission on Audit, G.R .. No. . Advance Renunciation is Void ,

. 213716, 'October 10, ~017). . . · A renunciation ofprescription in ·advance.is void. An·.
· ·· ' - ', · agreement that· the obliqation · ·ar.isJiig from the
. The rule that prescription does not ·rur\ ·against the · contract shall 'not. be. subject to prescription is .not ·
State does not -apply to corporations created by .the , binding (Id: at 736): . . ·
State for.special.purposes, it being said that when the . . .
. 'title of the Republichas-been .dive;:;ted; lts grantees, .Renuriciations by Representatives .... . : ..
·: although artlflclalbodies of its-own creatlcn.iare iri the' Only persons .with capacity to alienate property can
sarnecateqory as.ordinary persons (Shipside 'Inc. v. · renounce · prescription -already .. obtained, noi
. CA,.-~:R. No.. 1f3377._Febiuary J0/-20.0,1). quardians, executors.iadministrators (Id.} ..
. . .... · ..... •• . . . ·.. . . '. ·,· . ·. ''· . . . ..... . ., -· :
Renunciation .of Prescription Already Acquired: Effect of Re~unciati~n to.Creditors-;. .. -

The renunciation of. prescription is t1 uril'a~raU1Gl', Notwithstanding the express or '..tad(r~tiunciation by:.· .
. anddoes ,not- require the: acceptance of the person to a .rperson of a prescription.' alreadi:obtai.ned';. his-
be benefited· by· it(!]IVIL GODE, Art. :11-12).., : .. · creditors and other' persons interested in' m~kfn·g :-~u
.. . . ··~: . - . . ·· ' the prescnptloneffective..may still plead .prescription
«": . Requisttes (C~PORK): . -·~, :· ,_, ! .• :-- . . .. . .. · · • for . .themselves to -the: extent· of their-credit (CIVIL.
_1' •. ·Tl:i.e,:·peFsoh. renouncinq must have :fapacity._to ·.' .· : CODE, Arf>,11-°1.4).. . , . -:. ·. · · .
· ... , ;. alienate' property..; · · -, . · · ·· · ··
· . . - · . ' · . :Jnter:ruption. of.' Possession '(CIV/1:..· A,:ts: :- 'ceoe.
ReasoruRenunciaticn involves the dtsposiuonof . 112°0 to·1124) - · . -~ .:- . .. · .
,. property;' ... ' · ' .. . . .•. : - .i· • ·
'<, .. . . I : .. .;". . Kfhds of
lnterruptlon Poases slonc- of
· 2 .. The renunciation· must ·refer to P.rescription 1 .. Natural ....: when'thtough cJny cause ·prescription·_
· . ···.· __ai'r~~.·~_Y· 09t_a_i_ne..d.;_,.· . . ·; ,, • •• ··-·.•• ··· • --.-: ,_ •• j ·.·.·.·'. should.ceas·e-for more than one y~ar (DE LEON;
. _ 0 _ ~-, .P..roperty,,supra at'7_4677,47), · ~ ... ·
,- . ~e~s.o,~:·.Ar:1-- Q,,-oU~~: Ciyil::Eode_, (Li~_hts r:r:fa_y. be ::-'~ :, . · ·. -:·. ·· · · · -~, _
·, . \Va1'(ed)_but noqh~ngb,J to pr.~scr1be!m the fu_tu_re . No~·e: JrfJ~se '.9f--nator:~1.' iriterruptien:· the·~ old .
-·-}'because 'it is contrary tp public· oraer o( pug_ljc: pos'ses~iop lb'ses allitsjuridical E?ffeds,_.arid even.
-·· policy; .. , ~·.,.._ · .- -_: _. ·.: ..: -~· . · · -:_ i_f. t.he/_P~.s~es?ion:. if· ·reacquired,· t~e ... ol:f
· .. : .'·. , · - · . ·. ·~:~_·:---.:_· , . ·~ 1
· ·: poss ss~~~ cannot- ,b.e .'tac;ked .t~.' :_the· new
. _-..; 3'.0 -. ll m.~.~~ ~~ ~~_de' l:>y:trr~· Own~jof-th'e•right,_ ~~nee' ·. '.ROSS"ess19g.·for toe.-pl,l~pose of.pfe$Crlptton (Id.). .
· ··_ adm1n1_stratof, ~X~f.Ut9r,. agentntcl· C_a~not ·. .' '' ""7. . :; . '_. :·. . . . ~ ' :" . ~-
;-:-.:Je·nou.rice.::~fll.e~~;_,giVe[J $PA; ... ~ 6 ·.!,.~ .2 .. ·· Civil.- produc~d by judicial summons to tlie
. 4.' · 11 rr\us(n'ot pr:ejl!dice.tl}e.Bights of.cfed.i_t ii (while po_S$eSsor--.(la}., .. ·. .
.. - "-·· rights may be waived,)t,rri'usrnotffie·preJudicia(to .· .:· :~ . . . . .. -· ... ,.--
. : : . t~~ rights,(ia third p~r_s·~n wi~.h .a ri~h~cogriiz.ed ..: · Note: In. the tase: of
civii .interruptrori; 'tii~re, is ·.
.. by, law-(CIVJL .CODE, Art: 6); and .. f. . : /.JrfF. .u.nanitnJty_ ·. bet~~e'n: ··'.the:; (1~y.< .•. a:nd -··the·.
· 5. ·_The persoli'i-enouncing must have Kno'wleag_e of· · .. .- corrinien~ator~ ·in the .vJew ~hc1t if·:th_e._pos&es.?ion · t.. •
• , ,J '. t~e .exis_tefr1c~ .'of Jhe 'rigtk (DE. LEON, Flroj:Jerty, ·, - · 'is recover:ed; .it can be··conne·cted•to·the time that ·.
. . . supdi·at.'736~:73J)': . . ;_. .. . ,.. nas··el,ips~d :as.-:if:'it: Wefe,: irl· f~ct conti.hlJOUSi ·t~e.
:.,- .·,. ',:· .c-·: •· ··'•: . :.:.: :·;_: .. . ·. · ·.·· -"..· , : .. :i pElriod·,ot:interruptio~· is.-,to.b.e~ ..countecf for th-e·
. Kinds:'._:. .,··.·: . . -·. ·. :··"(. .. . . · - ·. - _ prescripticm(/d}
. 1. ..E.xpress; ·ancf· . · .·_ .. · : · . ~::. . . . ·. .- · · ~
· · .... · 2.. lm'plie.dff.adt_: when· renunciation\esults. from · . ·. Effect of.
Interruption · ' . ·· ·,,...;.. . · :.
; ... -·: aqt~ wliich jmply·t~e.abaridcin'inentpr'the right... . Alnhe..-benefits'.a~quired so .far·frorn,thefpossession
·. . .. acq~ired (Id,). ·:, ·.·· /_.. :·. • : . : . .'_.: ·-· . , ;' , : ~ . · .. ce;:ise':WhenJ~e prescription run;_
agai_n;, it wili be an
' . . entirely nevi
on'e·{ld.) · .. : 'r . '-: .. .:.. <'
Note: W~ere.'tt:ie party a~k~owl.~dg~s the CQrreciness-· . .c ·-· : ·-: . : • . . - " ~.. :, • • .
. of.ihe.deot c!i1d. proriJ.ises to p·ay.it.after the.same has. . Dis\inguish P!esc,ri'ption from;Suspensioh· ·· '
prescrib~d c.!nd with full k'ri6wledge ofthe presc,riptjon, . : . . If p(escript[on is.:mer~ly su·sp~hded, .(as:dJstingui$hed
he ··thereby ·waive$. ·the /be'nefit· of .:.p~escrip'tio'ii . ·_. from interruption), the.ora:-posse'ssion. w,ll'b\3 a'dded; .
(Sambrano· - v0 .. GTA; (;,:R; No. L-8~52,- · March · 30; . Ttifs n,ay happe.n_ .whe.n ·during War, the ~i.vii courts are. ·
.J957); . : . ·-. . ·.,t, . .-.;_ .:_. . . :not o'p,en ,(Cl.VIL copE;,
Art/1136J'o'r.wheryih~re is'·a
< :·· " moratmium on thtpayrner:it of 9ebt~ ETalens, et. al.
But· a simple pi:pmis:e which cqni~ins -neW.· and' v. Chuak,w-.and.Co.; G.R L~10127; Juoe 30, .1958;
p9sitiye . : promise_· \q . 'p.ay . th~ 'debt. which . has and Rio. and Co: v.: DatuJelkipli,. G.R. £..·12301, April
pres9ribed,suchas,'apro[J'iisetopayonly-one·-haJf'.or ·13; 1959). · ·" ··· -: · .- .- · ... - ·
·ey'en ·a 'part ... payni'ent;. does··· no.t. ~mount ··lo.: ;:i · · · c-- · ·
renunciation. of· prescription (DE LEON, fioperty; ·
supra :at 737). · · ·
2019 SAN SEDA LAW CENTRALIZED .B,AR OPERATIONS I· 451

.P.RCl-PERTY. · . .:
. , 5/iN BEDA'I.AW CENTRAL!ZED BAR OPERATIONS.- MEMORY AID 2019 .
31Vi?&?&S21¥Wk4ti@W:t# 9"..'!15:·Wii>Mk&ZW-#,i & hii@SM¥3%21i!S t:sm;;,i1r;+s&t:@r ca:2~1 !#--7ki~ a&s;:1·#8±11Wt@'.Wif;,
Possesslon : de· facto -r- lost if new possession .of EffectofLapae Time of . .
'another has lasted· longer than ~ · year. · ·- Actions prescribe by the mere lapse of time fixed by
. . . 'law. (CIVIL· CODE, Art. 1139). Ir extiriquishes the
Real. right ot'poss.ession - not lost .u.ntil after the: action.· ·
· lapse of.10 years.
' .. But. there is no extin~tiv~. pres~ription- uh less the
Recognition by ttie" Possess·o·r period pr.ovided by law expires ..
Rule:· :Any express or implied · recoqnition . or ; r: ; ~ '\. ·: .... . .:
acknowledgment .which the! possessor may make ..' Mere delay, in theenforcernent of a claim -does not
with. regard to the r.ight 'of owner will also interrupt th~·- .result in any-reduction or.loss ofrigh( unless the full
continuity .otpossesston (CIVIL· CODE, Art. 1125).<... , period required by. law for prescription has expired:
- . . ,. .· .
..
.~ . ,
,_
252 ·1 .2019·SAN'8EDA LAW-CENTRALIZED BAR.OPERATIO!';JS
. -, . . . ·.,.. . : . . \... ,· . . . . : ," ·~ . . ·. .. ;
. .
P'RO.PE·Rtv· .. -:
SAN,8£DA LAW CENTRALIZ'ED BAR OPERATIONS - MEMORY AID 2019· .
i§iif ±:-m, :@2#
.
lFi
.
;z ·x:¥:Mit ta::. ·!:c,a · £NYSt: 1..· » . .· :t_'t' ; -z;is;mc z #wvz t >&·-,a aa. ·;;ift&:;-!:;
r
0 t •·· ,sarcvri.,
Illusttatlon: . If the. possessor- had. possessed · a
'movable-for three. years· ln' good. fc!,i~h •. before his
possession was converted into badfaith, the 3.'ye·a.rs
wlll be.computedas d9'uble·(6.years). -
,R;ght~~ r:iof:~xti~g uish~c/·.~Y .Pr;~~·c'~i~~ion: (R~PE,~

IT-RWS);:· · -, . .. ' ··· .. ~-. - -. · -, , .. Actio_n -to . recover 8 year.s., · 3(ryears
1. . p demand r .Bight .ofw;:iy;<" ·. a- < . ; . · · _.:'- :·-: . ·(CIVIL. · GO()E;
.1140-1141). ·
Art.. . from
iime.
.. !hf
2 ... To .. bring· an··~c_tion.toabate . a p_ut:ilic of private·
· .. nuisarice: · . ·, · · · · · · possession
r ' , . .', .. . . -.. --... . , is~!o~i- . -.
3. · To demand f artition ct co-ownershlp: .: · · . ,
4_? To rdemand1 gi.serri·ent_ O! fight-ind,,,YJ~w·thrqu~B:' Foreclosure . bf .10 years ._
observance, by servlent ·owner~ of distai)ces'·'f_6.r : ·.:· ...
. M_ortgage (CIViL
'dlrecfor obncue-vlew; .'· ·_.:, .. ~ . .".· ' .:_:-· :·. :· ::·; :. . ·coo_E; Art:)142);.
· s-~ To declare \t~~; !nexjsleh~.e of 'contract '.qr J9e · All other
.
actions
.,
Within 5.. ye~&, -f~om 1th~·
nullity '9( a void judgfiierit; ··. :-:·.. _ .. . . ., .. .:.:..·.
whose periods are·nbt t_ime t_he right of ~ction
·-~: ·6. :to 'compel a .. ,Ir.ustee fone~c:onvey. property-
- fixed .. in . the .co.de accrue.s .. , ·:
. regisJered in his' r:i'ame for ,tfie. ~eriefiJ .of the'. ceitui (CIVIL. . (;ODE, Art:·
,que l!14,st; end t,_ • .. : . . . • . '. _ :. · .• ; ..
7·:· To compel _Beconveyar)<::e;of l.~nd r_egiste·red i,n ·.
. 1/19). -,. ; ' . . ··r: ·,.
bad faith provided it has)ht>'t yei-passed.to\io · 1.·
'Upon a written '1 cf ye_9_~(from t~~ .!i~~
'innocent purchaser for.. valuer; -: . ' . ' '. . ...
.. . . '· - ::... ~ . . ; . :. .. •·. . ~·
·. contract;. . ,the ngh~ ' actron ·ot.
· 2 ..,: ·upon an, obligation ·ac~rue.!:>.
Reated ,PY'. law; ahd . ·' ~... ; ·.
3 Up_on · a~ Judgment ... ·· · . , ·_ ·., · ·
· . ,(CIVIi:. CODE; Art.· . · - ·'. · ·
. ' 1144):' .· ·: . . ..
. (
.1. L)pon an ihjury .. .tj:i. 4 year? . .

-··-~··th'e ·\jg_hts of,)he:; ~~; · .. · ;. · ·.. >-
' . P.lair@if( .. ' .(CIVIL' ·:. " ··.. . ~ < · . . i: : .
. .: 'GOQ.'s~rt.'\1"46)i~· _.. , .·· ; / ·.. :
: · 2._ Upon a .quc:1s1-de.!ii::t · · , _ ·.. :::·" -·
. · . (QiV.JL.':CODE; · . Ai:t.~' . ,_.
,.··114'6l-'
• '/,,
......
• •
: .....
•• ••
'. -
......
-
• •••• • ...
. .
, ••• •
. ,I
·:·.
3. -Revoke.
or .. (edu·ce ·: .. ::: .. · -
. l(v.~13n'ther.actioh 'ioi- reconveyance is based on a

.. ', do~aiion' base'd :en.
-. ftie':··. . · : ·,.:birth,'·
..
. . :·:: :: '-'~;:· ·.; · : )· .-·..
.
<' \ ·
. ·:·ai>'p~a1rance ... · i 'gr. ·. . - .. :· .. ', ' ......
. · :· VOi_d.dee.d or
.contrc{c;t;'th·e ae::liOffis;frtipresGrip\ibre
· · · adoption of· a·· chjl~; · ·, · ·. .· ...:= . ;· . · 1, · '
··under Article·.1.,i-,1 Q:of the. NewJ:ivil Code.:· As· long
. a~. the:, la rid= wrorigfu(ly 'regi,steredi 'L(ri'ae'r.. the" .. .. '(CIVIL.GPO!=,
.
Ait
'
... -: .·· -~ .... ~ ,
. ·· Torre'n$. sy's.f~m; ii,;-still °i~· the riarne· o'f:the· per$On . ; . ·. '763);- '. _ · .• · .. < . '• : , ·' .. ;. ., .• ;:'.'. . -
.. whcf· .caused· .such

reg.i'straH6n', -' an:· .aGtibri ;: in.
A. 'Revoke' . donation.·~- ·''· .· ..
based on non-; ·· ·· (' · ..
, per9onam'will li.~Jo. soinpe( h.i.m fo _re99nvey' t~e. c.omplia~c~ .wit_f: a--. :t \ .. _..,._ .:
prci'p'e'rty t9_the real owner ('Spouses Yu'Hwfi f:ing condition · :(CIVIL' · · > . ·: · -~ t',
·vi_.Ayala'- ~c1nd,.;·1nc:, N~:-'·173!20; 'G:f~-
~6,, ·_Ju(y . cop'E;·ArJ./64J: ·. . · · , .. --
) 2017).!:,:>:· : ... ',. · . . . ,:_ , ·. ~· '_;, . .~:::Rescissr9~· ·.. . - of ,,. . ·:; ( :_. -~ ':-
.a: To se.ek·!ssuance of a writ of possession; : . (C(VIL' · · ,.· •.
·9 ..... To erobate will; and <i ,, · · a , - . r·.
. contra,cts ·
GOD{=, Art.- .1'389, , · ·. -·
1 o:. R~cover/by :.the . .§tat~' of. rio'n-re_gj~tra.bl~ la.nd par. 1); and . '
·-· (QE f:.EON;.Propert'y, supra.at. 7(3:7;7-68).. . · . q. · Annul a_. conir.act
',. •' • .~:... • • ·.• ' .,· .' I ' . ,,· ·, ..._. • • • : ,., • • .
! . :-rc1v1L coqE,_.:Ah.··
~ : ;;: .. '.:·t.39_1, par: 1)
·: ':s:i ...
. ·-
·2019 SAf\!"BEDA !:.AW CENTRALIZED:BA~ OPERATIONSJ-253
PROPE_RTY
. SAN BEDA.lAW CFNT~UZED BAR .OPERATION_S - MEMORY AID 2019
~W5§ '?ft~ <gf..ff& •':Wf!.t§¥fJX*f.li.."'Mi'lfd"d~~ ·
...
1. Forcible" entry and 1 year _ .: Dlffer~nt K_inds· of Actiorfand corresponding
detainer , . {CIVIL ·-- . " · Reckoning Pofnt.ofComputation
. CODfa, A.rt. 114_7); . . ;of P~es~~~ption Period:.
2. Defarriation (CIVIL-· r.-:.-~~ ~~~~~~~
90QE, Art. 1147); .. ·.·.
3. Recpver :- .> • ,. ••
possession de' facto" ~, ·,,

(CIVIL. CODE, Art. ·
1 f47); .
;Fr.om day th~y may be .tlie:
brbu_ght . (CIV~L 'CODE,.
4 .. Revoke a donation ~mr... .•.-::
0 1/t.- _ 11_50(. .• . . .
on the- qround of . '
ir.rgratituq~ (CIVIL ···..',:
CODE; Art. 769);: · .
q.. Rescind or recover
~F~on, the la$t paynient of
· damages · if·
~ ,the" ; arinu_ity: ~or ., of ih.e,
. immovable is' sold-
int.ere.st (CIVIL· . CODE,
,...___,\'-'.H.h . -non-apparent ' .A:,rt:,·1/t51).: ·;.
_ <ftrirt and~~it~~°ri.. ·
1560);
:.:~ . , . . . . ·•
. . . ' . .. '
6. ~E_nf_<:i_rcewarranty of - ...
. solvency . . ., v. ii) .. =--., ..........,.·.·.. Fr~m ~the:. Hme: JUdg'ment
assjqnrrient .... ,.of ; . . . . .. .pec_a_nie · .firtal· ·. (CIVIi,,.
. credits '' . ·(CIVIL. ·Z'>j -'l~- ,..;_ 990_1;,.Art. 1.1}2). . ..
.;~Y/. ?.··· ,. -., .·)s ·
t' .
;,., ,f • • • ... . • .. ••• ' : .• • .·'
, cooE, Art.-16?9J.: ...

. . . . . ~ "l.f 1r- ··.J.t . .;.._.,
.. ~~~ruc1r~f ~aus~ of ~ctio.n ~ l. .: . . ~}~. . From. {he day persons tpe'

. • ·, Cause of action ari~es _wh·e.1tha~pi9h sh91;.1l? h.av:_ -H:tl - :who··-stiol'.lld;reritjer'the
been dope I~ not d_c:i.ne "Qr·t~~~I€~ _sh._o~l~\i·nof'no/'E;,,:\ !~~ ~,. ~ sam·e c.ease,in;iheir.
Junctio.ns (W~/J/GJPbE;, ·. ..
·. ; .. · -~~~~·dt~~-'.8- . do~~,-~DE ~~\~.p~\?ra~-\~r{:.~-
· · · · ft)\ ~ - till ' ij ' ·· ·
A(t.:1153).: ·' :·. ·
· · r- r ·
..
.
.... :· .: ..· , Ess~ntial-Elemen_t~ of:a_Gooc;l·C~use ot~r~~- : ..~-- ·~ --r.' ·" ._Frojn'tlte date'wnen_said. · ·
: .. :·. . ·1. : i;~iM$i'.1.c~ ofleqal ri~h~_:a ~\ain.tiff!\ -.'.' -~S) +-':\ '. l~·sl,llt was r~cogrilze~:tiy .....
.. · . ;r Wr.th , . c1 ·. · ~.orrel;,p~nd!ng ::..-Jf~al-·, e ·: · 11~.: ·/~, -~gr~·eJ{fe'nt~or,t~.e· ·. · .. : -."
=r- · .... , defendant-and . . · .' '·X·· · <'...: .Sc·,l , .. . . :rnte.res.tecl· parties (CJ.VIL'
·-... ·3. 'Violati_o~ ?~ .b~~ac~ -OT. ttw( ri_~(ozd~t~ witf}
__ · consequential rnJury'oraam·age,toillJ~ ~rntif:f-.for---- _ · . .
. Er~r . ' ·_ ,.:; . ·. . "\<.-_.~ODE,°' 'A1..-'1-_1~4t''- - ..
· ·.· : , ·':· · .. ·,. ·
. .wl)ich h~ may maintajn ari ~cti6"n'·f~~r;,i!ro~1iate M;\~i\~ . · ·. · - >· · ·: · .·,_ ~. _. · . . :; ·. · _. . ·
.:: _r~li¢f([d.J.·- ... ·. ,·
'.'·· .. · ... · _·;, __ · .. - .. · ''.~!~~,,"cf~7lJ:>ti~~-~-~-~f,~·~.c_r!p~i:on){,Actidn~~: .. ·i ;.
1 .. ~ .f.rlJng.qf.ar:i·-~.CtL<?,l"),ID, cour.t .(D.EJEQN,;Property;
_ ·. - ·.· . . . ·:. . ..·
: . _ , .... ·.
. . <f'-.!C?.t~: J.Fje rriOmE:Jnt the·breacil]ef ~igh't_orduty.9,CG_UrS, .
.·
. ..
.. . ·supra a.f 783). • . ,-·: · ·'.· :- . ·: ... 1 ·: '' > ': ·:. <. . . .
· · , _ the:!} t~e Jigh~ of .action. acc.~~es-;; th\3r~for.e pE,'!ri6cl 0f... •. _. '-: · :--~-. :· · ,, : .". 1:·,,·,:_··· .. ..-' ·• · · : :, \ · • ··,;· · .
· · prescription_-begini;to r!,!n (Solid Homes· ln{'v.'.,Tan,' ····: · _ttqte:··1nt~r.rupts e~tin.di"'.e, pres.cription ·.cis;to the· ... :_.
. :G.JR.. NC?s::.'145'. ~6-57, J~l(29:·.-·2ab~f. '_' :-:\:.·; :~:·:·-.: . _::::·:.: .. ?,,·L~.:·(~
.~:~.-.'.~sr~t~_tL'.d_:_t.·:~t-s?_~~-·~e-· .'.r."~-::·>:_)_-~.-::_.·
: :.:..,: ·. . . ..·. ;:,
.• : ~ . .,: . l • • -~ '. : . .· . : . , ..: . ·.
. Rigt)t: of. Action Distingui~l]e,d: _.from,. C~.~$~ · pf ·.' · '';-, .. :F.illr'Jg;,of;a .motio,h~rf.9r r:ec;on$f<:le)rpt)on cbntinl,JeS ,
. },ctiori~ .. . . ....:,, . . . ' . : .i: . . . .'• '-.:... : ' .. . ... ·: . : ._.the:_- s~s~_en'~i9~ ·:·o()11e r~.r)._Qi.~g,:-_of•.-:~re~crip_tf~n
·. ·. T-he fmmer rs the right.to commence ·aria· marntarn·an- _ .- . . p§ln<?.d, ,_wp1Gb :runs_ ._agp_!!l· .:c!fter,.,,thl;l . court
. actiort°it_:i;prings frorn-'the actji~ .. :bt}f.~oEi ~~~S~~~c/ ·: :. pri¢.~~dirJ~S -~,Ay~·"· ,.fin~!ly,_·. ··~een-::·'. ter~ir:1ated · ..
not.accrue·_until. all facts w.hich-constitute'Jhe .. cause-- · ,.. (C~_t:JJ~a._v: P~o12Je, GR· No.--~-5.3776,_.{vfarcfJ ·18, .
~av~.~ccwred_(Muft[,R$c!,lfy
N.o .. 1'46726, ·Juhe- :16; 200q).··
f M~kati . .i~~:ca,;iy;~,G.R:~ · '.. ,.
:.. · .. _'.:.... . · '·'
:,19~,_f3('::_ .,·· ·.. ·.- .... · .... · t/ i.'·., _~..... ·.·.· __ .:
· ·
~<._. ,~·-,-. .: ,.
· · · · · ·• ·wn~'t.t,E! ·pre~cripti()nJ~;J'rif~rr.upte~ ,by::aJudjcia'1 .
. . · '· ; : . · .. depan9,.J~~)Y.ll -~eri6cj.,[or-,tfii _pi,e~~~l_i?_li~!J,~~-~t.
be · rec;koned · from the .. ;-cessation . :of· the
. il)terru'i,Won (F_lore~do .v.~ !fR. Nq. brgano: i.-
-: ·. ... , 4037, · N_ovember 27, ·.: 1951;.: Perman"ent 'Sa.vings
·and·.Loan Bank V. · Velar.de·, G.R.' No. 140608, .
-S~ptem.ber23:., 2~04)_;: ·
:..
.· ·254 2.Ql9:SAN.
. '
BEDAlAW.CENTRAUZED
.. . .. .
BAR . OPERATIONS\
. . .
PROPERTY . -· .
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SAN BEDA LAW.CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS - MEMORY AID 2·019
. .. . . , ~
• ·~ ~ • J •
2. Written · extrajudicial demand· by the·. creditor 8.y.ackno.wledginerit. o{ debt:· the debtor m_aY:
(D_E LEON!.Property, _supra at 784). · renew the .. ,obligation and inJerrupt the
' . prescription so ,as to make· it run only from the
The· demand must be In writing and made before. . _date of.the acknowledgment (Id.).
the.expiration Of the period fixed by ~9W (ld.j ..
.A m~re offer ·-tci comp"rornise a. suit upon a
.. su'pposed debt is not ari a"dmission that anything
Petitioner's action for collection- of 'a sum of .. is..due arid ·canf}ot ~·e L!S.e.d as. eviden.ce· ag9in~t ·
-rnoneywas .based or, written ·._contract and. a the defendant (Lict,_'au'co v." .Limjuco, G.R_. fio.
prescribes after ten years from .the' time its right 6J8f}, Mwch 1.1, .1911). ~· ·. .
·, . 'of ,action'. arose. 'nie
prescript\v·~ period .is
. "· interrupted-when there is a wdttin··.e~tr~judicial
'demand by the creditors. The _interrupt1ori 'of the
prescriptive . period- . by . written . e~t~ajudicjal ·.
demand means .that /h_e ~a_iq ·.· pe!ioq:': WC?_~l_d ·..
·· commence . anew from the receipt. of the·
. demand.A written ext_raJLidlci~il'demand wipes out .. :
... ·',..
the period, that" has 'alreadyelapsed and starts .. 7 ~ .:
._ane_w the prescriptive period(P.erman~n('Sav.ings .·

and: Loan- Bank v. Velarde; ·G.-R.' No .. 140608,-
.. . ' .. : .
fl . -·
• ·: 1
. ·.:
S~ptembei 2.3; 2904{ :_~-· . · . · · ... : . · .-, . .
: :·
~- . w~ftt~n "acknowledgment.. of ·.the' 'debt- :by, the
. ', ·. d_ebtor:-(1ci.;.· . .· -
·'
-~--
'· •. ~ : 1...._
~--.
'~. . . ·~ . . t ..
~-,
• : ~ . ,. ,. •j ·. :'. • ' ., ..
\ .
. · .. : Acknowle_dgmenl can be .rnade -by . a· leqal .. ;· ')
"reP.reseritative(i9'),: . . . . . ·. J . ,·' ... J .I'• •
"'"\ . - . . . .. r
: ~he -~~k~qY'li~gr:n~nt o( debt b~f?.r~\perioq . 9.f:-: .. ·,..:.
: prescription w1.II: interrupt . the' _expiration- of t.~e. .,.:: .
. - ·-. period . of -: .presbtlptlon, ·. by:t : . :a. . <mere.. i
, .. , ·.
:'.'('
acknowledqrnentof the obliqation after-it -has .... ,..,....·

already prescribed' is· not sufflcient.to' renew ihe> : . . .: .
·- "period Of j:>rescripfio.ri:"(/d.J. . .. ·C.
- • . ~ • -: .•• • .,· '*. • :·
I. .
. •,,,,
.. lf.the perioq has·.al~e.a:dy:e~pi;ed,.there must be a. I • ', • •,
renunciaticn Of the prescription atreedy acquired, -. ·: · ..

· in order action may be acquired (Id.). ,.
.. ...
,.:_
. . Mere·, ·acknowl.edgment ~ of .. d,ebt- do:~~ .. nq( . ' ·
constitute ren.unciation·· ·of. pre'scription already··
.-acquj(ed (Id.). ~- "· . ·, . . . . · , .· ··. _ ~ ·. . ·
. "2019 SAN BEDA ~ W CENTRALIZED BAR OP~RATIONS 25.5

_.
Sll'CC.ESSfO.N
SA/I/ BEDA _1./}W-CEN.TRALIZEDQAR OPERATIONS.- MEMORYA!D 2019
~ e7&@&aif iW0&j£i#07'M'it\'ri##i!WiWMBt?*Hi4~§§M§i4W¥¥4&@k\@4ii$#i&MiitlM·*@WM8it:!iikhR&kk¥AM
Su~b'ession . ·.,. '.

/>:. IT)octi:,_of.acquisitjqn_ by ·y_irtu.e'tjf WQich the property,
rights and obliqationsjo tffe' extent ·af the value ofthe
irih_e?itiiri.se...-?(a p~rs&.
~r~:\ra:n~·rn.i.tte~ th.~6~g~. his.
· q~a!h....to .anothej; or oths?,rs .~ither·. by :.his will ~r:· by.
ojretationof lay., (CIVIL COD,E.~r.t.: 774).: .
. . -·
. I''·~
." .. f..
:_::.·,,.
: -~ ,·~-· ~: ...
,..:.:: ·:v,
. ···--=":·.
. ..... ~.: : ..
. .,.~-,·~
.E~c0,-iYE.cqMMitt~~. ~. , . s0ftj~cJ<9~~i;: , ·- ~~ns-.: :· ·.:. .· ~·,:· ·~yisim~·'./;1,·_:·:·;.~: ,~,, ... ·· · · · :.. ·:
· MAAY C~LL C. SUMANQUI ·: · ~- . CRt~~A 'D.. :AIW.QYO . litl,Afl:-1 G. PEPITO_,. ·MERRYL . D~ap. . ~D.. VINCENJ . S: '
· . q,~e:·£:(!' .C,h1irp.~rs9,n;: EW,<;.t\ '~!'~/l!f{_.~l1.a[,.-;~M.1P::Y. <;k~.n:.}YYN·.. :~~~ .• ;, ·, -~f,iii):MN<;:IA;;j .,W.M.9!~..
P,(l<!Jl.',w.J'~\t~, .·· ... . :·
. :~ C. VJ~i). Chairperson Joe, t, ·. C:A~9 -Assistan.t .. Subject- · ~~ :Jl9~t · D~;- R;,. -~~NJ'P·. ,Ill.,·: .;, ·.{\tij ..
,.Acadel!.!iss,·~,,:~~~ ... ')~E!,.: E. i C[ia_ir, JAYSQ~ .. ~::·;I:IIQ~~-- RQfi14NO, . ·... .-:-.- : _ ,;,;},t~~L·P;.,c:".s~g,),¥tty. , .. ·...-.,
. ·- .. · ,BARBpR()_Ch~1r.personfqr,Hotel ...S11b;ec.1 l;[~cfro_nic D~ta.Processmg!: .J~. _.: ,C~t~ ... 7.:·
.p~ o.p~~-c~.uz;:~ttr,.: ·•.
. 9£.~rgtJ.o!!~JH~LSE~LOlpSE:R .. ;.MJ\Rµ'\ _Alj.QELI~t·.R, J:.()'1,E~ • .G~~C<:JN, ·,MJ\..: CHERllD/mE .: .: RO~LL" IX·J.!LAO{l'N;')~tty. · . )• ·,,.
D~O.Vice'C~airpers?11:f~~ • <;qnflJct ,_'of''.{ Laws, .S?~~ .'. G,'.: LABANG~o;,-,,MARIELA .. ' JOSEJ?'i-f'.\·[:E~~J\ND/:·~. · ·
. Secretariat, E~ ~Sl_lN. M. ··YIG'f_9Rµ\' E. M\NA .. P~rso~~ qn~ ': ~}\ M~.JE~ Z~. · -D~Cl:.qWE.Z1,·~try.. ;'P-)E~~-. . ..,.
·Y~f\O. Vice Ch_airper~on:J'?r ·. J~mily· 'RelqtiQ!JS-. · JOANNA O'(ALES; ' . BENISE . ' D .. GENEVIEVE NQEVE-CO, . . ,
Operations,' MA~ANGEqCA B .. E.Ll'.?~ET.ff
• • • ' • ,._ .
KA:MLl\ ·,. 'C. fy{.@~viBA, ·o,qN.NA
'"'• • ' • .-. ·4
J<RlS. 13..
··nr'.i. .t'r
1. {' •:, •
· . .f· .
AT' • . ,
. ,··• . '
•
.'
' ;.D.~ ,!:fON .•. Vice .Chpirp.~~~0.11.Joe ·'-'~C,.9,~NTp:,: PrrP,.er;y_, • PJJ.1 . <{?Nf:f~)~P!i:JE,~~v~~I 9 . :: . : ;,
· F1_1.1anc.~,--··f'JUY\~.,.Q.L.Mf;YA_'J:.'·I:.;qnt/'Titles'. '.andi·P:eds;: ~YIJ'l )l~;·G~~ ~EA§_AR;S:·.::. · ··' · ·- .. >· · · /'-::, . · ·: .·, -· ,'.·
B~~G..A.l'-f. Y!E.e· c.~airp!!rson_ . GHRIS1µW ·.. . f>. : "' r._~q~ ~
UA.9lJ!.O, CA~1q,1rC:§m:-Z:C?,~ . <.. . . (- . '; .. :....
i
..Jor.{1.udit,JORDf.l'J.N: CHAVE3<., .Succession;:. J.AMlli. E.: DALIDIG .-MORRIS.MEDEL.F~,SOLANO, . - ·- ; .. ,, -
ViCJ Chairpersp~ jof.E_DP, ~z. . Olilig"afi9J1S. . .im,d' · c~.ritracl$, . J.C?~~- ·#umct
.':~oM!£o.- ·Y.-.. · _ . .· · .. ; .. / "
, ._p~n·. ·-~D .. ny. · V/ce · ~';JlVINANTJ·l<;)Nx'. 13. VIADO .. ~¥,V.1:WIOt/1.~0!§.llENE~ .R. . , - . .~ . ·~~
.Chllirpirs9nfor.L'qgistics, and: ·Sales a'rid,L~!Jse,.KORINA CES ~-·. · TUBGN,'-C2_ESKAJOH.i\.NN ,G. .' · . -~;, .
· _DOHN A.I:FREIYE: 0-'\QUILIZAN
-::'CUEVA 'ParJnehh'ip:and_'Ageni:y,.' CO;c"'jEANNE ·PA~. F.- .. · \: · ·
· · Vice <;hairpe.rsonfor Me,Jfbership ~ .·ANA · ANGELA · T. RES~CCION,., , MfilUA· ,
. . SIMP-11.0 ,.-· Credit. · Transacti(!ris,. EMILIA,. A SIBAL, JERRIC ·B ..
,.
;r -·. ' . .GlZEllE. ..:: ·KA:RIN'A ... D.C. . CRISTOBAL . .
'~ :
M_?NTERO To~t; ~~d Damag~; . .. . L . ·.,. ...,
.. ,
·.. · ' I.
( .. ·.
SAN BEDA LAW CENTRAUZED 8AR_ OPERATIONS -·MEMORY AID 2019
0
MW ~A\ttMAif fui#i% ·##Mi5i?'Z-tiZ:S·Mt:A#i ,SW«i t %Slfi·t4# P.t& kti6 "Gfft.+\l?ifi,MH#!\..,; , %~·}'\. 1§ ;s ,, gs:4:-q 1d $ ft:,·
Elements: .i H.eirs
..
v.' De~is~e.s Qr Le~a·t~~s -
. :- ~
L Subjective . Elernents: . Decedent - and
Succeasors · ... ·
. _ a. :;.b~cede_~t. - ;1 . " , .
.: :: ·· .. Th¢ p_erson whose · property _is transmitted · .Piirt.icui~r iit1e.; ·- . · .. ., .

. . ·. throuqh-succession, whether ornot he )eft a
.. an 'succe'ed to: . indi~idual
. '. will,(C/VJ_i.. COD°I;!-A_rt . .775),: . .
a. , Testator~ if_ he, left a will.
fildeterminat.e . ,or ite'm~ property. 'of
aiiqu,0t'porliop. ! -~ ... · _. ... :
-. .. b. . Dece~~nt t: if ~ejeft no will ..
. .
',, .I ,,,.. ·-., •. ' • • ' .
. ' . . ~ ,. - ,. . "
. · ..
• l~ .
. .
. ·b. ··su'~:ces_~!)r$· •''(Tians"f~rees or Causg., ;..
:. ·, .'. hdb,erites).-· . ">. . : . . ·su~te_edb,y'rheari's :$ucce:ed -by. me~'ns :'of a'~ bta:
·.j:- ,: Hei/s::...'·Those who ·a~e called ·the -,tb ·. will' or·8y o'pjratio'n 'wiJi. only · (CIVIL CQDE;· of
- whole or 'to. an . aliquot. portion of the.. . ·l~w. '(CIVIL CODE; Art. ArJ. 782/. .
. 782\ - ~ .. ·. ·.· ·. ,· ', .
: inh,etlta~'cf e1ther PY Will or t>y-o_perr_atiori' . ';,·.·. /, '· .. ••• • : # ·...:..
qf law (CIVIL COJJE; Art. 782). . . _ .

. ·, -;' ·. . 1}~{:;df0pUl~ory/Forced ·...:: Those :·who"-.~
-.. : '.. :
: . .. _,;.. ·: . succeed )?°Y _-fi;frce bf law ·to some

.- "'portion of tM 'inheritance. 'in: an
. '•am·ciur:it- predeterm] ned law, b/ . '.
· known as'·Tegitime·:'[c,vtL:''..,CODE, .
. Art. t/86). . . "' . ·
2-)' Voluntary , Those who' succ~ed by
. .' r> ·:. :-'.(. . '>,.-_;vJr-ttl~ ~f- t~e-~ill -~f _t_hf~~stai¢iho
.··.: .. · '. .. · )~e;·.':".h.<?le_· .. o~ aliquot .p~rt...-Jrthe_
·· · · , · disposable ··.free.. pqrt1.on , of· the
, ./ · '. .. hefe'dit~ry Tt'i_'ey exist' q~ly, in
1esta'{e·.:
. ..· ' ·" testamentary
... ,'•''
·. ·
-. . .
· succession
. "!'¥ .
: · · ', ·,(J_URAD'Q1 · ~_pcc~ssi~n; su12ra· · at Yrihe.rits~.'a~ ~Jic{?cf pa~ :~~it-:6~~,spe~ifJ.~d .. by th~
.· "; ·. •'
·_ ... ·
1_
/1,:B_r\an_~·, . . -~.. ': .· 4\ .. , ,of'~... t~ez1n.d'i~e~rf<l)._n?,,te ?estator:_ • • .. ',';.' '0 , - ', • • I •
. portion of tb~ estate, . , . -- : . ,· ... . . ·
'
. ·~ , '{J_URAD.@,'Succ~ssion;- supra af 27-28).' .

,·
. ·>: . . :. ·~ ;:~- . - ·. ; . . . . . :·'· ;._-~.· . . ,·.'i. ~· .;\_. . /
. _ .. : .. ' Not'e':]h.~ distir:i'ctio~·-.pe~~-e-~:-"heirs ·_an~
. :. · '· -legatee~_ -~fe',.~ignificcf~t ·in. U1e·:·follo~i,r1g.
_,...,...__..-.....,._-·
-- -
·(Pl.A)'
--"'c"'a,.,,-ses:
- It
,.. , • ·. ·, • . - · • -; • -·.·.: • --·1. ·- ·
. · · · · L::, _!:rete·ritipn-.(CfV/L: f:0Df;;-''Ait_-: 854); ·.

. . : . - ·,ii: .. Imperfect disinher.ifance (CIVIL CODE, .
.. . ·•.
. · :_. . ·. _.' :'.'.,-~A,tt:;9.18);Jiii~''~: ---::··_,_::;.·:·•t\01\i' ·:<_ ..
.
..·, .. /'
: .
.
:-' ·:., ·.>_,... • iii: . '8fle'r-iactjui(Efd ;~. 'pr.bpertfes 1
"' .- ('C{VIL ....,
-" . .",J "> ,c()bE/~rt\'793) .. · . , .. ··. ,, :_:_·-'. \ · ..·. ·. ~
-·~-~'-' .. _.: ~·._·. :·y.:! ··;"~:·_::\. :·-- .. '::-'.)t.:i ../5 .· :;· _ ... :j: :· 1 ~ ... -
· ~- '. ·:· ·3'.) .. <eg;Iti~te~1~t¢". -~ .. :~-Tho~~-·· who. · . '. '.: Voiu~·~arY-.H 1eiri v: beyisees: o(Ligatee~ ·:
,_: ,;-. ,;' .. , ; suc'ceed'by,op·erqtioh'.o~ la~;when' . .. . . . . .. - .
. ', .. ,,.· : legal' or, intestate suc·c~ssion· takes'.
•• '·:. ":' .-' •• - • •• :I,- •••• • •• ,:;. •• • .• ••• • •,•. .,;· •
/ . place: Th'e~ are das·sified $s:-
. .!..: · : ~ ' ·• a'.) .Those \vho· inherit'-.in their own
· · .,, ' · ,:. · ,· · · · · r1gh(and ·. · :. ·> · · · '' ·
· .. b\.'·Ttio~-~:-who· .'inherit. by right ~f.
. . ' . . . .. . . ·_repre~entatior,:, - ' .
•, •'' • ",' ' • ' •, • • • I • \ '
~ . -:/ .' .· :,:\;~ ... : :~·-e~is~-~~ :t~'.~-;o~ ~ifts -~ji~s~,~~ cit r~al ;
. . ' : . . :" . ·.. property'. are .. given oy; virtt,Je 'of a will . •• .~:t'- -\.,/·!-s~
·: ·, · · (civtCcooE Art. 782): ' .. .: ,._·.. . .. 'A~iiuCthe';~nstitC'tYon: \:it -Vaffd 'fhsof~r;~fthey ir~
,~:- · ;·.- . · iii'. Leg'at~es :... pe_rsc:,ns whoix_, gifts: of. . · ·i,{ . heirs tci' .the . .'ext~·nt' that n·ot 'iho'ificioys · ( CiVIL
person"al P.rope'rl{arei' given ;\)y virtu~ of th.¢ .. 1~.i.tfr'ne. · of, the. COOf=;;Art. 918): ..
a wiil (¢/VIL .9QQE, Art. 78ij.·_ · ,.
.,; .... ~ . . . -. . . . . . ';. . : . : . .:. . . ..
.
. ~disi_nherite9 ,, . heir' · is" . · , · · ~-
. ~ .
prejudiced ·· (C/V/t
CODE, Art. 918). -, .
2019-SAN BEDA lAW CENT.RALIZEP ·BAR' OPERATIONS I .257 · ·' :

·SU:CCESSIO·N
. 5/,tN 8ff)t'! LAW(;ENTRALIZED
BAROPE~T/ON~: ~EMORYAID 2019 . . .
~u,w "7!!:fl?:S# w ,#, s Rf9t?,oii5&i!,. zas wasww&GB??,a &tm&:S',Si':*5'• 41\lt it:t:PtAil'®tmt.zp@@Mh'!&¥~':fM:Xffiiirii&tr
m
2. Causal Element: Death

When Right toSuccesston is Transmitted
. The rights -to the succession are transrriitted
Inherit -ev-~r:ythi~g at the After-acquired · . . - ·· · · from themoment of the death of the decedent
time:. cit the· testator's properties. shall only .· . ; . (CIVIL COQE, Art. 777).'Th.is rule applies to the.
death . . (JURADO, pass. thereby, as ,if.:the . 2-kincis of d~a.t~: · . . ·
Succession, , supra at testator, had ·possesse.d · a. Actual; ·and
'36). . . jl at th'e tin,$ of the .: ·b. - · Presumptive.
ma'king of· the . wil],
should. ..it . e~pre~~ly, N6te:· It is not tradition .(delivery) that transfers ·..
.. appear -bythe. ~ill· that. .ownership, bui .: succession. The .effects ·of the:. ·, .
. such was . his intention. .. . 'acceptance · ot: inheritance .. retroact , to the - '
( civu. CODE, ,1rC_793f moment of death (3 PARA-S, SUP,ia at 16) .
. . ~--·· ... -...

. :•..
·= .....
0prior
. By ~)rtue of .il!c~essiop, settlement. ~f !~~

. _,,.· ~~t~t~. _ir-",:~~( ~~c~,s~~~Y,' for ;~ny ,pf...lli~: t1~_ir.s:_t9. ,:. ·
: atq)J,r~ .. legc11/·~~p9·c,ty .. to: .s~~'- ;He_ir? · ..c.an. _ .
- . commence an.action or,igi.[lglly':p~r.t?J.i:iing: t9.. tl1-e_:-_. ·.....
. .' - ~'de.ce#eiHf (Emh~_{e-·/- 9;f .G'J{ · No. .126~$4, .. . : -:__ ·.
·· Nqvembei'2.3, ?OO)).:· ,_._ .
·.... ·. . . . . ·. '' \
The-fact. that' the he.red.itary· estate is placed ·
.
under .. 'actrhinistralion. will' . not affect the .

·1 . application.ot
. Art. 77'7(JURAbp, ·successi6n,
. . " . -
.. '
258 I 2019 SAN. ~EDA.LAW CENTRALIZE'D BAR OPE~TIONS

I • • • ~-...
S.UCCESs1·o·N
SAN f)EDA LAW CENTRALIZEDBAR OPERATIONS-:...MEMORYAID io19
supra at- 12). However, .an.heir cannot compel . has, not been known (CIVIL CODE, Art.
. the administrator to deliver- to hirri his. respective . 3_91)._. .. .
portion without order'of the court (Id. a( 13). ·
. - ·. . . . NotejThe person is presumed to.have died
. .
No judicial declaration of heirship is· necessary at the tirneof the disappearance.f.e., at the
in: 9rder- thatan heir may assert his- or her right time thecalamity took place, and.not at the ·
to tbe property of the-deceased. Under the Civil end of four (4 ).years (JURADO, Succession,
Code and Gode of Civil. Procedure, the title to supra .at 1'2). · .. ·• · · • . · ·:. · · · ' ·
; the. property ,owned by a:·~perso-n -who dies . "·... ~
. ' intestate passes at .once 'to his ..:heirs. Such The succession 'reatiy·t~-ok- place.four years
ttansmission is subject ·io. the claims· of before (on the dayof 'the disappear~nGe};"
·, administration andthe property may be taken _but aclualdlvision wfll only be ·at· the end ·of
fro_m the, heirs for the 'purpose of paying .debts four . years. In otherwords, from . the
••
7
• -and expenses.' Without-· some- showinq that a ·begi_nning ·of the· said .tour .Y~~rs,:,the hefr
- . judicial· aommtstrator had been ·:appointed' . in . ·· shall · <be considered , the owner , and
'prcceedlnqs .tosettle the estate, the right of the. possessor of the property, and n"oi' only from
~~- heirs to. maintain such, 'action -is . sstabjlshed .: · ·._ theend thereof (3 PARAS,'·supra et' 18): -
. · :·( Gloria:paydua!I, v. Builders ·_Savings and Loan
"....
~:--. ,. •,
.,> • ' •••
. · Assqciation,, GR_.- No.-20.2324;,J.une ·4, 20·1 [!). · · In ·bo'th.-cases,: the .succession is· only of
_provi_sion_al . character- be,ca_u-s'e: there is
Determination:of the- Ti.me o.f Death in Ca.se always the chance that the·abseritee may
of Pre.sumpti~e~De~_th-~ · '.. ·-, ... . .. · . -<· • ~till_-b~ a~ive (Id.). -. ·.·, ·_.-.,:_ ··-. ·: · · · ·
Gen_~ral ~_ufe: 'The .• tin,_~ when th.e ab~~nte~_ .·
actually .d_i.ed:"rnu~t be: proved in cJc·co.rdariye 1ith'·. "----~.....
•~ .Note,· 1/ttiere--i~-- do.ubt, -~s- between two or
the . ordinary ·--rules-·' of·., evidence (JURADO, . 'more persons who
are' callea._to succeed_
Succession, supra at.11) .. :· -. ' . . .e!3Cti pther, as t.o ~which -Of .fuer:n·.aied first,
. _.· . . ·." .
· ~tfofer-~alleg_e~. t~e de__ ath o(o__rie _pri_or'.tp th~J
oth~r11sfjall:pr.ov,~_the· same; in the _abse·nce
. o1f,roo~., is. p'resur:nea !h~t_ they_ ~(ed-at}he·.
same . time and there: -shall be·· no
·;~ansniisji9,ti\>frfg_ht~-fro~. o_rie' t_q:t,he-bther''
{€7Vlt ,~OD[?, Art:. 43).,. · :·7 •: ' .. - ':. . . ·
. ,_
. Effect-.:.-' of-. -ibseh~eeis--.;:· .R.etuh,, '' or., .

---··....,·.· - · App.iiar~~c·e .,' ·_ :. ·"< ·._:. . .. :_ -;._- -. .
i. . The absentee shall_' recov~i hj~ property in.·. · .
.A,~;;;..,..;;.;;._ ..__ = tfi'~cond'ition·:in:which it'may be found;'_and- .
. . ii. · - . the.price <;>fany°prbp~rty thafrnay hc!V~ b~ee8 ..
· af ienated
' •
1oi: the property·acq1:,1Tred therevyith; · ._
t l . ,. • • ... '
but he cannot clainf.:-eithe'r fruits· or ·rents. :·,...

JC/VIL GODE, ..Art: -"'3~2}. 'If:' the·· tieir . had ·
'ari:ead/---spent th~ -'mQney' ~.there _is. no'.
obligation' to reimburse: in as much-as. ftie .
.'·,:· · .•
. ' coristimptioh' had -~eeri-.'ri-ia'de·:in..:_~obd· f<Jjth. :
b. -· .· E~t'~~~r~i"nary -~b~~n~~ , ('3 PARAS,' .
supra.. at fEJ.:.19), ·.
· ,: ·;.:
.. · ... . . .. . . ' ·~~ : ·-· . .
)~ . ·,
."': .... \ .. ·-,
:~
• • , · J A pers~n ~tiall -b~.- cqnsidere·d de.ad ·at:tet : objective E1eme~t inh~~.fan·~~-. · ,; ·'., ·
· , _. ,···:' having· been·.·mfssing f9r. 4-years unde·r·· Inheritance includes':·. . . · :: · · · -
' .. :~ the_folJoYiing.circumstances: (VAD) ,, ·la.. Au prcip'ecties ·of ti:,e·dec~de.rit existing at the ... ,
. .: i. If he is. Off _board a Ye.ssJilJ9s~ during a· · tim'e of his deati-rto. the··exte~tof tli-e value 'of-
sea voyage,· or an· ~eroplahe whi.ch is . · : _·th.e :ir:ih~ritance (CIVIL COPE. "A~. 7_76 an9
·.missing,'. who. has n0t ·been· 'heard of. , :; · ... ··. ';Art. .
131.1) ... , .. · · _. .
. . . ·,.__ .
. ·,. _. · .· ·, · .
. .-. .
since the·: .loss' of
aero,plan.e; '; . - ·.. : ... · .
·fr,e· -vessel. or~' ' . : .
.Restricted Coni::ept·ot.li'!h~ri!ahce
'
.. . . , . ,
ii.·. If he is in the ~rme·d forcei who· hc;1s · · ~ntil a,fina_l .l!quid~_tion is r.ri"ade and·a1r deqts
t~ken 'part i"n:wa·r; c;1nd has been mis?_ing; .. . :,_ . le~ _by·the d~cedent and\JflY p~id,:tl:l<t right
or.·. . • -: . . . . . .. •'ofthe heir$- fo.inne'rit remains inchoate or is·
iii. 'If he has been f n _Qanger of death under a mere. hope. o'r expect~n<,Y:' Liquidation is ..
<;>tber circumstan·ces ·~nd his exi~terice . ne'cessary . 'to. determine . whether: . the
' . dec'e·dent has . left .. assets. which_: riray be
·Sl:fCEESSlON
SAN"BEDA LAW C~NTRALIZEDBAR OPE_RA.TIONS- MEMORYAID 2019
' __ .' transmitted to his heirs (JURADO,. · exists. As such.Jhe right of action cannot be
:Succession, supre a·t 5). 'transmitted 'to and. enforced: by his mother
·:. ·(Goilde·v. A6aya, ~.R. No. :4275::Mqrch 23,
N9te;_ The .mortal .remains of the decedent ·· 1909r · · · ·
form-part of the· inheritance.. as may be
., , ,. ,g!eanecl frcimR:A. 349~ as amended by·R.A, Note: 'It mustbe remembered, however; that
a.
·-1056: Thus, personmay validly grant to a '•·.
the Family-Code lf"n:,its the 'classiflcailon of
licensed-physician, surg"eori,scientist or any children· ohly,:to legitimate and ill.eg(timate
.m~dicai or scientific institution, the.. authority , children (JURADO; Succession; supra. at
.to detach ."9t any time, after his -death any -: '29.2): · · . ;,-· .: . . .: .
. ~ ··- ..
· .... .-organ· of his body (Id. -ar°17-1 B). ,' · · .\. - ..
: ·Th( a_~tfo~, to clairn-, l~gitfm:acy .tor. both .

.. . \ .b. ·.'.All: transmissible rights· .. ;nd ; obligations : · · leqjtimate and illeqitimate-chjldren may be
: .• ·-. · .existinqatthe time oj.decedent's death to · brough! by· the··.9tlild··duriog:hi;,/h~~.lifetime
·• ·, : <, .the.extent of-the value of inheritance ( CIVIL . . arfc:l:shal( be -transmitted -to'the heirs·'should
·, _,:,.COf!JE,~Arl: U~ and.Art 1-3)-1.):-,·,\. . 'thechilddie ..d~"rinff·rninority.J:ir,in:(s\ate _o(
. ~·.:-.-·:,·::·a .. ··: ,·.·: ·.; -: ,·: · . ·.·.·. ·.. . . , . :· ir:i_s13riity:-.ln,_th~se..case_s_.·Jh~rh~ig,,sb_atl'1av'e . ·,,· ..
..... . Rights. not extlnquished by death which· .... ~· · a. ~i;jr)od .of .five (5);.ye_ars .withinwhich.to
.are.thereforeipart oMhe estate.. ... ·, · ····1ins~t.ute·, the: ·a_c,Jiofl':'-(FA'Mlli..Y; ··GODE, Art.
· ... · .~f. ·.Rig'.?( to ·tiring _or. cori~i_n_ue :a_n. ac~_or... :~;: 73)..
_ · .. · · . .- forc1bl~ entry. or. unJawful:c;Jetamer
· · :··,.. ii. · Ri~~l;';t? qdmpel\":.tli'e:i'e}eJ.iliion~o-t. ~- \....
, . T J N·· -f~. ·· ·
.· ·
0·~ '
· :. .
- : .-; ••
.. ·. ,:.. _ "<·. ,: .... · ' ·
~ ··
~ights and' qqli'.gatipns·, ex~i~~~j_s_h~~;qy ·

\. •• ~- • ·.'- .•· 2 ·· .. '
.
' . 'document· riecessart)of convenience~~ "'"-''· : death:· · ·. :': : · · ·' . · f..:, : .. : -·.-"·:. · , c
. , .·. : ·.,p~oV_ide~J 'th~· con!ra(td"i?,;,.va'li~nd ... · ... --·~_if-'.,,igb s·· . .",a,nd_:.-_?:>.blig_~!i?hs ·. :bet~eeri : ·.·.,
... : . enf6r.c~a,ble,
.,.,. . ·... (ii.: .. Ri~~~~tfr·cd_ntin\J~:f l_.~~~jo~tr ct,
[/ ~..,0'~·
7
_1µ)
-~
!-\
"Nl;l!. sba1:d-ah.d.w1fe.r · .. •·:··.·
>,If° · .; ii_:·· R~9lp.i~r:lati<?'2f be\w.e~n"' hti~baild
, ._-· · ... ,
,·
,. 1v,, P~_ol?.erty _·r~~ht .1?,:._qr.:ms_uf~n-<ie .. pohc:;y J~ ~--·. \. _an~t:i.te.\\ . . · . ·. .. . ".:... ·,
.. ·" . with .. ·an· 1rrev~Gable .. <:le~1gnahon (3 .r~(.Ji.._,_- ~11 •. _~ct~o.oJor llg~l.sep~rc!t!~n-:·:. ,. . :
'.:: •. ~ PARAS, s1Jpra-atJiJ?r · .. ·. · ..' I,.. •:{"-"·~ ;~ ., -~~.:.;, ·.~- f\ct_10_Q;.t_<:>~~camp~l:pCk~owl~dg?1ent.of a . '·
.• ::i · , , .:.- ·.•. · ._, ._, . ·. J, "-:-; ·. . . ·., · '· ~- r ~ 1i:i h~ .. ,tT,' ·· . ·· · ;ni:ittfratch,\ld;. · : :--: :·, ,_.;,., · '·? -' · ·. · :
. :.. ·.. c,,o:bi1g~!~ons,: not.~;eiti.11g1Jishe~b .'de~ti.f:'~\JltiV~: ,,·. · ~A~t[gn~~~btaiA1Jqdifa~J~·qe~)9'rat_)on_·_9f .....
: ~- .:--· .. · -~ w_t5idj form··r.·art; olt~~sfat~\~W , · . , ~:·.;.~~:::: ·. - . ,, ... ~~~·1_1e·gt.t~~w:J~1iatipn.:·af'.an:,..-m_e·gitimate. : ·· :·
·~, · ,· · ,.:Ger(e!a1_· :·~gle:·· .. tl!Qobli~a~~~ :-·ar~ 7 11-'>' :..- ~-J;~·ikcJ,·~ti~s-riot:fla.tu_(al:-;_, t\ . . . . ·.' -
.. ·: . , :.'. tr;:3~·smJ~sib.l.~::!J~less-~_or~ly per.:3~i~~,(~~~j1f e;,:li/" ~~: Pjr~n,~a~.aj.thorit~:.~.rp"§tria_~o~~st~s; · · . . , . . . .
.: , · 0~hg_a!~qn-to_supp_£?rt)~~r:.n0n'"tEa_n~f(:) ,aBte bY.' · ·. . . ~y11 .. -~1gr,its,qf~ ~!Jard~~r_:i; · ·:··-:- · ·. . · ·. · / ·· ·.
· ·· .. .,.; 'f.. :laW-0_1'.GO~t~~Cf'(ld-: at:~) .. :t. , _.~,.~::'_. :, .. · ~ •• • • • ... ·.- -~iJi· J~(~h.f~r.ecetV~'."°cl~'El··!~e-:'obligatio_n. !O·. · ·• .
· ~ ·, i -.:: ·.:·<·,,· ·,. , >. ·;·.·)::, . 1 ~CJEN1Jb ·glve·support;:·:,,;,c. ··:,·.'· . ·. · ·, · ..
_,._ · .,.", :> •:'.~~~ti9_~- 5:-of:,R~l_~·:8~ c5f,"tfle_R_ull:~fb~'cou ~..... · .. :_-i·. -~.(y:!~,)gh(tdJ~P~a;~--~}J .. ~lif? 1~ce._a_~:~ell ..as --: . . .
:.:.-··.-··. · ··: .. ,.:.·.,,ei:<~re,ssl_y:·~l_l.9w?Jhe:;prps~E:G\.1~10f1:_;g1~?i~ . , . ~\\y.\tti~(1_g_~t-.t~-:·ex_~rc1se -a :p~of~ss.1~n .q~·: ; ·: ,
·><.. . · :· . ··;: ~~aJ~s- ~8:ns1ru_g ,f~~~-:?·-~_ontraot __ ag;:r-5;,~Jh'e·, MH\~~~~-~t1_oni .. ,, ~ .. - .. · . ·:;:_ .·. ·
.:.·::';- :: .\:~ '-:·.: ·.-~,,~s.tf~e of ~.-?=1e.ce,ased:_df!:Jt9r., Me.~.~?1· .. r:1_0~~~ 1-i~,-·-~~~tiJ~of,.u?ufr~.et;\:·;_·~· .. :-, r,::, .. , ·. :.;. · · . · ·-.-.
· .. .
: 'c)a1r:n~ .. cla1ms.are;not.a<:;tu911y e.?<tingu1shed. ,... . -.: ; .,x1.,· R1gbt qf p~rsonaJ,easement; ,., . .

· ...:·\t .• --....'.,;· ·. \ :;.-i;;:-, ·0-:: <~ .. :>• . ,} :,,·, :, ~' ···.:.. :~ :<;.,: '. .~ \ .,;'./xii. ·.Rights \and~·ol:>ligations·-~ar,ising-:•frorrr a. .
;) . . . . · .· ·: ./,- :. »1hate~fe,r:',fr101wtaty. liilbiiities: qr
.Qbligalions . · ..".. . ·..,c_ohfract.of paHi:iei-rship o:r'°agency· .a.rid . . ·. ·. ; .
t:~:~:·-=, ·:: I . ·'. . ·, tli'e cl_iiic~'a~~'d~h·a.p .. i:Jf)derfhis'.\::onfr~cts'"Wftli: .··· .. . . ~ . . . .~1ih.·Crirr\'f~_al <.~ .
re~p9nsYbilit/::·.;-7jufii\ob, ~-·
-: .:._-:- . .' . ·. . . :':c~edi~qr:s· . ..y~re not -intra1\sm_issible .. by their .· ·. ·.· . ' . <.·-successiori, supra at-f9{ .:,-;_ \ ·,. ,·. ,
'. . . -·t . .- b - . ,, I' . ·. "'·· . ·-, .- ,.
·.. , · .. ·· , . : . na ure,r. 'y-st1pu at1on; or.by,-'i;ir0v1s1or1;·of.laW ... · ·. ·,,:·, ··, ,. ~:. ··.-,-·.· ._,,,.;.;:_
.· .· ' .,· ·-,.._· ..... , ·.
0:-,:.,
\.
··=::·_,,
• .··,
.
t:" _.--;.·,~-.· ,., .. · '··· :~.-
.. ,
··\£/. - . · · . ~ .:}i~n.¢'e";. hh;; :d~§tb-.-did ·:· .nbL}~s~h ;"in~~ th.e'. ·. ·,, · ·: : ,·· _:c~~- . Those~whfeh.'.h~~e-atcrued there't6:s1bce-the . 1
,--·,: .\ ·. :_:' ~~ . )· ~~ti9.9.Ui.~£rriegt <9f .: thci>~_e,:-;t5bl_i9.§ltions. :_~r ... ,__;. ·; .... :' :· . :... ;pehii)g .c\f:ih~·sµ~£eS~i_q~;· ~~c~· a~~9l(JViU:f!1 . ·::. ..
. .· ~~ ·:'--: · < :< •,·.haq.1!!ll~s .•~,:~h,1ch 'm~r.~ly; p}iss,ed· cm :for ~IS .· · · .. ·· :··"._,: ;:' :'( (,J.IV/L::; fX:JQ~/'Af:t:.i·?.1):,'·'.' ; : : •' · :·,-_, , : · . . .: .· :..
,-_:· ,:,, · ·:. ·. · _\' ,es.tat¢}(.Strongholcj, lhs1Jfance:,:G0:·;,· tnc:. ~- ... \ · ,: ..,. :;_ · ·.:-' ·_:: :·:_i< .',·.'-'.' . : :, . · . :·· ·: '·. ·:- · _; ·:.. · · _ · · .-· ·
.Repyb/ic-Asaf)t ·G/cf_ss, · .<!;.orp}, ..~ G.R: . No. · Note,:Jhe;raecretic,ms·.'6r:a¢cessioni,are· not stricily ~: ." .
0:,
l .:ftt? 56·1,. Jimij ~2/?00l~,iting-"F'avia 1( l.a· .tli!. . . ·-2inh)rite'd _!for'. iri~y(f/ifr.n::'paft.1f.-:th~;f3{ta.te ·o.oly)lfte~:;__ : . ·: \
. . '-,·:JjO.Sf3i/G..-~.:cf>Jp; ~3089/: Ma'rch·~1!B;;rt 90!r · ·. · ·.: .·· . lt)~·; heirs ·' beco(Tie. · tt\e_-··owne·rs ·. -thereof;'· hei1ce·, · , . . ,
. ·,:, . : ) :· : \\ /·.·,.· ./· ' ,··,:>·: · .: .,;·, .'. '<· . ·. ·\ _ . p~ccipe~!Y,sp{a.~ing:~h'.et'9re'~cgpi_r~cjtl:faccreti~n (as ..
, = ... , .. ri:h~. r_1ght .~f :act10.~ f~r t~-~ ~ckn?:vvled_gert,e~~t . . . - . an}1ciq~nt.:of. ow.n,ws~ip· u~der ,_the-),AV.V)., ... Q()t by'
,·. ·· ·· ~- Qf.,.ar; na.t!.Jra!, cl11la:-1s .. e.l5t!Ogu1sh~~ by ,his . , ·st,.1cce.ss1on (~ PAf?A_$i supra at 33) .. ··· ...
·.-:". _d~9tb b~Gat;is~;no:exP.r:es~-ptovisi_olJ like)ha~ · · · ·.' . : :_,, · . · · 1_,' · · · .,: · ·,·· ~-
. ·. ···of Ar.t. ·:1,:.13 .of, the then .qv.il.:Cci~e 011 tlie ,:(, . ·:- . ..
. . .. _a'~k_n_ow!e,~g~rnent
. ~ ·of.:Legij[nj~-~-· . ~hildr~(l; .. \
. .
... . ,
. ..
.. · /'
,.
,_. .·.
'269' f 201\:J·S.l\.f>J:BEDAL.AW CEN..TRAL)ZED.BAR QPERATIQNS .
• • I • • • .,.· '•
g.u.c:c;ES::SJO.N:~
I rei 6( 4.s: ,Ati'Wn
. =
u41;,33csp:
SAN BWA LAW CENTRALIZEDIBAR OPERATIONS.- MEMORY AID 2019
t?i &!MN#i ., 4?C::. ;,/e- h·ff::;u . f !Jiis?Wffe•: ix. i §Vi$· k:1tf :m; : q.e
1
t+iP!tt;;,;W.11w.~·'a.: "'~==
Reason: ·while the act determining· whether a- .
. testamentary dlsposltton is to be-operative qr not
is not. exac.tly testamentary _. in character," it is
· nonetheless prohlblted because . it would be
It is one which results fromthe.desiqnatiori.of an helr tantamount to allowinq athird person substinite
made in a will 'executed in the form prescribed by law the will .of the -testator for his. own (JµRADO,
··(CIVIL CODE, Art. 779): .... · . ·/ . . Succession.isupie at·32) .. ·. · .
. . .../'"""_ ... ' /.; :.. / .; .. .r ..
~ ~ . -
; Will . · · ; · ." · ·. . . - ~,·. . ...·111ustratiqr.i: ')(. declared·.in liis·will. '"I 'hereby

· -- .An~ act.. v.:~~t~.by .. a; person ;(_s_! P~~~!~ie5( ;_"Yith: .t~:e ··\ .. -: inak.e ~: .. B, ~c!Qcl. c;-;,chi.ld~en qt }J9.~'r)!cio) cie .s~rJ ·
forrtialiliesJpre·sqibed'by lqvV.; to;.control to 13 __certain . · · Jose, as mi i~gal 'heirs and declare my lawyer
deqree the-dfspos'itio,n of. tiis: estate, ·,to _take "effect . . <to deterrnine _th~~··arri_ount wh_Lch they. are· to
afterhis de.aih(CIVIL CODE; An: 783): ., . . · _ .. receive." lsthe provisionvalid? : -·~. , .- '.
. . . . ., . .·,, .. .. ' .
• • • .' • ...~. -.· •• · ~. . ~· ~-...... "'::t-;...· .'.-.-·•{t,.. . .~ .· .~ ..j-·; :: -, -~-.,,:.";-:·:".. :.. ·.• \, ., ••
. Th'e making. of; a,,will fs.'a. ~t.atµto.r,y' (n9t,:a 'riat_u'rfa!). .. . An.~w,e,:; ·f"J.O.· Art. 785 .. will-, apply .because the
:r(ght The;,c~n.~~gi.ie~ce '·?f. th_i~· 1ft~~1tthe rn~~ing.'o( ' ' heirs w.er13 ceie'rred to by .. name: Furthe.rrn_orn. "-
a'.wiJI should·be considered su.bg~dmated to:b.Qt\1 th~ the amo-uht was not specified:by the test_afor: It
~- .:·, lay,i a_n_d.puqli_S p9licy. (H__e'i~osa ·v:; ~ii,. G,,,R. JY.o: Y . , is .. the lawy_e-r who d~te.rrnlnes_tne amount, , ::
_ ; 3_~62, .M.~r~h 1';J9o1)., . . . · ·-- _ - . , .. · .• ·. - . . . . ~- ·. . '. . . --; _..'._·. :.
. ' · . . .Acts., w(1ich/ may· -Qe.: .e..Qt_ru~t~~- t_9·. a. third .
··Ki~dS: .. ·· ... ~· '. -1:. .· : . . ; .... :: '\# P.e~~ot~= .:,/~ ·;: :· .:·· .: . . ,;[~·· ·. ' . ... ".:·:' 1}0
1-'-': No_taria_l or Ordinary; aq~: .:. :: :.\ .... > . , · .. ~ c!_.-., .._O,is\ri~l!tion 9f SJ?e.cific. prop~1Y 0r' i,uro?., ?f
:~ ; J:i~l9gf~phiP . :: ~ ...... · ·-: .·. :; · ··· · ~ \ .. mjon~~Y·: .that t~_.e._ dece~~n,~ .. ~~ay Jeave;-.1Q ,
: ,... ,, , . :-;. - g·e.DeralJ.0 sg~cifiE:d ·c;las~e~_or caLJses; an_d :
Modes': . (CIVl8 CODE, 'Art._786).-. · ;,....
_ 1: - · By,~ill;· a·r: · · ·· · !)1:. ·,!;>es1gn~ti0Jl of: tt-:ie. p,ec~q_ns; · instituti9n9, pr- ~
l . By cb'~i9iL ) , ~ ..... : .. · ,, ·., -~· ·.. ·· . , . ~· ·. :·, E;l$t~l5~itme.i:its :tC? wbi~~-: su~ttprbp~1:ty,-,Qr
· ' - · · " . · ' · . ·sug,s1 a~E:_: to: be ~iveri _o_r ,app)ied,,(CWlb ·
-_;qha_~~~f~ri~l)f..~- (P.F-V-D~~0~r-:,. :.~N-, .:' -.;-'·: .. i: :.: . . . ,C0D£, f{rt. 7?6) .. \:· . ,: . . . . . . ..
-. (·. S!r!ct!Y eer_~,<;m,aUP;ct,-.,,..:11.c~~t ~~-1~r1ot\'fhO_le.:- . /· \, .- .. · -- .·, ;
_ ... or·(~ 'pa!l-t9}~~· 'l,i_s_cre.tio~ _ot,.a,.lhlfd R~rso~, 9r_ . lll~stratJO~~:'fl~.!_i!' X ie·i1flj:.¢~\1hi~.will:,"J,gi_v_e·
_ . a~_gom8li~9f~!°lt:1rou.~_\1, th_~v'-9$.tr~~~~a}~ty.. of~ an o
'pl million .to ti;ie"street childr.en of Manila .an.d
agent or attorn,~Y _(c;;f\/,'.~ -~r:)DE; :¥,:
*~~>.;: : . . · . ier.~.bY;·9~?~~~<!il'm~ i_a~ye,r to}pke' ca~e·.ot ~he .
· · · · · · ' , ' ·. :: . distribution o.t-.the. sa1d-·:c1m0unt.- ,Is .the -prov1s1on ·
· ·.·--~/~$ .i;neir~~a-~!-~t d;~fti;g a-_f~11·~~~,sjo.\~a11~Un~r:i · , : ,· vali.9? -...· _ : _ . : •. · :-,·\ -:_-. ·_· ....- . ._ .. :·.•. ':.
. - the-. PUf"'.i~~ .·.or ·_the p_(~_,hibi_ti_Ql'.l·. DE?~~e'. .th_~ . . . .· '... . . ' . . ... . . ~. . . .. ,,
.. -· persorJl.01~9 th~.mecharncal.wor_k of wntm..9 tp.~ . .,... -Answer: Y~s:j,rt·.}~6-_app)i.es. ··T°he.,tieriefi<;;iar'y_
. . · ..-,,_ . wi~l'_ii(a,cfi~t_tet,,6.fjQ~iffe~:~l!,C~. 'Th,ys.~h.~.:[~~N.'f1pt ,·. : ; ..,:.·:is .'a,. specifiei°d ;class :and Jh'e amount. was in a
: >· . . the w1l). W~~· (ype_wntten '!1 t~E;! office of 13]!1\~ye( .. · ·.. : .': ·. :.spe,cifi~d°.'a~9u_nt .9f rrio'i:i'e{ <_ '.:·. :: :., - . ' . : . . . .
_. . . . is_.of' no. cor:i?equ~nc_e;·(Ca~tan_eq~ va,.'ffff}rnany-,, ·. . ·. · ·. ·, · ' · · ·. -. - .. -.' · · ,i ·~- · '. ·. · .
. - - . -~ 'G;R. No: 1439, March..'1Q;.--·f9b4).>::,<· ::··.\ __ ·. -. - :;(·':t:~~~;i~~ct·.§d~-~n);:ct ..-::-,J{ni.u~'i;be·~i~.c~!eci'in_
.- _. . ; : .'. ·- .:-:-: .·· '. -_· .. ;' .·_. ·,-~: · , . . . -:: "<i·/~.'. :·~ ,'. · ·. ·_. .'accordanGe \Nith th~.f9rmalities-requir(:!d by.law·
. ,Acts·">'.hi_ch .may nqt be_ l~ftt,oJ._he 9l~c.r,et1on: · · .· ·)3 PARA$; ,supra;at f9).. : . , · . · _: ) ': .. __ :. .
ofi:Lthird pe'rson: (DEp'd'j:._;,_-: .·· . '\ '.:"-~- ' .:.- :..· . ~.: :-~_re.~,; a}~d }jp19ntc;1rY·, Ast/ !.t'rnyst .have' .b~e-ry .'
. , a·: -. b'uration of . the;. ciesign'a'tion· - of', . heirs; _ · · executed_ ·freely, kt;i9Vl!ln91Y, ,.o~: ambLJlatory; ..
- :· : .. ; . '. ·:tjevis~~s.:.on !elga'iees -_ (GWlt '. C.OD_E;·:j},r{ .,: -·._ ·· ·athe~ise, iLwil(be-qlsallowed (Id.).· . -
·- .. · .785);° .: / .. :': .. ': ) · ,. · .. ·-· . ·.·. : . 4 .. 'oispdsition.of Property · .. - : · · · -. . · ,· ·_-.,
: b. '-gff.i_qac'i <?.nt:i.~
d_~ign:~t~c:iri·6t~e.irs, Q~~!.s.:es • ·_s ... · Am~ul~!o.rv.,.: ·.,.-and , -Bevg~a_ble . --_ quring __ -~~ the·
··or_·l~g·atees.(C,V/l ~ODE;.Art 785); ._ .. , : ~ , :.::·. TGst~~o,r's_'_.q~etil!]~_:..:..-':fh.e:,.te~t_a~~r ·can. a!ter,_
: c·. Determ_inati.on_9f tt'\e .E,ortiohs _which. they ar~ ' . revise, .cir. rev6i<e-i~at any)irrie b!3fo~~ his·d~ath_·
. :<. .. .'. to-J~1~e1.-wh.ep. ref err~9.,to_. by ._narriEf;J C.f'(IL ... , ' . 6 .. ·.!J.rii)ater,a.l ~-~'~·.101iv!dt:1:=3I Act~ ·-i:~.i~: IT)~aps: th_at.
· :;:' . - .(!QQ~, ,Art.7_85);-. , ,-- , . 110 _?¢cept:a1Jfe .b{tti; t~~~~fer~e.1_s -~~.e9~9~h1le:
· . .. . ..,. ._. -the· testc1tor ,s 'still alive;. any accepfance made
Reason: Those acts.- are - testamentary' 'in -- ... · p(ematurei{i~. use I e's~ '(3,PARA's:\upra af 44).
character· (JURAfJO;-.S_uccession, $1.!pra. ~(-.. . . . . .- .. • . ~ . . . . .. . . ·- ' '
. 31J. • . · , · -._ · · · - .... · · - TVl(o or mar.~, P.(:)r~o~s c~nn'o.t mak~ ~lng1e·jai~t a
. '· . ~' -_ ... ,·, .... ' ,, '.' ~i( either. Jo'f :·tb'eir':redprociil' ~enefitc/. for ..
· d'.. 'oeterrriina.tion 'o'f - whether· or ·riof. ·.the another . 'pers6h. . However,. - s.eparate·.-. or - .
. testamentary disposiH6ri ~is. to .tie Qp~rative individu.ally 'ex~·cufelw'ill~. :although 'cont~:iining
. (CIVJL CODE; Art. -787). ·. recipro_cal .provisions (~µtu~I wills), are _not
;.-
. . ~019 SAN B_EDA .l,A W CENTRALIZE:D BAR OPERA TIQ~S I 261

SUC.CEss·10N
SAN BEQA lAW,CENTRALIZEDBAIIOPERATl(!NS~·MEMqRYA/0 2019
- prohibited, subject to. the rule on disposiclon Example: "I ir,'stitute my brother-in-law ... " It was
. ceptetotie (ctvu. CODE, Art.! .875).· discovered that there aretwo (2) brothers-in-
: · .law (3 PARAS, suore at 4~.:50). ·
7. , ~ct Mqrtis· causa ..:.. It takes effect only after the
deathot the testator (3 P_ARAS; supra ·at.44). When Ambigi.Jity Arises .
1. · wti·en there · is an lmperfect description -~f. ti,e
· heir, legatee, or devisee; · · · ·· · ·. '·
2·. Wheri there is an imperfect description the gltt- of
t. ·. being _given; and . . ._ .
. 3: ·. Wh_eri 'only one reclplent is cesiqnated' but'. it'
·_turns .out that there. are two ·or rriore wh~ fit the
All rules _of construction are designe_d ·t6 a;certain .. · descriptlon (Gilmer v. Stone, 12_0-.U.S.. 586):
and give effectto the intention of thetestator. 'It is
o~Lj'when the lntentionofthetestator.is contrary to' . How Anibig1,1ities are Cured
. [aw, rnorals.ior _publfc policy. that- it.canriot 'be giv.en . G~neraLR~le:. lntrinsic orextrinslc evidence maybe
effect .(JURADO;··success(on,· supra at 34). ··. t.i'secl to ascertain thelntentlon'of ti:ie-.t~stator. . :
.~\sposit;61 J!,·~·-. - -~~s~~~tible .. :·-:· pf . ~iffe~ert ·E~~e'pt~~n: The o;~Lde~l;~ation: of ih'e:t~'stat6r·as

Interpretations . : · to his intentions must be excluded(CIVIL C.09EfA?t~
fn>c"c!§e· of dciubt, that-lnterpretation by ·_which the-
9isp.?.sitia~ rs_c.t o. b~ <operatlve or' 'Al,ill· . wstairi' _an·d
z~_~). . .. .
uph_~,1-~-·th_~.:: w(n _i~ j.l! _its.-pa~ts· :~~~_J,e adprl$d·~· . ·. ..l,Rja.sp~:}"T~e -?ral declarations of Ihe testator' are·_
U. K r -~ .
. . . .. :· : . . . ... ;. . ·: .
. _ · :. '. · - .: .. , . , . .--, _: , ~'.·
p~o,v1.~~d,. t~at-_ 1~ pan ?e~,d~n~ ~.O~~i~tently . itp,the- -me~ly HY,.R~~- The t_e.stato~ ~ah 110 lqng~r refute
" ·;establisti~d·r.ules:o_f law.(CIVIL'.C(P,DE~J'j?B~e· t~-~t~mon!~~,..,.;of .,,_lying :w1tn!fsses: (JURAP.G,t .
'.. ,.·. . . . , ,'.: . IA ·'Y:,i_:
- R..e~s~n:·Testament~ry succes~19rli ·(?refe red over,' 1:.7: \. "\.~ \ ·
r . - . . .~-. ·$,
;!_frccess19n~~llPJft.._at3q) .. • · · . ·. _ .. ·
·.l_
•· · · ·, · ·.
-:
v., Alof ~Jj.R. No': 19103!t f·:.

. . . . · .,· . I>--:
.-z . .·. .. . , ; ,. ,_:r::-,-
in!e~tacy (~acb_ang._ ~~r'ivali?i!Y ?f}f_~P.Of~ion J_n._ a Will ·: . ·. : · · '- , . ·
0Cf!Jb€{ 09; .2015). : .
,
'.he . _mval!cl.1ty_\.qjf..-?_ne of · 9Tv~ral.- . d1spo~1!ioo_s
;jjJ ,-f.9.IJ~-?1~e~ _m a_ yv1l\,,Qoe~n~t _rEl~~lt i~ the iriv?IJaity Qf, . . ..
_Ru\e 9n· Mista~~s a~~--~mi~~ion _ . \ .- . ~ ~--,(__., -~~: ~~"ot_tier·disp?s·t~nsl _u~less·. it_.is_' 't_o· b~. W~$·urne_d ~ · .
.. -. .
. . ·.ro·::~~f\<?fl · or .. .P_!:o_p_~rtY, · ~- a·e~y JJJf.

et'~Jh?, -·------~ d_~~R9S)-1!: if tne .. ftr~t 1r.,y~h~ -~1spq_s1~1?.h''.ha_~. not,. ' °:~)
· ,9~scnp_tJtm'.·, n:11s!~.k~_s,. ~'b9::J~~nss11.n~~\~st ,bef.]~~e~'Y<~ (<?/VI~ €~JDE,Art. .?~ · _7~2). : · ·. ~- . . · - -
. ~o~r~c!e_d by ~se~iJ~1~_mg· fr~
.t~~tato(1,s~fenllor;tfl1 ~~}{J"/;;(~. . ~ . .-. . :-,. ··- ..· · · . :,, : .. , . ·. : .
. US(ng ~1the~. mtrm~1c ·9r e.).(inns1c e_v1d.e ~e 'a[ · ·; _ ';:~~~!o.o/th"~n:}'..8,;!~':lsd1~R-~-~1.llon~_o_r-P.rov1~1ons_
\:,,<- . · ·.
,, . .
·.I..:...·.
. ·,. _-b9t_h·.,(ftl_R/~_l?O;_ SLf:~~f}~i~'},;S~p·ra ai?5J
2. · ?'{~en t~er~_.,s~~n,~~i:t~un_t,:,?~th_~{~~-~f ~tie:.wll!,,'JENrf~-
·}.~f.111',(iv_i~j_le [n'_n/at~'.~:.~n.d
'- a?. I? the ·.~P~l,1c_~~1o_n._of ~-~~..:o~_,_ts..8~~~s_1on~·~.nr of l~t~r:e_st_t~at _the t~~tatpr: rriay 1-•.spose ·
'in_f~nt.. ·,·_. ·-~ .. : ~: .
z~_,. ·. ·.
·_t ... '. I~ .. :_. _/. -· .· •. _._:.. :, :·.: . ·
· ·.': .
,.:
~.. : ·. . ·. tes,ta~ors.mt~~!~<;>n '-~ \o:Q~ asc~~~e,c:Li~@ii~e. . . ,~o~
"fQ_rd~ of: tt)_~_W(II:: tak1~9_ ir;!~? .. q.?~s.ra~rabor,i{t':e'·_· M~).ry~-~~IS_:~o.rl_~ga~y:J,h~}I _C?J1V_eY: all;t~:e.i_Q~ere?t ..: . . .
\\y'z· ... · ·: . ,. ·.;. > .: · .. ·. , ,:-.... · '
· .-·c1rcu_m_stan~e~ un~?r wh~Gtntw_a~ ~-atle1lc:fr}r,,.,;.· . 1 w~Jch"the _!'::stator ·could. q~v1_se.-.or 1Je_qljea_t_h··1r:i t_pe. .
..... ,:,. , . -: : > :·., _ · ·: . . ·;_~-- ;... ---:..:: .. : '. ,_ .. j .... . . . . ' ... p~~~~.~y1MII
d1sg~_se·c;l" of;:.unl~s.s :1t:9~~~ly -~~,ef'l,~r7-, from-.· 1
· ·, l~,:b.ot~_-',~;t~n~~~-!-}~~- _q~al ?.~Flara~1.?,ns_ of th~ ·. the. tn_at-· h~ .. mt~n.~~d- t~_·.con_':,E?Y~·a:le~~ ·-m~e~est.
· ··• ·· ,·te$tator as ·to h1s_.·.1ntent1ops ·are.::to· be ·excluded (CIVIL COOE, Art. 194). ·.- • . · _ .:.. :---..' " · · · .
. ·. ·. )fovic?:xJbE ii.ri"-ragJ · · ·='" · ·· ·•• ·- · · · :· · ·· · ..., :. ·· . . - •.: ·' : ... ,·,,,, · · · -- · "' ' ·' · · · ·
~ · · . .- . · •· . . ; :.--;:..: ·. : / · _-. ;:/,>,~ ,: - ~ - . . -.. . ~- lllµstr~tio~i- x:~nd 66-~~n ·,~· par~el ..'of--;an:~:--x.then- . y
. .' .: . Kindi:of.Ambi'guities:: . ·:: :. ··: ·- - .. ' ::_,··, < · : . institdt~fi.~:h.!s i.y_ili_th_arn_e.rfi,aae .i t~e de~is.~e.'as.to
.. ·1_.' i~a.t~r(dr:_~i~~i~~I~(a'fnbi~(ui't1~s:_-_:·those "'{hich·: th'~:i:,~rc'el oflahd: Up:t~ wh8:t ~-~er:it.\?f~m~-1~~9 i::opl~
~ · · ·
- ..
appe.ar on lhe "face.of the
·\:: .. ~; ·· .. :(< ··.. -.> -.,. : :- ._.- ...
will. . itseJL
'?-.· .. -;.:·· •..:-·
· . .:-.- ·
• :•. : ·. #
. ·.
-·. ••••
-.li~ _conv~y t9 "Z:? . . .
-. ~:·_ ""-?
. ·.. . · ._ ·.. : - ·
~ :.- : .. -·-_.· . : . · .· .. --: : . : :-:. . ·,. .
. . , . E;~fu~fa~:'"I hereby' fnstftut:e(soine 'of sev~n . my An's'wer: X, as·co~bwner:of'th_e·prope'rty;'rnay only'.
, ... (?;)° .~r_gt_hef.f .. : 11;'.Js_'~,ji~e-~t 'th~_(there ·.is":~ri · C1.,onyey·his share in .the .. CO-;O\\l~~Jship~?, ~~re;.n_o ·\
- ~Lioc~rtaip'ty' as'. to~ ho~ many
'.brothers are. being . l~?_s., . · · .· . · · . ~ · . .' ·.
· : initltute'd>. · . . ... · ·· · · ·. · ·· · ·· - ·
' . - ·' . . . . . ·i;kw·_G.oy~rj,irig' Form of Wjlls· . . ._..;, . . -~; ..
2:,,: ~~te.t;1_f~(irytrirys1{ambig~iife..~ ~ ~hds-~: which · T~ecy~lidity of. a ""'.ill as to. it~_.f9q,, depen~H{uppn the
_. 96_ not. app_ear o_n !tie fa·ce qf-_ the· will · and arEl . ob~ervance:of ttie- law 'in for.ce af'the time 'it.is' made
. -~isd~verea_·anl{by_ e~tril)Si'C~ eyi~en~e.·· ,,.: ·
. . .. ,; .... ·-,
(CiVl~·cot5E, 'Att7fl5). . : . - , '. -_: . · . . i . . .. ·
.
.'.·
'"'.-~
,,, . '
I ! : .· .. ·
. .
·262· 1 ·201§) SAl'l SEDA LAWCENTRALIZED BAR:OPERATIONS · ·.
. .
SUCCESSION:_
5_AN_BEDA LAW.CENTR(1LIZED 13ARDPERAT/ONS - 0EMORYA/02r;J19 ,
0
,- i!.:¥S£Ni6!M#-M1"!
ti+W ·¢&Mt£-ii~,:g;rnf%2tZJ #%ftt&5¥JYR7~a,2'£.\#lk iAWE#.>iZ,1 4 ·if!#hM§%WS &®$#$#@ iii>" ?t.rir.z CJ ,
Kinds of Validity in respect'tb'Wills Aspects of. the wm Governed ·by National Law of
1.· Extrinsic . Validity. - refers. to· the forms 'and . the Decedent (CIVIL CODE, Arts. 1039 and 16):·
solemnities needed. ~c~. . . .
· 2. Intrinsic '{_alidity - refers to the· _legc!lity ,Qf. the ': 0 . .. 1. =.~mount of successiortalriqhts;
provision in an . instrument, contract, or. will: · · 2:: [ntrinsic validity: ' - .· - ·-
. 3. ~apgcjty to. succeed: and -
. Effects of a 'New Law .tti.~nging the Formalities 4.. Qrder of succession. . t
of.a Will . · "'· ·. . · ~- • I
. 1. ; l3efore-:ihe,_ death. of- the .. teir9tor but-after the

.. ': execution of the will, thenew law-has no 'effect
(JURADO, ·sµccession, supra·at38). -
., . .... . . ·-
-. < Exception: ~v'he'n a·:~etroactiv~ effect l?:'
a. Expressly declared by the statute itself; or
b. Necessarily implied from tli~ilangu'age used,
·-· t~_erein'(ClVll:..CQDE,:Arl -. 4) .. ;.1 · ·
.. · 2~ · After':the aeath d,f th~ tfist~tor, ., rul~~ hav~ no

. It. h~fers td~°ih·e: ~bi!ity as· .lt refers to the-. p·~ivilege
effect.because thehelrs already havea vested .
. -well a~: -:the power to granted- to thertestator
rjght (J.LJ.~A_DO, Succession, 'supra at 3~).-
. - . .. make a will.'! -. . . . to designate the person
.., Note: A-;;_,ill:to.t'ally\10.jd at ·th_e time ·of its executiori, ... . . • ;, or personswho are lo .
'cannot bei . validated!. by" a.
subsequent. legislalion •• ·-1.
?- · · 'succeed .,·him· .ln, his
(§ev.erina.··A. -Vdi Be· Eruiquez v. Abadia, ~R. No .. . inheritance. ·
·.-~.:
. L~7188, August 9/1_954). · ·
. ·' . . . .·
Governing Law onFormalities -:'-- '1
.
..1 · As t o T ,me: . · . .
·
· · --:· .
W~q Can.
.
rv,~l<e 'a W.ill~. (P~-~1-
. k'
8) ·:. . . . : ,
.
· ;.·_a! J~e,val.i,dity of-..a, wi[l.as to.ifo fW:.P'.l"d~pehsJ.s .1. All per~o~s who.arE:? not expr~ssly-_Erohibit~d oy
. . .. ,:upo,il _lhe··obs~rvah'ce of the'J}rw irl'for'qe a~._ . la·w matral<e a·.will (CIVIL" GODE, ·Art.". 796).
t_h~-tim·e it)s ma'd_e (CIV~ODE,~'rlt;-795).. _. - . /The~(. ~pfrs_~:_sh.c3I! .on!Y-. refer,. lo n_atural
b. :: rt~. in_tr.insic validity, howe~er,.'isjudgetd. aft!)e; .. :~3'.PARA?,~~µ_P_. r__a <:1t
· :". :_ j._·:_·)'~"!'~-.--_ldi~.;1_.-on_e~
tjij,e_ 0f-_t~~. :d. ec·e~e. hf~ ,d!':_at~~~_
.. tfri~-1~1'W·._·. 0
·--h!s-:nationality (~ PARAS,-supj:a at 62);· . ·. ·: · ... : · ., ·· · · ,
. - - / . . .. A
convict undet civil' interdiction is allowed to
.. 2 .. As ·ti~-~!~c~
.r~i-~1tpqo~;-A_1:s.: ~1q ..,.,·:~F): . . . . . .: ·:. : make y.,ili' tiecauscf civil intecdicticin prohtbifs a a
· . -~ · The fo,:mal validity of.a will shall be gov~~ned by • .. 9ispo·:5it)6n o( PfQpeity 'intef_' Vi_Vos;:--n_o( rr-iortis
. ,.the ·1aw of the cou_ntry iri- which ";t··was-.exe.cuted-----..,--, c.ausa~(REVISI;=[)P~NAi::. CODE;Art. :3-ef)'. . .
. (CJ.VIL:CO.QE,1.1,rt. 1~t . .'.;. · ,-. ; . . ··.. .. ... ·.,. . , · ··· · . . .. .,
. a:: Filipino testato'r . ·. - ·: . ' ·. . Spendthrifts ... br... prodigals; ev"en ';f-. u'nder·
.. . (·. Ex~cu\i;;g a ;;,,ill in lh~. Philfppines . :,: gua_rdi?_llsb_ip; c·a'r:i ffl'.al<e·.a"will p;:civided.lbey are .
. ·:;Pbil_ippine' law: ;- . .. . · at:!e_ast 18_years,'o[d'and.'·are of'~o.un_d mind (r ·
. ij. -~-~xe~uti_n'g · ~a . will,,. Qllt~ide ;_:of . _the '.pARAS;"SV{JrEJa_t,74).· ·'.· ;: : .. · : · .· :.• .. ; ~ ·. . .
. :, . . . .... P.t,ilippiries - either: · .: '. : .. _: · · . ·. · ·· ·
·. . ·.. 1' .') ThE:i°lc1w-of;the cpuntry. in wt1ich it is. I 2~~rA"t 1e:ast 18
years of_ag~ (CIVIL'CQDE, Art. 797);
· -·- · : .. exec_ut~d; o.r· ._: · ·. · :·. _ · ·. · · · · '· · ·
, . -~,}'-The.lavl qf.the Philfpi;ijnes., '_. · .. < ·· ':. Note.":· It Js submitted Ui~t i~-lighfof ~;o_Jfsi~n : -:· ~fr~
·b. Alien Testator . . ·. . . : / .. of Arf.13 ofthe Givil:·code whi'ch,states that
i. · Executing ~ will: inithe .Philippines· - ·· · ."'.Jhi':!n· t_he· law ;s.peaks ·of_ ye.p"rs,-.it:· shaf·b~'
.: .:either,:-. ' ... · · _. .- . . , . ·,. 1·.-- . . . ... 1 / u'nderstooq; ,Jhaf. it_ ~onsi~ts ,6f: ~3,65-. days,·
1,:) The la'-!' ofthe-Philippine~; cic .. -·. . ·' excluding the. first ·day."_whil~ in~lt,J_ding .. lh_e la_st
2.) The. -law .ofJhe.. country of whi.c_h he ·_ day in: the ·count. :a person~_i§ ·~aid to ·have
· is,a.citf?;{:frl br.subjed.' . ' - . ,•. ~r~a9bed, the: age pf/)fghteen-· only-.:.at. lhf{:
II. Ex:e·cutitlg ,a _··will outside . of. the comrrfe~.cemerit of 'iti'e day. which is known. a? .
· .. Philippines - either: . . . his birtt,aay. (JURADO, Succession, supra at .
· 1.). The. law :of the. place where it: i§, · 41) .. - ' .' · · . ; . ·. - :· . · .·' · · . ' - ...
· .. ex.eGuted; '9r · · . , . ' ~... ,·
i.) -the law ..·of the place· in which he 3::- ot ~qun~ ~in_d (c1v1L cop1=, A,r 798); ·.. _
. resid.es; _or·
· . 3.)· T_he law of.his·cou.ntry; or
- 4.) The_ law of.the-Philippine_s·.
2019 S:AN SEDA LAW CENTRALIZED BAR. OPERATIONS· I 263

SU.CC·ESSIQN ... ... ··
.
· SAN. BEOA
. LAW CENTRALIZED
. BAR'OPERATIONS
. . - MEMORY
.. .A/0·2019 ..
Note: It is not necessary-that thetestatorbe in Se~iie.·Dementia .

full possession of.all hisreasoninq faculties, or.' It.is the peculiardecay of themental faculties.
- that his mind be who!ly unbroken, unirnpalred.ior whereby · the person afflicted. is, reduced to
· .unshattered by-disease, 'injury or.
other cause.jt second childhood. It is senile dementia and not
shall q_e sufficient if at the. tirrie .of making. the will, sen:iliiY: that'. produces testamentary . incapacity
.. he knows: (NOC) · ., . . . . .. · ''.. · (JURADO; Succession, supra ·at 46).' . · . ·
a. ·ThE!tfature of the .. estateto be disposed.o] · ,: .. , · · ·'-· ·: . .-,.·· · · · · · ·
(character', ownership of. what'he is giving_).; 2. Infirmity or. Disease . . .
b. The proper;" Qbje9ts 1of his bounty. (by '. · · 'Physical- iriDrrrilty or disease is- not inconsistent
. persons who for some .. reason expect to·_ .. "with testame'nta'r'y capacity - . - : : -~ '- ·.'
.. · : ·inherit sornethinq. from him. '-:-' like his · · · · ,· ,· ·· ·
., ·,· , . ~~fld.r1:m); and. .·:_ .. : : ,· ·.. : . . . . . Exception: In case the testator', at the time of
c. The fhar'acter of the testamentary act (that · t1fo· ex'ikcution. o'f the w1I( is\irE?a9y iri°'comatose
,.... it·is really.a will, that it.is a~_9iSj)!)Slti.QO motiis : _ .. ·qr~en,i~c:;o'ma.to~~ condition ({d,- 17.).. at . . \
: : . . . .'.:.·· . pa,i!,saJ.!h'a.~ it,is e~~{Q~i~lly,reye.c§i_b,l!;l);{C/WL · · · · .·':-i. ·· : •• ' · .-. · · :·· · • ·
· ··· . . -~'(;ODE;-Art. 7fJ9f3,·PA'RA~; supra··an6).';.' .;. · 3·. .Ment~\-bis~aJe; or ·jti'sanity>.
.: . ., : . ·• ·: ·'.:- ·: -~ ~:~ ~:: : , .... · , 'J: ·: :·:~. ·. ~ . . i': . ·_- .... - .. t ..: ... , ·. . .Tb.ere may be .inent~i, in.cai?a~ity .to make a·will
...Pr:~~-UmRtip1}of~o·un,d,Mi~d:. :c_·.:,_- ,<
'i · ·. -· ::,>.-, · :·_.:.,·'.w.ffti:oJr~~f~il_;~f~i~!,~.'.~··-~·.;.:;:,-.':':: ,_.:•~,-./.'.·.:::·,·,.· ,
Tbe-law pr(;lsumes thaqhe·testator;,i~ of sourid ·mi_n:d,. _ . .. .. . · ·:. - , _
Thus; the·burderi of proof tnat the testatorcwas mit;.<:if _
~OUR'~ :rni_nd·:~t'.t~·e Jime .a'tmaking __ ~i.~' 'd!.lposi~
. on· t~e:_person. who.:opposes ~he: pr~b'aSJte of. tre~ill:
is .. u· ·"}\
. ......;..:,Perso·ns suffering· · fro·m · idiocy
-1~11gen\t'f1lly'.pefi~iE\nl_jfJ°iQ_t~f1e~t)'. i=jr)P 1m~e_cility .
. . [\f:(l~~::":',~q .arti n_:ientallyjlefi~i.~rta~ ·a_.r~~u_l~ ~f
(those
(CIVIL.(;GIJ.E,:Art:.800) .. , ,. ,?/. .· )~ 0· :. · __d~s.e~t-t~~~{!tpo~~e~s.:th~ n~cessary-,m~l')_t~I· ·.

,, '· · - · ·· · ·- ·- : . ,. · '- · · · : . -'/!..(J:. ·t
,· ·No.pres_u~~~i_on'ofi~sanity_ar_iS:e~o.m;,t~~·Pte:~~n~
·.?f m~r~ ~dE?l11.num, ~1q~~~l.h!§:isn.~~P}>~c;l!)l., J1_qr;
L'-~~~ ,
!!P.!A J ·
·. · ,
.. K: ~ . . .. . " . .
capacity. to r;nake a,-w11l (Id, at-4f3). . : ..· ,- ·'. '.(' ..
~4'? Me'1!~LD-.eJµs!?n ·:·t' ·\'· ,· · :: . . .~ ) '." ·. ·:, ·;,; <:·::'"

.mtox1cat!bn,- for the sam~· reato.n-(3,PAE?A's, supra ~~ _A)\ Ap_, n?ane (del4.s1on, ,wh1c_h will· rend.er ·.9ne
· Af'7Rf . ;-·, .··, ..- .·. ·' ·: .. ,... ·: / _\ •.-· : ·. _',:,,?''>-. ;-' \iri¢~Rcible' ofmaking-a,will',.may q~·d~fin~d.,as a· · ' ..
· _,. : . · ·. ·. :· _. · .,. /::P::f_'· . · · ,.· . · ~ -.beli'i:=?l°-in.'tbin~s;·which·do'not.exist'and'·which n'o
: Exc_~ptio'rij; WP.re:suh,ptr~'m 9($~~-ity ... ~.'-<;~~·s:,.?;l~~ r:.:::~.fatix1'kl~irjd:-iciuldibeiieyeto 'exi~t; .._;: . - : · .
. U !...-. I . .
, ,. ~ ·,·-···. •.• , .• ~ • •.
· Th~ ·.burde[l':'of · proving': 'sani!,~ ··s~·tag}Jst·
.:it - ••• , ,~ .JJD:.,.. ....-;~
yp9ri_-: tne,~;-:i\.\ ,l!;.~-- ._.. ~: ... , ~- ·:
. ...
i ·: ,,r , "·-". - . . ·· ~,, ·: · _. · ·~ ·. ' ,
, prop,or:i.e~t:5 of _lh~ will wh'enl(-~_1.Gj:\.. _-',,_... ~-'· ·: . ;_::,._.::."'2_';... , · ·!O 11!l's:fit~t:"the.•s.e~·ipgi,~Sid,e :of'a wili; · ir!ffiUSt·b,e ...
·1. T~?·...t~~-!?.to~: . ?~-~. :W, \Tl'1~ti~~r. _J'e~55.ii.._\9f~~~;{{· :iJ'·':>. ,-,. ~ci4hJthat~!bi~t)1~as,Jb~~ w~du9_ ·o:,;offsP,r,i~g .
. . . · ma.~1f\9.Ji1s Y.{!11; w_as p1,1b.hely known t~b~,i~~e,,:,:. "\"((:+. 9,Kthe1fd_el1.,151on;-:or c1\<le?s.t, tha~ 1t v,ia~_mfluencep
' .--·(0.IY{~:c_op~'. ~H\~?,9}l()~ft.
, _?. . lf)he· te~tc1t9r. rnad(;l !l:i~ y.,111: c1tterne--l'J,ad.5.~et;~~:'.::JR'i~. ·
\:;:?~~f}~~f'-1 :~q'Y.1~e~r~tsi~·a_rfl?,~i'.a_t,~9J<_<-·:
·•t!.'> - ' 1/· ::- '·. ··:· ·:· "····.::.
:--,~- -:· ·>"<''· ,.
• • • · • ' ; •• :· •• '.
·r ·.
• ..
;. ·.
·'. • •
. ·. . -~ 1t14~t~alf{d~~lar~~·.t1 _b~:·1~s-~.1~f ~h9:~_for~~~;ir1rn1S.:-t'0.3~~f ~-'tht~~-p·~r.n~!~ra_i.:: . .-: :\. /. -~ >. - •. 0,:
•• : •• •• ~
_ ... ··.- ··· . . Jud1~1al~-orqer.- basd:ieen set. as1dE\;.(f1~'A.!~~~:::::::~t3~~e.f\P").SR!rlt!,Jahsm·;-1~ .nqt; m"'1tself·~uffie1f!nt . :·: .
·..(_';:ilJ?i.,. . .
-<·- ;; . ~.-.:}YPi{~{~$r.... '. , . . . \"::: .':' · - ·_·
- .. :s' 3: He'·waS::.'Lihder.· Guardianstlip af the·::£ih'fe of- M·:· /\.~);,.~'.\,.~ •-: ,. .· ", '·" , '.· · ;, ·. .: . ,
~{id~c·e_o(t~sJ.anien~af1•1h'c'~Ra~!t\'. ·._''., ,: - . . '., .. :_-
·
\_.. ~-h: _·v·:
· ·. ·
q'fi~~i9,~~hi_s:'?Jlf(,Ypt~~S'fi~d+~J:>~:Z.d~~~~?~~~.·~·--wil! ~X-~~:ut:d:·~y_;_o_n_~-~~-~':!~ such~:~
Lop'ez,. G.R, No:_ 25Q66;:Nove·rnber,_ 1~ ·1926), · .. -;,;, . · · · ·, extraordinciry: beh.ef-·m. spmtuahsm_.-1that. .l1~ .. ~..
. .
/ \ ·;. ,..' •. :·: . ~ ::-: .' . . .... : ··,>'i-,, )- ·_ : ·., :· . . . . . .follo'«s;::_ bli':'qlf'> a·nd'; )mpii~(t'ly,;._ --:suppo~ed.' .. "
;·: . --:. Ttie:: following .-,·cireum'stances'-Y'dO .(•NOT ··affect . : , '; directioris'.of'spitits'Tn'c6rtstructing "the will is not-·: .. ·,,;
~-~-< .,_. < .- . : ·-::-. .
'te:st~rnJn(ar{cap·acit"{··{cAPl~Qf .. ' . - -. admissit?°leJo"probale ('lcl:5'aF49:'t5o){" .·_·: ... _·,,:.·
; :· .{ ',-'~?,~:i::wj!~~!·~~i:~n.<",::_:<i<.\ ·: ·:-:\:;. ;'.; }t}\t'·;.; · ·: ·<::·. ·:. 6·.. :_ -~.ru~~:~~i~;rr.:~ ' :;::t_: . -.'(}{i:-..,··;\. . · · . .,:: ;_~ . . :
:, ''.-./.' ·' 3:· -'Pic>digattly;-' ,' ·-.;,.: ~; - < . . .. 'f°"'=·~ ':- . :· ...~_. .._ ,., . :·Ge'ri'cfr'a}. R.tjie::: Th'.e:. ad/rT)isiioi:-.'of.,a' wU_l.i!o. -
:\ :. · .'_4: s·!t1~?1,:,~rt~Y;.; ~n·d. · .: .. ,_. .. , .··,::-._· -~ :.'.·'. .... ~<·· , ,. .pr.:9~aJf~ill: ~,~tl:ifp.tf}f~d.:~et~!~:<?i°l ~~9_9f,f~. a~ ;', ·:
':.'..,. . 5: <·'f.a'mils,'f¢lat10),:s'·.. ·.. ·. , . ·.. . . _ :·. .. . .. , . :: t~e,te?ta!0r_W13?· aad!Gt~~ _to·:t~e~~~eess1"'.e,use · ·: .. ·.
· :.. :'. 6: :-Qthers'Qf simiri:jr·ilature,(3 PARA'S,·sQpra at'39-,. . . ·. ofalcdholi'c liqu'ors'or:dru·gs:(/tf. a,t 50):· .. , · . · ·:·... .
', ~· •·<"," '.',\<,4QJ.:• .·' • :~· ": ~- • I •: ~ •• >:;'." • • • ·,,. •·: :. \• :· >):.-'... : ~- ?·>t· . -•;• • '. ·:· . ~ :.~'-~ ..::'. _:/._·, •,~· . . • )·,~ { ;·("·,"'- · ·., • • •
· · .. ·' ·. · .. : ,:-: ... · ~.:). :.,. . , ·. .,,,.,. · .' ·.: · · '(r. &:ic'ception:· 1,r.at'tl:i!:!·time·bftli'~·
makiog,.of the· ·: ,:..
... . . . . Effe'c~'.d Gertain~,n~;rifiti~~ .. '''· . . . will,>tl)e' test~tor:, was.".. ifo. :~mudi. (ind er· ,)he· . .
. · ... - ', ,;.
: 1. /QJcjAge ' : . ,, . . . . .'. influe:r1ce:1ofdhednto~icants"'Or:'dn..igs·,a.i:...ti:{be.: .· ,·. ·:·
· ·M:e.re.ienilily ·o_r. i~fi.rinity .or
old ·agec a6.~~: not . , ... ·: una6fe 'tci
bring tp thefiusinesii:ci_t·t-i'and.tR~· c~lm , .. ·.·
. . riec·e~satily, , frn,ply \ that ·a .'' per~or:i · ·::1ac1<s· · 'jl.Jd_gm~n,t whi.ch .·th'e-la-Y.:requires of ~e~t.ator(!~· . a
. · -:: ~<?stamentaiy .. ca.padty··. (Ortega v>:V{ltm9nte, _af',50). · ... :. · · ..
.. :. · G;R. ivo: 157451, Dec~mber'1'6, 20~5). ·. '· ·. ·· · .:.., :.: ··
,:_·. ; .·:..-: . . . .. . ~ .
,·
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', SAN BEDA LAW CENTRALIZED.BAR

SUCC.-ES·S-IQN· OPERATIONS~ MEMORY AID 2019 '
' I ' .. j .-
• I
7. ·peaf~~~t~ ·and: Blind_P,~rso~ can make. a will . · Obj_ects of·Formali_t(e~ of Wills_: (GAG). ,.
· (CIV,IL CODE; Arts. 807-80{3)", · .
• - • •1
~- ..
1. Tq ~lose the do.pr agqinst..bad:faitli and fraud;
· 2. To· ~voi_d su_bstitutiqri of ,wills· and testamen~s;
· Supervenin.g,tncapgsity ,, . . and.· _·. . ·.· .. '., -: ·. · ., . · .· .
··$upervening inca·paci~y ..Jdoes not inva_lidate an 3. To . Quaran.t~e their truth . ;:fnd autherHicity.
. .- effectiv~·~ill~_n9r i_s ihe will of"an' incapable_'v.aliaated (JURADO," S!.!ccession, sup"ra at 52).· · ··
.... ' . .. . ...
by IIJ,e su.pei:ve.r1irig_ of fapacity {QI_Vl( __co·DE, Art.·
8Q..1).. . . . . . . . · So when. an interpretation .alreaay' given. assures
~such en_ds;-any other interpretatlori wtiaisoevE3r, "that
,_ . .. :r' ..... ·,.. "v··
adds nothinq _but demands. more .requisites.entirely
'
F •.P~~ALi-fi:b;Wm,~ . · •· .
~ • •' .f • • •• '-c•' • • • • ' .. • • ·, •• - : , I-
unnecessary, useless· and frustratlve' .of testator's
will, rriust-be.disreqarded (TestateJ~state or-Carlos
ci». Vda.De Mur~iaho,.. G:R No:L/3362, Mqrch -1.,
1951).,. ·.· . ; · . .' . ... _. : . : . . . · .. · ·.
Kinds of Wills'· . . . . . . , . , . . . : · . : .... ·.::· ...
-~. : Orainary~o.i: Notarial .Wili__L_Thc1f which requires. · .· . Common Formalities- between Holographic-and
· .·. · "arnonq-other 'thiri!'.js, -an attestation clause.' and .. Notanial Wii°ls · .. : :-. :_: ·:.-··!:·.:· . · -~:. · :, .· ., · .• , .-_ , , . : · .
. . :<;.an aokriowledqrnenf before-a _no~ari-public (3 , .. 1.: yVill,fnUSt be:ir] YJriting (CNIUOOf?f=, Art.:~q4J;
· -", :· F;'ARAS,-supra.at 80):· . c; : lt the will is ord_in~ry(it.'cloes not·m'atter o~ what
'.. : : . . ' ... . . . .. '. material'ifisiwritten."lt"may,b_e-.written by nanp or
.:_\.·F.~;m_~ll{~q4ir.~~~~t~:::.(wi~:s~MP.AL) typewritten, or, printedi.from ,,pl~tes-' type ·"or.
· .· .a,. In: Writing; .. ·.': .. : :.: \ ,. . ·. ". -; ~ ., · · 1- :_- (JURA_D.O, -Suc<?essiori, 'supr» a(53): __ ... : . ·
1
· ·:1:>.;. Exet9ted ·ir:i a ha~nQu9g~_or dia°hkt-koo;,vn to . ..;, :_ : . : . "-,.'-.:'.:~. .-_ ·: ·· __' ~- • . . ~ · ••
. ., ·the testator· ·.· · , Article". 810·: provides . that- in.: the case .of .
<, c. Subs~ripti6~ -:-·Subscribed at the end-thereof li1Ql0graphic Jills, it.most·be.wriften.en.tirely in.the',
. '. ·:-,,by_ fl'l~ ,fest~tor·.hi.11JS~lf·or;tby:1estat~~-nam_e hao_dwriti7i°g of the ,.te'statq'r· · hlrriself: H i~ ._only ip .
. .. •i ., written,· 'bY .~pme. :othen-person. ·1n his .-_. fherc~~~fi?r_c;linary~il!s._t~_9rwhoe.:'.~·r.pe_rfbrT?:··
. ·. -:'. : : ~p.r~s.enc~ and :i:iy'hisi e·xpi-ess aifectfon; . 'i •. · the- n:iE;.,,chin.\faJ,.a~L!=J~: W~lh.~~ 'q~·.dra~\mg ~h·e .w~II.
· d," .Atte'sted· :·an_d . sub,sc~ib'ed b~ 3 o more
··-· .. · ... ~;:~f~~,~~~t.6~~sne~~~i-~J~:;rre;;e_~-:~:..

th~:
. . . ··: e.. M~r.g1_nal, s1_g_nat~re·:.JA1 /ot•t.~e.-l?f&Je~ are . .
. . becQ!p'es a g:iatter:,.<?.f md1ffere,~'ce _(C?s!~.:1~_d!3 v.:.. .
;,:_. ~1:1~~(: tr ~~;_1.:~\~~~~\;~;::19.~4)._. _:_·. '.

.. ; . ~- ·~:~xecu_te-d1'ii'."ariapgu_;3ge_ or·di'aled .k.riownJo,the- ·
, . :· .signed,.~?<c~pt the !ast; ooJh.eJ.~fFmargm by: . . ·; / tesUitot (.GJYll!!'80pE;.Art. 804).:·: ,.: .. . ~ · .. ·
.: .:.:·· .. -i. -:_:The.testator-o~tt,fperson-r~~guest~?·9Y·; °' ·· ,r::· . , ·, ·,. · '.-. ·. ' · . '
· . <- -~ ·,.,hin,,to·write:t.Jis~ria1J1~; ao.cl_. ·, · · . · · · · T~~f~t~r·s~:k~o;le·d,;e. o~~-nde~s·t~t1qir1g o(ihE: ·
' . . .· .. : · .. Ji. :(he 'in&tr,umeriJal. witr\es~; : .. . . . lang,.uage/diale_ct ~~_ed" not b~ ·: Ei?<°l?f~Ssly_ sta"ted"
.·- t.. .,e!3~~ · "num_~~;-rng·. ·-=- · A.II_ .~he;,t..Page~ acf' . . eithe"'.'l1:i:the 'booy .ofJhe .will 'or:iri:tbe :a~testation·
· '. . ,:~~~rp\JbPe;:1 P~~r;;~~;~~~:g~~tte~~~~r,~~ , ·~·: ... -}~u-~_Y-.(~_~RA~O,_ $~~~ess~~n, ~fpra af_!5f~; ·. _.. :_
0
. ·_. g. Atte~tation ... clay"J;;e·· execut~cL_ .oy . the .. N,o'te: Donations mortis 'causa partake of.the natur,e"
: ,, . .-witnesses; ·and ·. · ' · . '· y ; . ·. ·;__ : . . : of te~famenlacy "pfovisi~hf(C/V/b.. C_OQE/'Art.·-728)
... _. \ . _'h'.\ ~ckr:iq.~Je.pgrfi~rjt_ ~ Pr.operly.\1c:;k~9wi'~dged· · ahd'·.as. 'such·· s~1id\cteeds··:·inust: be -,executed \in-
. : ·: .· . · -. · · b._efore:~ i:,otary pupli~ by. t~~ fe,~ta\(?r ~nd the ... acccircfari'ce;wlth the.requisites-on .sbl~mriities of Wills
· · >. sa_isJ .':"'i!n~ss.1sJ .(C/VI_L. 90pq, f,,:ts. 804-. · . . ·· aAd:t°es.tarhe·n-ts:ohder:Arti;· 805 and 806 (Mag/a.sang ·
,_,· ·_._· . .. . 8?. 6.)__·._:- ...·_:--_~-~ ' __ · ·-._~-_-._·.·.
r .
< .·:· :. · . . -.· . . .\I; Heirs oi~cabatingan,:-fi.R.·No:~:13:1·f)53:· ./ilf!e.5,.
".2002}:!:; i._.· . ":<. ··' : •. >"; . . ' ,· . : ·-.
:2 .. : · HolograiJh: or Holographi9·.Will:_:,-: :T:h;;it which is · · -· · .. · ·. ,· - . ::. ·~ · · ., .. ,.. : .- .:·· ,. ,·
/ ''. ·.,-.entifely "".~itie'~~ dateq·.·_a_nd iigne~- qy _th~ hand :. NOT,~~iA'L OR"•.QR[?IN_ARY. .. W.l~L (C/VJL CQDE,.:·:.-
. of the·testator himself (CIVIL C.ODE;'Art.'8-10). . Art. ·ao5JdSA~-P.AA).:- :_~·-·, . , .· . ·,_.; . :_. '" __ .,.... ..
· .._ "·. ,·:·· · .. · .. ,._., ,.,_, ·.·. ·· 1. ,.§.ubscr:ip'.~io[I_;. ·. · ~---.··:·,.,,.··._: ·.
~'. ·_Note: Nuncaptiv~· .wi/fs .; .'A'.ills c;fral!Y m_ad,e .by the .,· The·:.manual.-·a~t~by\._the ~te'stat.or· .and - his
. -:-t~stator :if!. )?9°i'.lte~'p_lation .9.f~ dea\r, "be~ore. ;;~n.~; . ihstrumentai"witi:iesse's:·of'affiiing,_!heir signatpre
"'-.· .. com"pe!eri.t .witp!3S~.':O.ur :ri~w Ci.vii. C9..de :d.P.eS r:iot .· to'-:the' fnst'rum~nrlJURADO,: Succession, supra
rec~g_rii~e . tbe. vali_dity, of.:DL!J1captiv~ wip~, . Arl.:-804 .. · . : · ·iat -55): · '.· · · ·. · :_ :·,;-::·:·,;_ · : . : · . . · >
"d'oE!s-11ot · rE3c;ognize oral-Wills (3'-P.ARA$;.silpra at
• ~. ·. i3.1y." . . . >~ _,. , . .. . .- . · ... -~·
Purpc;>ses:.,..
... · ·
.
~ .. :·,,:·:: ··· ' .. ,;.
·. :.: , __,_. ,,·, ,. _.;,_· -\
• ¥ .' , • • ··< . ·a. To identify the tes~ator;.and . · ·.,
.·, .. ~ .. ···.· ·' --~- b,:~ ·,T:p ~ut~enti"c;ate·tt\~ docum~nt (lcj. at·55J: ·,.
. \ ~. ... .. '. ,• .. ·: ~ ,: ' . ·.. . . . . : ..~ . ,·
; ..
, ·..
. ..
.. ;·
\ .
·2019 SAN:BEDAlAVV CE.NTRA~IZED·BAR OPERATIONS. I: 265
-SUCCESSION
~SKS ~a"*'?' 't2;#:J4:t&:::f
. . ·-
SAN BEDA LAW CENTRALizw BAR OPERA T/ONS - MEMORY AID 2019
. . . ..
:.4Uf,S76i S!Ph·N¥· HPt#?Sdi-:S# 4 Wi?t-_iicAi#\i#':4AW##f%i,#.~~:; R4M#t:Yrtti5MjYS¥tt14~15;:,:.f:,
Forms: by the· third person in his presence and under his

a: . · Subscription by Testator express direction, shall · ·be_ sta)ed · ,in · the
i. Manner of Signing · .. a_ttestation clause (Garcia v, Lacuesta, G,R. No.
A sufficientsiqnature to a w(II depends L~4067,r
.
November
- . 29,
. 195.1).:
. . ...
. ·
largely on the custom of the time and . ~ :·
: place, the habit.of the individual, and the. c Pla"ce of signature_.(either by the.testator orby
circumstances of- each particular. case, another): End of the will: otherwise, void (td].
.out it should be manifest that-whatever ..
I.
is · used is actually· intended "as- .a End of Will , .
signature (Id. at::.55). , Refers to the logical" end, which is the point.
-.':: where "the -lestahieritary dispo'sftions· terrriihate
'Notef A complete .signature is not (TOLENTINO,· Civil. Code. ,of tbe Philippines
essential° to the validity ofa will "(Id: at . .Anno(9(ed, .: (201·3}, . p: .
70 [/Jweinafter, 3 .·
56) .. T_OLENTINO]f. ,
·:,;
\.··.
I :
...... :·
."' .•. ·
r:
The . testator": n'.eed not ·:. ~b-~ ·_', physlcally .

incapacitated, to 'ask. a third· person to siqn the ·
will_ tor him; ~rbviged, th~rl.h.e.f?e:t-of the s),g_ning
... .
. \.
. 25·
. 5 . ·1 201s SAN a·Eo; LA;; cEl'llTRAUZE6' BAR ·O. PE~TION5 •
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~SUCCE-SS_ION
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tSC4i:1¥M ,=,,4s1~·2.4a•stA.M§.!4WKHA'.1 14041 f.Z MAI
.
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SAN ~EDA LAW CENTRAL/;l£D BAR Of'ERATIONS·-.MEty,ORY AID 20;9
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.
M,> 4£S-t, #£ Rf s+ Z#A3Sh£##'· il$&·&#4¥@i-i¢(SfJe?;,Ifli':.Z¥~·r~~:t::.ll
. ,,,
Subscription consists in the manual act of- the Wt]ile it may be.true th~t the attestation clause.
instrumental witnesses· in 9ffixing . their - is-indeed subscribed at the end thereof and at
, signatures t_ci' 'the instrument for the 'purpose of the left margin of" each page· by.-the' three, .
ldentification (Id. at 59-qO): · '-·· · · attesting· witnesses, it certainly cannot be
,. conclusively interred therefrom; that the . said
Purposesof-Requlrinq Witness to Attest and J"'i.tn~ss·es .affixed their respectivesiqnatures in
toSubscribe to a ~ill: (PIPA). :.. \ the. presence of the testator and of each other
a. ·Prot~ction ~ of the. testator from fraud· and . since, as petitioners correctly observed, the
_deception; . · · · · · · presence of said siqnatures onl9 establishes the
b. Identification-of the insirument; ., \:. .fact that· it was indeed siqned, but ii-does -not
c. To ··render available froof during probate prove thatfhe attestinq witne.sses did subscribe
· proceedings tharthe will has been execufed -to.the wili in the presence of the testator and of
, in accordance with .. 'the :Tequirements · .; . each 'other. TJ,e execution of a 'will is supposed
prescribed.by .law. and' that the instrument -~·10 be one· act so that where the testator and· the
offerecUor probate is authentic; and ·- · .. witnesses-slqn .. on various: days· or 'occasions.
d. The ~scertairiment of .. th'e . testamentary . - and in various combinations, the will cannot be
·. Gap'acity _of_ the. testator (Id. at 60-61). stamped . with . the , imprimatur · of effectivity
' . . . ·. •. (Canedii'v.:Court-of-Appeals; G.R. ,Yd. 103p54,
· .: · Attestation
. . v. Subscription
-' . May 28,: 1993). · . · ,·
"The phrase does not necessarily require actually

seelnq.ibut the possibilityof seeing without any
physical obstruction. (Jaboneta v. 'Gustllo, G.R.
No: 1641;.January 1$, 1906) ..
·- When a person rnergly has:his back turned, ·the

,· slgning is done in 'his presence since he. could
· have ca~t,his eyes in (he· ·µruµ1,1r direction
(:Japon"eta:v. G'us_tiio, G:R. No. 16,41, Jenuety,: >
19,.1906)... · · - . . -
:~1~aH1:1ef:hh'9'
,rne· .:r,r.r · .:
11
.• ;·) ' ' · . ~ . ~ ' "
i·of.srgnatures wa~ not done :"In the
·presence -of:.tne-witness·it his iih(fof. vision to
-the testator and the other subscribinq witnesses
-- ...wasirnpeded by ,{curtain separatinq t.f1e'm at the
moment efinscriptlon of each signature (Nera v. ,
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~J-.-..--....- .·. Rif!!andc;,, G'.R.. No. _L-5971, Fepruary·21, 19"11).°
'Atteslatio_ri .. c_laus·e rrii:1y Subscription rfi.tfst _, '
. be· placea ·: at '_the always b,e at the.logical · 1n·case .th13" tElSlcit!:)r _is-bllnd,. the presence.may .
. ·. J>egi_rining ·of.·, th~ )Nill; c"~nd of·th'e y.,_i.l!- . ' . -be ~OniP,Hed,with ,if ihe .signihg_ or adi~n 'is witnin l
. Placing-it· at· the- ·e.nd. is .·· · · · · •· · .. , . the r;:ing~ofthe·others·enses like tiea'ring, to.uch~ ·
·only°'f9:r·co~_ve~-i~riGe.: ·. . . .. .: · , ;·\·_: .. _'_ . . . ., etc.,'of t~e. t~sta_tor ($ P_ARA~, supra af 89):
(Id.._ at 60). •. ·. .' . , I_- : . ~ ,, . Test of. Presence· · ·. · · · . ·
. :, .....
.
. ~ ':• ~-.
Or:d.er of Signil]g . . . .• . .
Jtie true tei~t ·bf yisibn i~ n-ot ~hether'ihe 'testator
.a¢tually saw the wi.thess · sign, :but whether· he
-. .• · A$ - IQng .a.s the signing· is done within the liiight have. seen' hirh ·sigr_i, considering . his ....
J?.resence ·Of one. ·another,, i~- r~~lly jfQ~S not mental an~l. physi<::al;_condition and. po'sition l3t the
n:i_atter much :whether ·1~e. vtitnesses ·signe,d .., : time· of the su6s-cription (Jaboneta v.. Gusti/a
ahead of or after ·the· testator as long as the e..t.ai., G.RNo. 1641;·January-f9, 1.906): It is.not
s,gniqg i~. sufficientfy cortem,poran~ou~ .(Id. at wheth~~ they actualiy saw e.ach:other sign, qt.it
60:.61): , · ·. :. · .w_het~er·th_ey.'might have· seen ea.ch' other,sigri
·, . ,. : . ':: ~ ...
had they ·chosen · to· do so,- ,co'nsidering their
"1.r:iJhe pfes~_J)ce''. . .. .. . .1 . menJal and.physical cppdiiioh. a·rid po~ition with
The e~~cutiohofa will.cannot be le·g_ally effective relation ' to ·. each· · other · aL. the moment of · .
. if the various pqrticipants signec;j ori v~riqus.'days' ·· · io:5cription· ~f eacn signature. (Neyra v. Neyra; ·
or occasions. an_d i.n various ccimbinatio,ns of . -c.A No. 8075, March 25, 1946).
those present (Ar.,da/is .v. Pllfgueras, · G.R No. , .....
3~209, Mar~h '10, 1934). · · · · .
.. .· ,.·./;
... - \ .
/
20i9 SAN SEDA LAW-CENTRALIZED BAR-OPERATIONS·, .. 267

$U.CCE-SS.IQ,N .
SAN BEDA CAW. CENTRA.LIZE.0-B~R
OPERATIONS.- M.EMO~YAID 2P.19-·
. : ,..·;..
.r ,•
,. 268.1 2019.SAt-J;'BEQA·LAW.(ENTRA.LJZED BAR OPERATIONS.

' ..· ...
SUCt:ES.SJON'.,,
SAN BEDA LAW CEN_TR(!LIZED.·BAR OPERATIONS~ MEMORY AiD 2~19
· Contents: (SAN)" .( . .Verge/- .de -Dios,.·.G.R. No. L~21151;

r
a. The [:!u_mbe"r°of pc1ges used (CIVIL CODE, · Fe_l/ruary ~5." {924) . .- , : , ;, · · .
A,:t. 805)_; · - . ii. The :attestat_ion; clause need ·not be
'. ' ,, ~ ·~ .-.. : • ' ' • • • '• I I
-writteqjn.a language ofdialect,known to: .
General: Rule: The· failure .to · state the the. testator· nor to 'the ·attesting.
'nuhiber ;(:pages on which .. the will, was' .'~Vitnesses -SlrlCe it does·.nol form part of
" ' . . .
written in the attestation.clause-isa fatal flaw. · _the·:testa_r'mfnt~ry 9Lsp~sitioh (J:URf,DO,
<
'SucceS$_io'n; supra·af 91) ..
0
(Azu_ela y: ,<:;A, G(R. no. 122880, .f!.pril ·f2, . .
2?9-6). : ·. ,:~~... . .
~ .. : .
-:
, ,·, ·_ · _: I:·
iii:. -ifhe witn'es·ses mu~t'sig_n--at th~ bottom-
.. · 0f .th.e atte:;;tatio"r1 .c1a·us.!:),. ·· ·
:,~
Exlepfion_: There issubstanttal compliance
with'--·the requirement '·if_ ·the w,11 · states · . · N~_te:. A~. ·u-r:isjgn~9 attestation clause
,. elsewhere .. i_n· it, ', how·., m~·n_y. pag¢s it is . . . ', . 'cannot.be considered as'. art· act ci(ihe
··cbriiprised .'°'.of; ~- such .-·:·:as .when. -the . ., ~~.tr:iess~s .since the _omission~ of their .
·. '.--:.: ./ackr:,01.Yledgemenr·iitself'.·states , t~e-.'~a-me .: ·· -· . :.sigf1aturErs,}· atvthe ., bottom. t~ereof. ·
-.; : •
1••
('Mitra v. S8b/EJn!.Gt/e.v.arra .G.R: No, 213994, ·· : ;..\.·negatives .. their particlpation (Azue/a v..
· · ,. · .·Aprii 18, 2p1a, ?;iting Taboada, v, Rosal, c{R. . : . · . .- , · . ..1c;;j):G, R:: nq::"12~8f30, Af?riCt-f,?006J'
0
· No. L-36033 November 5; 1!)_82). . ' · . • . · : .· :-_ · ._- ., ..;'. '; -- ,· .:. · , : -, ·
I ,. .-.· '• .: · ; .... : ~''.'.·· ' ' ,\ ;._:.· ' • . - , ..• ' • iv..> T;he .factthat the. atfestatiorr.clause.was
. . . .- : ·.:- 'i°hert 'is'j'10· su.f>'sta'ntial' co'n:i~liance. with' Art,' . . . written orr.a separate paqe.has: been.' .. ,·.
. '. ' 809 if there is a }aiscrepari'c;y between th~ · held" .. to ·. be - . a : matter -~.of,· :"minor , .•
' -. nym.b~r .·:.; -~f..-_
~'c;ig1s .. s~at~d .. ·)~ ·, 1ta<i/' importance;'·. anf·-~ppar:ehtly '-will-: ~ot, . ·.
.. ac~n.owledgn:ient;and the actual numqE;l~ of :affect'the:·Vaiidity'.of:ih:e will''(Villatior v..
. .'bypages qf_ the will 'as it csinnot be explained ·. T;bias; G.R. No. 27..440;;.D.e.cemper 24,
• ~-
0
mere examinatiori.ol-the .. will 'itself bl!J 1.927J ;., ->. : . . · ... :-· .·.· .· ...... .-·.
·:. ·: ·' ..... · \' ,;thro'Ligt'i. tjje( 'pfcise~tati6n'<or' EKi6~nce·· . . ~ ~tf~sfa'tiori: clause is n::i~ndatbryJor
. :'· a1fwnd_e .. .(~oj:Jez ·\(.: 'L~p_ez _fl.Bl··, .. fj)J: ·,No. :: ·_. • · , ·attested. wills. IHs' separate ..-and di$tin.ct
·'.::, __1 ~~98.':4-'(~~s__ :_olu?"<j~);'._N._o_v.~7ti!)er,i1~~2;;,Y . :. , .: : · :_ · fr~~~··::_ t~·e~ .-ci~_k.nowle.dQme·nt-· :clause
, · · · · ,{~\'l'11~cati6~ ; . pf .·: a~~n~:,vled~~~~t}:
.· .. · .. ~-~r"i_t.th~ _mi;,,bei: _6f'.:6..ii3,e~s~?t~t~t1~-.in, · . '.. , TJ1~s~.tw_q;~~nnpt be~m,enJ~p ('Echavez
· ~ . _>, ·. . , ,f..QY,.p"ar_t, 9..f ~~~ .V{!l,11, ,~nf11;,the_-~w1II do~stno~ . v.l:'· Dozen , Constructi90; · G.R: -No.
· . . . . . 'contain any.,, . notanall".' ia'.CKl'l.OWledg!Jlent' ' Jf9_2ll:f6;1'°<r!.ct6f>ej.f1;2Qf0)':·. <· · ' -~
· ·.: .. . v/~erein _ num~er-··.o{ p~g~s tFe-
the or rww -
i. ~bs~nce· of. this c1a.u·se wilf rendedne _ . ·. . .
· ·.. ·.. ·, sl)ou!~ .. b~- sf~.t~d. the" ~oc rJ.?...~,_set for.th j.n. 0:·
.-.will°. a_;,nullity (JURADO,, ·Succe~sion,"~ ~
: ·. <
T~v,oaa~.. l(.·;_R~.s~/)s-pot·.~pplica?leV,11zue/a. ::,-: ::~1ip./a. !_·: .. ' .. ·_·, ... ·. ·: · ~'t}ft>_:_'
·· ..v_ ~I\, e( al;. supra).. . •.. . . , ... . _ . .. .
. . -· ;: :. • .-. ,: • ' .: :.~, . °:'; ·: . - . ~&::..;.,,a'---...-E_ffect of:D{,'!fects. or IIT!perte.ctions in -the ..
( • • ' ••• _-, • •••• P.~rpoie':°cjt ttie'
''.0 To safeg'Uard 'a9.ainst R~-,~= Attestati(?.n Gl?!JSE! ..;· . . . :/ : .. ·. : .. ·_., .
· . ·. . ·- · pcissible 'interpqfaiiq_l')· or.c>missio~·e Pf,· -G,e:nera!J~l!le:·-:rh.~.y.,il!.sball be invaliq9teo. if ttie·
•. .-· ·., : sonie./of- its :.. RagE:!~ ·:·and.-·,,tp·· 'pr~vent · any :::- def~~t-0U~e:~~tte?tc1ti9·n .GJc!\,i.se'.'ii~;S!-l_b.s~ar-i~ial iQ·
· . ~. incr.ease. o(c!e,cr.·~9.s_e~iFJ. the_-pagesi(Aiuel§i· · :-c·· ·coa'rac;:tE:r.:Jhe·defect-ls sµt>sta~JiaFwi;ien-it-: ..: · / ·
. -~ · ·. v,:.9A,.-GJr no . .1?Z880;Ap[il12, 4QQ6).
' . . .· . .
·> · . _. .
:a:./•·:·G?E!:.S},_il')t<;>'. th~. \(ery-'essence of.·U-1~·clause
.. · .-... : . '-i_tself; Qf/ .··.,'.v ,.~, ; · . .-·. ·,·., :·.:'·'·' ..
·:,
_b... ::.T~e:_ta~h~~t th~ te~!atbr §ign~~ ~m'.and. ·. ih·;

5.. ~onsfsts'.iri-th~ ·omissio.n.of ornt sqme; "or- all
. - . ·'. '. ·.: -~v.ery·, page,Jtiere~of, .ot,caus~d so"m.ei_ other .: of the: essential fads~which' musl.oe'.stated· .
- . _, ·p~rson·to write 1:Jis .nar'ne,an:de·r tiis·expres.s - 'in'.'sJi11(cia'user;·ahd, iuch 'omi§:sion - ~~rmot .·
qiretpon;·. · in_-· th~·.: . pr~sence.·.-.of··· .th~ . . ,, . be cur~a by.an ·e~aminc!tioh of tlie will ftsel.f ·. ·
. : . ,:- . . . ir:i.sti:umemtar·witnesses'. (CIVIL. CODE, Ar( ··Ud: cit)6)., :; ·,:·-'._ .. : ~- ',.-.,, .. ·-·~ ... ·· ,·· · :·,.
• -: ·' .. /i05);_and '.''·. ·. : ~-: ... :" _ ._- .. · . · .. _.. r- 1_. · ._. _ , -··· •• •• , . ·.• ,·· , .;~- , ••.•. ·>', ... . <.. , .:,
, , , , .. , .. · :-·: >· · :;-'--- EXG~pti~n:.Doctrine" oflij:>era!·lnt~rp~eta~ion. ·
·,· .. · c·. · The. fact that the· witnesses witnessed. and:- Ornis~ions .. or. . nons_co'mpliar,:ce 'vJith. sta_fi:jtory · .
·.• ... - . ·: ·-s.jgned th~:·.~ilf -a~d ·all tt,e,pages th,e~reofih:. . wovision~-~is"to._fqtrn)v~i.Jld°.r:ipt be. fat;;i_l pjovide_d· 0
: .• · .. :. · < iie. p:,-eserice of,·the ·testator· ·and .Pf'one th,at it· can qi esl~bli$!.Wd pf de_duced· from ·an
. ~r:iother- (C!Vf(CpDE, ~rt.- 805). , · :· · -...--· - . examination :·or··the.- will· itself that all-' of· !he
. · .... :···. . '-· . ·sta_~citor'y reiquir~m~nt.~Ji~ye be~p complj~d,with
. ·, . i~ot~:he-att~~tatlo~:c~~u~~ is i~e ~ff~l; of t~e ' ({p.-._at.•8~~~4);. ·.. ·.• · .. ·,. .l ..
. . . :witn·~·ss·e?: "Uier.efo.re,. it· need= ··not' be· · ·

· · signe.d by the testator: (fernc1ndez. v. ·. ,.-
. - ~019 SAN-BED.A. LAW CENTRALIZEDBAR--bPERAT.IONS_., 269

SUCCESS.1.0.-N
SAN BE:OA lA!"V CE!I/TRA~IZED BAR OPERATIONS-. MEMORY AID 20"19
. I .
Requisites to avail of the Doctrine of Liberal Acknowledgment. ts the actof one ·»1ho has
· Interpretation: . . executed a deed· .in .. going b_efor~ s.ome
a. Defects arid imperfections· must be in the competent officl:!r or court· ai:id declaring it ta be
, .· .. form of. the attestation qr. in the language .,... . his 'act Or deed .. It involves an ·extra step
used.therein (CIVIL C.QDE, Art. 80$); . . undertaken whe~~by .. the. signatory-' actui31ly .
. . ,. b. There must.beno badfaitfiforqery, fraud; declares".to tbe notary public that-the same is.his
or undue, and· :improp~r .pressure and or her' own-free.aet an_d de~d (Lee v;
Tambago,
influence, in the 'execution ·0f the attestation A.C_..No. 5281, February t~; 2008):.".. --
cl~LJs.__e""(CIVIL CODE, Ad, {309);-and .
c .. Jt must be proved that the'. will was in fact The. acknowledgment in a notarial will has a two-
executed and · attested · i'n'. substantial- fold 'purpose: · · · _ .. . .
· compliance with all t~~ requirements of Art, · a. To safequardthe testators wishes long after :
805 (JURADO;.-Succession; supra.at.78).. '· . hi§ demise: and ·
. .. . .· · · ., . ' . b .. Toassurethat his estate is adi:ninister.e9 in
tt -rnaythus be stated that -the rule,' cJ.S ·it now. the manner .that he intends it to be done
· stands; is thatornlsslons.which-eari.be supplied , ' '· ·. ·. (Le.~ TambagQ,-A.C -, 5281,}=e_bruary vi N.o.·
by an examination -of the;_Wfll"_its~lf,. Without the ,. · . · :12~2908). ·· ~- . . .. -.
-need of resorting to extrlnslc-evidence, wi_ll·, not ,. ··- : . . · . · ·.. . .:' . . . -
be fatal-and, correspondingly, would not obstruct . : A not~nal_._v,:111 that·i~ not ac~nCl~ledged ?~fore ~
.r : • •• the.': allowance to . probate- of' the will b~ing .
assailed. - However, those:'
9mis.sions-''''hich
ca~no! ~,!? suppli~d'./~~~~pt, ?Y~Viit~e
u.N. .
,• -.._~otary-pubhc -~~ _l~~: ~e,st~_to~ ~nd th.e ~1tn~sses ~.
1~~f.si~l_ly_defecJ_1ve, even 1f 11 is_ sups~nb~d and ..
alpfJf!.t!,_.
$~Qr~ tol~fq~e the-rJ~t~~ _1~1Jbhc.(Az(!~la v. C:\' .
. - -~ould res~1~_ 1n_ ttie ·inv_~1~·da!1onJ>'."9,e_aA:~1~n-- '. -~ ; _Q:-~·t?,·. ~~~o'. .~~;,';12!.
2Q?~)- .: 1. _. .: .. ·
cl~use.a~d- ult1mate!Y., o~ llJ.~,''"'.4!.J.ts)elL,t~an.ep'a. d ,· ~e _nc;,ta~p~bh,c before ·"'."'l'.l~rp the _:,vi!I was . .

_. v.. 9.A, _G.F.?. N~-~ 103554; ~aY. 4~~,3). . .
,- . -. .
4f _. ~ck~·~t~~ed c,~~~?} c~·~,sid~r-~d:a$ lh~ t~ird
· . . __,fl:J::) ,{.- -.. , '- . ~ · ;/{_. m~tn:in:i_enJaP-w,in.ess_ ~,mce he_· cal)not
?.~
The -.ru!e. !lltJSt ~~ hm_1tedft? disregard~ _9_ th~s.e . ,./)... ·.. . _acl<~owleqgt oefg'-\e.hirrself his having. sign·ed
-defects_-~h?t ca_~ be,sUpJ;ll~~- b_y/an ~xamu;iat1_~n r;f'\ -:-the:->~ill (~~!>;JJ._
'{illas"or,·.G.R:· No. L-32213,
_ of the. w1ll 1ts_elt. .. _ . j' Z / :- .{ "·· ~;~'"""' ~--
_. a. ·-Wh~tt)er: all the. pa~~[e'·conse_cut!Yely.i"'-':jl:\. ·~,;,-- _ ,.., ._.·.
! ,. .,.,
1: .. NuvJmber 26'r.'19731: - .
f~- · . · ·
· . . ·. . · · .
· · ·. · :_ · · ·. · · .. , _:
'· .. ·m,im.~e_r_e_d;·~-,- .· ... l.~~.1- \-,i-;:V,V · ~-~\j~J~_-Th-~ Q,Ot~ty~P,U6!isJmLi~t IJ(i_ dulY, c~!~tr-nis~ion~d '
~· yYh~ther t_h~. s_1g_na!ures ?P!;>_e~\~r:tJ}c~--~l'.l. ·.-r.-c"'""". · · - · forl}K:t:(~Jocaji,ty~fre·
t_he · ~i;:kr\owlecj_gment, is..
· ·
, .
·: e~e_ry .P~_g_~; --~~~t~~f)t~~ · ·s~f~i~9jq .. !f)~.:--~9~~?the~!s-~·.tp~ ho_t,ariz?tio~·---:-:aod t~e.wil~: ·. t ·
__ w,tne~srs.are:\~~ee;~~,n~. _\ --~;\ l2B .c,:,1Yf _ ~~Jl'-.-,o~{v~!d. .f.-~:
_a,c~_ri:?w1e~9El_lT)en! taken·
c: IJYh.~ther, the .will wa~9tal"tzed (9a. ~~ v · -o~¢ide,---,/he· t_e~r t9.ri~f..}tn;11t~- _of· l!J~ · o~~c~f's·.__ ,
.. ,. -~A, -~.R. No. __ 1035?4.'.'. ~~~_y-~[!~1~99~. '. -. •. -j~r(sdicti~~ is voia as_·.1f t~~ p~r~_~n tal<i1;1g:Wwere· ...
. '- > • ' '· .- .• • ,' •• •. • •• :_"" :' •• • •• .-•• ;_ I Sc1EN{\hw!)..91f~"".l!how'off\c;i_al_-~hc!ract_El.r_ (Gu_{j(rero v, ..
•· ·· . ·A!I t!wse-are fc;icts t~at_ th.e:w_1J~an :ft aJJ,_@~"~;;;B7his,-"G.R{No.1?4·14.4,_.Ap"ri! 1.=t; ~007).· · . .·

.·,,.. ' defes:ts·or.even-'om1_ss1ons:..eori~m111.~;,,ttie}lf1~. ·\..\,\b~/· ,· . :-; _·.· :· . . . , '
'">:";,: ,. .
· ·· ·t~_e _atte's!.~,tion· al~µse·9a:n_ ~~_sa_fe!~i~_r,.e~~(2~<;L. ·tt1A\:'f~~~!v_ilS.<?d~:~?~s~npt- require t~at·the s_igr:iing : .•
· · -~---. But the tota/-numb_er.oppage~;--and wh~the,;,;glJ··.. · 7'~f"tfi~~test~toL·w1tnesses and n.otary·shou!d·be: .
<Pefsbtfa: required to· sign. dfd-so·irHhe /jresence .. - . : '. ac'ctir'nplished,. in 'one :single:·act.(Ja:ve/lana V- . ~- .. ·
_. : . . :; . . _. ·aL.ejj_ch other "mu~t substa.ritially·appf~r"irt.th~ _, :, • ·-.- Le"desmq,· (fR:°"No~L.:.f1-79, ,lune 30, 1955f:. ... _ ,.,;__· .. ·.
:_-: ·atf(jf$(aJ~oh."G!ause;:"b~i1?9 (h_e-qnJy·c;;hec_kag}iTnst· ' . ·- . . ·.· -:-:· - ··: :: ... \ ·.. ,· ·' -·:· ·.... · .. ·. ·. .-: . • . , ...
. pei-ji:,ry_ 'in the .probafr/:proqe~ding_s -"(Ca(leda' v. ,
Affixing_of <;locumeotary-starrip is_ not.re_quireiJ for · . · : .-,
,. · ·- · .. ·. ·: CA/G,R. No; ·103_~_54;_Mat.-?..B; 1°99.3): · · ~ . . , . : :validity,'( Gab_ucan:.v. Mania; _G."R:,No.·L-5,1546,. · . . . .
~·· ·. - · . · ._ · '.-.· · · -, · '·.. · · . -"'; · , ~- ' .. ' -· '· .' . Ja~u_ary~Z.,8,1980)".: ·:·· ..... >_:. · ;: . · · ·.· . f :
. V'{tl~.n l~~- attestatjbn· clau!:i_e ,~tro.ne9usly _states·:··. ·:·. ·.
·. : . _·.. -· . the number, of:pag!-'lS-.O.f -the will, ·the-Court ti.eld" . . Addftfona(Pointers on Formalities .of Notarial or
. , ·. · ·. . <:tflcft- ~h~- -error-::.y1s - not -)i1.~terial:. sfnce·:the- : . :.-ormriary wm'~ : ·.,· . · · · . _. :_ ·,._ .. _ · · . · _. · < · _.
_. paginatiori "in letfers' was· a:·sufffcieht_safeguard.:· 1, _· oafe ofWiW:· . . . . . .:; . .
.,· -of--tlie wilts·j"nlegrity ((;:e"/ctda v. Avena, GJJ. No.. ·. ,· · N(pT an e:ss_ential p9rt {3,TO¥£;NTINO, Stjprp-at-··
. · - · 1~s5~5,_ June 30;· 2ooaf' · ·· ·. · · · .... . · '. · ·· 100;: ' ·, . . :. _. ·.. · · ·. , _.: ·. ·, · ·_ _ . ·
7. ·· N~tarl~l ·K~kri.owled·~~~~t .... _- ·-:-, ': ,: .-.. · ... ._:: . · ·" -~e,~Jici_n:· IL ;o"tJJd\rni t~-; da;ed_ ._1n}t~ -.~;fariql i '.·.
Done before :a notary ·public by 'the, tesfatcir ana· .. ac_knowled.gment. ·
the_"instrumer:itai \vhn.f:!is~s~--( GIVl4 · COpE, Art;.. . ·:,
"806). . · · . · ·. . . . · _: ·, C,6nflicfbe.twe~n the ·dates c!PP$~fing ·an the will . ·
· ddes riot' invalid.ate the, document because the .
,. . 'la~ .does_ not even. requir~ ...that
I ·, . . a 'notarial will _be
. .
270 · 1 2019 SAN :SEDA LAW CENTRALIZED BAR dPERA TIOf'!S

SUCCESS·IO-N-
SAN BEDA LAW CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS·- MEMORY AID 2019
- . . . . . -· . .
IM • 'i2# ~MMY:!W69ii Sr:'n4s:.#k%!4 :!RkiiMit #& · W' N Mfaf ¢ 'A?NhiW' SB fi\ ... §I #P"1~GM:;;. e . 2jW& , : fu J fs& P 2i BIR.-..
executed and acknowledqec on the same . .· Interested Witness

.. ·. · occasion (Orteqev. vetmome; GR.No: 157451, · A. person· attesting the. execution of a will fo
December. 1'6, 2005).. . · whom or tq whose spouse, parent,. or child,, a
.devise pr legacy: is give'n (ICIVIL:_CODE, A°ri. 823).
2. Additional-Requirements for Special Cases .
a. Deaf or-Deaf-Mute Testator · · . 1=,ffect~f of being ~n: interel?ted'Witness:
i:. -Personal reading of the will, if able-to do · a·: · He ·shall be admitted as a witness; but
· /'' · so; or' . ·: . "; b_. 'fh·e .. de~'rse ·or· legacy, so .·hr .only as
... ii. _ If not possible, designatio'n-qf :.two (2) concerns him, his·!:ipouse, pa·renl or child, or
. ·.. persons . to . read the . will and- . ·any one ciaiming undbr-ary.of-th~m. 'shall J
communicate. to him, . in- some _be: .void., .unles?_:· there. are three other
· compet~nt witness.es · to such· will (CIVIL . :
·practicable·.'_ manner, .the· contents
thereof (CIVIL CGDE, Art.. 807). · COD'[=, Art. 8_23j-. ·. . . · ... ·.
.· ... ... .
• .. ·1n,a case. where the te~tator did not read the . . . --- Note: .The ·.persons, --n-anied· in .Art'. ·823 are
. fir:iaLdraft .qf.. the ~will, but th~. lawyer. who. : · . inc.ap.acitate.dJq Jr.iherit.b0'Ln9UDc,apacjtc!!~d~ a_s_
drafted the document ·.read the saine aloud . · Wit(lesses
.
'(3-PARAS;·supra
. - . at·-130.F
..
· · .··· ·
in: .tbe _presence' of th'e . testator;. three. (3)
c·redible'Witness · .. :
witnesses, and notary public, the Court h~ld
: . It: rneans, compet~.ot;, · yvitness, · that Is.: such·
. _that the formal imperfections- should : be-_ ·•
person as ~g're not legally disqualified from
brush·ed aside wheri the spirit l:>·ehind th~ law
. te'stjfying in courts ofjustlceby riascin of mental .
was · served- though: ·the let~er. was· £no
. incapacity, . i~terest. -or, the commission of . '
(Alvarado. I(;· Gavioia, G.R. No. -74695,
crlrnes.: or. other. causes exGluding· them· from
.... ·._ Septerrib_~r ,1.4,-1993): .
_-......._testifying . generally- . (JURADO, . $UCC$SSion, .
supra at:i11J)_:' · · .. · ·
b.
.> Creditoffi.itriess ... ': -' · .. : -. ,: :_.: · .- ~-
i. . _A: m_ef ~~a_r~i'(on ·thli: est~_tE~ pf: the. ~~stator_'for
.., . ii.-
· · Ure. ~ayme1;1.t. bf. debts due at -the time oJ. the
_ _-te5cW{\:ir·~ ~~at~:'u,~~-s: r~ot-~r~v~n.t_,~is .. ~r.~dito~s '. . -
. frorri being""'Co~pet~nJ' 11tnesses::to_. h!s. ~111 _ ·
·(C~V.l_~:11.~-824). . . _.,. .· _. . ·· · '· -
. Note: Apersonc.who. i; qualified_ to. make a wiif is ·, ·
,._ ........~'"'"not necessarily qualified to· be .a-wltn¢~s to the ·
,.,_.._. (J(JRApO, ·succes_sio,:,,'_sopra at·
,-'w;.;...i""'ll""'o"""f·..:;.-'anot~et
._}1;3). ··. : ·. ·. __·.__ .. ~- . :·::_. .. '. - .·_ •• ..: _· : : .
. . Eff~~~- of Sub·s·e~qu;nf.lri~o~p~t"el)cy . , . ,,
3.: ·. ,·.yvit_n:e~$ t~:N_Qtc!rial}''Vil!~ . · · 1nhe:wit'rle'sses. att~sBn·g the ~~ecutiOri ota' will ,
.Requisites: (D-CRABS). · · ·· : · ate .competent ·at"ti'ie-tirne oFaftesting: their
a. Any person-of.~ojmd.mirid ~nd --, -.. . . ~e'comjj,g. ~UQl?~que_~tly ·.~hCOQl_Petent s~all' not
b. At the ~ge·o(eigbteen '(1.B)·yea}·s cir more;_ prevent .the allowance of-the will (CIVIL·C_QDE,
c.' Not'§l!nd~ a~af or duhlb; - ·. . ·. . . · . ·-: Art; 822). · · .. -~ ... · · · .· .: ._ · . . .
d ... Ablel'o.Re9d ·and wri(e, may be' a witness to
. . .·
: . :... :· th$'··exec'ution of a will rr1e.nti6necf'fn Article - · ~--1h'e .comp~t~-~~Y- ~fa·-~ittieiss: to~ WiU is b~:· i~
: . :8Q5" 9f the . Civil° Code. (CIVIL CODE,. Ari. . /.d~termined ·~s. of thetti_me of t_lie.ex:ecutiori of the
- .. ··. ~2of, .· · . ._ · .· · ·. · -~nstrument, ·and not as bf:tlie. trme when the will
· ·. :' -· e.- ·, Domiciled in the:.Philippiries;, and · · · .. . is presented for.prbbate· (j(/.RAQO, .Succession,
. 'f ...-Has not been fon~ictea by fin~I judgm~nt of sup,:aat113)-:.-._ ·.·_··. --~'·.·.·-::_ · ·
. . 'falsification of a a~cument,- perjury,_ or false_
·~;w
··,:·
" .... . '._,·
·': •,. -:- .. . · ..· testimony .(.CIVIL,' (?ODE,· Art.-.8?1). _..- .-.~ H.OLOGAAPHJC Will· (_t.·... . -~. . .
. . .. .. . .
_ lt.is.s'ubJect to no 0th.er forni;-and-~-ay be ma9e in "or
. Note: ;\witness ne~d noi\riow th.e contents of.· · · .out. of _th(:) Pliilipp_ines, arid rieed not ,be,. witne,ssed_.
.:me~'will, and need not' be-shown· to_have 'had.·a .. (CIVIL COQE,'Art. 810): . .' . · . '._ ..
,• .. .. ,. . . ,
·: good standing.in-_the_ commuriity'-·wher.e he. lives '
(JURADO,·S,uccession; supra f!H 1·0) .. . The [foctrines· ·. qf Libe,ral _ Interpretation · an~

. Subs!antial _C,ompli_arice, as, appli_ed to orc;linary or ·
; ... notariai:wi!ls, carinot be applied to holographic wills
:. (JURADO,·Succes ..sion, supra at 94).
2019 SAN BEDA_LAWCENTRAUZED BAR OPERATIONS I 271

., · . .
s·uc·cEss..ro.N .
SAN BEDA LAW.CENTRALiZED BAR OPERATIONS-- MEMORYAIO 2019 · · ·•
• ·m1!5:t·· WiRi&\t?aWSfS%5iik:S kP@ZWSff$Mt-2BFSSi·Wt!il¢!? 1#&:,ca; .SAwee•fu1tZ±h'..,<1&'%YMAA#Zi &¥+4t#koli~.&#ij
. . . -· . '.. .· . ·. . . -
. ' .
. Reason: The law exacis literal compliance with the· . · When there.is.no appearance of fraud, bad faith,
requirements of Article 810 (Id\ .. undue influence and .. pressure;. - and the
. . . .: authenticity of th.e will is -established.: a'r1d the
Purposes qt' Strict Compliance: " only.issue is whether.or not the date "FEB. 1961;,
,.1: Safequard the. authenticity of the will;.and appe-ilririg·Qn' t_tl_~-will is'-~ .vaiid~cbmplianee·.with
2. Deter." or'· prevent any , possible . insertion _cir . Art.' 81.0., probate ofthe h_ologr~phic;: will .shoind
· <, · interpolation b.y others' or .any possible forqery __, be alloWed· under the pri?idple orsubstantial
... (Id.):. . . . . · compliance (In ·the matter ot.lntestete Estate of
. " . . .. Andres de Jesus and-f3Jbi;/na Rexes de
Jesus;
Formalities: (WDSL). ~- _. , _ . . '- G:R.-No: L:-38338, January 28,·19.85)'. · 1
1. "Entirely Written·b_y the Hand of-theTestator;' .:.... · -,
. . ~-· ,. . Tl;.le law doest not specify.a. particular location.
· . Effects· of Insertions or lnterpolations by Ttiird where' !t}e date should.be placed in'the will. The
Persons, ( 3 TOLENTINO, supr~ a.t 1'11-112): · . · onlytequirements are thatthe ·date be.in the-.wlll
a:-: If . made. after'.' theiexecution -of : the .. will· . itself and;ex~euted in the· hand .. of the· testator
:_ .wi.t,hout the consent of the-testatcr: ..insertion . · - .. : _._ . :,.'(t'abtador i}; eA; e.e. No: 8384_·:{ April 5, .1990).
_ is -c;:on~iq_ered_'a_S. f:~t ~[!~tej)_j/q:, c,JJ 95)_/' , :. _ ._ · ~:.::'Z:- .. _·.__.,:~.~ ., ':-·.,:.::>.'>.-''X),;',:,. ,)..:: . ,-:· 0•
_-
·,. . · . . ·. · .· _ .:· -. . ·,. · :_3. Entir~ly,§.i_gr:re_d,by!he,tland.of.the,Testator;

Reason: The validi~y.df the will cannot b,e · .· . ·· ·-. · ~·· · · .·:· . '. .. , .. , .... , ·.
:"·ci.~f~a_te9 by the .rr(attii\\ 6( c?pf.f¢~'."o_!Jbir:cl . ~e-~al- R11le;·:ArL"8/0 ..d.9~s N_OT ~egyi~e tha~ .
• ;,,_ ... _-.P.~':s?n~·: ... :.. : .··.- .,:·0 -. _, ~,(
. . . ., '··.' . . . :.···. , . _,,. '.". . · r;-4.: )~·,, ·.u,. _
:· l\_··) ~n.t·t~~to~.-mu.st· .. 5..1gn'
---:..JLVs1gnature-:·,,. ··.,. · ·, 'l·.:
J~e·
w,_11,:w1th' ~,s. full
. , ·':.' ,. . ,
•·. . b.' _:.: ·?(f :!fl~d~ a~er the_- execotionfof1'.~ill;~it~ ~ $;' fy>'. ·. ·. . \· '--\ . - ·.': . '- ·'. · . ' . . : . . .
· · •. 1··· :·:}~~: ~drisent-~~ffHe·.~~?!at?_~~~-:~· e·~i_n_i
'&'ill .;; · · ...:.._· ·~ay th~~~tat~r5.ign'._by.m.~~ns:?f,a,t.h_Li~.?pr}_nt? ·
: ·· :. vahd bu~ the msei:t1on'lj"V0!9:~i ,· ~ -;.)1; _·. .-:-tT:l:'e ar:tl?'~ dO_!(.S•.n~t ~e.e~ .to·pe~rn1t~t~'.s. as.;_lt
· ,. · · . · . · · '-I~-- ·"' I;:·/ ~"P.' r~ · ~r.r ._r~q~r?s t~A~i ~hou1d: b!:) ~r:i!lre(Y- ~ri!t~n;: dated
c;:·'>·lf. fTl~de a_fter_the .~xi~~-t~of_!,bfJW!.1111,an_d t,{· Lt~: ~_nd ~1gn~?o..bJJhe ~~ncJ qf .. tfle testator._h1mself'
, . t~p 1~~~~1~_n __ ,.s.~a_l~~a;tea: 5{i~~;t~,~ta_t?r by {~(:, __ :_JB':'JfiNE, Sus;plss,on,~upra af'.1<38!. · · -.
· · ·- ··: ··\ -· - . · ··l~, _.._. •,.:t-.·

, · .. ;"h1? s19~a~ur.::Jn~r-~c:i~·;.~wJ)t's.~01?< .... ,r,.-.,, ); : .. -//"',• ,,.·,-... , _ '--}~
1/' ~*
11,l t,,·.k,-EJ:Cception:,
~!-
_, ·:-: .. 2. '>.~a.sd.r= T~e.}nse'~tJ~J'>~_co~e~:pa,~· f11e~\'0.1..~'77P'"¥:~can,q~~fo~: ,iw er:~s~re· :,:.. cir .. _ajter.a!Jon : .in . a.
.. -.-_: : _ .. •.-.L.'·.-. _.. · . _ :
·'·In'.· cas!:! ··.··of ;·.:aAy ·1nsert1on, ·.
.· .:-·
.- ': 'v'{i0; · th\is, the _wilt~e~~i;i,.es!-~c:Jlfor ·-non:; ..:--"-\..:: . ho og~l>hic· will, ·1httestatoi:, mu'$f ~uthenticate
.... -. comp]i~nce_wit~·t~t!}lllir~~i'~h. t~a~~8')us\~. · i,i".i. ., t_o.~~~,e.,6~~-fi!zs·· F!.Jll.-.SI_G~_AJ.~RE ·(f!lVjL·
_ ·,' .. · ., .P~_::,~nhrely_ .ymtt~n.
· · · ;- .. ~ 't'e·s·ta'.to'r · ' ~ ·. ":' '.
fJ?.
(11e hand~9 th~ ..]-· •*--(§'f':' G®.f>~;'·Art,8·1.4·)~ · ~ .·' !'. ·: -' '-: · ~. · .r. · ·
-:'.-. · ··· [- .. ~. :i;.~o .. ,d · '-S; . -\Y'.I',, :. ·.Y.~ ·, .-, ,.. · . _ , ... ::- .. -.. . , ~ ·.. . . . , _
:
.
'. ·f~~·:.:·~:..: ... ~ .... · . .~. 1{:·.· .. ·~~. ;'•"··.·~ ... ';·,··~= ,· ..:\. ~-2·:-., .. ;.<·.~-.~ ··.:\:_.·.~~\.,'.,,.....' ... · .\
. .. . ·. __ . . . .. · · , _ _ ·~· ·, .• __ ,· ._. · · .. • . ,-i- , -~r.dmar-ily;·, ,:when.;;·.-a,. number::,; 0f,·:;erasures, .
.-. _:. ·.. ct~".!f-'rn'acM:c.onie.me:~;~·r1eo s':t~ t~~.-~~e,ic:;~co1Pc'ii:1:ins,;(an~.?:.in\~~iinci~ti6qs :iad(:i': by~,the, · ..... \
:.,' .·; _. ' _ · . ~f tl)ew~I, th~ . wil~i~. voi~,· _ .-·1~t~~-to~i~~t),ogr~_ph_i.~~ill ~as_i;iot:~e_eitn'ote_a .
.. , ' ·. ·.' .. ·--:-:.: ':·-,-·,_. ... .-·,. :-.·.>: ,, ·,,:{·;_:;._{!·: ·fJ..!61:1 . . · ufi~~~:'1W.(sig~ature,- __t_h~ ,w1U.,!S ne>! t~~re~Y: .
. . .; . :
·. -~:
'; :," 0- ~t,'!:1~'01),;::Will :is:net,~:?-tir~!Y~y,:rjtt~t~·b'fJb,e,
. .., . .- . h;:md.orthe t~stator, ,, - . ". .-.., · .
j ....
.. · > _ ,
M.
A.l~~aJk'd,a,t~d. ~\ ~/-Yt~l~~:8~.t~:·~t.:
• • c~spects the;p_art1cular,:.woras.erasea;:corrected,
mp~t,~~2'.'f·~s
...,. - .
·~.,
:
• • •• • ••• _,.
, .. · .:, .. -: .... ·.,_
~- •• - ~ ,l •• •• ·- .......
.. , -· .. . • ,; ·.. ,.:·, ,, . rs:,~ :~· -.~ : .1
,.,.., .- - •
. ·.
• - t. ·1·· ·d.~(Li<
:-
· o.r.- 1.n er me
't,. .. "'R·-· .,;-
. ,-.:a 1:3w .• .v,.: .. e QVcl;< · .r<.,
G r1 ·N··~~L ..
o., · -
;'::'/}, . 2f··En:fikeiy:Qated)~'§,ttii:fffan~):ifthlt~~Jitbr.; ,.·. · ... __;,~0207/S°iipfe}nber•2FJ/1984:}:;.!:;;··,.,·: ·'\.: .:_,t/ ·-:
,· : .".'_.· :··._ ;· .. .:~ ,:.:,,'· .::·. ::::.·: .· ::' ... i,::-~-~-·:~;,.:~··.. _ ~:.-;,:_.·, .. /. ·-r- ...:.>·., ,,./· . . ·:.t:..:-.<'·i ...... "·
·:~ :~?:. _,· . ~.a~¢- ::.:}h~ "daH,i'.')n:· ;f~?.rogr-ap~i~ :1i1~·s59~1d. ·:·· _ . =1:2:~~e~e~:· -~tien:~~i~:tn.ircas:e:;\th.e.:-~otowa·p~,c... . ·· " •
-.. , .' mcl_ude.-the~day, .m~i:i.tt1;,a1Jd: )'~_af:P.M~:.e.x.~_q:it1qn · ·. · ... · · ·.·IJ\(!1!:·'An::-·· d.1~put~ :~ .hai-::.only'.; ,_oner:- .s.ub_st~n!1a~
,. ;; . (fo>5as .Y, Qe, J.~sus,' Ur..,_ .. q.R,.: · No~ ,'k:_~£]33,8, .-: ;.pfo~i§I_OI);' whfu.h was':al_ter.ec;I-. byJubstit\:iting· th'e
, <,< . :, . · 'January·.2f3,·.-19fJ5). · TMi.s.is.-an_.es~er.itJ~l_pa'rtof a· . 1 · . . or_igin$1.heii:. wi.th · anoth.er, qut·. which.:.'a!teraiio6
> ;;, ;·~ . ·:· ·. t)qlqgi:aphjc·wii1.· ·, : ·- .1-·f ._ , __: '-' · \ :,.,, .:·, : :·: · c!fd: npt:.c.~rr:y·the·:,r.efocfisite: o'f fuJC·autti~'nticatipn·
. _:.<. · . · ,. _·. -; : . · . . ·,~ 1 _.'.': . - ··
;"·:; ·:::. . . · - . · •• ·:' :!-by·..ttie:.;tu11, si~r')attfr.e.i;9/,:!He\t~~tatorr:)tt.i~ · eff~cit.
'., . 'Reason: So thari'n case·ofa'r.e.vision of flis wil.l; . · , · miJ§t.be':thaf·the.ehtir,e.Will·.is voi,ded-'br revoked
·: ui~t of-_t~e Jate.r ~9_te:~·.s,)1.gul~ ::o~(P,,ref~r~d\a·s.: : · -ro:r>th~-~iHJplf
re.~}~n -th~t,,hpthi.n!iHernaJ~sJp 'i lrye. ·
. , ·exwes~i11g,.truly -ttieo'last \vilr~_a~d. te{ta~e.n,t_-'(3 · · · : Will'after tt'l'at--wfiith could teinain 'valid: Td state·
'·· .:PARAS/Stipra~al~!1,0J:'f :'.,. ;_(\'.·~·_::::.:. \:.' \. / ;,-'. ·, .thahtiie/·wmta.s:.:first; -wri~en,'-Sh~.uJ9):,e~\giVen<. ·
. . . , :e~?·a·cY: i~. (~lqisr,~gard. .t~·ei_~te,i;piB~~:<;:ti~~g-8. of·· _
.. · .N~fe': · F~ilure·-. ~r.: error. tc:k:St?t~·-,,t.h~?p1:ace. -~L ·. ·l'fU!ld;_oft~~ t.e~t~.tnx_.·ByUh~t c.fia_r:ige!.of_m.md, (?.an · ....
· . · · ex.etutioif . · will' .\nor.. --invalldate-'. ·th·s ·, .. w.ilJ ; . (3 . · n~Jthe'( b$ ·giv.en:ef(ecf~beca~:S.e:· sti.~:".'f~il~d ·to. · ('·
tOLENTINO;:supra:at 1b1j\ :1-·: • \ ·, ·_\ ;,.· ·, aujhenti9ate· it in ,the1 manner.re_tjt,Jire.d·by law by_· .
. . -. · · ~). ;.. · ::·· . .~ . .~lfi~i.rig·_her fu-11.$.fgnat.ure (K8iilw.V. ~~-{ovfi, ..~G~k.. · .
."' · •:. : ;.-~ ,·. ·. · ·N6:La40207, .September-28,.1.984). . :, ·• ·
.•: --:. ' . .. 1 ..,
"- ; . :·,.
. 272· I 2019•SAN SEDA LAW CENTRAUZED BA8 OPERATIONS.
. \ . - . .. . . . . • •
suc-cES·SJON - . -'
•
.. -··
·;-~ I .·
· • . · . · ,SAN BEDA LAW CENT.RAUZEDBAR OPERATIONS - MEMORYAID 2019 .' • ~ •

a:R<\&Si~IMM~WHll!Wiiiitfi}. llj&ir ¢Z$\!\\!WWf¥.\! • ?lfl'IM!l§§\i&iiN\¥11 l?aidikl9£@ i!¥ Ail1¥tAA'iW$$ < ., \IWAW:i1Aflt2AA@iW#r;'l
, • .., .
4. Executed in a .ha.nguage or Dialect known to AdditlonalPointers. on Hoiographic Will · ·

the Testator; . . • : ' 1. probate of-Holoqraphic Will (CIVIL CODE,_ -·_
. There,' ls no- statutory requirement that the , Art. 811)·. .. . . .
· testator's '. knowledge_ .or- -understandinq · of -the ... '. ~erieral- Rule': <The-_original of the. holoqraphlc .
. , lan'guage. Qr dialect in.which thewil! is-executed . : . will should b'e· presented to the· probate.court for
.. should be.expressed either- in the 'body of the-will . . . visual examination. ~ ~
The• law,
L
· considering
.
the.
-.
. itself or in the attestation clause. Consequently, special hature of holoqraphicwills as well as the
it is ·a-matter. that rnay b:et established by proof 's'P,ed~i . requirements for their- probate; reqards
aliuride ('JURf:100, Succession, supra at 5$). :' the do'cument, itself as ·materia] ·. proof. of .
; . ·.. . . . ·:· ·. ···: .: · r:;~-· .. > - . .-:.~_ .·;. ' ·. :): ·: ._· .: ·authe~ticity . (JURADO; .Succ_e·s.sio'h;. ;upra
. . . - . ., . . . . . . , -. :·. ./,
at.
But where a will is drawnup .in the dialectof a · 98). _. . . "' : '· · !' · .. :. __
certain . locality arid .it 1s established ·,th9t--.~he
testator was livinqin or -was'.a residerit-of-that E'xceptioni A p}1ot6stati~ xerci; cop; ~fa lo;t or
pr destroyed 'holbgraphic will mqy{be'.·adrriitted:
locality, there.arises-a.presomption thaithe wlll
. is drawn up-in 'a language or dia'fect known to . the ... The ··authenticity of- .the h'andwriting of' the
testator, in the absence. of evldence : fo· 'the d_ece_ased can ibe 'deter.mined. the prol:iate by (
· contrary (Id)· -- .r . -'.. · , ' . : · r: • ,,., . ": · " • ·.,:cour(.:as;-corr{pariso~ ·can_ be 'rriade wiih· the
.. · ·stefridard· writings c:>fthe. testatcir\Gah~1.f ':Yap,
.
~~hi~'j'~ Ca·~:~f.Sµb~:q~:~;~f
• . . ! ... - .
6:i:io:i~i~::: ·, ... /
. .; . . . .)
• :·l••
...••
,..
-· G.R,.-ivd.. L-1i199, Au{just 30,_ 1958;: Rodelas~i/
· ·. ';:.Ar;n'z~:
. .. .
GR·.- No: L-.585()'9: 'oecember
·. . . :· .
i,:··1ft.B-2)C
. '· .
. . . .
-·· .. M~tteXl>·· toJ>_e· PrnVe·d .. l.>.y . :_th~·.Te_stirnony the.· o.f
,· ·witn.ess .·; ·. · , ... ·: · : .... :., '·, · . · ,..- .. · ·. · .. r
.· ... · 1 .. ,Hi·~~-6; ;,s: the:handwriiing a'~~Lsignat~re d-the.· .
. -. . - testator·;.· ·.: .. -,: ·-=.· .. ·. ,; . . ' .. ' . . ·- .... : .
1he.- .:'. : ---. last voici' -'; The dlspositlon ·does : 2:· .The wilUs 'h:i tlie ha.r:idwriting of ttie 't~stato_r; and· -
d'i$posit(en', . ·. IS ·:. . . : . . · not affect the validity ~:· "J:he signature-is i~ the _haridyvriHng of.I~~ t~statbr
. ·s,ign~d:- : .. but, . n:ot · ·,: . ,'·· .:" ·af : · , the·· ; .other ' ' . _ · .(CIVlb.,CODE, Art .. _8-11).: . -~' . · , ..
,·.
dated .. · -.-. -. · · ·
1
. di~p6sitions . or tiie . . ··. . . . ~
~ .. · "will-itself. . .: ., -. . . Doc;ri-~e of Proce~s-ual .Presumpti9~ '.:. .
, -: If. t~.e .fo_rei~n- law .is qo,fpr9perly ple!3.qe1 or.. proyed,.
·r3 PARA.$, supra at 118-11.°9). '""'.:· oyr ·co~rt.s· '¢!tpr!',!sume·that the fa.reignJaw is the
.· .·
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same·:·as our local.or ddrn~stic: la._w}De/ Socpr~o v. It always refers to the origin.al will. If there is entirely
Wils-ein, (}.R: No. 193707; pecember-10, 2014). no -reference at all, th.en it is considered as the·new
. . . . . . . .
\Niil. If -the . later insiru.rilent · m_akes dispositions
0
Joint Wills . independent of. thcise in· thEr·original. Will, without

A .sincii~ _t~stameritcJry instrument __w~ic;~ contai,:is the ·explaining ·or modifying such.originai wi!I_, then,it is a
wills 9f.-tw·o or more -persons, jointly. ~xecuted by·· new will, not.·a c0d1cil. A codidl is· always related to
them; eitner fo'r _their reciprocal ~enefit or for the · · some_priorwiH(J.·TOLENT/NO, supra at:126)· ..
benefit of. a third,-.person. (JURADO, Successiot1, . . . . ~
~upra at 106): · · · Its execution has the effect of republishing. the will ·as
: ·modified (CIVIL GODE; Art .. 836), · .
Two or ·more pe~so.ns cannot make a ·wiff jointly,· o~ in
the · sam~ instrume.nt. either. for their· redprocal In ·order fo operqte as a repl.Jblication bf the will·, it is
. b.en~fit 9t f9rJhe benefi( of a. tliird perspn· (CIVIL . sufficient.if,the'codicii~efers to;th·e·:~ill·insuch a way.
CODE.Art. 818). qS to le~ve· no· do!,.lbt. as to the ·identity of. that
. . -. 1:
'· instrument (JURADO; Succession, supra:at_ 1-15).
... . . . . .'. ~
tp 'an
. "To be effective, -it should .foliow the Jormalities:of a
-~. .- 0otarial or hole:i°grapt)ic wilr(qtVIL .QO.Df=, Art. §26)!
2.
:.-.·
. .... ~·
· ..' . ., ' · -<· .. ,,_ . :"-· .. ·. · · ,.. ·i- · :,· ..: ·. ; :· . i/' " , · ;:
.' : ..... : J9iJ:it,.~flls. ~xec::uted-.by.Fi!fpici.o? .. iji .a (Qr~ign\;9.un_tiy ·
. ::bo:~·s· rot, · .~s ·i, ~~1k, · 'if:·. it.\mSvi~~s
. .. ..
· for ' ·a'·j~I( ·
.
.• ·_ .: ·.. shaJi
1 .
pot.
q·e·--v91id-,Jn · the ,Philippine~ .•: ·~:ven,)~o~gti ,.
· - - · · -
r~~q~~ -~ erit!r:ely-,:-· _the. -9!:p:os_ii!..°.11 · :· of,_:~ Jti~·:
priorwill. · .. _.. · .·:· . · testator s·: estate it ·_r:nay
. ·... · · .: auth_ori~e.d.· qy· the laws·pf.·t~~ .; <;q\.)nt[Y./li~er~, they ·.::-,-,. . · · · · : ... · · ·.revoke .-u,8.· whole "prior ..
: _-, .,__:. m_iiy_have b'?_en.:~xecuted (~f.Y!~
e<JD-~;.Art,::~t9):·· · -...._'- .·· r, - •• : . ~ '"".-·.-. · . will.by$U/~stituti.ng::a ·new· :-··
.. ' .... ,. arid last- ·dlsp·;sition ;for
,.... ......,·_·._·
........·,_ .............,._._.-·.............----------,-··-··
..,, . .t~e-"sa~e;./ ... ; ·;~~ - ..
: ..Co1h·61~·. AND. ~N.~ci·
.
~B'<U\A/rio;
..
%: ··. · -
. · . -: ,; . :,i. -. ~.. ~
. 'B.Y· .RE.FE~~I.'ICE-.- :.-., .. :-.: ·. ;, • . · .. · .. · . · . - · .. . ,- .
~· : ·: -;- ',- M . .- ·.,, . .": , '..: >: ,,. ·,: .. ,, - · . -~ ,:: . ·A:,.:<wil(·; ancf? .codi.9il ·:-~ :,>p'r)9t}'.wiU: ,fo.d:'::·:a· .
.. ..
_ _:· ,. . . . .~ ... - thereto being reqarded .subsequent will, being· · .
Codicil . . . : ~, . . . . asa singl_e·.iristr1,Jmen"t, .two "separate wills·, max-
· . A supplement cir. acidf tio·n to. a_.Wil!, · ma9e. after· the . are_ to '. be. construed b~ ·. · .··. .. _conslru·etj
e_x~·cution of a iNill._an_d ,m.ne~ed "to be J_clker(as:.11att. . t9ge_ther. inqependentJy of .. each
th~[ebf, by wljic_h1qny dispo$ition ma.c;le.in:the 6rigf'n·~1 · · . .- · · "· othe'r. . .. · 1 • . :··.:-·.
, wili i~- expla'ined, added to; br altered:(CIVIL:. ·coDE,
Art. 825). . . . . _(DE L_~ON, Suc~ession, supra·at 177).
.. ·.·
. .
274 .. 1 2QlS SAN·B~DA LAWCENTRALIZED BAR OPERATfONS
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.SAN BEDA LAWCEN.TRALIZED BAR OPERA"f/Of'!S - MEM(!RYA/0 201_9
Incorporation by. Reference . · 2. If a holoqraphicwill (with NO.witnesses) refers

Where a will, executed as required by the Civil 'Code, to a document entirely written,' dated, and signed
incorporates into itself by referend~ any document or in the· handwriting ofthe testator, there can also
paper _(.CIVIL CODE, Art. 827): . ~- .. . -. . be a proper. incorporation' by reference . (3
P.ARAS, supre at 135).
Requisites · for a . \i~lid Incorporation by·
· . Reference: (EQIS or SIDE) · . . ·
:1. · The document or. paper referred to in the will
must be in Existence· at the time of the execution REVOCATION OF.W'ILLS AND
· :· of the will; - , .·· ., -· _ · · : . · · . :
TE"STAM)tl.'•.J . TARY DISPOSITION
2. ·· ·The wili must clearly Qescribe and identify the·
same, staling arnonq other thinqs the number of .
pages thereof; · · . .. , . Revocatlon . ' · . .
. 3. It: must be Identified by clear and satisfactory . · 1t· is an act" of the mind; terminatinq the potential .
proof as- th-e document or . paper referred · lo ' 'capacltyof the will to' operate at the death of .the
. therein; and. . . . . testator, ·manifested by some .outward cir visible act
4. · It, must be- .§igned by the testator· and. the' . or sign,· symbolic thereof (JURADO,. Succession,
witnesses on each and .every page, except in . ·sopra "a( 116). . . . - ·-. . . .
. case. ot. voluminous· books. of account· or
·.. inventories (~~Vil:. COOE/~rt. 827). ·. · · .. · A ·.;_,ill may b~ r~yok~d .b.y . t~e t~·stator ··at an.y time
, before -his deatj1-. Any_ waiver qr ·restriction ·of this
Note: The{ exception .in the fourth requisite refers right is void (CIV~L CODf=,. Art. 828).
only to the. signi~g ofalt page_s; while,riot every page .' . . .. . . . . \. .. .
has to. be signed, there must. be a signature on at , Nature and'Effect of Revocation · · .
least several pages (3 PARAS, supre at 134). · · . tJpon~tion, the_ ,.;.,ill or. tes_tamentary ·?ispositi~n·
~ : : • . •• • • t. . •. . • ~
· . .intended to"/.t'Je. revoked :ceases to exist., and 1s

/aJ
. · ··inoperati_v_e if. it has _ neve·r been writ_t~p .. A _will .
. . : bein~ a ujilateral diSJ?Osition of property, acqu1r~~
. - _bind_in·g; forceJo~ly_ at th~ de~th of:the._testator, 1t· '·
· follow~ tliat no present_ rights are ·conferred at the
time : ofliU, J'xecu io~ .and ·. no- title vests_- in the
. benefic~l)I during_.JPe life of"'th~ t,estator euRApO,
Succession,. -supra at .. 117). ·
. . Wh~n. in a wiil, reference is mad~ t~~~n invef}tory of. Rul~~ for·Re~oc'atioh: ... ' . . '
.. the properties ofthe testator, which has tHus be.,.en. · 1. · If revoeation. made in the· Philippines - follow
made :part of the _will, and ·the ·.'t:'.ill has_,'], a_ttesta1}qn : Phi_lippi1ie Law · · . -~ · .: .. . .. :
clause that· meets _the requi~em~n.t~ ·at,_~.h: laf.-rt n_o 2. ff revocati.on made ou'tside the. Philippine:S
attestation clause is necessary for the sa1~~nt?ry a. lhestator is not domiciled in the Philippines: .
anymore (Unson v. Abellc~,.G.R. No. 17857, J':'ne .12, . i. . Follo.w the iaw of the pl<Jce where the
1922).- '• - . · . will ,.;.,as ·made ;r. .. . ··
. . . . .•..
. . ·. ii. . "Follow' the lc:1w of the place "\,'fhe~e the .
Provisions which are in the· nature ot-tastarnentary ~ · testator' was doiniciled.a't the time of the .
. disposttions mustbe contained in· the will itself. . . 'revoca~ici'n (Art:'829 of the.Civil Code)_._
· b. If testator domiciled in the Phili'ppines (This
.Par~le evidence . may. be .adrrntteo. to prove' the . s{tu.afion ii/not governed·by Art. 829)
identity of .the .. document 'as incorporated _(3_ i. . Follow Philippine law; or' ,
TOLENTJNO;- supra at 127): ii. .. Folldw the law of the ·place o.f revocation
. . ' ,.·.
of
. . (Art,17 th.e Civil Code} . . ..
From the fact th'at.'Art .. 827 (4) "of .. the civn Code · iii.., Folldw . the ·1aw 'of the-place· where_ the.
speaks of 'witnesses," it isreasonable to belie_ve that- . · will was .made (by analogy with· thl3 rules··
as a. rule, ·· only notarial. ·vyills can have this on r"evocation. "wheri the testator: is a .
incorporation by reference. However', it is submitte9 non-Philippine · domiciliary) (BAl..:ANE,
·that: · · . · . . · ·· ·.' · · succession, su{i_ra at'"184).
1. If a, holographic. will' happens to- have at least
three-credible and qualified witnesses, there can
be a properjncorporationby reference; or
2019 SAN BEOA LAW CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS I 275

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. . . _ . . SAN BEDA LAW CENTRALIZED81Vi_OPERATIONS~ MFMO(?YA{D 20;9 . · .
il'~tAffe!·'.~'lS·t 1!lt 5$i@IM&b'fo·W tWZ f?W:ti18l'l'$:1piltSCRJ•:t·J,.;,.ffl.c%'S ti~ ii#iitmfiM h4 iiiWIIMM' Sl"',r1Wfe.'.\3f .. :t &'fm
3. By Destruction of the Will (CIVIL CODE, Art. Burnlnq

·. 830) - ·. . There· must be atleast aburninq of a part.of the ·
pap~r on which the .~il_i is ~ritten, although a very
~equisites:.(TJf-AC) . slight· burn will suffice (JURADO, Succession,
-a. 'Performed by··the..-Iestator..himself. qr by. -· ~upra at 1.26)'. · · ·.
some otherperson in his presence, and by
' · his express, direction (Id._ c!l 123); . It is· sufficient .if; a smalLpart··of the in'strument
Ett.· . · ·., .:' u .·· .-.;-: · · < · ., . . it~e1t be burned ~ven though' the entire writing
_ ,·: _, A; ect of. nauthorized, Destruction .
will_,..m'ay- 'irn1_.- pe proved as los! or
· ·· If b
itse
- · ·
e left u_ntouc~ed (3,P~RAS;}uera at-140).
·
· ··. : destroyed: However, this- is. possible .only if· i · · ,. .. . · - · ' : .' · .. · ; . · -:.- · ·
. , . If the document · itself' is.: not- burned, even·
thewillis .. atte.St!=)d'..ifth~ will is holoqraphic, partially, but o(i(y.·. the.envelope in which .. it was - .
. ltcannot be probated if it-is lost. even if the . . . .
toss qr destruction was unauthorized, ( Gan ·. pl~ced was.burned, the're ..ls no revocation of_t~e ·).
. '":- . v - · .. · ,. - w1Jl.-But where.the.maker of the will threw it upon
, ·,_ , ....· ·- V.jap, ..G:R- N_o. L-12190, Augu?t 30,: 19,58), the-fire with -~he in.terit'.to revoke:·,atfd·rit·was
::··, u_nless.§ copy su':'.ives. -_ ' . 'bJrne~ . throuqh. in- t~tee .places« ;_thi's.' :was
'. · R~iitication :ara~:
unautfiorized destruction-. 'considered a:.:revacauon.i"althou!ih 'th~·.wrft.ing .
-; \ · is however, .permissible. provided · sufficient '/eniaihed;. intact.. and alth~)U9hkit: WJS rescued
: . proof bf .this i~ pr~sented ('3· PARAS, supra ·. and-.,!preserved·'WithoLik·the 'krisi\vledge. of.· the
·<at.149). _ ·. :"~ ... _ .· · ... · . : .. ·,. ·... _'···.. test~tor (3.'((,)~ENTIN?;:s~pra·a{'.~5r .: ..>
.. ' .• : . ~; •. ·:··. :.. ,. •... ,._ . ·-i· . .. · ... · . . . . . ~. •, ·. .. . . . ·.: ·. .•· . ::_~-- . _.l., _. • _· _· • .,. • '
. N.¢te:. Jf · .burnea,-. -tom.- · ~ancelled, ,o .. ,T.eanng. · ·. , ! · · - . . ·:·. · ·,•· · ·
~l;).lit~_ra_tE!d py\~ome.-other. per?.ori;.,\yi,thou,t : :· ·. ·A.slight :a91 of te_qrin·g i9.·gener~lly.-held suffieient; ; .

. . .. . ttl~,a~Xpress,.di~eCtj~n df,Jhe te~ta(or: t.h~ill . . . ·although. t~e· greatenhe ;Q¢~_re~ Of tea'ring the ..
··: ,·· • i .~?Y)~~i)l-·j)~:; ~sta__ .Ri)~h~.9,-:: .. ~na ?th~state ft . ·
s_trq2ger. is;.t_~~:·pres_umptic:in t~_at)h~· instrur:nent_
· ·. · d1~tnl;>uted -. ,in· - accordance , therewith· .< I
was torn with animus· rev9cand1 (JURADO; ·
·-· .. .P.royided: .the follo~ing ·. are established~' :·_- · ; . SUccession;:supra a"r,1-26):·· -:_ . ,, . .._:·· .. · .
; ,,.._· ·. (CpF) (3.TOLENTINO; supra a 138)..· .. · > . · . . ·. · · ·_ · ·-f:· . ·. • ·;:.J .':: . /. :· • :. , -~ >
. . , \: . ·c.o~t~n~s;.: : . ··t\/' ~ 'f
.. ]~i~,. :_-:, .... ~:· .· · The ,ac~_op~_arirfg,rn1/s.t1~~(a.~_or~:1PLE;i_-6.·~~T ..
. .. .'· ,-:·~ · ,· !~:·.~ -:pue:exe~ut10:n; -~nd~ -- :~· · QL·. :. _ ·:·. • O_the~1~i· ,1f"t.!_ie. t~~tator· des1st.s_ yolun~a:n)y or.
. . : · - .... > · ..111. ·" F~ct of un'a~thonzlci' destruction::).···'.,"· · _.., · .. 1l1~odgh tJ17 ·pe~~~s.1.~n- .~f pt_h~r~·~eforeJhe act
. . . · -~ · · ·.~ of aestr.uction <mulct be consummated;th~,act of
.. :_: .. , .. ·-~, :: Iesta1J1entary · _c~pacity_"at,..,t.he time~tl . . ·: revoc~tiop 1:tas-'r1ot. aiso · oeie.n:._consi.irnm~ted::
. .. _ .' , · pei:fopning, the_. ad qf:·q,estr~tion' (lq.. ft , 1::1en,ce: it pmd~c~s no: eff_ect (/.d:)/.',,: .-,;· ::, · , :<- .
. .. . . 123);·· . ~ . . · . . . t_ •. • ., • '• ,' ·... ''.. ;i .. ·, ... _ ..... - ';',· : -· .· :'. · -~
·.. , ·: --:··:-'c.~ !ni_en~ t~. i-e~dk~. (ani~us1:evo'~and1) · . .. rearing_ of. even t)le -sig_nature-alon~~:ccinstitutes
: . :' . . . :' ~.- ... "'.: ' .,-:· ,. ·. ·: . ·. .. .. : . . . . revocation;;-provided:-.the--·other;·requisites· am
· :. <. ,_ ! .. _:. ~.·. .-:: 'The',in.t'entip·n.ki reivoke)nust appea(~lea'tly , . ·. \' .. : pfes~nt.; This. is bf!Cc)USeJti.~ s1gh~ture· g·o~s 'to..
" .. ··: .'':·· ( aric(.;un:eg1/iy9~·afly~ '.An'_acf of -~ltOctfon .. '. '.': the,ver.y. h_eart._ofrt~~- wifl:N,\PAf.?ASj ·~updl:'a(
. ~--· '.· .' · ..-~· /·whi~.h-is d'oneraccidentally; oy)'riis(ak~.-o(-a:5 _ :.·. . 1_f1_2).. · . · .: .... , ' ·").-1'" ; -~·-:, • "'.'''.· ~- ._.:. ~, :',, .- ' '
· .. ,..-/· .• a. resul.t of fraud, undue· influer;ice, does :n.ot .·. . ·: ·· ._~: " :·-. · · · l" · ::-,,::"'. • '' --., :.. -:, :·. • .. •:. · .· .
. , .. :;_... . OP.~tate.: .9S:,· ,ch.,. r.~vocatidri· '"(Ji/RADO,· .:. : '/:.~HtJmp~y.Q_umpty ~ule· · ..... '. ·. · .. · · . .-·:, .. ~: · ·.:'
-· ·" , • 1$.u_¢c~ssiph:.~upra at.1?~').: · .. , : ,·:.. .-:::'· ., · . ,, .· _Once'a:_w!l.1:haSi~~en··~orn_~nd revo.k·~d it.c~n rio.-· "!
: . . ·. ·. . , . _.'.-:::, . ,, .\ ,. . '. . . . . _ , . ·> . ·: . · . · .. 1ong_er _b·e revived by-potting the pie.ces·together ·
, .. _ .· ... ' :The.intention.Jcfr.evoke.rt.fast concur whh an .'· r.. (_f;1~i'.:6.9.Co: ·Y·f°..'!}?s~ ?.1_2'So.'.:2p:3Z/f ·. _._... : ·
.. · · · · ··. . .. -o~if~,act;.m:ahif~~tin'g1the .int.en'ijcj~/l'ie,H~·~-r: . . . .. . . .. , · .., , · ~- . . \ ·.: .. :
. . ·. ·:· . · :desJru9tiori ·. without' .interiti~n: ·no'r:.·fnt~nti6n Not~: .··:fhe ·: m~re ,:·ac( of: ''d1;1!1)plin·g_: · or,.. \he ·.
. :. without:' ... destruction·. wouid . result· . . t6' remoyal ..of t~e "fasten~r'.'-b)nding the p9ges of a
:_: :.· · .~·~ :rJy.~e~t!<;>I}. ofih~ will-(id.).: . . ".'. ',i.--: ~. . . · wilLg9~s-;not ~OQ_Stitute. !"¢yoc;,1tion,' evehth_ou'gh-·,
• . .. . . . ,, , , .. . .. _._,.: .... - , ...... ,_ . .. · ther.e/be'.:~(1i[11(!S::fevocandi:·Howev·et; .frr'Roxas · ·
d/. '_8cti.Jal. pnyslcal· act 9f destrµction;_ .. ·. . : · · " . _.: .. :v.:. ·· F?ox.fJsi :.48: ?·G.· ,.?.177, __ .t~e: .'c,p'~,rt: ·i~pliedli
. ll)iiu.st- be ·a,.rn~n'tal;p'i:qces~ ·d~n:,bnstrat$d .'-: . . . · :· ·.al)owe.d.; y(Ui:T.iPl!,riQ .,as·: one ;o.f. lhe: overt '-acts,'
by\ s.or;i:ie .,gutward :·.and : v_isit>le "sign· · · · " provid~d· t~ere!:is_ :aQim~ }evocandi- (3 :Pf.;\RAS,·
(JU.RADO, Su.c~e·ss_ioi?, s_upra a(.1~3-124J: .·- ..supra at 142), .. "·, "-... · . -· · , • .; ·
-~-. ~ompletion'of;the subje9tive p_hase .. {P~rKe·f · · ·. · ~ :. • · ·- . '\ .
._ :v_ •. Perkes, ~B., find Ald . .489; Costiglm, ·p.: . C~nc.elling ; ·. :. . :. .. ·. .. ·. · . · .
·. . 3.12); , . ·... .Effected ~y diagonal o~ hor,izpni'al lines, or:-criss~ .. · · ..
. : The act is ·still' -de~med to . be. in . the crosses,· or. th'e' word. ~_c:;-ancelled", wri'tteo upon ,
subjective i:>nase if the testator intends (b do th~. face' of th,e .wm ·or:upon any° part tlJ~r.eof {Id,
.afurtheract:.· . · .... ', · · . at127.-1-28).
'
1 ......
.
· '.
I
.:.. ·._
2019 SAN):l.EDA LAW CENTRALIZ~_QBAR 08ERATl~NS I 277

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SAtJ BEDA 1,AW CENTRALIZED BAR OPERAT(ONS - MEMPRY AID 2019
Marks made upon a

will by the testator are . heir. X then dies ·and B renounces the ·,nheritance .
effe_ctiv.e as . -a revocation. 'by. 'cancellation, .TheJirst willirernains. revoked ({d:}. . . ..
reqardless of their .depth, faintness, or other
characterlstics.ilf they 'were placed there.for the Doctrine of Dependent Relative ·Revocatio~~ '
purpose of canceling.the will (Id: at 128). . ·· If.a testator revokes-a wilhvith--a present intention of
The 'cancellation need not render the will-illegible . makirfg a- new one immediately· and' as a 'substitute,
(.JURAOO; Succession, supra aH27~128): ··. · and the new will is not made, .or. irrnade. fails ta.' take
. effect for any reason..It will be-presumed thatthe
Obliterating - ·. . . ':- testator preferred the ·ol<;I will than intestacy; and the
Effected· by erasing or scraping off" any word or · old one will be adrnltted-fo probate in the absence of
disposition, which the testator intends to revoke. evidence overcornirlq the presumption, provided its
?bliteration-renders the will _i,llegible (Id. at 127}.. : · contents can be ascertained (Id, 'at ·149):. . . · :
~ . -· . . ·. . . . •' .·
.. ·. -;;.:
· . Example: .x .executes ·-~ will;:· 11c!~ing. A= as .. f:lii ·

unlversathetr.Twoyearslater. a
X·e:icecutes second
. willreyo.king the firstand naming .s.· as hjs•.univers'al
. ',
278 2019. SAN

:~
SEDA LAW.CENTRALIZED
. •. . , BAR:OPERATIONS
. - .. ,'.
su:CCtSS.ION
SAN BEDA LAW CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS -.MEMORY AID 2Q1Q
. .• . .
tfi@§~.'*~~N·t? Y.~5:·w~em 2~ W!ifi'¢;' :;*f U:W:!5i!ibi$~P $,Q§9h$511 ?#$ ~~t~r'E# ; & ;$$~':-% ?Sii,~~~· ¢$bf>£.$32!5514,.®#1tlf1ili
RevivaJ. . . .
REPU.BLICATION A.ND - Restoration to validity"of a previously revoked ~ill by
.operation of law (JURADO, Succession, supra ,at
REVIVAL:·OF WIL~S 133). . . ,
-· .
~ . ..
. . Re.publication 1/. Reviv:al.
Republication · . .
.It is·an act of the testator whereby he reproduces in ,
. a. .subsequent . will tn~· 'dispositions contained . in a:
previous 'will which-is void a.s to itsform or executes
_a· codicil to his.will. (JURADO,· Successiotieupre at·
132). :· . . '
Kinds:· · . · . .. . . , -
1: ,. Express or. Republlcatlorr .by' ~e::.execu_t\on __
' (CIVIL CO°bE; 'Art.- )335J ':- if. t_t1e·. t~st;:itor . ·· '.
reproduces in. a. subsequent· will disposltions: ·
contained .ln a. previous one which is void as to ·,
· .· itsform. The'(putpose-·oLrepu,blfcatiori is to cure
,. . th{ willof its formaldefeets>. ~ ·. _r ; .... ' : . _ ·, (Id.. at 133). · ·~ . . )
. 2. ·. C_on·structive or Rep~blica~iqri by.Reference . _ ..
· (CIVi[ cooe. Ari; 8.3~).::...Jf the testator fo~ sol'!le · .· . Examplesof Revival .·. . . . _
.. reasonor anotherexecutes 'a
codic] 'to tlis-will. .. f :while - omission: of a compulsory heir in the .
. -- . - .. · _: .. ·. ·. : ":. . - . .- . -· f ,nstitu'tibn" of heirs annulsthe institutidri,stilf'ff-the.-
Note: :Ar(. 8~6. rn~st.bt co_nsid~r,ed c;IS _t_h·e g~~er~) . omitted -heir dies ahead-of th~ testator, -the ..
rule and Arl.'835, as-the excephon:-Rep:?,du_ct1<;P,._1_n l:istii0iQR\.i_s _rev~v~d. without prejudice :to the
the codicil is required only V>'.hen the or,1g1~~1H -1~_ .. ri_gl:lt o~pr~s~nta_t1oq(Q/V/l CODE, Art. 85~)-_.
voidas to its form; in all otl1e_r. cases; refere.,JJce to -~he· . ·. 2;, If: after' makjng·, a will, the testator makes .a
· priginaJ w~lrsµffi~~ )o r¢p~bli$h it tn~o1:1ghr_u:; ·c_9pic~"' · · · · : , ··secor:,~/Ji!~ i_mR]~edly revcfing· the ..first_;: th~,,-
. Thu~;: a/~od,i~il_: ri)ay·· f:_Pub!i~~-'.·!=ln~ iaJii:la,U,~~1. _· . . · ·~evocation·o\t~e secorid-will.revives_ t~E::fi~st yvill
:,v~ich. wa~ prigmal!Y _v_o1d: for. ~~~L~f>:te~am~tary ... · .. ,· _ as ·impliecl-fr0m Art 837 (3 PA_R,AS, . supra ..at
capacity or;on account of uridu~nfluenceJ.Hl??.n th~ I
: testator. (3 TOLEN~!N.~,:.s.µpr{f/?44).. . · ',_·; : .. . . .-·.:·.
· .. -·lllu~.t-~~ti~n:. :X_ _.ma9~· _ ,:{ W\ll)n .' 9~~~f op.ly · 1:,v9 the·
.... · ~~ii-~s~p,re;s~evc;,c~ti~·n. ·9_f First w11(.:. _i' ...
~j.tne~_ses w~re pr:~s~~t)r:, 19~_5,, he .9.10~1fied t~~ -~,I~_ · _:: Jf:"a°fter. making ··a .will, -,_tl:le testa_tor mc1~_es ·. a
b'y:_~·c. od_._'~!~· lf_'h_e_·_qies·_·. sh. o_uld t_he__ .wi_l~ b~~1.1a ea__ .?,._'-: . second will ~·xpressly revoking the·: n.r_st th_~ .
' re.vocation. of tfi'e'se'ccind\~111'qo_ei;"~6t:revive the.
A1:1s'1'er.:. NQ... Tl)e. .19~5 ~Ill was .. _vo1d a tto;1Js•fo"",r~.m-::-;_ ....,.,._..__.;.,fi ...
rs;.;t;;.;;w;.;;;i..,11,-·
which 'can-·be ·reyiveq only by·'anotner
PE:~ause it onlr h.asJV?.o. ~1tn~s.ses ~nd He{_ef~~e_/\rt. wfll·or. 'codicil (ClViC Cc;JQE, _Aft. .8-37) . .- . -: · . :
835 shou_lp,~pply. The tei,t?tqr.rnust rE:pf.OQ.O!;.E:.-'-~ a · · ·· · - · . · . · · -· --
. · •' .-st.ibs'equent wi!I th~ qisp_ositib~s- ~ont!3ined in -the · .. 2:·; lm'pliecl Rev~:c~tfon of .th\~-F'irst·wiir ::' . . ,
.1985\vill. He d:mhof.m~rely use a c6dieil. Wh.ere there is merely·an inconsjster:icy_"betw~eri
...• : '. . • . - ... a: . -;,.' ·.·..- :,, •:; ·:: .. . ·. •.•· . ' two wilis but-there is no'revocatory dau;:;e;:f;JPOn
. Note: The,word· "form';.:in Art:J337. refers. t0 ·thos:e . -tne: .
de.strucu'on of· s~cond :.wiii; the >fi[~t· i~;-
. cov~r~;cf by Art. 805 lik13: defecf in :t!Je :nu·m~~F- 'bf · ._-autom~tically .. ~evivec:J; . reg,<=;lrdl,e:;;s . qf: -:-thf .
, _witnesses, lack c;>f "or fatal defe'ct in _tht3 attestf}tign,. .. . . inlention·· bf the testator:. pr9vided ·that.the first
lack. of ~cknowledge.rrien_t;etc:,- ·but. rot-· to ,.yitiated, . ·. · · .. _ will ii~s Deen-preserved uridestroyed· (JURADO, .
. . tonsen"t :br· to· la~k- i'of,testc3.mentary:·capacity;.(3" . .-, ·succession,.supiiii133).· . . . - .. ,·- .
'.PA~~S'. ~~pr;a.-at 152)::'·:. /,:· · .. ·. . . . -- · ·. : . ·-· · .
, · ·· : • · · - .. : ·.: 1iiustra.tio~: Suppos~;:how!:lve/ :that in~tea"d of-··
, ~ffec_ts qt R_ep~bli~atio.ri; by·. V!rtue of a. Codicil; : . . . . . . _an e):(pr~ss. re~ocatory :d~u~e. lhe "disp_ositiOn$
i ·Codicil· tevives···ttie. previous_ will (DE LEON, -· ·· .found .1n . the se.cond .-will· are,: ·merely
·:· ·. $ilcc_essio'n: ·sµpra'at_1:97}i'and' .. ,--,. ;.__. .. , .. . . · · YNCONSIS.T.ENTwith .tho's~ fou'rid iri~th'e firs(.~:,;
2. -The 'old. will .is republished as .of the· date-. of th.e " ' sh411 the .expr.~ss ·revo_<::ation ~f the set"ond_.will
·- .co.di~:- ~fief makes·--it;ffectiv~;:·as it ~ere, fr.om - -·. '·by ~r third will 'ot a cod_ici~ result in the revival Qf ·.
the new· and ·1ater_qate (3 PAFJAS, supra 210)·. at tl:le.first wili?_ ··
3. •-fi. wiil republisheo:bY.° a codicil i:;; goverrl'~d by a ,· · · ·'·.,
statute enacted subsequent to the execution of . Answer:. The· Code" 'does nof prov.idt3 'for the
... th~·wil(ti_ut which Was operative wlieri t~e'.coditil 'effect'of the revocatio:n of the second will·in case
:.w~s.:e~e~uted.(/d:f . . . the seconc{ will rrierely impliedly·re.voked the first
: will (Id.). . . ·,
., . . ·. "\ . . ..
~ 2019-SAN BEDA L.AW_C_ENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS I. ~79·
. ·'
-SUCCES-SJON ·
. .. SAN ~f:[!A LAW CENTRALIZED_BAR Of>ERATIONS- ,N)EMOR.YAID 2019 . .
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N_gte: If the revokinq will be disallowed because only one heir has been instituted, there niust still' .
'it -fs. rio].
.... valid,·
. it. cannot produce
. .. tbe effect of be the judicial .order' of adjudication (Lopez v.
aQ.nul!ing· the previous ,will (Samson Ii'. Nevet, Gonzaga, "G.R.. No. L~1878~,.Janua!Y31, 1964).
;~.R. No: 11823; February 11; 1918).
,~ ,· I;
/. . .
in ~~m
2·. . Prob,~te · is-. ci:'° p~oce~tj'rri~{ a~d. ih~J.efore ·.
Principle of-lnstanter · .. · · · .. · : · . cannot be dispensed with or substituted by_ any
. When there lsanexpress.revocaticn of.thefirst.will .other proeeedinq, j1,.1q,icial ot.extrajudicial v.,,itb9ut
tiY. tRe s.ecq}-i~'wm/ttie-=third wiJf;annot reviv'e.the·-n~§t . offendinq. public· pollcy (JU/j?l!,[JO,. Succession,
~i11.: 'Exp'.e:s.s ·: re0oca.tip~ :: ~s alw~ys. fin?r;'. ~nq supre-et -13q)., . . . . •
_e~e-~~tqry. .: .>, :. : , &--~. ,_ · , · ·· · --
3.- The.right of a person to dispose of_~is. pr~p~'1Y.
The .revokin:g ·_cJ90si tn :·ihe· second ...will' is not by virtue of a will niay be rendered nugatory ttn. ·
t~~t.am~ntary _1n-' 'ch~'ra'.~t,er; _ RU.t, o'j?_eratE;S' fo)?vq~.e · the mettet-ot the. ·restate Estate .ot. the. 'tete
the priorwi!I t,JP.i:ifttie execution of thewil] containing , Agustin D~I 17a//~,: ~,/{ /'fQ. ·L~.11609; Sep'temf,Jer
·. ih hence, tfo3)eiv"otatibn 'of the·s~cond.viill does n6t·
revive
_-24, 19,5.9);.and · .-> ·
. ~' . ·, 'the
~. \ first...·w,il
,_... ,. .. which
··.-' 'f1as·
. . alrn~dy-
'·' . becomea . ....
•• •
nullity'(3_ TOLENJINQ;;.S.l.!Pr.a ~l':144:14.5): · , . . . . ....
.~ .• • ........... - .. ..; •• :... .)· ,.. ·~ • <o; ; ••• ; ' • p •
. . ., . . .... ~ )·
":..:·
. .
:,
.
\ 280'. I ·2019 SAN SEDA
. .
LAW CENTRALIZE0
. . '.
BAR .OPERA TIQNS
. ..
succ·ESS,ION
SAN BEDA LAW GENTRAL/ZECJBAR OPERATIONS- MEMORY.AID 2019
. . . ·:. '.. . .
3. To declare the ·unviorthiness of the lieir under 3. BY. means of a petition to §.et aside· the iudgment ..
' 'Art. '1032 of the Civil Code; fo~ eoncealing or by reason of 19c;:k • of· jurisdiction· or· lack, of
· · suppressing th~ wiil (Guevar_a Gl!eyara~· G.R ·v. procedural due· process; or . .
· No. L-5405, Januarr 31, 195_6). 4.· ·.B"Y ·m·~ans
·of. an- action to ~nnul judgm·eht by
. . . ,, reason ·of extrinsic or collateral fraud (JURADO,.,
The will andAre·.codiciCmay ·or may not be probate9 Succession, supra-at 144). · ·. >:-
simultaneously. . . . . . . . . .
,/ '· c,· . . . . . .. :: Q~estions oe·t~r·minable by ProbateCourt
.Qne whc;> has c;>r:caryhave no·(nter;st in SUCC81?dins Geriera]- Rule: in probate proceedings, the ~robate
, a'q~ce9ent cannot oppo?e' the prob!3te of hi~·a_lieged court canno] lnquire into the 'intrin.sic ':-validity of.
· wiil (B~fi9ng · v: 'Surigao Consolidated: Mining, -G.R., testamentary provisio'r:1s. The orily 'questions th~t
No.·'[~ 139381-.july 31, .1968). ,.. . . · . · • · -.. . . may, be 'determined .bY. the · probate court "are the
,. . ( .. ~ . followin·g: (l_C;) . . . - . . . . . .. . .
Estopp,el not AppJic~bl_e to Probate Proteedings. \. 1. '. [dentity .t;ifJ!1e will (.whether ttie will rpresehted is
The·. rule of estoppeJ . do(;)s n'Cit · apply . to. probate . ·: · the: last will ahd testament of the testator): · · .: ·
'-prE>Cee_d.ings:..: for--
they :·~re. ,ihv_esJed- ~ ..\,'{itr ,;pµp!ic;: 2: '"testament~ry :~apaeity 'qf..the .testator at the
"interest, -}lhd. :if estoppels 'wou!d be·~_apP,1.ied,.'th_e· · . time of the execution oflhe will; andr> -. · · · ·
:a.~C~_('la.in,.ti).8,nt.o.f: .tfr~(truth. r;ijay ;t>e bi~ci_<e§ . (~j§.Ua·~ . 3•_:: . Due "Ex'ecutibn' of ttie.,will (whether. there.was
.B~tts,. G.R.'.No:L-46439,' July 30, 19.79)-. :\. . .. ;- . · . . ; compliance. with. the .requisit~s 'aild·';i()le!J1n.ities
_.: ;... .. " . ~.. . . ' . .
• -.: . · prescribed. by law (Id. at 138-139). · · · · :.. . ·
. -~- . . . ' . ., : . ·. : -:1, . . . ·. ·,: . . . '; . t·. .
. Effect'of Ailowan"ce of Will . ·. . ' . .
. A. ju_dgr:nenr 9r:_9..ecree of a c.o.u,rt.~\y,it~jllrisdiction. tot . · t:Jote,:: The probate or·:administratian _.cci_urt :.ma\- .
,probate '.a wil! ls: · , . · · · . · ·. . ·_. .. :· . decide prima facie the ownership of the property, but ., ·
01.: .Cohc;luswe· as to ·the validity 'of the will; ·. _ •·. ~ · 'such ·dete'riliination ·ji, .' not ·finai and': is without!
. ·:·:, . . . -. : ·. :· /- . . ·. ·. :' . ·.· ,: ···. . <- ·; !, . .. . pcejuaice to ihk-:-right qf Interestedparties.to ventilate ..
N9~e:'..~tpe_c!~1_1'f.th:e. t~s!an5~.n~a.ry} ..ae,~i\y a_~cf
the· 9uesti9npfowhe_rstiip· ii). proper action" (Tehg a
'.
.:·-"
-. due·~execut1on
·: 16!f). · •,. · ·
of-t~e ·~111 · (3-i-PARi\S; -su(Jrct a"t
. . v. ~m:;~~·1J~· ~-W;?\
.. ~ Exceptio .: ·P, actic,al,corsrderat1c;ms . ·:·: ·, ·:· ·
~'.e~te·~.b~?!·_._20_1~/...;
··,1n,·fvugt1ie{·v; Nu~id, (G.R.· Ne: · L~23445/Jun.e- 23; ..

- ·1·966)>ti!e ~upr:em"'e.Cotiri'·he!c:t'that,.if the case'was ·
: to' ,be ~man~ed for prqoate of. the, 1iil, n9!hi~9 ~J!i:..
. be 'qained. OJ;L.the:'.t.Qotri;!ry, this litigation· would be ·
3'
. ~
. · _C6n~ll,!sive·
.,. ·- ' . ., '
to, Jhe':.
r
whole .
worldY(-:JPRADP,
.,...._,. . ...,,. ... ... , •
protracted/And.
, . ..,
f.o( augh.t
.. , . . . . .
thatappears
• - . .. •
io,!h¢
..
record..
. ..
·'. . · Successiot), su'pr..a- at 142). . · lnthe-event.ofprobate pr if the-court· rejects. the wi!l1 . .,.
: . ;_· ,. · .:.:~ ·-. i'.: ·. · ~ s.: ' ' _.·, ·.. · · · · . .- · >..: prooability exists. th9t the case ~ill ·come: up on.ce'
~;ote_:;
_F?r'rnal:·nbtice, is :a_n _idle ·cerem0[1.Y.·:."Y.h~~·~~~g~i9 ~ef~:'_us oo' the·.?af!le i,~_su_e_· ~~--t~t·i_,:it~i_nsJG.
a9ver~e fartrhad_ ac::tual.k'"!~wledge.·. \; ~ f('!: . . · .' .. ~ah;drty_-~r.h~l)1.~y of)h~W11l ....·t~us ~esultrn_g,_to:a ":'a~t.e
Fraud . as ·a 'ground . for·,rehef must' be Based on·' ·of·t.rme-;" effort; expense;·plus added. anxiety.":, ; . •: · :-·
ex.tr.i.nsi_c..fraud.. "'.-° .. :. . • .• ,. -- ·--;. · ... · .. · .. _,.·.:, ·':c: ... _. .. ·-c.:_;,_: ·,.o. ;' .. 'h ·0;_. :.". '
· •. . . - , .. ~.~,· • ~ · ·• 1 • , • ;· .. lfl ·Nf1pbinl.{qeh() v. CA -(G:R>-Ncr .·L:62952;· Octob~r···.
':i. Wh·e;e_ part oi.the.~st~te· is n~t ·dist(ib~ted.-r~c~Llrse : · ·.. g,,'1985):,tl\e;C:oart. ruled 'that "the ..cd.ui:t~;an."inqci/re-· ;·
i~hofto te"~9penpr'6qc1te·prode_edir.igs;but.~citiQh .for :. :· as ·lty'the ,iritrinsic\validity bf.:the . ..yill t:iecau?e:·there
:ex~~"t:.ito~ 9r ac\lo~
tqr. reco~y~j~nc::~· .(f:l~ir:,s--:o.f.lh.~:' · .... ~a·~:a.r:!}xi:>ress= statem'en;,-,ma_t_i~e b·enencia,ry ""'.as
.. L.<Jff? ,Jf{S@;.fran,. v: .§~la~, _GR,. N<f I,;q~ptl-,6;- June: , .. a•m1stress.: ·.. · : ... , ·· -' ,, ':,. ·• ··
... 25; 1-992)~ ·. .. : .. . ,• . ' ,• .· ~ . '·: . .. ·: 1• ;': • • ... •1 ·~.-· · .•,. • • •·. ,. . . .• . ' .. .... . .. • . .•" •• • • •
' , .,. . '.: . . . : .. Orirl)irial a"ction. will" not Ii~ against t~e forger·of a will .
. .lr:i~t~~ces 'Allowanc.e·vl(en Be .sefA$id~- M;y
.. · Which·f.iad-'l?ee'n ... ~uly ·admittecl'to probate, by.__a court •.
·.· General .Rule: $.ince. a p'rd'cee,dirtg for the prol;>ate of . .. . of: compet~rit';juriscH_ction. ~Mercad_o Santqs, :G.R., . _v. ·
a·will
is esierit1alfy. cine in rein,'.ajudgmentaJldwi_rig. . No. 45,.629, Seplfml5er 2-?, .1938) .. · .· ;\ .... · ·· . -~ · ....
. a~- -«ilf:~.~a1rbe· ~.or,~Ju~ive, a·s :.to·: its· 'd~eV~xecti1tion
_The f~tt. that_: tQe ·,wii1 has .. b~er) . alloW~_q: :wil~Q~t ·:··:·
· (JURADQ;.-Suc"r5e_ssion; supra at·144}:' · - · · , , · .
. . .' ..... ··• ....•. . ·•. . • . .. •. : :·._.-.... _::.· .• ;;.;,... !' . oppqsition ··and.)~'e. ,order allowing the:· same.'has ..:
· ... · · ExcE:pt1ons:-(AR.SA)·: .:· ·. ·. · ·;.· . : · · .· · : become •firia( and. executor:y is~ noi-·:a · bar to. 1tne
,. . . 1.. By_me,aris of.a.A ~ppeal (CIVIL COQE; Art. 838·:. p"re:se'nt~tion,of.a codf~il provide£d·it cotnpli~sw,ith an.
; · ·pai:.if.);/.;.·; ·. ·•· · · · the· torm,alitie·s, for: executing .. a· will. ... ."1(.fis 'not.
,;· 2:: · ,By means of ~- petitior) for Beli.ef frorr)'judgrrienL '· . necE?ssary that the willr and. codic;:il be profrate'd .
· · . · by:' f~i;ISOn . 'of ; frat.rd; accident, . mJ.stake, or . . together' as·· the codicil may be concealed by. an
·.·excusable ·ne'gligens;e · (RULES OF · COURT,·:' intereste_d.party'. They may be probatecf on(after the
Ruf~ 38, Sec_. 2);· · ·
'··
. · ..• ··-: ·...
·v
2019 SAN BEDA LAW CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS I -281 .
. SU.CCESSION
SAt,f _fEDA LAW CENTRALIZEDBAR OPERATIONS - MEMORYAID 2019-
other (M~cam v:Gatmaitan, G.R. No. 40445,August

17, 1934).
,.,
· ...
\
.,
: -, ;
284 I 2019 SAN. BEDA LA~ CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS
· SUCCESSION
SAN BEDA LAW-CENTRAti~ED BAR OP~RATION,S - ME~ORY'A/0 2019
Ttie tes.tamentary dj;pos[tions. made in accordan.ce

· · .·. :' '-1. I__N_s_·
T_I_T
__u_T_,·
~Io_'_N_o_F_H_i:_i_R_s
__ .__-1
· with -the, law sha!I be. compfied· with and the
remainder of the estate shall ·pass to ttie.legal heirs
.. I
·· . (CIVIL coo~;-"Ai-f 841). 'in
other'.·w!)r'ds, t'here: is
Institution ·_ ,. . . , mixed succession. · · · · .. · · ·
. An acfby'vii:tue of wbich·a testator desig,n'at~s-in his . 0 ..
I • •'
- ~ \.viii the perso(I or .persons who are' to'swcceea hi_m i!:J~ Freedom of Disposition (CIVIL CODE, ''Art/842):_ ..
his property and transmissible rights.and objigatioris . 1. If .. the testator 'has. rio compulsory· .heir~. his
. (CIV[t CODE, Art.· 840). . . . freedom or' disposition l~ absolute in character .
. :The whole estate is-dll:iposable.. :. . . ' .
· ·,N9t~;·:lchilci already-conceived at.thetirne of the .. · · · - · · ·. · , · · ·· · -
· death .of ·ttie. decedent is capable .of succeeding Note.: Th.e· testator must. still respectctbe
provided .. it be- born. later under. the .conditions restriction imposed. by .special laws (Arayata it.
. prescribed in' article 41 (9JVIL COD~. Art: )025, J_9yc~. G.R. No. 28097; Ma_rch 10, 19.28) ... ·. . .
par.2). . . .. · .. · · · , .. - . · · . · · · ,: . . :· . ," . · ... , · . . · ... :., · · : · ..
·. . ' . 2·: ·. If the testator rias cornpulsoryheirs; ~is fr·e~dom · .-
.fiund~nient~l B~sis of the La"! of'T~st.a~ent.ary .. of disposition shall extend only to thedisposable
. · Su~cession:·.:. ~:. . : . -: . . . · · : free. 'portlcn of hi°s estate. but not to· the l~gc:il
The doctrine that .the will of the· testator, freely . . por:t\op pr le1iitiine WlfMDQ, ~uccess16n, 'supr~-
. · expressed' in htsIast. will and testament, is, as a_ . . . . . a( '162f· . . . .
. - . general· rule.. the supreme' law Which gEvern~,--~ie . ·.·-i
_ succession .(JURADO, Succession, supreet '159). · · :: ·Reason> Under .._. our .system . of- c'om·pulsciry
. . .. . . .· . . . suc~essioh, . there is-:- always a portion 'of • the- .
, Order of Preference: (ISRAI). . · - · ·) testat6r's-;e·state -known .as the Jegitime.·:Nhich,)s »,
i. '.lnstit\J_lio~ ?f heir (CIVIL ~OD_E, Art._840); reserved by OP,~r.-atibh 6f law f~r ~h~_ber:iefit:of:~ertain_
4-.. · _§ubst1tut1on _of heir (CIVIL.CODE, 0Art.:,;.8J7); . heirs who are thei,r~f0r.!3·c.alh:~d coi:npqls.9ry,h~1,rs, and~
3. Rfght of B,epresentation (CIVIL CQOB('Aft .. 970); - elver which· tfie testator as .. a general rule cari have
, 4.'. · Right 6f ~ccretion·(CIVIL COD_E,'Arf tO 15); a';.,~,· no \~~ta·m:e~t~iyf6ntrol (ld:·.a~ p. 161). . ··
5. _.Jnt(}_:itap.-z(CWIL ~ODE, Ar!. 960) . . . ... : ·: ·__ . ... . ·./. _I -~ _:, · _ ·.. ·.- .· ...
. ·, . -·· . - . . .... · . - .~ . , · Restr1ctionston·ElJspos1tion. - .
·. R~quisite~ for ca V~lidf~st!tuti~r : . • ·.: . , '. J :-: . Thefestai:~,of },!;}e:S!alor shall1 be liab·I~ _fo_r_:the,. _
. 1. ·The_ w1IJ must be extr.ins1c~JJ.r,vahd,.ll).,~~~ng:~ ·· _ · · . la t~.([§J,.1.fil[t}$ls; and·· .- . _ ... · ,,
' . · _ a .. Th_e·te~,~t~r:must. l?e cawi,.citaJecJ·.A. ~-. 2:< T~f::. fe'.s,tator.. ca.l")not di,spdse bf ~r:e. nsumber the_·
._ ~- :,The forn:,ah!1es m_us_t_be o~terve~;. . :f. . legitirn,f:of. .the, cpmp~l~ory· heir~. (qE _LE.QN,
c: There must be no v1!1ated.co...rsenti. . .. Succ.ess,on,s.upra at·235). . : · · ....
J' · it ·:rhe:-.y!!I must h-~v~ bee.n:'·duly"~o'.W_ted;,ar:id .· · · · .. ·.- •· , · ·
._ .. · e .... The w,11 must haver been the personal.ac&ot. Fo.rrris of Institution:. . . . .. . . . ·. . -:· ..
. . : .. -: .,.· the .te_stat~r:" ... : ' . ;·., . -T.he:te.statofshal['~esignat(tlle' h_eir'by his:'riame and
_ : . 2 .. _ The· "inititution· mµst :sur:riame, How~ver;Jhis for_m- is:·not- mar1dat6ry'. }"he
· .. '-!.meaning: .. , . :. - . . . . . . . d~signatio_n:mpy be:n'ia.de in·any,othe~Jcirin_,-as·iong .~
· . · a .. The legitim·e' mus!"not be· impaired;'. ' · . as there wi!C·be no· douht ,a$· to the idehtity_ of the:-.· '
• ' b ... Tlie·-heir mu.st be c~rtain ~r asc'e.rtainaple;· heir/s in~titut~d.(.CIVl(G_ODE,' ~rt. 813): · · · .... ,·-
.. :. · . a9.d_· __ ... ·. ' ... · ... _ - .. :· · · · ·. _ · ·:··: ,.·· __ : .- .-:. • .·., ·,:. -.,·.
. ·c. . . Th~re shpuld:.be no preteri_tion. . . . . . . ·.-., DiSJ?OSition.i'.in:ta:/or ot an ~i,known pers9.~ (pers.Onµ
.- 3. The instifotlon ·mu.st be effective, meaning:-. iocierta) shalH;ie · void, Unless - by · somEF event- or:
. · -a. Yhe're must be no predece~sed'h_e,ir;: .. •' · .: --, , , cird.1mstarices'·:Jii'S',identify._ be~ofo'es· certain (91VIL'
_ . b. ..there· must be-.· ribJepudfation by. the heir; · · CqbE,' Art 845). ·. ,""' .. -: : : · · · .. · .. -' . ·.
and.:.. · ... -· . . . . .. .. .
. c. · · There:m.ust b~ no incapacity of.the ·heir ...... N.ote: .• A pef$6na.' 'incierla ... is· one'"Who . is.. n·6t.
. (3--PARA$, supra:aH9!f. .. · -:. . ;,_ . . _ deterinit1e_d-· o.r ·,· individuzjl_izid. thus..:- rri'akir:iii Jt
. iri1p9ssfble to.l<now,whp is.m.earit by the dec~ae~t (3
.. La6k,·of 1n·stit~hort'does NOT ,lnvalid~te·J· Will. · . ·T_QLENT.J.IYO~.supr~ at_:176)::, -1~;. ,.. , · '
- ·.· . A viii1 i~-{a.1id,· ~y-en tho'ugh: . · . . . :.
· 1. -It.does not contain an .institution of an heir; · An "Unknown' Person" means .orie- who cl:mnof be
.'2.·· The 'institu.tion does riot comprise the· entire · .identified. troin the will;
not one who ··is ~ itran·ge~ ·io
-·esta'te;'or_ ; : :' ·-:: ~ . :_· . .· ·: thi testatqr (Id.). .. . . · · .
3. The·· heir ins.tituted .does :nor -accept. the
· inhe.ritance or is jncapadtated t~ succ·eed (Ci.VIL . ··.·,
coo.~. Art. 841). · ·. ·
/'
201ssAN BEDf\ LAW c·ENTRALIZED.B_AR O.PERATIONS I 283

SUCC.ESSI-O.N·,
·. SAN BEOi LAW CENTRALIZEDBAR OPERATIONS- MEM_C!RYAID 2019
The institution of an unknown person.will still be void "the disposable free portion · ·(JURADO,
even itby.sorne future.event he can be determined . . Succession,
•· ,.-
supra
• I' .
at 165-166).
. : •
.. '
when.fhecdeterrninatiori-of" the- heir is delegated, by .. ~-. • ,:, ....... ~. •• • ,.__,.. -'-· •4
the testator to another. It· is void dnder Art. 785 of the. Illustration: X stated'in his will: "lqive A,- B, and.
Civil Code·(3 TOLE(':11/NP, supre af .. 17'7)".: ·c as my heirs, my eritire estate." The net value
. . . ·- . . . '. (•
·-'
of the estate is ... P120;000 .. H6w mucrils each'
-entltled? · ·. ·
_, ...
·'.,
.. •
' • ~ · -" ( r '• ,. .~·' I I.
284 ,J ,
,2019. SAN-B!;DA-LAW CENTR.A.(.JZED. BAR OPE.RATIONS
... • ·.! • .• • ~ • • •• • .-
SUCCES·SfON.
.. : . -, .
SAN BEDA LAW CENTRALIZED BAR QPERA T/ONS -- MEMORY AID 2019
. :
i1.1ustration:, "I h~reby.,institut~ ~y ·student :X as my Illustration of 1ri·stitution ·or"Heirs . - ..

heiddr havi.1}9· toppe_d the ..bar exap,ihati~n:o'f ·2q63," unde·r Arts'. 852 and 853 ..
If X was nb! the k>p-notcher,.woul9 tie-st.ti) inherit? _
-~· t~: ..
An.swer: Y.es; becat:1se the false· cause 9i" reason is
CQnSid€)re~ as not Written:.. • . . : . I . . . ' . :
. . .
. . . '
-- · ' · . ,. A = ~; B= ,;.; - , _ · . • A.= Yi; B= ~ . . ... ,
. Reason forthe ..law..The realcause.is the testator's I .
,-
li be"rality,. ·~lie mention of;".the bar 'toppin~tb.eing )
0
. A.= ~ of 120T is._60T "A= Y2 of,120T is-6QT,
. . · merely 'lncidental, .for even. if had X topped. the.bar,
'the testator.' would -not 'have -been bound' to· reward'
B = Y,. .of 120T ,i$_ 301 .· :x
· i3 =. 'of 12o;r is :gar
~im,7fere it not iqr- th_e pr?visi°.n,in lh:_-wi!I. .. .· ..
9,qr : . i50T·.
·. ·. . · .~-: ..
.
. . ' . .. · . ; ...... . - .·· . ' -
"':·'
'NE( 120T)-90T :::',•. 30T NE( 1120T)-15pT= -30T
ii~ceptio,,-i v/h~n _c,1pJma·r~'-from- ttie. wi11 ·ihadhe :it . .
. .· .
.: testatorwould riot-have m-adeihe-insfltution if:he had J_ . 30T shall be· · .... ,.· - DEDUCTED···.
30Twill be:· 0
.known, th~- falsitY,6Lsu2t.i-caus·~~-<,q.viLXP.DEi ~r(: .. .DISTRIBUTED \ . · .. : .. :·

850): ·· . ·,.· . J, '. :;_. ·. :: ·· ': '. !F.. : . ·· ... proportiona"tely betwei:ln · "prop9rtionately . . , '··
: . . _.;~ y : · . . ~ ... ~.. -. :._) . . :·:<-;. '. .·:-;;;- ·.·. "\ -;: ::· ·;· ·,. ·,) :-.1 ., ~ and B ..., - )- .. ,. _betwe13b.A aQd B" 1. ·• '' ·
Requisites· for "the An.nylmen~_ .. of Institution .of

\ ... !.
... .· ·.· : )' ...
'.Heirs·:··(S.F.2): .. ·;· · .. · ; .. :. . ....... _ ." .· . /: Computation: Computaltbn: . · ·
1- .: { Cause .of1 lnstltution .of the-heirs .must be .§tated : _.,:A,· - . . ,. . :. A ·. , ··.··· ·....
., 1n:,tr~:"Yi11i> ..
-2:." .-·~_i'lµ~~.:p19st _b~ ~h<?f P- to~~~E_al~~;,
.->< >- .- : ·;'. ~- ·~ '-: _,. . . ··:~·: n:,? / · ·lr -. ,. . : . = [60T/(60T-t:30T)J"
.=-2/3.x 30T
, .. =;:(12.dJ_x60)7150T
;,48T. , . :· ..
.
,. :·- -'=i·20TAaditiori ._ ... _:·- ·_., ·. ...... . . ..~.:·

3.. IUTl°.USt-:appeafifrOmJt:i.~· f a,Ce::o.!tJ,~~-~tll:.!,bat~I~
· testatorwould not-have rnade ,tl'.le mstttuttO!J:'hag
. -~he 1<n6;,;,,i-(thi)~i$il~(or"Jtie.'cai:is·e· (Austrii v."· . . ~ .. . . B
... ;Reyei;··_G:1 ..· No. I.~-2/30.7~;. Fe~'.~aJY..~;, :-~~Z9)·~ ~-:[30T/(6~pij3_ff'.)] ··. . . . =(.120Tx90)/150T- .
- .· ... ·. . . . - 113 x 3o;r_~ ~
,···...1 .· . ~- . . · ,;,7z=:r· :._. :··. :· :.·: :·-
. j~~t!tu_ti9i1,:)n Aii_.~~~t-.P.~r:t-~: .,;.: ·.
L·<Rule if.the entire':iriheritanc.e is nofcovet
'-= 10T'J\dgi_\(~·
~ .• .-, · · · . ·.•· , ~ · . , · ·~ ·_' · : ·
-~Jt':",-" : : . : . . . n . , .; . ·..:: : . .. ,.·· . .'.: _.,.
·. .
.· '.°' ·s~i/:-.'riifat.or'h~s:.h9)ntenti6n;tof~_ie-:-heirit~~'- . ·ow.· ·:·.-., . :· ·:·. · ·- _. bR ··. . ... ··.. ;: · ~ ·.
· · ,;·· : so!e.h-~ks"-inixcdciuc~~psi_bA·((?_l.Vl,_~pGf:~·- · ··., · . ..._..... :;~·;:;::--,; ~ · · ·_. , · :,. :. ;·· . .,.
· Art. 85_1-); ·,>'-; :·· ,: ·:·· ·· -. :.:/ - .. · _th·':3_if r~~~:ecti_Y~_'s.fiares · _. _·:_·.l-'~·-- .. ~ their r~spective_ s.ti~r_e~-·.·_.
. ·: . ,: . f - . · ..shall be mcreased · . · 1 shall be re.duc:;E)d··.. . · · 0
•
·\- . E~a-11/pt~:· . . . . -· .... _,'· : .. :·-: I :·.. • • ~p~~poi1_ioii_~te\y:1n th~ . ·; '.Pi-~porlion~'tely_i~: the . . .
- _ ~... A= 2(_5_; B=:1/5; C:; ·1/~ - ', '.·· . .,. ·.. · / . :· ratio of 6:3/2~1 . · .· .. ·. . · ratio pf-6,~9/2:3 =.. · ~ · .
: ,;>/, T.IJ({fem~Jn.d_tfj:bf.,1/5.'jha//:p)ss?t~;tJfeJtjga./ _ . . , ·. . ,;· O•· ".:- ••• :.- •. ' '< ·:_-.; •.
•.•
,. ··,
.
. heirs· • ·. :· ·._· .· - •., .. ..•. ·, · ; ·• ·
... ·.....
,. :.--. ·.
A=2/3.x
"'.\, - _ ...
30T=· ,··
20T
'._• ...
.. • ·, ·- ,,A=2/5,,i<-30T.
·• ~·---~-,. l
;;.-12T
.... ,,-~-!
·· ·
. -·~··., ·:·.,· ... · ., .. ·,.... .B=1/3-x30T.=·10T . ': S=::3/.5'~·30T.;=,18T:, ..
': ·.~: .:.. ·.,:...- f'~ .-::,...· ·.:; · r ·,, • ,' ' • • .;·.•_ ·. • ~· ; - • ' • • ·-·'- -~ · • •" · 1'
, ~ .· b. ,_ Testator·.tnten-ds. to:make- the heirs,·-as sole, . - , , ... · .'; , ....... · r· ... · .. ·. .- ,· ..• - .· ··... , .... , i
, · ..· .. , ... tieifs:,_; -:'.J~cfl ',p~-rt·· ·:snail' he . .fntreased. · :. '·.· ,Hen~ei':_A ;:= 8_0T,'. :. : , '·tjence: :Jf.= 48T.·.
·.:-·. _>·. :,. ::propo1{o'ii'at_~jy,'J9.[V(L.C_b61=1}i{··~~?,)/''1·._.:,· : . . ·.B 4?J:,: ·. B =:= =: <: .. •· ::-"~ · 7~{ · :- : ·. - .
:· ·.,-··.·, .. _~·:,.(;°,:(: .. ;(; ·,:._._·· ..·, ·/; ··.:·/;.':°-::,·.:· ,.. .Jqtc!l-ts120T. ··· .··. · .Tot.alts\1~0T' .. .- ..
.: , , · ... - · :-1t".i$.;:ltte"ref9~~;;.e'1lidehrthat·the-rule slated in.: .. · . ·· '' .. · ·:<· _ -1
.' '. .. -, i.: .Art~: 8Q2 cp.nst.it~tes :aQ_ ~XCEP.TJON·.to .fhe ' - (; Pfeteritioh .. :_ ·.:·.-::~ _: . . . . · · .. . · ... 1 ·, ·
' .• , . <./rule ·itateat_in. t.h'ei~se.c0ric1.. patagraph:~ff..rt.. . :_, : ortiis.sion ;in the' tesiator·~·wili"~f cine \ome 'c:fr:an ot ·
·. /. ;.85f·: I! emincia~~s:,~~e principle:: that ._wh~!l:. ',.,._.·. · . the·· ecif!1pU1$q,ry heirsjn_ the ,ji_n~ .....w.b~lhe~ dlr~ci
_ .. , . thJre _ 1.S . <:1,,:cor;ifl!Ct.,be~e~n. !~e_. !nter!tQ~, O_!·· _ liytri9:.·~~-t~e"lihJ~-·pt lt)¢.. ~~'e·~~tion pf ttie will: or borrJ_
. '. the,· "testator/' an.d. ·· ht~;'' rnaJh~l!).altc;i1I. _ after tne: cfeath cif the·. testator (CIVIL COD~ Art.': .
. .::_. ;, ·: .. computalio.nt:, the· ,torr:;ner·· .. st:ia_J1 .. -p·r.ev,c1ii· · ... ···,.8H4J:. :· ·. - . :· ·,~. · ·:.· . ,.:,· ·. · (-'.· ·-:,<._·_. '· • - · >
... . · '. 0:: ·.,; (JURADO, :succes.~lon,' supra. c!t"i71}.i. · , ··. . · ,,.. ..:·· ·' _ · · · :.·· · · . . · .:· .:. · ~ ,. -· . .
, .: -~ :: • •• ,. T --: .. •••• :·;;;. ~ .:\ • ·-~.'·-: •• \ • • .. \: ·."c ) --<(: ;· -~: · · . · · .itif~i?;iiil~i 'th~ftH~ . -Jr.tii$si~ri-"qt:'ftie· qci_m~u1s~ry- · ,. ._
. 2._ ·:R.ul~ tf:th~ p~~~·t<?Q~~er. ~x~ee~·Uie.,ni:i,e~1t"lnc;,~.:. . . . ·ne1{:must tie Eori1plet~ an·c(total .ii, cn~ratter so t~at
f· .. , ·.. ·-.:'."'":-' .El,§!~_~: part ,~~all__:_be: f~.d~~~a _.pr,01:,?.~tona!~ly.;. ·· ...; ,;h~ _; rec::'3i'{e.?. flO~tii.n.g,i fr~rri _the . tE:ls.tc1tor, at .. @.I):· ·.·
. , .; .· (~IVJt _c~9:E~_fi.rf. _$53/. . ..... · .. · ·. : · ,. · , :-, _909$e:qu~nt.l~".if.Jh(tes~~tor.l~ay~~ ;my,_ P.tqp~f"!Y)? ·
· · .·. . .__ .. : .··· .· :· ,. .. ·. . . : t.bE!. h,etr _w~.o ts:all~ged_tp h~v~ b~en, omtfte_q by any .. .
·. ~~,r,n~l~:?t Sp,are: . , - : .·:. .. . :<· ' '. . tµle whatsqeyer;;·. tt)ere · ·can .no' preteritiori:. · .. ">ti~,:
. (A.ggt!=)gati{'A_m_blint:_of the .Estate:x Amount of (JURADO, Sµc.cei·sJon,...sujir~:at tfh: . . . . .
. S~are) -a-Tbt~I ~mo_unt ~f Share-' . .-·-· :_ · ·· . , · ·' · ··· ·
-··..
• .. j_ ..
. . ....,.·
' ..
. 2019. SAN .SEDA LAw _CE!'JTR,ALIZED BAR OPERATIONS I 28"5
SUCCESSION
SAN BEDA LAW CENTRALIZED BAR OPER(l'rlONS - MEMORY AID 2919
Requisites: (CTS) Omission -of the adopted child in -the testator's -will
1. The-heir .omitted must be a ~ompulsory heir in constitutes· 'preterition since he is· by regal · fiction
the dire~t'[ine, such ·as:·.. · . . . . · considered "er compulsory.heir in'the direct line. This
-a. Leqffirnatechildren and descendants (LCD), ,. is clear· from the. provisions of Arts. 979 and· 984
with respect to •their. legitimate parents and which speak of·the share of the adopted child in leg.al
. a'sce.n_cl~l)ts '(t.PA); . : . . . . . . . · ·. . · _or iritestate·S\JCC~ssion_(JURADO, supra~at 176):
. b .. lPA, with respect to their.LCD;
"c. ·_. Illegitimate children (IC); . '8,eason:"Adopted.chtld· has the· same rights-as that
d. Father and mother of IC; and of a· leqitimate .. child
.. (R.A.. 8_552,: Sec.· 18) .. · . ..
. e. Ado_pted"2hild. (AC). . . . . .· ·., .
2 ... The qrnission must' be complete and Iota! in-

(: charactertthat the omitted heir.does notand has.
not received $nythiog at all.from the testatorby
_any ·uu~ whatsoever); and ; ..
3.' The compulsory heir omitted must ~urvive' the
testator (JURA[!<if Succession; supra at 17 4). .
.. There.....is N.0T~t~(
-' .·.·- d~issi
. .... . ri~. wh~~·
.....
:.. · · . ·
....
·3.
· ........
·., ~>.:
.. .
.: •·
...... r' J - ....• • - • ..... • . ·.; . ·-':--: ....... ···~ ·~·-··~- .. · ... • ....... ~.
Thif olnltted. ccimp\Jlsory'. ~1r·':.: disinhe'ritance ~-. is
-
. l .... !:l~ir.:"_gi?fs:his'_sh~re?.fr6ni_ :valif!;.-.: th~-,:_ cb'rnp_ulsqr.y· -: ·
tire en'tlre estate.f.e., not' :Hejrjs:.r:ne're!y.:fest6red: .
. only, "hi~· .share of the to \his-: l~gitltne', ' and
-,1¢gitfine, ~bu( a,1~9---'9(. th~: .,t~sta'1J1E311f?ry,: ·: · · ' .
fr¢.e'pof!joo·riot .cJ_isposed c:li~pbsitioris~which_·. ate'. ,.:..
o_f by.way of devises:and. ·.inoffitiqµs are
reduced ..
_!_~!;i.~fir.f·: :-·::.·,,-.· . .:. ., . · :-:,- :.:;::-:::·<·:,::·.,. :· .. ·
N~tet Omisslon of-the s_~rviving~spgus~:($S)'"qpes ·-: ' •• •••• ::'\ -·-;: .• ·.-.:•.--
...
.. ~ •.•. ·.-~
.
--:··:-;,·.·-.-.; ·i,.· ~ .
. n6.t.c()nstitute prefediidri.ss·is 'ncit a co'rr1pulsory helr · Com·p·utsory heir .in the ·(;;ompu"fsoiy h!;!lr .may
in the direct.line, Therefore, the- driiy'·~tted 'of her .: . direct !ine:js O~itt~d:,. b~ ClJ.~tQh!c'lrit~~-- tpplJgh 0
· -. ·'orn_fssion::1s·· a' pa~i~I annulrri_e6t-,of tbejhii_tit~tion of ·. · ~ lhe.

~. .-not . 'in , .":_, .. . line:
. . 'dit.ect ,,_ .: ...;
. ·. . heirs lb, the. extent that-tier legitiin"i3 is' prejudiced; in
(DE LEON,. Succession, supr:a at 254).
· other words, · SS is stil_l -entitled .to her leqitime (DE
.- LEc8N,_ Successioni.supree: 250). ··· '. . ''"':- ....
. 2~6- I 2019
. SAN-BEDA
. . LAWCENTRALIZED
,'
BAR OPERATIONS.·
·.. .
. .
.. S_U.CC_ESSIO._N.
SAN BEDA LAW CENTRALIZED BAR QPERj[IONS - !MEMORY AID 2019 0
lh'dJWfhtlcs?· G MAW&J~$§f% SS'Abi'Ri:u@ e:;;~":': r,i&:k*7*S2£ &2f4- i&M s·q& t495#ii-:?tli M4i!fZ#,t?e:i@ .. ;g "41tlfr:::fLl.~~,.',i:..==it
· Illustration: A,.B and C are th·e-legitimate childr.en·. Hence:

of--X. When X executed his-will, he-instituted as-heir· ·step 1 :_ cietermiriation ··ot !he amount. to· be
fo his -entire esta.te A, B an.cl his friend F. He also re.duc_ed. -
·gave G ·a legacy of 30T.: • The -~alue of ~he n~f es tat~ .
is 120T. (a)·ls there preterition? (bJWhau's the e{:fe9t
of- preteritio·n on the institution. o(hefrs?. (c) What
i3.bout the legacy given to G.? (d) How will the estate ·A 20,bob 10,0.oq -. · 30,000 ·
· be.distributed? ·
. ·~ .... : ·B 20;0Ci0: 20
'
ooo·
.-
',
1 Answe_r: _
1 _.·. there i_s preterition .. because .. C. . w"as •. r:iot c 20,000 ,20,000
mentionedjri' the wtll; norwa{he._given anything:. .
·. -60,0QO 60,0.00 .
2. The institution off will be annulled. .· ·
3. The legacy.given.to· G.is effective. because it can .
-T.Qtal per · ·.. 60,000
· . be·contained·within.thffree portfon; in·tlii_s f3Se, .
the free portio·n is·(}'2 of 1_20T) 6CiT. The l~gacy · typ_e o( .
·given· to ·G ·in the ·amount of, 30-:F. can be . share • • .. 1••
contained·thereih. . . . , .. ' .. '·.. : .. \ ~

4 .. Th~,estate \viii be <;JistributE!d as follows: 1 :30,000 .-'-:, ·120,000
." • .• •.
= 10",000
.~·
(Amount to._be reduc.ed)
r • • •· : '. •
·Step 2:_ Retluctio·n-of the. heirs'. shares. • J .
. Formula:
· . Volun.tary s.hare -x Amouht.to ,be reduced ·-,
B· 20,000,
.: c - - - ·. ,. . 2cr' ooo·.i.:::
.G
-F
.. ·.,'
· Total.-
.: Illustration: Testator: has three -(·3,) :Jegitih'l'ate ~~=::::~':!.:..'+. :'. : _.·_1:._-;··2::. :_,0.=_b=._b::__'__j_..:_··+:..::··8::_:-
·~~:: _0,:=_0:..:_·.-._j_.:._'
:4:_0, . '.: : 0. : .0.::_0_J·
.
children, A,'."B;_ and G- In his" wi'IJ;· he ~rov!ded(·"I. .· . >. . +iq;ooo·: 20·,000 '·
.. : ; - · hereby give Y4. of myestate to A;'J/10 t9_!3; ang,·,}'2 of •
· '. - -' my estate.to my friend.F. The net value-of tlie estate>. :· . -F -:;, : · :··· · so.ooo :.' . -8;571.43" ·-51·, 428.5:Z-··
.. · -~. 'Is p·1 ~OT. (a) lsthere preterition? (b) Hov/shb~k(the . ... ' · · · ... . · ... · ..
-- . . estate "be distributed?" - . ;' . . . . - . . . . . .". ."'- _-.)"
-. ,. ._ · c- ~~:rviv~f <?f t;>m_iJted He_i{ .:. - : _ . , ... ,
·-·.·Answer:· ·· · . ·· ·. . . · . . · .>. . It is)1l_s_o an essential qo_nditioi, _ that ttje\compl.ilsory .
1._·. :=niere_:is_ no preteritiori because the~e)s §Jill_ a. . . _h~ir ._-.,:vp_~ is._ omi_ttec:i in.- ttiEf·v~stator's _ w(II .~hO:uld.
-- po[tjon oft.he estate-from which the-share: of c .- ·.s_urv1y,e. !h_e te_stcJtor (..fURf\0.0, $ucce_ss1q1J, supre.et .
·. · may.-be taken from.· . . : .. . . . ,· . · : 1~eJ.".. >.\ . .". . ; . · . . · ·' ·... ; · . ·.
2. · The-estateshall bedistributed as follows: ·_· · : . · . . . - _,- - -·
If the Omitted Compulsory Heir- Dies Before· the
Testator . :· .. · . .. __ · .: · _._: .' · .. ·
Under Art .. 855; "the,-share·'of"a::ctiiid·o~ de~cendant . ; ....
.: concuriing_vie.ws· .. · .: . ·-· '. ·. .:/:.
bmi.tted i_iia will_ must ffrst be taken from t~e· par(
of. .
: Accordiriq to the .second -paraqraph of:Art. 8"54, · the
. the:_e.$tat~ not "djspos·ed of by the wili, 'if'any; if. that'is
.. jns_ti~ution .~hal_l .be ~ffE!Ct\Jpl,. Qut _without. prejupfce to-.-._,
·not" ~u_fficient,- so .111ucti~a~· m.ay be ·necessary "rri\ist . ·.· .·
U:1e r_!ght of re'p_resehtati.on when it properly, takes .
be.takf!n proportioi:ially from the shares.of the other·· ·
p_lace. Hence; when . 'th.ere is. _.a .. sutvlving
compulsory heir.s." -
·,. : ... ;~ . ~ ·- reprt=:seritative.of thE! deceased co'mpul!fory heir who
has been OIJ)itteid in testator's Will, SUCh ·as· a child,
thW effect is· _thaf such~ child· shall· succeed ·to· the
·1egit_ime which would have _gone to. the heir omitted
(Jf}RADO, Succession,_ s~pra _at ,180). · · · . ·
. -.·
... : .
. 2019 SAN BEDAL.AW CENT~LIZED"BAR OPERATIONS I 287
SUCCESSION·: -
.SAN BEDA LAW.CE!NTf!ALIZED DAR QPERATION~ .- MEMORY·A/0 2·q,9 <,
· ..Sll_b§i.tit.uti~in . . .. . .,
_ It is tbe appointment of. another heir so that he may
enter into the.jnheritancein default bf or subsequent·
to the heir originally: .instit~ie~' (CJVII/C.ODtjAr{
857).. . r:
There may .a}so. ,~~· ~ubs\it~ti!)n -.of .l~ga.~e~~-· and

devisees (3 P'ARAS;.:suprc:J at, 228).. . · .. . .·, ·
•• ->,
,,,,,.-. 1·
'(
.,, .
i .· ..
;\ .. ,·-,.· .·,
... · ·... ' · .
.··,
. ·-. I : '\ .
I , .. . ....
•
·288 1° 2019 SAr,f BEbA LAW CENTRAtlZED BAR OPERATIONS,·
••, I ' • • • • • • • • ' •
SUCCESSION·
/ .
SAN BED(', LAV'(_CENTRALIZEDBAR O~ERATIONS :.. ~EMORY AID 20!9
Exceptions: (EP) 3. Recipr:ocal (CIVIL . CODE, Art:- 861). -

1. When the testator· has gxp.ressly provided the Sustituci9n reciproca; .When 2 or more· persons
· contrary;• and · . . · .· - are not only ins.tituted as ti~irs, but· are also
2.. 'When the charges or con:ditions _are fersonall,Y designated mutua.l.!Y:clS _subs.titute for. e.ach other ..
applicable only. to the h.eir instituted ('J/).RADO, . .
Succession,
. . supra at' 193). .../ · '- IIJustration: X'instituted •A to·-~ of his estate,. B
". I .
..
'
. 'to y. of his·estate' and c.
to th"e remaining' Y.. x·,
Some .instances" wnen the substitution is · ·.gesignated·all:of them.as redprocatsubstiti.Jtes
rendered. ineffective: · . of .~ach_.otl')er .. B· pfedeceased,.X.;The· valued .of
1." Whe~ the substitute predece'~ses the testator; ·the estate is 60QT. Dis.tribute.· · .
2. · \•'i/hen'.the·substitute is incapacitafed; . •/
3. wtien the·s·ubstit~te renou~ces the inheritan~e; · · . "Answer,·

4. W_hen· the institution of heir is ar:mulled· (e.g. .. Formula; .
· ·' preterition); · . · ' ~..: ' · Share-ofheir-x Amount to tie.shared
5. · When . t~e institution or" the .'substitution · is · .. · Aggf~gate~an:i~unt of iris_!]lllti~m · .
revokeq by the testator'; and . · ; ·, · . ·
6:. Wn~n a will0is ¥;bid <?r·djs~llpweci:or revoked (3 A ; ·Wot .60'0T.,,... = 300T
. ., .
,.-.' ,·. (
. PARAS, supra at 233). ·. · .:· . - - B = Y. of 600::f = 150T
.c ·=- y. ot. 600T = 1'scrr· . .. ..:.~ .. :. .
Kinds 6t Substitution:· : •
•••
•
J
; ,r. • ·-1-,t •
1 :. · .simple ,or~<;;oinmon or Vulgar (CIVIL CODE, .A= 3001',x ·1-50T .= 1 OOT ·

· -450T ·, . ~ .. .,
Art. 859,.pat. 1)- That which·takes·place when
Hi~ testator design~tes .one or more personsrt0 .• ' •- • ·.-:': I
substitute thefheir/s instituted in case su·ch heir/s

;_. " .' .
shbuld ·die before·. him, or -should not wisH to
accept.' the : . inheritance ... or.-~ sliotiid .-. b;
incapacitatec_j to accept ttie inheritance_. . ·
) • I
.2. -~riet: or.Compendious (CIVI_L -'CODE, Arr!860)

Some · .cornrnentators .. make- · a distinction ·
,.: ·.betweeri·brief-and:.c~ompendious, viz. .'.r'. . .. ,.
-- · a.·. Brief - there. are; 2 · or=more persons ~ 200T
., ,"designat~d _by, the tes.tator to;substitute11'09.
. only one heir. . · · · . · · . /. .:. ,600T
· b. Compendious>- one -heir is desig_r;:i~ted fo·,
take the.place ot.two 6'r more. heirf"1' - . ~. ., '.·· -. . . .: ,. . . . ...
.....5,-------4:.. :.._,,J::
...id;:;.;,_eicom·mis~ary_or''1rdfrect" s"uostitution -
-·. ;,· : . Su":fotu'cior1·ffdeicorT1is6ri~; That\.vh'ich· takes.
. -~ ., ; .. ·.,P1~fo~ .. -~ii~~-.-.:the·: ti8ui::iary -~-o.r ', first n~ir
. ' .' jnsti_fWted)s. ·.e_Q,lr!J~fed with "lh~'O\?!i~ation to
'; .... - . - : ... . "> . preserve a'oa .t);ansmir to ci"-"sec_oricl heir the'
.·1f··.one .of thetwo is .. preterited, renounced. or ·. ·
incapacitated · ttie -inheritance' accrues to the . ,
.· · . · -~ ":'~0\e _or· P.~~-·
ofJ.~e-·in~e~it~-~~e .:Pi?vid~d : .
· , ·; · · .. $t;'CQ.. Ru~s!1\ut10!1: does not 98. be1ond -one -~
,: · ·orfginal heir -~nd not.td the ..s~bstitut~'.-6NLESS, ·· ' . .degr~? from t~e heirprigJnally in~_t_itut~d. and
.:,_l~e-:\estqfor·provides· 01,h.erwisei},~b~titution will , . , . ·. '. pr~Vl~_ed [ui:_th,er,. :!ha( .!h; ~.9yc_i_'?,ry or first·
ra_ke . place only . if~all the original heirs" are. . ", _ ~eir. and the second heir are. hvmg at the
. disqualified. (BAL:.ANE, succession, supra at ,· ', .. '. t'fl\~....of .. ~h~, .• ~.eath of _th!:? .testa~or (CIVIL· ·
'-' 294), ·, ·· : . ·' '- .' ··., ·· ·. · , · .· , ·,."~: : ·, C_QpE! ·A_rls: 863':-:865). ·.·· . ·: .. . . • .. ···
. ) . , ·· .... .. --. ,·.
- .; ..
~~~.mp.t(X nJ~kek the foilo~-i~g "proviii_6n i~ .hi~> .. . '.' ·_ :· ·.fidckD"~issary•in.herit!\·rrom.the'.Test~tcir.,,

will: "I institute A and B .to 1/3 ·ormy estate and ·· · · ·
nbri1irlate. C -· . as.: their . SUbSlhute. "··. If A . ·- ' . . .
, :. prede~e~s·e~ B, th~_:113' portion, uporn,)('s deaih.·
goes. t~ B;. ther<r: is no . substill,1tion · by,··G. \
· .. Slibstitutiofr occurs· only if both· A .:i'rid B are··
disql:Jalified:. ·, · ..., · · ,. . '( ,
,.
. ,: ~. .'.a,.• I •
,. .......
2019 SAN BEDA L:AW GENTRALIZ~D BAJ3 OPERA.TIONS I , 289

SU(C:ESSI-ON·.
, SAN.BEDALAWC~NTRALIZED BAR·OPE!JATIONS - !v1£MORY .:'iD.2019
~YiC-2!5td·1U.-~ !42 £ 1 ¥SSic.%4fAAW5?!tS!Si :kif*E" a:,s-&S;!i,6%1'¥1\ £ 6#ft#W,..PS3! .. z¥ef¥&54Wf: &28Aia&4tS,i£:4¢5S!{>&&$f.Zfft 39
Dlstlnctiorr from. simple substitutlon- , Said. second heir must _be c;:apacitated to
In simple · substitution only· one ·.inherits;.· in succe.ed riof the first h~ir. but the.testator ( 3
Iideicornmissary; both heirs. inherit.the.property PARAS, supra at 244). ·
.or right to . it.--simultaneously, "althouqh the
enjoyment and possession are successive (3 c. An Qbligatiori dearly.. and expressly
PARA§,·supra at 239).· ·, imposed by thetestator (fideicomitente)
~ . upol') such fir~t heir to prese_rve the estate
Requisites· bf Fideicommissary Substitutio~: . and_to transmit it to the second heir.
(ESO)' . .
a. . There must oe a
first . hl:lir . (fiduciary).. · .The obJigation· to. preserve and 'transmit
. pdmarily called 'to the. gr:,joyment ·of 'the : ! .must be 'given. clearly'a'~d expressly, either
estate. · · ' · · 'by gjving : the. substitution . this name of

"fide1commissary -substitution," or .· by·
He. is recoqnlzed as ·an ins!).tute_d heir, and Imposinq .uporr th.¢ f[rr;t 'heir the .. absolute ·
-not.a mere administrator of the.property.: . obliqation lb-deliver. the property to second . a
· -·· · · · · · ·. · heir, (CIV.JLeO,DE,·Ar. 8_67, par.,_1). If the .
. . T~e · first he\r_..'i's -:·i.i)9ee~:., al~~st,::).\ke. · <=! .. · · · . i . ~!)ligation.,.: is-. conditional, . there . _ii;;:· no
usufructuary, wit~ dh,~. right .to -enjoy. t~e-· . · ·· fi,deic_om1;1Jssc;1ry . substitution ,. (3. P.ARAS, .
· . property, · Thus, like: a usufructuary, -he . supra at,242): . · · · ..
· cannot alienate 'the .p.roperty. · s·u.hi'nlik~.. a- ~ . · ·. .·· · ·· . · · · ·. ·
.. usutructuary. he_·_is n9t-requi~,(3d·~yurlliish _a T. -1 · x..·r~.1f. a'· m,.~re ~ug'g~~(ion: a?vic~; or requ~st i~
. bond. -Also, unlike a .u~uJruetuar,y;' ~~, IS. u .J..:V < /. f9a~e~n~tea.~ ..0f·0:_Q o~hga~1on,' there JS· no
a
··entitlea to refund of usefu(T~ro.ye. lots~ · ff5tetcomm,s_sc1ry:·subsJit_ution. Ir\ .sl!ch. 'case.
(3 PARAS, supra at-242)/~J,-, ~ .:. . ~ -~e_r~~ijl,be -~- simple institution-ot.the-first
·· ·:· . _ ·. /~ V, · ~,,.....Jiei&a,1d~the, second -heir gets n.othing (3
.·Pendi_n~ th·e:_.!far:is..':11(~si~9_r· a~li_fer~ ryp _'/1~ ~( . JPARA ~; supla·at _2f2).· ,., ./ .. .' ~
.(fi~u,9'.~cy) ... p-oss~s¥~s- the ~~nefic1a_l. -7~ 1"'" . \ : . . , \·_,.'.: · .: . ·
... · own7rshiP,. of;.~th~- ·g~i:2e.rtyf..,91th0~gh: ,th~ t ~~·\ · ·: . · ~1t.ho~t f~~hgaMr:i cle~rly 1mpo~ing upon.
· · ·na~ed~. ··.owners~IPf "Js;>:/e~t.ed_· On°·. tb.~ j _i' -~" .: _:· -·tpe fi~st"t11;ir th.e.pr_~servat1on 9f _the prope~y
·. _-fid~ic;:orrfr:1is~~ry _(.UlJR'AQIO, Sue~.e:SsiEin~~wlt -;,/17 ·' an? 11~ itran~rry~~~.1on _t~: the. seco_n.?_· .. h~1r_,
·.
. _.supra at 2P1L
· ·
. \·~
.· · · · ~- · _: ..
,j'. . · _:.
, : w~,m)J;Jl!,i <Ii . -~wre 1~J,rnrjiae1cof1?mlssary subst1t~t10.n
· .. · ..,_ c::, . . . (~lJadJ/la-.v.. cA1 G,R. No. 1-1·3725, June 29; _
The ·. fii:s.t . heir-~ may:_j'geciuct·dftom the~ . -4/;i ·. ((000)}' ~'f ' . ·., ·.·.·. . · · · .· · ---~ ·. , -· · .
,. "inM~it9nC~·'O}l~_g(ti~~t~fx),en~
:'. ne_~$ssary_ repair_s).:_
1\2)·
~ley,~tj'aili ~:;:yzf"
..
·1e_91tim~te~r.,~qits . · . -
-~1 ·. .- . t,.:.
.ai$Thl:l),51.azd·2.~
·.: '. . . . ' ·.·. ·. _ . .__
h~ir.must b~ onJy.~ne.d_e9(.ee_ . -: ..
· (loans fof , p~w~ent -.9f:.· _t~-?-E?,l;)- <?[ u.~~. _ · /' ap rt (Cl'{_lL CODI=, 1\rt.,863) .·. · .. · ._. - .·.. .
... inipr.ov.em~b.ts '($U~!'f qS. a P.Liill;liJ1~~:~Qll1?'~:'1-EN~h . ·'· . - : . · · .. : •' · :_: · : ·
etc·:) Ex·c~p!i_or,_df_t~e·t~s -~to~~ifrfovi~d .1 _ .. : · --~B'.tpr,oyi 1~~·-rn_at,~h~e .. substitu_!J?r:i.·s.hall n,?:-t ·.
· ~t~at:n8 ;d_~d~-~.!!?1;? ·shall bf')iia~~-r6J1JYa : . . :·""'"-\\g~}J~1o.nd _ .. ?Re/,~~'gree · "from !he . Qe1,r· ..
:spedfi~d . ~~\?-Y.~-! :,~~~If:~., b~ .. 'de9u't~d-
(Plt:JEPA, §µpra at/52); ....
M0/\.~\.~
.. · . .
o ·!.~!ri.aJ,IY: in~tJtl)_te9~. lti:'..Pr~seo~F9de·-has,
obv~q,LJsly:follo\N~9~ tlie .. interp~~tat1on·ot the· .. -. ·.
_)
· ·- ·, ·;_._.. · ::: : · '- -· · • .· .... . . . ·. . w.orct!'aegree·: as generation .. r-he-Gode ..ttius· · · · .. ,
-, .' b.' .. jt'iere',.
• ... • • ~ .. - •
rriusL'.,
- . •
be,,
.~
Secoricl
< • · ~-- ... :---,·. ..... •. •,
· .''heir';• ·. · - ..• : . · .. . c1~-a~1Jslr\'aicates·:that-thtn;etdi;d:,.hei(
: ' . • .' • •• • . -· . ,· •. f
0
••
mt. isf • ' •• .
· .. ·(fideicbfnmissar:y)' to:· whom the ~property. is , :-.be:r.elated to a'i'id.be one generationirorn-the .
. tra'rism_i,rle'ifbfttfa:_fi~~fti~ir-. t·. ;".: .. ·.: •. -.· :·. . ·:. ' .. _· . fi~sf~eil·(Rani{i-e:z v,. Ycfa. 'EJ'e R#mirez,'G.R, .. ' ... __....
·~ · '{ .:-:: ··· ... -· . : ---:,._> · ·:: - .- .. :· ·. _ " . · .· _; ~-No·. L-2~7~52, iF.ebrlJaiy_; f5,- 1982{ '·,.. · · · . ~
. . ;, ~ . t-ie . is_.: a \,o:rt .. 'D}*e~d
of ·:pN_ci e r.~ Up~n . . ... ; : ·: . - .
'-
. transmission ;-lo him' >of-the .-prope~y.;- :full .e:- . 8.oth t~e nb~~iary:~-h~d fidefcpml1)iSsaiy rrjust
, . owr:iershfp is· co.nsolidat~d :in.him (.{PARAS,.·. : . : -·beJlvirig :(or :aHeasr-~·oncei.ve_d),-a·t the' time . . .
·.,· ·s_L!pia a5}~4-):-:- -·,., .'.,. :· ,.. · .. -_. _ _.· : . : ·. ·. of).be:de~thc.ofthe.·testatqr,(C/1/./L:CODE,
Aft:. 863).·. · -·-:· . ·. · .. · ::. ;c ·: · : . . ,-~ ·::·
: ·. ·, .'-:
. The I ~ec0nd. heir inherits not fr0m the: fir$t
·-- h'~ir.· li·u·t.; f~am.·· i
-th~:-- , t(;:!stat~_r. (Petei · --;j · .. .. :· Lim;ta~ipn{. :t/'~icte~~~m-;,-;;;~,;, :\iubsti~utio~:
: . :Garchitore,:i~,-.. 9.R. Np., J.1.!.93; F/Jbruary 13,. · (LOB.E) · -: ..'· ·. ·· :. · ·, . . .. '·. ·, .·
· -· · 1.9_30): A,s 'such,· he shall a'cquife :a r,jgnt tci · . · ·. :- 1, · . Fiduciary and .fideieommissary must b.e ~iving p"t·
. . . the' -s.uccessi'on from 'the~, •''iir-f\e . _of: tt:ie . . the time ofthe death'of the.testator;'
.. · tesTator.;s c;leath." ei¢.n- th9ug_h he;j$eccm9 ' .. : ·a,:.· l.:iving .:..·this requi;,it~ is.d~firie.d in·Art:.40~4-1
· . ·heir) ~houTd die pefore tl)e ,'fiduciary;- Hi$. ; . of th'e Civil Code·. · · · ·. ·
. · rights.hall p~ss to his heirs:.(C/V/C.GODE, · . ·. b·. Quaiified - this requisite i~ gove~ned by:Art .
. Art. 866): : . . . 1024-1'034 ·of the Civil' Code ·
..... ~.; ., . . .
.· · ·
. . . . '· ~
290 I 2019 SAN.
.
SEDA LAW.'CENTRALIZ~D
. .,•
BAR.OPERATION$
. . ... . . . .·
- ... i.
sut:CESSl'O,N
SAN llEDA'LAW CENTRl).LIZEDOAR OPERATIOt:JS·- MEMORY AID 2019
. · 2. Substitution must NO! go beyond.Qne degree Time When· lnherftance Shall qe Transmitted to
from the heir. origiria!IY instituted; ·: · · _ - the Fideicomissary
1. Time "hosen by testator; or _
2 Views as. to the meaning of "one degree" 2. · If testator .does not fix a period, .discretion of
a. , Treditionet view (qegree· of
relationship) fiduciary; or . . '
: ....-when the law says that the. substitution · . 3. In case of doubt, after the dea.th of fidueiary (Id.
·' must not 'gobeyond one degree from the at 202). _· . . .
heir. oriqinally instituted, . .whatis· meant Is ·
, thatthefldeicommissary substitute must not 11111stration:-A, who died in 1990, de~is~d. a house
be· beyond one degree ot. relationship from and lot to his friend, F; as fiduciary h~ir',:i'nd to G, the
the·'fidu ..ciary nelr. Consequently, only .the eldest son ~o(F, as fioeicomrhissary substitute or
child or parent.of the latter can b·e appointed sec;;on9 h'?fr_(f. has) sons·- G, H ;md-1). In 1995, G
. -. as fldeicornrnjssary heir. .. died;,_he' was survived.by his two.lEc_gitimat~ children,
r-
·- · ·J and K In 2QOO, F died intestate-survived by his two
b.. Modern·· view .• (de~ignation . .or remaining s.ons, H ahd. I, cJ.nd .his tw,o grandchildren
· . transmission! ttememiento) '-. When the J and K. · · · · · · _
. law says that the substitution' must not· go 1. Who has-a.right over the hou~e'and lot? ·
- eexpnd_c:me degree from-the heir originally · 2. y./hat.' if H. and I claim their legitim.e alleging that
·instituted, what . is: meant is <that the the house ari'd ·1or belongs· to their, father's
substitution must not 'extend beyond' one. estate?
.· degree·ot designa.t~on from the heir originally
.. institu(ed> Consequently, any person, . Answer: ·· · · ~
:. whethernatural or iuridical, or ariy entity not 1. J,and K. Upon th·e death of the testator A: G
, · .. disqualified by law to inherit from the testator acquired a .right to· suctession. even 'thougthhe
; ··can be. appointed· as -fideicomi~sary_f~eir ~edecea~ed F, ~he-fi~.uciary. The ._right ..of the
(JU~ADO, Succession, suoreet 197-198).-., n
· second 1eirs· shall pass to his· · heirs ( Cl.VIL
~- ".'. . . - -. \ - - _ CQDE, firl. 8~6). J '.'md K .being the heirs· of. G
· ··. By· providing that the substitution shall. n,.gtr . ar~ envtled·~O the h?USe and.l~t... . ' .
- go 'beyond one degree: "frohl lhefheir' 2·.. H and I c~nnot claim their·right to legitiroe:over
origfriallf ir:,stiftite'd",. th~present".g;oae'"has t~e house anc\lot pecause they db not forrri pq_rt
'obviously.
. . . . followed
, . thefinte'rpretation
·elf":', of......
'th.e: ·. o~e estbte of. F (their.fa_ther)', the.JAller be!!lg a
word'rdeqree" as generatior:i. T-n.e~<Sode.th\:IS · . fi uciary •. wlio ~erely has · usufn:ictuary rfghrs
clearly indicates that tile secortd .helr must · av.er. the subject · p·roperty. It · is - G.
_ I • v • _be,rela'!ed to_.a~.d b~:one:gene~a(j_9~ fr.om·ttii .(fideicomrnissary). :who holds na~ep ·owriership'
: firsrhe1rs(Ram1rez v.· Vda. De.Ram1rez, G}~.· ·· · · 9t.the house .and lot. ~ ·.: . ·. ·, ·· · · ..1
No. L~27952, February; 15,' 19821.
lllust~ation: T in)tituted his friend A a~ fiduciary anp
'. one .. d:~gre: me~ns .~~-n~. ~en.~rationfi~ .. E} a~:°fideicommissaiy.A has 2.sbns!Bari'Ct-C. B'also
- c: :.PAR_AS,·supra at 244).· · h;:is 2 sons~ D and ·E. B died in ~ 990, while·T.. died in .
-
~ ,:_-
• ~.
. : .::.. r .. . . .1'995~. . ._ . . ··.. . : . ... ' .· . .
. -· . A;-fidefcominissf;ity 'substitution 'is -vold if the· · · '_ 1'. Is there·a va.lid. fidE:?icommissary su.bstitution?·
- flrsthelr is not related.in the'151 degree to. the ' . 2. Wiil A° inheri°t' frqm T? : · ·., . . . : · · . - ·...
second .heir (Ramirez, v.. Vda. De.Remlrez.
supr._~) .. · i · • · · · :;· :· ~- ,. Answe·r:
. 1. No. The law.reqi.Jfr~.? th.al;both_ the:fid.uciar.y' and
~- S.ubstitution ·.must: n9t Burden :the: legitime of fideicomrhissc!iy must be·living at ttie time-of the
. ·- corrip'uls6ry h'eirs; and . - , · . · . .. . ·, .: · testator's death:(()IVIL.CODJ;', /J,rt .. 8.63).'Here, B
\ . . \ . ..
. (291 idefcpmmi~sary) pre'deceaseq ttie testator.
"''. iti~· :l~gitim·e. is .·exp·re~sry.. rese~e'd fpr . the 2. :Yes. .The nullity of . the fideicommissary
. · · · ·: . c_ompulsory:heir~ (CIVIL C_OD!=, ~rf .. 88,6). ~ubstitutiQn ·do.es n'Ot prejudic~ 'the validity .of the· .
institu'tion. of' the" h_eirs· first _desig'nated;' the
. 4·. .suhstitutiorr niust b; 'mad~rgxpress1y:(JuRAho; . · ·. · · ·. fideicomriiis~ary clau$e · shall.:: simply-··· be
Succession, supra at 197):· · · - · considere9 'as not written (CIVIL, CODE,·. Art. ·
. ·a_.. By. giv(ng it_ th& name of 9. ffdeic.ommissc;1ry 868j,r ·
: · substit~tioo;.__or . -· . · . ..
·· b. · By _imposing upo~·the fi9uciary Jhe ab~ol_ut.e
~obligatioh .to .p(e·serve and' to· deliver the
... . ....
property-to·the fideicommissarY: ·
.J' • •
\.
2019 SAN BE.DA LJ:'t'I CEf'!TRALIZED B.n.R (?PERATIONS [ 291

S·UCCESSI.ON
• SAN BE(?A LAW CENTRALIZEdBAR OPERATlqNS' - MEMORY A!i? 2019 . .
. .
tPNA:Z ,&!5B¥Mti W BS f'Ri!~ffifb' i'f' ll\SiWie:• f# kl'tSf?f!51 M'SW¥FJ# 5il §!WS4$Mi'4SW4:1,P.&·P1't#%ii
i-:
. Illustratloru.Awas.qlven his.leqitime in the form.
-AJ. of a house. Jn 'the will, .A was. prohibitedto .sell
: {Testator) · the. house. within' a period of 40_ years. Can'A sell
. . ' the house, even before-the ·expiration ·qf said
F .peripd?.: ·, . , .. · :.. · -.- ··, .. 1 · --
... -t , (fiduci_ary) ~ . \. _,; •. ··. . \ .:~ -, . ~. . ·.·
•"": . .:·
Answer: Yes.This. prohibition, even if less than
20 years: cannot be.. app!ied·,,to. theTeqitirne
• a .
.(CIV/[. CQDE,·Art. ·90fl..j5ar. ·2,, 3,PARAS, -supre
- <: ·. '·1;{ a~c{l· , ' G · ··
.at.'260). · ...' · '>
. ·:: .. ~-'(F_,'~f-i~ir~L · · '(Ffd'erc:'om~issiiry}
- • • ;. ,..·.. t
·''.·.,
<,
.. .·, -; ....
... ~ .. ..
l -·'- .· ; :
'·J,
,.
292 2019 SAt.-J
. BEDAL...AW.CENTRALIZED
~ ,._ . . BAR.OPERATIONS.
_; .
\· . ,.
(
. SUCCESS:10·N .
. . ·SAN BEDA LAWCENTRA~IZED BAR OPERATION5_"-'MEMOriY AID 2019
?"*4 W'h&: '-* ,® ®&Esm•: ¥ iSt:~2a&i ~!hB& E£>"!rl-·i¥ffa;&>es;&AWu+i52 .;;iui1ew .• ;;stat4tiii¥it
m:i
. . .-/
' . .' l . . .
lllustratlon: ~ saidin his will; "I give.my property in
Manila to my friend A, but F will have theusufruct for · 1 · C'ONDITIO,N:AL,··lv.f~DAL :: ..
. 10 yearsrF's son B.for.two (2)'ye·a·rs;:a·nd B's· son C .. TESTAME:NTARY·.
-for two·(2)"years .. Is this valid? ... ' .· . · • l • "\ •
Answer: The usufruct is valid only-from F to B. Wh'en.' DISPOSI°TION·s· AN.D.

it comes to C, theusufruct is no lonqervalid becaus'e .. . ·; TEs~t.AM,ENTARY.
- , w1:
. . 'i. »:
R.A. TERM
~ .is r already-two .degrees ay;f.a.Y {rom F ... Therefore,
after B's death, the 'ownership of ' the' property will
.- r~·..nt$pos1T1dNs
. .· . . . -·
now be.consolidated-ro I\ G will-no lonqer.enioy the
, usufruct, .. : ·. . . · ·. ·. . · ·· · · ·· · ·
Freedom of Dlspositlon \ . . .
Art-. 8711s a· ·~e~_tgt~rneiit'_oLth_e t~~t~to(s fr_eepo'~ of .
. · · ·· Rig.hts of Fiduciary: (APO) , ·: · .. _ disposi_tion. ·. · ·. ': : ·. ;:' ·' · .: -·: .. · ·
1: · .To";~csiuire· .the .riqhts .of a usufructuary'.until- · . . .· ·, . . . . . ·.. I• ,:\ .
(.
delivery tottrefldelcornmissary; , · . .- . ·, ., · Note: __ Althougb_ 'the 9'1icl~ spe_~ks · on_ly of ihstitution
2. . To'!"_E_os~ess. beneficlal ownetshi P, pendinq the of heirs: ther,e_i~ noreas~n wnx·,~h~· pr,ovisiqn cannot
· - _:.........: delivery-while-riaked-own~rship-is:.vested. in the be applied to .a·ny kind·,ar testam~ntarr clispositlon: -.
l •
::. fideicp_~rn,is_sacy. :(JUfAQ9,, -Success}on, supre : •. ' ·: ·.' ,' ': •. '. •.. . . l • ' •• -.·· '· ..... ,· _ _:=· '.- .:, . :: . '-·_'·...
. -·at201)_;and. _J .·. • . s,
The institution _of'an'heir may b'e: -·. ·
. ~3. ·.: To Qeq'u"ct· the.amount- of leqitirnate .expenses,
· credits, and improvements,:. save ih ·the case
i,:.'_pi.Jre'cir.sim"pie·
. . . .• ~ , . .\ · ~ .. .
2 .. Conditional;: :
where the testator has provided . -otberwi~e 3. For,aterrri;or ...
. ((;lv_(f..' ·... CODE,··'. . /\rt .. ; .~·[J65; : ·· 'per. : 2). ·. (: . For' a'. cert~in pui-P.OSe or caus~· (modal)
. . . . . _, ·-· .. · ,,. . .;:.. . .
,· : .,L.egit~mate ~~pe~se~ .. _as:'~:s.~d-·i~ \~~ s;c\tz·
.paragraph of:Arf.:i·865, -refer to those whlch.wer .
. . madefor the-acquisition 'and pre'serv~tioifof th~- .
. , '<property or inheritance; · · ·
·<.~ ,•·: J ' ~ . - ~ '. . . ~ . . \. . # ('
-: ~ •• .1 './11)~/ii,~~eGt~_/·_oh
·:i~e·_·o.!!}~H}l~:d,~r -to • 1,,.
;
.
necessary as-well as-to 4se'ful' e~·peos~s. :
. ' ..
'°'\ )
.I ,I ••I ._ ... • • 'i• t

-·-
' ·•"
.. •' ,-,,.• , ,( • $
· ··.E?Cc~pti,9n:. . .. · . · . . '-"'.' · ·· · · ..
. • . ·.·,t·;_. The ~·testc;1toh;~n
\' ·,-:-
·.v alidly.
_,· !''-"
imp'ose':a.
..• ; .. •.',,, •.
prohibificin;.,
. . . ..
. · ·- :· agains,t ttw·partit1on of the·,legitime· fqr"a_. period ·
0~91.-
-, •• • • • • ,· • • -·- • -.' .•• ~:.~ ~x~·~e~fh_g~MerjtY. (20) :Y~~frs· f¢1y1l' CODE;:
·-· Note:· ty1ore c,a.ri~be ded't:Ji::te~:t if so _provided by" the . .: · • . Art. 1983;. iJ?.,r .. 1): · · : ·· 1' ·._._. •• • • ...
-- -testator- (Id)" -' · ·· · · ·· :" '" "· · · · ·. · . · · · · · ~"- ."~ ·. · ·· ; ·. ·
·. · >·. '':· · ' ·· · · · ;" ·:· : · .- '· · .. ·' __ ._. . '. .. · ·., 2: ·:- !m·~ossible C6nditi~n~ . · ·. . . .· :.- '.. . ..
· -P.~t~fipr~ii~m·· catis'e_,(-~y: the·· fiau.iiary\:; mal_ic~' o~ , .. · lmpo~si9le ¢onditio'ri's· a'nd those ·fontr~iy tO: 1Qw
.. _negligen~e' mu.sl_o'f cou·rse be,'sli.'~~ld~red by him. . ·or g_qod c::ustoms·are.cm;1side·r~d·as not,impp~ed ·.
: · · · ·.. · · · , .- · .(CIVIL' COBE, Art.,'873)'.-:Tfis . presumecf _t_hai the .
: itjh~'-prcif)eMiis. de~trq)~d -~Ya fou~itou.s· "evenf,.Jh~-' .. ·. . ... C_Ol}ditioh is; du·e: ito· a: rnis"iake: o·r:_·.~yer?igtit, ,or .
pbl_i~c:1tio.n.-·i.?.,. g~ner,ally_· extinguished' (3 PARAS, / .· . merely.? whim· 0Y.-caprice1'of th~f~stat'¢r. SµcJi
...
···
supra:~£ ~5.3):_:;.:. < ·. _· _. ·;_: · ·: · · .· , .. ._·. ..·.·>.. .: . ~--
· · ·_;·
·
Jmpos·sioility .is to·
v ·. when-..u,-J_.'c·o~ci'ltion
determined ·at ..fhe time
th}·tLllfill~;d.-(JiJRALlO~
oe .
k~o ....:. -
:
· · _ Ohl!gatic;,ns _gf F_idt.H~.iary'._ (!:>_DI)- ··, - - · ::--:; Succession, supra at 21 t)_'-"'. .. . ·. ;. · · :
1 .. To Preserverthedliheritance;··· ':··/ ., .. • · l._
· · 2. ·.. T'6'·Deliver' the. inhefritance; · . : , · Here: the. condi°tion is· cori;id~rel. void and
:3; . Tc)~'ake-~~~~ !.~?e:~tp.:Y "cit ·_tii'e:- in.n~rita~_ee'. (PE :":'i:m0ritlen. but 'the' 'inslitution'".a'ndJE;istamentary·
. , .' J..,EQN,· SµcceSS(On;_ Supra- at:278~27$). · . . . : clisposition. . ";'if!':.· be._:" ·:s?n~)5Je/eci: a_~'.·:yalid: . .-(3. . .
• • • • ••• ' •• ••• ,, -. -: ·; 1 • • PAf?A'S, Supra at 266). ,:·· .- . · ·_ · . . '·
,; ..,,..,,,. ', ... ' . . . - , ·. . . ::) . .
. / . . t.
"·'20i9 SAf'(I.BEDALA\N/"CENTRALIZE[;)-8AR OPER'f\-TIONS I 9.93

.Sl}CCESSION
SAN BEDA l.AWCENTRAUZED BAR OPERATIONS - MEMORY AID 2019
i.. • tro\ii\?4 .. &:::ue;1p9~ H, Z-·$#WW < ;.:f >,*:'./2;;:rt.;:;l·b:::™' !i&IGMll*#fzWihtf5fi!2Pfiii&Hq ,;;;wa*'.?*¥4@4, {W~tJ.f¥*4!2?&Md
A 'condition is considered impossible if it is not i. Generic cond_ition to contract marriaqe:
possible. bf realization because it.is contrary· to . ii. Specific condition to contract marriage
either · 'physical; _ juridical or ·moral laws with' a determinate.person: and _
(JURADO, Succession, supra
' ... ' . ··.:···
211).
;,
at iii. Specific condition .:·not. to contract
· rnarriaqe \'.','ith a determinate person.
Article 1183. provides for: the -annulrnent ofthe - . ... . ..
obligation -. which· depends . upon' impossible Nature of condition· wh_en - . validly ·'.
~ conditions. Article. 873 'only makes the condition imposed .
:. void, but the dlsposltiofi remains valid (Id:). The . absolute condition not .to contract ·
. marriage ·when :.vaiidly-. imposed . :rs '
- A condition. pr._~hibitihg _the .co~1e$t of the will is resolutory in' character.
void (3 .TOLENT-INO;_supra at 229). . .·
,,
. :. ... .~ :
-. ,
·.-· : ..,
: . '
·.' .. '
.· ·_.
~·.·
..·,,
·. 294 ·1 20i9 SAN BEDA l...AW CENTRALIZED.BAR OPERATION$ . ,·,.·

. . .
S·UCCE.SS·ION·
• SAN BEDA LAW CENTRALIZED.f!AR OPEf!AT/ONS - MEMORY ~ID 2019
e. Conditiorisimposed by the testator upon the c. · Mixed..:.. fulfillment <;!~pentjs jpintly upon the
. heirs. ·sha.11 be gov.e-rned by 'the rules · wil! o'f the heir, devisee, or l~gat~e and upon
. ·established for.·conditional obligations in all chance ahd/or will 'of a !hird person.'
· matters not .provided for· by. the . law on
. succession (CIVIL CODE, Art. 884). 2. As to the effects: .
a .. Susp.ensive' ~r ~x -.a coriciltion upon the Die
Condition
1Ariy
fulfillm~nt of which successional rigl')ts, ;:ire
('
•
. future and.·uncertain
.
fact or pa~t event unknown
. . . <-· ·acquired.
to'. the parties, upon. which the performance of an ,. '• I • • • • • - \ -e , •
obligation dep~nds (Cl_vlL coo~.

Art. 1179).- Jhe: heir should be. living and .qualifled to
- .succeed both. at. the-time of tesfator'sdeath
Kinds_ of Condition: . . . . .and at fhe time ofIhe happeninq of the event.
1. · As to.the cause upon which the fulfillment . (CIVIL COD_E, Art .. 10_34·par. 3)
depends: . ~ . . ,• . ':,
a: Potestative: fulfillment · depends P.ending~its: fuifillme-nt;-~the estateshall be.'
.· exctusively'upon the .wili of the heir.devisee, : ,· . placed' . under . admtnlstratlon ··until· . the
· orleqatee, -an_d must be perforn:re9. byhim ..,.. · condition is fulfilled; or- it .becomes certain
,:.;- ... : personally. ltmay either be; .. ·· :1.:. . /•. · . ·· .that it-cannot tie.'fulfilled (CIVIL <J'OQE, Ar[ .
.:. . i. ·Pasiliv.ef::::-:when it consists of the .~qing BBQ;: par: 1f. ": · ,. ' ·,
or.qivinq ofsomethinq. .. .: . . . . .
ii.. Neqative=.when itconsists-of not doing · b. ·· R~solutory or In. Die·m ~ a condition upon tf]e
or:givir:ig anyt~ing.: · · · fulfillment of which rights,'afready. acquired
...... . .~·;.... : · ·are extinguished.
General ~ule: :11 rriust _be fulfilled as. s_son i. <A'·
. • • · · :' :' - ' '.
as. th.e_ h_ei._r·"__ "" o~. th~· t~stato. r7:3deal .~_' ··: ·If the s_uspensive condition is not fulfilled or
_ _ _ : - if the"tesol.utory condition is 'fulfllled, a~ the·
.· ~xcept10.ns: ·.: · .. · . . , .. · .. ca!3,Q m~y be s , the esta.t_e shallpass tothe
· .. i.: If 'the coridltion was alr"eady~omrili~. ' ·····, · legal'h~irs (JURADO, Succession, supra at
.. ·. . . -, '. . with at ttie time the hei l~arn o(the·' : - . 227). . · · · · . . • · :' . : · . ·
. . .. . ' testator's''death·: an9 . ·' . . ·.. . -- . ·· ~ . . · · ·. . · · · . _·.
I, ~ _.ii. : C_onstrUf:live. corj,pliance ...J.,(h!\~O!']ditior?'.. Term / ·.. ... ... . : .:: . . . . .
is· deelJ)ed . .,fulfilled (CIV1n90E; ·~rt.· .. · , ·,t is t. e da~ ~r time. w!ie'n a t~~tame·ii1a~:9i_sp:o~i(ion
883 par. 2) r- . . .. . ~) · ~ither, oecome?. de.m·9~dable· or, t~rmir:iates. (C.IV!L
·.·
;,,,
· .. ·f' - .. CODE,~rf--1193)'.· .·. -,: . ··, ... · __ . ·
.. . . ·.,.. . ·. : •....... : ..: ·:.. ·.~ .. . ~ ~ . ' ; ·.. . .. . ~)
Kintts of.T~·rm: · -
1 .. : SuSpensiv~ \. ,· ·, .. , . . _ ...
. . . ',. Rjght~·,(ir~.,su-spended un,tjllhe arrival of the date
, ·-or time'.de-signated by"the testator.::
• .,. • • I •
. · i . ., •' • ..._,
-
,: ··:;·,.. ·-. -.1. ·~· . ·:· ,--~ :.l ... · - .· ... :. -... :
·', b .. ' Ca.suc11· - fulfillm~(lt depel')ds_. exclusively'.'"' ·. The leg'al heir 'shall'be··conside·red .as ca·lled-to'
... . ·· upbh· ch.anGe and/0r-upon the ,.yill' of ·a :ttiird · · ·-:the s'uccession until the ,frr1val of tbe·period'.·But
person. . tie shall . nqt enter i'n'to ··po'ssession .of- property
.... ' . . . . . . .. ·- . . .....
. · ,:· . . . . ·· · · . . . 1.1ntil after h_avinif given sliffici~_nt"'$ecurity, with
, ,- _. ·. General Rule:.lt.'m~y be fulfilled·at any time . · , . · · the ··interveotion · 6f •the .instituted heir.'· 1n the
- .- (before or atte_r the te~tator'.s· d_eath)~ Lin less · . . abs.er1ce ·bonc(said 1,roperty_ ~hal( be unde.r o(a
· . <testa_tor.provides· ottierwi!3e.· . . -· .. :. < ·administration (CJVIL CODE, Art. 885~:par: 2)..
•... :· : •• -~ ..• ··- •• ; •· :· ... • • ':° .. ... . ~
- \ . .. •' ' . .
. Qµali{icatioris.:.-. . . . . . ~ :. ·_ -~. , . . ' Note: The words "or term" iri·Hn·e 2, a·na "or until
:-.: If .'~lr~9·dy fulfilled at· the·On:ie. of. ~xec~tion o~ . 'the arrivar of the term" in-·lines 4 and 5 at the end
w.111: .. ·.. · . \ · . . · . : : . ·. . . 'ci .1st par: of Ar:t.:·a80. must be elim.inated-'as::'it ·. :
i, 1. If testator is· -unaware .. of the fact of _..'cci6.fli6is with. Art.· 885. In. the protoype.,. Ar:f 805 .',:
... - .. .. . .. '),
fulfillment - it is,deemed fulfilled -~ . .. . . (Now .. Art. ;·880) wa$ limited ·to suspen_sive
ii:· If testator is aware thereof;· . . . · '6o"nditions. orily·sinc€fperio.c;ls were governed by
.·- .. ' . :1.) if:can'<rio ·long~·;.·be! fulfiiled"'again - : Art'. .885. H·owe--ver, some· .unknown --p·erson
dee.med· fulfilled . . ' . . ,· . . inserted' "or ter.m"· in Art.'· Which created 880: a
· 2:) if .it can. be fulfilled.ag~in - must b~ · : . : contradiction· (JURADO,- Succe.ssion,. ·supra··at
·. fulfilled against.. . 231).'.:. .. · .. .
·2Ql!:) SAN'S.EDA LAW CENTRALIZ~D BA_R_OPERATJ_ONS I 295

~·....
. ·:
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I'. '2019 SA,.N
. . . . ··-
"';-
-~
.' 29.6
.
· . ..
BED.A
. . !.;AW
. .. ..
CJ=NTRALIZE0
. .
.BAROPERA
. . .TIQN~
~ .- \ . :
~.; .
...
. . .
suc.CESSl()N:- ·:· -
·'' SAN B£DALAW CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS - MEMORY AID 2019
• • • i • • .. - .. •
Ct!BSM'#&f? SARI 1t¢.a#AAVA!:

- . 5##6 i N !ei&i!1Sh
. .
- . ri& tfN ih4 :t Q#fih. ·#-Fkt£ ..,: t41!tf ¥±?stii4
'i §$\# $ !iii ·. -
. ·W ;, · :f·S4if:.-.P
. -tit!it.lr
. ffi ~
Answer: -Y~s .. there iS.9,mO~;linstitution:There is 'a .· . Principal Systems ·o.t Distribution of Hereditary.
/-
direction. _te:v·build. a:
house .. · ·-(he'' arisiJv:e.r would be Property · . :·. · ·· · · :. · ·
diff~~e.nt· tiowev~r ·· if Y was · instructed Jo _us~E: · the f. .Systern of Absolute. Freedom .of Disposition=-
money -to buy al particular thing as the statement . · th'e. testator rnayfreely dispose of his property
tdrh"s" into·a coriditrq'.r,.:' . .. . · without any Umitation·impose·c::t.by'law;-:--.c·
2: · System of Total .Revocation' -· the testator
Note; In case' ·at doubt..' the ''\ institutlon. should be J•. cannot freely di~pos[of any·po_ction.of,his>estate
Jo rig a·si there ,a~e: G):mipulso~· l)~i(S. for Wh?_rn
~ ...... :1' ~- ... _ .·
I,.• ·,,. ,:,~'1': ) ... •., : ' . . •· • .• .:
· corisidered .mcdal ,.a~d riot conditional;' and where · . :·as
thet~".Js,' _cltjubt ."':'IJ"ethar .astaternent is a mode or· it is. · the." law. rsserves · his estate. Re . has. free
-~ .. rriere' :sl,-!ggestior:i, 'observation,' o.(_~~pre.$sic:in of. · J .. 9i~po_~ltion _;on!y 1hen h~. has-no" compulsory.
certain .desires by 'the - testator. it. should be heirs; and ·- . ·.; , : ·- .
. · understood, ·.i!:l .; thif>latter: - .sense (OE LEON; • · 3.' §ystem of:P.actialiReservatiqf} - thi~ is· the - .
.· ·S,tlcce'ssion, $up/a app2J. :_ .- . ··> · · . ·: ·. · . . system of le'g.itin,ie: A certair:i·PQ~i9n"0Hhe estate
' . ' "i$ rns'erved bilavifor:E:oi:npulsor:y·h:~·irs. and)he ...
A--.0·?~.t':obliif~te~ ·q~~- d~~s n"c:it ~;~spend,; w.~ile a·
0
.. coridltion suspends but does not obligate (JURADO, · · rest ·is th'e free ·portion over which the ·testator
_.-,~~P-'fl~~/2~).··:, .. · ·.: :.: . .. : . ·· ·. · ,, · - ·., . . -~·- · . . . · · -has ~bsolute: fr~ii:fo1J1· p( disposition .(DE.Lq"ON,. -·
. ... - . , . SuccessiOf?, -s_upra at:31-l):. ·.. ·::: . . --~. ,.,: .. ~,-
•. • _';,::~·.. • ., r· ~. ..._
Kihds·of Legitime: ·
1". . Fix~d ·:-''.Jhe"a.iiq'u9t·pa~t.
o( the.·testato(·s·._estat'e
· to-:which: a certain· class: of cqm.pulsory heir$ "'is .
• entitled by operation Of. l9W is a_lways·.the,.slfrii.e
whether they survive- alone _or w.1t~- o!h_~r classes,
~f compuls_qry;heir? .. ·< :· . . : . ,· i .:~ ...
2. Variable Th$Yaliquo~ p~rt· chang·es' 9epenping
: "upofl· whethef.thex_s~r'.vive albh!;l :o:rwi.tt:1-.6!he!
. classes· of ."i-<~ompulsory,· heirs · (JUIJAD_Q,
·· :Suqc13."ssion, S(.Jpfa at 234). · .,,, · ·· · ·
,· .- ;- . . ._._/ l \:i. : .l ·_,-;
:,, ' ColnpulsoryiHerns (CH) s:,. -····. ·1:, ,.· ... ·:.·'.
·,,· '.,
,.,_::,· ·. . ~
.. ,- ·,·;_ .. : : .. ,· ·.· - '
· Thos! Iii.rs (~.t; wh~m the.:l~wJias·rei.s~N:~~·th~f part :.·:.

, · oqhe"1_eaj_aj'?.('.s, ;sJ~Je· kho~~ a_s,l_~g1t1~~:/\~. sue~,
testato~nnot(depnve·theQ1 of their leg1!Jme·~x,cept .·
_by_:·,disi,nheritan£e:·. prop~rly .. eff~cted'i ·(JUR~Q.O,
Successiqn;'-~cipr~-~t}234:.?~5):' : : : /·:~- \ :. : : ·. ·
: · , ... ·L~-~iti~e:· · · .. :. ' ( ... ; .· :: -... : ·· · · > · - , ·.· ·~ . . -~ · :i=ne~ir:t~cof:a'.~~-~~:~J~~~-~~;~eg(:i~:a~,i~~ted. ii~~t t6 .
. - · :· T·hat 'p~rt.-ofihe lestato·r;s· property.\vKic~: he ca11not th~;heir fo<acq.u_ir,e-.th.~ inh~ritance.'~hich>i"s.)nnererit
. ..:· ·. di$p.os'e ~of~'6'e'c~!:Jse · th_e law. h'as .:rese:rved ~it :'fo( · ·frain:his· legiti"J'l)ate -ffliation..'(J~o6Ha.v: Ti.Jas'<;m,. G.R,:
- · .. ,:c~~~in:~eJri\yl\o at-f
:\~_!:l(~fore, cal_l.eia.·comp9Jso1Y; .. ·: . _No::J425'f;··August_;'6_ 191:9)~ .. /·. >:: :. /• '. ·. ':, : . :.-. '
: heirs (CJ.v'I/..: oopE;,P.,n 88__6). · ;- :: . .- . , .. .·: J·, · ·_..· · . _. .· ,. · :.:..:•· . :,: -.: ..... · .
·-. · · . ..· ;· -~ :, .. ·. . · .... ,, , • .' :. ·, .Note:-T~e·fait o(bei~g a.corr1pulso~,heir,:if11potie.s ·.:
.. The:1Civp: Coa.~ p9he(es to .tti~. §ystem o~ .P.artial .1 no obligabon·,ta· accept·or-:r~ceive the-legitirrifu:.The .·
· ·:: · ·-R~~ervafto~ ..whereit1. (fie fn_h_eri~anye _i~· dfvid~~ iriJo : , : . 'law cin:legitime ,is a restrictioii;;not,on _triEi (r.ee.dom.of
.. /·; : ~. '. fhf·'.f~~-~ :P;?.q.i~~ !hf-\h~ ,.l~gi~i.m.~,)~h·e _di;>tti~utiqn·· :· ·: · th~'.t!eido ·a_cc:;~t{or r~p.udia.t~·/~i:j"_-_iri~$rit.ance'; :b~t :
. may·l:ie by law, .or _byt_tie te:5ta_tor.{>.w11l or by .bo\h (3 · on· th·e freedom ""of. the. testator- to dispose. of. his
. f!.1RAS; suprdaf2~6~2.97).:":-.. · ·. ;.. . ·· /,. ',. 1 ptoperty (3.1.TOtE=NTINO,)upra'..at 252).. :'(h.~£.are .
, r:. .l-, · .., .., · · '. .· · -~·· .· · \ ...,· . G<;1lled compti'lsory; 9_nly be.caus·e tJ,e te?tator. ca·r;inot · ·
, .li'.1.1rpos~,9f_l.:.egitiii:Je: : " . . : , .· disreg'ard them)3,PARAS,"suprci:"at-301}.. ·:t. :; : ·. :_. · ·
.- To. protect the': co'mpulsory,'heirs :for whom Jhe .. · . .' . :··. ;.·. ·:7 ~ .,- ···-·. '. ·,./ ;:::.'· · .•_. _·:-:.· ,·.. . ~·:.··_ •
·t~sfatir-\s_ P.t~.s_u~e_d 'Jo. "h~ve. ,(pa~~r:i:t~"i,. _fi!i§![_;or,·: . :· kinds ~t"Con{p:u!sory· t-ie.irs:_, . . ··: ·:. :> -. , '·
.. · ... c.oni.Y,~aLq~lj!;!_~.ti9r1}9.:~e~erve,._P6f.1ipn~.;.of. hi~ e~!ate:' . - . . :~.. P~irnary.~,t~6se who are.aJw~ys:en~itlid."td}he.ir .. ··'· .
. . f~~Jhe b~ref!! _ofs\J~~- ~.eirs _from his ang';?r._or negle_d_ -~· · '. le~i,tim~ rega_r.dles~ · of th_e··c1.a·s~. of"'C~mpuls9cy.
_(~Uf?,f'.D.(!,:-Su~ce_s.~1qn, suprf;J c1.t ?33). · , ·. . , · . _. h.~1rs ":"'!.t~ ~b1ch theY rriay .~o.rwuUe,:Q: /,..GD):.._ ·
,., . . . ~- ·, $,e.c.or,ida'rf-."t_hos,e~/who inayib~r~_Xcl0d~cl:)t
. ." The .c~-us~·o(acUqn~-fo enforce ·a;l_egitf'rne accrues . : · · . other- CH and succeea only in the absence of the
··:., u'pc;m the· de.at~ "of:th.e ·aonor:cJ~ce_c!Einfsince it is only.. . .. .. primary CH·.(e.g: LPAor /Pf·:: - . ··. . ·. ,. ... .-: '
then' thatthe.het 'est~i'te niay, be: ascertained and on"• 3. '··COnGurririg ·...: thOSE;l. wh<'> ·~uc~e"ed. together w.ith . ,
_,- ·· whiCh·-·: b8si~/ ·~ tf,~- .:)~gitim~-~.':· m~Y-- .:~.be 9etefmih~8 · -~ or
. · ~ ttu{ prima·ry S_ecolidary CH (e:g. Jct)an.~ SS).
"(firiperi8J.v.: CA; :G~Fl. No.. 112483,
. .
OCtob'ef a; 1 Q~9)/.
-
. ' . · · '· ·
·,
,').
; . 2019
. SAN SEDA
'
t.:AW.CENTRA~IZED .BAR 6PER/•:rioNs.
. I 297. •,
·SUCCESSION
SAN BEDA LAW CENTRALIZEDBAR OP~RAT/Of,JS ."- M_EMORYAID 2019 ·
r >. ¥· e ti fr I f.2',1:iM#!a-·wc::,ktf!J&#t·
1·::
~~f'\\18·&=i4 t : 1R.~'#!t!¥ %1:·1· l..fiWSSi!ZS_MZ#S#t..ZWkfa§ t3i&flt#H¥t c&#-h -
Note:· For illegitimate children to be. compuJ?OfY .

heir.~/they illu~t be re<::og.nized (3 PARAS, supra at'. . ,,. ....
301 ). Mere proof .of filiation is not enough-; wnat is · / . 2. The rem_aining:- 1/2
. important ·is recogniti_on .. of that . filiation (Nobie v. _st,all be a\ -the free·
Noble, G,R. No. 17742, De_cember 17,.1966). disposal of the
/ . .. -
·testato'r. ·
;,-
C9mpu!sory_-Heir$ · · , s· • 'l;' The l~gitime of the $S.

1. · lf-Testator is a-Leqitimate Person . shalf \l:Je· taken only
a. . Leqitlrnate, . , Children and Descendants · from tfie free· portion
· ·. ,._,. ... (LCD); . .
. ~: In default of the' foreqoinq- .. Legitim.ate .. : ~~ilL CODE,· Art .: 1/2; ,
Parents and Ascendants.Il.Px): 1/4 ·· · · · · ~ · ,. ·
· ·• c:· Surviving Spouse-.(SS); . • · . 1 LCD; .(CIVIL · · . 2: _ If! ... c:;a~~ of legal
. . . . SS . . · · . separation, . · the
.9. (ll~gitimate Children and Descendants (IGD) · CODE; . : surviving spousemay
· · :.Art. 892• . . ... inherit 'if.·· it" was the
.. · .Note: (c) and (d) are NQFexcluded by (a) & (b) . ·par. 1). ·deceased who'. h"acf'
. neither. do th~y,~x.etyi;J.e-one .anq.ther (JURADO, · . -given ~'caus·e · foi · the
. (. . . ' Succession, s"upra a{ 234).- . . .: . · .. :·· . . '.~ • ·s~1".ie :,91v1t_ 'ccce; . ' . .
-', . ' /VJ:.89?). ·. . · -
- .. ·2 .. l_tJest~t_orti~ ~nllle'gitimate Person · · ~ . "'·""_,......,..--1_.--.~-..!.._-1---~-----'---.:...i
·. '- a., ·_Le~iti_~ate :childJen· . and_ Des~enr\_dc!nts
(LCD) .. .»:
T· .1.
V · .)./-./
:x--r· J-
.-·· ·
-1 .. Divide· 1/2 .. of, the
'estate-by-the ·number .l :
. <5_· :·ll[egiti~ate .Ghii°dren··. a;d/B~noaots~..:.:,_~· .: · :,,;, -_ t.. .___-, :
ofitCD::- · .: · ·; -:
.: _(l~O); .·. · '. · : . /..(;., ~ .: 't . : ·,·A,. . ':
·2. ·i('there··_a(e two .or
_. c.: In .default· o~ __th(·for{g~'ing/J'llegitimale.-.'.f:'..,- . · , ..' Q~~ ·. ,._. ·.mor~ · · LCf), .. the
l- ·~i't . . .,
l ,... .. . ·'.-\. •(,''
· .. · · ·.Parents·(IP} only;: -_/~ / / ·· ~ Si=\[l_e_as.. legitime· .cif,s'$ns~the
d .. ·· S~rviving Spouse (SSJ° ( C{IX.JIL CODE, Art. J·{.: ~-
2 ..Qr· . : t.~af. of~\..'. . ·s_arije qS t~at6f e?~h ·
. . 887).' .-· - -- . .tf""·"> 7 \ more ·eaRl\.it'Cu ·. l::E:D,,anp-1t s.ball be·
. . .. - . . -~ . : ? tne:·
··s~m~ary ~f-_G~!"'~_i:?l)~~l~s~: ·. · ·. . ,·
1_.. Dire~t des_ce1Jd1o_g)n~-I_,~ . ~. ·v;-~l:£!& .· ·.- ··.
1:z.\t-5' .r.ss
:11:1 · ,;~:J;fD; ·, (~IMJL·•:
_: .
, tak.eri' from
c@i:gF,·_]1 _. p9rtion:(.Gl'(ILCQf!E~
A,tf ff92J ._Art:, 892.) .. '<
:rree
·
-·,. ·. . a:' ·.R__ ti!~' of. pre.f.ere,nt::e-.b.e. tw~~~
lin~$'-r, . . . , :. _-__-. -i:-"°";' . · · .. -~ 3) P?r:._2)- · · · 3 .. A.ff?!,,. ~etjLJ~~!ng ... th~ ' · ." ,
:·_b: .RLJ.l.~bf.pro~irri~ty,,: ..
· . c .. ~ight _of
\ro.,, -~~-· ',_:,· -~- ~~~-'&'" ;· <!. -1~~-- ..
re_p_;r_~se__ nt.~t16.2~a__ ;1c/"infin_i(~i~~a.~_t]j "'~j
. , · .. pf_pn~dec?~s~.:-1nc~_Pcif.'tY., ..o.~d1s1~.11s_r,1ta}ce, ·. ·
-~~-1- .· ; . . . .
Je_g1tone.of~t:)e··~-S.the
jemai~in_g ~~all be at,
4,4\ ... --:· _: .:._ .-:. · .. -.
:.t-~e ,fr~~ p1spos_al .. of_
· .. (lf:·te_~~a.tor .. l?._a-le~_1t1mat~ P,e~sd~:· LF9.fct~r~ . .:_ :. , _ . , : · . the testc!~Or,: . . · .
.... '"' · .... ·--~an· repr.e.s~r!;Jf tesJaY~tis,an 1lleg1tim._at1::'[HN'l'~ . -·~- .. :' .:' f:Th · _1 ·-r ~ ,,. f ·tf ·...
· ·· pe_rson:·.both:~OD aAd_;IED~~n rep;esent)~~ , ~- _ ·- ... :· .,, ~:. eg_11rn.e ·:.9 , . ~: . . .
',,•
d, .::lf~a_ll'. _the.- .. 1.:~~'-,r~p,udiat~: th~ir..1{9.Ltlf-e1 1~~~ ~\\\;'i-·:~ ; '.'.' · · . ·:_· JGP. ·
sh~IJ·. ;~~ .,-~a~~ri _· ·.·. · ;
:_···,- _· . .
· '
·. ; . ·__-;:~\{gehi!r~;'.;.n-~~ t~D?u~cee~~
· .2 .. Dir,ecl'ascending line - · ·. · · ·' .' :.... · ·
~ .. : · ~/2;' ·_ ·;
··112 of-1
.Z~Nit~_6?f~ti
-£3:88): · :. . . . _
0:.·
· .
.. )'.··a~--·,.·Rtii~ 0r."'di\/is1on'o/lines· . ·:·- ·... . ·--i- .'. ,•· ; [CD. '·, 2 .. , lf1.,Gi;!SEf.Qf.s.eyeralt1C:
. , ·. · . .-_b>- ~-61~·6f-~R~_ai:dfvi~i?n..:.: · ~-: :,.' :_'.-.. :/GP'. . _f·:'cc;v1.{·: .·:· / _:::·:.:~·11.;:ft(e: __ :~~b-rti?~- i·s;
· 3... Norv-1mpairmeQt-of.leg1t1me . . .. ·. . · · ::··,·:·. · · .. , IC~· , · ·coDE .. , / .:' · ~!:!ffi't1e . nt, __ :,ea.~h IC,
· · ·._-·:"_.•_. · · · ... - •· : • ., , . • ·· ·- .. '.· ·: .,! .. : , .. ". _gets 1/2.of sh,;3.re of.,
• . • ... ·a· , .·• , .. - . •.. Att. 8~5, -· :.:,:... 'rt:co. :. ,_::--:.,
-· · · ..... ·,_ .. · :"._ ... Tab_le#"b_ f Le.·gitim. e_~. ·. . · ·· par 1) · · ·~: . . · . . = ~- : · · .: ·· ' .
Legends> · , .· . .; · · . ·1 · • • • : •• . • • • • • · • • ·• • K- If: ·:fr~e portig_n :is· ·
.. ·.. tCO =.Leg.it_i_mate Child~ ..e~ra_n·d·Q~s.c~npants·-·; .. , . ,, ·,·.. . .. \insufficient di.Jide-· ·•. ,
I.CD =·lilegftimate.-6hildren.and Descendants . · : · . .. ::_·../ ·_:_'._:_·._:..· _.:_._:._·: :°_~:_·.-.;7:_~-- -·~_-q:a_u.~oly,:·.~--~jh_·e_-_)C£?
·· ...
ss· = Surviving· Sp.ouse·· . -:- ... · · .':'- .. : . .. . · . - '
l.:f?~=::Legitimc;t~,.P.ar.ents or A_s_c.ericJclpts • ;. , . · · :- .· .. - -·· .· 1. "lf.ther~- are.·2.--0,..,mc:ire· .. ' ·. : · . ·:
' •, • • ~ :· •. . • ' ,..- .. ('.: "•.t •• • I
IP=· lll~gitirn·ate Parents,.: _:;. · · · .. ··. ·:.,. ·• · ....
#, .,•· • • '•
. 1(2; ·~, LCD;·. the. legi,t1rn~.;-.<?f · · · ,·:

·ACpA-;do tea Chil.ct·<:,.(·.'·:".< ·.::.·) ... ·.::·- 1/4; ·:.
. ·:tti·e·ss is'.the same as· ·.. · ·. :
·LCD;·. ·112 of-f. ···tt1afof·eacf) LCD and: -· : _.· '._
. · ·ss·; LC(Cli/LL ,· ,. Jt s·hall'l:ie. ·tal<eo from
·,, . 112 ,. .· ·_: ..1 :· •'oJvicie :_-·b.y.·· uj~ · #.. ' .o.t ·. ·' ICD . . . CbbE, . . . the~free pqrtiori:( CIVIL
• LCD - (G!VLL ... /
. . · · LCD; ·yvhether·· they_· :·.: . fl."r(-'895, ., , 666'1=;·:"Art: 892). ··.
. ·. · ,900.f, - :: ·. -s~rvive· ~l9ne ·or witt\
A_rt. ~88). : ·concurring·CH.. ·
· P?r;.1 r ·... '2 .. ttie. :_!~gitime'. 'pf . the:
· · · ICD shall ·be - tak~n
. >..
. - '
. 29s_ . , · ~01~ ~EDA. LAw cENTRAuzED sAR o'i=>liRA,,oNs
. . . ·. sAN
.. _,· . . .. . . ~ . ' '
SUCCESSIO-N ·
. SAN OEDA LAW.CENTRALIZED OAR OPERATIONS - MEMORY AID 2019
. . . '. . .
. .
. ft; a;@iU?? i:#'. 44 425 ZZ ,a:;esu
. &£: t !4!?f4¥, St ##1t'±d?il&S?'S 3,:w 2H&,es2;s-ve: a9'§'£ ..• ·WC:tei
, t & s:;:c ,&44: <tlV'G:
from the fr~e ·p9rti6,o must first be fully

provided that the total satisfied . (CIVIL:.
legjtirne .of. such(IGD, CODE, Art- 895 par.
shall not . exceed the 3): .: -
free portion and that 2: The· remaining , 1/8
the leqitime of the ~SS · ·-- , may .. be' . freely
must first , be fully disposed . of by the
satisfied . . (CIVIL testator (CIVIL
CODE, 13rt: 895, pai. . COQE, Art. 899).
3). • • l ~ •
1. If there are more than

3: ,In case : of . se.veral
1- ICD · di~id.e equally
ICD: Ji'?.· . among them: "
a:.'-lf free .. portion is ·· (CIVIL .
ICD ·2-. The.' remaining ·112- ..
.. : sufficient, .each I~ CODE,
. . shallbe :at the free
·· · gets 112,of 1 LC. Art. 901F · : disposal .· ···Of :. the
b. 'If "free portion is :
; 'testator. . ... -
insufficient, - divide. ·
... · it among the· ico ·1J3; The rernainlnq ·113 ·s~ai1·
.· .. equally. - 1/3 . , be attfie free disposa_l bf
. SS;
·(CfVIL: the : Jeslator . (CIVIL
1 .. This· rule. : ~pplies . ···ICD.
' CODE, CODE; Art. 891). . .
whether· tfig~,'' survive
Art, '894). · . - .
1/2 . alone or .. ,with -other.
(CIVIL.:, classes of CH. · · . .1. One· third . (1/3) if. :
LPA I ~): r • •
CODE, 2 -,.They inherit in default· marriage. rs in' articolg'

.l Art. 889) .. · of' LCD· of testator.s mortis . and. the' ·
· - 9th_~rwi~~-li~y a·re? . testator .spouse died
·e~cludJcl.-: · ·. · within 3-: months: after .
the. marriaqe.? Note:.··
·l ... :th.~/4 t~ ·iich 1c.o·. \
. ~-- . . . Applie,s'only if it. was ]. ·..
'·. _is_ entit1~:~i};ta~0 ·'
::. . the · deceased who
-- · fror\J ..~:_ei,free gortion l
··· (GI_Vlb ~CODE, Art.} was ·the . party· .in
1/2; ~ · · .. 896).' . ' · ~ , . danger· ofdeath at the
\ time of .rnarriaqe; and
1/4 · ,2. The·.· 1/.4 ' shall · b,e
. LP.A; .
. ICD'
(CIV,IL·. · , ·. . ·. d1,vi~ed·- ·. e!'.}~1-·-.-..- if . .
if. the caase·of deathis
,- the· SAM·E. as ,
the· .
. .COPE,·· . shares·a'mong se era!'.
. . sickness, ". ·illne.ss or:
· Art. 896). . · i'c;;b. .
3:
T~e. rem~inir'lg .·1l4 . { .. ·' :_113; ..,.·: .:. i_~ju_.ry:e~J.sii9g ·at ... the.. _
: . . :. .. . shall' be
·at.-:the. fre·e' . . ',• . ' 't/2· · t1m_e of rnar~1age - th.e ·.
• · · · · .' i .,- ., disposal · .. ot'· -
the'· .:- "'. · - ·. ·.. i, ,·:.ji{ . . : pu~pose 91 th~ law
.- • testator:- · · · SS . {CIVIL .· . .. b~in~.· to ,avo1? .. _a
. CODE~·.. . . : rr:ia~~1~ge . p~rely . ~?r
1: The l~gitime of th~'.s~ Art. 900).... ~: fin~r:ic1al : g_~,n: .. Jh1~.
· .. '1{2; shall be taken -frorri · · rule apph~s only·to a.
1/4 ,.. : : the fr~e·porti~~- .. __, . -· '• .
: .case· of testamentary · ..
LPA;
ss .tcivu. · '2: Th·e. · remaining · 1·14 . . succession . · .· -~. (3·· ·
CODE; ··· shall ·oe·· at the · free· ·. PARAS,. . supra at
Art. $93):·. ···. disposal .. '· ·of ( . the. - . _[so)... >: . . . . , . : ,
· : . testator. · · ,,, •,I
2.'··0ne half. (1/2), whe·n
...:,
they _hqv~-lieer:i liy.ing'
:.1': The ie~itim~ of th.e ss as husband a11dwife
.and ICD· ~ shall: be
1/2· ' for more than 5--years
'lPA;
. 1/8'. -;
1/4
. .' -taken from the · free
portion" provlded that
/ .b.efore marriag~ ... :in.
. arliculo morlis ·.
SS; ... . the· . total legitime of .
(CIVIL . 3. If marri~ge. is · not iri
ICD such ·ICD shall.~"not
CODE, articulo mortis, : SS
Art. 899). .. exceed.~., . the free· . .
portion, and that the
sh~II inherit '1 i2 of -the.
estate
iegi{ime :· ot the · SS-
·2019 SAN SEDA LAW CENTRALIZED BAR OPERffflONS I 299

SAtt_ 8~011 LAW CENTRALIZED BA~ OP~~T/ONS - _MEMORY AID :2019
to.be ·f nh~rifed_,by theparenls' O·r'asc~cidants.and-the

other-half by the adopters. (JURAD'O,.· Succession,
4: The remaining one. s~pra·at 241). r: . _ ... . ·
. · half.1/iin (b) and (c) ·,· : ·•
-, ;
". herein shall. beat the· · 1.; -: tegitime qf'Legitimate Descendants , .
- . free disposal of the ,~. -'Consists' of ,1 /2-·of' the' hereditary estate ·of their ~
. . 1, ·'°' · ... testator · . . leqitimate parents or ascendc1nts; :~hile 'the other .
half is. at the latter's free disposal·(C/V/L COpE,
Art. BBB)..... . .
IP .. ...._ .. "·
., .·.· .
.» ••
. ;.. :
~pe I -20i9_SAN BEq_A IJi..W. c::°E.NTRALIZEDJ3AR, O~ERATIONS
I
StJc~cESS.'iON
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SA,IV BEDA LAW CENTRALIZED
. . BAR·OPERATIONS- MEMORY
. AID 2019° · .
c. If both LP dies before. the testator but: · .:··: par.ties··-cNrna/ ''.'- Baya.dog,: G:R.:. No.: 13.3778,
i.. _Survived oy ascendants :of., equal March 1.4, ·2006)._·> · : ,. ,
deg~ee; legitii:ri~ shall°be divided equally . ,
between :the paternal and, maternal lirie .... / :· If theparty dies attei-:th.e0ehtry: of judgment of·
· · ' ii. S_urvive<;l by ascenqanfs .of different .. · ;-:< __, . nullity, or· annulment.' the: judgm.ent :0shall be
degr~es, legitime' shall pertai~ entirely .. : . .: binding .upon .theparffes a~a their successors-;
t9Jhe ~~arest,degr?e (C;t_VIL GODE: · .·. '· in-intejest in !l'le settlement.otthe.estate.in 'the
_Art. ;890; JU.BADS,· Succession., supra - reqular courts- (A.M. · No.: ·02011-.10-SC, Sec .
,at.245~24[3)t C '.. .,, ' ,/·. I .. 21(6))\rhe survivor .is 'no ._longer. 'the~;spouse
; .,', ,,_- j •• ,;t. - •• ' • ? -· . ,' ,.'entitle·d,to ·~:_legi.tii'lie.·· " ..... · .' .
I { • ·,. •• '~ -~:" ; ,,,, ..... ·
lllustratio'n: · X, ··the testator:, has-.,.an . e·sfate •. • ... ·1 •• ::~ \ •••• • • ~-- ,: ,· •• , ......, • • • .. • • •
· ~mounting to:P'240;obo~:,x ,was sµrvlved_qy: his .. '.·-,1 Cegal· SeparatloriI'. , : · ·.> : . · .· , .. · :. · .

father _F,;mother .M, p;:iternal 'gn,1n<1father PPF, widow or .,./icfowe·r wili be~ntitled. to.succeed . . \: rtie
, pa.ternal _gra_ndmother PGM, mate,rnal · . only when 'he or/she is the 'innocent spouse ,
-· ·· grandfather MGF. · and -mate qi al grar:idmother. . · · .... ·(FAMILY. G9/Jf=.,tiAit. 63, ·par-: 4): ·._ :· r ::.: . ·
. :M.GM: ·. . .. ! •. ;.. :: .. ,i:· :;°,: ' ·i ' ·• ,.. ! ·, '.:°:°-· •"..f",( ;"!,, •' • ( :t: : • .r '"'\ '.•' •
, 000 • 4o • ~: • ,\ -" 0 • ' •• :._.·.-:~ '1
· ,, ·a·. :·How;haf his e.staie,ba:d1~1decl?. ·,· :,.'.·f-: .. - . lf·'death .occurred ..durinq; thee1:pen'd~ncy·.of-th·e · • • .r :
. : o: ' ·If F pre·de'tease_d-)(?. ,' ..: ; .•.- , ,. . > . · . · .·'' >

. . legi:i'ii .~ep~r:ati_op· prq~~edi~gs, .lhe. effect shall
· . c. If F, M, ar:id PGM pre°c:leceased-X? : . . .. depend-on-which 'spousedied.e c '; > ·... . ., .
\ .:-· .. . :..: -·., •• -~ ... :· .; ·~ -
• : 1 •
•. \. •, ._.•, ,1"~,. ;. • .
·•
;~.. ··...:
• •
• · /·:~~~··: ,~i.t ·;:::~::.,.·:.1,~, .... ·~-: ··.}~··.1 .:'('; • .::._ ;.1 . ';~·; .. \· I'•
ia,- ·
l.f ifwa$. t~e-plainfiff (innocentspouse) who: .
. ., . died,' th.e.', pro~~eding>-sr~a)!' continue. to
: . , ..... ·,r,determine.'whether-or:noOher.e is ground for
: ·' ' ,:·,i~gaf'": s~·pari:ltidil;,\~lilicli !· ihgll , jtis\ify .. the
-~- .....- ~ · . exclLJSIOn_ ..,:'of ,: the survivinm-· SPOL!S~ "fr0rn
· inti~rit~!1ce '."(DE ~EON;' :Succession, . supra -;. .
· · :. ..at·3J.1). . . . . . ,- · · . :'. - .
. . l- : b.~·.-1.f:f.,Yci'~ne .d~fe_n.d~~ng~ilty·s~p~se)·,~ho'.
. :;.,·:;-,,. ·\::'·d~t:!cl;l.th[, ·}e,~a).;~:"·epq~t1on~. pr_oceedmgs
. . , -.:-:.:. , ..: ·,~ ~lio.ol€1,:b.e\tem:iio9t!:JdJ~!;'IMf.b;'6~G.QQ~;,; Art .
. -=-~ '·t·: 6!3; .•dJRAQ.0, $pccession:·-~'!praat 236) .. ·
( ·; _ · · ·.:/<. · ~ .. <) . _.:·: \~,: :r ,.. . . .
·. · lri casg~oLreeo~ciliatioD. und~r.Art. 6(3(1) of the ..
. , : ".r ..... Fa°rnily)OQdEl.)· ~b~l:ii,on·~ ·of.,th~. :spquse$':sh.ouJd: ..:-
. · , ' ··die, ;_ti,~ IJ:igal°:~~·pcfr'atfoi,,.. p[9cie¢lingS:·w.hic_h is . ,
, : · ·. equal degree. of· tl:ie: paternal and.tmaternal. . • •·· , · 'til!J.. p,en'l:Jing.!~J1';3ll-,be.~·,ter-mip~tE;?d·. a·r,whatever
., , , - :: ·1ines·,:t~e:-:1e9itime.-sball.
1 ..._, , • ,
b.e,.
-• ,
- divide~f
~
,equal ;f'
Y: . . , . ~ . ~stage:,-'?The- su~ivotgefs~
,I I • ,. I
bis:
.(- r. \
o' . n · he( legiUme;° --, , ,
,. ,·, · ·.':'( - , :·- ·b.e~eirJ. . :,.b.~,tr. ,- : ·lir:i,e.s,.·.~ _(CW!'. ·, .ti©O.Wfr; '. . · · · - ·. -:-r.~Q~irdl~ss qf.wh~ther. he . t>r_· sh~(is :tti~ @L!il~y., _
.. , · · Ar_-t,89Q[2]}: · ·-_;,.: ·.: ·, :: .., :·.; ,.', .-.,.,:·, ·, ·,,,{:: · · .· · : ... · ; party (FAM/f..YCOQE., Arts. ~3·arid 6~).,: : .. ·,.- · .
,.·.· ... : ·~·· . <_ · . .... ~.· .·.~.' :_:· ".i_ . ~- ·,. .. · ~:.1 ·· . .-..··.. "::~.-. ,,. . ... \ .. " ..~.;·l";: }:~·f·:,~;·\-~F·:·~~-·,L. ~\;l~-~=:-~:. .-i. ·.-· . ~.~~:~'f!.~1~;:;j•}'. :· ·: -
/ 3. ·L.:e·gitime of Survi.ving.Spouse;' .. .-. <, -~\;;. ;;.,;):, \ · .:,<,.. ': Legaci·or:'devise-to~s'ur:viyiri'g:·s·pous·e· . ;· ·. .
'.: _. ::·Ehtitl~d :to'.ra .·_legitim_e·:._the.c.an'louri(:of ·Which is. '' ... -.~ :.. ·.'.·.:.Aiii ,dev.i~~;;_or ,_ l~Q~GY,·-:giy~ri:ft();;,the(surv;iyjng :': ..
·' · ~- -variabl.e \depending '.-qpori •:w_t;iethEl.r· J,e.,9i··: t_he. · · . ';-< : spow?e': ~hould.:i q:e:~.c.ons.i~~ree.:,as:· t)eipg_ i~· :_
• sLicyjv~::;. ·. 8i_lo~_e,,,~(t.' 'Qoncurreotly. . :: y.iJh::>;'oth~r: ; . . a~~_ition.· t~>~isi._pF."-her.:.:,'[eQitim\:l,, . .-.aq~- m~~t .
. ·.· .. _ · CO!Jl.P,Ulsory~~tr:s (Jljlj?A00t$.l!.c_o;;s$i(?n{/.~upra , __ !her_efg~~ )je :-~t:iarge~_.to_;Jh~)_r:~e·?ort!qn_. :.~!;fth ~
.. ' . . ' ' at 285)~. \ •
·. •:' .: . •' - , - ': . .. • . . ", .. ,. ,,,' ..., .• ·... . •_: ,,. ."' ... ' .. ·de.vise . or·• legacy,·' shoul,d , \ I , •
be. ·cons1de.rep
'
In ..tfier .• -
•
"- ·',·; .- .. <·,, . · 1 > .· .;.'J:• ,:1::, ·:.· '. . _ ,-:·1sa1Jl~ f9oti_ng.•.as-·.t1:(0set·giY~.n·t_<;>.:strangers.(3
· 'the,;, condition·, of being ·a.- .sur:v,bdng, spouse. / . : . :- l?ARAS, sqpra.-q{ 3?13):: ,:.:-. ,;:·:.. · .·.,;,:·Y,,:· ·
: . . . ·, - re~uir~s tha{ there. shou'ld. have: ·-,i-vai_id ~e.~n
: . •;\ -:>
·.>,:'t :~'·< . ·<_-::· ·. ,_.;{_·:.:_ '/.-/,\: . ., .. :... ·, .,:.. , .,.,
' . .., . '... : rifarJjage·. ·.between\·l~e .. ,. d~<;:e~sed :· Ei°np. ·:the· .:-.- . 1.' 0(111.e1Jitjmate -De_sce.~tl~nts ·._ . .', . . . . ' ~ Leg1Um'.e.
·i ·._ ·-, ..t. suryivqr fld,.-at·.-284-i~B5),-:.. ·· -.· ·. '. >~· ~ . , ·, ·,,
The.· ·amount1 :,Qt_,Jli~ir :':.legiti.rne~· ·is·, ·'lar-iqble · _
.. .'. . ...... :-. :,,,·>>..~:.· •. \;·:; ·._,·, ·.· :~i· ,. ,: ; ·..· ·,·· .•'dependirig upon,w.hether,they'i.nbei-it'alone·er:as> :
. , .· . . . Ar:inul~ent._.of void~il!e ·,il'ar~iag~·· - Valid, until_' ',' · .. - . a· d?~S - ~to'ncllrre.htly ·,v.>ith_. o"th~~·.::~l~$~l7!:~ ··'of : or
. -:.:- : :-.decjared-:void .by a comp,e.te_nt court; (Dio 1/ Dia, . ,. compulsory, heirs (JURADO, ·Succession,, supra - ·
, G.R)Vo.'d7B0.4.4, Janu_aiy. f9, ~011)./. · : ,-' · ' ... ,. · ~at:290):: .. ·" ,.. ·. ·..~. ·~:,· · · .. : ·:.·· .. · · ·· · .. ~ ·. ··, · ·.
··~ ....... ~ .... :·_:~'. .. ·:;:·-~·, ...... ·:.{·: .:_· ... :,. .......... __ ..... /· ,:·:; -·.,,~- ·- ~: ·~·· ,, ·:.. ..._ . ,.·· ... ::. :. . ;· .... :. .... \._ ...'t::_f,
· · In · c'?se of death of -a :_partyrdy~if19'. ~h~ : , · :.. · l:Jnd~r·,th~::f.:.ar:njly,: Code., ;there .is: no· ·more·
anriulmelif . proceedings; the-. slirvi/or'.- ·:is'. · . ' . . : distinctipn··,.beJv;een·,··c;lCKriowledged: . natural
.. entitled to a ·legitir.ne: beicause r:narriage can no ·_ -°:'childre'n and ,ill_egltiinate .children .. Th.ey a·~e ~II .
· · 1onger·be. annulled.·after the
. - . death
. . of. on.e ·of
. the·. · · · · .· .. ·
... ...""
~-
) .. 201~ SAN:BEDA LAW CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS 301 ·
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SUCC_ES:SION:
SAN BfDA LAW CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS - MEMORY A!D 2019
. .
.. considered as llleqltlmate. -Thus.rthe 5:4 rstio '. to·. reserve such property as he may have-acquired · ·
no longer applies (Id. at 292). · .. , by operation.of law for the benefit of relatives who
·are within-the.Srd degree and who belonqto the iine
It is, the death.of-the: parent and- not .thebirth of from whichsuch property came (CIVIL ·CODE, Art.
the illegitimate chiid-~hich -deterrnlnes the right 89_1).;· · .. -· .. .
of such child to· succeed (B.u(os v, · Tecson, GR.
No::k.i-1'8285, October 31,'
. 19f,j).
.· ....:·· .: i .. Purposes: , ....
.. t To prevent persons who are strangers' to the
When an ··i11e9iur)'iate chiJcr .o'ies·· .before the family, from acqulrinq, by some chance or·
testator, his rights to the l_~gi.tim~·,are. transmitted. accident, property whic_h otherwise would have
to h'is own, helrs. Representatives may.either be -remained with the said family (ld.,at 247);-and
legitimate or illeqitirnate 'descendadts- (CIVIL . 2. .To maintain a separationbetween ·the 'paternal ·
CQDE, Art. 902).. :- . . · '·'and:,maternal lines (3 TOLENTINO, sl.ipra 'et
270). · :~: _ r, · · · . > .
• •
. . ..
30_4 I 2019 S.AN-BEDA LAW C~~:,RAUZED:BAR OPERATIONS
··SUCCESSl.o·N
• ·· · . ~N BEDA LAW CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS - .MEMORY AID 2019 . . ,~,.,,..,, •.,,,. ..,,
;is: : st& 4194# &f •s<<pe +±! W'ssm,sett,'EifJ •s;; iiHBf5 t •:a!i,s;;ft12 s
0 1 g.µp.;, k &:4t,A?•$s:e:, sa•~ :sisn1d is15p:,,ri-r.M;r.:.,·~2~
Note: The fourth requisite is someti,:nes·aqded.but it . While the.origin owns .the· prqperty, there is no
is submitted-to be merely a· resolutory condition, .not reserva· yet',' 'and therefore, the origin has th"e
a requisite (/</, a(248). · -r · · · perfect right t9 · dispose of it, in any way.-he
: wants, subject, ·h9wever: tor the rule on
·Note_: Reserve tronca] contemplates leqitirnate inofficious donations ·(3 PARA§,._supra af322).
relationship. llleqitimate relationstilp and relatlonship
by affinity 'areexcluded ( Gonzelez v: Court of First If !h~ origin of the property is a broth~r or sister
Instance of Manila, G.R -. ·No_. - L-34395,- May· 19, of the · full-blood; the · question·· of line is
1981). ·. Preference is given.,to the direct line as unimportant. However, if the origin is a brother
against the collateral line, and the rule of ,' ..nearer or sister of the half:blood, the common parent or
_. ~x~lud~s .the. fath'1:fr''. also. applies ·(Florentino ·v. , . .. _ascenda~t must .al....,ays · b_e_, consid_ered. If (he
f:~orentino, G.R_No. ·14.856, November 15, 1919). · : ,commo'rfascend~nt is the father, the,pro"pefty is
. ..-· .. - . reserved only for :_the . relatives. on ·,th~ father's
Illustration: Before GF's death in 1950, he.donated side;..if il]e common ascendant is the mother; the
·a·parcel Of land to
his grandson,:f?., the 'only child.of. ,property is .reserved on[y fodhe·:relatives on the .
his de·ceased·son F. p·qied in ·1960 without any beir mother's side (JURADO, Succes_sio_n, supra at
· in the ciirec(c:iesc~riding line.,As-1a conseq~ence of· 265). ·; .. .. . . ,·, · ..
·which,· the· Hind Rassed · to his. moth.er -M in -
. accordance with intestate ~ucce"ssicin .....• 2. Pr~p~~;tu: _, th·~ -d~~cendari (brothe; ~r )i~i·e~) ·:
who died, and from-whose'dEi~th !he' as.cendar:it-
- ., res~rv[sta ·jn turn had acquired the. property by
ORIG.IN operation. qf law',(JURAD9, $u_ccession, ·supra· · .
fl( 253). . . .
. ' ....
The propositus ~hould h9ver died without ariy
.
legitimate is~ue in ·the airect de~cepding_. line
wtio c~~ld in~_erit fr.on:i him: O~herwi~e·,,11 woul~
not .t;,e/pi~1ble _for the P,rop_~r:ty: tQ. pass._ by
op~ra;.ron1·0\law t.<? !'3n a.~c,endant:r~servjsta
(JURADO, Succession,-s·upr.a at 260). ·., '·':
·- "' . . - 0 •
··-~ .:-···:- lie term "l:'iy og.er~ti0n .of ·l~w''.-~pplie;:to '.fr,e

# • •••
tra'nsmis.sion.4f-,:_t.fie leqitime. in . case· of
__..... "testamentary, and.' to· the entire inheritance in

· case· 6(intestate. succession (3 .IOL_ENTiNO,
supra~.,at--282). • . . · .•
,the pr,oP,erty should; b~'?,.cq~ifE!~_- oy. gratuitous.

. -~ . ~ .... · . title 'from· arr :~scen-dant~~br9t)le( orsister (CIVIL
The·· reser\!able character will- terminate·· upori the .. CO,O_E, 1!,_rl. 8~1). · ..
.. death of M:
The.r.efore, ·. B and. S. ca·n claim·. the '\, ..
. p_roperty ·as their own (J!:iRAD't)_, -Suc_ce~sicin, supra-: :· Prior charges .on.the property do notneqate the
; . ·. q_t 24~) .. · · · <·:·~.: .· : ·, _·-:- :.·.~- · . . . : , ' gratuitou_s characfer.o( the' transrnission,
. !~-'..
I . .
..
• ......
:
.::
.. :, ..
:.: .
.
. ,. .
.''':' .;.:...: . ; ... ~··
. . .
· · ~~rso~al ~l~tnents:. -: .. ~ . . · _- - . · If the _: property. 'is acquired '': by vlrtue : .ot . a

1, · OriginlOrigiri" ofthe Property,(ABS) - the. 2scendant, -cornprornise invol'-'.i[]g h.er~ditary properties, it
from whpni_ the
0
. or . Qrcith~r, _.or· ~ist~r · . can. be tn:ithfully said .. that the property. was
.·, .· ,prop9$i(us- had ·-,,acquired.· the · prop.e_rty_. by · ', . acqu-ire_d, not by· document 'of compromise but
'gratuitous.title (e.g. do,:,ation,__re_missi9.n, testate. by: inheritance. He~ce, the. acquisition is _:_by ·
·or intestate· succession) (ld.-at 252)>-· · · g·ratuitous title (Cabardo v. Villanueva, G.R:· No. ~
,.. ' -·. : .
1.~00~, December 13, 1922). .· ,..
. Thi -p~operty· shouid -.h~~e. b.elong~d _to' the_ . . .....
· originator at. the.time of-its· acquisitfon by the . ~ro~-~~itiis ~s'. ''ar~-it~r of t~·e··;~t: .ot7'es~~a
: propesiti.I_s. -The -.sb_urce o.rthe pro·p~"ity prior to . troncet" . · · · · .- · ' ··
the· acquisition_ by the 9riginato'r is ·immaterial- ( 3 ·· As long as-the proposltus-isstlll alive; there is no
. TOLENTINO,
. .
supra
-:
al 2-76).,
. . . ·. .. reserve ·yet, therefore· he is. the. absolute owner.
.. bf the property acquired by·him gratu_itously-fron:i ..;,
The. tra~smission ·from the origin' to: the · 1·
the ~rigi_n 'A;i\h ·ruil:'fre_~q°:m -to · alienate ... cir
· propositu!> mustbe.by gratu"itous titie (3 PARAS; ·encumberJJ PARAS, supra f!t.32~). ·
· ·supra at 321)1 · •
2019
. SAN
. BEDA
.. LAW
. CENTRALIZED
. ·.. BAR OPERATIONS
. I 303
S··. U.. CCES;
. SlON.
~. - ..
SAN BEDA LAW CENTRI\LIZEp BAR OPERAT/QNS - MEMORY AID 2019
. .. . ' . . ~
· :,In case he sells ·tti'e prop.erty and b!;!cause of

.
If it is a reservable real property, the reservista
.
. such sale-he receiveis cash, ·there' is~no. reserve may 'alienate .it subject tor reserva-troncal i.e .
.: .even jf\th'e cash- is. _lpter on: iht,erited: by· the' . reservatario can recoverthe real property,from .
. ·:ascii'nd;3nt by operation of. law,.since the cash is the .. transferee "as . soon as ~owners.hip. 'is.-
fiodhe -·sam'e.' pro'perty: that be' hae,'acqwired . transferred ,.._ to . , such· · reservatario, . without . _
g_ratuitously (Id.)~ \. .: Rr.ejudi_ee.\if c_ourse tothe.. Land R'e'gistraiion Act. . .
Thus,. if ·ieservabie lahd- is :registered "under, the
i . :..-·.,A.0ill ~ay' prevent tl:1;
t~nsJijution ~fa -;~s~rva. ·.. T9If~r}S Sy.~ter,n a(~-~fre~;:an .. lnn.ocent,purchis~r .
. . -lrr.case Of ..testate succession,' only the ,legitime foe value .will be preferred oyer.,-a reservatario .. ·.
·. passesby,operation of law. The prooositus may, . . However, the estate of the reservista ~ill have.to
·, : b'.~ ,'()'nl·;:;opt.~~ _giy~: tb.e \egitim~ Of hi_~·aScendant.. _·indemnify t~e.-res~~!,itarjo':(/d). . . . ·.. , :
· . 'Y'{.l.thout;.grvmg_ to -the .Jatter. properties · he had · •. ·, :-.
.-.:acquireq · 1by . g'ratuitous . ·title · from· another
· - ..' •. ascendant, .orbrother or sister. .. l,n. such case, a
O~!igaJi?n~ ·.c ,.Pf R~~·e0'ist?~ight~ . of
· Reservatar:,o::__(A,.SI.P..) . : • · ... . . ·: .·, _
·. · .. resetva.troris;alls,avoided··(·/d,,~t 288):_ · ·-·i. ,? •• -a.>. Tb.. ~nnqt*e i.n)he: f3egistcy :0tP.rope.r:ty. lhe
'~;. ·: < r: _;. · '. .' ) ::' ,'': , ·.1. :_ ·;:, rese'_,yaj.J'!e·-,:~h?rac~~h .qf!!.::al!';;'r~servab{e
, .','. .. . •• ....
3: · ~~~~-~is!~:'. -:--. _t_h~,,'_<?!.h.e_r";-~~-e.r:i9.~Qt ,..whg i_s,._ :. . . . . : ,. ,,~.)Q)fTI.Q-Y~R!~;P.f9.1?~tJY.1:..::<·. , :::,;/:. _;.,; .-1.,. r=:,:: :'
.. O~l!g~~- t.9 t~SeRf_eJhe pr9perty for· th~· b'eriefit of . . • · b. · ,To.. §ec4r.Eh by:.n:ipJlgag·e: ,.(a).:.re.stitutioru:)f. . '
: . · .t~~- rel~trves ,9f.t~e· des.Gendant-prdpo.gtus who
u · }.; .
.. . mbvaj)le:s:_. not; itli~nated,: (b > ·._paym·enL of
· · ·' :.. are~witlifr.Jit~e.: \hird ,(3r~) de·gre~ ·and·.wh·?:-~elong~d_arY!age,::;_.c~used ·~y,.tiis. f~ult or negligen_ee,
_to·.; tl')~J ,line.d~o ..f!f/J.hi~h· said··t prppir:t~hcam~ :r ·
(e_)."retur~· ·~f price re/:f_iv~f for1.~§v/i~Ie$
~,(JURAQQ,··S~ccess1o'n;,s4.w.a,at2~3)., - . . ·. ,J, N/---.aJreni~-~ t or. pay .,ts. ~alue , '~~.'ff!~de
- • <,' : • > · .: . .. : _- ·/~:·;}~' - · .· .. · . . . gratbitously;.·g_nd. (d) ·pay~ent of va[ue\of ....
· '1-:le, fl)ast. have . .' acquire~·, ·t~P.(qA~- y -~ . ~ . . · i'~mota$t\ a.li~t1at.ed; .. . .~ <.· · : . ·
·~ .. , .. ~ '>..opefatio_ri·:otlaw; (id. ,ar-260)~,flefinl)%,Lted.~rne ·:. ~t;· . ~·-;-~~. _Q Inv~_~tocy' of ;all .. r;~~~abJ,e_,...~R~~!n.
· ·· :·· ·prope~y-:.:fr~m'.':the .. d. escdhaan.'h ~t. ·'r5y,~leg,c}J
, .. . . . , , , J ~. .t
f( J· ...
'1\rop_ erty,~a:1~ · · ·--
· '\,'. 'J' ·
. .. ·..: ' _ ; .. "~. : ·
· ·
· gir~ .trr:,.
·, · .:- .Sl!,~.c~ss,qn~ri~r by-Nrr:(utf of,_the; legrt,ru~·.-.there:ts ·- ,,:Ji~ , 1' '-.~,:t-:· · b ·\ . - ·~- "'- · ...... · ,
~i'·. ·~·- i': ':. ·~~~ . ,.

. •
. .-.~o.·:q~l~Q~~i.q'n,;-to.r.ese;-:1~P:~~'p~_en whe_n· he t\/''~, . ~::. I : I ~.o.~~:. ~- 6~'."'1L~Ja;_~,fs: ~ Pf~i?,d _?.!_ '9'0 .?~¥.~· :., .
·mhepts·:·th~_dr:ee~ po:t:tr~n ·byl,lvrrtue .'0f -?· 1
:!:i . ~--'4~ w.% ( t . ;, -
'ff.of!li.~~ tiro~.41~f reser:ve an~_es(rn·w~rch ·to,. ·
." fA~A9_;\su{!ra.at:32~): pigr~t~r. t1J~~ir,e"":,~b.!~:9_h?ra_c~~r. pf .t~~. . . ·· ·
·. . .· / --:;-:.. _- .· . .. : . '. . 2.. . . · \§UJJ]./ - . :: Pi~~~rty '.~,D.~,2~:;~r?t V?lunt~nly c~~~~- t_li'e .. _ .
. . : ~ ..~~t~:qf·~_eS'7fY~~t9,'. ~! '.:: C6'.','c•' I •• ·-C,. . _re~IJ.~-~<!!IJ,OD.',,: f.~S~rv~ton?f ....may. ~U?1c1a1ly,
~··. :'· ..'. ~.P.Q.rJ,:lb~._dea\hr,:~f the, dt.s~ntf~rit~e~p-~itus}j%· :'l_t(\ _ .. · J~p,a.n~;_J~a~l')f~e;,c~0pelled lb. mq~e.. i~ p
. :· .,.-·::_ }p.gi:.re~&JVL~l{~~-q~ir~s'.a_lL'9f.f~la~~(i9~tof...t~itiJ. f~f'
·:-f$JSllf!T.'~9:'~P,Pi'a,_at/~~)- 1; • ,. ... :·. _ _ •
, ,· . · .. .r)$D.~.of:~w.~~r.S~JRfS_l:I(,:.~~):wJ~/f!]f~.t;: qis'pp~l\,,.· . ·, .. -~~f : 'l':} '-'.:..,<. ·i. ·:~~ .· '· ?:~'·, ,''.; '•.;:: .. ,..,_. '. . 1/:_ _-
. . / . ·.- ,. ;~nq,'.,,~r.~_9'ove_ry~ ~-: ·altho.~g~_,:,c;:.q~~1t1~g?.l~d'.·,... ': .. _Q.·:wt9Ap.pr~,.~~al~e1of,all_:r.ese,fl{c1bl~.m.oy~~le .... ;\' .
. _., . · . · · ~!:E:Y9ya_til~\:T.hl(s-;·~e~i:;c1~'. ~!~e~at~--~~~~)~fa..~~~r~p.¢f.ly.<(vUBAQO!.·,Suc9.e.s.,to(I,: .sµwa:i qt . ··<" .
::;/·- -'}$~:·p..r~~epx-~·-~0w\~v.er.i'1;tl;r~~afq~irEf¥1!'l~-'(~fi:,/. ~--:~;·::·:: . :·.J;.~:':~:',''.. · , <: ·• .'°" ·. : ·
·.·.• ·- .: . ..,: :)E:l.9-~!Je:a,c,~~.m1J~d,and,(re,vpf~li>J ..~ .~1tle:&~/~~,t~~~ . : "1\;\.?.V".· '.·._. :.'. ; :- . · .· ·. . .. , . · _ · .·: · ·· '.\',:·
;-;. :-i \ . " _ ·
>::<;1_'., .·
re__~~r:'~t'!.C'?.:f
_n;iaY·!~er:,_res~!P-~-~fte.~,ttt;..Et~~aJ.~.?f:·
~~e: ~e,,~;~'s.ta ~(.!~~A.OD.,'
..
Suqce,ss1~~?~:iP.~a;..at,:.. .
MPit~~~~~!. '~~,:-~·-':i-•:.:.J_h~: ~:
·-~~la~~Y'.~~ ... _.of,,. :t.h~_· . .
·~~~h!_(l-. ~~~:-.'·!~l~~-_:·J~~~) '.
. ~0,e.~9-~~dP.n_t-pr9~<?,$lf~ s:.
1 7 <· :."
t, ·:· ,. . . .. ) - "\ .~ '2:!3).''(\ ,...,,: .:.,,
>~;·.;~-~~\·.· 'h;'.\ . :. ,c·.,, ·:·' :. :.. _~:'""'1S:- . · · · ... :·,d.ewe.e.,tl,l;Jd;-..'«l;r~r,qel.ong~!O'r1_1j_e)1ri~ fr.?1'(1 wJ;uch
th e:. C: .... ~ - . ' . • 'd ~ ... h . . b -~- fit tli
:
.,. .
··:·· '.,. '/ ; . ·.
. . .. l . . . ..
;,::- ,:-,, · ,•i·r ·~ , .. ·':'\;_·: 1. ~: ,~.-,,.,,., _, ; .. ·:-··. :• ·
. . . . '7 ..
. · · · 1-1r:ope1 tY c.eme :an , ,.or· w pse ... ene J. ·. e. - · . ·;
..·, ,: : .. : . . . )~eservatai:ioc·al')not.as·lon~fas the r.eser;vista is - '. . ·-, reser:vation: j$:. ·.: 'conshtJted ·'. · . (JURAfio,.: . · :' -
;,- :i;;- . •. ·:•· ..;a1ive\::tfm1ii.J§n_,;;'0fi:.:arfhlll'/·:ah;y~,::alierj£tjon '/6(. • . ,, I'. ·:·sr/cc'iJJsi2i'i{siipf€/EJ(253}''.:':-\{~:·. '. \ . . /;j • i\: .}. \'s .::
'.·7?(, . ~- :; ~;-~t.We~~;r1i~~;-~1i:1~~~~:-~tt:~t:q~~1t~:~i~~:·i·
, .. : ...·: · ;__ i·,d.~;·it·i~:;~\'~(~t:}~'\::t:(~,;;:'.:):\;:,-/}\{- . ?:··:; . _"':
_·< ;· 1. \ ••. · :: .. p:~~J>.e,.cty}fdr0.$0~!v~-: S,~?f<J.n, :·.G._Fr:·c~~;:,;_§Eflf}, :·. ,·· ':- '°a:; '::,"f.~:ef;~ipust·;t?~~Jcigtf).rry~t~.;~~!~t1Y-Ei~~-?,f. lhe. , ... : : ,: : · ·.
// <: - . . ;S..~f?lem./JJJ,t:.·,p; c1.fJJ3),. "';--:' · · -: \.·,,, ~· .:=:, .r,c' • .; · i· ... , . . .., . ,-. .- · · -~~§eenq~nliprqpps1tus, w.1.t_h1n-.:tti.~;thgo,..(3'~) . . . >
:~:2::.~· · ....-. . >:. :;::.:.~~l~~'.~~~:.\~·.>~h :i:.-·i:-~:;._:;~f~·;·~. ·.: .. ·i~!.:·\:·:, ':_ ·. ~-·.
i... ,~~. ;·.- a.~Qr~e~: . <\ .-::~···: :.:-. /-.~~:-.:.. _,_. :-·:\:-~·<,·· . :'·. , ~. ·:?: ·~··:· ..... -~ . .)"
'"';- .' · . .If. th~-pr0perJy-.:_subJecMo,,.r1)s.erv.a'i._1s·cp_e[~On?I °'.·: · · . . . . :_ · .. : : .> -~. . ·.. .
·. prgp_erty, . th~. reserv.iJ;lclr,-i b~i.rrg' 'the. 'ft,111-,oyVner.. i.:f-.. · : : _Trb~-:-~·~ffr~~:_9f;r'~l.~Jiq1:1,$,tiipJrpy~~.Q.~ ,9pu,r:ir~.i:L . . .- ;
. ,. .- .: :-Jh.fep.t;m~y.ic!0Ha't~Jsell·)i:r1·fare~~-~:-,!~~rft\, a!\d - · ..- . , .... :.·· ·') . .ftom:t~e.~de~:cerJ9a~t~prapo:s/tu_s,l:_be9~.:C1s.f if · ._ : ·
·· · · ... the ·dphe~pLJrchaser-, becbm·es .fu!! ow.9et:;:of _the .- · \.'.:·. · ·.. _i~ · qr;ily ;up01;1i .his: d_~qllJ,. !hati th~..· prope~y . .. . ) ·
.·i ' ':.... ~-·~.i:iroperty;.:This: is,witbout, pre)udice·. lo:t.he;.rigtit' to·... . . . . c ._. ,:.bedomesJ.,~· •. :,:r;es.ezyable ...... : . .>tJU'RA'Do;
·. · re!m~ursjfrri~nt ofthe.-reier.v~}a_rfo.. (s~o.uld tti~y . .· · · '.. ~, . :SJcce,ssion/s.~p.rfi·~t-·~62).:./.-.-·. , .:;. ,,.
> y ::s!lrv,i,v,~::,tQe:/r~$_er;visJ~Mrpn:t·:~~e.{,~stq!e(; b.f' the .. : · .:··. : '; .,:. ·.··· ,., · · · · · · · . .. ...... _,·. · ·:.:> ._ . _
·· ·re.~er;vi,stai,'f9r;.wJ'iafeven,friey,frc;1-:.ie.ip'sf by',virtue.' · -. i.' · .·.\·.' • -~: i .. · , · .. "':. -~ · ·
of·· S.ll.¢h·_·dohati.on>'s.ale ci( pledge ·(3, ,PARAS, ; _ :.• · · '· · .:'i . · . , . , ... . ... ·: .
< , supra. af'326).. - . . · . .. .. _ .. . .
t"' . .'
/
. _..· ... . ..
.. (~
·.· :
· . 304'
-~\
I 2019 ~SAN
. : -BESA ·-IAW
. ... CENTRAf:.1:ZED
. . . . .. BAR OPERATIONS
-' . . .
·~ ,. ·,
SAN B_EDA l.AV{C_Ef-.JTRALIZED
succassion
~A!1_
· 0PfRAT_IONSr 0EiviORY AID 2019
· · -Persons who ,can .Qualjfy ·as Raserveterios she· would be. entitled· to the property (Id. at
«:
I . • . . .. • ·~ . ~ , . •_ • • •' ' • . ' ""'.: •
264). :.
«s..
Second.view: Sanchez Roman, with whose ·
1st
- ;·
_degree. i..:~gitimate: i=athet "or mother~ ..
view 'Justice Jurado agreed;cacivoca[ed-that
. •• ·...... : . .·• _;i.:.i. •... - . since the g.randrnothef ·.is,• nofjel~tec:!, .by .
relatives
. ., ··, ·.
. _. ~ .... /~..
• • • •
consanquinlty to ·the ongrn·,of the .property .

·, ,{ • • • I ,, • ·••
but "cmly .· by '.affinity,- 'sh~- cannot · be ·

• •• •. J • • •
·. 21 i . deg'ree ·. 1 _, Grandp~rent?;·and. ~
relatives 2. Brother:s o'r sfsters ·(of the full considered .as beloriging to "the. line from
which the property came'.(ld:}. ·:. :,,.. . _.-:
qr :h.alf.--plood) bel_on'gin·g to
. . · .fhe .JineY -:·fror.if:. 'which,.' the - .: . . :
~-·· . . ,,;' ., ;~ -:; ~ ':: : -:~:/.~- .... ' .
Otherwise.stated, ti,e .·f~S}~fVp{.a(!<!_' ..must :n·9t
-~
reserv1'!ble-proper.ty.
. " .-- c'a·m·e.· ·_.:
......... . . ·, only .. b.~. a relative by -consanquitjity bf the
-3r~_degre·e .
'
.'1: .Gre~ig~ahdp,ar~nt:;,; .... . ·de.?<.:~j1d_ani:P.'9po0tu_q·_ .. within -. the,., -.\~ird
f!:!latives
)
2 .. U.ri.~!~~ o"r_a_unts .(b.roth~f~ ·or- -defj'r~~· .q.~,q1e ;fT!UJ!: a_lsp: §l~ ~_el_a,tj~e .by 0qe .
.. sisters ofthe·full.or'haff.blood consanquinity of the source or onqm _of the
. · .. ·
- ~· of .t.ti'e ~pro_sp'Q$i.t~_s' .fath_er ·oi;,
' , property (Id.)._ . .
.,, . _,_:_- __ ~9
th'e_r);. ana_ ·._:._: . . ;:: :· ·
:
,, 'J . . . ,,.. .
.
.
. - , .- ... ,... . ... .( . : . \ ~
. ~.. 3. Neph~W.s .or ni_eces (chiJ.d~en J .. -... _lqhe·._origii, !~-:a. brother; or .si_ste_r "of ..
. : ~-: ... •,
·. . : d~-. ·propp!3iftis'. ., ~rothers_ ',(5r ·
.: t_hffoll·
• i , ,
~IO.
• ,
!)d:-:
t ,
the,:que.stkin"9f
. • •• r.1., ~
line is· .~
.\ ,
sisters , of the · full or half- .. unimportant because there is no. way by . .
_ bloodf. . ,. ·. :. . . .. which- we would ··be able .. to ·aeterniine. .
the "line from which the woj:ierty, c'ame" ·. - ~
(Id. at)63). .. (Id) . . i . .. .. . .. "" .I . ··, -
' •
: N.~~e: The brigin_m~y be

• ... •, ... J. • • ,; • ~ • • :
i re;_f/rvatario'.· ·.
.' ••• / •
. (( ~ti:e·. ·.is: ~: b·r~\b~r 9fi'gir

o_f ;~(s!~ter
._,__;·~-~th~ half-blood - ij"l_e_ G.~n:in:i9n,p!3(.ent or-
·.·. . : , .. ·. :asc~ndant mµst allfl:'.ays be. c:o·Q::,frfere9
'\
..-'<
. "·'
'""Itl(~ /y.tt.
. ,.
. 265'. . ..
1
I
· .·.
...
_.-_:.-.-- ..
' .
--~
. 1·· _, ,_-_ ·::_: ~:-~·_-Tj\~y:~u ·t. ~}irvi~~ ;hi~~~~d~~-t-r;i~hti;ta'

'· -.· (ld.''a· 262I.1·:· • · · ••• • • •. ~ ..-~·- • . •
.- k _.,~· ·. . ,( ' ; ··''"· • I·
lf''the asee:1;1,6a~t-~~~e(1.'.'ista. ··is'. · S.l,JJ~iv.~:9:·. by

,.
.§~V_e:~.I, ... r:_e_ia!l,VeS Of_.. tl)e_ , :desc~r:,da,n,t- ..
·· ..._ .. . '· . prdposi(us ;md."all of th~m·'~r~ w.i!hin -the
.. · . ··.thintd!3gr_~eli;>~iorig\ng)o t~~:nne frorn:.which
• 'ltliJe"· r~$ervable property~.cc1me,. tt:ie ru_les'. of .
~·---.,_.;.;....;;.,.::.l;;.~
....
g..afor inie:s(at~ su~c.~ssio_n ;ti'~ir'~1p'p1/~~-· .
. ... . - , .. - . . . . ._ .. . .at 261). · · . --- ·. ·:-.,. _, . ; . '"_ ·: -_; .-· ·.·.-·
· :1-1.ne .. fr_!)m ._wh1_c_l1_. th~··:pr:<2_P.~~~nie~' . · .. ·. : · . . ·• ·. '.:.'./" . · '· .. _ .. ··. .·.
: ,... : . -· ·. r~fer~_to the paternal linef"as·op~o~ed,tb'the: .· : ..'· · . · • · A third degr~eire§ervata:rio 'w~.s .still. ai'iv.e .Q(.·.
· . · . · .-" · foaternalJ.ine; or vJ~e_vers'a arid'nqUo that-. '. · ·. ,· :·, .-·th'e'··. tirtie<· ·ihe ··:··re'serv'ist~,r. ·s~ici'.·,\· dfecf>
· .... _··: --_,v-,:n~~h c:9nstitli!~ct b_~ -~ }.eries~?!.~eg.re·es_ , ·.. .. -!s · . 'i. r~servat~rio;· ~y~~;ifr,~- ~ies;.~-~fo~~-Ji1iming · :;
, .• ' ... W~JC.h m~y b~ :)t~_er::df~S~ :or_,_9ol~at~ra,I · , t~~ P.fOPe.rt(neve~he[es(tta~.s_m,i,t~/ig~t.s to ,
. ... , ,(JO/?ADC\~llcce~~!Of!'. ~u._pr?J._at.·263). . .
. ' .4·.)
.. · . ·h_is own· he1~$ for after all, he· .sur;vwep- th·e.
. . . . ., . -·' •.• f ' . . . . '\, . ..~- ·- ,,_.,_ ....
'.···,·ll'r t' f':::_. ·., · ··: :'.J~; .- · -; ·,_,_. .. _:_. -' , .. ,, r~s_~ry1staj3J?A_f?A$..'~µpra,at.:,33J}),,~\·:'
;;· . us ra 10~: ..• ·. . ·. · . > ·. . . :, :: . :·__ · ·· ·:.. < ... ; . . ~ ., _' .. :·: · -:.: : :-,_: ,·: . : ·.: ·.'. ·. .
- . ··Origin:.-Pater'n.al ;r'a~~f~~-~~t,.:.· __ -~; -··: Two ·Tests :tq· pefermine. Who·!_Caci:-Qua(ify ·as'
··rv·st.) ,;,; tl... ; .· .. ..
. :. R es e J a.· ,v,o ,.,er. -1 . ···:.. · . . · .
, .
. • .. .
. Reser.ya_twio:,
If th ..
: ... ·: ·,· .... I : •...:-.' ·-·;·,:
"' I I ,. · t · ·· ' · ·
->-; "''.; . '
. - · Reservqt_ ar_..!9.:_ P.atermi'gra.·nd_ mot. he_ r ,. .: . ·... · er~ -.~re··s:~y:ra .5 pin:i.~p,J}- .. '· . . . :,..":.:,.'.~ -.: .· .
. 1. Is~ the .. cla1manka relawe-of'. the ·descendant~
I,•• -
: · ..
. _qons.icl_edn~ /: . {~El<.·· \~se/ · .: d~ts: :.: . ,;D~:: ., . ·'"° · _: \orop6_iitils\vfthir:i ·ihe i~fra:d_e_g~~-~?~::/. /' · ' .. ~- ~
gr1mdmottier <!:OITIEffrqm.the _IJn.e from Whi~fi · ... 2. : Qaes: he befon'g, 'to· the 'iih~ ' .frorn\whicfi.~·,tne· · ···
<-'·'· · :. :
1
Jhe prop_ertY:cam'E!? _: .· --~. · ;~: .,: .... · · : · ~re~e_ry.,__able k.2~~t ,. 'pr~~~rt{~:~ml(=l1)ict:

•, . • /-·:· • ·; ': • . . I ·.·· ... · " ~ ·ourih'g th~'whole p"eriod tletWeeri tlie cof\stiili'tron:of". •
T.wo.v1ews: _ . ·:·· :· · . ~ ·. · · ·
_. F-ir~tv.iew::·1.t.is.a~~acateeib{Marire.ia th~t :·the-: ,e~e,ya: -and· -th~' .. extinction .-fhei'reof;. the'.
. since . the la'iN ·"merely' , states that r the ·, · · reservatarios on.ly,. h_ay_e·: an. ·e.xp'ecfo'tio~/ to. the .
reserviitario shouia belong th·e-· line .. trcim to · property, · ·an·· ' expectatiqn •wh).ch.-' cannot be·.·
· which the rE!seii:v:able prop~rty, 6ame _withqut transmitted'.to' their'own heir; 'unle'ss·these heirs are~
. . any qualifiGation
. .
'whatsoever, . it . is· clear
.
that. a_lso .within
.,. .'
the:t_hird (3rd). de_gre~ . '.
. . - (-Jd,'_at'250j.
.. .'
• I • , \ ,
·. 2019 SAN'.BEri,';,."LAW CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS 305 .. ·

su·c-CESSI Q_N
SAN.BEDA LAW CENTRAtlZED_QAf!_.OPERATIONS·-MEMOR! ~/l) 2_c,n9
A resetveterio maydispose of-his expectancy to the property from.the estate or' demandthe-sale of-
reservable.property during pendency of the reserve - sufficient property in order. to . raise, 'the
- necessary amount (Id.).' ..
·,....
\".
in its uncertain and conditional form. If he dies
. . - . . .... ·. .
· before -the · reseryiSf£!~ he;. has . not transmitted
anything;" but·. if. he ·'survives· -such .reserviste, the Theories.on th~::V~-!~e of #eserva '.".
transrriissi'on- shall become effective ' ( Sieves v. · 1. Reserve Maxima. . · -.
f=sparcfa,:G.R. No>L-12957, March '24, :1961).' Th~ reserve should apply to -the property-that
has been .qratuitously acquired from, some ·
Even durJng , the reservists's lifeJime, the"' ascendant, brother.or.sister that can' be included
resetvetetios; who 'are ultimate. acquirers of the within.,ihe legi.tir.ne of the: reservis(a, or 1 /2 of the
property car 'already 'as?ert the right, to-prevent the . e;?t~t~- (3 TO.li°E~TINO, -supj_aat'ZB4) .. - · _ ·
reservists "from doing a[iytfi\ng that mig)i! frustrate This is basedon qeneral'prlnciples of law and is~
iheir. reversionary 'right. -They may compel the more equitable.' It is more "in line with the
annotation oftheir right in the: Re'gist(y of Property philosophy' of flie present code ofsocializatlon .
(E;.dfosq'i:i. Seblen, G.R. No: ''6878,- September ·13, . _. o't_prqp_erty .(Id: a,t-'284;-285). . . .., . '
, '•, • , •, •• · ,, • I •, ,.·· l
'19/3).-· :_ :. '· ~ . · .. ·'· .. -"., ..: :·· , .
-.... :
·'· .
:306. I 2019 SAN.BEDA lAWCENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS

-:
. su·ccES"SI-C)N.
: .. - ~N SEDA.LAW C~NTRALl{ED.~AR OP.ERATJONS,- MEMORY A1D_2019
. Causes forExtinquishrnent of Reserve Troncel: 4. When the testator·expres~ly forbids the division
.. (RP2>LAW) . . . . , ·. of the"estate .. but not to .exc:eed 20·yel:l_ts (CIVIL
1 .. Beiiistration by the reserviste of the property. as (;ODE, 'Aft. 1083). . · . · .. · . '
free property under the Land ~egistration Act;
2. _Erescription .of the right of· the resetveterios, Renunciation 'o~ .comprqm_i_s_e as regards future .
when the reservists; nol<;Js thepropertyadversely l~gitJme · bet-«een .·._the · J?er·SQn owning .·it.. and his ·
against them in the 'c_oncept of. an .absolute -compulsory
. .
heir is-: void (CIVICCOD.E,.. ·Art: 905).
owner (1 o yrs from the death 'of the- proposftus);
3. Death of all relatives of'Propositus within the . Reasons: . .'.· ·
· · third,(:3''d) -deqree- who b~!ong .to the ·lin~ from _,.,, . 1.. f11e rights of .the heirs. are merely inchoate
· .. which the property.came: . : :· . . . . . . .. because it is Only perfected upon the 'testator's
4. _boss 0(ihe reserveble prop~rty·for- causes .not. . .. 'death. ·He_hce, tbt:ise 'is,still :nothiQg-:to_i"e['!9~~ce .
. -due to the fault or n,egligen·ce .ofthe reserviste; · or.compromise _(JURADO, s_ucces_sion,:slipra ?i .·
· . 306) . · .. _. · . -. . . · ·
~-: ~:~~~-f~~t~~8~~i:~i6J~;f~t-~t:ery~t.~rios -~3 2:- ·No·c·o~iract ~aybe· ~nt~~~d·info.with. respect to.
PARAS, supra af337).· ~-. · ·· - · future -inheritance except ·_iri casescexpressly .
• · ~ruiho.rized by\iw (CIViL G_ODE,· -1347,: Per»: Art:
2).: -· ·. ·.'·,.· __ .· .. ,.:_. -.
. Transrriissibility of Rights ·. .. ·. · ·_.... -: . . . ..
~ '
1. The .rights.of _illegitimate children a_re transmitted ·. Wh,o""'may·. 'claim' Nullity,, of . Renuriclation or ...
. ··, .. _t,ipo'ri_tbe_ir d~ath'-f~.thei'r .des.cendants; ~Q~trer- .. Conipromise'' ' - .. ·. . . . . · .· ·. ,, :
~ l~gitiniat~ _or ill~gitirrjate (Cl.VU,. COD_E, Art. 902). . .1.' 'Compu·1~ary· !}eir - who · ~tenouncid or
compromised.his legitirrie; 'or :
2. Any co-heir- whci-may be prejudiced, · . ·
. _. . I 1 ~~ • • • • •• ,.. t ' •• ••
How.eve·~;· i(the-cl~im for nullity is

~-ade. ~nly}1fter the .
tjeath of tn~. esfator·; it is Tequired·th.ai°ihe··h,eir who ..
is filing the claim mustbrinq-to collation whatever he -
might' )ecliv~ - ~Y" virtue of· the ~ren.uncia\i~m ~or;:
C~f! P:~./~e- t~-~q·?.,, ~~CCf!_~~iO!).'. -;,.~rp.a.t_~??· . -~ ..
.
-
•
. h)c-omplete Legitime v .. Pret~_~.itioD _ ·.:_ ,-_ -
. . ·. . ~ . • ,.- •. • I •
Afiy c~·mpui~qryJ'leir to ~h_oip-·i~~ testalc;ir

any ti\le l.ess than fhe' legitime belongir,ig to· him- may .
~s left :~y .
. ,Shoujc,i there be any. charg_~, bondi~lo_'n;:sub~titution
. ':· : or encu.mbrance 'upon· the l~gltime, saiq cl:'J~rge, 'etc ..
deniaiid thaL.th'e. samei: be
fully s'atrsfit=}d (CIVIL . ·
·: sha!J° be ,considered as not imposed (CIVIL CODE,
c'oo'E: Art.- 90~)- 'This.is their ac'tiorr ad si.Jppiend~m -
. . . .. ._ Ai( 872)_. . , :, · . . . . . : . legitiinam, or their right"!:>f ·completion ·:9f .legitime ..
si::rc.h · r'elief.- mu_s.( 6.e.. souglif:d0ring ,the: d'istribution ·
( . . Exc~ptions·:r: . . :· al)q partition sia'gef ofi:r case_for'sefilenieht_'of the
1. · Valid.d_isinheritance (CIVIL COPE, A,:t._915); . est~te· of their' dee.eased pa re'nt'( Gala· ~//ice Ag?if:· v.
2 .... ~eseiva. Troncqf-(CJ.VIL·coDE; Art .. aj·1 );. - .· · . industrial Corp:, ·G.'R. No: 156819/beceinber 11,
3. Fatni!y Home (FAf'!IIL Y CODE, Art. 159); and ... 2003) .. · . · •<,. • • .. • - •
2019
···,
SAN.SEDA
/· .,, : LAW
- CENTRALIZED
. . BAR
. ,-:
OPERATI
' . . O~ NS
.
I 307.
.: -, I .
·~· .. r' .
. . '
308.1 i;019. S.i;\N;BEDA LA~N-CENTRAL!ZEDB~ltOPl;:RATIONS .
. . .: ~ .,· . ' ,, .-·... ~ ... . -.
; .. ·. ' . .
. . . .,, ·. ". ~ . . ·' ··-. . ...
: ~ -.
;S-UCC.ESStOl\i
. . . . . . SAN
·... BEDl.t
. lAW'• CENTRALIZED
. ,• '
BAR OPERATIONS
. . - MEMORY-AID
. . '2019
iJ§S#bW4#4\£·-JStPG1%M,iWS94&Ai':¥i&4€M¥,&M!#A4NAW1E42#E#&WSMN,L4'ttN«
. . . . I ,Wih5 a;9,:; SiAW@§i: r 5':.52 ",fifii¥iM&@&Wf.f/OG
.
2. Actcf charging. or
imputing: such value. against Af)swer: · : · .. , · _
th~.l~gitin')e,qf th.~ compulsory helr to whomthe The es.tale· shall be distributed as follows:'
thing was' donated (CIVIL CODE, Arts: .1061...,. 1. Collate .or.add. the.donation in favor 6f X to the
1Q77). .-fr.-:,·· · · · .estate .. [10T + 40T = s·on_-· _. \ ·· . ,··.
2. Determin·e th_e legitinje ·of his .C011'.1PUlseryJ1eir,
.. Pu_rp~s'~:~ T10 taketne do'nati~ns in tt:ie a_c~6u~i . and subtract.it tcfthe.net value .. In this case, s
.. .of partition in order: to equalize the shares of the . · ~S .the son iS';entitlecf'.to· Yi .of. the. (:)Slate .. [50T x
) . co'mpQlsory.'. heirs .: a.s . 'm.u,t°!, a~· .possible -~ = 25T( Leaving-~a disposable.fre.e por.tion'of
, - .JJU~fl,DO;,Succf!_$Sion,<..SUP(9at'315). .. 25T. [5~H-.25T (legitime)·= _2'5T]. , .-· . .
·, \ ' . .I • ' , .,'
3.,. Since the .10T ·donation· ·in· ..favorof X can be .
3; .. Actual .a~tt on~_sf~>ring_ -to the. hereditary .estate .
. . "that "i5:art_ of th}.):lonatjori ~which" is inpfficfpus in . imputedcto t,he . disp"'osab.le
(. fr~e.'portiori,-it
• . . . ..
will not:,
. .. be· reduced. . · _- - .'. __ , , ,· .
. order' ·Dot'fo· r111·p~rr· the: 1e9itlme'· of compulsory 4. · However,.the amo.uril left out.of tbeJlispos·abl.e
. heirs. (lei.). · ' · · ·· ··
~ . -. .. ; . . . •.
·portion -will:oniy be 15J whic~ . .is. j~$s· tli'an the .
''' • :· ( :l ·l.,.~·~;::·:<····~f . . ,/-; .-'...._·.;.i''4; ··,~· ••. • •. ".'.· •· j ·'. 'al'nounf:o'f le~acies niade"' in ,favor' of y ·and: z.
: .- ~e9u~t.i9!}' :.~f ,T~i,ita_nfeht~iy.; PJ$·p_9§jtitj,n_s -arid . H~nc~:- prci· r.~:it~·· r~·ducti0_n· is·.'nef~ssaiy. '; ' · · .
. '-' _ Q~r,a_tioh_f _-_,,. ;.:,;\ _:.:=· · .(\'/ ;_- ,; ; . :.; )~-n- .: 5. Thus,.to determir)e the legacy.ii, ·favl:5fof·.Y:·
· · Tfie.6rder'of-pref~fence'.is::· ,.~·· · :· · - .. ·. ·-·· · '. . • .. , .• I . . ..
·1 /\ L~git(~~ o(~qri,},~i's_9.ryJ')ejr~'. ~ '-\ ... ::'. .: :

2. ·ooiiatian·s:;nter,vivos .... · · ·· ' .. · __ · ....
- let: x :-=: redLlce'd)egat'y. -~. - .. ,· ·.-·
'·. .. : .
. :'.' ,.-.'~.. \ ; : •>=t~t;~ i ·;:·.· .,· .. , ... ~ .. · ..: . . a . .'
1·5T ''='di~pm£i:ib1enr~e poftiori le'ft:out:· .··
· · .ln .ca;e of twb. or -~ore· donatlons where the · b.·.1.o'F' ·=
legacy _fo Y to' be r(:)puced_ .,.: : ~- ..
. . . · . disposabje lor:tion-;_:il 'i1ot sufflcient" to · $ptisfy .
: c. _20T .
= total
. Qf all
.. legacie~
. . in,favor:
. .
br Y'"an'd
. Z:.
: ::~ il'lem~:.tho.se:<;:>f_ the'recent' d~trrs1'ia;2_'1r_i:s-e:,eaucea,
· · . (.dv1('9boE/'Ar{ 7_73)°: '--" · -: -. :··
--..
r-: · ·
. .
'/: . . . - . . . . ._· .
; '
. 3: · Prefere.ntial."[ei;rade·s or .devises'~· - '. : ':1 : . . . . . . ~-·
:~ -!:.~~·./_:;-,:~~--t·h~:_!.~:_:~t:_a_:.::.i:.·~.t_·:. t..~i~_:. -:.e-: . .'J_~~l_.·.·.r

~_t__-'_:·._;_:_t~_:
:{:· .
·,cooE, ,.6·__ ·:~~~~1tY~ii\a~~t:~)~1:~~~~\i~~ti~g/~~01:~?~
'. . . N{>t_e: "tfe feveri~,;?jd_er:;cft~~~~.'.·sh_a ·1_.b~" ·: . ':·~:_io:it'.!;!1.~!)r:t

..1~c'.,l~e:.['A.:_:_.gia/.tpcl,'
~t1' .,e_.,-e:_s.s_s.·.tw:_-.:_
__~_'~.·frr_fo~
.h. ·1m::-.:.
.·.e·.-~n!!.Pa;.as,·
t,....,h.e-·': .·,·d~.-et
1· 11.
. . ... f:!IO~fd c~s!. r~~~dio~_sh~,p~;r~: ~ ~:ri6~slegpcies ·•ar;id~e·vises;- there a~e:·1.egitir:ryes to
.. ·.·.If· after ·:,atisfying .the lefgitime ..of~0n:i1DTils.0~·.h,.i:tit~}: be.'.pr,eserv~d ·(!cf.'$( :363f. ,·. , · . · .··~. · · . . ;, . ,:·:. ,: ·.1 . :
. the • ,dlsp~.~-ql;>_l_e, ::portipn '.~fs_. 'sl\lfJ~~f'?to\-sovi,r:.
1
i'_'<~: ;-- .. _.· .'/.',{ ,:'/'; ;:: .'i'.'.::"<?·<:,?"·:,. '·-.~~;.: :-".-/;:: /'.: ·.. .
. donati9ns'; inter vivas, b_ut . not-. tti.e,.:trg_?lqJe.f,· c:in_d .:A'r.t,icl·eH950 clpplies··v,i[ieh ·\here::a(~· J110,·~9M:ipulsory
· ··d,eyii.ei, th_e;·rule_')s. that..,:5_uch:·.l~g?.cJe:~1.~n.?,de-iJ~e~ heirs'or when there a'reno.lnofficiotis,dbn'cltion'iririter
: ·. ;,~~f~~!n~:1~~:t.fJu_:;i~/!:,;:~?.;lu~~J~a~,
·321)' ,-< ·,,: :,, •
f • • .,\ ,. · ·' ' r , -" ' •
0
•,· -.
· . , ~.i~~_./_',_5. __:~:.· _t!_._...:·_::: .. ·
< ,
__:_:_,_>..·~·-!:~--~_~,~·::1
. _..::,--.,::'_::_i
__ •
}:t··>::-:n:-?·:'.:·: . · .;, .
. :, • ~:.·~_;. ')'''-\i'!: ..--:'·
.7 \)o~·~ir~ij.·,~,~/)1ktf~;Ji/ii~~rl'.~~8J~'f;1]~p~~,i~1ons/.:.;
:rhortis causa. be"i:iaJse:u,~'tor~~r ar'e.'irrevocable
. -1:··· .~ .· ,·'
by. . .- .. ': ;· . ·,. ·:- : . ·.·.,. ,',;.) :_':; '· :. ·.--. ·...
ri'~s:i·;;HE~ITAN~~r~-: - . :~,+·1._
· ~. -1·'. ·. ,,;,·!"-, ;; ....~.~-:
\. · ·.. : tb0ir ·.v~er.y4~Qafu~~: ,T·h._ey~.:~~v~_;b~~-nip¢!~~Cted. LlpOfl.:.. . . ... : ~· . . t . :.r ... · .": ._,..~:::_:.:~: ~·... ·· ...~\-=~. · ··: . -~/::· . ··;~-~ :,. --: :··
. ~ th~ ,,~r:10'-Yl~'dg~ iQf.}r~·)?.OrJ.9r J~a~- _the.-.~q9,_,nee'·_na·s . .D_i_sinheritancEds; t~e.a9t_ O!_th_e.t~~\ato_i:. in:d privin·g·: . 7
,: : c1ccept{ld)_he,d9.ricJt19n,_(ld)._ · :: . .-,-: ,, .. : -.--t- ... __ .. a·. cC?n:,pulsory ~_h.e1r.-.,?,f.,· _hJt- !.~~1tm.e... for.::. ·._causes .
.: . ·, .. · ,;· -.• •.,.,: .•. ;. ,_ ·! .. -- .. ; .- _., :· , . expressly stated by:law (/cf, a_f,'327). ,, · ·, 1 ·, --: · · .•.
On .'tt1e;iot}ierih,~~1;t. testanient~iy ,Q.ispo&i~i_o.ns are· ; . . :· _ :· . , ··. . . . ._: ·.. . . . . _ ..- ·
,. · u·nilatera(in_ charader(arid_p~q_d_uce_ ,ju,ridi~:akeffects · ., · lt'is: the-. only·mstan<;e_ r.ecognize·d by t~e· Civil. ~btje.
·. '--._- only'-c!fter th~ t¢stat6(s de.9th (Id.). .. · · ,,; ·. . . ,' · ~ · ·. :·- . · by. whic~ a COll'.lPLIISory.f,e.ir .ri)~Y be A~i::fri~ed\ofhi~·
; ··. . . , _. · . ,-~ : . .:. ... ;'.; ;: _. ... · · ( , ;. ·- . · . '._·\, . '·:; · • · · ·. · legitime· by lhe testa(o.r (Id.) ...:': ... : :::·. ': .· ~. ; · .. .:: :•· . '
. : ,Formula for ProiRata,ReductjQn: : .. ·: .. _.. . ·.: .·' . . ·.• .. ·,._ _i. . . -:· .·,,: , · ·.:·· ·-~ _::) I
:,:._: :-· ...\('.: . :.- ;~:<·./· ::.j, ·,. "·.·:,: :.- ·,:··;" · '·. . P\,infose: '.-. · · J"' :- '··:·-.:: < '·'.: ,'· . .-/ \.:~··· ·.
Reduced .!,.,egaGy_ .·_. L~g·gcy, to_ .be){e'cli.J~.ed T o'.'pun,ish the_ ungrate°f.\JI, t~e culpa_ble, the. f~U-~1_1 th~-
.· _·. Disposable Portion, - ·Totql ofall Legacies :- · · : . ·· l,.Jflriall..iral heir or an unfa~thf!JI s·p_o~:e. }'h~_- gu~ppse .
::_: ·. - . ; , _ . ,, .- .' _' '. .. · . · ,, .. ··., ,". ..'.. . - · - . or disinhe.ritance is r:iot _yenge·~!'l_Ce 15qt' retnbut1~n ( 3 '. .
· · · 11rusrration: ~Tbe,net.:Value..of.:Jhe·.tes'tator's·estate'.is ·, ·. PARAS:.Csupra-at 378): 5 .· · . Y ···,-~ · . 1 • ·•
. ' : 40J:. ,.);iurii:,g'. hi~._lif.e.tir.,~'.;,_h~_'9o~at~c,i.t9 X tOTi In-.: . . · . ·:· - _. . . .. : ~ ' . - . . ·....::, ::_- .-. r ··;, ·
.-)iis-will',''he beqlieathed' 1 OT_ea.ctiJq Y ari"d.Z., ti~ .,. · ·. ·-".:" · · - , / -· ·! ·• :.. .. ·:..: .; · -
· has·a son S. Distribute his estate. . . . . ,.. • ·: · ·. ·· :, · .. : .. · ..
·- ~ . . ·'--. . ~· . .. . . •' ... ! :: ..
- :, .
.\ ..
I , , • . . • '.. . ; . • . . . .
·2019 SANSEDA GA.w CENTRALIZED'BAR QPERATION$ ·r 309

succession
SAN;BEDA LAV(CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS - M~MORY: AiD 2019
. .
Requisrte s: (LV-CUTS~RED} . Revocation of the disinheritance may be conditional
1 .. .For-a cause expressly stated by !:aw; . (~Y . .
2. · Effeeted-only_thr6ugh:a,Yalid will; ·
·3_ · Cause must be Certain and true; lnstances of Imperfect Dlsinheritance
4. · Uncorrditionat. - · 1'-c- .l?i~inh_~ritah~~<has n~ 'sP.ecification as to the
5. ··-fatal or complet!:); ·· cause· · ·· · · :, · · · · · ....,
·5_ .Cause must be §lated. ln the will itself; ·. 2. · · .0isinh,eritance·for a ·cause,ithe tru.th ofwhi~h.-if
7. The· will mustnot have been Revoked; · . ' . contradicted is. not proved; . ' .. .
· -8. Fo'i an gxisting cause; and ·. ~ .. 3. Cause-is not" one of those set forth in the Civil
· 9. i:-he heir disinh_~rited must be desiqnated in such' s;od1?;jind·. . . .· , -~~' . _ . ·
a manner thatthere-can.be noDoubt as. tohis ·4_ When one ormore bf the requisites for. a valid:
identity (/c/;·at38,1). . - , ·aqt. of_· qi~inher~an9e. i~Jar.e lacking (CIVIL·.
dODE,t/t._'918)_.... . '. _. ·-' . :
. · 31J) I 20~9 SA.,N. BEOA LA'!'J· CE_NT.8":'~IZED BAR-OPERATIONS ·

sw.ccESSIQN:
SA'N B~DA LAW CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS:- _MEMOR_Y A/0 20i9
May be VALID when a·II .T.he instil'uti~n is· always

of the requirements -of VOID, ·except when. the
the law are meL preterited .. · .heir
.... · predeceased . .. 'the.
testator.
(Id. at 327-328; 343-344) ...
lllustratlon: X · died ieaving · his instituted heirs ·.

namely: his wife W, and bis. two daugh'fers A & B-
without 'designa'ting their respective shares. His third
daughter, .C,· h~wever,. wa~
omitted ·eriti'fely without :·
. beinq.cisinherited, In the will, )<.also·~·equeatr,ed ?.
· .. leqacyof =zo.oooe«. Thertet valueof ttie estate .. ,
is P240,000.·
. . How.. shall
. such
. estate'be.
. d..lstributed?
. . '
A~s,...;er: There .was preterition in. tHis···cas;. Thus, ..

the' ~ules of intestacy' snalf be ·'applied·.-T~e -P20,000 ·
was -not . inofficious because . it c;:an easily be
contained . in L the disposable ·-free·'· portion, The
distriti'utiori shall beasfollows" -':·' '.,.·. '· ..
·.. ( :: •• ·, i,
5_5;000
~5,00'0
However, if there was imperfect disinheritance in the

abovernentloried problem: such" ·th'ar.' there- was-
dis1r,neritance without any speclflcatiori of the cause, ·
-·--me·esta e shali bedistributedas follows: -; ·
. ·' i·
,··A '. · 40· 060-....: ,>;:2o' ono · · '20 ooo-

•. I,' • I •
-
,
.... I -
·. -· ..
.s .r 40-000 .·
• I . ~ ~O,OOOa· .. ··.· 60,900
.G :. 40,000 ···• '.40 O'OO··
-·· I .-
. 40:000 20,000 · · ___.,..•. v • 60,00Q. ·.
' .The: disin~eritanc~· erc: ~iis·. def~cti~-~:-for f;;IO~e to .

state the cause or ground of dlsinheritance.C will not
get a part of the free _porti9n because the effect of ·
~_wilf'is a°1~·~ys ·r~quire.d.; May.exist wit~· or.wit8ou't 'irnperfecl . di?inheri!a.noe ·. is-· only ·tO'_·.ahn~i' the __ : .
· '· · .--· ii' ··will (as when institution of heirs ins·of9r as it prej~~iqes t~e !egi!irf1e
everything is .given · to ofthe Elisinherited:T.he effect-cliffersJrorn preterition ·
. :·.. 'only 'one· .. of .. the where· the'ahnulmerir of Hie .institu.tion:of lieirs·is iotar .
compulsory heirs by way . (Id. at 330-331). · · .,, . . ·
of donation inter vivas).
..... :i1:
. . . . .
2019'9AN BEDA LAW C~NTRALIZ.EDBAR OPERATIONS I 311
su.cc·ES.SJO'N:.
. ·~ SAN'B£DA _LAWCENTRALIZEJ) ElAR OPERATI0/1i ~ MEMORY·A_I0:2019 •
~.:.
/-.
,• • t \ ·,
31.2. 1. ·~01~ SAN_ ·ai;'oA~t:AW CEtfr'RA~l.~ED .~AR: ORE8ATIONS. .· :,'· .

. . . .. : : . .. . \ . ',· ·. ·: ·. ·•
SWCCES_SrO_N:. - -
SAN BEDA \AW CENTRALIZED BAR Of:ERATIONS·- MEM0RY A(D 2019
I Note:/The Code Commission: broade~ed basis for disinheritance would no longer

.. the scope-of 853,o(the Old c·iyil Code Art. exist (3 PAf:/IS,_.supra at 399.).
_. whichonly covered the act of prostitution by . ·.~·· · •• ·: ;·:. l-
. · a daughter (·3 PARAS,· supm at 393):. · -

. . .· .... . .. .. . .Reeonctllatlcn of
the.T,:._,o Views: .
( -J. Even if there is a restoration of lheparental
· 'A i:ing)e .act is not ordiria'r.i)y.\uffjdeht, for ,; ., authority br_ought. about by· absolute pa_rp_on
· · "le.ading 'a-- life'.' implies .continuity to' be a· .. _ ,qr:by the-spouses or reconciliation,' it cannot-
... sufficient". cause ·. for-·:·_disinhei-itance (3 ~\· .. erase th_e "existence -of the off~se. aqalnst ..
PA.RAS,.supre 'et 3.92)., .:' the .testator., ·'Ehe -law allows.the testator, to
.-· .
•• , • . '·1 •• ·.\, •••• ·••••. • • • • •• . . punist;i· not the. consequence. of. the-offense
i .Par~rits/Asc"irndants:·(C_Al,.A). ' . :. ' . ' ~"i.it_the .otfynse ilself (JU.RAO{),.Succession,
a. · .INhen the-" parent/ascendant. has . been supra a't340). '·, . ·
' •' .:, . :· .
. '.· .· .- ., : : : '
..: . . . i ·.
convicted of adultery or: toncubina!i)e-. with .
the spouse ofthe 'testator: .. - . ! ' • • :·. •. a ; ~r.o'.undS:lor:(o.SS·of.Par~ht<J_l:A1.i'thprity in
. b'.. 'Wh~n _:.ihe ·. pa·r~nt~ '.'h~ve· -~b~.n,c!<~>ne~ -i~eir. '• ·:. Re1·~t_io11_ to Qis.inhefltaric~:·_(CL~B) • \ ;~
. · children or ir,quc;;ed th!=!ir=d.aughJer.$;to llvea i. · ·. Treats: -. the:• . ·:child_ :;y.iith ·. gxcessiye
..... · - .__.;- c~rru8t or immciral" life,:·or.'atterripted; a~iaiilst .• • . har$hnes's:~r :cn.ielty;·· ..... : ...... '. '_) _ ·. · ·
~- . . 'theiF;vri;iv·e; ., f ·... ·; . ·.· '· ,. ·..... ' . . . .• ii. .. Gives·, tl:iE:i"-; c. hild_ .£,orr-upting·- or'der_s,.
':;>'4._, • '
. ..
I •
. ,
'
. ., .... i': . -: -~ . · · · · .. -co1u~sel; or

exarpplet. · .;,. · ·. · < ·
Abando_n111ent .-' .refer,S to 'ttie :failure of the . ., :: .,:.iii:·: Compel? the-·chi)d'·to geg1.or. . . ..-.· '· ·
\ ' .. p,~rents ·to. g'i\ie. ttieip.childreri. di:Je' ~cl,i'e, ... · ; _., ;iV.',·. Subjeds: the< child" pr allows him to be
"instrudio_n '- -arjd ,, .· s~ppor.t .. :·· (,JU~ADO, _.. . .·. subjected tiYacfa"ofLlasciviousness.-,·
::· . Succession, supra a(-~~7). It' nie~'ns j,egLect . . 1 . • • , • . , _-_ - • •' . . . .• '
.. or refusal •to·:perfor'm· ·the ~atur.al. arid legal The grou'nds· ·· enume1ated, · aboye ~ are_
0
... :~b_li~-a~ior'is : 9~ .. ~aj.e'. -~r:i~··, ;s.uppo,1..~rihic? d~emp~ ; ~a'.-.

i~Glude ;cas~~ .· ~hi~h · - have
. · pa_r.~nt~, °.":'e t~r ·tn~ir·:" ~hrldren -r,Sa(!tos .-V: ,' . · -· resulted fro_m~ culpable neglrger.ice· ·9f. th~
._Aranzanso; G_.R. /1Jo.,t~23B28, Fiebruary28,~1. -pareJ\0r the' person ex_erci_sjng p~r_entaJ
'-· ,. / .:,-,._~~6{_. .- . _;".:, ~;-._ _ -~ . . . . . : ;·. '"·: ·. · .· . . ·!\. i~.t~\-(~c/at_-_. 3~_B:.3~~;·t~~ILY CQ~E,
Inducing th.eir.:._c:la~gtjte. s to liv~ ii .cor.rupt · .- . . > ; :. l-: · . . - . , :. -~-. '· ·, . . . ', · ·. ~ , . ·
.. a'nd'·irpm~ral .lif'e. ,cop,preh'en~t~~; a:Ct· of_ ':: d .. -~tteh:Jpt );i ·O.r)e''df-the p_a~;nts_. ~-g$inst the
th~ parents ·in .. _induci11!{their .aaug~te_'.~[ ') ' • life O me~ ;iJfl_e:.;·unles_s
. !~~!~': h;;is -,~.een . I.
, grandd9ughters, by . ·aMrce, · fo.rc.e, .. , recoq.cil_ia,tipn_. b'E:!tween-,th.em. (CIVIL. CODE,

. .. i_ritimidptio.f!_.Of. a_~Y...~ih~x·p9.:1iti~t?. _ag 'r1Q.. ll¥.~ . ·. · Att: 9Jp, Pa.r-_2)., . _ _: _: ' _ ..
.· . :a life"of GPrr.uptior:i and.-immornlity'(JC/RAOO,,.' . :·..-·. '.:' .. ,. o'··:;\ - . '<.. ·' . .· / -:, . '
A
·".. $uccession;_s_upra.-a{3:{T), --<.~ _: _·.,. ,· . Note:·:~irfa)_ juq~m-~nt; o_~·1c;o~vic!lo,n· i~ 'not..

· ·' · · -· ·· · . · ...c:11JE:.:.........~---.,necessary, (JURAQO, · suc·ces!>16n;·supra at
.- . ~--- ::~:i~tii~t'.;J.~liit~k~eti~~~1ii:;.~i~~~~/b~ . ,,,. ,._i:1:f\><· :.-: _ /:·\_:·~~~ -~- _:·_<·.:;--\~<-\i·.· ·::· ·
__ . · . , ·,: 'the ··;p.arenUs .either._ ·pi:in'c)pa!s: co- :a~ ·
. J-. $p<?use:_. (LP)",<'~·. 1.:,': , • , · ---~· .:·., '. ;·_._ - ·. -- - -
' . priridpa]s' ~r accqi:npli¢,es (}d. f : :-: . ·. . . . : . . ,.' .?J: : ·.vy~,en . lhe ·.!fpplfse_has _giv.en -~aose.'for' !:ega.l
_.. · · : · .- · -: - ·· '- ··· --· ~· ·· '::-~ . . . . .\' lseparation.'(fAMIL:..Y'GObE,'Arf'55J;-~rfd .. '· ·
·.: C, '_gof's
Of"'. _parental aulhori{}. \for . ,c;uses.· ·. . . ' ._. . -·· ~ .,·.' :.._., /'- ·. ·' : . . '.·: ·:;. -~·- · . ··.
: sp~~ified in'·'the·Ced~; 'an'ch ·•· .· ·· · .. · .· . _ · . Note: Criminal:convlction is: not a ··c6ndition ·
- : _ <. -. :-. :· · · · . · ·_., ·. _· ·. ~ .,:_.- ·-:.·; _·'· :_ ·; _ . · sinf)_ qµa (J_l:JRAiJO, _Sucqe;sio~;sup_ra -- no·n·
t,l_ot.e: Ther~ m~~t.~~ an;~<?tU~l loss··eff~cted - ::·:·',-': ··_at: ~4.2~~ Ne1th:e·r. is . a· ·de.~re.~- ·;_of.- _legal .. i
·qyflrial_jl(dgmerit (lq. at-_338):' · ~.. .· · separ~t_l?~·(3.PARA.S::~.uwa at·Bf)~)": ·
'.: ·:· .·;: ~wo ~ii~~~-

o~:·t~~--~~~b~ o; ~e~-t~i-~ti~n- bt . . · 8. ·- Whan·. the'~p.9.use;has.given,gfounqs -f~~ the
. ';:. Parental Autho'rity'; . ,·:_ . ·. ·. ;.. .. -: ·'. ... ' ':· ·,.·' ; .loss of _Eare,ntal,authority (CIVIL-'COOE,"'Art.
, . . . -1 sf -View:· N·o· -effec:"t on the dfsinheritance · · · 921) : .. c. - · ., · · : . _:. ' -' .
. . , ·._· -_'· ·· '.bet~i.ise )he.._·-g:royn~ _.'or_· Q:~~(s ·. :fci jhe .. :_ .- ; ·.:·· ·/ ,;' . ··: ·. ,.. :: \":.. . . ,; .. " .
d1sinheiit?1r)CEf'1s 'r:ioF the loss·· b_f. pareritai.. ·Grduri'cfs for Revci"catiol"!-.of Disinherifanc'e: (RIN);
authorjty' b"ut -tne offense committed by. th~. ' . · . 1_: fteceinciliation·; ~ , :· ' · 1 ._. :-. . ·. ·_· :' :·. '· .. ·
·offefricfe'r'(Id~ at ':3.39):. '. · ' - -· '1 · ', - · . _,·_·· • -~ 2;:. ;Makiri!'.rof ,~ew,:wm ·making. the. disinherited "t1eir- ..
- - · · · · · · .. · ·· · ·. an.!nstitute-d· heir?;· arid·· · : ::· . · : .:- ·· · . . .,__ :··
2hd View: The'.. testator-'w~u1i b~ deprive"d ,: : . 3 · Nullity, .. of",. the · ::Wilr. <. w~)ch. :~ontain·s': · the . _
0
-...·. .- .
. ·of · his rigtit" to":
·dfsinh~tit his. par'e'n°f': or . · ·. 'disinheritance (3 PARAS,·supra-.~t 402Y,- .
·ascendan°t, _.: ;Of it. WOUid render th.e · . . . · . :. · .' . . . ·· .- ,, .· · ....
. • . . . • ', . ·. t· {
- disinheritance ineff.ec~ual bec~nise' the _legal

. ,:•\ ... . . ,
\.
g019 SAN· BEDA LAW C:ENTRAUZED BAR OPERATIONS .I 31)
SUECESS10.N
. .
S,:1N BEDA·LAW CENTRALIZEDesn OPERATIONS=-MEMORY AID 2019
The fact that, a _void ,will 9oritaining. a disinhefritance Note:. If the cause ·of unworthiries_s was made a
is denied . probate "cannot. be said to revoke' a ground for' · disinneritance and .·. there -is
disinheritance for·. there never . was a. valid' ·reconciliation, the mere fact of -reconciiiation
disinhe"fitance." Hence·, ·"there I nothing (s
tb revoke' extinguishes the· unworthiness,and no written .
(Id,): :. :· . . . . 'dq~ument is. needed. for a c~ndoriation,.. .(i
.. ·1 PARAS; !>Upra at 40?). , · .. , · ' · ' _
:once disinheritance' '1a$ :be~n revoked Clr'. retJdered
ine_ffectual·, it can,:iot:_be.-renewed.exc·ept for causes -2. lf.disi'nheritance has not been made: Rule on
· subsequent to, the. ·revoGation or based· _on·_ n·ew r:eco'nciliatio_n· does not. apply. if the' cause of th.e
ground? (3 TOLEN.TINO, supra at 373).
• • . . .. ·>~ .•- .• ··-. .... •
. disinhiritance fs also. a cause of -unworthiness;
. . , the· hek pontir)ues to be incapacitated to
Reconciliation ·. · .' ·· - ~ucceed unless' pardo.ried by the test$for· uride"r
'It is either an 'express pardon extended by the Art. .1033 ..of the -~ivil Code {Id.).
_testator to the offendinq heir-or unequivocal conduct
'of 'the testator .towardsithe offending·, heir which. . 'Right ofRepresentation ir{,Disinheritance· .
reveals-the testator's lnten] -to -forqive the. offense. ·, 0:-(i,e children~' and.' 'cie'scen'da~ts";.of. peison the'
.(?ALAN~, --~iJc.te~siij_n,:§ilp.'f.f!'c!.f'4.02)::', :· · .. -. · , .' ; . .,disinberi°t_ed,;~ha'n: take.ihis: orther , pJ9~~::~r,d_ .stiail: _
• ',• '••,, • , , ;,,:· ·I:-/,
-v , • .. ,;;:: -.:
·, · preservethe rights of C0n1pUISOry heirswith respect •
It implies mutual restoration of feelings. to the status . · to theleqitirnecnly (CJ.ViL CObE,.Art 9_2'3). · . -
·quo,',t~at_ is, to ·th~_relatiohship ~xisting. ~rior ~t~e-
commrssion .·of· the ::act ,whteh~strat
relationship (-3:_B~~AS,,s4,ora a_t-3_9)._
ed ~ said
?\.-,:[-~· -_ . _
u·
·. ' : : · .. · .. _ : . ·.-. ·. ~ .
,No,~e;Jhe nght ~f representation extendsonly to the
-4)~~iti!Jl~--.Jt.
.- ·· . . .
tpe
?i.s. ir,h.erited_- person ha_d been,: given.
.
.- .. ': . -'. . ·. . · . · . . ..._, ·. \.. ·1 ~ , . anY, l~gaG~,;aettse. _or part of the free_disposal, saroe.
lf·thE:·~arents-.s~?u~c!,cagain
presumed (Id. k · ··.~·' -, -. '(~ · ,

rf : ,.
live·fogs!~y.r.i~~th~.-~a~rTJ!: · · _· ..,":'J!!_,~o\tri6~~~;stitu!~s·, if any; if _nqn_e. -!?··.t0~ ~th~r
hous~. reconciliation-, b~t"'{_ee~l. th[e} tQeretiy. _'.!~,'. _ lietJ~. legate_~S; 9J.\.OtVt~ee~ bY. accretion tf proper; 1f
FJJ X ·acc,r.etiJn· is .riWRi:dper,, same· should __ g·d·Jo Jh'e·fegal
'· · .... - . ,:-: · -~ . ::, : : . I . :· ~. . ., . . . ·· - .,...
.rr itt~ .neir~.by
'"\ · 'nte?taci.(ff.A\RAS,
f:\ .. _· ,;,. ;(. • - ~upra.cJt-4~4).
- · ..
Reaon91hat1on = P~rd~,;, + A~;z, e tw1~e: o_~ ~ardon . ~ -:'7'('"-;- _ . · \ y_ .. · . . .. . .-· .
; '·.'
, . --. · ' I ,- l · . .. 11 ~-·~- .'"-, 1.
J,r;i)I.,i"te~tfmenta{y~s.u1::cess1on, . the nght ?f
·?ardon by ~h~ te~tat9r-musf.nav .fljeen ~.cc1qptea~,~rz'i1'1 ·.verr.~;,enfatibjl":._y;a11.:,t.?,~e' pla9e ·only._ jn. _the_:-direct'
I
the: offen9er, ,thu~ -resultirig~irl, a, ~o\c11iatio~\'~~J.nz$J)~G.E;mgjp~Jin~,toCII· never- in the -: asce11ding .
between the)wo .(JU~AD,._:::S.Yc,cess,o~,~~a at' ,-' (.f...l._.L&f!J<if/.S~ccifsio!J:luprac!f-344) ... _ _
. 31~)< , -· : --~ :' ~ ·: ,·: .·· \({) < ,:_·\~~ ~J J{J;.7/t./: :/~I.·,- _ ·: ·: : .: _: ; _ . : , ' . ~, .
·1. lf:expr~SS pard~n_:...-.A,-,g~n~~ai.pa~aon)~~\d:;_:,,. /y~~V,,'·. .-;.:.
· :~: ... <_i .', , . :··. , : : ,
'.<F,,. .;. '-
·.·by t~e-testator,on-hLs,~eathbed)ci,~whoz$lv~ ~ )L,~~J\ClE:,S _A~-.0 DEV~S.E;S_- .

. 0ttel]~ed·hLn1,wi11 n9t_.suffice;,it !J,u~rbe a pa·cf.~ZEN' ",.~ .. · . · -~ . . . . . , .. . . .. . . · . , · ,
, expre.s?IY · ancr -cot1cr_-etely :~~t~r:i.d~ad0'1b~~~;;~4i::~~/· ·.LJ" ---! • -~- \ •. ·: · .. >··_. ·
' offend.er,, ..yl")o_ac~ceptS'"it (BALA.NE,'3~':tess£~~er~o.4]~$t!~~-e~~~t\~egfC::,!:_S and;_De_v.1ses:,,.. .. ·: .
~-- .
. · sµpra f!l. 402 piti~g'6 M.an.r~_sa/_9R· _6iliJP1!j,,,&7):_
Jfi
111.AJc~~~t~P-r:Y ~-?!.'": >-~- . · ·•. ·. : ... _-:--:: .·. ·._ · .. ·
. 2., ~on(_ltJCt ":- tre. tnt~nt· to,:J0rgtY(:l m.us:t,~Gl§a.L . . .. 2..-.'{~! n aiy;.h_eir•...:,. ·. ':': . ·:. · ... : , .· :··. ·
· · :This:is ultimately.'.'c:(question of.-fact (whi.ch) will ·- .. • 3. LeQatee_qrd.ev1s~e;_ an9. . . . ._
..
......... · .. - be -refolved:·.in: -c~se... of. coritro.vers'y, ·.by.. the·... . · ·t :".
Estate.(J.q_~AD,O, Su~c_eSS!On, _SUP!a.!J(!.,4~_)._ ·.,
' courts~(/dJ-···.. .. '<, ; .. _ .·. ,·.: ,•' . .. _... ' ,· • .. ,' ' ''' •. ~- . . ''' .
. , . ._-:,,' _· .· ··: _. ,: .. · . . . ~- ·_: ,·.• ,_:: . ·;; , ,. . · · ~-_If~ the :will_ is··sile"fi as
to who_ shall P"~Y _t>r. ael!ver -the.
... •.. No pa1(cular form·:i_s·.~_requirsd.'~-lt·~may ,be ipa·c;l~ · 1~q_a,9~f9~:'i~~:- · .··· ,. . - -~ , · :· ·· , . _
·expres§ly·orJ~citly.~(3.°f'.ARAS;<su,:fra;a(401) .... : . · 1- .. ·If Jh:~_re.:. ts-;~~ _ ..a_~~1n1,~tr.~t/.O!:l_'·_ P.f.QC.ee_dmg, · tf . ···,
-~· ~ .. , : · ... _:___; ; .. : · , . · _. . · · · :-.. . . -· · co.nsttttJtes.a. charge _upon the_ estate ... : · · · ·
Etti~ts ·o·t:~~bs~tjlJ¢nt,.1~~-~6nbi1iati.on: -~:-_ . : / : .
1: ..: Deprives: ;the. pfferidea,.7.- party,·.-9f',.the'~.-right ~9.: .1
·, .r; ~1f:tt-ietf~r~._i)<J.:~?IT\)~i~tr~Mr:i.wopeec;
· .. · . ·. ·ctiarg~··~potthe he_t~S (Id):._. :
Jil"lg·s:
:<"";'
it:_il,.a"
': . ·. disinhe'rit· arid' . :. . '' ·. ' ' ' - :, - ' ' ·.. : '' . :
2. Rer:iders ineffeetual. a'ny disinheritance tnat _may -N.C?.t~~-,f'., -i~~a~_y is "b~_cj_0_e.~lhE:,~i";_,whi)_~·-f1. devi~e i~
·· ·. :- tiav~.been·· made- ( cl_ViL. ~.(?DE; Ar( 922)," .. : .. ~~yi~~-f ( $.:fAf.?A_S,:supra~ at_ 404{ · - -. · ' ·
'. . '> . ,; .· : ~,. . . ~. . .. ·~.!·---: ... : .... • ~ -~-- . • .-, ' •· • ... ..u.-1.'. : . :. . " .
·. E:xtent of_ tiabi.lity .of Leg~tees/Deyises',
, • :.~ , , . . .•
Eff~_ct of.Sub~equent R~c(?n~jliaJi_on·itgroVlid for

·. Disinheritahce is::unwoi'th_iness to. Succ:el}~_-:, . The lega'teesidevisees shall b~··1fable'fof.ihe. charge·
1.· ILdisinher.itaacEt: has ··been-· m'ade: .Rl!I~ · on - . · tQ,. ·-\~~; ._e'5J.e_nf 9( th.~- y~fu.~,. 9f ·tqe Jeg~9y/devi?,e-
· .,rec;oncJliation applies./'' · tfi~- _.disinheritance , rec~1ve~- (J.URADO, Si1.9cf}ss1on,_supra. at 345-346) ..
·. . .
. becomes
. . ~ . ineffective.
. . · ·
314 I 2019 SAN BEPA LAW CENTRALIZED

.,,. BAR
.
OPERATIONS
:,
su-·.ccESS·IQ.N . .
. _- · : . · SAN BEDA LAW.CENTRALIZED BAR OPERAr10Ns·--MEMonr Aio-2019 · · .
, CS~$W&a¥¥7@itfltJM kN#Hb'# :i4Mi#t iUtife:t&i!,§tS%£ti!W:,;;awM#S£Wkf4M!-Mk5£:4#:<i~S:U?"Sia"@&'A4¥iii-ifi;jP'foW iiiSfllli.7'.
-, Llability when No One is Charged ordered the·giving of suc;;h legacy·or device.:·,ln this
r Should" the ·_testator "not charqe any leqatee- or
·· c~se,·ttiere was court approval (3. PARAS, supra at.
_ : dev1see. in particular, all shall be" liable in the. same :-2199). : . . . .
, proportion in which they may inherit (Id at 34(5). :
• '·-· :' • • -r-r->. ·-: - Solidary liability of heirs.who take possession :.
The· paymenf of_ a legacy provided .for in a will ·~anoot If jwo or more heirs take possession of· the estate,
be .ordered by· the' -court .unless' the, estate of the they shall be· solidarily liable for the- loss or
deceased .hasflrstbeen liquidated; i:e,, the assets destruction of a thi1ng devised or bequeathed, even
determined' and alldebts: taxes-and expenseshave though.only on.e of them should have been,negligent
been paid (Pastor, Ji; v. Coui: of Appe,f)ls, 'GR. 'No. (CIVIL CODE, Arl. ·92?). ·. · .. .:
L-56340, June 24, 1983). . . .,
' . . . , ! :-·. · ,..., .· . L_egacy/Devise. of Thlriqs Belonging to Another
.. - Principle .. of Untouchabillty ' of -the' Legitime of t. .If there was an erroneous· belief on-the part_
· ~--, compulsory Heir. .. :· . _ . . · . · of the, testatgr "that the .- property! or . thing ·
_ The compulsory heir shall not be liablefor the charge
»; bequeathed was his: .T.hel"leg~cy devise shall · or
:.. ~-- ·... peyona the disposable portion.qiven to him. It should .. be. void -because you .canriot.qive. what.you do
. .not.affeet. his,•legitin:ie-'(C°IVIL · Q_QOE,,-Art: '-925, ·-pa,:. . · <,,' • n'ot_pos_se~s or own. ': ·, · ·.· ·,-. · - .: · ·' ·
·:
'2V> :,~ . :· · ':_ .; : . ··· • . . _. · ·: . ~'. . - . .·: ~- _ . . ·". Note: ~Gt 1f .the ihi~g:·b:e~ueaJ~e'd,. iho~gri, n~t .
. ~on:iri~IS?IY·:tfei_rs _char~e~. "':'ith a· sub_-l~Q,acy ar'~~-:''. . b_el?n_girig_.Jo th'.e i~stat~r.:when he.made w,ill,. ~ffei
hable in:
proportion not to how much ea~h- actually; . afterwards b~com~s_'h1s, :by whatever· title, t_he
iriherits, ~ut on!y in· proportion to _fh~if -insti!utiorf to . , ·. · . c;li.sppsiti~_i:i.:-$hal_!·--.-~-~k~t effec_t_ (Cl_i/iL .;p~oE; .fl,rt.
the-,free disposal ( 3 PARAS, ·supra-at 407)., - . . . 930). The acqu1s1t1on by s_ubsequ,eht · title ·1s. an
· - ·· · · .. · · · -L.,.:;;, 'examp~e~o_f-an' ~cquisition between. the. tfrne of.'
· ·tne making ·of the will,. and the testator's death.
. I
· . . Tfiis woulti t;>e. J\.lstified '.since after all, the.-will .
~ . be?-coriie't e!fec.~iye only ·at th·e tinie ·ihe testator
' / dies (3 PAR0.S,.~upra at 412),; -: ·. - :.· ·
:-·.. _·· •'
.- . ' ·.
2. ·:
lf_tti. ~~; ".latqr. kn'e~-t~at·the_p~opertl~~ tb·i~~-
:b!!,<?!1~ecj/t~ 3.noth~r: The leg~cy ·_ 9!-_-"devise
.
. -.
s_tiall _l:Se ~alia. ~0~s~eq~E;:n~1y. tbere _ s_~_a!I b_e a i .
. ·,
presumption that the thing must'be acquired-by·
. ·. tl5e . executor·. 'pr ,fdrnihistrator . .by".an-·.' heir· or
.. : 'expressly_:·_· -'chwgec;f . with' ·_.such·- obligation :·.
(;J,fJRAD9,- ·Suqce$Sio_n,_.supra at, 349-3'50). .
:_., AtlJJ'_.~--. __...,_.... -.'.,. . . . .. :- ''.·. :. . ' ·-.. . .
.. . -L.eg"acy/Devis'e ·of_ ·Things :Beloiiglng .Partly: (<? ',:
-:<.- i·'E~a~pl~·~f:S-4b~ieg~cyor,Si:ip~devise~ ,'· ··Another··;_.-.,··" .· .t _.,· .. .:-· -~:'· ;-: .
·· The'testatdr:said; "I.give.my ca_r'to··L; put I warit·L t?·. ·. )3.en_era(·,R.ul~;_,·:,Th~-, l~g~cy __'~r-/ae~is(--~tJ·an-· b~ ·
gi1e-P500;000 to1X':-:·· . :- · ·· : ' : ~- ·. ,. .. . -' .. un9erstqda tc:i -·be. limited···to 'tnedestator','- he.ir, or
. ::--.:, · ..,. -,· ,:,.• ;· .:-: ·,,, "··-· ·. .J i ··. - . . , . ·• lfugatee-'s part·br-intere'st.-·.. . ·_. ~:-:_· :,:-··: - . . .
:~ote:.·Jb~ ·legacy 9f, the :c?r
fr>' L __ is· 9~·.orclinaty' . .· .-"-' ·:·-: ·:-: .. ··· "· · _. · .. :: -.. ·., ' ;·-· .. ·.·: · · ·.
· ll:)gacy; · bllt -f!ie- le'gacy of P!:i00,000 fo· X i_s c!, suJ?~ . .Exception: Tesfa,tor'niay exp're:ssly Qed~re .that ~e
:,1~gacy tfavlntr.,_been· imp'o'~;ecf upon L:: . ··. ..,. . , . . . . ,.· _ _ :b~quec!_ths or, qevise~ _tt,·e. thihg .. \ri its. eAtir~ty '(CIVIL -.
. ··,-.1· •. ,-. ,,.·,-.·: ,.. . • ·'~- COOE,.'Art9e9):"::·:_ · ·-- ... .. . ,_
.: Liability "fpi" 'E;vi2tior,i.,.,, · · .. . . -' - ·
1. · .If devise°i:o'r.\!legacy· . is Trfd_et~rininate... o.t Requisites:-(EK)'-· . ·, · · . ·':"" ·. · . <_- · ·
: genedc:\th.e·· .heir- ~whci is.- charged··: with the . 1 ·.. Ar(~«press dec1_a~~ti9n \o~th~.feltect, aJ>p~aji~g -
'::paymenfqr deliv'e'ry:o(ih'e: de.~ise''l6r legacY:sli'all . . -'in the·will itself; ·a·nd. · : :· ·. ·,, · :: ·
··,· .:.be. liable "in. case 'of"evi"ction .. ·. . . . .- - i, !SriQwleci"ge. on tti~ _p9rt of th~· testato~ ·_that. the
2... If devise·dr.legacy is determinate o·r specific:. · ·· - "thi_ng_ belo_ngs partly to a ·third· p_ersor (c_an pe
The~_heir who is~cti"arg,id -ccinriot be- hel~'li~_ble)n r.irov_e·n . frqm the ~cintexf. C?( · the~ w~I or ,from
. ·' c·ase of eviction .(JURADO,. -Successibn, supra - · __ .extrin'sic '·evider:ice) :·(JURApo; Succ.ession,.
'·, a(346-347j. ··. · · ·_ ·, '· '· · -, : · . _ .: _. ~ supra ai 347): .. - . . - : . - .
. .. . . . .. I . . . • '. . ,. . ;-
. · .: ; · . Note: lfthe fegac,i" or devise is a burden dot. on tiie .Nofo_:. For !fie···exception to .?PPIY, th.e testator-must
- h~.ir bu~ "po
the: estate itself, there is- no \varr~nty . . "expressly' declare {hat he gfves thEf thing- rn . its
·. entrre.ty.". This clause has· been· interpreted,to-mean
· ·against eviction,- whether the legacy b_e specific -or·
generic, __ if there w~re court 'proc~edi11gs · which that the wrole is .being gi_ven -despi_te the tes!ator's
201~ SAN BEDAL.A.VV CE"NTRAl:.IZED.BAR OPERATIONS I "315

sw:CCESSlO.N:
SAN~BEDA t:A W CENTRJ)LIZED· BAR Of EM TION~ :- MEMORY AID-7p1 9
_;~·.1'»¥Z+·C:4iilM &Fit?.YE@s ,A ea s~em:,:: , . aJP5tiB :ttt0·:t1:ai:s,#;1smt ge-.;2 sm ~s #tH &zs,, &H!r£iFi¥4i·is+¥@it¥P4t· AAr:saritffil
knowleag:~. that he does 'not own: the .. e_ntire'!bi.ng .. If ··: Note: In Art. 931, .the testator. knows ·that .beds not
the testator thoug'ht'h.e · owned the whole thing,_.and the owner of the t]li_r,g being-given (3 PARAS supca
he says that he gives the whole thing, only the.part- at4i1-3J .. -. . . · · r, .. j' • • . . ~,
that he owns shouldbe given". the rest being void . a . ·.- ,. . .. . -~

. leg_aay,.-4r-:iless.of. course.tsubsequentto the.-rri9~i~g - . . Li~gc:1cy 'of Thingj;' Be'_lon.girig to Legat.ee '. ; .
otthe~will,, hebecornes- the. owner .of said. rernainder • , The leqacy.or devise.ofa-thjnq wh_ich·,at the time of
.: "b/-~ha_tever title"($ F?ARAS, supra_a't 410)._ . . the execution .of· the-will already belonqed to the
· • • · ... .. -s, ·. • ·. ." -, • .· · · 1e·Qate~ or~ devisee s~a_lL be- ineffective. even thouqh
.An ~rae~- t~ i;quir.;th~. -u~own~d part i~:~11ot~ss~nti~I another , persorr. may, have .. some interest ·therein
."for ·(t is sufficient ·for the· declaration Jo .be express . (CIVIL 'CODE,-Art. -9,32,: per. 1). . . .-.- .. :>: .
. ~· (Id:). . . J . . : I • I _' . ' . ·,, ' . ' ,-
' .• ·.:,~ i .. -- -t-" . .• • ·., • .: Effect of Acq·u·i~it·i~h b:y Legate.e: ·.(JlJRADO,.

_' Eff~cts of Partition ·.. . , . : ·. . Su9c'e.s'siO.[l., s~pril,ias1>.352);. • ', .
!r:c.cc1s~1cif\~~b$eque.nt division .or partition between · 1'. If the· thing' belonqed to a.third persori.at thetime '
-theowners in common; .... : .', , i.. ~ -/~. · : . .• -.-, . · · :: •of tf;le execciti0n_·c>f"th'e',Wjll;·· . .-_ ./ • . /··. :: '-."
. 1.:: ·-If'. t~·e .. ·thij:'lg_-.'ri~:.-_ p_liysi_c~IIY: .. d°ivi~ibl.~ i 'or ... ·( ). ·-·a.r· I 1.(t~·e:,~!:lita!<>t.:e·rr.o!{~ously;-b~lf~ved· that
. .· con_yeriient, ..9f c:l,i_vi~!?n),:,_A~·.:'9?9,pJ:t~_e,,.Ci_~i_l :·,:·;.. :;. · dt,was;his:::the_·le.gacY,,or·de.vise ·st,all be..void
<·/·~~.:
j·~~
·, . Coae·~applies. . . ,, .. . _ · an.cl'.°t'h~· syt:iie'quen(a'9qW~ition s'tiafiiav.e ·'.:.

2.-:· ir.t11~,''·tblng;::. i~\ p!]9si,caJly ·'ind1V_i$i9!e br · . • , ~ t:iC:i' effect,- . , .. \ . . -.
. irtGC>l:l'feQi~f}t.,Rf..~iyi,SiQ[l,.lh~ .-r_l*S·tapp~l0~9,~,:_;!f,th'~:.t~~t~tbr:--h~cJ. k!l,OW)edgeltbat itsV,t.~S .
.. _ .s~-~11 ?~Pind -up_on'. y.,he!~er- tbe · thip~,1:is1: fipall¥ 'T ). ~- '[~>,:·
i:io.t ~it-. t.~e·~.ec9nd.p~rag~aph of Art~ 93-3 .is ,
. : ~QJJ9p19ated:..t? tt:iE:·-.t~~ta1w· qr:. to .t~the,~·~,nt?r ~.: ~pphcaql~:· ,: t:'. -.~ .. · : ''. ·· ·. : .. · - . i . .-. . ):_)J;~l__
,
.flP.P.IY,iog:;tt)!3·,p[QYi~[Qf)S·O~:Afl~.92~oa.:~9f::- _. , .. - ' '{~' iP,.1f-lt1~:-le_~~te~,· or ·.d.xvis~e-_·ac_quires !I. : · ·
:· · _. the ~i};ti!',Co~e.,(U~RAD.9; ~u~9es~~io~(~upra a.t , :,, ·: .:. · -_·
~g~~'.~i!~Li~ly,· .hJ~. can ·cl~i1!1 ~·othir,g ·.by · . ,,_ '
_, .··}~lr-3.18)-: ._.';..,, .. !·.:/·.,.~ __ ·:._'·vf~fth~~eg~~y,of._dev1se . .,,-.·<> .
. •, · · . .'-. ·_.·,·. ··. ,;,, ,.. ·. · . ·. -··lt::/f:t •.,·. . . ~
!:ff~GJ!;> ..of. Pi!rti~i,;rn 1.W~.i::~ th~ .. Pr_Op!:)i:t is~, N_O:f .
-:i .:.·~: ,ji;.1 ·_,_-'.::
-1-.~r-\· ~ ~- . . ·. ~~·tMt'\\tiu~,: . ,..
)f·.· ··,:,,11.,:.. , l~t~ ..l~gate.e··p~,.dev1.se~:acqu1r~?-'.t?l;ly
he: _ ca·n dernari_d
Divisi_ble: ·: ·.· · · . :. /· · ·: .-,i: _.:.'.·. - · '. · r"-';1\: ·.·:·.· . ; ·t· ~eim~s¢rnenJ. :' . ~ · . · . · i ..
1. 'Adfudic~ti9n.totl).1'Hestat~ ·.: - __ ·"-1~~'>;\"'·-, _c..· . !mj .·_-_.,.~,e,,;·· .' ~f · · .. _ . ·:. ·., ·

• ·' c!· )(; ~t,!~:=;t~ti;,r,.,gi~:- J?~1u~.a'.t~'.~t.lij.~' ')'.?i ~!1.ti~~:'1ill.
:'\2~1f the/t1in~ro,l2,n_g~1 t~ .th~,.testafoJ, at th:..,tim~ ?_f.,.
:.: _,. · ..'·. :P.~~P.~f1Y,: JJ!~.) l~~f'l~~.f l?~':!~tf:~h~IJ_.J5e~'-7t£l7~ thr~f~~t10n:<~f-t~lftll;':8'!..?·".-: ':·"i" _· .. '·\-' .... : 1.·
, .... _.. ·~_·.,e,ff.ec,~we.: ·-_Qn!y,. ·:.a~.,-1t9,;-}t!.~..1J.~~~~~~rl¥'. .~ . · a;· ':~?!n.~ t~':P,!Je. ,<!-_te.~~?i;,Ja.vor;,9fq1 ,..t!Jir~ ~-,. •. ·,
, ,·· ·,: -:. -: -i,:.b~l_~,1191.~g_;.to -t~.~-
t~:>.f.~\?Jo"Jfo.re·1}f~4)~~.lt?n;w,_. 4!.2· / .
:~IJN~·q~i,IE?'g.~¥, _Q~ .d_ey.,s~ ._is-\~-~~~~:d .bfA..1:: ·. , .. .-
. :: - b.,. ;)! : ... t.~,st!'!JC?r!:f.~.b~_q_ e:~th~~\:: -t~~~:,.tir,~ . •;..,j.<f}-. .. · ~57-:~n(J}Jh~ _sf9~:~_que.~t· acqUJs1t1on c::a_n~ot . ..
, ---: .. , ·Rr9.~~StY:;t~_~;_,~~·~l1~tijrC?P.t:frt~~-~t,i.a)~Pa~9s·t~. ·.: · . -:- , . ....:~r:ev,l~!t~~q~g~py;'~~--~JXis.~;·: .... ·,.:,.·, ·--';',,:.'? ··., ._ ,._ · , __ · ·
1 .,', '·:: • : . , :)tiJ .ll~1r,: ~.ey1_~?.~t.P!tl~g~t~~:.-. ·.·.: · ··'·\-1-,h .'.'e) • ,'. • .:. • -~-: _ <',:,lfj~~ .... t~!n~l1_s !·J:ll~~r~~~ci.-. m.,fav.or·,of~,t~e . · . .-: ·. -: .
. . .. · --, 2. _. 'AdJ!I<?!~a~1~n t_o.~ ~~Jrs! p_e,!:~~-~. ,, : ... · .. ,>J;,'JE · ·.
\~ev,1s.~.~· or?.!~tatee.:.,tb_.erer1~ ri0 re.v~c?t(9rf .. : {. . , .·. :.
~~~\- ·... ·, .. :a:r- .._~~~~r~}?t~~~-,~~1~:e::

.:·.. ~ ·:,_._. . : .._ . - ','.'. ;/~.,toP.)1.ti~ffec.t_ (9!:VJJ,
:~;}1~is;;~~3:
.
l!it~ti~!~bg;~~~.t~~.t~i: ~.~oefi~iaii.i;~u;:~-. -~ \ · .
9.Pl?,.~,;A?Jj~~~'.:.<,"·.
··M}\"tt1rqM~~ .,e~e~;~~l~O ·~f- t.q.e,: ~II)_;· ;\h.~..J~@_a~ypr ..
':,.-.-.~--~}:· · ... : : ~, ... lf\.)•.,~~~~~\qr.,' }1.b~_~1=1.e.~~~$l,a·.'.-,~-~9~::, , .~P-.ir~ .' . . _,;,._.d_Ef~1s·~ sh__g_lk ~-e,_\'~i\hout eff~~~·JE;,¥.~l:):.tti'09g~ ;.j! _. .. .
\i:::, . · · . . ·'._,_- ._. l?~RP.e,rtr. ·,t~e '.1:9_.~:cy: p~. ?~Yi~~-}JQNl·,;Q~ _ ; \ . · . · · ,· rl')ay. hc!ye · be.~!1 ~-u~segue_r.i~ly_ alie.fiated by hid:.,.'· .' ~, _·.
~-... '.f·-.·~ .. : ._., .. ·; w1th9ureffe~t- Rn!y· i3S )9' t~e. P.~r:f.·for~_e.r1~ .. ·.:-,.: (.QWl&:P,®DEI;:~rt.~33/lp~r::~?-':'{:<;~. ··:' \'.·: / ·:. • .. ·i;.;,. .
· : , · ·: ·:. ;.: b.~)_o.!).gu;ig)q, ,l(fie)~$.lq~0r- :bµt :.SDi:!_1):· ~t1ll.1.t;>.e . · · . · · ·: . a-., ~If. )l:J.~;legate_e·: Qf ..d.t?.Vl:S~~ ·:.a.cquires,. 1t . . .· . ·
(~.-;./: . · :<, · · ,,:. -J~~~ry~e~wimfe~p-~tt:,}~e·.pa_rf:'pfJf:if~~.j.(f .. · ... ~- .. · · .· tq '~{e.¢~tiqr{~fi~(~_ifi.}1~.. · : ' . .·,gr:a:f~itd\ii_Iy.~tt~r,:tf.(e.
· _: · .r;>ers~n (Jl)RADQ, · Succe,$~ion,,. $_upr.a: ,at
$· _-. ·
.< ·_:;·--, . ;' B48}:- . . ~ '
-· ·. . .- .,:¢~1:,',claim :'nothing ·by virtue of th.e legacy.'or
. .. .. " · -"
.: : ·
.- ·... ·. . ,' deyls,ef;. <. ,:_::. < : ·-: .. } : -:-:.:$. \: . \ \• :~ \ ~ .· · ·. .
::.:; ·. -- . . ·.·. ;,. . ·..: ·: · ·-; :.-_ ·. . . . , · .:: . : ·,_ .:, '{/;i'.: .. ·::.: · f
< I.t:it-Jta:9::·b~:~11~~~q\.Hr.~if;bx,.~r.e.r.9_~.~. title~a~e·r.. .
. '.~·-;:' '. :!.J:\:.f'.~-:::t?2~.·?9~''?tr~i;ig.~t-_, ~~~l}~\L.L,Y,,~s>:tJJis,)h~. . ,:,;. ! . : _.th~~~,se_ql,.lti,9n.:~C,!h~,·'\"ill;'Ae .ca:rf :d~rnand. .- ---::~·
· <.'~:: . , prop_erty. · In ·Art: 9~~\'the _$1rR!Jger)(Vf:lO[LY .·pwn-s . : .. :','-;, .,: ~ re(J'!)~tJjs~.11).~nHrojn·.th.~. b,ek 'or the :~$late . .-:. . ·. .. ·
.:.-- ::·, · ~.F. '.:P!_f;_:e._.,,rt_.:~;-_.-~.::~·Y -·_·;,.·;~.:.:. :·..·_:.·
·- -,t.• 1 _1 .._ ..'._:·_·:_:_'.~---~.·--.·_:~:.-·.-
.•·~-'-.:~:.'_:.: '••'. :.\_·;_·:_. • .. -:· ;. .... • ·.. ••• • -
~ · ... i.1:::;·: ,; ~:f~'""
(dvicc9mE,-,~d, 'i!33, ~p.ar, · 2):. ,. ,. . :
-.:, ·,.:; ,~,:.:.,,•.'?,-, -~;,:~ .. ·-~ ·;.;, \..: .:.,i:",):· ....; -~ ;:s):' · .·))..,.~-:,
·· . • · ·. .
. _ __ ~·
V(h~n?;[e.~i~t{>f'.~tfler%t~.~f~i~_i_H8\'l:·;'.::. ·: _·-
, __ ,. ·.:
< ;· . .
"l:li§·p;gsitiP!)~ ir{~enfra.l~!e}.m,,s.~.~ . ·... : · .. ; · ·. : · · .. : :.1 ·. 1 "'. " ··;,;~ ... :.: . ·
---~.~.e:_\Jefr,:~·eo.n.wti9f'1:.t.~1r. ,?.!:?Jig~i9n:is;i_mpos,:d .qr th__e, · /-:~d,i~-P,Qs)\.(?n'·~,WcJ~ iD·.g~n.~r1:1I..~e.r.rn;s. in;.fa.v.of. qf' tJ,e

~state· _r:iust · acqu1re-,1t· and_ g1ve·)o~· .. ~ame,1,l9 th~.·-. · _ t_~_s_tatt?r'.~ tela~1ve.~ -~h_c,111-~_e:_y!')derst!=>()~.;to ~~.1_n:.fa'j!9r . · .. .- ..
'legatee._ oiv··dev.i?ee; .. buf 'if, the· 6wril:lr= refusej, or. · . of thos.e nearest i_n·degree .(CIVIL,. CODE, Art, .959):'
;de'.man~ds.ari·excessive. price, ihe'.h~ir or,-,eitate,$hall ·.,. : . .-> .. :: ;·__ .. · . .'f':'-: ·-;. ·; '·;.-v << <-. , . ;~ . . . :, . ·<:-~},
·o,ri_iy:,.iii~?i5.~fi~~·a·.i'N-:·:·g\ve\~~~~-1u~r":.;,_a1u~;:1cr:·iii~·. ·, .. · ··,.:<.· .: ; ::·, . .- ·--.:-_ ..
·!~ga~eelde'iis~e·(.~J;~ltGO.°'E,.Arf:;931-);, : _ >. ,: · .· . -: :· ._ . ,., . .,- ., ,. > \ ,- .
. \. ····•··· ... ::-.: ..... (_i.-.1 l • "'• · .• ~ .• ·.,~ .:. ''-.,!-,;·.: ,:,-;_.'., t. •. • . :·: ... -~.·!i· . . :,
: .. ' ·.
. , .
_316
. I -2..019:SAN
\ ··.. BE_DALAW.CENTRAUZEDBAR
•,. : .OPERATIONS
. . . ·.··
successiou
SAN BEDA !AW CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS-· MEMORY AID '2019 ... '
( ~4S:~i&5' :'~#73 ·~th~™:''§~¥# »¥k?ttfflfyfk\#iM?h!tti·4?JZli®WatlMiMMi4@tffiit=~.:fiM#SMifSh\&4!&:on~Mti3!Wf~m; ..
P!edg~d or Mortgaged.Legacies/Devises . .. The legacy of credit shalrbe:toniidered rev~ked

When th~ thing bequ·ealhed has been given .as a . _if.the te:stcito·r s_half:' ' . :. . . . •' . . ......
security 'tor-:a. re"i::overable d~bt, the. esta,t~ st:iall. b~ .. · 1. Bring an action against the·- debtor for.-paym·ent.
obliged Jo' pay_-the·:t:feb( unless-~ ·coritrar.y"icit~ntion·· of his debt·; aoci: .·. . . . . : .. ~- . . , -'..- : . .
.of. 'the "te.~tc!fot_· aP.Pi?\s.~·_The; leg~teM~~v_ise~ sti9L!ld'' 2. There inu~t- be a judicia) deriianci;. hence an_
r_e<;:ei'{~;it.fr~e f:orn_ {h~ encg1]1br;:ir:,c!3 ! CjVIL,GQ_DE~ extrajudieiai demand shall. not be su"fficle"nt to.
Art. 934; pats.. 1-?J. ·. ,· . . ... , rev.o_keJhe leg~cy-.(Jl:J.RAD.O,:succe~~i9h; supra
. :.
. .
.
. . .
·\; .
. . . '-·' .. .-· .. :.·".. .... _.,_· ...-. . . . '\·..
......
('
-at 355'): " · · · ·' · · ·.. ·
Any other charge, perpet.ual cir tem'por~ry with'which • :. :•- "" • I
the . legacy/devise-,'. is' . burdened, ·pa'sses· . tp ·. '.the ~~gacyJo Creditors . '.·-:··· · .... i, .
.'. -_ -1egatee/de.visee '(€1.f]; usufruc.ts,.jeasem(;~t~,jeases'' LEfgacy/d~vjje. madeto creoitor.shallnot beapplied .". :
which are reaj right~Y(GIVJ/.,eobE,,Aif.: 934,' p_ar.. 3).' to· his credit, unless the testator. provides 'otherwise
" , ! • • l~~• .'" •·• \.1''. • .•: ,: ' .. •;. • ~I • • - :.· .:. ~ ,• . (Gl~v1L eooe, Art.:·9·~.~). . .,.- . ;:·~- :, : . . . ·;
:·. ~-egacy of c·r:~~it_a·n.d Remisston 'of o·eb_t_ '·~- · . ·. _ , ,. . ·, ,·.. s- · • v
: Le.gacy of Credlt ;-;. takes place ..when, the testator . ·.. · .Altemative-Leqactes/Devlses' · · .· · · :' ' · . · : . .
. , be.qLJia,!~~--~b':th_E:. !-e~q~fe: ~hJ~D,- ~~e _9a? : '7,:_9i-~·9f
Thosewhere.the-testatorbequeaths "o"r devises two ..
again$t a··fn·ird ·perso1;t(CIVl[1 CODE,,·Arts/ 935-937; ot m'cir~ thj~'g's· but 'whic~ ·car{he 'comP.i'iect with by the . ::
: ~-f)ARAS,s~f.i_?.c!t ~-21f .. ·,_._.; :- .' · _·:~- - : _: . _:. ·.. : : · .. . ''defivE:fry .·:'of, ohly:-:6.n~- 'of. them.i.to . the .beneficiary _;;._
· : (JURADO/Successiof), sµpra.pl-356); <. · · 7,· ' . ·
rt1ere .is.' in"-'etfoc:;t, t_a .;bOatioti of :th~ '.~re·c;lit:by. :· ,\. . .. · .. .-_ · ·,, ... ;. ='.".:·.~: ),,.:. ·.: > . _, .. _:: . .-·- .... '.:r..
s1,1prci~jati(1g th~_'leg~J~~: ,iQ.Jhe)ig]1ts.,of t.he O[i~i'jnal: . To Whorn,<::hoice is.Given:-. ~ .. ·. ··,::,- ·. ;,.,.: · .. ,,_.:.
~.cre~_itor, ('J.Uf3A_QQ,.$u_e_Cf;tj,Sjcpn;.$Up_ra.aJ ~q,4),-;lfithe. : . 1-. . -The: tie.i~. ypon 'WO~o:!
the ~obligation)o'- g.ive;th~:
tbJ_r.d·p~rson_ P~Y,~ t9 _!he,t~s,fa_tor;:lh\~e~qF,'o(~vis,e ~; '1 1e·gacy-'or d~vis.e 'i?._imi?.e:sed; -or .. : .... : :~. '.: -~ _.
shall.b.e qee.1J113d_·tp hay,e.qee_n e_xtingu1sl;leq.:: :: .. ,' 2'. The ·e::secut?r;'i:w ad~inistrafor,. if ~o heir:.ts
, .• -- , . ~:.1 • .' •• ( • ··_ .. :..', ,. .• :::.· , ,. • oblige.d (CIVIL. C.~DE, Art .. 940if!c1_(· n:
Example: Tis D's·creditor for P.1 Million., ln>his will, · --' ·, -:,-.; ., ,
·fgave this credit to ((3 PAR~S, supr$"at.421).' . . -~q.t/choi._<f wil!'J~~~:i'o: b.~'.·made__upoo tll~);·~_th.
. · : · '..,:· · · ' · · ·· -.~ :,k · · · · i ~-' ~--· : · · of the t'?stator\ One~ .. the choi_ce. __ is· m_ade/ iLis
• Leg~·cy. 9.f _R.~mis~i_or{~tD.~~t of,..? ~'W~i~ ,9_e_~t, -I _·., irreyo~a~1J;:;; a9.a · ·.4~e. __ l_eg~c~_ .. ~P.-~c;o.rnes :_ ,,sim'pl~
: e~i~ti~g at th~-- trmfttie~. ~i)(~~~~~'(_a.ndJ_ii. th~.. ,, (JURAQ©/$ucc,e~sidn,s,upra. at· !}¢56);. : ,.,_,. ·. ·
amount outstc;1nding .af the''time,ofltiet'aeath' ofJb~ · ·. ~ · · · <- • · · · · ' ·· • ·
. . . '. tesJato~. (Cl.VIL_.: SO.PE_;· 9?~2~at!23 f?~11s,. :A[tf . If
. '• Jh';·h·~ir,'l~g~;~~ ·c/a;vi~~-~-~(~·s. b~fp°t~ t~e . . rn;ki~~·
·. supra, at 422). · ,-/,· ·, .-· · :;-,·. ' :::· . ·· ~ . . . choice,. this cigbt sfiall p9SS·to'their reSp$Ctiv~ h~irs·' :· ·.
Ex~~~;i:~;-i$';i}~dil?...loiFY)r;~~i·
was remitted this dept off> (3 PABA.S, sbwa-at·421,). ·
iQ ~i1 ;~;I,;·:·. .
. ((d:~ ~~-S~,7,f:_ ····::_:·, ;, '.. -1:· ~:_;·: '.'-;_:_·'. :·_.!:.-· ...:)~::;.-. :~:,, .: .. :_·Y .
The choi.ee..,/tl\J~t !:le:.G()m(!i!J.~i.c.a'ted. t~_m.e re'cipi~_ot·,-.
.
.· · ' · , . : · .. --~·:" ·, · : ::·' ·. · . ·· . . c!f!Elf.Wh(ch·tre epillfTIL!lliCc!t[p!) thJf,aite'rn~tiye..lE?gacY. . .
N~t~_:_ ·.E~~c.!i~~ · ~_;,1):~~_>e$~-;9~i. tp -,.~re·~h tjE:},{ 'q~ . ·bee:om~s. ;:rsimpJ_e_otie (3-PARl\p 'siJpra_.af:,,;r1-1), .·: ~- : ~
.. ex1:>trng atthe time ~f the-de~th _pf the te·st9~~!'{f~ . . ·. · · < ·. : · ·. • · :. . :· :-. .. · ·. · . : ,. ·· . . · '·
· CQDE,:Art. ~~-5.-p~r:.1{'· .. : .' · , ·· -~ : .. ~: .. ,_.···:-· . . . _G~rierJ~-1.: .~gi1c)~$:arid.~Ge_!)l'lf.i.c;J>~,vis..e.$.~~r,,, -.,;;·,,·\
· . , . ·· ..,. ,,:... • : ; .,_. · ,. "\.".'< . ·r ,·>·:, : ·.· /.:.: · '.' "'.·. · ·'."./ . : :- . -. ' : .
G.~,;:1_e_ric.,Leg_acx.. - ,_ legacy'. ccinsi$tinJf:Pt ·p~t~onal ..
'Kindl o( Legafio(Rer'nis.~lcm\of~D~bt : .. ---~;._,,.: p(t)Peity.: deiigoate.d ·;ri'i'Efre!y-_. J;iy.:]ts ~l.aS$• :or(g'8.11.t.is
· 1. 'Genetic·:- .. coniprfs~~ tall'~9ebt~,:"~xi~~ingi at·'.the witho..ut ·.~ny P;ar:ti_t~iar,:orJ)hy~ic;;a.i;.~egr~gatioriJicir:n :· '
. 'til!)e ·of _.:th{ execb}ipn ··,of_-. the'.)!iill-J:iuf no.t .. all- oth_ers 'of .tti~·sanie.'dats·(.,(l,JRADC>, Sue.cession, ..
. , , ; • SUbseq' uent'·o. lies.' : . • . :: \' '. I . , .) ,;', • ~' '., SLJpra'at357 3581 . . . . . ' ·: ., . ..; . ;'--.
'2.' .S.peciflc~ -~....-cpinpri§ei~~ri'ly~th·~ de6(0hi:¢h is
0
'·. . . :' . ~ . : . ,. ~.: .. :.t· ,-,.._•• · ... :· ~--::, .• _·,~-. :::·:", ·-.:r ~-:·':'.: ;..~-
:· · sp-~dficpiJy·fnJri(jM"ed ·i'n ihtrwii1: -:-- . , ;·:.- \ :. . .. ~.'Example'.: 'The te~tcJ..iP,::beque_~ths~'ten·=hoi-~e~JJ to J?..s . · ..
:3°_''._ J~e!;JP.CY t_o the._d~9t9.i:~op~'~:!h1ng P[e.qg~ftiy.'.~i~ · .. · __·.·> . ·< :: .•. :_ . <. :.. ·.- . , . ·:·.\.: .;' -:- : . , - . ', :,
=' t ...
. · .(JURAOO;_Succe$_~ion; ·sifp/iJ·a_t ;39"fl),:' :: .:· , · , A·1.eg·~<I?fc9f generi¢.p'er~<?rJs31 property, isya!iq even,if .,
. ._.-· 1. .-.; .. ·. . . · • := ·. ·.' c·-· _.~.. . :-.' •. - • ;·.-<....: .: · . .•. the_re-_be rriQ :.si.J¢h · thif)gs:,:of.-the_ ..sanifJJnd _..in'. !he ..
. ·Revoc·ation ofl.e·gacy·· .. : : ·.._.-·.-. :···.-:···-.~; ... :' . -}?t~te,(CJViLCODE,-Arf,,9'41;p1:yJ-1)_..·.· ... _ .. ·. ·. ·:_;_
: <fr t1~es:pl~i;Etwhe.ffh~:testat_q·r, rriad~- ~fte/hav1'i1r;i' .· . .-._. . . . .- . '. . • r.-- · "" .• , .•. ' •.
the _l_e!'g~ci;fcredif:or'·rem.isshn;.o(' d_ebt, b_rin.~f~:,f '· . · .· ~e,ne.ric.-De~j~ei:~iref;r~ tq ~i."~~Vi$'~ ~orisistlng'._of.·
·judidai: ~dfon .·_agc1inst-· the, debto,}even. it-·-payr:rient., · ·, · r~-~!-Pr9pe_rty 1esig~:atef ~~-r~!Y P/!.t_$~cl;;i,~s:or.!;J.e.~u~-<';
. shoul_d:iJot.~ave b~e·ri effectet1··a(the.-tfm~· O.{ d~ath. . WlthOU!· _any -:·pa_fti'cuial'. ld~s]gQ;;lll_On pr:·' phy~)~aJ
. · (CIVIL CODE; Art.·936;::pat.,1),: . ·. ·.. s·egreg~t1on _.frOQl"_all otti'ers·._pf.__t~e ~~m_E: cl,~ss·
. · . . . . .-,,:., .• : .--· . ,.,·. ,.· . (JURADO, Suc_cess1on, Sf.!pta:at358r . · ,·
. '.: ... { ·.· .. . .• . •, ' . ~
,.':·
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SAN BEDA LAW CENT~ALIZEDBAR OPERATION_S·- MEMORYAID ·291_9 .-
Classificatiomof·Legacies
1 .. As to· effect .: ·. i. .
·,
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Rules on Preference
·Testator had · knowledge' .that t~gatee/devisee

the - thing _. ,. ·qequeathed c·an'cJaim n9.thing· (LIPO) (RPSESO) .
belonged to, a third person and by virtue: 'of, the .1 ~- !:egi~irrie 9~ 1. -Bem°Lin'~ratory uq
the legatee/devisee. ,actjuire:d legacy/devise . · corrip_~l.sory heirs. 1. f refer.en~ial µo · .
the . property gratuitously. after. · 2. ·Donations lnter vivas- 2.... L for §L,Jppbrt·-
.the .ex'ecution _of ihe .will· (CIVIL 3.. Prefere[itial legacies .3:' : L for Education
CODE, Art. 933). , . .r . · or.devic~_s·: : --~· ·_ 1· - t/o ·.:of· §~ecific, ~a-·
4. · All Qther legacies :or . . determinate. : ·thing
Testator . h~d · k~~wlegg~·. tljat· Legate_e/deyisee' . · devices pro rata· which forms a p9rt of
the thing bequeathe'd belo,nged can ·.·. . ·d_emand .. , . . . . · the~estat$ ·· .
-to .. a
third person. a'nd'. the reimbursement . .. ._. >· 5, AU.Qthers pn::,'rata.
le!gatee/<:levise_e .. acquirel: the. ;tr~in . the. h'ei? or : .· '.. . . :
property .QY onerq\jS title (C{VIL 'es.tale .
COD_E, 'Art._ 93$). . . .. : .:. -: ·'°· .• . • . ·r . . . - . . ~-. . . .. . .
/ '",. • • ,' I
·f·. When .the reduction. 1 .. When. there oare · no.

• ¥~ ••
. ; . is- ·.neqe~isary' . - to,. ' .compu,lsory ~eir? antj
prese'rve- the le.gitime· 1. · the entire.~ estate· is
of_ compulsory, heirs . clisfributed°_. by the
. fro,r:r1 · :: - impairment . :t~~tator,- 9Si · legades .
~ .· , whether t_tiere· ~re or·d~vise~; 9r . · .:
-~, -.
~ aon;atiens ··infer viv0s 2. :Wt:ien. - .. there .: are .
..... · ·compulsory heirs but
. their · legitime , ha~ .
4. qi ready been'
5. :-pr:ovided · f9r · _by· · the
·6. testator,and
donationsthere·are
0
... 'no,. .. inter

vivas.:·
. :1.· outsloe-tne commerce of man . __ · . . ....

· 2.·. Owned by-stranqerbut f11istakenly,_elieved by
testator Jo be-owned b·y theUatt~r:(.4 _less late · .. , : .
. .. qwne? ~y the l~t!.e~) . .._ . . . ~ : . . .- ..._ ....... Eff.... ...f-:
~-~~--··o!.w!)e.tf~~}°ive.
L~gaci~s/Devi~~s .: ·:.
3_- ~e~_aCtl:n aN01d will.·: .• · '/. (· · " . · .· .. ·. · .Gene·ral Rule: .ln case of r:epudiaiion, revocatloh or' .. ·
4,, .Ge,:iencr:eal property ifthere be.none of;.1ts_kmd
0
·in the estate ''. -;" . :· . . ,. ..-,.. .' . :

· - .. : -ine_.~l°P?.City",·. of tti_e- _le_g· atee :o
. . .-
o de_vi_s_ee-,._·
. r ·.
_-_the.
. ·, 5 .. If totally:lnoffidous:: _; 1..·· .; · · -~ .. --~- . ·· .. ' . · lega~y/deyise-sh~ll. be rrierqed with the.mass cif the
~' •• . • • . .:::....... , r- __• _ .: . • . •• • • _ •.• - ·.•·· • • heredjtary estate .. : .. · ·. . r ·... • ,. •. ·· • ,,·
<' -. . :... . -.. • ~-::- - :
,· ··• :---:' --: !:~ception:~ln°· case~of.'sLj5s'iitttion or accretion
:. 1_>ttio&e.revo.k~ie_x.1?i~;s1y'.-:· : "' ... :· · :-· .» . . . (CIVIL COD_E, Art/956):-i, · .... :, -~. ·: ... :.·\· . ·· .. ,
•. . .• . - . . ~ '· . .. . - . , 1" . . . . . .·.-.. . - . . .
2,:Those ·r~_y,pl<ed il1)pli~ql_y'.::as; when'.··.·same·.. . ..·, . · :.. ._., .. · · '. : . ,.... ~· ... :·• ·. : .',· ··., · , ·· ·
. · (legacy). lsqlven to,~ilotl)er 'by.a subsequent will _ Grounds fol". Revocation 9f teg~cies and Devis'es. ,
3_.'· Th_9se··: reyoke~· b.y" : .iin.P.l.icaticin o.f _ law . _ . · '1: .: ·Revocation by Tt'a~sformatiori · . ,
:. · i:tr~risformatkin,- ali~nation .:tiy ·testator-except · · .. · .- When. t~e .)~stator oi hJs ag'e~t tra[lsforins the
. · w,hen, _reacq\.!_ir~e:_:·by. :Tig_qt 'of repurchase or. :- .·. thibg· b~q-µe·a.th:ed.- in Sl,,J~lfa,-i:rianner th,;at it does ..
. .: juqiGi~l.dem~nd. . . ... '. .... ,__ :· · .· · ... · · · not r:.etain-either theforrri or.the .. denominationjt ·
4. De~t111~tion or-lbss.thn:i°afp~~l't~U:s e~e.rit . :. .: . rad·(~i'(IL:COC:fE°;' ~it 95( pa{i). · . -~ . .
.: . 5. lnteritipn'al destr_\.lctiofi. by testptOr'. . . ; ' . ·. · . . ~-. : ·, . · .... ·. . ... . :-. · L : .! • · \': ·:
, 6:.. .Pri.~e_ce.cJse; .~ep_ud1ci~i,ori; incapaG1ty of l_ega.tee , Fqhn · · is . the · ~xte.rnal. a·ppe,arance .. : wh_i)'e
7. Disinhert\ance if legate-~ is _cortipulsqry_tieir_ .. .'- .. denomination is the na.me- by Whjch .. it is·known·-
. - - · · · · · · · · · . ..by_:aU·(JURADb., :suc;cessian,:_supta·:at_3_73). ·
. : .. - · (3. PARAS, s·upra at 4557456):' . ·
. . .·. - . :
; . \. .•
. :~"· . ,:he transf9rroati~-~ -~:~st . be bo,th with \esp~ct
.•. to the form and d_enoinination (Id.). . _,. · .· ·
.· ...
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SAN BEQA LAW CENTRALIZE~ BAR OPERATIONS - MEMORY AI0.2019
. WhE:n· the testator. donates.or sells the property . A disposition made in. qerieral terms in favor of
bequeathed, 'there is implied revocation of the the-testator's relatlves shall be understood:to,be'·
- . -'i:iisposition.'· Th~. pr_esi:Jmptio_ii. unde'r:,u,e: 'raw. is. ih. favor of 'Jho·se· \i_ea}ei~t-- i(l1 d~~~ee;_.(CJY/{
t11_at)h.ere: has -,beieii-.'ci° cha:nge\of intention }3 . CODE=, Art .. 9_59r- . ·. 'r ' · . · .
·.J?AFJA'$, ·s_µprc(at f5Q.af/:5Jk :, . "'
',-
.' "Rel~ti\ies'.' mustbe.witliln-the 51h,d~gree, sinte' ·
There artsesva. presumption ;hat the. tist;to/s _PetSQl)S · farther .than this -are no." longer.·
inten.ti.o_o)_a,s fhange? (Id.). ·.: ' ;- .. '. ·. · considered retatives. It is .evident that-relatives
>· by _affinity ar~ excluded (3PARAS.sµpra.at ·4_53), :
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320. I
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2019 5,AN.·BEJ)A !-AViCENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS .. - ..
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SUC.CES:_SION
SAN,BEDA LAW CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS -.:'MEMORY AID 2019 .
. . . ·: . _. . . ~ -, \ . . . .
Rid%:##W#®1SfawtJt#:!W:!·:t§f11a: M&ff !' ¥-W'w:m@Z!:!'.t!,n\f£A#,:£¥kl-it4·AAM fAA i:&itt!.Wr4,4%W&M #SS@P~
In all 'cases, where there. has been' an institution of d. · Di"!ision between 1e·gi~imate and illegitim.ate
heirs, follow the (l:S.R.A:I.) order: : -: . . . c·~iidren (JURADO, Successio'n, supra at
· 1. lf'.the Institutlon fails, Substitution occurs. 382) .. · .. . . · . : ... ·.
2. If. there .ts ·no slib$tit0te, the· right. .of
· . Repr~seritation applies in the direct descending · N9te:_· :n:iiir· tui'e. is suqj~'tt to· th'e rule' of
. ··ilrie -tq. the; 1·~gitirb'~ if the v§c;:~nc.¥ is caused by · ,preference· .. b~tieeri ' •. liri.es· '(JURADO,
predecease •. incapacity-or disinheritance. , .Succes$ion, su.pra·:ar 382).
• I •-
· ' t ... ,_, ..
' 3. The riqbt.of ~ccr~tion :applies. to the ·free portion

· \· when· the-requisites in -, Art. ·1016 are ·prese'rit. · 5. Rule of, Barrier 'between the " tegi'timate -:
4 ... ' If. .there 'is ifo., 'substitute. and : the · right of . Fii'n:iily' ·a~d< .the ~-·11,legltimate·. Family - . The i.
.:_ representation or. accretion does not apply; lhe. . .. : il(egitirnate'."farnily'\:'anriot inherit 'by '·iri'tei's'tate .
rules 9~.·intestate;succession shall take ..over. . ,·: '·s·u~c~.ssi9n from-the .1.~g(tJh1~ie farr;ii.Jy' an~_ \;ice-.
·. : · · .... , · versa (CiVIL,. CO,EJE;''Ai;t: 992). · · , . · .. ·
. Rules on lntestate,Succession: .. .. . . ~· · . . . ..··- . ·· .. · : ....
1 .. Rule of Preference Between Lines e- Those-in 6: Rule :~f
'.o6Jbie_ fuil.Sh~re th~' 0
r siood F~II
. -- the.direct cie~c.e'nding 'line shall exclude 'those in · C6ii~te'i-ais":....·wheA and 'ii'aif...:6r6ocl'b'rcithers
.. ' : .the. direct ascending.and collateral· lines, . and. . or-sisters, neph'e~s ':or ~l~'te~·.,-, so"r.vi~e. :th'e .ft.iii':
':'·: -.those in the airect.ascen'oing 'line 'shall, in· turn, . blcod .shall :.t'ake .a portion. in the inheritance
· · ·:eic!ude those in the cb.1latera1 line···Od .. at 380). . '. . ·)ici~Dle J~~\. ,t~e
··of. i. tiaif·:-b!opd (J.UFJ~o"b;
. , .;· \.: . ,. . ,·;_ ·t·.-~. ·;· · ·· .. ._. su·cce'Ss1on, 's!jp'ra a(419).··. i' · ;. . · ·
1
2. ·~·'Rule ·of-Proximity -" Th·e relative nearest ih...- , .. .. . , . . .
. . . degr~e excludes the ·~ore ci'isfanr~ne~r.-saving Rule of.Divisibn of· Line:,.,. Decedent is.suryiv.ed ·
. · th·e ~ight .of represen.tatJon when i! pr.oper1y takes by t'«Q. (2)_g)'~ri~·pare.nt;;(GP) i.n th~_P.i=lte)~na1.iine.
- .... ·. ; pla_ce '(CiVIC GODE;-ird,962; par. 1): ... - ·..... and one (:1} GP in ·maternal,the.iriheritance shall
..... ... '. .'- . : ,,..~:- ,. >,.,, ·. _:- . . ,,, : . "" .,. ·.. . oe--diviMed"one': h~lf.(1h) .to: GPs i~. the ,pa_ter'nal
. ·. ' .. : . Thi_s, rule preSUJ)J:)05~$ ... ,tliar,'alj ·o_C_ihe;tel~tive_s - _.line, whilf in.e balf.'(~) to GP.in the maternal·JJpe_
. · :bel<'J'ng to·the"-same.'line.'lt·is-s't1borainated to'the ·':··:(CIVIL C<DIDE, Art.··98·7)·. . ·0 . • • - •• •
'rule(of pr~_fereri'ce' b'~tw.~.e~'lines (e.g./alth_bugfi ' ... ;' .'· 'f; ,\·· ·" .· ~ . ·', .... · .. ,"",· ·: · ··-"
... the_ sor;t~~-d t~e father,~?( !he. C!;,~~ei arr/fboth . I Rules ·on Relationship:. . . . ,, •' . ·~:.. . ':
'one ('1) ·degree remo1.1ed fronjtH~:_lfitle[,-fl'j-e SO(l ..:: 1 :·.:~.Numtfer.-J'f' ge~e/ratiqf]S' qe'rehnirtes p~oxifnity;-
sha// excJude,the fcfther) (UURA'QO,Succession~ .. 2. ··:'Eacitgeh~rati9ti'for'ms-a,degree; .··. . ",.". ;
. supra a(J81). : -. · ·. ·:-· ·· ,_3:, ·. A ~eries of a_~grie~ for~s. ~}i~e; . ,-: .
-<·:/.: .Ru,le::.i ~~~re:s~jl~a~l~/:.·1t ~~d)fus ~~:-R01e. ' \·.:,~_1'.~~i~~t:f.,:~-ector_.~o.lla~e:r~_I: '.'.'"·'.. · ..·: .. ,...
. , or'. Pfo,xiniit,i:,'' The·=.·. ni'ore' '._diftant· .. relativls
. :~ :.. ,· ·:· .. : ·.constii~:re8: the.'~~ri·e~ of tiei°g're_es·~inong. ' by
. ,'b~l<;>ng_ir:ig~. tp'"the" same'~clpSS: as tr.i{ pe'rson . . 'aseenaaht~;' arid des'tei'nda'rits ·.: (a,scending\.
' ... reJires!:)nted ·are raised -tci'lhe·:p1a& and:d·eg1ee ,-. ,·' . ar:i<f d,es¢enqing):_, l ' ·,...,: :: . : . ·:·· . ' . '
: .• .-·of.such pers.on an,d}1cqui~e· th.e iig_ht~ ·whi~f.i~ he - . b.· · ·coHaterai·Lin'e . - . ":. . .
·:. fa!t~_r;yiot;i!d'h_ave'acqujred;jf he.'fler~~~ or if, ... · . . ~ ,' ..:constitu't~dsby·t~e.' seri~~ ot'a$gree~ 'al)1ong
', he ..<;;oultl have i[iheritea. {lb':). ":'.' ' " .' ' . :. '·: .pe"rsons·': who ~,'are '·n'ot'<ascedd'anls ·or
\. ) 'I:·-.-: >·: .:. .· ·._ . ·. :I . " .... ·. \, >'.:"·. . .·
=. ···"des'ci~~·a,~hts,, 66.t.whoci,meHbrrr'a camr:ion.
( .-, ·:it.is.the' rrie.ai:is-by: whit.h the:ae:sce·n.dants of a . ·. .:.. I: ..... -an~'estor:\.:> :~ ::, ·, .: .'' ">·· · · ,· .. \ :·,, . :, .
- · ".; chil<f.l'n .default 6Ufie,datterl5ecause of prior . 1 . ·. -5 .. Full· ·blooa SqJTle'fatnerana· mother)~- hair-
·. , "·:. deat~~-di$ihhe.ritance; ·9r)nca'pacify~:~'an'ta.ke h.is'~ . . .. .~(O~·d .··(o_nJy. ~ither°-par~~l js' t~e.· S?.r:Tii); qne.:o(
..-.< . ; : :fr?:1e3~d)i~~~-..1..tjs. $~~~ri~i to}ig~_t o_f.9~cr:e~i?n_ . t('_·,·rnn.~i~{:¥~\f ntil7~t~·1t~i:!s~ttr~~~~~6p{~}t~;
. , :-·. · · ,,. ,•, · and the: ~dop1ee~shall have ·recipro<;:ai''righ'ts of
. : . 4. Ruie of Equal-9ivisf~~ .:..·Helatives·in-ihe ;ame ~~c~es~i?n···'v;'ilho.u:t_ d!stin~tio'r))(Q~ legit~m.<!te ·
: .. :~ : . . 'degree'. ·_slia.11' inhEirit . in equal' shares (CIVIL; ' L ,r~1_<:3llo~;··~t;f_o~e\~J. .If l_he :P99P~~~}~nP: his/her .
., CQf??,ArtJ62)::.r,·.·:<':·-:~ . ."_:::, .·· . . ' ·.· .·· b1olog1cgi1·parent(s)hi,:!'d l~ftaw1ll1 th~:law .. on
. .. . / .. ;- . . . ·, . ·. . , : , , . . -. . . : '}e~tam.e!)fary '·~_u9q~s$ioQ . _sh.~IL g~\·er~. .CR.A.
:_ .. , E~ceP.tions. ~.,._ .· ... · • '- · :·-':"~ .. _. . · .· ,: .. '8?52;:Se9::1.8),,:·· ... ·: . -;,.'·.:·''-· , .. ,.:::.:
a. pivision -ir:i: the ·as_cending line- (between .. . · · · · .. , ,· - ·, " · ·
pate~ri~I and maternal gran~paren.ts );. .,.,, :· lri~apacit;. .: ,: : - .•. :· . ; . -. . ..:.: · .: : - '.•. :· :~ .'_ . _. ., .
. b, ,·i Divisio_n-arrjong:.b,r6thers anct· siste'rs;·some · . ·c;e_n~~a_l J~.u_le:· Th.e sh~re.· or )ha_r~s \ whi_ch: 0 a're
. ;."Of. wh'om 'are bf -the full ·arid' others of. half-· r.end~red vacant. S)lpl_l pa'_s~. t() .t~e cqfh:eir,$. of \he_
·. · :.. :··blood·;' . .· ·~':. ,, . . ..'. . . in~ap,adlale,9. heir or hejfS. by.~ tig,ht_qf c!CCretioli ·
·- ... ~-·· :.. o'ivisi.~,:i in cases·. Whe~e, ·the·.· ri~ht_ of (CIVIL C,ODE,:Art.' 968). ~. . . : ~ . .
. re~resentation- ta~es 'pla<;:e; and ··,
. . . . .
2019 SAN BEO,ALAW CENTRA[IZED BAR OPERATIONS I 321°
succession
SAN BEDA LAW CEN.TRALIZEDBAR OPERATI_ONS- MEMORYAID 2019
· Exception: If the incapac1tated hejr happens to be a Note_:' The .subroqation or the representation obtains.
child .or~ descendantyof the: decedent .and he has ·· . degree by. digree, the· inferiononerepresentlnq the
children or descendants bf his own, then the share relative· immediately higher in degree. No 'jump is·
which is rendered vacant by reason cif incapacity made .. , ' · ·
shall pass. to such children pr descendants by. right.
of .representation (JLJRAQO; · Succession, supre
386)_. . .. ' :' ", ·
at There· .is transmission only with
'
respect "to
inheritance. conferred by law.
322~1 2019.. SAN

·.. . BEDA
. . LAW CENTRALIZED-BAR.OPERATIONS
. ·. ", ·. .
SU.CCESSlO,N
. . SAN BEDJ!. ~··•(CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS r MEMORY A10.2019_
~#>tbt&#i@? i§i •Sf:¥ Bd ;MW#&¥ S d'9ES9t.¥f:SW¥¥& SH§ $¥2,$¥4\#1?1 &li$24¢4#!9ifiWt:M-1tll:ceS"i :$¥± hf?M\S!4SRSSi~
2 .. All children- are .dead or, are _ali° incapable of

succeedinq: the decedent· and grandchildren · '1f the adopting pa.ren_t.sh.oµld di~ before theadopted
. concu(witli'great-grahdchil<;lren,,.the latter l;>eir,ig . child, the lattercannotrepresent the former-in the
the children . of other grandchildren· Who died inheritance from .• the parents- or -ascendants .. of the .
.·· before !he decedent or· who .are . incapable. of · adopter ·· · · · . ._
succeeding the 'decedent: arid . . ·.
3. All children are' dead or are all incapable ·of · The, adopted child is ·not re1ai~-;r to the parents· or
succeedinq 'the decedent le"irving children or' ascendants'<ot .the adopter. Because th'E!" fillatlon
descendants pf. the·. same. degree (.JURADO,· created by fiction of law is exclusively between :Jti~ .
.. ·.·sJccession, supra ~t ~92).. .- < . , :·: , adopter andthe adopted~(.3 TOLENTINO, supra at
448). . . . . . :·... · "". > , -
v, "/
Note: . In. )he ,-de?cei'n9in9: ·: line, the. riqht of
representation 'is · unlimlted with, regard _- lo the 'The legitimate. children and descendants :of :the.
descendants who· may succeed · (3, T_OLENTINO, adopted -child · cannot .represent .him · in ·-_-th·e
~upr<;1at450). :.: · . :~.~··.· :: -. - · successionto the ~~late of the ·ado"pting parent (/d_.
... • • • ;..• • ••• : ••• •• • : # '
at 448-449)".: ' ·. · · - ., · . · · -· :: · ·
1' -··. .·.)
Representation 'in Collateral Line. . .. ·: ·. · ·.
AD i!:lxcept_ional. case·
wfi_~re·: the right does not take Excepticns: ·. ', --. . · :.
place )n-. the· direct descendinq. lirie ';·but:, iii .. the 1. :.An adopted cannot ·inherit :from the ·legitimate
collateral Jin~. in: favor of. children- bf ·brQthers.· and . parents. o"r a'sc~ndan.ts-ofthe}adopter either·by
sisters ofthe decedent, whether they may be of full' . ·'represenlation or in his own right-; aricr: '··· .
blood or half~blood·(JURADd,:succession, supra at · Th_e- legiti"niate chil¢reh or'descenda[ltS of the
3_92) 0• • .,· l . .. . . adbpt~d:·:canhot: also -inherlt from. ado'pter ttfo
-.. •. ~~ · either by-ceprese'ntation ?r. in: their ·9~n ·right(ld.
. Li~·i_t;!i.oh~~. ;. ; . _2 . : ; . • . :. ,·· _· _.. :; . ~ · . ._.,...,... ·!:::!.a'.at 4491.. · ·· · ., · .. · · · · ·
r.. ~:-T_h~ right ~~ffb~ e?<:ei'ci.se?19[.1(¥,,b_Y. r.iep):.r~s·ar:id ,, .--,. r, .. .. . .
. · nieces of.the decedent, whettier tliey be of the Basis: Arts. 97.l:and 1 973· of the Civil .Code: · · ·.
·.: fui1 blood o.r h·a1t-b1ood.- · · ··.A.. . :> ·. ·- / I ··-' · . · · . . ·. : . - . .
2. /nie
.right ca~. be exer~ised~~Y tt),e nJpl,e_w's· or · \he' relat~oris.~ip ~s~~b-;is~~.d by_~~c,"pti.~n;i~}m[t~d:
: nieces: qf the decede~t i_f. ~h~,1r~ill PD_rJ~Ur~.wi!h i3~ . -solely to;th.e~dopter-~hd th~-:adopted ah_d does not,'.· .
. . !east on.::e.prott1er,o_r_~1st!;lr.rof~!p.e ~.§lent;.·. ,- extend 10. t~e{reJat1v.~s. o!,th.~ .adopting.paref!ts· or of
_3: !f.the n~phe~s and nieces ~e the onJy,~rvivo s t~e-~"doptF<-i(~fillg e~ept9l}IY a.~.-~xpre:ssly r:>toyiaed
· .. :-· . they_,shall- inherit irJ. t_heir own right;and not16~-- for. oy aw (Iept(co · v.:
[)el- Val,·. G.R. Na_. ..;L.'- 1-~75J;
· · .. righ,t 6! represent.ation (Cl'{_IL C'Gl;)17,"Alt. '9:z2),_' lyfarch_26, '19.65).:: ·· ·_., . ?_ . . '· ~ ; - .- .. -' ..•.
: : f ..:~~~ f.ight\~ pos~i~!e- ..~nly..ii)'i~t~st~~·~C€~S-~iol1 . R.epu~~~tj~·~:p/~ep~~~Ei~~~!iv.i:! · ... >._.:·. · _-_/. . .

. · (JURAD_O, ;Sµcc·ess,qh, ·supra at .3~2-393)..A~.---- it~ a.:: ~hild~-r~riPu.cice_s .. or rElP\J~i"at~s: · his iriberitence ..
. : . . . ,· . -:.., . :. : .~ . wtiedhis fathei'"died; he·,may'still represE!nrtl'i1flatter,-
. . ~~te:· Fonigh/ot r~pri~entatiQ~,; to. attac' .. th~ 'hei.r' .· "when· s'ubseqi.i"eritly 'his g~apdfa_tt{er' ~i~s''(j_LJR'AOO,.
~fo bEHepresinte'd:-rnust be a c~mpulsory'heir (Id: at · Svc9essioh, supra:.3fJ.9-400}··· .;: · .. ,,·' '. <.: :. .. '.,..': :
394). . . ·- . : : . . .· .· . : . · .:. \ . · . .. -· . ~ : .
-~ .. ·. . .··;"·, ·.. · . · · .JJ, iy_is,~-~--P'}.i ~~pit~. v: .P iv.!~Io~ pe(~ti[p~~--,:. -.

. . • . ., '.• . .• . ..... .. . . . ~ - . .· . ·, . •. !
In C?se o.J : testa·menrary · ·. s1Jcc;:ession-, . the· il .
represe:ntatlve acquires '-aU of the dgh'ts whjch · the
.. person" represented had wit0 resp'e·c~ le. his i~giti~e. The. 'estate · is: d·ivided The· sele · rep.resehtafive-
- . . ·. .· '-· . .
·;. •... _ .
. i_nt6 as:rn~ny'equal p~r.ts' '~r·., ·. ·.. ·'grqup; · :: . :cif. ·
However, ih intestate succession, the ·representative'. as th'er'e\fre . persons· to r.epresenta~ives ... '' . is .. ·
acquir!:)S '. a('. of th_~,. right~( Whi~h· . t_he p~rson 'succ"eed .•... ·. ; . . · .. : .
. ·- ...•'
co'LH1ted
. . .,, ·.··
"one~ head:· .. ·.
.
-;.
as
rep~~sented · )lad with,· re1,pect to his- entire ·legal. ...
· portion. . ' .. ·.·. . · .· . · . · . ·. . ..
1
. , • · (DE LEpN, Su_cqf}_ssion; supra at 494).: 0
• ·. -:.· /
"1n' 'both cases: th~ divislo'n of-the -~state ,sha[f be Stir-pe·s.·· •,._ . .·····._- -.·.,·.·,
m'ade per· -Stirpes ih. · ;iUCh ; r.nahner . ltipt' _t~e .. T-he'series of relatives.y.,ho represent hl'.1e. person.in ...
representative('s) shaii" not inherit more than tpe "the succession .. · .. :. .. .- . ' ...
person Who t~ey represent.would inh.erit (Id. ·, '. .. ·.. . . . \ .. ,. .
"
. --, ...
. . . . . al395)'
.:.......
.·
-
Reasoos:, . . · · · ,. · . . . . . .
Repres.entation in Adoption 1. The p·!;)rsori repres·enting a relative· in the
_ General ·rule: Acfopted child · succeeds to:. the · .'. ··sl.lccession
- . ·.
-:--
steps _info·
. . th-e_)..
place.
of the~·person
. ,. . .·. . . .
property .cif the adopter in. the same manne.r as a'~ .
represe·i:it~d.
.'
· · ·.. · . . .,_.. . .' .. .
·
legitimate child. .. . . .. . . ·' .
2019 SAN SEDA LAW CENTRALIZED BAR. O,PERATION~

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SAN Bc~A l;AWCcN_TRIILIZW BA~ OPcR/IT/()NS - MEMORY AJO 2019·
'
2. It would be unj\.ist tothe persons who succeed . legal or intestate ., heirs .but are- ~ISO . primary
·in thelr own ·right should divislon per'capita·be .. .. · . cornpulsory heirs, even· when ..' ih~y cohcur ·. with .
adopted, . because . the .; number- of the ~- legitimate .·_childr.eri . and descendants . br·." with
representatives will directly affect the proportion leqitirnate parents and ascendants, . are· not only
that· the heirs · will receive in thelr own right · a·
entitled- to -their-;legitirhe,· butare.also- give·n share
. · _(JURi1.:oo,-__Succession, supr» at 395) -. :'.in the disposa?leJre'e pcrtiori '(Id.) ·:·. -;-,/ ..
. .. ~ . ... .. ~'
. ll_lustrati_o_n: x."is -_iii~ testator.' He has·?-·&", 13,, as his
legitimate children and q·as ..an illegitimate _shild. His
: net estate.is P80,090 .. : ·· ·· . · . ·· · . · · •.
' ~.
324 ,, 2019 SAN:BEDA LA.,WCENTRALIZED B~R"OPERATJONS·
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SU.(CESSl.©N,
SAN BEDA LAW_(ENTRALIZEb aiR OPERATlqNs -·~F;MORY .AiD 2019 •
1w:wwM?wst~@a¥tt@ ,avx¥4R "™?'*?'*es & ,¢:irn1: 6:fW::&r:•s hi£2is: tutti ~irn · <,?&5# 1fW9,eNt ; , zg ¥am;sritm. w1.:2·~ei
1 LCD; ·First, satisfy the legiti~e. - · inc?p9ble,of succeeding- the decedent;such

· ss;·· I( ·· estate would be . ·. gr3=1ndchildren ar:id desce'ndants shall inherit
ICD · - - insufficient, . reduction by right of. · representation. (Jl:JRADO,
' must be made accor.di~g Successi(!n; s_upra at -'405-~06). ,-. ·
·: .. .- .. to '."th~-. rulis ·_ o"n~ legit,_rrie._
2 .. ,. Ascen~ir.ig Direct L:.(h1:1 ·- _.
.\ :. The legitime of LCD-·and
. . -5'~. sha)! c;JIW.s3Y? )e fi~st
·.-: lii.defaulf9f legitimate children arid. descendants
. -!' -~ Qf the. ·deceased, .hfs par.er.its and ascendants.
satisfied inprefereri'cfe·to
,.. . - shall inheri.t:froni'_him (Id. at .414).·.· . -
. _ -that'9f. the:1,90. ·',;~. : -: . ...
... -·.
. · ' - ·2-or mor~,q:::o_; ' -_ .. Bir,st;·satisfi/thelegitime: '· · ·. . . The. share-of ii,~ 'pai-~nts- ~r as~end~nts ~~~ be-
. SS; .- · · . In- case· of excess in·the . . . subject to reserva··troncal in cases where the
-- ICD. . .es.late, distribute. ·such requisites are ,.present.. . . . : . - . '.-
_e#ess th,e 'pr~por\ion f~ . !"°~ - ·:; ••. ,·•: ., • ' . • ••
-2:2: 1; Jn ·'?ccordance' with . ·_.. Rules;of,.Qiv\sion,--: -: .. ~- .;_,., ., ··. . ~·-.

·;- ! .
. : . '.
. the C:ci'ri'turrertci"
... ... _theory
.
.. )
·., a. ,·in. -~efa\1Wof. the· mother and father, the rule · _·
. . . 1z2;· :;_ ::_: i . . ... of proximity shall be'applied.·ln otherwords, .'
''--.SS;_ .. , •·
. .. .~fie ·.~sc,enda.nts '.>n~ar?st .,in degree_ shall
' ,::. BS/NN .'. . . 1/2. ·. _ _
. J · · ' . · ·· inherit. , - ... ' , - ., . ,. 1 .
,: · · : ~ Right ,.of Repres~ntation
_:-. · . · ) . .' Sh.quld-:th~re: ~~ :more -than ·-;ne.' .equal ·
·· ·.. · · .appiies.. :· ": • · ·, · · · .
.. _ . .,. f ,. •\ - : _.,. ... •.· - ; : ... ~:. • ... - . d.egree·.belonging. to. ,the ·same 'line:. they
r .. " • •• • :> •• • • • .~.,"- \ •~,;,..• . ·>~• · . shall . divide" H{e inheritance per: capita
1., Descending .Dire.ct line - ., - .... , ...... · · _(:!.J)[iAQQ:successier:J, supra at'4.15) ..
. lr1cl~~~-s L~gi'tim'ate' ~~gitin;ia\ed 1cp,}nd (£?"> . :, ., . . ~ -->.> r: ··.. .- >,; ...:, ·~ . • ~:- ,,.. ·. '. :: ,; ·.
ad9pted chrldre.n (JURADO, Si.Jccessio[I, supra ____ mustratiO!l:.,l{.desce~darit is_'survived on!~ by'A,
. -at.104).:: .. ~ _ _ . , :~ · :-. '- __ .- · · .--~ ·. · . ....... :{?te_rp~("fr.~ndfat~~r. ~~~c(s 'and, c. mateinal'
.·.,:.. . . , , [,• .·.,. ·> ., " • i·,:, .. . I , ._'i · . , , : . gr,andpa e~~,c ~"._·Of., ttie. entire inheritance is:
icr
·
.. · ''.A!l·~P?.Rte_q 5!1il<;l'.s~cce~~-s
. , . :ad.optr.r.ig · p~rrep_ts .' 1p the- same maQ.neVas." a
.: · ~ .. d~~itir.nj!~5hil~.-.(~[Yi~~C6Qf, ?4r{.:979)_. _,._, ...: :
th.e_.Prf p{rty.oJ.lb~- . . ·. : . :·. gfven: t{j;~\hJl_e,~jie/{:>ttie'r.~~lf ·s_h~ll~be giyer:i to
,i. . ·..· . -S a_1ricJ. J(.J_:·wlh.\.h,·th_e_/,.

t: s,:hall.~-~_v,d.. ~· P" ~a
~\: +..
. .. . · ~-,, · - .~:- .lll~m,t_im : _ . te:G.l:'i~fl.1:
:·· ... ·. .
. ·.. . .·Legitimate 'chlJd~e'ri tne. first· and. ~~con4 . ·fr.om · ;:!flegjifin:iate· 2fif1%~n.·~~-ciude _·~-9llat~r~ls, in th]s
. •... _- . ~arfiages _a~e :e~titlec\ J~ i,nher.i't',-~ _·ailu.re"".i~>Y ~. ' : s~nse, tney,,are .. SJ.JB~rr~r-_to th.~ surv,y,_ng·spouse.
,- •. -; : mclude-·any?n.e of ~):iem· IJlclker1ife~Efx'tr,ajud(ciE:l .. _ ' . · (JU.~ApO, Succession; $Upra ?tA 1.6)·... - :·
1 •.s~tlement void-(fveri- v.· Heiis oY' ldy, G.R:..f./o.· , · · :,:. ' 'c:. -· '' ~. '' , • '.::-·· .. ' , • - . · ,;
_ ,.· .194366;-0ctober 1-0, 2012). · ··.- :-~ t · _
. · _t )_ ·'. _ .
. 'Rules''of_Division:r·
.->·, < :~-·-. , · ~: · ·. ,;-' :.:. -} · : ' ., _.
. ,r
-,_,.,: .'' f,. . . . :
, PrinciP,i~.:<~{'Ab,~.<?.i~'te':_~eP,a.~at'i~n,
~.~..:.....,_. .;.'.i,._tti~
.
. _-_.._·Fa~ily!,:
B,~twe.e~-
l;~gjtini'at~ '· F'~foily: ,and • tt,_e·'l_lle'gitimpte·
_?·.,· '';'/~~:·__ . ·. - .--_t .; .:: '. _: _ · ... :_·--:-
: _ if-th'e_ d~~_edEin_t 'is:~urv.!~·~·d· q_y_te~itilii_a,~~,Gl:l_il~re?.i;: . • .. :· ~I) :i11~~i_tin:ij3!e;p,bJI~, ~~:1. ~~
_rrgh\,IO :_in~~rit c!P
or d!:!scendants·,.-the-rules· a'n~- as follows:'_·: .. · ·' mtf!sl_ato. Jro_~- -t'1w leg1t1rn~.re _-,:c::hildren ·.and ·.
. . . a.< ;__lf)II '.of the
su~i~<;>rt are-leg_iti'rnai:e:·childre~."' -~; . rel~t!v~s -_of_. ~is,i~t~er, o.r ~oti}'~r;:.n~it~er · ~l:lal( .
.--. · _ . :_ -~·:!- · s;u,c~tt\i}~i:.~.jf:~b_a1.qi:,_~e.i:4:}_n.t~iiiY·?~tJJ:ighL ·. ·· such:legi\imate children or relqtiv~.s ii:ihecit:in ttie .
. .~ · · . - . C9J')_$.eql,.Jently, · the : rrihentance: ~hall': be ~. "< ~c11:r,e:tr;:-ai:,n~:r. :frdf)l, tffe ill~·giti_mat~, ~_hir'~~(cilftL:.:. - -
.-. .-, . divi_d1~){riJph'~ :\~/?~_P&r-:c~pit~
or,irfifquai -· - (!QDE, A_rt.. 992):: ·,: .. ,;. - . . · · .· · .
_ .-; .,shcfl'.,el's,. ~- '. _· < . ', . . '_ -:· : :>.. _ .... ~ ·· ·- ·. ,_. · · · · · : · · .-
_": _ - ~~,. J.:.~o_rn.{, ~C\~e ; ~\i'i;vJ:,,~rs :· ~:r~· _ie~i!l,rpate· . -.' _-· ~ri_0 i~p.as~ati1e :.i~avi~r· exists. ~ep~r~ting- or .-
- . children .-and· the others· arer · iegitii'.nate .- : ~ivi_dfrig _t~e ·n:iem_l:iE:i°rs ~f legitiinate fa.niily _frOni-- -
. · ·.. . -·. : d.esc~ndar:its ciL
other· ·legitim;:.at~ ·.ctiil~ieri · . . . . -·: tbose;pf lhe illegitfrna}e family-· . . , '
. .. . · _ who-_di~d befori/the·deceaent: ihe for.mer - · -. - · · :. , .. ·-~·-:·.<.::I.-· ._·' . - ( - . .-:. · _'·,· -. ·.
-. \• .... : . ~h:a11Jnb_~_rit i_n·j~$ir:own.ri~1bt an'd H,e\i~ttet" ·Reason·:-: 'lnterye.ning~.- a6Jago.nism _. and .
. _ . -,.. · ~~a11 - rn~~riL ~y'_: right' ~(- reiirei.enii;ltior. · _inc(lmp;=:itibiJity,~-·: .betwe\')n - :members :. ·of. ttie. ·
. . Consequenlly;'. 'the':· (nh'eritai\ce. ·s1i'af1·· be . le~\~!rn~t'e }~rni!yj:1M ·. f~ose· qf tli"~ Ji_ileg)timate: · .
, qividEjd_~mong'_them·p~r-stirpes. _' :_:·· ., ·. __ ; · family (JU~ADO,.'Su~~ess[o,:,, ~upra at 419).: . ..:.. .
_ · c: __ -:1.f,'.:.<?.-11 . ':Of; ·th~., -~ur.vivors ·.: are : lf:Jgitimate- ' - ·. · ·- ·· · . · · .· \ ·
. · gr_an~ic~ilqr(;!n, ..,, such · gr~nd~hildren~-1 shall _' ., . . . S~ecession to tlie'esl'ate does ncii' go beyond the
.intl_~ri_t by riglit;of /epre~entatidn:.S),mjla~l{'rf . . .j:,a'r'ents by nature:. . ' .: · · ~~ - . ":: . ~ :· - ~
. some. :~f., the' . survivors: are -. legitimate -. . --.. ·,: . .- ; .. , . .
gr§lnC:lchildren. and Jhe others ar.e legitima_te: -.; When<ttie: law ~pe~ks' of'br~th~~s'·an·~ sister~
, cl;til_dren qr descendants of ot_her. legitimate·:. ·,, nephew~ and niec.es, as· legal he.irs. of a~' .
. grandc~ildren who died. before or who. are" . "illegitimate child, it" r~fer~ tc,illegitimate "br'oth~rs
·,···.
SUC.CESS·ION:
SA{II BEDi?, LAW CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS- MEMORYAID 2019
' . - ..
.. ·,. .
. '
and · sisters as. well : as · the child whether 5. Collateral Relatives -· . .· . .
legitimate: or· illegitimate- of. such ':'brothers· and They can only· refer to those. within the fifth
sisters . · · - · deqree (CIVIL C8DE; Art. 101.0). -; - : . -
o .. _:
In. defa~lt of.brothers arid sisters, nephewsand Rule of Prpx(inity (C_!VIL CODE, Art. 962). · .
. nieces, the law. does not gq
any farther, other - Gener<!! Rufe: '{'/here two (2) or more collaterals
.. collateralsare' not auowedto lnheritby-lrttestate concur [n ·the succession, the nearest in degree
- . 'successon from -the-iHegitih:Jate child, the entire ·· .sl:lall
. . exclude
,. .
the more
.. remote one.
estate . shall.. pass. -to the state ·(jLJRADO,
Succession!, supra at 425). . ... · -,_ · -.' Exception: Right· of: Representation· in ·the.·
collateral llne is·r!3~qgnizea but.extended bnJy to
. ,_nephews andnieces. ·
·_:. '·!..- .
.,. J • -:
.;. :. ·.· -· .·
.e.'." Oo
·.·...
·'·'
' /·.
:·-·· . :. . -.,
..·· . :
. . ... -
_· 326_ ·I 2019 SAN BEDA LAW CENTRALIZED.BAR'OP.ERATIONS-- .
·suCCESSION
, ' SAN BE-DA LAW CENTRALIZEDBAR OPERAT/ONS - MEMORY AID 20rQ
,..
Esclieat. Cardinal Principles of Intestate ~uccession
- A -prcceedlnq, unlike that of succession or 1. Even if there·fs· an order off ntestate succession;
assignment, whereby lhe state, by virtue .of its th~ ~~nipuls<?ry Heirs· (Cr!) are never ex~luded.
sovereignty, steps .in and. claims the real or 2. Right of Representation (RR) iri the collateral
personal-property of a person who dies intestate ·line occurs only in intestate success.ion;·never in'·
leaving. no heir (Republic v, CA and Solano, G.R. testamentary su·cGession ·because. a yoluntary
No: 143483, January 31, 2002). · hei,r can,:1ot be represented. as·:provided in Art.
. .,... \..
. . . 856 (1). · . .
Requisites for. Escheat: (IP~No) 3. ·Ttie intestate shares ar~ either equal ,to or
·a,~ The decedent died intestate;· ~ ·· gr~at~r .!.han .t~e legilim~. · · · ·. · ,
b. ·J·ie .di~s seized of real and/or personal, 4. General' Rule: Grandchildr.en always inherit by
. property' located in the .!:hilippine_s; and RR, provided representation.is proper.
c. Ht=.l'. leaves no heiror person entitled to such
· Exceptio:n: Whenever all the children repudiate,
real and 'persona! 'property (JURADO,
th~ . grariochildren inherit in. tti~ir own.· right
Succession;' supra at 453-454). ·
because RR woula ·not· be proper.
\'
.. -:· . ~ ...... .,...
" .,
Purpose: In the· absence of a lawful 'owner, a
5. Nephews arid nieces ·in.herit either b·y RR or in
_, . their Own Right (OR). - ·. .
· property is 'claimedby the-state 'to forestallan
a: RR:'when they concur:i.vith aunts and uncles
. open . "invitatio~ 'to .. self-service by tbe 'tlrst .
· · (proyided that RR.is proper) .. ··: _
'comers" : ''(RCE!C vt Hi-Tri Oevelopment : ·
b. OR: when they do not concur with aunts and
. Corporation,
. ... G.R. No.
. 192413,
. July
'
13, 2012), uncles.. . . . . . .. .
ICD 9_f legitim~tes.can.not repres~nt b'eca!:lse. of .
Assignment of Property · . . the ·barrier, but both tbe. ICD and LCD of .
If personal property; it .is- the city or ·.municipa ity illegitimates1ca1J. -,.. . ·· . ·
/ ' where the deceased last resided in the· Philippines Tliere can .. be· .'re~erva . tronca/ in intestate
.. (0/VIL CODE, Arl.'101-3/ · ... . ·. • :c . ~ successicfn. · · · · · · .·· · · . · . ··
,·· .
· 8. · A · renou*Jcer can represent.. but cannot be
If' real prop~rty;.it.is
.
the city
•
or municipalily
., _r:.
in
"
which
,,, ,. · (epresefatd tc1v1L coo{ Ait: '976). .. ·
the property is ~jt!-lc,1ted (CIVIC .CODEf/lf.rJ· .·,1itJ:'/';J). 9. : A per/ont0ho c'.:ann0t ·repre.se~ta ne'ar rel~tfve
. .. ·. ·c,a,n.n'qt a.I.is, re~,e~ent c\ r~lative fartlier,i~. degree_
Ex~~ph9n/lf. the de;e~sed./n'ever r~~ided . in~ th~ (3 PARA~;," suwa.at 53·1-533). - ·
.: Ph~~PP.ines. -:-;. respective cilie~r.or, rn..un/SiP?t!,ties.
where the real or personal properly is Joc2ted (Cl'v/L l.i:eggj,_or~J'nte's.tat_e. Succession 'v.
cqf!.~; 1;.rt. ~f13).·". · · · .. ·:c I _ - Comp4lsory· Succession : .
-. . .. . ~ . : -.· . : ·.
., ,. ' . ·. ., ·, • . ' , f.. .
1Jliliirl~li!!i.lllQuJ
I
Note: Suen estate shall be. for the benefit 'of public'
' : schools- and _ public' charitable institation? ani:1 1-·--1~
l:'
centers in such rnunieip·alities 'or, cltiesi The co\irt
.. sh~II dist(ibute/
. . ~
the. 'estate.a'
sv-
§ the.. respett1~~ee'ds·~f
"':· ,, • ' ,,-...,,,..,
each· 'beneficiary may.warrant (CIVIL .coo~, Art.

· 1013):. ". /'.. . · . -.:' ' - ' . . .. . . . · ,. ... _ , ,.
.· ~ . . .. . ~' ...
~ .Th~ tour{ -~t
the irist~n·c~ of cir\.
intere~ted party, o~
6n.its own motion, ma/order tfie·estJblishment of a • . .., • / .. .• ' • r ,
-· permanent trust, S:9 tha] onlythe .iri'c.om~. fromthe Suppl~t~ry fo. testate Tc1~~$! pla'ce~'-Yhrth,er.th_~·
... property shallbe usetj (CJ.VJL'"'cqoE, Art: '1013). . ·.success1.on and takes .decea~ed has left a :will
. . . .. . - ,· . ' . .· . . ·. . . ~ .
place only··in default-of or not an'd is therefore
.. WheriJo Fil~ a.Claim . . . , the latter . . •. . . . . . . superior_ .. to . .,and
A person who is. leqally entitled to the estate of the - :· · ·· . · -.: ': · 'frid,ep~nqe'nJ 1:' ·:· :: pf
. deceased ·may., ~i~~i!1 fiv~ ye_~~s f~om .. ~he date the·. . .~ . · .. ,·~- . . te.st~rn'entary~~ce~p.ion' -
property was aelivered··to the State, ·me· a cl9iril for. • !!¥,. . . -
.:tj; ~ r ~-- '
··.the jposse~§ion of,t~_e· sarr:i"~.• o.r:.if sold, .th~: citr or' , 1,. • .....(ti; • A'
municipa)ity shall. be):1ccount~ple to him for such part. 9

'Not ·af1 ·1e ai h~ir~·:~r'e· corrii:,u1~0& .. :·h-ei~~::·are -
. of ttie procee~'s ~s· rn~y El.Pt qave.t?eeh .lawfully 9pent compulsory heirs in as - lega(tieirs :·:
. (CIVIL.CODf=;~it. 1014) .. · . ·.
- . ·. . . ,. . the ~ase.qf OfQthe.rs a.9.d : .. :': . . .
~istE:rs ~ho ar~ ~~~~I 5,~t .. ~ . . .
_ Within ·fiv·e. ye~rs from.' ihe ·date of t)le judgment ·not c.9mpul~ory h_ews. . . ·
: (R_UL~$ OF CD_URT,. Ruf~ 91-;,~ec: 4) .. (<:;A.GUIGA, Cornments:and:~ases on CJvil Law, p.
346 [hereinafter CAGU/OA, Civil law)).
. : .- . ·:
2019 SAN BEDA LAW CEN_TRALIZED B~ OPERATl6NS I 327

:)U.LLl:.:):)IUN
SAN BEDA LAWCENTR/l.LIZED BAR OPERATIONS~ MEMORY AID 2019
Tao.le of IntestateShares in the Estate lllustration. .

of ari Adopted· - If arnonq the concurrtnq-Intestate heirs there a~e
compulsory heirs whose legal -·or intestate
portions exceed 'their. respective legitimes,:then
"the 'amount of· the testamentary disposition must bel
. .
LCD; ·. Orcffnary rules of ·.· .. deducted · frorrt tbe .disposable free portion to be
ICD; . in.te~'i~te succ~sslon .. borne by all theintestate heirs.in the proportions that
~s 2:2:1 . they are entitled to receive from such disposable free
. portion as intestate heirs. . .. , 1 • • , , ·
LP.NIP; 1,/2; . "If the intestate share of a -cornpulsory heir is
Auuµle1 ·112 • equal to his legj~im~ .. then -the . amoilnt- of the
..
SS· _1/2;.
testamentary -disposition must be deducted· only
.·' . from .the .intestate. shares of· the others; in· the
Adopters ........... 1/~ .
-a• -
. proportions stated above. . .
·,co; .. · 1 /2· _ .· If tfie jestarnentary, dispositions- consume the
;: : '. '1i-2' · .·,
. Agopters · ·, · · . entire · d_ispo~able free portion, t~E;.n the. lntestate
~---------+-=--·'_·_·· ,. _ _,__ ___,.,-'---1 helrs whoare compulsory heirs.will g~t·:qhly-th_eir
\~;
ICD·
. .
·SS;
- .} .. ' 11i" . .. · ., .. 1/3;:,
· legitime;and·those
. g~t n'othrng7 -~. · .
who are'not compulsory h_efrs will
. : ... .Ji- ..
Ad:;:;t::ne . iiJ iJ ,\;:-,. ~ ' .'. > ., . ' ' >;-

• -r.
·.
';·
. •.
I<:.,:.
- .
.
.,
.
I ' '.
Ordinary/ ·trules· of. .
:. ,,./· ··.' • ·} -- -~.-' .. --.PR.
v O~ISIONS
,.. ·, COMl\'IONt~O.·:
. -- . . ~
.
".
, ·. _c~l~a~erc!l.'alo~_e
{FAMILY CODE Art .. 190).
: . . , · ··. . .
' ·.
. .
.
- in·i~st~~e{'tfciti5'?~-~ . . ·.:31., ;" .:
t·
,..
;-....,.......
-.
•
.
•
.
t· · . :
-tr· : #~,
~, -:-- · · . ,JrI>)' , i1t
. ..
· .,a..
..· /·.("\~-· - ··..
• I ":\::.'
' . -.
- •
-~·I-
.
J.
· ••
't~T: .)T,K ~NI?,:'!'_~~TA:TE:
··· ,·_..· ~ ~ . "'SJJCGff~S;I-ON
••
1 ..
~
·
:
:
-->:..
·•
<
-(·./
•
., A~r;
t
... · . ,, • . . . • . . ·I 4-.. -Right.of.,Accretion, · · _; ., . .
--: ~ '.. . . . -' . · ~- "' . _ )'. · ·. •(( ;,° ;!11 (- "'';~"wt-l~'1 f,X,~ '(2)}6'raii:lre pe~soh's' ar.e cailed 'to the .
.·. . . ,J.\'.I.JXE:O S ~c,q:~~<j>N i., ;".' ,,)' '": se"}~.i.oherit~neel ~eyi~~· or. J~!i~cy;_Jh~, ~'.'"
·, <.· . · _r~~~~~~-.r~-;-~-~1~5~~ ".-._ . :~~~~-~ : ~~;~~~~}°-
; ._. .. >_ ·.- : · \'-Q} .,... "\0],\."\.-' · ,.,;-'
~~~~~~;~'_;~-~~~~o~i-~~~s~~f.~~f1~~~ : '.-.. ~· .
t~sfatpr-, 1s,dd'?~ fr 1r,corpo_r~t~9:,~o . .t~?~ -~f.:~.1~ ±~~~
~l:'~_d .s~~c~1s1?n- . .- . : . , ,X ... · · ... 1~ \~~J
l' _,;,. · ,,'..;,t. 2~~1.rs,- c_o-d_e.y1sees; o_r'. coalegate~s·· (CIVIL.
~u~y-~~:~1.?n J~a~ 1~, e!,fec~e,d·. p.artly:bt::"111 -~p . · P,?'rtfy~ - 1. ·7,?cef!P,§j;~;; .1 Pt 5t :. ·. ..;,, .. : .· .. -;.., ·.- .. ·.:. ·, . : · .,.,
I
\
~Y-_Qp,~rat1i;)n·_.of.,1~"!··.(Pl'!!~·q_@pE,~f',_tfr Y,BOJ_., '.'.l-··-~z :.;).. rT · r,;:):J_;~~i.·.· -
-~ ,.-' _.:.~. ·:·~-..--.;. :. ;,;~_. > • ••
"? · · ·. · .
·.--:~~1"'X ·\.; Er'c !. -r~R~q.Liisites,of
l:~, 1
·. · . ·. · : ~; : .:-: ·.
Rigf-Jt bf.'Ac;creti_bn:..(2V) .:_-.:
, ., , · lp~_o_the~.yv.~rdi, ~r!~e, ~~~fa.ior :r!)~Js.e~.:~~iltj.Wb°i~q'~"\~T.'!}':((2) Or,'.~Or'?;per~Q,Q~,ojq~f ~.'?~$,: fl~~n .
. ,: ~ ·::.· ?ifefry_otS1liP,!:iJe.a-'i}f'~is';p(.oijertY,". ·t'1.~t~s~l~s,'W~~ ·M·-(\~\ tq _.n,_~;.s.imt\of:eri{~nsi1)~Q1~~. ~: i~an~~.\
·: :'-.:· 1s: :_ J_n~~-~- ·, jis:,, .,~1xe.~'-: -~ufc~s:>19?. (lU/?fEP'.·· .u _.:,p,..~·~1~e,.. or. h t~e sam\;l pojt1~n there,~f. prC?
· ·-. :i,'· Suc;cess1on,.$UP(a _at 16),, _ -. -· . . .'. -~. mdry,so; anc:J: · _ . _. :th : . .H . ·l :1·, . .- : ,· _ ·...."
~<:-~- . :. . ~
'fh;!J~i~~;qi\e~:~illrit~~t~'tiL~u~'b°es°lii6h·.:~f;°~i1
. ' . . . b Tb . . t b .V
:b:i :_. ;· . :- -':·.
/\f!iflDird·e'~:;:!didil~-\y~;~illf~~:~.· . ··.
-. ,: . · . appliecl.With-Y-i:!spectto tl'.i'ose"'rfropertie;s 'riof dispo~ed : · · · .·. ''{~c;i1f;g~jly. ·+ef?U1d~ji611, - ~·ci}J-fuirlllh)~b,t'~'o:f"', · ·
.! ::'<\,. .qf({cl:':.:a'f3°78l::":· ?l r:·_;-,:;. tt. :'.· r-._--·,~t·
,_ .... ,,.,_[.! ;, :'-: ! . ,·. :'~··,· '.:'. .';s~tl¥n'sivt1.cinciitiq°f(oc"'~o)t(o'rJneffi{cti~~
?{:= ,· ::t ., ··. · .. ,. 1·.:· .::·--.;-!;:: ,"t ,. ,:·;·.~ :\-···:·.··:::

0
·J'i ·
:_fesia'mihtkt{ dls~ositfSrih)/('d111t 'dSd°E; ·_. · · .·
:·;;,, · .R\]le~~'t·, ~· .;': . < . ·:···,
·•:_r.-i::. 7 ~."-c.. :-:°"''., ..- ... Art>-1019; JURADO, $_.ucce~sjo,i· ~ugra· ~t.,
: ·.-:,-~ , ,t.: 'T~e legiU.IJ.le.s --J>LG9m.pulsory heirs ·shall_· be - . .. , .. __- 46":1). , · '' , ..• _.· .· _-; · .• : , \ -·, -.;: :·' ,.
1.
::,.~~/- '.~. ,~~P,J_ied_e·~~f_i.~.;rl)i><~1 s1:1t~e_ssi9n. Of]~_,V'<'.hO has:,:..:_ · .. i. '. . ; _'_\· ,,; ,-; [_: __ .-.:,:· ·:{',' ·\-~ ~:. ·..·, ·).( :~,~·-. ·
~}':'·} · · ':-:--.~?~~~)?C!{Y h~,i~s-__r~·J~y ,.ct.1~:~~~- :pJj·ij1~ )ff.W? · -.- · .'. ·., -~~q~ip.1!e·s o({'rt: ,10_16,J{~---~ J~tfi./n_'<:fi~i~_9):
: . . · \· proy1f!~d-ti~ d9_e_s_n0f~ontrave_r.ie tti~:pr~.y1_s1,(?l1S . · ·- . (UPA)_- . . . .: .. . . . . .... ,,_ _. .. . . .
.1 :·i, otJt!~;c;o_?(~iJ9, r~~-4r(J,?~~~~)~pit(m~i;ptsf~d . _ ,.· : :; .:'.~:~ )Itjt!Y,__in).~f~qRj~~tt'.'.::t.?:~;Js(:f~in1!~Jni6g :-~ \ :.- ·
· ' heirs· ( CIVIL;· CQO_E, ~,:t: .B.~?. pf!r. ·:2), ,· ,.-_-_. . . · · . -. W~~t~f:f: 1t, be __ an m.~.Em.t1mg!3.'._~ per.t1,on of.~n.. . · .
. . . · .. , ·-:-· :.'. · ; _:· ... . _- ' •· ·~ -~-:. • · .. __': I .iflJie(it~'fice;\Or~a ~p.f,?cificJ_l;lihtf;,~-, ,,.;,°,:.: ·- .:._.: · -.
- ·. 2. rn·ca·s.~the fes.tamentaryaTsposiUorl"'re9uce~Jt1e·:. . . ' · b. Plurality in· the ·-s\j'ofect· 'matter;. tti?t is,., :.
~- legitime; th~ reduction'sR~ii'~E;t;,§r'n~'pfo"."(i#a;~y . . . .~e~(;)ral p~r2o_ns, tiel.r~ or lega_fe.es cal]ed to · .. ·. :
·all intestate heirs. frorri"."t~eir "sh.ares ·-'in' 't_tie. th~(sjr:igle'.tnirig; ahcl_'''.. :: · '.· .. ·.· -
' . dispo~abl~ portio~ oqfr\e~~tfro'~-.the' legitimes c. ~b·s~nce=o'.f}ny ~-e.E;ignation }is_tci-ttie shate: \
(3. PARAS;· suprf! €If 479): ' ·· . . Qf e~ch in tbe,thing (f:?AGUl(?A. ,(;ivil.Law,
• : . SUPTf! at-413). - . . . · ···~
. ' ; .
'·i ..
328 ·j 2019 SAN BEDA LA.W CENTR.C>;l.:.IZED BAR:OPERATION~.
. ·~ . . .
. SU,CCE8$1()N·
. . SAN BEDA·LAW CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS - MEMORY AID 2019 . •
W#iS~?t#?k'·:t, ;¥.*~~,::e# #Wld?;li:ityi, ,/$$ "t4WH6i./iiknn: 3!AHti~!A!#f MWt:! ;wx:&it: '¥*>.. ·~r:@i#&~P ..kfih:'N~'f!i!?A*I/~' ~. ~
How to Av.oid Accretio~:- b. Intestate SlcJCCession
a,' Byexpressly deslqnatinq a substitute; and. i. : In case of predecease, there is
· b.'. By· expressly' providing - that. although . representation- it', there .children or :are-
- '. . .... ac'cretion. may take place,. decedent does . descendants-jt none, the othels.inherit .
.. not want accretion to ·occur (3. PARMt -·. in.their own right. . ·_, · · .. · , :· ·
~ : :_·.· .s-·upra a{ 537). . ii. In . case of: i(lc·apaci.ty, results are the
.i 1 ~,
· sal"[)e as in predecease; . ., ·
# • ' \--
_Not~.~· . Accr?ti911-. i_s lrigbt .(.CIVIL ·COD~, Art.

0
iii. 'fr'! case of-repudlation, thete;j5 always
1015),.Ji.o.t accretion (JUR~DO, -Succeesion, supra·
. , . . .. ·an ..
dbligation;-',arid
. -·. -.·.· .. · .; ma_y
·,. . ....therefore
· · be
I . ,.. at:-410): , _ ..· . .--- . · .. , . -·i--.· · ·
accepted o'r'repudi~te9 b.y.those erititled.'This 1s
·- -; . ~,·-~ ;
true iri'-bo~h testate· ~fld leg~i suc;:cession '(Yriza -
Note.:-Whether the suc2e·ssicih ·. is testamentary·
Y,!;Roqr)gue_z,-et ai:, ·G~R. No. L-6395; June 30,
or intestate. if. th~· r_ight ..of-accretlon ta)<~ place, .
. ' 195_4).c.· ·.·' i. \" ..... - .: - -~
. theheirs to whom t_~e vacant share or-portion is' .. ·.
· · , ,assigned~shall''divide' iFin tile sarne portion-that .
. , E:ffec~s ·of
Predecease, Incapacity, . . ---·-~-they.inherit(/d.-.aL468J:"°' · : -·: ''. . ~ - ., .. ,. --
, ·· '-.Disinh~ritance,,c;>(Repudi~tion inboth . _.. ' . . . !·_·.:;·~ .. ,l" .• ::.~:-~~~· .,·.··.· ..... :.~· •• _
r T~§tam~ritar.y:'a-ni;J 'i'~testate·$uccession ·. lr:r te_st?me·r}t~ry. _s.ucc;:e:5si9ri~ Where the·_sh;:ire-'

legend':_·.,::'.·., ...... ': :. <· ..r: 'r:. "_._,_. s.l t-:
renderea-vac·anCis.·thei.sha·re ·of a-comp.ulsory :
.f.iR·~·Righ't'o(Re~res.~nt~tion <;: ·-
,- . '.. he_irs-; -O~ly:t~?t P~Wof _th.e;shar~. which is taken
·-- ~ ~ Rl~t1t. of A9.~r~t.(or£:·.~ ; '. ·:· ·'· ;- t: .,' ..: , · from.the dispo·sable"f[e.e·porfion st,all pass to the
IS ·-·Intestate Succession .. · ,,- .. -cci~heirs·by\igh}'to-a_ccretion.; _·, ·-
' . i- suhsiitutioil°>·. ' ·, .. · .:·:· . .. ... . ."'• ~ ': ·-:..:. . ; .. _.,,..... ...
~ · ~;,.· ~~:!.
,. . ··; ... ~· :<;,~."7·,;. ... ,<,; ;",
\ ·
,.. i'n . intestat~· su'dcession,'the entire share.-whi°ch. .is
;. .....
( . t . . . . ,· . ~
-:4 ren_de~ed vac~mt. st:rall y.as.s tq_ the co:heir~ by 1._
· ... -. ' right of accr.'etiori (JURADO;:S/Jccession, ·supra . -
.,. .2: ' a't 468-469) ' . ,
0
'. '.. -_.:. I . . • : , ;.. •
- • ·: .i~~_pttJt~~·u~~ied.;:/wi,i~o·r,!~t~s·t~cY, ;· '
· .. ,.,.~' 'R !;!_qy1_s1,es:1
- <. "t ~ '(~E.. -_o_~
N . t'./1D) i.,: ' .,_·,·.-,:-.
. . . __. . . •
:_, _ -a::JThe: ~ei( i~ga_tee~dev,ise.~ must __ b.e· .!:iving. 9r
. ; . · ··, · . 11'1 gx1s encyrt.:the)nor:n~n,~· the s~c~~ss1?n
· • ·_0open.$I.~<;!8d · ·.... ·:·'•. .· .. ; . .- ,· .1 ·
··;. b ... ti.~ .. r\'lust~·:Cnot .. -:·b~-: !nt9pacitate'd,- or·
:, · ··- ·., Qisqualifiec(by·.1$wao_,s.ucce'ed .(Id~ .at 481}:-,:·
. . . ~ ·~:. :·- -\. ~-. :·i:~ ;. . ~::._"':· . ._· . · .. · -~·. ·. : . '
~· .. , K:inds~of.
'f-"-=-"--'-'-'+-+---'--'--,--,----=-+"-:f'----'"-~~ _...,.....,......,._ ... Incapacity- to-~ucc_eed:·. . _.,._. · ......
.1.71~:: ~·... -.1, A ·., . a._. :·.Abs,9C,u~Ef_· i'nc.aP,a,cit~~ ... -incapa,e:itated . t6 ..
·: · ,-·:),);<t:,: :;'.·;:.>-:_·::.-(·: ).,i:,;;: __ ... : ; . ,'. . -\
-~~u~1i:~t:i~:nJ~;~\~t- the. t]rn_e· ~f'.deajh,',--
. ·_,_. ~umrii_a'!iY·.Of'l!i':?)~.ff~ct~_':·-·.-. :·. ·. ·. . . . . . :- .. _\.' : _- . _,:~x~~PL ·.: . . . .· · . : .,· )_~. :< . :_.: .'·_.- '
a .. J:~stam_eijt~!Y Su.ccjssion . , ., .. '°" .. ("' : . , ··.,· ,_., · -:1'.) 'T.estan:ientary·di$P,O~itio~·1(') favor. of .
... .:. _/'~L:.egltim~-' >·:;"& _.,,_ ~.,...:' .. . J'--":' - ~-- /: ··.: • ::.c,~~s~o9r~n.10.n,~.'!_or relfg1o~s·,.sc1entifiS"· -
... . ;'. .. .'·: 1,:) ,Jojc;.as&:<J.fq:ired~c~_ase of ari ·heir,· . '. .. · · · . · · ·. , cultural; 'educational, or' charitable··
... , :;-· · .. )h~re W r.~p_r~s'.~~t<i1!ion if th_ere-_are_ . . ·. / --: :·· P.!JfP.ci~e_t(q/Vll- CpoE, A_rt.'1.Q26).·. -
··'.,, ...,'·\:children or,,qescen·dant's;. if-._none, ...,· ' .. , . ;- "' "2:)?-re.sta1u'E~)'ltar.y'disposition i.n fav_orof'
• \ .:: :· .·. _< .. , ... t_he othEirs ·ihherit'iri th-~ir.'own right: . . ._ · :·:a ·cHcirch.:dr-denomiriation ·to .which · ·
· . · · ;_.,._.: .2:f fri\:ase of·iric:apadty,. results.are the -'the 'test~to'r may ·belorjg'.'fo'r'pray~rs .
:. : . . -- ' ' .. ""same 'as ·i~'predec.e.as~. . .. '• ,., ' . - ": . ·, ' ..... · Qr·iR1o:.~.s.. w9rks··(C/YIL CODE,'..Aft .. :
.·'· : .... · ·. ·3_)<'111 'case·o{di,sinhenfa1;1ce, re'sult$ are ; . . 1 ... - • ·: -~- •• =---1q2'9);.. ·. ,.' · .'. - :· . . . . . :: ''."' ·.,
_ " .. - . . . · . : tt\li sarrj'e "as in predecease. , , , : . . ·.. . _.. ·. ·3) ·.T ~:~t~:r:rfe_r;i_fary_dlsposition in favqr o( .
. .. . _. .. · .. -.. · .· 4·_f.ln case ofl:e.pudiation by an h:<;ir, the · :_: · - · . > · ·:. thif rjbo('i~ :·'g-~'l')e'r~l--(CJV.IL -CODE;,
. ·. . . : ot.t;(er~.inh~rit.)n· thei[.'owri right. . · ·- · · ,·. Art·:fo30f ·. · · ,, - .
· .. · il, :._ bifpo:s~bli frefp_ql:tion : .· . ·. .· .'·' · .... '4,(\,yher(_if:f~~~hild' although . yet not
·. , . . :·.Accretfon ·ta)~e:s:p:lac~~when requisites io . .~:.·.)orn_)~;.}J(~~cly .~on?e.ived·. af:.the
. ,.. '' ....... t1rne- ..9t t~e _dec3.tb of. t~e._de.cedent
(.
... '.·: :·· :A°rC :1016, Civii',Coc.fe'are_.p.reseot;'if not,
• · ._.. _'_·_· ... jl:)e .. oth_e_rs_ -in_heri.U.n.· t~.-'eir.:g_wn right · ~:'. · and· . it -:is.· bbrn .. later under. the'
. · ·.·:. > cond1t1Pr1s:.; ri~scribed in ttie .. ci~i1 ·
•... ·
.... .c_9d/ 4j :: {rt - ·
\,
• ~ f .
....
SAN BEOA LAW CENTRALIZED-BAR OPERA.TIONS -· MEMORY.AID 2019
ii. Those who .cannot be iden.tified ... him to revoke.the wili and yet he
unc~rtajn · persons·-.- (Persona . lncierta) . did- not do so; thesame shall be
'I' (GIVI{ CODE,-Art.- 845). · . . ··. . considered as valid (CAG!JIOA,
iii. Those who are .noLpermitted .. by law to . . Civif_{aw, supra at 424). .
. inhE?rit- (CIVICCODE, Art." 1027, PW· C, · ·
No. _6). . 2 .. · -B~latives'. of
such pri~st_or minister of · ·
the gospE;JI withinthe 4th ·degree,.-_ the ·
b. ReJative Incapacity- b.y. reason of special church, order, chapter, community,
.relation. . , . . .· orqanizatlon o~ instftufi~'n_ to which'sucp . - :· ...
i. Based on Undue_ Influence or · priest or ministerrrnay belong (CIVIL ·
lnterest: (PR-GAP}' CObE, Art.' 102,(,' p_ar.).J: .-\ ..
· . , 1. R.riest who heard the confession
. ·•· : the testator during his.last illness, or
at ·
. -The" law arnonq the
· -
does not include
, · .: -the .: minister· of · the qospel who. persons ...disquallfledthe.spouse of-the
·. · .extepdedspiritualiald to· him _during · . priest or minister.' · (JURADO,
. the, same- period· (CiVIL CODE ;t'rt.. -Su_ccession;c,supra·atAB5): : .
f 021,.1?ar. ·.1 J. : :· · . . . · · · ..;· .- 3·_.:,·'Guardi~n:;_i1;~.\e1;p:~ct :t~~:te~ta~·entary ..·
. /· _ ··';:. · ., · - ·,: -· · -.. .. · . · .... · di~po;itio_n·s. ·given. b_y award 'fn'·l)js·f~v_9r. ·
Requisite:>·. (EDI) . ·.·· · .. .before· ttye '. f!rc1I .,acc.ourjt~ .. -of · the
a.. The \IV_III m!ust h~ve ~ ..en~-· . . . guaraian?hiP, 'have' .'·tieen· 'aporcved, .·
~xe_cuted,dunng thej,9st~iQ_n_~ss u;..k r.: · - even if t~e.t~~i~i~(s~6-u1a dJ~)3!ter_the
arid .a~~r .. .: t.~*;.<?n_fy,s~pn ,· -1 V / -t. )pJ?roval -thereof; nev_erjhelesi,, _any
. bee~us_~- 1f It ,,._~re~e1~~y,e, : I __ . - ::VPr~~~i?.n -~ade by.the ~~"rd'in_.-!fvoi·?f .
. -.: _re~so~ _f?rz, ~~c:1f'1t! does ,n, .. .s. :· . -~~~ar1;h<;11) __..:~h~~- :lb.~.-; l,atter_ .I~' ~-1$
·.· · ,-n~~.e~i~t... -;_'!!,~
· b. ;--!hat.~~he j e~~at.or,,'?-1ep
.¥1: "'~ ,- . _
Hf !~~ :A · ~ --. ·:~ . ·. .
~-scejpa~_t;..,9.~s,ce~?-a~h- ~r9.t~e~ •. sts!~r. ,
orYs'°P,<?~se:shall. b'~.. vaJ1d ·'(<;;!VIL CODE;.·
. 1l_lness. ~h~r~l'lEl· Cjnfess1cn, //·~ · .. · ··:-'A}t:"'i.t,02li~iiar
. .-3): ·-· ,.,, . · ·· .. " ·- · ...
. W~S _maa~.:'en _th,oug~- ~here ~~~ 'i . ~ . ',. ·. ·!,v '.Y : . · ·..... : ' . ·_. _. ,· . ''.
sh~u-!d ~ tt{.!~si an·
. be~eepJn~J~nfesslo~ a~o\tJ.,r'
I _m~D'~L:_ ·r1ti:fG.~,-;,.-1~ :. -::
-l: · · . 'Nol\~riplic.\ble _;if- the._ .. 9l}._ar_d}ai;). J_s ,,.~_n ,·. ·
arc~ndan11, cle_sc~.rid~nt;. bro1n_~r:;·--.~~t~r.·. ·_.
-gea!h or .ia~~~tn~ ~?i:
d_~ .. r(!,Cee~ffi:l..illi!ft~· or·_."spb:i.s4,or t_~e t~sta!or._'. (1U@_f)0,_:
, ·. frail? ~r-i·a~'cf en_t. !)Aqf.1: m_gY, ~r ;;,.~-- :.~. , ~Sucees§ion ·suw_a _at_4.8-?.f· ~:: ·: '-i~ -_. ·.... ·
· . ·· . . . rnaY.-~not( gr9c~e~- \fro sa1! . J :if"~- .. - . J_~- ·. · _. .· _---_. .: . : , ·.; . _ ,_. .
, · .·· ·. _,. ~ · · -· .c. -~l~::·i~~~;:p0s_i_ti~~-.. !~r1~( ~~ff!,"~~·'· -:l'1J~~fi->.! ai .~;.~,t.~-t~~'.·_~_Y.;!.t1e)~r.i
, . . "· , sh_oul_~ :be'!~-~\/?!'-©~ ~.a.i~'JD~'x~_t .. · · · ·: · ' .· . . In fjV.Qr:of th~~g~ar.~_1a1:\~.~~. ·: .. -_. _:' .
. . '. ·~:-·rr1~1ster:~~1s re!atrv.e}NJ!~-tTfEN11~ · ·.b .. -11:,~,a~ ,exe~u~d -,,bef~r.~--.t~lil·:·~ria_l-
.:.. .. .- .. . _, · ttre fol!rth. -(4.~):·.d~g,Ce~ or..:li~.~ . · ·. t>....._ · accounts;o_f_.the .g1,1at,dJf!n,sh_1p -~?V,E: .
-.. ch_uJCh.' °(CJ;'oGVJ0AfQi:l(J/1w,.. .. -~"\~\, ~ be~rira·p.~~royed; ~-~e.o·ifilie test'a'tqr
. .~ ~ - ~: ·.
.. '·
.. ,~upr:a at 435).,_ .. · __
, ~- · . ·. _, .. ',:.
·
,. . . . ·
'j_ ·. _·
· .
.MA\""\.. _ . . ·
~h_ouJd._cl)f~~e~,!lie_,~RP.r~y.a1 -~hE:Je~f·_
(3.RARf',$, sup[?-at_ 573)._.
...
. · ·, .. ,,.. .
.... _- ;.~ .. The-,bas1s of, drsquahfication ,1 -;; ,., :c:;,; .· ·. · ·. ·. · ·· . : · ·. ·;;- >-:· · · ..: . ··"' ·
), : .,.
:.t~e:. . ,'.\,>·· . . . . . ; :: . ' . . .'
__
·, ,· ' ·J.h(.:.p(e.~i.i~pt[qr, --tha(.af ·c~a-~~~~ifistic~~-- ~\

' • .. th~ElS_hold: of;_"de~th" the- _te~~ator .. . ·. .;· . a. :"Pos?ible;Rnly in,t!,'!~tameritaw . . . . .
·:.- ••..... >- __. , . be.corri_})"_s ~r.i.:~asy_ prey!'fo··.the:' ·_. · ... · < ·· ·: . · • ::-succ~~sfo·n;' ':;' :-- ·-;_ _, ... ,. ,, · · · .... -
.,_...
•••
.
.
_
: .•'
• ••
..
<.
: .. . ....>i : ..:.: ' : ...). - -.-. - :,,.-~chi~ing"::. priesf_ ·to~ -_~ihi~t~r>:
.(~Uff.APO,,·. Sy.cce~$1.on,. sµpra_
'
' · · · · •
. \· . :, P: .. Rel~t-~y:r i_f') chatac~er~_and.
· . c. :.: .F?~~ra\;_,.m:tbe,.s_em;~ tha_t 1,f, theJ1e1r
:· .. ' ' . ' - ...
,_ .. ·
• I '·.~~·
..
. •.. . . . .. a_t 48_4)·.. ·. ..,· .. -.... · !': :11.(h.5> :.is in~c1p~dtr1tec(dr disqualified·
,•·
0
'
A~cci;di~g;:_t9:,$ancbe?:·'Romar.i·,~- . . · / ·., · ·is ?'.~QniP.Ul~OfY:'h_eir,'oi")ly 'the free
I.',
. : ..- ·, -_;~ :· ~- , . .-· _.-._ p9~_ie_ri '~,i-~ef1}i:>;:~!f!1.is·~ffec_t'ed;,but ....
1 -· • '1 . . sh·91,1_l,9)1:lf t~~t.a.tor recover from · : ' ·. · i ~ .· :- not; . . hts·· -Jeg1~1rrre.. :(JURADO, ·._
... . . . , . ' . h_is ·last· ill_heS:$ · <?n.d dqes n·ot __ u_Pf?.;a(4_£13-4\8,4.
.. · .. _: ... ·.:$,uc;;_c;,(i),s.::fiqn;._s ):·-: · . _..,
· · .'r9\,6ke·:~: the:;·~'~.diSpositiQri, ·· ·. fhe ·. · 1
··,. ••• • ..
:. "dii,p6~tici.f) is -·still·. invaljd. ~The · -:" · . - .. ::_. ·:, .· · ·.Ni?:te':. :rh~·-i~~~p~-~it;~ .~f. f~e gy~rafan;'
... '•,
·) · orl/,yva~pp n;iiike- it valiq· is. tO': · .- _ . : _: . · ,.5:?n~t e~istr pri9r ·tb~tl:ijh~riditio'r1.;of final··_
, ~~PrRR~c~, :-- the ·: inyalid_.,. , · . · ·. · ... ·-: accoun~s·a_nd'ifieappro_'\fal:there·of?ihc$-'
. :dispo'~jtiqn ttj . a ' l')E:!W Will.. . . '. · .· ) ·. "ttie Jaw 'wa.nts :to··preverit the guardian
., ~9ntr.ary vie!"is, ,h9weyer,'state:- . : ·--· : ·. · fr9rir-~ipfring_to itie'inhei'if~ince t9.covec
"that' ...if- . the_. testator . fl-,lJly . _up . ~ny' ·_mi_sman_agement quring·. his- ...
recov.ered·'from his last'illness·. g·uardianstiip;_ .-_. ·: Th~reft>rE?, · ·the ....
and there"is sufficiein(tl~e for·. · d~termining factor is the final approval
,' ...
. • • • !,_,
....... ·.-
·.330 2019" SAN BEDA LAW CENTRCI.LIZED BAR OPERATIONS

SUCCESSION
SAN BEDA LAW CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS - MEMORY AID 2019.
.of the final accounts. If there is such and ascendants, by reason of his
approval, the . ·guardian is · ·not public· office ·(Cl.VIL CODE, Art.
incapacitated but if there is no 'such 739) ..
approval; the guardian· is incapacitated
(CA_GUOIA; ~iyi/ Law, sup(a at 425r Charactertstlcs:
. '·, . 1 _)'-·P.o$sible · 'only . in testamentary_
·. ·. 4. 8tt~sti~g witness Jo the execution of · succession; ··
a ~-Y.!_11, the spouse, parents- -...or 2·.) Relative in charact~r; and
children, or .a_ny 'one clt,i_im'i~g 'und~r 3.) ·p~f.tial, in the.sense that if the heir
such witness, spouse, .parents, or whq.'is in~apacitated or disqualified
-childrerr (CIVIL, CODE; Art. ·1021, · is a compulsory heir, only the_ free
,. . : ....
. · par.·4): : . 'p.ortion gfven to him is affected, bu't
•
.
J
. ~-· not- : ·his le_gitim·e ·. (JURADO,
. ·such .disql)alification 96es 'not apply Succession, supra at 184).
"'··"if there ·~re :fhree other competent
witness'.'. _to the exesutiori 9f 1he will . iii.·. Based- on Acts of Unworthiness
'I,: •r•,, (CIVIL CODE, Art.·.823). '·. - '.-. · . . (A4F3f>) .....
. . -/' . : . . : . ··.•.. ·, :.
. :· .. 1.)
Parents who ·h~ve:8bandoned their
5. : fhysic;(an, surge.on, nurse, 'health ··
- children or induced their daughters
· - offi~et. o.r·.dn.iggist who took:·car~ -of· -
'to lead .a corrupt or immoral ,life; or
. . . . _.the testator during.; his last ''illness .. ·. .
atternpted.aqalnst their virtue; . .
· (CIVIL CODE, ·Art. 1027, par. 5). · 2.)
Any personwho.has been convicted ·
of a·n,8lf(;lmpt against the life of the
testator, ·.' his/her spouse,
-'descendants or ascendants: . .
··, 3.) Ariy ;person who, has 8ccused the
.··:' · -testator of a crime for which the law
prescribes imprisonment for 6 years
or more, if the accusation has been
. 'found groundless; . . .-· ' . _ .:
: ....
· '4.) 'Any heir of. full· age who, having ·
_..._.--·Rrroii{ledge otthe violent death of .
--~-the tesjator, should 'fail. to report it
. : to 'an, officer "bf the law. withiri a ·
'rnonth, u'nless· the authorities have . '
The:_ following . don~ti~ns ai;e,VOID: : . already taken action; this prohibition
· (ACP)· ·. ". · . · . ,.·__ ..,_ -.-.;''.shall notapply to: cases .whereln,
· 1.) Those made in favor of a-·per~on ·. · -· according to law, there is. no
. . '· ,. :·, .. .. . w,~t~ ~h.or, the test~tpr. q{ _ ~~W!\Y · -r- · • ·•. , obliqation to make an accusation; .
, . : ·. ·Adultery:or concubinage aflhe time . . . .. . · ·-., ··
... .. _of . the 0,· making '.- of ·t_he-:. -will - .. '' ·.· . Deaths. '. occasioned . by . crime.'
. .... .. ~ . . _ (N~p_6inµce.rib· v. 'CA,' G.R: No.. L'-. (vlclentdeaths) are prosecuted de .
.. -6.295~, October 9; '1985;-Joaquinp · : · oficio..'..or.:..:. at-· :the- instance of -the .
' .'
.J.-Reyes, GR No, 154645, Jufy·13; · - ·,· government, a·nd--thus no one· is .
. 2004); ·· . :<::- _; . ·: _.. · · ·_, , ·,· · requirE;)d to make· .. ~ny accus·atiori (3_ ·
TOLENTINO; sup'ra_at }521).·· ;
· ·Note:. Prevfous. criminal ~on-~icliori · ·, .. !,,· .. '·.:,
is NOT ·necessary,:· .(Jl:JRADO, In this~·- juri~dic:tlon:· the~e ·· ,ii. n9· .

Succession; supra ~t 487). ' '-. _ obligati9h- imposed by· the' law to .
' ' . ~. ·.-' . rhak~.'an. _acc'usatior, in ):;uch .cases .
2.·). Ttiose m·;d~ in. cons[d~rtt,d~· ~f -a . (JURADO, Sucdession; -supra at
i~'·: . -~ .
Crime of which
r-- '
botn the
; .
testatbr'and
·.· ·~
the benefici?ry have be~n ~ounq . · · . ·
.
, ... ... .. . .
·4921 •.... ·.
.... _ .... , .. . _,. •
g·uilty_;·and. _ · · · ·.. · · -: ·· .· . 5.J An·y pers?~ sonvir;ted:of ~d~1t_ery.or

. · .. "
·c·oncubir:iage-with the spouse·of the
_ Note: Previous criminal ~on\,(iction testato~; · ·
... ~ ...
: is:necessqry (!i:J.).
.:. . . \' . ' The :·Spous~ is n9t . included. The ·
. 3.): Those. made in· favor of ·a Public only time the guilty spouse shall not
officer or h}s spouse." descendants . inherit is when the offended spouse
2019 SAN1BEDA LAW C!:NTRA~IZED BAR OPERATIONS I ~31

SUCCESS·ION
. . SAN BEDA LAW CENTRALIZED.BAR OPERATIQNS - M~MORY AID 2019 •
~ffi~,~.. ~'l5,!r4Zt?WY# kUN ti®&r-:2R?Sk@%f!f 9 h&c& r cPtPP±ir.?I 5 &sllM 1:§5 :@AA§.·!?4il$£@ %¥'4¢ n iiti#iW @2 ?ii @&ibfM:A:@
.. ~.
Executive clemency, or pardon by the President
.does not erase the unworthiness or incapacity of
the heir· ·(3 TOLENTINO, supra : at 531; 5
Valverde 450; 2 :Camus 124),° · . ·· ·'
•I.,~. Express v . lmplled P.arqon .

. ·.: ..
f\1~.tj~ b¥ · the execution Effected -when testator

of a document or" any makes a Will instit!,Jting
writing· in . whlch, · the ihe, unwo'rthy ,. heir' 1with
.decedent condones the knowledqe of the 'cause
cause·o{. ~-·
incapacity.
. :-. ......
:
' .-of . iricapaclty.
. ~ ,. . ·
·\.. _:
i ..
-,
· ...
. . ··.-
_ -. <
'
•• • v, ,. ....- ...
C, ,
332
'.
1 · 201s sj,.N. ·sEo.A. LAW cEN:rRA1-1zEo _sAR.oPERA:T,oNs
I
SAN BEDA LAW-CENTRALIZED
.. . BAR'OPERATIONS
succession .
. - -. ME"MORY
. Aio. 2019
Remegi'es Against Qisqi.)alifie"d He.ir .

ln'-case the.disqualified he'ir, devisee or legatee .
. . has· alrea_dy)aken pos~e~siorr o(the proper\y;
. . . . iccbsation. i,'as beeri the,remedy is::an a.ction fs,r-:. ' .
fo·u'r1d grOLfndless
. ,..~; ·a . .Declaration of incapa~ity; .
3. Par. (5) -'Any person b.··.: Re.coiery 'of .. ihe inheritan.ce·, devise or
convicted of· adultery - . · lega'c{(CiVfl.,,CODEi Ait. 1040);~. .
and . c.oricubinage ' I . '\~ .,',-. c. Tbe·disgualifi!:)d, heir sha'li be considered as.
: .. with the s"r,ouse of the ··.i.. . :pos_sessp('i~ .bad faith; hence, he is obliged
!~stator; ·' . : · to-. r~turn.· !He.· h~reditary . p~operty together.
_ u.nd~r. ,':'rt·. 1032 of '.the Necessary -io. wait'"JorJ. with its accessions; and - . .
.Civil: Gode: :. . month: ~ :< . · · ·d'. Being .in ·ba~· faJth· the·d_isq'ualified. heir- shall
'.c!lways. b!:! lic!ble for:damages_(3PAR~S ..
·.... ' ·saprq atf}74): ·· ·
Par. (4). A~y-~eit of full :· '-•
,• . ....
. ag' e 'I. .. ··who. , '• ;:.' :-' having . -.. ~.... }).. . . ·~ . .··.~~... .
..
3: -Acceptanceand Repudlatiorr'of-lnheritance
knowledge of the violen't . ,.. ~\
Acceptance.'. . ·" / - ." :.,.:. · ... ·.- ' - .
d.eath- .··of_ ·the: te?tatot,' 1 .. - -/ ..',
should 'raj( fo r~pprt· if fo · . . .. . The' act· by virtue. of which an hei_r-,... legatee or
t. . devisee manifests ·his ;de'sirecin· accordance with.
a"ri offic~rr .
o'f. ' the ·iaw ·, .. . · ....
~ I I ~--
~-:_. \
;
'. .. , . ,\ =the f~rmaliti~~;( prescrlbedby-lawto succeed to .

iNithili · a)rio_hth.' · ..
·. . . the. inhe'ritan·c.e,· legacy;.or, ·de'vise, (JURADO,.,_
':'$uc~ession;·lupra ~t,501) ... · ·. _.. r' .,
. .:. ;~.'- ·. • >. ·, • .~. ; • . . : :.' "~ ,' •·1• I • \ •
Repudjatjon · .- · . ":':· ·.: -. ·,. · - : · .

---T.!..he-.'act b:,y'virtue ·of Which_ an .heir,' legatee or,
·devisee·.rrlai:Jifests· hisdesire.In accordance with
by. l'aw .. NPT. 19
. ·. {!~ttit.t:•tt
.>: the.. form1rliti.es-:: prescribed:
le~a.c~- ~r :•vise
. ~--
. ·. .: · Char~.<;:°tedstics: (V,IRt _,· . r · .•. · •.. -- ; :... :· •
, : ",_ a,: yoluntary anqili..ee, (9t\(l.lt"C(2PE,Aft·. 1Q41):;.
~· -. b. t··,lrreY.QCpbl~/.excepf· if· there is' vJtja_ti6n.,'9f·.
. cons~r{or ·_~p._.ur,ikno~o.x~ill)~p~~rs,JCl'-'.'/L'
...... Requu;1.te.s -. .· _ ·- .. ,, , .,
~-~
,._ .
.......,~-~
.·;
CO.f?E, Art; 10,~p);.i:!119: :-:, ·:.·-. ". - , , ''··
'B.etr.oactiv~.'.(CIVJL'COQE;' Aft.: 1[)42)..
··!~{.~-;·"':·
. - .. ;~·.
~.-~'·.,.··:··--
. .. ·:·~
.. ·.',:_.·
· · ..
:·: · \~;. -.,:·I:·
-· . :·· ".
, :,
:::
r ·
~-, '·:·~..,·
: ...
·•
., __ ·., .:· .a: ,, ~:~-tt~!9_tt:>.f. ttie 9J~t~.~f·!~~:~e:c_~-~~n~-;'-~r,1:.

· , . · .: _. . ·. ·'":.· . · . .
' 001Y. the'. f~ee -p.o_rt,J~n 91.v~~- to, -.~tie_. hr!r .ls ·- .
. . ·.-.-,
.b. · Ce~~if.l~~( of: th,e. ·.~,g~t.,,tq,.tf\~·~,n~e.nt?QGt;t
. · ..... {C/Vlt'f;boE Art.·. f043).:·. ·•...... . ~' .. l - ..
< ·, ·
; .. affected, . bu\'· not his .l~g1t1me .(JORA.f?.O; •. · · . .,. ::·, .. ,., .,.~·,,.·.. ,: :.. ,· · ', ·:' : ·:,'<:_ , . , :.1. i:>:- : :~,.,,, ...
.. · · · . Succession, ·supra ·at.4961_. . ·, ···t · ? · ..· ,, - ... · ·. -. - ~. ·:--:'.'- ·, ·.• · . · : '·. · · . .. : ·:Y'::C 'i :. ·.::'.·.;_ ·/ .
· ....:.. ~ -·---·-· . - .· -·· ·- ~· ,_.,__ 'I -_ ·· ·"--'· - · ~ - ·-- . - - · .. .,., Ac.ceptance-v-:-Repud1ation·- -.....,....... -·- ·· ,
.... : .· .,··.. . .. · ···. · ~ "r~.~·:~~_;~t · ·.. ·.:.;:'.-)~:··:,u~ .. t:: "~.-.; ····.·
•. ·-. · b:' ln:capa_city based.on,a.ct.of,un~orth_mes·s .
. . ." • · . · (civ,L·CODE;,A'rt.. sf032) .... , : .. · ... '.•·. ·~ ·.· ,'
·. · _Di$.qµa)ifi~s. ·. a • .. g:ompi.i"lsory,_ ;_ heir. dtqm ·
<.--- . -·.:.su_cceeding-ev_en to his'legitinie:·.,-~·;_ ;' - ;·, .. -
·.' ;-· .· ···\·.:: In <Testament.:rry.: Succ.es~ion:·
\ -·· . . ' , .· Childre!1 '._ ·or-· dest_en.d.ar:its:' . o( thE:
.• j .•
.• . . 1:i"nyvorthy_. child -or- '•desc.end9[lt"-.shall·
· ' Jc;q.uire his ·right 'to Hie.legitim~:.·. ·
·...'ii. . .ln•.lritestate
. .. Successfori:.
. . . ~-\. \ '•.
Children
... ,,· :..
or .
• ·. ·,-.>. :desc.endants of th!:! imw'drt_hy ,child· or·.
' '
. ~.-:
'" de$.CeQdarit shall su.cce·ec1 ·t0: tl'Je· E:?ritire A~cep.tanc-~. . ca.n · · . ba ·:~e·P.:cUtji~tioci}/~:::::::·:;_:·.-- :· is.
·, · sharewh°ich is"ren.dered vacariL.'·/
• • •
·• p • • ~ pre"suined ·. . ' ... from ~quiyalenf.to' an/achb.f' .
#' •• • r , . · •.. ·.. 'L'. -:, -.
disposiiion, . as:•· , ari :d,spositi9n' ~· ·, '.· ...,::and
·.·Note: .. BQtb .(i)_ ~n~ _(ii). cjpplie~- only i.f the in"~iqenfofciwnership.,. ,· ~lieh9t_ion:> .,' ' · '• _ '. , ,
: , compulsory, h,E;!ir 1s:c;1 ch1ld,.or.descenda11t of . . . . . · .. ·· ... ·
th El dec~qent: . . . . .-
'·
.....
2019 SANJ3EDA_LAW C:J=NTRALIZED BAROP~RATIONS 3~3
SUCC.ESSIO.N
SAN BEDA LAW C~N1:RAL/Z£0.BAR OPERATIONS - ME~?RY AJf! 2019
l.eqal
representa-tive
As it ts more usual' to Repudiation. . beinq, in' .Wl"T:H · judicial
accept than to rejectan effect.> . an . ,:act:' or .~uthorizatio.n ·
advantaqe . or benefit; disposition.,: . ·.requires .
.acceoiance ·. may be g~~~ter _... capacity 'and ·
presumed. more formalities . than
acceptance. · ·. ·
the
(JURAPO, Siiccesslon.ssupre af506-507). :
' .~ .
... , .
.· .
", ,• · ..
·'..·.
.- '
334. 1 201s ·sAN gEoA LA w· C::ENTRAL:.IZED BARbPERA Tti;)NS· ·

.
succession
SAN BEDA lAW CENTRAL_li~D BAR OPE~TIONS: MEM~RY·AIQ_ 2019 . . .
i; !«1ae fyM'2¥iS%>¥1W46S¥!##&5!(Q;i$ ,$5 @4.:t:J& #¥i1ff:?"9bWWitai& Hi tpt 5 -:tssm; H¢tfM+:aiPWIHl#&iitll7a
Note: These are acts of disposition, acts. which 4. Collation · ·

only· the owner is empowered to perform .. ...An act of. retuiriing or restorinq to. the. common
·(JURADO,
. . Succession,
·~ .
supra
. at.506). . mass of the es\a\e,-~ither actually or fictitious_ly,
. ., . any property Which 'a person may have received .
'4. · Other acts of tacit acceptance: . . . · from the decedent.durinq the latter's lifetime, but
a. Heir Qen:iqrids partition of the inheritance: which is understood for- legal 'purposes ·as -an
b. Heir- -~lie hates ·. some objects· . of the . advance: from · the · inheritance (JORADO,
. inheritance: . · . · . ·· Succession, supra: at 511). · .
c. · Ads· of Preservation or administration i(
through sut;;h acts; the title or capacity of heir i .. Operations Related toCollation: (CIR2)',° ·
has been 'assumed: .. . - a. .Q_dllation. ·_. adding . to . the mass of. the.
- d. ·Filing .. of. a· . .Q.omplaint for the. partition 'of · . :her.ect'itary estate thevatue of. the donation ·
. .· inheritance; . . " . . . .. . .:--:- , or gratuitous disposition; . - : . .
e. tom'procni?es regard.ing objects and rig~Js b.~-- [mputinq "or .: ·charging-· . crediting_ the .
. -. included inthe inheritance: . · ·· . · · , . donation as an advanceon the legitip,.i;l (if
· .t. gx:(;irci.s~ of any action which 'pertained' ·19 · the donee is 'a compulsory-heir) or on 'the
· · the. decedent ·9uril)g his lifetime and which . · free portion (if the'·doriee is a.stranqer).' .
-~\ .· 'survives: . . . :.. . . c. '· _Bequction ~ 'determining towhat J'xJenqtie .
. s. _!;njoyrne:~f 6f the inheritance itself; and · . ·· do.rjatiQn-will remain and to What extent it is
h. _.Un<;ler.·. -Art. 1057,: 'failure ··to :·signify.. . ·. ·exc.e'ssive 'or' inbfficlous. ·
· acceptance or· repudiation withinJhirty (30)' · · d. : _Restitution -. return.' cir payment of the
days· after "an order .of distribution by the' . ex~ess to the. mass·.of hereditary estate,
. ·. probate court (JU_RADo;.,succes/·ion. ra:,.s·u :'. -...
· · at 506) · · .. · . · · :;• · · Concepts of CoUatio~'(FIR)° · . _.: .·. ~ _. -
-~ - ·· · · · .. ·. . · '· _; · · ·· · . · a. ·E:ic'titi~l!S r:nathematical pfocess ·of adding·
· 'Mann~r 9f Repu.dia·ti~n. (PAS)"· •':, . . · ·lne .faiuE: gr-·the <thing d~nated to: \he ~e-t
·a,: f.ublic instr._urnenqacknowledg~d ~efore a . : ... · · vf lu~ ~~:t~~- ~ered)~afy e_~ta_te_;
notary.public).
.b. '. Authentic: ·docµ.menf
. :.'· . : ·
(equiyaleot
&. ef' an··
. . · · ·. / .
. , ·'
· . · . - ,~·
- Purpose .To· compute·. the legitime of-
. in<;jubitabl~ - wr~ting;. ·qr;sa~Writint} wl'los~ . ·, : .. ·" i~mp1.Jisoty heirs: .: ·: ,·. -·_.:: . ': ''.i -:·· ...
::. ·a1.:1thenticity is· adniittetlt'or1prov!:l€J);:or- . · .""\i· ·'.· 4,. ~ · -~ · ·. · .- · ·
c. · ~Y_ p~ti!iori presente~.JO;th-e~u.. haviQg .1 , o. _ fX?F ~f"':"~arg1,ng o-r · !n:iP_l.lii~g such ,.val~e
Junsrhd1on, over the:'h.testanJen~ry 'el :J_·. .- "-~_g'.1=111'.t~$.tJ;re~e!=J_itif!1e ~f lhe ~U(llfJu!_sory. heir
.. iotestate .· pfoceedin~(Jl}AOS), ·.• .. '[_: ·.• · to who!11 lh.e·th1ng wa5:donate.d; and .. '.
~.1,:c~::;;:~::;::t ,SOlJ . ~
. --An.: he!r Who. is s~ch b_y-will ·a~d by;I~., a~~·w!fu _.·
·• • · : . · .. P~fi:t"~r J~rt;~!: ;~h:,a~~~i.~~:~li~e:~:.
. share·s of the ¢ompulsory· heirs:as much as :
· : --r~pu91afes the mhen!c!ri~e as'. a. t~s a:~tary · · : · .possible... · . · · - .. : .,-': ,. ·
·,' h~ir,\ will' b·e·;_cOrisid_eredJo have repUqiated)he, . . · , :··. ·, ' .... ·. · . ·.:,·
., irihe.ri.tance in. both capacities. -But whe.n ah heir c.· . Actuc!I.· ·att of Bestorin_g. to: ttie .'h_ereditaty
. repudic!tes ai:nUetfal h·eir .witnoul knc'Jwll:ldge-of est,;1\e. t~at. part· _.of the d_onation whlc_h is
~ . - . -his' Being ·a-·testamentary heir; ·he- may. la~er ·.on - · inoffidous in. o'rder nqt-to-impair:-the·legitirne
. ·.··, . ··accep~.as;.a testame~t~ry. heir (CIVIL CODE, Art. . ,· .· of comp-oJs6ry heirs.(JURADO, -Suc:cess.ion;,
10.ss; (Id, at 509): · - .. . · supr'} _ctt 315.J~ · · : · ·. ':'.'_·;; _·_ · · . ··
Eff~.~t of),cceJtanc.e ~nd:R.epudi~tion .. · Obligation t~:·Cbllate· :. ·. · ·· .:''. ·. ·:, :·. : · . ~ ·

Ge.neral Rule:· l.rrevocable. ·- . . Every compulsory heir, who' succe·ed~ with other
- · · .- (. .; compulsory heirs must 8ring into th~ ma'ss of the··
-_-;... · E;xceptiori~: / .. .· •. '.. . . ' . ·_ - . esi!3te·: any. P.[OP~rty,.~q·r . rigt,r \vhich . he,. :may .
.. a. 'If made through ·any· of . the .. causes that · . . . : receive from the decede·nt, quring tne·l_if_e.time :of. .
. ·,. vitiates'. cnnsent' (e.g,. mistake,. 'vio/([Jn~·e, . the -latte'r,'. t5y':way. of qonation', .-.:c5r 'a,ny oth~r .
. ir,tim~dattQn: undu_e·. inf/u_ehce and,. fraud); . .·: . grai0m:fu_s title, i.r:i order uiat _it ritay be coir)puted
. and· · · · · · · ·· in the deterrh_in'ation of the·legit.ime·of each heir;·
· b. · When an unknow_n···will' appears,: provided . ·: ·; a'rr~·in th_e.accour:it of.partitiof} (CIVlt:poDt=,-Art.
·.·that· such. will· substa.ntially chan_ges ·the· 1061):_ ·· · · ·
· rights of ·a .person who has·. repudiated or
?CC-~pted (CAGU/OA, Civii Law; .
~upra at .. l.:.
, ..
·. 449) ... ·. . ..
.· .....
2019 SAN S~DA !:.AW CE~TR,{\LIZED BAR OPERATIONS' _I 335 ·.

. . , . SAN BEDA LA"'! CENTRAU4ED f?.AR_OPE~A TIONS - fY1!MOflYA{Q_2019 .. . . .
~\.JM*?fie 6¥#JEB ¥&¥4§13¥2 :s.1&MM1·:n- i tf_d§ !&9S¥i 'JBS t?i5!&2f:-S.!4,§ cS< 194 4f#!Y2 f3&' &Sfit~?'"ct,•;:str!?t §th'S4?~%Rffii.
·'Note: . Express provision by the:. -testator. The. subsequent .inc;e~se ·o; dete~ior~tion an/
· exempting an.heir from collation does· not mean e~Ein the total loss or destruction oi.ihe.thing, be
• r·.
. no collation at all: r11·e helr.is rnerety.constdered .· itaccidental.or culpable, shall be for thebenefit .
-~Jas a stranqer arid what he.has received from the:_ or account and ri_sk of thedonee (CIVJL COJ]E, ,.
-_ testator mustbe charqed from thefree portion (3 · ·, · Art. 1071) ... · ·: -. · . :. i: · ·. · . ·. .... · ...
,TOLENTINO'. supra:at.572-.573). · ,: · · ·· · · ·
, .; :,- Prope;r;tie.s.'NOT,subjecfto Collation::· · - . · ·
· Pe.rsons Obliged to Collate., a. Parents are notobliqed to bring:to·col.lation
·. a. General Rule: Compulsory heirs . : , .. irr the· inheritance. of their ascendants any
· . ' . · - . -property.whlch.rnay have .been donated by
,Rxceptio_n.s: .' . . .·- -~ _·the latterto their. cb.ildren (CIVIL CODE,· Ar[ ..
i. Vift:ien the .testator should: have so 106q); . -: : _ .
· ·f,)xpressly.provid~f9;.arn:l; ., . . . b .. Donations to thespouse.of the cnlki (CIVIL.·.
i.i, ·_when the compulsory heir should have . ,CODE,.Art. 1066); ·. .
:r.epuc;lia.t~c! .. · his ... · inheritance , . ·((?/VIL-. c. E?.(pe°r1s~s '. . for·· . . support.. .. education .
· .: ·· , · CODE, Art .. 1962), ; ,.-. · · · · .. - . ( elementary and· secondary; only);:-m.ed\c.al
,_ _ L , . : .. , \. • . ': .. • , • : , '! _. , v• ;: , ,.atte,bdance/~v_eii ... ir) ·1e:xt(?J::>r<;liria,r;y, illness, , I;_-
' . .ln these: ··cases, dh~ dooa.ticJn .. _shall·' be .... , -, ··_. .. \ippYerftiCEl~hj'p; ;.,:'6i:di~i;rr.f :e~9iP".!1.e!\t .. -or .
·-c -
" . ehar'ge.d le>. tM fr~e pprtion- ,a()d· r.i9t Jo the,. . . , ·. · ·. . ·, .r:;u~t9rriar;y' gifts· (f.;IYILU30D§,Art.:) 067);,. ~·
:1egitim~ (3 Ptif?,fl_S;; iupra:at:,~1_2).' ~- .Ex_pe_n~.f.~.iri_cu_r_(~_d ?Y parenti:i(l_ gi¥ing-th~fr ·.,
': ..
T. x.-1--~oq,(Le:lr!:ln: pr0fe.~~'.?,r:ial,t".V?Gat1qnal. ;O~ oth_er.1. ·
•. ! . ' . .-. . ·. .... .. -:·.' ";
.. must neyer _be 1mpa1r,ed,\...(UR~'ffi0'. .supra~at~

:\~~
,.. · R~~?_.Q.n; TJ1e J_e~1t1~·e_ of C9'1)JPJJ-1Soryrh;!r~ V· J..

•. ·.'
care~e~·:unle?s. tt;i~ ._parE1_nts- ·s~ __provide, _o~

.,~9Jes~ they· ·1m~~\r .th.~ .leg1t1n:i~· .(9/VI~ .
v/-
.-516).. . · .-- ~ .. '.; -Y;t:j.:,.y~ _ ~
,coof!:-A . 1068); anp · .:. ,/ :- ,
,: .. :: ,::: . :-., · .. ' " .-:_L~iYe~~-e~W.fd~,~g\fts·:_Bf·P~rE!_nt~}t~cJ,.aSCs)nda~t~.
.. IJYher:i_·\~.e l~w say~;-t~a~1jt1or1,,s.h'aff n 1~ A
.w; - . --_.cqQ~1s11~gA~f~J~V-'.8..lry •.. c!9.lh1ngr and:_~~_tf1t_
.. t~ke plaqe,:. w.'1a.t it- ~rntu.c1.lly~m~ant-.1s thatJI:\~;. t"j.
.till. . . \xJep ,;wpe~:1q.ey,};yx?e_ed,, 1/10, oJ'~h.e .sum
~alue _of th,~ ·_thin_~/donate,~ _sh,a 1 ·not· be·.!'.~'.--~ . ispo~.a~l§~b.Y. \m _(C,V.IU}QDE,..Art. _10.70):_
1r:np~te_d . c;i9a,ri~t-- 11w1.~g111o:ie · _ot~..1r~---. ::r i1.. ,.;·.,·,- .... -::.,; \~ \ . ._:- ·-1- .. • • .• • ·
.. . . 'beri~ficiarx; i~ste·ae:J~l~r~lk·.~~:. irilpu_~e'\~ Ji~E.q.1:1p)i~a)io~·of:·~h~r~?~ ~- .· - : ,·/ .. ·· . . : .• ·
a~a(n~!. the .. d1spos_a~etft.e~. p;-~· .tfq. ri:a \'-;.\IJ:i.1JJ11y' ;"'.'' GJ~rr~'· ~M~~;~9io~he~r.s. ~hall .. ~.fe~~!v,e. .an .
" ,., .·~, .-514) .. -.. ··,·, ... ~-~'t.-.-~· · ·. ~ ·-.,__~ :
e~~iy,a~l')~,.a.tm_gp -~~:p0.s~Jble~Jn P~'?perty·of· .
,... - · · - · . . ,!.:~: · ... · · :• :~. ·. ':· ·:rf)-\-: ·:
1, ~ · . . -~- . Jr:t')~L 't°j_ti@.,aryi_f!fjaJ.urJ._ d!afs., a~<t~,qu~litYi ~CIVIL . :.;'-
.. ,r·
.
_b_. ~.ranpcli1!dr,e_~:"':~-o:,s r~Jv~ ~1tt)·t_~:e~-~des~-.- ;;;~'· ~$J!.~-~rt..
. ~u~ts!. or n~~t C!)Ll~UJS_, an_d. !n,n Jlt ~mgh 9 ·;.
· , · - , . · re1:>re.ser,itat10n ... :: .,_ ·-"' .. , '·J · . . ·,
..
·· . · X'cept1ons:. , __ · . ·.,
l;"' ,• '·1 '·,:,"~ · · , , '·- . , .- ..
. , .- -:· · ·.
,;1-. ·.I :1~~f\,
~-:· .:' ,\·:·. :-, .. : . : ·: .·.;:, ~:-. _.· . ·
-. , . .-, _:_:.-_· . . :.· ·,~ -/ -._.: . - · -: ;\ ) . : \ ·: <::'. ·. . - ~ ~5t;fEITT\~/~{~@~-i· 10:~r~·~ti.~ab1E: ·~o:~iY:e·;!6e: co~h.~irs_: ·
'> ·, ~ '·.
:f!i .: · . ~·-:. .-~_dor:,~·t1~_n
~-~r :any_ o\~~~ gra~u1to~t1t1e\~!ng · Mi5:\~Jj.a;~~R~~~1_rs_.-·1ts_ :, ~qu1":'a!e.n.t; _in::·. ~r
~~~:~~~§ o~·>;g_~'i--r~.c.~!--~i~Jkat ~f~~~~~iP.~~,~~:,·;;~{i~.;~~·~·bl,i·.~g~ve.
·or G~~h-
, ,. . . . :·: : A~.E: . .testat0.r.'s·;·hJe,t1fll~, _(G.IY.lf_.:J~~_Q9~A-~?~:cu_~!.tt7...s:at •.tbf;ra . te:·ff.:.gyotat1q~} r,and --~f . ,. :. J; ·
-~:;".;:' ,;;. °'-1Q6'.1)~-i::Jf. ·,;-', .::· \'·:·.;.:· , ..... .<
.:.- . . ·• .. ·. '.. . --:·-~ ·/,-:;:;1mpos~1~le!and·.1mpra.~ticabJe1:s:e.ll~_t:pubhc
:.;' .;;;:, :.· ,:··' _lj,. · · )Q_, ~~~~-:,~itgfa,11d.£?Jl~f-eO:. ·<''·; ·,; '"'-'.!,._,_~.' ,-_c ,, ,
_I;, ~,'.'·,:/ii:uct(~£l"'a?,;;_:~i:r;,_Qgl fOf-{th,~ ·.Other,JRf,OQertY: ciS ~ ._;· ..
··/:: •.. - .- ·-. •., :i.. ·. All. tharthey 1Jl~Y:h_;3y~;r.e~ei~e9 froni·th_~J ; . .:,~ ··-~. ·rnay oe:g~~ef{st{r,y .(.CI.V!LC,OD_§ 1r.t.-. 1074, . ,; .
-· , --.--;:.,-·,: .·" . .. , dece_de_nt.d.uring1tiJ,?··.l,ifE1Jirp.e•,:..,:::...· ·. ':' · · .. .... . . -'; ·· , Pw:. 1·); o.r- · ·. · , _- ···1·t:'·;-''.:·'"?' · ,<.~ •· ·i ·,
·· ,· '.:· .... r .,·. ii: _ ·.All !~~t the_ir_p~rent~ •. if)llv~.:.wo~td),ave\.. · . · · -'' · ·· ,, · · ~. · · : ·
'/\ 'i: ·. · · ·· · -
·:9ro.ught to _c91Jatl0n . .'(CJV,f.k;.' G..QP.~~ Art .. · . :.· '. ~ .. :-.b..
'·.,:,;·~ ..... · . · . . :. , ·.: .:,1Qq4J~.,:· • .-.,,, :::: .:·.1\.,,;1,;- ... " .'·;::,.·.t:. :· . .
1:!fo~a,i~_ch
· · heirs shall: Oflly·.h~ye·a. ng)lkto..,.s_eJect an
.··
_:jt':,\b~\p.r~.P:t~·Y ~~~j:~?~c\9J~;~;·~.o,~. ;
·-., .. :. c. : .-Any sum$.-_R?!a ,py--,a_:p.~rent:J~.$~tt!:>t?6ti.o!1:.~t .. · ·. . . · .. : equivaJeijt .ot ,c:itherp~(spra(propef1y of t~e _;,..1;... ·.

•1.' .:,·:-.'. • •• :,-:· ;~tJhe .d.!=),b\s:pftliis.'cnil9re.f1;.'eJ.~~ti'br\ ~*P~nses,. . · · ··· ... ·. , inhE1rita11c~. at it_s ju$t price ·(G/.Vf,t '-0.0_EJE,.-·
:·.. · , ; --fines1· ?nd sirr.iila(·exper.is(j5:·,(8/II./L·'·C'<E>DE,· , . · , . Art:.1Q!4; par: 2). ·:- . : ;· ·. _5,.- ,-· ·: .. -.:,: ..
. :.-:\,_ ;. ';: .::'.(~;}~~9J~.__ ,,:: .' ;:.; .. : /;~

.N6te:·,oii,ly't_h~~val0e:b°qbe _.thi.ng· depat~cJ:·shall'.
;:.ir};,·;~~tio~ ·:~<:·_.,.· . ;_:;._·:( -~- :. : _· .. :·
( .: ~- '-l>~rtiti6'~'-·· . . . ... , .·
~'1i';rib~~i6ri;
;.t.: .
estate;:: - -~i~~~ 0
·.:· ~, \ :.
6tta;;,.
'. ...
·,- - \i ??,:brq9.gtit to .. 9;0.l)~!i.O.Q,- ..!-:f'h!~\alu¢:,mu.s.~:~El. the -~ ' .. ·: "!l_(i,s,(h\:i,S'E)pJ'c;!ria~i9Q·,:djvisiqn' $[id\:!~·i1g.ri'm~nt:9t,a ....

valu~-:of··the ·thing ·at th.e:·time. qf .the ·OOl')§lib!l,· .· ·.· .. · .. , ·:·: tnirrg 'heHtl' ir.i~.commoh-atnbngJti'o:,i'e::fo\o;,hom: it· '-°:'
•I.
. be_v~~.t_hR-~~h: idts:ju_s:_ va!ue may_ ~?t
then -.~ci-~e . · :· .. · ·: ·.rri.~y:'.,l:f.~i.o.'D.9~ '\!! · ir,ic1u.qel3:";ive/? .. ~.G.L~whi_c;~_.:Js,... · :~
\ een asse~se. : - , .. ' . . :irileF)def:fato· J'.>uf'an:eiid':fo~inci[vi~iOJV.i,irt)Ong ¢6:-- :· .
-. : ,,: . ... ; . ·- ~ .:·.~-~Jr~ 'aria·' leQJa_tees or. ·d~vi~~~~-;- ··at~~~~~~ ,i.t ... : .. · ..
·· . . . should ,. .purport··-
to be a ~ale,. . an. ....ex~hange;,
. .. . .
· - , ...... :
...
. • ••.• ~ • •. •. . .I
,···.
·.. \ .~. . - ,. -· . . :.·· ~ ~·'... . . . . . ·. . . •. ·: . ;·. .' . . ... \
.. , . . 3~6 I: 2q~ ~Af:'J:.B.EDAf.;AWSE~;TRA].,_l;::'.E;D,BAR 6ioi;~ Tl¢~~ .. I." . ~' .· . :, •, \.
..:i,
•,.: .. j .
• • • . •• , , • ~-r . .
\ -~
. • :.:.,.. .:•
.. , ,· ·,
. : .. . • ~ ·• . • • : ••
...
' . : - ... ~: -
su·ccESSION
. SAN BEDNLAW CENTRAL/ZED BAR·OPERATIONS- MEMORY 0 AID 2019
• ,. • • • • • f
£a',¥» ft«!: t# iM41 <£53% 4#4-.fiiM&&itiE fi§Rl±t i I •&;e;;s:eseg &E 4,?8M Ai-n, '% *ii
..
b#&SS§WfiftSb§!WA C #ii ,tQb&-&
.·· . . ?Ntll
.
compromise, or any other transaction. It is not b. Applies only when the ·gross. value of the
subject toany form (CIVIL CODE; Art. 1079'and . _ss~ate does not exceed P10,000.00; and
1082). .. c .. Available even if there are.Qebts (FE~TJN; .
. . Special Proceeoinqs, supra at 1_9).
Nature of Property Before Partition •. . . '
There is co-ownership between or-amonq heirs , - 2. Administration. ·· Proceedings {lfWLES · rOF
(CNIL:COf?E, Art. 1079). . · COURT, R_u'Jes 79-91 ). ·
~· '.
. Kinds 'of Partition Unde·~·tlie· Rules of Court:-' Who -fylay Effect Partition:'
. a. Ordinary o~ .Judiclat . Action · for . Partitlon 1. Decedent himself durinq his lifetime by an acr
(R.Ul:.ES OF· c·QURT, Rule 69);- and : · , inter.vivos or bywill; ·· . .· . :; ·
b.. Extr~judicial · "Settlement .' (RULES ·OF· , 2. Third person designated by the decedent;
COVRT, 'Ruie 74, 'Sec. 1r · .· · · . · .. 3. ·Heirs·themselves; or . ..
' · ·, ,·' ,·, ·: 4: .Competentcourt (JURADO, Succession, supra
Requisitesr (IDAP.~) · .. ., . . at _528). : .
-i. ·__ .Tl:)e decedent died-Intestate; . ·' · · - ·-
. ii. . The ~state.has· no_butstanding·Qebts at Partition by Pe.cedeQ! · . . 1 ·!:: . · ·
· ,,, the time of the. settlement; ·.·: . . . , ... '. . Under Art. 1080. there. are two ··vyays by which .a .
. iii.. Decedent's heirs are ·a1r of" ~ge ·or: the . person may affect ,tbe partition ·of hi?·. own property
-· ... _:: · minorsare represented by-their jddicia·I . orestates-by-anact inter·vivos or bywill. In both
• r ·o'r legal representatives: ·:: · . · : ·. cases. the leqitlrne 9f compulsory heirs mustnot be
iv. .. r~·e s·etilerrient was 'madeby means of( -'prejudiced ·ud., at 529). . .. ' .
: a .E_ublic instrurnent or· affidavit filed With · ·, · ·. . · . · · ·. · ' -, .
.. $,he R~gister 'of o·~eqs;· and . , Two-Vvays. Parti~io~- ~~ _the b~'cedenti, :·of
· · ·. . v. · Thefact ~f such judi.cial settle'men;_:must . '\.. By an" As::t inter ,-Vivds (Partition ,Inter Vivos)..
. _. ,.·,be'fublish~d:in-a··,;_ewspf1per of g~neral_ ... (G/1(11:. C©Df;,· Art. 1080) ~~, It ~ay· oe· oral or
·. · circulation in the province once .a. week . 'y/ritten. ancl need not be in the fqrm · of a,will,
,: for . t.hree . (3.) .. ~on~ecutivl wee!<s ,. ': · .. p-~gv.ide.~· tJi.~t'the partition does ·not prejudiqithe
: :· ·. ·: .. ·.i)fE$TIN, -E:,'P.~ciaf.P~0ceed1rjgs, (2011)\ · . legi_time: of. c'?mpulsory ~eirs. Tliis•cohstitutes:an .
. .. · · . -:.p. •. 20) · [heremaf(~r-. ,:FESTIN,. Special ·· ~onlto rule declared in Art: 1347, · par . ttJ.~
. ~: · · , ·' .Proceedings}.·.··: . · .. ·,2:·o th~··(t6£fe\hat· no pers.on car:itenter .irit'o·a_:
· : - · · ·· , . ·. · '.'' :. ·. ~-. ·, ·_,, .· :·· · '::-... . .:_. .. · c.ontract witli respecqo future· inheritan~e (19'. · at
. :· : · Th'E:· .fact that· tne .docame.nt wtis': noj 5?_Q-530), . . : · · ·: · · '
.. .': •. '· .nQt?rtze~;:js ... no hindr~rc;e tq ·is 'effeqtivity.- ' .·· •. . , . ,' . ··~- ...
·. .. ·-: Tti~ ~.:frtit(oo_. qf if)~~.rited prbper.fy_ ne~ditfot · ,:· . ' ~ ·•· j~_,:-·par:titi_cfr( 'inter.-:viyos,: rules. r~ga·rding'' tl:le·
- · . be > embodiea · in: a : p_ut5Hc docurnerit . o"rdina~{ conve"y;:irice . of personal a·nc:1,. real
(Alejahqrino· li.--C'A;··' G.R: .No_ -:r~11if51, . prqperti~s must be follo»1ed sucti as V{hen
. _.:. .· 1~ep~e~mb<!_} ~7~: !99~))_Pa,~iti9,r~o~g co,_;.' .. :: ... ·.. c~~y-~y~nc_e . through · a.· ~Pu.blic .. i6~P:~~erit1 .js
. . - ... , O\Y_n.ers'n:,ay thus-be·ev19enc~a eve~ By.'th'e . ·· .. ·. · requ1i'ed·(ld: at.530)·: · ,:- ·, ··- · · : -.J.
~ . . ; : : -·. overt act•·o( ci co ..... : . ' ,- : ,, ·='. ' ·;J - .••• : . ··:.
·. ,··. ~ < .: . 0owi,er of r~fioun~trig', his
L rigti~-o~fr t~e.p~rOR~rty fegar,d!e~~ bf, th{f~r~ • ... :·· -. .

· . _··.; ~ ·,~. · it;~~e.s ..''.·.-::r,:he-~ou_rt ba~e9 thi&-a·sseri_idrf qri , . :. _..
~~·t~_. I<
: ' .- '· . .-··,-,) -- ' . ·•• • .
~Th~
testator'm'ay 'sfili:.r~·vok~--i~~::11-artitori .
>
. done, ~Y· hi$' Ov'{n act inter vivas· qec_auie, during
., . . ·: :. · · Article'01084 qf. tlie:'Civil" 8oqe~(Heir:?''b7: . , ' .. ··such. tirtie, that is, before his·. deatfr·.:he·is.:'stilHhe
¥</.ale_s.'( Agustin,:.l;:Ft JVp)224849.~ µU{)e . . : . . . -own_e( ofihe• prdpe"rty .(3'T:OL.ENTiNb; supla-,at
~>) · ~~'. :.~ :· .· .

••• •• r, •• :
. . . 6 2018) : ·: .. ·.· .. ·' .. · . . . . (• ·.. · ,, 59°8.5$9) ·'·,. ·./...: ., . ·., ·. . · : ' .. .

. ·. ~t -i- ._ . _.:~~-,:';:':.--:.;:-),. ·/·/ :r··. :·_ . .:_., \·· ;,/ -"::-· .. :·. ;./:': \··,j.\·,.-.-.:~ 1::1 :.~- .. ?.'.:.-.. :'\i.~ :) -:.-:
:· · ' ~E~tr.afudicial. partifior{--c;a,n.not .·epn-;tifute· ;j.,.,.: ·~.. .Ra.tlonar~;° 'The·· rights .. to." ·s~ccessioil .. are the
.' .. ,_: :· _par:titlori 6(ihe/ptopel.rty t!_w'i[lg:1i,~·Hfetr;f;~\,f. ··1·. ·.. . tr~ns~itte'd :fre>ni .t.he. moment of deatli ot".th'e· ..
·,t ,
. :··· .. : ·.::ifs· -~~~e!r
P.~1i.!(6tf ~UuturJ.·i~herit'an'~~ .. is · ·: · , _decedent· (C[Vff:.· cop[/:ArJ:7(7) .. , , . ,. .o~·: '\ ·t .·
· _ ,•proh1q1tea by l~i,y· (<!()RAQO/;:Succession,. · · ·. . . , . · . , ' · ·'. . ,:::-· · -~- - . ~ . .~ .. ,.
. _;, ·. :::•$upra.at.5,,2~),. ..•.. > :: :; · · ,·· ' · ·>.· > · 2:·· F:fr'f/ill.'(f?aftitiQn-·Mortis' Causa).tCIVIL°CGDE.
-2: . . . ·:. --Jf ;_:·__ : :'.!.: ;~~~:-- _:·'.~ / -.>.,~· ... ~;": ' .. ,. ·(·: ··, . · ·' ::;·.- · • .. : .r_ · · '·. ',Art,JQ~Pt~;lt-rriust-_be i~ede~·~ic1~~ali9·wil_fcluly-:. .
·./ Se~tle.menfof Estates · . .._ . : . · , · .. . · - . executed m· accordance witn the·. formalities
.. · ,_: : 1. . J_udiGic!I.' Symma·ry . ~.ettl~ment, .(RUL~S ,.:"o_F · ·.. ·. . ·pres~ri~ed by iaw (.Ji.J_RAfJO, Suc_c~ssiori, supra
• . - COURT Rule 74 Sec 2)··and -. · .-...' · . ·. . at529) .·:· · · · .·· ··· -·· ·. ,. · ·, .. ..::.·.~ ·
• • ·"· ·, -~ ·- • ~•• ,_ ' •• ;"'. ~·~·\.':..:' •• : •.' :--:~,. ·' • • :· !. ; ....~ •• ••• ... '>.· . . '. ·f •• ~ ,·~: ·•. •••
' ' . '., ,_ Requisites,·(SED) _.;. . . . . . . .. • . : .. < .,_·. Ai partiti~n·· ~greement• ·w~ich w~·~. ~X~Gute.d
. . ., · ,a .. Requires' ~oui-r inte~inlio~ b°y. §l.Jmrn~ry :· ... , . pu_rsucJ~! to w[U:that wa.s not,_prot3atr,fd·<:aririot a
.: .. -.proc~eding;. . . . . ' . ' . be .giv~n efff:Cl. B_efore any will'.ca.n have any
--;_ force or vali.dity 1t_m11st be probated - thi.s cannot
.... _
. 2~1§.s~N.Ei~Q~=LAW-CENT~UZED BAR OPE~TlbNs -~ 337

. . . , . "· . ,, ' . . . ' ..
·SU,.CC·ESS·ION~
SAN BEDA LAWCEf:!T.RALIZED BAR OPErfATIONS - MEMOR.Y AID 2019
be 'dispensed with and is a matter of public policy of the heirs should demand that the thing be sold at
·(R_odrigue·z ·v. Rodriquez.' G.R. No. 175720; public auction and strangers beallowedto bid, this
September 11, 200.7). · · must be done (CIVIL COD~, Af!. 108.6).
Partition by Third Person . . . .. . . ·.. · - Requisites of Legal Redemption:.(S2-B0-1R}
· A person may; by .an act intervivos or mottis. eaesa, 1. There must be §.evera) co-heirs; .
intrust'the mere power tomakethe partitionafter his '. · ?· · Orie of them §.ells his righ·t toa stranqer:
death to any person who is not one of the co-heirs 3. The sale is made ,gefore the partition;
(CIVIL CODE:.-Art. 108_1, par .. 1). . . 4.· · The· righ.t of redemption· must be exercised by ,
only Qne or rnoreof the to-heirs; . -
What is in trusted is: the ~er~·. po_wer· of partition, not ·5.: It must be, 1 month from -ihe time they. were
the power to distribute-theheredltaryestate. Hence, notified in \,\'Jiting:by theco-heir vendor; and
the. act of the person delegated with such power is 6. . The· vendee is -B.~imbu_r~ed for the price of the
that of· a mere agent or mandatory, (JURAD.O, sale (3 PAR~S, su?ra at p49)._ · ·
Successicn, Sl!p[~ at
530). =. •. • .•
. . ...... ~·
.. -
·. ·.
.. ··.
( ' ' . . . . _./

... ,338 l 2019·SAN.BEDA LAW CENTRALl;?:ED BAR OPERATION_S.
.SUCCES.S:ION
SAN BEDA LAWCENTRAUlED BAR OP~nA1IONS - MEMORY AID 2019 . . .
G!&IS USM thA,t4P;;JISMMU>4tai¥&mt#5¢i'i.? §ta, •1Sti&•us&e0 :e,e iaSeWN¥ffi¥¥W#t&S»>fl:CZ'l4&M ·4dttQa;;e5 ijf~
The Obligption of Warrc)nty shall cease in the lesion .bi more than d. ·undt:Je Influence;
following Cases: '(PSE) . 1/4 ..bf the value.of the and
1 .. · When: the testator himself has. made the. things which. are the . e. Fra·ud . (CJ\Jtt. '
. . . Partition· Lin less his intention was_otherwise, but object thereof; COQE;, . Art:·
. the iegitirT)e,shall always rarnaln.unirnpaired; · 2. Those ~.9_:eed. 1390)'. ,·
2. When ·it has been .. expressly _§.tipulated in the uponin
agreement of partitlon; unless. there has been representation of
bad faith; and • · . . ~ absentees, if· . the
3. When the Eviction is due to a cause subsequent . la'tter suffer the lesion
· - to· the p~rtitiqn, or has been caused. by the fault-·· ' stated · ...,_ in the·
/ of the-distributee of the property. (9/VIL CO_D,E; . preceding· number:
Art'. 1096). · <, 3. Those undertaken in_
· .. · fraud · . . .of. ·
Rescission and Annulment of Partition' . . ···credi'tors when · the
Partition .once made, may be rescinded or annulled . :· latter . 'cannot . in .
. fq'r: the same causes as in contracts ( CIVIL CODE, . any other manner :
Art. 1097). ... collect the} ~I aims due ·
· . . them; . .
-Effects of inclusion of:l.ntruder in Partitio_ri. . 4. -Those which . refer
1: Between. a true heir and several. mistaken .' to things .. under.
. heir~'.( civic CODE, Art. 1105):. ·. ·- ,'.'--: . litigatidn if ttiey·· have .
. a. The partition isvoid; and. · . been entered into by
·. b. 'The declaratlon of nullity 'shall resu_lt in th.e. · the defendant whhout· .
delivery' of, ~everything that had : i,en the. 'kriowl~dge arid
. adjudicated to the true; heir. · #. a·pJ.2roval of. . the.
·2. :setwe1rri 'severaltrue heirs·~nd>rrii.s~ak_en·, . . -:litigants:· ., or of .·· ..
1
.'
.. heir ( CIVIL CODE, Art. 1105): The transmissro : ... c?mthp~tt;·n_ t _.. ·judicia_l_ .·
a'
: to mi§taken heiro'is void .. - au on y, . . . -
··;
3 .. Throuqh error or mistake, _share. of tfu h.~ir 5. All ·. ptner contracts · . ·
_·:· : ·, Is allotted .to mistaken-heit "Clv'lt:_G~EJ!if:Jl.-rts.:;,.. ·.·_,: ;; ~IJ,w"c,3·c.0i_~llbye,~es.cu' ·._'.0Y:
lbaJ_rre¢c.dt····bt .
· · ·. 1104"ahff11.05):
0 Th'e ·. · ·· · ·. · · .:"' a: !l ~ ··: ·.· ·· -·•.
. a, . p'artitio_n. 'slJgll not .be r'e-~cind.edt,ml~sv·· : · .. _re~cissio~; a,¥· .... -~ . .. . ... . ...
a
there. is b9 faith. or/ra~c;lontj-r~af;f of t e 6. ·payments maae. m a.···
oJber persons int~rested,-,m-t tti,"e latter sri~ · · · state'. · ·· · .of : · , · ·· ·
,b'e pr.oportion_ately o.biiged O pay_._tl")e-tr~.e insolvency for··. .· ... ,....· -.
· · heir of' his share; and . . . 'ci6Tigations._to whose' ·_ .:
· ... : b: ~~~ yarti_ti.on~ V{ith /E:_~p-ec! to, tie· 1:i:i'i~.~en. · ··fulfillment ·u,e· debtor
. .tie1(1s void (JUF-?ADO, Sycces~10n; SIJJ!f!fl at . · .· . : _ ··couid, . no't°: , ber ·
, ,·.' :.. _:. ·. -§~7).'_ -. ·: .· .. __ :. . , ·: ·. . /'~o~pelli~--·· at_·. 'me ..
, .. .. . .· . . . · , " ,_. ... , .:: · ,. ''time they · ~ ..
·: Rescis~ion v .. Annu_lrrient_ of Parti,tion . ·... were:E)ffected (CIVIL ..
.· .. CODE · rArt. . ··:f380~ '·
: ·1ia~:j · · ·~··
... ...-· . .
.·- . · :~. . .
: ,' ' .· ' •·, . . ~ ...
.. - ·Resci~sible· .. cb'n.tracts 'Annulmenr is a remedy· -partition.With Pretedtion .
·. - . . a're, valid . contracts granted.by law bec;:3"use .. . . .General. Ruie: 'A parti.tion ma.de. with P.reterition· - '.,
:, · · ·wi.thoqt ::· ·a.~y defe.ct of vices or defect,s,' in · can riot be rescinded..
: . .
(CIVIL CODE,-
.
Art .. 1164). . .... . ·
. whatsoever but the law consel1t or be~au'Se· of · .
.. grants' the·. re.medy ·of .the_. iri~i:fp_aqit~ pf on~_of ·:.
ri:
-: Exceptio~; When. it' ca.. 'be proved·'tl:iat tnere was_ .. ·
.. rescission. · · the contractir:ig parties. · .. · · - bad faith or fraud·on .the part of the 6ther.'persons
. . .·. ... ·,.. . .... ,. interE!sted (C/VIL CODE; Art. 1104).. .
.-c..::- . . . . . :~. ; . .
.- .·Remedy of Preterited Heir. ·,
.1·: Tho'se . . ... : which 1. Party incapab.1~. of · · · .. beinand · that' . the · persons_. interested :. ."b!:l _
.' ·. are' entered.: .1nto - by ·. . givjng cons.en_!; and . ·proportionqlly' liable for his :5hare in the inheritance
. ·gua.rdians,v.(heneve·r. i Vitiated conse.nt {C/VIJ,. C(?DE, Art: 11.04). • ., . .
· ' the . · · · w~rcis · a:· Mistake;
wfrom. · they b,·Violence;
·. represent suffer <?·, lntimida.tion; ·: ·
2019 SAN SEDA LAW CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS I 33g

S.UCCESSI.ON.
·.SAN BEDA LAW CENTRALIZED BAR OP£~T/ONS - MEMORY A/0•2019
. . ' . . . . •' .. . . .
~@M I M?R kSNititjSWd#i&iWW& »Ai&&W&#i HSMihS#!fy" tWRRbhH»MP' i§?f§f &9: n03145i4Si4¥:\·1·!?M!M!#fi#i¥PMBSI
Resclssion of. Partition Dueto Lesion

If iri 'the partition. anyone. of th.i co-heirs .should
receive a share-whose value is less, by at. least 1/4
than the. share: to which' he 'is. e~ntu.e~{. corjsiderinq
the ,. value of· the things . at. th~-. time 't.h~ey':"i.','.er.e
'adjudjcated, · the · partitlon, ·whether., i?.\:Jici~I or
.extrajudicial, may ..
be rescinded.. on.
\
account
. . ·,_pf the,' .
lesion. (CIVIL CODE, Art, ,1Q~8)., . ._ . ·. - l ..:~
If the lesion· is· less tha ri' .1 /4 rescission will .f{Qt-lie; the
proper, action is one for damages. (3 :PARAS, :supra
at6.64). · · ·. ·• ·'.. ' ..... ·-·. '. -
General Rule: If the partition was· effected bythe . , '.·. ,· .

. decedent himself .. eitherby atlinler 'vil(OS 'or, by 'an ~· .::,-· '/ :-;-
will, _it .. canhbt be 'impwgn~-d on t~e-.g;:gupd-of lesion •,c._• .' •
. (JURA~~:: ~lJC~ess'.~:'i,'sµfa.· q(~J~L,-.c _· . :,: _, .. ,; .. . ~., /:

.t ' ,· . : .. ,, .(_ . ·~
Exceptlons: . r ·, .,· , . ,.-. ' . . . ''· : ,; · .. · .Y ·- •·. ~,.:.
· · ·1 .. wh~n .. the: leqitirne ~r
prejudiced; and . :
)_9~
c~mpq1.s_o1:y>.is~~
: --'6r.~: . ...
.· ·.. ·:. ··. " · ·
1 -~- .·. . . , u. ·l:'V/
}\, J· ~ · · ·.· ., ., '
-, r
· · ·
·,. •
·
2. When· · it appears o( · i:r,ay-.·. .rl~so~~!¥\Ee . · :·

pres·u~~d. tha't,.tb.e' in.t~mi~p.:.gtJ_rJ~t~~1\at8r:·~!'~~·
,"....
otherwise (3 PARAS,. '.S'!{!/3·fJ.t1f$'4)/)r~--~ .. ,.:,, : . : , '
. :.
, ·· J/ ; .' ~ ,-_:'. . ·
v: ." •", )···. '. . :_-·:..';~. ,.'· .·:.. . . :_-:., .:» ,.,
.. , .
. · ·.
~it1noofhcases,l~el?!"t~z-. ~lei1\~;~:1r
;· . , l.·'g}/(~~
J~J() :,,
.'..~\·· ·...
'k\j)'t < ·:· ' · .'.': ' . :.:
:, . , . · . ·, .,
<.: ~ . ~:·. . . .
'Op_tion~·f<;>.~~the~$.u.ecfH~irf.Z··
1.
·
Indemnify the- plainii_ff jn;"G~~J:f, r.. by}h· .d.eljverY,.f1 ~i :!
· -,:11···
.· :_:· ....
·~ir· , ... · .,.,. ·1..,. ~'t'·
ie·rt;~·
:l':;(.· ·: · ·. \
.jjHl.l ~-;.
., 1,
.. · .. .'· ~\
,H· ,:·:.
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2.: Cons.enJ to n.ew R.art[ti~tftlea~n¢' i~c;m.J~~f ~-·:

. rnade; 'if shall affect ne1ttte't'l:h~s- -Iw.h_ck·
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. be.~.n preJud1c;e._dr_, nqr., 'JAO!',e-:,, W~~<t',l:j~e,;~Q._"0f'::: '·. . , .~;,.:·· ·:_:'.., ·• ·.. , • ·. ; ':_~ J· '· ..:-"'·:. /.' "·.. : '. · · • ·. ·~ , '..'
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iii~:.; j,/~icni;i~~ ~.;;~~ ~,J~\ti:~:r,;~~:~,::}t~::it~ . '.;\l:f ,: ;:{::: -:;;i: : ',._, •. • :\i_ } ._·-
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.· · ,. CODE Art 1101)° .~- ····"·".. .v., .... " -.,, ..
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OE3-LIGAT't.o·
LAW
t\Js\A:N·D·CC)NTRACT·S
SAN BEDA CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATiONS-:- MEMORY AID 2619 .•
• • '. : •• .. • • >
Inc. v. U,Land Airlines,-Co., Ltd.,'.G.R.-No._'1675'19,·

January 14,· 20.1.PJ: ·. . · · · - ·
:· ... I.;..__~..;.·
__,_.-_·-.,~
:i~_o_B_·
· .;...l1_G_A_T_-
1.;...o_N_s_· _____.I- . ·. ...... l .
Active subject . · . ,
-Obligation. . _ The -obliqee qr . credltor., who can :-,de~apd. )~{ .
A juridical necessity to qive, to do; or not to do.(CIVIL fuJfillment otthe .0.blig_c;1tion. · ·
· ·. ·co DE, A_rt: 11_56}': . ,. .. . ·: . . · . ·.
.. . .Pas slve sJj.bje~t ., . .· · .· .: . .· ~=- _. , ...
An osligation. is 'a Juri9ic~l'-relati9n. wnereby_ a yersor;i. Th~ obligor-oi debtor. aqalnst whom the obliqatlor) is
(called the creditor) maydernand Irom.arrother (t.~lled ·. · juridically dernandable .. , ··. '. ... .. ,.... ·
the debtor) the 'observance . of determmanve . a. . .: . ': . . .' ... .-:-: _. '/) /
conduct .(t!ie:giyrng; 9oing __ ~r not _doi~g). an!:f. in 'case Prestation · . . . ·. . '. . , ': · . , .
cf breach, may 'demand satisfaction. from the assets · · A prestation is the object o( an obl(gation, · an9 ifis the
of the latter (Makati ${ockExchange, iitc. v. c~1!1pos; conduct. required by the, parties to-do. or.not to· do, or
G.R. No .. 1,38814,•April 16, 2009). ~. . · ·. · . 'to:give-·(The Wei/ex Group, ·1nc.·v.··u-L~n:<J. Airline~;·
s~pra,: ;citing '~rg·· Yi/:_"As.~n'f:[~~:. v. -: c'f/.iG'.fL.No: ..
<
. ,, • · · • , ' • "-· :,.'-· • 1 · • _,. : · • ... '- ·,
1•
Juridical: Necesslty · ·' · .'· · · · · · ~ < , · 1091.25, December Z, 199i1}(_ : :· · •
· · 1 ci91igatio0 'is:a'ju)ii:ficai_n_ece~s_it{b'ec·aµse·in _tas~ of· . ' / · ~- . ' · · ''. · .. · '< '.'-' . ": ->:· · :. : : . ' .
. · ..... non:... c.'9mR'\Ha_~c. e·,.·._tlie.· ~-ou'r'ts_ cif'ju_stic'e. n:i~Y . . b._e. ~ca_lled • .Not the'·thihg '_cir 9bj_$ct,, b_ut- t~~ ·eai;ticular-cond!.!Ct ~f
I h f th " · the debtor Which:·may c6.nsishn-giving; 'doing, or not' ·
. \JPS,.n,to.~hforc~· its f~lf1U~ent or-,'m d~fa~ .t t ere<:_i_.
ecorforn1c ·value_.. that 1t represents · (PE .. ~EOf.il, . -
t. ' '
giving··.··. or _:·ri·of _doin.·_-g;·_ s_o_·metliing··.- (4... TOL E.N:T1iNO, ..· ·.
Comin'ents an'd Cases _0(1 ObiigaiiqflS and ContrMt . Commenta_ries·'and JurisprudenGe .on 1[he_relnafter the qiviL Code
_ · ... (2014), pp .. __· 1-2: [fl_~reina_fter DE_ LE9N, ,O~lif]atlpns ofdh~ Philippines; (2002J;"·p_:···St 4
and Contracts)). ,.. · . . .. - · ·. 1 • • TOLENTIN.O]f.:. \,_.. ./ . ·. . .::' . · · · '· . :· .: . .; - · .
.'¥. _•, ,\', :i.~. ~ • - .• , : • ,.·:· • r' '': .'' ), • ',',:\\:·:··,'. j) .... :.;· I ",·"'.,.' ' ..... : ", .'" ·• •
. · Elerrt·e·nt~ ·of.An-Oblig~tio'n: (:jAP,O)'°' · - '. ,: . . . ~fryds of-;J;?i:es _c;ition: ·• ':" ·

·· .. ;:· .'/ · .
. -~· <f. 'Tne' VihctilUmjufis~r Juridical tfe' .. : ', . '. ·, . 1·:----·1 To 'giye_1'·a. yre;~t?tion··, ~~i~l;l. .'c~nsisfs i~ .t~e.: .>
2.: The ~ctiv~_;_S~bje~t . . .. :. ·_ . .,°. -· . :
deli~er~;u ~ mpvable. or., a~ 1mmo~~b1~·.th1~Q IQ .
_.,;·3_ -Tile !~.c::l~~lve ,Syl.JJ~S.:l- _· . :·---· .· "'~. ~ ,; . . . .. otder"t~cta!e ~frec;\I rigtit.,·_or fo_r u;·e,'(ise_.of'the· , .
4._ Tl1e·_(?bje __cl ur_._f_ r~s. lc1_liu_u.,· -: :- -~.·:"".. .{;;!._t.:. ·· >.· . · .. · . · . recipiejl·, or.for.Jts simple po~sessiorvor in-order
,,. . .. &f'r' ,.. _.. . toi:et~.rri iti~ it\owner,(e.g>sa/~,~deposit,-.o!edf1~1 ·. ·
~Dri:g_i_c~!;Tie1~~t ~~l~tiO:n . ·. ·· ·y;j, :·, ·. · ~ · · "" ·: , . ·. donif.3n) J[!!oi(o •Jar 1.Corporat1on :v. ·Comg/asco 1
The~ .'efficieo_t _. caµse. :est9blish,ed ~5y '-thp various . ·i',. :corporationY "A.gi.Ji.J!'..G)fijS/ ·_G.R:.,_:_t:Ja·, ?569,. ?~ -
·s?urcesi ··of.· .obligations· (law;_ ; cootfactSl)D'. cf~s1:· · :.J_anuary...1.§_, 2.0-1-7_)/· .' · . · · · . '' ·> :: -~ · · ·: . .
·,'. . · ·. CC?'ntr,acts;. delict~. arid-_ql,!,aSi-delict~): .. '· ; . /. 2~ To do__ · includes all' kinds·.- of work ·(Jr' service ....
• , . ,.,. • .,
1•
·-. : • , . • • . -. • - •• - (Asi~il_ ·_- ·constr~ctioh<·~"arid','.. ;Df]vetop}jteht ·_ "
- 'Tile \in~ul11_rp . jw}s: or .. juridi~al. tie·. is ··iti'.a -~hich <D.6r,ioratio(l. · ,· Phflippin~ ·:·<Gom]J[erciq/' .v: ., . : ... ,
· - ,· _ess!:lntialfy bihd_s'the Pir_ties-to _the dbliti'aJion .....!~i~ , . 'lri.t_era_?!folial.BanR.,:·G.F(.,No:: 15~~-p;_-Awil 26, -~
· linkage ,between. the· parties·,is· a. bindirilr'elation:,thar' . ;:, ·, 2@06); and::·_, : · ·. ·>·. : :. , ·
·:t· ·,, , ..·:.°'. ·, · <- ·; · ·, · · · ·
. _.is. t~e-resul_t of th~ir bflc}teral actio. ns,..wtii9LJ ~e r;is~. ·3:-:· ,,Not to:- ~9-i,-; .. <;:oh.~is_ts·-in:·a~~tain1ng-.fr9m· doirjg_ .
'. ·. ·t(?,·the )existenc;:e· of the c9htract ·{The ·.1/l(ell~x:<;i6up; :":':·, · '., ~qrrie··-~d. '.:!nis::ob.li_g~tion '.ii°iclu.de's·fh'e '.opliga!tofr · ..
..::'\ ·. \:-::; :: , · .. ·; ''./_. -~ ·----'·, .. . (::"notto.:·.~~~~?~7:?,_i·:~:r.'N<i\.;~~~ra·af:~7.-_.?~·-·. :: . ·:,
-.'--. '~XEC~nyri~oivwin1~}: -· slfu]E~Tt: 0NL~~furi.-::- _ -~. 0 ~MBE~S .:-:-'~~:-~---~·-ADVISE~~~"_.,.... ,.:-·-

'. .:_ _ -~·:.. -
r . MAJ3.Y _GYIDEI:._L C. ·SUMAN.QUI fyl.A:· CRJSTINA -D. _ARROYO EL~. G .. PEPITO; MER'IlYL .' . Dea)l.. S.: ED ·:· VINCENT ·
. . . : : ()wi(·a'(/: .'Chairpersim;·-.:. EI!,ICA_: ,,.Subject :Chair;. MARY .CHERWYN KRISTIE : M. ' FRANCIA·. :'. ALBJ\:NGJ/Dean' T,JLPJAN() P... '.
:. _· . ~:-:s.
·..
y.ISTA ·.Cli_riirp~rson J.o;,..,.. 1: CASTR()'Assi11a1it'Subj~ct'(;haii:,-.:. £~!-IE ·.'RUSE ···DYNE;:~' ''SAIWIEri°o.:. :ft( •' Atty:' .. ,~.
Aca1.emics, ~EN, . R)::I . E. .JAY.SON_ P. ·_~IIQ(!L'\NA · Subject_ ·R0MAN9,: _. ·_. i . -~ ::· . · .· ~L.t .. C~~.o. '.(I.tty .. ,
BARB~RO·Cl('!!rp,erf.?,~orljote{ , Ele_ctron19pa.ta, P,rqces~ing: ~ ... Jj\NINE:: ~~LLJ_::·.. :. , J.. · .D~. 0. µ_ELA <;RJJ..Z, Afty._ ,
.. _. pp._era_11~t1~;.Jl:IELS~':,/O~~E B .. _·_i}NGJ:;L!CA. 13. ~Q~RI:A.. C,pi1flict ·. PASC.ON;. MA' CHl!J,UE;_J~,,, R.OWEI.1: If ·.ILAGAN; . :Alfy .. ·
· . · . ;_DJ0AANO )'1ce-Gh~1rperson.fo_r · of Laws, SOPHIA VI_CTORIA E. - G:'· I.::ABANGCO, .. MARIELA'· JPSEPH FERDINAND .. M..
- : · . . Srcre!driai, ,EAR)':.· lP?Tn:1: M;-- _M~A • .PerSO(IS.'~ a'ru{:, fa'ir,ily · .N.iA:E B. MAMAiU( JEMMA:'2X:,:'.'PECHAVEZ, ./\tty.'.1TI!ERESA
,.·. . Y~AO, Vice "9hajmerson-Jor. .· Rela!io.ns, JOANNA' EIJZAB.ETII . OYALES, ·•• :· BENISE ,:.t:... p: G~VIEY.E NUEVE~CO ' .
. · .9.P.~rpt}9.11_s, :.M.J\:,,'.~GEL!CA;B,·.· K.M\LA · . c...~
\~CONTE_N'fO ... M4l)AMJ3A.:DoNNA B.. ~ . ·. ; ·,: -~ . ;-. -~s.
. :· · · , .
' 017 I;EdN ___'l('i¢~ <;n~_irp_er~'c!nJqr ProP.erty and Lan<f:Tit/e~ and Deeds,. GP!vlfZ;JASQN JEREMIAH G.' ..... :. . ·.·_ .: . " ' ...
J:i.ncmce,. ~ .. OLM/\);'A r.:
KEVIN CH_RISTIANiA. PASJON . ·RUNES ,GEMRD 'CEASM,'s .. .- ... ,, ·. ·'.
BAD~GAN'. Vice' 'Cliairperso,i . S.11c.~~ssion, JAMIL ·.P:. DALIQI_G . Bi\GUio'. CAMil..LE C.'eEr:zc( .. __ .· ·." .... ,··· ..
.. fo'.Audit, JORDAf!' N.'CHA-yEZ .. O~ligatjOIJS . anil .- Co11t1J1c1s: "lvl0RRIS'·'MEDEL.F.=-'SOI:ANO, . ' ' ·. : .· • : . ·' .
Vic_e_Cha[rpersonfor.EbP, ~Z .. KE~VIN -ANTHONY _B. YJ,AD~ .'--,J,q,~E MAURICE~ R0ME_0 c ·: ·: i _.- _ _-·. ·,v-:: ·:.
))ARRYJ_;·:·.P·, .. :n:Q_- .\free .. Sales·a11a'.Lease;,K0~1}:'CES M: SALVACION, LOIS· . RENEE,R.'
Age11cy; · _ : ..
TIIB.Q.N; CZES~.JQfl.AAA-c.' . -. . . , - / :.~ ~...
0
. ;-.P~irpers9n}orLogis(ics, a111,. . . ~UEVA Parinersfiip ~ _;;,d

_DQFW ~ ;E, AQUIL_!_~~ ..'. MAJl.0
,'.\NA ~G);:µ\ T. S)M\" 10.· < JEN:JNE.:: PAULJi..JE.'' .co; . f'< . ' . . :·· . '
· _V17e ChairpersonforMem~e'rsllip· - Cred(t' 'Transac_tiori'?; G{ZELLE · -RESURRECCION ·:. ·'MARIA' ' · ·
KJ\RU'JA. · D.C. · MONTERO. Tprts EMlLJA..:.·A. sm°A.r_\: ]ER.RIC -i/. : '_,·. -; .. ....·,
and Da1i1ages . · . . CRISTOBAL
. . ...~ ·
. . \. . ·· .
oeu GA TJ o~N S. A~N-D' CON"TR·ACTS
..,· "SAN BEDA LAW ~ENTRALIZEDBAR OPERATi9NS- M_EMORYAID 2~19
Forms of Obliqation . e'xlirig~ish' the oblig~tio_n for g_enus· never

It is settled· that once perfected, a contract perishes (ge.nus nun_'quamperit); and
. [objigf).tion.s arising Irom contracts] is' qenerally · ,. ,· iii. Limited generic 'thing - when the ·generic -
binding in. whatever- form, whether· written ~r oral, it objects are conflnedto .a particular class,
· may have been entered into, provided the essential e.g., an ob.l[gatiqn to deliver one of my
requisites. for its validity are present (Kabisig Real.· horses · (J.URADO, · · Obligations and
Wealth Dev., lnc. it. Young Builders Cotporeiion, - : Contiacts, supra _"at 91), ·
G.R. No. 212375, J.anua_ry-25, 2011/ .
4. VieWROi~t of'Per~on .Obliged
', Obligations arising from other sources do. _not have - ·a. ·. Unilateral; and
any form at all (DE LEON, Obligations and Cotitrects.. . b. - Bilateralor Mutual ' .-
p.·3). ·.";' i. 'Reciprocal- (Cl.VIL CODE, Arts. ·. 1-1°69-
. ' ·. i 19,1). . '' '
. -"7"'\
' ...... .\
34:2 I 2019
. SAN
. .
BEDA'L.:AW
. CENTRALIZED
. . . BAR
·./
OP.ttRATldNS
..
~oBLI-GATIONS··AND CONTRACTs-·
·, ' SA,N B£DA LAW CENTRALiZED DAR'OPERATIONS ~ MEMORY AID 2019
w i
~sx,•u:w@-<iiiS&¥64§.,P~J4 M>t?f:;aci#,m,\$ a>J'S&i ui&w txt'fi iit4tii*:-R 'ifii #iritt,«.& i e: >eeis,niffl5fi-:ti
lm"c;v;.~6Z(!i,-=
Obligati6ns · :Arising· From Coi;itracts (lj=x0 In other. words, the law considers the· parties as
Contractu) . . . having entered into a cor;itract, irrespe.ctive of their .
Obliga.tions ar[~ing 'froin .contracts have the for~e of iniention,-to prevent injustice (DE LEON, .Obligations
law between the contracting parties .and should be and Contracts, ·supra 21). a{
.
complied witli in. good faith (CIVIL.CODE, Art. 1159).... ·. ·
'- ,
·.
. .
. Two Main Kinds _Quasi-Contract:
Hence, a contracting'..party's failure, wLthout lega·L 1 . · Negotioruin G'estio
reason. to comply with· contract stipulations breaches 2. SoJu.tio lndebiti.
. their contract and ·can,be the basis for:the award" of
. Negotiorum Gestio (Officio~s Nianage.ment)
damages to ·the other.· contracting ·party (An'gl!I V Whoever voluntar-ily takes charge of thf agency or
· · Talampas; Jr. --~; Moldex Realty, . Inc., G.R. No.
rna'"n.agenient of t~.e-busines~ 'or property of ~nother.
170134; Jum/·11, 2015). - · ~
.without any pciwer from. the latter, is obliged to
. • . Meaning ot contract " . · . · - continue. the same. until the termination of the affair
and. its in_cident~.-~r to require the' person ~oncerned
A contract' is_a'° nieeting: of the &,iir:iqs b!:)twee·n ly,Jo
persons Whe_r~by' Ofle · binds himself ,...with' respecf'tb
a
to substitute him' if the owner is in position to d~ .so
. (CIVIL . CODE,. . . Art.- ·2144) .
. the
:·
oJher,. . to.gLve
. .. -·- soifiething,or.to
~ .
render sol')'le'
.. / ~ervice. '
(CIVIL CODE, Arf. 1305) ... Requlsites' of N,etJotiqr~m· Gestlo . . . ·· .
t11e.esseMia1:. requlsites of' neqotiorum gestio are,
Bindlnq F-orce-of aContract -. . . . -asfollows (No-CAN-Vo): ·
·Contracts 'are perfected .9Y mere. consent, and from -(: No meeting of the r:nJnd.$; _ . _ : · ..
· that- moment the parties· are found to .· 2. .J.aktng _g__h.arge.of another's business or. ~rope·~y;
· 1. · the· fulfillmen't. of ··what has been · expressly 3.. _P~operty;. 0~_ ~LJ§iness · must have .· been·
· ·. stipulated . -' .: ·;.' :' · . . . . , . Abandoned or neglec,ted; . .
2.· · 'to all of .th~ consequences w~ich, ac_~or~g. to , 4, _};h~~~u.s niana~ier must ~?t .have been . -
. . thenature- of· the obligations, may:·ber11pl<eep!ng expcessli,;'~r implicitly authorized; and : . · .
-- · ' · with. good· faith, usage, and law (CIVIL CQDE, The '.bffkeioµs .manaqer (ge_$tor) .. must, haye .
... .Art .. 1315).' : ~- ·..: · . ' ~ · · ,) VoluntaJ1I~ taken .charge - there must be no
. . . " -, ' vitiatedTco_nieni, such ~s error in thlnklnq.that-he
Note~'Where"i'he lawrequlresjhat ~ contract D made oWiie-a' the prop~rty -or the. business (PA~AS,
in some form, it . shall. only t5indl"the.rf)aiti~s: ~upo·n . Civil Code of. 'lfi.e Philippines Annoteteii., 20161
. . . compliance with the prescribed formaliti~~ (,see CIVIL · .V?( 4, p. 1157 [hf!e_ina'f!.fr 4 P_f:,J~A,SJJ: .. r _ •
. C:ODE,' ~rt; 1356r · .·:. . ' - . · -I~i .
· . · . ·, .... · ___,.-
Wh~-n f:{~goti,Q[f.!"1 Gestio NotPresent': . .
-:
Breach' of Contract (c_ulpa·_aoritraciual). · ·. . Nego([<?rurn Gestio does riot.art~e in 'eittier-'<3,f_the_!>e
In cutpecotniectue; th.e mere proof of the-existence instances: . .
of _the co.n!rac.t and· the· fail~re q! its comp(an-..ce..jus/y, . .. . 1. · When. the· proP._erty·or bµ_si~essJs not.neglected
pnma..~a~1e, a ·corr~spon_ding nght ot ~eJ1ef .. }h,~)aw, . a
· .. · .' · ·or abandoned (in' sj.Jch case proyisi(!.riS ·of A·rts0
r.ecogrnzing_. the oqhgatory force of contracts, will ~9t. · b17, ·1463[1], arid )404 regardi6g.un'auth'6rized
_ .- permit a·pc1rty to ~.e set free.Jro.m. liabilitY,-for a.ny kind·.. co_ntracts.shall govern);.and ·. · · 1 / ••• • ·
: of misperfo_rmance'ofthe ccin)ractl,!al und~rtaking_or' · . 2. If ih fact the rria.nciger.has·been tacitly~(irnplied
·. · , . a· corllr'avention: 'of ftie tenor.-th_ereof."(Gi/at ·satellite. . . ·. from. ictio.ns or. .statements)··authorize.d by the
Networks, Ltd:. v. ·.
!-}niiecf Cocbnut 'Pla_nters · Ban'k . : '6~ner (in.suet, a-ca~e rules:'o_fl.age'n"cy in Title X,
General Insurance ~o., Inc., GR.. No. ·189563, ~pril · . _.. :·: Book·IV, ~hall apply) (CIVILC.ODE, Art.'21.4,4): ·
. - . .
7, 2014)' . . . ... . . .· ·- . .. . . .. .
. ·' . .. . . :
. . . . .
. .·.
·· ' · - · · - · ·· - · ·· · Sc;,lutio ln[i.ebiti (i:>ayment N<:>t-D~e) . --:: · - ·
Qucisi-~ontracts °{Quasi-Ex-Contractual) . . . . If ~oniething ,is' receiv.ed when: tliere· is·· no right to
·Juridical relations arising from iaw(ul, ,voluntary,. ;3nd d~mand it, a,:i9 lt Was·. unduly· 9elivered thr.o.ugh.·
unilateral qCts "t,y virtuf d which'.tlie' pat11es b~~cime · mistake; .. the- .09ligation· to ,reh:irn 'ri- a'rises (CIV~L' . ·.
1
bound· to·.e.ach other; based,.on'the priricipl.e thqt no C.ODE;·Art. ~-154). : . · · .. - . --~ ·· -
one- 'shali be unjustly enriched,:oc bein'efited at'. .the . . . . ,- - ·- ,,..

· · ' ·· · Elements'·ot Solutia lndebiti .. : ·. , . . • .
?
.expen.s_e o(ar.i~t~e((CIVIL. COD£, Ad. 14~).:' ':: ... '"'. · The Pfiricipie'cif solutio iFidebiii applies ;,.jt-iere': .. · · . .
. ·. .._,Quasi-contracts-'are b.ased on the prfociples that: ·· 1-. A'ppy~ent is ma_d~._when ihere exis!s 0-° binding
. 1. No. onetmust. unjustly enrich.'himself at·an·_oth'er.'s relation between, th~ payor,., who tias no du.ty. (o .
expense; - . ·.,· . . pay, and._the persoh who rec:'eived tbe payment;
2. If one benefits; he must reimburse; and . ,.. and · .: . _· · · .. . . ." ,~·. - : . .
3. Justice and equity (PARAS, C[vil Code o( the.' · ·. --2... The P.ayme-nt is m9_de through mis!ake, and not
Philippines· Annota.ted, (2016); Vol.· 5,.. p. 1157 · .._ :. ·thr.oug.h libera)ity··oi;'some other causeiSpouses
[hereirJafter 5 PARAS]). · · Abella v. Spouses Abella, G.R. No. 195166, J_uly
. B,..2015).. .· .
..· .
. 2019 SAN SEDA LAW CENT,~~!ZED BAR OP.ERATIONS .1. 343
. . . . . ~ . . .
. o·BLl"GA.Tl:.CJN S .AN·,o·
· -SAN BEDA LAW CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS
co N,TRACJS
- MEMORY AID 201?r ·
• • ' • I • .• • .._ •
---:';f\\Jaec•1::saYf +ae uc1-&1. Yt&ee-tt::-s AM e•:•,ds

. v M n:M;; RSM> z, :-tMt
.. ·w1ww:s;-g2:ae
.. . . i#Wffit
. &&wte se vaooat1u,wn;n
1 O·. Right to beneflciaj, reimbursement by· a third
person who pays the debt of another without his
knowledqe (CJVIL'CQQE:, Art. 2173)." .. ',,
11. Obliqation of a person benefited by measure for .
··:-_
It is ngt:ne.ces~,ary· that -~~yme11t · -. made -by . protection _agai(l~t-lawless·ness,. fire, flood, .storm
the 'payment: was "rnade misiake-· is '.an essential or other calamity to . pay his= share of expenses
. by . mistake; . 'payment element to' n)c;iirit_ain 'the (CIVIL CODE, Art 2174) .. · -. ', ··.. . ~-
could have been. made actlon for': recovery.. . . a
. 12. · R)ght of reimbursement by, person constrained ..
knowi_ng_ty . :_ ... .: and . . to pay the .taxes of another from the latter · (CIVIL
voluntarily.j. . ·· . -cpDc,.Art. 21.7f5J .. :, · •· · : . .
,. . ·!'
Nevertheless.. · .there .
wou.!cfJ?.e'~ -recovery ·of-:.:- .::-'· Note: Enumeration. of Quasi-Cont~acts:· in th~ Civil
what.tias been- paid.' - · · . Code·T~ NOT.exhaustive nor exclusive (CIVIL COD~,
. . ' Art. 2_143). , _ . -\. . _... - .--~ .
\.
i.
. i . ·... ·-.
. , . . . . . . .
34.4 I. 2Q19·SAN~BEDA·LJ,1.W CENTRAUZED'BAR Ol?ERATIOl)JS ·.
. ' . . -· . .. . '
-. OBLJGATl.ON.S A:N-D .Cb.N·TRACTs·
SAN BEDA
. LA.WCENTRALIZED:BAR
. OPERATIONS
.. - MEMORY A/0·2019
;. ';
Effect of Extinguisliment of Criminal. Liability on Proximate .c;au.s'e- ~ . ., . " , . ' . .
Ci.vii Liability . . . \ · ·: ., The negligent actor omission must be the proximate
If criminal liability was .extinquished on "the g.round cause. 'of the injury ,(Josefa. · v. · Manila . Electric
that the. 'accused · was . riot. the author of" the -acts Compeiw, -c.n:~· :
No. 182705, Ju1y·18,' 2014):
,
.
.
complained ofas a felony or, offense, no ~iv.ii liability ·
. arises.ln: relation thereto (see CIVIL CQDE, Art. 29; ...• P;oxim~tf~u~.~.-ifclefined ~.t that\aJse,\vhich! .in"
· Dayap v. Sendienq, G.R. No. -17-7966, January 29, natural and. continuous sequence, unbroken by any
-·, 2009) · · · · . · · . . · ,:-- efflcientintervenlnq pau_se,,_- produces the injury,· and ...
.without which Jhe. result· would' nor haver occurred ''
lf. criminal · liability , is extinquished by some other · (tvJend9za "v.. Spouses , Gomez, . GJ~. No: 160110,
rnanner, but where it is clear that the.accused wasthe Jime 18; ·2014).,"-· , ·. · .. · ·. ~- ·. i., • ·.;, .
author of the a'cior 'omission complained of as ha'{illg., , :'· I , , .: ;.' .; •:.· , . ·· ' : '' • .: • , .. ·, ";• ,
caused darnaqe or injury to a private-cornplalnarit, the Necessity of Proving Neqliqence ,· -. ,.·

civil liability. is not extinguished 'and can be, enforced. :in ·order for liability from. negjigence-'to .?risECthere
in the .sarne action ·o~ ,a separate action (see ¢/VIL · ·. must be npfo.r.ily pr:oof:bf _dan:iagE: and neglig.ence, t;iut
CODE'-Art. 29). . ," . · · ·. - . ·}'· .· ·. also prqof that the. dl;\rnage was. the consequeri'ce' of _
_ . .',: !·... . . . ·. 'the·· .neg!ige.nce .. (Abroga,<v.· Cosmos -Boitli[lg ·,
Quasi-=delict . ->.••• ._ • C.o.mparJy,;·G.R .. No. 164749; M8rch~~1.5;_2Q1.7).. ~~ .. · ·
'' Wtio.e\ler· by·. act or. on:iission .~auses/damage.>to ... · .. :.:'.. _':\\ )) .': -:',; '>';. ,.:\. ·
0;'-._
r·· _, ·.: .·. _. ...

ariothe'r,.th·erei' beingJ~ulror:negligence, is ·obli!fl~d to'' . Hciwe\jer; since negligencEf may in some· cases· be '.
pay,lor the dainag_e done. ·Such fault.ot.negligeri'ce: if · ·fia'ra t.o'prove·:.the:doctrine bf res)psa·loqiJ(t¢c {th.e
th~re i$ ho pre:e~istjng. c'ontradual r~lation·bl3t1een thihg speaks .. for,'._'itself)· Jnay '·tie·. applied ... _ It.".
the parties, is- called.a quasi-delict (CIVIL CODE, Ari. · recognizes ··that· parties may establish prima· facie . ·
. :2176). . ,· : . · . · ·, ;,?· ·.
negli~jence with~ut. direct:proof,, thUjf,· it f9.lloWS tbe.
, · : ' . · . . "' ·. ' ·. · .· . prfnQJEie0tl:i"sut\~.ti~'-!tet,cifsp,e,tiJic.i~rP.?fof'~~glige·nce:'_,
.-, ~- Retj~i~i!e.~:<?f'Qua·~i~de_lict:_.(D~C.l.~ ... · . ' . ', ',lt"permit$ th,e,·plaintiff'to·present >. along·.witn proof of I
1.., Damage suffered by the. plamt1ff;. . ·. ·· ·~ the' a.ccident,,;~h.~u_gh:of the atle.ndiflQ. cirC.Uf'TlSt'ances :
· • ·., i: fault or. n~gligenc,e·?(the defen'dant;"atid • · ~ to.>irivok~ jh~- '.f'do~trine_. ·.cr~ate~ .an.:· inf~:er:ic~ ~ or., ·
3 .. C~usa1:· c.onhection between · tt,e fault' . ·or. · pre~~mpt1on-01n~gligence. an.~ t~.ereby pl~ce or1 th~·· · .
. ·'. >. .:·: ·.: 7ne,giigenc~ .... ·of_; de,fe~9ariy)i.n9 '-_the/jcj~rnag~· d,ef.e~9~11flthe q~tl~n .• qf prq~ing·t~?~' tp~ri:r.:,va,s,_no .
. ~, · · incurred by t.he plaintiff ( Guillang v:· Bedania, G.'R) · .!:)e~ligj~~~-oQ.: i.~,P~[ {p(!f ¢.arf!:.e,:,'. Jr. _v.,~a~o9:; G-!.<·,
·:., ··. ·. ~a·. 1?2~87,.Ma~ ~!_.2.009)'. .·· . ·'. ·~~··
. :.:: .~p01~!870, Apnf25,,.~_q1~r. ~ . ." . ··, ·· ··
N~gligerice. . ' . .. ' . . . : ' . - ..The (equis1tes·ofres ipsa loquitor arff'_c'!S foll~~s:
: ' .. · '' NegEg~-~ce.is_ ?~fi~~d-a.sJh~-f~.ilur~ to:?~serv(v~.~ t. e. 'i.~ttie·,even~ .is. i·kmd -~_t\ic~· ~o~s 'not ordinarily :~_t
prote_ct1on ·of the interest 0f anot~er. person~. that .· occt:JJ;...u_nle~s· so.rne?n.e 1s .!:1,e.gl19~p~; ,· .. · .. · ·.: ~
·.::::degree~ "of care·; precautiori, an.d ·yigilan<le\vhic~""t_fje , . 2. '° =J:-hee.c13)Jsei'of t~.e .inj,ury yv~s. ,.11:icier. ttie ·.exdusive .·
· .. cJrcurnsta.nces justly demand,· i,,vh,Eire~y{.suc~ .,Q her · . -·/on,frol of th'e ·per~on ·lrfohar~'e;;and·:' :.;·-:: · '.~- ·. '<. .
· p~~son.·sutt;ers ~jury '(Gui/fang v: ?edarJJ?.~.JFN~'. 3. The0·i'njury:suffere·d must"not have b.een due' to
·1 q2987;, 'M,ay 2·1: 2009):,:--: - ._ '.'. ·.·. '. .' · . /·, .: ': '. ·. any ~ql.untary~~·~tiori' or·,c~m~ii8irticirfon .t)i~}>art bf ~
"·.'' -''. ,·, ·:." ,·, ".;:-'. : ' / ... :·, · .. ·,.' .. , :·: \·_,. '·' .·· ' - :·\::th~_'per~ori'if!ji.ire-d;'(qero,:no V. ~t:J',Pa? Ho~sing ·.
. N~gligence is th~. orryi,:>sio~_.b~ that ~ilig'ence \vhich is··.· :. . . ·:· :and.· Qey Corp. G:R~ _N'd; 2·1·1175; · Jal1u?ry {8, . ·
• ""'regui,re'd-by~t~e 'circumstances~o'f::person~pJac~.and: ... ·' ~ ';:'·: :?01°7-j:a ,"', · ".'--';· ' · ." '+'·.~;'- :,c..,-1;,, · ..: .- .. -. ,_ > . --
\-. · , urpe: (CIVIL CODE, Aft. ·.1-1.!3)~ ~Thus; tr.e findinQ. of '··.. . ,.- - . . ·' ·· . · , . · .... · .:·. ..:. J ..... : : . •
. ii.eglige·n~e: is' ·a questipn of fact '(Philip'pihE? N,a'tional, - · · Deli"ct ~ ..·ci\ia.ii-Delict..'
. ·., .. · .. R_ailw..ays Cofpcirat(on\v. Vizcara;·:G:R~· Nb'.· 190022, ' . · · ..,...,,,,,.,.,....;,...,..,..,;,.,..,.:.;...,,;...,,.:,...,......,,..,...;;.....,,, j~i\jja;;~~t,t~
·. . .. februari15,\2012J, ,· .. ·, · ·· ·.··' :. ·.. · ':· ... · · ., ' .· ·
• • • • . ,: • •• • • J •
. •, .· .... · ' . . . .. '·. .......

· Te?t. of Negligen~e: The. test,. of ·neg.l_ig~nce· ·is ::' · : .. ~
objective. It is measur.ed by the-actjr or11ission of the·,··
to[tf!;iasor' ;with a pers'pectivk as t~at of cii'n. ordin13ry · :,-.
· .· -
: · re-a.sonabiE'i:pers'on·whb 'is:s,rnflarlt·sifuaf~d, The test ..
'._ i.s wh'either" or "ri'ot "the tortfeasor;-'i:11ider 'the atte.ndan't ·
circumstances, Used '' reasonabie _;, care '.' a'rid~ .: ' tnM~
. cautio~_.whi'ch an ''ordinary ,r.eason~ble pers'on- would ... '
have. u"sed 'in the sariH:i:·~ituation :{Mi:ikati Shangrt::Ca. ..
Hotel qfld- Resort, "Inc: V. Harper; G.R. No. 189998, ·. ' ,. 'malicious
-There-. c.~i~.i~~i ': · is • ·. ; · only · rs . .9~ ; Th~J( ·, , · '.
· intent .' or negligenc_e·: ,' · ·_.·
Augusf29, 20{2): ,, · · . icrjnii!1al.neglig.ence. · · ·
. ·. - ' '
· ... · ... .. •
·' 2019 SAN SEDA.LAW CENTRALIZ~D BAR OPERATIONS- I 345

.Q.Bl.l,GATl·ONS-AND CONTR·ACTS ·
-. SAN BEDA
• LAW
. .CEIY.TRALiZEDBAR OPERATIONS - MEMORY A/0·2019 . .- .
~MUW45FS£%W,W. MAC. . , .... ??4!5#!HBMii·i11f&kKSSS . 4# 4hi'>!;#f &E~¢F
. f,@•fiW(S~l,A
\ . =t!f$SB P,,>¥u,·l2f 15£ k\¥4%@
. .
. · Several Obligations Arising from Single Act :or
Omisston . - . .. . __ -.
The enumeration [in Article 1157) does not preclude
,,.._the.possibility that a single action-may-serve 'as 'the .
' source of several obligations. to .» pay -darnaqes 'in. '
accordance with the · Civil ·Code.'· (Tank.eh .. v.:
Development Bank of" the Philippines, G.R. No.
1714~8, November 1-1, 2013). · . .
Example: · Eje.c.ting a _passenger-· already· seeteo .

· inside 'tbe ptene-.tor no· mason other .than racial
discrimination_ .- ( 1)·: consequences ·. arising from
NoJ asbroad as
quasi-. Action.a51edn.?n/act. or breach . of. coiitrect and (2) payment' of: dan:,ages
tj~lic;t; can _be puA_iSh~.d omission wherein· fault ·arisi(lgJrom law as a result _9f'inorally repr.ehensJble
only· when there · is -a -or neqliqence manrier of -breecb of contract ·(Afr Prence . v.
. , ... Cetrescoso, G.R. No:.L.. -21438,.SejJternPer2f3,:. . '·
pen·ar : . law · '. clearly intervenes. · r · · . . . . , . . . 19.66). .
j:,ena.lizin~f it. . . . . •. . .- .. · ..
.. - .
..
. /~-
'f;.~-~-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-~~j
~\)' ;, -t~~--.-~.-_.·-·: ...·,, · -::. "'.:=·'':':?~;..:,.: .. ~I·>-~·< . .... -.. ·::·-..,• ~-~·;, ... , -.. t, ·.: )\··.
~mp)loye'r-:J.§~li~ble_:_ol;l_ly )\ILerji"ploy.erf \vhett,e( . .. .. . . . ,·.. . . ' .. -· . -·. '· ... ·,
. . vVlie'n· ne·::is· erigagec;l 'in !hey . ."ar¢- : engag-edt'in · · . ·,. Delivery . · .. ,;: : , . . . . . .. -c. ·-.
,· .. io.r_1\~. ~_in_d Of buainess ~$,,8.)iJi'.~: _f(Hite:,rpfi~~ or '.ri.m ~-.
~~-~\y,ery; ~S ff\af.1 ~by.»1,qi_c_h.:qne pa)iy parts. Wit~· ttie
, or -industry.· . :are,)1able; this. includes: . : t.1tl~ to. ~nd:l,he p9.s_s~_S_$1qn-.0Hh~. property;_ and .Jlte
_ ..._ . ,. .. .. . : house: h~·1p.ers\ .: ·. .~n;·~r.
~cg_u\r~s . the .. right to and. pq_s~~~sion,· t~~ -'.of.
. ·: '~~-;· ·:: :,: ..~:__:· •.:,;•.'.. . • > · .'._ ·, •· .. ,_,\· ,_ -~·: .•. ·_ . · ·: --.. ~ar.ne (NF,F lndystrifll_Gorp9rap.9a y,,. G&LA~sqciaJ~d· · ..
. . _ (DE [EQ/iJ,. fJ~bg~t':o'?~ arrd .G_ontr?!_cts, .sl!_p~a .?t JO; Brokerage;- GJ{ No .. 178.1_69, Jan.uary 1.2, ·20.15).:·- · ·
JURADO, .9f?l1gat1ons· and Contracts, .. supra, atf.,21; · ;. · · · · · : ... ·
Etta.no V;.·Hl11; G:R N9': ·c.::2.1ao3,J0a??6.-.11'~7:7f~: · .·· _.. · ,, .. _ ·: .:;:::
·.:-
· : . 346 .I 2019.
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SAN BEOA
·.- l:.AW. CENTRALIZED 13AR OPERATIONS
. . '
Ii ¥·01&&%$ ,-f.g;;ef ~.
OBLIGATIONSANDCONTRACTS
%5 b* $¢
SAN BEDA 1,AW CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS - MEMOR_YAID 2019 · .
fi k,J,;;:; ki! * "+ ::3§: ..4:5 ;; : ·,, 6 bk-:-...; '·!Sh A ,2¥Af 'rl:S f 1 .;fi,PMGs&-W t S--g..§, : Z ®tr. £tlMTZfJ:°.
fl . ·
Purpose·of De.livery The obligation to deliver ·may be an obligation· to

. \ The purpos(f of delivery is rio_t only .for the enjoyment deliver, · , ._ _ · . _
of the thing b·ut ··also a m'ode of ·acquiring dominion
and. de.te~mines the trans1T1issio_n of ownership,_ the
1. · Specific or Determinate Thing
2. Generic Thing
. ...... .
birth-·of the. real right. (Cebu· Winland' Dev<tlopment 3. Lin:,ited Generic (Id: at 91) .. ", . ,
. -. Corporation v. Ong Siao Hua, G.R. No. 173215, May
.- . . ·- '
·21, 2009). . · Speciffc or Determinate Thi_r19 ..

A · thing is . deter.minate. when .. i_t .: is .. particL:Jlarly
Kinds of Delivery . designated· or phy§.i~ally segrega~E:ld from all ,others
"1. ·Ac;tua.f delivery (tradition) . ·of the sar:!)e c;;las_s ..(CIVIL C.ODE; Art.· J490, par..1).
In s~le, for exan:ple, actual deliyery qf the_!hing
~old occur? when_ it is. placed ·.under th~ control Thing Deemed Specific, Determlnatlon Does Not
and . possession. of .the· vendee· (The Roman 'Require-Subsequent Ag~ement:.~. _ · ....
CaJho/ic Church v. Pante, G.R. No. 17411 $,·April, The requisite that.a thing be determinate is satisfied
11, 201_2). . if at the time the. contract.is er:iter~d· into,. the thing is
.~ .. . capable _pf. -qeing made -determinate without . the
-· 2. · Constru"cti:•ie d·elivery ·- nec~ssily ot.a __ new or ;l,lrlh~r agre~-~~nt b~-~wee~ _t~e ..
- Where . although physical possession is not parties (CLVIL COD.E, Alj. 1460,:pfJr. 2): . . · · '
·,placed in·°' the .. hands· of. ·the obligee, it .is ·
r:,ev~rtheless ·irrevocably ·place'd iii his e!(ective - Generic or l~det~~-minat~ :fhin"g · ·· : .. : ~-: .: .
control : '- A thing is generic or lndeterrninate in the sense.that
a. Traditi_qij symbolica (sy_mbol.ic tradition) - it is desiqnatedrnerely by" its.class orqenus without
as when -.the keys. of a bodega are "given any particular designation or physical seqreqation.
from,-:a11: o.t~ers .#~_th~ .same · class, .tli~ _lo~s···or.
NoterDelivery of .. the key to the car garag.,e dest~tion-of anytl)irig of the same kind even without
where a car ap~. its key are kept is symboli_c the de5tor's~ault_ and before he has incurred in delay
'delivery.Defivery-of
is ac.~ual d~livery.
. · ·. .
the car keys tnemselve·s'
~ .· : .
>-.- . ., · .
. ·,I.'.
. :•
·>-~ .
.
. will not have (h~effect-df ext(nguishing an 6bligati9n
- . North
(Ga_(s·ano__:cfgay,n, Inc. -~- .fnsur_a~c~ c_~mpany· of
Arn./(CDI G:fN_~. 11_78_q9, Jnn« R, 2906). .
?· b. -Treditio ~onga_ '?1a.nu. ;;cl.?hv~ry{ ~y:,,me~' ... ,, :· .. ._: · . ~\ .. ·: . · ·. · ..: · .
consent 'orthe p~rn!1ng out of life object): . . : L1m1t~~ Gene ,c Tiling·. . . - .. · · ·.· , · , ··. . .,:
· -. . : : - . . .. _. ·. .. · .~ yY~e~ t[e_generi~.ot'~.c _s·~r~:p?np_n,~d t~ p_~rti~:u1ar · a
1,;, · • Ttacf!t,.o,? brev,_. -~"'f.lf:-.:. _,w~Hr~by ft~9-- cla,?~:-~ne_-cla§..~Js_.con~1tl~r_1:Lf 111 1_t~flf 8'(li=!tf-rn:1nn!~
.· possessor of a'thinq 1s constituted as ow').er obJect., · -·-.. · .. : _ -·,. · ' :_ -.,_ :· . .. . .
. thereof; . .·i • . . : ' ~ • ,:
.. . ;. . ··. .,_. . . . .. .· . - Example: An q\>lig~'tion to c;Jeliv~r- on~ otf17y horses.

·. ·. · Exa~·ple:~T~·e lesse_e.. who h~d be·en livin~ in because !t:ie.t~ing is lfrnite.d· to the h_orses owned, by
· ·· : a hql.ise·· for 1 o·, years _becqm§s1_.aosolute· ~ t_he :' debtor. and he, c~inn9t· deliver an:/ horse: ·:not
owner upon.payment of th~ lasi i.nstallment_9f · own_ed- by him'(4 TOLENTINO,· supra pt 91): ·.
·_a rept~-~o-?~~·-conti-a~t. . ·. (": ·0_· , - .• •• _. •
· · ·:· .. ~ ·. ,Specifir;, v. Generic,.b.bjec't< . ,--·

•.• _;.." ,, .: ...• ...... ~. :_ • ., • :.i-- .... :-.:·· -
~-~".. • ...• :;; ,,J. :·' ....
_d. Cqn"stitutu,,:,-possessorfum ;_ th~ opposite
_. of .brevi manu where the·delivery-where' the
·-_ .•. own~r. is ma·de into a m§lr\:l possessor. thereqf
: .... \
. ......
:~The p1.oo' · bill be1ring· r-100:00. . .... · _,· :, __
_e:· Deliv~ry of lnst/1iirie~t-·o'r Doc~~eilt ··of the . . ·autograph .. ' of .
..... Title - The· ."delivery ·: of ~ · document·
c.eleb~ily ·pqp 5.t_~r· X" · · ~
evid~ncing -title to· the-:thing,· such. as a '
.. . . n~gotiable ~areho.use r~~eipt. ..... , ... ·. .- . \ .
:
"A· healthy male'· tiorse A horse .

:, i•.
· O_bjecl of the Prestation· · . . . . frbm· x:s stable" . . .

' The :object of a·n obligation ·is not a thing but a
· particula_r conduct oHhe debtor>Th.e object· cir"-an· ., "The _ha~e~t. of this .rice -100 sacks.· of. ·jasniine
- . :·- . obligation is thus alway_s a pr~station; whic;;h _rriay - land in the f)ext. harv~s.f rice. .,
· .consist in giving :or-dqing or not doing .something (4 season"· ' i .
TOl:.ENTJNO, supra at 57-5[}).· ·
20H3 SAN .SEDA LAW"CENTR.A.LIZED"l3AR OPERATIONS 1-347

UtsLluA I IUN~- AN-U -LUNTRA-CTS·
SAN BEDI!, LAW CENTRALIZEDBAR OPERATIONS- MEMORY AID 2019 .
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S pecific v .. Generic ·obligation

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. 348 -1 2019 SAN BEDA LAW CENTRALIZED· BAR Ofi>ERA'flONS. ..

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SAN ~EDA LAW-CE/1/TRAL[ZE:DBAR OPERATIQNS - MEMORYAID 2019
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9d£AA'· ., .• g, ., 1 t&K' ttiit '<i,· ,@&' SN ;z• J,- 3:!t·1!1St
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. ·o~Jigation Jo Deliv.ei;the· Fruits ·of.the Thirig . .· C has no right to. the delivery of the 200· harvested
.Tt:i'e .creditorhas :a. rigtiUo the fruits ofa thing'fror:n the, coconuts as they are no ·1onger fruits ofthe lan.d. at
time-tlie obliqationto deliver arises (CIVIL CODE;' Art. the time ~i~e sale was periected. . .
-.1164).,. . ·, .:
However,. since. the - land wa.s·: not delivered: until
Fruits · -. ; · · ·· February' 14, 2020, .C h~d no real right oV.:~r, the trees'.
1 :_- Natural-Fruits - · · -, arid ~00.c_oconuts until then. It.follows tt·1at'¢ only had
a. spontaneousproducts .. of thesoil, and ·~ · the right- to demand theirdelivery ·by D. c' however .:
b. the.. yo0hg. and other products. of. anlmals .. cannot exercise any-real rights over .Ihose.coconuts
·produced (CIVIL CODE/Art.· 442,' par: 1)- . :. s'ucb·as s~lling_'to··a. third' P,ers-o~(Ff.Thi~_:·is--~!?-<>Ei~se; .
, ' · .. ; . , ·. .. .: ' ,;·_ · until February 14, 20?0', ownership of.thecoconuts
2: ·r-ndustria"I . , .. hadnotyet trarisferred.to D. ' · ' · --.:
, rticise producedby lands-of a~y kii'id through . -·
. ';_ . :~u~i'vai_ign or labo'r_ ( ~l~L_~.bD_t:~";> Art. 442, p:af. ·2) · . Ob'tigati~n 'to ·Dy!ive.!' ·:: Acces_si~ri'.s and.
. .Accesso'tie's·,.·· :· . . · ·:-·· .. , .. __ ,·
3. . Civil · · . . . . ,-·, . ·. ., _ 1 _., . ·. .' Tt,e obliqation to __ give. ·a deterrniqate tliin'g includes
. · · . Those derived byvirtue of jyriaicaf r~)ati6_n· (CIVIL ,, ·· thaf of .· de.lh,:er~ng an . of.. its, . accessions , a_nd
.···, COf?.f!/Arl .. 142,. par." 3). : . :·. ·' . . . · 'fccessgries; even though ·the.y 'rrray· ~ot. h.ave bee_h.
. . .. - : ., ,.·· ·· .mentioned (CIVIL CQ[j)E, Art. 1166). ·'"' ·' ·
... l;=xarhple:'. f?_ents fr;in:le~'s~:ce>ntract,; inl(!.resi on . . : - ;- ·. . . ·: , :- . ' ·. - ( : .:
. bank depO$!ts __assigried. · ' .· . · : · . __ -~;· :·A,_cc;s_siq,rrs·. . . . ·: .· . , . :
.·-, , . . . . . -. . ::· ·. · .. ·."-{°':,=~· .The'. owners~ip· <?f pre>perty_ gi,ves -l~_e.:\.rjght, P.Y ·• _·
--~ighHo Frujts Accr:ue_s·Upor:t Delivery ·. .,.,_·. " accession to.every_thing: .. ,·
1J1~· ~r~dito~- h·~? a r!ght to, th~..fru!~~ t~e m·iri_9._.~6m o~
. :1. which fs produced. thereby; 6i-.. .·. ,
.. t~~· t1r)1e. the-?bhgat1~n ?~hver_1t_,a_n_S§p·. _H,Weve..f t? 2. whic!;i i~ in<mrp_orated 9r atta~hed:\h~reto, either.· .
'he,-sh,all a_cqu1r,e no re~l·ngtitover 1t_ui:if.tl,the_;am_e has .. · . :· '. ryatural_ly,~·artificially\·(C/VIL.COb.,E,' Art. ·.41/J). ;
be~n delivered, to .hirn·(.CIVIL CODJ=,··Art:"116,4, par.\· · -. · _.. · · · ·· _. ·
1) · · · · · .- · · · · · ·· E~a~ple.s:)r ,its,.9ta·1a',;d ;til/;lt9ch~d t9)he $,oil y . or:
. . .. .· ·::. .:, .. .- _.. ' . -~-· . p71n( fron:rtc~ :~~~y prowi; W~te.:-/TJ. UJ.e:.~V:f"!ming '·...
; , . . . .R.~alJ~_ight~- Per:so~al}.~i~ht ( . . . . . . -- ' . A,OOI, 9p1f)rS oln~a.. _c;<!r.. . . . . ... - ·.' ':·. ::.;. :. . . ..
R$.al'"right'over ·a .lhirfg,1per.t~ins1t<;, air-direct righls to">. · ·... . \ '... :·· ·.· .· ~:-·_,,.: ·. . . ~ ...... ':. ' ..
0\'-1(.iership._of a res (thing) . .-lt:-is~?<?·ealle_i}jbs in't-r.e-br . Ac~esfories · · '.; . ._
···, . -·;legartitle/ ov~r son:1ething .. f _<, ·. ·.: :-" ' ' .. - . . . · Sigr.iif1e$ all 01J.bose·.th1ngs which_ hav.~ for' their 9bject
·' ..
., · ··: ..' . .-:/'.·::, \ ·;. ·: · 'r · i.... j :,tJ:1~.,~i:r}!?:elli!:>hi:nent, >: . . ·' .·. '. ·, ,:' · .
u_se-_or;JS/e~erv.a.ti_q[l', qf),_n.o~~Er~--
,P~_rfph!=ll_ r_ig~t:i$ ~~t'~)Y'\hE)' ~i_ghJ t9.~h.e; pe.rfosrl)~nce\; L..J~fn~ ~9i{J)s'''mcir~'·ii:i:i'p9rt~n,~J~\1dJ~)1tit~~t~~~}}t. .
o{an obl_1ga_tion;, tbat 1~ to the -prestat1qn itself and rr,ot-~ not in·corp..,grated or .. attadier;J"(J.UR,40.Q, 'Obl1gat10,ns ·
.0 :t.t1e .9bjecr of thf prestati.~r(1·i{the. corit~xfo ~tie . and· @ootra_c;ts'. ·s.up'ra·at 4~;::. . . - '.· - :· :- .: . :: :",_. _ ,. :·:· ~- : .
· °.l;>)iga_ti.on;to_ glv~.)J is,_t~~-r.lghqo ~be given the ~h(n_g'.' · · ·.. - .' : ~ .-- ·, · · :- ~') , .· ·>. __ . ·•. ·. · ·. · .,\:. · ·.
> ~r'id _n.ofth_~-·.:_r.igt:\ft9_-_-' .tQ.~,~Qi,~g i~~~l.fr'.'. 1.U$)~~~11~if: .· -~~~~ple~~.:'P§in,t onB_:hc.i~~~; A_i~.F(eshe.r.~r;i,'l~id~:a
. 1us. ad.rem,.<?~~ ~:.?-~r.i~fJ~la:I_ ~1g_hf' ,9v~r something:·.' - car.~: -_: -. '.. . ·,. ·. · '·:· · :. : · '-~· '·.- '. , :- ·,·.i ,,.
. '· .. .,· ._·.·..: ·.• ._-·, . . • '-.· ••·. • . . . •·. ~·, .. . .- • I • .· .: • , '.. ·,,.·.··.·°; •• ;·· ·, .· ') ~ . . ••. :··.•• · ;-·-.·-., , ' . •· <:- _.·. ·-_.• :_.·..· -.. ·
. . ., .· ,, . . . - .. .; . .. . ·. •. ':: ._. ·--.: .:. r .. ., . ,
':· IJl.ustration of.Article· _:1.1.6.4· .. :.., . :.' , ,, . ..-·. -· ·, . , ,. .- . . . Spe<:ifi,c ~; _qe~e,ric.:0~1i~fati9n .-_ ... \. ·.-··
G-:-:l')r)d,':D: ,enier in 9, a.·Gol')tfaq{. sa_le .'.W.flere -0- . .--·-....--;;:;:.~~~~6~~~~~;_;;;;:;~:;;;;;;;~~ _o(
.· untjE;)r;tak~s, tb~~qelivErr _i/p~i-c~): /ifJancl) p,a.n{ed~. with· .. ,: ..•.. ~~
coconut fre~s:· G .a_nq _D. agr'~e to.. tl}e. sale: on ·J,ar:iuary; · _ .
~~. ]920'. ~n:·t~at:.d,ay.;:. '?O?--. ~9.COJ1_U!~ .t.-i9,d,alr:~.a~y" : ... : .. ~_:.s..::;_i_~[_- .,. :~-.
·. -~-'.~<.
-~.~~.,t;t_.~- . :~. ~-'
~..~ '; ~_!!!,_~
·. _.··.-·_ :- .,.'· ·, . .-'.
·· .been·'harvested. and' -we·re· in a -corner of Jhe land . · - TJ:le: oblig9r must. del_iver· ·The qbligor_'may.:'deliver ..
.· a~aiti~i{'pici:. 0f.yor:·ciei'iv~r..y.'_to Q's ·.'c9cqnut sJor~:.: !,• . tnei'.ye(y. 'thing.: p·rarnised thind. the ·: '· ~ny .·. fern . .
·· ·. -Abouf-500/coc6i:lurs··hav~ n·ot;beeii.tiarvested: b:s· .~ (9/VIL;CO__pE'.,·~,-i..:_1165;· :sa~e .cl~_s?':.:_~hic~_. i_s. : ..
. . ··, ·_.. lay.ye~ ·pr~p-a'red the. d~ed . sale wbi_tli :the· pa.dies 6t
1_24.4): . :' ~--. ·. : .: . . . . neitlier . supetior. . ~-- or .
. .. .. : s_ignei;:l ·on Februc!ry.1 ti. -2020:- On that same d.ate, D · . ·: . . . '· . .· : y )ii{~rior-i~i' q_~ality (Qi VIL .
. · ... ·:.,~ d~ljy~r~i;Uhe.i;,igned Peed of Sa.le arid,the··CertificatJ: .. ,·.·· .-:·' ., .·. ·. ·. ·:: CODE; 'Art.. 1'246):'. ..
.. . Of~Title ove°r'the~iar\d ta··c. - . . " :·.·. ·· .. ·•. ~ . :·· . ,':, • '.: ... · '·.': ... ,. • · . ~··~ l° .... ~-=::(,; ,i·:~ '
- • ~. j • ...., • ·:"'~ '· ·:, ', ••••• ••
.. -~·, ~- .. ·' . ,·. • • -: . j .·· ' • ' '•.;. • . . ·.. ·. .

In ... th.E;!, a9_ove_·.case;. c. h~d a_, per~or1al;' r\g,t)t' to. the· ·1. Oqliti°~tion . to: . T~ke/N,A,
deliv.ery."of ._th~ .. foll9wing- fruits .qf the ,and· fro[ii the,
periection·ofthe coniractjn.-Ja·nuary' 25, 2020;; ·. . .
: . ·. : .. ·:.- ·Car~·of.\he Th1ng to be ·-:-· . --~. . ....
. ~:- Aii'of. the-~o~qrit!t tre~~
-:.·· ':. ·
tne·_rand::-·., . · .. · )' . -, .. ···... '· on
'· pelive~~d · · -:··. '(CIVIL ' · . :.~· .. ·~:
CODE, Art. ·_1163) ....
. 2. · · The 500 coconufs _on those .t(eys. · . ·
.. .. ·, . .. . . '·· .. c
· .....
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. .; _,.., . 2019 SAN SEDA lAVy CEl'{fRA~IZED !?AROPERATIO('JS I ':349 .
QB·L[GATiONS AN:D- CONTRACTS
SAN_-BEDA LAW CENIRALIZED BAR OPERATlqNS - J\1EMORY Al~ 2019
2. Obligation to .Delivery
Fruits of the Thing
· (CIVIL CODE, Art:
- ,· 1·1§4) ·-
3. Obiigation to . Delivery _. .
· Accessiom( · - 'a'nd .
. .. Acc'essories. (CIVIL '
. ~- -CODE, Art. 1166)
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35.0 . I 2019.?AN BEPA !:AW CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS

f. .
<:>
OBLIGATI.ONS 'AN.O· c·oNTRACTS
SAN_BEDA LAW C,EN_'TRAUZEDBAR OPERATIONS - MEMORYAID 2019'
Nc?°te: Where.th_e person9i.qL1alific~tions of the debt9r

are the. determining mo.live far· the obligation
contracied (e.g., to. sing .ici · a ·night club), the· .. 1. To ·undo what has 1. To sho.ulder the c·osts·
performan.ee of· the . same by another wo.ultj . be been . ·. _poorly done · of undoing what has
·· impossible or would result to be _so different_that. th19 . . (CIVIL' CODE, Art. been done':in · bre_ach
obligation could not be con-siaer.ed perfcirmecl._Heince·. 1167). . ·of · obligation: if
the oniy remedy of-the creditor is ind.erpnlffc_atio~ {Id.). 2. fa shoul_cier the .cost possible · (CIVIL.
•
'\ -
•
- :
• •.
. ,¥ •
when some else - ·CODE, Art .. 1168); .. ·.

RemE!dy in c·ase of Breach qf Negat_ive.Pers~_iial .. a. dbes " or 2. To, pay ··.oamages .
0Qlig~tion. . . · . . . . . · · ( accom-pli'shes_ . · . (9f VIL CO.DE; . Arts·:
When 'the. obligation, consists in not 'doing, ahd the what ..... was 11'70-}172, . 22917
. obligor'doe,s what ha~ be~n forbidden him, what has. promlsed . 2?02). :
been .. ·done may be· -undone· at his. expense:'(CIVIL . b. undoes what was
CODE;Art. 1168). . ·.. ·. ' dcfri~-
,.-..
·. poorly(CIYIL-'. ..
· Note.: 'In 'obliqatlons not lb do; the duty df the obliger _CODE;, . . . Ail.
is to abstain from an act. Here.i.there is·no specific · 1167); .
---:,· . performance. The very obliqation js ,(ulfilled-iD .hot . '-·.3.~ To· pay. _Damages.
'doing -what is· ·foroidden. ~ence; in this kind pf; . . ( CIVIL CPP.E. Arts.
. .
·-~ ..
· obliqation the debtor· cannot be guilty 9.f delay· (DE 11-70-117-2, · 22Q1::. ·'
·· .LEON, Obli'ga'tio'ns and Con.tracts-,-suP,:/: a{ ·44/ 2202). . ..
·,,...
Whe.n Rernedy to Compel Undoing Not Ava.ilable:.
{. : Where · the effects of· ·.the act · 'whic~J is
. forbidden are.deflnite in _ChcfractE{r ·. /
. . l;ven if'it is possible for the oblige~ Jo a~:..that th_e
· act be .uridon~ at .~h·e expense of Jne. oqlig!)r,
. .. - 'consequences- : perrnanerit.. jn . char.fctei'- _;aj)cl , . '· l-1 · · - I
·-.·.· . -·. _:_/o.ntrayy to the: object ~~ t~~-, o~igat_iolJ.~V'ill:._be_ . . _:;Breai::J:lo_fpbijg~tio_n/Con_tra~t ' . · · ·. ·· . , , ...
· · .. · .. · . .Pf0<)0¢.ed.JdURADO; · ..<;Jf?llgafjj)()S\and"G.oi:ltrac.ts, . T~e fc1ilu~e without legal rnasoo. to cq:riply with f~e.
.. : ;.Supr.a aU5~)-. . . :· · -~· -~-- · . ·'.-· ·, ·!_. ·' .. terms:of'the 'c~ntr.act.'lt-is' also' defi'ned .. as 'the failure_, ..
.. wiiliout leg.c3I excuse, to pe_rfo:rm ·a_ny promise~hi_th ,•
.. Illustration: 'For instance, ·s.tloulg: .'i"\J. .starabe a · forms ·the whole or-·.parf of the contracr.{Philippine ·
· 'absoh.i.tely: _' prohibited bf ~i~~ra?t wi(h l;jis .... , ··National~ :8.fl_~k
"_ii... _·spouse,s: fajqn.~~a,:_'· G_ff ~9-~- .. ·
home station to appear rn.proqrarns of ·other TV 4i'95,88,9, ·Septem_ber24, 2014)... . . . . .
. stations.Theeffects ofihe breach lliere$fgan no' ',
- . lof1ge.r be Llndo_fie·;, .. ~ . . . 1' . . . .. : . . . ~reac_h of Obligation may be:
,.'. '.. . . . , _:·-- . . . . . . 1.. As to lmputabilityo] Liab'ility'_ ..
· 2-, .VVher.e. it· is, physically or' 1egally imQo~_l_e-· \o . ,· · :: a-... ,Volu.nta_ry -.7:_. arises' ·-i.. ~ither: · by fraud, ..
. undo -what 'Jiasip_ee·ri~d~l}E) because ·otthf v.e.ry. -. ·.: ·.· · • ~- >r.'.. _negljgE)~Ce, .< ):ieiay;- ·and·. i< .any mc,'in(l~(_'
.nj:\ti.Jre' of-tne· act .itself.:_or of a. provisio~ .Qf l_a1«,. or . · . · '\ ., , 9.oniravene tne t~nor_'qf. tt:ie.obJigatior:i (.CIVIL
·.becc:1us_e.ofconfljcting'rights o_f third persons' (l.9.):. .. . . : ·tobE)A.rt. 1.1 °(0);··· .... ·.. ··: . · .' . ,- ... . . . . _
:~ ~-·. ·: ..... ,:. ·.' • ~ _·: ·• - • :- .: •. ·, ~ •••:
1•
. • .'_ •• -:·. b._· lny~_JUn:ta'fy - arises.due tq. fo'ffOit.(!Ul, e)J~lnt~ :
- .·.;Not~:.lriobhg13.~~ons to do ornot tq do,-.a"'ac~ or . , - -· . :-~· (CIVIL_CODE,_Art.· 1174); ... ·. ':. --'-~ ·,
··/: 'fcirtfear~fn~~ ca.niio.f.pe substitu'ted by'an'o:ttf~_r ~ct· ;.2: · A's to..Magn1ty9e :· · . . ,: ..- · . . : : . .: . \
... oi: ·forbearance -against the _obligee·~ will (GIVIL. ·· · . , ·a. ·Substantial .::... fundamental . breaches · that
.. CODE,. Art:· 1244, pfir: 2): ·. . . ... . . ·. ·. . dete'atthe bbJect oflhe:partie.s iri entering into
. . . .. .- . ·-. _agreement' (Mpgla.Sat?g.'v.)VorthWest~rn. Inc:, _. ...
. S,urrfmary.of·Pers·onal obligation$·· . '· :G.J{'N9,: 18898 ..6,- Marqh ?..0/2.013); a~cr.. . .
. : : ,:, . :~ . . .•. .'· :~ "·'(.. : .:;,::, .... /- '.: '·:. ;·. 'b .. Casual·_. bre'aqt)'es y..,hich'do rfcWammfn,t to:a
\. fu'ndam'en.tal inju.ry to the:· c_on_tra.c_ttial · iritent .. .
such'·c\s' delay in paymerit wher~(tim~· i~ ~ot .
of the.1::,ssence.'·. ·. -. · · · · ·
"'. Qiff~rerif 'M otjes of_ Bt~ac_h ; . . .. . , .. .

To-_:_· do- what --~wa~ . Not• t; .do .~.. ip~~ifi.'c?act .. -Those who_·jn tile perf~r~an~e· of jheir,ob1igflions .a_re
promis_ed (CiVIL ,C6bE/ or · omi,ssidn ·, (C_IVIL 'guilty. of: (FNDC) ·. .. . . ·,_ . . ·
Art. 1167): CODE, Art. 11.68).. · 1. ·. fraud .· . . . · · . _-
2. Negligence ,
· 2019.SAN.BEDA LAW CENTRA~IZED.BA°F< OPERATIONS I 35,)

· O.BLI-GATl,ONS .A·N.D .CO··NT.RACTS·:
• . . SAN BEDA LAW CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIQNS - MEMORY AID 2019 .
,ye~.; t4fa¢??¥¥FS W#3$?$d@ wine &tsuei:aa·· Pi '46R ··#}:-.?is: 1+se~, a,; .. e:w •.Wfi-;24.t'?,,*'~ .®'O&htrk@M fs;:;1
3.:· Qejay . . ... ', ..

4. ~ontravention of-the tenorthereof (CIVIL CODE,
!
· Art: 1 70).
•• . .\..:· • • ""'• -.-v.. - ' 4 '> ~.. ~ • ,. •
.Intent to kill or intent to ,Contrac.tual"Fraud ·

·g;:iin by takinq property Intent · to · .. l!Se
.with -clear, charqeable 'substandard .. materials ...
knowledge . that it to cot 'costs and 'obtain
belonqs . to " another more _profit Lind_er a
(RPG, Arts ..'249·& $08).\ construction .agre.e.n'i'erit'
- ' · (Si?,9. D,aYf{ v, ·_'. C-IA.c,
... ·.· 'G'.R.. 159795," July .30,
., 2004j>"_ .· . . ·:.c
, ,. · ~.)c'•
:-i..,-,
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,·' .. ,;- ..
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.- ~ • . . . •. 't• . .,,,
· · _(Id~· a( 83). ·· ·:. ~ .:

f. . -... :' .... ·
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. : 35;( ,. 2019 SAN BEb~ LAW CENTRA[IZED BA~

. . .. r
OP~RATIO~S. . i
\' . . . .. ·..
. ,I
. •
. o·sLi"G~TIO.NS.AN·O
., ~.'. · . . .. : SAN eio'A(LAw CENTRALIZED a.AR OPERA TIO.IVS~ t,1Ef'r10R.YJ110 20,9. . . .' · ..
C.ONT°F~.A-CTS··· - 'il!J•.
lilf' #Ad a\±ifiiti' <; 1iwi:2**4!-$J#MC-IW& 4@41+@.:::wn• ¥1 S,S-¥ 'Pihf&_f$f'ii!:i'h·R4 ;;eWWS®c :;ze,gc M5¥&¥6i!'tl'P.§8Ac;Jttttl[1JZ
W_aiv,~r of ~_rau:d.... . _ . . Factors.to be Considered . . . . .. .

1. Any waiver of action for future fraud- is void a
Negligence is questio.n-of. facl, .its existence qeing ·
((:J/VIL CODE,_,{rt: 1"17.1). · ., .. ". _-··· .. .- dependent upon the partlcular circumstances bf. each .
case. :rhe.. fo!l9wi~gJ~ct~rj must be 'considered: .
·. Reasons; · ... , 1.. Natureof the ol;>Jigation; · . · , . .' .: - ·
· a ..
Responsibility . arisinq from frc;iud is.· 2"'·.·¢irc.ums\13nces 'of\liiperson;, . . .
' demaridable in all obligations (CIVIL ¢ODE, ·3~ .: Ci'rcuh1faahces bf"tirrfe;'. arid · ·: j . ·
·Art. f'1. 71 ). · .. . . - , ... ": , '· . . 4.: Circu'ni:stkf:i~is. df. thi=(plac~ ·. (Ci.VIL · G<JDE." .Art.
_ b. W9iver of 'future fraud qives license to. a : 1173): · . '· · · : . t • ·. · · ·
_, -, 'c:ontracting :-Rar.tx ·to .breach :)he· .. contract' .. . .:. '· ..' ·-·· .. '· ; ·. '. ,. . <· ' .
without· consequence.. Such .. a -walver · ·stand~~d·o.fi;>ii°i~en·~·.e ~e~uir~d>- . . . . .. .
. . ,. ..
seve_rely .. undermines the . 'siability. of lf}aw or contract does r,ot
state the diliqence _whi~fj is
.. contracts. It ifvoid for being contrary to goo_d. to be observed, in ·the -perforrnance, that ·whic~ ls · ·
: customs.' morals; and. public policy· (CIVIL,. expected 'cif~a_' g6_od.·f9th!:!~ .~f·a_--~an:,i_ly' i,s/eq~1r~d .
1·
·cODE;A,:,.:·6)
' -- . . ·.·:, . .
· · ... '. ~ ~.. .
·. .·
.. · ·
_. .( •, . .:
·(C/Vlt:.CODE,·Arf..d-113;.par.2},.
. .•. . •. / .
· . _ .. · '.· :.
·.._ . • • ; • •. -· • - • ' _/. • •. - - : • • - • • - . •j - _:.__ ...
-2.
Waiver _of PastFraud, genetally not-invalid ·If-the obllqor.acted in good .faitji;~e shall be lja_~le(q_iily -, ·_.
; · ... :Rights·' may b'e )vaived, _ unleS$ th~· y;aiver is : .. . . for.natural probable.conseqi:Jrenc~~ oqhe·,br~ach a_na'
. coritrar/-t6 law,:morals; or good·custo,ms (CIVIL '.- . of obligation· and-Whi~t):the parties have fore~een·or
·. " COt)E, Art. 6).' · , ._ , · ' · -- .,.. _-.. ~oul<;l· hav.e'-re~sonab!Y··fo'r.e~·e~p,.-_at·_the · li!lle· .thE?
- _: _ ·. · ., . - · •' ,·". .- . _o~ligat1<;>n :~8-~ c~risfit~iest ,.:f¢IV(L tOP.E,~Att~ ~2.01;
•· · A 'pa~~t fraud e!'=in be- the su~jec_t_ of a _valiq, w1iver,. :' ·1-; 9iJ_liQe._n_t~I G_emenf' q9rpor_cJl~c;>n· Ii. , ~.sea. a~. _'f
'. Herei wtiat is· ~enoi.mced 'is. the e~rect§: qf. frau.d, . Bro'-'.1-ri. Bb'veri, In~.,; G:R., No.' .. 17.~.66.0,~ Octoqer '17,
· ' that- is,.the.rfght to ind.em_nity._of_ the party en.titled '2011): ... , · · '· \ , .. · ·_ , · . .. · · .· ·, · ·
. thereto (D~ L_EON, Ob/Jgat(ons a.-:~~act§,
. : · · · . . ,-, su~ra a.t·6}-.64)_. · _ , .· . ,.,... · '
... -~
if:.. . ·. : ·
: ·... · _ ...,.,;.~ . _- ·_ ·:
·_:.K!nd_s•, 9t""E>iligen·c~,:·,~-~q-~i(~d')1~)der
.
1_173: .A.~:
. . ; , yva;~·e;~-~~ be -~~ns,idered·~~ adact 0.tde~~~os;'.¢: •.• t~~'if ii~il\u,;~~ i>y ,he i,~'rt;;;,_
.oral.ly '. qr in
. . . a~d. r:n~g_n.anim1ty,.?n_the,part-of
·., , , .. :.: .. , -~h~·.v1ct,rn-of'the.:fraud
ttie~parfy~who 1s~ ..
(ld:-at:;ft~-64).-, -. ~... , ~ ~--
· · ~ .wqt1r:i~·
·,2. · In -th~ abs~n~E\_of s}p_ula_t1?n,_ . t~,?t .B~51u1re_d.,by ,
.J~\ ·. · .· :: · : ._: ·. _· _ · . . '. .
. · · :. · ; . ', /;;j. · · · · · / ·, ' ~--
law 1 , th{ partfular. case ( e.g.,, extrgord1nary ·
_ . _.CO'Ni}ACT_4_~1.i-NEGt.lGENCE.1 i... . · · ._d1pg__e~for~omfao.n:carriecs);.:'?~q_ ·.:. ·._ . ,~.
·· . : : Culpa _Cqn~ractu.al :,.·' .. . . . .. . ~~--~:).f; b£1h. cp..(ltra.91".-.~np l?}Vf; are ~1l~nt, \~en tf\e
. ·, '-·,.: _.Th~. f~ult or_· ~eg_lig~_n·~\=:,,of the':P9.l_i~_o.fig.o~sists [n_· tpj . . di[i~ep:G~'. ~'SP~¢r¢r6f ~~·990:d·.f_ather·.of ~ :f~niily i-i<'
. . .· .. orrnss1_o_n- pf the· ~11ig~nce wt11ct\ _,s'l(r-eguir~cl .t1yAne ; · ·• ·.: ~c_1y1i OfJ.9,E,,ArJ_: 1173). .;_ . , ....
nature· of. the obllgat10n .and corre~poncis,......w,th· the· ·. · ·~~·· · . .·.,. ~
_· .. c;ircu_mstanc~i of th"e _p~rso~s.". of the-tim'" a_nd· pl'''ce Gqrt_ra_ctya_l N"'~glig~nc.e·-qfs_tin~.uished frqV)'o'th'er" .
· (CIVIL CODE, Art, 1173, par. 1)/ · .. , ··;·.' . . · ·.· .Typ_es:of·Negligenc·e;,in;Law. > ·, : '·. ·:. '.:- ·.: . --·· ·--,
.. · .. : . ·.·_' .. ··: ·. . -! :. ; ·: .. ;.i . . >' .,•. _·. ,·.c ·.: --'"-{ :_.co,ntracJua)' . ·n~·gfige'nce· (C.i:Jlp)l":'contiactua/) _··, .
.:, .N_~gligence is conduc~ that ·c.~e.?tes· an: undl,J~- ri{k of ·:· .. -, .. f~alt."~r n~gligence_ofo_bligo(qy yirtue 6f w~icfi-1:le .. ·
· . ···harlT)Jq QtheIS: rt is th_e.failLirE:l.tO ~!jserve thaf,.degree, · ·. ..:~ :t, ·is; !Jna.~l~.~p-,pelfqf.rp):)i~, Q,bli(:j'a.tl~~ ·ar.js1_r19.-_ff9.ni·p_. ·.
. . _.of : . cc"!re, . · precaution.., . and ;vigil_ance .. ". _tliat; .- the': ,. •' >r°R're-e~fsJi.ng·~,<;:br)t(a~t( Jl)R.AD,O, J5bfiga'tipr/s."and_ . ,
.. -: ci~cumst~ntes Justly dem?nd. It i~ the 0111issi,on tq do-_: .. ·· .· _pontracts,' ~up(a'a(65);"' . : ·; ·. . _ _.. . : . . :'·.. .
... · .. ,something:'which··a-.·reasciriable man .. iguided--by·: · · :. , :· ;-, ·., .. ·. ·, .. - ... __ ,.·.'. .. -. .-_ ,, ··.
--: -c:onsid~ra!ions tlia.t ordinarily re9.u1ate. the. co"nduci of.: -2·. c,v.il e11c.e·rc'u1pa aqufliana; a1~~-t-~11ed tort, . · 11e·ii1,9
... -:'. : : ·. ·hur:n ..a_rr ~ffair?~;would :'do, q_r.-do"in~{sometning thafa . ·. .. '. or quas(--~~licii---•fault 'or''ri'egligerice: cl~a' p~rsc:in
. pru_i;l'eh~ $"nd. reasonablE1 rnan ·WOL!ld ·not d~, (Gang. V.-·;. . .. ·. ._whidl. c~'i.ise's, darriage··~q anotne_r· where '.t~ere is:
. f:ullen, .G0R: No.· 1.63078, 'Nove111ber .251 :.?,Oq9). . .-·:·-nc\p~~~e?(i_~ting:_c9.(lt~a.c.tual1cel~ti.o.~_b.efwisrr. th.e
,"' : ·. .- ·: · · .. · _.· : :- ... · ',. ·.·. .. · · · .. · . ,·/.__ partie.i~(.(JJ,V.lt'.P~QP}~,:i,\rt-.2176)\ __.,-·_:.''.,. _> ·, _.·: >
.. 'Te~rof.Negligen·c~ .-,:- ,. . .. .- :·· :' . · _..- :--/'·'·:,,·· ·:'.,?~- ''>. ·r---:~-. /'.:_ ·: : · . ·
?·_::~'-:) .' :-:
·oJa;the deife(1dant, in do1Ag the allege·d.f)eglfgent·a'cf · ;3.- .. CrJm!nal _Negligence (f;illpa:..,Criminal)--:- fault·o( ·,
u"se- --~hat : re9?onab!e~"car.e· -_and_." ca'utlo'_ri, wliicii'·· c:ifl .. , . \': n_egligence. which':ha9:j_t 'qeeii . intentional; would - '·
ordinary. p~udenf perso_n.wciuld ha've usedJ°h th"e same . : constit0te'a 'felony (REVISED j?ENAL CODE,.Art: .
"·stt0atio:r'!?. T-oe l~w·conside_rs' whatwouidbe\eckle'si. ., • 36,5)._. -~'... -· , '1 • ', • :':' •, • , .' ·, _ _.', '; ··C' :. ' •
. blafn,eworthy,' o'i· negligent in the.: m"a[l. Cif-or~ina'ry -.. ; :

· . inJelligeric~ and prudence. and dete~mines liapility by' · .~ ·-: ·. ., . . .-·':- ... ~ .. ;,- . '_.
· that. (Pf:!ilippi.ne·· N_atiqnal Railways Cbipoiatio,:i v.. _. . :- · · .·.
· Vizcara; G.R.·No. 1'90022,.FebrUary. t5,. 2012). -··. ., ... ·'' ·:·, .(_.
·:. . '· : . :·· .,
: ~ l •
I \
2019.?AN'~E.DA,LA~ CENTRALIZE!;) B~R OPERA~JONS 35~

o·BLI-GATl'ONS AN:D CONTRA.CTS
. . . .. SAN_ BEOA LAW,CENTRALIZEDBAR.?PERATIONS._ ·,:.11:.MDRY AID 2.019 . .
·~IWW1ssm¥diii¥¥£&91 IS W#SdiitMWM HMMWf!V:Zti?PitffiSSfffi ,f i\*fr? ;;: _r;su WEA M@M§Jf WNP •§S «Nif<tffiN&M\tbi
Culpa Contractualv. Culpa Aquiliana v.

Culpa Crirnlnal · '.~
. .. '.~; . . . - ;_. '.... .
. \
Proof · ·, ·:· 'of Pi~i.ntiff has to Accused ·· is

existence of a .. prove presumed ~ .
· contract . and · negligence of innocent, until
Neg.ligence · is ·Negligence is Neqliqence · is breach 'thereof 'thedefendant. 'the: contrary .is
merely · · ·<;firect, ·.; 1 . 'direct, · '· · ris~.· ·a' . . .
-gi~es .. to .: 'proved. . ~
incidental to · ~b-staritive·, . · · substantive, presumption of
the · ·: · and ·' anc. ... · · fault.·.··:
perfQrm~~ce ,OJ . independent. · . 1~~eperi9;e.'nt"
. an . obligation .. ·. . . :
already · ·: · · ~
existing . . :...:
because of :_a
... ;·
. \ .. --·
I.
... r:
.;
354 I 20~9 SA~-BE_£?A-LAWC~N~~LIZ~D -~AR _C?,?ERATION?· ~
OBLIGATIO·Ns AND- CON.TRACT.S
SAN BEDA i!<W CENTR.(\LIZED BAR OPERATIONS - MEMORY AID 2019 -· -
- Ki~ds oi'c:>efault:
· 1. Mora Solvendi - default of obliger
. 2_. Mora Ac.cipiendi - default of obligee .
. . . .
Mora S.olvendi · . .
· Delay on lhe part of the debtor by not perforrnin·g· his
obligation ·after a dema11d/specified. time and. may
either b(;l: . . - . ' .. . '. . ...
1. Ex Re- obligatio_ns to.give;,and_ . ,: .· ·
2. Ex Persona- oql[gations · ,to: do · (JURADO,
· · Obligations an~ J]ontract~, supra at- 57). ·
Requisites of Mora S_olve_ndi: (D2P)"

1. · The . obligatio_n is Qemaridable and· already
liquidated; . . . .
.2. The debtor Qelays performa11ce; a_nd , ..
· :·. 3.. The creditor ·requires r_e·rformance; judici!:IIIY or·
·extra~judicially '(Poto. S. Panl?leon American v:
Express International; .fnc., -G.R. No:, .171269,
May 8, 2009). -. . . )
'
. ·wher~ Mora Solvendi Impossible ·.
1. In obllqations not to ·do, non-fulfillment may take
Presumed from 12lace buj.delay is· impossible for the debtor· fulfills
breach of a. contractual ,,_.._-:::by riot.:..cfoing what· has ,be~!l'forbi~den h_im. (DE
. "obliqation .. .. LEON-:,e>bligalions·and Contrecis, P: .46). · . ·
2 .. · There is ~so no mora · in natural obligations (4
(4 PARAS, supra at 14(}):· . ·.· (!'-RASpu~rnat _1_?_5).. . . . _- · . . . _ .
Nece.ssit{ot Demand · · _ . . .
.Withou~~~d: ju9icial or ex_tra-ju_djcial, the.effect of
·defa_ult wil ~ofarr~(De.velopme_nt. Ba,:,k of the
.Philippines v Guarma Agncultural and Re?lfY Dev .
. Corp., G:R. l;J_o. 160758, Jenuety 15, 20_14) .... :: .
,Exception~·:.(OLTUA) °' . · :· · · · ,:, .

Alls ...--""!"",..~. Wher:Hhe Obligatio'nexpressly so declares;·
· 2'... W.he·n the !,av,, expresslyso provides; .
..Legal Delay ~r Default or Nlor;'\·;·: ... · ·. . 3 .. When Iime is of the essenceof the ~ontract;
Those obliged to deliver or to do sometlrinq mcur in 4. ·. When demand would be !J.seless because of.
delay. }ram the time the' obligee · judicially or extr~-- · ii. -sorne act orfault of the debtor: or · . . . .
-judicially demands from them the fulfillment of th~lr.. .·.... b. impossibility. of . performance caused .by
obligation (CIVIL CODE, Art. 1.1.69,,par. 1). . fortuitous event (CIVIL co9E, "3rt. 1169) _: .
. .· . .· . - . . . . . ·. 5. : When the obliger has expressly ~c_knowledged. . .
The faw contemplates Jegi;!I delay. T~os_e. obhg_e~ to.·: · - that :he really is in default. (see Estoppel,. Civll: · · · : .
deliver or 'to do sornethlnq incur in' delay from the t1i:ne . CODE, A-,1. ·-1431) ·. · · · · . . · ·. : : · . ·
the- obligee judicially or. extrajudicially 'demand from ·· - · · ·
them the fulfillment of their obligation. In rectprocal Note: .Mere asking for. extension of time is· notari
· obligations, from the moment one.ofthe parties fulfllls express acknowledqrnent of. the exist~nce of
his obligation, delay by .the'_· other __ beqins . (Soter. default on his part.i-. .. : .
Harvest, · fnc.: v: · Deveo . Corrugated .. Carton
Corporetion, G.R. No, :116868, July ~6; ._2010).. - "Instance Where "the i..a:.V Declares demand to be
unnec.essary · . ·. · -·· ' .. ·-. ·
Del~y in ttie ~erfor.mance ofthe oqliga.tion, ho"."e.ver:. · · 'A partner.is l_iqble·for the_ fruits of the thing ~e'.i:nay
must be either malicious or negligent. 'If cJelay 1~ only · have promised to contribute _to t~e yartner~h1p from
due to . inadvertence Vy'ithout any malice _or . the·time they-should have been cjet_ivered _without the
negligence, the. obligor·cannot b~ liable under A_rt .. . _neE::id of ·any· demand. (CIViL CODE, Art.· 1 !86; · see
1170 of the Civil Code .(RCBC v. CA, G._R .. No.· . also .Art. '1788) ..
133101, tv1wc11 25, 1999)'. .
2019 SAN BEDA LAW CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS I 355

4 PE 5 ¥1 HS ih&4gg4 SN 40 AN N 81 #§411¥ SH ¥i&Ni&iiti p; IS Sh 11&¥4
OBLIGATI'.ONS AND CONTRACTS

'SAN BE:OA LAW CENTRALIZED BA.R OPERA T/ONS - MEMORY AID 2019.
. '
lnst~nces V'lhere Time is of the Essence demand is· made, the interest snail begin to ·run .
. 1. · The. delivery. of souvenirs· on a particular. date on,ly from.·the. date, tl")e ju,dgment of tt,e court is
when.a ~edding ceremony will be hel,d. made (Federal. Buf{der~; · Inc. · v. Foundation
2. The making of .
dress where the .. debut is Specialists, '!(Jc,, G.R. No: 1945(!7,. September _8,
scheduled at a certain time.· · 201~. . -
3. The delivery of perishable goods.:. '
Mora Accipiendi . · . .
Pr~sumption ~hat Tim'e is NOT of the.Essence The delay _on the pai-(of the Creditor without justifiable
When the time of delivery is not fixed or is ~tated in reason to accept the .performance of the obligation
general and 'indefinite _terms, time i,s. not of dhe . (DE LEQN;: Oblig_ationq.an.d Contrects, supra at 45).
. essence of the contract. In such cases, the, delivery
must be. made within· a. reasonable time. What .is . : N~te: Read.inrnlati6n \~-Arts. 1256:126f{Te~der of.
reasonable time will depend upon the circun:istances · .. Payment. and Consiqnation).
of the parti<;:ular case {Lorenzo Shipping Corp. v. BJ
Marthe.I lnterriational · Inc.,· G.R.'. No. 145483, Requisltes of Mo;a Ac~ipiendi_:' (PC~)· . .
November 19, 2004). · 1.' · Offer of Performance by the debtor who hasthe .
, I . ·. required~ap.acjty; ... · .... ·, .' . .
v_alid Demand . . 2. ·. Offer must.be -to ._g_omply with the prestation, as it .
1. Judicial , demand-s-as when a Complaint fO( • . . ShOLJld be performed; and, . . . · , . •
· specific performance ls filed (Palmares,rr"'CA,u' 3)\ tre~r B_efu~e"S- the performance ~without just
G.R. No. 126490, Mercb 31, 1.9~8~ .. 1'. ·. .·;J. ,,lause)(!~o/o S. Pantaleo.': v. American Expfes~
2. Extra-ju_dicial d~mand-: as wh.e~a ~~!.~b~---~;tfernr~na/S...n~., G..R. No. · 174269, May· 8,.
_ is served Wi.thout court proci.:dtn@S. ~~@Q~~-1\ :. _ :- ' ....
~f
Note;" A mere reminder -canp~~ons.i~~fIDe~t<f~in~ase
.demand for performance, 'becaus~/j.{ must. appear
that the tole:ance or benevollnce of tne creflitor.must
Af~
fV"'1.
. r · : \ .. ' '
l;;l~..must either~·
1. -·cons_fgn it i~'qurt· (expenses charqeable to
f'yl_ora·A~~ipfendio
·14973;1, November 19, 2004)~_-, · ·. [1~~

have ended (Vazquez v. Ayalcf'Cord!:,rationf-G":R":"filo. ·11 it- crecli or); or ~} ·
!:,![ t:f~~~-~.epl it himse.lf; -~·ere. h~- · ~hould still· exercise
;
·
, Grace Peri?d . .
. · , \ .-,,,4·
. ~. . a. . . _
. W. \WJSll-77) ~diligence and care, but this time, he would not be
:::i..- t· .·l~bl~t®J 1.o~s, d ·, to~ a fortuitous . event (2
A ~race period is not an. o~h~1,t1f')·of t~~~J,~l{>r, 6urdI - .. 1.1} 71vfj~~SA/3&_N~, . . . . '
a nght._ It must not be likeneo-tb 8:\obh~~Bn.,~ the~ · -\~@""h<c::· · 'v . - . , :·
non-payment of which undei\_Art. 1169 o~~iiiiTu . Epec ~d fY/r;,r.a AcciP,iendi: ·.. . . · .
Code would ,gener,al_ly srn.1yequire jCJd1cP.I~ · y~cre_dittr-is guilty of breach ·of obligation; _
extrajudicial demand befo~e. def~t can ar~-~)ln~£Nf"1\:. -~~ ~_jspor-i"f~ibility o'f the -debtor · for th_e thing is
uncondifional_ly conferr~d. il:i.: effective _wjt~ut_nee~~e~Jfed~n lin:iited to fraud -and gross
~f demand, either for the payme.D.! ofthe,obligat1o;i or~glige;,ee· . . . ·. .
for the honoring of the right (Opti/y1!;Jm §J~~P_v,en( 1'.. A ~ \13}{b.jo~ exempted from the risks of'loss of the
Bank v. Spouses. Jove/Janos, 'G.R. · No.~8J!::Jj5, .lVI.I>-thi_r;ief;.which automatiGally passes to th_e creditor
·, DyJcember:4, 2013; citing Brioktown Dev't. Corp."y." ' .. --:-(cJVIL CODE, Ar;t.. 1162); . . . . .
··Amo.r :nerra Dev-'l: _Corp., _G.'R. No. 112182, . 4: 1AII expens~'" incur.red by'.the <;Jeqtor·.for·the·
Pecember 12, 1994). · .. pr~servation of the thing after the pe,lay _shall be
. . I , Chargeable to th~· C(editor; . · '
Effects of Mora Solvendi . 5. Th.~ ·cr~d,itor becorrjes liable for damages;· . . : ...
1. · :The debtor. is· guilty of brea'ch bf the-' obliga_tion 6::' The-debtor- m·ay ·relieve himself of th~ obljgation
(CIVIL -CODE, Art. t°170); . · ·. ·. · · by ·con.signati_o·n of ttie thing or sum· d(fe (CIVIL
2. l;le js liable f0r lqss or delay. even if cau_sed by '. CODE, Art. 125.6}; and ·: ·. · · ··
fortuitous eyent when the obligation is ·to deliver 7. If th~ obligation· bear~ foterest, the c;Jebtor does
a determin.ate thif)g (CIVIL CODE;, Arts .. 1. 1 q$ and not iiav(;l>to pay from 'the mornent of the creditor's -
. 1170); . delay(4TOLEjVTINO, supra.a_t.108). .
: 3: He is 'liable for interest ir'r case of obligations to -..
pay mone_y (qVJL CODE, Art. 2209), or d;:images Concept.of CofTJpehsatio ·Mqrae . :
in other obJigatfo~s (CIVIL CODE, "?rt. 1170); In (eciprocal obligation~ .. nei,ther party incurs delay if
the 6th.er doe·s not:comply or is not r~ady frcomply i.n
Note:. When the · demand is established with. a proper' manner with" what is inc.umb~nt upon. him.
reasonable certainty, th·e lnterest shal[ begi~ to From· .the mor:rient one of the partie~ fulfills his
run from the ti.me the claim is made jµdicially or obligation, delay by the othe·r begins (CIVIi:. CODE,
extrajudicially but when· such certainty cannot be .Art.1169, par. 3). ·
'so 'reasonably established, ':at the time the
356 I 2019 SAN B.EDA LAW CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS

SAN:BEDA LAW CENTRALIZED.BAR OPERATIONS -·ME.MD_RY·AID'201f .· ........
In ·-reciprocal obligations, no demcind is generally Classificatio~ of For.tuitous Event ,:·· , .

necessa·ry. Sut wti~n.different dates for performance 1.. By Nature or· Acts of God- they .are those
of th~ obligations· are fixed.- th_e. default Of.or each . events' which are totally in.dependenJ of the yvjll bf_. ·
obligation must b.e .defermi.r:ied .by' thE:i° n.Jlt:1s g1v~n in every human being (e.g., earthqual<e,flo6"cf, rain, ...
t_h.e)frstp_aragraP.h of Art.'11.69, th.at_i?, thi3 o~hef parry shipwreGk. lighting; eruption of volcano,"etc.) and ·. ·
would incur iri delay only·from_-the moment. ihe_ofhe"r which ·are_ also.called force majeure; arid . .:
party demands fulfillment o_f the -farmer's o~figation 2. By Act- of Man -.fortuitous even.t indepencfent of_
_ ( · (5_,olar· H~('/,est, Inc. ,_v. _ Dt:iva.R_ CorrufJ~-ted Carta~ the will of the 9i;>ligor bur not.of other human wills.,
Corporation,
~ .. ' . ·GR. No.
. 176868,
,.. . .,\
July 26, . 201
'
OJ. , . ·· (e.g., arme,d·invasion, attack by bandits, robbe'ry· · .: .
. . ... · . . . J: •. .,._~ ; ... . 'eic.) . (DE . LEON, Obiigations: and. c"ontracts,._ ·.
Effects of CqmpensatioMorae:· . . .. · · :supra at· 7.7.-78). - · · •
1. Qelay Qf the' oblige/- cancel:fdelay of.the ·obligee ' , . \ . . .
ah9 vice veisa; ,. ·' :. . . ·- .". ·, : _ . : , . .. : ~-- . Note: In law, fortuitous events and force msjeure are ·
. 2. No .acti9n51bl~ 'de_fault·i:m.tli~ part of ~oth _parties .. identical in so -far as; they exempt. an obligor 'from: ·. i
3. · ff delay of one. pa'rtY. is followed. by_ that bf the liability: i39th are.Independent of·the:w!ILof:th_e·obligo(r,. ·
. ·.··other,. the fia"oili_ty--of. lhe 'firs(. irifract6( sh aJI t;ie, . (Republic· of the ·Philippine-s''v. Luzon ·ste"vedoring
. _E:Jquit~bly ba,l~nced·.by·th_e ~ourt~:·· lf1jt cannot :b.e Co~_oratior1;- G.R ... No:' L-21749;.,. September ·29,
· : "determined· wbich:of the.part~s·is~'.g_1,1ilfy .. o_f delay/ 1967)_.. . ·.... . . ,..-, . -
.·- _tne contract shall be :deeined extingi:JishM. a_[ld
/~e:act-i ·shall bea(his owo··damage·s. (CIVIL· COD~, c·o~-c~r;_e·~~·a~-ct':Pre~i~~s N-~gl;~·e~~~-~f 0b[igor •..
. Art." 11~2). . . :, The principle.·eriibE>die{ iri the ad of: Gocj doctrine
strictly requires that .. the act rnustbe occasioned
solely by the. violerice of nature. Hurrian interventicn.
is to be EXClUD.ED.fr.om crealinq ore'r'ft~ring into the
cause ot the' mischief: Wheb.the effect is· found.to be
. lrrpartlhe res~lt"qfthe, participationof man, w_heth.er.,' .•
. ·. due to hi~~ ait.iftin_terve_ntion or .'n)'lgle~ro~ JaJlur_~- to . -,
. _,aet,. the_ wholej '?cc'urrepcf is' then •,human_i~ed ·. arid
removed trJm th~ rules applicable to the acts of _Go9
· (Sulp(cio_ l!.inellno-,._ v. Nepoleoh Sesan(e1_. G.R: ·"!_O. .
-f72682/duly27,,20'16) - , · ·' .. ·. · · ·· .. :_. · ·. , :·'
. . . . . ... . . . : .... . ··:· \.
._Fo~ _·;}efens·e~ force m~J~lJ[e ··.to.;:~r;~b·er;:·, ·{'-~ ·

'necessary that one has committed. n.o"'neglig~hQe or ·
· rnlsconduct that may have qcta~jor:i~·cf th~ .loss.: A~-
.. · act Qt~GQd C_anhJ)t be invoked to.protecta.person who:
.. Forti.lit~us'Ev~nr. ' .: . :. ·· . has"':faii~_d fo .' take steps :t<f forestall th.e -po~sil::ile·
Fqrtuitbus·· _e~ehts by __ definltion ~ are ti{xtrabr~ijl~ry.. · · .-~d51erse consequences.. of .. <such. a · 10's~ .. - Once
events'not foreseeable .or. avoidable.; I ls thernfore,. . . ·riegligenc~ m~y. have _concurr~Id ~with· ar(act of.God
. not 'enpugh that· the ev_ent. should..:~<?( flav~ .beeh. . in . --~rodl.Jcing damage .. -c:1rid'-(k1jur:y .. to:_. anotlier; -·
. ~ores~_en' o~. a·~~icipate?: ·a~ i.:5.·s:~_r;?nionl~ b.~li~,~ed .\'>}It·'- . ,ri·on.ethel.e?s, ·, stiClwing · th.af: tr\e:_ immedfate·-,:. or .- .
. . ·: 1t m_ust.b_e·o.ne 1mp~s&1~I~ .!s.>:tores.e~.O~·tOjV'!J~- Th.e:,·· ... prol(i~~te·.caqse"'pf. -th'<? damage_'o"r iiijuf.y w.as_a . :
m.~re difficulty to ·foresee-· tt,~ · ~happefllrlQ ..,is _:not. ·fortuitous event,w.9u(d riot exen·1pt one.Jror'n.,Jiability_ ·
. '.i~po~_sibiiity_ fo _ fo~es_~_e ·_t..~e ·s~me (Sicari,. v:.---J_orgt;, .· (R.Cf!I v. Airo.n_s</Verchez,-.G.R.]Yo. _164~4g;·J~nuary · _
G.R, No. -159617, August 8, ·20,07) .. ·. .... ·3.1,:2006)' · . -,. : -~·, .:' -, .. , ... ·.... .. . '. : -·.·
. · .· .·. · : . · '-; ~- ',.\_'.;,,, : • .",.·
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• ~·. >· ·.
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:Retju.isi~es of'FO:r.f~itou~·-~v.e~~: (IF~.Ft ~ t. , · .Note: .It is '"based oh the tjdctrine ..Of. ,'10/enti ndh fit.·
1. _ Th~ event ~ust be !ndeeefndent bf the h_l:lman _w_ilr .. in/w:ia.. ;.. , no wrorig is· done tcf one who consents· ..
9f
. ·· ·.: .9r_~t.1,~~s!_ th_.e _qbli~or's_:wj/_l;_ . :-.... · . .. . . . _. :... (JU~A,DQ, pbl!gati~ns and Cgntracts,_'supra af"96).'· ,.
·· 2.- ~ The..event could not be. Foreseen, or,1f 1t could be'. •· .. , : · , . .. . · · · . · •. . , .
.. ·--.· . : .' fore,~e·~·r~ i(0·~j't.iia,v.~ ¥en· ii-npos~1~r~·10'.a~oic1;:.··. ; ~E;~mi,i.ekofEvents 'Not:.1:. rtui.tdu$.:, : 9 ;<.··\ · '.:-, ,:~ :-- .
3._ !l;l~ l?~~~t-rnu.~.t ---~e /?~
.~~_ph,. ~-..,s~ar~c.t~r- as. ·.. !9 ;. · .
1 .. '· The-.fl~fh,Jci!ir'lg fl!OVem~ehf .t~e_.Philjppine ee's:o. ·.-·... O!
. ·. ren_der _-it· !~P~~s1ble for· t_re ~bhgor t? fulfill his ,:in the· f9r.eign ·exchange market ._is' an. ·E:veryday .
. : _.pbh_gat1~~ m ~ normal _mann~r. ar;i9 .. .- _ . .: . .'9ccur~en~e •. a\ld · lt:ie:.f.lucty.ations. _i,ci cu_r~en'cy;
4,-. ·. !he <?bhg?-r mu~t,-~~ ~r.ee ~r~m any .P'.'3_.rt1c1p_ation exchang~ ~ates happeq,every clay, .thus,::riot,an
.. 1n. ~t:,e a,ggr~~?_t)?n, 9f..!1:i~ mJury_ ~esu.!lmf:J tp the. ir]'stance of caso fortuito .(F[I-Est?fe Propertif3S,
· obhgee .:(PfJ!IJPPlne:. R_f:.alty and. Hofd1~9s .. C.orp.,. . Inc. ·v,_.Sps. Ron_quillo, G.R.· No. 1851rJ8, Ja(luary "
G._R. _No.. 16~54;8,·J4ne 13, 20.11). :._ . · · . )3;:·2014): · ·
.- /. . ... _
.,,
'l
'-!
. · 2019 SAN . 1;3EDA LAW ~ CENTRA[.I

' . .. . ~AR
ZED ~ . OPERATIONS·
.
1· 357
O'BL.IGATl·ONS A·N-D. CONTRACTS
. SAN BED.I\ LAW CENT~LIZED BAR OPERATIONS·-
. . . .
MEMORY
. .....
AfD
'
2019
. -
• . • .
2. tncrease incost.of performance (U.S. v. Varadero 3 .. That he voluntarlly exposed himself to such risk
de· la Quinta, G.R . No. 14370, · September 1, (Abio,gar·v. Cosmos Bottling Comp.any, G.R.. No:
19i~; .. · 164749, March_ 15, 2011): .. -, . · · . - .
3. Poverty (Repide v. Aizetius, G.R. No. L~13438,
November 20,. 1918); and . .
4. Wa.r between ·the subjects · ofa-neutral country
.c'\nd th·e subject.of a .coimtry at war.: as long as
substantial .compuance can still. be done, (Int.
Harvester Co. v.. Hainburg-AmeriCEin Line, G.R.
· No:.~-11515, July ~9,. 1918r, -.
5. Mechanical. defects -in vehicles used for common
carriage (Necesito v. Peres, _G.R. No. -L-10605, :
June 30: 1958). · . · ·
... ·.:
. .. ·~·
35$ I 2019 .$AN SEDA LAV'{ CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATION~ - . . . ·"·
·.- ..
OBLIGATI_-O_NSA--ND CONTRACTS
SA/'J BEOA LAW CENTRALIZEDBA"R OPERATIONS-·MENiORY AID 2oi9 . ,
(8/i&Zf ;,wm-i#z2tifl'Mt;t.tft 5Sk:f:~!fi$#!4iffit!ffi%%it'! ~Wt tqt_~ n&a-iM :+if,§@£9##$&; iws,w<ffiz&t.#i'ii§24C!:Zt Pk-i4!.MUfrE..
3. · · AcJio.n for Substituted Performance or Remedi~s bf Creditor u~der Articie 1177: (SPA2)
· · Undo_i!ig (?f Poo_r.Work (in obligation to do) 1. .Primary R~medies:- . · ..
If a person·obliged·tq do-?ornething fails to do it·, a: §pecific performance, or ibe exact. fulfillment
the s~ine shali be executed at his cost. This· sc1me . .. . of the obliga}ion·with the rig!it.t.o damages;.
rule· shall .· be . observed if he. does ..jt - in .. . '•b·: :._Eurs,ue .the .levi?ble,.or tq pur?e th~ pr~iperty
contravention of the ·ie·nor· of. the obligatibn:··~· .. in ·possession ·of· the debtor which 'are. not
Furthermore, it may ·de decreed·. that what has · exemi;,t from attachmenlunder the law; .....
been done poorly be undone (CJViL COoe; Art: 2. Subsidiary Remedies . ·
11B7). . _a.·. ~ccion Subrogatoria .
. . b. Action
-- . '
Pauliana
.. ·., ·
· 4. A~tion t_o·r Undoi.r:ig (in o_bligation'·riot t~ ao) ..
General ·Rule: Wherythe ·obligation·· Gonsists i6 P~rsuj~g the . Le'{i~_~le Proper;ty or· Property iri.
1doing,
,'r:\ot and the :bbligo~ do~s what has beef} . Possession of the·Debtor· ... . .
.. forbid_d~n hin:,, it shall be undon~ at hi~ expense:. To exhau;f the piwier:ty in pbssession of the debtor
. :(CIVIL CODE, Art: rf6B). :---, ~ ger;iera_lly _by · -:~ttach_ment; su_bject ·'to} exernptions
.•
. provided. by.' law (4. PARAS.;
.
supta at:183).:.
. ·
Exception: W.J:ien ·ih~ ·only- fea.sible .re·medy is ·-· \. _:.! .:
inde'rnnifjcation for°- the· damages ·cause.d by Note: The. deb~or·
. is
"
'liable with · ali' his
.
·property,
\
reason that: ·· · ,. · present and future, for·the fulfillmenrof his obligations·
_a. !t has ~~c9me. imp·ossible to. ~ndo. ~he. ttii'ng .· :subjecrto _exemptions ~rovide·d by"law·(CIVIL CODE,
. phy~_icalfy <;>filegplly; br,.: · · · . · . ;· · · A:r:t. 2236).. .. ·· . . ·
· '.b. _ If the.. a~l' i(~efiriite' anq ·vyill' not qJiase evem t
\.:.
und.9ne. :.. .. ~
' tHe exempti·ons refe;red to. are found.in: .. ,
Action. for Damag~s . . ... \,. . L Sec.'.12, Rule 39 ·of. the New R01es· of Court,. -· .
Th6s.~.who in lt,e per.formanc_e,o_f:.th,ei(p~lg~{io~.s, an~~ ·.: 2. · S~c .. j1~£fthe-P.ublic .. Laricflaw (Com. Act No.
· ~uilty_.?f fr~u/1,' neglig~nce, or·deJa>'., .a.n.d.,JJ1~se·w~9inr · 141). qnd~I.\: . · ·... :· ._ · ·: >: · ..
· an(mann·er contrave.ne the tenqr there'0f(are lia~e · . . ·3: ·· in sc_c{tt(r:e0-Rrovisions·ofthe Civi_l Code.jsuch as-
for damages'(CJVIL·CODE;:~rt. 1170) . · 1 · .. Arts: 223; 232 ·243; 302 and· 1708, . , .
: .i: stb·,Jg~t~;; (S~b~~g-~t~~- icti~:~) '. :-.- ·

_Acii9r:1~ tie ~re~Jor CT.lay exeicis·e·c;ill_/ights·ana ·.
. actions i·n place of..trie 'neqliqent debtor.except those
inherent i_n..the personjlike parent~! authority; right fo
. revoke donationson g~ound"ofing'ratitude, hold offlce.
catrJrout an a1iency),'in -order to 'preserve qr recover.
'· '--: A~..--for.tl'le'.'.'patrimony of-. th·e 'debtor.the product .Of.:$UCh;
Action-for Rescission . .. . · ·action; and tti_e'ri· obtain .therefrorn ·the satisfaction of .,
The ... power .to . rescind ·pbi'igations. IS 1m lled ·. in <.. his own '9re9it .(1 PA_RAS; _;µprE!_-at_ 1 ?3).· -. "
.reciprocal obligations;: .in -case. one .. of tha obliqors : ·. .
. sh'Ould nofcomply"wi~h whatis incumbent upon him. - .Requisit~_s:.(IPE) . ,, ... - .
. · · . :. · · .',' ~ ,. · · . '. < , , . · · .. '. _: . ·: ", ·. ·::. .1. Debtor to. whom ·a-right of actionproperlypertains · ·
'•-
· .-., . -The injured partymay choose between fWlfil.lhfent'and-'. . .: must tie· Indebted to the creditor] _,. · : · ,, · : :
. rescissionof- ttie:·-obligation. ·:with 'tti~ i:ra'yme_nt .. _of 2: · 'credit_o(must' be _Erejudiced·by the Inaction. ef_
.damages in.either case.. ·.'. · ·. , . : .. ' , : _. · failure ·of the'debt9r, to_-.procEied·againsrthe ._thiro
. . • : ; . • .. . • . I , _; . . ...- • ~·-.. . •
. ... person;' and . .... ' . . ,.'._, . . .
Should'.}i~ -~h~~se fulfillrh·e~t and the· ·sam~' st1oul~ '. . 3, Cretjito:r must·.h.ave_ first p'urs.ued.or _!;xhal:isted· all
bet,on:,e. impossi~ie, 'the' ihjure~f 'partY:rrfafstjll . s eek the ..: prpperties·.-t"of the· debtor .. which. 'are rio(
• . · =~' for rescis.sion.. . . : ·.' . . .. I•. exeriipted-f_or,'E))(~CUlipf1:' . •
•!'' • • .
'-. .
• •• ~ • •
.~. The-co~rt s~·;Udecree the .re.scisi,iion ·;lai~ed. ~n;ess: . lflustra.tion: . . . . . ,. . . :'.,_ ....
. ··: D iif.irideb.ted to•:C_ for a.sutn of~m..9ney.ih.the amount_-
· _. _tlie~e be ·a.,just_"(::~iu.se authoriiing the 'fixing of th_e
. .:.. - . period _(CIVIL CODE,· Art: {191). · . : . ·. . . ·. , .
. . . of P1 M. After demahd '.Pile,d and a.:dete_rrnination _th_at
. ·· .· p ..no longer h_as .s.ufficier:if -leviable properties, C may
. · . · S~bsidiary R~'medy· . i . · . . · . 'see-:if-'.any'::third pe_rson)nay b~··indebted :o. If C to
. · The term ."subsidiary re'medy" has· been defined as· . should find'th~,i't Tis· i_ndebted t0. b fo'r P.50,000,-and .
. "thE: exhaustion' of all temedies .. by. the·. prejudiced ·. that the debt is due:and:demandable, c has ih~. r1gh~ .
creditor to collect claims due him._before ·r~scission is .. _'. of actiori •to'compel.-T to' pay ine PS0,000-tb him': ·.
. resorted to" (Sigu.an v. : Um;. G.R:·: Nb. -13.4685, . ,' · ·
November 19, {999).· - · · · ·
2019 SAN _Bl;DA lAW CEN!RALIZED BAR OPERATIONS

- ,, : .
J 3·59.
. · OB.
. Ll'GA-T. ION.-S AN-D CONTRAC.
. . TS. . ; .
SfN Bf.D';' LAr CENTRALIZED'B.ARO(>ERATIONS- MEt,,10~Y A!D 2019 " . . .
""'""
""uillH,~\\!iW!&S
M9¥S i MYi@·NU#@5U#1?:¥:'?W¥1ti&I 1&±U_ii#h6&M?15112t@i44§' s;•t- SMXZ\ft#R:t:il a:#&£&%\SSk\tU! r: ;;~¥!!J< stl
·-
Excepti ons to .Ac;cidn- 'subroqetorte: An accion pauliana must.be of last resort, availep of
.1. Inherent rights of the debtor, like: .. · ·d_nly°~fter tlie <:;reditor has-exhausted all the properties .
. : a. Riqht.to existence; . · · · : : - . of the d.ebtor n'ot exempt from e,xecut_ion .or after all
':, b .. Rights or .relations of a public- character (like · other.legal remedies have been exhausted-and ·have
. positions in the qovernrnent); . b~ee_n proven f\Jlile (Metropqlitan Bank'.and Tr~st
c. Rigl1ts ·~of an honorary. .. character . (like a Co_mpany v. International Exchangf? Bank, G.R. No.
.doctor's degree, honoris caosa): .; . . .. 17.6008,-'August.10, 2011) .
d. · Rights pertainin!;J Jo -t.he, affairs of. the home · '·
'and the farnilytsucb as the personal riqhtsof Pres~mp'fions~of Fraud
husband and wife); and. ·· · The following are presumptions cffraudofcreditors
e. Therlqht to appear in· court-proceedinqs. like 1, · provided under Art: 1387 of the Civii,Code:. ·
the settlernentot'an estate (4 PARAS, 'suprE!, 1. Alienation·. or" pro'pef(y by'. gr.atuitGUS·· tille wlthout
at 180).. . . . ··: . . · .;,. -., · · . r: reservlnqsufficlen; property: to ·pay debts' priorto .
2. · Only .those who at. the·.time of the donor's death donation; and . · ·.,
have .a: rig.tit to. the iegitime. and their sucpes~ors-- . t.2. Ali~nati9n' - by.. p~efO!,JS:- title· when there is
. in-interestmay ask-for t~e:reductiqn.or inofficious . 'judgment-or attachment: . · · "
.donationi,,(CIVIL.COQE, Art: 7_72):· ·.· .· .. · . '. ,·, 1.·· .. ,·,·,c \,.~ .. · .. -· ..,: .. _
• - ' - ·' - . : r • • _. :-.-:..t"'Ac;ef/pn~-$~.J/rog~{?ti./a;
v. fl.p:cJ'2/2/;~~Jifi{~.'.
Ac_doii Paulfan~--- · . · . . . . ; , . . , . .
, .
Creditors have' the riqht-to-impuqn.the acts;.,;.
whiGfi'theu·.: . ••· • · .
,debtor rnay.have dpne to,defrau~ them telv.t~~E, .. , . . _ . •
Art.1177). · . /<').J:.~ ·' . .
- . - .. ·. . . . . ' . ';{.(~i~y/ , . ~ NoJ e ~e11~f~a-~r~dit. _c~~.dit: .. r)i'ust:<: ha~e·_
!'"
Th\S. prov1s1,cn m_us1 be; ~e;:id ·j\ relat10n t~~!:!e -<~l_;- is P,rior. ~tie.cic<.t isiti<;m . existed- . beforedebtor's
1381 (!), . .y~1~h- pr,ov1de~ -~ha~ e9w:,¥,xec~te~,t~~ -1-. 0fidep~i:'!? ?ight. \ .;.: -fraudt.ii'en,facf. ) ~ ' ·. \
. fr(:l~d _of c:r,~d.1t0rs· a!e resc1s_s1bfe. -., ~:.· { ~- :lf~-.. ,-~'.I~\--· .· • · ~ . ~ ,,.,~· : · '. -~ ~- _ --·. : · ~<·: ·. : ; :, .': r ,
,•.
It r1::f~rs to the rig~t a'laili'J~le,16":thek.credi_to(oy~i_!:t e_ ·!'. 11

of .which .he ·can secure .theJr.~i;5_sion- of. 11.~y· act~f-:\'jj, j ff ·JoJ~rit
\.~·J: , .. ~· .. , .. ""'.
· t.o i'E}frai.fd- ·lf')t13nt _· ·tq..,_ · defraud
< :· , , ... · .-
. t~e deb\or wh_~h .is _i~. fr_~yd .<ln~qit~e pr,~fu~teofl:i'i~~>.7~£ed]\°:~ 1s.~,ot.r~~µ)_r..e:l cr;dit~r i,s.requi_i:,ed,_ :'·. :_ .·
· ngbts 9s_· a .. cred1~or. ·(JVRAB0,1 ~. IJJl1g~Qns.
C?ntra,cts, supra at:f05):
. , ,\ ·. . .. ~.
,ana.~
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. _ .
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~ · -
·. ·.
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.·
I·{
1-·
· .... - ; • • •
?.~1.. ·~-:.1o-.:-., ~'£..· .·· -;:· .,_..,,..·_.<· .:- .. ~ .::, .
: • • . . •
·· : ·· · · · · · . . .. ·
~~_tE~:. }c.~1on .,_._P.,~µ{1an.a,., _is ,d1ff~(~L :: ~Q.9\}~
: · .. ~ ·. . .. "''i . ~
· :_· ~~ 1,; 0~?:t~r!oo:. '~!:
,jfes~r.p.fi?H/· · .·
_ . ,..f··. "()P,\l~_n.
_pre.?-.cnbe~. :,v.1t,h,1_n.
·fo~(- {1}.ye·9rs_:frcir\i'. t_nf
·, :-~s.~_1ss1~n. ,c9nt~rT?pla_t~.d_un?~iArL_J 1,9\0~ t~~\~.· _ ·. ;, 71. . .-- · . . disccl\.i'ery·of, the fraucJ..
·. \~tb~'.)~~~y;;~:~~~~~~~~{,i"T?~b~~~J.A~~r'tls~na
~:7::'~;::upra·~'-1,o~:·
~j . .- •· •
. .R<,qu!sttes: (C-~(ff>I)·
· ·1,: :·PJamt1ff·c1~~mg
. :, .: . . . -,: .. . .... 'l ~~.~c.o~t~j;led,'byao !nsolv,e~t.de,btqr
fqr .resc1s.s1on .h.qs=-_g_re.d1t;-pnpr Jo , , ... ~r.e_ ~<?t 1n.~!!Jd_e_d_~ttti1_Q, tb.'1. ~C9P,~: Qf.'q~19n __ pa,(.lh?n?
, - ·)ti~ :31~~!iati_?,°~·· ~-l_tho~16'.Pe,n:1.~0P.~p_le l~ter; .i/_ ·: , :· '. :
b·e~,~llS,,<:?,. on){ acts· ",yhifh..}~.P.~):°_tne assets ~he . ~f.
?: · . ·peb~or .: has_·: ·.m_a._q~;,:g:·.!,§ub;s,e_qyent: :· ~Pp![.c!ct_ ··,· · ¢~:.9t?f?f~JP~~F~~. ~-~)~/\W9:'-!1~1911 ·~o._d~_th_?.s~,wt:i1~h.
a
. ..¢oriv.eyirfg: patri.h10n.ial .t1e·nefiUo. a third·,petso_n.;. . .. rri.e~ely,Jf)Cf~?.~e.;hi? li?b1t1t1~.s .c!r..e n9t ( 4 .TOJ;~NTIN.O,
-~- :Creditpr'h'~i's 1JO.\@het1~·gal•re-rriedfto satisf9'its:. ·. ·s_ukra_pt 149):':::. . . •, } :'.,:, '!· ·.:,·· _,.·,"; .•. -· ,·· ·.'.:."< -.
·.- claim,. fiuf'Would·· bend'it."by .rescissi0'h. ci{ the .. . . · ·:' '
_·._ conxeya~ce ·to<ttiE{thirdiP.ers'ooi'.:·~.;_.., .. ·, ~: '_ ":', ·... ·- . :J.\~ct6ri
Ditecta.. · . ·, . .':.. ~· :. , . · . ,:«~( :·,. '.:_.· .·. ,; . - .. :.
· 4. · Act.bein'g'inipi:.Jtfne'd i·s.'fr~u.dulent;- ~u:id . . _ .:. · .,\'.\.P~-f~~n }~it
dire'c,tJ{j~e'.~-~0!her'.~:~.e_n.if. !~ec~)s~r.io .
· .5.,~~Tliifd. person_. '.what }if<?,eive~1 \ th:e · :_P.rbP~~y .. · : ·priyitY'. 9f-~cir1tra~t b~tweeri' th'erri .ffJI.VILCO()f;,.Art§:.
"cci_~v~yed, .. i~ ·oy,·or,ie~ou_s·. tit!e.,:.~.§lS '.'oeen· 'an .~·1..~52,:.1608,).729, 1893)~· :· c ...:: _,-· .• , ··:-< · . :.:·\ · . . .~
,. -~ccorri'plice:in::the. ft~uo (H.olcJr1J:Phils:,-Inc. v.· .. . :. < · . , : ·.:·:';°- · ..•. ',~ . .:.. ' , · · ·..... · · ': .
. : . ~9~~9~p; ~G.R'.flJ9.:f.o~{jz1,: Ja!]_u.~iy.}.5,;\~0fiJ.: -;. : .·.. _Sp.ecjf.if~a~e~_in;9.}.~9~}tiE:J9-l!Q}Yi_!lg:._.. . · ,.!'. ... r: :.. -· .

. . ·· ,·--··:·'' · ·'·; ·-.'.'.'·1· ·:,.- \.:--,;·.~;···.<':.'·.':-·:-:' -'::,:··.-., /= ;.---· ... r:·
ln.. ,c9se·:of, . ."S.UB~EA~E;".:;tlie;.}sub!$s~¢e~:1s · ·
i
_. · . · A°c~ibn fauli~naiasi.R.~m-~:dy;4t. La~t Re,s<;>,rt: :,<- _·. .,; , .. _· ·syb.~i8ia.ri_ly ljabie )chhe: le_ssor f§r fn'y· fenl _d~e .·
'Tb~-a-c(!qri"forrefS:cil:f~i6/iis~b1!_fa. SU QS ia i~Wteme9y' ' :·:,~. . "·fr_0rrrJh·e-Je_s'S~~:-:!4:qwe?e-r.;~-~h-e'·s1J9IE.{ss·e:~~~-~~II
. ~hi.ch· .c.;:1nMJ·b_e ~instituted\exc.ept wheif the: Pc!rtY... - . :·_ :n·otqeftfsP.pn-si.~1~.b~y!JQ.d,th~e)imqllntpf'rElnt tjue ·.
sufferin·g·.damag~. ha:fho; oft;:ier legc!hneahs lo· qbtain. ; frorn:'him;)n ·a:CG.Qrpa~¢e .,»'it.~·:: f.~-~ te~ms.: ~f .Jhe·
. repa·ration.for:-the 'sa'ine:(Cl:V,IC.COQE; :Art: j 383f. :·· · ·,. .sul5Jease; c!J:.lh'e ·\ir:Ji:~,·of: the:e~traj\.idi_c;jaJ dern-and' ·
.-, · ,-. · · (' - · · · ·' " / _byJhe· 1e·~so_r..,.. . ,.,,.·.·
. -· ... .. ··~ ~ ,
. ·. . . :·.. ~ .. .,,, ..
'•
'• - ).'.
~ ·. I 2019.SAN
360. .. -SEDA W\WCENTRALi
. . . ~- .. ~ . . : ZED
'..
BAR:OPERATIONS
. . :,
.. ·.
OB~IGATIO . NS ·AND CONTRACTS_
·· • SAN DEDA O\W CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS - MEMORY AID 2019
. . • • ,. • • . • . ; . • . l •· -~·..;.' ..
,. ':*~M ;_ a '.'4f.f4¥.IA'W~ ai0f*1-.@u_:~Pf·_·; :S;=,'·4,¢'~&4?51PiMl&2t.$$%i/~'*';:; _':~~$WW;; iS£ =.~~Wi#ri :. ¥t?4aif.M1:tt:t

mf!i~fl,7.'.l~=~
. Note: Payments of rent in advance by the. . \ . : :- ;
· sublessee shall be deem'ed··Nc:iT to.have been OTHER PRINCIPLES OF_

. ·mage, so far as the lessor's claim is concerned,
· . unless 'said payments were. effected _ih. virtue of
OBLI,GATIONS .": :.: ..
·.·-..the customof fhe placeJ~IVIL' ¢Q_DE, ~rt. ,1652)-._
USUR1bus INTERESTS _.
·2. In case.of CONVENTIONAL:. . . ' REDEMPTION,
./
vendor may - lfrin·g · his .action-. against every
the .. . Usury· . . _
Contracting for or: receiving interest. in excess _o~ !h~ · '
.. : po_ss~'ssor.. whose r'ight . is. dehved from . the . amount allowed by law for. theloan or forbearance-of
. vendee. evenif.lnIhe second contract no mention m~rj_ey-·- the takinq' o_f more interest fi:k the use ~r ·
.' should have.
·be~n- -made bf :~the. r.ight to . money-than thetaw allows (Tetentino. v.. SyCl]iam,
:. -repurchase.without prejudiceto the' provisions Of. · G..R: N; 26085, August 12, 1927). · ·, ·· · .· · ·.
:; the-:Mqr,tg~'ge 1:.aw and the.·Lc1~d ..R!3gistra·lion Law.
• .i-with respect to· third persons: (GIVlL- COD~ Art, . ~.s:~riou~.Tr~~sactions ., , . , ... >. . . . . . . . · .
, '1608).- . · · · ·: · · · ·· · ' Usutious transactions shall be govern~d 'by special
, .. · · laws (CIV(L·.dqDE, ·Art: 1{15): . : .,,· v '
· . 3."<~ln case of~ a- CONTRACT, FOR .A PIECE OF . _. .· . . ,_ _ i~, · . . . ~ .
· .... · WORK,.subject to·the~p"rovisibns'-ot",s·pecial laws; · The special-law g_overbing._usury.-is~f.l.c;t..No,.2655,_ as-

: ihos~. ·. who: -pul . .l'ttreir'.'. labor" upon' or furnish amended, · 9( the· Usury Law:, However: there is
~ , rnaterialstor.a piece. bf-work 'undertaken by, the· currently no "lega[ly usurious rate:" Thlsris because
· . ·confractor haveanaction aqainst the.owner up to pursuant to Se~ti<;:>n 1' ofthe l;lsu~y l_aw,.th~e -~on.~tary
.. , 'the' arriounf.owing 'from.the latterto.the.conlracfor Board· of th,e ·. f3angk_o Sentral--:~as t~e. po.vy~.r to:
· · ii :ihe time. the cla'irn;- is made> However! U:i'e · prescrib'e .the 9eiling: interest rates. Then, under CB .
. ... . . fqlio~ihif. sh ail .. 'riot'.· . prejucfice . the{_ ""·1a~orer~, . . CircuJar No. got~-,·
t_h_e.·. ~.S:P 1-i~e.d_. the·. c__e_i_ll-.~-g·-~-~-
tes. ' · . ·
a . ·.empl~yee_s anc{ furnh,h~irs,o(,rri'a.terials;' :. . ' .
··~· :--:. a.:. 'P_aymer:its· !11ade\.?Y' ..._!he ·_ q~er. . t-9, -t~e- Be that as it ma , th_e Supr~me_Cou~ has struck down a,
. . contract1:>r befpr_e: t_rex,ar_e ~~~~ .
.8.9n
· b. R~nunciation- :by tjle'. coh_tr8$.fp~ . of,.:
'. ': . , _."us_u.rious" 1~e\: for ;- bei~g·, -~~·cor:iscicra~le. and
co_ntrary to ·mor.afs (fy1ed_el ,v_,,:Court·QfAppeals,_~ GR. ·
,·.,·;_·.-: _-}~?t:~~~-;:7~;.:,:.~~m. ~th:~:·-~~~-~r,-.(~{Vt.-1 ·N?/_316_22;~Nfve :ber2,Z;·f9..9~( :'Y·'<.:_·-·-:: . : _._·
.· .. ·.... · __ . , __ . · .· · ... ;. · '.-. ... , . , · . . . {See Disl-ssio"n on ·s,mp/e" Loafi. ot·MJtuum·. unciw ·
. _4. ·. 111'. ca.~e ·9J sy~:Af~N.C.Y..Jn·cct._~~Ar.t.
. pnnc1pal·. may · bring- ao act10Q?agclin~t "'.th..r · · .
\8~2.~~--· : Cr<Jdit- ~ ·ansa_ftlo_ns)
_ ·-.:
· _-:' ·.,_ ·, · :
. ._. · i ·. ·.:,: .
.-<~" ·
- •.. S.lJ~~!i_tut~ .with. re_spec( t~ ttie~,abligat(q~s: :""'.h!fh _. Pr.esum_p!icin's·?fR_a~?1eof . . '' .. , .· . .·. •,'
· ., the latt¢r: !)as con~ra<;:ted .under th.El' ~ubst1tut1on . - ·1~ · RresUmption When th~r~ is ·<! rec~•P!. ~! J~El.
. ,:(CIVIL cot;YE,.,,4.,;t. · 1893f · . . -. . :, :.· ·_ . . , principa( PY the cre.dito( .·.. · · · /: ··. ,: /:.\: :: · . ·.
.. . - ·:. _.'. . . · . · . · - . . · . ~be r~c1eipf- pf the: p·rin,9Tp8:I. 'by _crep_ttor;- · U)~
~ ,. ·. )"ransmissib(li_ty. C~e_dit~.- :· _o~
:. :; .. ·:,.:. ~ (f'!, . . ,. .- . _ ·--.),vilhout rElS~f"'.'.ation_. w\th~ respec~: t~ ·ti)~ Jotere~t,
Gene"ra{. Rule·:\,=Rights'-3:ic_guir.ed. ·.by\111ftue of :an . ..: . shall' give;,/i_~e· ·to thEl<"presurnpt1on ,:!bat said·
. opl1_g}Hon_ :: aj~ ·. fra~_sm_ir~ible :·(n :·. enf.rat\~e~:~(_c1y(L,._' ·.'. . . iri_t~·r~st h'as· t?~.:P · paid' (GJVlt Co~~·- l;irl, 1176;'
GODE Art.'t178); :;.- ... ·.::_ ·.· ·. ·i.-:·:~--· ··.· ····.par.·1) ..... ·.
Go~-~~~u~·~·~/;~~~-:~~/~e .ali~~a~i:;.~si)gned to.·.

tni~d ·persons (JURAQO,.· Obljgations arid Gonlr?:cts;
: .. ~2:·· 'I>r·~~u~:pf
·...:_ irfs_talfinent .of a d,!?bt -:' .. ···
~~-:·h:~ ~h:~r~ -i~ a;r.e~e;dt~~f a lafer_' · ·
~-' .' . .' -,~_· ... ·. : .. : .
' /. ~.uprc;1::at_ 105); · · · · · · .- ·· · · ~ 111,e rec~ipt pf"!. later install_men.t_of)-d~bJ wiJhqut ·
· ·· .. , · · · · .· . r.ese(i:v~tioh_ as (6 p~ior. inst911ment_s,. ~hafpikewise-_.,
.. . ;.E:kc~ptions'.-· :._ .·. -.-: . --_...- .· . · . .-rai$e the pre~umptlon·thc1t such insta11ment nas
1.· ',Y'vhere they are no(i_r.an~mfssib!e by-operation -of --: ·. · beei\paid (¢/VIL,.CODE,·Aii:· 1·176,:°gar. ·2y ·'.'. .
.
::2;: ~t~~;~.
tn-~~·:a;e. ~oi ia~s~i~si~I;" b;··t~ei"r:
. : --r1ah.ir.e·, such a"s
in 'the: cirse ·of ~' pu·re1y pers_onal
v~~. ·: . , -N~fo: _Th~· pr~:urripli~n- ·i·s~abH~h~di~-::~his a~i;I~:
. is prima: (acfe .. Jhe p·iesumpli9n_ that.the inter~st .... •
: · .. ·; 'rights': arid·· .. · .. ··" _. .. · .• :'- · · .. ~-· . "::',_' . . . 'has been pa19 i.s.lfased··on the'cons)cleration"tha_t .
3. Wiler~. there 'is· a ·stipu.la.tion · of the partl~s ·that·~ · as payments are first applied to'the•interest(Glil/L',.
·_: : th.ey,ar.e, not tr}msmissjble (CIVIL ~CODE, ~~s .. · .. · CODE, ·Art: 1253}; th·e. 'receipt-,of Uie principal
_·1178 &.f311) .. : ,;, . ··_.: · ·-rn.ust hav~.taken place because-the iriteres1'had:
. -· ' , ... · - a_lready_beeri ~,aidi . ,.··. ')'. _. .(: . . .
( ., • I•- ••• •\ • •
. ,. . ~ . ..
· .....
. . . .
\. 2019 SAN.BEDA LAW CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS j' 361...
OBLIGATIONS AN-D CONTRA_CTS.
SAN BED,A LAW C,E"jTRALIZED_BAROPER7!7'0NS - M~ORY AID 201~ ' .
J::'1'1\1CP4#S%85 H£i+iMSW &d!¥fiMM§iP@§#P# JAR# ;;;sse:>N%ft§d @B•es UAW?Sd\W,4¥ JPRl&§ijkzGRl-$2fi:ii~'"' rl&RUJ ·ifM!?#S¥?/ffl,f.t~
ln~ta~~es·_.when presumptio~s in.Art. 1176 of the. b. By its' relation to other obliqations

Civil Code 9o" N'OT apply: . : , - ·- r. · Principal ., - when it - is the main ·
. }'- · When th_ere is a -re.!3eryaiion_ as to interest or prior · undertaking; or ·
installm~nts, made or~lly or" in writing; · i.(.- _:Accessory-· . ..:.. when it is merely 'an
__ 2. Rec~fp(.for pa.rt ·ofprindpal a undertakinq ·_ to ,gu~rantee the fulfillment
· 3. _ _. If the receipt doe~{not recite that it was issued for . . : of the principal obligation. : ·
. a. particular installment dUE!;aS when the receipt is c. - By- the 'object ofthe obligation to deliver
' only ·dated; . - · · i. Specific' . . '·
4. ln-pqyn:ient of taxes; an'd - ii .. Generic _ .
5. .Where nor:,~paymerff of-the prior obligations has· d, 'By the N1,1mber of Prestations - ....
. l;)een pr9v.en - jo[=· /:.EON:- Objigatfons 'and. i. .Simple · -when there · is . only one
-· ... Contracts, supra at-97). · · :undertaking;
ii. Compound -. when _there. are several
undertakinqs. · .. _ _
·_ 1.) Conjunctive - · when - .all .- .the
j)IFFERENJ:Kc~s o~- _ ·' . "undertakinqs are cemandable at the
. 0:8.LIGATIO~S , - . · -· sametime: cir .. ~ _ - »:
- :- t.) DistributJ.v~· . · - .: ·\vl'i~n - .,onlt .one
uA
• , • ' , • l M• •
·- · · undertaking out · of: · several: is : .. ,

. Classlficaticn of Obliqation ~ . : . .: . y .· . . . 'de~andablE;). .. : :· .. . . . .
1. ~~ _to the.'p'rimaiy cl,assificl3tioa und~the- - 1..-'V·f·.-_ p· . a.) .~ay_be~lt~r~atiyeorFacultati~e
·/."'\.1.~~"'- ·
r· , _
G1y~lfo?e. - '. ·.. .- _ _.
,. a.. Pur~_;_a_ng_ conditional (C/Vlt. G(5)E>~Arts,_-. ·;.,..,.. ..:~·
. ~-· -..;·.;.;:;.,,,...;··~-·,,,,,'A:.:.-;·.;..·=.-....----,.--_..;.;;;;_ ....,
..b. .61~t~~~t~~;witha
0 -
· 1193,1198);.
~edr/tt:$/lc:~f~o . ri:;I~AL._O~LIGATio'~s-
; . , if. ~ _ -'" , :--- ,. . .. . .
c .. Alt~rna.tive. and ·f~c,~ltative -(CIVIL CODE,/~,· . l '-,-\ (f}\ . : .
. ·, Art~. 11f?9-1206); J ';;;? . , "' .
l)fu: Pur.~0,~l\g~ti~ms. ";· ; \ . . .· .. .. . .
d. J9l6rand solidary (~IV/bCODE,.A(fs. Y2~7:;~ lit.t,Gb,!t_gat10~§-~~hoser~.E:~1J11anc~_do_ no! depend upon .
··12-22); · · { ·~ ( ·,\ p~.
&f"W.d.c.:1~-ll!ture unc;:_eftt~m.~~J~n,_t.~r L!PO.n a _past_ 'event .
e. . Diyisfble and~·-indivisJ~-tiqVIL~LDE. Arts~~ffnkno~9_mi}J;.:; he partie;, .ar~:. dernandable a_t· Qf1Ce
: , . :.·1~2.3-.1229); and ·.\. () \--. -~ · JelV~lt;€J)_' ,.AErJ:~4Jf;/lpa_r
J .. !J . _'- ·. _- . .-- · - · ...
· f. . With a .-penal clause((CIYlL C~.:- J&~ ~~;· . :./: . ·. · ·; · ~ · . . ·-. .- . .-.
. . 1226012:;JO)c ' - '~ ' .. ,• K",v '®;1'9JL.~R-"b·:-G~ a!n : no .. _terms ?f :GOn\ltbons
·. 2., ~i'~s~-ific~;i:n -:;-a
~eco-~da~.char9ct~r .. rf~rE~n~~;~~~;~.!~r;~~t b~:fo~~~~.li~hb~~~~'.t~~:;~~~~~:--:
t~e.'CivfC~de:_ _ ., _·. · _..::\. ,.__· )'~" ~L" _:supra a_t1_1_4B},: -~ _ , . , _ -.,_ ·->. . _. .
cl<··· Legal;· .coriv.~nt1onal,· ·and"'~;~./(PJWIL~'\-~.. ... · ·.· . .- .. .- -· -· . - ; .. ·.. · ......
· , CQDE, Arts,.-1·1_58-f16Z):.... . V.[ -M'fl\·~~~~9.6!•~-at10~ ~-~!Jla.nd~ple at.once: . . ·;. ···
b. Real ,fod person13l·{Cll//l.: CODE, A ~163.- _ _.t_..-n~o_l?.!!.:9~~1?~ _1_s d_!?r:11a~aapl.e c!t'0n?e ~--
- .. ~1168); _ .. .. _ ··. ·. -- · -~ , _·w;1'!""'"Wh~n 1!-!S PL!re,.(CIVIL CODE.Art-. 117~,~p~r-.: 1).; ....
c.".; Defe.rm_i.nate'·and gifn'eric:(9/VIL CObE:·Arts.' -· 2: '· Wherrit is'subje_ct.to a.res_olut.ory conditipn-.(CIVIL-: ~-
.:. .. :.. ·_·__ ;__ ~_1;J..6:3=-1;1li6); . :-. . , -~--~;:_ -._.·- .,., · _. CODffArt.)17f/p:ilr. 2);:qr-,.\ ~- -.- . ··:·>: . __ · · ··: ..
. ·. d. Positiye ·ar:id negative .. (CIV.JL c._boE,' Arts ... _ · 3. "'.'Jhelj it_._is. subje'c;:t_ to.. a ~~$plut0ryperLcid :(GIVI_C--.- --:- ,
· ..;_':.-11.6-7~11·'68);·:·: ·.· . .... ..
, .. _ _ . .CQDE~-_Art. 1'193;-paf. 2)>, . ··· .... · .
_-: ·.···{ .;· U.o_ili3~e~cil .a9d:,_bi_later91_.·(Cl_V/i..
. - •,_ :: .11'6_9.41·91),:; ~ . _.
CODE;.-)irt,s. '._ - ·:· . : :- ..... - - _ ·_ ·· ._ .·- .
-,_, · _ · Cond1t10.naJ.Ql:illg_aJ1onJi· . , __
<·. , ,._. . _
.,.;. .~.
. _. -f. .:1!1d1yiduai ·_.arid co.lledive (CIVIL ,CO[?E,,Aris.' ·.. 9bligation_s _i.'6 w.~iGh',lh~ ·acqui~i_tJon -0~ ri~hts'' Y:,ell: as:
· 12{)7>1223); a.nd .· .. _· __ . . -· · · as th~ -~><:tmgu1shmenr ·or-. lo~s of. ·1h6qe · al(e,ady ..
. g., .· A_cs_es~6r:y -~nd.-p.r(n_cipal;(CIVILC_GBE'; Arts. -· ~-~qul~e.p. :shall ·~ep~nj::!·-_·upon the.:. h~ppening _-of ·the· .
... H66, 1226). ··· event: which cor;:stitutes the condition (CIV_ll:.-GOD.E, · __.·
.. , - • - -- -_-· ·· · .. .. .,_ ArJ: 118_1). . . ·.. _. _ ·. . .. - . _ ·; . _ '_'.
i:~cJth~/c'i;§~~ifica"tl~ns ..... ·. '- . - . ,.. . : . ; . . ·. . ' ; _:·.:
a"~
B/thei(juridlcal quality ~nd-~ffjcaci.ousn.ess :· . Conciitiori:._ : .... :-j ·_. . - .
·:-:' i. '. -N~tur-~I :... the' obl[gaficin. is basecf ori . A-c~~rtdition may:b-~~efifi~ci'-as·a fU.tUre.an.cr:unten~iri
e'q~ity g~d n~tu"ral law;,. . . ·_ .. -' -_' "taci·.or. eveht upon which:an obl)gatiori" is ~ubordjnjie"q
ii. c·i_y'il· -. ~h$ obligation is i!l acccirda_nqe or made _to d~pen_d (JURAPO, .-Obligi:ftions · and-
:with positive· law; arid . . .. Co.ntiact~/sapra at 108). -· - . .
iii. Mixed.- the. obligation, is in accordance.
with_ 1gnd ·positive. law.
. 'both. ..:natural
.
-;::,.·...
. . .. ·
.. :· .
·3_62 I ?OlH.SAN
- . BEDALAWCENTRALIZED
. BAR
' OPERATIONS
. .
. . .
.OB·LfGATIONS AN-0. C.ON·TRA.CTS
SAN BE_DA/AW CENTRALIZED BAR .OPERATIONS - ME;MOR.Y11/D 2019 " · .
I
Condition Must be a Future or Uncertain Fact · . b. -Casual - depends exclusjvely uponchance,
General Rule: .In order' .to constitufe an eve.nf·a will of a· third person, or partially by chance
cbnditi~n. it i_s:nqi e·rfough that it be future; it mu.st al.so and partially by will ofa third person, orother'
. be uncertain ·(DE LEON, Obligation~:· and Contracts, factors <and not l!POQ ·the. :will. of the
supra at 106). · · ' corttractinq parties..and .
c, +Mixec - depends upon the will ofone ofthe
A future but c~rtain''fact or event is mer~ly a :term · contracting .parties and. other 'circumstances,
, . rather than. a ·condition. · · · · including' the will of third ·persons· or chance ..
. . . ' . ~ . ,' . . .... ~·.
. Exception:' When the d~ bt~;. binds himself -to pay
0 3. As -. to· Possibillty · . . .
when hismeans permit him to do.so, 'the.obliqation a. Possible 7 when the conditioh,js capable of
sfi_all be deemed to be one with a period (CIVIL : 'realization accordinq to· nature.. law, public
CODE, Art. 1180j. . . · <,« • •... ,, policy or good customs;. and ·. . . . ...
· ... · · . · b. lmpossible -r- . when · the .condition is _ not : '
Note; Past but Unknown-Event . . . . -~ . capable of realization according' to, nature- ·
A.condition mayrefer-to a.past event provided that . ·. (physical) law, public policy. morals or qood ·
. the happening of such fact is.unknown-to the parties. . . custorns jleqal). . . . .. ·-
. · .: ·T~e el~me.nt_-~f u~~erf~.inty;_.ho~~ve/ii wariti~g -w~en.· 4. -As to.Mode ·. ~ ,

- · · '\' a: -.P.ositiv<{- conditlon-thatsorne event happen
the, eyent. is past 6.r present •. hence A.~ann9t.p-r9pe:rti at -a determinate - time.. shall extinquish the
be. called a .condition. It is more accurate to de:3ign9te
· · · · · • obligation ·as·. soon as the time expires· or
. it as a basis of a.contract. It-cannot have the. quality . become indubitable that, the event will not
of.-.suspending-'ttie effects ·of
a-·juridical 'act. Tbe· . . takepiace (CiVIL ·cqOE, Art. 1184); and ....
,unce'rtafrity"e'x_ist? df1IY in the m_indi of [he'. ~'artie~.-¥~lt · ~
hot 'the eve_nt· itself. w .. hat ca_11 be a cb_nd_itiqn i?. tQ_e_ . .Negati~e.- the condition thatsomeevent will
· . no! hai:ip~ri,at'a'detern)iria.te time s~II rende'r
'..! future knowledge ·cir proof of_.an·'·!:Jnkno~ to th·e~ . the·oblfgation effective from ttie moment the"
·. ''p_arth~s·, :b·u.! ~ot the_ ~ve_nti~ielf:_.Th~s.:ti!}e~PRQ~_l\~fJ.. ~II,i' ., . - • - .
- a~t,1l')k_nown_p~st evem_t may.,.,_~y.the_wi_ij ~tlf'e pafti~s'. time ,isf~lap.sed_ o!._ii _has bec<;>~e evid.ent .. -·
tha Vie _event ·cannot occur ( C/VJL CODE, . -
be ·!:ls.tablis~ed as a .corgit[on (4. :rOLe{XJTINO-,:Supra .
. at·145), .... · . _ .':.·'·. .. . . __, ·. : .. ' .· ~ : '>· Af .1y5; ·gar. :J.-~ ·:: . . ... ,._, . ' .
5··.
. E_xa.mple: A_.per_so_.n_.P.r,_omi~e.
,:.. _r. D_§n,,<5,. .o·;?if..·thf.
s.· _to de_l_il7_e
,... r,.,.-
.-~,,..
. A~ t'cf:C>iyisibilitY,;.
a. Divisible"- when.
-· .,;~ ··. .
the c6nditlon'.is' susceptible /,'.
. - .
· . :TJ_~mper of enemy sol~1e:,~k1?~d. urmg;lhe~Wqrlcjiww . . of
· partiayr~a°tization; and·:. . . . .
,·.- 2 exc.~_e<js !QOO... · . ·.. ._ . ,· . . l . . ·.. b. - Indivisible .. - when :the· condition is· .·not
: - · . ·' - . • f\: . . - :· suscep.(ible ,. · of partial . :r~aliz.ation. (CIVIL · .
In t~e above -e_x~f!1ple; it is n9.t t~e !act)s~ted-w.~ch. .·~· ~(2E;_Art>t225,:par. '.) .. ,· · ·
~eryes as a ·co~diti~n,. bu.~·-the_. pro~'.·9fi~~I'.) _t.act~;~.e~ . . . , .
co~t~9c;:t .or qbhgat1on ans£?~; not -wHen the e~eflt · · 6:·-As.to.Plllrality~Of COnditiOrls ~ -~." · ·.. · ·
. ha_ppen'ed or the. fact. cam.e in.to exi.s.1ence which · ·•. · .. • a. Conjunctive . ....:. ttiere.:are· i~ver<?r cohditio'ns;
wo\Jld be in _the past;but when·.thei."prgof 0:f such ~act.-.,,, .___ . ." ·v;;hich_rliust all .be realized; and. ··-. - · .: : ·. · ·
or event;is presented, whi~h-:woul_d !:>~· in th~·tun.ii-~ .. · - ·. _ · b;· Afternat1v~:....:·.'ihe;eJ3re ~evera(E>u.t' only~one-· · ·.
/- .. . . . .·,. . .. . . . . . must:be)eali.zed. .. . .. . :. a : ._ .. .:.... .•
Glassificatioris of Conditibns: ·. ·.'' · ':. : . '" ·. ·

1 .. As to the·Effect ofObiigation'· .. . 7 .. As-tb Form ·. ·. ·-· _.
a: . Susp:ensive·· ..__ whe.n .:the Ju!fi-lln:ient -'of the.. ·". a: Expres.s •.::,·_condition 1s st!3ted ezj;>ressly; .
. . : . c'orldjtion 'r~'.sLili$: in: the' -ai::quis(tiori.' ()frig_hJs :. . ·~ b. Implied.:... cond.iticin:·is' .. s_t'ate8.tacitly_'(3L(.RAOO, ..
.. - . ,irising out-bf the oblig?tion. (CIVIL- COD£, Obiigation.sahd Contracts, supra·at.f10}: · .
Art: 11B1) . . . ,.:..: . '. , ·, <·. , ..• ·_ • . • •·
.. , . b .. Resqlut9ry - when the fulfi).i_meqLof :_tt,e. · · su'sP·E.~SIVE QR'RES.OLlJTO~Y C0N.PITl~t:JS .. _

· . · ':.conditbn ·results iri :extiriguis_limenf of-rights· Suspensive Condition. ·.. ··: -~. . · · · .. · . . · · ·. : .
.. arising out o( the obligation JGiVlt CODE,- A< suipensiv·e: condition:_-( conditi_on ·, presedent) is a
.. Arti'1181 ).· · . ., . , :--· . . fi.Jtwe Jmd ·uncertati:i ev~_hf upori_:t~·e :h~·~pehiQ,g 9r
'· · fulfillment of which rigl;lts.·arising out of the obligation
·.... 2. A{ fo the Dependence on .. thf::'.v"'ill -of the . are· acquired_. . . . , .. ' ·. ··: . . .
Pa.rties. -. ·. . . · ·· · . . .•.. -. :: ,
·a:.' P~te-~tative ·- one'. whjch depends upon the lftne i,{uspensi'ye c.ondition doEfS. ~qt:ta_ke' piac.e', :the
will ofone cif the' contracting 'parties; it 'is ·in partie_s would,:stahd' as if iiie' conditional 'obligatimf
the power of one of.the-parties to :realize·or to had never exi$ted -(the insular Life_.Assurar~e Co.,
prevent;. · ' · . Ltd. v. Toyota Bel-Air, Inc.; .GR. No.· .137_884, Ma,:ch
2( 2008): .
2019 SAN BEDA LAW ~ENTR.A.,LIZED BAR OPERATIONS I 353'.

,.OBl.lGATI.CJNS·AN.··D CQ.NT'RACTS
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SAN BEDA LAW CENTRALIZEDBAFWP.ERATIONS·- MEMORY A°tD 2019 . ·
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·.·.·
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364. J 201s-?AN ~Er;,A Lf.W cE0TRf--LiZ.Eo .. aAR .opE~ T10.N.S. . . : , . -, . . . . ...... .. ...
>~.. ;~.. ; ' ... . . ·.:· . . ... :: . '. ~- -v-. ·:. ··1·,, .,.·, .· ·. ; .. ,· .: - .
. Q:BLIGATld·NS'AN-0 CO~NT·RACT-S
_ _ : SAN_ BEDA LAW CEfYTRALIZED BAR OPE_Rl.;TIONS- MEMO.RY'AI~2019 . • .· ..
t "t-tt:t:N:ttt#!C#t :;:1•• ~ -:;;~,·-t·?K-t ( M, } ,_ L ·##6#4..,::;::-,ua .• § :tt4Gi4!, firt»..:e J:WPRt'stq&:±H# 't_'!fs:.a;;w ,umzv:11.·~·~~
.. .;.- .
b. Potestative Cdn_ditior'ls in pre-e:,sisting · Constructive Fulfillment of a MIXED Conditional
obligation_s, ·Obligation·· is still· VAl.:.ID. Obliqation · · · · · ·
(J.URADQ, · Obligations and Contracts; .supra . The ~xisting.rule in mixed conditional obliqation ls that·
-ai 115-122). . . -- \ whe~ _th~ -, condition wc!~-.n~,t fulfilled but the ot?,Ugor did·
··;:\II· in his RO~er. -to comply .yith:·thi obliqation, the
Example: D. borrowed P1_0;000.00. frorl-.c - 'conditlon .-~hould: oe' . .d.eem,~d'·s.atisf.t~d: (lnlertietione;
: payable within . two · (2). . m"onths. "Hotef,(;orpd(ati?n v. -Frencisco: B .. 'Joecuin .JI,:,,G/{
..... Subsequently, D promised to payC "after D: N6 .. 158361;-Aprj/ 10, 2013r.' .··· . . .
.'sel!s his car'.' to which C agreed:· In this case.; :·
:. only the 'condition.is void butnot the.pre-: ·,·1MP.OSSIBLE-CONDITIONS · _". · ·
--existing obligation of D to pay G (DE LEON, lmpossibi_iity. ' ·· · ', .. - . . .
- Obiig_ations .and Conimcts, supr« at 127)_. ·- It is·
Irnpossjble when it is- notcapabte of realization
. . .,." . ,• . . .: - -/ ' . either- according to its nature' or "acco'rdi~g.; to. law, '
lf;,,the obliqation , is a pre-existing .one, and, gbo'.d~Cl,JSfoms'.or.p'ublie::•po'ii6y.7JURA;D.O;°'O.biigation-s
'therefore; does not depend torltsexlstence - ahct_(?ontriicis;·suprc(at 122-123).'· ': • .; ·. \ ·. :_
_ .upon.slhe __ fulfillment, ,b_y_~Jb"e_ debtor..of Jh9 · ( · ·· , · · ,
potestative' ·conditiol'),. only- the. con<:Iition- is . - . lrnpos sible Conditions ~r~ .\/0L9 ~(· . ' .. ·; ·, ·:
void leavinq unaffected. the .obliqaton 'itself. · The .conoitlon not to doan impossible thing.shall be
Here.Ithe _condition is imposed; not err, the .¢9nsi9er.e.d as· [lpt having l;>e~~: aqreed upon (CIVIL
<birth of; the obliqafion: but orr- its Julfilime_nf. · CODE,· llrJ. · 1183;· Heirs ot Sel(e,rina: San "Migyel v.
(Catungal v.• Rodriquez; G.Ff No.: 1468(39,- . r
The. HoJ10rable1 Coiitt.o! Appeals, G.R. No:' 136054, '
.· ,·March 23, 2q11).- .. .. _§_~pie(J?b.er-5, 2q~1h-'-. ~- .
...r -· . ~
· -lmpos~ibl~·· ;;ori~itjo~_s, . those 9ontr~rf to go~d

_custon1s or. puBlic-.p·olicy ancl .those prohibited by )aw.
shpll~).J!'.tnedo.~ligi=!lj,Ot,,yini,ch derf:>~[ldS. \;1POrl '.t~E:.m, .
lfJ.hi 9?li~at!£>?Ls:aiii"§ible,. tb_at.p~_rf :th.e~~of,~~i~~ _.\f
. n!Jt::§!ffede~ b~ Jhe: 1~p·oss1~[e -'?r unlawful _s9nq1t10_~
,~J,~1~,?~ ~,'-9. (f'-~\/'.O_D~~,Art~J183). ,- =._· / :_ ·. , •
. :, . . -. . .:Ef:~cts.'9f!n_,pi~~l'e. ~on_~(ti.~~s: ·,~ - ·... : . >- ~-. ·

.1_: \_ .lf}~~-~QJ}OJJIPwO.. t~t~; ,do··~n -'~P..P~S.~~le ·.~.r:·'.lle_gal
· · ·. thing, q;0~obhgat1on and' :c9nd1t1on are/ (4 ·
·. : jARAs;· s_~piD,:O.f·?04):~. - .. _..-·-"_:. ,· : .· · ' . ~ .
.. , .. \ .
Re'asoij:.Qblfg~r k°riows_ his ot>lfgatio[1 ·ca·n-noi \Je. ,
Ai6iiiiia- ......-,-.-fulfilled,:-he has. no)ntenti0n·. to _.comply ·with his,, . '
. , , . ·;- . . . : _ ._·. - oblig~ti6ri,(DE-LE,ON, Oq!ig'atio__rys_and Conira<;ts,' '·
\Eff~ct of-Ca_sual .cohditiohs,. ·,- r . .. : supra .~t 1'35):{: · ·, · .,. :·. i. ,., · ·, :}_-;·
Th.e, oblig_i3tion ··induaing ·sl:lth · con<;litiort .._s alHake · · , '· · · ·
effect (Id.· a{ 11 B): . ' ., ·- . ·· : ·, .t-. . - ·" -i~;
2.: _ !(th~ c6n.djtj~n ·is .negati~~ • .- that. ·-n~( to,·d~·-the .
, · ,· ., . '· . · :.. ··.- · .. ,. : .· .. i!'D.P.O·s,sible,·: i(is. di~regaro_eq and .bqligation. is ..
. ~ix~~ Co_nditi_ori . · .: ·. _;· ., :·: ·,.·_ ... _ _ , ·, . . · . '" . ·re__n~erecl _ _pu~e a~~ ·valir:J(!c!,~.c!.t,~35;:_.CJ.Vlf;; CODE,
.. One w_hose ful_fil)r:nent-d~pel"\dS jointly upon;the .will of., ·· .. -. '\ .. A,_rL 11 (33). ~: .. , .· : . . ·. i., ;'. _.. ~- . • . .
'.etiher.one_ of the parties to· the oblig9tiQn 'and: upon . , ·. · 3... Only : the':-~ffected oblig'atic:in. is ·vpid --- if the.··
. . cha rice :;if!d/or yvill of"a t11ftd ·p!:!rsoriJ/d. at 115). ·. . . · ·: · ··otillgatiqri;[S-divl~ible, the- R.arf ~o.t affei\ed· bY, the_
· · ·· · ·. · · :· ··· . ·· ' · · ·· · .- . · impossible condition shall 6e valid (l:.uneta Motor
"\ Effect o(Mi,ced.cor)gitions._--: : .- : .· ._· .. :. -· ,. < . ·. '·ca.~- Abad, 'G.R.-No. L-45273,"i:,pril lo, :{939}. I
: T_ne_. o~!ig~tiori inclu.ding. su<::h · cond!ticin sti'~-11 _t_ake , . -4. : (~~IY_.~h'!; .c0_n.di_i[on:j_,~oio .. ~-· if ioblfg~tiOQ _is pr~< ·
- etf~ct {I'd. ?Jl- 1.18). . . - · · ·· · :. · , · , · · .. · . ex1st1ng,. not . ..dep,endmg . .on. fulfillment . of. me ·
. ' . : . · . .> .. · c9nciitiori wh'ich 'is: i_rfipos·si~IEl •. fqr )ts···exis~ence, :
· . .' Exp~ple:'.:-W.here-,_th~··debt~r-:~pr;mis.~·$, to pay .his :.; ·. ·. ,:, <,mly,tq~ .. conditiqri;is.v.oid· (J'ljRA,DO,-Oblig'iitions· . ·
debts_ to t~ei·cr~ditor:as ·soon 'as_ ·6~ ;shall·.·have .· · .·'am;f Cohtr_acts, supr_a-at 12;3). · . -- ·., . . ,;
~eceived funds-derived from.th·e sale of.-his,hoLise·, it, s.-. Conditior:,. _considered · nqt·,. impos.ea ~ .- if
.... was· h_etd- that.~h·e ru1n11men1 or lh.e··condiiion·q9pends -, imP6ssib1etun18wfu1 .. coriditi6n is· attached· ·~a .a.
'Partly-upon the will .of the"<;lebtbr arid partly upo11.t~e. · _ ·: ·: . _ Si!)!P.le or_r~munera;o~y. dona.~ion as w~U as :to a·
. will ·of tt\ir~ ·persons, as
a consequen.ce of w_hich ·Tt is· . . . . testamentary dispos.[tion., conaitio.ri:is co_nsidered
perfeGtlyvalid a_nd enfor·ceable (Hermosa v. Lorigara,· · ·· not impose~- whi[e- (he o_bli_gatio.r i~ vafid "(CIVIL
~.R. No:L-5267~ October 27,_ J953).. . . CODE, Art, 1183). . .
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2019 SAN. l;lEbA- LA w CENTRALJZED-SAR
. . .. ~ .
OPERATIONS.
~ 1·
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3-~. 5
OBLIGATl·ONS.AND. CON-TRACTS
SAN BEDA LAWCENTRAl,.IZE~ [JAR OPERATIONS - ME,'_,10RY AID io19 •
ie: fiiSWl8@$1i@:;WM2$AE:38i '** , .... P· s• massm•w•w•sS1@i?¥:§¥_:w; :,s;:;; M:tWSllilM,s'ti\ir.a
MODE OF CONDITIQNS . .. Reasons ~he debtor .should. not be allowed to. profit
, from his 'own fault or bad-faith to the prejudice .. of ·the·
Positive v~_._ Neqative Condition · · · obliqee. (DE LEQN, Oi?Jigations and 'Contrecis, supra
at 138). ··
Requisites: -, ..
'1, The intent of the obliger to prevent the fulfillment
·- . of t,he condition; and . .
Involves the lnvolves : the
:L .The "actual . prevention of the' fulfillment
performance of an act nonperformance of an act" .
. or the fulfillment of an , ot
the l')onfuifi!lii\enf qf ~n: ·_·:
(International Hotel Corporation v: Francisco B.
. Joaquin; G.R: No: 158361,,April 10, 201.3J:.
everit.. : eyent up wfthin''_a certain ".
-period of time, .· ...""i
Mere i~fention of the debtor to prevent the happening·
· of the sondition, or to place.ineffective obstacles to its
· compliance, .without actually- preventing the
'Fulfill~d ... upon the ·'Fu.lfilled from, th~-)Jl'omei:if fulfill°ment.; , is: ·>insl.ifficient ·· (lnternationa( Hotel'
,.happening. ofthe act or, .:1. ·· the _;time: .,:indicated: · Oorp.er;at!on ~-. Jo,fquin,-- Jr.; G.R. ·. No. 15836_1, 'April
. event.. .· . . : · ... "has "lapsed;;_'or··- -~ ·, . _ 10, 20.J-3). _: ·.
<,
· 2.·._ u: has· ·.: pecome, -
· . evident-that
': · _-9a·~n.o!-~
th:e~
dh:ur, . ,
u·. ·~ , . .,- · '·-·· · -.
.A:~PJj~a,b'le .t~ Suspensive· Co~~ition~ ~~ly
j~~rmf ~plle~-,only to suspens1ve.co~~1tio_n, not to ·
. . .
.
· . ~lt~o!JgH_ ~ ft"i~~~~ r~Jory,c;.9J:1_91t1~ns·.•It ca_n h.a~e. no appli,c;at_to~ to an

1nd1cltea hq.s nofyer- · · ·:ext<?r[ja~ eon~tgency which .rs lawfully w1~hm the·
. . . . ... -·. l~p~e~(ti~t't0DE~-.3t'c~:mtr.o~,~heobli~~,Cfaylor_v. Uy Tieng_P~ao", ~.'R .
:·:. -. ~~~ ,fiJq('. :,-: ... -if -1··
N_~L~1·~'.l09,.0ff<fi.,~f't.j, 1922) ... _. .. · . _·
. • . r .. :ii tJ;:; • .b~ }&.. .. \, ··. t: . ....:\ ·, .· . . -
: • ·· . • • · • __ ~ _-· :·,-. ~ ._'. /Q-'\AftiGI~ 1 ~ 86:Qf ~f.le~ 8ivil ~ode.provi~es_ that '![!]h~
·. '. ·. ·.·.. ' .. '. .. . ." ~ --~- '. ,,..,. · . ;'.\. · .-·· ~ · 1ij~ cona1[1orr-.rhall b'~ s~ed.·fl.Jlfilled when· the obhgor
~~tl~~~-'~-~ed \<\'.hen \t:l_~ ~~w:1~\J.lf~~d- ; w~e~ ~-, ·.'.' 11 LnnSt~faril)? ,pre.\'.e~ts its4ulfillment" Here, r.th_e Court 'of
IIIIIJU~~.11J1l1ly uru1~ ~_c..;_l ~;ljlQI ex~1~t-01;;;u.~i at-~UY(,r,~f-1,-~P_Pe.ql~/detaJled; l~e·:r.~orls ':1~qe :by .resp?ndent _
,m . ~vent. . eve_r ... !1.0J~~-~or.~(. ~l\ ..
till]~ '~'*~ftuwalAatiia.J.WJ d .f?n~1gnee ! Sison. IJ. also.· ~oted.
_happening:. --~~c9m~$' m_~\1catea,.
absol\Jtel_y :,. · _.certa_1_n ·. -rJ ) . , !J~*,{\:
. _· rn.
_·<P'.J;.1.10,2.,tsSam~1_gu'R.~~s ·and :evasive_,. r~spo.~ses,
~...0~ - , £. "~41:?T)<jialan h·and!1!"Jg .. of r~spon_dent~· conc~rns, arid
.. (CIVIL CODE,. __ :~rt: .. _x- . :. . · . ~~~ "A. :(~j4:'.~~ ·
1:1_~/g~'d :~-~. n· re~P.OOQ~nts'. ~9_t(oils, an'd:
.. ~184). . . • .. .· : . ~ .··_ ·\. :···. . · ~-- ,. J~i~~i'~ef:·th~r ·cp_~p!}a~Ge,w1th._,th~_~req~irep:45:day
.-_ · '--.: ··_. · ..:· · :·• ... ·, · · ·> .• , :. ·· , -~·- -~- -~"..~(:~JE-,. _·r·.i~~f~Q. (f_ederal ~Xfle_$S (?o~p~,v, Anfon,~o, No. . _GR.
·l,JlusJrat1or:i of r,leg_ative;<~ond1t1on ". 7· r::--~~9!..A5fJuti_~~4p18).. . . . · · .. · · .
"If the··_l?Qilippine CoristitlltioJl is.nqt-anien~QY, te~\~Q\ J/ .·· . · . ·: . ··
eri_d- of Presi'9~nt Dutert~'.s ter'm:" ": · -~- : V] '\ ,f .'A,.~:t;R{)~~IV~ J;FF;EQT, OF ·:FUl,,FILL-iy1EN1:°_ 9F_ ,
,,_1,~ !tis fulf!llea: yvhe~;; ·· · · . · . ·. · . ·~ _.
· .. a.'.· On_ ,daly~ 1 ·, · 2_02-;r,: th~- 'Ph!lfppines · has· ,no
'"lV ~~l=N_s,v_E·_G.?.~.o~!'?N · > · . · . . · :·. ·,· . ~- ·
-. Pn11c1ple of ~~troact_1v\tY _of Effect'm ·Suspens~ve --:
.. · ·,·· ·_- ratifil:'ld·ciny ·ainendm_ent to thEf"ccinstitution· or'" .. · Cond_itioi, . ·.. . .. · : ·., . . .~ · · . .·. .-· ..
: ... • ·'.· _.: ·-"' ·a ·new·oo'nstitl!ti~n: ·:. ·-:... _ ·,:: . ~--:- :-;:- .:~ ·. ... . . ··The. e,ffe-~ts of .a. _qqnditiQnal obligat_iqn _lo.give: onde
. ' : .-q, . It ha_~__ be_~o~~--~e.h.?!i,n t~~t_i.t i(im'pdf~i9I~ \<?. . . t~e.·,,9.9~tjll!?~ :p~s::~;~~ ful~l_l_eqr_s~~~! r~tro~cUo-:t~~' .
· ... : .. ·hold-:·a. rat1f1cat1on· ·pleb1st1te · t_o..:'ratity . aAy. : · day.·ottbe c.on_st1tu.t1on o( thepqhgat1on (CTYI_L COQ'E!; ..
. ~- · ..- .'· iubhiittecfarri°endrr1ehts
· ·, · . l:>efore Ji.il/1 ,'~022: ·:
ora··n-~v/ coh-s'tit~tipn : .
·' .·. · · ; · · ..: · . ·
Ai(! f87}:/ .. ·: :' . '-·:::,:,,. ·.... ·'.· ..
· · · · · · ·_:· · · ,
> · ,· ·. ~ .'.'- '\ .
· ·
2 .. · lr-is·extinguishecfwhen: ·-· .... · . .- .. >. ,:_ ·. · · _Rule o~--Retroactjvity _has,NO_-AP.pHcajion To':: (RS) . . . ··
- 'a:. :s~fo'te: July , 1., ·. 2022; th~· .FilfpthQ . people!". ·.1. · _Bear: ·i::onJr~cts ·(e.g, . _.cleposit,. ··· pledge,' ;..or . ·_\'-
. ·· ··, .,... · ratifief an.ahi~driZenHc> t11·e·corfstitutibn, 0i- ... · ·-co,rypodai!1f!1) b.~caus~ :th·ey_are: pertec~e~··o~ly. : .. ·. ·:
a
•· fatifi_es n~w·coristitufion·: . · . ·.. . . . ·by.deiiv,ery °of."the. object o(.tlie obligation. The .
..... Not~::C·lt· i~ <;:'e'rtain·th.at tl\e·negative condition'. ' . pr!ncipl~ only ,a.pplies, to c_onsensual contr-acts;
' will n-ever be fulfiiled::· . . - . ~· ... : .. ··,, .. - and·- .-·:. ·- . ; - ··'· ~ ._ .: /:·... . .• ·:
.· , · ·:~. · ·· · · . , '... 2. . co~t~acts in:.- w_hich . the··.- obligation .· .arising
· CONSTRUCTlVE'FUl:FILLMENF"' . .- , :,· . . _. -1· .. ,. th~refrom-can<only. be reaH~ed:with1n\§u.c.cessive
o:o-ctfin~ · ; -~ . t~nstrti'.dive· ·; ·.. i=uttillm~nt .. ~t periods frr interv..=iis ( e'.g. lease, ·hrre _6f ::i"ervice;Jife
Sus·pensive Conditioni.·i:.·: ·.. . . . . · '•--: .,_ . _· annt'.iity) (JURA09;·:0blig.t1Jions and Co(i_tra'cts,
Th~ condition -shail. be' ·de'emed·. fulfilled when .the supra at ·129):... . . · . ·:. ,,
oJJl°igor yoluoJilrily ,prt;Jve_nts 'its ' fulfiilmeht. (CIVIL
qooE; Art.:.J.:186). ·
36_6 I 2019 SAN'BEDA L:AW CENTRALIZED,BAR OPERATIONS··

OBLlGATl·ONS AND CO.NTRACTS·
• . . . . .' · SAN, BEDA lAW
CENTRAtJZEp BAR OPERATIONS.- MEMORY AID .2019.. . .
ewwe 5' s_,.aan.aJSM'?ffi $i :t ?* p; '- iS·f ¢#Ac: _Ji ti 2? tJ: Sf't4N1iiid14'RNJ4@:Z s@iW ff¥?52dtt5 :e•t,etSS '9§tffl
Retroactive Effect as.to the Fruits arid· Interests · Note: Payment before the. fulfillment of the
1 .. 'Obliqatlons to Give: . concition must be. "by mistake:" otherwise, the
a. 1.ri Reciprocal Obligations: no retroactivity"- debtor is deemed to- have impliedly waived the
deemed mutually-compensated during, the benefit of the. suspensiveconditon.
pendency 'of. the condition. (fruits be ma.y.
natural, industrial crclvll)' (CIVIL CODE, Arts; LOSS, DETERIORATION OR·1M~ROV~ME NT 0
441°4'42 and 1187-). · . DURING THE PENDENCY OF THE COND°ITION, .

b, In .Untlateral Obligations: no retroactivity -, Requisites for Application of Art. 1189: (RSS-FP)
.debtor shall . appropriate th~ fruits. and
-s-, 1. · The obligation is a .Real· obligation;
interests received unless the intention was 2. The object is a ~P.ecific or-determinate thingi
otherwise, . as'. inferred from ~atur~ and 3. The obliqation .· is ._·subject to., a -~uspen·sive
circumstances .(JURADO, Obligations and .condition; '
Contrects, _sup!a at 129-130). 4. · The condition is· Fulfiiled; and . . · .
- - 5. There is loss, dciterioration, or improvement' of
2: . Obligations to Do ·()r Not to Do . , . . .. · the thing during.the _Eendency of the happening
_ ·The courts will have to determine in eachcase · on <one condition; (0.E LEON,·· (:)bligations and
the retroactive effect of the condition that has Contrects, supra et 147). - ' -·
been 'complied' with. This duty 'ot, -the courts
· includes the powerIo . determine whether. the t.oss > ..) ·
effects . of the fulfillment of the. condition shall A thin·g lslost when it:°(DPG) 0•
,.
retroact to the ver-y morn~nt .OJ the.constitution of 1.. Qi~appears in such a way that its existence is
the obligation .cr only. to a specitied-date before. unknowr:i or it can riot be recovered (i.f]., a thing is
fulfillment. It can ..even include the .power to stolen by unknown. persons); . .
determine whether or not there will be. any .E_er"ishes,(i.e.', a house is destroyed completely-by
retroactivity of effects (8 ~ANR_ESf\, 5th Edi, Bf . fir~); and . ~-.. . · .
1 P 335:\.
I • ·• '/•~
. - . .
. . ' •
...
. • -- . Qoes ou -0{ the: ccmmerce'of men· '(i.e.. a_ thing js
d_eclared/bplaw a~ contraband). (Cl_~IL CODE,
Det:.~o~:=~r 2) .' ... •

~ny r.~?J.Jct10~:..,9..'2.!T~~~ntin the s~bs_tanc~ or_~alu_e
.. ·.
of.a tli1~~n_1cfi GloeV,1ot amount-.to_.los~; ·tt:i~ .thing ts

less than its valut:l: .when·,: the · obhgatLon was
constitut_e? (4 TO"LE/iJT{NO'. ~tip!a at 170 ~17-1): v •.
lrnpro\rement .. ·. . . . ,
~5,,,_,,_A thing. is improve~ ·whe(l its value is .in~reas,ed or
enh_an_s:~d.by. na~~re .. or.
by \ime.p~_at !_he._e~pen.SE?;Of
the .debtor .. or .creditor. (DE LEON,. Obligations ana.
Contra9ts,. supra a{ 11~J: -~ · ,·
fiights': _'.:p·endjng ... ful.fillinefjt, . of. .. s.usp,eosive Ru.le.s .on "LOSS· o.r"Ch~ng~ ii;l)iafue ofl'Qbject. of
condition: ~ · .. . . .: -· ·· · · · Real·Ol?ligation Before· °Fulfillm"en, pf $uspe_nsiv.e·
1. · Rights-. of credi.tor. ·- T_he right of t~e creditor', · ·condition·,. . . . . . . ' .
. wl)ic;:h, before the:fulfillment of the,condition, was , . 1. Loss _..,
. · · a-;, mere' :·.hope ·ar1 .:'expectancy, is perfeGted, : , a:_·· Debtor . at .fauff :. - .. debtor _ liab_ie 16 . pay .
become? effectiv~ a_nd demandabl.e: The creditor. .. · · Damages. ..
· may ·~o_mpel the 1e9.~or to comP.IY ·.Witti-what. is· .. ·, _ _.: b. . Deb.to_r · without. fault.-'- obligation· to, deliver, .
·. .incumbent.upon hinr (DE LEON, Ob/it}a/ion~ ·aljd : · .. extingui~hed (CIVIL"CO(JE, Ar{. 1189(1).:(2)) ...
' '-· (;ontracts, Sl.!ff8 at 144). , , 4. Eleterioraticin . . .. .. ·.
.. I .· . ·. . • . .. ,. .
·a.: Debtor·-at fault::- creditor ·may e_nforce:·· · .·
•.· . 2. · r Rights·,o.f · ~ebtor:-- ....:,., H~ is entitled to ,recover. i.. Paymei:if:of damage~~:and · '. :_. ·
..
· · _what 'he has r,aid · by mistake· prior lo".· the· ,ii. ~itl:ier: ·,::
happen_i~g :.of. lhe.SU§.pe,:is1ve con.ditio,:i. . . 1 ·.) ~escission of _contract
. 2,) ·. Specific Performance
Rea.son: This is a·case of solutio [ndebiti-V'fhere. .. b. Debtor ·withc>ul fault - 0bligation ·lo deiiver
there is P"?Ym·ent before any legpl right· t_o receive· extinguished (CfV!bCODE, A[t. / fB9(3}(4))..
payment exists: :.. -' · · ,,
.- 2019 SAJ\J BEDA LAW CENTRALIZED BAR-OPERATiONS· I 367

CJIB.. LIGATl:ONS-A
. ·ND . ... CON·TRACT·S. . ....
SAN_BEf)A LAW.~ENTRALIZED BAR-?PERATIONS - MEMOR.'( A/0 201·9
3. improvements . -, . CohVersely, th.e ~on-p.erform~nce of 'one: party is. i:!

· · a. ·· Expense, of, Debtor - debtor: has .riqhts of (acit r.esoluJory condition a·s,io the obligatiQri of the
. . usufructµary.with respect to.improvements ' . other. In-other words;"if-X does noffulfiil·his obligation; .
b. Wi.thqut Debtor's Expense=- any increasein such non~per:forrnance". may:_ be "treated as .
-, , value inures to the creditor (CIViL CODE=: Ar{ extinguTsJ,ing ,Y.'s· o_blii}a!ion,' as-if-it ·were· 9 resolutory
< . ·. _ 11B9(5)i(6)). · . · · cb~ditiod onjY:s~bbligatioJ:). · ·- · :
' Rights ..of ~~ufrui::tuary on lmp~o~e·m~nts. Effe~t of. Fulfillmerit·of TacitResolutory_ Condition •
. 1: No right to reimbursement·of-value ,.. .. · . . , . lf'ohe:of the. partfes.-.fpils to~~omply Wilh''Whai is .
. 2. Right torernove ?aidiimprov~ments if.removal inc·umb'ent_,upo,n ·hirn;·there·is.a righfon_ the· part of the ·
. :·· ·.possiblEfWilhoutda111age to the property · . .. ·other to rescind ( or . re&9IVe): the. obligatio·n (CIVIL - . '
3 . .'·Right to set off improvements with .any damage · . CODE, A.fi.. ·i191). .:_ ' . ....
caused to ·the· propertywithout his fault ·(CIVIL ·
.C.ODE;· Aris., 5!9 & 589) The injured. ~arty, may choose- be~een the fulfi.llm~nt.
. .. .. .,·, ·,. and th~ re~¢is~iori of.the obiig~ti61:f, withthe p;yinent
R_ul,e,s ·.O~ . !:. ~;~:
App iies. to. ·_obligation t~:·Dellvei' -. . Of:· d_a'ma'g~s,./in. either': ca:fo:-0.i:_Je . may 'also. ·s~e~~
J.\fter R.e~plut_ory Coridition". ·.·•.,i" ·.: .... ", • •• . rescission: everi after1he 'has:c:h°o~$J:1',f~!fillm~Ql,' if,tb~
Whel}"-Tfi~
. ~
"7tohclitiong
• • •. ~ I
. A'~v~· _
· fo('th~ir.
•
P.Urpos~
I
tbEf . : '1~t}e:r 's'nb81d'"h~cbme 1.· ~
· . {ci\i1D
. "· •
cdbE,:_).
• - ,,
rt. -~ - •• • ' • •• ~
.f01po~'.iff:ife
. '
.· :-
extiriquishmerit bf .an obligation- to .give, the p~ _ ·- \1 ·. ·. · · ·- · .· .: - ·. .. . · ..
upon .ihf fulfill!_iient "of.s~id ?Oil~j!i0ri's,·s~all ret~rnJ01u·
each other-what they.have rec~!ved:. ·
.
Z, -tx . · 1_
J~,U~n;f9't,'.~Resc1s~~on"_of,Con~ract. · ;;,_ ..
AA.ii~'_.: · . '.-.. ., · .· ,' . - ., . - ·; ..
In ~a~e-_of.tl:ie IQ$§! deterioration oi:.,.:im[(rovt~~~l'vlore~~9cyratE:lY: fe.fe:rre.~ to ~~:~~-~pluti~n. t~e ri~ht_of · -
th_e ~hin~;. t~~---~rov(sip_n's· wt,i~~· -;Y~' re?&,ec to ·the_"·:·.
ap~l!ed .to t~e party. »iho. IS

COD_EtA.rt.. p9~)' , ·:·__ .· ·.·).(:. · ¥. · .
· "'·: · > · .. · ·. · .. ·. /i ·. .
· : Jf'
)G>~r.
Jto .e_tu.rn ·(Gl'!{ifJ,>.•
res~yi?sionP1nd,~i;;.~i:t(~le·. 1~1 ~~ :_:.is :~redi~ated ?·n c1.
·de,bt?r;.:_~r~-19_19 do»in 1h th~_pre.<f~'8~_JRle~all~b.e_.-;k~ ~~~~.~~f:~@-~ry~~lates: tre:.·re~1pr~c1ty ~pe_twe~n
.Awt1es}~-·,tft1 \.C:~o~r~ct_.,-1h1S:' .retalJ~~O~Y::;r~~~dt ·,s.
. , · -' . _
.i\~_breac~ orvthe p'l:em1~_that·1t_1s."unJ~sJlha~:a
~1~
;f
910,er to)!fi"e_.~oQ..l_r~f~'-n~p~rty-'.'"hO's_L!f.fers·tt1..~ ,,~!~nou~ - ,. ·
~~rty be
REC.1.PROCAL qBLIGATION.S'"> . . 1;1 r lielcroou~-d:' to.,-t~l!l~i~ ,pr,ofl}ises .-when. 'the bt~er
:R~cipr.qc~I ~b!.i9?tions
Th_ope _wh1c_h.,, an~e fro~.t~e. y?°:~~use ~n·1,~
J~- Mm,n_g
-~--~~,!I
~~a~fs:. ~t~~-_''(Gq_?(!.~r/l1.1aJJefExpl9r~tion, .. · 1!!,c ..
v\'.QLCi:O~,-i:\i1mif~tan
{'Jo .. 1~0080,. June 1.1,.. : i . CJ(;)n:ipa}l~
~-':·
:,v.
. E:.a~h. pai:ty:1s a.debtor -an? _cn~1tb.,\"ff,tt(~0 ~er;-.Sl)C~S,"....,.c·~Ot4) .. I~ ': . : , , . · . . -_ . .. , .
_ ttiat,."the· :performince .. ·of tine:'J$1d_esign(j °?:~r · ·:, g;_~e.; .. · .
·,,-:.1:~ - ·: · , . ·. · - . J!5Z.· .:. ~, .:·. ·,: ·
~MifJ!;,
.
' equival~~fcl[ld :the, ¢9~qi}J~~\!@~·f!f~~-~f~ - ~_nce,9iir
the . other JfJE, LEON1 ~ Ob/Jga_t,ons · a"-::rs~/th
.~/(~~~_rr1and~#''~':IY._'~if t~~. p_laint!.f~, 'is ·_~ready:·
ets;---~-. :~wµlip.9A~~·a1~fti~\po_rgJ>fyw~t~;~1.s,p':"n. obllgat10~. an_~ ..
: : _- i~~~a ~t'1~2(_:. ·. ,~·:,;--~· ·_:·.·.\

:· Exa~·p1_~:-.C?nfra,c~ bf _'Ap_s'Ollf_t~· S~_ Vjhe;e_
..... :.•:Z~··
SellE?rr(; · ·. · p~~9:. ,~~aJf..the E3gre..,e_m,~r.t..1s_11ot _~nt1t_led_ t~:;
~·i·:: .- - - ~ :~~J;l<f~{JJ:-ta~~1r;;t~~~;,;~'.L~::1;;~:·. . . . .
thmg:so(q'm'eon.~1der~f})J17mhe~.U.':._.O~r(f>f.jl<Jft?PS,/lannu_;_~=··s~s,. G?J[cfng; G.Ri,N_(?: ·..
. _b_gv,:,_a:.tq:.d_elwerth.e_
-~rtee_;yv,tJilrtffri/i3_iJ.y€J.tJ~-~-?U1d,.t~'deltv~?~·tnelf?r/e..1
cons(de,:at,on 9(t~e.[hmg,$pld. _ \, · . '; . , ·, . . -Q
i,n1$(2?~5).: :-:,:'.> ::._ -:';~·~.-~ .;..:,-\
.. :. ·.- .,. '• . . . _ - . --.. :- .. :: ·.". __ ''; ::·.- . . -
'M m9if~,l!J! > ·<
... · _· _ · ., : ... · ·. : · .'
·. · · -..... -,. · ·· ...,) I -,~· a_.nghLwh1ch ·belbngs-t_o the ·inJured··patty al.one ,
·. ·
't,fot' ,Ajl_:Bil~ter-c11t01>11g·a·tions'·c3r{Recipr.9_cai· .... -.·... ::~ ..(Mi3te6~yj (op~z:\'G:R·:/N_cr.;"23'91/'Ap~(/>:)_28;".l9Q.6;:'.
. -~ .'Xf Y:s:.;tgih~:J:n9theqande~'a~~-?-Et~2cielfvet.·.a>~.i.ft Unl~~C$~(:. _fqcjd.- ·td:? ;. ' ·_ v.,_-_c;;am: G.R_-.:~f!~:~'r . : · ~- C.qrp6(~![qn·
. · _:., in··, e'opsideration .,of<·he.t J,ov$,. c;1nd · ·attect1pn:, .f 2ft.1'55,~May,13:19:79):~Uriderthe~rule of exceptio·non·:,
' · UriOEir.1$·k~s·tb-·'t6htinue-\;uppdrt1hg Xiii, cori's,itleratiofr . ': .aaimp1etifofiilacius-;_ihe' p~Hy'§ilicf.h~l~:;;'c)fp·errormeq O .. - ,- ,:~·
.. ·. oLY'.s)uty·to~s'uppof:t x~.
in ·sJ(::h:oase, -altl10~gh X'.and. "' .his··pah'oH)le';~gteenient.:i's~not'"entiffe.d: to' sue (M.cJiin• . : • ·.. ·-
y ~r~ riiut~a'liy-6~6urid. tb ~api'i."bth"er·; ':ttieir ~oJ:Jligatioris 1 1.'
.. v.~ ·1{c1J,t'c:3J:{):jo:· '(:4-7;9'86ruu[y 16/1.Q'a~y, .. ' ... . : : .. :-., ,:· / ._' _: .
i . . , .. ',
. ::,-'· .· ' ·· :- ,._. '·.' :·.,.< .-' · · ... ·.·). : . :"/ : . ·. · ,_: . . :· ... ·.:. .. · . ,.
f- ' ~ • • ~ ·.· \ •. , " • ~ •,'·' ' •' '- '• - • , • 'I • • ' . ·.',' .• 1 "' •. " •I '' -· ' . • 'I '. • , • • •
. are,hOt_r.eciprocal as.th~y do,not arise fron:i the·same

':. · · · . causes::/:.·.· ·i ·t.' ..·.· · .- ,_.:;_ · .~: ..: ·· ' __ ,/,. :,, ... -'·: · :··:· :_ Requisites?of Action:i-of,Rescis.sidn: .~ride.r.t:Art ·
• .• . .· ·- ·:: _/·- • • •.••.'--. . _.· • .' ,.r'" •· ,.... ' •• !,,, i•
,.,..· -~··· . .• . • ).•· .. , .-,. • , •• -;_.-:~ •• :'
. . ' ·. . --. · .. 1•· ; .. '\ _, __ ,. ' .. 11.91;(ReF~SuC --:-,·,.: .. -· .. ·. _c •• - • ..: , •.• 9,. I.
Cc;5ncep_fdf.iT.adt-Re'solut9ry Go/iahfon . \'. .~. .. 1. · '1:i;e "p_artie§ are R~ciprc:ic~liy '6blig'at~d. , . :
•t-Jeitbe.r: P~i:tY.ii:i.ci;i~s d€lli:iY ff,!.b§.. ~.tn~r.-'Clo,e:~·QO.t·~.9mpl~\.: . ··.?:·:· '?n<\\O! p~~ie(~ajl~d, ~02:~orrfply ..WJ_th:wpa.~_is:~, iqe {.
. qri,s' nofre~tfy tq c·o1:r1ply iri\=1 ptoper'[na)if}er with what . . .. 1hc~rno·e_nt.:up0n him:_: ·: ·,:.: -'·. ,: ;~. ',, "' _:,_5 --·. .• ; . .
· . is· incu_r'.nbent up9ri::hirrJ'.:(<:;;,v1Lc"@[i)E;Ai't. 116ft,· pat:· .
3 .. · The_ ~re"as~)~::'~1Jb~ta'Ati.§!.,,~_cL,?.~1c~:-)!~f.i?..U~E:: .. :; . : .' .· ... ·,
-, 3) .... OiJ.fir'-eitl;\~'f'i;cfn-Ef"f'Lfffil)s'r.)iTs",9m)lgijtiffri", "neJfffe?:'is._. . · . · - ,. "6})Jee.t:9r~he·:p_~f.li~-~~J.n"'~.?kinQ,me·_agr~.~tpeJ:it :_._ · · :·:. · '· .·
· .· deemed ;;i, ·cl'elaf"Tb av'ci_icl- cJBla'y''Ori-any'1of the/two· . :ic-. TFie··i6jured-paity..Qhq_se;u:ie reniE?dy,bf/!9S~iS$,iOn · ....
· p~i'rties:~ thtiy~:.mv_s~ ~cbinpiy:}:-whh ._:ui.eir
:·o61igaiions . .. . _. .. i!')~~~$.~_-of~rJ(<?.rc~fi:1e . nfor har:f-no· pthi( remedy·
. siill'uftanepusfy:. ~ffectively,· thehjerformanc_e 'Of ea'ch - · .·. : · , becaus·e,enforcement b~came- impos.:>jble. · ·
. ·party is a sus·p'ensive condition tci the obligation ofth~ - .. ·. - . ' . .. .· .' .. - . ·. . ... "'
. o.iher. :· · -' · · ·· · · · ·. ... · ··· ·
.' '\ .. i .. '

368· 1. _2019 S_J\N·__ BEDA0,WCEN,:CRAUZEDBAR-OPE~TIONS"
: :;·! ··:.
.·o·s·.htGATl'ONS AND
S~N BED~ ·LAW CENTRAL(?ED.!3-:'R OPERATIONS:- MEMORY AID?OI 9 ·. ,
CONTRACT.s;·.
,.
. . .
e s&t v "':tit !}# 4#:t:S _MHZ::£: : i ?SdZ:& 1:Wi&::: <¢A;'! N 1lM!'Pt 4:rtkASWh¥,?e«!%':·-S f#'.a Sia %N54ihlP bS 0040P4f.1'2ii'
. . . \ - .
Substantial Breach Required . rescission based .on grounds rfot specified ·in. the
. For ..? contractinq ~arty to be ~r:i.titl~d to rescission (or contract would .n.9t_ preclud~·a party toifrec,1t the sarpe
resolutionj inaccordance with Article 11 ~1 of the Civil as re:scind.ed. The ~escindJng party, h.owever, by.?uch
.Gode, the other contractinq party · niust be ·· in · c0t.irsf:l of;-acticin, subjects himself to··t11e risk of being_
substantial breach of the terms and conditions of their · held .li~ble. 'for .d.arnages when : the · extra-j0dici;:il
contract. 1\-substanti.~1. breach,. of _a contract, unlike re~cis~ion is questioned by the. OP.POS.ing parfY. in .
sli!;Jh,t and casualbreaches ther~9f, is a fu_r;icjamerital · court '(Golden Yalley- Exploration, : inc.····V. Pinkian
. breach that . defeats. "the. .obiect. ·.of- the parties in. Mining Co.: G.R~.N_o. 190080:_J(Jne 11, ?014):. . .
. en_ter(n§ c into an · aqreernent · (Maglasfmg· . ii.
Norihwestern 'University, . Inc., G/?.: ·No .. 1889~6, ResclssionNot a Matter 6f
Rig hf .. - · r.' · ..
March.20, 2013). The court.~hall decree fri'e resciss_icin.c~imed; unless
. . .,. ... , ;. - th~re .be jusf"cause authorizing the··f[xing of a ·per_iod
It will .no] be ·p~rr,:iittec:fJor-."a .~1.ight OJ, casual breach;" . ( C/V_IC_COOE, Ar( 1191, par. 3). . . .·-· . : .
but, 9.n.ly ': for· such .substantial- ,?rid. fundamental .. _ . . . . _ .: ( . , ··\- ....
violations as· would defeat the .. ve"ry object ·of. th'e Art\cle .. 11_91 'Does Not ProhibltBtipulation fo[
parties . in rnakiriq -the. aqreement" (.Gold_eA-Valley· : · 6xfra-j1.{di_cj_al· Resclsslon . . . . · _ _ . ' · .. ·:, .· . . ··
' Exploretion · ind: v,.: Pin~iar, ·M)nin_g. :~_G_prryp,any-;and . · Article ·1191 of'. the . Civil Code did not· prohibit-the
C,6pp~~.?c;1IIW In~,. G.:R. 'ryo": 19.pq'aO,:)une 1 f 2Q1:1:_' ., ' ·· p_artie_$ _ froirrtenterin9. __ .~~to .. an. a·l;J{~:~rrient.\.vhereb~· a, . '
Bµen.v1c11e, vs.· Sp_ousp,$ .Salo._ng?,: .G/? .. N9. 2·1_6023, violation ofthe terms'ot-the contractwoutd resultto ·
· October.S, 20.16).. , ·· •· · · : . , · · .- . its cancellation (Calilap-A_Smeron v: D.evelopm·ent
. ·. . ~ ' . · ·' . Bank'of."fhe Philippines, G-R.-- N_o. 1"57330,~Nqvemq'er-
Mere "failur_e o( a _party ,to ·complY. with. wh_at is ·2:};,2011): .1- ·. · · ., '
fncum.bent upqn hi~ cfo'es not ips_o jP,(~J)rOdUGwe tlie . .. .. ·.· ·-. · ~. : ··· ...
~escis~_ion br.,re?c;:>_l~!i{i~ cif: the 91:?l}gc:!tionJJURAJZ)O, Eft~cts .. of•Extr.aJu.dicial R~s~i~sio~-'°>.' ·..,_.,- .. :::_·i .··
Obligations;and Contracts,- supi:a at 137). · ·.· 1, · lf~~.uL..i.sr ~- .stip~J.atibn' grpnti.nQ: ·.th~ .. righ(. ?f:"·~
__ -· ·. . .: · . ·. , \~': : · restis.sioo ~~ the part.of th.e aggrieved party ·and ·
peclar.1t!'.o~ o_(R~:5cis;i_on. · ;_ "'·,. '.t . - ·:- ._ ' ..rhe. va'l(dly r~scihas·the. contra"ct.p,ur~~ant. to.s~ch' :
1. If _\~e. o_bJ19allon-ha·s not ,y~t; :~en __ ;perfJ.Pll<?cl, . · expressf gran\ ·any court. decisiGin adjudging _the·
.. :. -,~><t1j~~ici~I_ d_~clarcitiQ?.. _Q.Y ,twj§!f1y'_vyh.q~e~(dY-_·, 'prciprie1toj;!~~e?cis~ion e~tra~}ud_ici~l~y ITlc!d~ i_? '
· a.no w1lh_ng_:tq perf~:irm·1s .alloweg. · -~·. . ·.: ~ · h'ot th{· revo'E:at'ory act,bf rescissioh'·but,merely_
. ·2. . If th:f e>bligatii>n_ has.already/'6e.ru:i,-r:i,Jttormed .by'. -: - de~liratorf6r a~a!firmation.-of'_th~ r~v.oc~tion (Be .
. . the.1niur~d party:·· ··. .... .,_~, :,. LuoJf~l(G:R>J\/6../5745q/~./ariuary-·_18, · · .
. -~_.-·a,. I( thi ott,er: party·,,cJ.9_es_·:oci.J.,PP1:>0se.or-, 1999)-· ···:.··;,_ .. ·· .. ··.·,. • . .-.· _._'.. :·.·.;..=--.::::
. = "' '.-· ::·· Jmpu~w,t~-~~-~~traju9icia! te.~~~ratio' ,_! stfc~. . :The·· ·decre.':l, .·:cW!:r'E}s~is~ion .. ·shall , b~-'.:wlJ~9ut.:: ·· .
. will produce J~gc:!l' effec:t. ... : ·-. _... · pr.ejudice .to the .rights of.·lhjrd ·per'$9ns· w~o. nai/e... . ,:
·· q: If the. other·R.~rty·:opposes the rescis.~ioo, ·. acgJlreclithe thin'g in ·accordanc'e•witt,-Ar.t_:' 13~5 . · :
. . . . · lh_e inj_\.lre·d· pafty\~arliot 5y_ ~is 4,r:,· .,. · and 1388 _and .Mortgage·:Law· (C!Vli:. CODE/Art: ·
. deci9rati<;in· r~~idn'd;_Jl:\e.--~Rl'ltrad. Go'urt· . : ·.:~ ·1foi, par, 4)-' .·. ·. -·~ · ·, .···, ... · _::1.-.·'i~.._.. :'· ·,.
. · ·:, _ - . a~tki_~.•:, !.r:i.,)his - c~.~~:~ )~': r:iec;~ss~_ry,, (1 - , . - i :-' r-',,° ·.. \ , - .>·:·.. ,: · . , :.:.'~·~·:.'· ,. ... . . , •, :.,
·· r · · · TO[EN.T/._f:-!_b,~supjaat 178) .. ~.:";. ·; · ;. ~~, >" : :' · Effect ·of R~sc.is~iqn . · ..-·~ · :.. . ... . : ..... , ..
· ·· ·, :. · · · · ·., ".• ; It f';_-qiJir~s'{~ili~~tton .or-'b(i_11~irig, ·p~ifies··b~ck~t?.>° .· ·
~:-'"'~tl·~-!6J;a_l~~~·rmis¥<?J"!~~?,'-8~.!J}~~:•f~~C~~Sa~. ::-:.:·~--.. ·_.· _ ·. ongmc!["-.St~t,us·pn?~~'!Q~C~ntrc1ct'(l:/nladt~e.$OUr~e
·. ~ene·rc:il R_ul~: The :pow.er to .res~md · an- ~q)1g~J109,~ . : Oev., . Corp<v.. -[J)r__agon,1 .G~R:··No. 1.19338t July._ 28,: .
·.mu·~r9e,· inyo~_ed judici~I_Y", A!l~,_9ann'?t .be .<?XEf~i~~d. . .. 2.~0f3);:, . ..... - . _,. .. . . ~.:. . .. :~ . -- ·.. ,- ·. : :
. sol~ly on: a pa(t.is. ·qwn)judgmer:it th·at the 'other has · · · ," '.· · : :: .. : ,_-. :... - _. . .': . , · , - · , . - · · · .-: \: · , .
a
· .. ~ornmitrea. Qfeach.9.T the ."obiigatk~ri)Gp1d~·h i.lailey" · - Mut6;,i ·restittiti.dn,-. ~hi'c.h. entatls 'the return oJ the ·- · .
- · .. -1;xplorafion Int . v/ -f~inkian Mining .··c6mpiiny" :·aild·.: ·. ·benefitsJl:lat ear:::1-j,party may have,r~ceiv"ed•as' a resu!t· _ ..
: . :copper Valley Inc, GJ{ Noc .190.080, June'} 1, 2Qi4r-.- 'of the contract; is .thus req·oired: To: p,e .s.ure',:ir has(
, ; :. · _ : •, : ·. •. ·_> -~· _ . . ·. . . ,:· <' .. · ,-·~-:- '· ·. _: · · b~:en: seiU~d 1hat,ttif~ft~ct? ot.ret:c;is~idn)i"s p~oylde~
E~septJor;i: IJYhere ·.~?fli~s. c1:we,e "to_ ··a_.:?lip.ulatidn: ·. fqr.ln ~rti_cl.~ 1~85:~f:th.e Gode are.:e,qu.al.it appliG~ti'le --
· .. ~_l!P:wJng:_e~.tr,~~)u.?J_c:i~l/e,.~9is~J.o~,: :Q9)~Piq\~t d~{r~~y~_.~ .:· . · .to: ~q?_es_. _1,1nder; ~r:tiele .1.19 t (q9fr1-s_cfR(ope1,ies.V: - · -, ·
neces~ary- for, re.sc1ss1_orrJq- t~ke. -plc:1ce;· the: extrc,10 :. · ... SpO[!$_es ~vger1Jo,.:_G.f?; J'f.o. "2Q11.67~- _Fe·pruary.27,
., ju_dic;i~_I .re!:\c1s·~.ion . i.~~i;ne.diat~ly rel~ases ... t_he" p~rtf 2013;'. ·.. : . · .· ~ : . i .. ,. · : . : ... , . ~>. · . ·.- .'
from 1t:3 obhgc1hon !.!11d~r.the_ r:::on.tract, subject" onJy tq .._. · ... •. . . .·. _ . . . . .· · .. -:· . ·.. ·: · _;·; '
9·ci"urt reyersa'f.'if. fbund.[mprope'r.:.On· the- other ·hand~- Not!;i:. _ Jher:e cari be ·partial resciss[on 1or:fulfillr:nent
:.withouf a siipl.ilation'allowing extra.-jLIC!,i.cial resc;;ission, . ·.. uri"der'ArL 1191 'o.f ftie,tivil:C9de (C.eri.tr~i iJ:aok df the
. it is the judicia) decree that rescinds, ._and: not (he·will Philippines. v.. CA;· G:R: 'fyo. l.~4571 o/ .October: 3;
of .. th_e .:r.es.cinaing .-party ... This ncitwilhstandirig;' . ·: .. 19'85).: . . . : . .
jurisprudence -.stilJ .. indi~ates that an extra-judicial .. :·
2019
.
SAN .BEPA
. LAW:CENTRA~IZED
. . .
BAR OPERATl0N$
- .
t~-36Q
..
OBLIGATIO·NS AND CON-TRACTS·.
.
SAN'BEDA LAW CENTRALIZED BAil OPEllATIONS' - MEMO!lY AID 2.019
..
,.··.
Effects of Breach- by Both Parties: . . .
1.. The liability of the first ·\pf~actof shall be equitably
, · temperedby the courts: and.'.
2. 'if it cannot be determined which of the parties first
". : . violated' the-contract, the same shall be deemed
. extihquished; 'and : each .· .shall bear his -·own
· · darnaqes (CIViL CODE, Art. f 192). ·: . . .
:...,..
' O~iIGA.l1ION:S WJTH A TERM . :. J ·_
•.1. •••
. . ~1-·
r
370:
~ I '2bl9 SAN.SEDA. LAW
. CENT.RALIZED
. . . BAR OPERATIONS.
O BLI GATl'O ~-s· ·Al\J D - to,N.TRAC.TS .
SAN BEDA LAW CENTRALIZsD BAR OPERATIONS .. MEtjlORY AID ~019
Term/Period·v. Condition· Tt)~re can be no rig~t of recovery if the ·ooligor

delivers the thing. voluntarily or. wiih the knowledge of.
·. the period or term or; the· fact that the obligation- has.
not· yet become · clue.
and · derriandable . ( 4 ·
TOLENTINO,· supra-at ~9:}):
Note: Article.-11'95 applies only to obligations to give.

It is s'imilar to Artii::le:t'188, 'p~ragraph 2, wfiich allows
the recovery of.what has been paia. by'mistake before
the: fulfillment oh:i suspensive condition." It. has no
application 'to obligations. to _ do or not to do (Id. At·
1·96). . ,, . ;
· It IS .'im~oti~nf to" bearin mind that in 'reciprccal a

. contractlike ~r lease.Jhe period of the lease ·n:iust be
. deemed to have been agre(;3q upon for t~e benefit of
bath pa~i~s.,;a~s_ert" 1aH~~age ·s~_o'."'ing ·1ha_1 theterm __
was deliberately set! for the benefitof the lessee or
-,les"sor alone 7LL: ancF Company development end
Agro-"tndustrilt Corporation v, Huang' Ghqo Chun,_ ·.
-_~;-~:-~~-_.:14bfP\~atc~.1,.\??a2~·-.· =,:': < :·'_.: ... .
Effect of r(rfofm~ce'.b.efor¢ Term . · '' · . .:
• r-u Payrnen] before ih~ . te'r.m . and' thE?°.; .acceptance or'
, payment ~reoi[9ii1.?!J:JOU11t:U2 a 'waiver of. the ._
· · period agre·e.ct:up,on durinqwhlch payment should not ·
t:Je made. . . . . . .. . ' .· .. . " ·, '
F?.eriotHor thtfBen~tlfOnly:ofJhe Creditor . · .. • ... _

e~editer.-;Bldeniand 'th'e'.iu1ri11m'ent '6f'ini·.061igati6n . '.
ahy
·' at "iiriie but" the' 'obiigor· cannot 'compel him- to
accept .payrp,ent .'beforeIhe- e,c°pi~atfo.n· of period (DE.· .
. ·. LE.ON, .ObligatiOrJ.S, an,d Cphtracts/supra a(201). - ·
Effect .
of ·loss:
.
. det~ricir.at_i~ri.·
·~ .
or . impr6~m·er:it
. . J
. .. .
. .... /'.-.\·. ·· .. -~:-.:· ::.. ·. ~-·. . ·::. .
before· arrival'cif per:iod · · . .· . · P.erfod for the:Benefit,O~!Y. ~fthe Debtor · ... ·.. .'
. lri ca~f ,qf loss, d.E!i"te~ioravor _o(:impr9vern.e.nt 9f the, "cieblo'r carinotbe .compeiled. to perform ·.obligatiorr
tl'.ii_ng be'fqrE;): the··arriva[· o_r. tl}e' ·.9ay :-c;~rt9in;· .th;e_ ~am·e · ': prefr~~turely; but' 'h~ ::c·a~''.cfo iso'."if- he_"desijes·:t~.1- at· 1..
. .ruJef$ · und(;3.r Art, ~1-189. of the . Ciyil Code shall. be .. 200).· .. ·.• . .. · ' , ..
·ob~erve.f(CIVIC CODE, Ar(:1194).. . . . ,. · ,.· · . , . ~ ., . ..
. .-- . . ·, . .. '• . When·. Court M}1y Fix· Dura\fon:c/Term' · .· · ' .
. -1f:a.fortuitous e~ent s~perv~·ries •.. the ob1i6or i~ m~reJy.. . . Gen~ral Ri:ile: C-ourts are wlthput p9w,et to.fix·period.
. relieved "of the "obligaiiofr to fulfill 'atthattime ar)d 'does . . . :·· ...... '. ·. ,- ; (" ' ' ._.,,., :: . s' ·:· .· '. '; ...
. . ·not' itcip t~e rurinJng 'o(~fif peripc(beca9se._ in effe_cl-: ·.Reason;. Freedortr t9 .Contract (ciVtL -'COQ.f?, Art
·.-that wbuJc:t be.an:exJen~ioi:1 of th~~ter.m. of .t.h~ cqntract -1306/ · ·. . · •·· ··. ·· .-'. ~- · · .· ·.. · ·_ ·: _·
·. -:_ (Vict'ofias' P-lanleri;·Assoqiatipn,: JnC.i· v: Vjctocfas : '>:· ' ' - . .: ' :··,,' .
Milling Co.; G.R: f\Jo. L-6-648, '-July-25., _1.9~5).· ... Ex~eptio.ns:. . .' :·· .. : _· .•' , ... :' . · . .
.~·.. .1. ·. If the obligation.do~s· not fix a period, by.t fromjts·
·· Effect-.of Advanc~ Paym,en'f pr
Delivery . < .. .' . ·. ·
' ' nat"ure : and
drcumstance's' ft c~in be .ihferred that ..
·. 1n·oqiigations tc> give, th.e oblim:ir can· rl';_lc~"'.er wrat _he . \i p~rio<:1.w'a.s interidt?d (cJViL qbol;; Art, i_19!, ·
· has paid. or deliveretl with fruits a_nd· intere:sts ( C!VIL par. 1); . · ·
· CODE, Art. 1195}: . /:'". -: ..
:_ (,
·2ois sAN s.EoA LAW cENi-RAuzEo BA~ oPERAr10Ns r' 3T1

. ·u!jLf:uA I IUN~ A~U. LUN I HAC-rs-
SAN BEDA LAW CENTRALIZEDBAR OPERATIONS - MEMORYAfD,2019_
31'.2 I 2019 SA.N.J31;DA.LAW C~NTf<ALIZED_,~AR ~PER..6}1QN$

• ,4 '. • : ••• ; :' ,". • .. • ; • • •• : \
v-.
• • •·• • ~
.. . . ...
. .OBLIGA_TlONS A-Nt> .CONl.RACTS
. . •· SAN BEOA.LAW CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS - MEMORY A/0·2019 .:
ff#ib,. "a 6 b %:Z w,$ , .. :a4*7&::ti¥4r+ 't · ib·_. wy_ dt'' ·w,•ac• 85 * ,,;: P. ;i< .. ;. z:s;:4; :t/;¥;;,w;,PSt-*:5:ug. i@5'ftft=t} r'dfllll'l,c, .. """""....,...=
>Effect if th.e Debtor Loses the Right to M~ke Use Forms
-
of Notice c .,.,
of.the Period· · : · . , : Notice m~y_be·made; ., . . <' .,.
· T,he t~rm is. extinguished." · and the' .. ob.ligation is
1. Oral)y; .. - ; · , : .• · _... ·-, .' :j -. ~,__'.:•_. ,
_de-man_d~b!~ a!:on.ce-(4 ·PJ:>RAS, supra.at 263). 2. ir:1·writif)g-;· or: . · -- ~ .. , , ....
. ;{ ·lmpJiedly .... ;· · · . <· -,' · .> · · ·. · · ' -, · -
t-
a. ·:Per.(or~_an:~~ bythe debtor who has the rig.ht

. ~ . i .' _.,,. .. .. :: •
.to 'choose ,.or · in the · acceptance of a
. ·. ALTERNA:T.t\:IBOR ·FACULTATIVE prestation ~i!he.cteditor"when he has a right
'. .. ~, .. · <"t])BLIGATIONS .. of s~lec!ion".(~:Mt'\NR_.(=S~ 18.1); .c;,r,;-.; . ~
!· ~ • : ..., - ~. • , -,-~:.....
c''.
•. \ .• I ' .. ,
,r
. -e. ;· ,'.'Vheo 'Jh~ '?-~~di.tor·,sy·e.s 'th~-'_.d~~t"~(. foi\ ·1~~
·. p~~formance. c{ OflE: 'pf'tl)e prestations (4
j · .· ·Aiiern~tiv.e ~blig~~ioh·.:· i :. . . . . . . · . .,. TOLENT/f./0,._supra -~t 268),.. " .. .' ·, 1
. A- pers"on alterri'atively bound .by diff~re\it prestatjons ' • I -'•. ,:'
.. shall co_m.pJetelyJ).if.form one of·'thetr, (CIVIL CQOE, . · Gan the creditor. to .whorn the selectlon-had.besn
'·. Art. 1-199t
~ par. :1)>
.. . i . ·,.,,, · .· ' .:. : ·
. .
'· duly communicated impugn sllch seie_ctf6n?.. .· ..
.. _1: -1?'.view."=Jh~._!'qb]ectc;>'.-:the.noiice.i_s to.qive .. the-
in. a·~,. ai"tirn~t;v~\Qbliga.tid_n·; th~re is_ ril~re, tlian one · ... _cre~ito~ or· obliqee; opportunity to. e2<pr.e~s- his
dtijec( and. ttii{. fuifillment· of.
one'·· is·-~ s'utticieni .·, ·. consent. or to' impugn:th~·e1e'cti0ri-91,ade·oy·the
· ·'clet~rmir)~cfby: ihfthciic~- (!f,tlie deb'fo; wti.o general!; debtor -and only _ after said · notice . shall - the
· · ~a~ 'the· .righf6-f-~le.ction (~1\:0: ?t1lp·and Paper ·co.~ '. ·: _electionJa~~/1.(?gal .eiff~,~(w~·E!ri"c:b~S(;Hited~to: by__ ).
, Inc. v.-Dan. T. Lim/[3.R.-N.o.· 206809, 'Jun"ff 25, ·2014). · ~- the'.. Cr~?it9r,: c;,t_'"if ii1:Jpu_gHe.d· b¥. !he'-!.~tt~r .. ~hzO · ·
. / . . ·- ·: ..
:.·._
. . ' .
- ·. . . . ..
. dE:c~are? p~9per~t? c9(f1Pe,\e~.t,~ourt· (J~~~oq; · ·
!-imit;ition: T_he- cted_if9r. cannot _.he _compelled _to . Obllgat1ons and C9ntra0.~, supra.?! 169);_' ., . ·
2nd view - It is, however, submitted that the
receive,pa'rt ~foil~'. •and:P.·art of the other uride'rtal<ing.
· .. '. · . {9!V~L. coq~,/',rt. 1199,'par. ·2;'. · ·- above · c!odrine · is noi sound .. Consent. or
. . -.. '. - .. ·. . ·~.... ' .. : < . :"· ._ . :-: . . . . . .. . . · .concurr-ence;Ef the~~feditor. io ':t~e ·choice .. Br-,. ,·
~e1ect(?nn1a~e · the .sJ~bto'r. i~'. ·not; n:~~i~sar.y, .9Y.
. , t:>,e.t?re· ..,!l'l_e '.\;hoice "c. ?~ .. s<;tct_icfn:_ ;c,a,n . pr?ttjbce
: ·.· effect-Jo 50.1\_o_the~1~f»'.·ouJ.~.d~~~rpy_t~~-Y~ry
--· .._-.n~t_ur1,?.f, he rsi~l
t'Q s.elec_t·~nd ·th_Et~lt~rna.tive ·
clia_r~cte_c_of th~ ~bl!g_a~ion ..fo.r tha_Ltti~tt~r. ·1~us,
.
.. acco_rding o-e-~;~api$traho: ''T.h~ la~,-~o~s n9t . fu

. ~e_qu1~~ t_h~.~,.1J~d1tor.'s ;~~ncu~~~nce t8slfl~,:_9~C?ic_e; ·
. f 1t cj1_d, 1!0 woulg_,t\c!,Ve .. ,9~~troy~p _tbe,._yE1r.y:,n.aJure , ..
....._...._...;:·or. c;ilter.n~!iv~_..c:i._bl.ig_f1VOtis, .. w~i~ti .. ~i:rl"pp~e,rs,.th~ .
.. ,
~'::,iili ;lt;..~:. .·_: t~J~t~:·~ p,~-~(r_7:·{~~Pt~t~_ly q~ne,?f?~r\, (Id. c1t
:.. '· ·' Cor~el~~~:. Co.ns~nt br;con~~r;e·n~; ith:-c;~cl-if~r to·

\· .. · .. 2. !ln)awfu!;,:or·. .· . .,. ' . . . . ' .. ·. ·_the ~hbi~e· ;_(~ajeftion)ijacf~/b~. t~-~-. ~k~}~.r_is;~o1;·.
Wtf · h · .·. .. - · . . :- · ,/ . , . . ··. n~cessary before , Jh~, . choice . or; selection .. can .
3
. , . ::" .. 'f ·.?9~.l~f:,Not·h~v.~ be~_n-,the ?~Ject ?f t~e · produce.effect ~(4-TOLEN.Tl~O; su{)ra.ai 206). ·. "> ..
· '. ·., · ·obltgallciri (C/\{IL"CODE;·Art.1200;.par; ?J"; whir;;h · - '•· ·. ·' . · · -·- ·, ... · . ·· · /;' .... ,· :<' ·
. ·.· .. '.ref~rs.to: (AD,U)" ·,. . :. : :·, :,- . ·, .·.: t. ·•. . . ·:;Eftec(o·~ Noti~.~.oi"b~bjc_e/'(A§I_I:.) . ··....:··: :'·'·.:·· .. : ·.:- .
. :-:· a.' . ."fh·o_s·~' bfr.e'asqn of ~ccident 'br·.some other . . •.. ·1:. Until the choide iS'n:icid~:"~nq,com.munie~ted, the
.'. a ~a use; have.
acquire/I°. a . ·n~w ·''chara_ct.er . ·.: . obligation remains<.Alterriative. . . ::. . :. . ,:: . : . {
· . . . . distinct qr.. d[tfer~nt'from that c_onternptated by 2: · :,dnce:the nc:it"ice\iih~:~1ebtioh has oeen\ji,/Ei"n t6'
·' ·:·-the: pa_rttes ·.>vhen- tli'e 9bligaiion.: was·. th~ ·,)creditor,: the . ofiig~tio'rr: c~a~.e$''""to>'be ..
. · . ,, ,~ ; . 'cbnstittited; : ' .. -· . . . •: · .. , . . . . alternaiive·a~d b'ecomes ·sim'plel:obligaiioh; . -,. . .
b. ,:. T~cise ~hf,ch ·~r.e not' yet Que .. qr de"rnan_d~~ble . :· ~- 3. $iich< choifa{ · ,bn'6.e'>
.~ol:>"~rly:_· mad~ .. : ·arjd . · ..
. ·· - .., _ 'afthe._time ttie· selection -i~ made;.or :'' ·.- . commt:fnic'ated. is·,. Irrevocable . 'and·:;.· ,cannot, ·
·,· • :· •.: ;· : , C. _:: !:!nd~.rt;k[ngs. that are nqt indud.ed; among. I "tt)erefbr~ b•e r~noun;ed· :· • .r ,· ./·,. ;_ :.- .. •
0
'-:'. · . ·.: ·. : · " . ot~ers;.frbm:,.-th0si:( »1hich. t_hEfooligdr, may.· · .... ,i: . Wh~re-·t~e choice_.~'as~~een~·ex'pr~~si"s,,"·giVen. td / ·
. . ··... ·, ·::, 1 °select. (JUR~DO; O~ilga'tions f]rid Contracfs:. . ·· , . ,Jfi"e creditor, sucli ·:choic·e, shall "lik.ewise. p.r:.oduce· · ',"
supra_cfi 168..:169i .. : . .· . · .. "{ega(
effects upcin :beiri~j."conih'iu"j-1ica'ted to'.-the: . ·'
.. · · · •. . - debtor·(CIVIL Coo'E; Art,.1205, p.ar.' 1). '· ·r .
. wh~~ _notic~ ·pr~{c:1uces"ette~t . . . . - · ,, ,. .. · · · ·, .-
:.~The. choice ... ~hall p'rodl!c·e ·. effect-. orily , UP9fl~- · . _Effect wljefl' ohly ~.tie Pr~s-tation i_s-'Practital;>le ·. :··
-communication ofthe choice to .the othe(party (CIVIL . The q.ebtor-sha_ll lose t~eJight 6t'ch6fce·wheh ·among
CODE, Art. 1 io1J.', . ' . _ the. prestatidns -·wnereby he is alterhatively· bo"und, . : ·
only."pne_i~ practicable (.9IVIL CODE, Art. 12.02f '·
. .. . . ' ·.. . -~
2019 SAN BEQA LAW:CENTRALIZED BAR OPE.RATIONS 373

· · . :·oB·LI.GATIO.NS AND.CON;TRA.CTS
'y,.N_ BEQA LAW CENTR":_LIZED BAR OPERA.TJONS-. MEMORY AID 20i9
. Art. 1.202 v. Art. 1200, pa,r-. 2. . iL Some but not all are lost ....:. deliver that
. which he shall choose 'from among .the
remainder: ~ • ' · · · ·
iii, Only one remains - deliver that which ·
remains ...
b .. Debtor's . fault (CIVIL· CODE; Art. · 120.4 is .
· . ·. applicable) · -, ·
i. ·. All are)ost-·creditor shall.have right toa
indemnity .tor damages based - o.n 'the
value ofthe last thinq.which disappeared
. ' or servictwhich became impossible; .... ·. <>,
T,he · . obliqation _ is , T~e · 'obllqation is ; still . ii. · Some but not all are lost - deliver that -
converted 'into a simple alternative because the w,hich 'he shall choose from ..
an,:ong the
-one.because the debtor debtor can· still exercise ·. remainder Without damaqes.ior. ..
loses.' . his - right .·.;of. his·r(ght ofetection: : iii. Ohly .one subsists- deliver that· which ..
ele.c.tio'n :· \· . remains . · ', . · . · ·· - ·
(JURAb"C)~ Ob'/igat,ons arid Conirecis, .suore: et 171) 2 ... ~~ef"!.~~9..i~~ Belonqs t~~r~.qi~or: ; ·.. _ ·.: .
,. ·~ ... • -e-, J< .. _ . . r .. · ·_ • • . . • : .• q:. ,Due, toFortuitous Event (Cl.VIL CO.DE, Arts.
_ :~~~ci~t~t~-t~~;:J~~d/c°n:~~c~ccordi~u··~l, .·_,1.1 N~·.1_.262 and 1~~~6:~r~ :~:.pli~_a,~JeJ .; • .·~

\er,mi,'.·o(t~e;.:o~li~atici.n)~~O~~i~. the er~·~-
former '!'~Y rescind ~h.e.contrac.tw1th~m,a~J
0,C~S :'a~t~he.
.CIVIi.:.~..
. 1,
, .·
I.
... , ob ~gat1op.
v. ' u·
i.ar~. los.f - debtor is ', rele.as~d· fr?rn the .:
: -: • . · - .:.:.. .
CODE;_ Art.· 1203)_. ...., . ··' · · •· .' ~:-·
.. ·x,~- ·:~ . ·. · · · · · . . · . . ·: _·.
· · · · · · · · . : · ·~ . · . . . · -~ '~:'. vvf.hcn.;11:e shall-choose from among the .:
1,. :- S.~~- ·
~ut ..n. ~t. i;l,IL.~re . dosL:-_ .d.~l.'~Jf)~at
Whe~; ·creditor·. is.: E.ntitlei :~Jn" em'n'ity:··,to)" 1("' . ~

.Da~ag~s·.:· .- ·'. _: ·. '. -( '"Yr:·., ·. '.
. 1: ·
F~aina.~. ;'or_ __ · · _ . .. , .. · .·¥.,:
ll. ~\. ·. .26\.-' iih- Only(!{ne sub,si.sts -.c:J.eliver- th·a.~·which
.> , . ·. . ·
IJ'.'.he_n_tl'lroug_~ th~f.ault of thf~ebto.~' ·.
1. · All t.he thirigs _which are alte~~veJy the· o_bjec;t-;QJ
~,,r: . , _._ ~~~a,~·~ . , :
i
!1• _,,,., 15. Debtor; ~~GJYJL _CODE! Art.: 1 ?05, pars.
I: · · --'.·.- .: ·
. thE:A_bligJ_tio_n .hav"e· bie{~ol · _ ,; ~. -~ {\ '.1P' ~ and._3 ace~PP,!tc~p.le) . , .. _ · .

·, 2 .. Cpmpligrice _pf .. the' qbligatic~n . has bet&h~~-. I A1f-:-a~¢ 19.~tl-:- ~Fe.d1tor ma_Y:··~Ja1rr.:~.~e.
ifripossfqle'( qv_1c¢Qb!i~ 1'2o!i. _,,,i· : .:, · · · ' . oJ
C!t' IC~~xc11u~e, ,an~ c?_f-thefli "".'.t~ ind:e~n!tY.
· ·. · · · ·.· · ... \·(J)~ '\B·, , .,'. . · . · · ~
..... · D~m~g~s'H_o~~De'ter~in.¢·~:\
.· T:ti:~.l~~~:mnit~
. · ·
s~-~!f~~
fixe·fbc)ie'd on·
'··' .~-
yaf0@o the:t Qi
I ~~- -.
or fmage} or
Hs~on:Etbu~nq(ill,.?r~~l~.~t ·<9re_ditor-r:r,ay
·._:'f9.: ~ ~.~Y ·. ~~ifi:i
, ··
}f
those sljbs.isti_n.~-_without .a
. . - ·.
..
· ;1a:~rt~ing' w~1~h:· qi~appe'a'r.E:.~.· ~I -t~it _oftJ~~\~~! e . · .· . . ·. ·. ·, .
r.1.~~t.1wi~11,1ag~~ O~- w.1Gl;ll_1J~!':l.~-~qh~ .. ·. , : .
whid;1 last beca'me· imros~ible~(,C/Vlu ~CQDF°~'J@)JEN1J:·~ · t~1ng ·J0s_t. · w1t.h · .. ngM -·t0 ._·dar:r,c1g~s · .
1204, p'ar. 2), . . . · _. _ · ,··; : 7 · · · · .-.:::.. .. . · .· . - . t61J.f/!;.f?P):
Qbltgc1t(9:(ls, anp .. G_ol)jracts~ •
· .· · , · · · ~~~ ~~at173). , ;, • · ·
~:.;t~~J~t'.~IJ~~Lt3;t:~;i~~~.ti;;;r~~a_tive
· _ · . . .,.. . · ·. . . . .. .· · · _
Obug:t(OO; . . . ..
;A;n~o.bhgc1tt9n.· wherein ;only. ,on~ obJect. or p~estalion
• ·• c: ,. , . . · . ,
Art: 12p,(qftii'e:'¢ivi!"Coqe is:·applicable.only t~ a casE( . · ··: ·~.~~ .g~~f~gre.e~·wp6ri.by-t~e, p~'rtie's_ t,6. t.f:re.9biigation,' .
wne.re th~ ·,.rfghJ .of_;~.ch9jc~ .. ~ ~eji:>r)~~::tq :' ~he'. qe~Jor- . - ... t?uf which. _may= ~e --~om}lied .wi.t~';by)he~·9el1~~ry. ?f· .
. (,Jl)Rf,QQ;.,PJ,Wg,9lj_qr,,§·~q,'c{,.9.9p{f.ac,ts,_sf!pr.a qt 172).,_ ... _ , an~tb~ft.9~ · th.~. P,~if.<?r.i:n~~.n<?e pf .. 9.i:iot~,~r: p~esta!''?!'J. Ir)
, · ~ · .. - ·,· ·. _,_ - .... : . ·· ··: :, ... ~~· :~ ... : . ·. : · sL.ibstituti_i;>h{C/VIL . .:cooE/'Art. 120.6, pat. ·1):, · : , .. "
VV,he,~,. :tl:i~ . CJ~'.~!toi;s'.. · Ri_gh(.:to · ·~}10.c;>.~e .. · ir.i _ ai:i .' . .' ..... >,-:., .,: ,. :',· .:; :·r. \:. .-: .. · .'.· :.,.; ·: ,J : ... -' .:.· ., -.· ·. 0 • · ••
Al~~r·r.i~tive.·p~:ijg'aJ,i?,O,;C.~,Ase.i( _·:: .... '. ·/.::·. : . - . '; C9n,my_n.~ca_t):~r'. is ~.~f~Ss~·iy.t6 e,f,fE!Gt.,t~.e ~Lj9st)tOtion.
: . W..he_~·:_th.,e~~ch~)l~e hJ~S.;.be~n., .el:<f?[~~~1y g,v~n. ... to, ~he. .ouhe. ¢~ner
pr.e~ta~1on: T:heretore_1· ~rt:·_ F01 o.~ t~e. .. . , .
, c:,~<;!1t?J,,. ,~~. O?IJ9,c!:!,19n ·.sh~.\!. (::e,a.~e _t?. 5~ a.lter~_ayve :· G.t.y1l. Co.9.~/ca_n -P~.
a,p·1?1~~q;·~t·a·~~J9-9y ~1~n~r~l'sp-e:~t td . . .. -~,.
fs~.n;r:_.t~~-·: :day· ·~.he;~. the: select1.on. haf:, .~~!:ln .
r th.e.t1t!1e(n:ibm~.~t W_h~.n-t_h~\~.ubst1tut!~n ».11!~tc!~e effec.t. · :
.comf!.1untca,ed to th~ deb.tor.(C/Vll CODI;, Att;:1.20.f?, (J(./RADO, Ob11gatmns and Gontr9cts, supra.at 17f?).
par .. 1).: .. ·~, · ·.,, _ } · - ,.. /'': ·. .· .... - ,., .. · .: ·< .. : .. , .·_ :, - · ·. . ,.,. .:, .
Effect· of •. Loss· of Substitute · in, F.acultative
a°bligaiiqn_' ,. . : .... · : : . . . .>. - ., .... ' '. .
· Effe'ct_s .'._'.~if _-··i:,~~s. · ot .
otiie~t{·. of Alterna.tive
obligation~'~ ··,: .,· .. · ·· ·.. . ·. ·: : · · .~.. ,~·· 1 .. : ,Before st.i.bstlt~ti!)~ 1s made: - _ .. · · . _-
1.. Whe~ ¢hoice· Belqngs· to'D.ebt.or: a: If due ·to the bad :faith or fraud bf .oblig·or ..,_
',,cj: :,_g,u·~}Q · f,9r;_t#i~9P?. ~yent_ (C,YlL ~
.....
Arts.9PP~, . .·. pqligori~ tia.t:>.le'', :. >' . ·, . . ·: •' ,~. '. . ·
. · 117-41·'_12e52. flnfJ.1.266· ~_r.e ~p.pli.¢~pleJ .· . · · .. l . . b: .lf du~·; to . .the.· negl_igence bf the 9b!igc:>r -.·
. ',:; _ i: ..All are lost.- debtor·is-;released .tron1 the· · . . , obHgor_i~· not li~ble· (Cl'ytL ¢oqE, Art. ;1·?06,.,
';\.
• .. ' .: ,obHgaJi_on·; · . · - · - ·· · ·.;. par. 2)
. ,,I
. I. ...:
374 b 201~3'SAN
. .. . BE[:)ALAViCENTRALIZEO·'
. . .
.~AR OPERATIONS·
·_.,. _, .r
OBLIGATtO·NS AN·D CO-NTRACTS
. SA.N BEDA LAW CENTRALIZED BAR OPER"ATIONS- MEMORYAID 2019. ·
2. · After suo.slitutio"n ·is made.i . .

Regardles_s . if ·cause9, by fr.~ud .or negligence,·
, oblig'or is liable ( CIVIL CD_iJE, Art .. 12Do, par:· 2)
· Alt.e_rnative .v;_ Facultative Obligation'.s

") ... ·~·
' l •1 ; :··._ •
.Only th:e_ i~po~sibility 6f lmpossi~ility" • >'.'; of- .. _ th~

all the· _prestations. due . pr_incipa! presta_tic;ih, is .
without the fault ofthe' sufficient to. extinguish·
debtor exting_uishes.'fhe
obligatjo~ .
. the obligatjqn, even.if th'e
su_bstitute. i~.. r·~~-sible.
.LO,S?, of_ 1 -0~ m~r~;.
b'ut Los:~ .'. of._.: 'p~isi~tio~.
riot all prestatio'ns extinguishes . ' , t_he
Loss of substitute merely - before :·Choice · is
. communic.ated does·not ,
obligation
·
_
· · · '. ·.
extinguish~s ·, '°'°. the.
. exting.uis'h the obligation· : :··
::,· .· f~cultatLve asp~~t.:,~· .· :-~ _: .. . •'\'
Not applicat:>le ·. "as no

need . to communicate
choice .
r:. :-;.·· , ..
__~_
,_..,......
9
Joint · ob1i ati~n. '.· (o61igc1cii:>ri ·-M~nco;:;:iurya_da).· .
~- . ~ ,... . . • iJ;he vVholt bbligati<:>ri . is>t6 bEr. paid. 6(_ f~lfiiled...:
. . '.. . . . . . .; ; .. . "":. - . . : . ·: ~?.< ;, pr'oportfonately · by ditferent debtors .or . demanded" . ·.
·. Null_iJy··_.of · o"n"~. ~f- t~e. Nul\iiy_:-?f:..J~:· p~i.~~~al~~:-'proportionafelyby· d.iffere.nt c"rec;Jitors _(CJVl[c'CO()E, .
·· ··pres
.· · t a 1···ion. ·, 'd oes
·. · .... no
· ·1·. -prestat1on.
. . I· . ates . a_ , · · Art·. 1208n'..I· •· . --
· . ~'N_
. · . · • · . . · · . . .. _·. _ · .. _· ·. · .
·invalidate the obiig~liori· :the_cm,lig~ti_?n : : ... -: . . . · .. · . . . . ·.. . . .... '. \ .. ' : _:,: . :.' . ,. )." > . : ..
whtch: is .. ~tilr :i.n fc:irce'. . . . . . . . ,; .... ·:· . -·~ ... , ,.· ·. . ~a~~
._cJeqtor,-if liable ?.~IX _for ~ proportionate partof" ·. :
. :,. .wlth respect to ;th9~e · "· ,.. . the debt, andthe creditcr'is entltledto.demand .. only a
'which.have ho vice." ... ~· . .~. . . : proportionate-part of the.credit [rom-eachdebtor (AFP
. · .c, ... _. .. - •. '" ... . . Retirement' and.' Sepi1'ra(ion-. · Benqfits .:·syste"m
.. (JURADO; .1Qbligations ~nd Conirects; s"upta at17,4-. •'; .: (AFPRSBSj . v. ·.Eduardo'.: Sanv:lc"tonfis,' G.tt:" No...
175). · · · · ·· .. · ..... ". .•. , - 207586; A'ug.ust·17, -~016). •.· . :.· .·.· . ...:. . . · ·' .
.: ~r:
-~
·A(t~r~;'.i;iv~:v:. ~i~ited G~'~i;ic -Ob'li~fa~;o'.ns
.. -.- . . ' '-~. ·- ·. . ·' . ,\~;: ... . · .. :: ·. -
:S~-li~ary ... ~;~lig-~ti~·n .' :. ~(-Obligaci~n . Solf~~ria),
Each one :ofthe debtors is ·bound,fo ;re"r-ider;-and/or ..
·each one of tfre: cre'd.ito'rs'has'a:right to·dehiand entire"
,·· compliance 'wifh. the 'prestatio'ri. '(CIVIL' Art. CODE,
1207): .. . . . . -:,
·. -·
Each of the debtors is'·liable for the ·entire obligation, . ·
and each of the ·creditors is. entitled· to' demand the
satisfaction of the wh'ole ·obiigatibn fr.or:ri ari_y _cir 9f all.
the debtors (AFPRSBS v. · Eduardo $9nvictores, .R.
-0¢1:i.tor dpe~ n6.t rnci.fr. Oei°titb; ~~y·in=c_ur·deJ~y No.-
' .
2'07586; August 17, . 20.16).
. ·. . .
d~lay·
2019
. .
SA
.
0N BEDA
.
LAW CE.NTRALIZEDBAROP.ERA,TIONS
- ... · .·
I 375
OBLIGATlQNS AND CO-NTRA.CTS 1
SAN .BEDA LAW CENTF}ALIZED BAR OPERATIONS- MEMORY A/D 2019.
~.
. .Joint Divisible O.bligatio°n,

· - .9r~dits. or debfs ·s~all be· presumed to be divided info
as ·many·eqi.Jal.·shares as there 'are. creditors or
~ebtors, the credits or debts co-nside~ed distinct from
one another sybject to iG'e Rules.of .Court governing
multiplicity of'sµifs-(C{V!L CODE, ·Art.: 1208). -- ..
. . . . .- • .,. ·.,. •• • .,. ••• • • , • .:"·. •.• • • ;• ~ ·, . f •• - : •
,, Not~/i.~~h 'ct,ea1t9r.9~f d,~fTl·~~d.QD,IY:fcirtn~·p~y~~h~t

of his proportionate share of the-credit; 'each debtor ·
can be, held. i'ia):>ie 0r:i1/ .fpr t.fie/pay~~n( '_t-H~ of
'proportionate .stiare , of· the ,del:lt~ ,· (JURADO/: .
obiigaiions an.d Contracts, suprf{ at-1'81).
. . '-·: . . . ( ; . .. . . '
. { .
.. ·.·
.» •• · j7E~ .I 2.019°SAN SEDA LAW t.ENTRAL,IZED.BAR:OPERATIQNS _:,.

. '
.. , . ~. ... ·.
OB.Ll'GATrO.N_~s··A:ND
. . •· , SAN BEOA LAW (:ENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS - MEMQRY,A/D 2019
.CONTR·ACTS ·
. .
8: lfthere' be jc;iint creditors, delivery must made be. . The essence Elf-solidarity consists ih_ the r_ight of eac;;h
. to all, ahd· not mer:ely-to one, unless·'.that ·one be creditor .to enforce the right?. of c1ll and the- lia_!>ility of
specifically authorized by t_he others; and' r. each debtor to /answer. 'for . the liabilities of all.
9: Eacl;l. joint creditor is ·allowed to·· renounce his Therefore, · -there· rr1ay be a solidary obligation
proportionate er.edit (4 PAR,!1.S;'supra. at 290) .. .'' .. aithough tlie ·parties m_ay n<:>t be botJn'd .-in fhe same:
• . ' • ' I
. ,., ,
_man_ner'and by the:sarjie periods and conditions (DE

. lndivis.ibilit'Y,-V'. Sofi'dariJ}l LEO,N,
.
O[Jligati()f!S and Cqntr_acts,
.· j.
supra_.a(.243). ·
) •,• ' ' :- I : '. } \ • - _•. .:/··:•:• ... ··~ • •
Note:: . --:Every. ·solidar,y obligati~-~ . ha; these

cb~racteristic5.: unity· ~f object 'aod~ plurality of ties.
The pr~s.tatiqn due, or \o which· a righf.e~ists, is one '·-
and t·he same 1 thing (DE LEON> Obligations and
Refers- t~ thf:l 'p~e'stat,ior( _Refers .t~-~-leQ~Hie Jo or.· ... ~ Co,:,tracts, s~pra af 234).. . ,: '. . ·.
thi3l i:> 71qt · cap?b..le . of I vi,:,cul'!rri.-.,.·. .jurl~;' · .. a,n9 · ,· . '
p!3rti~[ p'erfOfrJ:l~~c·e., . ·; ~<:;,o.nsEiqu'.el)t_ly~._1 . t9 .. • t~el- ,..· Ki~ds of:Solidarity: (PUS): ;- .
· :.. . ., ,. .~ubjects, or parties of the ·1 ,:' As to- P·arties b'ound · · ·:, · . · ..
·obligation: .
·. ( . . ._,_ . . a.· Actii/e _.- Soiict'a~·ity' of cr~ditors;-. -a -tie- or.
:: - vinculum. ex'istirig.~mong several-,cr~ditprs-of
.• ·, . ~ori,(;l 'and· the s~me' oblig'ation- by virtue of
:. ·. ·whkh each of:'fheru, '1n· relation tq· his co-
. ·. · ~rJdito.rs,' poss~s~es the.c;haracter. of creditor
'. 9n19_;_., 'with· :,espect to hi~·- share in· the .
Qbligafion,·: but. in relation tq th~ CQ_mmoh
.J .. -·. 'debtor.
'
or
:--. )
debtors,
. .
re'present$
.
all of tlie.
.
o.ther
---· ci".editb s; · . ·: · . ·.·:... · ·
" ....
Effe~t' utual. agency arr;i~rg th.e. 'solidary

. credno s oy virtue of .whic;h. each creditor is
: :- : ·· · .'ellJ.P9J.E,=l.r.ed to ~-~erci.~e ag~in~_t ~h'e 9_ebt_6r ~r ·
' :. _..... · dfbt?rfnd\;,or(Y-the/1g~h w~1.c~ cor_r;~P9.Q9
• -.'° · to - li,m,, but · elso 911, the :rights . which
, tc5'rres~ona to tlie ot_h(;lr cre_9'itors, with the
cor:is.e.g_ue.ri ,.· '.obJigaticiri . to' ,reri.der '·. an ..
•.a2s~l!nting_·6(bi{acts to :such'credito·rs._ · · ·.
-- ... ,. .. : , -~) ·. ··'.: '
· o.
Passiv.e,_ ..:., Solid.arity_ ·.of·. debtors:" tie .. or ·
h==.,......,.,...,,,....,;,,-'li,,...,,,,.-,.,.;,,,~,,,;;-,...,._,-,,-.,..,,,.,.~.;:,;,........,..,..,__,;:;.,:;si~...........,.i- ...... - .: v·ineulur!'1 existinq arri9ng -s~yera_l-'qeb_\()~ of
• . . 'onexand the same· obligation- l:iy- 'virtue of ·
.. .' ~·' :· .;- '·~: ·,. ,··,i,. ·, \ ·. . ,,.;.:,_ i ·· .. :.-··-,_:, ~t,ic;;t(each_,of.,t~e'rn:, in"'telai°k,~:to,.his.co:.
qnly_ t~~ .debt0r_~- gl'.1_11.~y ~!_I .th.~:ee~f9~s '~r~_.hable. : . :-; r:.. ,:, : . debtors, possesses the 'tha~ac;te'r' of debtor
?f- _br~a~h_ of obliqation Jar. th~. ,.!x~_~_ch·.; ot.-.th.~; -~: .· · ..: .. :- . ~: :only ·.\vith , respect.i.to' his ·., share i'n the
.. _.IS liable ford~!:'1a.€J~S:, . · _o_b_l)Qatrqn_s~, ,.Cffl1fr.llt1eq .... · .. '.-- . obiigation;. but in relation to.. the common
. < . . · · .:· ·, '. · .-~~r9:_d~~t_qr: -~-... , ·· · '.. · . creditor: or creoitors; represents all of. the
ffifJ~ilfJl~llfflllll~l~i:lc · ..<
» :-. :
·: =other d·eBfo_r~;-a_rJf . ·. <:· ,:-_-. · ·:·.: '. . . .

.· . ittec{
-~fi~I} :,SO~~a~··d~bJoF; in-~bfaJ' -cl/th/
. 6fh~/~-J~b·t~·rs·.: a r_e.-·ri;f .All::· __: ==-"-d~bto'rs··. ·'·· ale .
0 - .. creditor' or ··creditors· .are \concerned, .Ts th~..,
· liable if ~ne . d~bfo~. is.; ~ropo'rtionat~ly_ liab.ie ftir. . ... debtor of' the \~ritirit amount; h'owever,, with
-
.... .. insoive~t.. ,' . · · · the_ insol_vefitf one .: ;oC .. '· .. :· respect' hhis' co-debtors, he' i~' ii debtpr: oniy
~debtor, . .· : . · · ·. . . . . .· to the exte'r.it. oJ his: ~hare in'the 'obligation· . ·_
· _(JUFJAD_O,··Oblig_qtio(ls· and Cp{,_tracts, at 1-8_'7,' . ·, _.i-c. ~ on~;nJ .
1·s_uprf1 ::M·i~-ed~~··;o;id·a~i;y p:~rt-.o~:t'ne.'d:~:tors :
. D~.LE~_ON;.9bligati9ns-and·corftracts;:supra.at244) .·· :
.' ~ ..
(.... '; . ~
_;· - . - . _) .... : ·.. : . and· cte'di'tbrs,'wh'ere each. 'one-of the.debtors ..
.~s~lidarity·: .- _ . : . · ...... ·.. : . ,.~ . ·: ·-_, , ·. _ . .- is .Hable. to i:enderi :and each. one· of. ·.the ' .
cre_d~tbrs . has. 'a . right to;: dern'and, .. enlire·.
. SoJidarity- m~y ·ex_ist. although creditors· -and aebtors
compliance .with .the.obligi:ltion··~ .. ..:: . ·. .
· .... may ·not- ~e bound-·in .the' ~91l)e m~nner ·and py·th~
· · · (Jl)RADO, Obligations and. Con'trac'ts;. supra· .
,. - sani~ .periods' ani;l .conditions (CIYIL·· cop~, '·Art .. · · ·--a(187-188i;'/ __' ~ .. · . · ··· ,: ,·. ,~ ·: .. , .
1211). . · - · . . ," · ... .. . .
- ..
.. '
2019 SAN·BEQA LAW_CEN'fRALIZED BAR OPERATIO~_S I ';377

O·B.LIGAT-IO·NS-AN.D· (:QNTRACTS
•. SAN BEDA l:AWCE['ITRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS - MEMOR,Y AID 2019·, .
2. As .to ,!lniforrnity. On June 15, 2°014; he carrcollect P20,000 from either

a. Uniform - parties- are bound· by· the sam.e ·. A or B::,on .June-t S. . ..20H?i he can. again collect
· stipulations; and ,another P-20,000 from· eitfier A or B or C
b. Non-uniform or Varied - - . parties ·are not '·.
subject-to.the sarnestlpulations (DE LEON, · Solidarity v, Suretyship
. Objigatio,ns 'endContrects, $Upra at 2.26) ..
.. .
. 3. · As to Source .
- a. L~al - imposed by law .
b. c·onven.\ion-al :-'- agreed upon by the parties
(4R.ARAS, supra at 291).·
Liable only for t~e debt

of c1,n9.Jbe~.
'· ~ .~.- :·::, ..'..:. :. .:~ ... :.. \~··,.-
--·
,·.
·. 378' I 2019 SA'N SEDA LAW.CENTRAUZED-.BAR <;)PERATIONS

. OB.l.;l"GATI-ONs· AND CONTRACTS
, . SAN BEOA LAWCENT~L(ZED Bf,R OPERATIONS - MEMORY AID"io1~. . . .
fkE aiff:?'t. $Ai¥ 5ih¥f? i:f~' t-~ ¥¥4 t5£i2 ~t Jti't&t '(%$ ,t gp;; & ,t'ANh8ifif-i ,,J&i.q;t~:t#·# t!-%:.<*7-AW&B? :£'!B1!kPM Wt&@~
Effects. of As~ig·n-ment-· of. Rights in· Solidary As to the Effect .ot° Res Judfcata to the ·Other
· Obllqations . ·''"' ·.· Creditors . . .
· : General Rule: A .sondary creditor cannot assign· his ·. Under Art. 1214 ot' the Civil Coc;le, o'nce an ·action. is .
rights without the consent of others (Cl\/,JL eooe, Art. filed by° a solidary. credito'r, lie represents ·all the
121~. _· ··~ . . . · others· and payment"tan tie made o'rily to him. If th'e
• l
filing of the"action consolida.tes in th·e plai·ntiff creditor
Reason: Solldary credjtorship is predicated · upori .. all the rights of the other co~creditors, the "latter must
. mutual confidence, i.e.,. personal quallflcatlonofeach. . benefit fro in the favorable results· and suffer from the
creditor had been takerrjnto .consider9tio~ .. · : - ~dverse consequences of suth' actio_n:Howevir, '·the.
'. .,· ...... ·other credit_ors will .. nqfi:ie ·ad1,(ers.ely.. affectEld; if the ·
Exceptions: (CC) . judgment is based"ci!l a ca~~e persona"! to tfie plaifiliff;
.. 1: ..Assiqnrnent a ~a-creditor -to
(jurfADO, in;·t_he first: '.36ti9·n (4 TOLENT!fl!O;, supra at 242). . ·•
: · . ··0{?1iga_t1oi:is-.and Contrecis, supra at 196); and .. .... '--:
.' : •.
.
. z.' Ass..ig.nm·en~:is~ w.ith to.nsent of co-creditors (4 Nqte: In ·case· of ·mixed solidarity, a· judicial. or
, _ P~RAS, supra .. at ~96).'· · '· -: . 1 extrajuditi?I. d~m and woufd prohi~it the :debt0r _upo·n .
,, ... whom the denian·c;l i& ·made· from making ·a payment'
. E~e.c't ~f un~u.ihorized' assign~'ent .": ·. . .·· to ·a·ny.'.treditor other' than .to 'the one\..vh.O· made' the
1 -, '.'" 1s! View: .. Articte' 1213 seems to imply.that such demand. ·This· prohiqitiori, iiow"ev.er, does ncit extend
.assiqnrnent isinvalid. · -· · · . to the 0th.er debtors.\i'pon whom ho demana .has
·b~reh -mad~ and :so each 'of_ suct{deb\ors "can still
. ·.: No.t~i·- Thi~ rule is. u~justifl.aol~ and places, an ·· . validly :lender payment to a creditb_r other thari to"the
unnecessary, restriction on the. rights."of the credffor -who :made.: the .demand. (JURADO,
-
·.soli~~ry. ~6-cr.e_dito~· upori'_ his share. _The rea~Of ·ob/igatiori$'and Contracts, sµpra:at·197). ·. · · .·
~eh1hd _ 1! . seems . to · be . ttJa!,. .each cre21tor
~ ... : ~ :.._. . ·. ~ . . . .. . . ._,. .· : -.. . - :.~ . .
represents .the 9thers and, therefore, must hax.e,.Effect of_,D.emarfrl upon.a- SoHdary Debtor
. . ... , ·-· . ,. '. .
-the confldence _of the latter.· 'The demand ...ide against"ooe~of them sh,all·n~t'be
,i:l~ obstacl~ thos_e _whic::~ -m~y-~u~s~q~~ntly .. pe_ J~
. 2., 2;~- Vie~
(~-~~/e"saf: ·s~;id..ary ~ea'fi~( A wl)q~
~ directed ·agamst the others so long as,the debt has ·
assiqns his rights without :t~e cohsen of.::liis co- -:- _...not ·been fuliy co'i~cted · (CIVIL. C.ODE; Art. 121§).
creditors shall :.an~we( S_!!..osiill9ril~ :f'6~· any · . . . - : . I - ·I '\ .·;· .-· . . . ~ ,.. . :- . . : .
prejudice causedto the latte~y th§ca~?)g_nee .lf,\. The cregitqr ro(y-p.&_o<::eed. against,ahy_.one of th~
<-connection with the.creditl ,,I" : · ·: .: S?lid9'iV"ae~.rJSI·all of them .:5imtiltan~q1,1sly
·-< . . _ . : ,:.·.- .. - ~-~ .. .·.·' .. ·.· ..
·- ,
. (CIVIL C0D5,:..£rt...-1'2-16).
. ·. .
•, '. ',).
- . ·· .
. Note:' The representation (by- e"acl5 creditor) 1of-
. . · th_e solidary c.redftojs is cre~te~, ~w:a9a nof by _: A cr.e~lior's· right' t6. pr6c-eetj against the. s~urety ~:ists· ..
· ~onsen_t 9r_agreen:ie~r?rtheyart1e_...s,.,.~~anger .!2. inde~endentli of. his 'right: to :proceed'-ag-~inst the
: seen ,m the · possible misfeasance:" ot tne. principal·tpa7rriares:-v. CA, ·G,R. No. 12649.q,: March.
assignee,. the remedy ts ·not~the paralyza'tio.rtof 31,~99Bi ;-·- · . .
··: Jh'e prop~iet¥3ry rights.bf__lh\3,,sblid_9ry cfet:llt~r.but ·
~ ' • <. _.... ', •. .·
. lo'irnpose !Jpon him a subsidiary re_s·ponsibiiity for.' : Note:_lf a:claim f~oin· one-:~f--th~ solida~:{debtor~··~as ·
. 'the· acts oftlie'·as:signee,. siij,il~r 'to ·-that oL!he .· : b~en'· dismi§s~cl by_:a ci:i(J"rt oi'.i grouhds ottie"r than. the .
. ·agent ;f?r .· the ads
~oft~~ syti-age.r:iLunci~r Art> : extirigu_ishmenf·.of. the' "whole' obligation .. or '.that . tbe .-
.- .. · ·.. ··.:1892 (DE. LE..0/IJ;,.'Obligatioos and Gontracts, .. ·. cl.aim'. ha~ :pre~~"ribed, it..does. not ·necessarily ·mean'·
· ·· . supra·af249). · _· .·. . ·-. ; :.. · ·: ~... . '. . .that the solidary··intlebtedness ·cahno.t' be cll:lim!')d
• • • • . • •• • f
~_gaii:)_sC\he1. ollJ!:!r. _scilidary~·debJors wh_9 werEl · no(
.. {;: w'h~~:P~yrti~ht. Made:iri·.So.li~ary Ollligation. ·: inipleaded iri. the case :or' against those; who. 'we(~:
"Gefieral · Rule.: Payment '(lfay be .made: to ·any. of the . · impleadk_d. bot-'whos.e· liab°ility Wi:i$' fOl.in~fhy'Jhe ccJurt'.
. soiid~ry_ credifors (CIVIL ¢9DE; Art.>1214): .. : as 'p"rc;i'per· (ln~_(ong·v<CA,. G.F!,° No. 9§.405, J_une 26, .
. }. E~c~-ption: '1r de~a·n,d:. judicia.1 _· ~~t~·a-judicia1. ha~.·

been n:,ade by ·one of them, payment shoulcfbe made ..
~r . 1996). :. ·.
...- ....
·.
. Effec(of P~ymerit to Cre~i-tor·· '.:' .. : ' .

·.. ·
a
.• ·• .· · --,··.:'... . .
. to··~i.m (CIVIL:CbDE;·Art.-1214) .. ··. · · · _<:: - ...

lf"or:ie df_ the s?.lid~rfc::r~ditor.s is:able. to..-coll~ct the.
, .. ,· entire-,amounrof:the debt from one of-some or all of
. Rea~o_n; When cinE:l -~red_itor rilakes'an ~xtr-ajµ~icial or itie <solid~ry"' debtors, . the. - :obiigation .··is '. •totally
juaicial aemahd'for payment; the-tacit represenfation. extinguish:~d. ~!though there ari~es a consequent .
PY tii"e oilier' c"reditors'. is· .ccinl?idered revqked and obligation on. his paft to render: an account io his ·co-
during The pendency of :the action·; the creditors who creditors}Clv'/L
·. CODE,
-,,.
Arf.1215,
. par. ·2)."
. ·. ') .
did not sue _lose their (eP.rese_ntation ·af, the o~tieri (DE
LEON,. Obligatiens_and __ 9ontracts; supra "fit 230). .
. . . . ' .
. 2019 SAN" SEDA LAW CENTRJI.LIZED BAR OPERATIONS 1· 379

0-BLl:GATIO·NS AN-D CO·NTRACTS
, . . .
. • · . SAN BEDA LAW CENTRALIZED BAR OPER~ TIONS_-MEMORY ,6./0 2019. . .
' Note; Solidartty, dqes not' make .a solidary obliqor an of the surviv_ing solidary debtors whose liability; is
. :,· ~ · indispensable party in a suit filed by the creditor (De . independent of. and separate from the deceased .
Castro; v. (?A, G.R .. No. 1 i 583fJ, · July _18, 2002). debtor; instead, of jnstitut)ng a 'proceedinq. ·for the
t.ikewlse.jhe nature of the solidary obliqation under settlement of 'the estate of the. deceased, debtor
the surety does not make.one anindispensableparty · wherein fiis claim could _be
filed (tmoeriet Insurance,.
. (L/Ving·@Sense .vs. 'M?layan lnsurahce;'·GR. No.": ·. Inc. II. David!G.R.No. L-32425, 'November 21, 1981)-
· ?~3753-:September26, 2012). · · · .r.: .. : \~
, EFF;:t;::cr·. OP NOVATION,_ CC>MPENSATION·,
. . . ( . . .. -·
Effect of Payment by a Debtor . . . _CONFUSION, AND 'REMISSION LN _SOLi.DARY · -~
Payment made by one of the solidary debtors; either OBLIGATIONS' . - . , , . .·
v,
.totally- q~ . partially, -extinquishes ·the· 'obliqatlon
-dependinq.upon whether the entire amount of debt is
. paid or only apartthereof (G_IVIL. C()DE, ~rt: 1217,
per: 1).,· ·
...
...
'
·\ ...
380:
.
1. 201s·
. .
sAN
. sEoAJw
... ·· .
cENl:RALIZED
. .,· .· ··, .. BAR:··.or=iERATJoNs
··. ' .
OBLIGATl'O-~iS. AND .CON-TRA.CTS'
-SAN 8£0A LAW C£NTflAUZ£D .BAR OPER/\TIONS. -.MtMORY'l,10 2019 , .
,a:e Ui"Mt:i'#i:t, **? St:JM 0tst:1n«·R&!W{©tt?t#~i4e; itMi!'nS: u 1,1& f.H ,t :e•1t1: a,aPi# cat4ras 1 ·, '* cHr&e,rn ii ;; @ is,~ ,
in,tq operation as to.allow any beriefit secured by ii, Since 'p300· is· still outstanding, X may
U:1e co-creditor to inure to them inproportion with still, demand P300 without prejudice to .
. their interest- · any duty on. his -par to· remit the entire
3. · The solidary,_ 'creditor however -who. ·grants. a P.300 which-is ultimately Y's.share. '.
. . '· . . .
novation prejudicial to his co-creditors, or who
compensates or confuses his own liabilities with · Remis:'ion· Grante~ .to Solidary Debtor;·
that of)he .debtors, or
remits the debtor's debt, The remission made. by tl:Je creditor oCthe: share
shall-be liable: toreimbuse .hls' co-creditors to the. which affeds · 6t{e of. the· solidary cieb"tc&s does ·not
. -: .extent that each. of ·tt1em. shall be. proportionally . relea,se the la(ter from his· responsibility to'A(_ards the
prej~die'ei:l by such act· (DE LEON; ·.Obligations C07debtors, in C~Se the deQt_"had be~ri totally paip·by
· and Contracts, supra at ·254). : qnyoh~ of them before the remissio11 y;as effect~d
'; (CIVIL cOoE;l,\rt>121~). ·. . . · .. ., · · .
····~
Grant 'of Gr~pe,Peripd OIJ!Y.Aff.if~t.s the Granter
An extension of time g·ra.pte_d bythe creditor to· a ~ Eft:ects of. Compensation or. Confusion . ,, _ .
·solidary debtor does. not amount to a novation that 'Nill Suppose tt.iarA""an·d. B are solidary del:>Jp_r-s· of X and
. discharqetheother solidary debtors: The lattershall' Y'..solida'ry creditors; in.t)ie.amd.unt bf p1006.·. · . ' ..
. be liable for the whole· debt less theshare -of the . 1.·. Total ~emission.-: ·, ;·- .. · · · .· ". · ... ·
debtor. granted. the·'~xiension:-:(CIV/L' CODE, .Art.' ,X fo'rgives all P1000 debt , :· .
1
1 11)-~ .. . . ·._.'. .. .- : :_· . ~· ·. . . -·. · .-" '_: . ·. ; ~-· :· ,~8?~{J~~J,~~;id~/;::~:t i~.'ext:~gui~h'e·d. -
~ff~ct~- p_f CbrrJpens~tiqn' or. Ccin_fJsiqn .. · . :' .: . . ii. ' Evenjf A -wasthe one who .secured 'it, .it
Suppose. that A ano B are solidatydebtors of X and. .· is as if it was qranted to-each and ~very
_y,· soljdary <;:reditbrs,. in the amount of PJ.000_. . . .. debtor (C_IVIL_.QODE, Art,:1220), , ..... '
1'.:> To.ta! Compe"ns'ation/Confusion> - · .r' " . iii.1 /,\' ~as no ri~ht _tci' ·aem~nd ~500-from B
X11~o owes_·f. P100Cl ~o ~9-ITlpens~tion_!conf~~jo~· · .. · ·· bec·a'uscfA aid-not'riay·anything to.X!'f. ·
: mayoccOr .. , :-- ·. · ·: . · , · . · · · ~. Credjtor's·Sfde ., · · . · .- -._ _-, , ···· .
. a. Debtor's Side - . :· . . . .,. . . " . . 1
"). . fo~e x· only ~ad P{:i_0_0~0tcr~~it/ his a~t
... · · · i. · -. 'p10.9b solidary'debUs·e~iingui~h~~d:., /Jrev!:)nlfld Y_ from gett11:ig paid f~r~ his
. ,_ ... ij . .- S_ince. A ·w~s £r)ly li'9b~~dlida.rily: for . . · ::·· . ,· ~~r~T~u~;~x 'must pay :5,~0· to··: if:'
. · · "'P590, Qu.t A's. credil)~p·1 OQ9twas~,LJsed : · 1d. no\..,.c:0ns~nt to. the~rern1ss19n, , . ·
. - ... fo compen'sate./confused, it:Ls.'as·if A.paia' . · 2. · Pa~l"Re~issi'on - . · ·. . ·1 . . ,_ ·: . ·
' ·• ·, :B's· ·p-orti6n. ·Thus s./m_ostr""teiJ1tbut~ · A;' · . _X~fQ[Qi~ ?f. A's deb!_ wotthRSOO' : .
· P50o· .· . : ·. . ' · ··. - - · ~ , : · . . .a. , D.ebtoJt.s..Srde, . · ·· ·.·,. , .... · - , · •,
b .. Creditor';. Side ;·.. . . .. . . . ·. i. .. 1(11:,·e. remissio.~ _is ini!=)rided to _b.enefit.A,.
I,. i.···_.Since.)(oniy'had'p500.·:of:·cecrn-'p6t' . Ol)IY., .,,,' ... ·: / .. ··/:,_ .. -_··: .. : ·
_ _ _ . :,: f ~9op oi:hi_s d~bts'wer~··e~tin_ifi~i~h~J,~ Lt.. . ·. · ·1.) .therrA's snare·Efexting~ished,.-~ ···,
. . , _,.rs:_as. rt').<- r~_c.erve t50o_·op(..o~ti'alf fJi;?f.-._., . .............. , _....__..... 4.) -A.ho~e;;er.is.'still a-sqUdary:debtor to.
·.. , thus~ X must reirhl5urse Y P.500 .. · !. ·. ,., -.. the P_5oo:s.hare .ofB still .'q.utstand\ng;'·
'i.' ;·partial Co'tr1pensatio.~idonfusibn. . ' . ' ' '· '13~,c:e{ptili'af:if:P.-'p'ay$ anya:~~urit, B .
, .X ·a_lso ow~s ·A· P.700' so :compen,s~tiori/conf4siori"'-': ., · · · .'. musL\ reimburse· ·since'="on[y< B· is .
·. ··maY:ocCUfJ:iartially ·.:. _ _'·· :-··.:., .: ·-. ·ul.tfmat'elyljablJ:L ·,"-,._· .. ·. :·--:··:.··. ' .. '
.
' I.
a. - pe_b.to(s swe~. :· . . . . · . . . . : . , ., . . . . . . .
• ,, . ,· , • ·. (
ii.. If. the···.r~mission· is .. in.t~ndea.·.fo .benefit .

.
·L .-;_ P70.o . )~Jrdary 'J!ept' . is· _e~ting!,J_ish~~., ·· · ·· _ both A ancf.B · · ,.,. -~ · t · ·. : · . .

- . · (di'{isible ·/ '.: obligation). ·'. ·.P30Q-. · sti1r . . ··" t .ii
·. · 1 :(it A-
~s·. if.: ari'd· ·s, are ,n:ciw ··jtist·.
' ', . :, :" oµtstandiog: ' - . -·. : .> . ':.- . 0' ' solidarily inde);>ted,for P?OO,(~r P250'
. ·· · ' { · 'Since _A -Wa$ only li9.ble solidariJy' for ~ epch) . : .. ·. ,' .· " ; \. :·.'- . ·: . ·
. .'' . P5.00, but Ns.·c·~~dit of P?OO wiis: us~dtto 2..,.)· The' . norrrial ·. ).µles ; . · of si:,lii:lary.. , .
·-· ;, ... · ·.. · · · corripe~sate/corifusec:f, it is as if-"A'paid •, .... deblorship ·appi/buLonly. for.. P50d ,:
•'J3's portion .'for.. up·to·-P2QO: T-~ys :Ehn us! . . . -d.~bt'ins.tea~. of P1.000_::. : ·, · ·- . ·. '_.
-: . re.irnburs'e.A .. .P200. .' : · · . · ... _ .. b:··..,,cYesNor's ;:,id"@:. ,-- : .: ... _, ... ·, _-_:.- . _..
. . iii:· ''$iii'ce'l:i3'6o' is . sti)I qutstand.ing; A rna'y_stil.l . ,-[ .. : Siric~.X r.eri).[tted. PSOa;·he did.riot ir:npair. · ·
.~ . . : ;_ be ,ask.eel t~'._p_ay;_.~with·(?ut~ prejudice--to . ·.. . .the: share·· of '.'( No :;obligati!-:>n · to_. -
-- .,_ .- tieing reirpburseci' ful)y for fhe P300'if he. . ·· . reimburse: · : . . ·. ··. · .. , . · .
pays, - . · ,· .. ii.· lf-X xernitted, an a~o.u'nt less th~ri .P?.oo·: : .
·. b.'' -Creditor'i:i Side - the_n only"-X'.s:right is 'affected·,such that
, _· .' i. ... -Since Xonly h~d P500 of cr~dit b'u'r P700 ·: - . he ·can .on'ly enfbrce. payr'),ent' ori the."
of his c;Jebts v,iere extinguished, it i~·aS if· . ~: differen'ce of, P500 and. the.-·arno_unt he
'X receive P200 .. on b~l:)alf'ofY; thus,,;X . . remitte·d·. ,
, mGsfreimbu'rse 'Y.· P200~ . . . · :- · · ".:
. , '. :
)
I.
20.19 SAN·BEDA LAWcCE~ff-RALIZ~D BAR OPERATIONS I ·381·

OBLIGATIONSAN.D
- .
CON-TRACTS
SAN BEDA LAW CENTRALIZEO BA~ OPERA1/0NS - MEMORY AID 2019 .· . •.
· iii. . If).( remi.tted an amo.unt exGeeding PSOO, 4.) Qefens'es· personal to .the Others,. but only as
then he' rr,ust reimbu'rse the amoun~ ·in re·gards _that part of"t~e debt for which the latter
.exc·ess .of PSOO, <?nd _an·y future are responsible- constitutes partial defense Qnly
-·. payment~ recejv~ must pe remitted to Y for the ·.debtor-defendant (CIVIL' CODE,. Art.
. entirely. · 1222). . . .
,..
1Effect-6f E~~111.el~: The co-d_eb(or's· s:han{ is n;t y~-t due,
remission of share·after payment .
· 1. lf·payni_ent·is.rnad'e.firsl, the remission or waiver . ·Sb tfi"e creditor cant°nly tompel the deb°to/.~o:give
is· of no. effeci. There is no more ob.ligation to · his share (4 ·TO~ENTINQ; supra at ·2s0-251;
. remit. JU_RAQO; Obligatjons ..c:in.d ·Con.tracts, supra at
2_10-212): .. . . .. ·-., ... . .
2. lfremission is-made previousto.the paymentand
. payment is made, solutio [ndebiti 'arises. It is
. :· incumbent 'upon · the debtor whose debt is .· .. ··,
remitted, to prove. the priority of-the remission; to
·. the payment to rel~a~e- him ·from· responsibility
-'. towards. "his: co-debtors. (DE LEON, Obligations
· ~nd_Contracts,_.supra at-2~9):'. .. -Divlsible ..Obligatiqn~:-. . ·'·
·Effec(~t Loss or 1m·p6ssibllit:/ot-Pert~r;,,~~c~--i-~ · .. ' ~ose wh\~t, ha\te_'a~·-t~ei~ bbjec(a~pr.es·ta~io"n·"."'hich
Solldary-Obliqation _ . . . .
1. ·if-it is-not due tothe fault-and beforef~~,.the U·
~ .. ·~,s s~~t1b_le ~f- p_art~al ~-erfo,_rmance without· the
~~i1nci ~J 0_~hg~t[on ·. b~!~g c~anged (J_U.f:<A90,.
." solidary' ~et;>t~~s .... the obliqatiori i/:.@i~gyished~f:J_1ons·arJ~C)ntr8:ct~, ~-u~ra at 2?)'.. . ., . /·
(CIVl,L COD_[~, ·122-1.par. ·.1). ·ulJ4 ., \.-l-~
2: lf:fne-lofs ¢r irnposslbllity.is <;1,fef0diJe_,fa'lilloJ,0~~~~
~t~~~d;.. n U-:AX
··d·
1h·.. · .-b.l't. · ·'·f· ·':··bl'··.-
ermin_~i~,;. ~(~J.s_, -1},~; 9.:i
· t·h··.:..
~~:'q' ,_g_a'.l~~·- . _e
·. of the solida·ry debtors (CJ'(ij(/!30~; 1pt, P§fi· ·1;:::
·.:o)lowrqg~~~t~~s.m~r,2e.cors19rJ~~,~t~ ~!~:.- . . ·
· · ·2). or.'9u ...etoa ~fortuitous -~~ent~Mter OJ1~ _oHffi"'.e .u1~ ~Th_~ ,,1
~~~'r)fen __io~.of ~e p_a~1:s,.whJch may be
· .solidary .debtots :had· alrlady- inlurredj in delay, :7:"· exp~~rs~d ~1presf.1Jled, . , c. · · · . .. . . - .
~h~ 6bli~ation: is conv~_1Mi;;rnt~la_n-9bl~t10~. ~ . 2..7i:~~-P.~!=l~t1v\e:Joc Trurpose .of \tie· st,~ulated
. . o f . t h e ob 1·1gat1on
. ·• rema1,lil.·
·" <e
. indemnity for .damages l:5L!t·th~-fol1darylcharatfe-_r2,'
u , 12r..2_,"/.
.\$.IV IL CO"'E
-: -~~h-~~-tiJ'tn, -, 't~tfl.\ . ·. d ·.
'\ • ~'··!.Oa ure.o
-,,mrrrr17rz:rr;i.op· -···:· f.~119, ·ff···
\·' ~-· '.. ~-.il.u,~. . rO~IS/~?.· .0. 1 9 . a .. ermg . , ~-. _pr~S a IOn
·\ ·
an t·· · . ··,-th' . . ··
.
-1 ·1· · .·
,. ' ar j · · :
--,--_-.12 ,..,._)_. < .· . · . . : _ ·. . ;. . ·. '· . ·-·~ .
. . ,
-~-~-.
·(S!f/~?fJEJh.v0t<J,~k-!2~ilippines,_ Ltd., G.R.__
t>ef~nses A'.(~ilable'to_ a~SblfalrY,. ~eb16.: (NPI··. t?:~,'ij_0"A{6;) 201~)-.
611Jar{ff§zy11: c ' ,• '. "J .•
.
: .,s 1h©t)·f· ·_ .-:- .~ ·. ·. · .--~~'. ·. \:· ~~Ei:·
. Deenses. denv~d ... from. the Natu(?- .. oJi ~
.-:efi1.7~o-'i ati~J: . -· .:···_- . · · ·_.__· _-.--·_.
w~z.·,h.·
9
h~ ,-· ~Ph_- .. · . · ·. ,. ,··. ·h. h ·
' ·..'·· · .
. -: oblig_~tioii~-,-to~ii"I 'defen~e; - a~- _-t,he. so idafyre··., - .. J:.ti,~E:!fi'.f. ,-.1c ..... aye '~~.t(~_11;, O~J:~t~-RIJ-~J~.tJo,n;"'.", _ic . ."
. debtors are benefited. ,.· , , · , :~0t).\is.Eil;!1b!e-.l5f_._par!_~~I, Re~~~m~nc~. ot_i:,_erwise,
____ .-_.-; .·_. . ,_. - ·,_ . :- ·; ,· . /o-- . -· · t e·~·sseRQ~~-tJ11e.-0»1iQ~tio_n~i11:~_e.-_ch~~ge·c:1 arjt?··
·. ~~~.rl1-P.l.~·:,payfnr'3r'l.i J·r.r)ej<;>(n:ian~e, _rel'i@ii!ata,_'\ A ,1~~ll'f>~d~_cr_e<?.~~g_ .(J_~_FJAD.Q,...Pf?lig~iQn_~··ant .. :
- pre?_c:r.iF!_tiR,~/fho!e _wh_ich. inl(a,lidqte tne~o1tr~cf'JVU0tf1't.~u~'..a__ aJ 212). · . · .._ .. · ·. , : .:·. ,·: . _·-, .
·$uc_h·~s m1stake,~y_10.f.en.c.~, and others of s1m}tar~:..j.. _, · . :. . · . _ .... · ·, . · · : .
nature ... '. · . ·· .. ~' · .. · , ,, . :·-:: .. . -· N.ote: _Th~ divisibility_ of an oblrga.tl.on::shp~lc;l' net be
·,. . .__,. ¢9:11fus.e_f.w.i(h t!J_e "dJvisibility::o_f..fh.f.tti1ng::wli1c;h :,s'·the.
2. .bef~r.'ises, .f?.ersci"~al .to. tii~ ~ ··co"nsiitute~ total ·: ... ·qoj~"cflhire9t..(bf-LEbty;'db!igat/q[)S an.d Con'ti~cfs,,_·
·d~f~-~s~·.antj"partfa_i'defe~s.e_. ,:·. . . . . .: . :· . 1:, ·• ' :- supra at ?~5):· . '··. - . .:· .. ·.·.• ~:.. ~/:
... . ... .
Jt,"> . ', ~:\ _ · .
. . .' "
...
. · E:ic~mpies of. J8ti! }).~fen.se:_.Mih°oritVi ins~(lity,.-~
'· .. ~an.{{qtl'Jer.def(f]n~es wliic!J c!f.e pwely personal to,-
.. ·-the debtdr. ,_. : .... : .. •. '_.- . •.
0 . . .
, ... .; . ~ ~ . / ;,. .,. ... .. "
.· . . .
. ... .
.. '
·,.
· .382·· 1 .2oi~ SAN BEP~ LAw CENTRAuzEp.BAR ~PERATl~Ns
. ·..
OBLl·-GATrO.NS AN·D - cciNTRACTS
v, SAN BEDA LAWCENTRAUZED BA.R OPERATIONS - MEMORYAID.2019 .
ii::?f.~' .. ,,~i5"MC~&~G_Vi%,42fhi'hspee?M@r:&£Pt#tt:s1¥£:wwz:;a Pi#i«en &!Wt&: #e 'd.f;mwees_MtE?@kicxR+l\f£11~ ... ·.,;.J..J=
Te~t. · of Divisibility: · Whether . the prestation is 2.. When the .obligaiion is in part liquidated and in
susceptible of partial performance . or not (CIVIL :1~;:irt unliqui.date_d (CIVIL.CODE, Art. 1248, par. 2);
COQE, Ar!,' 1225,' par. 1): , . .3. ·. When _the different prest~tions co·nstituti.ng · the
objects .of. the obligation are subject to· different
The susceptibllity of.
pa.f'\lai. compliance should be.. . terms and conditions.~ ·
untj~rs\ood in. the sen~e of the posslbluty'o! realizinq · . .
the end or: purpose which thEf.obligatioi:,. seeks.jo' Note: When ther(:l is plurality of debtors and creditors,
attairi. ·Hence,. the purpose of the obligation is the the effect of divis.ible ··or indiv.isible character of the
controllinq circumstance.' This, applies not only .to qbligation depend? qn
whether the obligation is joini
obligations to'giVe, but also to obligations to door not · or solidary: · .. · · ' ·
to do (JURADO, 'Qbligations ·and ·contracts, supra et f If s_olidqry - Arts. 1211 to Art. 1222 of the Civil
215)-.:. :, . . . -: . : · Code apply; . . . . .
2. · If joint divisible ~ Art', 120'8 of the Civil Code is
.In obligatbn~. to.. give, even though the object may be . applicable;'· and . . . . .
physjcallydivisible, the· ooligat16n is still indivisible 'itit 3, · If joint'- indivisible .;.. Arts. 1209' and 1224· of the
. is pr~vided by law. or it ls so intended by the parties . ·. Ciyil Code ·-apply (JURf:.00; · Obligations prl_d
. :· (CIVIL C(?OE;·Art ..: 1225,' par.· 2). . , ·. Contracts, supra at 214).. -
,• ...
·,
. Instances when PE.RS~NAL.obligatiCln is 'ct~~riied ' Breach of Joint lndivis\ble Obligation.
divisible . . ·· · . ., · ·. . - :: . · · · · A joint indivisiole obligatipn give.s rise to indemAity:-for ..
. , In obliqations.to do, the·obljgation sh.ail'be conside1ed dam.ages from the time anyone _of the' qebtbrs does
. divlslble whe~jt ~as" for · it~ ·o~ject. (Ci VIL co~:E(,f rl: riot ·comply with his undertaki-~g. the debt9rs who
-. 1225, par. 3). (EAN) . · .· . . . . )1 rnay hc1ve:been reacfy' to (u"i"fill !h-~iL promises s~alf not
corilribule toih'e indemnity beyond the ·corresponcllng
.J - : .r~~;~~equ~io'A O\a . ~~~?i,n :' n:~~p! ~Y..S:_of ..
2. Th~·~ccomplishrhent of work ~y me~eal
3. ·. T~e_'.;iccomplish,m!!:rit -ot, anci!C?goµs J.i1gs, V:Jh~ .
units;',oL
. by • their .J:!at.ure·.' -are. 'su.s.cep.til:51 ·. ofi,,,;,pa_rt1al . .

• ir;;~JZf
. po ion of...fhe~price.. of .the thing or bf_ the value'.of the
,\obligati°-n ConSists (C,v1L CboE, ,
.·) perfo'rm:~_h;c,e... . ,- '. ·. . . . .

· ·. I· - I \ · · . · · ,,,
· ·. ·0nm~A-1i'l~S WITH PEN~ -·. ·
....__.-_ CLAUSE . ..
: .In ~~mm~ry: t_!J~:in~t~~_ces:when the o~gata.n .is_ Obligat.ions with· a Penal Clause · .
deemeci~nd1v1s1~le · . .. . ,. . . · . ~ .. _:· . · . . . . An-:-0bli@ati0n to· w.hich·· ~in. _a-ccessoiy ·_ unde_r.taki_ng
. An obligation is deemed. indivisible.In the following;: ·. (penal 'clause or peri-~)ty) is attache.d for the pu~pose .
. (D-NIL)' '., . · .·. · _ . · : .' ·.. . ' . ,- of insuring·· its pe'rtornianc;:e ,by virtue of .which the
1:;:_'0!Jligation,s to give Q~fjriite'things; · . -_.. :_ : · .. _ .
o_bligor is bound lo
. ' . .. . .
pay·
a ,~tjpl.ilated .i11demhify ;or
·.. . ( ' ·' .,
. 2.' · . Obligation:f 'which. ari,{J:!e>t susceptible: ofpartial ... perform a. stipulated prestation in case . of· breach .·
·. p_§)rforman~e;• . ·... . . . >. .. • . . • • • • ' . • • (JURADO; .Obligations ~nd Coniiacts, s~pra at.'217).
.~. ~ f'
3. OQl_igatio.ns Intended · by· · the parties . to be.· · . . . . . . .. . .. .~ . ·, ~. ~ . ... : . "

'. lndivisibl~.EN°en.if the thihg or, service is'phy:3lcajly Principal obligation - is. one whi.ch ·can.stand by , .
divisib!e; ·~ · . . ; . · . : . itself. and does. n'ot__ depend for. its validity . and
4. . Obligations provided · by !:aw to b_e indivisible exisferi~e upon ailother "qblJg~tii:m. ·. . .. ,· .
' ' • • ,R; '
'even if ihe thihg or service is physically divisible
(CIVl~.C~DE, _Ar( 1225,·pais. 1 and 3/ · . · .. ' Access~-~-:~btig~tio.n ~ is ci~e
which: i~ attache·~ ·1; .
a priricfpal obligation and, :·therefore,:...c'annot' stand :
Principle of lndi_visibili~y of O.blig~tion~ · ·. . alone: · , · ·- . , · · · · ·. -·
Cr.editor cannot. be <;:ompelled partially,t9 rec~ive· the ..
prestation in_. which·.the obligatio'n <;:onsi'sts;: neither ... . Pe.nal cilause - is an a'ccesso~y·undertakiiig.attached.
may the·debtor tie. required lo make partial payments to' afr obligation to assun:ie greater liability' ori the part.
(Cli/tL·CODE, Aft 1248). . of the· obliger iri cas'i{of breach 'of the·obligation, i.e.,
. : - ' .
tlie obligation 'is :notfulfilled,' or. is· partly or frr~gularly_
Exceptions: : .. . . · complied with (OE LE_ON, Obligations ·arid Contracts,·
·1 .• W~en the . obligation · expte.:3sly stipulat.es the suRra at 2·12;. · · · · ·
. contrary .(C.IYIL CODE, ·Art. 1248, ·p_aj. 1 );
....
. . 2019 SAN BEDA LAW CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS I 383

OBLl·GATIONS AND· CO·NTRACTS.
SAN. BEDA LA_W CENTRALIZEDBAR OPERATIONS - 'MEMORY AID 2019
. SJi.\\164wn e =\ tiff PAA.Mt 'W4s»~s: frfG''
i; ;1 ii\'¥• MS ;s+at.,t&S!fattry&S'E
d.. Wl&W #M$1AA&M 5it:«i$M¥4M§4W· 4?~!£teti!!1WiM:' ii
Penal Clause v : Condition Obligations with a Penal Clause v.

· ConditionalObliqation '.
May become Never demandable

dernandable . . upor:i
default .· . of ·. the'
unperformed. , obllqatlon ·
Penalty · is dependent Pri.ndp~l.otiligati6n',ts'€lf
and. sometimes jointlt upon the', . non- is dependent "upon tlje .
with it.
" performance 'of the uncertaln'evenl. ·: \ .· ...
· principal obliqation.
."\
·'
.The I ·;olig~r .:
~ann.of O~btor' can' choose; .
. choose to \ pay .. th'e: Wtl(cl'i '.p(~Statipn_ · to'
. penalty." .. -to . :' relie.ve {l;llfill. . . ..
.. ·:himself.of·fhe. principal, . '. ·-:· :·.:·.;
. _µr{ess' "this ·: rjghf. i~c .. ' . . :\ -. , ..
expressly . qranted . to · :.
·. . ,, . . •" I•
h Im... . . :., r . ·, . I. •,
t,.., ..
r1i:i:at 2.6H · .
. ···. '•· . . ..,,
.. r
., - .. :·~-
.,
I • •.......
•,<
. ,'
.. .: ~
384 1 ·2019SAN BEDA LAW CENJRAllZED BAR·OPERATIONS.

\. . .. . .. . . . .. . . . . . .. .:.- .
.OBLIGAT°i-ONS. AN-D·.CO-Nl-RACTS
• : .. . SAN BEDA LAW CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATION_S- MEMORYAID _2019 . ·.
'-·.;
Obligations. with -a Penal Clause v.
. .
Note: 'The law permits an agreement upon a
Facultative Obligation· ·
. ., perial_ty apart from the interest. Should there· be
such an agreement, .the penalty does not include
the interest.and:as such, the twq.are differ¢nt and
. distinct .. t_h.in_gs wh.ich: may \be. demahded
separately. A stipula_tion about payment' of
· · additio·nal rate bf interest partakes of the nature
·,, of ~ pl:lnalty cl9u~e:_which. is· s·ancti(?ned· by -law
· , Pay~ent of th~ p~~alty_ . Poviler of th~_;'debt~r. to (DE LEON, Obliga_tions and Cof)fracts, supra at
. in lieu of the princip·a.l. mal<e the substitution is '277). .. . . . . : ' . ,· .. .. .
cibiig~trori can ,be mader ·absolute: .· . . . . . .
only · ·. by- ··express ·. ·2·.. When the obligor Refuses to.p1y the penalty;_·
stipulaHon ..- : . · .: 1 •• ,, • ·-,:,:
3. When th_e·_obligorjs guil\y·~f _Eraud (Id. a_t 277.).
• I • :
.· . .
Rea~·on: Th~re can be no. renunciatio~ _.of an
.. ·..
. ·.. . .... \ action :to enforce liabillty fo,r future fraud bec~use
· .. The ··.creditor ·· · can ·-The creditor carr never
: this ,is· -aga_ir;isf p_ublic. policy and against!_ th,e
.. 'demand . . . ·.. .tfoth :demand
,··. ,' . . .. "";'. ·- . both
' ·exp"ress provisions ·of 'the law {CIVIL -(;,ODE, I
prestations. . .. prestat1bns. 1171). · ~ . . · -, . -~ · .:
' ,I • •• \. •
,.-rfd._at
~ .
263). ·
, .
. ...,1
. .
·,-,.
-
. Not~:. Elr~~ch of the 9bqg~tiqn WITl:lOUT {rc!_1,1,d:
: Q_bli~~~i'o~~:-with~:.Pe~pl' Claus_e V: G1,1arc1pf~ ·_ cannot ·constitute one of · the- exceptions
(.Cabarrogi:iis; et al. v. Vicerite,· l:-14304,· March
>- ,.: 23,
. 1960).
. . ~ . ·- -..' . . .
. • .. . ~!'
When Pe~al Cla~~e Cari'n-~t be·Enfqrce.d: · /. · -·

••• •• "' 1. ·:rri~ br~ach ts. the fauit of.the. .'creditor: .
• .·' e- -, ' -~: , • . '
•• •
As a.· rule," penalty Is, Guarantysubsists (;)Ve~. · _2: . A fortuitous ev~n. t Intervened,' _unl~s~· the' debtor
.extlnquished.' by, , the .when · the ·• principal · · . •
nullity, of the .principal' obligation- is .vojdable. ·. . expressly -aqreed on his ·ii-ability- in ~ase of
.. obliqationr.. ... . : . ' -. ' ' . unenforceable or•·.' . a . -.., .. fortuitous events' (wher~he acts-as "insurer"): or.
f •• . -,•• ·• · nat!,Jral" one: ... , .. 3. ~The debtor is' not yetin default1{4 PAR~·S,' supr«
·._ ., at 3~9) .. · ... · .· ·. · · ,. ·
(Id. :a{?6~-26'4). : . : : ·_ · · :· · ·· . .' ~ .. _,.· · · --. ... . . , v . . ." · . . , . .
Limitatlon . upon . the Rigbt.. of the; Debtor .in
Effect of Pe'ri;iity . ""-:: .. ·. . . . Obligations· wi.th a P.ehal _ClalJse· - ... ' I .... _. . .
. · Ge11er13l _R_Life:: The·. penally sh~II substitute. the General Rufe: Debtor cannot· exempt himsellfrorn
' indemnity 'for ··darriages and payment of_in'tere_st -i~-. the performance of.the principal obligation by·paying.
. ',_ case of _rioncompljance·(.Ci_VIL CQDE, Art -1°22({ par. the' stipulated P,e.0alty-(.CIV!L _CODE, Art: '1227): . · . _
1): ~ ..
Exception: !Jnless this right' has be.en clearly and·
Note:- Proof" of. actual .darnaqes. suffered by the expressly .granted_ tp hfrn(CIVIL CODE, Art 122?).
creditor i's·n~t necessarylnorder that the ·penalty may-
be enforced {CIVIL CODE;- Art. -1228). · Reason: If the d~bfor is_-~i'lowed to pay the. penalty'iri
· . li~u. of the princip91 obl~ation, _this w6uld make· the
Exceptions: (SRF) ..
·obligation· an alternative one (DE LEON, ·supra·- at
1_, When there is a §tipul_ation to the contrary: ·~ .
258).
'-.
· ?01~ SAN. R~nA I AW f:FNTRAI m=n RARnPFRAT1nN~ 1 ::lR'> ·.

OBLIGATIONS-AND ·CONTRACTS
SAN BEDA 0w CENTR;4UZED BAR OPERATIO~s - MEMO(?Y A_1o" 2019 . . . .
n~~iY 'illll.l!r>~g rit#ibS§t »i&¥1 %,-ifi.'tf::&:x•_iilt';s.Ji%YtG4t ri>QQJ P2$f§.gt@f ?¥ l~ 4#4Wt :fft%51WiSM.?r*2
94 3:i 2£ 4i ae; •ii?&f,:fk"F iiA· .9
. . .
Limitations on the Right of the Creditor in 2. If the. principal· obligation has been !rregularly ·
Obligations with a Penal Clause · complied with; .and
General rul~: Creditor cannot demand \he ·fulfillment 3. If the penalty is iniquitous ·orUnconscionab.le even
of. the principal oblig.~ti_on and the sl:ltisfa~tion of the if there has been no perform"ance (C1VIL .CODE,
·penalty at the same time (CIVIL. CODE, ·Art. 1227). Art. ·1 ~29). . ·· . .
E?(ceptions: . The P<?,1f!er of~ judge to re.duce the penalty r~fers only
1. : Whe~_e. the right to demand both .the principal . to: penalties prescribed in contracts. .· .
obliga!ion and the penalty has been clearly
gra_nted_ to him.(CIVIL CODE, Art. 1227). Effect" qf N~(!ity·of Obligatlon or. P.enalty
2. Wher~. the creditor has demanded fulfillment of . If principal obligatjon' is· void,· penal clause shall also
the · principla obligation· but· it. cannot be be yoid. becau~~ the penalty is merely an accessory
PJ~rformed, thus in such a case, f-1e may 9~mand obligation .. But. if the pe.nal.. clause. is void, principal
the penalty (CIVIL CODE,' Art .. 1227;; 4 obligation is not affect~d (9/VIL, CODE, Art. 1230).
. TOLENTINO, supra at 265)..: .
Note: The clause· "performance thereof · should ·· ·

become impossibJe wiih.out h is. (creditor's) fault" of
0 . : E:X.TINGUISHMENT OF . -
Art.· 1227 could refer to imposslbllty .due to fortuitous . :OBLIGATIONS ' ·
eve.rt~, in :which case the_.principal obligai~woula -
be extmgu1she~, and ~O Will \h~ penal clause (./d.):_
_ · . · _ _ . · ~~, .~ .•
....~~·
lJ
~~-~---~-__,;~
{\J r: , _
fXllnJIUis~n~e t of9bligatio_ns: (PLR,.-MCN-FRA~) ",
__.
.
. If there was fault on, the part of debt<?r~~'?' ~red1tor· . . t~B)(·Paymen~r performance,(CIVIL· CODE Arts .
. maydemand not only satisfactioW'f~erialty,cttu't ;:ii~ . . · . · · 1 l3~~1.26~·). • '. . · .· . . _-: · ·' -.", ..
"v:y· · JF +.t'.
f
the payment of d.amages_. _(zC.V.~QEt'Ad~226, 2. Wtl;ie)~s~·6f~tne'ihi.ng due .(CIVIL GODE, Art~.
par. 2).. · . ·. i,f&.. 1( 126J·126g)rP:- · ··-- · · · ·
........ ·f..:o,f.Ac.tu (Dam· aqes . . . ,·:· . , ,l\,3.' Hy.th\,coXJcinatior:i or Remission.o(the·debt
rrroo a . · . ""'~ ..--.. .: i ·. ,·\.;r; i> ·~1 2 70-1274)'.
-
Proofof ac~ual damages su~' IY
the .· re.~L~r E.__ ·ii!l ." ,,,:.(~IVl.i C.ODj, .A5
· .·. ·
,_not necessary in . order _Jtif~ft,~~enalty r:r,ay~fo~/:1 !i!!I! <'.:.l}f§y.t~.r. conf _l'~~ o~ . erger c:,f_ the}'gh_ts .?f .th~
. r:.'1~· · -'f\licredlll)r a,:id (,f PJ:iJQt .(CIVIL GOO.E. Arts. 12,75:
demanded (CIVIL CODE A•,r 1,228' .
· · .
_
. · ' I~~/· c:]: . -
-~ot~_: This is applicable ~n!y\o t~~ erieraJj.;~sta£t.:,
\'-Js,1.0J.!!..12•. 1-27J)p:-,· I · ·]
~/:B.ytg'o~.v)~e~l_wioVcn·
@1 Jfi'..!;9@&; .
.:
=.
Cl~fL. CODE, ..
·. ·
1. "\., . · . . · ·. . . . :~ZB-
. · ·. ·
, .·
1~ A_rt .. · 1226 of the C1v1I· ·.~{;,~e. 't>an"d~~1if fo th1
exceptions (JL(RADO, .Obhgat,ons_·'°and -~
supra at.225).:
~ · · · . ..· ~
· · .' ~-
,acts;-';, , j:k~~~0 ~t1o_L1 (CIVI CODE, A,t~:·-1291-1304),.
~-~_.7,('~§!;mfm!=l~ifof
· s)
e~kescrssfon·
. : Gon~equ.~;,tly,, if .the,.· _pena.lty _.is- · f_ixeg: by 't.~JEN1'.ii~~~ent~·.~ . . . · · · _ · : . ,· · - '·, - ·
. contracti~g _parties ror: the. ~urp~se_- 0~qiJi~sati17!g-·LQ,-tPrescri8~
t · . . . -·
a. resolut_e_ly cond1t1on; ,
C!'I_IL CODE, Art. _1231, par. 2); ·

..
·
.·
.
.
'
or substituting the ind.et"Tlrnty" for ,damage:s
.. payment of Jnterests,- proot of. actual. d~s
the ~~1 M ~~\ \)/~. ·. ' · . . . · . . · · · ·. ·. . .
tJ6Je.;~1:1rr;ierat~~n.under ~~.,1231, 1s_.NOT.~xc_l_us.1v!:l.
·. suffereq_by the·obligee or creditor is not n..ecessary·irj~7...f-~R?1,D.O,:C?plifJcifionsand (;ontra.cfs; supra a(2JO):
circler _that· the. pemilty may be ..•detnancfe.d:, fn: this·.-. . ·: . . . . . .. : ·. ' . . .. .
sens·e, perialty is,exactly·identi~a(wit.h wtiat i:f known ·.. :-· Other':Fbrms. or"
~.xtiri"gu'ishinen~ Not Under" Art .
. as "liquid.ated damages" ui']d~r Art. ;2226-'of the Civil. · ·. ·12.31·: (DWERC-FM°I) · - . . ·. - ·, .
Code. (Id ... at. ~25{ · . ' . . :.. : 1 .. ·Q~,:it°h .or-one otlhe
contracting Rarties in purely
. ·-- ··per"so"nal. obligat_i0ns· (CIViL CQ.DE, Art. '131-1,
' _How~ver, if there is stipl_!la\ion-tp\he_contrary; or if th.e · · par.··· 1 ;'. JURADO, bbliga't°,on"s . and .Confiac(s,
obligor or c;lebtor-is si.J_E;?d.:-fo(refusal to·pay the agre~d ..supra---.at 230); · .· . · ' .·
'penalty, or if the obl.igor or debtor is gujlty of-fraud, 2. ·Jhe _Will· of ·on. e bf the contra9ting parties-.in
th~n the obligE;le or cre~i,or ca~ ~er)land ·ncit·only .the >: .. certain·contrac_ts· (JURADb, supra. a t 230); · .. :. ··
satisfaction ofthe agr~ed p~enalty, \)u~ eveh damages. · · · · 3 . · g~piration· o f the. resolu_tely te~1:i:rnr.peri~d (CIV/l:,
In sue~ case. )Q o~der to_.be ;=ib!~ t_o recover_.. ~uch. . . . COQE, _Art. 11 fl:}, par, 1?: J(!RADfJ,. $l!Plfl ?f 230); ..
dani~ges in a·ddititmtci t~e p~·nalty, he mus(prov~ the·· 4. · .Benu·nci~tion or waiver· by the. oblige_e o( creditor ·
c!i;t)Ount qf ·,damages .which he h_c\.d .actuauy. suffered . · _ · .,(JVRAD.O, supra at-230J;. ·· · .
· Or.!- a_t 225).· · · · 5.· .Qom°i:>rolilise'(CiVIL"CODE, Art. 2028; JURADO,
.: sµpra at 2~0);. · ·. .. .
IJVhe_h Penalty May.be.Reduced.:-(P.'IU) · . · 6: fortuitous ·everit-(CIVILCODI;, Art:, 1174);·. ·· ·. ·
1.: ·!f·. the . prif]cipal . o_bligation . has been _!:artly 7 /-·Mu!ual·qesistance or withdrawal; . -· ·
c0mplied »'ith;. 8: !mpossibilfty of fulfillment . 'of:
condition {CIVIL.
CODE, Art. -1266);. . .
386 I· 2019 SAN SEDA LAW CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATION~

o·B-LIGAT.l_bNS"AN.D c·oNTRA.CTS
- . SAN BEpA LAW CENTRALIZED BA~ OPERATIONS - MEMORY AID 2019 .
te&498F &S!k!?PM ;spiK9Ai X>SN25ZH§#Sea:uca• § k 4 46 3 ,== l4, *' EN ,s &Pl#&sii#ii$24§ iG;StiM ~\&SN aWfft§iPNS!tfii:WfHiEffir«1.:ZV:t).~~~
HOW PAYMENT MADE

Paym·ent or Performance ·
Nol· only the delivery of money but ;,also the
· l. . PAYMENT
performance, in any other manner, Qf an obligation
(CIVIL CODE, Art.. 1232). . · Requlsttes of Pay~erit: (P_r-PeT-CMES)
. . .
(De1iveYy'of a sum of money] made as consider;tion 1. fayor or the person who pays;_
· · for a reserved riqht, option or privilege is not govern'ed 2. _Eayeg or the person to whom payment ls made;
by Arts. 123_2 to 1262, because· .such "payment" 3. ·Ihing.or object in which_ payment.must consist·
cannot be ·demande9 by the creditor (Asturies Sugar. 4. The .Q_ause thereof; · . . · '
Central" v. Pure Cane Molasses Co.; G.R No. L- 5. Manner,.tiine, and place of payment;
40709, August 1; 193~). 6. The i~putatioQ of_!;>,<penses occasioned by it;and
7. The _§pecial parts wtiicl:l may modify the· same
Note: "Payment" is ~ technical term in law used· ·and · Lhe effects th~y generally.· produce{· (4_
specifically -::-to refer to the performance of an !OLENTINQ, :supra· at. 274;- DE LEON;
obligation: Not -all delivery of a sum of money is . Obligations and Contract?, suprf! a_t 2987299),
considered ·:'payment"· in law, · · _· .
. . . Kinds of Payment: · . . . \•
Amou·n~ C,redit~d to the Account of. the Payee 1. N_ormal--:- when t~e debtor voluntarily performs .
Extlnquishes a Contractual Obligation th_e prestatio_n as agreed upon. · . .' ·
As_· the=transactlon is for the. establishment 'ot a 2. Abnormal ·-· when· debtor. is forced by means of
telegraphk or cable transfer, the" agreement to remit a judicial proc(=!ec!ing either to
comply with the
creates 'e contractual obligation and·has been termed prestation ?r. pay indemnity (4 TOLENTINO a"f·
. a purchase an_d sale. _The purchaser of a telegraphic .__ __274-27{5). ·... . . . . . _
transfer .upon making payment complete~ the
tr~nsaction insofar as he is concerned, though insofar-
as the remitting ban·K is concerned tfie contract is
executory u_n_til the credit is e~tablish.ed. Thus, o~e
the amount .represented by .the' telegraphic tra'hsfer
order· is· credited to the accol!J]! of ,the paye·e or
appears in the name of the ·p_a~e in the.books of the
receiving bank, the ownership oftlie.., telegraphic
. transfe_r ?r?er is ~~emed to hav~el);..transmitted· lo
the -recervinq bank. Chinatrust- is~thus deemed to
have · __ fully executed· the tel~gr~P.hic transfer Prfncfple of lntegrity/C.ompletenes~ of p~·yment
agreement. and. its obligation to respondent was A qebt shall: ·not be ·under:5tood. to ti ave b~eri, p·aid · ·
extinguished. Hence; respondent could 6"°1onger ask. . unless toe_l_hing or service in which- the obligation
for rescission of 'the aqreernerir ·(Chin? rust ,(Phils.) consists has been'corripletely delivered o.r rendered,
Commercial B?[lk v. Turner, G.R: No: 191458, July 3, as the case may be (CIVIL CODE, Art. 1233) ..
2017). ' - A. cjebt to deliv§!r. a.. thing (ihcludirig money)'. or to
rende_r. service is not u nder!;,tood to .. lJ~ve be.~n ·paid
,· Burden of Provinq Payment unless the thin_g or :service has b~en completely
. When the existence of a debt is fully established by · delive:red or rendered,_ ·as the cas~ may_ be.~Partial or
the 'evidence. the settled 'rule is that the burden of irregular_ · p~rformance will ,:iot produ.ce.. the
"prov'ir1g extinquishrnent by payment devolves upon .. · extinguishment. of an obligation ·as. ·a . general
_the debtor who pleads payment or offers such a rule.Neill:,er a late partial payment forestalls a long.,.·
..: defense to-the claim of thecreditor rather than on the . expired. maturity date _(Sel"!gna Manc1gem(?nt &.Dev .
. latter to prove non-payment. · The debtor has ihe Corp. v. United Coconut Planters Bartk,- G.R. ·No.·
burden of showing __ with legal certainly that, the 165662, fv!9y 3, 2006). . ~- . : · '.:'-. . . -.
-oplig~tion. has beeri-discharqed by payment. Only
when the debtor introduces evidence · that the Exceptio~~ to_Prindple of ln~eg·rity; . .
obliqation has 'been extinguished. does the' burden 1. When · the obliga_tion. · h·as ~een substantf all_y
shift to the 'creditor (Cham v, Peite-Moye, A.G. No. perform-~d in good ·f9ith,· the obljgor ma·y recover
7494, -June 27,_ 2008). . as, though there had. been. a strict and complete
fulfillment, le_ss damages ·suffered · ·!Jy the
"Thereisa disputable presumption that money paid by obligee (CIVIL COD~;Art:· t234); and . . .
one to another was due .to the latter (RULES OF · 2. Wh~n the oblige~ actepts.peiiormanc~. knowing··
COURT, Rule 131, Sec. 3 (f)). . its in1;ompleleness or· irregularity and· without
.expressir:ig any protest or objection; based" on'the
principle of estoppel (CIVIL COD_E, Art. !235)..
,..
2019 SAN SEDA.LAW CENTRALIZED E3AR OPERATIONS 387.

OBLIGAT,IONS AND CONTR.ACTS-.
.. SAN BEDA
. .· LAW-CENTRALIZED
. . BAR
·. OPERA.T/ONS
. - - MEMORY
,
AID 2019
~ .. . •
Note: This provision may be read alongside the 2. Personal Obligations ~·

· presumptions under Article .1176. · In obliqations. to. do or not to. do, an act or
forbearance cannot be substituted by another act
. Elements of Substantial Cornpllance in Good or forbearance against' .the obligee's will ·(CIVIi,.
Faith: - . CODE, Arf. 1244, par,)) · · . . .
1 .. The obJigor has made substantial performance,
which is determinable .'PY · the . unique Exceptions to the Rule ori' Identity of Payments:
circumstances of- each case. 1 .. ln' case of dacion. en pagci,-where a property is
2. The obliqor is in good faith (CIVIL CODE,. Art. alienated to the creditor in satisfaction of a· debt
1234) . . · in money (CIVIL CODE; Art. -1245). , · .
2. In caseof Pacultative obligations, where only one-
ln.div,isibility· of Prestation . thinq-is due but the debtor-has reserved the right
9edito'r canno!· be c.ompeiled part~~_lly·to receive the to substitute. it with ·another- (CIVIL CODE, Ar(
j)res,tation in which the obligation' con~ist~; neither. . · 1206}. · . " ' .' . ·-. : ".· · r .•
. m~y·the 'debtor be required to make partial payments .

. (CIVIL CODE, Art.' 1248)_.. · .. : . . . . ·. · . . Note:' In its 'modern ccincept, what actually- takes
,phce indacion en pag~ is an objective-novalion.of
u
Exceptions: .. the obligatjon where the.thinqoffered asan accepted:
. 1 .. w~en the obliqation 'expressly. s~ipulates~uivaleint of the-perforrnance of an obliqation _is.
.... contrary· (CIVIL CODE, Art. 1248;,par. 1)'t'r. r. crons'iaeredas th~,objed-ofth'e contractof.sale, while .
2 .. , 1/.1{-hen· t~~ _o~liga\ion 'is· in _par1· 1iciW9ffeff:~ in !}J'¢Jdjbt'tis"'-coh'si?ered 'as the·· purchase -price
.,. part u_nh}lu1date.9 -~ CIVI~ COf:~· }ff·§~~· ~~·~(~&_rt.~ <ja~D,e ~ay"!e -~-. CA; ·G:,R. Np._· 12~q6_9,
3. When the ~a'lure.- of the, obligation IS. ~USG~pt1ble · · Oct_olJev~Oj?ANovation I~ :_~ot an _exc~pt1_o;n. to the
to partial fu!f\lment as _when7_ ~/~rule.S..Q..n p~~entj5ecau~.e-1t rsa dlfterent.rnodeof
a. There are different westation"~ ~wf\ic_9 ·aie, ''K' e~tingui$hing,o~_i9]..ttns. Novation d~es·_not amoun_t
. subject-,t~_.differen! t1T1~¢.9~dit(/~s;·ar;~ ·!t~. t01{paymgl~ (S~e(CIVIC~ODE/Art.·1-231). . .. · ·
· b. Both parties know that that oollg_allpn caMn;:it')::5o. : . : · ·.: f () · .. · · , · .·· . · . · · ..
. ' be, reasonably exp~M~a:to{be pe oi'ifiecljn'' ·tr D_a"!.1.~~·rn P_~yme~ . . .. - . ' '. '
. .· ·. one; tjme. ·. .
4. In case of partial compens.atlRk~ ·
':I~. I . . . ~~''>"E:r·~P.a1Jon,_1~- p~yi:n.e~tfw':~r..e~.Y pr~pe_rty JS ahe.~ate,d .!9 :
'-. · .P~ffini~~cred1tor.-in sat1;fact1<riof __ a_.de_bt In m.oney'. shall b_e . ·
-· ··.. '. .... -:.:- ·-,. ·-. - -"-'-,-~- .~--~- .. -··· -~ .. ~§0verne~~)1e·la'A'.:0f_s-ales (GIVll:_GE2~E;:-AH-1-z45fr. ·- ,.
ln,divisibility.v. l_~tegrity ·. ·,, r. . ·. ~- \= r~ _. .• 1{....Jj. J ~J.: _ .. · .., '.- :' . · ', .:. . .
0
.... .The[~ i~ a_n 'oblig_atiori to pay. \5~QO .. · -~ .. ~ ~~~~~)}~If~JXecl!le.,p. _a: Pf?".'~~?ory_~n~tr in 1~66 ·
· ·. · 1 .. _ lnt~w1t_Y. _r~f~rs !o . __th~-- e.;tmgu1:>hm~nt of~ 9 ~ ~7oy}_~1;}!'to.payt_~ ~ §5,~00 w1tf11n 4 yeafs'from th_e _
.- - . obhgat1on only upo1i_:payment·of ~ 00~11W,bla... e~~J(?n : ~tie,. note; and·· ll"J ··196.~, when. the
.· .. 'lt_'.(;l9e,s f10! t:iqweV.(:![ cohsiaer ~f t~~s·.·5~~£).. rPR/.jiJ!!}:~~carrye·.dlm,tnda}Jlf?.! the ty/~'e'nt1:re'd·{n.to..
. ·: d_el_iver~d in.ofe. Qr 2 iris.tallme,~ ... _,£.~ai}~a__91;eemeD.t,pjf fi!J'e,bf Vv_~ich, p Sh}J1/ del(Vf!( his.
2. 'Jhe·pr~~-Lirri_P!i~n- _cir I.aw i( \ha.~ ?g,fob1ig,atjon _ is-ayfom,ob't'-J J~'Y.~-~
. de_ei:tJed. ~i:1~!Y1~1ble. T~!;Js;· 1n g~nerc:1,:aJt~iooo
must .be 'deliv(;)red in-one instance of payment to
M th~ e'qu/val~_nt orthecper!_orm~nce
<f!,,!,,!t"e~~'1!_t1_on,.fhe effe_ct is the (ransforf7}c1t1on of the .
·preJious contract' ihto ,a c.ontract pf sale wi(h the
· satisfy' both,-fnt~grity'·an't:f indivislpiiitf
• • • , • • •.• ~-·
·. '. :~~9bile-?Sthe. objett and thi(/oan
_... ' • .... : • t ._ ~. ·., • ' • • •• :','
.6.,
P5,00'0 'as' ·
•. • ;, • :-, •
.· . · -. . · · .. · . _;. · . - , .. "~ -~he -p~rchase. ,_pnce, (JJ/RAOOt .. Ob/Jga.t,o~ns .:and

ld~nfay :of Prestat1on- ·-: : . . r••. ·-.,, · . ·. • '. .. • · Go(!tracts,c supra at 24,6): · : -.· · · ··:· · - ·.: ···, , ......,. .
.- - "The· very'-saine thing or. a~t musr ·be· delivere'd or . : ·· ·. ·:--. · .. c... ·. · •. ·. _:..... _:> ·, . .-· < . '": ', ',.
1.
done" ·. . ·. . .· - . . . , '. ': . R~qµi_sit~s· ?f D?eion ~.I? Pago:.,(PDA) , : ': ' : ..
1, .. · ReaFObligatiori"s .. '· · . r • • :. · :- • . • : Y · _.: .. 1 ·1-. ·There. ~u.s(_be :gerfotrn.~J:lCe' o(the· prest~fio~· jn.
. \i: . spJcific_ 6b\igati6ns ·\ ·_ · : . - ._-lieu. _of payn:i~nF (apimo ·.s9lvenQ'1}'- which\may_
Tt,e · d~~for''ohi thing . t~_nhpt: conii:i'er the ·. , . ¢6nsist ·in: th~ delivery _·qf a "ccir.poreal lhi.ng .6r)1 ..
'cre.ditor to '·'receivl;!. q dj_ff~r,ent' Qrie, althbugh' .. ,• reari-ig_tit-qr_a. cr.?dit ag_~ins\ a:third. pe'rson;-- _. . '. . .
th.e -l~tt~r may be_ o( the···same value as,. ·or. -. · 2. -.'There ,must'· be' some ,Differ~nce.~between 'the
more{ valuabl~ than that wh.itti is'·due·'(CIVIL , ·' · ·prestatioh -~ dµe. ~nci. 'thllt.'.which :is.: given .. in ·.
. €()DE,. Art ... 12!14, pfiir.-1) ,i ·: ·, · . . . ._- . . . "::°sub~_tityt_iortt9litid-pr.o a_lia)/~nd . .? \,·, • · · •. _· ... , · ,·
b_. · ~erienc pb11§ationl,· , ·· ... · · . :\ ·.· :·,. · 3, There· ,musL ·be' .an>· A.greeml;!nt. betwee_n·· 'the ·
· · · Wnen the obJigatfdo orin_sists in. lf.il:l deJiver.y. : : .. cr.edit9r-.:·_ a'ri1:f def?tor.-:-;'thaL \he'.-,ol:?lig'ation ... is....
· of'$iY i\:ideterlJiiri~fe·o·r- g~·neric thing, whose - ~Immediately extii:ig1,1iS_hed .: by; 'reaso·n. · of ·. the·' .: ·'.
· quality 'an_d· citcumstances '· have "ncif. b'ee·n performance cit. a- p·restatiori differeiit'frcim that· . . . .. .
. statea: .the' credito'r cannotdemarid a-th,ing of ~UEl' . (Acjuirit~f v~. :' Tibor,g, · .. G:R. No. i:166704, .
, .. sLip~rior.::quality.·. · Neither cari"' 'the deb'tc'Sr . beceinber 20, 200~)- . .' · ,
,deliver a· ·thil:)g·
' CODE, Art. '1246).
of inferipr··quality. (CIVIL
.. . . . .
--:-. . ' . ·
' ~ ·..: . . . '/ '
388. I 2019 SAN BEDA LAw CENTRALIZEO' BAR OPERATIONS

.
OB.LIGA·T'ION.S'AND
..,· .
c·o·NTRACT-S
SA/'J. BEDA LAWCENTRALIZF;O BAR OPERATIONS- MEMORYA/0 2;;9. -
en££ :;,"! :;p;;w1-:tci.Et?m, a ,·wa,:;ww1t&i?,am;;;:a.M- ttt+a@t44¥H s.,: ·,; : •'
0 •@ · :;ad, se w:m u::: i1!4h*'t &ta:. ·H1¥:t1ra7 fl1.-·=:::ll
l .
Dation lsNot a Sale ) legal Tender .
The µndertaking really partakes in one sens'e of the .. · Ail notes and · coins issued by the BSP are fully
nature· of sale-that is, the creditor is really buying the · · · guaranteed by the Republic and shall be legal tender .
thing. or property ofthe debtor; paymentfor ~hiph is· - in the Philippines for all debts, both public and private
.. to be ·charged against the debtor's debt, As such, the (R.J\ No. 76Q3, as emended, Sec. 52). .
.. vendor in good. faith. shall' be responsible,. for· the· ... .1· .• . , . •
existence and. legality 'of the. credit at the time of the Coins Considere.d as Legal Tender. '.
. sale but not for the.sotvency of the 'debtor, in specified ·. 'rviaximum amount of coins _io_ be considered as legal
circumstances (Lo v. KJS' Eco~Formwork. System tender: . I -t •. . .
P61f., G.F{- No. 149420, .October 8, 2003). . · · · . ·1: 1~Peso,··s-Peso and 10-Peso coins: In amounts
. not e;ceed1ng P1 ,000.QO;'and . .
N.ote:.Datiort in payment is:NOT a· sale:(~nly partakes · .. 2. 25-centavo· coin· or less: : In, amounts -not
of the "nature of sale") asIt is a
.speclalmode of. ' .·. ''exceeding-P10Q:OO '.(Circular 537,' _Series of
payment · . < ,, . ·. ··2006):. . ..
. .. . .
Note: Notes .·of' the: 'aangko. Se;tral, re·gardless' of ~.
· ·denofnfnation,, are ::,legal ·.t,ender. Up to Wh?i°lever
· amciurit (See . R.A.
... . ,. No. 765,3,
.·
as.amended,
. . . Sec. 52). . .
·
... ,
-
.... ·,~
lnst'n,1rn,eri.ts .of-Credit c:1re Not Money . . . ·. ·

Deliver,y. i.t
promissory noies. payc3ble to order _or bills.
·: o.f.ex'cha.nge'or:oltiE)r· mercaritile docume.nfs shall not.'.
produce- .the effeqt of ,payment {CIVIL GODE, Art.'
· ·1249, par. 2J · · · · · · · ··
-------- . . ·: • Ji
.'Checks .repr.esenli]1g demand-deposits-do no] have.
. leqal tender/19w~r· :an_d their ac_ceptance- i.n. 'th.e
. ·p,,iym~nt of g\,l_tilic and private debts isat the creditor s
Optiori7o. 7$53:-as emended, Sec: 6Q) ..
. ~~:c·t.p;, D·~·l;J~;\;,C;e~i~ ;~stni~ent~·'. . . . . .; ..
1:n. the.~an i~e acticiQ derived from ·the oriqinal
ob)igation shalL.be:.J:ield·in the abeyan.te(C.LVIL.90DE,
Art; 1249,./>ar..·2): · · ·. · :, ·, . :· ·. · : : ·. . ,
Illus ratl0_n: . o.
owes .c' ·-1?1 ¥
due on January, 1,.':
202©.®n demand,,D.writes acheck in the amount of
· · P1 M d~t~d: February \.io2q; deliv.ering, it.9fi ·J~nuary·
.· 1., 2020·.,.-C· accepted· the check .. lJn.ti[.'F.~bn,i'a~y· 1;
•' •• '.. ·-,• : -r 2620; <>carinot',file·:an action oh.the ground that is. o
. . . . . ~. · . . . •' , · .. ·. ·,.·· · . . in'· delay ~~~:au~~ ,ad.ion 01'):-lh'e· debt ·.'was ·.h~Jd' in
AH.. _r:n9.ne_tary. op_l_1ga_t~9.n_s. ~~pll ~.b.e s.ettl~d .. · ~n : the ~ ·. · . · a_beyance by. the 'delivery and· acceptance . of . the
Ph1_hppine .. cllrr:ency ~wh.1ch ... ,s legal· ten_der .p:i ,!he . ·.. check aated February 1, 4020.: ·
f?hilippi_nes._- Howei1er.- fpe _pa(ties.may agree-mat the . . . · · .. :,, . . · ' ' · .
obligatibn 9r tran~acti<:m· shall tie sE~Jt_led· iry a_hy ot{'ler· : ,: When., Deliyery. ·of .Credit lristrun,eri~$. deemed
currency at the time' of payment (R.A. · No. 8183, S~c .. · ·Payment. of
.)yi_oneY' .:-.. -~· .... ·. . : .:_ ·. : · ; , : . .
. , 1/: ·"' . ': . . . . ,.. . ·. 1. When· they have'. been cashed ·cir creditl;!d
r -·.r p • •• ~(coft'~cted).~ ..· ;. . . . . .' ~ . . .. . ·.. '' . . ~· ..
. T!:Je~e is no ·1~nge( ani1.eg!3l .imp~dim·erit to.tiav_ing. · .... a. ··Instruments. execute'~ by"th.ird·. petsons,arid:
\ ob.ligations' or transactions •paid ·in a fo'rei91'1.Ctfr(en'cy . · .' ... dEi°liv~red'~y the debt9r .to the creditor., - . .
·as.long.as. the parties~agree to' ·such arrangem~nt- ·13_ .Note exec.ute.d by .th.e debtor himsE31f and
. (DBP. v,'.CA, G.R.:No. _138703,.Jumf:30, 20Q6).·· .·. ·· · delivered. by the .debtor·tp ·th~· creqitor'.':'(4·
. . . · ·::'· ::, . '. ,-. :TOLENTiNO,su_pfaat'301). · .. ~. · . _:
. Note:. M'oney· is a. g~neric ·obje_ct.. Ari._qbligc1tiori to~ . 2. ·. When through· the fault .of the creditor they.
·de,liver P,'100 can~tie'..paid'by, ~eiliver'ing·any validly .J ••• have been imp~ir';d · · -' · . ·· .. ·
circl!lating.Philippine.!e·gal tenqer.with total face value) .C'redit. lnstrum·e·nti ~re. impaired·whE)n th~y are
of P10P.su·ch as one 100-pesci bill, or: 2· 50~pe·sc:i bills, validly.dis.chatged by·soine act of the creditor:
or·10 .10-pe'sp coins. · · · · · · · · · ··.· ·
2019 $AN BEDALAW CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS.,( 389. '

O'BLIG.ATIONS AND ·coNTRACTS.
- SAN BEDA LAW CENTRALIZED BAR OPERAT/0"}5 - MEMORY AID-'2019 .'
.. \\lkt4s4tfA Ki 7: §•:::·&',it
.. dl..-!MS-·i
. .
rz ,,.,.;)} Z'tt*W#,'Sf M ;1;1 '#4 i?t ~e:if!#f »NikffJ1WWh:
.
i J ffik .;ig :,ggi;t. 1$ ,fr@AAd
Example: Non-encashment within 10 years of Payment Made by a Third. Person· Who is an

issuan<;e resulting in. prescription (Evangelista v. Interested Party .
Screenex Inc., G.R. No. 211564,.·November 20, One who has al} interest in the, extinguishment of the
2017j. _. obligation, such as:
1. Cosdebtors;
Effect of:Exfradrd1nary Inflation or befiation . 2. Su'reties; · ·
In case ·an ·extraordinary.-inflation cir deflation df the 3. Guarantors; .and
currency ·stipulated should supervene, the value of · ·4: owners · of mortgages property or pledge (4
the currency at the time 6.f the est~blishment of the PARAS, supra at 352).
obligation shall be the basis of payment; unless there
is an ·agreement to the-contrary: (CIVIL CODE, Art: Note: Even without the kn6wledge of the debtor, a
1250) . . persb(l interested ·in 'the· fulfillment of the obligation ,
can pay (CIVIL CQDE,' Arl. 1302, par. 3)'. ,.
Inflation or Deflation
-There is intiation when there is an increase in 'the Note:· Th.e creditor. cannot refuse valid tender· of
vo!u'me'. of 'money ~nd : credit relat.ive to available . payment from. the'. abovernentloned- individuals
goods resulting in a substantial and continuing rise in . (Monte de Piedad v, Rodrigo, G.R. No. L-42928-:
.. ·. · . .: . · . ;·" . · ~u
theqeneialprlce level {Huibonhoa v CA, G.R\·No. August 18,"1936). . v . . . .··.'
95897,.December 14, 1999). · . · · · . . - .
Effect~of Payment by Interested Third Person..
11\J,f
Deflation is the reduction in v.ol~ine-anj,.c::1rculcitibn of t:ie': )bligation · is extinguished (JURADO,
theavailab]e .11:oney or·c~e?it, re~ul~,9 !~~~.J.-91
"'-........;..oifiigfioa~~nd Contra~ts, supre at_ 2~3); ·
the general. ence. level; it is the ~P.OSLt~t,1nfl_at1on _ 2. The debto,.1/1~ to fully reirnburse the third person
(DE LEON; Oblir_;atiohs and Contraffist;,upra· at 338/ ......";J;;"'.-·-:··w~i~~r.(!_'tite·re.ste.d party; and . .. . ' .. - I
,,
. · . . _. . _ . /~ ~ ~ ~y. 3.., The third per~ i~terested'.is subroqated to the

fi
Requi~ite~ of Eidra~rdinaryjFl~l,l~~ion~ (D.C~)}F_
1. There IS anofficial Qecla~atlO!'),Of ~x_t aordinary /",/f\"-.'
. inflation bt .deflation.froJ
· .
i~Bangko Senti'al ~ng d• Paymerit Made b~ttird Person who is NOT an
.\ en '
_h[ right~of tne" c;reditor (4 PARAS, suore a_t 353).
. ·
Pilipinas (BSP).; f """"-;J '. · \ ~"-~
J;I! .4rftij)'-'e'~.t~p .P.arty\lJut ,ith ?ebtor's Consent. · . _-
2. The oblig_ation·is ~ontr~ctu9~ih n~t~re_; ~~d · "'~Jn;G.:eh~r~.11~ule: T~e•c[editor is n?fbou·11a to accept · .
·· -.'effec!~ of the extra?tdi~~~ Jri,tl~tion~~

(Eq_wtablS· PC/ B_a_nk v, 9,!JeungxNgo~~~'
a 10~0
, f':J~
1 inf
~~~D · ~- .12 36,
i _.~p
3. The parties .!;_xpress_ly. •agri'e._ to ,coi~ider· the ~ -2.p-aymentf 8r;verforman~eJ by a third person who has .
f,,,/1;:i.l
L~{ft:il~~ent of the· obtiqation (G_IVIL
par.{.t. 7 . . _ : .
171545, De.cenJber.19;200Z) .. , ·: E!>,. .q_p
,._V N . ·. - ..
:. \ . · · · .. ~ ~~1or.i~l.Jnless,J_e.r.e is_ a. ~tipul.at\on to.:·the·
Even if.the_price fndex of Oi~ go_ot;Js 'imd·se~_es &e~EN,...f~IUltg!{ ~(,Cl,ViL·coDE,.'Arl. 1236):·-·. .' . .' . · ..
have ris~n du_ring ~h((int~rJe_rii~g\eriod:JSang~ad~L ~ / · _ · . _ ' - ..
v, Va/derrama;·G~I/ 'No.·-7-9552,'Noli~inbw@.1l)P.B)~Effect~\.0Uµt~orized !'aymen~ P1 Disnterested ..
this in:cr~~s·e. ":'Jit~?ut}n~re,_,cci~~-o~ be~~i'.e~_a:s '\. KJ~,~e~if:' . , . . . · · .: .: . . .
'-. re~u!tm~ m:"e~tr~or~1ria_ry infl_a~1on" a:_.tci'Jtrs~lt§~ 1YL1JP:ird p_erson 1s _~nt1tled ~?
full _re1m~ur~ement_ ·
apphcat1on of Article 1250 ('Telengtan & Son$.,.l(Jc. v. .2 .. Ther,e 1s legal .. subr9gat1on :9~ the. th.ird .p~r~on,
United States Lines, Inc., GR. No. 132284, February . ·' i.e. steps-into'.the shoes ofttie·creclifor(4 PARAS,.·
. 28, 2006J:...
.
. . . . . . \.-. : ," ; . ._; ·, .. . supta 353).> ' .
.: . . . . '· ·.:
at .
' :· .. ·..
-
. ... · '
. . . .:~
·.
....
There· must:b_e·. a: detlara'tion i)f such ¢~traordinary ~~yni~nt'.~~d~· by: a Jh.ird:.Person \-i~o ls-Nfft ati .
in.flation or deflcJtio'ri byJhe Bangkcf.SentraCW,ithbu( :1nte/e.sfod Pai:ty. AND W.ithc>ut Kn.oi.yledgi or
such aecl;:iralion, .tHe credi.tor~ cannot 1 d~rria'nd an Against the Will. of the Debtor . . .
increase; and. de.btors a decrease-, of what is to . due Gene·(al ,Rule: . Wbo~ver Pc\YS Jo'r another. r:nay
'·
· orfrcim.thein (RamoS\v: CA.;- G.F( Ni{ 11~872, Juiy d~IJ)_and:. f_rnm ··1he dE3b;tor. w.haf Ii~ hai paid _((;fl/IL
7 1997)~ . ,. - : . : - ·. ,~· · . . ·' . . . -'COD~, Art. 1236, pa"r,-2)._· : · · .' -
., I. R ·...... •' • ' ~ • •, • • • ' • ' '• .. ~ • '
wHo.1i;v·MAKE PAYMENT ·: . . Exeeptiqn: It p13yme.nt was rhade .': without the·· ,

Who M?y Pay'the b'bligatio'n : · · :·· · . knowledge 6r 'crg~inst.the will of the 'debtor:ln 'such
. Th~ foliowing· m'.ay.pay c:ir_perforrrHhe obliga'tion::, C9S~_..h{C§.fH?nly re~6v~r. i(l~qfar as
the. p;:iyn:ient h,.~q
been .. beneficial ... to. the debtor, also.· known as .
,~ : .
1. The d.~btor hirns~l_f ·or· his' le~al. r.e.ptesentative;
and · · · · ·. · · b~heficial. reimpu~sem~nt (Cf.VIL. C'O.DE, .Art: .1.236;
2, 'Any·. third·. per.son . ('JURADO~ Obligatfo.ils: and par.. 2; 4 PARAS, supra at 353)... · . ~
9ontracts,. supra .. at. 233; CIVIL CODE, Arts.
1'236~1238).. . .
., ..
.I
390 . f 2019. _SAN· BEDA LAW-CENTRALIZE;D BAR .OPERATIONS

OBL.IGATIO.-NS AND CONT.RACTS
• . . SAN_ BEDA LAW CEN.TIIALIZED BAR OPE~TIONS - MEMORY AID 2~i9 . .
G.'21¥:t4tt_ii¥SfP@1%1:m4wbikMWM%
·¥ t1tl/:4"iZM¥¥!' '#¥fa@tM5ti!M#?SSi t8tM':i·k25!!&2%SYffi:'B\pf 'k#%%P5$ \t&a %? 1-S~rVEr ,_
· Effect of Una.uthorized Pay~ent Disintere~ted . By Payment Made by a Third Person Who Does Not·
Third.Person . . Intend to . be Reimbursed 'by the Debtor
. f . Third person can only be reimbursed insofar as·· . [Gratuitous Payments)
pa'ymen_t has been beneficial to the 'debtor (4 1. P.resum'ed to be a donation. Therefore, the
PARAS;:supra at 3?3). · · consent of the debtor. is necessary-as in thecase ·
of a dohee in ordinary donations;· · .
. If·. ·debt · or ..obligation has b.een . previously 2. Once the consent of the debtor. is secured, the
extinguishedT.OTALL Y.the.n the third pecson who · rules on ordinarydonatlons will apply;
. pays without ·knowledge/corisent of the debtor 3 ... If the consent is not secured, Arts. 1236 and 1237
would. not be able·to recover any'thing from' the --will'apply\'and ' .. ·. . .
latter (JURADO, Obligations. and Contracts,·. 4 .. As :far as· the creditor who 'has accepted -the
supra at 236). · payment is concerned, .·the debtor's consent is ·
. '
immaterial;. ·ib~ · payment is .. valid in any-case
Rernedy:. Third person may pro_<;:eed against th El - · · · (JURADO,. bbl1g9jions end Contracts supra at
·creditor:-·.whci 1Nas ··u1!duly paid,_ applying_ the_.· . 238).· . : . '., .·
· principle . of unjust. enrichment
. .. . . ~ (Id. at 236). ·· :
· ...• ~
Free disposal of . th.in~· due and · capacity 'to ·
· , If · debt ·or·· obliqatiort has ·been · previously · alienate required · ". ·. . .
extiriquished PARTIALLY then third· person who· As a general rule; in obliqationsIo give, payment by
. 'pays \VOUld be ableto recover only that part of the· . one. who does not have the free disposal Of the thing
. · .. amountwhichhe has paid which corresponds to - dueiandcapacity to .alienate itis notvalid (CIVIL
the part· of tbe obligation not ·yet extinguishe CQ_QE, Art: 1239). .. · ·
.. (peneficial.reimbursement
. ·..
(Id. at 236}; · ..
.. . . . · .·. .
:n· TO W,HO.M ~A)'.'M~NT MADE° .
\. Note: From ·the .. viewpoint of· the 'deb.ti,, tq_.e' J:o whom Payrient Must be Made
provision of the.law that-the third person~ payor 1. · The person in whose favor the obligation has
· "can recover · :only in?ofar as ··th.tt pay1ent :has· · been do'ij.?tituted; · '.· · · · .· ', · . · '
been . beneficial to · the debtor.,". v'il;ier, ma~e -2 .. His sl1cc:;efsor in interest; or ·
aqainst hls express will,. a~si): ·d~(ense · · . · · ·l- \ ·
·/ ·. ·
personal to .the debtor. In o~er lo be15su.bJec;:t to · ·· ·• Notef~n~er i~e· iaw,' the deblor who, before .
ttie said. limitation, debtor,~usroppose payment . . . having kno\.vledge of the.assign(llent'of a credit to
before· or at. the time the ·sarrfe'wa~S..{)1ade (I'd. at ··. . ~~"'a,
a person.;"'lpW5' U1_e ~~iginal creditor, shall be
..... .· 2.36): . ,. . . .. . · .. ~). ,r~leased.,ir...o_l)'.l*the obliqation (CIVIL CODE; Art .
f 162_6): · ·. . · - . ..' '
2. :Third:·person ca·nnot compel the creditor. to -- ..... ·· .··: · · - \ · ·
· .-·, su?rogat~. h.im 1~· hi~ r.i.ghts.~ such. as tl~s~' ari:'ing . Any ger~Qn authorized t(? receive it (CIVIL:COD_E, · ·
. , · from a mortgage, 9,\.Jaranty, or pena!lY. pa_1d (<E'fl!Jt;-.. "'. ---.'f',r.t. 1 ?1fJ). · ·
. CODE, Arl. 1237). . ··.· · ..
. . . . .. Not~;-·Person. authoriz~d. to· .re~eive ·p·ayment
.. ~u.brogati~n ' . ,,'.> • • . . :. refe'rs'· no't onl/ to ~·.person _ij_llth'od~ed by' the
: . The ..p.ersori' wh9 pays for .tfie. debtor. is· pur into· tt,e·' - . · · ·creditor, .but 'also·to· ~· person authorized· by·law to·
. shoes _of the q~diior,·The pa'y~r acqu(res not·oniy the do_: so (J.URADO, Obligations· and' ·contracts
.- .. rig.ht to" b,e reimburs·ed for wha_t he .. ha~ paid 'bu.t:a1so suprc1·at'240) ... J •
· al!., other rights which·. the. pedifo.r' could·· have ·

ex~rcised. pert~ining to the',cr~dit 'eith~f- ag,ain.st the 1 ,' E:ffe~t of Paym_e~t to the Wr6ng i:>.ersori -·.. . .
debfo~ or againsUhird person$, be .they guarantors ·or ;: When· paynie.nt: is ·n\ade .. to. the .. wror:,g · party,'· the
p9ssessors .of mor:tga'ges (CIVIL CODE, Art. 1303):. ' obligation. is· not ·extinguished as· to'the creditor wh·o is
without fault' o/nEjgligence everi 1f. thEl qebtor acted in-
.. Reimbursement utmost goqi::Hf1ith 'and 'b'y' mistak.e 'afto tbe person of
·. The third person entitled by· reason of pi:!yrnent has · the cr-edifor or tnrough error. induce'd by., fraud of a .
: n\erel~ t.ne. bare right~to.,!2_e' refunded, l9 th,e exfenf third pe.rs'on. (Allied Banking Corp. V. Lim Sio· Wan,
provided'in the sec9r:id paragtapl;l-of 8rt. 1.236 withotit G:R:No. '1.331.lf},_May 27; .2008) .. ·.' ,, .. .
the 'right to th·e. guarantees and secDrities. ~of. the. : ,. ...
cidgi,:iaf obiiga'tion. In· st.ibro'gation, how.ever,' the.re-.is ·Exceptions:_:. . ._ . . . .. . .

\, no' real·extindlcin of tti'e obligation, btil-only change a a.
1. -Payment- ma.de ·to. t.hird ·p_ersori. but which ·has.
, red91,mded to. the'.b'enefit of"the creditor (CIVIL°
of creditqr· (DE 'LEON, -Qbligation$ and· Contrac't$,
·supra'~t310J.· · · · · ·, · :.C.ODE,'Art: 1241, par. 2); ari.d .
2. Pa·y.rnent to the possessor cif.'thecredit, provided
. that it was made in good faith (CIVIL CODE, Art.
1242). . . ·.
2019 SANlBEDALAW CENTRALIZ~DBAR OPERATIONS J ·391

OB~IGATIONS
.
AND CONTRACTS
.u14-15Zf#,2t 1PMW#?e Mi_ #tWtt•:;0:tiS,S·ill:&it •*7tir2#41 f4t:_~"i\ld f':tiW-5·/d'*'if &SW&&:Ei<Msl S:¥% ?' £ 5 S !#&:82@
Note: The "possession" referred to in·Article-1242 Reason: The. debtor is the one principally> benefitted
is possession of the credit itself and not merely of as he is freed from the obligation by reason· of the
the documenter instrument.evidencinq thecredit.: payment . (PINEDA, Obligation_s and Contracts,
Hence, mere possession of . the instrument '(2009), p. 278 [hereinafter PINEDA,. Obligations and .
(unless transferable by delivery) does . not entitle Contracts]).
the holder to payment nor does payment release
the debtor (DE LEON, 0bligations and Contracts, · 1f the debtor chanqes hisdomicile inaad.faith or after
supra at 317). ' he ha~ incurred in delay, the. additional expenses
shall be borne by him (CIVIL CODE, Art._ 1251).
The debtor is relieved from proving benefit to the
creditor in c.ase of: . -; . . Judicial Costs .
.1. subrogation of the payer in the creait<:>r's.rig.rits; Judicial costs are the statutory amounts allowed .to a
2. Ratification by the creditor; or · party to .an action for .tiis expenses incurred in the
3. Estoppel on the part o'f the creditor (CIV(L CODE, action,
. Art. 1241 par.?): r -
The costs of an action shall, as a rule, be· paid by the ·

Note:. ·In_ s~c,h cases, the ~enefit to ~he creditor is to· · . losing party WULES_ ..bF COUR,T, Rule.·142, Sec. 1). ·
be pr~_su.m~d. '.h~oug~ estoppel, .an,. ~d:rj-iiss!~~· ~r The court may, however, for special reasons, adjudge
representation _ is rEl_nqer.ed , concl~~1ye u_p.on t~e. tl\~.th~r. party, shall pay the costs, or that· the same '.
pe~~on_.making It and can~ot bedenied or d~!oyeau be a1vid~d, as may be equitable. ,-·. _· . ·
a~ against. the per~o~ ~ely1ng .there~on
Art, '.431).
'
· . ·
. . "'
9.~-~
(ClVI[ f..r?DE, , rfoJ,srs aie allowed against-the Government:·unl_ess
itben/ise1~r0vided by law (DE LEON,. O~ltgc!,ttons
a~601~ra8s:;s}pra at 825). . . . . '·
Payment to incapacitated Pe~~jn\t': .. . _. ;, -~,, · . · ~ "· \.. ··, ..· ·. . .:
Ray':1~nt to. a ~er,~on who ls 1_~e~t_a~ia.te_~·pa'~·en) \ · . , .r ,. . :
. the thmg del_1v~red,_

.. ·· been beneficial t~ him.
= .f7 1. , ( . . I
_ad~l~!ster hi~ property _shall'.~~1~_;rtre1h_as k<rpt ~~\.\Pla.J stf~11Jed-bythe parties:" . .
_1~sofar as _ mElp~yment h~s ,;/~~?,'. If. thele is ~o ~ti'pplation. and;.the o~ligation is to
. .:
a deter'min!te thing, .. payment sh·a11. be

1fi----ae1~.
Payment mad~ ·to a·third person"sh~J a·,~~--~e'11~~; jlll! ,~~a.d,.~~~th~.P.l~cry.1~re t_he t.hin~ ~i~ht be:aflhe
insofar- .. as. Jt has ·redoCJndddJ~~tfle b~n 1t .of -tfl~~..Jljll ~ti~~ )he_,obhgft~on 'f'r~
Gonst1tu~ed, or . , .· ,
creditor:(CIVIL CODE; Art. 'fiZ4"1,~ \· . ·· · '.:::J...-c3. ·In a,.~~!.!)~r <!:~se, ~tie paymenf2haH be mi3d~ at<· ;_
. ·. - . . · ' .. , · " ·.. .'{ ·('t\· . ~ -:-. • ~ · ,~,··· o.m1c/le of~zde?tor (Cl.VIL. CODE, Art. - · ...
.·.Ra_ymen!·A~ter·Judfcial,9rJef..:ot1R~e~ i~~ . ~ --~~,fferJ~'·:i:J~.
. , .. ' ,, , · :. . ,
f:>ayment made ro the credftor l;>y _th_e ~~to~ijteS!_ht~ . _v.,,~"¢. \ . .' .. . . .. . . .·
latter,· ha?' been· judicially .p~der-ed: to re ain · th _c;J~ehl ~- or~er-~s·.1ove enumer?t~d 1s succ~~~~ye
shal_l'riot be· valid (CIVIL CODE; il.rt. 1 ?43)~·S("[E.'!l.:Tf~?'~cJ_usife.as: rl}i!Y b.e ·g)eaned fro.m ·the r;iroy1~1on .
· · , · , .. · . . , j-.. . ~ .· !.~ 1tselJ\-(D.EtlfO~,,,0bligations and .~pntr9cts;: .s1.;1p'r.a.at
Su'ch payment must be'mad_e to the_gro~e~.l.fer-of_:347f \v~J
. · . . .
·M ·i\~\.. _ . , ~ .
F • ': ~-
the' ,i;:ourt ·,issuing_~ the ·wri.t o~. c!tll:J~.rt.JW.~f or · .· . ' . ·, · .,: ·.

gai:ni~hment · in c9rifor,rn).ty 'Afitti th!=!. provisi9ns of the · M 125 g·overris unilateral obligations ... F.{eciprncal :
Ru\e~·o(~Q[!rt (JU.RADO, C?,~figatioqs ?_ndCon(r~etS;~~iohs .are gcwerne_d.by,spe~i.~I r.L!les_:(JURAf!O;
s:uprfJ. at 244). . . . · ·. , .' : · , · _.<. .. .. : ·. : · · . . --.Obligations.and. CiJntr{3ct~;;_-suprr;1 at-267). , .-·: . · ; ·
i ·:· . . .·· ', • . •. ..
~-- .. \ .• ..--..,.~~,. 1,:-: •• :· ,·-.:~ .. , :·:·.:_.-~·:··. ~.. ~; ...
Garnishment · · ., ·' · · .\'.' · -· APPLICAT.ION,OF PAY:MENTS, .~ ;
The. --pr6cee.di_ng for the purpose_ o( ;i~,eiecti~g; a'· Appli.cation of:f>ayme~J .: .:. . .::! ": ,: ,: .
. d.eblor's.credit'to·the:paym_"ent'ofhis'debrto-
.. . ·.-. .: . , . . , ., ) ancither.
. , ,. . . ... . ·o. · e$1gna
·. t.-1bn o fth
· .e·d· e btt. ow.
· h'IG hth
. e:ga,Yrn.en. t. rn_lJS
'tb.. ~.
l_t IS'·an. altac~~e-rt. by: mea.~s _of ~~l~D -~h~ ;_pla1r,1ff . . . applie9y1hen tQe debt(')rh.ai;:s~ve.~~I obligations ofthe . . .
seeks to ~u_bJec.t to. h!S· claim __ t.hE:_,PrPRe~y · of the_ ·.. : same kind in favor of the same creditor (CtylL,QODt;, '
?efend~nt.1~ the._h~nds Qf ~ t~.1~q-.P~I?.on_pr._i:non~y ·_Art:)252) ... · .. :. , . . :. : .. .- .. : ~: :.,. .. · ·,.
owed •by, such. tt)1r.d person. or garrnshe.e to; tlie. · . · .· \ ... ,. ·· · · .. ·
·qef~nciant (frfa~i(a'Refrufaritc~.; lnc,'v.. CA, ~.R .. N_o.· . Not~, "l.\pplicatf9n: Qf ... payme~ts" is r:iot ·a: ·"sp~dar
1,0728?,c '(fa'i ·16,_ 199;1), : . rr}9d~ of :pfly~ent:: b~.t l·
se\·qf _rlJ}~-~- .~s)~: lww- a
., , OTHER ELEMENTS ·oF PAYMENT: specjfic t~nd~r .o.f,paymei:it shall .b~ ap1=1h.~d.1n-pf!~es-.
- · ·where a debtor is indebted under.several obligations
ExpEfoses ·of PaY,rnent . · · . . ·. . . · . to _tbe same ~redifor. ·. ' . . · .. : ' . . . - ... , .
Ur:ile~s it .. is 'otherwise stiplilc'lted,' fti'e extrajµaicial ·
e~penses required b'y ihe payment· shall. be· fqr the· ·, Exain,ple-:, .0 b;·rrowe{) '?500 kom C on)antJ/J(Y 1,·
,pcco1.mt' of the debtor. With: regard ,to·judidal 'costs, ... , · . 2019. -He borrowed anotherP300 from'C. i=e6ruary oh
th~ Rµles qf. Court shall goVe·rri. (CIVIL CODE; Art. 1, 2019 .. Thesf3 two loans' are .disiinct obligatio,ns. -
1247). c;. · Thus, fol/iJWingthe general niles,_ if o pays P3op to c
/.
392 I 2019 SAN BEDA·i..Aw CENTRALIZED BA~ OPERATIONS

. ·osL.IGATIONS ...AND CONT·RACTS .:
. . .SAN. BEDA,LAW CENT':':LIZED BAR OPERATIONS.: ME~ORY A!D.2019 . . ' . .·
Ed&& MMMk)'W 52¥CE2\19 :. ; •£ WA&&i=• ,i i,14) & I ffi!W
4 e ! ~a; t, t¢ :,WC:if :~ ·Z· ;zg W¥1¥1; ::SS', iit' 4.4<¢§ s;; i't StAl'J.o! ·
on March 1, 2019, the tender of peyment must ~pply 4. lf'tne. debts due· are. of the same nature _an_d
to partially extinguish the first loan and not to totally burden, the payme_nt shall "be applied -to all of .
extinguish 'the second loan. . . them proportionately: (Cll(IL r;oDE, Art ..'.· 1254, ".
par. 2); and . . ._ · .
Reqµisites:·{OSDI) . 5·_ • If neither party has·exerci~ed its option and there
1 .'· .. There must be only 'Qne debtor. and only one is disagreem_ent as to· debts to which payment
-creditor · must be a~plied, t)le co'urt will apply the Pc!Yrnent .
. .
according fo the ju~tice ano- equity. of the ·case,
Note: this -requlslte does not exclude solidary" . takir:ig into consi<;l_erqlio_n a!I-, its circ.umst<,1nce's
· debts.' ·• · ·· · ·(Premiere .Development'Bank Centraf $uretjt' v.
. & Insurance Co., GR: No. 176246, February 13,
2009) . . . I. . . .
2. There must be (wo or more debtsof the .§.ame
kind; ·
' ' ' .) ( No~~: If th~ d~·btor does riot apply,. the· cr~difo~-~~y
·3 ... All the debts.must o~ Q~e; and· de_signate ·which. de.bL is: .. paid by" specifying .fr, the ·..
receipt:, Thus_,. t~~- cr.~dito(h.~·s Jhe.:ricin,t !o prqpbse ·
· Exceptlons: .. ' · _ . :-·: · · . · ,· · . subje~t tci'.the' ~xpress or:t.acit· appr~)V,al of ttie d'ebtor .
· a. · Wh·en there is· a· stipulation to the· contrary . (JORADQ_.· Obligations ·~nd_.Contra~ts, $Upr.a':.at ?71) i
b. · The application of payment is made by the . '
. . . party f.~r whose benefit the term or period. has, limit~tions: · ... : .... ·. ·i· :-·· - -··
been-constituted (CIVIL CO_DE, Art. J196). . · 1. Creditor cannot be compelled to accept partial
•._ . -. . -. . ~ . '
.. ·payn:,~nis .. (CIVIL CODE;.Art. 1'2.48, 'par .. 1)> ·
4. Amount paid _by the debtor is [nsufficient to c'1v.~r 2. Gfnerally',· applicati9n. of paymertshoul.c! 9e .on
'the 'total amount of':all- the debts .. (JURAff)©, .:.,,-. __...-.t,,h.e interest:fiJsr(CIVl(g.oDE,··~~':· 125J);· , ; .
.ana . Contrects; supra·
. Obligations , 3_. 8ebtor ~an,p.ot aP,pJy p·aymeilt to c! debt t~a.t.1~ n~t
. . . at
.
268).
. :
·-
.. yet liqu1qated ·. (91VIL CO[)~; ArtF1248; par. 2); '
. 4 ... Oebfor caf ot ch'oose a.debt with a per.iocHor the
i:ieneif1t.t
eJ~editqr ""hen the period has hot yet. .
~rrive9 7~Jy·1~. 'COQE,'Art-.'1?92!; ._. · ::- ·. · ...
When ther.E? rs an· c1greement as· to· !fie ·debts · .
whicli sho~ld bee.aid first; de~tor: c;;annot vary the .
. a~i:e~m~~C~D~,-·Ar;'. '.25~):(~ --:,:_·
Interest ear'ned:pa1d ·ahead_ ot'princip~I · _.' ·

'it the de~t prS)duc'es interest, paya,e[lt qfthe prindpal,
shall n·or be ;deemed to hav~ be~n made untiC the
'"'-:·. ,,__.__,interests~flave )been_ ·:covered•· (GJV1{·. CODE; Art.'
·. 1253):: . . ~ ·\'' ,
. ,'. I :·, • \ •' '• •
'• ••• ", I.'•:.· -' • ·.
· Note: The riqht.isavailable to him;o,nly at the time . ~ :Ari:· 1 ~53.·applies ·only. in the 'absente\>.f. a. verbal ~r
when payment is made. If he does not exercise · . wrilten· agreemel),t,to the-:contrary; ·i.n .othe(word,s.~ it
- . such riqht.: the· same is extinguished. arid the ·. · is merely directory; and not- mandatory' (Baltazar v. -
. . -appllcatlon would tJTen., ,QE:. ·~oyerf)e,d by: the .. Lingayen· GJ.1/f·[;lee. Powe( Co:;-- G.R. No. L~'t6236:'
provisions of Art. 1254, unless the: creditor, in the ..Ju~e 30, 1 Q(i5): ' . __ . , · ..
meantime, makes "the appflcalion bY.(Qiying to the ~. • 'J> ·' •• ··,
debtor, who'. accepts. -it, ( a receipt in whkh '.. : Not_e, Cori-eiat~· Art: .1253. to Ai{ :1176 : .... .. :
application. of the payment is.made (JURADO,
.. . Obliga'iions and Contiecis, supr~- ~i 271).. · · ·
. '
L'egal 'Applj¢atio.n of Pay!Tienf.. .. ·. . .·
-
, ... .
.
,
. T~e d_el'.>t Which is mpre. Qnf:!rQ~sfo. th~ d~ti(or, among
• 2.> The right·on~e exercised is lrrevocable unless the · those due,· shall be, dee'iried:'to have b'een satisfied ...
. .creditor c'on,s'iinis }JU,RADO, 'Obiig~tions arid '. (CIVIL 'c.ci'DE, Art. 1254).:\·.· .. : .. ·:_ :.. ·;"·
. . . . . .. . .. ' . . •'
Contracts, supre at 27d): , ' . . . ., ·. . . ' ' ·.. ·..::· .; .. f ·-.

3. · If the creditor has nof also· made !h1e application, The ~ule Applies:. . . , . . .. . ' ·
_cir if the appl_ic,ati~:m is not Vc!liO.: the debt, which.is ·1.. Wheri 'tfi'e ·paymel']i cari',npt.' be' 'applie·d· in
most onerous: to the 'debtor' among those due; , ,'a(;:cor9anc.e with-.th~ pr~cedin:g 'rule$)>r. : .- ·
· shall be .deerned to _have been satisfied (CIVIL 2. If the application can riot' b-~ inferr~a '. frorn. "the
CODE, Art. 1254, par. 1);· .. circu~~t.an.c~.s . (jURADO,' . Qbligai/ons ·: and
. . . : .: .
Contracts, supra:at 272). , ·
2019 SAN SEDA lAW CENTRALIZED BAR dPERATIONS I 393

OBLIGATIONS. AN·D .co·NTRACTS
SAN BEDA LAW CENTRALIZEDBAR OPERATIONS- MEMORYAID 2019 . '
1
. ?'lf '4, fy§! dW+A \#&- m;s C S'¢#fi&i4€ if7H9P't :,W3_ffl!tib§'1@¥f5i%¥1'4t¥ #f:tWW1¥hk5#*,.s;§pffi 4 Mi# ¢4*'~h4;&*&1AtWM
Reason for Rule on the Most Onerous Debt in Balta.zar v, Lingayen Gulf Electric Power, G.R. ·No. L-
Application of Payments 16.236, _June 20, 1965). · ·
In making· the .application of payments, the law
considers particularly the interest of the debtor. It is SPECIAL F.ORMS OF PAYMENT .
assumed that if the debtor had chosen the debt to be . Special Forms of Payment .
paid,_he would have relieved himself first of the most There are three special forms of payment under the
burdensome debt. · Civil Code;r\amely: .- . · · ·
1. Dation in payment '(C[VIL'CQDE, Ari. 1245);
Which is More Onerous ; 2. · : Payment.bycession . (C/V/L CODE, _Art. ·1-255);
1. - Oldest debts are more onerous than more recent . 3. Tender of payment· and· ·consign9tio1:r(C/V/L
ones: . CODE: Arts. ·1256-1261) .. : . .
2. Interest bearinq debts are more onerous than
those which do "not, even if .the latter were . Payment by Cession .
·'
incurred at an earlierdate; . Aspecialforrn.ofpayment whereby the debtor assigns
3. Between interest bearing debts, thedebt witha or abandons allof hlsproperty for the benefit of his·
higher rate. of interest is 'more onerous; .. . creditors in order.that fromthe proceeds thereof, the
4; --~ se~-ured debt.ls more onerous than that which · latter.. may obt_ain p~yrnent -~of .their _c(edits(C/VIL
is not; . .,.... CODE; Ari. 1255).
5. A debt in which the debtor is princip~lly~nd~i~ · -, ·· ", ·
. more. onerous than _that which he. IS~m~rely
quarantor or surety; .. ·_ · · /,a au
· .·
6. A;tl1?bt in which h_e' is·sqlidar.i!,'l.'b~~~i" more- · . u::~~Mbr~pia-1i~e_creditor;·
~eq,u1s es: (P~_IAA).
.-1:;\:e_rl!ral~y of debts;
· .
, _.
,·
. .··
·_
...
_- onerous than that whicf he iS'.'bnly>aj_s~~;;~3·. ~a"~r~a~e-lp_solvency"of.the debtor ..
7: · Wjthin a solidary o?ligati~,~e~~af8 w_h~ ·71· 4.~aif~Q{';;~t~Ptafl debtor's"psope_rty rJ?t.exer:npt - .
corresponds t? a sohdary~linqp)"dulg b~:m_9..st .t~ ~ fr9m .l exe.ct:J~oTI tunle:'s . exemption is validly·.
onerous: I . /. I _-· &, . _y.,aiver _by ~e~tor).1i.ifavor of creditors; a~d:. ·
8. Ali obligation for indemnJty~ose on_ero~s--than · 11·:. 5:-o-~cceijtahce\ol!it\.cession by the · creditors ·
\ha_t_ which is by w~y .of Renal~y;f or _.- \ ~f·'-7:. ~~i c -'"jffJ.JU~R_A..D(!_, Obltgat,o,os and Contrects, supre a(
9. ~iq_~i_d~ted-' debts_·: ar~l ~~e\.c:\n~ror.s · ·t[.a9;:-wl';m;.,1 ).i275) - .· _, ~- . .· ·. : . .
llO_Liqmd~te~ ·.-?ne.~. (!-(}R~ID..Q, ObltfFil~pns ancf~--·' ·~ · - ... ,,._ .. ~' 7 - . '. - .
· _Contracts, supra at-2731274)-r\ ~-
~ ¥Ri . .~e~e_;!~iifcrf,.a' ,, a~~ ~ ediior~ Reft1se Ces~1on. ,
·.-. ·. . \a-;) . KJ.-<>. . ~: .• h~l~/e.,t~ .. cred!to~s _<lo .no_t ac~ept 't~e ce~si~ii or
Note: No hard _and fast ru!~, nowever, can :§JD
u~ . :,~1~"i1iJ t, f/.s1m11?1r~sult.; ro~y ~-e ob~a1_nea. ~Y ;..
(4.PARAS, supra a't 41_5)._ . \ . ·. . ., · , pr6~eg:~1.n.~)ln· ·:a.G.~,rqan~e _w1th,.~ .. ~he,;_ F1nanc}a.l -

·· . · .· .. -~,- · . . 50IEN·Rftisitl1_l1tat1o__n and_)1solvencyAc;t.(R.A No. 1~'.1~) .
. RemedyifOneroµsness_NotClea lyDeterm· al::ile~L, ~1 fri ·' ·. · '. · · · ·.". ·
_i/Vheri it is !airly_!mpossipl~ to ,Ef etermio,t,tJfi?;7~. m~_--N.·.9Je·:{~fi'Qe_p~~FR.I~. al!. of-th~.a.ssets 9f an insol_vent
debts·du_e IS t_he most onero_us·or,_burden?o~el~ the M~tor~a20.o.led·a~d tti~n sold-for t~e.b_e_nefit qf the
debtor,?rw_hen. the.tjebts:due ar~ ?f·tl:ie.s~,?~l0r-s-in,g(;lneral.. _·: _. . . , .· .,._ · '. ·..
· and burden;·payment shall t?e applied proportionately · · · .:· · · · · · · ··
·. (JURADO; ·Obligations and.'Contra.cts, sup"ra "at-274)." . "Etfe~t of Assign_m~·nttr(C~ssi~n .. · ~ '.. . . ~,,
. . . . :·,· . un1e·ss then( is~.::a :stipulati9r'( to the. con_trary,-· the
lllustratio"n: · _fi.pplying ··bath rule~: should . a ~ebtor ·. a"ssig\1merit does. n0t' make "the :creditor? .th~ owners
.· have two'debts 9f t~e ·s·ame-- nature and b!-]raen · of, the\ property'"of- .. the" debtqr arid th~:clebtor'."is
.. amounting to P100 an<:l 1?200'c1nd he pays' only P.100; . releas.ecL from his."· obiig~tion 'onlY,:._- up.
to .t~e··.net" ·
the sa_me shajl" not _be applied ~roportionately as· the : ,- "pfocee.d~ of \ti'e s~le _of fh'e j:irope·rty assigned (CIVIi,..
creditor can.riot'· be compelled to"; a·ccept_'·p_artial CODE; Arl._.12ssr· ...., . .
paym_eh( Consequer;itly, his paymen1~·-s_hc;1f be .fully .
applied to the,debt" arnoun.!_i_ng td p'foo.·· . .. · N.~te:. ce~;ion oriiy a~thorizes·the cr~ditor~ \~·sell· th~ .
. I • • . ' , . prqper:ti,e.s ceded for their _penefit in a_·pu.l;?lic sale, It is ·
Note:~lf th.e pebt prod·uces' interests, payrtient ·qf"the - no(i:drarisfer_ of ownership to 'tlielr,;:nariie. '" If. ._the·
principal .shall no:t be deell)ed to
have beein "ri-1ade.-uriti"I - ~ piop 0e;if is ·frans'fe.i-red ·.lo" them, .·if.'ii' ·dati9"n, not .
the. inter~sts hav~ b~~tfcoVer.~cl '.'rctviL c·obE, 'Ari . ·. cession..(:.[URADD, !b"i5l(g~tion~ anp .<;tontfact~;supra .
1253j; applies 'o'nly if1 lhe absence of .an ~greem.ent at27!5). . . ·- ·r. . .
to the .. contrary and is· riie"r~_ly directory and not

mandatory. ·1_1 means_ that th·e qen,efits::·of Art, 12_53 · ·...
may . be waived by \/'fay of stipulation (JURADO; . ,
· Oblig~Jiqn$ a_nd Contracts; . $.1Jpr<;1_ flf _zn;.
~oiling
.' ... . :
- -
394-1 .2019 SAN BEDA LAW CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS
OBLIGATIONS AN-D CONTR.ACTS
. . • ·. . SAN BEDA LAW CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS - ·MEMORY AID.2019 ·
t"t'.BG: UP,@. •,,ag,:,•;,.i&£#hd4@'*®t§ @dfy@zta; *•S M:it', ;;; ; ·W?#RAP· ·tti:,:n,.•, , J·,#4#31_&1: 24§!5 gr i!@.f? AA{: !ti(
D~tion in Payment v.Payrnent b','. Cession · 3. It must be actually,made (DE LEON, Obligations ..
and Contracts; supra at 362-363). -
Cpnsignatiori .
·It is the- actof depositing the thing ·due ·with the court . :
or judicial authorities whenever. the creditor cannot
. a_ccept or refuses io accept payment and it·gene~ally
requires a . prior tender . of payment: (PINED(\,
. Obliga(ions and Contracts, supra at 266; lnsuler Life
.. · .. Assuranc~ Company, Ltc: v.. Toyota Bel-Air, . inc.,
- _G:R. No. 137884, March 28, 2008).
Requisites ~f c'ons,ighatio·~· .(CiVIL Arts. cooe.

1"259-1258)- ·- ., . , . .
th~ requisites of conslqnationare the following: (D:r~
NDN) . . . .
Thi~g· .. delivereu" Is Universality of-property f. A.Debt is due; .
considered · ·
equivalent
as. o( 'debtor . is-.' what ' is'
of -ceded.
2. ·; The creditor' 'to whom I ender. payment-was of.
.. made refused without just cause to 'accept the
performance. .-. · · payment, or the creditor was absent, unknown or
, r
, incapacitated; · or several persons· claimed the
same right· to· collect, or the title of the oblJgatiori
. Extinguishes· obligation· · • 'was lost: · ·~ .
. to the extent of the value ·3. rhe p~r;o~ ·fr1te;est~c1 jn the performance the . of'
_, of .the thing 'deliv~_red .'as' .--~o::.!:'.151igati6n. was giveJi" Not(ce before consiqnation
agreed .upon, '. proved ·or was made [Prior:,or First Notice] ,· . ..
implied from theconduct 4: ,The arr'°A~n't was place_d at the-·.Q_i~posal .of the
oru,~ 'creditor .., ' · 'eourt: ancl \ ·.. . . . ·· ,~
· 5. The p~o~. in\erested 'in the performance of the
· oblig~yon was_given·Notice after the consiqriation
was~aael[Firi~~~oticeF'(Da/tqn v, FGR Realty
. :. af[d Dev.elopmen7.'(£9.rporation, G.R. No. 172577, :-
• :.:Janua.PJ,....JJ1.i 20:n ( ·
·.,
..
Teri.der of Payment
·: . ··..
J. 'Consignation·;
.
Cr~?itor _beco·m~s.-0·~11~·~: greditor: .' , 9;es .... /not ,..,......_~ ""...,,,,..~:=,...,,.;.,,.,.,.__.,..,,,._., "11:l~.....,=.,,.
9f property of debtor. ': . become -~fie. o nC·:.·
· -· r- Possession ~is . only
. · -. -: .. transmitted. . ·. .. ··,· .. ·.·
.
. .
.
... , ...
. ~. ,.. ' ' ·' .. . . ·/
Ma'i1ife·statibn ':· cif the- Depcisi~ of the qbjed of .
.. ·(JURADO,. Qb_{igatfons,and Con![pGfs, sfipr.a at 27q-
276)'.' . . .. . - ..
. deb!cido the. C($ditor Of t~e· '. .
obJigc!tiori... in · a·
his de:Cisio'n. tci compiy competent cou-rt-., .. in· .
~ . . .. : .. ·. . .... 'immediately'. with . hrs actordance with . the'
. Ten.d.er.of.Payment . . :6bligatfori: · , .· .· :, · rules ·prescrib~d' .by. ·,aw,
. · Consists· in. the' manif.e_station made: by, tpe .~debJor: to. ' ., :. ·... . . ·aft~r refusa~. or. inability
.. tt)e creditor of.his decision to comply immediately.with '·· .. · : · :· ·; .... · .'· ~f the. C(ed/tor. to' accept'
. hi_s· o~lig~tion (Id..· at 277}. -\ · the tinder of payment ·-
. ,~ ' .
',•.
\:.
Tender of-
p~ym~n( even· 'if valitj ,' does· not. by .itself , .
produs:e. legal, payment/· u1.1l'ess. ·h. is . completed . by
cbnsigr;iati'on.c. . .(Phil. Naf{onal Bank.'V. Relativo: G.R.
No. L.~5298,_0ctqb·er 29;_ 19.52{ ·.. . . .
.. .·. ·-.. .· .
· R~·quisites. qf <! Valjd·Tender o.f..P~ym~-~t· .· -~. ·.· · . Extrajudicial. ·
1. - Terider of paymEint must cqmply with ttie' rules on ch'aracter' ..
. paymenl(C/V/L C,ODE,_ Arts. 1259-1258): : , .
(JURADO, O~lig_ations and Contracts, SUP,ra· at 277-:
. ·?_, It. must· be: uncond.itional and ~fo'r.:..the··wno1e·
278). · · : . '· . .
amount.
2019 SAN. SEDA .LAW CENTRALIZED BAF~ OPERATIONS I 395

. . .
OBLl'GATl()NS AND C_O.NT-RACTS.
SAN BEDA LAW CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS - MEMORY AIO 20i9
~IGiitQJ,:i\::; ~& ti 7PMf: /i: ., $¢' · ;•:: 7':: ,:;; ,.@¢&i-kMC& w; :ttt!!ff s. }1:¢} 1&:sw,: i &; 4B·P; ?. t\;1,,: M@i:ft £.dWJI
Twin Acts to Produce Effect 9f Payment Consignation With Proper Judicial-Authority

Both tender of payment and consignation must be Consignation·s~all be made by.depositing the things
' . validly done in order to effect the extinguishment of du~ at th~ disposal of judicicil ,aut\hority, befo_re wb9r:n
an. _oblfgation.' Substantial compliah.ce ·is ·not en'qugh the tender of payment shall be'-proved,· in a~proper
. for that would ren.d~r .only a directory cor:istruc!iori of case, arid it,e- announcement of the· consignatiqn in.-
· the law (DE [EON, Obligations-and. Contrads, supra . other ·case? (CIVIL CODE, Art. 1258).
at 360): -
. -
InstancesWhere Conslqnatlon Shall Produce the
. C.on~ignation, by depositing tf(~·-thing ·or sum,-du_e
with the ·prop~r ·judicial authority (i.e., court), is
Effects' of Payment WITHOUT Prior Tender of necessary to effei:;t payment. lt:c_annot be elsewhere
Payment: (AIR-CL) ' . . . (e.g., bank) unles_s other;wise prescribed b'y special
1: . Creditor· is Absent or unknown, or does not law (e.g., P.O. No. 25, re r'~ntal).. -
· appear ~t th;-place·of payment. ..
2. Creditor is Incapacitated to receive the payment Final. Notice . .. . · . _ . . -. .·.
at the time it is due. . ·- ' . · · . .The consiqnation having been made, the interested
3. When without just cause, the creditor B§fu.~es to . parties shall .also be notified therec;if.,(C/V/L CODE,
,, -qive a receiptttender was actually made) . ' - . ' A'rt.· 1258). '. . . .- .. : :· . . :· ' . .
4.. Wnerf two or more. p_er.sons:_£1aini. the s~rne_ right ·. · . . . : ·
· to collect (as in ttie.cese of i[lterpleade,:~Note:.J27ere .is completed consiqnation -only _upon
5: ,yytie_h.'the ·t[tle· "of th@ oblig'~~io~n .has bee&._i:ostu·. qbu~e:powev'er,. the effect of payn:ent retr~a~ts· Io
, (C°l_\(IL:. coce, Art. 1'256,. par. 2) .. ~ r?.: · .
th~\ti'3{E: t~e _tni~g due is P.~?ce? in the. dispo~~I of the
·.· ': · .. . .. . . : p .. "'2~ourt,.,,:~T0(~t:t~INQ, ·suprf! ~t 331-332).
~rep~ratory ~~ts f~r:C9n_s1g~atJ<?~ J.Z. ~~ ·{~:? ~ :_ ·. _. . ·: ·. .
A~'-
1. F1.~st or, Prior ~ot1ce of .,.nten1o~~~gn,the_ thing._
due. .· · . , . ·· I 'Nf.,..',.,
2. -T-he r~les ~n _P~~~~nt n:'.u.st_. _bj c9mr,hed with t~
·..; . r
LJ~bility'ft.crew~ for e:,~penses of consiqnation ..
Jir~ yJ-le experse~Offo·nsiir:iation',.when properly made,
shall be ch_ar~~d agaJnst the creditor(C/V/L COD!=,
CODE. Art. 1257). ,t,;,.,. • r ~-/1.<Y.' •1

. . ·(mtegnty,. · rnd1v1~1b1llty, l1tl~t1l, etcr}-(8/VII:: · jili~JJ!'ArC1259} i .
. ?_....i
.-:--~,\ 1 . . . . . : : . ' :. .
~ffe~t i;_No~·;ce ;_f,C.~~~jg'a:ti~ot Mad~··t-~ '(~~~t:~:~~~::;i:s;trf:t;~~~-~:-~.~:trz/{~6~~
·!n. \rj:~ supra at_ _37)).1•.
JfJr:Jh;~f·: J. ~.J . . . . . .
tt,e· ab_s.ence ·0:•.Pr.t?r ,~~t1re}:\t.0. J!1{lrs?n~- .· ~f>f._'igil[~;efnd,G;¢[1.f[q"cts,
. interested 1.n the··f.ulf1llm_ent of\tbe 0l:ill_g_at_10,.6.) ;g~
a~~ .. . '. ·. :
!:)l:lar~ntors, mc:irtga~ees,. ·soli'dary _cjeb.tqr~ • ?hR_<l_"Y)I 'l;ffe _~o~ c_cpsi~.r:i~.tiq·11.:· . ·. . . : .. .- . ·.. . .. .
I.../( ~l'.'<t6.e·· jredi~9! }'ccept_s., ,.the . thing .~o~: a.mount
void '(l.(a_!c/e!(c.?,..n v.'.,_. _T/~~<{9, .
.F~b(uary.23; 19_~6). ~.. ;-. -,;-;· •, :-~~ _·:-7
~<::~
creq1tors),.Lt~e cpr:i~1gnat1on_,, a~ - p9y_me~(lt;-Wa1~~'-
,Y,~- ~L;¥-~fg.epo~i~ed 'yvith0~t, __ c_ont~~Jing
- ...-~eff(~c~of..thl cons1gnatroo., )h_e opl19.at1on 1s.
~~lic;l(t~: ~~!8~,
'"i:1'!1- y,t~[~-~t-~~;.~a,Oi.~;s· ~re.'·,~~·c:b( ._n·qt~(iDJ<;>Ji~e-. ~':\-rt'e'eJ!.etl/4t'.in_guish~d (()/VIL ·cqbE, Art. ~ 261):
cors1g~atr:011. ,,:,.c;;OQlPll~~c __~-. with- ,' !h1~~~g~1_~1.t.r\; I_~
mpl)tjator,y.''. In· ya~cfeij<?fl·.V·~ Teng_co,. t~e"G_b~~
M~\l ¥ed_ito~ ·c.ontests the .validity(: 9.f. the
J. ·.... eo'ns1gna~ion 0r if the cr~ditorT~_not_ir:it~r~sted or'
~h~t~yn_~~~- ~r.t. 1257 _of-o~-~ivit.C~de,. in:. or,der Jh,.~f7: . : . · ~ .
~,i
unknown or·· is· absent~· t~( (~sll~t' is li_tigatiof). ·\'.' ·. : · ··
cons1gnat1on qf the thmg due m~y relyase.th_e .9.bhg~r-, - · during- the ·trial ·the plaintiff-debtor 1s ·able. to.
it must:tir,st t:ie:a-~riq0rise_d-~<? )net pesso:ns_·irter,e-~te.d , ·estat:ilis.h th1=it thi reci1)si.tes_'of ·consignatiori ._ ·
of.
.. in_-~he. -f~lfil_lrn.e_nt 'the ._o'?ligatio_n: ·The. con~\~~~tion have been· complied .. wi\h; the: 9bligatfon·. is
Sh?JII -.!;>~·- ineffe9~u9I· if. it·: is .npt' made ~fri9tly in· extinguished· (JURA.DO,. ' ·Obligations:; ,'and .
cor~o'nance ..wi\h ·· t.h~ )lr()Vi~ion~ which ·regulate -. . . .c6ntrac_ts, §upra ·at-287).· ··,·:·.'!,- ·:·:: .- . ·· · ... · ·
. payment. in· said Article 1258, it is further stated· that .. ·: .. ' .. 1 · .. ·, ,'.·.· .. · . · ..
. the CQO,signati9n h~vfrig, b-een.. made, th_e;.iritere~ted. <-· ··Exercise of Right of-Repur:'cha'se
· P'.~~Y:. s~~1(.'~1-~9::'.,be,:,nofiffed-:t~ef.~-~f::.(Qa/f?n/~ . .-,:_F-.G~ .
ln.-case.of .exercise of-'right ot'
r~purchase by._ tender
Realty ctnd. Deve/oprrrent ·.,.Cdrporation;· G.R: · No. . of- :check,· such ten_der·· is :ya lid: becaus~ jt'"is · a~--
1,!25(\ ~i~LJa7."--1_9,4q-;1{ :c-: . ~. -~·- • :.,_:. • .. · ., · .)· ex~rci~\e of. a right __ an_~_.not mad~~ a~ !3-_ m_ode_. of. .
. ··'· ·.-,.,;,, ~: ... .-·. · .. '.: · ---::-_ '·· ,:_ \:.-:_··,· · .· ·, ::···, ·. ·payment of· an· obli9ation:·~Article 1249· is··not · · .
.. 'Te'i)deJ qfpa'ymehta'n'd.r'u:ilice of 9drisigh'atio1frnay be . ap~;licable' (Ade/fa' Properties, Inc., v: CA,: G.R. No. . .
dO:he in. t,b"e:·.sclme·. 9Ct;, -~·.q.; · s-end_i_r:ig -a.\lett~r:,·lh_at.·. : . 1 ff23Ei," Jani:Jary.25;"1995): ·_ . ·.. · ·. · ·
should th~ ' creditor fi3il to accept' ..the 'payment . \
t_;'mdered,· the d_ebtqr ~ould c?r:tsig0· the ?'mou~t, ir( ·. . Note: Consignation rs· h~lre(Juired.
court (Rarifos v, Sarao, G.R. No,· 149.756; February
11, '2005) ... , . ,
396 I 2019. SAN SEDA LAW CENTRALIZED BAR OPERA TldNS

- • • .. + •
' . ( ' . .
· o·BLIGATI.ONS. AND CO-NTRACTs·
. . SAN BEDA LAW qNTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS - MEMqRY AID.2~J9.
dt!ffut •:::' :.tstse:::MM,I,.Af2l'0#W?# *_~t:ffi tWi~fC:,c ·~ :e:tt §i:fiifi#..9 k3R?PE¢2±?& 922%t1d leV~# -t-S.i?ffriP ~f~fi.@ Wt~i'EJri"
Effects- of Withdrawal·. of the Object/Amount Effect.of Loss 1n Deterf'T!inate Oblig~tion to ~ive

Deposited: . _ , · ·: _ a
General Rule: Lqss of determinate thing_Jhrough _.
1. Before· creditor. has ·accepted conslqnatiorr or.. fortuitbu~ event shall·extinguish the obfigation. (CIVIL .
. 'before a.judicialdeclaration.of consignation: .. COQE, Art. 1 ~62). .
. ·a. Obligation 'remains in force. · · ·. · · .:
· · b. · Wl'thdr;:iwal by the debtor at this: s_t_age is a Requisites: (DFDj :: . .. . .
! m_atter of righ't_ because.he .still owns th_e:thing
f. :Y-he thing which is 'lost mu.st IJe Qeterminate;. . · :
. (C/VIL'CODE, Article 1260, par.-2) : · ... 2 .. The thing is lo~t witho·ut any EauJt of the:debtor; --
. . . . ~. · and ·
. ·a: sb~uldthe debtor opt: not to withdraw the' thing .
3. The thi_ng is.lost befor~- the _debtor has in~urred in
· · Q_elay (JURADO,-- Obfigations and Contracts,
i at this··. st~g.e, can another cred_itqr eiiech (he.
. iam.e'. property. since tttte debld( still pwns the . supra.al 288) .
- 6 ••
thing_? · r · Exceptions:··
: 1. · Whe_n ttie law .so. provides: .. · .
· A: ivo.:
Property deposited vdth court-is · exempt . . i 2. Whi,m the stipulation· so provid~s; . . · . , ·
.. frdrrf attachment an&' not subject lb execution;" it " 3. When, th~ npture,.of the obligatfon· reql!ires an
is':said"to be ,n. custodie fegis'· end cermet be assumption of.risk;·- : - . . ..
withdrawn. 'without an· express order- ttoa; the 4 .. Loss o(the·thing occu-!:_s~after·t~e-·de'b~or incu_rred
-·~·ourl (DE_.tf;ON, Ob/1g~tions an( Contracts,
. - in-dei_ay_(C:::/V,/L CO.QE;Ar(. 12~2); ... ·;· .
·supia aC370). .'' . , 5: Loss :ofthe. thing is partly ..due to: the fault of the
· ·debtor (Lifnpangco' V. Yangco -St~ariisfiip, G.R.
·.· No:, L-10283,· Ju/y-~5, 1fl16); ·.
6.· Wtien. the debtor promised to· deliver the s·ame
thing to, wo pe~so'ris who dd nor have· the· ~~me
intere.st (.CIVIL 'CODE, Art .. 116q, p_ar. 3); · -
%~~t rttoon gen,er:c

Wheri. :. lhfhbligatio~ ~o -:'deliver ari_ses . frc;:irn. a
_ , crirnifl~I ~f,en_se·.(Gf~/L:·soD~, Art. 1.26?); and ,
•. a · 1s (Gl~IL CODE, rl, · f
:. ·· If ·1h_/1~s's~is lfi'~6~~~~eft,. th~ d_~btor· is ~-on'side_red
r:~gligent·n2vjng.p~ea the thing within th~'reach o~
· thieves a~ .not-in_ a secure and~ s9fe. plat~:. ln'tneft,
_taking i$ accomplish~ciwith·out·th~ L!Se.of~viole_nc_e or (
fo'rctt. 14 TG_L~':}.TINO, s_up'.a ·at -337):' · ··· ··
. . .
_..-·. Note: :To
·hav~ 'the ~tf~ct··of pay?Writ/fheJ;w . 'i:oss-of~cs·enericThings·., · . ·:, ·. :
i :. ,
requires the. twin acts of fender of.ea,yrnen[ and .. The _ob!igatjcin is generic if the object thereof is· ..
.' . ·.· consiqnatlon. . Tender ·: of 'payinelfll Jt,ithout' de,$..ignated _merely: ~y. its class or ge_nus withouf any· .. ·
'_ .. con'signation.' only· frees the' debtor rom 'the ·. . particular efesig_riatioh or physJcalsegregation from·all·~ .
oblig-ation. 'to pay. interest on the ", outstaridinq . . . others. of th·El. :same class (JURADO, .. Obligations · and
amount from the time the unjustified refusaltakes . .- .. Contracts;_ s~pra,a(2~Q). · .. '.'. . .... : .. - .:. ·
-place -· (Go ,Cinco_ V."·CA;/G.B .. No/:1§1!Jp3;-- ·
Qc_lo.ber 9, 20Q9): · .. ' .. · · · · ·· · :· · · . Gen~~~i .R1=1i~:'.
'.Lo;~ of; generic',; thing "ao-~s . not
' . ·: e~tihguish obligatio'n (CIVIL GQDE, Ad;. 1263). -Thus,
.~' Th~. expenses .. gf .Gori'si~j'nafioh, whe~. 'properly ttie debtor can: stiil b'e compeJled_ to deliver a thing
,•' . made," shall, 'be' charged. aqainst the creditor. which must.be beithe~,6f superi9r no(·infe~ior,qual[ty ·
· . :- . ·· . {ClV~J; CODE, Ai{ 1259) .... - ·. . · (CIVIL- CODE, Art.; -1246) ... · ·. . . . . ...
.. . .~easor.: B~_~ed _upon !he. princip.lEl that.th('l._genu~. of
·_a· thing ca_n n~ve~ .1Yerish . (g~nus ~u,nquam p~rui!)
.- .,: •. ·. · ;i9'ssoF_.tii_~~-Tit1'.NGD~ . · 1·..- '(JURAQ.O, Ob/Jgalr_ons
' . .
.and. Contracts, supra
.
at·
.
2f!O)..
.. • • . ' 1 -
Excepti_o,ns: · · , , .. ·. · .
Loss ~f the Thing ·p,~e . . .
1
1 .. Delimited .. Gener.ic Thing·.- When .there·' is a
ltls understood thatthe. thing islost when it perishes,' · limitat!on. of th_(;)· generic. object. to a particular .
or goes out of commerceor disappears in-such a way . , existing mass or a Pc!rlicular group o'f thir]gs; .the·
that its:·.existence 'is unknown or· it .. cannot qe~, obligation ,is . extinguished 'by the loss of: the
recovered·(C/V/L GODE, 'Art. 1189, par. 2).' ' particular.'.,mass or group. qr liniit'ed quan.tity°'frt>m'
which . the '_' prestation .. has . to be tak~_n . -(4
r: TbLENTlNO, sµpra_ al 340/ . .
· 2019 SAN.SEDA LAW CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS· I 397

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OB.LIGAT.IONS AND·.CONTRACTS
Example: Cattle or horses of a certain ranch or extingusihed. If im'possibility.·was pre.sent before·the

the ·sugar in a certain warehouse (JURADO,. obligation was ·constituted, there would be an
Oqligations and Gontracts, supra at 290). (fall are. obligation which would be ineffective from its
lost, the obiigation i~ extinguished. inception (CIVIL COQE, Art .. 1348).
2. Case of the Genus "goes.out of commerce"·- The · Natural l_nipossibility v. lmpossi_bility In Fact
, obligati.on to deliver that· ge~eric · object: is
extinguished:
Example: Before· the deliv~r.y of truck loads of

tobacco ·as an obligation, a legistationis passed - ..
Must consist- in the ·111: tlie. . absence ·. · of
prohibiting selling pf tobacco. Obliga'tion to supply nature of the thing to be inherent impossibility in
. or deliver s4ch tobacco is_ thus extinguished. done and . not . the the nature of the thing
Effect of partial Loss . . . . inability of the party. to ·.. stipulated . to . be
There is partial loss when only a portion of the thing do so. : · performed, which is _only
is lost or destroyed or. when it suffers' depreciation or improbable or'
out of the'
deterioration. Partial loss is.the equivalentof difficulty· · , ·-- · ·. · power. of, the o~~!gor. · .. : . ,
of pertorrnance :in· obtqations to do (See CIVlL__ . · ""'· ,,- ' • • ··•. ·
CODE, Ari. · 1267) (DE_ LEON; °,;6'.b'ligatib 's....._*andu. . . ' .
. Contrecis, s_upra a(;J45)_. . . - . f\.. · · ~hders,- the contract Does . n?t render the -
.· · . .
General Rule: Partial loss does,;~,
. · D
ext\Pg is~
r~ l
.
.... void/
&,..
., .?.
...-_
_ contract'void. . .
. _ . . _
- ·· · ·
.· obligation (CIV{L CODE, Art. 1264).
· h· · ..~
· [ ~ _ .f. ~~ti._
mi _·
. .·.. .. ·. . . . ·
1mposs1biliJy rs reckoned from the . time of
· .
Exception: Wt,en the part1ai,1os$?e . tn:iclion-of ti:'* ~s_t_itutifri. o~~Vo_Bvgation. -Th~s •. the opligalion ·_ ·
thing is of such importance t~'at w~uta be tlntamount
1{}:~
~emains yoid _e :~.I~}
the prestation s~bsequently .
to a . complete loss or fd~trucftiQn . (fl/JR'A'DV, 111 • bec_ome.stos~ible,.~ ·\ · . . . .. -
·. · _ . I ,~ ·. ~--,-
Obligations and.Contracts, sutf/1i,9f291)~· ~(ll_",---,,, 1~1! ,.-·--'.,'Jt-/ ~ .'
·-~.1:.c1s.e o subsequent Aa'fti_al impossibility, the rule in
· ,
N_ote: In case ofpartial loss~e,c,o-~r(ls. ~eo··~~~~:'1_2§if w~tneJCivill~odk- .. may be· applied (4_
·d_1s_~~etion; )n_. case: of_ q_ls!gfe~~~t 'b~ · _en E:;7,- ,;0 ~.EN;J;SJ
sujg~3]#5). , . · . . · · ·
_parties, )o determine .. ¥.ntml. ~~nd'f;.r.\:. thJ;i' // }..:._,, //,f',/. . ·. - ·. : · .-·
. , 'circumstances' A_ is so''i~porJa'nt _in\~1.a(fo ')~"\t lffl --:""~EP~@J;Y ;:~,OS.SJ~lht? d~~~ _not e~ting_yi_stj. th,e-
whole as to·extinguish the bbli~ation:· 1~the w5~. . . ob~g~n 5~t: m~relyf _dela.y? its. fulf1ll_rpent. .This
· the court will decide· wtieth_er' tfixPa~ial I~ it
·s,11c~.,.-fil,t;i!?SJS that. t~l du~atib_n ~f i~'pcissib(lity ha?
as_ to be e~uiv~lent to a _complet~\9L tbta~]bs~(l~f~::2te~~la!1 ... by·_.the _p_a,~!~s;,: oth_erwLSe, the
LEON, .O.h/Jg_at1r>'ns and-Contracts, sup_~.{[t(3;15~~e. -~f11wu1s~.
Q(\Y therobh~at1on undef·A~. 126_7 .
.':.. - .' . : .: .. , ".:7_t_/7·. · .lt:i :tb.~l~!;)~~se,. t~~ fc3d.tha!- the~prest~t10~. !aJer
Rule 'if the,Thing, is ,in.Deb~_or's. Possessio "-'- ... · · .Mi~i~poss1ple do~~- noJ rev1ye_ t~~ _obli~atior;i' {Id.
General ~ule: H th·e .. thing· ls lost .while.~at..346) .. · ... · ·~ .. · · .· .- : :.. : -·.
possession of the debtor,. it shall. be 'presumed that. · · · · · · ·' ..
_the l'os9 ~as due]o his fault._ unless there 'is proof to·.. ~o~tr.ine ·of _·U,nfore'se'en 'Ev~nt'sl :D~ct~·ine of
th~.c~:>ntraryanc;l,withotlt prejudice to the:provis'ions·a·f : · Frus.tration df Enferpri~e,·.__ ·. · ·. ·. . ,
·Art. 1165 of,th~ Q[vil Code·(C{VIL CODE,:Art, n
6s):· .·. . When u;e· serv'ice h_as become· so 'difffcult as to'be
. . . .. . .., . . ' •',. ; ' . '.llJ'-2.!]iJe_s.tly .biyc:in.ct_the _-cc:irfte_mplat\Qfl .oftti.~ p;rties; :
Exc·eption:' Nb' -~uch. presumption'· in. c~s·e ~f }~e.court·shou!d.b~ authoriz~q to r~le;:is~_th.e·oQligo_r·
~artt,quake, flood~ stcirm_ or othe(naturar:c~l~mfty_ ... · • • 1n·who':~ or in·part' {CIV~L qo9E,_Art. [2_67). ·.. . .
. Effect_. ~f. i,i~pOSSIQiJity . of; Performance. ·iri' .. : T~e -~~rtie_~ s{ipulat~ i~ t~~- ligh't of-~erfaiq pr~~ailirfii" -
Oblig;3tion to Do. · . · cond1t1ons and once·these:conditio'ns cease·tci·e,dst, ..
:"fn'en- !he. ci~llgaiion··b~ccimes _ ligal.ly o.r 'physi·c~Hy, . · ~the : ?ontr.act, ,-.al~_o ·,_,.cease~ :.to, :l;lxist .:conside~ing.
1rnposs1ble ~1thout the. fault· :of-the· debtor,'_ ·opligor .js .e_ract1cal needs ·and t_he de\nai}ds of, eq'uity ·and good·
. rele_as_ed fr9m ·the. obligc1tio.n-. (C./VIL CODE. Art.. . fait_i:l_!-the· c;lis?ppearance.-of.the basis ·ofthe contratf 0
126_9): ·. . .. .- . . . _ . · .•. ': . __ , .. · · giv~·s· ~ise to a' ri'ght to 'relief (n favo.r·of 'thi/p~rty
-preJud1ced (Naga Telephone Co:, et al. v. cA;· G.R.
No. 10711-2; F~brya,:y .24, HJ94). , _ '
VVhen :lmp9?si!Jil_ity Should. O~cur .to. Have Effect' .'.
of {=xtinguispment · · · ·· ··
_Note: .Article 1267 is· simila/ t~ .the'.co~mbn .. law
.....- The. impossibility'_- must ·Jlave. occurred ~··aftef the
concept of re_bus.sic stantibus (Things thus standing).
con~titution_. o~·tne·_obli_gation in.order· that it may Qe
, ,. ...
398 I 2019 SAN 81,:DA LAW Cs:NTRf,LIZE[) BAR OPERA TICNS
'·
· · OBLI_GATIONS AN D·CONTRACTS
SAN BEDA IAW CENTRALIZED OAR OPERATIONS_ - MEMORY.AID 2019
Intention of Parties Determinative , N.ote_: °The .bet~er view· is .. the Ol')e . of ·Re~. P.erit ·
Th_e i~tention of the p~rties ·should govern and if it Gred1tori,. el'.(cept when thelaw r~quires Re·s Perit
• ,r:
. appears that the service turns out to be-so.difficult as · Don;inp: · ·
. ·to have been beyo·nd.their contemplation, it would be· a.· .Art. 1504 -~ -.Sale of Goods·
. doing violence -to the intention to hold the opligor still b. Arf. 1655 - L..ea'se Contracts
responsible :(JURADO,· Obligations and Contracts, c. · · Art. 1 i1i".::..·contracqor a
Pie~e. of Work
•· .. J
s·upra at 295'.;296):. · . .
Rule if Obligation Arisesfrom Criminal Offense
"Service;,_ R~fers to a· Prestat1on . General Rule: Debtor shall not be exempted frojn.the
The law: speak·s· oL "servic.e:_·,; This term shou.ld be payment o:f the· price whatev~r:rnay" be the cause for:
. the loss (CIVIL CODE, Art.' 126Bf · '.
understood as referring to the p'erformf]nce of an
6bligaJic>n or a · pre&tatiori : (Sps. Poon . _v. Prime · Note: The rule is applicable ·_not·oniy. tothe persons
sa.vfngs Bank, G.R. No. fl33794, June 13,: 2016):- ·.
- . . who are principally liable; but also to those who_ are
subsidiarily .. · liable? · . (Jl.)RADO; '. Obligations ·, and
Is Article 1267 L.:imited·t9 Personai" Obligations? .. , -
~ontracts, ~L!pra.at 297), . . :.~
Art.· 1267 .. sp~aks of _a. _''.service;"- a ·personal
obligation.-_Thus,: real obligati_ons are'rioCwithin its·. ~~ception: ·-when ·-t~~-· thi~g h_§ving _be~n:
~fie~-ed by
sco·pe .(4. pAJy. s;supra at 439).Justice. J_urf:l_do .· .. the debtor to the .person Whb should. receive it, the
how.ever is of the, opinion that the. word "service" 'latter refused witho~t justiflcatlorr (J_URAOO,.
· ·shou[d ·be understood as ·referring·· -to ·the· Qbligatio1:s·and~ontta.cts, supra at _297) ... · · ·
"pe_rformahce" .· of· the obligation (JUR,AD©,
Obligations and Contracts, ·supra at 296). · '· . : Note: The offer·r~fer_recj inArticle:1268:_sh9_uld not be .
· · confused with consiqnation; the latter -refers only to -
. i~ is not a requirement un_cler· -~rt.· 1267: th_at'1itHe the pa~men_t,of. the obliqation. the former refers tothe ..
contract be . for future service with future un~ual exting1.:1ishmen · of · the obllqation through. loss-' by ..
. chan_ge-(Naga Telephone Cp:,·et et:v. .CA,1<1R. N6.
. 10i112, February_24, 1994). :-·
·Pri~c;ple, o(;u_bJ~cti~e lmp~ssiqility, -~~-

' ·
. '.
=r:
fortuitous e.fltlft .' (~l/RADO~.. · Oblt~ati9os_. -end
.J~/a(t296~2~7): . · · _ :; .. ·. :-: : · . , .
._ Note; W_hen tJe 'offer is made. by thedebtor and the·

When· there _is nophysfcal'or feg,~1'cts's btl,J~bj~ct . · creditor ·rfU.$~,.s_}~ ·accep_t it ·wi.thout_ju_st ifi~ation, he 0
·. of the obliqatlorr belongs Jo ariothe ; the-l:)erformance may choose e1thgr·dtt~o courses: - . ·· · .

,by the.,..d~b.t9f:ofith"e .obllqatiori unao\ibtt.dJYjfue_cb'QJ.eS . . 14 . He m~y ,ma. er, ·a,.rcon.signati_q~ of .the _thing and .
. imposslble.Failure.of performa~c~ io:,putabl_e ~<f!f . .' --
there~y ·c_o..ropietely.. · relieve himself -of "further
debtor.Thus, .thedebtor must ~ndem[!.Jtyrlh~ c~_ed~or_. . liability, or . _ . .. · . . . _. .
for . the darnaqes suffered :by the. · latter ... (4 · 2 · He may keep the thing'in)iis possessioh, in which·
TOLEN1JNO, s.iipr,a:at 336).. - · , .. Cg,Se, the obligation" shall still .subsist_pui .yith this
~~~~-- di_ffer~e ··:..::::..ttiat-inhe "thin'g" ls iost tl:)rough ·a :
Effec't of Loss i~-Reciprocal Obligatioris . · . : ·. ;:' fortuilous_.·eveh(-.Arts: ·_14p2 ·ai:id 1·~65,~ :and. not
. · 1. __ .FJrst vie.w; ~es ~erh Domino·. If ar:~Blig~ion" is .. A_rf. · 1-2·68, ·shall go:~e.rn. :_'" .·· : . . ' ..
· extirigui~hed> by . ."the··:··loss · bf ,...the thing: or · · · ., · -
: . imposs_ibility of performance· ".through· fortuitous·· ft mus_t; of cou~s.e: be n·oiect itiat-.thil:i._Arti9le 12'68 ~ati
. ·. events, , .the . cciunter-prestation · is also . hav~~_n6 a'ppliCc!ticm to. tho.Se ·cases where an offer is
· · exti.9gt1is~e~~ Tfre··deb.tcir is 'released from:liabilify
1 ·not _possible,· since such-.-_offer- by'-the · debtor is
an
- b_ut he c;annot dernahd the _prestation whic;h has - essential ·requisite. (JURADO;:· Obligations and
been .stipulated for his:-b~'nef}t-.' ·He who ·gives· .Contr,ac"ts; supra.at 297). : ·.. · · .: _·. ·.
ripthillg has r:io reason"to·demand -(Id; a_t,-337_-· · · :· · .., · · ·· · ·· ··
·338) ... .- · · .. · · · Effecfoi Extingi.Jishfuent By Loss·or·lmpossi_bility
2 .. · s·econd view: Res.-Perit.Creditori: The loss or- . Th'e ,obligation hayirig,been-ixtirig~ished by the.1:oss.
impossibiiity· of performance· must be ·due icHh-e·:· · · \>f :the _thing;· the "creditor· ~h?II° h_ave ~!! _the dghts qf
fault-of the deptor. In t~is .case; the _injured party
· · may a~k for··rescissicin under Article 11 ~1 ·plus
. dam.ages.: lfthe los·s.or.impossibility wa.s due (o _a·
·p1e2r6s9?in.,
J
s · by re·a.~911. ·. ?:
· aciion :which the debtor may have agajnst the tt:iird
t~~ -lo_s? (CJYI~- __¢00~,--' Art_
-
.. _-:__
· · fortu_ito!Js evei-)t,· the other party is still obliged to· . ·· · ··

... give~ .the,_ pre~t_ation due t9. the other. (J.B.L.. . N9~e: T_h~r~ i~ 110 _need fo~ a~._-assigr,r:n~nt by .the ..
. R~yes),, _ · ·· · debtor. The rights ·· of ..a~t1bn of Jhe·O debtor are·
. ... transferred- fo · the-· ..credit9r from the moment." the
ob!iga'ti_qn "js exlinguished,· by. operation 'of ·la.w "to .
prated the· interest of the ·:1atter by 'reason-·of. ihe .
loss(Ol; LEON, Obligations and Contracts; supra at
399). . .. ,. . . -~ ..
; )
·2019·sAN SEDA LAW CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS I 399.

OBLl'GATION.S AN.D. C,ON·T·RACTS
. . · -, SAN BEDA LAW CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS - MEMORY Alo: i·o,9-· ·
3. Novation(CIVILG_OOE, Art.· 1291 ); or

1.- CON.DONATION OR R,£1YUSSION 4. Compromil:;e(~IVIL CODE, Art. 2028).
·- .( Application·of.th_e.Rules on Donatioh.
C.ondonatio,n or ,.Remission -of Debt· C.ondonation .or r.emission is essentially a donation of.
An .act of. liberality by virtue of .which the O.Pligee, . , credit to the debtcir. It must be· subject to the rule .on
without receiving arw price or equivalent, renounces . donations with respect to acceptance (CIVIL CODE,. ·
the enforcem\')nt of the obligation, as a.result of which Art. 745 -and 746), a·mount (CIVIL C.ODE, Art. 750" .
'it is'exting'\,iisheo in its·e11.tirety or-in that part or aspect. and 752) ~nd r.evocatfon (CIVIL 90DE;'Art. 7,60, 7,61,
of the same to whjGh the remission· refers. · . · · 764 and 765);·(4 TOLENTINO, supra at. 364) .. .
, '
...
It is the gratuitotJs abandonm·ent by the_ creditor of his
right; ,fform of donation. (JURADO, Obligations and -Effect of Lack c>t' Consent of. Debtor in Remission
Contracts, supra at. 298J.: .· . • The creditor renounces· his credit even .aqainst the
will ofthedebtor because Article 6 of the Civil Code
Requisites of Remission: ·(GADCIF) provides -that :,:'.Rights may- -be 'waived, . Unless: the
1. It must be Gratuitous; . ,. . ' .· waiver is contrary to law, public order, public policy,
,.2: 1J must be-~ccepted·Q~ the _o_bl_igor (bilateral act); ,· · morals 'or' good .customs. .or .prejudicial to a third"
3 .. The obligatiq.n must be Qe_ri')andab.le; .~. -person.with-a right reecqnized by law.''.·.. .. ·., -.
4.· Parties must have the Capacity; . ·. · .: · .· .. ·: . . . . . . · · · · ·· .. -
5. Np_t. '1nofficious . (DE 1-_Eo_N; .: S,~liga,s~u:, H~ve.r~ . since. the . ~ebtor 'did ~n~t · a?c~pt the
· Contracts, supra. at 367); and· · L_: .,~· · .re~ssibn'the creditor merely· waived his r1gh_hto·
7
6. Must .~o(l'lpJy wit~ tt,~ Eorrri~. of dSJ;l~iQ"~\s~'6ti!;lJ. . "'~?ma4'd .t~ ~11iation:~ I~. ·\:'Jhich, ?~se;· the debt _w!II
be. exer~ss .(c1y1L (;~£?E.'._..,A_rf_VJ'!.a~l'L49J. _ . _rell)afn.,oJt~t~&~~i u,n_t1l .1t. pr~scnb~s or unle_s,s 1t -. 1.s_
• . · . ·, . . : . , .-:. \· / ,~ · ; '· . , - '{" -!3XIIA~u1sl'ie_clQ[!,~o~e ot_h~r m~nner;:T~~ c.~ed1tor \Ifill
. f
Km~s ..?f R~~1s;510 . n.or.C~nd'o~.~n. . . lffi c-)f.::,. ru~tely oe)f1'l:."'i;,~~a_Gc1p1end1 .and s_uffer; the ,legc;il
1. . As.to Form · . : · · · . ., ~ · · ·1r .&~~ .cb);JsequJr:i~~}~t his refusal· to receive payment. .
' -, a.., ,.-Express .: when ;it,·s(.mad ,in: afcordance i'(_;; . l . . ·'(/) \: . . · . . , · -.
with .. the formalities prescribed by-law-for' ,,; W.lien Rehunciation. otl~ction Against the•De~tor
· do'nations. ·. - 1. L~.f: .- . l ~. . 1$:'.""'·'.)'t c.is~eresur/;.ed: -,~} · ,· - ... . .· : ·.
b. lmpli~d - when,. a1i~c:iug!1f.i_t is, n.01m~,q~i~......:..*-,~Qr.Jhe'. Jredjtor v.olu_iftarily deljvers the private .
ac?ordance "'.'ith t_~e.t\:)r~l.1tie's.r'r!~'c[i~~dt>~~~oclJme~~-den;:i'ng tfle credit" to !~e .~ebt~r; t_h~r~,
. l~w_,f9r qonat1~n~:Y ~~p -~\ 0~d~~e!:,-~ ~rc~omih ~m . ,s a. p_r_;,s:i1~(i'onft.tath_(hei:,q~_n?~~ his right ~f act10~· ·
_ acts of the oblige or cre.t,i1t0~·· ·,:(). · .¥p . ~~~'!~(1®z:-1_atterfor t'ril{ collec!1on. of t_~e s_a,~- credit.
2. As J~·l;x.tent · . . ~ ·.. ·.· ~ft; · 111:.frl.. t{fti,~eJ©OEfrArl, l271)'. .When· sLicj,' _privpte
a.'-_ To~a.J :;: __ wher. .t~e· ~otir.e .. opqg~t~;'.- '·~·. _dif~··. ~t.·~(c>un:t:· i ·8.o~s-essi_~n.· ?~·. the ~ebt~t,)t.
, .. e.xt1ngu1sh(;ld.. '. · . ·: . · .. · .. , ~:~St:rt;)(r\s~~IL e ~re?_Llmed that the· _CrE;\:li.lO~ d.el!v~r~d.- 11·
· b-~ ~~rcti_al ~:w.h.en 1t_ ref~r~.o-dt.t~ t'1p_!.~'.P·~~0l~t ·.ril :·~s the ~ontrary_; 1s proved. (Cl\(IL
l'L,1?]21' ., :- , · · ·.: · ·, - · -. · )
. : . ~r- t~._the a~.~ess?ry ob.hgat~o,.~r t5~t.:a,~,pe_c;:~q;0q-~
, ·.
·.thereof which ·aff~cts .th~. debtor '1,aj·tor
'£ns.tance _s_ol(d~rityJ ... ·:. _ _.,:. ~:t. · ~:
M
M
!!,;., , , · ~-- ·. (< ... ,, '·:. . . :. .. __ .._.. · .
.k~ites ~~f ir11plieq .c~ndoriatipn or_ cemision pf
3:. -As to, Go.n~t1tut1on 1 · ·, ·.· . , , .··. ·. ~e6t:,(DPV) .. · .,.',. ·· -:·;· .. ... . . · . · · ... , .
. ·· a. -_.1_nter. ,Vi,vo's:: .-._-""..he_n .. it i_s ·:c9,1:;rstjt~t~d: ~Y'.. 1._'·Tb·~c~n~.-.·9o?~i;Ben{ eyidencingo-1.he creidit m~st
agreement of. the obl1ge_e ·alild t'1e·qbhgoF. · . · ·.· have ·'been. ·Qel(ve'r~d ''by .-.Jhe cr,e.ditq_r~.tq .the:
· b. .Niorti~ .C~usa ....., when. i.t _i$ c0nstituteq: py- last · _ .. .-. debtor;-,: - ..- '..:'. · . : ;- "· . :,.:. · .,. . .
will . and.: testament. (JU,RAQC>; · Obligatioo's ... , .2.::'. -Ihat.the'd.0cument rJ'.lU$fbe· a frivate docurn.ent;. . .
arid Contr9cts,-s4pia at 298~299). . '. · ·: · . · · · and:. · · · · · : · '· . -, · ,·'. · ·.... · · · - ,·. · .-._. .. -· . .. :
.:· .. ·, )·"- > .c _.... ,:. • 3 ... T~at .. th~- delivery- .must :b,e Yolunta'ry ·'. '(G/1.(/L
a
Re.misi,Hon is Form ·at-Donation·· .... \: ; · ··. ; . CODE;" Ait: 127-.1; .·JU[?AD.0,. Qbligtiti6ns ;:anq l"
.. ~
· Whether ~xpress' or impliedf-the ex'tenf of' ~emissicib. ·. ·• Cbritracfs; .~upra:a_t. 307).. : . ·. · r·· : ' . . ..
cir,: condon~tioii sh§II: 'b1. gciver~ed 'by .. the · ruleis. . . :· . . : ; :. .
r~g_ardjng :'inofficious,·doriaUon '(Cl'4lt/ CODE; Art, _,-~:·When. the·. qbl.igati~n .is joint, .ari'i:l 'the private·
-.1270;-par. 2) .. ·. . ~; .. ,,-, . : .. '. .... _qo.curoent eviqencing:_,_·:a. :tjetit'- is, fou_nd·.·Jo. ·Uie. .
.. · . . . -· . . . .- ... · · · . . . : pqss~ssion.-bf one ,of .the debtors., .the·presun')ptio.n of
. -. !.t.l~ ~p o~~~.et:J!i.9)8-~-:~r.~sr~_risti~~f i:_emissi?rfJharit Q,r ,· r~mis#ion,-~ap, re~~r. ..~nly.to .theJ?~~io_n ~ft.he::qebtor-
. w~tu1tou~ -::.· th~_r,e 1§. no-equ!v~le~t.re~~-1v.~d. for_ th~ . wtio i$: in the pt?ss~;5sion of the' instrum'efnt: ·If th:e
be11efir given bec.ause· from t~e moment 1t ex1$l_s, I.he . · 9bligatiori·is s·olidary, Arts .. 1215, 1219 and 1220 sh,all
.. nature of the. acJ is'..change·d, _iirjd_ t5econies rsome ·. appl'y_: (DE.~E6};,' Oblig?tions- and Co/1tra~ts,: supra
'other form. ~f extingujs~m_erit)uclT ait : . ··', : · .' .· af'404). · ·. ·
1. . Dation in ·paymen_t(CIVIL CQDE, firt. 1245);
\ .. ~.
2.· Cessiori'(CIVIL CODE, .. . Art.1255);
. . ..
. . ·. ;
400. I 2019'SAN B~DAJ...,4,W CENTRALI_ZED ElAR OPERATIONS
141 HG f!N
OBLIGATIONS. AND CONTRACTS

•
. SAN BEDA LAW
·- CENTRALIZED
.
BAROPERAT/ONS - MEMORY AID 2019
.
Rules when Accessory Obligation's are Involved Note:· .The requisite ti,at the merger of rights of
If the remission refersto the, principal obligation, all 9reditpr arid d_ebto~ .must' be comple.te ahd d.efirjite
the .· accessory . obligations . are- extinguished. mearis that whether the merger refers to the entire
However; if remission refers only to the accessory 9biig~tion or only 'a part thereof; it'm't;st t:>e of su.ch. a
obllqatlon. the ·. prtncipal 'obligation continues - to charc.)Cter·tlla~;t.here wfll be·a cpmplete and qefinite
subsist (CIVIL CODE, Art. 1273). ' .. meeting of all of the qualities of creditor and debtqr in
. .. the obligation ·or in the part or aspect thereof which 'is
It is presumed that the accessory obligation of pledqe . affeded by the. merger (JURAQO, Obligations and
has been· remitted when lhe thing pledqed, after its · · ,_Coritracts;supra,, at 307). ·
delivery to.the creditor,;i's found in the possession of ..
• I' t '. '
the debtor, or of 9 third perso11 who owns thethinq Effects-of Confusion/Merger:
(¢/VIL (;ODE, Art._1-274).' Tlie provision presupposes ·: 1. , 1.(confusion takes· pla8e in.the P,ersori pf e)th:er the
that. the accessory contract . of pledge has been ·principal ··. creditor o( prin9ipal debtor. - -:- ·
perfected -. ~·. extinguishmeni of entire obl(gation; or .
2. If confusioi:i Jakes ·place in the· person, of· a
, ..·, subsidiary breditor. pr subsidiary .debtor . (e.g.
.. j' -guarantor) - no .extingui'shment of principal
· ·. c·oNfll~IoN,oR obligation; only s_ubsiitution qf creditor: or debtor;
MERGER or .·
3. If cor:ifusibn takes place in one·of the joint de~fors
- princip~I ot;>ligation is extinguished up Jo the
Confusion share which corresponds to.liim; or · ·· · ·.'
It_ is the merqerofthe characters of the: creditor. and If confusion takes - place in. one of :the solidary
the debtor in" one and the same. person by, virtue of debtors - entire'. obligation is -extinguished.
wliic.h the obligation is :exliri..goishe~ {CIVIL r G.'<pDE; Ho.wever, the· c;Jeq.tor 'in whom. confusicm .took
.Art. 1275). . . . .. · . ·. place _may clajm re.imbursement fforri co-deoJors
·• .J. .
. -v . . . . . .... · · · fcit tlie- stiare·s which corr~~pond to therii (CIVIL
· Illustration. of Confusion/Merger ·
Atoy makes' a che~k payabletc bearer, a~d'ha't;qs it .
to Joey, .who hands it ·to ~ay~ ~IJ<?'finally· pan_cls it to .
Aloy, Here Atoyowes himself and thu~f.nis obligation
'1 .·. · · / .
·. an~ ?'T''
_;.>, •'CODE,. :Art.- 1 ~7.6-1277/ JURADO, :obligations
. ·ii·
supra at 308-309)
·' .
·
.
, ,
.
is' extinquished, . , . .
.. -'.~ .. 1-: . . _ c,()MfJ,N$AU()N' ,,_, I
· If, however, .th_e reason for the ccinfu;jb.~ c~ ses, t~e ,•.'
· obligation is revived. Thus, .should Kaye deliver the .....___,_..,.. '. • .
note -to ,Atay in the performance of a voi~oblig?tion, Compensation .. .

.. Mode_otexfing·ui~hing,;'n~the cpncurrent amount of.the
~toy·~ .. obli~~lion :_·'is ,. recreated, .. Bu~ :the.'· ~e .
intervening between.the 'merqer-and its revo'cation,is ~ . . obligatio~ . ot tnose . persons who are -recjprocally
. not tobe computed ln the determination ot.!!](period · d_EH>!ots arJd ,creditor~~ !)f · ea~.h o_their· (JURAbQ;
06/ig_alions and Contracts, supra·. at. .309, citing .
for p'.E!s.~rip!ion.. - · .. \: ". : .: : -. :· _. ·, ' · CA.STA,N): ·.· '. . · ·: ·, · . :. .
..l3equisites of Merger; (~PC). . ' . . . : ,;-".
1. Merger of the ·cnar~cters·, of · the creditor arid'- Illustration:·

~.
. .. .. '
. :· , ·.. ·.- -
~ • • •• , J
. : debtor .. must. be tn: the same-person. (CJViL- · . A owes. B., the ·amount· of, P1 ,000,00;::s owes ,A the
'..· :· ~ ..• • ••• • ~. f • ' ) •. • • ' •• • •
:- ' Cff>DE, Art. 1275); .. ·-.- ... ·. . : . - . ·ar:nount of-P}_Q0.90;_ Both deb.ts are due and payable·
· ..: · . 2. Must take: place ir, . the person of either the ·. today/ H.e·re compensation takes..plac·e partially, 'that
. : . .Er.iricipal· creditor or the principal debtor (Ctr(IL is, to the concurrent amoun\ 9f .P?00.00 .. S'.01 A stfall .
. -CODE; Art.-12!.6); and . . v, :.·
b~ liable to B for o·nly P300.00. If the two debts~are of
3. . W~et.her the merger: refers to the entire obilqation . _the ?ame a,n-iou.nt, tht;?re ls .tota1·compensation ·'(S~e
_· or onlypart thereof, there· must be_g_oJriplete and CIVIL CODq, Art. 1281 ). · . . . . .
··.·
,definite. meeting of· .all qualities of· cre'ditor. and
debtor in the obligation or. in ttie part 'thereof' ·t~e- ~o 'd~bts are extinguished :'.with~~t ·'adua'I
affected by· the ·merger·· (JURADO, Obligations _tra~sfer of money qel"YeeQ ·the parties (DE LEON,
and Contracts, ·supra 'at 307; -Tesiate Estate of · Qbligation.s·ancl_'Cpritracts, supra ai 380).
. .. , ·. I . . ·,. ..
-Mora v. ·Serra,. G:.R. 'No .. ·L'-'34581 · March ·31
1'932; ,Valmonte v, CA; G.R. N~.· L-416Q/
·February 18, 1990). . ·
2019 SAN SEDA LAW CENTRAtlZED BAR OPERATIONS I 401

OB.LIGATIO·Ns AND CONTRACTS.
, SAN BEDA LAW CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS - MEMORY AID 2019 .
--~tRitGt r&#ti&f W&
. . IA!Miti!4540&&&!&hri!frtii
. . . #54¥5i&?§• a:;s $ti! ZIE*>i '% +13 N& ¥& &49 ftW ·%£.9'P'&tid\J
. :eztitffl §2 : , " e iif%Ki#t4ieid11
Compensation v. Confusion c. Judicial -: takes effect by judicial decree: or
d. Facultative. ·
2. -, As to.Effect
a .. Total - debts to be compensated are equal
in. amount; or .
Two· persons" who, in- Only . one person .: in b. Partial-"- debts to be compensated .are not
their .own right." are whom the qualities of equal in amount (Id. at.311). ·
creditors. and. debtors of debtor and .creditor are
. each other - rnerqed . Requisites of Compensation: (PS-DL-NoNo)
1. There must betwo (2) R_arties, who, in their own
right, are principal creditors and principal debtors
· of each other (CIVIL CODI;, Ari. 1279) except in
case
.
of .a guarantor
. .
(CIVIL CODE,
. Ari.
.,
1280);
.
;fi:_"\. -~~1~;· I~~ .. pe(H11ti." .,ifa /01~,: ~'?~-pl~t~ ~:~-d Note: Retention consists in·tne appiication.of the. . :
. credit· of Of"18 ··of ,~he -parties-tcthe.satlsfactlonof ,.: ·.
· partial ·exting·uishment of" lndivisible · ·
: qbli_g_'atig~ . . .:: . :·· .. the,- claims i9f thirq· persons: while _'coiJtroversy r-»
.: . ~ .: . \ · refers. to a case iri which.a third person.claims to
(JtJ~AD_O,_ Oli/igafioH~.an_i:J.Gonfr~tcts; supra 'et 31_Q). ·, .. . b1{the".credi,tor-(ld.rat,31 __8) .. --. :· : . v. ·.
Kinds of Compensation:
·1. As to Ciiuse·· · r- ,. · ·.
. 6. The e;onipensatio/1 mu;t Not b~ prohibited
(CJVJ!-.CODE,.-Ari, 1279). .'. ·. : .
l?; law·..
a. Le_~·ar- takes :e.rtecr by operation of law from.
thejnornent ~11:of the reguisites are present;' Leg_al compensation takes -~ffect·by ope~~tion 'law · ~f
b. Vc;>lunta·ry_ f 'when, parties WQO are :mutually . "only when.all the.requisitesmentioned in.arficle 1-279
creditors "and. debtors agree to compensate have concurred (.Unio(J. Bank.,of the Phi/ippin~s v:.
their respective obligations, even thpugh all . Devetoi3meht, Bank Qf '(h~ · Philippines, . · G.R. Nb.
_of the· requisites for com pensation may' not , 191555, Janu_wy_2p; 2014).
be present; · . · _. · _ ·. ·
.-....._,
.
402.· ·J 2019 SAN BEDA."LAW
.
CENTRALIZED
.·• . .
BAR'OPERATIONS
.
OBLIGATIONS-AN.D CONTRACTS
. SAN BEDA LAW CENTRALIZED
. BAR OPERATIONS - MEMORY AID 2019
c:•ee>:•,, .:aaca e:>ea1rsem,ea1=?>,:s;-,,,u1::AS:tt:1*:,::;: •'*'*:.," ,tM r:, i' &&aNz2
4
. · ·Right 'of Guarantor-to Set-up Compensation Rule in Case of.Rescissible or. Voidable Debts
The guar!3nt9r, in case the payment of the debt is Rescissible or voidable obligations 'may be
demanded from him, may set up compensation, not compensated. against -each other· beforeThey are
only for whatthe creditor owes him, but also for what judicially rescinded or avoided (CIVIL CODE, Art: .
. . the creditor owes the .principal debtor· (CIVIL CODE, ?284) .:
Art. 1280).
Reason: Rescissiblevand voidable obligations are
Noter.This article is an exception to the generai rule valid until they are judicially rescinded qr avoided.
that only. the· principal debtor can ·set up aqainst his Prior to rescission or annulment, the debts may be
creditor what the latter owes. him (DE' LEON; compensated against each other (DE LEON,
Obligations endContrects, supra at 394). Obligations and Contracts, supra ~t 433).
. . .. ·· ..
·. Total compe/ns~tio~ - i--esult~ .when.the twodebts Effects of Asstqnment of Rights: · ...
'are of· the .sarne .amount. If they are oJ different 1. If with consent of 'debtor - debtor cannot set-up
amounts, . compensation is .total as. regards the compensation unless. he reserved his right to
smaller debt, and partial only with respect to. the compensation: .· · __ . · ·
larger debt (CIVIL. CQDE, Art. 1281). . 2-. . If with knowledqe but without consent of debtor -
..... I .. '
debtor· may .set-up compensation prior to the

V~luntary Compensation. .· .
assiqnrnent but not subsequent ones; or
The- parties mpy agree upon.the ·compensation of
3 .. 'If without" knowledge of the debtor-- may set-up
debtswhich are not' yet due. . . .
compensation of altcredlts which he may have
Example: If the obligation of A is pure, whit~ the aqainst . the assignor and which may have
obligation of a is With a term or period·which has not ' become demandable, before he was .notified of
. . yet expired, the qenerel rule is that th~re, cen bl, no the assignment (CIVIL CODE, Art. 1285) .
· compensation because B's obligation is not yet oue. .: ·
·- However, the pertiesmey nevertheless agr?e upon . Debts Which €annot be Compensated:
the compensetion of the two obligation,_s ~UR!'-_DO, 1. · Debts arising from contracts of depositum;
Obligati(?(IS. and Contrecis, supre at 3t9).: : · · . . A· deposit il constituted from "the.' moment a-.
person '1eceiv'\s a thing' belonging· to another with.
Requisite~of V.oiunt;ry C_ompe;sation; .· · - . · the obJ1gatibn ~f s~fely keepinq it and ofreturninq-
1:,. ·, Each of the parties has the r,igl;1t to.(:jisP.ose·ofth,-. the s me .(c;tvt~ GODE, (\rt. 196?). . . : · .·
credit he seeks to compensat'e; .an-d· .
'- 2. They agree to the mutual·extingufa;hme~t of tne1 , . Note: . Article 1287 uses the -word · depositum .
-credits (CKH lnd_ustri~I & Dev_elb(Wlent Corp_}!· . instead of "deposit" which is used· for an ordinary
·CA, G.R .. No .. 111890, May 7, ·1991). ' ·. · bank-dep9sit. A bank dep.osit is· not a depositum.
It-is reajlya loan whict)__creptes t~e relationship of
J,udicial Compensation . . ---.debtor-and- creditor (DE tEON, ,Obligations and
l(o11e of.the·parties to·a suit over .. an obligatio has a ·. Contracts, .supra.i:if400). .
claim.for-damcmes against the .. other,.th_e ffumer may .
set it9ff-tiy ~roving hi~ righr IQ said damages.and the . · ··2·.- Debt~ .. arising·, - from... contracts· : of·
amount ~ thereof.
(9/V/L. .
~ '. ,. CODE, Art: 1283). . ;'
coriimodatuin'
' ~ ,. ·· .· ~ . . .. . · .
, . ~-: · · G9mmod. a turh- is· a gratuitous contr?ct wher.eby
. · '.!Judicial Compensation" is Not Contemplated by :one of the parties.deljver's to anothersometh.ing
. Civil.Code . ~ · . . not .. c6nsumable SO tt,at the latter may .U§~ the
. '·In· reaHty; wh~at is·s~t off against tl:ie tither party--is ·a . same for ~- certc!in tirrie· and ,return it_'. (CIVIL · .
·· ·.. coanterclaim .. "A coUnferclaim must be.Pleaded to b'e '· CODE, Art._ 1933):°_. . . ·. . . ~- .
a.
e'ffectual; ·.wh_ere_as, · c:;omp(;lnsation takes place _by . .
· m~r~ · operation _qf law."· Hence, th_e c?unterdaim 3.. Claims for support due by gratuitous title;
defined by. the. Rules of Court is ·.not the' legal Support. .comprises : .. e_verything. that : is
.. compensation contemplate"d,by the ·code: .This· is so, . indispensqpf~· for. sustenance; dyvelling, clothing,
·. :. beca_use by" its very nature, a set "off or counterclaim . - . n:iedical . attendance·, . education . and
_,: . can ha_ve _no. effect ·unless. it is pleaded. - ·· · . · transportation, in · keeping· with : the finan'ciai
·~ capacity o{Jhe family'' (F~MIL YCODE, Art. -19.4)~--
. In c;l~djtion, the claim i~r not liquidated; c9n~~que.ntly,
compensation cannoflake place. It is converted into 4. · Obligations. arising from· criminal offenses
a ~liquidated "c1alm· by court decree, in which case· . (CIVIL CO(?'E, Art. 1288); a·nd . . .
compensation shall ·take effect from .the moment the
judgment liquldating the "daim ·has ,become. final. 5. · Certain· opligatiqns: in 'tavor ·of ~overnment
(ROLES OF CpURT,·. f;ule 6, Sec. 6 ;JURADO, (e_.g;, taxes, fees,:duties, and other~ ef a similar-- ·
Obligationsand Contracts, supra at 319) .. _nature (CIVIL CODE, Art. 1286-1287}."
2019 SAN"BEDA LAW CENTRALIZEG BAR OPERATIONS j 403 ·

OBLIGATIO-t~:s_ Af.\JD CONTRACTS
"5_AN BWA LAW CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS - MEMQR°y AID 2019
R-5%'5' z r±w@ :sp we :n: · J nnese® '* 6?f tt--::#WJ.,e:;m: ¥:Si&SM n:-· :;a: w..lt~m:;::m;n; :h£+t¥E>.,£t :::?£;; ,,
I.
-When Compansatlqn Takes Effect: benefit of the creditor. The latter can· renounce. his ·
1 _. · Leqat Compensation -. from the moment all the right to oppose the compensation and he himself can
essential requisites prescribed by law 'are· present · set it up. It differs from conventional compensation.
(CIVIL CODE, Art:'1290); · · _( ... because it is unilateral-while the .latter depends upon
2. V9luritary·_compel}satiqn .- "from the ~9ment the agreement of both parties (4.. TOLEN:TINO,_supra·
'aqreed · upon by the parties (C1VIL coqE; Art: - at 367).
1282); qr · · · · . . · · i ...
· - 3. 'Judicial Comperisation from the moment the
>-
judgi:nent becomes final :and- executor 1{CIVIL

CODE,-Art: 1283). · . · · . j NOVATION·· : . ... ... .-1 ..
· Compensation where debts ·payable. at different":
places -r • ,· Novation ·
Compensation takes place py:-oper?tion of law, even It 'is the substitution or change of an obligation _by
'thouqh the .debts.inay bepayable at different places, another, 'resulting in- · its · extinquishrnent · .·or
but there . shall be ah indemnity. for expenses of
.«, modification, either by char:iging itscibje_cr or principal
exchange· or transportation to-the 'place of'.payment conditions, or by·substitu.ting·anqther-i~_.place of the
. (CIVIL CODE, Art, 1286). " · debtorvor by sl.lbrogating athird-persqn 'in the.riqhts
. . · . -: . . . . _. . . of the creditor (,CIVIL COQE, Aft'.·
1 ?9.1 ). : . -·. : '
Theindemnity ~.onten:iplated_a.bqve doe~-~t.r.e~u- }.; 'r. ,. ·: -· ..... -: > . :
. the difference rn the ·value. ,of t_he_ ~1.r::igs 1~he1r fe u1}1t_eJ. Qi N_?vat1on: _(P_CAS,V~ . . . . .
respective places, but .to __ the:·expensesff~tn9.11_~.t-Y·--!,-..J:r,,eV[O~§)~lld a~d ex1s!1~g oqhg~t1on; . -, .
exchanqe (in ca?.~, of, mone}:' de_b~)'~n"'d'ep~ses of . 2:: faga~fy j,f\!!Je contracting .partres ·(to t~e new
.. transportation (i'n .c~se ·of·_thi~gs ~~e···0eliv.er:e9')F·~~- ·. -c~c)ct~i~~. ;. i\.- . . · . ·, . · .. _, .
Once these ~xpenses 'are liq ul,tf~d,dDf dpts· al~,B 'if'· 3.,_ ~n,r~ws no~~
Contracts, supra·at 436). l>·- ·., -·· . . . '" .· ,'rt;,

become cor.Tlp.en~abl~. (DE~LEON~!Of?ligahon_sar:ia
. .... . .. . .
~ules on Appl_1cat1_0~ of R. yme.nts:_App ~aole')'.t~1
_,~fl\ _);{
o\. intent tp_ n~va_te .(_esp_ec1<:1l~y for .
1rnph~d n~l'9!1~9t.d SUQ._l?t1t.ut10~.of.d'!),Qtor_s); :,
:r\.\ 4. ~.ubsrant1al a1ffer~ce -~etween tr,e.o]d .9bllgat1on
)ij,, -'. ,-a~ci-tre nei ~~~~Jon_ (es~eci~_lly for impli~d
'":!no~at,~n),: ~onseg~entry, ex~~~gu1shmel']t_·of the
' , ..
Order of-C9mi:>e·ns~t1on-: ~I··· . _'- ""~'. ,.,,.~~o,bl_1gpt1on;·9n~~

If a dE!)btor has va.riol!s-debts whit.Q ,are s~iptible·of;::~~5. YaH$1~of rthe . ~ew ' obligation. ,(JURAQO,
J . ... ,·.· .. · ,. · ·. -~_. ·
compensation, ~e- ~ust _ inforr;, .. \!18.!t~-~:!~~w~ic~ .P~. i• :v') ·-.,"Oljl_ig,a(j;onsa11_d~df1~ra_ct:;;,_supra at ~26)._,. _ ·
th?m.shall be the obJect.pf cor_pe.f"!~at1(i)n: 1@ ~a~,h~ .'!r. :l(i~/L.t:P;i ./ - .'Vf . :· . , · · .·· - , . ' ·
falls to'.dq.so! .th.~h .the-,co~p~111sat1on·}hall ~~p~e8Jil_ · °"~~~s)·r:i .b_ej;o n9_vpt1~n :unl~ss. t~P. d1~t1~_et _and .
. to the .most -onerol!.s obhg~ttoN(C/''flC. COO~, ~Ets~!~~cefs1v~~n~in_g con_t~acts.tak_El_ place, b_etwee11 tt"1e
125,2 & _12.54)". . .' · : · · . ·. ; · . ,· _ .. :.:. . s~~TJ:..~a1,1,es with t!}{second ~~s1g~~d t0,_r_epl~c~ th_e ,-:
. · . · .. ' ·.. .' · .. .:-- . ·. ~ · .- .. pre~ceging ~2,nt1on. Mod1ficallons. introduced
Effect of Compensation .. '·.. . ·:. ::.(9/1- · . · oe~·a:b.,_arg'ain:b,ec_or;nes obligatory ~an in no-.sense
Wn~.n all the ~equi~ites -n:i~ntionE:d _in A i~le 1iZ;79\1re_ \° .,1·-~i}sti~l~:raiion in}aw. A· lo·a_n. ?P.plic.a.U.on, ~efore
present,, con:ip.e·nsatipn.•takes ·effect. by ·opefal~n of IV: ,ban It· approval; ." c_ar:il'.lbJ 'be subseqtJe"ntly_ nbvated
law, ·an.d ·~xtinguish'es both deb~~.:to:Jhe0con~.t~~9e 'tbe 'fi~st reqlli~ite, _ii
pre0existi.Qg .ob[1g'~tiqn:.
_amqu~_t, ~~Y~n thq.~gn ttie., creditors. '<lf1~ ..d~~tors are - · i.~. _1a-~l<ing: ·(Azolla Farf'(ls .v: CA, _G:R. No. 138085, ·
riot a-..y_at:e of-ihe -tornpensati_on "."(Gf:VJL;CQQE; ~rt.. , November 11;··2004).: ·· : · . ' .. · .· ·. · · ·· · ·· ·
·1290).. . . . ,'. '( I . . ·, • :. /'
.Y • . -· . - ·. :A.
Font_.r.act·'.'1{~v1_ving~;,_~~ i;,_re.s_c~il?~~ ge6t·~ .;: .... ~·; :.. _
--~ote_;'A,s l~ ta 1<es.pl.ac·e·b/ni·e;e.opera;io~.cif:l~,:;,;;·and
0 . · A' new·i''COnlract,. r.ecognizing: :arrd · ~ssuming a · ··
Wlthout--any act of ·the p_artie.s, it is· not foquired that . pr:e-~cribeid debt Ts,.a valid n""'avaliori." The. defense.\if :, · ..·.
· ttje.parties ha\'!=!·f\.lll:legoil qapacity. (CIVIL.C.C>QE, Art. . pre'$cription dt:lhe right to dern.arid p~yme~t-rnay, be.·.
37) tq_ give or:to re,ceive, as· the;case" may.be. on· the .... vvai.ved .by the .debtor: 6ven .after;the obligation bas ..
other_: .hand;. i_n. orqer- that .. iherg . may qe a.
v~lid . . pr~scribed, °(Lsµbsi~ts,:..as ·a.
-mot.al- o.blig~ticin:,(_CCC . .-.
payment,• "the'_parties· n:iust have 'th_e .free' c:Hsposal .. of . lnsuran¢"e _Corp·.. v~ !<aw_as"aki "steel Corp.,. G.R. No.-.c
t~e tj,ir'lg. c:lqe c1_ntj. s;~pa"city· ~~- .alien_at.e, it ·. (Ci'vlL 1 q6162; Ju_rie:22;,.2Q1_9).. : ·· .. : ;:._ ·. -···.·. :,_ ,."
CODE, Art.'-1239)-.~nd'· to "receive· paym,ent .(CIVIL . . . . · · ..
CODE=; Arjs. 124Q-1241Ji as·
t~e· case'. may be' (DE-. Two-fold Purpose of N6_vatio·n·:...'.,:.:- .... ~ ':~ .. : ... :: .. ~ ,·. _
·· LEON;: Obligat~ons and.:Gon~racts, supra~EJ{44Q-441):. 1.· .. Origin_al,o~lig.ation'i!:>:~x'tinguished; and .· .. · · ..
. , . · ·" 2. A · new.·, o~ligatipr] ._-"is" _created'·· (JURAQO; · · . _
· Facµltatiye.Compensation . 0p(igation$·an/i C1n,tra·q/s,:supra.af3°?.6). ·:. · : . ·_. · .
. Conipe1"1sation·.1.vhjch e:arfbe·setLip only at the opti~n·
of tt,e creditor when, legal compen~_ai,or:i ca-r:inot take , .
. placE: oecauserof want· of some legal ~equisites·fqr the
- I
404' I 2qu:i's~N BEDA ~w CENTRALi?'.Ei;:> BAR OPERATIONS

. . -
· · :· ·
OBLIGATIONS AND. CONTRACTS
BAn OPERAnoNs-:
SAN BEDA LAW CENTRALIZED MEMORY AtD·-2619
. . . .
1&f£5:W#?43Mt*5¥! i @;5/.PttiSJ":
A t§t #1 t:ttki' MP?fJ1'{$ s; ''$$& 4t'tH ¢4·€ i>_!WJl&qr&IRS&!1t'
·' th ,;;g@ i ?K1 .~::•
Kinds of Novatioh: . Note: "implicit" Nov~tior:i does not mean that the
'1. As to its .Essence _ . . · parties did, not expressly aqreeto novate . .It means
·a .. Objectlve/Real.v-when the object (or cause) · that the parties expressly aqreedto a new obligation
· or princlpal, conditions of .the obligation are which is incompatible with the old obligation such that
I . changed°,(CIVIL cqDE; Art_. 1291,· par. _1); · even if the par.ties did not "expressly" state that the
. . b .. Subjective/Persorral ~.substitution of debtor
= new -obliqation . was inteded ::to novate the old
or -by subrogation· (CIVIL ·CODE,- Art .. 1291; obligation,
'
novation
~ . exists.'. '
. par. 2·& 3); · ..
c. · Mixed - change ih the object .or principal. Implied consent by the cr~difor' allowed.
. cqnditi9n and c;hanfje in the persons _of either, , . .The-atorecited article ,1205 of the Civil Code.mow Art ..
: creditorand debtor of. an' existinq cbliqation t · 1293) does· riot state that the 'creditor's consent to the
·' (ClVIL CODE; Art. 1291 i substitution of the new debtor for.the old be.. express,
:- ·2. As to its-Form/Constitution ,' or given. at the tirnexof.. the substitution, a_nd 'the·
. a; -Express -·when" it is declared in unequivocal · Supreme Court of Spain.: iri its-judgment of June 16;'. ·
- ·. terms that the old .obligation- is extinguished 1908.,. construinq said article, Jaid down the doctrine ,
· / py a-new one which substitutes..the same. . that "article 1205 of the Civil.Code doesnot mean-or
b. Imp.lied·~- lt{he_n tl:)_e ·old ·and-"hew .. ark· · req'uire that the ~·redito~s-.coriserit. to the chanqeof
incompatible with: each other on every point .. • debtors .. must he_ qiven I simultaneously with the
· . (JURADO; Obligation's a!31 Contract$,;· supra. · · debtor's consent to the substitution; .its. evident
. at 327). ._ -, . . · · . · · purpose-being to' preserve-the tre'dhor'sfuil·righl, it is.
_ 3 .. ·.As Jci'. Extent/Eff)ict '.· . · ,• ' - , - sufficient'that the lat,e'r:'s'·consei,f be1 given ·at anytime
. · , a. Total' /' . ··and"frvany:form whatever; while'U-i~ agr_eernent.of the .
, b. ·:·partial . (JURADO, . Obliga'fions. · and debtors subsists:." The rule.-that ihis kind of,novatio.n,
/Confracts, supra at 327).. ·like~ail. others, must·be express( is niX"'aosolute'; 'tor
4:.·. As to its Origin· .·. , the exis(ence ofi ~he conser)t-may well be.in(erred f~om
a;·: Legai . ......:.: that which :takes place by' qperaticin . , the: ~of-the ~r.ed.i.tor, sin Ce voption···m.~Y: a_s Well.be ·
. of law .(CIVl[CODE, Arts. .1 J(fO, 1302):'or. · .. expres?_e_d. ·bJ ~eds as ~y w~rds:--' The cr~ditor's
.o. ·: Cq_rwe_nti~nal -:that w_hich takes place ,..by e·xp,:es~ coisent ~ ·necessary in ord~r· that 'tl')ere may
:agre.em·e.nt.of th.e patt,ies (CIV,Jlfc.fD.~Arts. ) b'e.;a·:.n~Y?ti.on 9.f\<1 ·.co1JtracJ PY. \~e_:syb~titutiori· of·.
,D~.·.
, 13QO, ·,1-301!· LEO';!, :Ob/Jgf{t,onS? and ·:: debto~s.-~'e i~pre~siori:oUh,e··w?~d "exp(e~s" do~~ ·
Contrac;;l$,· s·upra. at 4(J,8)cj,/ .....;,,J . . ·: . . · ·not. convey to l:)e ,Qlllen an· unqualified m.eprnng (Asia ,
· · ', · · . :· ' , . , . · ;_ · .''. \'t : . . ,~~ · . '". .;, t;3anktiJg/r;J.of,fj~fqfil~VlEl;Ser, ;G:R. Nn . .'W2fifi, Mi=Jri:h _ ,
Ways of ~f'fecting ·conventional nov~at.i,Pn·. (E.1) . . · · 25; _1.9~9). · '' ....,/:~ · · . . ·. · . _ ·.
. :.1--.N_e~o9!igatione~pressl~deqlare~ ..Jhatttie·Q.!d)1.¢·_ .... ·. ,· .. ·'h.· .. ::·- •• :·: .• ·.. _ ,. . . :·
: . ·· . · sxtingu1shed;, pr_. , . · . - , q · :. ~· Jes\of ln~on:ipat1b1llty : · -- · · · .
2: New. pbligation is. ·on ev_ery point !r.icompatible . · · Whethen or nol.,the ·01q.and new obligatiohs Cc!n stand
... ·. ·. ~ith ihe pld:0ne_'_. (Ajax Mark1tihg &, f2e),1elopment , . tegeth~r;:~ach h~ving its-own:indej)~pdent existen_ce. · . ·
. . · Cor:p., v. CA, G.R.' No: ,.118585, Septemoe,/14,-· If. they can standJogethe.r, theri:l°ds ·110 incol')1patibility
. · , 199'5) .. ·_ . 1
. .• . · _ , i. . hence,· nQ. nevation., 1( t~ey canno~ stand': togeth·er,.
--~ .. ' ' . ' . ':, ,· ·, . ~. ,_. '" 'there:',' is.'' inoornpati~ility;: coiisequer,itly,. there ' is' .
N~v~·~;~~ is·N.~ver P~~s~med . . novation:
. ,.. .-.:·(JURADO, . .. Obligations
. ,.ana
_. -· · 'cqntracts,
,. . I ·.
- Nov.ation; is rieyer ·pr.esu1:1ect: llnle?.s ft is .:cl~arly 9upra·a(33~). '· · ·· -~ .. · . . . :,- .. · , _ _. . ; .
snowri.either by,exgress'·ag·reement~of the parties or· . ·. · · · ' ·, '. ,.
by, acts ~f equivale.nt . !mp.o_rt, \ this _eefef)S~··will never N.o.~e:- TH~-: i~c~m_patibilitY·~ m~s~ _aff~ct··-'~~ of ttie
·, · .· ;b.e, allqwed.· (,Orig v. Bogflalbal,-· G.R: No. :14.9140,· · . 'ess~ntial-:eleiiients of.the· .cioligatio.n,; suc;h ·as its.
. ,' ·s.eptember 12; 2006}. '• ''; . ._ .. obj~ct,. cause ·__.·9r principaV COl').ditions . - thereof;.
'. - ' ' ! o\ti~.rwis.t3, the ch~nge_',i:i ."merely: i:riodific'atory in
· .. : Thus, )o__ -effett an.,objeittive:riovaticin, it. is i_nip!:)ra tive ·.
0 r[alure· c:l()d ·. ins1Jffitienf. to extinguJsh·'·the. origin.al.
' ',··~~at the n~w ob_ligafion.expressly d.eclar~s· that theofd , - obligation.··: (!-leirs~·- a{ Servand.o:·(.,Fr,anco ·v. · -Sps.
obligatior:i)s _ih~_reb,(,e~tinguish'3d, or that .th.e. · n~w ·. _ . ,·. · G·on.zal~s; ·o__.R., No,:159!Q9, Junf! 27, ·201~) •. _:-.
· .obligation be·-on e\/e·ry 'point .incompatib.le:.with· the ·· . , .. , -,,:- · • · · ·
.·· _new on~. ln.the.·s_iimE(Ve'[~, to effe.ct ·a·subj~ctiv.~. . Objeicti~e Nov·a!i~n. ,. . _ ',-: .... ,.
. novatkin by a chaAge in the~ pe'rson of the .debtor, it is .. Acccirding· to·. Castan, objectl~e ·rioyation · is effected,.
rieces~~ry that.the-old,debto'r°'be.re't'eased expr~ssly by: · ,.· :.·· _· .. · . . · ... -,_· .. .' ·
' frqm th~ .. obligation i:ind -the third pe·rson or new debtor · 1 .. C::hangi~g the <;:a use. of the qbligation; .,... . . . - ·
... assumes his:· place in the·. relatio'i-1. There IS nc) 2. '. Clia_n_ging th'e object of the obligation; ·or . .
- novation without su9h rel~ase as the third 'person-who. . 3,_ Changi_rig the_ principal or essential.co'ndi.tfo_ns of
assumed the debtor's. obligatio'n··ql:!cornes. merely a .. _.. . the obli_gatio'_n °(CIVIL COOE,· Art. 1291,'}jar. J).' ...
co-de_btor·or:surety (Ajax Marketing & Dev't. Corp. v.'·- ._ : · · ·
CA, G.R.·No. 118985, September 14, 1995) .
. :- . . ~-·
- . ·.
·2019 SAN BEDA LAW CENTRAbl~ED BAR OPERATIONS I .s 405
.o·BLIGATIQ,NS AND.CO,NTRACTS:
SAN BEDA LAW.CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS'~ MEMORY A/_D.2019
Effect of Modifications of Oriqlnal Obligation established as a new principal amount· of ·

1. Slight modifications and .variations .; When debtover wpic.ri a new interest rate- is applied.
· made with the. consent of- the parties, they do not b. · A contract of rnortqaqe over a parcel of land
abroqate the entire contract and tne rights and , . . to secure a loan is-converted into a contract
obligations of the 'parties thereto, but the oriqinal · ·of antichresis.. . . :' . . .
contract- continues in force.except asthe. altered ·
terms and conditions oJ the . obliqation are Effects ofNovatlonuporr-Accessory Obligations·
considered to be the essence· of the obligation General Rule: ·when the· principal obligation· is
itself (DE LEON,· Obligations· ena. Contrects, . extinguished . in c.onsequence . of . a novation,
. _supra st 418)." · · · accessory obllqation may subsist ooly insofar as they
may benefit 'third persons who did notrqive consent·
· Note: The change must involve the "principal'.' (CIVIL- CODE, Art. 1296). .
conditions of the ·obligation (CiVIL CODE, Art.
12.91, par. 1). Exception: Art. 12.96 has no appltcation to.novation
·- . effected by subroqatinq a third p_erso~Jo.thJi riqhts Of
Examples:· .. the creditor. Such novation is-regulated by Arts. 1303-
a.: The acceptance of a partial payment by a 1304 bf the Civil Cbde"(B MA_NRESA;·5th Ed., Bk .. 1,
creditor before the maturity-of the obligation p. -792). '
· · · ·. · · ·· ...~ ..· :-:< · ": · ·
is-not a novation of.the contract buta waiver ' .
of· ,th_e period ~g~eed· upon d~r!Qg~iiu' 1~'Xception refers 'Io a .case in whi_ch there is- a .
payment should not be,·mad~(DE-'bEON, · . j_~i\lulatibn;onstitute.9 in favor of-a" third person.which
-Obligations and Contracts, jl-'Pr:a~4.~im.il .J!e gemanded separately from the principal
- b. The obliqation to pay a s~or~~~yfiS not . . obi(gationValthougb csubo.rdinated to, the latter . (e.g.
·-novated by an instru~~~~~~es.slr '.;i stipulation 12~r ~autiui)_ (JURADQ, Obligations and
recoqnizes the old,.ch:r.,~s,o·~J1 tl:ii_te-r'm~-&f 1(" (;@,ntr'i.i'cri,i~pr~,C3!16). · _ . · . . . .
the payment,. adds ;other.,Ji~ohgat,ons· r.rot · Sli~ A\\ J · 't.. :\ . - · .: · .
incoriipatlble.with the· old o eit of the: new-./V_;.__, Effect Wl:iere·t
contract merely si.Jp~~ent the· olcl c~~t~ '!
ee~· Oblig~ti'on Void . ·
fJh.e, 1_1eJ. oblig.~t,~ri is\void·, · the orig!nal one shall
..
1
(Sos, Reyes v. ~p1. arf!(IYtSavings1~an_1<~B;~ t:,,su~s)_st, uhless -m~gits ii:itended that. the former.
"No: 14984.1-41, Ma!f~f~006)~\ ': '. ~ iw-.wi.dixlation )~~Id ·bi 1e_xting'1ished in-any ·eve~_t (CWIL
1
c. The grant of a 4p:_df)'"'~c.e,~H e tens;1ed.oes ·- ' ·COPE,~~~!~ ~9ii) .... ~J. · .- . · . . . . . . ..
·. n,pt no_vat~ the contr9ct a~\-me~ oa, 1e:@.j · ~ · · . J, ~ · · · . .. · . ·· ,
the COl')jract · ~y e~~~dln@.._, t~efl, ~
·payment
f()I~· j{\if~Ui
. ~~ 1.~~l J.>li_lli~1·r_i~ u11_ly vui~a~le, IIUValiUII l:al_l .
(Foundat1a_i Spec~/Jsts-i- a b!--" . ~ ::-S'~e; ~l'.lt'. the·. n:rom~nt. 1t I.$ annu[led_._ th~. :..
. . Beto,:,val Ready Co,:,eroto,·. Im;;.,· G,.~~- · no !tlpn must be·c~ ,side~ed_ as.-:not.having .t3~en ._,
.· 1706! 4, Aug_ust 24~. 200.~f , . ·-~~Cl_E·:t:f · e~van?., ~:e. or~gJP~.l ~ne ~an be -~~forc;;ed,. u"i1l~s~ - · :_
. d·_... A fhangE::in the ~pte:.ef in_tere~t !,·me,ely.-::a .1.. •. ~9:nte_T~!~~ lbe._part,~~ '~-~lherw1se (~f= LEG_N, ..
· collateral agreement ~etw.een -<t~ere 1tor.-....-Qb~t1e~~ngContrac,ts, supra-~t 474k · . ,
. _and principal ~ebt_or tlJ_~t did n0Rff.et the· MA-~··>-·· - · · · ,. · · .: · · · .·; · · ·
surety:. The agr~ernent to"·pay th~ at:td.ilfunal _.l. v LEffec ..YY~ereJt:ie Old C>plig_atioil-Void. o~ Voidabl_e--
. inter~st. was -·an~"additior)al -~~rde~. t/J)on~'fife"'"•••••~lfJt')e'·origi.,nal ·abligati~~ i,yas )ubject.to-·i:Lsusper:,siV_e
d~.btor only,_ It .did -riot in ~,ny ·way ·affect tne . . . _ ~ or-··resolutofy c.bndit,iqr,_-..the n~w. obligat_i~.n. sha)L be
original '. contract.:· ,:-hus> ;despite,:· the,. und~r· 'the'. ·:s):im_e · ~9rid_ition, .: unless it is ::~fherwise
compo_unding· of the intere.st; the- !i~bliity of. stipulated.(CIVIL" CODE, :Art~.-1298)." : .· . · " ·. '"
·· . .- , . th~ s_ut~ty'.rernalns cfnly tip to · th~ origi1_1al ·. - · -., ' · ,-. · · ·
unco:in'po\J_hded ·. ii1ter~st (Garcia, Jr. :\·(C,A,· -- . Not,e: •t fj,e. contjitio,n. is . suspensive, ~nd· it' is r1ot
r GR. No_. L.:80201; November 20; 1·990J: ., ·.·. · . ·. complied'· with,: no_· obligation ari~es; .and·. iL.it Js
. . , . •. •. : '• . . . . .. - r~solutory an_d it.is:com'p!ied with~tn~'.oid:9bligatic;infs::
· -2.. M~terjal 'd~_yiations :<wcha_ng~i<.~· Y'/_her..e. th~ · :e~tfng'~is~eid.:· _In ';eith~r .;: casE:, .-: orier\-reqljisite ·9f
. origin?! c'ontract. is. deviated :.from. in: material . . hovation: .. ,Le,; a: previous. valid obligatton, woUld .. be
respects so thi:lt tlie object-or prinGiP.al~c9n_dition · · wanting .(DE Lf=ON, Obligations· ;;ihd'Gonttact's,,_supta
ca~not, recisonably be· r~9ogniz~d··· a~·. th.at.' .. --at·4]4).· .. ·· . __,. · ·>: ".-; · · · ·. -.... ·
origin'ally contracted for, the o'riginal · contrac't · · · · · ·. . · .· - · .. ·. ·· ··,. :·
.
· $hould . . ·. be.
.
treated
. ..
as.- abandoned.
. . . . - .
(DE- . . LEON,
. . .Effects:af
. . ·. Colidition-,in:Nov~tion:,:
. ·,... ,.... . ~ . ~ .
. ' . :·.~. · ·-
Ob/JgalJOTJS· and.Contracts, supra at 421).:- .· · · · _1. ·. If· t_be · origin~!. · obligation :'was ···subject to
' ·. .. ' susp'ensive 'or·: r.esolutdry c·()nditibn, the . n·ew
·Examples:· . ·. · · · 'obligation shall be under the .sa·me c.cin..dition,
a: Debt . res'iructuring .such that ,the . form~r Ulile.s"s .otherwise ·stipul~ted ·(CfVIL GOD£; Art. -
principal · and . accrue~: interests c;1re ~299). . o'' · · ·. · - · .. · , . . . .•
406 :1 2019SAN BEDA t.A\.VCENTRAUZED

. ... BAR OPERATIONS
O BLI GAT1.a·Ns· AN[)'" co NTRACTS·
. SAN BEDA U.W~ENTRiUZED f!AR OPERATIONS·- MEMORY AID 2~19 .
-,
2. If the-new ·obligation and the· old obligation are·· Kinds. of Sub·stitut1on by Exprorhision:
subject-todifferent conditions: -. . a. Subslitution with-the knowledge and .consent
a. If the conditions 'can stand together: of the" old d"ebtor; and .
i.--· If both are fulfilled·:- the new obligation. · b·. . Substitution.without the knowledge or against
becomes demandable . · · the· will 9f the bid. debtor - (JORADO;
. ii. . If. only the. condition affecting . the ~Id Obligations and Contracts,
•. - . supra.
.
at, 339}: · ·
obliqation is )ulfilled.- old obligation -is
,revived while the new obligation loses its 2. Delegacion'-· .eftected with the consent of the
force. . : . ' . creditor . at the- instance of the . old debtor
iii. i_f- only 'the -condition .-affeCtin_g. the new . (p.elegante), yvitfr the concurrence of the· new '
obligation is fulfillec ·- . there is no 1d·ebtor~ · (delegaao) . · (reimbursement and .'
novatlon 'since. the requisite of a previous . ' . subrogation). , u . '
. valid and ..effective· obllqation would be . .
lacking.- ·; . Requisite_s: . . ·. , _
'b.. -lf the conditionsare incompatible ., the effect . :.-: .a. Initiative' torsubstltutlori mustemanale from
· is to extinquish the-old obllqatton.so-that only° the old debtor; ·
:· - th.e .·new ... obliqatien rerna ins .ar:icf whose · · . '. : b. Consent cif the new debtor;
· demandabittty/effectivity -depend ·upon· the- · h • -c. Acceptance by- the creditor: and . '.. ·
fulfillment/non-fulfillment of the . condition- d. 61d debtor mus't 'be. released · from. his
. affecting . it.-. "; (JU8_ADO, ··obligations·~ and obligation (l.d.).
poniraets, supra at 348-319)_:
· · · · · .· · Illustration: Atoy · qWes _Eugene P1 Atoy.ooo.
. texted .E;.0gene. that his friend Joey v.till·. paythe .·
debt-. and he wishes to be released from the
--~oc!.'--61igatic:,n,Both Joey and Eugene aqreed tosuch
I·\ . : . . , . , .
.. term~~al<e not~·a~fa1n that the substitution must
. be- rrya·~)tith the intention'·to. release thE: oriqina]
~-e~_tpr/;
- . p·tfrties hi
'd~leg.a~ion: . .· . · ..... ·. . _
a.. n>tlegjp(e \o.rjginal debtor (Atqy); . ,
b~elegarori~ne creditorJE.ugene); and. ·
-~· .. Deleg~'Qo_- Jhe new.debtor (Joey) · ·
::
.: .~O.!~:
In· eit.~er-·of the tw~ _·m~d~~\-0.f: s:u.bs~itut(ori,_
the-consent .oJ .tfi~ creditor 1::i.·an .1nd1spens1ble
,.c:;;,-..""""",__~~quirement1 (Q.uinio v. People/G.R. No. _1°26712, ·_-
April 14, 1999).. ' . ' . . ·
. _ Rights ~f New·-D;bt~/.. · ·
.:1.: .
.-:Expr.omisio_n ·/ . :. ; _
' . a~- Substit~tion with kribwledg·e arid consen(of.
. , . < original debtqr ar1d payment ·m?de. by new
' ·. ·· 1ni.i~tration:.Atoy 'owe~ Eug"ene Pi ,000. Joey, a . debtor .. with . or. "without knowledg.e 'and .
. ... frieriq of Noy .a.pprqach.es Eugene and tells hirti.: : .. c_onse·0t·ot"originar d~qtor: ·.. . . _., . · "·
·· "I .will pay YC?U ·w~afAt_oy owes·y9u~ F~9m no~;on; i..- Rejmbur"sement frorn· the qriginal debJor:
.· . consider,;m.e.,y6ur_debtqr. Atoy·issto. be excu$ed." ··qf the··entire ambunt paid - ·
. ·. Take:· note thaJ. fn. this - example; th~re:··,s··_ai{ . . ii. . ·Subrogation · in an: the rights·· 'of ttie
. : .. ag"reement ·thaf {:.toy •wilf:•be .released· the .. t'rom,. . - creditor ·. · . · · . . ·· ·. · · ·. · · · . ·
· obligation: .Sans such agreement, there· .is. no · b.; sqbstitution · without· ,the. kno~ledge ~(ld
· · .. r:iovatio'n c!_nd· ttie- c.rnditor'. (l;ugeri~} can 'still. . . . con~ent of .th~:.qrigim~I debtor,-and· payment
enforce the .obligation against ttie" original debtor:' ... - . •; is made· by: the new debtor, ·without . the
- · (t\toy). _·_·.. .. :.- · · · knowledge arid'c;onsent ot'the' original debtor: · ·.
. ..
... . ·.
. i. Reimb!Jrsein_ent "from the .original debtor" .
. ~-6te: by
iin~lied ~.onse"rit the.cr~ditor .is ·alldwe.d only 'insofar ·as ·th.e payment _has be~n · .
. • '(Asia Banking ·(:drporati0n. Ii.. Elser,. 6.R.. rilo. beneficial to sueh debtor . . . . .
· 30266, ,Mc:gch. 25; 1929).. -- . . ii. .. !'Jo subrogation ') -
(
.
··-.. 2019 $AN BEDA LAW CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS I 407
OBLl'G_:ATlONS AN.D CONTRACTS
SAN BEDA .UIW'CENTRALl1ED.BAR OPERATIONS_- MEMORY-AID 2019 .
· :»D.11 U; ,r \#54&?fid-kifo tt:,kh i ,c fat '5&'91:r '4*: w;;a \ '51 > 6-X e 44§ # $ 54 gt" g;p:ae: ## t·,!. 1 ;qg '¥!=.Y&tit4# a9 ;g !t'i!tl
2. Delegaci6i1 - Si,:ice substitution was effected. full substitution such that it . places the · party
. with the consent of.all the parties, the new debtor subrogated in lhe shoes- of t_he creditor, and ~e may
can: demand reirnpursement from. the· original use a11 ',fea:ns .which _the· creditor_ couid employ to
d~btor of the entire' amount.which.he has paid as enforce pqyme.nt. (Lorenzo Shipp(ng Corp. 1.1. Chubb
well as compel the.~regitor to s_ubrogate him to all and. Sons,
-. •
GR
.
No . .147724,
. . I ·.
'June
,
8,. 2004). · .
· of·. his rights: (J,URADQ, Obligations and·. . .
Contracts,
... supra at-343:344), ·· · Forms,of Novati9n by.·Subrogation:.
1. Conventiqnal ..:.-takes place by agre~m·ent of the
Note: The mere fact that the creditor .receives a orj'ginai creditor," the third person sub.stituting the
quaranty, 0.f. acCeJD\S 'paymentfrom thi~d person · . a . · original creditor; arid. the debtor (CIVIL ·CODE;··
· who agrees to assume the obligation, when there . Art. 1301). , -. . .
.is no aqreement \ha( the .first debtor -shall be 2. -. Legal - .takes place by -operation of law (CIVIL
released from responsibility, .does not constitute . CODE; Art. 1.302).'
novation, and the creditor can still enforce the
. .' ot,>Hga.tion,·agai_nst the. ocigi.r:1131 debtor. If the 'older Consent of all parties' required -in «conventional
.debtor is· not released, thereis novatlon..the no subrogation ... ·_ . ·. · ' '. .
third person becomes.merely a .co-debtcr, surety . · 1 .. - The debtor.r-e-because, he.hecornes liable under
or .c:6-surJ!y, (_M.~tr;_~fl,ui~- ip$ur.ano.e._ co.. lnc.; v. ·.. . . the new obliqalionito-a.riew-credltor. ..
· CA, GR No.-8.56'[17, Ap.ril-22, 19!)1).· . ·, . . . 2. 'The old or original creditor.~ because his right
t
·. · Effe_~to_f. lnsol\f.~n'ciy or N~_n-fo;filihl~h. by~~~,h~~~~i~~~~:~e;!~~~!:h~~-:~;y· ~i~li·k·e or
. D_~_btqr,. ~ , ~- .. _: . ..,- . -,._.: .: ./~ L. "':-~~l~tr.us~e debtor (OE, LEON, Obltgat,on~.and
· ~ · ~fpro_mt!f!Of"J - Jf_!h_e -~~bslit~19D -~~JJ!.:~t~cl ·
Ce_··~· .
tJi_cts.;Sl!f_ra at 434)._·· .. · . .· - : i 0·_ • • : , •
· w,~_h_8_ut .t~e._kpovyl~:d$e a,~d ~.~a,~st~~~w_r)~ ,.'}, · . . .... · ~. . • . .. . . :;· . : ·:-: .: , . ·'::: _: . ~ ·:
n<?nfu,lfrllrT)e[)t s_qall not r~zvrve~l\e1

liabilitlto the creditor..
. r -i. • • • ' •
· ;
•
- _ ·
orr,grnaT
•
debtofs ·
•
.• {~
''
7
~ngrQ.a! .~~btor,_.y,e -~E:w ?Jbtor~-~-s?lyen~y. ~r _.. ,-,=:~ . · .; . co~en iO!li:11 Subrogation v. ·
•
•,,
/Jt ~
v -- . ~gnment.of Rights
•'"l(i\
..,.,_-'-,;......,..~·~.,,.,..,.,,=-~
• -~
i'r the "'su)5~tiJutiO[l Wa~ffec;ted with.
knowle_d~e, and CQ~S~~ -~l~~ig!0at
9.~b~Of{itr~
:lri r l::
shall revrv~ th~:-0r!grna~--~toJ' s )1ab\ll y to._-'-fJi~7.Ill}, ·
ll~-.
,~L . .
:~ •
.
1 •
,• ·
=
._: , .
~~~t-~?;t' "11i~~o. -~·-~~Br~(Of:;\.~'~~~t~~~

. ' . . . ·,\
s~~~;~~} ~¥y),: ] : -~~-~- ;-~61~2!<:
-~?};~--~. ~- 5113~~!:'- .
~~~-~~.~~: ~i-~~~·:·~ ~?.4-
.;• . : .· . - ..._ . :. J1... : . ·. . : ..
· 2., Dele_gafion· . ..:.: :The n~ht· }lf .~~e cr-e.d!~o~Ci:a~ [)O- . ~.)',,- .• _ : . • • • . . . =· - · ..,. ·
·= lonQe{~Efre~iy~d.~x_cept·,~~JQll?wing.-cqs~~ , ~. • - • · : •. :: • : _ • -· ~
a. -lns9lven~y; alrea_dy. e,s_1st1ng::. an'1l\cof <i;iuli:i~f[r·N·-1 :x r:- . ,,-,·.. ·· · · L ·:: ·: · · :· .. · ,- ··. _. · . · · ·. · :·· _.
· knowle~ge. ·-at . t~e_. time ~hen . tfl'~b~j~I~ ~g~r:J..:. ~o~se~t --~~ _ Deb~_or-:§;., ~o~~e~r :'~ · no\
' debtQr_delegate~·his.,de.bt ·. ·_ -~~11 1 . ,r:!'.~~l"i?-. . -- .· _' ;. ·
~f;_g~r[ed_. .... ·· .. ·,, ::
b. J~s-t;,lvency "'(as alr_eady· e,xrstJ!}9.• ~~.Q_O~~ M . ·: ~ . '.. . . , .--; ..
to the' o~i._gir.ial._debtor _wb~~ :~~ ?~l~~a~e~~i j . '---.,: .. __ ·; _ .• ~, ""' ..... :, "'.:. , _. ,,. _- ,· , ...... ;<··",. ~;-:-:::.;--,. _ · ...
·: deQt (JURADO;. Obl1gati9ns<'apthGontr:act$,· '. Has\. the'· ~ffect' ··of ·Has.-"' the. -.=.··effect ~_of .
·._ .supta ?f-34?), · ·, . ' . -- .. _.:'. :,·· ' , .. . . . · : e~tingL;tisl{i~~ <.. .:
-t~_'e_ tfansmiU1ng'.·tre- rfg_~t~ o_f· ·_ · .·
· : . · . · · · : , ,, · · :· · , ·. ~ · '... · .· · . .. · obligatio(1. ·.and .. giving the.,. cre·ditor.· to : another
It IS· su~mrite?. that ac_tt,Jal,'.·kn.?wledge Of the · a
· .. "rt~e"to new one ... ' : ·-P.~rsofr.-_) . ' ·:--~ ·:'without
, _ '-'· ~ree!)tor __ that,r.ie"."- ~~b:tor:1as_ 1r_1~olv~,nt at_.the ~-. · ·, ·. -. ,. · , > :._ ·: . : . ·' -~.i:>~ifylri_gj ..exyl')guJ$1iihg· , .
·.. -' .··· . trm.e_ ·.o!·· d~le_~_at,~n.,_.,w,1,1 ... ~a_r· _him. •from •,·:··, . .-,: · ,;· .the oblig~tion! '~--- •··. ·
'.
. · .recoven~g fr_om·t.~e ol~ debtor1:~e i;nu_st be_a_r , ·, .,_. -··.-.,.-, ,. · .·. , ·., ...,. ·· -· -· · ',
: '. . . . '!fre_con~.equer:ice_s· ol_his•?d~_.kni;>wingliqor,e .

.· . ·: (CIVIL CODE;., Arts:· 1.294~1295):. .· . . .
. . ··.• •,. ., .
Npviti~~:by suHrcigittdh <

f:.. -p~rsc:i(lal' n6vatjon· e_ffect~d,_b'y,.~_ubr_ogatirig, a. third.
·p,ersortin,th'e rig~ts.oft~e cr~ditbr. (9/VIL 99bE, Art. ·.
13_00). ·. · · - · .·.-.. . . .. · -.· ..· ., :: ,
Subrog;ti6n i~.:_th;· $UQSt;;dtio;.~J 'p~;so·~. in the ~pe ·'fh~·~tt~d~':'~·r1$~;)f~m·· Ai/1~-r ·-~~'\W(~eb'idr: · i·s.- · '·
the mom_e"ilt' .-'of -~or:ic'ernea, )iises from . ...
. , place of an9ther with: ref~teoce -Jo -~· la,wfuJ. claim qr
. right, so- th_at he. who is. substituted· succeeds to. ·the 'ncivati.011/ subrogation ... the . · .. moment . o'f
' rjgh't of- 'the' other:. in' relation to a debt or' claim·, . . notification.
.... including its rem(;)dies and 'securitie's. ft cont~mplates : (JURADO, .Obligations and. Contracts,
. .. . . supra at 350).
.
. i .
''
408 I 201.9 SAN BEDA LAW CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS : '
'
_,
-OBLIGAT·IONS -AN·D· coNJRACTS.
SAN- BEOA LAW CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS- MEMORY AID 2019
Legal .Subroqatlon . Effects of Subroqation (CIVIL CODE, Art. 130;3-

General Rule: Legal subrogation is riot presumed · . .1304) · . .
(CIVIL CODE, Art. 1~02). 1 .. Total- .subroqation :- Transfers -." to the person
subroqated the credit with all- the .,rights the
· Exceptions: (PAI) · · .oriqinal creditor had· against the debtor or third
1. When a creditor pays another, creditor who is . ·· p~rsons. · · .-
· .!:referred~ without debtor's knolffledge~.
Accessory obligations are not extinquished; the
Jllustration:·Atoy has two creditors, Mhik who is· person subroqated acquires all the rights . the '.
· a mortgage creditor for- P15,000 and Jerome...who · .original creditor had aqainst \hirp perso~s and the
is- ah ordinary·credjtor for-p6,000.: Jerome paid rule is absolute-with .. respect jo 1.egal subroqation,
· Atoy's debt of. P15,QOO Io Mh_ik. Jerome will be ln conventional subrogation,. accessory
. subroqated to the ~ights of Mhik. This means that . obliqations.may t:i'e increased or reduced up~n
'Jerome will now. be a: mortgage. creditor for agreement of the parties·. (JURADO, Obligations
P1·5,0Qb and an 'ordinary.creditor for P6"000. ' .. end Conttects; supre ar353J. . .
. .. ·' .
'· ~- . When _a1 ·t.liird: person, ·.. not, inte'te;ted ·_in . ihe ·, -~2: P,artial subroqation= A.credito.r, to whom partial·
.. · .. obligalion, 'pays.with the express or tacil°~pprqyal paymeh! has been· made; mayexercise his.1jight
of lhe debtor; or _ . · · ... : for the remainder, 'and he shall be preferred to'the
· persorrwho-has been subroqated-in hisplace. .·
•, . .,. ·.. ..... . .
Illustration: Aloy owes.Euqene P4,000. With ttie »
I .. · ca.nsen'f otooth. Jo.ey paysEuqene P2,000. Now · ,
Eugene and "joey are the creditors of Atay: to tj,e ·
· .·..
. 01'~~-
am9tint By reason o~ the p~e~erent!~I r,ig~! .
. to· t~e. remamd~r;: Eugene is- to· 'be prefE;rred m
"case Atofhas only. P2,00Q. The ·preference,.··
-,, - . howe_v~l enj.~yed,by Euqene.is only in the assets
; r'emam1r:ig_\w1~h the ,debtor __(Atoyi-and not .(~o~e.
·_.. alread§ tra sf~med__to others:· · · · · .. ·. · - -
. . .,~ ..
3.
. ,,· .
.A.8ii--..:....eontract { ...
, A ctintri;\ctrs a ii)eetihg qf minc;l_s between two persons .
. wherebY:o_ne'bin9s h1mself,.,witl)...t.!sSPect:t6 th•e· oth,er,
by·a. mortgage s3nd·py a gua_ra_nty of;Atoy.- If Atqy· ·,:. to...-give -scimething or .to·rendei: ·some service .(tlV/l.: .
everf with.out Joey's knowledge pa.ys Cath 'Atoy. · .C~DE; Art_., 1-3~5). : . . .
\yill be.. subro·gat~d in Cath'i_pl~ce. i?Y rea~on .. of · ,. · · ,. ·, · · ·· ··
. confllsio'n, -or by reason··.of.t~e· fac_Lth~t Atoy yo.ntract'.a-'~-dObligati~n Distin·g~i.~hed .. ·.·,: :. ·
,:became. a guarantor·_and· a .cre~lito~ at'thef sam·e ·. While-a contiaci is. one of the sources: of obligations, ··
.. time;··the gt:faranty is extinguished:: . . .. ah obligation i$ the IE;lg~il tie or relation_ih,elf.!hat exists .
1., . · · _.: . • : · ' , - • _after ·a con~ract. ha_s:IJE:!en. ~nt(:)re.d into.'·Hence, there ·
·· · . ~.trict!Y.. speaki~g·; ··there· 'i_s. no ·iega\. subr~g~iion, : _c:;an-'be_ no

·contract if there is. no· 9b.ligauon .... !3ut· an ...
. . when a sol.idary c;lebtor pays ~he entire obligation,.- obligation· may· .exist· wi_thout a contract (DE -LEON, '·
·Solid_a.rity terrn,ri,ates'. upon tl,e pqyme~l( of-.tbe · 0/;)Jigatlons :. · ar/d '. .. : GofJtr?JC(S; . ·-supra ·.,at
·· .. whol~'.'oblig·a_tion. Thus; .. t~e paying: de\:)to/ do_es · 44'4f · : ... . .
. . . not completely-step into the shoes':of the-creditor,. · , - - · '· - .',
1
' .: ~s. he.. Ca!'1not demand from an{of his_:co-debtors· . -El~ine·n~~·o(Co.ntracts: I_:·. ·:' .
.. the conipliance of the entir~ ci'bligation ·but:only . t,: .. Essential-:- those·. without which. there can be no
-: the-propoJ!ion which pertains to_ each (JURAPQ, contract· . . . . . ,
Qbligatior,s and Contraqts, supra at 352) .. ·. .. · a. · ;cornriion elerrienis :...... pre;ent iq alFcontracis. ·-.
· · · · ·. · i. (;:or:i$ent . · ·
Ji. .. Obje,ct or SlJbjec_t.Matter.
· iii: . Cause.o_r._Conside·ration ,
-,
. 2019 S.A.N·BEDAl.AWCENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS I 409 ·
. OBLIGATIONS·
. . AN'D . c·oNTRACTS
.
SAN B~OA L(1W CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS - MEMORY AID 2019
b.Special elements - present only in certain b. -Aleatory - each of the parties 'has to his
contracts (e.q., delivery in rear contracts or account the acquisition of an equivalent of his
form in solemn 'ones). .. · prestation.
c. Extraordinary elements '-- peculiar to specific 3. Accord.irig. to their. perfection
contracts (e.q., price in a contract of sale) · . 'a. Consensual - perfected by.mere consent of
2. Natural -_those_ which are derived from the nature . the parties- · . . . . , ,
of the contract and · ordinarily accompany the b ... Real - requires not' only· consent of the
same; they .are presumed by law, althouqh they parties but also delivery of the object.for their
can be excluded bythe contracting" parties if they perfection. .
so. desire · (e.g., warranty against eviction in a 4. _According 'to their purpose
contreci of sale). _ _ · a. Transfer of ownership > e.g., sale
3,. -Ac.cidental- those which exist only when the b. Conveyance of use - e.q., commodaturti.
partiesexpressly providefor them for the purpose c. Rendition of service - e.q., agency . · •
of limiting or 01odifying the 'normal effects of the 5. According to' the· nature of the vinculum which ·
contract" . · (e.g. conditions, terms or. modes) they produce · · . ·
(JURADO, Obiigations and Contracts, supra at · a. Unllateral= give rise to an obligation for only ·
·35_7). · · ·· · one .. of the·parties ' ··. ·
. · . ·· · ti.· Bilateral - give Tise to reciprocal· obligations. - · ·
~~t:: Co!')fract~ mustncit be confused wii~~~ ·~ for _both part(e? -, . -, . .. .
juridical conventions-such as marnaqe, adoption andu
su~ce~sion.Th_e·yrincipal_
obtiqations of '. v= .:
source of -~#f1g~~an? .-
parties ·_in,.·, ~ontrc!~ 1~~~~
J\~J-
fo ~C'c0rd1ng to their form
~~n or informal - requ(res no-particular
· . (Oj9!.- :'\._ · , ..
. .
.
.
· ·.
. .:·
.,
~greernen~.-wh1le m·the·other1und1~1,·c~· n~e tloris, 1k,_ 15. Spec~.'"~jrxorm~.i:=-
I r:equ_ires some particular.
'is.the law;1tself (Id .. et 354). · -~- . -~ ·· . . .. ,ff, . . · fqr-~'-~. ··.J. \, .: . . · ·. ·· ..
· · . , · · · · · . . 'Cfj .' · Tm · '-}f 7~jt Accofd~ng t~tne1~ caus~ . . . . , · . .. ·
Essential Elements ofaVali ConJr;ac~ ·Jr ·,$. . Bl\~.· Olner~sF_ m which -each. of the .parties
Then~ is no contract unl_esslfhe fol,lifwingrequisites ... i~-)~ __ 1
a pires\to ifp):oX~re for himself ._'a 'be!']~fil
c~ncur; (C<?C) . . .. ~- · •· . . ·.,. · .i'.I\~· _ .~,,, _ttyough,\~1ymg· of a_n equ1vale~t or
1. ~onsent of the eon~ract1 g'paft1es;. · '~;;'."'--,::. 1!!1 c,., J~- compensation,-1· , . · · . · .. .
2. · Qbject ce_rtai,n which is h~Lloject ma er·offih~~un· ' b. , dratuito_u~)r=,.ip .whicl'\ one, :of the parti~s
.f9ntracti and . ·. . · :~·\ · . , \ . · . · ~~':._f!!.!I. · · ~sesJ!_<;i giv'e~o the other a _be0efil without
3. ~ause of th!:) obl_ig~tio[·awhy\:n ·js ~ t~1sfie iaf.. l O..: . fJlfr~~equr,alt:llt'~-~ompens?tion... . -
(Cltl.lL COfJE,l\rt.:1318). .·. · ,: ~.I'\ ~ · ·~-~~;-Ac¢.'Qlg_ingto thei.r'sfbWctJnatt_er _ . · ·
. . . . ·- . ~ul t~ . -Y1a/ ~~J,~ingst-e.g., sale,. deposit; pledge ·.
Sta_g_ei(of Co.l}tr~ctl5;- .(~fc). . · ·. ·· .. : , . , , · / t~~e~les....: e/, ·ag_en,cy,1lea$:8: of ~ervice,s :'
1. G~nerat_ioii .:... ?'o_mpreh~-~~s the p'rep_ar~t~e 'lEN.-9\}-J,\cco,~i~~ lQ _their na.me$. . :_.:" ,• . _·. ~- ·. · .
conceptwn: It -is ·t!1e: per!od o\...negqtiatl~~n'cl~yNo~na~ -_~ave .their own md1y1doahty;
1
.. bargaining.' e'nding. af the ··r,norneht.._o(_§ue ~·eAt~"\i_~J~cl
of"the parties. . ..., . · · . · ._ X." · I
2.· ,'_Eerfettion"-:: t~~ inom~nhv.hen:t~e.~artt~~s~~if(c ·name; -n~t regutated by: s~_~cia_l· ·
M '/\ by ·special proViS(OnS oflaW .·. ·
°'b~ 1nnommate - contracts which do not have a
·
· to:agre_e on the ~ern~s P!)he cont_ract : · · . . . .. . - ·· . · P~C?v1s1ons,pf law_--:_({d. _at 359-361). .. · . ~

. 3. ~on~umma.tion·_ ,....__ Lt js .· thE: _· fu_lfillmer:it .. ~r ,. . '. ·. · · . . · · . : · ' · · . ;· · · · , ·. . .
performance ·of: the ter'rris agr~e·d. upon' in the l:(inds of lnnominc\te'. Cor:,tr~cts:·
. contract (A.BS.:OBN Broadcasting Ctirpo"ration v. . 1:. ,Do ui l]es ·- I .give thafyou:·give :.
: CA,..G.R. Nd:.128690,.-·J{miiary,21, 1.999): ·.. . . 2 ... Do ut {qcias -:i·gtVE) "that yol/ do·.
· . · ;.· -·. · ·, · .·· .., : · 3. Faciout des~ r do that y'ou give : · · ..· ·
· Cla~sific:ation_ of..Coritr_act~" . -~ , " ' .• ~-- . 4·_ .. 'Faciout facia$ -·· f dp -'thaf yo1J do (DE: LEON,
f. According to th_eir relation to o_ther contracts ·. ·· ·. '.'Qbfigations and-Contracts; supra.at-163):: _,
·.a . .- ·Pre·parato.ry.,:- pr_eHminaj:y. st~p . to.wa_rds: the . · · ; -~ - :.:,,.. .. , .-~ . · . ·· · . · ·
~elebration- of another subsequent contra~!.. Not~:· Ac.cording _to some authorities,.cto·ut:des is no
b. Principal -- can subsist independeriily from - longer·-·an. inqomin~te contract. ··It has already beE?n
other cqntrac.ts.·: ~- ·· ;.. . · .";., · ',- ·... ·. · ::..· · · · given a' n·a_me of:i!s. owh, -f:e,/ba_i:ter ·:or· exchange
c. Access'ory·- can ex_ist.onl'Y:aS a °CO~seque~ce (CI\/.IL :CODE, _Art: 1638). . . ·.. : . · . . . . · ..
of, :Or-Jri telatio_n. wl.!_h. another. prior" cont~act ., . . . . . . :.:.. ·.·
pURADO, Obligations and Contra'cfs, supra. . How _lnri·omin~te.Contracts Regulatea
"at'359). · · · · 1nno_rriinate. ·contracts, · shall be · -r~gulated,
2-. According to the risk involved . successively, by:
· a. C.Om!11_Utative -:-: .each of the party acquires an 1. The 'stipulations 'of-.th_e parties, . . .. . . ~.
equivalenh:ifhis prestation: · 2. The general , provisions of the .Civil Code on

- :Obligatfons' and co.ntrat~s'.' .
. /
410 I 2019 SAN SEDA LAW CENTRALIZED BAR OPERf. TIONS

OBLIGATIO.N·S. A.N.O CO-NTRA·CTS
SAN BEDA LAW <;ENTR:4LfZEDBAR OPERATIONS - MEMORY~ID 2019
3. The rules governing the most analogous December 20, 1988) just as nobody can be forced to
n.omin.9te contracts and . .enter .into a contract. · · ·
. 4. The customs of the place (CIVIL CODE, Art.
1§07). . · . ' . · E:,:cceptfon: An·agre'ement that ·a par:ty m.ay terminate·
/ . l~ con.tract up.on reasonable pe(iod of notice ·or when ·.
Characteristics of.Contrac.ts: (MARC') cancell?lion is by reason ·of.breach (CIVl(CODE,' Art ..
1. Mutuality . (CIVIL CODE,. Arj.. 1308);'· 1191; Palay, lac.' vs... Clave, ·G.R. NQ. L-56076,
2. ~utonomy (CIVIL CODE, Art. 1306);. September 21; 1983). .
3. · ,Belalivity (CIVIL CODE,.Art. 1311 ); .
4. · tonsensuality(CIVIL CODE, Art. 1305); and. Autonomy (Freedom to Con'tract)
The conlracti'ng parties may · ·est.abli~h . · such
'Mutuality or C>bligatory Force ·. . . stipulations, clauses,. terms and conditio.ns as they
. The conlr?ct must ·bin.d both .contracting par:ti~s; its may. deem convenient (C?IVIL COD~, Art. 1306). ' .
validify or compliance cannot be left to the will ofone
of them (CJVIL CODE, Art. 1308).. . ' . Fre~dom to. c~olraci i~ ·both···a c·oNSTITUTIO·N.AL
and STATUTORY righL(CONST.,·AH:· ·111, Sec 10;
Exception: Va.lidity or fulfillmen,t may be left to: . . C(VIL.CODE;; Art. 1306).
1.. .The will of' a· third person, whose decisiori" shall.
. not be binding until· made· known· to ·both the .. In .coiitractual -relations. the law allows the·· parties
. contracting parties (C[VIL CODE; Art: 1309); or leeway 'and 'considers their agreement _as the law .
2·... Chance (A_s· sensuc9nlrario from CIVIL COQE, between them. Contractual stipulations thatare not
·Art .. 1308)' contraryto law, moral, good 'customs, public order or.
public policy shall be binding and should-be complied
°The del.ermination shall not ·b·e obHgatory if it. is with in go<].d, faith (Spouses Cnunq _ v. .Ulf!nday
eyidenlly il')equitable. In such case, the court~h,a.11 · Con?ttuc~ion, L .c., G.R. N[!~ .156038; October. 111
decide what_ is equitable under the cjrcumslances . _ 2010):, · . .. . · _ · ·
(C,VIL CODE_,'Art. 1'310).'
' . . .
·· Limitation to-the Pririciple ~t

Au.tonomy· . ·
Stipu.lationJ\~ould 'not be contrary to law, morals,
. the contracting parties. The mJL!S!s. of all the parties . .go'od c~~k~ms,: pu'blic order,' or public· poficy (CIVIL.
mu.st meetas to the proposed·.r31pdJfica~!).e$peclally . :I'. ~OD\-:f!· !~P6J .. \ ·. :.
when it- affects an important· asp~d of the .~/
.. aqreernent.Thus, any ·change musJ-b.e utoally 1.. ContraryJ.o_Law-- .
.: aqreed upon; otherwise, it produces ~ointjj g .effE;cl Ads . executed· against · · the provlslons ; of
(Philippine Sevinqs.Benk v. Sos.. Castillo, G. R. No. mandatory .or -prohibitory laws shall" be -void,
193.178 May 30 2011) - ,except wh.en the law Itself authorizes thelr validity
g~~l~h~:,~rt!~e~~~: imposes a Jy,~aaefo;m ;

of .contract on :th~ .other.· It is a, cohtracf whereby .
2 ::~:~.:O:E~~:,:) . ' ': , ·.
Phe morals referredto 'are.those principles which
almost all of its.provisions are drafted by one 'party, areihconfrovertible 'and are' universally. admitted
with the participation· of the ·other.p.'iirty'being lirnited .: and whicb: have ··received social ·.and -practical
to affixfng his or, her signature or ...!!adhE;Jsion" to the recoqnltioh .. (JURADO; . · Obligations·· and
. contract. However, contracts of .adhesion are not ': . .Cbntracts, supra at 363). ·. . ....
'i'nvali~ perise as they are binding as· ordlnary'. · · ,,. · · -
- .. contracts (Encarnacion Construction vs. · Phoenix . · Example: Interest· teie s9 high: th~t · it is. so·
. Reedy Mix Concrete Development and Construction unconscionebte and .sbocking: lo the senses
G.R. No. 225402, September 4,- 2017). . . ·. (Anda/_vs. PNB, G.R: No. 19420f, November 27;
· · · · · 201:j) an.d ari .eqreement on. a·-trial marriage -is
Note: Contracts of-adhesion do not violate mutuality void· for being contrary to morals. .. ·
· of confracts bkca'use:. the·. adhering. ·party has the·
freedom to rej~clil in-its entirety. Howe'{er, in c.ase,of · ·. 3. ·Gonfrary to -Good'Custon:is . .. .
con!roversy, the contract is in:terpreted liberally in Customs. con$isl of. habiis an9 practices which
favor ·of .t~e adhering. party· (JURADO,·. Ob(igation~. 'through long u~age· ·1:iave been followe·d and
and_C~htract~, .supra.c1t 455) .. ·.. : . . ·· · . enforced by society or some part of it·as binding •
· rul.es· ·of conduct. It has the force' o( law· when ·
--·c'ontracts Ca.nnot Be. Unilaterally Canc.elled . recognized and enforced by law. A custor:rr must .
. 'Ge.neral Rule: No party_ can renounce the contract be proved .as a fact, acc9r~lir:ig to the rules' of
unilaterally o'r without the consent of the other evi9ence(CIVI_L CODE, Art. 1 ~ & 1376).
(Landoil Resources·· vs: Tensuan, G.R.. No.· 77733,
2019 SAN BEDALA W CENTRALIZED. BAR Of?.~RA TIONS I 411

·OBLIGATION~S.AND _(QN:TRACTS ·
' SAN a{bA LAv/cENTRAuzw BAR OPERATIONS - MEMORY Ato.2019 · ·
\
Example: A contract providing for a penalty it one . 1. _Real contracts are not perfected until' the
of the parties Woula 'beck out Irom his/her delivery .. of the object of the obljgation (CIVIL
promise ' to marry is against good customs CODE;Art. 1316).
(PINEDA, Obligation.s and Contrects, suwa _a( f;xample~: Deposit, ple!!_ge and·com_modatum
' •339):·.. . . \ .. . .
2. .Solernn contracts 'or Formal contracts require
4._ Contraiyto Public Order compliance with certain formalities. prescribed by
I "Refers to the safety, as well as to thepeaceand law such 'prescribep . form being . thereby an
order, of the .country or of any particular essential element · · thereof (DE !-EON,
community. (./URAQO, Obliga_tio0s - . ahel Obligations and Contracts, supra et 542) .
. . -· " . . ' '
Contracts, supra at 364), ·

Example:
. . Ddriatio(J otreet.oiooetty; .Notarial.
' . W.ill
· Example: A contract to comniitrebeltion. - . . (
Note: In bo.tli real-and solemn contracts, contrac_tual

5: .Contrary to Public Polley_. ..· : -,. .consent i$ implie9ly incl_uded. · . . . ,
By public policy is intended that priricip]e of law
which ..holds that no subjector citizeri can _lawfully . .., Effect of Perfection .ofthe Contract. ·.
do that Vfhich hasa- ,tendency.,to. be injurious to ·' v- lJn\i~. -the· contract · :is · .. perfected, it, carinot,: as_ an
the public or agai_nst the public· go_od which m~.,.;· indep~naeht S?urce cf.obliqation, serve as a binding
?e te.rrn~d,the "pol!t{oft~e.·Jaw,'.':or."puj~.li~~cyu· '_iur~dfa}~~tiqn· (A:Sunci(?'} v,. CA, _G.R. No. 10~125; ..
: 1n-·:relatton to :the_- ._admJnistrah~n;;or':the~aw'.~ !fecpm~ber-;,2, 1994; A1nad0_-v Salvador,. G:R. No ..
(~1~era v. ·S9lidbanl< ~orp., f;E?<~1§3'Z6.9-----1~1 °vember 1~, 2_007). . .. .
.Apnl 19, 200p). . · .: ~:('>-' ~~ · .. ~-· ,A~ . . . . .
· .' - _ · .. ·. . __ ·_y/~t:Jnac~~ted0ole'r~ aidl5rop~'sa_ls..r..~tni3in a~ s~ch and
». ir
GgClnot'· ~~- CC?~S~Fed .. -as . bJ~ding comm1tm_ents;
l :
Examples·~--A._· qUJ(C~c!!f:1 ~r~. -.~1.sr111ss~)1
employee yVaives- act,t· · aga/f1st his, former J~ ~1Ytce .. n~t 'demavdabl\_ {Luxyr,a Homes; Inc. ·v. CA,
_employer for_any cause. · · !?¥.'" c;._R.
No. 25986,(dj"nµar; 28, 1999).-. .. . .
~~tonomy _9f: Ccin.fra~t~.' s. ~l~ Funtl~m~#t~y~· l::jj t{~]nf"th·~~om·e·~ t~}jtie~ co~e -~~ an -a~r~_en:ent .
·H.u_r:h.~_n R)ght~ anq:Ge~et-'t ·"YeJf~rt. ~- '{._~'f,.\\ill[!JpfLai~fr 1te subJfC._ :m}.~er and ,valrd C\:)nSJd~rahon, .
Non-Jmpa1rment clause IS mte~qoc,, (:] ...... - :,- --·they-ar ~d-n~t~or;ily:J··.·· · · ... .. · _ _.: :
. 1. The. Police Pawer:_:o~ \tne,-s~~~.~{\: rii_tf! I& ti)::i' !,o 'tt\~J~Jfil!fn'.e?-t~J-· what has been _exp~~ssly
. . . Hpmeo"!ner's Assqc,at,oo,\lf!_c?':\ Th~GiJx,..._~yq§i. .~;_<~:?1p$ted; 7t1ut als~t · ·. ··. · . ·. · .,.. · . - ..
. of F.j'a'ra.naq1,1e,. G.~:. · N_ol14: Qt(\.
1 F.~K~~ifaa~, 7-;--!:l. ";2·. :it~~lifhe,co_ri:se_q_~rnc~s~w~!ch ·_acc_ord(ng to the_ir
.._ ' 20WJ .. ' ''. . ··, " :;·, ., .··. :' ' ,· !' ....~ur.~.·mfy·be 1f1iKeepmg·yV1th good farth, usage, .
2_., _F;ree9qm :·PC-Religion:· (Vic 'orf?no: vs~EJL4¥/,·.~fr5YN-r ~~9d la_if'YC!'(IL 1\\~ CODE, J:lrf. ·1_315) .. · · . ·. ··
· _Rope Workers' .f.!.nionf -G .... · !'-'O;J'.:7~?.....b?J'.6~ L -~- . . . . · · . . · . - ··
September 12, 19!4). -- · ..9/1
·. -( ~Relatiftt\j\. ~ , . · .. · -.. ' , . ·· ·
' " . ' . . . . . . . - . ' ;"
.Cqn~el')S~c!llty_or .Qb!!gato_rylo~~e.1
;•;' '1-J . M · :~. . .
~,e_qibRJJ/e:O~ntrac~s·take:~ffes;t·.~n!y,beJw~e?··t~e.
Ra~,"tl)eir__ ass~W)S ~nd he1r,s_: (C!VIL CODE_, A~. ·,
<;;;o.r.it(c!.Cts, pr!:}·,p~r:fe.cte,c;! py, m_eq=~--.consf;'!.nk.:and fro(ll · · · 1:':Tf1f .. -:, ,, . ! · · .'.' . ::-'·... ; ·.:' .. -_-; .' :. ;: ,, .•J, .. , · ·· . : (
'th~fi:norn~r.it t)l~.parties·are:bound.to tlie,fuifiifment of. . . ·,.:.. '.. .. . . . . . .
·what·. has--,--been .. - expressly·. stipulated. -,fnd.·Jo . all. . · ·\1./he~ a ~-~rson,a~sig~s his·.c.redit\,·:~~cith~r/~erson·. . ..
cgns-~quen~es·\vliich, accqrding ._tq their-·n~·ture;_ ..may< . ttie)atter is Pi~rned)~brogaf~d to·!he_, rig~ts.:,as.· w_ell.. , :· · · ,
·-. -be . in_keep.ing ~!t~ gpbd}a_ith, usage .and.law_ (CIVIL:. :. as to the obligations o.f ·the- former ·(Fort·-Booifacio · · ·
· COD{=,'A!J .. 1.3.15). · · ·. ,. ,-, .,; . . · bi:/vefoprrrentCdjp~~ Fo.riQ; G5R,,.)Jo.209370,;_March. . .
· ,.. ,·) ' · ;; ·, .··25. 261sJ. -·. ,_·.,_. :_ . ·>-?.· .> .'· >::--- . · __:._·.·.
A;party ca.nnoi be ~ll~wep to.reneg~~n hjs~obllgaffon' : . . ' ... -
. UOO!:Jr-· as; contract simply' beC9Ul:,El· .lje. C~a,:igeg ··his . 'When· ther~ i~;·n~··prii,,ity·6(confract: there is ·likewise··
mii;id' (Morta· vs, Belmontf!;· . µ.R.··:·: Noi }.7·1-1.46, n'o ·-obi.igation, or: _liapiLity·, to';.spE;!ak.· a~ol:)f (Asian
December 7, 2011 ). . . . .. . .. . Terminal, '. Inc. · .1,( . Pa'cfcidor,. . Stainless·· Ste·e1
' . .. (- :... ;":,, . ... · ..... '. ·:·-.: - ,, ·._.·,,. . Corpoi:ati~n p.R:No. -2·118-76,·.JL/ne.-25,/0iB).... _· :'.;-
Note: Th¢·.binding for.ce _qf cor:itracts.tqme?. from,ttie ·. : ·,.- .--~,
cohst:int,ot-afree ari'd.unimpai~~d_rnind ... Pacta_ s'und .· S_ti{)JILCl.iLQJJ~Ep.i.J.r;.:(W(iui'_. -: ;, ...::· .::.;_·:,~ -~''. ··-~::--~·-_: ..
~erva.nda_; "agre~mentf rnusH:ie kept''. · . ... · · If a _contract should ·contain som:e stipulation: irdavqr
. .. ... ,. . ,. . . , of a third·p_erson, a·mere.inc;ider:ita(pene'fit O(interest
A,11 C_ontra_ct~· A~e Esseiilially Oonsens_lla! of a p~rs.on_.is not s~ffi¢i~~i, ..' lfhe _Gpnttacting··. partie's
W_hjle ".1?St c_o,:itq:1ct~ ~r~ pe_rfecte·d ~y rtj~re.consent, . . must haV!3 clear.fy.'and de!ibenitely;conferred ~i'favor
c:>thers _require a~ts in additi.on .to corn,,_ent in Qrde.r to - ., . upon a 'third person ··(CIVIL G.,ODE,, Art.'·.,1311, par_. 2)
·. obtain.obligatory force. The$e.are:. . .. . . : · . · · .- . -~ . · .. ·. ·· · ; -- ~- · .· · -
._ ' : ' .. I '• •
·'
41 ~ I 2019 SAN Bl;:0-"'.' _LAW C::ENTRAtlZED BAR OPERATIONS

. ' .OBL°rGATIO-N·S
. . SAN BEDA LAW CENTRALIZEDBAR QPERAT.IONS- MEMORYAIQ 2019
AND :tONT.RAC:TS
,.
_A beneficial stipulation or stipulation pour au((ui ("for 3 .. ·Transferees of Pr9perty alienated in fraud of. ~
another'.') is .a.:stip1.,1lation iri a. cqntrat::t·, ·clearly 'and creditors·.
,deliberately con_f~rred by the co~tracting parties clS a 4. Tortious Interference
~, -- -~--
favor· u·pori a third person, who m·ust have.accepied 'it·.
.before it could be revoked (JURADO, Obligation$and lntransmissihle Contractual Rights. qq Not Bind .
· contracts, supra at .J°82J:- . · .Heirs, Assigns, and Su_ccesscirs-in-interest., -
Contractual . Rights· wh)ch C::i're ·by ·law; nature; .or
Example:· A stipulation in a· co~tract ·of sublease that stipulation in'transmissible cannot bind persons other
the s'ut,lisse·e's; rent: shall. l:>e paid directly,:'fo ·the· tlian the _parties thereto. . ~
prlr1cipal )essor is ·a stipulat.ion pour .autn.Ji · '(Limitlejs
Pdtentiais, /he.
2005):. . .
,vs: Qu1iala,
.
G.R. No. 157391.-:Juiy)
. , .
5; : (.
'
. ~x·an,ples:. - ·. . - . . . . . -;,
1 .. Me.mbership a non-stock corp,o(a'fio_n·· is
in
. . . · · intran.sn:,is.sible by Jaw: . · . ., .
Test of Berieficial.St1j:>ulat.io'n . . · .._. . 2. · Personal obligations are·· in(,:ansmissible·.:by.
. · To' constitute a valid stipulation pour autrui itmust be . · neture . ., .. -. .: :. - · . ·-. '.' .. "', '.
. . ·. . ,f .
. . t,tie purpo~e and intent. of _th_e parties· to benefit the .. .
.·!~_ird person:· T~~-. \!:isl_ is -theth_er._ or not the parties . . Beal Rig.hts -as to th~se Charged.Witn· Notice . '. '. .
deliberately insertedterms in their-agreement with the· . A real rigi,i is· a right belonging .to _a' person over a,
avowed purpose of conferrinq a favor ...upon siichthird" ·: specific thing, without a passive suoiectlndivioually
person (JURApO,'Qbligatior,s,ana ..Contrects, ·at 383, . _ . determined •. aqainst , whom .such right . may be
citing Fiorentino v-Encemeclon, G.R. No. L-27596. · .. pers~n;;i,lly· enforced. .Such- _a righf.:)hereforE:;. is
· September 30, 197-7). · · .· ._:· ·· .. ·._ · '· ·,. - · ·enfor_ceable against the whole world . (JURADO, .
· -· '·· · ~ · Obligatidhs.and contrects.supre-et-sss). e- .
·
. . .
Requisites ·of V~lid and· Blndinq:
,
..; · Autrui:. (FP-CUAR) ·, , · ... , , ·· ; .. ·; , ·

. I . -~
s_
-.·•
tipu._l'ati_o:n
·;.,
·"
:,oun •. ·• • -, - .
A r~al right _is bind.ing. upon third persons whoare

, , .•.
a
. f .·· There is stipulation in favor ofa thiriper~o~; · chargeablerwith 'notice of the same. · . .
. 2,. The stipulatiorr is a·J~.a:rt\' not the w_hqle; of. the · ,· · ; ~ . · , · · . ·· · l
: . 'contract; : ... - .: . ' ,'. . . ' '...d • . . A'r~cd~ded 'ret ei\tatE3'°..moJ'1gage. is: -a···rig!1f."i~ rim.. .
..:..~'A:_.'· G.. :,R_:..N._o: '.14.·(07 4.,· J.u.J-y..15,-_20._'CJ5).. · ...
, .....
. 3.
. .
The- 90ntractihg .. p.~rti~S:: _g_~~arly ~d :delibe.~ately .
confe,rred;:a !avor to· the- third p~~sor:i . ..-{tt.'ie..,favor.
is QOt an ·incider;t.al benefit · >. · · ·, ~-·
__/_.·.·d__(e_s,vs
. _' r(P ·e,·
Trpl)Sfe~~perty Ali!?n~ted_,111_ Frau_d; .
I \, · · · -· ·· - . · ·
-- 4.· ·_'The.favor is.!J.nconditio.nal arcl uncorr.pjn~ated\. c;;ontraps enterieo'm~m order to-defraud·c1 cf$ditor
5 .. ,The third pe_rson .communicate_d his or ;iner. ahf resci~_sible (.GLV/1,:,.'CODE, -Art: 1381 (3)): .' . ··
~ . ·. '\~c~e.ptan~e ·ot::tbe fa,vor- befo.r.µsVrevq<;: ati9n;: :: . : . . :: i I . . ' . ' • • . .
· · · and · · ·· , · · ,· · · . ',·:. \ \· : ·, · · · :Jhe_transfere.es are effe'ctiv~ry' bound. to the .co'.ntract· ,
6.> The co~tracting pa~;iei do not: ~e~re~;~t;~,r ari . between -i~e. ·iransterror -and.· the· 9h13rging ¢reditor
. not_ ~llt~ori_ze._d_·_by_; tbe_ t~irc:J party;(RePLJP!ic~ft~e._. . .sueh 1hqt-any.'trar:rsfer of· title to· tti'e_ni c3;fe resciS$ible.
,Ph1µppmes'.v.. LegaJ-He1rs (?f Jose •. Afocap'C!,.F?. :, , . : -. . ._. . . . . . . -· '·
. -No. 2Q5722; Augu~t 19, ·20,15).. · ·.. · ·. Tortio~s Interference._ . .:, ,
·, ., .. , :, .-·. ·'.·". .. , "-: /~ :- •.. · .... ·: ,· .... ·, · ~ There-is'tortiqus·iriferferer:ic·e Whe.reJhe:thira-persoh .·.
A~~eP.fanc~ o_f _E;Jen,efit b?:Thi_r1 .. P~rty.. R.eq~ired· · · ·. .' _ 'in'd~~C~\ ac~~\fa\itin~g:·p_a_rty · ~o. :Yi_qlafo· his_ qbn._rract: :
If-a contract should contain- some st1pulat1on'Jn favor. , Such· tliird person can· be :held liablefor damages · ..
o_f a 'third·· perso~;. he -m:ay ~ demat:id iis, fulfillmer:it ' . (CIViL C..ODE, Art.' fa14/ - . :·. . ·. ; - . · · . · . .
.. provided·· he .-.corrimuriic,cJted hfo $_cc~'ptanc~ · ~o . the.. · No~: Th·e. - r~I~ .. ~n · tbrtious.: fr\t~rfere~s·~-- imp·li~s. th~t .
. \~ obligo[ before itsr!:)vocation (CIVIL CODE,.Art.·:1.31·1r:: ariy ·person· aware.-Ah'at -a binding 'c6ntr.act exists :. ,
· , par.:_2r ·.i: · :' : . · :_ ..__
-<_ . . ' ,.· . . _ ... . •. be.tween parties is bouri~'.to res?ec(s~c_hJ~ridi~al ti~.
- .... :~- . . _:..: /t,
.. Reason: .Re11.tii,-ity of CQntracts· ·- ,i, :;, ~e_qui~ltes._of Tortio1.Js\nter.ferenc~: :(MIK~)'-.:_ ·.- .. : ·, · ·.
.. ~ - ,· ..
..... _, .• .. i • '.-- ·.' .... _ ~ .1. . ~xistence of Maik:e; .. · · ~ ·: '·, ·. -~ · .. , .' ·. · · · · · ·'
Foi'~ of'Acceptarice of,_Benefi~iar:y . 2 .. ,-!nterferer,ice .by third· 'person, . without. 'legal,, ...-
·. The acceg,t~jice may .be .made ..at_ •any. time. . pef pr~· the· 'justification''qr excuse; · ·: ... · · · · ·: · :· · ·'
.; < . • •. . ~- • .• . ; . .
favorabl_e. stipulation is·/· revciked · and: that the, 3. :· The_ gxi~ltence of a· ~alid·}~ontract; and·.. .
. ac¢~pfance may .be in any' form if does not,have to be. 4 .. , Knowledge o_n the part· of·tl:ie third person of the·
· .. formal or-~express- bu..t m_ay.. be~ in:i'plieq:· (Sps:Narvaez . : existence '.of the contract (JURADO, Obligations .
. v:' Sps. Alc.isg_, GR. No. 16,5907; -Ju/y.27,·2009).. · : . and Contracts, supra'at 390). '· ·
... j . ..
:, , · ·.. ·
...
.:· Exceptions 'to ,Rel~tivity. of Contracts: . _c·~nfracfs' . by Agent·· With.out Authority are
.1.- · lntransrnissible :. Contr9ctual .. Rights.by·- .. n·ature,·· Unenforceable . .. ·. .
. stipulation, ·or law. -~ · . .' . ·· · · As a general 'rul~. ·a. per.sch i~ not. bound by the.-
2. · Real Rights As to Tho)>e Chafge with_ Notice . contn~ct of ~nothe~ of which he has n9 knowledge or .
2019 SAN BEOA LAW CENTRALIZED BA.R OPf:RATIONS· I 4t3

OBLIGATIONS-AND CONTRACTS
- SAN BEDA LAW CENTRALIZED B1'R OPERATION!/. - MEMORY AID 2019
to which he has not given his consent (CIVIL CODE, Example: X··i$ the agent. of Y.. X.purcha:/es a
Art. 1311;par. 1).- · · property from Y: In the deed, X·signs in his own
name as buyer. HE! then signs ih a representative
A contract entered into in the name of another by one ' capacity as. agent ()fY, signing for.the Seller.
who h·as n.O authority is Ul")enforceable against the
former· unless it is ratified by him· before jt is revoked 2. Collective contracts - Contracts entere'd into qy
by th~ ot_her contracting pa.rty· JCf'!IL CODE;.Art. several person·s as-a single ·party
131-7 & .1403 (1)). . .
. Example: Collective bargaining·con.tracts where
A contract entered into by an agent in· e~cess. of his· the collective·bargaining µnit, composedo(many
authority is unenfor~eable agalnst- the principal, ·_but· persons who · are ·emp_lpyees .·of- the iaine.
the· agent. is personally liable. to the party_.with whom a
employer is bound as single_ party. .
~e contracted. · whe~e such ·party: was not given
~ufficient _notice .of the-limits .of-the powers granted by ._CONCURRENCE 'OF OFFER ANDiA.~~E_PTANCE
the· prindpal (C/YIL ·coDE, Art. 189!)- . Offer ·_. . ·
The proposal to. make a contract "(JURADO,
Wheri:a Person Bou;,-d by the Cont~act°of Another Obligations and.Contracts, at 401): · . - .
. Ir:, orderthat a person may tie. bound by the contract· . . .
of another, there are two requisites:_ . · . ~9er t~, c?n-~titute -~- -bioding·propos~I, the offer_
1. The person entering into the contra~~ml'lst belJ fl]{l~be~am qr def!nit~:(ClVIL CODE, 'Art. 1319).
duly _au~~orized, expressly or im~ecl~, ~)( the · · ·J.:\I .f" :,."' · . . · . . : ·· . ·
. person m whose _'name.he contr?1cts~h~ _mll~t-=-.8~u1~1t tiof,..Vaj,1~ _Offer: (DIC_D). 1 : ·· '
have,. by law, -a: ri~h_t to ·repr.~;rr~t'91m ~hl<'e a ~ . 1. ft~ust~e]i!ef1'11!e'.· ·<. . •.
guard1~~ or an ad~m1?trator/'1an_9~ , . ~E ~lt~s~p(J.n?e,1t_10n~I. · · -· ·-,· ,:.

]Im ~· ·3w
7,. · ~ \·'
2. · .. He must act within his powl~ : ·- It m1Jf(Be C0wileJe; .and . · '. ·· . ·. · ··
: . . . . ""'" . ,.,. . ·";/ ' . ·. . . !r- }!,,\
41.11,\._It murt~be ~re~q Jo a p·~rson -~-r persons with .
. ', . · ·
. ·. ·: . .
t'
_ . . ., ~ ·
I _
wt,o the o~~;{Jn1ends-to._enter_mto a contract,
e ce~ defini e offeri which ·are not directed to a
I
r
_ · ' · ·. - · . Co:~~S.~~q'.;.j ~~.,. ~ f:"-"~1lrti~ula_r p~~s~t,~ the-public in gener~I ti.e.,

7,.,:__
_.
Gons;~~ .,
·
: :; '.
.I
i~;t~ _ :~.finiJ~r J:;J_I
J
. ¢o~sent is.~_anif!3ste~:b_y.ih·Et~~tm_~·?f t • ~~tnl

· _ · ,·'d.publi/. auct,017~..__J. , ·. · · · ··
:,:. · '. ' .

.r~;0~~2'e~nit~ i!_it r/c1early stated.· 1r:mu's_t,r_iot be ..
> ·_-.·
th~~accep~an~~ .upon the thmQ and·t~ c~ s8,:~{[ti.Yl . ~~?...@>1;,_doub@I in 1ts_.term's asio pu_t t? 1_nqwry what
. are'-~~-: ~onst1_fu!_e_- ti,e_:.contract,-. Tbe o~r. , u ~B'e~'-~/acc~1ed74 I.OLENTINO, supra.at 4_48) .. :
certain· _and:_ th_~ _accept~.r:1_c_~ . a~9tutE:.· ~- 9i~~Q~ct1. ~«\ ~ L,;,.. · . : .... : · · · . · · .
ac,ceptance_ constitute~ a-c.Qu_i:iter-_offer (,C~/~c>iJE~~nlenJ.lonal~er:. ·. . · . ·" . ~- :: .. _ ·· . · ..
· Art. ·1319). · _·, ·. ~:9/'l~~n1ffe,\.i9J_;i,t10nal if it is ~eriouslx_"mc!.?e.with:clec!r. ·
. .. ..
Requ1s1t_~s _o!
· .·
Va~•-~ CC?ns_ent:-(~CI)
·'· · · · - · VJ·
:·· . ·
MiD.!..e~~mpurpose to enter in_to a contracr Tlier~·
.. · .lV Lfnu-s't..b.e-ta view of enteripg in.to an· a9.ree111ent. .. _;...
'· . 1. ·. Mvst. be' rnarnfeste_d. by. tn_e _g_9i;icurrence ot'fJh~~- ..... : : . . . . ·, . . · ... · ·;_ : ·. · .. · -., ·
, .. o~er: and ar;:ceptance (<;_!VIL (;.OQE, :Atf s. _ 13-19- · Note: An-offer d~?tly. mad,e in jest. wi~hoCJt _i~t~nt to·be
· 13?6);" '· --·... · · ., '--· ·· ~ . · bqund if..aq:epted.is. not.a valid:~Jfer (Id.at 449).· . ·. · · ...
-2. · Parties 11').ust-. i:,os$ess the nefes_sary· ··l~gal· · .. < ,_: · · · ·. · · · ·. · -·· · · · · ·.
_g_apacity (.Gt.Vil.:· COPE.' Art$. 1327-1329); and'· . . . . Complet~ <;)ffer>. . . . . . ·.., . .. . . .
_,3_ ... __ ~u?t be: !riJ!:ll!i.gent,:free_; sp,ontarj"eous,· andfeal . An offer is conipl~te if it is;riot'l~cking.in its-terms as_
· ·,(CIVIL CODE,-Arts. 1330-1346).--"·- ·."to· require .:.the parties to enter ·info.·subseq!Jent. · ..
. .... agreei:nents .. Any ~erms ·and, coiigitd'ns,. and· .other' .
~·Parties'! Not.Same as· '-'Persons" ·- . ·. • . .. : .. aqcessoiy Jtipulations""foust._be" cqmmunicate.d (fd:at ..
· .. Acontract_must}iav_e atle?st.~o·p~rti!;!~:- Howev~r, ~ · ·449).. . · .. · · _ . ·· ·. • ·.. .: _.· ..... ~, _ ...
· pa.rty to a contract ne.ed not PEl c! sing1e:person, nor is·· , .. .-
. : · it n~c~ssary- tl:lat th~re are tw_o"·or.rriore-Ae~sons to · ,Directed Offer.· , . . . . ...
·consti_tute-a party.. . .. -" _·.-. •. · - . For th~-- ~offer t~r'be v~n~>,ri" __ mu~t-.
be em=~dfv~ly
. . . . . . comm1:1nicated; to: the:person ·with' whom' the offermr-
1. A~'io-.~~ntracts· .- a·· r;:on·t~"act ·which ·is ·exe~uted intends to contra.ct-with (tci.al_419i -· ·. · .:
·. orily by ·one per~oh e?(cept that the same person
· is,ex~cuting the;contfact in several capaciti~s.for. Note: A .'written. offer ·not deliver~d-Jo. the "iAtended .
several parties; · ·.· · · ·
receipient, but_ rempined·in a sealed"·envelope.on the
_person's·desk carinpt be accepted.
. . .~ . ..
.....
414 I 2019 SAN BEDAL,AW CENT8ALliED BAR OPERATIONS

·. 08.Ll:GATIONS.AND-CO.NTRACTS
SAN BED/.\ LAW CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS - 'MEMORY AID 2019
. . . .
. "":.
Withdraw a I .of, Offe ~ original offer, plus a new offer which is contained in
Offe·r ·or proposal may· b_e withdrawn so long as the the amplification. The intent 'ottbe offeree, however,
.offerer ,has n_o knowledge of accep.tance by ·offeree controls (4 TOLENTINo,:·supra at 452). ·
.(JURADO; Obligations and·Contracts, supra ai 401).
. .
. . . .· . J. . . Successive A-gr~emEmts .
Pending· the acceptance of an offer, ·the offeror can If the intention orone or both parties is. that there be, ·
perfect .c;J csintract over- tbe same thing yVith · another concurrence on, all points, the · contract is· . not
person perfected if there is ~· point of.disaqreement, 'even if -
. (4 TOLENTINO,
. . supra at 458).
. there is ajready agreement on the' essential elements
·E~ceptioil: :Option.~ontr~ct __.: if it is founded. upof1 ~- of t_he contracJ(4 TOLE_N,TING,'·supra et 452). :
. consideration, as something paid or promised ·(CIVIL
CODE, Art. 1324)._ . · ·. ·· . ·. · ·. ·. ·.. Example: Either-or boit: parties have dectered tnet ·
theremust be eqreemen! on. wno · should bear, the
G'ouriter-offer : expenses 'or transportation "ot the·'thing upon ,delivery,
Thi$, ·refers to qualified a~ceptan9e; involves ·a new .· the contrect is not ·yet oertected (4 T0LENTINO;
proposal;·a -reje9tion of.the origi_n.c!l·offer .(JUR,_AqO, , -; supra et 453), _:
Obligatipils an·d.
Contracts, supra at 40'1): . •· • --.
.. ·
·
·withdrawal'of'Ac.~eptanc·e . ·.
. A ·qualifi~d -acceptance must, in turn. be. ac:¢.eptecj. . 1. First View (MANRESA): ' .Although the offerer is
abso.l.utely iri order that there Will be a conhact '{DE riot bound until tie' learns of ttie acceptance, 'the··-·
L~ON,. Obligations and Cqntracts;- supra at 516Y, -sarnethinq cannot be· said-of' the offeree' who,
. .. , . ·.
from 'the moment he accepts, loses the power to
Complex Offers : : . .J . _ retract Sl:JCh. acceptance . since the right .. to --
When· a .sinqle offer involves· two or· more··contr~cfs, . y,,ithdraw;between the time of the acceptance and·
theperfection, where there is only partial.accept.fnce --·.....it:c:-s.commu}icc!tion. is a._rig~t wl"!jch is expressly
will._ depend. upon the relation of ·the?-coht_racts : ,limire·dtbYl,iw,to theofferorvSince.the.offeree is
between ~~emselves, whe_the.r due to ~-~eir ,rat~~e or . the firstf ~etsqn who. knows· of the concurrence 'of
due. to !he. intent of the offerer- (4 TOLE!5JJ)NO,· SUP;J£! : . . ' · ··wil\s o!f t~e\'p.arties', as' a consequence; .. the :
· .. ··at 45?)=. ·-. . . .·. : bbligati0n,la.sxar· ashe is concernedrnust also .
R~le~ on ~om.pl~x Offers: . · .. ~ · , · -. · . ,. 2: -;

~~~<fnedr:il:!~~t;\-Tolenti~o):- 'Acceptance ·rn·ay
.1 .. ·off~rs are interrelated-·confract-is~dected'ifall. . · .:b~k~6efor-~H comes to the knowledqeol.
· the-offers are accepted. ' ~ . · . · the offeror])eca~e iri such case there is still no .
2. '. Offers-are not interre_lated - single·a<Zceeta'rJ_c.ep! -:'meeting :;f.-the. minas':· since the revocation. has .
each offer results- i.(J°'a. p~rfecte1:lfcbntrac unless · cancelled _or nullified the acceptance 'which
the _·offerer" has made . it·· clear thc1 one .,is. ·therebY.. ceased to. _have: any. ':1egal · effect_
d~pen'dent u·pon th_e·-other. and a9{eipta9ce'-E0f~~1,1'...i,t;""'fdldRA1flJO, Obligations and
Co'ntracts,. supra· -at :
both-is. n-ecessary (JURADO, _Qbhgfitions arj<f. _ .. · · 407). · .',~-.
· ·contracts, supra· at 401).· · ·-, ·:· ·1',Jl, ·. ': . . . .
: -"\.:.
.-. Acceptance:
·' .
.
. ·. . . ..
. . . ..
Implied Acceptance
Implied. ac:'cept_ a f')ce··
-.. · .. -~ ·.
may_ axise from": acts·· or
·- ·. ·.
fact~
The ..acce:ptanGe ni_ust also be c·ertain or d,efiriite· and yYhi°ch. revec1I · the ·, intet}t \o. ·.acce.pt sµch- as' the:
mtis.t be ,apsolute. in ,c~aracter:·A quaHfi_eg acc$p_tari,ce coniiumption of the:thihgs·serit·to-the offeree; or the .
constitutes a c~unter-offer (CIVIL: COD~ Art. ·13_19). · fact '6f immediately' c;3rryir:ig o_ut ihe contract _offered ..
. (4. :T0CENTINO,
. . . . . at 460): . . . . .. . · ; ·
supra .
· It rr,ay. be, express- or 'implied (CiVIL CO.D_E, :Art.
,· • • ,. • '·•.:. I~
1320). . . Right ·ofth~ Offero! t9 .Set' M.!3n11~r-.of Accept~nce'

• •' • t •• •• T.h.e ·offerer maY,· fix-the tjme, place, and Q1anner. of.
; ~.
· · ·. B.~qui_site·s. bf.J\cceJ:>.~ant~: (ADI-PC). -- ac_ceptc1rice, ?II of which _must be corripliE?d with.(CIVIL.

1. Absolute (no _vitiatidnJ; ·_ . ·- ·,·· ·· ·. . CODE,Art.' . . 1321)~ . .. ... ·.:_ ·... . I ~-.
.... ·
. 2 ... Directed to the. offerer; .
. 3.- M~de· .with .the ·!ntentio·n tobe· t>o·und'. )animus Note:. Ari. accept~nce :whicti'·:is ncit ·made:_.in ·the '
· · ... c;ontfahendi); · ·. . · · · manf!E:lr prescribed_ by the:offeror. is !)Qt effecti_ve; but.
4. , Made wfthin the _Eroper, time;' and .. constitute_s .. a counter~offer :which.· the .,offerer 'inay .
5. .Q_omrriunicated ·fo the. offeror and learned by hir:n accepl (4 TOLENTINO, s~pra· ?t 462):' · .. · · .
unless th~ offeror knows: of th'e a~cep_tan'ce~. .·
Off~r M·,tde Tt,r~ugh an .Agent . ·: . ·
· Amplified Acceptance' . An .. offer made · through an ·ager:it . (not -mere.·
Under certain circumstances, ·a mere·amplificaiii?n on- messenger) is acc~pted from the _time acceptance is
. the offer must'b_
. e.understood., . as ari
accepfancefofthe
. communicated t9 him (CJVlL COPE, Art. /322):_.
. .
O·BLI.G.ATIO'NS AND cci-NTRACTS
SAN BEDA LAW CENTRALIZEDBAR OP.ERATIONS - MEMORYAliY2019
~-,? *Si&i !fMSi §fJXPd&~$!®,8#4ci¥? IM,'i·',cfi @=#£ ~%##!ii,.~.»9¥ffl5WR $%R;§M§894k#!4\'t#W49¥~fif24-+2et@W
· Note: Art, 1.322 is not . applicable- when an Note:· The consideration need not be· monetary; it .
intermediary has no power to bind either ih.e offerer may consist of other t_hirigs or undertakinq but {hey
or the ·offeree. Thus; the communication of the must be of value, in view ofthe onerous nature of. the
acceptance to him does· not- perfect the contract (4 contract of option (Nevotes lndustriel Corporation v.
I,OLENrlNO, supra at 462). Cruz, G.R. No. 1592_12, September 12, 2005)
· Both the 'offer and acceptance are. rnadethrouqh an Requisites:

"agent. if acceptance is through" an-aqent, offer must 1. It ·is supported by an independent consideration; ·
be authorized (D_E LEON, Obligations and Contracts, and.. • ·
sypra · at 575): . ·
Note: If the option is without a consideration, ·it is
Theories that Determine 'the Exact Moment of : a mere offer to sell' which. is not bindinq until
Perfection when Acceptance is Made by. Letter or accepted. If, however, acceptance is· made
Telegram: (M_ERC)': · ·,. · . . before a withdrawal, · it constitutes, · a. ·bihdif)g·
1. . Manifestation Theory .; perfected ·from the. contract (Sanchez v. 'Rig9s, G.Ff 'No. L-_2549{
moment the acceptance is declared or ryiapr . 'Jun_e 14.1972) .. · . . . . -·
. ~ . . . .
It is exclusi~e (4 TPL:.EN__TINO,_ supra at 466/.' ·
~u
Note: This is adhered to : by· ':the· Code of : 2:
· Commerce . . · - · · ··
· : •• '. ·· .. • • . ' :, ·•. '.1 · • Afti'fles·1-~24 and 1479_:.Comp~r~d . , .
2. • gxpeditio11 Treory_ - perfected fr~~me.:_r,1grnent. . frticlej132~ lays_ down. the 'qeneral i:ule ·.re~araing_·
. the · offeree transmits the notific,ti~~Q~ ~nd f~ceRlanc_<:: ·It. ~a~ ?een jnt~~pretea · :a~
· acceptance.to theofferor, , -:§. - V,,- · .·
mo·d1fi'e.d oy tha~r~v1s1on of Article 14791of·Jhe C1v1I
/ 3. · . .Bece'ption' Theory' ..,; perfecte9 fr~~-~~men~eqd~1c!rapplies1:spes:;ifitally. to "a promise ,to· buy
· ~hat ·the notlfication- is in .11~,,e'~':d~of t :e.,o~fe·~e{ 'j'"'· o,r,r,sell"_{OE~bE,~Pjt_Ob~ligations~a_ ·Contrac!f,
nd ,suwa
m such a manner that he can)unde ordinary ii\ atfsa2;:' .\ ~( .-.... . . · ·
· conditions, procuntth.eJ~1n.v1~a.9l o(its contents, /4\A · ~- · .. (·A · : . ·· · . ..
. · even if he, is not' able ._to/aetaally ?I~. uire su~li fii~
1\nu_nconclitional ~~promise to buy ~nd sell: as
-_knpwledge; .· . . .... . ~- _,. .- ... _... ~''--:j~~g:as tf obje¢~ is m~1e dete_rr.ninate and the.price
1
. . .... . • . · -~·· . . -~- ·, • ~,, is',.:fixed beJ·lol;ili{Fjtory on -the ·parties, ar;id. ·
11can
. tJ~te: -1:~rs·i~.ae:lhe.r.~d:to ~~ ,Ei:P~~~~~~e~Ac~i::'orjipliap~ I erjv-:ith;,~~ay ·a~_cordi~gly, be·. e_xact:ed
m ?.orne ca~es. .. .. . .;,:r-,._ _ % _ .. ~-, '"71~unC)o ..y JCA,Ji.G,~.JNo .. 109125, Decemb~r ~'
.. . . . . U· ~. ..() . . "' ¥ tp,pf' '.0- ""fz . . , . . . . ., ,
4. ·. .Qo9.1:1iti_oii Tneb'Y ~pEi' .e~te~- fr ~-.ih~: T'Q~ . : . ~~~/.~"'))·. . . . ". . · · · . · · _: -. - . '. . . .· ·:. . . .
th_~. ac'c~p!~n~e~c.or:n~~: to·- tn~··_kno~d_g~~ !t'
:A urfil~ ,ff}al.pr?rri~e buy. ?r. ~·~1 :8
de~e~min?.te tnir1g
offerer:. -T,h,•-~ •.s_· ad~ered, to, by .th~ €~1J~,9tl~lE:').~J.!,!P.PQJt~9by ~.li!Y _cons1_de~~t100 d1stm_ct fr.o~ th_e _
(.J_URADO;·· Qb/Jgat,ol)s. and C trac(s/:su.wa-::--'m~pF1c~or'wli~ttia(thmg.was 1n_tend~d. t§>,Qe sold by
4.~2). ' ,. . ,. . ' --~_Qv·-~o. ~"i~~.w~ee' (qffe_ree) __196eiv1:19_t -~ind~'-_the_···
. . . ·: .· . ·,· ·
S1lenc.e Construed as C_on~ent
. 'l·
• . -~: '. . . < ·,:
MWO~!~.P~,r:,_(o_lfe'ror),: ~veri ·1f_~G.~ept~d. an~·--rriax be~, · .. ,
. ~~wn at a~y- time. ·(Asuncion v.. CA,. G:R. N_o.
Reql:Jisite~_ .. (PC.C-), .;:_,'.'.'·: · .-:- : .-. .:-:.:.-.< ·, .. : :_,. . 1091'25, Deceinber2, 199'4):··- · · ·· . ·.:--
... 1. -fhere'i:5-~Quti9rpos~(bilityto~xpc~sson~self; ._ . __ , .. · :i "·· :-_. ;· : ~~-i ,- _ _. .• , -· ·
· , 2: TI:ie· . manifestation of·: ,tlii '.will_ farioot ~-be_ N.ote:· The ,opti_onee{'(holder: of ·op(ion) has :th~ right,
in_terpr~ted.:in a"riy·ott'ler·way;- an_d ',: ~ ·. . . '· ,....~ ..·. bu~ no[ th';l·o_pli§_ation, to buy _or sell. Q.nce the:'optio~:- .
a
3. ·· There·b fle'ar ide.n.fi_ty, in.fhe ..e:ff!=)Ct of the·silenGe' . . is exercised·time.ly, i';e.,· the ofter.is~act~p_ted _be.{o_re a
. and the undis.cl_o'sed will (4 TOL_ENTtNo; siipra at.. , . bre~ch::of the· optior\ a ..bilateral· prqmise to· bu/.and- ·
. '455): .. : ·• ....... / . . . \' . :c' ' (.,. . .. .: . . sell '._e.nsues. and_ both'!'P.(:u:ti1s ar~
then ,r~dprqcc!IIY ·_
, .. ,.·. · . · -) bbund.to comply with·their-'respective_uri;d~r:takin'gs·
Option. Contr:act ; . : .·. . . :· ;: .. ' _,' ,· .. :.... :.-- "(Asuncion V. ¢A, -G:R· t;.Jo.::,1_Q.9125!,,{J,ecem:6,efr 2, .
. A ·-prepifrat_or:y. cor:itr?_ct·. :giviryg -a· person )or' a · 1994). 111·.o.ther'words; a·perf~cte~·cobtrci:ct ofoptipn.
co_nsideration ~ cer:t;:iin ·peri9d,and under specified dbes.r1~t r.esult i,nine Reirfec.t19n orcohsuniri,:c!tiq'n of.··
CO(lcijtiol'.)~:witfiin'~Wh(Ch}tO· ·ac;cep_t- the,_9ffef: of:-' thea , . the: sale. 0nly .. W,her,r ,the .. 6p'tjoqJs ·exElfcjs'.~~d }i,~~a :: .
offe·rof.lt..is. separate, and &;tirict from th'e:proj'ected . -· scile- be. pe.rfei::ted '(Abalos V.: M_acata.ngay,':J_r.·, G.R ..
m;3(n, agreernetit, or,~pfil)GiP?l··G~ntract ifself-(sufo~1>t :r,/cx
. :_ .. 1 $_904~,- Sl;Jptembe,:-30,: ?OP4J.:.-. ·,~·- :: .'.:_~·~'.i' - ·.•·
matter of: the opffdn) which.the~parfies·inay'entefinto • I •· \ 1' •
upor:i -the _cori·s·urom1;1tion of tne--o"ption or yvhich win be _ _ ·. susi11ess' A~y~~tisefne_n_ts .· ...,. ;:· ... : ·.. . : · ·
'perfeded upori/the .accept~nGe. of- the off.er :(DE . _Gene.raj Ru~e: T,hey_ar,e mere invit_aticms'fp make,~n f
. 'LEON, at. 527).. . . ' . / . . . offer,' and. not definite .offers,' unless ·.it. appears .
.__.. . · othef"':'ise (QIViL._ COD~:. Art:_ 1.325):· . ·. : . .. · ... · . ·
416-1 _2019 SAN"BEDA LAW.:CENTRALIZED·BAR OP~RATIONS \ .

O.BLIGA·TION·S.·AND CONTRAC.TS
SAN B£f)A. LAW C£NTRALiZED BAR OPERATIO~S ~ MEMORY AID.2019 . .
. . . - .... . .,
MAiftHl 1S¢tth§MZS£4
. *h'iW?¥¥tt
NM ii#hi, . e# k,kl ?i fi4:'ii¥¥M ·Ab%Sik1tt@§ #?JR·ti§fdiWfflxMtrn
. &:t €1elh RS§ t$SEMIJli¢x
. ..
.. •.
Exception: Howe·ver, ; if the . adver:tisement. is consent a~· to' render ·the resulting· contra.ct void. A
. _cpmplete.in all the particulars n'ecessary in a c;;ontract, . minor's consent only results ·in a_voidab1e·contract.-
• ~ • ' I •
it may am.aunt to a definite· offer which,. if accepted,

wili produce 'a . petfecled _eontract ([iE LEON, Minors May.~ontr~ct Throu'gh Th~ir Guardians ·
Obligations and Contracts, supra at 539): · · Minors may v~lidJy contract;without any,im.pairing the
. . . . . . ' .
validity .of said ·c9ritracf :when- they "contract through
· Examp!e:'For sale: 1,000 square m_elers tot at GreerJ their 'their". r:ia\u(al "guardians (parents). . or legal
Pla~ns. Village, Quezon -City located a't the comer: qf guai:dians (Id. at 41:S). ·
· .. \ . . ;.
,Geronfn19 and ·Magallan_es Streets for P5, QOO, 000 . ' ,... . . .
·,-· .
·cash._:_. Tel.. No. 81-7-·12-84." This
'
is a definite offer' · 1'1st;;inc.es ~hen_-Minor'.s Cons!:)rit is Not Deemed·
(Id. at 539). ' . Vitiated , . · · .· . ,.
's. • r- ·. · 1 .. When ttie_ confra·ct- is entered:Jnto by a minor wh.o
Advertisements for Bidders c1dively. misrepre~ents his-. age' (n_ot merely
. They are simply invitations to n:,_ake proposals. The co·nstructive repr~sentatiori).(Mercadov. ·Espiritu,·
adveq_iser._is not,bound l(! acc~pt.t~~ hi!;Jh~s.t_ or lo»,'es.t ·G.R. No~.L~11872,
.
De¢ernber
'. .1,. 1917);.
.
-
'\.: b_idd~~;· unle?s the cont_rao, appe~fs .(C:IVIL COf}E, ' . /.
.:AH:·1326).. . . : .. · , . ;;·. . . This exception .i~. '. . based · .· on'
.. ·. . ; . \ _·.· •, - .• . . - . ·.'. 'es'toppel:Estoppelpresupposes
-rnisrepreserit.
· · capacity. · to
_'!"h~.
circui;ns_tancei_·,~pf ·the mfno'r · ..,
An advertisem·ent· to _possible-..J:>idd~rs is. sir:nply.:·an
. iny'{tation'ici" maf<e· proposals, arid tha.t.an· adver:tiserJs (i.e. he appears to be of legal age) must be of
ri'o(b_o~nd to ac·c~p_t "th~. lowest 'bidder· ~nlis~ ;tne:z . such nature. that it could.have beer) relied' upon
contrary ~pp~ars; _respond~nt had the· right to reject· , by" the ·'attfe'r party. Otherwise,' the contract
bids, and.it. cannqt "be compelled _to·accept a. bid~ei;'.s remains .~oidat?~e.'(Mercad~ v,'..E$piritu'. .. GR No. ..:
~~!'?,R9:>al:a~d.:ex_ecQte a ~ontra·ct _i~·!ts...f~ivo~~-- ln,der~-. - L::11872,;-,Dece.mber -1, 1917). _ - . . · ·
•'.•,, . • \ ~- , . r.,
unde( · Article· 1326; of - the . · C1v1I ·. Code, · h1ch ~ . . . . ' . ') I . •
.·specifically., tackles Ciffer· a_nd- acc~plance of ... bipi . 2: Wfien .j · involves .. the 'sale . and delivery· bf
-i provides· tha_t a~yei;tisements for bidders are~ simP.IY ... · · neces~:·afes to minors _'{plVIL .G_Of!E:.A~: -1489,
!nyitation? to ·makl;):prop'osal~. 'and t~_a.t.~;1d_y~li!j.!3r _par. 2); ., ., ', .· · .· · . . . . . ·
-~? n.o_t b_8Vf:1~ tp ·~fyt;Jpt Jh.e ~,g~~~t .. ~de').unl~;~-5. _th,~ 3. ,~lien it .i.'iv~l·v~s' a·'na;l'.;ra1···obir~~i;~;:a~~·-su~h
. iconfra_!y'app.e~fS '(('fCirther~ Mm~ciJ?aO :ln_{f l,J~ r1~1::fol
_and . Se,r:v1ces- .·Corporation· _y,,1 · //1gqQ · ·cement .- 0 obligation .1is f~lfilled voluntarily -QY the. minor
;, c;;orporaticiri, · G.R. N9. 2_15?87~ April-23~0·18)'.. . '(~1~1.427-~14??: .• ·.
. ·~. • • • J, • • • • • •
Contracts EnterInto by Minors may be-Ratified

)J)iHen i,:ipot.i reaching the ag·e ,of majority';:they ratify
the s_ame -(.Badi/16 _v. Fer(e~•. [V6:;-L-25f369, Jbly G:R:·
~~...._..i;;_29~f9.87f•O,:: '· · , . . ' . . ·.·'C ·' ·:'
LE~AL ..CAPACITY.: i:6."coNSE;NT I· . .. : . ; . .. < ' • _. .• •
Legal" Capacity : . -· _ . . . . . ._ lnsaneor Demented Persons ,. _ · :
It· refers not- cinly._ to . natural. -persons, 'bu als:o :tcf\ .~--.An io'sane.. or.'de.nie,:,i'ed:petson )ncludes.ahy person, ·
. art,t'i~ifui as well.- The absence of le:gal capacity results ,; . · .. ,_w.~o:·: at' the time" of ;c~IE;!qi'atiod :"9f 'the: ·cont~act, ~he
in legal incapacity;' the causes qf which ar.e .based 011.. . . cannotunderstandthe nature .and consequences of·
. positive provisions chaw:- arid exist in opposition -t~.-- .. the act ·. ci.r . transaction: by reason 'cit. any . cause ,·
. · _'or: as limitations -~J; natural c·ap$city,..a·s ·in the 'case.of .• . a·ff~cting;- .hi$ · intellectual . 0( sensitive : faculties
•• . : •. C· -p'er:'~ns, ..under . c(vjl . .. interdictlon , (DE .. LEON;_ •. . wheih:e.rperm?_nent _."'::or.· .. ternporary/' .. (J&JRADO, - .
:· · Obligations· and ..Contract~; supra .at 543). . ., . . 1 Obligations ·and ·contracts, ·supra.at 421)>.· · ·. ·.
~ •, I • - ,• '• • • •~ • ,<'-
• ' ..• :· ··,.. .. .• ·,. • . 'L, . ' • • ··,· • .. ~. ' .• .• ' ' ' . ' •. , i-'· ./ . •
·; l'he." .9apadty. of:.;·the contracting · parties . .is .an · '· · - It: is. hot . n.ecessary·· ..that .. .t~ere: · be a· prev,ious
: mdisp~nsable · requisite of consen~. (JURADO; . . declaration of.inen\al ·. incapacity :ir:i· · order that· a
..· Obligations and Contrac(s; supra at-'4 fl). · . . . . . ·contract entered in\o by a: mentally defective person ,
_·r.n;:iy b_e a·rinul.l~R; it is enoughthat th({insahitfexisted
.. Pers~ns j~~apacit;~ed Jo . Gjv_e·... Consent · at the -time-tH·e conJra9J·was made (4 TPLENTIN.0,
.Accordin'g to-tne Civii°Cocle: (MID) . . 'supra at 111):- ... -~ :-- -.·.,. ' . . ...
1. Minors .- • · ·., . --~ · · ' .· .. _'...... .. ... . . \ .
2, . lbsan~.or .. Dem<:{nted' -·· Note:. j v1ere forgetfulne~s without evidenc'Et th'at' the:.
3: j2_eafrnu.tes_v..hq caonot rE;!ad'nor v.ir1te;·, ... same has removed from ·a perso·n "the abl1fty to.-
_i_r:itelligenlly ar;id firmly protect li)s_.pr.operty rights, wiil .
C.on.s.ent of:Minors .- . . .. ' . n·ot by itself incapacitate a person,fro"rh· ~nterfng into.
Under the Civil Code, mino'rs liav~ a limited ·capa_city contracts (Almeda v. Heirs of Ponciano Almeda; G.R.
to corise11t. Conse_nt by tr mjnor· is not an- a9senc;e· of ·. No: 194189: September 14,-2017). .
. . . - \
'
. 2019. SAN BEDA LAW·CENTRALIZ6D BAR OPERATIONS I 4"17
OBLfGATlONS AND CONTRACTS
. SAN BEDA i.AW _CENTRALIZEDBAR (!PERATIONS -.MEMORY AID 2019
i&:£:% ii;§ %:tf*:Sw4%4¢&ft·• 91£§ewe•a .&£.ff:&&,'$ a£>fbfi2&Ml$ii&*LJT'Sf2£rt4U 1456Bfr#¢€:S2e!f:Piiilf4!A·9R3'd
State of Drunkennes.s or Hypnotic-Spell · Effect· Where B6TH Contracting Parties are

Contracts. agreed to in a state of drunkenness or Incapable of Giving Unimpaired Consent ·.
during .. a hypnotic spell are voidable·(C/V/L CODE,· If both of the parties are incapable of giving consent,
.Art. 1328). · the' contract is unenforceable (CIVIL· CODE, · Art.
. . 1403).
But the same ·must. b.e: of a degree that obscures
completely.the faculties and almost extinguishes the Disqualification to Contract
consciousness of acts; (JURADO, Obliga"tions arid Refers to those who are prohibited from.entering into
Contracts; supra .at 422): a contract with certain persons with regard to certain.
property under. certain 'circun:istances and . rio; to
It is the result of the use of alcohol or .druqs upon the . those who are incapacitated to ii"ive their consent to a
condition of the mind .which determines whether the contrac.t(CIVIL _(:ODE, Arts. 1490& 1491).
user _has capacity lo contract at any given moment;
the mere use in itself does not incapacitate him (4 ··. ..:· Incapacity v, Disqualification
TOLEl'!TINO,·.s.upra at 472). . .
, ..
418 201SSAN BEQA LAW CENTRALIZ~D BAR OPERATIONS ..

OBLIGATl
. .~. ·ONS AND· CONTRACTS· . . .
SAN ~EDA 1;AWf:ENTRAL!ZED BAROPERl,\TIONS·- MEMOR~ A/0·2019 ..
h #91fiM'f*&S»fdi£fWA
WS9dilri ·2Mi4¥41li@A .t~tq_&•sttt tl<i####f,5tt #& ¥fr. &&#, Ai :§0#4£,¥4 •?:-#l·«·C@4·$'",.Sf'444.JM61f4'm J
· CONSENT MUST BE FREE, · INTELL.IG~NT, princjpal cause' of the contract (CIVIL CODE,
SPON~ANEOUS~REAL, Art. 1331, par.· 2): · .
· Vices of Consent . 2. The erro.r must be Excusable; arid. · · . . . ·
1. Vices o(th·e. will · (vicios de la fo_nr1acion de .la. · . 3. The- error must· be a Mistake of fact, and
. vo/ul]fad): (VIM FU) . . . n9i of law (JURADO, Obligations ana Cbntracis,· .
a~ . Violence; ·.. - ":. supra at 430~43.2). ·
ti. · ·!ntimidation; .. -.
c. Mistake· Error in Re., .'. . .. . . . .
cl. Fraud; and. . . , In or.der'that mistake may invalidate· consent, it should
e: Undue. inflOence· (CIVIL CODE, Art.' 1330). .. refer!to the s·ubstance of th~ thi_ng which is the objeGt
?, Vices o(cjedar°ation (vicibs cfe-tadeclaracion); . of the contr~i'ct; or to t_hos_e conditions which. have
3. Sirri.ulation .of. · cb"ntrnc_ts · (CIVIL CODE; · Arts. · principally moved ·one or both _partie_s. Jo enter il)to tb_e
1345~ 1346).· . · contract (CIVIL,. CODE, Art. 1'331, par: 1).- · ·
1. Mistake as to the identity of the.thing as whi,m the
·Mistake_.)·;:.· ...J . ·;'. . · thing which constitut~s- the object bf t~e contract ·
Mistake· _or error is the false notion. of a thing ·or a,_.fact_ is .corifu.$ed\vith_ anoiher .thing; . . . . ·. ·. ·. ' : _, ..
mat~rial.lo the ~ontr~ct (DE LEON;. Obligations and 2. Mi'sta.ke as to the substance of-the ·thing. (error in
Contr~·i;ts, supra· at 556). · . ·, ._·,; '. · ·. ·. :. ·. · substantia);. · · .· ' . . . · · .
~.,:..,,:. 3.. Mi$take as to ttie cohditions'qf th_e· thing, provid~d
sdch conditions have· p'rinci~affy .m<)Ved·-one oi:
both p~rties io ent~r iritci the contr~c.t;_ and .
Mistake as to._the- quantity of the· thirig '.(error-in ..
quanlit~te); provided that the exierJ(9r·dimension
of the,thfn'g was. one· of th·e principal reasons of
. _Orie. or b9th_· ~91tra_ding Ohe or both P.a~ies·al've __ ....,·oo.:..:nehor.both ,of, the. partie:> for entering· into, the
p;:irties believe that c:1 ,fact at .. an . , er,!;?.neou~ contract.: '·
exist?
.. v.ihen: in. reality
. i\. _c,onclusio'n
. . :regaraing
. . , the. ,.
does not pr vice versa. · interpretation . I, of. . J. · Mistak~s whiGli do NOT in-Any Manrier.P,ffectthe
. .· · ,. .· . . . .. Ql;)~s.ti.ori_.of ·1_?',r .~~gal
· · ·' . · ·. · E:~~.c;;:JsFertain~act--or . -. ·.: y_alJ~il~~}f~tfr~~~]~?t~.' ~~cid:~nta.l: q~~i'it;~; of. tri~_·
·,. . ~ra9~t1on. ;· .- ... .-~. \· · , bbj~ct of the· contract ·_ (e:g. · the· qualify of ttte ·
. pf,t:r ofa@[<, Jjifi adj?ining. owner~ .._or a .piece .
. · of land):;~ '. . · ·· ·
2. Error-in the 'value of the thing (e..g. :when a ·.
... ·. ,· · · ', iierson, ·_having Jwgotteri. the: ·co~Lprice - of ·
. merchandise·,· errdneoµsiy s~l/s it for less); and . . .
1----'. q~Errcir which refers: not: to the conditions .of -, lhe-.
. thing, butto accessory' matters in the contract ....
·. toreiqn to. -the- determination" of the. object!(~- .
_: (JURA,D.O, '(Jb'lig_ations .and·.'Contra<2f~; supra. at- 429). . TO~f=NT~70,. S.UPT.fl et 48,0). . . . . :'
• • • .r . • • ·• • • • , • • . • • Errorln Quantitate ·. · .- . ,·· .-'< •. :·~ • ..
. . · ... '.Requl~i,tes of" Mista~e of FACT_' WhicttV_iti~tes .It i~ ·irnporta~t· that this class .o{ mistake,'sh,ould be .. -.
. . . . Consent: (SEM)· ' -~- . . · -.' . . . . . ,· ·.' ·., . distinguished··, from a mistake o( account ... or .. · .
THe.
··calcu.lation. · in. ihe -, first, there. is a·. realmistake as.to
0
. 1.· error must be SL!bstantia( regarding: . ..

. 'a. ,.The object of.the contract (error· in re) which. . . theextentof the.object of thecontract: in fhe second;
. . . may be~ - : '. . . . . . . .-·: . . : .. - . . . ·. . ' there is only-an apparent mi?take,,a mere· mistake in.
·. . i.: · Mistake as to the identity of the0 thing· mathematical computation. As cl consequence, in th·e
. _. (erroUri corppre); . . •. . first, the contract is voidable+in the second.sit-ls not
ii.· Mistake as tothe substance the thing· of _tJURAo'O, Obligations and tontra·cts, supra ·at-4-30) .... ·
.. ·. (err.or in ;ubsta/1ti9);' ·. . ' . . . . '.·::_. \ . . . . .· .
iii:_ 'M!s.take as_ to the. condition .or,s,tafe·qf the·_. : .: Ei.ror in Per:Sona . . . .. . ;- ; / . :.. -
. thing; or~·.- . , . . ' _ Tt,iis_ kfnd ·of mi~takei or error _rriay ,refet eith_er the , !O
1v. M1~tak~ as to. th~ qu_ant1ty of the. th1r.g _ ·. name. or to the [dentity .. or· to. th·e. qu_alification of ·a
· . (error m quant,tate). (-Id. at 433); · per~oj,.·· · ' · • · · .. ..
b. ·th.e . conditions· which primarily ~moveq or .
'ind~c~:cl-'o_ne or both. of. the parties.·to ·enter"'•·. The ~n1y m\st~ke with regard tg pers6-~s which ..wi11 .
into th·e· contract (CIVIL CODE, Art. 1331 ); vitiate consent-are.mistakes with _rega.rd to the identity.
c.~ Identity or (1U81ificationS ·of one "p(the parties .or 'ttie qualifications of one of ttie contracti1;1g parties.
(error
. .
in perso'na),
- hut only
... . . .
if such
.
'was the (C/Vt(.CODE, Art.-1331, p_ar. 2)., · ... '
~·
2019 SAN BEDALAW CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS I 419

OBLl.(iATIONS AND. CON-TRA.CTS·
sAN BEDA LAW CENTRALIZED BAR OPERA TIDNS - MEMORY AID 2019
. '- . .
Mistake of.Law 2. Must.oe the Qeterminin·g cause forJhe party-upon
Mista.ke . .of law as a rule will not vitiate consent, whom it is em.pJoyed· in entering inh the contract
exceptwhen mu.tua) error a$. to th.e legal effect Qf a[l (JIJRADO, Obiigations and. Contr,acts, supra at
agreement when-the-~eal purpose of the parties is . 436).·
frustraied, may vitiate consent (CIVIL CODE, Art,
1334)_. . . lritimipation
There .·is intimidation when ·one of the contracting.
Requisites of. ·Mistake o~) Lf>-:W Which. Vitiates parties is .compelled by. a reasoriable · and well-
Consent:-(LMF)'. · · grounded fe13r of an imminent and'grave evil. upon his
1. . The mistake must be 'with respect to the .b_egal person or property; or upon th.e person' or property of
<effectof arr aqreernent; · his spouse, descendants' or as.cendants, to give his
. 2. · Ttie mistake must be Mutual; and . . . - cons~nt (CIVIL CODf, Art. 1335).
3. The reatpurpose of theparties 'must have been
· · .Er.ustrated (CIVIL ·CODE, Art. 13~4). Requlsltesfor Existence of Intimidation. Suffic.ent ·
J to.Vitiate.Consent: (CIRU_P) ·. .
Burden '. of P~cpl'i~g Defense · .: of Sufficient' 1': One party is ~Q,mpelled to give· his 'consent by a
Understanding . . . ·. reasonableandwell-qroundedfear of an evil;.
There Is n_o mistake if ..the party. a!legin~{it knew.the ~- . The evil.must be. !r:riniinent and grave; . ·. ,· ...
doubt, continqencyor risk affectinq the objectof the · ·3_ It is the _Beason why _he enters the contract; ··
contract (CJ.VIL GOP€,,Art. 1333).: -~fi? evi_l, must be .!J.njust (JURADO, Obligations
Th~ obl!Q~tioh to. show •t~at-· the le;~- o~~c,~~Gt~.£\i;{!~;~:rb;~i~~;~!3,~:~;i~ ~~} ~_rn~~[l~,··o_r
had been fully explained· to, th~ ·pa~¥(wro"i~,'1!ilabl~ to · · . . .; tfia ·o.f111,;kS~OUS~, de~c;_e,ndanl?1 O[ ascen,~_a_nt~
read . or- uhders_ta:nd the_ la~guage:· ~fJ~~. _.~cEtract;-'":1e... -(D~E '!!_E>i©~.'.Q~igaf?f!.S ··and (;o[Jlrc~ct,s, supfa·at
'.¥:, '..;c \'. ·
_when_ fray~·, or mistake 1_s alleg~
' .,
d~}oly~s _on;tp.9
pi!_rty seekinq to e(J!orce u (C/'!1/L C.G;>&E,,ALf,f,-1332)._
'/ ·
w.5.66
/&. ·.P~
' ·. ·... ~ .
·,/{}-, Factors thatimaf-~
~ir ~,. ·:. ·. '. ~ . . . ' .
€ons1dered in. Determining. ·
For Ari._ 1332 to apply, it·rnt~ir-stfbe- corv;ncu1gly .. ,1:F ln'!_im;aatfri'~· --~~\ . . . '· .. ,. . .
· established that the illite'ratJ o~_El_i.s!dvan_taged~p~'~:'\ [:!; tJotcierfe:r_~(~.e-thE: deg_re..i;llof intimidation, the ·a$e, 1~x
. ·-co_ol~ 'r;ipt: read .?r. u~dersta~~ th~la·ngu~c!9e in wllicfl\i\fil1mfnd ·con~~on ,bf i;~~p~rs~>n shall b~ borne in~~i~.d
the. coritr,ach~1aswnt~e1J;or !h~Q:\,c~~ was lef~,...::.(CI.VIL 00/:I'f_·Art~ p~r. J)_. · ' ·; {P.5i·
· .:
~n~~%t."i16~"i?7t~i:;y f!\tiir. 'f~ '"i J(;j.J.~ij)hf)1 Ji't;;:.•De.·~~~~~. ;n;imi~~,~~. By
. _· ·· .' .; :·_ .''. : .. , \ _: .. . . ·~j). ·
-d. ., ''\~,l~ophere s ~~c1n;_n~t ~nly\he res?lu~e?r_w~a.k
, , JIIJt~ra!e.' W,~.o-:S._1~h~··a ·:Contract\ 1s_ ._Rresunv.,.~~~r~.ero!)~; ~_er~.o~ 1p~1m1dat~9. b!,lt a_lso his ?l.~er .
Kno'N:1ts. Corite·nts · ·. · . X :. · · ·- <..§('[J.?).·rt'{t~st~cfS, 'Suc~s .~1~:Capac1ty,_or culture., wh_1ch ..
·.The'rule·t~afon~}Nho ~igns a-~ontract·_(~Rre~eo~peb.Jstfil_rh~~jP_re_5,i_ar~ .. 'fw'.~-eth'e~. or not \~~re is a~.
to; ·knoYJ ··its ..co~t~nts h~s, · .been~ aJ:!12l1e~~wr;i2. to""'--'1mm1~e~1~9n~~~· h1:3·_ pos1t1on, .:·by wh_!ch he ca_n
cohtra~ts-'of illiterate :r:>ersons ·on--tt)_~ gr-~fut~at_ if Mcfe~inJrJe;,wtitither c;>'r,·not·0t _give~:hini _a chance tp.
such perso_r:is '?re-una_ple,to read·! they-an~ n·egl!.g.;rit .. --~~t_n_~ --~~~~.W. _(JUR{}_CJ-0; .Obl!gatiqns a(ld-
. if th.~y fail to have.the Gontrac.t read .to-them (Diampoc .. . .ecmfracts, supra·,at 441).:·>; ·: · · · .• _...
VS,... Buenave;fura, G.R., N9. 20()383; :: Mcirch:°:19, .· :, ..... ·. "::_.: '.:-, :•;. . _· .... \' .. '~;c ·<"::·~ .._ ·... -J •. -: : ; ,-..,,·,. ' •.
. 2018)-~.; • · · -:' ,: :- ·. ': .. . :·. ': · . <, \ .. . __
N?tice or. War·ning:of.J~s.t .A.~tion:~9t:l~_tif1:!!~<1~.!8r .
P·. , ;,· · · A threat. to _en,forqe.. on.e'.s .cl,a1m·. thrqug,t:i corn_pe_ten.t
lt ..is ~- W~11~$eltled::pi:jl)Cip,I~ th~t the -1~~ Will i,~:ll ~eliev~ a~t.h9,rity,. if the .9!ai'm~. is, j~:~~ pr ltg~i:, ..dO,e$, _n.ot vwa~e
·parties. 'from. the :·effects ~of ,in/t..in\vise, ·ifoolish:· b·r cons~n.t. ·: (CJV/f:. CODE, A_H. 13.35,. pa_~-.~4r
disastrous ag,r:~em\,in·t-th~y.e~t~·red i~_to,.with ~iHtie - . · ,.. · -
re_quired. fqrmaJ,ties._and ·with fui1 · awarenes·s. of·.wiiat. · : .· Eve~ if i"(c~~- tr~ ef tc;1~1{~t1~~_'.th.~tJ_he;./~~~~-n .?r m.ot.i'f-E: _
they were .doing (Dlamp_ofivs. ·,-'Bu_e·naventura:_· G:R: . of .a party iri ~n_tenng u;ito· a contract wa~ .the'Jhr~at of
No: 200383;-March 1'9;}0} 8).. . . . . the' otf,er to proceied 'c:itJ.~insU:iifn. through tne tourts,
th~ c;ontract'woqlcf still 'be .·per.felctly valid and· not;'. .
Violence- - -. . vp,idal:>le (Jt:)RAqO, O§iiga'tion~ and G_ont~cfs,.~upra: .- .
. . '-1,A/h~n ifi.ord.~r-to ·V,'.F~t cohsent, serious or·ifresistihle' . at'141). .. :: · - · ·· , .. ·
- force i~ erflploy_ed (CIVIL, 'CODE, Art. 1335) .... · · ··
. . ~ . ...... . . - -·;_. - ::· ~ . - . :_·
• • • • • • • ,\. ,· :-.~ : • \ • ~ + .. • - •• ' ~'
The intim.idati_on 'that ·VJjll---~·nhul_.a- .. cqritra'.c;:t l)as. io-do

· .Req~isites for_.'E~i,stence :9f Violence Sufficen(to · .with ihe evil or har'rn.-arising'from.,an unlawful)ict.'The ·
Vitia.t,e:Gon_s·~rit::·(SP): .. >· . . ·.. ... . . • . . .. fiar-.i~ its.~!f:. does: nbtjllstify'\h!:}·- 'ann.ulrriehr of th.e .
1 :· ·The··force' ei:r,r:iloYea to wre.st .con.sent must be cd~trad, \1niess. ,.su~h.-_Je.~r-: Was . induc.ed · by a .
. §eriousor-irres.isl_ible; and . . . th'reaten'ed_ wro'ng'_(f TC/LE'rvilNC\_s.upra· at 491-492).
....
420 ·1. 2019.SAN BEDA LAW CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS

. . . . \ . . .,, . . ...
OBLtGAll·ONS-AND·-CON:TRACTS
SAl':J BEDA!AW CENTRALIZED BAR OPERAi1c;JNs- MEMORYAID 2019
IS ,g :C*fM11UkR$1 if 36& ~i#f#\4 t¢2@Ji_£ist & lltatiS'iWi!fiE:'?**9ti!fbMPi
o/5¥*' +11 a WiifWffi#'.. :t?iNfi&:tt'ae Wil$¥JUgiswmmf4 8~/1,·t .
Reverential. Fear· T~st .of. Undue' .

Influence:
•' .
Whether
.
or n0t the·t.
· lta contract is signed merely because ·of-. "fear of . · influence exerted has so overpowered or subjugated
dlspleasinq person's to whomobedience and. respect , · the·mind of a contractinq-party as.to destroy his. free
· are · due," the contract ,is still v~lid,,_ for by- i{;;elf, · agency; making him express the will of another rather ·
reverential fear is not wrong (4 PARAS, supra at 639). than his own (JURADO, Obligations and Contrecis, ·
- . . . ~· . . . . . .
supra at 44.4 .citing Coso v, Femendez' Dezq; G.R. ·
•···· ' . ·. ,/ . ·,
Exception: If· in _'addition to. suchfear · of causinq No. L-16-793, De,ceri/ber22, 1921).· · . · -, ·
\_., ' .
displeasure. there.is an imposition upon the w_ill, then
theconsent will be vitiated (4 TOLEN.TINO,_'supra at Note: By analogy, undue influence employed by a
·, 498). · :. · ·- · · ,·· · _ ·. · , : .·_ . third person may annulthe contract (4'TOL°ENTINO,
~ - -~ . supra at 503 citing Cominissibn. Memorandum to·
<, Note; Consent given through intimidation must not be . Jofnt Congressional Committee on. Coditicetions-,
confused with consent given relttc_tanily and even Marqh. {3, 1951).
aqainst qood sense 'and [udqrrierit. ltis clearthat one
acts as voluntarily and independently in the eyes pf . · Fraud in. Contracts '' .
the. law ":'hen he .acts reluctantly an·d wlthhesltation -. Wt;ien: tlirough insidious words or'_machinations -of ·
•fs · wheh he, acts sporitaneousiy .. 'and , joyously one ofthe contracting· parties, the either· is induced. to
· (JURADO, ,Obligations arid Cbhtracts,_·sdpra at.Alf/: - . enter into .a coritract.which, without them; 11e 'would .
not have agnied to (CIVIL CODE,: Art. '1338).: . ·. .
citing Vales v._Yilla, G.R. No. 10028; December 16,
1916). . . .· ·., ,_, ,. . . ·
.• . ·. - ... : . ' . . . . .
··--: •
•·t.
'
't.
' I
. ..
.
. ~ Fraud is deemed. tocorriprfse anything calculated to
deceive," including all acts, · omissions,·' and
concealment involving a breach 'of legal or equitable.
duty, trust, or- confidence justly reposed, 1esul{i_i;ig in.
cl?.~~to aJp.the,r; or· .b.y which -, -~~n. u~due_.ahd
· l.lr]Conscientious · advantaqe · ts- taken or- _another
· (lhforf!)ation 1iec.hr:,o_logy: . Foundation of. lbe.
.i'·
· Philippif:,.e~ qq,,mmis$JOn. 0:11 ELrctt?n~, G. R .. _No.
_1~,91~~9·. j·e·,~}0_17). -_ _. ' .... · ..... ··_ . ..
fy'!alici<:>us.l.r:ite t ilBas1s·ot Liabjlity. f<:>r Fr.a_u~
As a_-. ~";forr parw,im~s;: m:~lic;:e._'o'r' .~ishqn~st{is
implie·d: It is lft~_element· cif interif and not the.harm
. done .(JURADO; Qb/igations. and Contracts, supra at.
-'64). : . '
j
. ,,_. • "I -, •• ' • •
0
. . . . ~. .
.,
. .~ . I
.A.i1!iiii:....-Fraudzsynonyfr1~'u·s··with Ba'd -F-~ith1 '.'· · : . .

.Undue 'jrif1µ-~nc1/ · . . . . Bad faith does· not~siriiply .cohnote: bad ji.Jdgmei:it or. ·
When, a:, person ~takes _ir;nproper ajdvantagEL,..of his,. . i:iegiig'eiice;. it imports a qishonest 'ptfrpose .6r:.sorne. · .
:, m'ora.1· oblfquify. ahd .·tonscious· d°ciihg_ oH( V<(.fong,· a ·. ·
· • . • l • • · I ' ·,• • ". • •'• • • •.•.~;:(.) , ··
pow.er.·ov.er t1w wilkoUino\her.~deprivirig tlie la~$.(df

a· rea~onable free'd.om_..of'i::hoice (C}Vlf .C.()bE, Art:· _:· breach·'_q( known duty: through some'm_c;:itiv~ .0( .. a
·1337J: · ..... · _ ··. _.. . : · ·. . ...... . : interesf.or ill-will .thai pQrtakes. of:th.e. n.ature of fraud,
'(Cathay.Pacific, Ltd. v. Vasquez, G}~. Na,:. 15084;3, : · ·.-
Re.qu'isi_te's. ta'r .E~isten~e of . March 14, .2003):; · ·· · · · ·
y_ndue ;l.nflu~nce ·. -
Si.Jfficenpo'Vitiate Consent: (IPD)· : , · ·. •· .. - ·
. .. '-,... · . ·, .. - .
L · !r.np.roper:c1dvantage;: · -.,. : . . ·· . Insidious Wo~~~ ~n~·~achinatiori.s· . ; . .
· 2: · Power ,over the will of. andther-; -and · . . _ . ·constitutes . de,<;:eit . iocli,..1ding ,: . false.\ ·.promises,.
3:-· Qe~riva_iion ..·o~ th~ latier ..s· -~ill of ._a .reas'onable, . ex9gg_e.ration'· ·. of ... hopes·- ~or, ber;iefits; c:1bus:e '._,of
· .freedom. bf-,chcii.ce {JURADO, Obligations'·ansJ. . confi.dence, · fictitious ·.names;· ·ciu.alific.atio'ns. or
~Coniracts,-sUpra at 443)_ . . --: ·.. , authority. (4. TbLEN,TIN9;..'silpra at 56~). . :·· -~' ,
•• ••·. . !. . • •
Note: Undue.-·influe~~e \nu~t. be·, di.sti~guishe/trom . ·.. Reqlli~_ites\t Fraud· U'~c;ler'i .. rticle,1·338:·· (i;!E-SiN)
intimidatiof'\; in that.in intimidation there. must be an .
, unlaV?ful ·or unj0qt act. whi.ch threaten~. ar_,d whiph ... · ·
1 .. It inust,be;_made_in'!?,a'd1aith, with ~nowledgE;?
., of its falslly. (4.TOLENTINO, sµp,:a·at "445-446);
,.e ..
. c_al.jses ·cqnsel'\tto. be given, while iri-uncl~e·influe'nc'e, · • 2. ·. One pariy '-must have .gm ployed . ·fraud or .'
.. \ there. n_ee9 not be an· unjust ··or unlawf~I .act. (4 insidious words.'or machinations; , ·' ·- ·.- -·
TOLENTINO,. sup!a af501). 3. It must have been .§.erious; .
4. ·, lt-!nd\.,iced· the.either party to ~nfer into -a contract;
an'd , . · : · · · ·: . · · - .·
' ......... #.
2ois SAN BEDA LAW CENTRALIZED BAR.OPERATIONS I 421

O~LJGATION.S AND _CONTRACTS
. . SAN BEOA LAW_CENTRALIZEOBAR OPERATIONS- MEMORYAID-2019· .
It&' xtMU Aiitt,NPWS4:?U:tM '*:5r'Y!Jk:¥,,@WW1¢5:ffitffikP* M!\Si+ff:\t'.;ii&E f!Vitfilff!ZWM,*7¥, t @Jt§S'Af§ti¥6Sf###iMi!*_&!?f&•"@ "I
. .
5. Itmust have been employed by one contracting does not have. They do. not affect the validity rif ·
· party upon .the other and. Not employed by both . the contract, so long as they do hot go to the
· contractinq parties or by third persons. extent of malice or bad faith (4 TOLENTINQ,.
supra at 510). ·
Fraud Not.Presumed
· Bad faith and '·fraud· are .alleqations of . fact that Dealer's talk or trader's talk, are representations
demand.clear and convinclnqproot; They are serious which do not appear on the face ofthe contract
accusations that can be so conveniently and casually and these- do not bind either party (DE LEON,
invoked; and that is why they are never presumed Obl1g€ltions and Contracts; supra et 581; Puyet v.
(Cathay Pacific.Airways, Ltd., v.. Sps. Vazquez, G.R. I Arce Amusement Co:; G.R.·.No: L-47538: June
No. 150843,. March ..14, 2003;. DPWH v .. Ouice, . 20, 1941; Philip(?ine Steel Coating· Cotp.. 'v,
G.R.No. 183444; February PB, 2012). Quiriones,"G.R. No; 194533,'Ap"ril 19,.201~}:
' .
Legal examples and illustrations of fraud 3:: Expresslon of an Opinion . . .

1. Fraud ·by concealment · ·. ~ A mere expression of an opiniondoes. not signify
. Eatlure to ..disclosefacts, when-there is a duty t~ fraµd unless made by an" expert a:od· the.other
reveal them, constitutes fraud (CIVIL CODE, Art. . . party relied on. .the forrner's .special k~o'A'.ledge;l
1339).· .. - . . (CIVIL GODE;/1rt. 1341). . .
.A neglect or failure IC?:_ communica~~i~r~ . .s!f ~fi expert is liRe ~: 'statement a"or
party to· a · contract . knows_;?i:Jdbu~ tq~..f.t, ~n,.9,-1f~alse, - ma,Y be 9ons1de_re_d _a fr?~d
co~r:nunic~~E: con:~~itu._tes. _c:onGe'a~~~p~l_r__f'th this . c • 'QI~ ngtn~~-. ~_r:in~lment-.
t (4·
;'.O~~f:JT/NO,-, Stl~_rf1,.
Gase, ·• · concealment
misrepresehtatiori ,·(INSU.B.7J.'f;J!.V:,E 'E, Se43.
26). · , ·
~. · . . ·· . . . . . · -~ :-·
z ~, ' ·
1~ '\~~al~to ,:.i't. .....,....~
E .
eo
~14\
1,). ~- ·'.\_·· · . ·. ·.
'T w _ \ · · 0, :\·. ·
4't~ Fraud by r.JiJf:ci'Pe.rson _
. · ~.f;.-. . , , Frau&. by a tr~e!ton doe~--~~t. vitiate cons_ef)t .
. ··
·. .
· ·
. . _
: .
· · ;· · · ·
Note: Silence· or _Gonceal!J2.:en(_fY 1tselfi do_~Jt\.~.L,
~-onst!tute·frpU_d: '.f:he GOr~mtnt c~n empfal~ ,~
· in_·f,~1c;:l~,.13~~--~~~s~pp0s~
.-N· ~ -,
ry
1_erely 91~1se to ~n achon fo~ dama~es
t~~ _party11~~,
ijl,lrP,9:S~f>r ..des1~ .. \" illl&l_. unle;;s;: . . .
against ~uch. th1rd: ~ers?n
. · .· ... ~ .
. to. h1de·fa_ct~ which_ the other·pary.o~q,ijt·t(!-kno.w:S:-,--' "Ljl "~ -~r~a~ed. a Sl!b~ta.1:t1al f11)~take. and~the .
(D~.-~~c;>N; .Ob(!~ati~ns a{cfppn._tracts~uprc(c1,.,.- 4!2;!>.··
,/J,i~r"?~ 1.sj.1_ut~ CIVlL CQD~, Art. 1_342) .... ,
641}: · · , .- . -~-: ._····\· ~~- .. ~ r....z~~.t§1.,h1rdlerson:~~kes_tb._e m1sr~pr_es~rtat1~n.
.. . · .. .. .. . .. · · : ~ · . ' ~ ,with tl'ie" comt11c1ty, or at least with the
. The· injured party is ·enti!lf::d. to ·cancel or -~nn~. -~ , 0 i<~_r.f~d_g~~ 'btt. without_'ttie: objection." of _ffie
· contract wh~tb.er t~:e .f,ailur~,to · djsclos~tbe[EN1)~ ~orw_ac~mg party who 1s favor~d (J.URADO, .· .
ma~er!~I. facts?s i_ntenti?nal ·.or\_uni~l~~~, ~~:~~l~f:13., s ar,d C~ntracts; .f~P:-a .at 44~)._, :·
long;asJh~_re 1s a duty.,to rev.e.91.. or d~clo~.V,~':1 '."\ ;f.~ N .
Y/ · ,· ~ , , · -··. · · . . · ·
er 9ccording.Jci _gpocj_ faith .s~ch disclqs'tlr.~9u.ld lVUY_I:l~y~~e_pr~~!?~atro~·~<;>!-.{~.a~d: · :. . ·· .
be: made. and ··.the. other. ·party .. is misl~o~~1srepresentat1or:i rnA.9em.g~od_fc:31tl:) 1s not fraudulent
_.deceiv~d. io .ent~rin'g· _into the'..co"nJract.- If the · but may cons_titu~e_er~or,'(CIVIL.CODE, f._rt: 1343) ..
" :. faili.fre\r unintentiona1;:the. bcJsis of th·~ ·a6t,an· foC ··· · : . . .·. . ' . .···· -.
. '. arinuJment ·. is . not · fraud but." mistake .-or. e·rror M_uto~I fraud : · · . ' ·.' - .
(CIVIL CODE,. flit.· 1.343). When both pan[e_s us,e f.raud recipr.ocally, "beither.an·e
• • ·.: • • ••• • •0•• ;. • , li~s an.clG_ti?n." ag1:l_in5.t. t~e;othe~,:a~n~ n~i_lhefyarty ca:~ .
•
If uninten.tio~_~i"-9i,ci\~ere Js; no duty",to· ma~e ttie · a;,k for the· _annulment oUhe• contract (DE U;ON,. ·
dis_tlbsu_ie, the.parties·are·bound by their contract. Qbligations_a_nd_.Cdotrads; supia at65.1:cifing Valdez·
{Id.).:.·.•_: · :·· v: Sibai'. G.R: N_o:J--2627-B;-Augusf4; 1927)._ .. · ·
\
...
.
Distinction of Fraud in Contracts. ' .
2. : P..r~n?i})I~. of To_lerate.ct ·F:raud .(Dolus !3oniJ.$) there' ~r~. iio···ty.pe"s - i:."fraucf.
conte~pla.ted: ·i~· the: .. . . ·. •...
. I .. Tlie. usual exaggera.tions jn_ lfc!de, wher.{the o"ther . perfor[T1~nce . _o( co:ntr'~ct;:,'· 'dplo ·incidJnte··· of.
parJY. )la_d _a·n_oppo.rtunity::ti::d~now. the .facts, are. irtcide.ntal trauct an.d· cio10· causantEfor rrauc:r:serious
"nbt'in·themselves ~~audulent-(CIVIL CODE, Art .. ·
en~~_gti l?. r~~d~r -a co~tr~.ct. vofdaole :.c:rabkeh· v.
1340): .. / : ·:-- De_velopment F;Jank or.·
the. :Philippines, G.R .. No ..
This is· kn.own as ''to"ler~te.d fra_u.d" which inciud.es..- · 171428;: Noveniber"11, 2013). · ·
niinimi_zing tb'e d"efects· of the thing, exaggerc;Jting .
its: gq?d qualities, "an<d giving ]t qu;:ilities that it"
..... ;:_
-422 I 20!9 SAN BEDA L:AW C(;:_NTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS

O.BLIGATI--C)NS: AND CO.NTRACTS
SAN BEDA LAW CENTRAUZED.BA_R_OPERATIONS- "1EMORY AID 20-,9
Dalo lncidente-v. Dalo Causa_nte h1m becau~e. the latter- was-not actua_lly the owner of
the-franch_ise of a soft drink bottling operation'. Thu's;
deferidant-.sought the nullification of the contract to
I
enter into-the partnership. · ·
It.was conclude_d that' plaintiff did actually r~p~esent to

defendant thaf~ he· was the holder cif l_he exclus.ive
franchise. The. defend~nt wa~ made -to-believe·· ~n-d
he'·actually belieyed·, tha·t plaintiff had Ifie excl~sive
-· franchise,. The .record- abounds ·with circomstances
· Deception? or Not se'rious in cha·racter . ·. indicati"v~ th'~t ihe_ 'tact that the prin~ipai'tonsider9tiot1,
h1isrepresentations. of a and withouL which . the the_ main ·cause that induced defendant 'to enter into
-serious . . character other party would still .... the- part_n~r'ship. agre_e'me~t: with -pla.intiff;_ was- _the
.employed by one _party __ hpye - 'entered into the ability 'of :plaintiff. to· get the .exdusiv.e franchise .to
a~d · 'A'.ithout w_hic~ the ·contract. botlJe- and •distribute for the defendant ·or for the-
qther _ pf:1rt'Y -wo4ld · not -. - partner$h_ip. The_deferid_ant was,. ther.etore,-·led to the
have ;e~tete_d· into the b~lief that plaintiff had ·the exclusive.,franchise, b'ut._ .
con.trag_f
-'
t~at the sc;1me wa;i to. tie secured
the~ partn8rShip.~ . :. · · ·
.for ·
or.. tratisferred to -
··. ·. · -J
Th~s. _ wh:ile- the repres~ntati'o.n· th~t_:pl;iniif(h~d- ;he ..

exclusive .franchise _. did· not vitiate · defendant's
consent to the contract, ft was used by plaintiff to get
from: defendant: a ~~are of '30· per cent the .net of
_p~ofjts;_ in,oth~V.:?rds, _by pretenolnt; tiiat he· h'ad_·t~e '
e:<clus1v_e":'jra/fSp1seand_ promising to transfer ,t to
defenaaht,. hf,~btained_.tbe consent of the latter to
give him (plainti~a oig slice in, the net-profits. This is
_ the ... ~~lo -il?i.~lnte.. q_efin?d i~~ article ,:1-2~0- .of \he
: .. Spanish G1.vr_l. €ode.._ beca4~e-·1t .. was used to_- get the
?t~_~r. p~Qns_ent to;a big share _in the... profits, an
. _ . mc1d~'Fi'ta1: matte?tri"1lne agreemen_t"(Wopdhouse v.
Some Examples of . What Constitute Halifi, G:F?:N.o l.,-. ._4flN; Jµly 31;-1,953).· · ·
I .. Causarite of
Causal-Fraud'; : . . . . .' . . . -- .... ,., . . ---- . . . . . . ;
· 1. :when'._the seller, wh_o _hafnp
ilitenVin ~pa:·11 wi~h- . Qua~tum ~f Evidence to P~dve t°I)·~:
Existence ?J -··
· _ · her. property, _wa·s "tricked into peyeving" _ hat Fraud. and the Liability 'of the Parties . ·· · . ·-
- _ ·.-. what :..s_he _signed were papers ·pe~·nent')6':'.her . ln-tordeHo constitute. fraud. that provides basis· to
. application .for the recoristitution .0 her - ourned _ anQ~I contracts,' it rnustfulflll ~w9 conditions: · : . ·
_- certificate of title; not adeed ofsale: _ - _: · ·-1 :-·_ -F!~st,-t_he f~?l!9 m~~L_9e_:d9l9 causante.or.]t must .
. .2. 'When:the'signc;1h:Ji-e of the authorized corporate: :""-- . - ..-be·fraug)n obtaining the con'se'ntof_th1fpc!'rty.
. OffiG~r was.forged; or . . .. . -_ :· ·,_ . < ·,, ·: -·.: .. ' : . ·.· <-.-: .
a
3·_. ·. Wheri th~ s~ller-V{a·s s-eriously ill, and .died week- · - lii.ordedor the d~c~it to be--~on;idered -seiiou:(it
~fter signing. t~e deed·--ot_ sale r~ising' doubts on. ' _.- is' necessary and e.s'sentiai- to "obtain .-the conseht-
wh~th_er. -toe .s~ller '·could have ·read, or. fully . - - ·of.the-party imputing fraud:-'ro determine wheiner-. .
un_derstood, the contents ~of the docu-ments he. . . - .. a . p_ersof). ,_m·ay · b_Ef,.-_s_yfficieri_tlY, ·deGeived, ·.. th~ , .
~ig:ri~d or 'o( the con~equen'ces of his . act . . . ·. pers·onal . conditions 'and. . other . factual
. (Sf?_OUSes .. Carmen S. Tohgson a'ruj· jos'e .c.. . .·
._circumstance$ need;to· be.consldered.. . . .
Top9sdn,. et ·at.; - v._ Erri'erg_e.(1cyP.awnshop --auia; ..
· fnc:;· GR.·No, 1-67874; January_ 15; 2010). - .... ~--- - 2: · _. Se.G.or)'i:l.,.t~it;fraud must be· pcove1f by' clear and- :- ·
• • ... ·: •• • .h • ••
... · CO~Viri'cihg -l;!Vid_ence (TaiJkeh V:· -Oeve/opmefit:
'-P.re~enJing that One hacJ-the"ExcltJsive Fran'ch"is~ ·. · Bahk of. the. Phijippine's; · G.-R: _ Na. _. 171428, ~ '.
:and._ Promis_ing to Trl:1ri"ster· it.'to Get. the. Other _Novemj:JerJ 1, 20.13).· "·_ .. ,
...... · ··:: ... . . . ;
.
. P~rty"s Gon"sMt is Dalo lnc_fdente· . .·. -·. .
Pla1ntiff·~narles Woodhouse entered -,nto a written Simulati.9n·· of Contr.ac.ts · ·
agrE:ement. witti Jhe - defe'nclant Fortunato_ Hali Ji:. to - It is the detlar~tiori of_ a·. fic_titious will:· deliberately
organize a'part~ership fo~ th.e bottling' arid :distribution • made by - agreement. of-- the· parties, in or_der: to '
. of soft drjr,ks. _How_ever; the-1:i'artr:iership did not·~ome - prq_puce,· for pu(_poses of dec~ption, Jhe c;ippearance
into fr~itio~. and the_ R.)aintiff'file_d a Qotnplai~t in order of a juridical -act which does· nC:Jt exist o'r is· different· · ..
to execute· the pa_rtliership. The defendant' fiiecf a from th'at which was really exec.uted (4 TOLENTINO,
supra at 516), _ . · · ·
Counterclai_m, alleging that th·e_pla'iritif(ha_d defraud~-d
2019 SAN SEDA .LAW CENTRALIZED. BAR OPERATIONS ·1 4.23

08:LIGATIO·NS ·AN.D·co·NTRACTS
- SAN BEDA U\W CENTRALiZED"BAR OPERATIONS c. MEMORY 'AID 2019 .
. ---
The main characteristic of an absolute simulation. is . Third Person Acting'ln _Good Fiath . .· '
that the apparent contract is not really desired or. With respect to a third 'person acting in 9009 fa[th, the
intended ·to produce legal effect or in any way alter apparent contract must be ·considered . a·s the· true =
1
. · the juridical: situation of the parties: As a -res'ult, an_ . . cbntract. The deqlaratior( th1t the. co.ntr'act. - is
· absolutely simulated or fictitious contract" is void, and simulated does not prejudice him · (ti TOLENTINO,
the parties may recover from each other what. they supra at 519). ·
may have given under the contract (Tanchuling vs
Gantela, GR No. 209284; November 10, f015).
Under Article 1345 bf the Civil Code, simulationof 9
contract maybe absolute, whenthe parties do. not. .
I .OB"JECTOF
·,· I I
t
.i
intend to be bound at all; or relative.when the parties · · ·. . CONT~CTS . i
conceal their true aqreement.The former is known as- 1
a... __ ......;. ......;. __._
contracto simulado -whlle .the · latter. is: known as .

contrecto .disimulado." An
'absolutely simulated .or . Object ' . . ' ...
'fictitious contractis.void-while .a. re.latively;.simulcfre·d ,. The thing, riqht or.service-which is thesubject matter
contract when itdoes not prejudice-a ...third person and of theobliqation arising "from thecontract (JURADO,."
is not intended for ahy· ·purp.ose contrary .toIaw.. · Obligations and Contracts, siipte at 456). ·:
morals; good· customs-publloorder or .pubtic; policy>, ·
binds the. parties to their real aqreernent., He~n R!llluisite:5 of, ~ali~f.Cont,r.actual ?bje,ct (CL.f:H--.D)
executinq the Deed _of Assignme'nt, -FerrGcl'iromeu·: 1(\. -~s~tie ·wi_thin~ the ~orum~rGe of· man (CIVIL
Philippines, Inc (F.Pl,)'s fnt~nti6n y;as ~tl'fci'" transfer ' ~ ""\PO{].f=i,.1)..rt1347); . . . · . .
. absolutely. ~-h~ assig~ed _"a?set~ t? G,i-:o,ldm"'g;5i~IJ-2~ifou1~ )e ..:.icit..(CIVIL' C(!DE, Art. 1347);
p~yme~t of Ff:>1'~ ob~,g~_t1ons. lt-d1~not~reaUf.'.!!Jl~nd to· , 3.' Sffoul~ b·1~J~!=;~l ,<;'( possible ( CIVIL C_ODE: ~rt.
· divest itself of 1ts,.t1tle. a1;1d,-contfol""qt:J~'aJ,§}0ned- st'· .:
_:-1-?~>:'-.,"Q'. ;\:_ ·:,.: .. · . ·; . .- .
prop~rt_ies,· (G ·-Ho(dings: v. <;Jcflfl~Yjli\'=)_.eetrjc_Poi-:'f(lf .:.~")i ~f" Sb.ouJq-~~e"]:~srissible ._ (.C}V.JL_ CQD_E;" Art.
end : L!g!Jf. ·Company Co. · ((j}EPA[h ·_G), · G.. R: '!V<?- ~ .ti\~) 347f . f_.. I"\\ . · . - . ., .
226213, Septemb.er 27, ~017)-:-; . . . · 1f*)~5. · Sho~ld be _!i!~rm_ir,iate,. or at· least_ possible of
· ·. . . ·. . . · . ~- . · · ·f -~ . . · ·~ . ·,~-,
Requ!s1.t~s.: (DAP) . :· ,. '~: .. __ , · . ~ ;__1!i' ··""'
~-~terqiinati?n ~p,_1ts kind (CIVIL CODE, _Art ..
t\,,.,J)J.1,~4~),l · ., . ...,;...] . .. . . _ .
1 :. ·.A Q~libe1:_at~-9eG:larat1on c.E.PJ:ai¥.-to th~ 111 ofif~-\'21ffi1li27 ~- :. Z" · · _. -~· . · · . ·. .· . · ·._.
· . parties; . . . .. :,, ·: · · ~1 ·
r1{ · · :.' ~-::.,..,.:.r..:. II Thing!"-·' y Genera·vy ~e·SubJ~ct of:'·. · ·. ·." ·,
2. 6greei:r_,ent of the par.ties ·ioathe app~;Q'·Y_afi ,~-- $~,..pnf1J9~-:-) _ J~ J ·_· ,. · ·. · ·
- ac_t; a_nd ... ? --..- · ·. ; \V- J ~:"!:. ·:\()..A't'\.·.. I
},f,15J!'U1;9;}i2g~_fs.~ri8es_ mly-be !~e :·ob~e-~t . ol._cof)t~ac.(~-
3.- _ Th:· _Eu~pose 1~--to deceive 9r :tcirn,de fr~ ~1rcf.:.,:i . ~'!' iS,::~t1'des;futur~ jii_n.g.s ._9r fights wh1c~. d9 · _not
_
. -
--. perl,0.n~'. (Lbyola·-. v,··,GA~Gil;?.·, N~o-: ,7, ff7~'fu11g_:to:t~Ef°?~lig~".:'.hen the contr~ct ""'.aq m_adE! ·
Febru_a(Y 23, ·2009J •· ·. :._ ·:' -~- .. :::·. _- . ,.: SctE't-f(~t2f=,.Art-j84!)-. : -: .· · .... : ... ·. _ .
· · · · · ·. ~~l· ~~ii~~· -~·1~~i:- ·"ati{_g;i,~

_:'· . ;b·~~iute ~.
i.t:l'~!lrh'I"'.
• • - ··~.
· '
. : , p:~~~~~er.lt;{.
-M • ., • , ,
al(dght~ n;i~y"b~ tr.~ -~bject o/a .'
~1ta~~fle< _exceRt1on:5 ._are . wh~p; --:th~~ . ar~ : .
,1~_rn.1ss[t;JI\') by their n·ature, ,qr by s!lPU~ti_on,. or ~y · . . ·
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~- ~· ~-,--1· provi~ion 9f la_w (G_l~lrCSDE, ~rJ:· ,13:p,_par.. 1) .. ·
--~~rties do:n0Unt~~'c1 t; -P~r.ti~$.;: -:.:·:11<:1~~,·~. '. ::1ar.i , . 1 0t~ii{O.bi~ct~ 6t·-~~rit~::~ts/tq_1i=~~1~·j. ~ ~ ,· . ·..... ;
_be· 'b.o.und· by,·. the. agr~eme.nt. :.which., -t'1!3Y. · .1~ 'Jl1ings ·.outsid_e.-th'e- ·commerce .of. r'n!:ln '(Cf.VIL
~ .contract atall. .:.. ,,·. ·, .. ~~mc.Eial unde_r,the:guise 9f ,•· ... · CQ.DE\i[t. _··r:J.4-7),\..:;_ . .: ·' - .. :: ,:.... . <" . ·
. ;·· ,, ·:; ::. ': ah'o.the.r. ;-,-·:· ;:co_n_lr;a"ct(4 . ·2,. ·-lntrc;1nimissil;)I~ rlghts ..(GfVl~,CQDE,.'Art 1347);• .
,·.. T,OLENTiNO;:;. supra·· 'at . 3: F·utureJriheritarice; " · . . <· , , .-·_ · ·.,~
·,516{ . . . . . . -4.,, . s~~ic~s· c.o"ritrc'ir-y"tci law, morais', gooa cusiom"s.>
. ' pu"olio order.or. p_uhl.ic P.Q.licy. }cjvtL ·CODE; Ar{.··
~130.6); · . . ·,
-Voiif.". '·(JURADO, Binds- lhe·· parti~s to. their .5: !rrip9ssil;>le.-t~lrigs;·or servJce_s; ciM· ·. . ,: -·, ...
Oblig,ations·: . '· . and r~at·,;1tfree:rri.ent>·;..,rhen ; it 6: . 'QbJeGts··Not possible' or.determination.as "to their
Cont(aGts,- ... supra . 'at .do~s.not35rejuaice a _third . .'.'.·· ki~d. . ·.. ;~: . . .. •.· . .. . . '· ; .. .
454). . . person"aFJd-is-h_ot-intend~d~ ·.. ·
: for. afiy .J)U~pOSEf coptrclry a
N"9t~:· In. or:d$r that th(rig, right oi-"'se~lc.e may l:>~ the . 0
"(o· . law;·; mor-als;·· good . 9bject:ot.a ~ontr~<:::t,;_it -~h.ou.fc\ b.e in:.exi_stencef at,.th'e
·. 'custom;:;, :public order: or· . inoment of.the ce.lebratio,n of tbe confrac(or at least,
· public . ." .. :,poiicy(CIVIL it . can . ,exist . sub.ieqJeritly .. ·. or .:in· .the f~ture··· :(4
· ~ . GODE; Ari
1346): · TQLENTIN(), ~upra a(52.1) .
. ...
424 2019 SAN BEDA LAVJ°.CENTRALIZE.D BAR OPERATIONS·
OB·LIGA.TIO-NS A·ND _(b·NJRACTS:
· SAN amt. LAW ctNmiuzm_BARoPERATi~Ns - MEMORY A1Cr2019 ·
Exar'!1ples:. Inc. v. Balansag, .G.R. No: 141882: March 11,

.\ .
,.:....,.,....,.,-=---,-~~~~~---:-~~~-:---, 2005). · • . /
Things _of'public ov.in~rship. such
as · sidewalks, . publj~ places, E'xc~ption~ to the·_E;ception .
~~~~,1 bridges, strE;iets.,,etc:; things that ·1. · Future spouses_"may-give or·donate to eacli other
are .common to. ev!:)r-ybody such in th.eir marriage settl!:)ment · their fgture · prqperty ·
'."as air;:su'niight;,rain ·. ' to iake effect'upon the.death.of the. doriQr and to
the extent laid down by the provisions of the Civil·
_ Prohibitect ··drugs .. an.d all iilicit.
Code · relating •. · to · testamentary· .
'objects; .. t6 i<ill'"a person,· etc.,
.. suc~e~sion(FAM/L Y CODE, Art.: 13_0); and ·.,.
trft1~~~~~- (illicit things of s·ervic·e·s, an~ al.~o. 2.: A per'son may make a partition of his i:istate by an·
·outside ·tlje· commerce of'm.en. ); act inter vivas, provided that the legitime · oJ-
• 10:gel's.oil from plc1net.Jupiter;.to· · conipulsory h.eirs is not prejudiced (CIVIL.CODE,
.:. construct a bui~dii:,g in one day · · Art. 1080)../ .
. . ~ . I •
,)
All .th·e ·cavans o.f . rice. in a
ffl~~~~~.J:war.ehouse: .. all ·.th"e' eggs in a· lmpo?sible-Things or Services . : · -: .. i: ·
. ,.. ... , . ·b~s~e(my land wi\h the srrialle~~' Impossible: thing~.-cir ~er.vices c~nno!,., ~e·t.hE:; O?j~c! ~f .
/are'a;. the"lan8. ·at the· corner of .a. coptracts (CIVIL CQ_DE, Art. ·1348). · .. ·· .
. ' parJicwlar. str~et .. :-· . . . .. ' ...
. Kinds of Impossibility .
.. \hings I to .. bi, : m'9n,ur.aciur.e~J - 1: -Absolute or objective. ~ wh~n . nobody can
-ratsec, · o'r acquired after tlie pEi°r-form,the service. ltnullifies th'e contractor
'perfection· 'of. the contract ~ucb . Relative or subjective ;-WheYi due-to t~~ spe.cial
as -witte. '"tnat.' .·a.'.' vineyard\.lis conditions or qualifications of the debtor, i.t cannot -
·'•I eixpeCIE.)d. ta p~od~c~; woo1;RaJ J2e p·erformed: lf.ternporary, {dojes'hot nullify the
'shall 'thereafter ·gro_w·· ug:on · _a · . contract l4 TOLENTIN_O, supr« ·at 5~6).:' · · ·
sheep; rice' tobe ha~este'd 11ext Ii\':· . . . \ _.
-hafvestinq _season;,, ~ilk .·that _·;r . tt.
'i=>artlal·l~po{:i'B'i!i.ty . ·. I. .. " . ; .
c~w may Yl.91?_;; tg§lt !~~J1ens ·If the thing f7 if

pjr.tl~fcissi.ble and pactly.impo_ssi~le, lh~.·
...may'_lay_; youn!??nirnak mit·_yet ... effect will depend'.'upcin;the. divisibJ!ity of. the thinq ... lf u
i~ ex1st:~nc~lq: , f...~\· ':· .·. . _ . ~ ·\. i~·:· l&j~~}~}p~~jJf~~~, e. 'oi: .. !JY the. ·iht~n~ion ·.oqhe
- · I . . ., ,,;.,.\;,. ··\ parttes tnere rs_ no eontrac.t-; the consent: wouldbe
-_P.?!itic~I: rig~_,·.:suc~s_'the .ri.~i~f." · wa.r{ti~~. '1:It{J4lli~~~·
is di-Jjsib.ie, tti'e{th~~ c9~~ra'ct
lb vote; .: _tam.11¥,, ·. m~_r.~tak:.· _an_~1, is valid to the extent possible (4 .TOLENTINO, .sul?:a
pa~ent~I r.1ght~;~rJgh\\t? f.lJ?l!C > at.527r ·':· . .'; · ', · \. .; ', . ' . '. ' ·
oe:ff..tc,c.e. '.- ~qo_. ··,run ·.·.f?.F.·.i~.b.
: he·.. _~.fflce, ~ · · · .. . · ·· ·· ...
. F,. · _ 0ifficulty·of Pe_ii'~rm}irice· · . ·.. . . , ..
(D:t=).EON,~O.ql{gatipns an,<!<;Jontracfs,,.su{J~a a(~fi9,)- · A: showing of.· mere ·.inconv_enience; "ariexp-ecJed
•. . . . • • ., . :.. . . .. • ! impedlmehts;:,or increase·d expens·~~.is·n6.t~h~9gh to··
Futu~e·T~ings - . ... . ·.:·.· < ·,., .. ·. ·: .... _. ·.· .. · refieve _ ·a ·.P.arty. of ._Jhe_ o.bligc)tio1\ .. ,.:.(../~R~DO,
'A future thingJ1JaY. .be .th~. oqject,of ·~r co.n'tra~t. · Such ' Q.bJiga(i6,ns 'an'¢/ Cqntrc!'.cis, .~upf.a· fjtl_94:. De f<as.Jto 0
contr.act.nic)y td_erei.the/pe:-- .. · ·. .:>.. :.· -.~.~·- · ·-
·f:..onga;·G."Rcf\Jb.-L-21.52~53,~July 31,:·1951):" ·'- : . ; ·
. 1.,. ·con_dition~l·-:ifits effica¢y,s.h6µid :_9eipend.\1pon. . . . . ' . ·. ... . : . . . .
,,. the future,.ei<istence of the.thing(4 TOLENTINO,. .-Th; difficul.ty Qf p.e.rforrri-ance:shb'1-1la sucll .thft. t~/ ..b~
. :.:,.supraat:52)),:-_. · \ ·:·,:.·_. · :.... :..·· · ·',, · ,.> · .
,party __seeklr;ig,to be.r.elease~ frqm·,~·S~.ntrac;tl!al
. i. Al~~tory.- lfon\3 qfthe .contracting.p,a.rtie'sshould . dbligatidri woulp tie-·pl;;ige:crat ~ .<:lisiidyantage by th§l'
.. bea'rJh.e ·risk .that the.. thjng will. never c9.met ih!<;> unfore·seen· ·event Mere inconveriie'r1ce, · µnexpected'
. 'existence (4 T()LENT!NO, s_upra)it 5.221.. _.,· ... · imp"edlmehts, incr~asea expenses:or everi_pecuiiiary
. ·, : • . . .·.\·.::· ), . ,.-, · .. ·.· inability to..fulfil"an ~engageme_nt,:wi[l'-nQt..relieve'the.
Exc-eption:· No co,:itracl' .may;:·be entered. irjto. ~ith. . obiigor from an-:~11d!3rtaking tti.at·it ha·s.-knowingl·fand
. respe.ct )ci . future. ii\h!3rita·n,Ge e.~ceph in 'J.C~S-(;lS· ·. freely.conlracted-($ps.'·pqon v: Pfime.°$av,rigs B_a(Jk,. _. ·.
. · expressly a.utliorized. by.1a·w· (9IVICCOD1i:; !\rl\1347, .. ·:_ .. G:R.No.183794,- Jun'tf.13;.2()16).. - . ; : · - . . • _.· ·, . ,
·· par. 2J_ ; · · c1,. - · --~ · .,. - ... · - / . · · . <·--: ·. ·;·,.';_.·: ;: .·: . :· ·.:~·: '· . :· <:
. . ··1. Qua!1_t!W,~.~~!Jl.~,,be1~eJe~r,n!m~Je ~s: ~~ its Kil_l~· o~ .
'l;lemerits Qf Future .. lnh.eritance:-'(OPE).' .· ~R_ecre~.--- ·. : .· '! - . · .. • : ., .. ·:: .
1 .. ·_The succession n~s ·pot yet .beeh Ope_ned;. . Th·e fac;t that Iha quanJiiy. ls
not determin'ate· shai\,not :
4. The object of the con tr.act- fbrni~ ·fart of the- be an · obstc)de · to ,lt;e ·. exi~tence •. o( the .. c.ontract, "'
. inheritance; and . ··. .. . . provided··il is possible to determine th.e...s.arrie, "5iihout
3: · The· promis.sor. has a mere gxpectancy of ri·ght · a \he need "of a new contra·ct be.tween the parties ( CIVIL
whi~h. is.purely-hereditary'in nature-.(J.L.T. Agro · CODE, Art. 1349).- ·· · ·
·... 201s sAN srnA LAw·c_ENjRAi.1zEo BAR 0PERAT10Ns r 42s

OBLI.GATl·ONS-
. AN.D . . CONTRACTS
• SAN BWA LAW CENTRALIZED"fJAR OPERATIONS - MEMORY AID 2019
The object of a contract,. in order to be Gonsidered as

"certain," need not specify such object· with absolute
certainty as long af 1t is determinable. (Domingo .
_ Realty v... CA, G.R: No: 126:)26, Jqr1_uary 26~ 2007).
CAUSE OF·
CONTRACTS
',
,· .
- .
_..C~µse . :, Its legality. affects . th·e Its legality does ri.ot affect
It is the immediate; direct ·or most' pro"ximate reason exi~tene~ or validity of the existence or yalidity of
which · explains ,and justifies the creation. of an the contract. · con_tra.ct.. ·_ ·· -·
obligation through the will of the contracting ~arties.
(JURADO, _O~ligations· and_ Contracts,.supra at 464). (4 TOLENTINO,.supra at 466)..
·"·Essentiat'Requ1si_\es "of C~use;.(EL T) . Note/M~tive b!=lc9r:n~;, ca~~a. w~e_n,it predetermines .

1. ~xist!ng at the_ time of 'the celeKillbra~ionof the· the purpose of the contract (4 T9LENTINO, ·supra.at
u
t~~~ i~~~:oo:,
. ·, contract -· · · 466~ . · · ·
· 2. _bic\t or lawful; and . - ·. . . _ Iii.. ·:"'f- ""-. . · ·: .. . _ . · · ;A."'t
. 3'. Obftt~ns 8~~·
.· .~/ ••~ · Ca4se in D:11o1ff,t,iei,;;ire~n-.,,l'
Co_n.trac-ts~_,,.,....,.....,
Note, f; pro,n,se.med". by o.z~if ~ ~-,~.="""""~

·aci;:orcjance with the__ form~ _req,61~~d~)fa_w.may bl1
good _cause or c0n~1derat1onJtor a prfSm1seJ_ma~e by
l
,.l)~
-
· ci·r~e;~h- con_tr~~-ting. ~iir.t;,
the
iP-we~_fation or promise of_a Thin~ or
the ot~er pa~y- (4 TOl,,_ENTl~O-;-sl!pj8_et 532).. -~;\'- i'.- ll!l'I :. ~c,ebythe·othE}r; ·· ·
· -· . . :- :__ ·. _
.. - ··Cau~e:y:-
·. -J-~
ObJect - . _
l /.'' Ji "
,- . · ~. ~.'.i~'tS!·\i,ifll..:_ --N~-~
.t .. A
.. : ~ . . . .
pror:n1se _rri?~-~ .by ony_
· ·· · · · , .:..-n · \· ill.TlJJ- · . , ~!'{ v,ay be a,, sufficient ·<::_au~e
:::;-: . ...c.c::_ ~ ~") ·,promi~e -:ma~e _by -ahotli~r
_p_arJ;y/ _It __ IS - nor \._-th{:)refore, .
.necessary
. ..... ;,: . •. '
'that" the
... .
-cause . ·,:,
. -or.
.
_ ·co9,_1derati~Q · shou_ld pass
1fr,om
, f.Ql partyto t~e'O\~er_etJQ.E}.time
f the. execution of the"'c6ntr.act
(JURt°,DO,' ·;0bfigati9ns :- ·and
'.C?,htracts," supra.at -4"6_?)-. . .. ~
Jhe. service- or. benefit-which . i~
·re"rriurierated. - : ". . . ' - . .
.N-ote{Re;,u_~e(atory ccintrac( 1~
one.' in . which .. .one .,: of. 'the
~lili~-cqniracfing. parties remunerates
.•. orcompensates the'<servlce-.or] ...
' • ·.·: .:· • ~ •. ' ' :· ,. • ,'\ •, r ,:r-'·"7 ·· : ;.A •
D1ff~!ent _with re·spec('of :tylay;b·e the same for b6l11. -,:.. bene~rren_~erM·or given .-t:iy the
. . eact, "pa:,:ty. _: . - . . . .. the "patties . .. other ·pc3rty, . c11though such .
.··· ..... . .. . . ., .. ·, ... selvice or benefit :.does. not : .-
(4 TOl:.EN.T(NO,:-svpra_p( 491-_465). ·con_~tit1:1tela '.de.ihand~bi~ debt (Id. ·
·ar471J: ·· · · • ·
..... · . ..:. v... ::·Motive
': ·.·· .
·:cause ··· .. · · ...
Mere· li.ber~·lity"."of the· be~efactor ·
. Jld. a{47~) ..
Dir~d c:1nd . • ·mo~.t .-lndir~cl/partf~ular ·' ... or

proximate/essential remote' reas0n,
reason ohfccintract. · · · (Ci.VIL. c~°'E, A~s. 1350 & · 2052).· ·
.. ~-.
426 i 2019 SAN SEDA-LAW

. ,•.: .. ·
CEf\lTRAUZED BAR OPERATIONS
. ·. ' .
O_BLI.G. ATION:S 'AND. .CO:NTRA.CT·S.
. ,) . ,,
_ SAN BEDA LAW CENTl_lALIZED B;l.R.OPERATIONS - MEMORY AID 2019 ~
P¥6¥f¥~'W#@#1%iffe!4S::;episg8i,t14$UAl$+2t9:W?:Z.WPSS&MV@Wi# P ts i@m*M?W,, -ta7S:·fi ,Mt&'J#i'&.r1 :t• isa@t tM£i1':· rirll~
t -.·
1
Mo'ral Obligation as Cause
considerc;1tions,
_
unc6nne¢ted· .. with · any

Obligations,. it C?rinOt COn.stitute
.
,Where the mornl obiigation arises wh.olly from ethical,
a
civil
suffieient cause· or
FoRM OF ·c:oNTRAcTs .· ·
:I
.. considera.tion • ' to . 'support.. : : an onerous Form of Contracts
. contracts shall be obliqatory, in whatever form they ..
contract(JURADO, Gbliga(1ons:and Contracts, .supra
· may . have been entered into, · provided ·all· the
at ._469; see .Fisher v....
Robb, . G:R·. No. 46274,
essential requisites for their validity are· .present
November 2, 1939).
(C/V/L·CQDE, Art. 1356). .
Where such mor~i . obligation is - based·. upon ·.'a
pr.evious civil obligation ..which·: ha1, already been. . Note: Art. 1356 retained the "Spi;itual System" the· qt
Spanish Code ·by virtue of which 'the. law looks more.
barred by the .statute of limitations at the time when
at the ' spirit : rather ' than the form -of contracts
the contract is entered ioto, it cont;titutes a :sufficient
(JURAQO, Obligations ~!}d: Contrects, supr? at·4i9r
cause _or
consid~ratio'n to s.Lipport' a· contrac,t: it is then
-already a natural obligation (ld. at.-469-470) ..
. .. Cons_ent.. is Generally '. Sufficlent .For Validity,
~fleets .of La.ck, Illegality, F~ls,ity; o.r lnidequacy .. Enforcea!)ility and ~ffectivity ··. . .. · ..
of CauSe . . . . ·~ ·.- · , · .· ,, . . ~. contract- may be (1) parol or oral, .or (2) in writing,
or (2) partly oral and partly in wrlting. If irr.writinq, it
1. Total. lack: or absence of ·cause - the contract
'may be in a public or a private-instrument.
. confers no,.righ_U:inq produ..,ces r'JO legai effe'ct....
. (CIVIL CODE,. ArJ: 1352). . . .. . . ,
A° contract need not ·be 'contained in. a single-lNriting.
It may. 'be collected from differ·ent writings· which do.
not' conflict .with each other "and wliich ' when-·
·connected, -~W- the parties+subject .. matter, terms .
and considera ion, as in- contracts entered into· by
co.rrespon:deice . (DE . fEOf.J, . Oblig_9fiqns· : )in·d .
2:·· Conirecis, supr:a. at.634).
·.··1~pli_ed-i_nfo.~ct.c_.ont;a:~t . ~: ·, . c·.,. . ...- :i ·~ .

One 1mphetj-from fac::ts and-circumstances showing a
3.
f rrh.itualJihtent1cin.:...to contractnot expressed . but
manlfe,ste~uct'.and -not by 'dir~ct· qr explicit
.words 'between parties but is-to' be' deduced'from .
conduct of. theparties. language used, or things dorie
by tHem ·.cfr 'other pertinent 'crrcumstances.attendinq
4.
the trar.isac;;tiof) . '(UP v, Phjlab Industries,· Inc., G.R.
= 1q2411;"'Septemf?w 2~,· 2004).· ·. ·.
Evenif the1cqnsideratibf') for the c·o~tract is only Ex:cepjfons·to General Rule:.: .. · ·. ·:, . , '; ..
F>1-.00, .it will. not render 'the ··.co11tr.act ·void,. .. 1. When ... the law requires that the. contract be in' a
because it is the absenceofconslderatlonnot - ... cert~in form tobe-valid (CIVIL cqpE,··Art.)356); · .
'mere inadequacy which ·will result in' a. void· · ··. 2: When law requires -that 'the.icontract be.Jn a .
contract (Cerentes». 'CA, G.~: No."L-33360, April ';., . certain form to be en"torceable (CIVIL' CODE, ,4:rt..
- ·25, 1977)... . · · . ., ·· · ~ ·.. , ·. · · · · 1403);,.and . ·· . .·. ·. . ~ · · .. :
. . . . .. . . ·3__ · W_he'ri req'uired 'to. ri:iakeJhe· contraci· ~ffectiv_e· as .
Presumption of Lawful'Caose---. ' . ·._against third .parti~_s. (G_IVIL CODE,: Art., 1357~·
When the catJse. is-nqt stal~d; it ..shall be presurrted to: 1.358). · · . . . .. . . .
be.in existenc'e ~nd la\A/ful un,le~.$· pro9f to .the ·contrary
is strown_ (CIVIL COP,E,'lfrt~1'354);..',. · . .COD!ractsWh,ich.By Law'MljS.t'Appearin Writing _..:,.
. " ... · · ·: . · .:.. ·.1. . For Validity· · :·.··. ·' . ·. . · - ·· · .~. _ ·. ·. ·· ·
'Note:·T.heipreiumption-that a co.nfn:ic.thas'.su.fficient ... a. _Wills_(CiVICG_Ob.E,.Ad 804) · . · . .- · .
. considerat.i_qn . cannot ·.be- overthrowfi. by "a. rri~i:e b .. Stipulati<?n limi.ting Cqmmon ·carrier's duty of ..
·assert_ion that it'has. no· co[i·sideration. (To.overcome · : extraordinary ~iligenc.e :to ·or9inary ~iligen_ce
, the presumption, the a'IIE~ged ·lack of. c0nsideration (CIVIL CODE,_Art. 1744); · · ·
' mu~t. be' ~~own by. preporiderante- o(evidence. The .. c. : DOl'}ation ·or
person.al prope'rty whose \Jah.ie .
. burden·. ~o prove. lack of_ consideratiC>_n- rests. u'pon exceedi=tP5000_(GlVIL_-CODE, Art>'T.48); '
wh·o·ever .alleges it (Mendoza, v. Sps. Palugod;· G.R. d. Antichre$is '(CIVIL CODE, Art, 21~4); / ·
: . No. 2'20517, ·June 20, 2018). · ·
. · .. ·.
. 2019 S.L\N BEQA LAW. .CENTRALIZED_ BAR-OPERATIONS I 427. ..

OBLIGATIONS
. /.\ND-CONTRACTS
. . · .
SAN BEDA LAW-CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS - MEMORY-AID 2019 '·
e. Sale of a piece of Land or any interest therein simultaneously with the actior.i · upon .th.e~__ c_on~ract.
through an aqent (CIVIL CODE,. Art; 187 4); (CIVIL CODE, Art. 1357)..
· and ·
f. · Aqreernents reqardinq payrneritof Interest in Note: Because. ··Article . 1357 presupposes . the
. . contracts of Joan (CIVIi,.. CODE,-Art. ·1956).· . execution of a memorand~m of a contracf already
2: For Enforceability . ' · · · _· perfected, Article 1357 is.'hot applicable to contracts
' a. An ·ag(eeme.nt that by its terms fs not to be who 'require
.
certain formali
. tie'.s for tneir validity.:·
. performed within a year from the .making
thereof; _. Signi_ng oflnstrurnents .
b. A-contract of guarantee A . contract . may be encompassed .. in - several
c ... A contract 'proptetnupiies . instruments ~·eveh though . eveF:1 instrument. is-not
d. Sale of personal property worth more .than signed by the parties, since. it isvsufflclent if the
P500 . ·· . · unsigned instruments are· clearly id~ntified. or referred.
· e. · Saleof.real property · .. , .· to and made- part· the· signed inslrum·ernts',-(BF of.
f. A lease for aperiod longer than o_neyear Corporation v. CA;' .G."R.. No .. :120_105, 'Ma_(ch 27,
g. A representafion as to the· credit of a ·third 1998). , -. . ·.,_ . .
· person." . ·, ··., .·· . ~ · ~=· .·. · . ,·;'
~u-· tfiy
. : ....... ~ Electronic Contracts .. . .. ~ . ·.· ··~
Contracts- which ··Must Appear . in ·a Public The formal requirements to make .contracts .effective
O~c_um_ent . . ., . as fl~i!~
third- pers_ons -and r to. estab}i~h._ !h~:.
~. For Validity · . · T {\._. l". J
-.rxi§{~ncte of a contract are deemed complied -with,
., _a_.· Donation of _immova~l.e. prope.t'"e$l JfCJ.VJ · i~ctld the ~_le~tronit do.~ument · is._ u~alt~_re9 · ...
. C0DE,'A~t._ J49)i . h ~ --~ . . .
~nq can ~e authfQJ!cate~ a.J to be usable._for fu_t_ure
· b .. ~a.rtn~rsh1p where -'~~0va~_w0 .,;..Uy,..o~~efere.nc~(.E~trp1G commerce: of· 2000;-·R.A · _ryo.
<real ·:tghts are eontnl~pl:9do )~_e_,com_m,'fp .Bl:92, sec. _7.(a)f ;f
\- . ·. ' . . · .. · .
. . fu~d··:(CIV{L:C(!DE,·~/fs.-:"1~'7;7,1l&1,7Jr-3~:) lr' !~ )& __ . \ .' \'. . ~\ '.- . .. ·· ' . _
2. For E~1cacy and_C?nvenk~!1ce f _.. . . . .
/\f~\Probat1ve,Val~~ '?} P~ ~l~c Docum~nts
a. _Acts c;in~ .contra.~ts wn1c~.a,.ve for t7e1robJ_ect·,. ,•1, Tneeffedof the .._QO anzat1pn· of a pnvate·do~ument 1s.
·.· .
· creatibn,, · · transinis'si_on., ·Nm.odificftioh~rff0r--,l> 1.ri,! -1:to'-converf ihe saia ciOtuFienl into public oh·~- and· a
extingujshm.¢nt of _r~alJigJii~~ o~er .'.0mova.§1'-°;_; ,:f_ ~e'lilier it aqmi~sll::l)e.;i~Je:v~~~flc~ fn cou~' yY~t~?~t
:',~LQPei:!y,. ex~~.PL~~~ .. ~~-aLpJ.~9P.l{\; (CIV[] '.'';-1:W.EfGrt~er,. ~§zof_';its .. aut('fen!1c1.ty-and:-.C:.!~~ . execut1qn
b.
. C.C?DE, A[!:·1358(1)~{.'-r r\f~ -~ .
The c_e_s?tO~; r~p_u~~atrpn~~,S:eQ -~,a~~n ~
~;:;!?
~)p~pj)r:
. 1
~
:X,?.
'1 , J.· . '··
a¥[9,v.j,Gr~g_ed;j_'f',1·'AfrC.·No~32-32,_
Srfpte'mber_27,--.
· ·· .. · · · <:·.-·.~, - ·
her.~~tt~~· ng~ts·o~ O~hOSE;l:·O(th~~[lJ~~l:ij. " <:_w$ · :_ · : . . . .'. :., . :·
p~rtnershtp of·· ga,~_s· (CIVI/J COBE ~I.aw,a notan91 doG,4!n:,ent_1s e.nt1tled to-f~II (~_,th and
-~;J58(~)); ·. '. _'i =:·· ·' ... ·i •. . . .
r:;. !h.e po_wer·_ to ~ctm,rn~te
I~r·:, :rriEtdi~·1ipon1ts·_Jac~24 It 'enj6ys th'e~·p;re·sump~iqti_ of .
~rope1y, ~r ab/EN\;6fu(.itf a~s· arprima fa_ci~ e,vide_nc~ ..0t t~_e. faets
-!'
other power1 which .bas for its o~Je'c.11-~n~a<?t........;s1a~"lf1'er~jn which may .only··.be ·overcotne by
?PP.~aring or_which sho~_ld. ~ppe~~le;~,iJ'~_lic M
~cte~~~c,1?.'is. deai-,c?n,~jnci~g~,a~d·,.!11ore · thgJ1
. · ?o~~m,ent, ·or sh~uld·p_t'E;?JUdtc~ a tn,r_dt~rson l_V i. fi:ier~ly.,,~pr.e_ponqeri';ln~. · W1thou~ .. s~ch' -_evtd~nce.,:..,tn..e
. . . (q'(;Jl:.: CODE,.._Aft, ·1.3q8(3));., a_nd · "· . -~m ptipn~.rn LI§( be-u pheJch (Heir-s-:·gt 'Sp_s Liwa'gon..
·:· d/ Tt,e: cessipn··o~ acti9ns··o.r_rig_hts;prq·cee_ding· and .Quma/agan· :.v: :-.Hefrs ... of, Sp's: ,Liwaf}cfn'.·_and ..
,--·.fr~m a~: atfrappe_ari~g i[l, ·a:pDblic:do.?u:menr LiWagbn:. G:R;'No:' .193-11:'7,. Noyembet'.2($,' 261.LJj: .. ".
· (CIVILCODE, 1Ar1.1358(4.)). · ... ,;'. ' . · · , ·. · . -;,:, . · .. i ; . .- ·
.
3: Tb Bind· Third Persons ·. , ..
·. _,·h.·
.
a. AS$ignIT)nfJ.t°(C/)./J(;COOE1·Art .. 1625)/<
: . ··
Chatt~(rt)9rtgai;i:es .{GIV,iL CODE,1Ari.·21:40); ··--·:~'

.. ,
~
..
.
. .. .
E:E~o_,.~T~.,: ~~o_. ~.}N.,

..
r
· ._s_.·_: i_·~. . _-
''.. .
. .
- 1
•
..•
UM_.:
··.
.: ,{
•
,
I .
:E.~~-~.-~:':·.,.
.
.
c. Sale/transfef. o'f '·larg'e·. _cattle . (Anti:9attie' . · .

Rus_tlingLawdf.1.fJ74,-'P.D. No. 533); - . r ::;.: . ··: ,. , :>-. --.:· ,· ·.- ·._
d. Matteirs·: required .:fo: ·be·· rEigistered 'and, . : ·. ~eforrri'c1~ion ,c>t 1,n:>tru'meii_ts . . . ·., ·: - _
arinotated on a.
Certificate of Title: to" ,L:.and .. · The- remedy' through ·which a
,'wrjtten. in_strume'nt is·
· ·(P.O. No: 15291 . . ~ ·. · · . · .made.or. construed so.as to. express.or conform to.the ..,, ....
.· •:·.if'· ': .. ··. ,·· :" . \ . I ; . . .. : · ..,·re~l )riter.ito_n.,:g_f:;.the;_'p~rti~~S· W~er(s\:iin';·
srro~:}r
Action for Exicutiori· of F~rr{1al .Instrument does. ..t:Tiistaf<e has. b.ee11 comn:iitt_eg _:(;/()RADO, Ob(tgatfohs' .. ·.
'Nai--ture·1nvalidity)· ·:: ·: ;" ._--:. _ _:_·_ ·._. . · .. ·. -~-- ·. -· · : ifrfrfcontracfs;:su~i,{at-41JiF...... ·:-----~- -~-:~-~~,·:·.
If the law require~ a}focumer:it.pr otheF special Jo.rm, · . · .. - · · : · "·
·as. i_n. th8( l3ct~ ~i'nd co.ntracts . enurn~rated in l~e Rati~nale; . { ..:Vouid. qe unjust 'to,. e_nforce a writt\')n
following ;article, the cooJ~qctlng pc,1fties_ m~y con:ipel insfrument . which · does· n6t truly reflect'. the ..real
each other to 'obs"erve that form; once the contract . agreElrnerit of the' partieis. ln_:r~fo~ming .,;irf irist_runient,
has. been p_erf~-;;-ted. This r°i~ht rr:iay )e _exercised oci_ ne:w. cqn\rQJ::J.i~ .rn~..at~d_.f_prJb.e- p_arfie~s; r~tb~er, .the
428 .. 1 2019. SAN

. SEDA.. LAW CENTRALIZED
~ BAR OPERATIONS
. ~ . . ·
·:.
·O.BLI.G.AT,10-N·S AN.D·CONTRACTS·
SAN BEDA 0~ CENTRALIZED BAR'OPERATIONS.: M~MORY ~ID 20i!? . .
ee:Ms;a;e; '"' bS:S@t:¥4: &W \ l t ift f4-Hi:¥J!~1,#, 1
I ;szw \#ti9#1Wfifttt' :tU#SS
. 4» i5¥riii¥drt!
. .'f&WHWE' :@.-! M r::Z,htll'T.7.
' '
reformed instrument-establi$hes the real ·agree~ent. . Reformation v. Annulment·
. between the partie? (Makati Tuscany, Co(ldomjniu·m
· Corporation· · v. · Multi-Realty · Development
Corporatior,'.·.G:R .. No. 1855~0; Ap(il 1.a:.2018)'.
Presupposes . th.at."'there T_he contract . ,i,as. not'
Requisites: {MIMIC) ".
1-; .. Meeting-of the minds of the-parties;
a
is valid contract but the· v.alidly . ent$red .into . a~
documenUiristrumerit : . when their.minds did not
2. Their true Intention is· not express.ed in the · executed . d~es .. not meet or if. :the consent
. instrument; · . . . · . exp)i~SS . · ..their . . true was vitiatecl.. . ..
:·3_.· ·Failure to express 'trul:) .intention is due. fo ·intentio.n.
· · ... ..-Mistake;frau·d .. inequitc:Jble conauct or accident .
4. ·The facts' upon which reli¢fby.way of referm.atiqn_,
of the iii'strument is .sought are put in !ssue by the· ·c;i;Jes· life· to the co~tract 1nvo.1v_es": :' a · complete
pleadings; and . . . ' . . r . ' . · · ;- by·IJ1ak_ing'the fnstrun\~nt r'nilljfic~lion . -~~ · the
· 5. -flear and coi'lvincing proof of 111istal<e, accident; - conform · ·to. the. ·.· true contract. ·,
relative simulation; fr§utl, ·or inequitable. co.nduct in_terition of t~'e parties .. ,. .
(DE LEON. Obliga.f ions· and Con.tracts; supra at ·.. ~ •. . : ...: .
648). .. , . : ., . . I ' . '.· . .· . ·. (JUR'ADO,:(?blig'atiohs ari'g 'Coritrects, supra et 4?8) .: _-
. ,.
Note:. How.ever, intentions involve· a state. of mind, · ... : . 6a~s~~/G'~oi:i'nds .i~·r:R~f~rinat\on:''(MF.~I~),· ·

making them. difficult. to _dedpher; . the"ref?re, }he 1 .. Mutuc)I tylis.take.;: 1~:case otrnutualmistake of the
subsequent and contemporaneous acts·of the palt_1es · parties (GIVJ~ COOE,'Art: -1~61) · , ·· · ·
must be presented.into evidence to-reflect the parties' 2 .. fraud·-:- IJ'.'.hen onepartywas. mistaken and; the
intentions (Makat( .. Tusca_;:;y Co_ndominium other party, acted.fraudulenJly (GIVIL' CODE; Art.
Corporat~ori<. vs.. . , MiJ/ti7Rf::alty_ : pev~1op1tieo,· 1362).' ' . - , .
Corporetioo, G.R. No. 185530; Apr,/.18! 201§]. . . . ' 3 .. ·,g,o~'cealrTI.~tamquntin.g<'to Fraud- Wheri _one.
parry was"Ir~staken. the other knew, or believed ·
. tha't \h.E:"j~st~~eflt doesnot show their' real lritent.
. _:_bu!_: co~~ef_!.ed' _th~l)act':to th_e_.-~orrn_~r . (_C!VIL .. :
, . CODE:fArtf 1363),.. , , · -, .. ... .
-: .,- . ~- . I~~](~-~~e·, !ack of 'skill, negH~ence or. · .
· ?a~a1tli_ on, ttie,:.p_a_rtof the'· ~ersor:i. drafting th~ ....... '.
. 1n~tru~en.b..ioJ'"'.the_clerk-qr,.ttp1st •.(C_/_VIL CODE,
... _Art.-13fi4);and .·. , ·,. ·. ·_. .
.. :-5·_: -- _!;qbita_o·1~ . · 'lv1ortg~ge/Pledge-When parties·
- -The Paro! Evidence Ru!e . ">, :': .. . .. ·, . . agree .upon the·mortgage'.or·pledge.--of a ·'real or .
. . -WhE:ln the terms Qf an agreement have beenJed~ecl1--...,...~personaP.pr'o·perty, biJLthe in~truine.rifstates.that" \.
. t~ writjng:,_it is considered as cb.nta_ining1vhe terlJlS. . th~. property issold absolutely or· with a right of
'agreed 'upon and .there. can· be, between the garties _rep:urcha:5e~"(c,;1y11.:· CODE,,A_rt: 13~5). · . .-
. and their SUCC!:)SSOrS: lninterests.no evidence of-such-'.- . ._,. '_.,.' ·~ .', ... · .·: ... , · · .. · :.:-· · ·
. t~_rms o,ther.:·th·an. the ·,centents ·of': tlJe .. wrltlen . N_ote: .C~rrelate_.to Article :1605.. . ·.· •
agreement (RUL:ES OF .COURT, .. Rule '130, .S([Jc; 9, · . ' ...
Who May. Ask for R·e.formatic,n .' • . : , :
_par._ 1). :'.'. · · · · ·
1,. · .fo · ca$e ,;. o"t ·mdtua( mistake, ·-tbe- ·action 'for
The·.r.ule.exclui:Je?. e.xtrinsic .~videb¢e ~y
which 1 party. . . reforn:)ation may bEi br.ought by insfan·c~ of:eitber :
. . party or~.their succiessors in ioterest; ... ··· . . : :_,
·''se·e)<s. IQ: contradi_ct, v,a·ry, ,idd to. 6(su9tract· fronj the
. , ter:m·s of'a v~lid agreement or.ir;rstrt.iriie'nt. . 2.'. -In, otner~ca~ei{the_ aqtion. may be._b(pught. by the.
. •. . i .
. ...,
#
.. ~ '- ,, instanc.~· of the injured p,aJty .of h'is' suecessor-s-in- .
·• inte~esr(C/\/ILCODE,-Ari·1368).'. - .-: · , · .
E~c.eption: . · ·, . . · ·. .. . ,• . .
·,·
1.:. ·When !~ere ii an· intrih'sic ambiguity, mistake or.
: . imperfec\ion in' the written agre_emerit; . ,_·. _ .....
,~:sta.ht·~s.
Wtieri:'.'t~~re C~n ~e· . N o' ~ef~r~·;t~ori:
(SWAE). ... · ' .:.. .. . .. '.-. ·: -' · .. r -'· ·
j.
2. When~ there i~ f;:iili.J_r'e Qfth.E\.WriUen·~-ireerrien(to .
. . express the true 11,1tent and agreement· of the
· 1: :~imple donations 'in(er,~ivos wherein nd cbndfoon .
:>is impo~ed ..'(C/V/L:CODE; Ar{ 13~6(1));.
parties thereto· (RUL,ES OF COURT, Rule .. f30, . . ~ ..
.Sec.'.9; par. ~ 2). .. · ,. . · . .·. .. .. . . .. -. ·ReaSC?r:t= _An a~tiQn fq reform ;~.. i~strufDe.nUs i_n
t~e natyre of ~P.ElC!fiC:P$rf~rm_ance an_a requires a
· valu!3ble~cbrisideration. :- -an'.elemerit" lacking as
,·. ·~· . bet,,:vee:n.don"Or and donee, and between.-testator
'·
and ben;eficiary' (4 °T'OL!=NTINO, supra "'at 556J: .
2018 SAN BEDALA\/1/ CENl;RALIZED BAR. (:)PERATIONS ·, 4~-9

OB~IGATl·ONS_AN.D
SAN BEDA .LAW CENTRALl?EDBAR _OPERATIONS- MEMORY AID 2019
CONTRA(:T.S
2. .Wills (CIVI~ CODE, Art. 1366(2)); Well-'settled is the rule that in case of doub"t, it is
the intention of .the _contracting. parties that
Note: Only imperfect or erroneous descriptions of ··prevails (Marqufiz v: Espejo, G.R. ·No. 16:8387,
' person's' or property can be corrected, bunhe Augus~ 25, 291_0) ..
' manner ·in which· the testator dispcis_es of his .
pro"perty cannot be. changed by ref9rmaiibri of' -a. When the irue il')tent and agreement of the parties··
the instrument (4 TOLEN_TIN9, sUpra at 516). i.s'establish!:ld, it must be ghien effect and prevail
. over the bare words of"the written contract ( 4·
3. When the real ~greement is void · (CIVIL CODE,. TOLE.NT/NO, $Upra·at 559-560): .
Art,1366(3)) - .
3. The contemporan.ebus ·and subsequeht· ac.ts of.
Note: Upon'the reformation of ao instrument, the the parties sh~II be.
consid~red . (CIVIL CODE, -
general rule is th_at it rel~tes bc;1ck to ~rid takes Art .. 137-1). . . . .
effect_ from the time. of its original· ~*~cution as . , ..
between· the parties: . · · ·· 4:
If the terms in a contract are general, they shall.
not be understood to comprehend-thinqs that are
· .lf mistake, fraud, inequitable conduct or accident distinctartc different from those which the parties
has prevented a meeting · of the minds, o,f the· intended (CIVIL CODE; Art. ·1372):·.· ·
parties, the proper remedy is. n6t reformation .o.f - · . . . . .. . - _ .. -
the instrur:nent _b,ut· arinu-linen~tof.'the eonf'""'ractu· . - ~-·· ~~or.ne t.
.stiP.Ulation_ sh~uld admit of _several·
(CIVIL .CODE, ~[l. 1359, par.2). - · ·:f\... · . . I; '\';~~aA~~gs; sh:all be unders_tood as bearing !h~t !t
. .: ' -~ .· . ·, . .. :D
r~mpor1).Yn1ct IS most adequate to, render~ u
Expediency ~nd ·conv~nr.en~~ are·~~t- g~~~ds Jar. . · . · ]Jrfe~tua.l· i,<l;'rll:.- 90DE;· Art. 1373). · · _-· . _· .
'». .
l · · ·7
the reformation ofari rnstru~~(~ulti-#f;e lures~""':· ~ · · . .
Capi~al ena Ma(J~geme_r)/J.Ii,orpVv_.'. Stalwfl_fil r-f_....,·_· 6~-?' Var'.oos stf~ul~-i~~_shal~':be·interpreted- together
· Manageme_nt·Serv1ces_ C0rp.,. G /R:
No 157.439;. {~~ )~~ (C-/VIL c;<)Dff, Art. 374): . ·: . . · ..
July 4,.2007). .
· · ·. · · · . · 2_ '.{V"'.:L......: · ~ \
.. .
Nole: A con ract can.not be construed by parts,
(f} . : . . :
4. · vvhenone of the parties,has~b.rought·a _adi@fi:l~-. j ·t . ...v$1'.i~-itl claus~s ~~I~ be inte_rpreted in relafion t~ .
enforce . the i.nstru~e~ tno . su, se~~ntl .·-rfJJ!!) 'o_rfo:1,anot~e1 li-ThJ ·lwho!e .. contract mus~ be
(CIVIL COD£,. Art. 136_7.l ,, /'"\\

. . \:V .., ~ ,,, .e ·-~
I\ .
· reformation can be ·.asked"'{~d_pcir,l~~§stoppe~~~ ·· ·interp~~ of ;~adt0gether· in order. to -arrive.at
?.' . : eanrn_~(4jo~~NTIN(!,.supre at 563) .:
1,1(,"\ I ~ rJJre)rii,
~ I --~ I ' . . '·
. . . . . . ·. . · . . · \ . ,:,. , ~() : ~ • Ci(fY'! ,J ~~ .wi·n. dif{~ent s_ignfrlcati~r1s: shall b~ ........
. . ~a · ·. : .· · .: . l,.r,-· , . ·~ ~tstootl in that1'wt:iich:is 111ost_in.-ke~ping with
.· l~RPRETATJON·@~O~~C 'E~~~oi.~ :;(object of t.he tontractJCW,l .
1 .. !f the_ ter~.~- ar.~;~1~.a~.' _a.nd ...no~{~~~~z~. G(the p~ace-~hail be ~cinsii::iered ·.
. :. ,.n~ent,o~ of the .. p_a~res, ~he lrteral m~'3~~q~_;<;f_ r!s,.,;,,1Vl.I"'"-,4..u;.1,th~interprE:!atio~. of ·\h~· ~..mbig_ui~ies·: ~f. a _. ....
strp~.latrons shall .cor,trol ((?/.\(IL CODE, Art -1!7Q,.. .. . . · contract and-sha_ll,_tm the omrssron 9f·strpulat1ons , · . . . ·
_ par. 1). · _· .· · .· _ ; · . ,. .. · -- which ·ar.e ordiaa'rily:-i,istablistietj (CIVIL CODE; : · .
• • '\' • -• • -·:' ~T· ·, • ,• '• • • • • • ' • • '
A.rt. 1376) ..
' Jhe contract is ihe: la.w··bep,veen the"parties arid . ... -;...--: -
. when the,wo'rds cif the contr'act·:a.re/l~ar-f!lnd c:~n· '· ,9,. lnt'?rpretation: of. obsc.u're 'y;brd_s· o.r. stipuiatio.fi.s
~- easily .be> under?tooq, ·.there -.is· :no . room fcir
.. ~ .
shall "ri'ot 'fayo( thbse. whb c~0sed the .gbscurify'
· coristructiori. (Oliyare_s·aJJd Robles - v .. Sarmientoi . (CJl/)L C.ODE,·Art: 1377):· · · . . ...
.. · .. G.~: Nq. 1583f4,:Jµne·14,.'20~8). _ • · .;.·; . ~~ . ~.·
· ·. ·.R~IE:l .1?3 of"th~·R_ules of:Cb~rt shall i'ikewis_e·6·e
If th·e'_t~pm·~· of;
cc;_~t~jcf ar~ :de~~- and l~~~e.~'no_ . . : obseryect:if!· the ~.onstniction.of ~ontracts '(CWIL
·doubt' upon' the cor:itracti.n"g parties' inte'ntion, . . CODE, :Art. f379). · .
_-~u~~ _ terr:ns.. -~hould ·_be. ~ppli~,~-· lr:i·· P}~.ir Jte~al . ,.,.., . . : . :, .' ~
~f~ •. ~.·.
meanr.ng .(Sps. o_qmtab v. Marlon Replfy ·corp., Note: · When an·-~, [nsfr!Jri,-ent- c.onsisfa·;partly of _
G.R .. No. 131.49,1,. A49yst ·17.,
2007).' . . ' ·.· writteq words" aod.partly o.f:a._pr.inte_d!form, and.th·e
two are ir.iconsistent,,the former controls the ratte"r· .
2 .. : If ,;_,.ords· are cont~ary· to. th~: i~)ent!on:· U:ie_ latt~~ .· ... (RULES OF COURT, Rulfd 30, s_ec. 15). .. .
shall prevail over the former: (C/\1,IL GODE, Art.
1370,_ p~r/2).. ::', . · .· :_ _ : ·.· · ·_.·
.·,
430 '1.20i9 SANSEDA LAW. CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS.

OBLIGATIONS AND:CONTRACTS
. SAN'BEDA I.AW CENTRALiZED BAR OPERATIONS - MEMORY AID 2019 · ,
Rules on Settling Doubts in. Contracts Resolution for Breach of Stipulation v.

· 1. , Gratuitous Contracts-~ when lhe doubts refer IQ Rescission
. .
by Reason -·of Lesi6n. .. or . Damage
. .
its incidental .circumstances, . the least
. transmission of rigt)ts arid interests shall prevail
(CIViL CODE, Art. 1378). . .
' ·\ .
2. Onerous Oontractsc the dou~f shall be settled in
favor of !_he qreatestreciprocity of interests (CIVIL
CODE,. Art. 1378),
.. , ,.-..
3.· . Principal .Object..:. if the doubts are cast.upon th&

- principal ~bject of the contract in 'such a way that
· rf cannot be known what may have ·. been the
intention or will of. the parties, the contract shalt.
benulland void (CIVIL.COD'E, Art. 1378).·
r-
J -·L. 1· ., __ RE
__s ....c_is_s_·
rn_._LE_C_·
o_'NTRA
__ - _c_T_s_---"!!'_
. To 'declare·-. the
contractvoid\. ':. at its
Concept of Rescisston F : fhcepti~r'I .and· to put an
R~scissi_o~ (as-co_n_t~mpli3~ed_ in..~~icle$_13_eo
to".._1:38~ -~ ...........,,..... ·. er:id to_ it as th9ugh it rever
of the C1v1I Codejts a ·remed~ granted. 5y,,law to the was'. . .
'contracting parties· and. ever lo thi~ ._perso.ns, to '
secure the · reparation : of · damages . (lesion /r
. pecuniary -, damage), caused to: th~flt by a contract,
even 1Hh_is should be valid, by restorat.ion of tnir:igs to- ·
their condition ~t.t~e momentprior, to th!; celeo/afjPn
of.the contract "(Buenviaje v. Spouses SalongaJ G.R.
No: 216023, October 5, 2016): · . -·.
. . ·. -. ·.: ..
· -Requisites ~f Resci~si~~=.-lV~E:" P2NR)

0
. · 1. The contract must be Yal.idly-agree_d upon (CIVIL

G_QDE, Att. 1380); . . ._ . .
-2. .TtJe(e must be ,besion or.pecuniary prejudice or
damage to one of the parties or to a third person
. (qJVIL COO&, Art. 1'381 ); ·, .. .. . . .
· 3 .. The rescissfon must be based .upon a case
gspecially_provide·d, by ·19w· (C_/V/1.:. ·CODE, Art.·
1380-1382); ·. .
. 4.. Tlic{ object of the contract ·mu~t not legally be in
. -, - : the _eosse"ssioh of third· persons wno did not act .
;
in' bad faith (CJV/LGODE;· Art. 1385, par. 2); ;
A.p°pli~s ~ ·. only to Api:,Ji~S· : · ~ic/ · either -'
5. )"h~.f eriod for fil{ng the action for rescission must
"not have prescribed. (CIVIL CODE, Art. 1389); ·recip~ocal; · obligations reciprocal · or· 1:milateral
6. There.must be Nc;>·othe~ legal remedyto obtain· where· one pi:ir:ty ha·s oblig-atioris .and \.Yhettier
reparation for the damage (CIVIL CODE, Art. fqiled, to comply wif~ the_cohtr~ctnai·been fully .
1383); and . . . what ·'. is . incu.mbent .fulfilled ·or riot.
·1. The party askinq for rescission must be able· to · . up_oh _h_im. . . . . .
. ,Beturn what he is-obliged to restore by reason of (Congregation of, the Religious of the Virgin Mary,
the contract (C/V/L'CODE! Art. 1385; par -, 1). et.al., v_ Oro/a, ?·R.
No . ._169790, April 30; 2008).
2019 SAN SEDA LAW CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS I 431

. .
:Q"BLIGATl"O·NS AND co·N·lRACT'·S.

SAN BEDA LAW CENTflALiZED ~AR. OPERATIOf;IS - MEMORY AID 2~19 ..
. . .
Contracts that are Rescissible: (GAFILS} 6.. Object of the contract must not be legally in the
1-. Those which are entered into by Quardians ·possession of a th inf i?erson who did not act rn
. whenever the wards whom they represent suffer bad.fait)1 (CIVIL CODE, Art. 13.85, pai:. 2).
'. lesion by more than cine-fourth oflhe value of the
._, ·. things which ·are the object.thereof; · .:' In· rescission by . reason of · 1esion or econo_mic
. 2. · Those . c;igre.e.9 · :"'upon. · 'in '· represeritation of prejudice, the cause of action is subordinated lo the ·
.> ••~bsente.es. if the lattersuffer the lesion stated in existence ot-that prejudice, because it is' the raison
theprecedinq number: .. · · · · .· d'etre as w~II as. the rneasureof the "right to rescind ..
3. Those. undertakerr'in fraud of· creditors when the · Hence, where )he defendant makes good the ·
latter-cannot in any other manner collect the damaqescaused, the action cannot be maintained or
claims due them; continued, as-expressly provided in Articles 1.383 and
4. .Disposition of Property made in state. of 1.384 (,Buen.viaje v.' _Spouses Salonga, · G'.R. No.
·. Insolvency whose · fulfillment cannot be 216023, October 5, 201 ?)· · · · • · ·
-. ·,compel[~d at the time;. . .. :· . . ., . .. . .
· 5. Tnose. Which- refer to, thjnqs under .!:,itigaiion if Act of Administration v, "Act of Strict Dominion
they, have been .entered ·intq by the defendant The guardian (leqal.representativejjs only autltorized
without the . krn:;,wledg:e and 'approval of the to.rnanaqe the-estate of his ward (absentee) .
· litigants or of competent judicial. authority . . . . . ,• . . . ,.. . . -
6. 11_1 ~th_er. c6n~r~~t~·.§.pec]a,lly declajed by. law!~ ~s no power to dispose. of or encumber any·.Rart .
. , . S!JbJ~ct_t9 rescissjon (CIVI~. CODE, Ary.~81:& there.~f-;f CIVIL COD~ Aris. 1,647 ~nd 187~ (8!. end 2J:U
.-- . , - · . /i,- ~ · ClOfJE, Arts. 96 and 124). ,P.~t~J
Cpntr~:ts.i: /::aush1g '. Lesio9, ·.In #Vioiati_g.n o~ · . .J.,. _- ;,_.;. _-,,. · .. ·· .,. ' · .- - ·,
F1~uc1ary Du!y : , ·.,.. .:.. : . :/£:>- '\!~ . .
Not.e: _A ~-~r~1-~.9. ts ~~th0F_1~e9 .only to manaQe· ~he
1. }h0$~·e_~ie/red into by guard1ans.wh'~e- the.ward-,::;-:-estatesf. ~e- ward\ should'; he. dispose .a. portion
. $.uffers l~?ion _of more tha{~;.folth.(;f.T of ..t~;e tq,ereof w\i,thol~\.a~ority"from ·t~·e·court by way 9f a .'"l
value of the things. which an~ obj,~cls thi1=;reoJ; C(?~tr~ct;. th~--- s.~~~ ·: 1s -.~r:i.~.nfoq:::eat>_I~ , u~der . Art. J.r 11.}
2. Those agreed upon representation 1ir
df ;£J\,. 140~0), 1rrespec;;t~f'.\v~eth~r there 1s les1o·n or not
·-~bsentees, if:the latt1,r suff~l.e110~ by mo~f~~!n .·t . (4-~0[ENJTINO,, s~at 57_5) .. · ·. ..
one~fourt~ (~) o.fthe v~IQe of-_lhe thmgsrhiffC~re·~ !: I t("Y· ·- \ . ::, .· . . . . , .. . .
Sl:J.bJect thereof (C/Vlt- <U)DB, 1Art. 1381,. no&{'$51ninfl<;?~trac)s ln.fra~.c;l~9~C[E:d!tors-,; . · . ·
. .. ar]d:-2~'; · · .
. · ·. ,·, · . ' .
Le.s_1on h .. ·• .·-,···.-_· , •. =.
,~
U,,/.
\ ~-
·
.' .. : ~-1 t:i.ose' uri~a~e~. m Jray,a~of creditors when:the 1·a\ter ·
. · ; n. · ·. ~ ·-. ~f .
~,.9~nno 1.ITl'aJ~~(tf~1in w~at ar~·~1:ie.th'.em (~/VI~
· ·· ·. ~ ).[,.~lJJDE=·~ -1.3,84,;rao."/2 ·.··., . · · ' . , :.
,~,~,o
Tt\e,i~jµry,..yhich.oneqf.thep.aiiti_~s.s~rfe(s_~ ~r.t~'6f..r·1 '-it~-· : J.··_-,:-. _... '· ., > ,· .··: . _- _:..·:
a .c.ontrayt ..whish.i.$ d1sadvantageo4s .fol\C1m~9')1~~~s~~rt=: · cq~t~ac!51exep~t'?d w.1..th ·the ,nte·nt1~n to·
· rise .to resd#io.n: ·the- lesion. n'iu.s b~ kno"Yn."o4g~[D.. -rp~Nd1c_t)h1. 'rig~t~~f. cr~dito.rs, ·a_nd should not be
.. have bee:,nJ<no\:Y~..=c;1t ttie ti~e ofrn~~~ ..Qf ~l-~011lfci\,t~~,0~~~~::. , i_~_{tJg~e· eriter~d . into: Without. ··such
· ?~d, ;1ot_ d~-~- to/.Cl~cum._st.ar:ises sup_§egueri!§;rr~. 0~1~t~nt1r~re _,~1(: P.:? _-a, ·consequerce. ~~.er~_of,'.,some _
unkn_~""'.n._to:.t)ie; partles,(1." TQ_tEN~l~<?J~··. SIJP!f··.at_M!El.,ul~::j!am.age may 9e. _ca.~sed. :o a-cr~d1tor (4 ·
574). .. ,·. . ,. . . . .. : . . .· frOl.i.E. ,f.lNO, supra f;lt 575). . ,. .
" O • : ......
00°
• O ,0' •': ,'1:,1~:·· ,: '..•u{-._~~.
< : O •• ~ ... •' .-
-... ; 0,
• 000: • 0 ... "',,; P'
,:R~qui~ites\:;f Acti~_,;:.fo{Res¢1ssio'ri· ~>n: Gr~i.i~(i . .of:'. ' . Disi;>6.~ition. of P"rop.er.t/In State•bf° lnsqlvency ...
L.:esion
1,
· ..... ·,:. ·'.: . ·. . . ~ -:, _...
~q~t,~~lG!,:~~~i: ent~r~d )1to.;' ."by, .;c!: ::gu?~~l~:~
behalf:of-h1s war.d·or-by.a legal rep_res'entat1ve 111 ·
.
>~. .
. ·;· .· ' ·: · Payments: :made.·. in .. a .stat~
'Q~ligi~rn~ _t.<f 0hqse::~ulfill_m~nt, the debtor._<;\>l.!ld not_ ..
. be ·compelled-at-the lime they-were effected are also ··
of' insolve"rfoy.· .fop-··
... b;_ha.i(~nin ~bser1t~"{tc[ViL:'c.o'bE;'Ji.,{ '13.~_1, . rescis"s,ole (CtV/'4- CODE;:Art:'-13°82{.- . . ·,. ··.) '
. ';N,ps,;J .a1c/,.?); ·. •:":
-2.. lt·was ,_eniered· into with9ut jµdicitil
:.,:c· .. : ':" -: . <·,.· .·~pproval
;: . _:, .. · . · Rea_,;,s'on,,y.v,h~re
indebted
. , ... , :,. . '>·a·debtbr,is
..-~-· ·.. ·.: '.. ·-, :· ·.
insolye'nt-.ai:id·i~
_. ::': ··.
. , (GJIV/L C.OD"E,,Art/138,6),:.:. ; . :, ".
• •J -,. • .., •• " • ,... ;,. "
..... ." ';_. ·.
-.,,. \ •.. ,' •
. t9 several· debtors, a debtor cannot"be compelled to
•,.. • . 't , • • , , • . , •I 1 _,. • ·~ ,,.. ••
3~' Warc;l;.9r}jos·~f1tee: 5.1,1ffered,-I¢~i9J1 ofiri(?·re,.th·af') pay oiJ~ pflherii Without rie_cessari.l{~c;3using fr~ud or .
. '% of~the V"l3ll.ie.'ot.'tne 'property 'whic.h' is· the- qoject . prejudice)<;> th~,other"s .. This.is beca1..fse th~ possibility:
. of-_the··coiitracr cdfvtL CQDE;. ~rt. ·.138·1,. Nos.· 1 . · ''that the ·other: ,w_il~l5e .rep'aid -i,n"the.·ea.r.Ji.e5,t::possibl~ .
. . .... , -· ' , . ,. I ,. ' ,, . . .' . (..' . .- . . .,.. - . .
· ·:-,m~?>:; -~- ,~- , · . __. :; ';" · ._: . ·. ·. .
:timfi_s _,impair~,~-~ Ih_e_re'_i~""~ pre~,umpt\on _tha_t_!!1e ·. · . .· ;. ,·
. 4. Th.ere -1? . no .. qWe.r _. legal means-sof 'obta!.n1ng , . ,. ~red1t0rs who .werey.a1d- ahead·. of: the .other. t,red1tor~ .
· .- · ·rep·a·rati.cin forJh~ lksio-ri (CIVIL CODE, Art. 1383);···. . irite.ride,d;to·defraud the others< . . ,
5. persori' bnhging.\the. -a'ctiori, rn~si be, able"° fo · . . . · . ·. '· ·: ' · . · '. .": ' · ..
• I . . . .. ' ...
return what~vef he may be,obliged to re~~ore ...
( CIVIL CODE, Art.· 138_5, par. i); an~ : . . .. . ...
. r
432 ·1 2018 SAN BEDA LAWCENTR.~LiZEDBAR OPE~TIOt-:JS .

-OBLIGAT-1-0Ns··A·NO.·CONTRACTS
SAN BEDA LAWCENTRA:uzED BAR OPERATIONS - MEMOflY-AIP 2019
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Requisites . before a Contract Ente_red into . in 5. Transfer of all or-nearly all o'f d~btor's,pr~perty ~Y
IFraud of Creditors May-Be Rescirde.d: (CFCP) him, especially when he is insolvent .6r.'gfoatly
1. There. is a ~red it existir,g prior to the celebration embarrassed financially; · · ·· · . . .
oft he contract;. .. . . . ·- 6. Transfer between father and son, where others of
2... There 'is Fraud-, or -at least, the intent to commit the above.circumstances are 'present:' . .
. fra.ud . to the· preju?ice of the credit(?f s~eking. 7. Failure··. of the· vendee to take · exclu~ive
rt;iscissior:i; , possesslon.of the. property sold: and>
3. Creditor cannot in any legal 111anner ~ollect his · 8. · Gross disparity between the price and-thevalue
. credit· and ' · · · . ·.,.of the property . .
• 4. Obj~-~t of the contract i:nu.kt not.:..be· legally iri. the . .9. At the time of the conveyance. the vendee was
,Eossession of: a third person ·who ,did ·not act iri _: . living wlth.the 'vendor .and'the·for.mer-knew:t~at
bad faith. {JUR~DO, .Obligations-and Contracts; I · there .was 'judqrnent against'the latte'r;_ · · . ·
· supri! at 508). · · · · 1 Q .. It was known to· the vendee Ihat.the vendor· had .:
/ no. properties other thanthat sold tohim :·rcab.aliw
Contracts in-·Fra·ud' of Credit6s may be--Void . v. Sadorra, G.R. No. L-25650, June 11, 19}5};. ~- ..
So~e contractsentered into· tc; defraud creditors are 11 ~ The, certificate·
0 i[l of title covering the lands sold
VOID -and not me(elY:- rescissible, s'uch .as those' . rejnained the nameof the vendor' who deciared
contemplated.by; . · ·. them Jor taxation purposes . (Castro v.E~cutin,
1. Section 4 ofAct No. 399.,2 (Bulks Sale's /.:.aw), . G.R._N~_. L-27406>May.31,' 1919); .. . _ .
2.. Section 52- and 58.,of R.A. No -.: 10142-(Financipl 12.· Where: the· mortgagor-vendor· and mortgagee- .
-. Rehabilitation and lnsolvency'Act) . . . . . . ven.dee are bosom friends \~.ith :long history of . ,
• . ; . ', . ·. trust and intimacy ands the elem_ini:and·~: ... ' ..
Transferee of Propertymust beinBad F,aitl'! . 13. Where the seller and.the buyer' are haJ.f~brothe~s -.
a
F.or' contract ·to ·be rescinded for being in, fraud· of . and the sale was executed :and reqistered -about
creditors, both contracting parties must be.-:5how.n itP. on~ moAtn after a decislortwas rendered aqainst,
- have. acted. maliciously. sq· a~· t~ pre~dice ··the the seller,(Neron~ v: 'IA_c; .G.R. )Vo, L~.425q5,:
creditors who were. prevented from collecting ·th~i~, December. 26;' .19B4i DE LEON, Obligations and
claims · (Union Bank of the. Piiils: v~· Ong; G.R. No.
152:}47, Jurie. 2.1; 2006). · :' ., ~
. . . . . . . ·. ' . - . L., ;., .· •.
:· ."' ·.. . . , l . \ ' : . . . - . . .- . .
Contractt supra c1t 733). . · :~ :· · .·
Note; T·h,~bo~e 'e"'~merati~n' is n~tan ex'cl~siJe lfst~.

Note: ·rhe .. presu~pti~ris · .. i.inde/ Ar . .' a~· 'j3_8'7 · Wh_e,!') ·d§!r. a1J,d·:·u1n'I1!!ak~.ble, b.adges ·of._ f~a.ud· will_-
·. · rebu~table. a~d. 'riot·. conC?ll:lsive (8~:1::arpin~s.· serve. o clestroy t~camo_uflage of.··vahd1ty of a.
, , · Bant.ug, ~.R. No. L<F:849, Ottober.5ff..Q'93)... .. . . cqntrac't Woec.e...It.le sale .. is fictitious,and fraµdulent,.
. _; . .. .. ·· '. -.- · . · . . the( ac_t1on, or- defer)Se ·for::'tne::e·~eola~ation qf . its
If th_e· cas·e. is··_N01:° o~~dcir' lf:'hic~ th.~ I~~ .~s,tapiishes i_nE;Jxistence"does not'prescrioe (/~: af733),:: ,
a presumption,of fraud(CIVJL CODE,-Art: 1887),· the-· . ,. :· ·. · , -
. credJtor Se.eking r~scissi?f1 'Tu~t pr~ve t~~- e~i~t~ . .li.f_n_au~~pri_ze~ Corifrac.~s ... of . Th!n~s.i_·. (J'n_ger ·, .·.'
of-such fraud (Lee v. Bangkok8a17k Pa/5lic Compa_ny.. . . ~1~1gat1011 .' · · ,· . . · · . '·' · ·
.-_Lirf/iteq, .GR. No: .'_1.73349; FebfuaryAJ; 20.1.J:J.. .· , .. · Tbo:~'e· whiq_h re.fer· to'. tfiings";under:· litigation iUh.h. · ··.
... · -- - · , · -.· · · · have, been ·.entered · into by .the· defendant without·the ' ·
Presu~ptibri .of F'ri1~'cf : - ' . "\ . . knowledge{ 9nd appfova) :of.:: the ·. fi'tiga'i-its,: or of' , .
1. ~liena~icin 'by W;:ituitous title/ th'e:-de,b~or·has n·9,t. CQ~pefent j~di9ial :authority_( CIVIL, COQE,.Art. f38t·
, .. . · : reseryed sufficiE)nt prop~r.ty to 'pay"'alf of t:ii~· debts No- 4)" · · · · · ·.. , · · · · · · ··
· . contra'cted b~fore alienation:- (CIVIL' CODE; Art.' ., :..... ·:' . .: . ' ·... :._. ·.:·- ·. -·, · _. ·. ·' . : : :_ ,.. : '
·. '13~7,par._.'1j;':. ·..:.:.• ·. :·· .·· • :': . . · ·. ~-Requisjte.s:. · . . , .. ,.-·,.> ·_._· · .· .
2 ... Alieciatioh by-one-rous thle if made by.'a aebtor.. . . 1. ~ There is a suirt~at ir,volves_ ~ property; and' · ·. ·
: agc;iinst whom some judgrueot has been rendered· . 2,.. The BEFENDANT enterm:ffnto.a ·contract without"
-in-any in'stan·ce· or.'some writ. of attachment has . : . -'the knowledge. and approval of-.th~ litigahts'or of.-. - .
been'iislied (CIVIL CODE,·Art.-'1·3.EJ!, par. 2r . competent ,'":judiciaT. :: alltho~ity:.:::: (JUf?ADO,' .
· ~ · '. · · ···. · ·' Obligati0ns·a11d~'Contrac_{s,..suptaaf. 509). '·· : · . ·.
·· . ·. B_~dges_ of Fraud: ·. . . ·. ,.-_ . . . : ·· · · · · · · · ·.. · · ' ·
. · ·1. 'The f.ad. 'or inadequaJe _or f!ctitious·. ·cause or. . Exampl_es of Other- Cont~a~t~ Qe:tl~i-~~f by.L~~'to ..
. . consicjeration·of..the conveyance; ·. be Subject to R~scissio.n:'. :., ,:,., ·. I ...... ·•.• ·.. - •.
:. 2, Transfer. bY: a debtor ~fter · swit has. been begun 1. Partition. o( i'nhe~itarice 'where ··an _h.eir \utters. :
-and while it is pei'id1.ng against'i-1irn;. : · .. · - , -- lesion of at :1easr·one~tourth·N) _ofthe ·share to
- 3: ·Sale _on credit by an:ihsolvent debtor; w~ich he is-entit_led (CIV.IL CODE;/Art.c,1098);
4. Evidence. of, large iridehtedness or complete . 2. · Deter[oration_,of the \hing'·through the- faL°H't qf the. _
'·-. · - insolvency · · · · '· c'l'ebtor, if th.e, creditor chaos.es fo rescind·( qvfL .. · ·
CODE; Art.' 1,189, no. 4); · · · ·-. · . ,: _- . .
·~-'
20~~SAN'BEDA LAW CENTRALIZED BAR_OPERATIPNS i' 433 .

Oij·LIGATIONS· ·AN·D co·NTR'ACTS .
SAN BEDA IA~ CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS·- MEMORY AID 2019
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3. Right of unpaid seller to rescind- ((:/VIL- CODE,· demahdable at the . time the rescissory action is
Art. 1526, no. 4); . brought (4 -TOLENTINO, supra a(576).
4. · Deterioration of the object of the sale before its · . .
delivery (CIVIL CODE,' Art. 1538); .· Parties Who May lnstituteAction:
5. Sale of real estate with a statement of its area, at 1. The creditor who' is defrauded in rescissory
the rate of acertain price for aunit.of measure or actions. on ground~of fraud," and other person
number, where the vendor failed to deliver "the auihorized to .exercise the same in other
area stated; the'vehdee may.ask for rescission Qt' rescissory actions; . .
the contract if the lack of area is not less than .2". Their representatives;
. one-tenth (1/10) of .that stated (CIVIL CODE, 3. Their heirs: and · · .
Art. 1539, PW- 2);, 4. Their creditors by virtue· of the subrogatory action
6. The vendee does not accede to the failure of the. defined ·in Art. 1177 of the Civil Code (JURADO,
vendor to deliver what has been stipulated WIVIL::'- Objigation's and C~ntracts, siipree: 5-111. .
· COQE, _Art. 1542, pc1r. 2);. . · · j · . ' .
7. When; throuqh eviction, thevendee loses a part' Note: The action .. for resci;sion is.. subsidiary; it
. of-the thing sold of.such importance/in relation.to cannot be instituted except when ihe paity·st..iffering.
. . . the whole: that; he. would not have bouqhtJt damage has .np. other-" leqal. means. .to . o,btain .
. without said part (Ci.VJL:CODE, .t\d. 1556, par. 1); reparation for the- same' (Cl.VIL ·_CO[!E,Art .. _138~).· -.
8. · .Sale of· immovable. encumbered with any non- escission sha] .be only to. the -extent necessary to: ·
appar~n.t· burden orservitude, not ~~.a,..tionea inu··· cove the~ma.ges caused (Cl.VIL CODE,Art_. 1·384).
the aqreernent.-of su<;:h nature thav',t m~ be · _ · r. !--"'- · . . · .
. presumed that the. vendee. ;)o~.(n,oY.. ti?)'..e..--EfitcefotR;7<::i~~ion. . . . ·. · . . .
acguir~d it-. ha~- he _ ~·een ,awar~t~e.~~of. ((?/VIL ·· J·. "fl;.s to ttie ~);tie\~ mutual r~st1tut1~n of !he obJ~cts.
-v . m}r ~f
.
._ a~d· . .
COQ[!=;.Art. 1-~6,o,~p_ar. J);. /.
9.: Election ?f. the _vendee to~t~dlra from
··contract·tn'the cas~s u9':d~r ~~ .. 1561, 1.562,.1Jt~ .m:.. ·
1564·, 1565_ and 1 ~66 (9JVIL C0DE,
. .
1rt. 1?67);
I '2..f . - ,. . . ,~,
tf~~f)
l .·,r. \ · . :'
~r,-o~e -~Q!,ra?.t .together.with their '.rut!:i and th_e_
yr pnce.w1th'\t~~i~r.est tcivn. C?DE, Art. 1385): _
Note: Thi~_ is ~~\bl~ only.!? re~_cis~ory a?tions
1:111 · •. _, .. ?.~ _t f. 1
grou~.a~1 s1on a_nd not to re~.c1ssory
:-. ,' .
-10. _Resc1ss1on by the aggm~vecl·p.arty 1n a contrac_Lof::.\ 111,1; t-.''..fJJ.;,act1ons on· ·\11e g\ound of fraud (DE LEON,
.. lease w~en,the 0th.er party dct~s n9t comply \/Gitfu. m·,,;;:r;_·o~lidatiotis ana1&,01'n}rads;· supra at 514). · .
1·!![!1,~·
. ·. Art. 165~ and 1657, (CIVJLqqlDE;i_Arf]J.'~59)., , ~ . . $0.). .
f ,. ·. ~-~,( : . · · . . . ..
, ·. : , . . . . -. · \ r:.l'\\ . \~
Ap.pa_rentCot)(lict between Givi1·co,ee A~!he{38~
. ~ · .k?~
~: , er.1~1)1s. ncJ.1Qr:t.§er. poss1_ble to retur~ th~·.O~Ject
~4,7.contract,"< _n ·indemn.ity _for· dam~ge_s ·.
a11~ 'A~icl~. 1 :198(~) if..th~ O~ljga_tio is s~~ct to-8 . '<;,V- , ~tes
)! 're:'tit~tio_n (C~a~tal P9cifiq, Tradiog, . :···
a Suspens,v_e Period .. : -.\ .. , ~- .I C·. v .. $01..1_th<j7[n.Rollmg Mills, 'G~R::Nq: 118692,
l)n"der1\rticle ·1382 of the Civi) Cod~. paymen ....~delENt\\>.,ILly
·. ·by a0 insolvenus·rescissible. Unaer Article 1198(<1:) :PL.~£-
2Br200~~7 .-· . ;. . - .. · ~· . . ·-: .,
. .
Of the "qvi_l .~Qd~, ~-_debtor Cqr:l be C0m~~9,.~ay~2~1~\~rci)efSOnS : . ·.. 1 .. •. . •·• . . , _ ..
· by _the ~JE;4.1to!., ~\en b·efore. the exp1r-at1on-..6! ~h_e \. ,f .,\.'1-i3,J_;\~$l•fa1th.o~ n~t m

leg~I. pos~~ss!on - obliged · ..
~enod.sm.c-e by h~s.!n?olv~ncy_he-~as_alrea_dJ•l0~~tum; t~~ cred1tor:who 1s pr~J~d1cecfcan-.q.1ri
· nght- to t~e,b_e{'lef1t of such'perrod. · :. · · · after tne. thtrd· person 1n possess19n of the.~hing. ..
... .. :. .... •' . .. ,,•. ·: . : . ·--~ . . ·. ;__ ·.-: : .. -- ... : .•. 1.. . : ... :·.:~ ··- ' - > ..<
Th.e coQflict can easily be resolved by considering the.· .NotEi: :It is .·n~!;cnec,ess~r,y that: ihe. tr~-n~f;.r~e.:
·ptior.ity, of· dates· betweeh 'ihe two debts .. If -the , should have; connived -with. ,the iransferor fa ·
'. oblig~tion :with a p'erip~cl", became due · be for~ the · defr~ud._t~e lattei';s· ~redito,r~. It is _e'i'10ugh. thatth~. '·_ . ·
ob!igaticin ··to,. the c'reditor. 'seeking the··· rescission . t~~~~f~t':e. ~no~~-·~f th.e. irite.~tioo ()f-theJransfe~or: .
be.ca·me· due; then.__ the· latter' can riot' resdnd: the . to, defraud· cr~d1tor~ ( 4 TO.LENT/NO,. supra at ·,
. payment.ei..ien, if.'such.payment.was·~ffecte'ci before ·594): ~
. ·. the' expiratjo'rf° of thifperiod; but'if' the obligation ~hh . . .
a per.iOCf bec~:inle. ·.due. aft6'r. _tti·e obli9ati0n to the (. :·~ h.~ ln,,.(gocid ..-f~ith .or. in\ 1€9af ·poss.eSsia.~- - ·r,a··
. creditor- Se.eking res'cissio'n· became due, .·then · the rescis~ion; howeye'r., lnaemnity for."dama·ges may,.
l~tter :.c~~ ·-r~.sGind· · the .payment· {BE· L.EON, . b~..-demanded fr.9111 !_be:'person. C?using th:e '.10s?
·Obligations-and Contracts, sµf?ra.at .~:10):· .. ·. ;. ·. (CIV!L CODE,'Ajj_,,.,1~88).. ·
Acc,iqQ . .PauJiana ... , .. . i:xterit'ot R~·scis;ion .. ... . · · : .· . · - ·.

Th·e a~tia·n to"rescjnd coritcacts i'~ fra.ud of-creditors is -·Rescissio"n- sha_'11: be dnly :1.0 the. extenf riece.ssary .to·
· known .'as · 9Cti9n '. paufian~: G9hs~que-~tly, acciori. · cove[the.damag~s cai,.ised~.(9/VU- CODE,-Art. 1384):.
pqu/iana-presuppos~s a judg_r'n.ent·and an ur.isatisfied . . The resciss.ion snail o'rily. be to the . extent of the
. _execution which carinofe~ist:when th~ debt-i's· notyet ·.. . creditor's unsatisfied credit The poljcy of
. . . ..the
..
~aw
. is to · . .·
434. I: _2019 SAN BEDA LAW Cl;NTRALIZED BAR OPERATIO_N,S.

. . .
0-BLIGATIONS AND-CONTRACTS
SAN BEQ/.1 LAW CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIO':J~ - MEMORY'A/0 :zo19
preserve or respect the contract, not to extinguish it Note: If both parties are incapable! of g1v1ng
(DE LEON, Obligations and Contreas; supra at 716). consent, .,the· contract is unenforceable (CIVIL .
coce, Art. 1403(3JJ.
'Prescriptive Period for Action for Rescls sion: ·
1. Under Art. 1381 .' No. 1 r- within 4 years from the P.roper Action in Court
time of the termination of the incapacity .of the · · Art. 1390 of the Civil Code refers to a "proper action
ward..: in court." The validity of a voidable contract may only
2. Under Art. 1381 -No. 2 ~ within 4 years from the be attacked 'either by way" of a direct action or by way
time the domicile of the absentee is
knol/Jn . ·. of defense via a coirnlefclairn, and not by a special _or
3. Under Art. 1381 Nos. 3 and-4 as well as Art. 1382 · .affirrnative defense (JURADO, Obligations and
- within 4 years from the time of the discovery of · Contracts, supra ~t 531).
fraud (CIVIL CODE,Art. 1389).'
Injury Not Essential
Note: In certain cases of contracts of sale.which are Even thouqh there are no right to damages between
.specially declared byjaw to :l?e rescissible, ~owever. · the contractinq · parties, .the 'contracts enumerated in
the prescriptive period for. the commencement of the . · Art.· t_390 ~re sti_ll voldable '(Id. at 533). -,
action is 6 months or. even 40 days, counted from the.
day of delivery (CIVIL ·(';OD~ Aris. 154~, 1571; and Mode-~Jo·Extinguish_;·n Action for A'ri~Lilment:
. 1577): 1,Presc.ription (CIVIL CODE, Art. -1391j; _
2 . Ratification (CIVIL CODE;-Art,. 1392); or
Rescission ·is not Aliowed When: 3. Loss of·the thing which is the' objectof the' contract
_ t. The party-who.demands rescission cannot return . ,through fraud or fault-of the.person who is entitled
·· what he is obliged to restore _under the :contract to institute the action (CIVIL CODE, Art. 1}101).
. . '
. · (CIVIL CODE, Art. 138~, par. 1);·and.
2. ·The property is legally in the. possession of a,third Erescriptive Periocl _fpr ~ction fo.r Anpul~ent · '
personwho acted in good faith tcivu; GODE,Art .. · ·1, Contracts entered into by incapacitated p_erson -
1385, par: 2). · . ·witliin 4 Y,ears from the time guardianshjp ceases;
r-- ..
-.2. Where /consent " is vitiat~d ~by.· viqlence,
- : »>: :_., . intimidation b~ undue i_nfh,1e[)ce '- within 4 years-
. frQm.tp~_!ir-.Ye suc~hviole.n_c;:e. intimidation or µndue .
- 1- - - influence ceas~s; .· · · '-· .· ·· · · . . .·
Wfiere consen is vitiated· by mistake or _fraud. -
within 4_yea(S from th'e t(me of the' diSC(?V!,!ry of
Voidable Contracts such.mistake or'·fra'ud (CIVIL COQE, ArJ. 13Q1),
Contracts · where all · of the essential elements · or · j • • :
validity are present, althouqh, the ele"meni of dons_erit , Note:-:rh~se per109s a·pply only to-ihe parties, t~- the
is vitiated either by lack of le_gal capacity of_one.ofjre· · contra~t and not td 3rd·persons.( 4 TQLENTINQ; supra .:
contractinq parties, · or _- by mistake"; .. vioJence, =. _. at 59~). · ·· _.,_ · ··
intimidation, undue influence; or fraud. Lt; is blnding . ,· . .
'until it is annulled by .a competent court- (~URAqo,. · '· The running· of the' pre-1,criptive. p~riod- of 4· ye.ars
Obligati9ns·and·Contrac~s, supra at. 533). . : ·· · . cannot be. in.l!;lrrupted by ,an'extrajudiciar··d'em;rnd ..
. n:iadec. _by-'.t't1e· .party- whose .. conient was- vitiated
Characterlstics ot'Vo_idable Contracts; ('v'.~C3'd) . ·. (Miailhe. v. Ci\ G.R. No.' 108991, M.arch io; 200'1).
1: The defect consists of the Vitiation of co~sent of . . .· . . - . .. .. .
one of the contracting parties; . '. . . . . . Misirust of .the courts and ·6'tjudicia1 prpciesses .is ·no
· 2. They are .§.i_nding·until annulled; . excuse for. th.eir non-obs~r.vance of the' prescriptive
3. They . are susceptible . of fonvalidation · . by: . periqd set ~9_own oy. law .(First Ph(lipp(ile_. Hofdings
.ratificatiori or prescription: and · . · ~orporatiori v. Tra·ns Middle East- ·(Phi{s.) Equities
. 4. Toe defect or voidable character cannot be· - Inc., G.R: No. 1·79505,' De.cember 4, -2009). ·
··invoked by 3rd· persons (Id. at 531-532). . -·-.
· rRatifi~ation ,- . ; .·
Voidable qr Annullable C6ntr~·ctsi (VIMFU-1) · . T~e act or. rri~ans by vi~u·e .~f·'which effica~y·is gl~en ·
1. Those where: the_ 'consent.is vltiated by Mistake, '• to· a ·contract which suffers from. a vice. of curable
Yiolence, !ntimid§!tion, !J_ridue lDflue,:ice,.or fraud .
2: Those where one of the parties are Incapable of
giving .consent to a contract (CWIL COOE, Ait.
.nullity (4 TOLENTINO, sµpra at 60.0): .. , ·: ·
• .... · ·•· . .. . -. ~.
"For'ms of·Ratificafl°on: · :
-'' ~ .
_ .·
-
1390).
· . 1. _Expr~ss ratifi~ation ( CIVIL CODE, A(f._ 1393);
1 • · 2. lri:,plied ratification :. . :. ·1nere is a ·tacit ratification if,
. wjth knowledge of tlie reason' wh.ich renders the
contract voidable and such reason · having
......
2019 SAN SEDA LAW CENTRALIZED BAR OPE'RAllONS 1. 435.:

OBLIGATIONS AND CONTRACTS
siN BEOA _LAW CENTRALIZED 8AR OPERATIONS~· MEMORY 'A/0·2019
0
· ceased, the person who has a right" to inv.oke it· · (J_URADO, Obligations -end Contracts, supre at
·shbuld execute an act wh.ich necessarily implies .. 552).. .
an intention to waive his right (CIVil; CODE; Art.
. ' .
'1393) .. °" · · . . . . , Obligation of- Mutual Restitution ..
1. Obligation to give.- The; parties shall res fore to
Effects of Ratiti1ation: : each- other things which have been the -subject '
1. Extinquishes the action ·f9r .armurment. of a matter of the contract with fruits andthe pricewith
. voidable contract _(CIVIL CQDE,·Art. 1392); · . interest, except in cases provided by law (CIVIL
2. . Cleanses the contract of its defects . from the ~ CODE, Art. j 398)_: .
moment itwas constituted (CIViL. CODE, ·_Art ..
1396). · . Exception: .When the' defect of the: ·contract
consists· in the incapacity of one of the contracting
Requisites of Ra1:°ification:· (VEKD) . . . parties, theincapacitated person is not obliged to
1. Contract is tainted with a. Vi~e susceptible: of make restitution except-insofar as he has been
· l;leing cured;'._·.. . : . . . . . .: .. -~. . '· . . . r. benefited by the tning Qr price received.by .him
2. Conflirnation is gftected PY.
'the. person who is (CIVIL' ·GODE, Art. 1399). · .
entitled to do so under the law; .' , , '·
3. It is eff~~t.ed.with1S~o\,'{ledge_of,thevi'ce ordetect •' . ·, Note: '-fii'e. profit or. _benefit received by·._tt,ie
. of the contract; .arid · . . .. ; ._ incapacitated person, which obliges him to make
4.' · c_ause of the nullity. or Qefec~ h~~alfeadyu· _ )\ }es!itution, _is not n~cessarily· a ma!'erial- and
d18~pp·~~red , (J_UR,ti.00, Obltgat,,ans~a(ld · .. L -~e}map~ increase m · fortune, but.any prudent
·, · . Contrecis, §.Upra at 547).. . - /-<'7)
~1;1.a_, be_!),efic!al_ use by the incapaci~ated of, t~~
-: ., . - -· . ·/~!-.;:V/.:..... _.:.~ -
t'.i.tr:19 lne ~cered for his. necessities, social
Note': The ·-righ.t to ratify fna~y be eX:€r~isec:Lby .. the;., .'r,1=, 1. ·-d1sp<ts'tiof6l*1scnargeof his duties-toothers (4
guardi_an·' of.:tb~. incapacltated -~~~~~1~-~su1& -lL, w TOCENTJ~r,
s p~·a ar9-1,0-611).. . •, . . .
right ( CIVIL CODE,,Art. 1.394 . Ra\1f~ation1d_oe_s· oat ..!.&. ·1i~
,.., ·. ':),, · ., ,: ·. , . · , ~ _ :
requ_ire .t_h~· confo~mity .?!
hap .no _n~ht to bring ·an ac.t1on- for,,r;ii:i~lm~
. COD,~,,'-~~--·-?95) ...- _' ._· ' .. ·. . f·0
·Wt-io_.~-~y l~stitute A_,;:ti~n fo~~~l'J\e!l ·. ·
l~·~,~
·t~~ ._<::ont~j~ti_ng: pa2y w~o ,-7~'\\ . It j~_ P[.esu~e~ ~t e a~senc::e of ~roof, th_at no_
A~'~ct1on for ~-~n~!m~~-t. i;ns{b.~,,n~.l1NJ~,~¥- Q w 9&- . :.) . ,"!f.

. ·· ~~
0
(r:;1v1E_,_ ,.....,,n "s~cfl)b,enef1.~ n~a~cru~d _to the 1nca~_~c1tat_ed ~
. ~- .· · iii!> i~~~t1a/tit,ir10?/J~~tt~ns. ~-n~ C~n!(~C(S,. .
~fKq): f: ·. JJ . · .
'!l:i~!JJc~~fib_t~?-
·
to t~o~e case~ ,wh~re·
. . .
11pp11ed,
are; t_h.er~~Y. obl~ge9. p[!A_c1pa11yte_r- sto{1tl1a·!11A}'ft~{i ~~th~f _c pa<?J,fatE!d_ ~jrs~n c,an st1IJ. rrtwn th_e !hmg . :
the._follo'v".'.(IJQ,_, ....· .__: , .. \_-_ ·. ·:~: . _ '):_f~··.:.·. .W ~r,;,_ b-~.ha~.rE:ce1ved (ld.-at 554) .. · , . ' ·
1. The:,:pa,rty who· co·ntracls with _a.f _.ph~l.
mcap q . . . .. . . __ · /·. '. --./: .. ' . , : .·' ·_. . · ·
. ~· p~rso_n; . - · . ·. :· - · · ·, . - ... ~Qlfurf\~ln ocent th1r~ _p~st1es are.:~ot bound to restore ·
. 2. :,The on~. ~h_o c9u~_~a -_-tj,at_ ~~chc-'~l1at~!'h·t ·. . . ¥-eftita~Hprs,;otBern,~1:dma.Abaldn; Cj.R. _N~ ..
. · c~n.tra_ct. or·h_as .chargeable kn'O.wl~fl:@Aier(f~f. ~8~!~}~e:30,.2Q_~4)~-- _ ·.' · . .. : · ·,
. _. , . ·
_rqv1L coo_E; Art. 1~~7). .
. . <-. . . -.
~u1· - '. · ~M, A.~~~
._ ·.. · :-:.
.)-_Z. ~-- . ._
---=bli9,ation·to.do··or,_n0Mo·da··-There·-will
. ,. . _ . .. .
be·an
..
'··
' _;. R,eq_µ)~Jte?: -_. . . :·. ·: .: · :, :1.-:_- ··.: -~- :-· : _.:·. . . . . . · appor:ti_Of"!ri1El'n_t.of-'da~ages-b:asea o_~ the_-~al1:J,e. E'f. ·,
- .1':_ .. Pla1~t~~ ~u~t hay': mt~~est 1_n. tt1~~co~t~act; :an,d: '.:' , . such . prestpt.'C!.~ .11th:' c;:_()_rr.~spopd1~·!:J ... 1~teres~~- 1
=· ·:: · · 2. ·. T.~e.y1<;:~11:n:..a~c;J .notth.~_:pc;1_rty, r.E?_spor;isiql.!3 JP.f;)he :·_ (JUR~DG, .:Ob/Jgat10!:s ,an_d ·ContraGt,s; 'supra 'at ·
.vic;:e·,or defeGt n:iu~t,assert the__same (.JURADO, · ;552°553).,: -:. · . ,. . · .. . ... .- .. · -..:_ . , ,
_ .. Ob/ig9Iiqns_i4nqCo~tads, s.upfa a) {55.q). '> )· · . . .· . ,;'. .·. :,- . . · ."' ,- .! : . ·. . .. . . . __ ·':,-. ,· .
. , ,_ -.:;· ·: . <:. . ,\. :~:-.-- ;:-', . ·_ l;ffec~s o_f F.aJltffe·to Make-Restituti9n
A .thir.d pE!r.spn. who is p_ri3jupiced·_in nis rights with ·. Wh~~e.the thing.is'lost;:1. ··· '. .... · : ·:·_, . . .....
· re$pect _to.:~ri~,.:-of the: G~r,itrp\;ti6g.;.parfiis,-.a~d- :can· ·- 1.· · Due··to fault of defendant·,..;.· he shall ·return the
show"detri.t:Tlent' which would. positively r.esult to him . . : fruits retei.ved· ~rid. the 'valGe of th~ thing· .at. the,·.. -
, J'roni. the confract.i~ which }i~ ha$ 'nc5'fntervention'.may .- . . titnE!' of. loss,:-with . in'tei-est. from :_the same. date ... ' -
... se_ek a·nnulmellt (Teves· v. PeDpfe!s .· Hom~site & .. (CiVIL" CODE; Art. ·1400); . . -
· Ho_ys/n_gC,orp.; G.f1.. {'!-o.. ·_L~2.1498,_ rie 2_7_,· 19£/8). 2. D.ue to· fault or: fraud of plaintiff. - _the action . .for.
·, .... ,:, .' :·:-:.. • .• ,•. ·• --. ·• 7 :_ .·, . . - .'i "· .. ~fll}ji.l~ent:shall be·extinguishea~:-:- ..' : .. ·. ·__ .
· _ 1.-·
E'ttec!s-ofAnnuloient:
hti{ .
)r ~£6~tr~·c~·· v~r
ri'ot.
: .: , ,' . .· '
oe~n · con:~if rri~-atecr -~
· 3. ·-. E>tJe)o fault, of the incapacitated c..::-.wheth'er··the:
9
- '. - k>ss occu~ri:i& dur-in- th~;i:>~iriilft's. in·c~i?a-~iiy · o.r:·
...
...
partje·s:. shall ··be released .O'frorn th¢; obligations . . · afte'r he had acquired. capacity, ·tlie action for
· a\isin~ 't~erefrom-; ' · . - · ·· · ·· · · · annulment · would stiil . be · ~xtinguistied · in .
. 2, . .If contr.c!CI.-D~S.' -<'!lreacl.y peen .·_co11;,u_mmated ....;.,· accordance with" Art. 1401 .. p_~r __ .1'; and .. '
: . f\Jle:Lprqvi.d~? :i~- f._1.-· ~~ 39~-1402 .. $~aii gqver~. ~
·. 436 . 1 2·01s. SAN BEDA LAW CENTRALIZED BAR OPERAT1o~s-

-. ·.. . . . .
- .
O·B.LIGATIONS AND CONTRACTS
' SAN BE£?A LAW <;ENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS - MEMORY AID 2019
:;_,
4. Due to fortuitous event -· contract can still be Note: Only f~II or completeperformance by one
annulled, but the. defendant can be held liable party within a year from the execution thereof will
only for the value of the thing at the time of loss take the case out of the Statute of Frauds
without interest thereon (JURADO, Obligations (JUR'AD<:J,-.Rbligations and Contracts, supra ·at .
and Contracts, supra at 555-557).. . 563-564) ."":'f..'\'
·:,.,
. .
2. A special eromise to answer for the debt, default

or. miscarriage of another;
UNENFORCEABLE CONTRACTS ·.,
Note: If the promise is an original. one . or
independent one, that is, the promiser becomes
Unenforceable Contract thereby primarily liable for the payment of the
Those which cannot be enforced by a proper action debt, the promise is not within the statute. But Or).
· in court unless they are ratified, because, either: · the other hand, if the promise is collateral to the
1. They are entered into without or in excess of agreement of 'another and the · promiser, ·the
authority· (CIVIL CODE; Arts. 1403, par. 1 and promise must be in w'riting (Reiss v. Memije, · G.R.
1317); . .
No. 5447, March 1, 1910).
2. They do not comply 'with the Statute of Frauds
(CIVIL CODE, Art. 1403, .par. 2); or 3. An agreement made in consideration of Marriage,~
3. Both of the contracting parties are. incapable of other-than a mutualpromise to marry (e.g. Pre-
giving consent (CIVIL COD~, ~rt. 1403, par.JI Nuptial Aqreemerff, · Marriage Settlements, and
Donation Propter Nuptias);
Characterlstlbs of Unenforceable Contracts':
1. Theycannot be enforced-by a proper action in Note: When the marriage is a mere incident, and
court (CIVIL CODE, Art. 1403); . th~ end to be attained by the aqreernent, the
2. The'y are susceptible of ratification (CIVIL CODE, contract is not in consideration of a marriage, and
Art. 1403, 1405, 1407, 1371 ); and oral evidence can prove the agreement (4
3. They cannot be assailed by third persons '(CIVIL TOLENTINO, supra at 622).
CODE, Art. 1408).
... .
4. An agreement for the sale of Goods, chattels or
Principles under Contracts Entered into·Without things in action, at a price not less than P500,
or in Excess of Authority: ~ unless the buyer accepted an.d received such
1. No one may contract in the name of another goods and .chattels or evidences or some of
without being authorized ·by the latter or unless them, of such things in action or pay at the time
he has a right to represent him: tf he is duly some part of the purchase money; but when a
authorized, he must act within the scope of· his sale is made by auction and entry is made by the
powers (CIVIL CODE, Arts. 1317 &1881); auctioneer in his sales book, at the time of sale,
2. A contract entered into in the name of anqther by of the amount and kind of property sold, terms,
one who has no authority or legal representation, .price," names of the purchasers and persons .to
or (who has acted beyond . his powers, is whose account the sale is made, it is a sufficient
unenforceable· (CIVIL CODE,' Arts. 1403, par: 1 memorandum;
and 1317); and -
Note: Where there is a purchase of a number of
- 3. However, such contract may be .. · ratified, articles which separately do not have a price of
expressly or impliedly by the person in whose P500 each but has an aggregate sum exceeding
behalf it has been executed, before ft is revoked. P500, the statute is only applicable if the
by the other contracting party (CIVIL CODE, Art. transaction is inseparable (Id. at 624). ·
1317).
5. An agreement for the !:easing· of real property for
Contracts Covered by the Statute of Frauds a longer period than one (1) year;
In the following cases, an agreement hereafter made · »
shall be unenforceable by action, unless the same, 6. An agreement for the ~a[e of real property or
or some ·note or memorandum thereof, be inwriting, interest (e.g. usufruct, easement) therein; and
and subscribedby the party charged, or by his agent;
evidence thereof, of the agreement cannot be 7. A Representation as to the credit of I a third
received without the writing, or asecondary evidence person.
of its contents: (1°PM-GLSR)
1. An agreement that by its terms. is not to be This serves as .the basis to an action for damages
performed within1 year. from the making thereof; against the party who made the representation, if
the same turns out to be false or incorrect.

I.
OBLIGATIO.NS A"ND CONTRACTS
Note: The Statute of Frauds is exclusive, that is, it · Principles under Contracts .i,vhere- Both Parties
applies · only to the agreements or contracts are .Incapacitated: ·. ·. ·
enumerated therein· ·(PINEDA, Obligations and 1. These contracts are also unenforceable (CIVIL
Contracts, supra at 638). C60E1<-.~!1- ,! 403; par, 3); and .
2. If only &f.l'~'''<:>f the parties is incapacitated, the
Reason for the Statute·of Frauds: To prevent fraud contract is' voidable (CIVIL. CODE Art. 1390, · no.
and perjury in the enforcement of obligations· (DE 1).
LEON, Obligations and Contracts, supra at 763, citing 3. The contract may ·be ratified by the parents or
Phil. National Bank v .. Phil. Vegetable Oil Co. Inc., guardians of the contracting parties, or by the
G.R. No. L-25400, January 14, 1927). parties themselves upon attaining or regaining
capacity. .
Removal from Coverage of Statute of Frauds · a. Ratification on the part of only-one of the
1. Express or 'Implied Ratification of a party bound . parties..,.. the contract becomes voidable;
by it; . . · b. Ratification on the part of both parties - the
2. Partial or Total Performance 'of the Obligations contract shall be validated from its inception
under the Contract (Executed Contracts) (JURADO, Obligations ahd Conirects, supra
3. Execution of one .or more Memorandum (written at ;572).
proof) of the contract's existence (CIVIL CODE,
~u Ii~
Art. 1403(2) & 1405). · ·
foll or Partial Execution _/- O~OR 1NFaasTENT CONI'.RACTS , I

Contracts _infringing the Statute of Frauas,"'are (afified · -
by the failure to object to the PJejenta~o~of oral . °"
.
evidence to prove the same, or by th~tcep~nce of- . -vo1~r lnexi \e \ Contrac~s
I ~
V_ . .
.
· benefits under them (CIVIL CODf)Ar;t/1405). . r... ln,,,.9_eneral, t ey.J.re tti~se which lack absolutely either
-/ ,.""I / 1_F) 1\. in,f~ct or in law orfe.J-9rsome of the elements essential
If a contract has been totally or partially performed, ,,.: :~,\ for its validity. It •as fib force and effect from the very
the exclusion of parol evidenc~would promote fraOd..i:... '{ "beginning, as if it'has never been entered into, and
or bad faith, for it would enable the aefendar,t to"'l<i3eP,/• t,~~_i9h ?annot be rvalfd9te~ ei_ther by time or by .
the benefits already delivered ,oy him from the., -' , ratiflcation (JURl'Af?0-1@bhgat,ons and Contrecis,
trarisa~tio~ in litigation, ~n-~._af!°th~ ~a':!1.eC~u':..ad:~>\·
the obliqations. respon~1b1ht1es or ~ab11tt1~s assume9_;
or contracted by . him th~reby
I ·(. ,aj~.~f
f:,supra_
r )/.
: ..

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r

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_·':.·_··~::.~.·.· ~--\··~··,.:; ..\"-:.··/·~· .·· .·: .. .-~.-- ,,L.

;· . . . . , Conflict of Laws : · , -MAJ.UA ANGELICA R.. tOVERIA · ·

• : ·: .. Credit Transactions . ..- MARIA ANA.ANGE:CAT. SIMP'.A.o· · · ·

. /: .. MA .. CHERIEJANE G.'.LABAN'GCQ. : . ,· L.OIS.RENEE R, TUBON· ...

' .· . . . ·, . ·\', . ·.:· . ' . . . . \ · .. , .. '!. •.,·.. . . . ,.;·.

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. , . S_o,_go aqainst ?ll_gdd

·. -.,. . ·. .: '. -~;

-~ ·· .. ·., -,, ' BAR.OP-ERATIONS ,,. . .· . . . ~ ..

. . :_·., -~:-,~r"HI~-: UN1\LJTHD~IZ'~tt COP;ING'f·RJ~P-F{Ob.UCTr()N,·.,: · ·:. ~-

· ·.oF ANY· OFTHE_-cONTENTS._-OF TH.I'S- BOOK IS

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. '.:r0I~:~~~:t"r ::• •>•: :t:•;:;•:•: .•: -:

_Marriage Celebrated Outside-the Philippines· : :· -: ::. : .. , :-:-:._: , . :,· .70

.·~. !f;1~ti~n;:::::;~~e7:e;.• ••:•• i:• : :• :• • • t: : : ;• -• ; :.;: :.- :. •:

2019 SAN BEDA LAW C~NTRALIZEDBAR OPERATIONS I v

Parental Authority .. : : , : , :: : : 125

,:~ ·. g:i~r~ J;i:~'.~ 1 1.~,~-:-::::::/:::::·::::·:::::'.:~'.::_::::::-:::::::-'.::'.'.::::~'.''.·'.:~'.::::::.::::::::::·:'.:::.::::.::::'.::.::-::'::.'.:··::::'.::::~~:.:;'.:-:-:::·::::::;'::-:::·::::

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. · S'ALES .. .. :.. : :.: : ::.; : : : : .• : ..' .· ·453

: !;r!:1~~:;~:~le;: •. ::• : ':• • • • •. • • ·• ·• :'•: . : • • ·• • :•:LL; a : • • :

2019 SAN BEDA:LAW CENTRALIZED !3AROPERATION.S: I vii

Sale by Non-Owner - , :· : · .' : : ; . 479

:i,'2'ii,~:~_~i(/t'~R/\i~~/7.~G)r· · · · · · · · · ::::.: : :::.: : ': : •.· ,. . . \;:'••· · .: .: ;;r.

. viii 2019 SAN BEDA LAW.CENTRALIZED

BIBLIOGRAPHY··:·····:: .. : .. ~ · ,: :-•.. : : ,. :,: '..· _. : :, ·.:· '.:.: :: . 842

.. ·. •, 2019--SAN i3EOA LAW CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS I ix

,~- .· ·_c·ONFLTCT o~ LA:WS . Basic Cause forConflict of Laws· Case

p.11 {ti~reinafter,·AGPALO,_ CQrifllct])., ,·.,' .. · · 1> -:it\ ' ..: ·· · ·, ,, · '··\ . · . .

·foreign Jaw chosen by. the parties. ·without a,

· .. lrit~rr,atioh,i:11'. . ·~- . \--_ i.n National, . m.uni,<;:ip_aJ~.o~:

_So~e~~jg·~ ·. st~te;. ~ri:cf

History and Development Kinds ofduris diction in Conflict of Laws:

cont9cts~::Ao~,., one ·; c10 'not" always provide , the , ,

Phases lnConflicts Resolutlon _ necessary-rsiqnlficarn contacts" for. the other. The

_3 .. , Wher~ cat{ the. resulting }i.Jcjgme.nt be. e·nforc'ed · · ..

2019 SAN BEDA LAW CENTRAl IZED BAR OPERATIONS. I 3

IL . Coercive 'process through·-personal or f9T8;Re,rs of7vfora/es v. Agustin, G.R. No.

. 3:·~r_The parties ·10 a cbnt.rad m. ay s•ipulate on., he

·2019 SAN s~DA LAW cENT.RAUZED BAR oPERL\TIONs· r 5

la11~v.olve~ P.r.~~edural matters

. .·. Rea_s.o~: Qur ~ourts do·noti~eJ~?1c1~I·~~~~~ ... _ · · ,: · . . .: .. /. . , ,· .. · .·. · .· --· ·

Exceptions to the procec;tural re~uiremenfs for

ested igh ~-1:0~PfX .. · . . : . -· : ·:-, .. -.:.: -

8 I 2019 SAN ElEDA LAVY..CEt'J_TRALiZE;D BAR OPERATIONS

N'ote:· 'Justice Sernpio-Diy observes· ·that while Art.

Parts of Conflict Rules · .. ,

:.~t.~w.,~e·f ;_r\ is.:. fo.tgn ele~;·~~ i?~lve_d_ (/~: .

2019 SAN BEbA LAW; CE~TRALIZEQ. BAR OPERATIONS 1· 9

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