Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
585e2ca8b0e06 1
585e2ca8b0e06 1
د4د
az14 o9 u
4uu
o4 14 uo E14 دìl 4
‡la 4 u49 دu la14 ! u1" ‡ دoa%14 úl 1a a1 (˝ laE 4 !1l u14 )ì* úa9د
‡l————a 4 ! ———1E
2009 – 0 —* 1430 – .l u
ę————— o2
...............................:,—~0h
...............................: i3lï h
...............................:2i( ï h
ب
~h3
: i al h vh 9 ï~a ) lœ3z ( h 83h '" :l" h l~3 h αìœ u(
/ / : i3lï i
......................
l˝ 3ua l˝~i! h h, :3 ï% h ìlï~ h
3
.............................
h˝ à )ai h a,a :3 ï% h ìlï~ h
.............................
h˝ à h h 3~li :3 ï% h ìlï~ h
.............................
h˝ à h <~ a :3 ï% h ìlï~ h
ج
u——— 14 7دo uE——u14
ج
l~h3 a~ h ę3u h al < ' 3i @ï h 3%u l Q ï ‡ dh 3%u
o4 14 uo E14 دìl 4
‡la h 83h ' ,~( ) ‡àl h iai ï h !i" h vlà < ' 3i @ï 3%u Q ï la%
a,a 3 ï% h ìlï~ h ,h3% h u(l a h !iœ vlà ) l ïah 3%u ,i$ , @ï la%
s484*————————د
د
... h <'
Dl h hìœ l˝ ia ,% œ
úl o %a14 !a9l9
α
!%2a14 9u so————————————————4oa14
G i Eï h
u(l a h 3h3(
—œ 3i @ï h 3%u h
vh œ0h
a li ï,a h K3"
‡ h h a!l(
J ‡l%u h a!l(
‡ ę,La h a!l(
i 3 h z l Fz a h
1 ! 4u14! دa7دa :‡o 4 ‡a214 i i 0h z l Fz a h
1
2 i"aï
3 l"ï !~ ~h3 h %ua
3 ~h3 h Nh œ
3 ~h3 h iaœ
4 ~h3 h lià3
5 ~h3 h ,
6 ~h3 h h ,a
i!h3 0h l, aaa h
6 Time Management ( h 83h '
6 Time Planning ( h aiazï
6 Time Organizing ( h ,i$ ï
6 Time Direction ( h Qi ï
7 Time Control ( h < l(3 h
7 Performance vh h
و
8 !7 l 14 úl 4u14دo u= 14 ula84 : li14 ‡a214
10 ( h Oh
11
, l h 83h 0h h
az
14 ( h l
iàa
18
iai$ ï h i!i h
l~ h
20
3œl$a
21
83h '
22 ( h aiazï
, a l h
3lzPh
23 ( l Eh
83h 0h l %a
24 ( h 83h '
HiïlEa
25 ( h 83h 0
‡z a hì h 83h '
28
h
28
a @@,ïa h lih a h
29
iïh3ï~'
31
83h '
32 ( h 83h 0
ز
) @ï~a h 3 $ a h
33
33
34
35
vh h 83h ' Nh œ
36
37
ز
45 i3 h l~h3 h :d˝
48 i h l~h3 h :li lz
51 @ l~ h l~h3 h i l, h ~h3 h iaï
55 (ú4s4u 84o !7 ua14) ! 4u14 ! دi a :>1li14 ‡a214
55 ~h3 h Q" a
55 ~h3 h 2aï a
56 ~h3 h i
57 ~h3 h h
57 l"ïl z 8h h ę a
58 ~h3 h h3izïa
59 i!la,0h l ah
60 ~h3 h hvh3 '
61 li u9l ao ! 4u14 دB9l :ş 4u14 ‡a214
61 8h h l z ę a
63 )!la,dh ‡i ,ï l li h avLa a ę@,ï h 3l ïzh
64 ~h3 h !~ l dh
76 ~h3 h lià3 3l ïzh
87 úl ao 14o úl l 84 :Calz14 ‡a214
87 l lï ï~0h
88 lia ï h
89 2 h3a h a!l(
96 ę,La h
‡o414 ! دa9l9
(h
73 ( h 83h 0 i3li a h l h3, dh i l~, h la~ ïa h 9
74 i al h vh 9 ï~a i3li a h l h3, dh i l~, h la~ ïa h 10
77 l%3u ) i al h vh 11
9 ï~a < ( h 83h ' 3z 3l ïzh Q!lï
i z h i 3dh dlaïdh
79 l%3u ) i al h vh 9 < ( h aiazï 3z 3l ïzh Q!lï 12
ï~a
i zh i 3 h dlaïdh
81 l%3u ) 13
i al h vh 9 < ( h ,i$ ï 3z 3l ïzh Q!lï
ï~a
i zh i 3 h dlaïdh
83 l%3u ) 14
< ( h Qi ï 3z 3l ïzh Q!lï
i al h vh 9 ï~a
i zh i 3 h dlaïdh
85 l%3u ) i al h vh 9 ï~a < ( h< l(3 3z 3l ïzh Q!lï 15
i zh i 3 h dlaïdh
‡lEu 4 !a9l9
ط
!%2a14 Do———— %a14 9u14
10 ( h Oh 1
11 l"! l a ( , l h 83h 0h h az 2
23 ( l E h 83h 0h l %a 3
,%”a14 !a9l9
ي
!%2a14 Do———— %a14 9u14
98 ~h3 h l ï~' 2
. 1al 14 s45د
Do a 9 l*ui5o ú9o14 u4د
ك
3 h ) i zh dlaïdh l%3u < i h ia ~h3
h '
iaz h 3i
Nh3u'
h h, 3 ï% h ìlï~ h
ęz1a14
l%3u
< i h ia ~h3 z,l h 3 N " h hìœ ęi@,ï .) 3 h ę ~ h ) i zh
a ~h3 h i %ï
› l%3u (3) lœ ) 3 h ę ~h ) al h i z dlaï0h
h
a (%10)
zai i 3ua h <a~ h li h i3h 0h li ï~a h ) E$ a l˝E$ (140)
a
3 a ui,
›uLz h l%3u h < i a E$ a l˝E$ (1400) z l h ~h3 h 2aï a
a
3al a h˝3a l" a 3 ,a ‡% )azi i~i!3 3 l,a ~az )azï !~ au l ï~h z,l h
. ( h 83h '
(Kolmogorov-
3l ïzh l"ïlià3 3l ïzh ~h3 h Q!lï ‡i ,ï ) z,l h a zï~h
aiazï ‡a ,a a
~h3 h Q!lï ,à la% › i al h vh 9 23
Fiazï
ï~a
ل
Q!lï ,à i al h vh 9 ï~a ę ïi lai › ( h 83h ' ‡ah ,œ a (
~, i
. (
l h 83h
3ul a ‡
3zXïi N
a h vh
ï~a
~h3 h
)
l"a < ~h3
i
œ h
$
lia ' a z
a
ïh
i
a
i
a a
ï
h
@
i a
hD 3
l ,
laïœdh
› (
h 83h '
h ,h
zï~l
i al h
,li( 8
3
3à
› (
h 83h '
‡l a
. i al
م
Time Management and its impact on Employees’
Performance Level
Field Study on the Cellular Communications Companies in Jordan
م
By:
Abeer Fawzi Al-Khateeb
Supervisor
Prof. Dr. Najm Al-Azzwai
Abstract
This study aimed at clarifing the impact of time management on
employees’ performance level at Cellular Communication Companies in
Jordan. To achieve this goal, the researcher conducted a field study on the
three existing Cellular Communications Companies in the Jordanian market,
the study sample consisted of (140) employees representatives (10%) of the
study’s total of population (1400)’s employees in the three companies. The
data was collected through the survey questionnaire covering the five main
variables which constitute major element of time management.
The researcher utilized the (Kolmogorov-Smirnov) test and the
arithmetic averages and standard deviations. The study revealed that there is
an impact of time management on employees’ performance level, the results
also indicated that the allocation of specific time for the work of the planning
time is one of the most important factors of good time management. With
regard to the level of staff performance level, results of the study indicated
that the level of employee performance is directly influenced by the successful
management of time.
The study concluded the most important set of recommendations in
holding training courses for staff in the field of time management, and the
need for workers using the tools of time management and attention to morale
of the workers.
ن
‡o 4 ‡——a214
: دia
)"
l l@z h N ïza ) zi , h 83$ h la .l" il" d i a h 83 h αìœ › ïï (l ïï
‡la h 8li,
h˝ , Jl œ ›Qài ï %ai il" ih Q iaz @i3a Q ïi ( h
. i3lï h ‡ aE h
J ~ ›,"E!l$ i a ,œl liï,h ," h NLïzl h3 h 9 ( h 83h ' , "Ea N ïzi la%
1
) ( h 83h ' 3z Hià ï ~h3 h αìœ vl l œ a .‡%% a$ a h vh < K% i~ α3
‡ a h iz
› ,a h ( h ) (vh h 9 ï~a) aa h ‡la h l ' %ua ~h3 < '
vh 9 ï~a )
( ( h < l(3 h– ( h Qi ï– ( h ,i$ ï– ( h ( h 3al
aiazï)
. ( h< $ l,a h i l~
:! 4u14 ! دa*5
( h 3al 3z ‡
la% › i al h vh ( h 83h ' i 3z h [(l ï 93z " a ›‡za h
,ï
dlaïdh
l%3u ) i al h vh 9 ï~a ) ( h aiazï i!la,' d ì 3z i d"
(HO1-2) i lz h i 3E h ià3E h
(HO1-3) z lz h i 3E h ià3E h
(HO1-4) h3 h i 3E h ià3E h
."(0.05) d 9 ï~a i zh i 3 h
:! 4u د14دoد%
a ‡% )œ ›8 i 3 h ę ~ h
) al h i z h dlaïdh l%3u :) l%a h ‡l a h -1
( ia) (Q h3 ) ( i ) l%3u
.<a~ h
. l(3 h Qi ï h
:! 4u14 دú4دد%a
!~
l½ iE$ a h h ï~h 9 a › ,i,a i l% la a vd 0h < 3 h )
J ì ~~*a › i laï 0h h3izïa h < ' ę3aï h i al h vh h3izïa ( h 83h ' h3izïa
l l~ 2i ï"
Q ‡l( ì (2000) 3iàz h Ni3 ï l" a ( h ,i$ ï lEi3 ï 8 ï
h
l h3, 0h i ,ï ›Q aaza h ( l ) Eh ( h
l" X (1999) ,~l( Gl, l" 3
3l@a"
h
la › ,a J ~ a li I Q@i@,ï a 3E h %aïi
Q X )Ei$ h vh (2007) ) iï h N3
la"
h
(66 ›2007 ›) iï h)
li14 ‡———a214
!7 l 14 úl 4u14دo u= 14 ula84
ui, › zi , h l aï a h ) l~ 0h Q h ï )
al" h L%ua h ( h ï
ïh
a %ua
83h ' iaœ 3"$ï l œ ›lœìlzïh ,ïi )ï h h3h3@ h l"i < i )ï h iazu h ,"ïh l"ï h < ' là'
: ~l a h ( h) ~l a h 3h3@ h ìlzïh –1
. ~ a h ~h3 h ‡i"aï h
9a 3 @i d ›‡ a lï(
," a aïi laa ›ìiE ï h l iìiE ï 3i a h ,ï"i la l lY
h
, @ï
83h 0h < i laa a$ a h l˝%l 3' ę zi laa › à 3 a h aa h i h a
) h
Q@iiàï ‡a h , 2i~ ï –
‡a l vla 0h Oh3~0h –
a %Xïï l"a"i 8Xu a i 83h ' .‡a h 9 ï~a < ' 3( Fzu Q 3 i ì h 3 @ h %ua h
Flzu h a~h
Q ,laïœdh › 3 a ,i ~ h 3la0h ) ~l a h ( h ) ìzïi 3h3@ h
:ú9o14 s4o 5
%ai ai
Qai$ ï Qai$ ï
i3~ h
l(L h ,h3 h ‡% h , h ‡za › i~l~ h l ï l, ) Qià@ ìh ( h œ
< œ Q Faz la
3iY ) h˝3iz% Q a iEï~ %ai d ( . a"a h i laï dh
œ
:li9دl ao
ú9o11 !% l 14 u484 دú4oaz
ęi3a h ‡zaï h az
) l"! l a ( , l h 83h h az ( . ) la~3i Hà
~
0h
:(2) ,(3 ‡%u h Hà i la% H l ‡%u ( h 83h ' < ' Hi,a h
(81 › . › la~3i ) :3 aa h *
: li h aaz h Nh œ h h3a (1
)ï h
li !~a h ,l"a h ‡la h Qi Hà ( za ~) 3ia@ h 9 ï~a h < Q h œ ęi@,ï
i L
˝
›Qïl aïa
alz h N$ a h l l, i ï~ï 8 i @i3a a$ a %ï iazu h 83%Ea h )
: ia i l ' a!l( 2à (3
l"aœ al@ 8
)a i h l 0h a!l( 2à < h3i i ›‡~% )~ la % Qi l"~E
: 3" h ì l a ~ (4
.( ... KE h !h h Hi 3ï h Ni ~ï h ‡i Xï h 3ï h
: iual" h l( h ‡Lzï~h (5
: i3 3à h 3iY l h 3 a½ ,L~ï~dh , (6
.‡a h
.J ì
.l"i ‡ a,
.α l, ) l"
. la ~ h
,$ h 3i aï 3iizï l,a , ‡a h h az hvh3 0h < iï 3 h 83ai~ –
.J ì ~a h h3 h
. ~l a h h3h3@ h ìlzïh
"
a 93i 93z l@i a @ l~ h al@ h (2007) ęh 3 h Nlà 93z " a
<'
(91 ›2007 ›ęh 3 h ) :) i lai Fz ï )ï h α3h œ' ( h là' < ' *ï l" α3$
.‡a h l%a
. ~l a h
. alz h l à ah
.‡a h l aïa
: aiazï h )
. ( i (h 3iY h3i @ï
.3ah, / h● . 3E~ h ●
: ,i$ ï h )
. a, a h
. vl~*3 h ï● . " h i h h●
. lE a ci~ ,l$ ● . 8vh3@ h / iï 3 h / i(3 h ‡la h●
3iY i la h Li"~ï h / a!La 3iY h a ●
. a!La
: Ni$ ï h )
: Qi ï h )
. i iï 3
. ‡a h ) / ęi~ ï h ) F@ ●
: dlaïdh )
. 8 !h h
: h3h3@ h 2 a )
. la a h ‡% < ‡ a, h a● . 3ï h / ‡i Xï h ●
. i3~ h3h3( ●
: l(3 h )
. )ïhì h al à dh F@ ● . )ïhì h al à dh F@ ●
3z*i iEi3 h i h3 h l aï a h
ïXi iì l ›l" a ïXi )ï l aï a l@ a
a
h
,h ï dh
ui, ›l"i iaœ i ( h 3a ‡zai d )ï h l(L h alz Ea
'
Jï
,%, lu(l a h 3l
%3lua h iaï~i ," la!h i al h 3l % @ï i .l" zu
)ï h
l aï a h ) @ l~ h ,"ïh3 z ‡@ < aï i J ì ," i ›Qï3h ' ( h ,i$ ï
la!h h li h
Jl œ $,La h .,"ala Dlïa h ,a h ( h ) ," a aa h ‡la h
3iz% h ‡a ï l"a%h3ï ‡la h ‡zh ï < ' *i laa 83 @ h αìœ 83h 0h ‡l 3 a 3iz% h
@ïEi
vd*œ h3 z 3lazï~0 H l ~h 2à
li, h a 3iz% ) i ," d' .lœ3h a'
:)ïXi la (24
u, h < ' Glï,ï )ï h l à a h 3i3l@ï h h ï~a h ęh3 l zEï a h !l@, h –
Dl a h ) ," l a ," ïl%a < ' ," a l" a,i la l lY )ï h ›3h3@ h ìlzïh ~h3 h
.vl~a h la!
. 3h 0h ‡a h 8vlE% )
N la% ›,"E!l$ i a ,"ïl liï,h ," h NLïzl h3 h 9 ( h 83h ' , "Ea N ïzi
ïzi
.8 i 2h 3 "$ N 3$ h αìœ 3izï ,i@ h αìœ 3zXïï ai,a h N 3$ l h3zXï lEa h 3z%
l˝i a ę~ a h aa h ) l~ dh " h
,i$ ï < ‡a ï la$ a h ' ‡ @ %ai al Ea
h
.l"ï~h3
3i a h 2a ‡al ï ) l% h ( h
,"ïl l%ah i~ *3a h l(la 3lazï~h , –
,
.) l ih ‡%u
.vLa h 3lza i~ *3a l Qï(L ) α3z 3i a h iai ì h l" dh 3ï ï h –
. Ei à h hvlE% h aà 3i a h Ni aï –
(48 ›2001 ›) %) :3 aa h
3 < )z i ( l E h 83h 0h iaï al K~ zLz Jl œ (3) ,(3 ‡%u h a Hàïi
›200
›) %) . ( , l 83 ' < ' ," a a ) *i ‡a h ) Dliï30h 8vlE% h il Eh
1
(51
h HiïlEa h αìœ ,œ 3 ) i lai › lia a h αìœ ‡Lzï~h ,ï la hì' ( h 83h ' ) , l Q!lï
. ( ‡l ˘ E h ‡i ,ï l˝i3œ
. i l 3z% h vh3 0h
i iï 3 h ,l"a h a , h i Eï Qa 83 3à :‡ialEï h ï iï 3 h a ‡i @ï h –8
. a$ a al h Nh œ½ ~ l iaœ h i (
.,"E h D à h a i i ì h : l i0h –9
œ ‡l E h 3i a h
(71 ›2000 ›là3) Self Management hì h 83h h ) ï ( h 83h h h
, hìl , 3h a h ,œh a
( h h .Q la h Qïla"a ) O 3u h ‡ ( ,Qï( < h 3$ l i a
i˚
‡!l~ h
h˝3izh ,l"@i@,ï l~ dh < ~i )ï h Nh œdh a a ,z hì h αìœ ‡%uï )ï h h l a h
< ‡a ï
(87 ›2000 ›là3) l",à !~dh a a , < l dh < aï ï hì h 83h h
3 ï <
v˝ l i lï h al@ hì h 83h li~l~ (92 ›2000) là3 Hà 93z " a
l '
,h ï dh J ~ h ) 8 ( %i h F3, h –
) zh h l !aadh KE h ) @z h –
3aï~a h , ï h 3i aï h –
la za ,L~ï~dh , –
) ,%,ï h iEi% 3
: i ia 8 l iï )œ la ( h vlà( @i3a X 3 a h –1
a
h
.lœ3iizï
‡a
F az %i X% ,alu h O ~, < Nh œdh ,i~@ï ,) a ‡%u lœ l '
. h .. ,) laï h ) aï h ) !l
:ú9o14 u4 دú4o5د
l(3 h
l ih ( ,i$ ï i a aïi l 83 a Qï3h ‡ a ( aiazï h '
'
h h αìœ aà a
.Q aaza h ~, 3i~ï 3 a h a %lï h laà ,83ai~ h
.O 3ua h , –1
.aiazï h i( ï al 3 –2
. li dh Qal 3 –5
.) ~dh Qal 3 h –6
. ï%a h 83%Ea –7
. " h ïuï , -
.KE h ) @z h 8 li -
. ,lïa h F3E αl ï dh -
.‡l E h i Eï h < 83 @ h -
.‡a h Ni ~ï a ‡i @ï h -
a
, h3 dh vh h d a23 i lï dh 8 li ‡ h a , i lE Q Lzï~h iEi% i a h 3 a h
. i3( h i l, -
.9 a h 83ia( -
.9 a h i a -
, ,˚‡l˝ Q , @ la
3 a 3ì ïa h a H ai D à h liY )E Nh œdh αìœ Hià ï i
. ( 2iàa Q
* ï h < 83 @ h a$ a h H aï )ï h )"
,9 a h 8 i h Nh œdh )œ i iïh3ï~dh 83h dh Kl~h
‡i ,ï i a , @ï )ï h )œ , l h a$
›l" la l"a3 z h au h ) ‡aXï h 3i%Eï h
ah
i lï h
h3l ïzdh vh3 l , @ï a$ a h ‡zh ,ïï )ï h au dh Oh h ‡% i ,ï J , (
,z ì
.alu h iaœ 9 a –1
.Qïil" ‡a ‡% ih 8 ,a i h a –4
.‡i ,ï h 8 l h a –5
:ú9o14 u48د
1 7 a14 uo= a14
< , lh
zi , h la$ a h F3, ( h 83h h li @ï li X ,laïœdh 83iï O3l~ï h
. l, h ~ l a h ę ~ ) l"ï a~ i zï ,‡ @ï~a h )
alz ›Ni l%ï h iEzï l" Hiïï l a%,a 83h ' Qï3h ' ‡Lz a Qi 3lazï~dh ( h
a$ a
, i 3h œh ,‡ @ï~a h ) l˝a~l h˝3 ( h 83h h ï~ , a h 3 aï h ~la
, hì
<a( < ' i al h vh 9 ï~a 2 3 i lï 0h ,i$ ï < ' l" h <ïu , i h la$ a h < ~ï
la Q X
QEi3 ï ,ï 2000 3h a' ( 9000 i0h) Kiil@a ia l h a$ a h ~, vh h Ni3 ï )
,ï )ï
iï h i (L h )" : 8vlE% h la ›Q!lï h z 9 a )œ i l E l › i l E h 8vlE% h ‡aui
h
i h h *83 @ h = vh h
( ah la h 2 h
i h h) 3àï ( i ~ ih i@ h3 3E h h3 (
h)
()
Q!lï ‡a,ïi a
, ià3a @i3a Qi ' % )ï h l h h vh ( 3E h)
!l% h hìœ %aïi <ï,
(2007 ›ęh 3 h ) .L @ï~a i(3ï ," œ*ï )ï h ,"i al% h h3 @ h ,ii@ï ,"E!l$
.8 h ( h E %ï l% 3iil a h
,
) i h l" ï h iï vl )ï h zi , h i3h 0h a vh h 83h , "Ea i
,iœlEa h '
a 3zm ‡%u i l E h Kli( < h 8 %3a 83ul a 83 a vh h 83h ' @ï h @ ›‡%% 83h dh
3@ h a li iï~ h 2 aa
Q!lï l 83h Nh œ l 83h 0h ęi aï l,l 3lazï~h ‡Lz
2a
0h
.)àla h
)u
,i N 3 a h ) l li h u,l h l",3a )ï h ia~ h i3$ h l ï %ai d Q la%
a $,Li
› %aa , < h < h vh dh li 23 alz iaœh ) l idh i ïh h , h
ï~a
2 3 ‡Lz a ‡%% a$ a h 9 ï~a " h iz Nh œ h a ęi@,ï < ' vh h 83h ' < ~ï
. L%ua h ‡ , lEï ~l a h zl a h 3i ï –
:s45*د4 7 4 (د
.3i aï h i3 ï h ~li~ ,i @ï –
. 3 dh h , h ~li~ ,i @ï –
:s44 دu4د
ual
a ‡% Hà
( ›‡%% a$ a h vh 9 ï~a i~,ï < ' *i ì h Q!h 9 ï~a i~,ï
: aàïi vh dh aiazï ( )
: aàïi vh dh ,i$ ï ( )
: aàïi vh dh Qi ï (G)
. ( h 3i ï h3h3@ h ìlzïh ‡laïdh hvh3 ' ai~ ï ,ïi ui, : hvh3 dh ai~ ï –
.83 z l ,~ïï )ï h a~ ïa h
: aàïi vh dh ,ii@ï ( )
a 2 3i i lï dh
i i laa i al h i là3 h h h :là3 h h h –
a
ęi@,ï
. i al h 9 vh h 9 ï~a
. i lï dh i~,ï i al h vh
.vh ~ , < a$ a h h3 h
:s44 دu l a
›2006)
3 " h α3%ì la l˝@ l"aœ ę3a 8 ‡Lz a ,àh @i( vh 3iil a 2à ,ïi
:(73
.) h dh 3i%Eï h ) œì h Na h l@ï ,h zï~h –
. l"ï a 3 l"ïiaœh ~, li dh iï3ï –
. li dh aà li h 2à –
.l"i ìiE ï h
:s41 ‡ 4 د%
.)aizuï h GL h ~h –
.2i3~ h GL h ~h –
la%
l"aœh a 3u 8 3i a h ) 3 ïi h i vh L H l h ‡i ,ï l ,li@ h 3i a h 2iaï~i <ï,
. iai$ ï h h3 @ h –
. ~l a ‡ , 2à 3l%ï dh Oh dh < 83 @ h –
. ~l a h l uh –
.vliudh 3a ï < 83 @ h –
:)ïPl (29 ›2006 › 3 uiï) l"i ' 3lu la% vh h i~,ï h az ,ïï
? %ua h la –
? %ua l a ï3a h a –
? dh 3 i ì h la –
?u ,i h α i3ï ì h la –
?vh dh ) 3 a@ h iï la –
? %aa h ‡ , h l ~dh la –
?‡a h az la –
% ›3ul a 3iY ‡
Qi 3z*i la l" a 3ul a ‡%u 3E h vh < 3z*i la l" a E ïza
%u
. a$ a h Nh œX l"ï(L N$ a h ,i( Nh œ –1
. iazu h la~ h i œì h h3 @ h –3
. h , h –4
.‡a h l(L –5
. i3 ï h li %ï h –6
. i3 ï h Qah3 –1
.‡a h F!laz –2
. l E h l(3 h –3
. h ,h 3 h ,l$ –4
. i3 ï h –1
. iEi$ h l aïa h –2
. m l%a h h , h –3
. h3l"a h la a h –4
) K% ï
i al h vh i~,ï <
‡a O à a h hìœ l ï )ï h l~h3 h Q!lï aLz < ‡ a, h
! u 14 úl 4u14 د:(˝ o5
3 ï h ui,
. al h 83h dh ) ‡a h a zà ) ( h 83h ' 3zh (2003 Kl h ~h3 (1)
)
Q a a la œ
› E$ a l˝E$ (75) ) ~h3 h i 3a, h › i@i3 h 8 , al h
a
~h3 h Q!lï ïz › E$ a
l˝E$ (150) z l h ) la dh i al h O a a (%50)
a a
h Q!lï
. ~h3 h O à a i@i3 h 8 , al h i u h h
l( a
i E Xï ( › i ‡%u ( h 83h ' ‡ h a3i a h l"a @i )ï h vh3Ph l,3ï@a h 3a
3i a 2ia ,œ h3i a (74) z l h ~h3 h 2aï a a %90.5 %ui h3i a (67) a ~h3 h
) :)œ 3i a h ( l%L"ï~h ,l"a h 3z% h . i3h ' ‡la %27.5 . i ‡la %42.4 l" a
~ ia a h 3ià,ï 3ïl
%3.3 ~ La h L%ua ‡, ) aœl~a h.%3.69
lïa
.%.2.9
l(3 h li ï~a l"ïiaœ i iïh3ï~dh l(3 h , "Ea u(l a < ' ~h3 h œ ui, › la$ a h
3l@a i i ,ï ~h3
l˝ài ~h3 h aàï ,l"ïh ia i iïh3ï~dh l(3 h h az l"ïdl a
) li h
83h 0h ) i al 9 ( h 83h 2(h ,ii@ï < ' ~h3 h œ ui, › i ia~ E h
h '
l al h )
li h 83h 0h ) i al h ~h3 h 2aï a %ï ( › i ia~ E h l al h
a
< ‡aïuh
(<a( h al ›3œ h al › iaL~0h al h) )œ 8 Y Ola( ) i ia~ E h
›) a h ~h3 h
2aï a a (%41) ) h , ›8 3Ea (126) z i!h u i@ a i 3liïzh
,ii@ï
, ~, ) l a~ ïa i la l% ( h 83h ' 2(h 9 ï~a ~h3 h Q!lï i (
~
J ì% ( h
αl ï i al h 83$ alz h ~h3 h dl a 2ia Jì ( h 83h ' 2(h 9 ï~a
. E ïza h l iàa h
9
3h 0h Oh 0h h3l"a ia ï ) lœ3z ( h 83h ' ~3laa (2008) )a ~ h ~h3 (5)
K3h a h
3i a i~3 a h 83h 0h ) 3ua 3$ " a i lz h ,3a h K3h a 3i a
3i a
~3laa 3 < N3 ï h < ' ~h3 h œ ( › ~ @a aal h ,i ï ia a h
h
<
N3 ï h J ì% . ," la ,l"a ) ( h 83h 0 ~ @a h aal l i lz h ,3a h K3h a
Q!lï ,à ( ›l˝a a ( ٠٠٣ ) h˝3i a (٨٤ ) l˝ 3ua (٠٢) < ' a (٨٦٣) ,œ z
,l h
a~ ïa h z ui, (l lY) 3 l% ~h3 h αìœ 8h ) 8 3h h ," la ,l"a ) ( h
9
3h 0h Oh 0h h3l"a ia ï ( h 83h ' ~3laa i (L h (٣,٣٩) ,l h a~ ïa h
! 4 úl 4u14 د:l li
G3zï h )zi , h l al h a 9 ( h 83h ' h3l"a 3l@a < ' ~h3 h αìœ œ ui,
La a
l˝ 293 a %a h ~h3 h i ) › al l ęl,ï dh ) ˝h3a 3 % h ah
la
(25
a 3 % ) z lz h › ~ (25–21) a i lz h › ~ (21 a 3za ) a< h a ah
. ~
,"ïl( 83h 0 ‡à
ia h ‡a h ) i h h ,"i 3 ï iì h i al h K% l ,"!h
L˝
ïaïi aa ,œ3iY a 3z% a zà i3~ ‡%lua a li ( h 83h ' h3l"a < '
( h 83h ' h3l"a l" l 3 2ïaïi )ï h 3~ h ~h3 h Q!lï % la% › ( h 83h ' h3l"a
. i a h ,"ïli,
evaluation
›,"ï( 83h ' < E ïza ‡la l!i ) i al h i3 ï i l%a' Hià ï < ' ~h3 h αìœ œ
‡, < ' ‡ a
( h 83h ' ) h3 3i a h 2àzi 83 3à Q!lï h ,à ›‡a h
.‡à ‡%u ,"~3h a ,"ï3h ' 9 ï~a ) ~,i laa ›‡a h a zà , l h 3ï ï h %ua
z,l h 93ï ui, › l~h3 a lœ )ïXi~ la ~~*a l"@ ~ la aaïa ~h3 h αìœ vl J ì
@ l~ h l~h3 h Fz a
Q!lï h i h ~h3 h
‡= 9 ‡a 11 دu214 ﻪo . !9” Ol * – la o*o !2=oao =oa (75) (2003) Cl 14 ! 4u1– د
Duz5
uدa14 i 9o .a %70 4o9ua 9 د. u دa14 – .a %90.5 .o1Eu 4u دa (2004) u4uu14 ! 4u2– د
li a .li 4o19 14 lia1l l 714 9 a u14 (67) 4u دa (74) ¿1l 14 ! 4u14د
úl u714 !=9l%a 9 . 11
o %4.7 ! ! 2 l* úla1lEa s4u o %7.46 !
ua 9
.uo9 la 4ì ę2z a úl 2u a14 9 . 1al 14 s45د
9 ! 9ì”14 ! دa 9 ao14
– ęlz14 sla714 úl 2u a
! uo 14 ! u 14 ! uoia 14
.5 – Do a ş94o u4 دú9o14 .lE la . a oa > % ›úl2=oao . 2=oa (306) (2006) uoi14 ! 4u4– د
! u ! – دulaa u دa Cu4دa !1%ua14 ! o li14 ou دa Cu4دa !1%ua14 ! o li14 (2008) a1 14 ! 4u5– د
دu4o14 9 45) دì* ! 4u14 دú lE ! u( دl 1lQ) > . oa l˝9uua (٠٢) "1 o (٨٤)
%
¿1 a o a14 l 14 (93,3) 4˝u دa o ٠٠٣) ( l˝a1 a
(]
.a ú9o14 u45 1" 1 " دu7 د. a >l 84 – !1%ua14 ”a .a l˝ 1la ! 4u6– دTrueman &
al 14
u4495‡ 9 دB9l 4o4 5 ˝دua uE 4 ”a14
ú9o14 4˝ua
‡a 14 9 s4 دl l˝7 io l˝al u4 !a ua ú9o14 u4د 9 . 1al 14 ęlzu 4 .a (102) ! 4u د7–Barling &
.E1o
. 1al 14 D14د94 ! 1‡ دal دo o
ú9o14 u4 دú4ulia "1 .ou7 2 . ì14 .o1al 14 – l u5o . o a14 .a ”˝ al ! 4u8– دAdams & Jex
‡Eu i l9o5 u42 . 1" =دoa14 u د.lEa8l . oa !2=oao l˝2=oa (167) ! 4uد 9–Green &
– s49 4 دi 1 l9o i sl2E ş9u1 ç %a !21 za ! ul úl la9 !i”i "1 Skinner(2005)
9 ú9o14 u4د
!2iEa ú4uo1 د.ou دa14 s(ó* ş4z .5 uou4 – Cu4دa14 u دa .a l˝azu ! 4u10– دGerald(2007)
(524)
› ~h3 h 2aï a
l˝Ea J ì% ~h3 h ) a zï~a h i " l˝Ea ‡aE h hìœ ‡ l ïi
a
:J ì L˝
iaEï ) i lai . l li h ‡i ,ï i!la,0h l ah
:! 4u14 دBi a
›l˝ia
h˝3i ï l˝iEi h˝3i ï l" 3 l˝@i( l˝Ea l"Ea ,ï"ï ›2(h h ) ï la% 83œl$ h
%
% i
:! 4u14 دşa a
,ï › i 3 h ę ~ h ) al i z dlaïh l%3u 2 3 a ~h3 h 2aï a %ï
N$ a
(1400) 3l@i la l%3u h αìœ ) i al h O a a z ui, .( i a ) (Q h3 )
l˝E$
(350) (zain.com) ( i ) %3u ) E$ a l˝E$ (850) 2(h i a E$ a
a
a
( ia)
%3u ) E$ a l˝E$ (200) (orange.jo) ( z h Q h3 %3u ) E$ a
a )
:! 4u14! د
<a~ h li h li ï~a h )
ii3h 0h iE$ a h a ~h3 h i 2i ï ,ï ( › i!h u h
:) lï h ~, i 3ua h
(2) ,(3 ‡
l%3u h ~, ~h3 h i 2i ï
140 20 35 85 h
:! 4u14 دú4o5د
: 44 دúl io ,دa
vlaï h 9 a
› i al h vh 9 ï~a ) ( h 83h ' 3z Ki@ï )ï h ( i al h vh 9 ï~a –
. ,h h ‡l a h h3@ i au 9 a ›Qi 3ï ì h ‡l a h3@E h
› z h vl h ui, a h3@E
i z h Ylia h ‡i ï 8h h ) h3@E h Qa Nì, <
vh 9 ~a Kli@ alz h 8h h 3z i, ) ›
(5) a %a ( h < l(3 h
h3@
:! 4u14 دú4u P a
. ( h<
( h 83h '
aiazï–
i al h vh 9 ï~a
,i$ ï–
Qi ï –
l(3 –
:! 9la%(4 ! 1l a14
:) i laa N Xïi ì h
i ~ h iaœ h
. lï h
‡i < h , h – ‡i < h ,h
––––––––––––––––––––––––– = !E h ‡ a
li ï~a h
1–5
–––––– = !E h ‡ a
3
2,33 a ‡( – 1 a Ez a h 9 ï~a h %i J ì
:! 4u14 دú4s4u
ę ~h
) al i z dlaïh l%3u 2 3 ) ‡zaïa h ~h3 h 2aï a 3a, -1
vh
9 ï~a ) ( h 83h ' 3z < N3 ï h ~h3 h l, ui, ›l" i ,ï l li h 2a
iE$ a h 3$ " a ›i 3 h ę ~
) al h i z h dlaïdh l%3u ) i al h
h
)ï h Q!lï 3
) i lai › i 3ua h <a~ h li h i3h 0h li ï~a h ) ii3h 0h
: 44 دúl io ,دa
ai(
ï i@i aï h i,l h % (Alpha) ~l a h ,i@ h F az i~li( h ( ,
a
(3) ‡ h
88.2 ( h aiazï 1
89 ( h ,i$ ï 2
86 ( h Qi ï 3
83.9 i al h vh 9 ï~a 5
(4) ‡
~h3 h h3izïa ) i a h 2i ï h
) i a h 2i ï h 2 ïi 0.547 0.798 ( h Qi ï 3
) i a h 2i ï h 2 ïi 0,163 1,119 ( h< l(3 h 4
(5) ‡
—iaœ 9 ï~—a —@ ïa h h3l h ~h3 h i l l ' < ' (5) ,(3 ‡ h 3iui
a ~alz h ï3a h < " ( h 83h ' ~, < l~i ( aiazï ‡a ,a a Fiazï"
(6) ‡
) l~ 0h l h
( l
Faza h ( h ‡i @ï < ‡a h
vl"ï h i h a laL 2à
( h ,i$ ï ) al" h
0.63 4.27 ,l h 3li a h Nh3, dh ) l~, h a~ ïa h
,i$ ï iaœ 9 ï~a @ ïa h h3l h ~h3 h i l l ' < ' (6) ,(3 ‡ h 3iui
<— ,l"a h ,i~@ï ‡a i " 83@ vl .(0.63) 3li a Nh3, h (4.27) z l h ) % h ) l~, h
(7) ‡
Q!lï h ‡à
aa h a"a h i h a h ,œl~ï
2Eï3a 3 0.70 4.27 3
83h ' ) ìiE ï , L h ( h lœìiE ï
‡à ‡%u ( h
—iaœ 9 ï~—a —@ ïa h h3l h ~h3 h i l l ' < ' (7) ,(3 ‡ h 3iui
) l~—, a~ ïa i lz h ï3a h < " a$ a h ‡zh ( h 83h ' ) ‡à Q!lï < ' 3E )ïhì h
. ( i h Qi ï h < ~h3 h i h3 83 ( 9 a
(8) ‡
l(3 h ) h , ,l$ i i
ęi aï < N$ a h i l a 3
2Eï3a 2 0.58 4.34
‡à ‡%u ( h 83h ' ‡,h3a
a ( h< l(3 h %ï i
5
2Eï3a 4 0.66 4.29 iïhì l(3 N$ a h ‡ (
—iaœ 9 ï~—a —@ ïa h h3l h ~h3 h i l l ' < ' (8) ,(3 ‡ h 3iui
9 ï~—a i~,ï < lE h l(3 h ‡a ï " 83@ < dh ï3a h ) vl @ . ( h< l(3 h
) l~—, a—~ ïa —i lz h ï3a h < " ‡à ‡%u ( h 83h ' ‡,h3a ęi aï < N$ a h
‡zaïï"
83@ a, .(0.66) 3li a Nh3, h (4.30) z l h ) % h ) l~, h a~ ïa h a <
iaœdh ui, a ~alz h ï3a h < " aaza h vh l ‡al, h vh h 3l@a ( h (h3a a"a
.(0.62) 3li a l
(9) ‡
Nh3, dh a~ ïa h
83@E h iaœ iï3ï ( h 83h ' ,(3 h
3li a h ) l~, h
(10) ‡
vh h 2a N$ a ) E h vh 0h 3l@ï i i
2Eï3a 7 0.58 4.25 1
i al h vh 9 ï~a a Q aaza h
vh h 9 ï~a
l 0h ( a ï3a h h , h ,l$ ‡a i
2Eï3a 8 0.64 4.24 4
i al h vh 9 ï~a 2 3 <
a i al h vh 2 3 < li h 83h 0h ‡a ï
2Eï3a 5 0.60 4.29 5
( h 83h ' < ," i3 ï ‡Lz
9 ) l~ 0h l h , l h 83h 0h ) h3ï
2Eï3a 2 0.58 4.37 6
,"!h 9 ï~a 2 3 2a ę h ï l i al h
vh 9 ï~a 2 3 ) ( h Qi ï ,œl~i
2Eï3a 8 0.61 4.24 9
i al h
vh 9 ï~a 2 3 ) ( h < l(3 h ,œl~ï
2Eï3a 10
1 0.60 4.40
i al h
Nh3, a— › ..............4.40
i— i al h vh h3izïa i l~, h la~ ïa h , h3ï ui,
—, l h 83h 0l— 3—ul a ‡%u N$ a h vh 9 ï~a 3zXïi " 83@E 4.18 ›0.60 z 3li a
.4.29
:) i la% J ì › ïa h ai~ h
(HO1) < dh ~i!3 h ià3E h
d 9 ï~a i al h vh
9 ï~a ) ( h 83h 0 i!la,' d ì 3z d"
i
."(0.05)
.(11) ‡ h
(11) ‡
Sig.* β F (R square)
9 ï~a ‡al a F ~,a h (R)
‡al a li h
i h
d h 3h , dh al ï3dh
i ,ï h
s45 دD0 —a —9 ú—9014 u40 —! 8 دa !1( دì ui5 0 0 د:< F ï )ï h i h ià3E h
,i~@ï ,ï › i al
h vh 9 ï~a ) ( h 83h ' h3izïa a 3izïa ‡% 3z a ę@,ï
‡% 3l
ai~ h 3h , dh ‡i ,h zï~h ,ï › i 3 lià3 3 < ~i!3 h ià3E h
ïzd
,ï '
:) i la% ›8 , < i 3 ià3
.(12) ‡ h)
(12) ‡
Sig* DF F B R2 R
d h i3, h i h 3h , dh i ,ï h al ï3dh
( h aiazï 3z vh 9 ï~a <
1
) i al h
138
dlaïdh l%3u
139
dlaïdh
l%3u ) i al h vh 9 ï~a ) ( h aiazï 3z (12) ‡ h Hà i
aiazï
i!la,' d ì 3z )!la,dh ‡i ,ï h Q!lï 3"$ . i zh i 3 h
ui,
al ï3dh ‡al a
z ì' › i z h i 3 h dlaïdh l%3u ) i al h vh 9 ï~a < ( h
) 3izï h Qïl
i zh i 3 h dlaïdh l%3u ) i al h vh 9 ï~a ) h3izï h a
8 li h ) i hìœ
›(3.935) β 3izXï h 3 ai( z la% › ( h aiazï iaœ 9 ï~a
z )ï h ~,a h
F ai( 3zdh ìœ i a %*ï .(3.935) ai@ i z h i 3 h dlaïdh
hìœ
zl h i F ai( a 3 % ›( 9 ï~a h )œ (8.065)
›(3.84)
h 0.05)
‡ @ï
( ia h) i3Ea h ià3E h 3ï Qi ›< dh i 3E h ià3E h ‡ ( ,a , %*i
9 . 1al 14 s41" 5 دú9o14 a az 1 ! o a !1( دì ui5 دo o :< F ï )ï h i h ià3E h
(HO1-2) i lz h i 3E h ià3E h
.(13) ‡ h)
(13) ‡
Sig* DF F B R2 R
li h
9 ï~a l 3 ~,a h ‡al a ‡al a ‡al a
F
d h i3, h i h 3h , dh i ,ï h al ï3dh
( h ,i$ ï 3z
1
vh 9 ï~a <
138
dlaïdh l%3u
139
i zh i 3 h
i 3 h
dlaïdh l%3u ) i al h vh 9 ï~a ) ( h ,i$ ï 3z (13) ‡ h Hà i
< (
,i$ ï i! d ì 3z )!la,dh ‡i ,ï h Q!lï 3"$ . i zh
h
la,' ui,
a (0.181)
Qïai( la ›(0.181) z R2 i ,ï ‡al a ›( 0.05) 9 ï~a
) 3izï h Qïl
i zh i 3 h dlaïdh l%3u ) i al h vh 9 ï~a ) h3izï h
dlaïdh
l%3u ) i al h vh 9 ï~a ) 8 li < ' *i ( h ,i$ ï 9 ï~a ) 8 ,h
(30.435)
z )ï h ~,a h F ai( 3zdh ìœ i a %*ï .(2.853) ai@ i zh i 3 h
, %*i hìœ
zl h i h ai( a 3 % ›( 9 ï~a h )œ
›(3.84)
F 0.05)
ià3E h ‡ @ï
( ia h) i3Ea h ià3E h 3ï Qi › i lz h i 3E h ià3E h ‡ ( ,a
9 . 1al 14 s45د
Do a 9 ú9o14 = ! o a !1(د ì ui5 دo o :< F ï )ï h i h
1
(HO1-3) z lz h i 3E h ià3E h
.(14) ‡ h
(14) ‡
( h Qi ï 3z
1
vh 9 ï~a <
138
dlaïdh l%3u
139
i zh i 3 h
dlaïdh
l%3u ) i al h vh 9 ï~a ) ( h Qi ï 3z (14) ‡ h Hà i
R al ï3dh ‡al
z ì' › i z h i 3 h dlaïdh l%3u ) i al h vh 9 ï~a <
a
(0.192)
Qïai( la ›(0.192) z R2 i ,ï ‡al a ›( 9 ï~a (0.438)
0.05)
) 3izï h Qïl
i zh i 3 h dlaïdh l%3u ) i al h vh 9 ï~a ) h3izï h a
dlaïdh
l%3u ) i al h vh 9 ï~a ) 8 li < ' *i ( h Qi ï 9 ï~a ) 8 ,h
(32.709)
z )ï h ~,a h F ai( 3zdh ìœ i a %*ï .(2.827) ai@ i zh i 3 h
, %*i hìœ
zl h i h ai( a 3 % ›( 9 ï~a h )œ
›(3.84)
F 0.05)
ià3E h ‡ @ï
( ia h) i3Ea h ià3E h 3ï Qi › z lz h i 3E h ià3E h ‡ ( ,a
9 . 1al 14 s4د
Do a 9 ú9o14 ﻪo 1 ! o a !1(د ì دo o :< F ï )ï h i h
5
ui5
(HO1-4) h3 h i 3E h ià3E h
.(15) ‡ h ) Hà a
(15) ‡
d h i3, h i h 3h , dh i ,ï h al ï3dh
< l(3 h 3z
1
< ( h
138
vh 9 ï~a
0.000 3.8440.5262.704 0.227 0.476
l%3u ) i al h
139 i 3 h dlaïdh
i zh
l%3u ) i al h vh
9 ï~a ) ( h < l(3 h 3z (15) ‡ h Hà i
i!
d ì 3z )!la,dh ‡i ,ï h Q!lï 3"$ . i zh i 3 dlaïdh
la,'
ui, h
Qïl
i zh i 3 h dlaïdh l%3u ) i al h vh 9 ï~a ) h3izï h a (0.227)
) i
hìœ ›(2.704) β 3izXï h 3 ai( z la% › ( h < l(3 h iaœ 9 ï~a ) 3izï h
i al h vh 9 ï~a ) 8 li < ' *i ( h< l(3 h 9 ï~a ) 8 ,h 3 8 li h
~,a h
F ai( 3zdh ìœ i a %*ï .(2.704) ai@ i zh i 3 h dlaïdh l%3u )
zl h i
F ai( a 3 % ›( 0.05) 9 ï~a h )œ (40.526) z )ï h
h
ú9o14 "1 !
! o a !1(د ì دo o :< F ï )ï h i h ià3E h ‡ @ï ( ia h)
l9u11
ui5
(0.05) !1( دDo a د ! o1z14 ! دu 4 ú(la (4 úlEuu 9 . 1al 14 s41" 5د
Calz14 ‡a214
úl ao 14o úl l 84
) i3$ h lia a h < v˝ l ~h3 h l" a ï )ï h l lï ï~0h ‡aE h hìœ aàïi
:J ì l˝,ià ï
úl l 84 :(o5
l(3 h– ( h Qi ï– ( h ,i$ ï– ( h
( h 83h ' 3al 2Eï3a Jl œ –1
aiazï)
3z
‡%u ( h ,i$ ï
‡la h ‡ ) ,l"a vl"ï h i h a laL 2à ,œl~i –3
)
.‡à
úl ao 14 :˝l li
. 3z h hì" l" à ,ïi aazïa Qah3 ‡Lz a Qï( 83h ' < )a
. l laï ½ 8 ,a l( h3li
) –
3a h <àï(h hì' – a$ a l alz h lai ï h H!h h ) 3$ h 8 l ' < ‡a h –
93z l la( < zlaa l~h3 vh3 ' › ( h 83h ' l~h3 h a i a h vh3 ' –
:ş 4ua14 !a9l9
! u 14 ş 4ua14 :(˝ o5
lï% h 3 ah ,l ~ ~
›C2 14 1 o .l (4 ›,iœh3 ' –
(1985) 3lï~ h
u4o%14 !1 a
›α3iil a Q h œh vh dh 83h h (2006) a,3 h › 3 uiï –
9 . 1al
ş 14 o دa s41" 5د uióa14 ‡a4o (1999) ›3i a ›,~l( Gl, h –
14
14
› i h ‡I al
83 u a 3iY 3iï~ la ..دu(4 9 . aN 14 úlEuu
l~3
. 3 h ›ę3Ea h
›2i ï h 3u Jh3ïih
›د lao !a1o 14 ua 9 !1alu14 ! 9l 14 l 4 a14
83œl@ h
. la › i a h ï%a h 83!h › uu 14 s44 دl o1o E (2003) ‡ai › , h –
úl óao óa .a Couد
: u49 84! دa = ulE9h (1991) Jl › l%i –
.83œl@ h › ia l h
3u h 2i ï h 3h
,sl 14 "14 l u14 ‡ 1 :ú4ì14 u4د (2000) ,3%h ›là3 –
د
83œl@ h › iaL~dh
s484 د
ú4ulia ! a l*ui5o ú9o14 u4 ! دulaa (2008) " ›)a ~ h –
9
u484د
9uua u= !i o .a ! o li14 !1%ua14 Cu4دa u دa D1د u484د
i3 ï h h3lazï~L
i 3 h al h
i3 %~0h › i h 3 , ~~*a
. 3dh › la › i 3 h
92
3 li h 3h 2— laa
úla= a "1 Eu 1l
:ú9o14 u49 د aE14 Bi a14 (2008) i*a ›‡àE h –
83œl@ h › i3aa h
li3 h › i3u h ia ï
, h
› u484 دuE214 9 !i د% úl*l (2007) dh ›[ ( –
a
.83al a h l aï a h ) vh h
83h ' i3h 0h l(3 h ›O ( –
(2008) aXa
3h ›aliz h Nia h a 3ï :`دl a14 so4 "1 دl 714 (2001) iEiï~ ›) % –
. i 3 h l@z h
a 3ï › 3h dh ‡i h ~ ~ ›ú9o14 ! au o = .
9 (,1995) i% › l i% –
3i ›< dh a h ›, i 3 h 3h h › a3 h i3 ï h %3a
83œl@ h › i 3 h ‡i h a a h3 u a ›! l9u14
9 l 1 14
u41 . 9 84دal 14 D1 دú9o14 u47 د (2006) 3 ›3 " h –
8 Y › iaL~0h
2i ï h 3h ,‡ 7 a14 ú4دl 9 4 د4دo ! u44( دúl 14 %( د2001) ,iœh3 ' ›<i,i –
83œl@ h › iaL~dh 3u h
úl óa11 l
s44 د. % 1 ‡zدaE دo 14 (2006) ,l" ' › li,i –
84
ïl al h3 u a .! u94 14 ! l a14
! 4 ş 4ua14 :l˝ li
- Adams, G.A., Jex, S.M. (1999), "Relationships between time
essncials. P. 4
Publishers.
ú u 84 ş94oa
:l˝i1li
- http//:www.zain.com
- http://www.orange.jo
- http://www.umniah.com
,———%”a14
(1) ,(3 ę, a
9W :¹ا"[3ق hاEو".( ~$hرا~¹ت ا"¹i.W إدارة أ/¹5ل اE~h'¹ذ ا("آ'pر hآ t ¹ا"5\23
W ¹:ا :p'i*"9ا E9رhد9i: إدارة أ/¹5ل ا'~Eآ("ا ذp'¹ر I"¹~ (ip
W ¹:ا :p'i*"9ا E9رhد9i: إدارة أ/¹5ل ا("آ'pر (` /hا* "i*Wا("h:اويh
~h3 h l ï~h
8 u ę ha ęha il,a 3l a 8u 3l a 83l h
3
@h ah
;:اﻝ T0o2 1