16 2.

2 1
20 1.9 2.8 2
25 2.3 3.5 3
32 1.8 2.9 4.4 4
40 1.8 2.3 3.7 5.5 5
50 1.8 2.0 2.9 4.6 6.9 6
63 1.8 2.0 2.5 3.6 5.8 8.6 7
75 1.9 2.3 2.9 4.3 6.8 10.3 8
90 2.2 2.8 3.5 5.1 8.2 12.3 9
110 2.7 3.4 4.2 6.3 10.0 15.1 10
125 3.1 3.9 4.8 7.1 11.4 17.1 11
140 3.5 4.3 5.4 8.0 12.7 19.2 12
160 4.0 4.9 6.2 9.1 14.6 21.9 13
180 4.4 5.5 6.9 10.2 16.4 24.6 14
200 4.9 6.2 7.7 11.4 18.2 27.4 15
225 5.5 6.9 8.6 12.8 20.5 30.8 16
250 6.2 7.7 9.6 14.2 22.7 34.2 17
280 6.9 8.6 10.7 15.9 25.4 38.3 18
315 7.7 9.7 12.1 17.9 28.6 43.1 19
355 8.7 10.9 13.6 20.1 32.2 48.5 20
400 9.8 12.3 15.3 22.7 36.3 54.7 21
450 11.0 13.8 17.2 25.5 40.9 61.5 22
500 12.3 15.3 19.1 28.4 45.4 68.3 23
560 13.7 17.2 21.4 31.7 50.8 24
630 15.4 19.3 24.1 35.7 57.2 25
710 17.4 21.8 27.2 40.2 64.5 26
800 19.6 24.5 30.6 45.3 27
900 22.0 27.6 34.4 51.0 28
1000 24.5 30.6 38.2 56.7 29
1100 26.9 33.7 42.0 62.4 30
1200 29.4 36.7 45.9 68.0 31
1400 34.4 42.9 53.5 32
1600 39.2 49.0 61.2 33
Dn [mm] 2 1/2 3.2 4 6 10 16
Presiones nominales PN [bar]
HDPE PE80 DIN 8074 / ISO 4427
Espesor [mm]
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
2

3 Pipe Thickness [mm], according ASME B36.10M

4
5 ASME B36.10M SCHEDULE / IDENTIFICATION
6 Size dext 5 10 20 30 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 STD XS XXS

7 1/2 21.3 1.65 2.11 - 2.41 2.77 - 3.73 - 0 - 4.78 2.77 3.73 7.47
8 3/4 26.7 1.65 2.11 - 2.41 2.87 - 3.91 - 0 - 5.56 2.87 3.91 7.82
9 1 33.4 1.65 2.77 - 2.9 3.38 - 4.55 - 0 - 6.35 3.38 4.55 9.09
10 1 1/4 42.2 1.65 2.77 2.97 3.56 4.85 6.35 3.56 4.85 9.7
11 1 1/2 48.3 1.65 2.77 - 3.18 3.68 - 5.08 - 0 - 7.14 3.68 5.08 10.15
12 2 60.3 1.65 2.77 - 3.18 3.91 - 5.54 - 0 - 8.74 3.91 5.54 11.07
13 2 1/2 73 2.11 3.05 4.78 5.16 7.01 9.53 5.16 7.01 14.02
14 3 88.9 2.11 3.05 - 4.78 5.49 - 7.62 - 0 - 11.13 5.49 7.62 15.24
15 3 1/2 101.6 2.11 3.05 4.78 5.74 8.08 5.74 8.08
16 4 114.3 2.11 3.05 - 4.78 6.02 - 8.56 - 11.13 - 13.49 6.02 8.56 17.12
17 5 141.3 2.77 3.4 - - 6.55 - 9.53 - 12.7 - 15.88 6.55 9.53 19.05
18 6 168.3 2.77 3.4 - - 7.11 - 10.97 - 14.27 - 18.26 7.11 10.97 21.95
19 8 219.1 2.77 3.76 6.35 7.04 8.18 10.31 12.7 15.09 18.26 20.62 23.01 8.18 12.7 22.23
20 10 273 3.4 4.19 6.35 7.8 9.27 12.7 15.09 18.26 21.44 25.4 28.58 9.27 12.7 25.4
21 12 323.8 3.96 4.57 6.35 8.38 10.31 14.27 17.48 21.44 25.4 28.58 33.32 9.53 12.7 25.4
22 14 355.6 3.96 6.35 7.92 9.53 11.13 15.09 19.05 23.83 27.79 31.75 35.71 9.53 12.7 -
23 16 406.4 4.19 6.35 7.92 9.53 12.7 16.66 21.44 26.19 30.96 36.53 40.49 9.53 12.7 -
24 18 457 4.19 6.35 7.92 11.13 14.27 19.05 23.83 29.36 34.93 39.67 45.24 9.53 12.7 -
25 20 508 4.78 6.35 9.53 12.7 15.09 20.62 26.19 32.54 38.1 44.45 50.01 9.53 12.7 -
26 22 559 4.78 6.35 9.53 12.7 - 22.23 28.58 34.93 41.28 47.63 53.98 9.53 12.7 -
27 24 610 5.54 6.35 9.53 14.27 17.48 24.61 30.96 38.89 46.02 52.37 59.54 9.53 12.7 -
28 26 660 - 7.92 12.7 15.88 - - - - - - - 9.53 12.7 -
29 28 711 - 7.92 12.7 - - - - - - - - 9.53 12.7 -
30 30 762 6.35 7.92 12.7 15.88 - - - - - - - 9.53 12.7 -
31 32 813 - 7.92 12.7 15.88 17.48 - - - - - - 9.53 12.7 -
32 34 864 - 7.92 12.7 15.88 17.48 - - - - - - 9.53 12.7 -
33 36 914 - 7.92 12.7 15.88 19.05 - - - - - - 9.53 12.7 -
34 38 965 - - - - - - - - - - - 9.53 12.7 -
35 40 1016 - - - - - - - - - - - 9.53 12.7 -
36 42 1067 - - - - - - - - - - - 9.53 12.7 -
44 1118 - - - - - - - - - - - 9.53 12.7 -
46 1168 - - - - - - - - - - - 9.53 12.7 -
39 48 1219 - - - - - - - - - - - 9.53 12.7 -
Elevation difference between the two supports of a pipe to ensure that when it is emptied, no fluid will remain a

Slope in a pipe with continuous supports.

Length between supports L= 6.0

Pipe nominal diameter dN = 4
Pipe shedule Sch = 40
Interior steel pipe diameter di = Pipe_Imp_CS_Dint_dn_sch di = #VALUE!
Exterior steel pipe diameter de = Pipe_Imp_CS_Dext_dn de = #VALUE!
Water density rw = 1000
Specific gravity of fluid Sfluid = 1.6
Insulation thickness sins = 0.075
Specific weight of pipe material gpipe = 77473
Specific weight of insulation gins = 1736
Steel elasticity module E= 2.06E+11

Specific weight of fluid gfl = rw * g * Sfl gfl = 15691

Pipe inertia equatorial moment Ix = (p/64) * (de^4-di^4) Ix = #VALUE!
Unit weight of pipe qpipe = (p/4) * (de^2-di^2) * 1 * gpipe qpipe = #VALUE!
Unit weight of insulation qins = (p/4) * ((de+2*sins)^2-de^2) * 1 * gins qins = #VALUE!
Unit weight of fluid qfluid = (p/4) * di^2 * 1 * gfluid qfluid = #VALUE!
Total unit weight q= qpipe + qins + qfluid q= #VALUE!

www.piping-tools.net
Pipe. Slope required for a pipe to avoid fluid accumulation.xlsm
cjcruz[at]piping-tools.net

Slope of a pipe to avoid accumulation of fluid in case the pipe should be emptied.

Consider the case of a pipe with multiple supports, equivalent to

have a pipe with sections modeled as double cantilever beams.
For the case of a uniformly charged double cantilever beam, the
maximum tangent is "im" [1].
To avoid the accumulation of fluid, one support shall be installed at a
height lower than the other, at a difference Dh [mm]
P

Dh

P
a
 P
tan (a) = im a
im = k2 * q * L^3 / ( E * I)

k2 = 2/249 The tangent at the point of

q= #VALUE! N/m inflection (P) of the beam must
L= 6.0 m become horizontal to get that
E= 2.06E+11 Pa no fluid can remain stored.
I= #VALUE! m4 See deduction in sheet "deduction"
im = tan(a) = #VALUE! -
a= #VALUE! °
ied, no fluid will remain accumulated

P
m
in L
-
Beam with both supports at the
m same level
m
kg/m³
-
m
N/m3
N/m3
Pa
P
N/m3
m4 Beam with the right hand side support
N/m lowered a distance Dh
N/m
N/m
N/m The right support must be lowered a hight Dh to obtain that the lowest point of the
beam "P" is located in a horizontal section of the pipe.
P: inflection point

The right hand support of the beam must be lowered Maximum slope for a double cantilever beam
a height Dh to rotate the beam in an angle alpha, [1]
to obtain that the section of the pipe where the point "P"
is located becomes horizontal.

This slope (or angle) implies a vertical displacement

Dh = L * tan(a) k2 = 0.00803
L= 6.0 m k2 = 2/249
tan (a) = ### -
Dh = ### m
Dh = ### mm
That is, the right support shall be installed ### mm
below the level of the other support.
This result does not consider any security neither in
materials nor in the installation, thus we will use a safety
factor SF. Let
SF = 2
Thus
DhSF = SF * DL
SF = 2
Dh = ### mm
DhSF = ### mm
g= 9.81
 Rev. cjc. 07.07.2016

Page 1 of 2

Dh

lowest point of the

Rev. 04,05,2015
Page 2 of 2

for a double cantilever beam

m/s²
 Double cantilever beam with uniform load
Deduction of the beam slope, starting with the known equation of the moment [3

From Figure 23. Beam fixed at both ends - Uniformly distributed load

Moment equation of a double

cantilever beam [3 ], Figure 23
d ( )
dy w
=
dx 12⋅E⋅I

w
M x = ⋅( 6 lx−l 2−6 x2 )
12
(a ) ( )
dy w
∫ dx = 12⋅E
d

Differential equation for the deflection

d2 y M x
=
dy w
= ⋅
dx 12⋅E⋅I 2( 6

dx 2 E⋅I dy w
d2 y w = ⋅( 3
= ⋅( 6 lx−l 2
−6 x2
) dx 12⋅E⋅I
dx
2 12⋅E⋅I

( )
d dy w
=
dx dx 12⋅E⋅I
⋅( 6 lx−l 2−6 x 2 ) Microsoft Equation
3.0

Maximum and minimum slopes The solution is

From the slope equation
dy w
=
dx 12⋅E⋅I
⋅( 3 lx 2 −l 2 x−2 x3 ) (b) x=l⋅ ±
1 1
2 12 ( √ )
x=l⋅( 0 . 5±0. 2887 )
d dy d w x 1=l⋅( 0. 5+0 . 2887 )
= ⋅( 3 lx 2 −l 2 x−2 x 3 )
dx dx dx 12⋅E⋅I
d dy w
x 1=0. 7887⋅l (C1)
= ⋅( 6 lx−l 2 −6 x 2 ) (c ) x1
dx dx 12⋅E⋅I
equating equation ( c ) to zero
=0 .7887
l
2 2
 x=l⋅( 0 . 5±0. 2887 )
d dy d w x 1=l⋅( 0. 5+0 . 2887 )
= ⋅( 3 lx 2 −l 2 x−2 x 3 )
dx dx dx 12⋅E⋅I
d dy w
x 1=0. 7887⋅l (C1)
= ⋅( 6 lx−l 2 −6 x 2 ) (c ) x1
dx dx 12⋅E⋅I
equating equation ( c ) to zero
=0 .7887
l
2 2
6 lx−l −6 x =0 x 2=l⋅( 0. 5−0 . 2887 )
l2 2
lx− −x =0 x 2=0. 2113⋅l
6
l
2 x2
2
x −lx+ =0 =0 .2113 (C2)
6 l

Microsoft Equation Microsoft Equation

3.0 3.0

Integrating the slope to obtain the deflection

dy w
=
dx 12⋅E⋅I
⋅( 3 lx 2 −l 2 x−2 x 3 ) (b ) y=
w
12⋅E⋅I
⋅ (
(
w w
dy = ⋅( 3 lx 2 −l 2 x−2 x 3 )⋅dx y= ⋅
12⋅E⋅I
12⋅E⋅I
w
∫ 12⋅E⋅I ⋅∫ ( 3 lx2 −l2 x−2 x3 )⋅dx
dy =

y=
w
⋅
12⋅E⋅I 3 (
3 lx 3 l 2 x 2 2 x 4
−
2
−
4
+C )
y=
w
12⋅E⋅I
⋅ (
y=
w
12⋅E⋅I ( 1
2
1
⋅ lx 3 − l 2 x 2− x 4 +C
2 ) y=
l 4⋅w
12⋅E⋅I
⋅
(
(( )
4
l ⋅w x
For x =0; y=0 y= ⋅
12⋅E⋅I l
Thus, C=0
y=
12⋅E⋅I (
⋅ lx − l x − x
2 2 ) +C
(( )
4
l ⋅w x
For x =0; y=0 y= ⋅
12⋅E⋅I l
Thus, C=0
y=
w
12⋅E⋅I ( 1
2
1
⋅ lx 3 − l 2 x 2− x 4
2 ) (e ) Microsoft Equation
3.0
 ation of the moment [3]

dy w
d= ( )
dx 12⋅E⋅I
⋅( 6 lx−l 2 −6 x 2 ) dx
Boundary condition
For x=0; dy/dx=0
dy w
d
dy w
( )
∫ dx = 12⋅E⋅I ⋅∫ ( 6 lx−l2−6 x 2 ) dx dx
|x=0 =
12⋅E⋅I
⋅( 0−0−0 ) +
thus, C=0
( )
2 3
dy w 6lx 6x
= ⋅ −l 2 x− +C and the equation for the slop
dx 12⋅E⋅I 2 3
dy w
⋅( 3 lx −l x−2
2 2
dy w =
= ⋅( 3 lx 2 −l 2 x−2 x 3 ) +C dx 12⋅E⋅I
dx 12⋅E⋅I
Microsoft Equation
3.0

Both solutions (C1) and (C2) are the same

is solution, when measuring the x-distance from

)
one and the other end.

2 Evaluation of the slope at the

solutions ( x1 ) and ( x 2 )
and for x 2
0. 2887 ) 3
0 . 2887 ) dy w⋅l
dy w
= ⋅( 3 lx 2 −l2 x−2 x3 ) (b )
|x = ¿ ( 3⋅( 0 .2113 )
⋅l (C1) dx 12⋅E⋅I dx 2 12⋅E⋅I
( ( ) ( ) ( ))
dy w⋅l4 x 2 x 3 3
= ⋅ 3⋅ − −2
x dy w⋅l
dx 12⋅E⋅I l l l | =−0 .096225⋅
dy w⋅l
4
2 3
dx x2 12⋅E⋅I
 solutions ( x1 ) and ( x 2 )
and for x 2
0. 2887 ) 3
0 . 2887 ) dy w⋅l
dy w
= ⋅( 3 lx 2 −l2 x−2 x3 ) (b )
|x = ¿ ( 3⋅( 0 .2113 )
⋅l (C1) dx 12⋅E⋅I dx 2 12⋅E⋅I
( ( ) ( ) ( ))
dy w⋅l4 x 2 x 3 3
= ⋅ 3⋅ − −2
x dy w⋅l
dx 12⋅E⋅I l l l | =−0 .096225⋅
dy w⋅l
4 dx x2 12⋅E⋅I
¿ ( 3⋅( 0 .7887 ) −( 0 . 7887 )−2 ( 0 . 7887 ) )
2 3
0 . 2887 ) |x =
dx 1 12⋅E⋅I dy w⋅l
3

⋅l dy w⋅l3 |x2 =−0 .008019⋅

| =0 . 096225⋅
dx x1 12⋅E⋅I
dx E⋅I
3
(C2) dy w⋅l
| =0 . 008019⋅ ( d1)
dx x1 E⋅I

Microsoft Equation
3.0
Microsoft Equation
3.0

( )
w Deflection at x = l
3 1 2 2 1 4
y= ⋅ lx − l x − x (e )
12⋅E⋅I 2 2 y=
l 4⋅w
12⋅E⋅I l
⋅
(( )
x 3
−

y=
w
(
l3 3 1 2 l2 2 1 l4 4
⋅ 3 ⋅lx − l 2 x − 4 x
12⋅E⋅I l 2 l 2l ) y|x =l/2⋅E⋅I =
l 4⋅w
12
⋅

( )
w x 3
1 x 2
1 x 4 l 4⋅w
y=
4 4
⋅ l ⋅3 − l 2 − l 4
4 y|x =l/2⋅E⋅I = ⋅
12
12⋅E⋅I l 2 l 2 l
l 4⋅w

(( ) ( ) ( ) )
y|x =l/2⋅E⋅I =−
l 4⋅w x 3 1 x 2 1 x 4
12⋅2
y= ⋅ − − (f )
12⋅E⋅I l 2 l 2 l y|x =l/2 =−
l 4⋅w
384⋅E⋅I

(( ) ( ) ( ) )
4 3 2 4
l ⋅w x 1 x 1 x
y= ⋅ − − (f )
12⋅E⋅I l 2 l 2 l
Microsoft Equation
3.0
 (( ) ( ) ( ) )
4 3 2 4
l ⋅w x 1 x 1 x
y= ⋅ − − (f )
12⋅E⋅I l 2 l 2 l
Microsoft Equation
3.0

Microsoft Equation
3.0
 Rev. 04,05,2015
Page 1 of 3

ndary condition
x=0; dy/dx=0
w
=0 = ⋅( 0−0−0 ) +C=0
12⋅E⋅I
, C=0
the equation for the slope is
w
⋅( 3lx −l x−2 x ) (b)
2 2 3
=
12⋅E⋅I Microsoft Equation
3.0

Page 2 of 3

or x 2
3
w⋅l
¿ ( 3⋅( 0.2113 ) −( 0 .2113 )−2 ( 0 . 2113 ) )
2 3
=
12⋅E⋅I
3
w⋅l
=−0 . 096225⋅
12⋅E⋅I
or x 2
3
w⋅l
¿ ( 3⋅( 0.2113 ) −( 0 .2113 )−2 ( 0 . 2113 ) )
2 3
=
12⋅E⋅I
3
w⋅l
=−0 . 096225⋅
12⋅E⋅I
3
w⋅l
=−0 . 008019⋅ (d2)
E⋅I

Microsoft Equation
3.0

Page 3 of 3

Deflection at x = l/2
l 4⋅w
(( ) ( ) ( ) )
x 3 1 x 2 1 x 4
y= ⋅ − − (f )
12⋅E⋅I l 2 l 2 l

(( ) ( ) ( ) )
l 4⋅w 1 3 1 1 2 1 1 4
y|x =l/2⋅E⋅I = ⋅ − −
12 2 2 2 2 2

y|x =l/2⋅E⋅I =
(
l 4⋅w 1 1 1
)
⋅ 3− 3− 5
12 2 2 2
l 4⋅w
y|x =l/2⋅E⋅I =− 5
12⋅2
l 4⋅w
y|x =l/2 =− (g )
384⋅E⋅I Microsoft Equation
3.0
 Figure 1. Deflection of a double cantilever beam and rotation to avoid fluid accumulation
From sheet Deduction

(( ) ( ) ( ) )
4 3 2 4
l ⋅w x 1 x 1 x
y= ⋅
12⋅E⋅I l
−
2 l
−
2 l
(f ) A Defection
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
-0.005

() () ()
3 2 4
x 1 x 1 x -0.01
z= − − (h)
l 2 l 2 l -0.015
-0.02
0,2113
-0.025
-0.03
-0.035

() () ()
3 2 4
x 1 x 1 x
− − A
l 2 l 2 l
f= z^3 - 0,5*z^2 - 0,5*z^4
a The right hand support is lo
section shown in geen colo

x z
0 0
0.025 -0.0002971
0.05 -0.0011281
0.075 -0.0024064
0.1 -0.00405
0.125 -0.0059814
0.15 -0.0081281 Inflection points at x = 0,2113 and x = 0,7787
0.175 -0.0104221
0.2 -0.0128
0.2113 -0.0138865
0.225 -0.0152033
0.25 -0.0175781 Horizontal pipe section d
0.275 -0.0198752 to the rotation
0.3 -0.02205
0.325 -0.0240627
0.35 -0.0258781
0.375 -0.0274658
0.4 -0.0288
0.425 -0.0298596
0.45 -0.0306281
0.475 -0.0310939
Rotation angle 3
0.5 -0.03125 w⋅l
0.525 -0.0310939 Δh=L⋅0 . 008019⋅
0.55 -0.0306281 dy
|x =0 . 008019⋅
w⋅l
3
E⋅I
0.575 -0.0298596 dx 1 E⋅I
0.6 -0.0288
w⋅l 3
0.625 -0.0274658 tan (α )=0 . 008019⋅
0.65 -0.0258781 E⋅I Example

( )
Dh =
0.675 -0.0240627
w⋅l 3 L * (0,008019 * w * L^3 /(E*I))
0.7 -0.02205 α=atan 0 .008019⋅ w= 500 N/m
0.725 -0.0198752 E⋅I L= 6 m
0.75 -0.0175781 E= 2E+11 Pa
0.775 -0.0152033 I= 4.17E-06 m4
Heigth difference between supports
0.7887 -0.0138865 Dh = 6.24E-03 m
Δh Dh =
0.8 -0.0128 =t an(α ) 6.24 mm
0.825 -0.0104221 L
0.85 -0.0081281 Δh=L⋅t an(α ) Inertia moment of a 50 mm x 100 mm section beam
0.875 -0.0059814 I= (1/12) * b * h^3
w⋅l 3
0.9 -0.00405 Δh=L⋅0 . 008019⋅ b= 50 mm = 0.05
0.925 -0.0024064 E⋅I h= 100 mm = 0.1
0.95 -0.0011281 I= 4.17E-06 m4
0.975 -0.0002971

Microsoft Equation
3.0
1 0 Elasticity modulus of steel
Microsoft Equation E= 200 Gpa
3.0
mulation

n B
0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

0,7887

d support is lowered a distance Dh. So, the pipe

n in geen colour becoms horizontal

Dh
Dh /L = tan (a)
 B
pipe section due
tion

l 4⋅w
(( ) ( ) ( ) )
x 3 1 x 2 1 x 4
y= ⋅ − − (f )
12⋅E⋅I l 2 l 2 l

() () ()
x 3 1 x 2 1 x 4
y
= − −
4
l ⋅w l 2 l 2 l
12⋅E⋅I
and defining
y
z= 4
l ⋅w
12⋅E⋅I

m
z= () () ()
l
x 3 1 x 2 1 x 4
−
2 l
−
2 l
(h)

m
Microsoft Equation
3.0
[1]
Maximum slope im = k2 * W * L² / ( E * I)
with
W= q*L
im = k2 *q * L³ / ( E * I)
Maximum slope for a double cantilever beam
[1]
For a double cantilever beam, the Slope Coefficient is
k2 = 0.00803
k2 = 2/249

2/249
[2], Pág. 218-219
[3]
[1] Mechanical Engineer´s Data Handbook

[2] Elementos de resistencia de materiales

S. Timoshenko, D. H. Young
Ed. Limusa, 1996

[3] http://www.awc.org/pdf/DA6-BeamFormulas.pdf