16 2.

2 1
20 1.9 2.8 2
25 2.3 3.5 3
32 1.8 2.9 4.4 4
40 1.8 2.3 3.7 5.5 5
50 1.8 2.0 2.9 4.6 6.9 6
63 1.8 2.0 2.5 3.6 5.8 8.6 7
75 1.9 2.3 2.9 4.3 6.8 10.3 8
90 2.2 2.8 3.5 5.1 8.2 12.3 9
110 2.7 3.4 4.2 6.3 10.0 15.1 10
125 3.1 3.9 4.8 7.1 11.4 17.1 11
140 3.5 4.3 5.4 8.0 12.7 19.2 12
160 4.0 4.9 6.2 9.1 14.6 21.9 13
180 4.4 5.5 6.9 10.2 16.4 24.6 14
200 4.9 6.2 7.7 11.4 18.2 27.4 15
225 5.5 6.9 8.6 12.8 20.5 30.8 16
250 6.2 7.7 9.6 14.2 22.7 34.2 17
280 6.9 8.6 10.7 15.9 25.4 38.3 18
315 7.7 9.7 12.1 17.9 28.6 43.1 19
355 8.7 10.9 13.6 20.1 32.2 48.5 20
400 9.8 12.3 15.3 22.7 36.3 54.7 21
450 11.0 13.8 17.2 25.5 40.9 61.5 22
500 12.3 15.3 19.1 28.4 45.4 68.3 23
560 13.7 17.2 21.4 31.7 50.8 24
630 15.4 19.3 24.1 35.7 57.2 25
710 17.4 21.8 27.2 40.2 64.5 26
800 19.6 24.5 30.6 45.3 27
900 22.0 27.6 34.4 51.0 28
1000 24.5 30.6 38.2 56.7 29
1100 26.9 33.7 42.0 62.4 30
1200 29.4 36.7 45.9 68.0 31
1400 34.4 42.9 53.5 32
1600 39.2 49.0 61.2 33
Dn [mm] 2 1/2 3.2 4 6 10 16
Presiones nominales PN [bar]
HDPE PE80 DIN 8074 / ISO 4427
Espesor [mm]
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
2

3 Pipe Thickness [mm], according ASME B36.10M

4
5 ASME B36.10M SCHEDULE / IDENTIFICATION
6 Size dext 5 10 20 30 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 STD XS XXS

7 1/2 21.3 1.65 2.11 - 2.41 2.77 - 3.73 - 0 - 4.78 2.77 3.73 7.47
8 3/4 26.7 1.65 2.11 - 2.41 2.87 - 3.91 - 0 - 5.56 2.87 3.91 7.82
9 1 33.4 1.65 2.77 - 2.9 3.38 - 4.55 - 0 - 6.35 3.38 4.55 9.09
10 1 1/2 48.3 1.65 2.77 - 3.18 3.68 - 5.08 - 0 - 7.14 3.68 5.08 10.15
11 2 60.3 1.65 2.77 - 3.18 3.91 - 5.54 - 0 - 8.74 3.91 5.54 11.07
12 3 88.9 2.11 3.05 - 4.78 5.49 - 7.62 - 0 - 11.13 5.49 7.62 15.24
13 4 114.3 2.11 3.05 - 4.78 6.02 - 8.56 - 11.13 - 13.49 6.02 8.56 17.12
14 5 141.3 2.77 3.4 - - 6.55 - 9.53 - 12.7 - 15.88 6.55 9.53 19.05
15 6 168.3 2.77 3.4 - - 7.11 - 10.97 - 14.27 - 18.26 7.11 10.97 21.95
16 8 219.1 2.77 3.76 6.35 7.04 8.18 10.31 12.7 15.09 18.26 20.62 23.01 8.18 12.7 22.23
17 10 273 3.4 4.19 6.35 7.8 9.27 12.7 15.09 18.26 21.44 25.4 28.58 9.27 12.7 25.4
18 12 323.8 3.96 4.57 6.35 8.38 10.31 14.27 17.48 21.44 25.4 28.58 33.32 9.53 12.7 25.4
19 14 355.6 3.96 6.35 7.92 9.53 11.13 15.09 19.05 23.83 27.79 31.75 35.71 9.53 12.7 -
20 16 406.4 4.19 6.35 7.92 9.53 12.7 16.66 21.44 26.19 30.96 36.53 40.49 9.53 12.7 -
21 18 457 4.19 6.35 7.92 11.13 14.27 19.05 23.83 29.36 34.93 39.67 45.24 9.53 12.7 -
22 20 508 4.78 6.35 9.53 12.7 15.09 20.62 26.19 32.54 38.1 44.45 50.01 9.53 12.7 -
23 22 559 4.78 6.35 9.53 12.7 - 22.23 28.58 34.93 41.28 47.63 53.98 9.53 12.7 -
24 24 610 5.54 6.35 9.53 14.27 17.48 24.61 30.96 38.89 46.02 52.37 59.54 9.53 12.7 -
25 26 660 - 7.92 12.7 15.88 - - - - - - - 9.53 12.7 -
26 28 711 - 7.92 12.7 - - - - - - - - 9.53 12.7 -
27 30 762 6.35 7.92 12.7 15.88 - - - - - - - 9.53 12.7 -
28 32 813 - 7.92 12.7 15.88 17.48 - - - - - - 9.53 12.7 -
29 34 864 - 7.92 12.7 15.88 17.48 - - - - - - 9.53 12.7 -
30 36 914 - 7.92 12.7 15.88 19.05 - - - - - - 9.53 12.7 -
31 38 965 - - - - - - - - - - - 9.53 12.7 -
32 40 1016 - - - - - - - - - - - 9.53 12.7 -
33 42 1067 - - - - - - - - - - - 9.53 12.7 -
34 44 1118 - - - - - - - - - - - 9.53 12.7 -
35 46 1168 - - - - - - - - - - - 9.53 12.7 -
36 48 1219 - - - - - - - - - - - 9.53 12.7 -
Index

1. Compressor system design 5. Motors

Design according [1] Minimum nominal efficiency standard a
1.- Ambient data
2.- Compressor 6. FAD
3.- After cooler Free Air Delivery
4.- Air receiver volume
5.- Dryer References
6.- Condensed water vapor
7.- Pressure drop

2. Equation's derivation
Receiver volume
Compressor flow rate

3. Atlas Copco
Chapter 5. pdf

4. Pressure drop
According example [5]
 Rev. cjc. 15.04.2016

l efficiency standard at 100% of nominal full load

www.piping-tools.net
Dimensioning _compressed_air_installations_Atlas_Copco
cjcruz[at]piping-tools.net
Compressor system design [1]

1.- Ambient data

2.- Compressor
3.- After cooler
4.- Air receiver volume
5.- Dryer
6.- Condensed water vapor
7.- Pressure drop

1.- Ambient data

This example is based in an Atlas Copco publication (See Note 1)

Height above sea level H= 0 m.a.s.l.

Normal ambient temperature t= 20 °C
Maximum amb. temperature tmax = 30 °C
Relative humidity f= 60 %

Local atmospheric pressure above sea level [11]

Pamb = 101,325* (1 -2,25577E-5 * H)^5,25588
H= 0 m.a.s.l.
Pamb = 101.325 kPa
Pamb = 1.013 bar(a)

2.- Compressor
Compressed Air Requirement
The nedd consists of three compressed air consumers, with following requirements

Table 1. Consumers' requirements

Consumer Air flow Pressure Dew Point
1 12 Nm /min
3
6 bar(g) 5 °C
2 67 l/s (FAD) 7 bar 5 °C
3 95 l/s (FAD) 4 bar(g) 5 °C

Air flow rate of case 1. Units change from Nm³/min to l/s (FAD) Flow rate requirements
V2 = V1 * (P1 - RH1 * Psat.water_1) / (P2 - RH2 * Psat.water_2) * (T2 / T1) Eq. (21) V1 =
V1 = 12 Nm3/min V2 =
P1 = 101,325 Pa State 1: Normal air conditions V3 =
RH1 = 0 - State 2: Local amb. air conditions Total requirement to be sup
 t1= 0 °C and also compressor intake Vreq_ =
T1 = 273.15 K conditions Considering a safety margi
Psat.water_1 = #VALUE! Pa SM =
P2= 101,325 Pa Free air delivery (FAD) is the volume The Safety Factor is
RH2 = 0.6 - of air delivered under the conditions SF =
t2= 30 °C of temperature and pressure existing The required flow rate is
T2 = 303 K at the compressor's intake (state 2). Vreq =
Psat.water_2 = #VALUE! Pa SF =
V2 = #VALUE! m /min (FAD)
3 Vreq =
V2 = #VALUE! l/s (FAD) Vreq =

Selected compresor FAD conditions (State 2, intake)

Vreq = 450.0 l/s FAD V2 = 1620.00 m3/h (FAD)
Vreq = 1620.0 m³/h FAD P2 = 101,325 Pa
Pcomp = 7.00 bar(g) RH2 = 0.6 -
t2 = 30 °C
Inititial receiver's pressure Psat.water_2 = H2O_SaturationPressure_t
Prcv_initial = Pcomp Psat.water_2 = #VALUE! Pa
Pcomp = 7.00 bar (g) T2 = 303 K
Prcv_initial = 7.00 bar (g)
Normal air conditions (State 1)
Final receiver's pressure P1 = 101,325 Pa
Prcv_final= Prcv_initial - DPop RH1 = 0 -
Prcv_initial = 7 bar (g) t1 = 0 °C
DPop = 0.5 bar (g) T1 = 273 K
Prcv_final= 6.50 bar (g) Psat.water_1 = H2O_SaturationPressure_t
Psat.water_1 = #VALUE! Pa

Compressor´s discharge temperature

Help variables
Data
Air specific heat ratio Kelvin units constant
k= 1.4 - Kelv = 273.15 K
Compressor´s efficiency Inlet conditions
hc = 80 % Tin = tin + Kelv
Local atmospheric pressure tin = 30 ºC
Patm = 101.33 kPa Tin = 303.15 K
Local atmospheric temperature Pin = Patm
tatm = 30 °C Patm = 101.325 kPa
Compressor manometric discharge pressure Pin = 101.325 kPa
Pout(g) = 7.00 bar (g) Outlet conditions
Pout = Pout(g) + Patm
Pout(g) = 700.0 kPa
Patm = 101.33 kPa
Pout = 801.33 kPa

Compressor power
Normal density
Mass flow rate of dry air rn = p / ( R * T)
Vreq_N = #VALUE! Nm3/h p= 101,325 Pa
With Safety Factor R= 286.9 J/(kg*K)
FS = 1.15 T= 273 K
rn = 1.29 kg/Nm3
Ambient conditions
Patm = 101.33 kPa Air mass flowrate
tatm = 30 °C m= Q*r
RH = 60 % Q= #VALUE! Nm3/h
rn = 1.29 kg/Nm3
Air isentropic exponent mda = #VALUE! kg_da/h
g= 1.4 mda = #VALUE! kg_da/s

Compressor Inlet temperature

Pout(g) = 7.0 bar (g) t1 = 30 °C
Pout(g) = 700 kPa(g) T1 = 303.15 K
 Eficiency
hc = 0.8 - Specifice heat
Cp = AirSpecificHeat_t
Cp = #VALUE! kJ/kg

Compressor
Compressor inlet conditions

Height above sea level H= 0 m.a.s.l.

Normal ambient temperature t= 20 °C
Maximum ambient temperature tmax = 30 °C
Relative humidity f= 60 %

Pamb = 1.01 bar(a)

Design FAD flow rate with a Vreq = 450.0 l/s FAD

Design normal flow rate (dry air) Vreq_N = #VALUE! Nm3/h
Safety factor on flow rate SF = 1.15 -

Compressor
Compressor eficiency hc = 0.8 -
Compressor power Wc = #VALUE! kW
Compressor motor Wm = 185 kW

3.- After cooler

Approach temperature After cooler air outlet presure
Most aftercoolers are sized to cool the air PAC_air_in = Pc_out bar(g)
to an approach temperature of 2.7°C Pc_out = 7 bar(g)
to 11°C of ambient air temperature, or PAC_air_in = 7 bar(g)
water available temperature PAC_air_out = PAC_air_in - DPAC_air
2.7 K < DtApproach < 11 K DPAC_air = 0.140 bar
Let PAC_air_out = 6.860 bar
Dtapp = 10 K
Available water
tw_in = 25 °C
Pressure drop pw = 2 bar
For the best results, size the aftercooler
for a 1 to 2 psi pressure drop. Let After cooler air outlet temperature
7 kPa < DPAC < 14 kPa tAC_air_out = tw +Dtapp
Let tw = 25 °C
DPAC_air = 14.0 kPa Dtapp = 10 K
DPAC_air = 0.140 bar tAC_air_out = 35 ºC

Compressor discharge temperature After cooler air inlet temperature

tcomp_disch = 335.2 ºC tAC_air_in = tcomp_disch
tcomp_disch = 335.2 ºC
tAC_air_in = 335.2 °C

Enthalpy of inlet water Enthalpy of outlet water

hw_in = H2O_Enthalpy_t_p hw_out = H2O_Enthalpy_t_p
tw_in = 25 °C tw_out = 55 °C
Pw_in = 2 bar Pw_out = 1.5 bar
hw_in = #VALUE! KJ/kg hw_out = #VALUE! KJ/kg

Water outlet temperature Water change of specific enthalpy

tw_out = tair_out + App Dhw = hw_out - hw_in
tair_out = 35 °C hw_out = #VALUE! KJ/kg
Approach hw_in = #VALUE! KJ/kg
App = 20 K Dhw = #VALUE! KJ/kg
tw_out = 55 °C
Water heat flow rate
Water outlet pressure DHw = mw * D hw
Pw_out = Pw_in - DPw_AC
Pw_in = 2 bar
DPw_AC = 0.5 bar
Pw_out = 1.5 bar
 Aftercooler
After cooler inlet conditions

Air side inlet

Air inlet pressure PAC_air_in = 7 bar(g)
Air inlet temperature tAC_air_in = 335.2 °C

Air mass flow rate

Air heat flow rate
Air pressure drop

Water mass flow rate

Water heat flow rate
Water pressure drop

4.- Air receiver volume

Air receiver volume ATlas Copco formula [1] (Note 2)

Frequency
f= 1 cycle/30 s
Buffer time (Note 1)
t = 30 s/cycle Vrec =0.25*(Q /( fmax * DPL_U ) )*( Tin_receiver/Tin_comp)

Pressure change in receiver Vrec = 0.25*(Q*t / DPL_U )*(Tin_receive /Tin_comp)

.
during a cycle .
DPop = 0.5 bar V = 450 l/s (FAD)
Compressor FAD flow rate t = 30 s/cycle
QC = 450.0 l/s FAD DPL_U = 0.5 bar
Compressor intake temperature Temperature at the air receiver inlet
tcomp_in = 20 °C Tin_receiver = 308.15 K
Tcomp_in = 293.15 K Compresors maximum intake temperature
Receiver inlet air temperature Tin_Comp = 293.15 K
trcv_in = tAC_air_out Vrec = 7,095 l
tAC_air_out = 35.0 °C Vrec = 7.10 m3
trcv_in = 35.0 °C
Trcv_in = 308.15 K
Reciver inlet pressure
Prcv_in = PAC_air_out For notes, see next page
PAC_air_out = 6.860 bar (g)
Prcv_in = 6.860 bar (g) For a general case, see: www.piping-tools.net

Air receiver pressure drop.

To estimate de pressure drop in Receiver outlet pressure
an air reciever, one asssumes Prcv_out = Prcv_in - DPrcv
Krcv = Kin + Kout Prcv_in = 6.860
Kin = 1 DPrcv = #VALUE!
Kout = 0.5 Prcv_out = #VALUE!
Krcv = 1.5
Assuming an air velocity Receiver outlet temperature
v= 10 m/s Since it is assumed an isothermal proces
For an air temperature trcv_out = trcv_in
t= 10 ºC trcv_in = 35.0
the density is trcv_out = 35.0
r= AirDensity_t
r= #VALUE! kg/m³
The kinematic pressure is
PK = (r/2) * v^2
r= #VALUE! kg/m³
v= 20 m/s
PK = #VALUE! Pa
The pressure drop is
DPrcv = Krcv * PK
Krcv = 1.5
PK = #VALUE!
DPrcv = #VALUE! Pa
 DPrcv = #VALUE! bar

4. Air receiver volume

Air receiver inlet conditions

Air inlet pressure Prcv_in = 6.860 bar(g)

(Initial state)
Air intlet temperature trcv_in = 35.0 °C

Air mass flow rate

Air pressure drop

5.- Dryer

Ambient conditions Inlet dryer temperature

tcomp_in = 30 °C tdryer_in = trc-out
fcomp_in = 60 % trcv_out = 35.0 °C
H= 0 m.s.n.m. tdryer_in = 35.0 °C
Pcomp_in = 1.013 bar
Inlet dryer pressure (initial)
Dryer inlet temperature Pdryer_in_ini = Prcv_out_ini
tdryer_in = trcv_out ºC Prcv_out_ini = #VALUE! bar (g)
trcv_out = 35.0 ºC Pdryer_in_ini = #VALUE! bar (g)
 tdryer_in = 35.0 ºC
Compresor normal flow rate
Vreq = 1620.0 m³/h FAD
Absolute humidity of entering air Vreq = 0.45 m³/s FAD
Since until this point there is not water
extraction, the absolute humidity is the Air mass flowrate
same as at the ambient conditions. mdryer = mda
xdryer_in = xcomp_in mda = #VALUE! kg_da/s
xcomp_in = #VALUE! kg_w/kg_da mdryer = #VALUE! kg_da/s
xdryer_in = #VALUE! kg_w/kg_da mdryer = #VALUE! kg_da/h

Inlet dryer data Oulet dryer temperature

tdryer_in = 35.0 °C tdryer_out = tDP
xdryer_in = #VALUE! kg_w/kg_da tDP = 5 ºC
H= 0 m.a.s.l. tdryer_out = 5 ºC

Dryer inlet pressure Dryer outlet pressure

pdryer_in = Pamb pdryer_out = pdryer_in
Pamb = 1.013 bar pdryer_in = 1.013 bar
pdryer_in = 1.013 bar pdryer_out = 1.013 bar

Mass flow rate Outlet dryer relative humidity

mrcv = mda The air shall leave the dryer at a dew
mda = #VALUE! kgda/s point temperature of tDP. That is in a
saturated condition at a dry bulb
Volume flow rate temperature tdb = tDP
V= 0.45 m³/s fdryer_out = 100 %

Inlet dryer relative humidity

fdryer_in = Sicro_Relative_Humidity_tdb_x_H
fdryer_in = #VALUE! %
Heta flow rate to be extracted

Inlet data
t1 = 35.0
q=ṁ da⋅[ ( h da,1−hda,2 ) + x1⋅h w,1−x 2⋅h w,2 ] (g)
f1 = #VALUE!
x1 = #VALUE!
q= mda * ( (h1 - h2) +x1*hW1 - x2*hW2 )
Outlet data
mda = #VALUE! kgda/s t2 = 5
hda,1 = #VALUE! kJ/kgda f2 = 100
hda,2 = #VALUE! kJ/kgda x2 = #VALUE!
x1 = #VALUE! kgw/kgda
x2 = #VALUE! kgw/kgda Change in water content
hw1 = #VALUE! kJ/kgw Dx = x1 - x 2
hw2 = #VALUE! kJ/kgw x1 = #VALUE!
q= #VALUE! kW x2 = #VALUE!
Dx = #VALUE!

f1

x1

x2
 t2 t1

Cooling and liquefaction

5. Dryer
Dryer inlet conditions

Air inlet pressure Pdryer_in = 1.013 bar

Air intlet temperature tdryer_in = 35.0 °C

xdryer_in = #VALUE! kgw / kgda

fdryer_in = #VALUE! %

Air mass flow rate

Volume flow rate
Air pressure drop

Condensed water vapor

Extracted heat rate

6.- Condensed water vapor

If the afterccoler is a stand alone aftercooler, the water will not be contaminated.

Compressor manufacturers may include aftercoolers within the compressor package.

In general these compressors are referred to as integral aftercoolers. In these case, the water will

The water comming out of the refrigerant dryer wil be contaminated, since this water has been car

7.- Pressure drop

Aftercooler
 Aftercooler pressure drop
Pressure drop in th system [1] 7 [kPa] < DP
Estimation example Let
DPAC =
DPAC =

Air receiver pressure drop.

To estimate de pressure dr
an air reciever, one asssum
Karcv =
Kin =
Kout =
Karcv =

Assuming an air velocity

v=

For an air temperature

t=
the density is
r=
r=
 Dry air gas constant
Ambient air absolute humidity Rda = 286.9
xcomp_in = Sicro_Dew_Point_tdb_f_H Wate vapor gas constant
tdb = 20 ºC Rw = 461.5
f= 60 %
H= 0 m.a.s..l. Dry air standard conditions
xcomp_in = #VALUE! kgw/kgda P1 = 101,325
f1 = 0
The required dew point of the dryed air is t1= 0
tDP = 5 ºC T1 = 273.15

Note 1. This example could not consider exactly the publication [1], Kelvin
since different equipments do not use allways the outputs from Kelv = 273.15
previous equipment.

Table 2. Consumer's requirements, with all air flows in l/s(FAD) and pressures in bar (g)
Consumer Air flow Pressure Dew Point
1 #VALUE! l/s (FAD) 6 bar(g) 5
2 67 l/s (FAD) 5.99 bar(g) 5
3 95 l/s (FAD) 4 bar(g) 5

Sum Vi = #VALUE! l/s (FAD) Selected required flow rate

Vreq =
ow rate requirements Minimum pressure required at
#VALUE! l/s FAD consumption points (cp) Selected compressor' pressure
67 l/s FAD Pcp = 6 bar (g) Pcomp =
95 l/s FAD Total pressure loss between
tal requirement to be supplied compressor and the consumption points
 #VALUE! l/s FAD (Estimated in #7)
onsidering a safety margin of DPloss = #VALUE! bar
15 % Defining the operational pressure change
e Safety Factor is in the receiver as
1.15 DPop = 0.5 bar
e required flow rate is
SF * Vreq_ Compresor's pressure
1.15 Pcomp = Pcp + DPloss + DPop
#VALUE! l/s FAD Pcomp = #VALUE! bar (g)
#VALUE! l/s FAD

P2  RH 2  Psat. water _ 2 T1
V1  V2   Eq. (21)
P1  RH 1  Psat. water _ 1 T2

See sheet 6. FAD, equation (21)

V1 = V2 * (P2-RH2*Psat.water_2) / (P1-RH1*Psat.water_1 ) * (T1 / T2)

State 2: FAD
Vreq = V2 = 1620.00 m3/h (FAD)
P2 = 101,325 Pa
RH2 = 0.6 -
Psat.water_2 = #VALUE! Pa
T2 = 303 K

State 1: Normal conditions

P1 = 101,325 Pa
RH1 = 0.0 -
Psat.water_1 = #VALUE! Pa
T1 = 273 K

Normal value of the required flow rate

V1 = #VALUE! Nm³/h
Microsoft Equation
Vreq_N = #VALUE! Nm³/h 3.0

Discharge temperature
 Tdisch = Tin * ( 1 + ( ((Pdisch/Pin)^((k-1)/k) -1) / hc ) )
Tin = 303.15 K
Pin = 101.3 kPa
Pout = 801.3 kPa
k= 1.4 -
hc = 0.8 -
Tdisch = 608 K
tdisch = 335.2 ºC

  k 1

 P 
  desc k  1 
   
  P 
Tdesc  Tin 1    in  
  c 
  
 
  


From
Compressor_power_and_air_discharge_ temperature
www.piping-tools.net

Compressor outlet pressure Compressor's power

Pout= Patm + Pout(g) W =m * Cp * T1 / hc * ( r^( (g-1) / (g) ) - 1 )
Patm = 70.4 kPa mda = #VALUE!
Pout(g) = 700 kPa(g) Cp = #VALUE!
Pout= 770.4 kPa T1 = 303.15
hc = 0.8
Compression ratio r= 7.60
r= Pout / Pin g= 1.4
Pout= 770.4 kPa W= #VALUE!
Pin= 101.33 kPa From sheet "Motors", selected motor:
r= 7.60 W= 185

 k -1
 Note. Selection based on [5]
  P2  k 
  c p  T1      1
m
  P1  
P    W (e)
c
  k -1

  P2  k 
  c p  T1      1
m
  P1  
P    W (e)
c
From
Compressor_power_and_air_discharge_ temperature
www.piping-tools.net

Compressor outlet conditions

Design pressure Pcomp_out = 7 bar(g)

Outlet temperature tcomp_out = 335.2 °C

Compressed air quality from an oil lubricated compressor is regarded as sufficient.

If the after cooler is part of the compressor, the cooling water will be a contaminated
water.
If the cooling occur in an heat exchanger, after the compresion, the cooling water
will be a clean water.

Specific heat capacity of air at Air heat flow rate

atmospheric pressure (at sea level) DHair = mair * D hair
Inlet mda = #VALUE!
tAC_air_in = 335.2 °C DHair = #VALUE!
 cp_AC_in = #VALUE! kJ/(kg*K) DHair = #VALUE!
Outlet
tAC_air_out = 35.0 °C
cp_AC_out = #VALUE! kJ/(kg*K)

Average air specific heat

cp_AC_air_ave = (cp_AC_air_in + cp_AC_air_out) / 2
cp_AC_air_in = #VALUE! kJ/(kg*K)
cp_AC_air_out = #VALUE! kJ/(kg*K)
cp_AC_air_ave = #VALUE! kJ/(kg*K)

Air specific enthalpy change

DhAC_air = h_AC_air_in - h_AC_air_out
DhAC_air = cp_AC_air_ave * (t_AC_air_in -t_AC_air_out)
cp_AC_ave = #VALUE! kJ/(kg*K)
tAC_air_in = 335.2 °C
tAC_air_out = 35.0 °C
DhAC_air = #VALUE! KJ/kg

Heat balance
DHair = DHw
DHair = mw * D hw
DHair / D hw = mw
mw = DHair / Dhw
DHair = #VALUE! KW
Dhw = #VALUE! KJ/kg
mw = #VALUE! kg/s

Mass flow rate of water required in the after cooler

mw = #VALUE! kg/s
 After cooler outlet conditions

Air side outlet

Air outlet pressure PAC_air_out = 6.860 bar(g)
Air outlet temperature tAC_air_out = 35.0 °C

mair = S kg/s
DHair = #VALUE! KW
DPAC_air = 14.0 kPa

mw = S kg/s This is clean water, because in the heat exchanger there is not
DHw = #VALUE! KW a point were water and air with oil could come in contact
DPw_AC = 0.5 bar

Air receiver volume (Note 3) Refill compressor flow rate

1 Pop T N
 P  T Vcomp _ N  V    Vreq _ N (18)
V   buffer  VN  N   rcv (13)  ch arg e PN Trcv
 TN  Pop
Prcv_out_ini = Prcv_in - DPrcv_loss

.
Normal flow rate (Rem. is dry air) Prcv_in = 6.860
.Vreq_N = #VALUE! Nm3/h DPrcv_loss = #VALUE!
 .
.
Vreq_N = #VALUE! Nm3/s Prcv_out_ini = #VALUE!
Prcv_out_final = Prcv_out_ini - Dpop
Application . Prcv_out_ini = #VALUE!
Vrcv = tbuffer * Vn * PN/ ( DPop) * (Trcv/TN) DPop = 0.5
.
tbuffer = 30 s/cycle Prcv_out_final = #VALUE!
Vn = #VALUE! Nm³/s
Pn = 1.01325 bar .
DPop = 0.5 bar Vcomp_N = Vrcv*(1/tcharge)*(DPop/PN)*(T
Trcv = 308.15 K Vrcv = #VALUE!
TN = 273.15 K tcharge = 60
Vrcv = #VALUE! m³ DPop = 0.5
PN = 1.01325
TN = 273.15
. Trcv = 308.15
.V req_N
= #VALUE!
w.piping-tools.net Air receivers volume calculation Vcomp_N = #VALUE!

Note 1
Buffer time is the time interval in which the the receiver is supplying the required air flow
bar (g) rate whithout receiving any compressor flow. The receiver is initially at a pressure P initial

bar and is able to deliver the required air flow rate until its pressure reach its minimum
bar(g) value Pfinal. A minimum of 15 minutes is recommended as a buffer time [10].
A large buffer time requires a large DPop
Note 2
This equation does not agree with the derived equation nor
ed an isothermal process with the in the web proposed equations. The Atlas Copco
equation replaces the value of the ambient pressure, in this
case 1.013 bar, by a value 0.25
°C
°C For a comparison of the Atlas Copco equation with other
equations published in the web and with the deducted
equation, see
www.piping-tools.net
Air receivers volume calculation

Note 3
The receiver volume, or buffer volume, is the tank volume needed to deliver the required
flow rate with a supply pressure pfinal_g , without compressor contribution, during
a time tbuffer.

Note 4
Refill time is the time required by the compressor to increase the
 receiver pressure to its highest value.

iver volume

Air receiver outlet conditions

Air outlet pressure Prcv_out_ini = #VALUE!

Prcv_out_final = #VALUE! bar(g)
Air outlet temperature trcv_out = 35.0 °C

mair = S kg/s
DParc = #VALUE! kPa

Dryer pressure drop

(from #7)
DPdryer = 0.09 bar

Dryer outlet pressure (initial)

Pdryer_out_ini = Pdryer_in:ini - DPdryer
Pdryer_in_ini = #VALUE! bar(g)
DPdryer = 0.09 bar
Pdryer_out_ini = #VALUE! bar(g)
Dryer outlet pressure (final)
Pdryer_out_final = Pdryer_out_ini - DPop
Pdryer_out_ini = #VALUE! bar (g)
DPop = 0.5 bar (g)
Pdryer_out_final = #VALUE! bar (g)

Dryer intlet: State 1 Enthalpy of water in state 1

hw1 = H2O_Enthalpy_t_p
Density in state 1 t1 = 35.0
r1 = Sicro_Density_tdb_x_H p= 1.013
t1 = 35.0 ºC hw1 = #VALUE!
x1 = #VALUE! %
H= 0 m.a.s.l. Enthalpy of water in state 2
r1 = #VALUE! kgda/m³ hw2 = H2O_Enthalpy_t_p
t2 = 5
Dry air mass flow rate p= 1.013
m1 = #VALUE! kgda/s hw2 = #VALUE!

Absolute humidity in state 1 Enthalpy of air in state 1

x1 = #VALUE! kgw / kgda ha1 = Sicro_Enthalpy_tdb_x_H
t1 = 35.0
Dryer outlet: State 2 x1 = #VALUE!
ha1 = #VALUE!
Absolute humidity in state 2
x2 = Sicro_Absolute_Humidity_tdb_f_H Enthalpy of air in state 2
t2 = 5 ºC ha2 = Sicro_Enthalpy_tdb_f_H
f2 = 100 % t2 = 5
H= 0 m.a.s.l. f2 = 100
x2 = #VALUE! kgw / kgda H= 0.000
ha2 = #VALUE!
 Condensed water vapor flow rate
ºC mw_cond = mda * Dx
% mda = #VALUE! kgda/s
kgw/kgda Dx = #VALUE! kgw/kgda
mw_cond = #VALUE! kgw / s
mw_cond = #VALUE! kgw / h
ºC
%
kgw/kgda

kgw/kgda
kgw/kgda
kgw/kgda
 Dryer outlet conditions

Air outlet pressure Pdryer_out_ini = #VALUE! bar (g)

Pdryer_out_final = #VALUE! bar (g)
Air outlet temperature tdryer _out = 5.0 °C

xdryer_out = #VALUE! kgw / kgda

fdryer_out = 100 %

mair = #VALUE! kg/s The dryer exit presure, when the receiver is
V= 0.45 m³/s supplying at its minimum pressure is
DPdryer = 0.090 bar Pdryer_out_final is #VALUE! bar (g)
The maximum pressure drop between the dryer
mw_cond = #VALUE! kgw / h exit and the las consumption point has been
q= #VALUE! kW estimated as
DPpipes = 0.15 bar
Thus, the supplyed pressure is
Psupplyed = Pdryer_out_final - DPpipes
Pdryer_out_final = #VALUE! bar (g)
DPpipes = 0.15 bar
Psupplyed = #VALUE! bar
#VALUE!
e case, the water will be contaminated

s water has been carried out by an oil contaminated air

tercooler pressure drop [3]
[kPa] < DPAC < 14 [kPa]
Pressure drops on compresor`s equipment
14 kPa
0.14 bar Aftercooler
Air receiver
r receiver pressure drop. The kinematic pressure is Oil filter
estimate de pressure drop in PK = (r/2) * v^2 Refrig.dryer
air reciever, one asssumes r= #VALUE! kg/m³ Dust filter
Kin + Kout v= 20 m/s Total pressure drop in equipments
1 PK = #VALUE! Pa DPequip =
0.5
1.5 The pressure drop is Pressure drop in pipes between
DParcv = Karcv * PK compressor exit and consumption
suming an air velocity Karcv = 1.5 points (Assumed)
10 m/s PK = #VALUE! DPpipes =
DParcv = #VALUE! Pa
r an air temperature DParcv = #VALUE! bar Total pressure drop
10 ºC DPloss =
DPequip =
AirDensity_t DPpipes =
#VALUE! kg/m³ DPloss =
 Rev. cjc. 15.04.2016
page 1 of 20

J/(kg*K)

J/(kg*K)

Pa
-
°C
K

page 2 of 20

°C
°C
°C

ted required flow rate

450.0 l/s FAD

ted compressor' pressure

7 bar (g)
page 3 of 20

page 4 of 20
 page 5 of 20

g-1) / (g) ) - 1 )

kg_da/s
kJ/kg
K
-
-
-
kW
selected motor:
kW

Return
 page 6 of 20

Return

arded as sufficient.

l be a contaminated

the cooling water

page 7 of 20

kg_da/s
KJ/kg
KW

page 8 of 20
 page 9 of 20

Return

er there is not

page 10 of20

TN
p
  Vreq _ N (18)
Trcv

bar (g)
bar
 bar (g)

bar (g)
bar
bar (g)

.
*(DPop/PN)*(TN/Trcv) + Vreq_N
m³
s
bar
bar
K
K
Nm³/s
Nm³/s

page 11 of 20

lying the required air flow

itially at a pressure P initial

e reach its minimum

ded to deliver the required

ontribution, during
page 12 of 20

page 13 of 20
 page 14 of 20
Density in state 1
Enthalpy_t_p r1 = Sicro_Density_tdb_f_H
ºC t1 = 30 ºC
bar f1 = 50 %
kJ/kgw H= 0 m.a.s.l.
r1 = 1.155154124 kgda/m³
Dry air mass flow rate
Enthalpy_t_p m1 = V1 * r1
ºC V1 = 5 m³/s
bar r1 = 1.155154124 kgda/m³
kJ/kgw m1 = 5.77577062 kgda/s
Absolute humidity in state 1
x1 = Sicro_Absolute_Humidity_td .
Enthalpy_tdb_x_H t1 = 30 ºC
ºC f1 = 50 %
kgw / kgda H= 0 m.a.s.l.
kJ/kgda x1 = 0.013311014 kgw / kgda
Absolute humidity in state 2
x2 = Sicro_Absolute_Humidity_td .
Enthalpy_tdb_f_H t2 = 10 ºC
ºC f2 = 100 %
% H= 0 m.a.s.l.
m.a.s.l. x2 = 0.007630516 kgw / kgda
kJ/kgda
page 15 of 20

page 16 of 20
page 17 of 20

page 18 of 20
Return

page 19 of 20
 page 20 of 20

ure drops on compresor`s equipment

0.14 bar
#VALUE! bar
0.08 bar
0.09 bar
0.08 bar
pressure drop in equipments
#VALUE! bar

ure drop in pipes between

ressor exit and consumption
(Assumed)
0.15 bar

pressure drop
DPequip + DPpipes
#VALUE! bar
0.15 bar
#VALUE! bar

Return
Enthalpy of water in state 1
hw1 = H2O_Enthalpy_t_p
t1 = 30 ºC
p= 1.01325 bar
hw1 = 125.7520702 kJ/kgw
Enthalpy of water in state 2
hw2 = H2O_Enthalpy_t_p
t2 = 10 ºC
p= 1.01325 bar
hw2 = 42.091837 kJ/kgw

Enthalpy of air in state 1

ha1 = Sicro_Enthalpy_tdb_f_H
t1 = 30 ºC
f1 = 50 %
H= 0 m.a.s.l.
ha1 = 64.01163777 kJ/kgda
Enthalpy of air in state 2
ha2 = Sicro_Enthalpy_tdb_f_H
t2 = 10 ºC
f2 = 100 %
H= 1.01325 m.a.s.l.
29.22398957 kJ/kgda
 Resume of equations

m  mini  m final (1) 1 

v p 
 1
m   m   comp _ in comp _ in  
1 f 
 Tcomp _ in 
 R
V  m  (2)
 ini   final
1 R  Trcv Receiver vo lume
 (3)
 ini   final Pini - P final  m3 
Vcomp _ in  
R  Trcv V [m ³]  Pcomp _ in  bar    s  
Trcv
V  m  (4)  cycles  T
Pop f   Pop  bar  comp
 s 
 kg 
m   buff  m  cycle  (5)
   s    m3 
 buffer   Vcomp _ in 
m  V   (6)  cycle   s 
V [m ³]  Pcomp _ in  bar   
Pop  bar  T
1  kg 
m   m  cycle  (7)
f  

 P 
 T
1 V   buffer  Vcomp _ in  comp _ in   rcv
m   V   (8)
f
Microsoft Equation
3.0

  Pop
T comp _ in 

Receiver v olume V  ini   final  Pini / ( R  Trcv ) - P final / ( R 

Pini - P final
Change in air mass in the receiver,  ini   final 
R  Trcv
between the initial and final states
m  mini  m final (1)
1 R  Trcv
m  V    ini   final  
 ini   final Pini - P final
Receiver v olume
Replacing equation (3) into equation
m
V  1
ini   final V  m 
 ini   final
1
V  m  (2) one gets
 ini   final
R  Trcv
Densities V  m 
 ini  Pini / ( R  Tini ) Pini - P final
and defining the operational pressure diff
 m
V  1
ini   final V  m 
 ini   final
1
V  m  (2) one gets
 ini   final
R  Trcv
Densities V  m 
 ini  Pini / ( R  Tini ) Pini - P final
 final  P final / ( R  T final ) and defining the operational pressure diff
Assuming an isothermal process Pop  Pini - P final
Trcv  Tini  T final the receiver v olume becomes
 ini  Pini / ( R  Trcv ) R  Trcv
Microsoft Equation V  m 
 final  P final / ( R  Trcv ) 3.0
Pop

Buffer time Charging time

M ass delivery during the buffer When the buffer time finishes, that
time of a cycle is when the receiver achieves its
minimum pressure (which is also
 s   kg 
m   buff   m  s  the supply pressure), the compressor
 cycle   
starts supplying air to the receiver.
m : mass change [kg/cycle]
In this operation mode, the receiver
 buff : buffer time. Time where the is receiving air from the compressor
receiver is delivering the required and at the same time is delivering the
constant mass flow rate m at the required flow rate to the system.
prescribed pressure, without any When the receiver reaches the
compressor inlet flow. maximum pressure (p final ), the
 kg  compressor stops and the charging
m   buff  m  cycle  (5) time  chg finishes.
 

Microsoft Equation Microsoft Equation

3.0 3.0

From The volume flow rate can be

pv  R T expressed as

pv   m³   m³   kg 
From The volume flow rate can be
pv  R T expressed as

pv   m ³   v  m ³   m  kg 
V (d)
R (a)  s 
 kg 
   s 
T
Replacing equation (d) into equation
Density of an ideal gas
p
p V    V (c)
 (b) R T
R T ona obtains
M ultiplying equation (b)  p 
V    m  v   (e)
by the volume flow rate  R T
p From ideal gas equation
V    V (c) pv
R T R (a)
T
Microsoft Equation v  p 
3.0
Thus, the product   can
 T 
be replaced by any group of variables
v, p and T corresponding to a given
state.

Replacing equation Replacing m 

1 
v p 
 1 into equation
m   m   comp _ in comp _ in   (9)
f 
 Tcomp _ in 
 R V 
1
 m  vcomp _ in
f
into equation
one obtains
R  Trcv
V  m  (4) 1  P
Pop V   Vcomp _ in 
f T
one obtains 1  P
V   Vcomp _ in 
1 
v P 
 1   R  Trcv 
 f
V   m   comp _ in comp _ in      Vcomp
f 
 T comp _ in 
 R 
  P op 
 V  Pcomp _ in 
f 
1 
v P 
  T  
V   m   comp _ in comp _ in    rcv 
f 
 T comp _ in 
   Pop 
 Receiver vo lume

1 
P 
 
T 

 1 
v P 
 1   R  Trcv 
 f
V   m   comp _ in comp _ in      Vcomp
f 
 T comp _ in 
 R 
  P op 
 V  Pcomp _ in 
f 
1 
v P 
  T  
V   m   comp _ in comp _ in    rcv 
f 
 T comp _ in 
   Pop 
 Receiver vo lume

1 
P 
 
T  
V   m  vcomp _ in   comp _ in    rcv  (f) Microsoft Editor de
V [m ³]  Pcomp _ in  b
f 
 T comp _ in   Pop 
 
ecuaciones 3.0


Replacing
1
f
 buffer
into equation
 m3 
Vcomp _ in  
 s  Trcv  K 
V [m ³]  Pcomp _ in  bar    (10)
 cycles 
f
T
 Pop  bar  comp _ in
K
 s  
one gets
 s    m3 
 buffer    Vcomp _ in  s 
V [m ³]  Pcomp _ in  bar    cycle     Trcv  K  (11)
Pop  bar  T comp _ in  K 
  V Trcv
V  Pcomp _ in  buffer comp _ in 
Pop T comp _ in

 P 
 T
V   buffer  Vcomp _ in  comp _ in   rcv (12)

  Pop
T comp _ in 

M ass change in receiver during the filling time

During the time  change, in the receiver is entering

M ass change in receiver during the filling time

During the time  change, in the receiver is entering

a flow m rec _ in and is leaving a flow m rec _ out

The net mass increment is

m  m rec _ in  m rec _ out    ch arg e
and with
m rec _ in  m comp
and
m rec _ out  m req
m  m comp  m req    ch arg e Microsoft Editor de
ecuaciones 3.0

The receiver volume V is related to the mass change

according equation
R  Trcv
V  m  (4)
Pop
Replacing equation


m   ch arg e  PN  Vcomp _ N  Vreq _ N 
1 1

TN R
 (16)

into equation (4), one gets


V   ch arg e  PN  Vcomp _ N  Vreq _ N    
1 1 R  Trcv
T N R Pop


V   ch arg e  PN  Vcomp _ N  Vreq _ N  
1 Trcv

T N Pop

 T

V   ch arg e  PN  Vcomp _ N  Vreq _ N  rcv 
1
T N Pop
(17)
  
V   ch arg e  PN  Vcomp _ N  Vreq _ N 
1 Trcv

T N Pop

 T
V   ch arg e  PN  Vcomp _ N  Vreq _ N  rcv 
1
T N Pop
(17)
Microsoft Editor de
ecuaciones 3.0

FAD volume flow rate Saturation pressure of water

Volume flow rate from Nm³/min From [4], page 6.2, equation (6).
Psat.water_t =
to l/s (FAD) t=
Psat.water_t =

From sheet 6. FAD

Using the VBA function
P  RH 1  Psat. water _ 1 T2 Psat.water_t =
V2  V1  1  Eq. (21) t=
P2  RH 2  Psat. water _ 2 T1
Psat.water_t =
Psat.water_t =

State 1 : Normal air conditions

Using the Steamdat VBA function
P1  101325 Pa Psat.water_1 =
T1  273.15 K t1=
RH1  0 - Psat.water_1 =
Psat.water_1 =
Psat.water : Saturated vapor pressure at T1
From Eq. (22)
Psat.water  611.2 Pa
For derivation of equation (21), s
State 2 : Local air conditions at
compressor' s intake
Microsoft Equation
3.0

Dehumidification
[4], page 6.12
Energy balance
Ėda,1 + Ė w,1= Ė da,1 + Ė w,1−q
ṁ da⋅hda,1 + ṁw,1⋅h w,1= ṁda⋅hda,2 +m

Water mass balance

ṁ w1 =ṁw1 + ṁ w_cond
Energy balance
Ėda,1 + Ė w,1= Ė da,1 + Ė w,1−q
ṁ da⋅hda,1 + ṁw,1⋅h w,1= ṁda⋅hda,2 +m

Water mass balance

ṁ w1 =ṁw1 + ṁ w_cond
with
kgw kg da kg w
ṁ w[ ] [ ][ ]
s
=ṁda
s
⋅x
kg da
ṁ w1 =ṁda⋅x1
ṁ w2 =ṁda⋅x2
thus
ṁ da⋅x1 = ṁda⋅x 2 + ṁw_cond
pcomp _ in 
 1  P  T
 (9) V   buffer  VN  N   rcv (1

 R TN  Pop
_ in


P 
 Trcv
V   buffer  Vcomp _ in   comp _ in   (
m   Pop 
  T comp _ in
3
Vcomp _ in  
 s  Trcv  K 
 (10) 
 PN  Trcv
 cycles  T comp _ in  K  V   buffer  VN  
   (1
 s   Pop  bar   
 op 
P  TN

 s   m 
3 
m   ch arg e  PN  Vcomp _ N  Vreq _ N  
1 1

TN R
(1
uffer    Vcomp _ in  
 cycle   s   Trcv  K 
 
(11) T 1
Pop  bar  T comp _ in  K  V   ch arg e  PN  Vcomp _ N  Vreq _ N  rcv  (
T N Pop

 Trcv 1 Pop T N
mp _ in
 (12) Vcomp _ N  V    Vreq _ N (
 Pop
mp _ in 
Microsoft Equation
3.0
 ch arg e PN Trcv

ini / ( R  Trcv ) - P final / ( R  Trcv )

Pini - P final
R  Trcv

R  Trcv
(3)
Pini - P final
uation (3) into equation
1
(2)
  final

Trcv
P final
he operational pressure difference
 1
(2)
  final

Trcv
P final
he operational pressure difference
nal

olume becomes
cv
(4) Microsoft Equation
3.0
p

Total receiver' s time cycle Some literature make use of a

buffer frequency defined as
inishes, that 1
The total receiver' s time cycle is the f
 buffer
chieves its sum of the buffer and charging times
Replacing
hich is also  s  1
 rcv   buff   ch arg e  cycle   buffer 
he compressor   f
the receiver. into equation

, the receiver  kg 
The delivered mass per cycle is m   buff  m  cycle  (5)
 
e compressor  kg 
m   buff  m (5) one obtains
delivering the  cycle 
  1  kg 
he system. m   m  cycle  (7)
where the mass flow rate m is a constant f  
ches the m  V   (6) Replacing equation
), the m  V   (6)
nal The nominal requiremen t is a constant
the charging into equation (7), one gets
volume flow rate delivered at a constant 1
m   V   (8)
pressure. f

Microsoft Equation Microsoft Equation Microsoft Equation

3.0 3.0 3.0

e
e Replacing equation
v  p  1
V    m    (e)
(d)  T  R
equation into equation
1 
(c) m  V   (8)
f
one gets
(e) 1 v  p  1
m   m   
f  T  R
Applying this equation for the
(a)
state at compressor' s inlet
can 
1  vcomp _ in  pcomp _ in 
 1
m   m  
  (9)
variables f 
 T comp _ in 
 R
Microsoft Equation
3.0

a given
Microsoft Equation
3.0

Replacing m  vcomp _ in  Vcomp _ in

into equation
1 
P 
 
T  
V   m  vcomp _ in   comp _ in    rcv  (f)
f 
 T comp _ in   Pop 
  
one obtains
1  P T
V   Vcomp _ in  comp _ in  rcv
f T comp _ in Pop
1  P Trcv
V   Vcomp _ in  comp _ in 
f Pop T comp _ in
Vcomp _ in  Trcv
V  Pcomp _ in  
f  Pop T comp _ in

Receiver vo lume
 m3 
V
 f Pop T comp _ in
Vcomp _ in  Trcv
V  Pcomp _ in  
f  Pop T comp _ in

Receiver vo lume
 m3 
Vcomp _ in  
 s  Trcv  K 
V [m ³]  Pcomp _ in  bar    (10)
 cycles 
f
T
 Pop  bar  comp _ in
K Microsoft Editor de

 s   ecuaciones 3.0

Relating the compressor' s inlet state with

the Normal state, using the ideal gas law
one has

 Pcomp _ in    PN 
Vcomp _ in    VN  

 T comp _ in 
  TN 
and replacing this relation in equation
(10)  P 
  T
V   buffer  Vcomp _ in  comp _ in   rcv (12)

  Pop
T comp _ in 
one obtains
 P  T
V   buffer  VN  N   rcv (13)
 TN  Pop
(11)
and re - arranging equations (12) and (13)

P 
 Trcv
V   buffer  Vcomp _ in   comp _ in   (14)
 Pop 
  T comp _ in

 P   Trcv
(12) V   buffer  VN   N   (15)
 Pop 
Microsoft Editor de Microsoft Editor de
ecuaciones 3.0   TN ecuaciones 3.0

Compressor mass flow rate

m  V
comp  comp _ N N

Required mass flow rate

m  V 
 Compressor mass flow rate
m  V
comp 
comp _ N N

Required mass flow rate

m req  Vreq _ N   N
Thus

m  Vcomp _ N   N  Vreq _ N   N   ch arg e

m  Vcomp _ N  Vreq _ N   N 
and replacing de normal density by
P
N  N
R T N
one gets

 P

m  Vcomp _ N  Vreq _ N  N   ch arg e
R T N


m   ch arg e  PN  Vcomp _ N  Vreq _ N 
1 1

TN R
 (16)
Microsoft Editor de
ecuaciones 3.0

Compressor' s capacity to refill the receiver w ith

simultaneu s air supply to the system "V " req _ N

in a given time interval  ch arg e

From equation

 T
V   ch arg e  PN  Vcomp _ N  Vreq _ N  rcv 
1
T N Pop
 (17)

 ch arg e  PN  Vcomp _ N  Vreq _ N  

Trcv 1
 V
T N Pop

1 TN
Vcomp _ N  Vreq _ N  V    Pop
 ch arg e  PN Trcv

1 Pop T N
Vcomp _ N  V    Vreq _ N (18)
 ch arg e PN Trcv
 1 TN
Vcomp _ N  Vreq _ N  V    Pop
 ch arg e  PN Trcv

1 Pop T N
Vcomp _ N  V    Vreq _ N (18) Microsoft Editor de

 ch arg e PN Trcv ecuaciones 3.0

Saturation pressure of water

From [4], page 6.2, equation (6). Valid for a range of 0 to 200ºC
exp( -5800.2206/(t+273.15) + 1.3914993 + -0.048640239*(t+273.15) + 0.000041764768*(t+273.15 )^2 + -0.000000014452093*(t+273.15 )^3 + 6.5459673*ln(t
0 ºC
611.2 Pa

Using the VBA function Eq. (22)

Sicro_Saturated_vapor_pressure_t(t)
0 ºC
#VALUE! kPa
#VALUE! Pa

Using the Steamdat VBA functions

H2O_SaturationPressure_t P2  RH 2  Psat. water _ 2 T1
0 °C V1  V2   Eq
#VALUE! bar P1  RH 1  Psat. water _ 1 T2
#VALUE! Pa

For derivation of equation (21), see sheet FAD

ergy balance from

,1 + Ė w,1= Ė da,1 + Ė w,1−q ṁda⋅x1 = ṁda⋅x 2 + ṁ w_cond (d )
⋅hda,1 + ṁw,1⋅h w,1= ṁ da⋅hda,2 + ṁ w,2⋅h w,2 +q (a ) ṁw_cond = ṁda⋅x 1 −ṁda⋅x 2
ṁw_cond = ṁda⋅( x 1 −x 2 ) ( e)
ter mass balance
and from
1 =ṁ w1 + ṁ w_cond
ṁda⋅hda,1 + ṁw,1⋅h w,1= ṁ da⋅hda,2 + ṁ w,2⋅h w,2 +q (a
ergy balance from
,1 + Ė w,1= Ė da,1 + Ė w,1−q ṁda⋅x1 = ṁda⋅x 2 + ṁ w_cond (d )
⋅hda,1 + ṁw,1⋅h w,1= ṁ da⋅hda,2 + ṁ w,2⋅h w,2 +q (a ) ṁw_cond = ṁda⋅x 1 −ṁda⋅x 2
ṁw_cond = ṁda⋅( x 1 −x 2 ) ( e)
ter mass balance
and from
1 =ṁ w1 + ṁ w_cond
ṁda⋅hda,1 + ṁw,1⋅h w,1= ṁ da⋅hda,2 + ṁ w,2⋅h w,2 +q (a
h
q=ṁda⋅hda,1 + ṁ w,1⋅h w,1 −ṁda⋅hda,2 −ṁw,2⋅hw,2
kgw kg da kg w
[ ] [ ][ ]
s
=ṁda
s
⋅x
kg da
q=ṁda⋅hda,1 −ṁ da⋅h da,2 + ṁ w,1⋅hw,1 −ṁw,2⋅hw,2
q=ṁda⋅( h da,1−hda,2 ) + ṁw,1⋅h w,1− ṁw,2⋅h w,2 (
1 =ṁ da⋅x1 (b)
Replacing in (f )
2 =ṁ da⋅x2 (c)
ṁw1 =ṁda⋅x1 (b )
s Microsoft Equation

⋅x1 = ṁda⋅x 2 + ṁ w_cond

3.0
(d ) ṁw2 =ṁda⋅x2 (c )
q=ṁda⋅( h da,1−hda,2 ) + ṁw,1⋅h w,1− ṁw,2⋅h w,2 (
q=ṁda⋅( h da,1−hda,2 ) + ṁda⋅x 1⋅h w,1−ṁda⋅x 2⋅hw,2
q=ṁda⋅[ ( h da,1−hda,2 ) + x1⋅h w,1−x 2⋅h w,2 ] (g
 Rev. cjc. 15.04.2016
Page 1 of 10

(13)

Trcv
(14)
T comp _ in

Trcv
(15)
TN

N   T1 
1
R
(16)
N

Trcv 1
  (17)
T N Pop

Vreq _ N (18)
Microsoft Equation
3.0

Page 2 of 10
Page 3 of 10

Page 4 of 10
Page 5 of 10
Page 6 of 10

Page 7 of 10
Page 8 of 10
 Page 9 of 10

Eq. (22)
*(t+273.15 )^3 + 6.5459673*ln(t+273.15 ) )

T1
water _ 2
 Eq. (21)
water _ 1 T2

Page 10 of 10

(d )

( e)
Microsoft Equation
3.0

+ ṁ w,2⋅h w,2 +q (a )
 (d )

( e)
Microsoft Equation
3.0

+ ṁ w,2⋅h w,2 +q (a )
da,2 − ṁ w,2⋅hw,2
hw,1 −ṁw,2⋅hw,2
− ṁw,2⋅h w,2 (f )

− ṁw,2⋅h w,2 (f )
w,1− ṁ da⋅x 2⋅hw,2
−x 2⋅h w,2 ] (g )
5.1 Example of dimensioning compressed air installations
Result is valid for relative air humidity RH 2 = 0 % (instead of 60%) , t2 = 35 °C (instead of 30 °C)
and ambient local pressure P i = 0.74 bar (instead of 1 bar)

A result of 225 l/s (FAD) comes from a pressure P = 100 kPa and a temperature of t = 30
For a pressure P = 74 kPa, a temperature of t = 35 ºC and a relative humidity of RH = 0 %
This equation does not agree with the derived equation nor with the in the web proposed equa
is
replaced for a pressure. In this case, the value 0.25 should be replaced by the value of the co
So the result would be 6.972 * ( 1/0.25) = 27.89m³. See sheet Receiver.
according Atlas Copco, 5.1 kW
[1]
5 °C (instead of 30 °C) Q= 309 l/s(FAD)

and a temperature of t = 30 ºC.

lative humidity of RH = 0 %, the flow rate is 308.9 l/s (FAD)
in the web proposed equations. In all other equations, the constant 0.25
ed by the value of the compressor's inlet pressure P = 1 bar.
ver.
Pressure drop in th system [1]
Estimation example
Aftercooler pressure drop [3]
7 [kPa] < DPAC < 14 [kPa]
Let
DPAC = 14 kPa
DPAC = 0.14 bar

Air receiver pressure drop. The kinematic pressure is

To estimate de pressure drop in PK = (r/2) * v^2
an air reciever, one asssumes r= #VALUE! kg/m³
Karcv = Kin + Kout v= 20 m/s
Kin = 1 PK = #VALUE! Pa
Kout = 0.5
Karcv = 1.5 The pressure drop is
DParcv = Karcv * PK
Assuming an air velocity Karcv = 1.5
v= 10 m/s PK = #VALUE!
DParcv = #VALUE! Pa
For an air temperature DParcv = #VALUE! bar
t= 10 ºC
the density is
r= AirDensity_t
r= #VALUE! kg/m³
Pressure drops on compresor`s equipment

Aftercooler 0.14 bar

Air receiver #VALUE! bar
Oil filter 0.08 bar
Refrig.dryer 0.09 bar
Dust filter 0.08 bar
Total pressure drop in equipments
DPequip = #VALUE! bar

Pressure drop in pipes between

compressor exit and consumption
points (Assumed)
DPpipes = 0.15 bar

Total pressure drop

DPloss = DPequip + DPpipes
DPequip = #VALUE! bar
DPpipes = 0.15 bar
DPloss = #VALUE! bar
 [5] http://www.nrcan.gc.ca/energy/regulations-codes-standards/products/6885

Minimum nominal efficiency standard at 100% of nominal full load

(Premium - most stringent level)
Corresponds to Table 3 in the CAN/CSA 390-10
Energy Efficiency Standard (Percentage)
Item Power (HP) Power (kW) Open Enclosed
2 Pole 4 Pole 6 Pole 2 Pole
1 1 0.75 77 85.5 82.5 77
2 1.5 1.1 84 86.5 86.5 84
3 2 1.5 85.5 86.5 87.5 85.5
4 3 2.2 85.5 89.5 88.5 86.5
5 4 3 86.5 89.5 89.5 88.5
6 5 3.7 86.5 89.5 89.5 88.5
7 5.5 4 86.5 89.5 89.5 88.5
8 7.5 5.5 88.5 91 90.2 89.5
9 10 7.5 89.5 91.7 91.7 90.2
10 15 11 90.2 93 91.7 91
11 20 15 91 93 92.4 91
12 25 19 91.7 93.6 93 91.7
13 30 22 91.7 94.1 93.6 91.7
14 40 30 92.4 94.1 94.1 92.4
15 50 37 93 94.5 94.1 93
16 60 45 93.6 95 94.5 93.6
17 75 55 93.6 95 94.5 93.6
18 100 75 93.6 95.4 95 94.1
19 125 90 94.1 95.4 95 95
20 150 110 94.1 95.8 95.4 95
21 175 132 95 95.8 95.4 95.4
22 200 150 95 95.8 95.4 95.4

See CSA C390-10 for interpolating minimum performance requirements.

 http://www.nrcan.gc.ca/energy/regulations-codes-standards/products/6885
file:///E:/Motores/Electric%20Motors%20%281%20to%20500%20HP_0.746%20to%20375%20kW%29%20_%20Office%

Minimum nominal efficiency standard at 100% of nominal full load

(Energy Efficient - least stringent level)
Corresponds to Table 2 in the CAN/CSA C390-1
Energy Efficiency Standard (Percentage)
Item Power (HP) Power (kW) Open Enclosed
2 Pole 4 Pole 6 Pole 8 Pole 2 Pole
1 1 0.75 75.5 82.5 80 74 75.5
2 1.5 1.1 82.5 84 84 75.5 82.5
3 2 1.5 84 84 85.5 85.5 84
4 3 2.2 84 86.5 86.5 86.5 85.5
5 4 3 84 86.5 86.5 86.5 85.5
6 5 3.7 85.5 87.5 87.5 87.5 87.5
7 5.5 4 85.5 87.5 87.5 87.5 87.5
8 7.5 5.5 87.5 88.5 88.5 88.5 88.5
9 10 7.5 88.5 89.5 90.2 89.5 89.5
10 15 11 89.5 91 90.2 89.5 90.2
11 20 15 90.2 91 91 90.2 90.2
12 25 19 91 91.7 91.7 90.2 91
13 30 22 91 92.4 92.4 91 91
14 40 30 91.7 93 93 91 91.7
 15 50 37 92.4 93 93 91.7 92.4
16 60 45 93 93.6 93.6 92.4 93
17 75 55 93 94.1 93.6 93.6 93
18 100 75 93 94.1 94.1 93.6 93.6
19 125 90 93.6 94.5 94.1 93.6 94.5
20 150 110 93.6 95 94.5 93.6 94.5
21 175 132 94.5 95 94.5 93.6 95
22 200 150 94.5 95 94.5 93.6 95
23 250 185 94.5 95.4 95.4 94.5 95.4
24 300 225 95 95.4 95.4  - 95.4
25 350 260 95 95.4 95.4  - 95.4
26 400 300 95.4 95.4  -  - 95.4
27 450 335 95.8 95.8  -  - 95.4
28 500 375 95.8 95.8  -  - 95.4

file:///E:/Motores/Electric%20Motors%20%281%20to%20500%20HP_0.746%20to%20375%20kW%29%20_%20Office%20of%
products/6885

al full load Minimum nominal efficiency standard

(Energy Efficient - least
0 Corresponds to Table 2 in t
dard (Percentage) Ene
Enclosed Item Power (HP) Power (kW) Open
4 Pole 6 Pole 2 Pole
85.5 82.5 1 1 0.75 75.5
86.5 87.5 2 1.5 1.1 82.5
86.5 88.5 3 2 1.5 84
89.5 89.5 4 3 2.2 84
89.5 89.5 5 4 3 84
89.5 89.5 6 5 3.7 85.5
89.5 89.5 7 5.5 4 85.5
91.7 91 8 7.5 5.5 87.5
91.7 91 9 10 7.5 88.5
92.4 91.7 10 15 11 89.5
93 91.7 11 20 15 90.2
93.6 93 12 25 19 91
93.6 93 13 30 22 91
94.1 94.1 14 40 30 91.7
94.5 94.1 15 50 37 92.4
95 94.5 16 60 45 93
95.4 94.5 17 75 55 93
95.4 95 18 100 75 93
95.4 95 19 125 90 93.6
95.8 95.8 20 150 110 93.6
96.2 95.8 21 175 132 94.5
96.2 95.8 22 200 150 94.5
23 250 185 94.5
24 300 225 95
25 350 260 95
26 400 300 95.4
27 450 335 95.8
28 500 375 95.8
5%20kW%29%20_%20Office%20of%20Energy%20Efficiency.htm

minal full load

)
390-1
dard (Percentage)
Enclosed
4 Pole 6 Pole 8 Pole
82.5 80 74
84 85.5 77
84 86.5 82.5
87.5 87.5 84
87.5 87.5 84
87.5 87.5 85.5
87.5 87.5 85.5
89.5 89.5 85.5
89.5 89.5 88.5
91 90.2 88.5
91 90.2 89.5
92.4 91.7 89.5
92.4 91.7 91
93 93 91
 93 93 91.7
93.6 93.6 91.7
94.1 93.6 93
94.5 94.1 93
94.5 94.1 93.6
95 95 93.6
95 95 94.1
95 95 94.1
95 95 94.5
95.4 95  -
95.4 95  -
95.4  -  -
95.4  -  -
95.8  -  -

kW%29%20_%20Office%20of%20Energy%20Efficiency.htm
nimum nominal efficiency standard at 100% of nominal full load
(Energy Efficient - least stringent level)
Corresponds to Table 2 in the CAN/CSA C390-1
Energy Efficiency Standard (Percentage)
Open Enclosed
4 Pole 6 Pole 8 Pole 2 Pole 4 Pole 6 Pole 8 Pole
82.5 80 74 75.5 82.5 80 74
84 84 75.5 82.5 84 85.5 77
84 85.5 85.5 84 84 86.5 82.5
86.5 86.5 86.5 85.5 87.5 87.5 84
86.5 86.5 86.5 85.5 87.5 87.5 84
87.5 87.5 87.5 87.5 87.5 87.5 85.5
87.5 87.5 87.5 87.5 87.5 87.5 85.5
88.5 88.5 88.5 88.5 89.5 89.5 85.5
89.5 90.2 89.5 89.5 89.5 89.5 88.5
91 90.2 89.5 90.2 91 90.2 88.5
91 91 90.2 90.2 91 90.2 89.5
91.7 91.7 90.2 91 92.4 91.7 89.5
92.4 92.4 91 91 92.4 91.7 91
93 93 91 91.7 93 93 91
93 93 91.7 92.4 93 93 91.7
93.6 93.6 92.4 93 93.6 93.6 91.7
94.1 93.6 93.6 93 94.1 93.6 93
94.1 94.1 93.6 93.6 94.5 94.1 93
94.5 94.1 93.6 94.5 94.5 94.1 93.6
95 94.5 93.6 94.5 95 95 93.6
95 94.5 93.6 95 95 95 94.1
95 94.5 93.6 95 95 95 94.1
95.4 95.4 94.5 95.4 95 95 94.5
95.4 95.4  - 95.4 95.4 95  -
95.4 95.4  - 95.4 95.4 95  -
95.4  -  - 95.4 95.4  -  -
95.8  -  - 95.4 95.4  -  -
95.8  -  - 95.4 95.8  -  -
 Free Air Delivery (FAD) Water vapor partial pressure
Replacing equation
p v  p w_sat   (c)
Ideal gas law applied to the p v  p w_sat  
where
dry air (a) fraction of the p w_sat : saturated water pressure (Pa) into equation
humid air (ha)  : air relative humidity (-) p -p T
v 2  v 1  1 v1  2
pa  v  R  T p p 2 - pv 2 T1
 v Microsoft Equation

and for states 1 and 2 p w_sat 3.0

one obtains
pa2  v 2 pa1  v1 Denoting the dry air partial p1 - p w_sat_1 
 v 2  v1 
R  T2 R  T1 presure (Eq. b) of state 1 as p 2 - p w_sat_2 
pa1 T2 pa1  p1 - pv1
v 2  v1   (a)
p a2 T1 and for the state 2
For a humid air (index ha) pa2  p2 - pv 2
p ha  p a  pv where P1 and P2 are the total p1 - p w_sat_1 
pressures of the humid air and
v 2  v1 
p ha : total pressure of humid air p 2 - p w_sat_2 
replacing them into equation
pa : partial pressure of dry air
pa1 T2
p v : partial water vapor pressure v 2  v1   (a)
pa2 T1
Microsoft Equation
3.0
on gets
Dry air partial pressure
p1 - pv1 T2
pa  p ha - pv (b) v 2  v1   (d)
p 2 - pv 2 T1 Microsoft Equation
3.0

FAD volume flow rate

Free air delivery (FAD) is the volume of air delivered under the conditions of
temperature and pressure existing at the compressor's intake (state 2).

V2 = V1 * (P1 - RH1 * Psat.water_1) / (P2 - RH2 * Psat.water_2) * (T2 / T1)

1.- Normal flow rate (state 1) to FAD flow rate (state 2)

Normal air conditions (State 1)

V1 = 1,450 Nm3/h
P1 = 101,325 Pa
RH1 = 0 -
t1= 0 °C
T1 = 273 K
Psat.water_1 = f(t1)
Psat.water_1 = #VALUE! Pa

FAD conditions (State 2))

P2 = 98,000 Pa
RH2 = 0.4 -
t2= 22 °C
Psat.water_2 = f(t2)
Psat.water_2 = #VALUE! Pa
T2 = 295 K

V2 = #VALUE! m3/h (FAD)

 FAD volume flow rate
Replacing equation Free air delivery (FAD) is the volume of air delivered under the conditions
p v  p w_sat   (c) of temperature and pressure existing at the compressor's intake (state 2).

into equation V2 = V1 * (P1 - RH1 * Psat.water_1) / (P2 - RH2 * Psat.water_2) * (T2 / T1)
p -p T
v 2  v 1  1 v1  2 (d) 1.- Normal flow rate (state 1) to FAD flow rate (state 2)
p 2 - pv 2 T1
one obtains Normal air conditions (State 1)
V1 = 480 Nm3/h
p1 - p w_sat_1  1 T2
v 2  v1   (21) P1 = 101,325 Pa
p 2 - p w_sat_2   2 T1 f1 = RH1 = 0 -
t1= 0 °C
Microsoft Equation
3.0
T1 = 273 K
Psat.water_1 = f(t1)
p1 - p w_sat_1  1 T2 Psat.water_1 = #VALUE! Pa
v 2  v1   (21)
p 2 - p w_sat_2   2 T1 FAD conditions (State 2))
P2 = 73,400 Pa
f2 = RH2 = 0.42 -
t2= 22 °C
Psat.water_2 = f(t2)
Psat.water_2 = #VALUE! Pa
T2 = 295 K
V2 = #VALUE! m3/h (FAD)

V1 = V2 * (P2 - RH2 * Psat.water_2) / (P1 - RH1 * Psat.water_1) * (T1 / T2) Normal density
rn = p / ( R * T)
2.- FAD flow rate (state 2) to Normal flow rate (state 1) p= 101,325
R= 286.9
FAD conditions (State 2)) T= 273
V2 = #VALUE! m3/h (FAD) rn = 1.29
P2 = 98,000 Pa
RH2 = 0.4 -
t2= 22 °C
Psat.water_2 = f(t2)
Psat.water_2 = #VALUE! Pa
 T2 = 295 K

Normal air conditions (State 1)

P1 = 101,325 Pa
RH1 = 0 -
t1= 0 °C
T1 = 273 K
Psat.water_1 = f(t1)
Psat.water_1 = #VALUE! Pa

V1 = #VALUE! Nm3/h
 Rev. cjc. 15.04.2016

vered under the conditions

ompressor's intake (state 2).

(21)

p / ( R * T)
Pa
J/(kg*K)
K
kg/Nm3
[1] http://www.atlascopco.dk/Images/CAM_05_CALCULATION_tcm48-705084.pdf

[1a]

Compressed_Air_Manual_tcm46-1249312

[1b] http://pdf.directindustry.fr/pdf/atlas-copco-compresseurs/manuel-air-comprime-atlas-copco/8358-185247

[2]

Compressed Air Receivers

Calculating receivers in compressed air systems

http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/compressed-air-receivers-d_846.html
[3]

http://www.ecompressedair.com/library-pages/aftercoolers.aspx

[4]

[5]

http://www.nrcan.gc.ca/energy/regulations-codes-standards/products/6885

[10] Instruments Plant Systems

http://www.chagalesh.com/snportal/uploads/chagalesh/karafarinan%20farda/jozveh/process/8.pdf

[11]

http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/air-altitude-pressure-d_462.html
 Microsoft Equation
3.0

Microsoft Equation
3.0

atlas-copco/8358-185247-_60.html