Blower Air Line

16 2.
2 1
20 1.9 2.8 2
25 2.3 3.5 3
32 1.8 2.9 4.4 4
40 1.8 2.3 3.7 5.5 5
50 1.8 2.0 2.9 4.6 6.9 6
63 1.8 2.0 2.5 3.6 5.8 8.6 7
75 1.9 2.3 2.9 4.3 6.8 10.3 8
90 2.2 2.8 3.5 5.1 8.2 12.3 9
110 2.7 3.4 4.2 6.3 10.0 15.1 10
125 3.1 3.9 4.8 7.1 11.4 17.1 11
140 3.5 4.3 5.4 8.0 12.7 19.2 12
160 4.0 4.9 6.2 9.1 14.6 21.9 13
180 4.4 5.5 6.9 10.2 16.4 24.6 14
200 4.9 6.2 7.7 11.4 18.2 27.4 15
225 5.5 6.9 8.6 12.8 20.5 30.8 16
250 6.2 7.7 9.6 14.2 22.7 34.2 17
280 6.9 8.6 10.7 15.9 25.4 38.3 18
315 7.7 9.7 12.1 17.9 28.6 43.1 19
355 8.7 10.9 13.6 20.1 32.2 48.5 20
400 9.8 12.3 15.3 22.7 36.3 54.7 21
450 11.0 13.8 17.2 25.5 40.9 61.5 22
500 12.3 15.3 19.1 28.4 45.4 68.3 23
560 13.7 17.2 21.4 31.7 50.8 24
630 15.4 19.3 24.1 35.7 57.2 25
710 17.4 21.8 27.2 40.2 64.5 26
800 19.6 24.5 30.6 45.3 27
900 22.0 27.6 34.4 51.0 28
1000 24.5 30.6 38.2 56.7 29
1100 26.9 33.7 42.0 62.4 30
1200 29.4 36.7 45.9 68.0 31
1400 34.4 42.9 53.5 32
1600 39.2 49.0 61.2 33
Dn [mm] 2 1/2 3.2 4 6 10 16
Presiones nominales PN [bar]
HDPE PE80 DIN 8074 / ISO 4427
Espesor [mm]
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
2
3 Pipe Thickness [mm], according ASME B36.10M

4
5 ASME B36.10M SCHEDULE / IDENTIFICATION
6 Size dext 5 10 20 30 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 STD XS XXS
7 1/2 21.3 1.65 2.11 - 2.41 2.77 - 3.73 - 0 - 4.78 2.77 3.73 7.47
8 3/4 26.7 1.65 2.11 - 2.41 2.87 - 3.91 - 0 - 5.56 2.87 3.91 7.82
9 1 33.4 1.65 2.77 - 2.9 3.38 - 4.55 - 0 - 6.35 3.38 4.55 9.09
10 1 1/4 42.2 1.65 2.77 2.97 3.56 4.85 6.35 3.56 4.85 9.7
11 1 1/2 48.3 1.65 2.77 - 3.18 3.68 - 5.08 - 0 - 7.14 3.68 5.08 10.15
12 2 60.3 1.65 2.77 - 3.18 3.91 - 5.54 - 0 - 8.74 3.91 5.54 11.07
13 2 1/2 73 2.11 3.05 4.78 5.16 7.01 9.53 5.16 7.01 14.02
14 3 88.9 2.11 3.05 - 4.78 5.49 - 7.62 - 0 - 11.13 5.49 7.62 15.24
15 3 1/2 101.6 2.11 3.05 4.78 5.74 8.08 5.74 8.08
16 4 114.3 2.11 3.05 - 4.78 6.02 - 8.56 - 11.13 - 13.49 6.02 8.56 17.12
17 5 141.3 2.77 3.4 - - 6.55 - 9.53 - 12.7 - 15.88 6.55 9.53 19.05
18 6 168.3 2.77 3.4 - - 7.11 - 10.97 - 14.27 - 18.26 7.11 10.97 21.95
19 8 219.1 2.77 3.76 6.35 7.04 8.18 10.31 12.7 15.09 18.26 20.62 23.01 8.18 12.7 22.23
20 10 273 3.4 4.19 6.35 7.8 9.27 12.7 15.09 18.26 21.44 25.4 28.58 9.27 12.7 25.4
21 12 323.8 3.96 4.57 6.35 8.38 10.31 14.27 17.48 21.44 25.4 28.58 33.32 9.53 12.7 25.4
22 14 355.6 3.96 6.35 7.92 9.53 11.13 15.09 19.05 23.83 27.79 31.75 35.71 9.53 12.7 -
23 16 406.4 4.19 6.35 7.92 9.53 12.7 16.66 21.44 26.19 30.96 36.53 40.49 9.53 12.7 -
24 18 457 4.19 6.35 7.92 11.13 14.27 19.05 23.83 29.36 34.93 39.67 45.24 9.53 12.7 -
25 20 508 4.78 6.35 9.53 12.7 15.09 20.62 26.19 32.54 38.1 44.45 50.01 9.53 12.7 -
26 22 559 4.78 6.35 9.53 12.7 - 22.23 28.58 34.93 41.28 47.63 53.98 9.53 12.7 -
27 24 610 5.54 6.35 9.53 14.27 17.48 24.61 30.96 38.89 46.02 52.37 59.54 9.53 12.7 -
28 26 660 - 7.92 12.7 15.88 - - - - - - - 9.53 12.7 -
29 28 711 - 7.92 12.7 - - - - - - - - 9.53 12.7 -
30 30 762 6.35 7.92 12.7 15.88 - - - - - - - 9.53 12.7 -
31 32 813 - 7.92 12.7 15.88 17.48 - - - - - - 9.53 12.7 -
32 34 864 - 7.92 12.7 15.88 17.48 - - - - - - 9.53 12.7 -
33 36 914 - 7.92 12.7 15.88 19.05 - - - - - - 9.53 12.7 -
34 38 965 - - - - - - - - - - - 9.53 12.7 -
35 40 1016 - - - - - - - - - - - 9.53 12.7 -
36 42 1067 - - - - - - - - - - - 9.53 12.7 -
44 1118 - - - - - - - - - - - 9.53 12.7 -
46 1168 - - - - - - - - - - - 9.53 12.7 -
39 48 1219 - - - - - - - - - - - 9.53 12.7 -
Index
0.- Schema
Schema of the system
1.- Air blown line

Input data, equations and calculation table Main page
2. Nozzle and Wye DP Page

Pressure change in a fitting due to deceleration 1 of 8
Pressure loss in a diverging nozzle with cental angle q <= 45 º 2 of 8
Pressure loss in a nozzle 3 of 8
Expansion in a diverging nozzle 4 of 8
Pressure loss in a converging Wye, from branch to main. 5 of 8
Expansion from Node 7 to 8 6 of 8
Pressure loss in a converging Wye, from main to main. 7 of 8
Crane equations 8 of 8
3.- K-expansion
Abrupt and gradual expansion
rev.cjc.09.08.2018
Blower_Air_line
www.piping-tools.net
cjcruz[at]piping-tools.net
4.- SG
Specific gravity
5.- Nm3
Real flow rate to normal flow rate
6. Blowers
Types and efficiency
7. Blower
Blower discharge temperature
References
ww.piping-tools.net
ruz[at]piping-tools.net
25 . Discharge point
16 15
25
24
23 17
18
22
19
21
20
Schema of blower line

Number of blowers: 2 + 1
11
12
15 10
14 13 9 40in
8
7
in
36
Blower 3
6
Blower 2
5
4
31
2 36 in
Pblower_out
batery limit
1 24 in
Silencer 24"
Blower 1
1 Silencer discharge in a 24" pipe (batery limit)
1-2 Enlargement 24" a 36"
2-3 Pipe
3-4 Butterfly valve
4-5 Pipe
5-6: Curve 45° (5 D)
6-7 Pipe
7-8 Converging Wye 45º round, Branch
8-9 Pipe
9-10 Converging Wye 45º round, Main
10-11 Pipe
11-12 Curve 90° (5 D)
12-13 Pipe
13-14 Curve 90° (5 D)
14-15 Pipe
15-16 Curve 90° (5 D)
16-17 Pipe
17-18 Curve 90° (5 D)
18-19 Pipe
19-20 Curve 90° (5 D)
20-21 Pipe
21-22 Curve 90° (5 D)
22-23 Pipe
23-24 Curve 90° (5 D)
24-25 Pipe
25 Discharge
Air Blown
Blower air line between blower silencer exit (Node 1) and a discharge point (Node 25). The system
The system is considered isothermic, since the total duct length is relatively short.
Height above sea level H= 2600 m.a.s.l. Flow per blower (2 + 1 ) at

Local atmospheric press. [Eq.1] Patm = 73.75 kPa blower discharge
Blower discharge pressure Pblower_out = 70 kPa(g) Qblower = 650
(at silencer exit. Node 1) Pblower_out = 143.7 kPa Qblower = 39,000
Pblower_out = 143,749 Pa Qtotal = Qblower * 2
Maximum allowed pressure drop DPmax = 1.5 kPa Qtotal = 1,300.0
Minimum required pressure Pdisc_min = 142.2 kPa Qtotal = 78,000
(at ring inlet. Node 25 ) Pdisch_min = 68.5 kPa(g)
Equation
Eq. 1 Eq. 4 Eq. 7
Local atmospheric temperature Kinematic pressure Reynolds number
Patm = 101.325* (1 -0.0000225577 * E4)^5.25588 hv = (r/2) * v^2 (Pa) Re =
(kPa)
Eq. 2 Eq. 5 Eq. 8
Air density Kinematic viscosity Friction factor
r= P / (Rair * T) (kg/m³) n= m /r (m²/s) f=
Eq. 3 Eq. 6 Eq. 9

Inside duct diameter Relative rugosity Friction pressure loss
di = dn * 25.4 - 2*s (m) Rrel = Rabs / d (-) DPf =
Calculation table for the nod
Eq.2
Qact Pin r
Description Node Node m /h
3
m /s
3
Pa kg/m3
Enlargement (24x36) 1 2 39,000 10.8 143,749 1.24
Pipe 2 3 39,000 10.8 #N/A #N/A
V. Butterfly 3 4 39,000 10.8 #N/A #N/A
Pipe 4 5 39,000 10.8 #N/A #N/A
Curve 45° (5 D) 5 6 39,000 10.8 #N/A #N/A
Pipe 6 7 39,000 10.8 #N/A #N/A
Converging Wye 45º round, Branc 7 8 39,000 10.8 #N/A #N/A
Pipe 8 9 39,000 10.8 #N/A #N/A
Converging Wye 45º round, Main 9 10 78,000 21.7 #N/A #N/A
Pipe 10 11 78,000 21.7 #N/A #N/A
Curve 90° (5 D) 11 12 78,000 21.7 #N/A #N/A
Pipe 12 13 78,000 21.7 #N/A #N/A
Curve 90° (5 D) 13 14 78,000 21.7 #N/A #N/A
Pipe 14 15 78,000 21.7 #N/A #N/A
Curve 90° (5 D) 15 16 78,000 21.7 #N/A #N/A
Pipe 16 17 78,000 21.7 #N/A #N/A
Curve 90° (5 D) 17 18 78,000 21.7 #N/A #N/A
Pipe 18 19 78,000 21.7 #N/A #N/A
Curve 90° (5 D) 19 20 78,000 21.7 #N/A #N/A
Pipe 20 21 78,000 21.7 #N/A #N/A
Curve 90° (5 D) 21 22 78,000 21.7 #N/A #N/A
Pipe 22 23 78,000 21.7 #N/A #N/A
Curve 90° (5 D) 23 24 78,000 21.7 #N/A #N/A
Pipe 24 25 78,000 21.7 #N/A #N/A
25 . Discharge point
16 15
25
14
24
23 17
18
22
19
21
20
1 Silencer discharge in a 24" pipe (batery limit) 13-14 Curve 90° (5 D)

1-2 Enlargement 24" a 36" 14-15 Pipe
2-3 Pipe 15-16 Curve 90° (5 D)
3-4 Butterfly valve 16-17 Pipe
4-5 Pipe 17-18 Curve 90° (5 D)
5-6: Curve 45° (5 D) 18-19 Pipe
6-7 Pipe 19-20 Curve 90° (5 D)
7-8 Converging Wye 45º round, Branch 20-21 Pipe
8-9 Pipe 21-22 Curve 90° (5 D)
9-10 Converging Wye 45º round, Main 22-23 Pipe
10-11 Pipe 23-24 Curve 90° (5 D)
11-12 Curve 90° (5 D) 24-25 Pipe
12-13 Pipe 25 Discharge
Return to index rev.cjc.09.08.2018
Air Blown Line
Node 25). The system has three blowers with two operating at a time.
ower (2 + 1 ) at Air molecular mass Blower discharge temperature

Rair = 286.9 J/(kg*K) tblower_out = 129.6 °C (Sheet 7)
m3/min Molecular mass of gas (in this T= 402.7 K
m3/h case is air) Since the temperature is constant, the
Rgas = 286.9 J/(kg*K) absolute viscosity will be constant.
m /min
3
Absolute rugosity Air absolute viscosity
m /h3
Rabs = 0.15 mm m= AirAbsoluteViscosity_t
Rabs = 0.00015 m m= #VALUE! Pa s
Galvanized steel sheet thickness
selected Gauge : 14
s= #N/A mm [4]
Equations
Eq. 10 Eq 13
Reynolds number Singular pressure drop coefficient Total pressure change
v*d/n Ksing = SUMPRODUCTO(range_A*range_B) DP = DPf+DPs
Eq.11 Eq. 14
Friction factor Singular pressure drop Pressure at the exit node
Pipe_Friction_Factor_Rrel_Re DPs = Ksing * hv (Pa) Pout = Pin - DP
Eq.12 Average value of the friction factor

Friction pressure loss DPk: Pressure increment due to deceleration fave = 0.0133 -
f * (L/d) * hv (Pa) (Sheet 7. Nozzle, sheet 2 Wye)
on table for the nodes of the blower line
Eq. 3 Eq. 4 Eq. 5 Eq. 6 Eq. 7 Eq. 8

dn di L A v hv n Rrel Re f
in m m m² m/s Pa m²/s - - -
24 #N/A 0.0 #N/A #N/A #N/A #VALUE! #N/A #N/A
36 #N/A 4.0 #N/A #N/A #N/A #VALUE! #N/A #N/A #VALUE!
fave = #VALUE!
Return to index
Number of blowers: 2 + 1
11
12
10
14 13 9 40in
8
7
in
36
Blower 3
6
Blower 2
5
4
31
36
2
24in
Pblower_out
batery limit
in
1
Silencer 24"
Blower 1
g= 9.80665 m/s²
Unhide columns to see singular pressure
drop coefficients / Hide columns.
Nozzle Nodes 1 to 2. Expansion
Change in pressure due to change velocities
Diverging nozzle . Pressure increment
DPkinem = #N/A Pa
Diverging nozzle 24x36, with cental angle
Wye Nodes 7 to 8 q= 30 º
Converging Wye 45º (branche to main) Pressure loss coefficien
Change in pressure due to change in velocities K2 = #N/A
40
Wye Nodes 9 to 10
[10] Page 35.9
36
36 Straight (main) section
DP = Cs * Pkinem Eq. (30)
DPkinem = #N/A Pa (Sheet. 2)
Pressure loss coeffici (Sheet. 2)
K2 = #N/A
Wye Nodes 9 to 10
Converging Wye 45º (main to main)
Change in pressure due to change in velocities
40 40
'From '2. Nozzle and Wye DP'!, S279, S280 and S281
As / Ac = #N/A
Ab / Ac = #N/A
e friction factor Qs / Qc = 0.5
DPkinem = #N/A Pa (Sheet. 2) From table in Ref. 10
(Fluid is accelerated) Pressure loss coefficient
Cs = 0.06
Eq. 9 Eq. 10 Eq. 11 Eq. 12 Eq. 13 Eq. 14

DPf Ksing DPs DPk DP Pout
Pa Pa Pa Pa Pa kPa(g)
#N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A
#N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A
#N/A 0.00 #N/A 0 #N/A #N/A #N/A
0.0 #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A
0.0 #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A
0.0 #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A
0.0 #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A
0.0 #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A
0.0 #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A
0.0 #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A
#N/A
Pdisch_min = 68.50 kPa(g)

(Sheet. 2)
with cental angle
(Sheet. 2)
S279, S280 and S281
(Sheet 2)
Pressure change in a fitting due to deceleration
Applicable to any shape From Figure 1, a Bernouilli application give

P1 v12 P2 v 22
Z 1+ + =Z 2 + + +Δh Loss
Fitting with area sections change ρ1⋅g 2⋅g ρ2⋅g 2⋅g
Since Z 1=Z 2
The figure shown in the deduction P1
2
v 1 P2 v2
2
corresponds to the case of a round + = + +Δh Loss

ρ1⋅g 2⋅g ρ2⋅g 2⋅g
nozzle, but the kinematic pressure Considering
change is valid for any fitting with ρ1 =ρ2 = ρ
a section change . That is, the kinematic P1 v 21 P2 v 22
+ = + +Δh Loss
pressure increment or decrement ρ⋅g 2⋅g ρ⋅g 2⋅g
depends only on the inlet and outlet multiplying by ρ⋅g
ρ ρ
sections of the fitting . P1 + ⋅v 21=P 2 + ⋅v 22 +Δh Loss⋅ρ⋅g
2 2
The pressure loss, although, will depend with
on the shape of the fitting . Δh Loss⋅ρ⋅g= ΔP Loss Pa (a
Microsoft Editor de
ecuaciones 3.0
Kinematic pressure change in and

an expansion ( v 1 >v 2 ) Q
π 2
ρ 2 2 ⋅d 2
ΔP kinem = ⋅( v1 - v 2 ) Pa (c ) v1 4 1
=
d2 1 1
= 2= 2 = 2
2 v2 Q d 1 d1 β
( )
2 π 2
ρ 2 v1 ⋅d d 22
ΔP kinem = ⋅v 2 2 - 1 (d ) 4 2
2 v2
v12 1
with the diameters ratio β = (e )
d min v 22 β 4
β= Replacing equation ( e ) into equation
d max
( )
2
ρ 2 v1
d1 ΔP kinem = ⋅v 2 2 - 1 (d )
2 v2
β= in an expansion d 1 <d 2
d2 one obtains
with the diameters ratio β = (e )
d min v 22 β 4
β= Replacing equation ( e ) into equation
d max
( )
2
ρ 2 v1
d1 ΔP kinem = ⋅v 2 2 - 1 (d )
2 v2
β= in an expansion d 1 <d 2
d2 one obtains
Microsoft Editor de
ecuaciones 3.0
ρ
2
1
β (
ΔP kinem = ⋅v 22 4 - 1
) (f )
Microsoft Editor de
ecuaciones 3.0
Kinematic pressure change in and

a contraction (v 1 <v 2 ), ( d 2 < d 1 ) Q
ρ π 2
ΔP kinem = ⋅( v21 - v 22 ) Pa ( g) ⋅d
v1 4 1 d2
2
2
= = =β 2
this a negative value . v2 Q d 21
( )
ρ v 21 π 2
ΔP kinem = ⋅v 22 2 - 1 (d ) ⋅d
2 v2 4 2
with the diameters ratio β v12 4
d min =β (h)
β= v 22
d max
Replacing equation ( e ) into equation
d
( )
β= 2 in a contraction d 2 < d 1 ρ 2 v1
2
d1 ΔP kinem = ⋅v 2 2 - 1 (d )
2 v2
Microsoft Editor de
ecuaciones 3.0 one obtains
ρ
ΔP kinem = ⋅v 22 ( β 4 - 1 ) (i )
2
Microsoft Editor de
ecuaciones 3.0
Kinematic pressure change

Pressure loss in a diverging nozzle with
ρ
2 β
1
ΔP kin = ⋅v 22⋅ 4 -1
( )
cental angle q <= 45 º ρ 1
ΔP kin = ⋅v 22⋅ 4 -1
2 β ( )
() () () ()
Pressure loss in a diverging nozzle
22
vρ21 v11 ρ21 ρ21 ρ21 ρ21
The pressure loss ΔP Loss is calculated
according Crane [ 9 ] as
K 2=
( 2 ))⋅(1−β )
( ϑ
2 .6⋅ seno 22
P2-1=⋅v2-1ΔPalign¿Los¿=4¿P2-1 ⋅v24-1ΔPLos¿wher⋅v24-1=isthepruncmet¿duoheclratin(kmc)¿ΔPkin=⋅v24-1¿andΔPLosistheprulosinthefg.¿TusP2-1=ΔkinPLos¿withancremiasofdeclrtin¿ΔPkin=⋅v24-1¿
β4 Microsoft Editor de
for a central angle θ≤ 45º ecuaciones 3.0
Total pressure increment in a diverging

nozzle for a central angle q <= 45º
2 v2 v2 β 2 β 2 β 2 β 2 β
P2 - P1 = ΔP kin - ΔP Loss
with the kinetic pressure increment due
to the deceleration
ρ
2 β
1
ΔP kin = ⋅v 22⋅ 4 -1
( )
Microsoft Editor de
ecuaciones 3.0
Pressure loss in a nozzle, according [9]
If q <= 45 º If 45º < q <= 180 º

Let Let
q= 30 ° q=
K 2=
2. 6⋅ seno
( ( )) ( ϑ
2
⋅ 1−β 2 )
2
K 2=
2
( 1−β 2 )
β4 β4
K2 = (2.6 * ( seno(radianes(q)/2) ) * (1 - b^2)^2) / b^4 K2 =

b= 0.66 bmin = 0.7 b=
K2 = 1.130 K2 =
DP = K2 * hv_2 DP =
K2 = 1.130 K2 =
hv_2 = 150.0 Pa hv_2 =
DP = 169 Pa DP =
Expansion in a diverging nozzle
24x36 Node 1 to 2 dn_out = 36 in Density in larger section
Pressure increment in a nozzle due to s= #N/A Since at this moment only th
area increment. Central angle "q" dout = #N/A mm section 1 is known, it will be
dout = #N/A m r2 =
P1 P2
From sheet 1
v1 dlarge = #N/A m² r1 =
v2
Area of larger section r2 =
Alarge = (p/4) * dlarge^2
q/2
z1 z2 Alarge = #N/A m²
Velocity pressure in larger se
b= dmin / dmax hv_2 =
dout = #N/A m r=
q= 30 º din = #N/A m v2 =
b= #N/A hv_2 =
Flow rate
Q= 10.83 m3/s Velocity in larger section Single pressure loss coefficie
vlarge_sect = Q / Alarge the equation
Pipes Q= 10.83 m /s 3
K2 = (2.6*(seno(radianes(q)/2))*(1
dn_in = 24 in Alarge = #N/A q=
s= #N/A vlarge_sect = #N/A m/s b=
din = #N/A mm K2 =
Used in '1.- Air blown line '!AG15
din = #N/A m
Pressure loss in a converging Wye, from branch to main.
Node 7 to 8
Converging Wye (45º) round
QA = 0 m³/s QC = 10.8 m³/s

vA = 0 m/s vC = #N/A m/s
AA = #N/A m² AC = #N/A m²
A C
B
QB = 10.8 m³/s
vB = #N/A m/s
AB = #N/A m²
Branch, BC
vB /vC =
vB = #N/A m/s From Fig. 6.2, [3], page 33.40
vC = #N/A m/s for:
vB /vC = #N/A - vB /vC = #N/A
AB /AC = #N/A
AB /AC = one obtains with interpolation
AB = #N/A m² Cc,b = #N/A
AC = #N/A m² Used in '1.- Air blown line '!AG17
AB /AC = #N/A
Interpolation table
0.8 #N/A 1
1 0.62 0.69
#N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A
1.5 1.7 1.8
Expansion from Node 7 to 8

36
x 40 dn_out = 40 in Density in larger section
Pressure increment due to s= #N/A Since at this moment only th
area increment. dout = #N/A mm section 1 is known, it will be
dout = #N/A m r2 =
P1 P2 From sheet 1
dlarge = #N/A m² r1 =
v1
v2 Area of larger section r2 =
Alarge = (p/4) * dlarge^2 Check:
Alarge = #N/A m²
Diameters ratio Velocity pressure in larger se

b= dmin / dmax hv_2 =
dout = #N/A m r=
Flow rate din = #N/A m v2 =
Q= 10.83 m /s 3
b= #N/A hv_2 =
(Sheet 1)
Velocity in larger section Singular fricction factor
Pipes vlarge_sect = Q / Alarge Circular Diverging Wye
dn_in = 36 in Q= 10.83 m /s 3
K2 =
s= #N/A Alarge = #N/A
din = #N/A mm vlarge_sect = #N/A m/s
Note
din = #N/A m The coefficient K2 correspon
the largest diameter, which in
Pressure loss in a converging Wye, from main to main.
Converging Wye (45º) round . Nodes 9 to 10
QS = 10.8 m³/s QC = 21.7 m³/s

vS = #N/A m/s vC = #N/A m/s
AS = #N/A m² AC = #N/A m²
A C
B
QB = 10.8 m³/s
vB = #N/A m/s Same data as 7-8
AB = #N/A m²
AS /AC =
AS =
AC =
#N/A
#N/A
m²
m²
P2 - P1 = ΔP kinem - ΔP Loss
AS /AC = #N/A
AB /AC = Kinematic pressure change due to
AB = #N/A velocity change between two sections
AC = #N/A of a fitting
AS /AC = #N/A ρ
QS /QC = ΔP kinem = ⋅( v21 - v 22 )
2
QS = 10.8 m/s
QC = 21.7 m/s DPkinem = (r/2) * (v1^2 - v2^2
QS /QC = 0.50 - r= #N/A kg/m³
[10], Table ED5-2 Wye, 45º, converging, page 35.37 v1 = #N/A m/s
straight (main) section) (Sheet Ref. 10 v2 = #N/A m/s
DP = Cs * Pkinem Eq. (30) DPkinem = #N/A Pa
Cs = 0.06
Used in '1.- Air blown line AL32
Crane equations [9]

ouilli application gives ρ ρ

P2 v 22 P1 + ⋅v 21=P 2 + ⋅v 22 +ΔP Loss P1 P2
2 2
+ +Δh Loss
⋅g 2⋅g ρ ρ v1
2 P2 + ⋅v 22 +ΔP Loss=P1 + ⋅v12 v2
2 2
ρ ρ
P2 - P1 = ⋅v12 - ⋅v 22 - ΔP Loss
2 2 q/2
+Δh Loss ρ z1
g P2 - P1 = ⋅( v 21 - v 22 ) - ΔP Loss (b)
2
where the kinematic pressure
Figure 1
change is
ρ
+Δh Loss ΔP kinem = ⋅( v21 - v 22 ) Pa (c)
2
and the pressure diference is
Kinematic pressure change due to
Δh Loss⋅ρ⋅g P2 - P1 = ΔP kinem - ΔP Loss Pa (d ) velocity change between two sections
of a fitting
Microsoft Editor de
ecuaciones 3.0
ρ
ΔP kinem = ⋅( v21 - v 22 ) Pa (b )
Pa (a ) 2
Microsoft Editor de
ecuaciones 3.0
In an expansion, where d 1 <d2 ,

d
β= 1
d2
there is a positive kinematic
pressure change according
(e )
ρ
2
1
ΔP kinem = ⋅v 22 4 - 1
β ( )
(f )
o equation d
Expansion: d 1 <d 2 , β= 1
(d ) d2 Microsoft Editor de
ecuaciones 3.0
(e ) kinem
2 2 (β )
4
o equation d1
Expansion: d 1 <d 2 , β=
(d ) d2 Microsoft Editor de
ecuaciones 3.0
(f )
ρ
2
1
ΔP kinem = ⋅v 22 4 - 1
β ( ) (f )
d1
Microsoft Editor de
ecuaciones 3.0 Expansion: d 1 <d 2 , β=
d2
P1 P2
In a contraction, where d 2 <d 1 ,
v1
d v2
β= 2
d1
there is a negative kinematic
pressure change according z1
q/2
ρ 2 4
ΔP kinem = ⋅v 2 ( β - 1 ) (i)
2
Figure 1
Microsoft Editor de
ecuaciones 3.0
Return to index
and the pressure loss in the diverging

nozzle with central angle q <= 45º
K 2=
( ( )) (
2. 6⋅ seno
ϑ
2
⋅ 1−β 2 )
2
ozzle β4
An application of this pressure loss for a diverging nozzle
alculated is shown in this sheet, Page 3 of 5.
Pressure loss in a Round Converging Wie (45º)
diverging
The singular pressure loss coeficient is obtained from a table from

Ashrae Handbook 1985 Fundamentals [3], Figure 6.2, page 33.40
The table is shown in sheet Ref. 3
An application of the use of this table is shown in this sheet,

Page 4 of 5
Return to index
45º < q <= 180 º
50 °
2
( 1−β 2 )
K 2=
β4
(1 - b^2)^2/ b^4
0.6600 bmin = 0.7
1.679
K2 * hv_2
1.679
150.0 Pa
252 Pa
Return to index
ensity in larger section Nozzle pressure loss

nce at this moment only the density in hv_2, refered to the common section
ction 1 is known, it will be assumed DPLoss = K2 * hv_2
r1 K2 = #N/A
hv_2 = #N/A Pa
1.24 kg/m³ DPLoss = #N/A Pa
1.24 kg/m³ Pressure decrement
(Equation from sheet 3)

elocity pressure in larger section
(r/2) * v^2
1.24
#N/A
[Pa]
kg/m³
m/s
ρ
2
1
ΔP kinem = ⋅v 22 4 - 1
β ( ) (f )
d1
#N/A [Pa] Expansion: d 1 <d 2 , β=
d2
ngle pressure loss coefficient, using
Pressure increment
K2 = (2.6*(seno(radianes(q)/2))*(1-b^2)^2) / b^4 DPkinem = (r/2) * v2^2 * ( 1/b^4 -1 ) Note
30 º r= 1.24 kg/m 3
The coefficient K2 corresponds to
#N/A - v2 = #N/A m/s the conditions at the largest
#N/A - b= #N/A diameter, which in this case is d2.
ed in '1.- Air blown line '!AG15 DPkinem = #N/A Pa
Used in '1.- Air blown line '!AG11
Return to index
#N/A
Return to index
ensity in larger section

2
( )
nce at this moment only the density in ρ⋅v 2 1
ction 1 is known, it will be assumed ΔP Kinem = −1
2 β4
r1
#N/A kg/m³ Increment

#N/A kg/m³ DPkinem = (r/2) * v2^2 * ( 1/b^4 -1 )
OK r= #N/A kg/m3
v2 = #N/A m/s
b= #N/A
elocity pressure in larger section DPkinem = #N/A Pa
(r/2) * v^2 [Pa] Used in '1.- Air blown line '!AG15
#N/A kg/m³
#N/A m/s
#N/A [Pa]
ngular fricction factor

rcular Diverging Wye
#N/A (sheet 2)
Pressure decrement
e coefficient K2 corresponds to the conditions at
e largest diameter, which in this case is d2.
Return to index
As / A c = #N/A
Ab / A c = #N/A
Qs / Q c = 0.5
Return to index
rev.cjc.09.08.2018
Page 1 of 10
v2
q/2
z2
ure change due to

between two sections
v 22 ) Pa (b )
Page 2 of 10
Page 3 of 10
v2
z2
Page 4 of 10
Page 5 of 10
Page 6 of 10
e coefficient K2 corresponds to
conditions at the largest
meter, which in this case is d2.
Page 7 of 10
[3]
Page 8 of 10
Page 9 of 10
Page 10 of 10
Abrupt and gradual expansion [9]
d1 q d2
d1
β=
d2
If q <= 45 º If 45º < q <= 180 º
K 2=
2. 6⋅ seno( ( ϑ2 ))⋅( 1− β ) 2 2
K 2=
( 1− β
β
4
4
β
K2 = (2.6 * ( seno(radianes(q)/2) ) * (1 - b^2)^2) / b^4 K2 =

q= 30 º
b= 0.665 bmin = 0.6 b=
K2 = 1.071 (See graphic, below) K2 =
Note. Coefficients refered to the velocity of larger pipe (Index 2)
Using the VBA function

K2 = Pipe_Expansion_Theta30gr_beta
b= 0.707
K2 = #VALUE!
q= 30 º
b= K2 =
0.05
0.10 Singular coefficient
0.15
7.00
0.20
0.25
6.00
0.30 68.80
5.00
0.35 34.53
0.40 18.55
4.00
K
0.45 10.44
0.50
3.00 6.06
0.55 3.58
2.00
0.60 2.13
0.65 1.26
1.00
0.70 0.73
0.75
0.00 0.41
0.800.40 0.50
0.21 0.60 0.70 beta 0.80 0.90 1.00 1.10
0.85 0.10
0.90 0.04
0.95 0.01
1.00 0.00
Return to index
Example
For enlargements with q > 45° Expansion between two ducts
with b >= 0.7
K2 = (1 - b^2) / b^4 Inlet duct diameter
dn_in = 24 in
Outlet duct diameter
b= 0.7 dn_out = 36 in
K2 = 2.1241 Center angle
q= 30 º
Sheet thickness
s= #N/A mm
45º < q <= 180 º Inlet section

dn_in = 24 in
s= 2
2
( 1− β 2 ) din = 605.6 mm
K 2= 4 din = 0.6056 m
β
Outlet section
dn_out = 36 in
(1 - b^2)^2/ b^4 s= #N/A
dout = #N/A mm
0.665 dout = #N/A m
1.591
Diameters ratio
b= dmin / dmax
dout = #N/A m
din = 0.606 m
b= #N/A
Single pressure loss coefficient, using

the VBA function for q = 30 º
K2 = Pipe_Expansion_Theta30gr_beta
b= #N/A -
K2 = #VALUE! -
rev.cjc.09.08.2018
Example
Expansion between two ducts
Inlet duct diameter

dn_in = 24 in
Outlet duct diameter
dn_out = 36 in
Center angle
q= 25 º
Sheet thickness
s= #N/A mm
Inlet section
dn_in = 24 in
s= #N/A
din = #N/A mm
din = #N/A m
Outlet section
dn_out = 36 in
s= #N/A
dout = #N/A mm
dout = #N/A m
Diameters ratio
b= dmin / dmax
dout = #N/A m
din = #N/A m
b= #N/A
Single pressure loss coefficient, using

the equation
K2 = (2.6*(seno(radianes(q)/2))*(1-b^2)^2) / b^4
q= 25 º
b= #N/A -
K2 = #N/A -
Specific gravity
The SG-value is required in Sheet 6, for In the US gas industry typical references
the calculation of the K-value for the conditions are:
selected valve type. PStd = 1
tStd = 60
Specific gravity of gas
Molecular mass of air Air density at
MMair = 286.90 J/(kg*K) PStd = 101325
(Sheet 1) tStd = 15.6
Molecular mass of gas T= 288.7
MMgas = 286.9 J/(kg*K) Molecular mass
(Sheet 1) M= 28.97
SG = MMgas / MMair Gas general constat
MMgas = 286.90 J/(kg*K) Rg = 8314.41
MMair = 286.90 J/(kg*K)
SG = 1 - Density
rair_Std = p * M / ( Rg *T )
Since in this application the gas is air, the p= 101325
calculation is inofficious M= 28.97
Rg = 8314.41
T= 288.7
rair_Std = 1.22
Specific Gravity for Gases
The Specific Gravity of a gas is normally calculated with reference to air - and defined as the ratio of the density of the gas
The Specific Gravity can be calculated as
SG = ρgas / ρair (3)
where
SG = specific gravity of gas
ρgas = density of gas (kg/m3)
ρair = density of air (normally at NTP - 1.205 kg/m3)

NTP - Normal Temperature and Pressure - defined as 20oC (293.15 K, 68oF) and 1 atm ( 101.325 kN/m2, 101.325 kPa
Molecular weights can be used to calculate Specific Gravity if the densities of the gas and the air are evaluated at the sam
dustry typical references K value for gas valve

The calculation of the Pressure drop
atm coefficient K for the valve requires as
ºF an input, the specific gravity of the gas.
This K coefficient is calculated using
equation 8c (See note 2)
Pa
ºC
K
kg/kmol Base Gas Density

The gas density equation remains the same but is referenced to what are known as standard
J/kmol K temperature and pressure conditions (STP). The reference conditions used in general industry
are 60ºF and 14.696 PSIA. The reference conditions used vary from country to country and
from industry to industry. In the U.S. gas industry typical reference conditions are 60ºF and
* M / ( Rg *T ) 14.73 PSIA.
Pa
kg/kmol www.piping-tools.net
J/kmol K Valves. Pressure loss in valves with gas as a fluid. Normal and choked flow (SI)
K and using VBA function
kg/m 3
Pipe_Valve_K_Gas_PinBarAbs_SG_QNm3h_HvPascal_Cv_toutCelcius
ed as the ratio of the density of the gas to the density of the air - at a specified temperature and pressure.
tnormal = 20 ºC
tnormal = 68 ºF
Normal pressure and temperature of gases Imperial system

d 1 atm ( 101.325 kN/m2, 101.325 kPa, 14.7 psia, 0 psig, 30 in Hg, 760 torr)
s and the air are evaluated at the same pressure and temperature.
rev.cjc.09.08.2018
own as standard
n general industry
to country and
s are 60ºF and
ure of gases Imperial system

5 Return to index
Real flow rate to normal flow rate
Real flow rate data Normal volumetric flow rate,

V= 10.83 m³/s (Sheet 1) Vn =
V= 39,000 m3/h Pop =
Pop = #N/A bar (Sheet 1) Pn =
top = 130 °C (Sheet 1) Tn =
Top =
Normal conditions V=
Pn = 101,325 Pa Vn =
Tn = 273.15 K
Operation absolute temperature

Top = top + 273.15 Note
top = 129.6 °C For the deduction of equation (a), s
Top = 402.72 K www.piping-tools
File: Normal_to_real_flow_rate_and
Pop = #N/A Pa
Kelv = 273.15 K
turn to index rev.cjc.09.08.2018
ormal volumetric flow rate, Eq. (a)

(Pop/Pn) * (Tn/Top) * V
#N/A Pa
101,325 Pa
273.15 K
402.72 °C
39,000.0 m3/h
#N/A Nm3/h
r the deduction of equation (a), see

w.piping-tools
e: Normal_to_real_flow_rate_and_FAD_flow rate
http://onlinembr.info/cost/blower-power-calculation-blower-types-and-efficiency/
Return to index
Blower discharge temperature
Specific heat ratio

k= 1.4 - Inlet temperature
Local atmospheric pressure Tin = 283.15
Patm_loc = 73.7 kPa Intake pressure
Average ambient temperature Pin = Patm_loc
tin = 10 °C Pin = 73.7
Fan efficiency Discharge pressure
hc = 0.50 Pout = Patm_loc + Pdisch
Discharge manometric pressure Patm_loc = 73.7
Pdisch = 70 kPa(g) Pdisch = 70.0
Pout = 143.7
Discharge temperature
of isentropic compresión
Tdisch_s = Tin * (Pout/Pin)^((k-1)/k)
Tin = 283.15
Pin = 73.7
Pout = 143.7
k= 1.4
Tdisch_s = 343
rev.cjc.09.08.2018
Discharge temperature of a real compresión

K Tdesc = Tin + (Tdesc_s - Tin) / hc
Tin = 283.15 K
Tdisch_s = 343 K
kPa hcomp = 0.50 -
Tdisch = 403 K
tdisch = 129.6 ºC
kPa
kPa(g) Also
kPa Tdisch = Tin * ( 1 + ( ((Pdesc/Pin)^((k-1)/k) -1) / hc ) )
Tin = 283.15 K
Pout = 143.7 kPa
* (Pout/Pin)^((k-1)/k) Pin = 73.7 kPa
K k= 1.4 -
kPa hc = 0.50 -
kPa Tdisch = 403 K
- tdisch = 129.6 ºC
K
rev.cjc.09.08.2018
[1] www.piping-tools.net
[2] Norris butterfly valves

http://www.norriseal.com/files/comm_id_47/BV_HowTo_Brochure_120811.pdf
[3] Ashrae Handbook 1985 Fundamentals
[4] http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/gauge-sheet-d_915.html
[9] Crane Co., Flow of Fluids Through Valves, Fittings and Pipe. Technical Paper No. 410M, 21
[10] Ashrae Handbook 2005 Fundamentals
[14]
http://www.forberg.com/pdf/techSup/Home_Tech%20Support_Valve%20Flow_calc_and_sizing.pd
Return to Index
No. 410M, 21st printing. Crane Co., 300 Park Ave., New York (1982).
Flow_calc_and_sizing.pdf
Microsoft Editor de
ecuaciones 3.0
Singular pressure drop coefficient for a round, 45º, converging wye [3]
rging wye [3]
B AB
vB
Ashrae Handbook 1985 Fundamentals [3], Figure 6.2, page 33.40
Cross section to which coefficients is referenced: the common section (C)

[3], page 33.39.
hvC= (r/2) * vC^2 [Pa]
Pressure loss through the branch

DPBC = Cc,b * hvC
Pressure loss through the main (stright)

DPAC = Cc,s * hvC
[3], page 33.5
Galvanized steel, sheets, hot
dipped longitudinal seams
Rabs = 0.15 mm
vC
C
AC
gure 6.2, page 33.40
ed: the common section (C)

Thickness of galvanized steel sheets [4]
Galvanized Steel
Gauge
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
Galvanized Steel
Thickness
in mm
0.04 1.016
0.046 1.1684
0.052 1.3208
0.058 1.4732
0.064 1.6256
0.071 1.8034 Galvanized steel sheet
0.079 2.0066 Gauge 14 -
0.093 2.3622 thickness #N/A mm
0.108 2.7432
1.123 28.5242
0.138 3.5052
0.153 3.8862
0.168 4.2672
Wye, 45 degree
Ashrae 2005, page 35.9
straight (main) section
From [10], Table ED5-2 Wye, 45º, converging, page 35.37
[10] Page 35.9
[10] Page 35.9
As / A c =
Ab / A c =
Qs / Q c =
From table
Cs =
[10] Page 35.9

As / A c = #N/A
Ab / A c = #N/A
Qs / Q c = 0.5
From table
Cs = 0.06

Blower Air Line

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Blower Air Line

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16 2.

3 Pipe Thickness [mm], according ASME B36.10M

1.- Air blown line

2. Nozzle and Wye DP Page

Schema of blower line

Height above sea level H= 2600 m.a.s.l. Flow per blower (2 + 1 ) at

Eq. 3 Eq. 6 Eq. 9

Calculation table for the nod

1 Silencer discharge in a 24" pipe (batery limit) 13-14 Curve 90° (5 D)

ower (2 + 1 ) at Air molecular mass Blower discharge temperature

Eq.12 Average value of the friction factor

on table for the nodes of the blower line

Eq. 3 Eq. 4 Eq. 5 Eq. 6 Eq. 7 Eq. 8

Eq. 9 Eq. 10 Eq. 11 Eq. 12 Eq. 13 Eq. 14

Pdisch_min = 68.50 kPa(g)

S279, S280 and S281

Applicable to any shape From Figure 1, a Bernouilli application give

corresponds to the case of a round + = + +Δh Loss

Kinematic pressure change in and

Kinematic pressure change in and

Kinematic pressure change

for a central angle θ≤ 45º ecuaciones 3.0

Total pressure increment in a diverging

Pressure loss in a nozzle, according [9]

If q <= 45 º If 45º < q <= 180 º

K2 = (2.6 * ( seno(radianes(q)/2) ) * (1 - b^2)^2) / b^4 K2 =

Pressure loss in a converging Wye, from branch to main.

QA = 0 m³/s QC = 10.8 m³/s

Expansion from Node 7 to 8

Diameters ratio Velocity pressure in larger se

Pressure loss in a converging Wye, from main to main.

Converging Wye (45º) round . Nodes 9 to 10

QS = 10.8 m³/s QC = 21.7 m³/s

Crane equations [9]

ouilli application gives ρ ρ

In an expansion, where d 1 <d2 ,

and the pressure loss in the diverging

Pressure loss in a Round Converging Wie (45º)

The singular pressure loss coeficient is obtained from a table from

An application of the use of this table is shown in this sheet,

45º < q <= 180 º

ensity in larger section Nozzle pressure loss

(Equation from sheet 3)

ensity in larger section

#N/A kg/m³ Increment

ngular fricction factor

ure change due to

K2 = (2.6 * ( seno(radianes(q)/2) ) * (1 - b^2)^2) / b^4 K2 =

Note. Coefficients refered to the velocity of larger pipe (Index 2)

Using the VBA function

45º < q <= 180 º Inlet section

Single pressure loss coefficient, using

Inlet duct diameter

Single pressure loss coefficient, using

Specific Gravity for Gases

The Specific Gravity can be calculated as

SG = ρgas / ρair (3)

SG = specific gravity of gas

ρgas = density of gas (kg/m3)

ρair = density of air (normally at NTP - 1.205 kg/m3)

dustry typical references K value for gas valve

kg/kmol Base Gas Density

Normal pressure and temperature of gases Imperial system