16 2.

2 1
20 1.9 2.8 2
25 2.3 3.5 3

32 1.8 2.9 4.4 4

40 1.8 2.3 3.7 5.5 5
50 1.8 2.0 2.9 4.6 6.9 6
63 1.8 2.0 2.5 3.6 5.8 8.6 7
75 1.9 2.3 2.9 4.3 6.8 10.3 8
90 2.2 2.8 3.5 5.1 8.2 12.3 9
110 2.7 3.4 4.2 6.3 10.0 15.1 10
125 3.1 3.9 4.8 7.1 11.4 17.1 11

140 3.5 4.3 5.4 8.0 12.7 19.2 12

160 4.0 4.9 6.2 9.1 14.6 21.9 13
180 4.4 5.5 6.9 10.2 16.4 24.6 14
200 4.9 6.2 7.7 11.4 18.2 27.4 15
225 5.5 6.9 8.6 12.8 20.5 30.8 16
250 6.2 7.7 9.6 14.2 22.7 34.2 17
280 6.9 8.6 10.7 15.9 25.4 38.3 18
315 7.7 9.7 12.1 17.9 28.6 43.1 19
355 8.7 10.9 13.6 20.1 32.2 48.5 20
400 9.8 12.3 15.3 22.7 36.3 54.7 21
450 11.0 13.8 17.2 25.5 40.9 61.5 22

500 12.3 15.3 19.1 28.4 45.4 68.3 23

560 13.7 17.2 21.4 31.7 50.8 24
630 15.4 19.3 24.1 35.7 57.2 25
710 17.4 21.8 27.2 40.2 64.5 26
800 19.6 24.5 30.6 45.3 27
900 22.0 27.6 34.4 51.0 28
1000 24.5 30.6 38.2 56.7 29
1100 26.9 33.7 42.0 62.4 30
1200 29.4 36.7 45.9 68.0 31
 1400 34.4 42.9 53.5 32
1600 39.2 49.0 61.2 33
Dn [mm] 2 1/2 3.2 4 6 10 16
Presiones nominales PN [bar]
HDPE PE80 DIN 8074 / ISO 4427
Espesor [mm]
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
 16 2.2 1
20 1.9 2.8 2
25 2.3 3.5 3

32 1.8 2.9 4.4 4

40 1.8 2.3 3.7 5.5 5
50 1.8 2.0 2.9 4.6 6.9 6
63 1.8 2.0 2.5 3.6 5.8 8.6 7
75 1.9 2.3 2.9 4.3 6.8 10.3 8
90 2.2 2.8 3.5 5.1 8.2 12.3 9
110 2.7 3.4 4.2 6.3 10.0 15.1 10
125 3.1 3.9 4.8 7.1 11.4 17.1 11

140 3.5 4.3 5.4 8.0 12.7 19.2 12

160 4.0 4.9 6.2 9.1 14.6 21.9 13
180 4.4 5.5 6.9 10.2 16.4 24.6 14
200 4.9 6.2 7.7 11.4 18.2 27.4 15
225 5.5 6.9 8.6 12.8 20.5 30.8 16
250 6.2 7.7 9.6 14.2 22.7 34.2 17
280 6.9 8.6 10.7 15.9 25.4 38.3 18
315 7.7 9.7 12.1 17.9 28.6 43.1 19
355 8.7 10.9 13.6 20.1 32.2 48.5 20
400 9.8 12.3 15.3 22.7 36.3 54.7 21
450 11.0 13.8 17.2 25.5 40.9 61.5 22

500 12.3 15.3 19.1 28.4 45.4 68.3 23

560 13.7 17.2 21.4 31.7 50.8 24
630 15.4 19.3 24.1 35.7 57.2 25
710 17.4 21.8 27.2 40.2 64.5 26
800 19.6 24.5 30.6 45.3 27
900 22.0 27.6 34.4 51.0 28
1000 24.5 30.6 38.2 56.7 29
1100 26.9 33.7 42.0 62.4 30
1200 29.4 36.7 45.9 68.0 31
 1400 34.4 42.9 53.5 32
1600 39.2 49.0 61.2 33
Dn [mm] 2 1/2 3.2 4 6 10 16
Presiones nominales PN [bar]
HDPE PE80 DIN 8074 / ISO 4427
Espesor [mm]
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
2

3 Pipe Thickness [mm], according ASME B36.10M

4
5 ASME B36.10M SCHEDULE / IDENTIFICATION
6 Size dext 5 10 20 30 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 STD XS XXS

7 1/2 21.3 1.65 2.11 - 2.41 2.77 - 3.73 - 0 - 4.78 2.77 3.73 7.47
8 3/4 26.7 1.65 2.11 - 2.41 2.87 - 3.91 - 0 - 5.56 2.87 3.91 7.82
9 1 33.4 1.65 2.77 - 2.9 3.38 - 4.55 - 0 - 6.35 3.38 4.55 9.09
10 1 1/4 42.2 1.65 2.77 2.97 3.56 4.85 6.35 3.56 4.85 9.7
11 1 1/2 48.3 1.65 2.77 - 3.18 3.68 - 5.08 - 0 - 7.14 3.68 5.08 10.15
12 2 60.3 1.65 2.77 - 3.18 3.91 - 5.54 - 0 - 8.74 3.91 5.54 11.07
13 2 1/2 73 2.11 3.05 4.78 5.16 7.01 9.53 5.16 7.01 14.02
14 3 88.9 2.11 3.05 - 4.78 5.49 - 7.62 - 0 - 11.13 5.49 7.62 15.24
15 3 1/2 101.6 2.11 3.05 4.78 5.74 8.08 5.74 8.08
16 4 114.3 2.11 3.05 - 4.78 6.02 - 8.56 - 11.13 - 13.49 6.02 8.56 17.12
17 5 141.3 2.77 3.4 - - 6.55 - 9.53 - 12.7 - 15.88 6.55 9.53 19.05
18 6 168.3 2.77 3.4 - - 7.11 - 10.97 - 14.27 - 18.26 7.11 10.97 21.95
19 8 219.1 2.77 3.76 6.35 7.04 8.18 10.31 12.7 15.09 18.26 20.62 23.01 8.18 12.7 22.23
20 10 273 3.4 4.19 6.35 7.8 9.27 12.7 15.09 18.26 21.44 25.4 28.58 9.27 12.7 25.4
21 12 323.8 3.96 4.57 6.35 8.38 10.31 14.27 17.48 21.44 25.4 28.58 33.32 9.53 12.7 25.4
22 14 355.6 3.96 6.35 7.92 9.53 11.13 15.09 19.05 23.83 27.79 31.75 35.71 9.53 12.7 -
23 16 406.4 4.19 6.35 7.92 9.53 12.7 16.66 21.44 26.19 30.96 36.53 40.49 9.53 12.7 -
24 18 457 4.19 6.35 7.92 11.13 14.27 19.05 23.83 29.36 34.93 39.67 45.24 9.53 12.7 -
25 20 508 4.78 6.35 9.53 12.7 15.09 20.62 26.19 32.54 38.1 44.45 50.01 9.53 12.7 -
26 22 559 4.78 6.35 9.53 12.7 - 22.23 28.58 34.93 41.28 47.63 53.98 9.53 12.7 -
27 24 610 5.54 6.35 9.53 14.27 17.48 24.61 30.96 38.89 46.02 52.37 59.54 9.53 12.7 -
28 26 660 - 7.92 12.7 15.88 - - - - - - - 9.53 12.7 -
29 28 711 - 7.92 12.7 - - - - - - - - 9.53 12.7 -
30 30 762 6.35 7.92 12.7 15.88 - - - - - - - 9.53 12.7 -
31 32 813 - 7.92 12.7 15.88 17.48 - - - - - - 9.53 12.7 -
32 34 864 - 7.92 12.7 15.88 17.48 - - - - - - 9.53 12.7 -
33 36 914 - 7.92 12.7 15.88 19.05 - - - - - - 9.53 12.7 -
34 38 965 - - - - - - - - - - - 9.53 12.7 -
35 40 1016 - - - - - - - - - - - 9.53 12.7 -
36 42 1067 - - - - - - - - - - - 9.53 12.7 -
44 1118 - - - - - - - - - - - 9.53 12.7 -
46 1168 - - - - - - - - - - - 9.53 12.7 -
39 48 1219 - - - - - - - - - - - 9.53 12.7 -
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
2

3 Pipe Thickness [mm], according ASME B36.10M

4
5 ASME B36.10M SCHEDULE / IDENTIFICATION
6 Size dext 5 10 20 30 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 STD XS XXS

7 1/2 21.3 1.65 2.11 - 2.41 2.77 - 3.73 - 0 - 4.78 2.77 3.73 7.47
8 3/4 26.7 1.65 2.11 - 2.41 2.87 - 3.91 - 0 - 5.56 2.87 3.91 7.82
9 1 33.4 1.65 2.77 - 2.9 3.38 - 4.55 - 0 - 6.35 3.38 4.55 9.09
10 1 1/4 42.2 1.65 2.77 2.97 3.56 4.85 6.35 3.56 4.85 9.7
11 1 1/2 48.3 1.65 2.77 - 3.18 3.68 - 5.08 - 0 - 7.14 3.68 5.08 10.15
12 2 60.3 1.65 2.77 - 3.18 3.91 - 5.54 - 0 - 8.74 3.91 5.54 11.07
13 2 1/2 73 2.11 3.05 4.78 5.16 7.01 9.53 5.16 7.01 14.02
14 3 88.9 2.11 3.05 - 4.78 5.49 - 7.62 - 0 - 11.13 5.49 7.62 15.24
15 3 1/2 101.6 2.11 3.05 4.78 5.74 8.08 5.74 8.08
16 4 114.3 2.11 3.05 - 4.78 6.02 - 8.56 - 11.13 - 13.49 6.02 8.56 17.12
17 5 141.3 2.77 3.4 - - 6.55 - 9.53 - 12.7 - 15.88 6.55 9.53 19.05
18 6 168.3 2.77 3.4 - - 7.11 - 10.97 - 14.27 - 18.26 7.11 10.97 21.95
19 8 219.1 2.77 3.76 6.35 7.04 8.18 10.31 12.7 15.09 18.26 20.62 23.01 8.18 12.7 22.23
20 10 273 3.4 4.19 6.35 7.8 9.27 12.7 15.09 18.26 21.44 25.4 28.58 9.27 12.7 25.4
21 12 323.8 3.96 4.57 6.35 8.38 10.31 14.27 17.48 21.44 25.4 28.58 33.32 9.53 12.7 25.4
22 14 355.6 3.96 6.35 7.92 9.53 11.13 15.09 19.05 23.83 27.79 31.75 35.71 9.53 12.7 -
23 16 406.4 4.19 6.35 7.92 9.53 12.7 16.66 21.44 26.19 30.96 36.53 40.49 9.53 12.7 -
24 18 457 4.19 6.35 7.92 11.13 14.27 19.05 23.83 29.36 34.93 39.67 45.24 9.53 12.7 -
25 20 508 4.78 6.35 9.53 12.7 15.09 20.62 26.19 32.54 38.1 44.45 50.01 9.53 12.7 -
26 22 559 4.78 6.35 9.53 12.7 - 22.23 28.58 34.93 41.28 47.63 53.98 9.53 12.7 -
27 24 610 5.54 6.35 9.53 14.27 17.48 24.61 30.96 38.89 46.02 52.37 59.54 9.53 12.7 -
28 26 660 - 7.92 12.7 15.88 - - - - - - - 9.53 12.7 -
29 28 711 - 7.92 12.7 - - - - - - - - 9.53 12.7 -
30 30 762 6.35 7.92 12.7 15.88 - - - - - - - 9.53 12.7 -
31 32 813 - 7.92 12.7 15.88 17.48 - - - - - - 9.53 12.7 -
32 34 864 - 7.92 12.7 15.88 17.48 - - - - - - 9.53 12.7 -
33 36 914 - 7.92 12.7 15.88 19.05 - - - - - - 9.53 12.7 -
34 38 965 - - - - - - - - - - - 9.53 12.7 -
35 40 1016 - - - - - - - - - - - 9.53 12.7 -
36 42 1067 - - - - - - - - - - - 9.53 12.7 -
44 1118 - - - - - - - - - - - 9.53 12.7 -
46 1168 - - - - - - - - - - - 9.53 12.7 -
39 48 1219 - - - - - - - - - - - 9.53 12.7 -
Flow rate and pressure loss

1. Manning equation 4. Channels

(usually applied for open channels) Flow velocity in channels a
The Maning equation relates the velocity of a fluid in an open channel, to and Darcy-Weisbach
properties of the open channel.
It is presented a Darcy-Weisbach equation adapted to match the structure 5. Friction factors
of Manning's equation. Visual Basic functions for:
This equation defines a Manning's coefficient that makes that the - Serghides equation
Manning's equation is equivalent to the Darcy-Weisbach equation - Swamee-Jain equation
- Colebrook equation
1a. Manning application
Flow rate according Manning, using a calculated Manning coefficient 6. Colebrook
Result compared with tabulated Manning coefficient Colebrook equations for D
Fanning friction factors, us
2. Hazen Williams equation logarithmus
(usually applied in potable water systems)
Hazen Williams empirical equation for friction head loss
The Hazen Williams equation was developed for water at temperatures normally
experienced in potable water systems, for pipe diameters d >= 50 mm and
within a moderate range of water velocity v <= 3 m/s.

3. Darcy
(analytical equation with an experimental coefficient)
Darcy-Weisbach equation for pressure loss
Deduction of equation
 rev. Cjc. 10.07.2017

4. Channels
Flow velocity in channels according Manning
and Darcy-Weisbach

5. Friction factors
Visual Basic functions for:
- Serghides equation
- Swamee-Jain equation
- Colebrook equation

6. Colebrook
Colebrook equations for Darcy-Weisbach and
Fanning friction factors, using natural and decimal
logarithmus

www.piping-tools.net
Pipes. Flow rate and pressure loss equations.xls
cjcruz@piping-tools.net
 1. Manning

The Maning equation relates the velocity of a fluid in an open channel, to properties of the open

It was introduced by the Irish Engineer Robert Manning in 1889 as an alternative to the Chezy E
The Mannings equation is an empirical equation that applies to uniform flow in open channels an
function of the channel velocity, flow area and channel slope.

Manning equation
1
A 2
Q   Rh 3  S 2
N
.
Q: flow rate (m³/s)
Rh: hydraulic radius (m)
Rh = A/P
A: area of fluid section (m²)
P: wetted perimeter (m)
S: slope (-)
N: Manning coefficient
This coefficient is a function of
the channel material

Darcy-Weisbach equation adapted to match the structure of Manning's equ

Darcy - Weisbach Friction force

L v2 F f  A  H Pa
Hm  f   (m) Eq. (3)
d 2g
Page 11 L   v2
where f is the Darcy friction factor H Pa  f  
and d the interior pipe diameter
d 2
L   v2
F  Af   E
 Darcy - Weisbach Friction force
L v 2 1. Manning F f  A  H Pa
Hm  f   (m) Eq. (3)
d 2g
L   v2
where f is the Darcy friction factor H Pa  f  
and d the interior pipe diameter
d 2
L   v2
F f  Af   E
The pressure expressed in d 2
Pascal is .
H Pa    H m
L v2
H Pa   f  
d 2g
L v2
H Pa    g f  
d 2g
L   v2
H Pa  f   (4)
d 2
.

From
For example,
S1/2
v  f -1/2   2  d  g 
1/ 2
 Eq. (7) 1
1  S  2 1/ 4 for S  2 %,
1  S  2 1

Q  Av 1
for S  4 %,
S1/2 1  S  2 1

Q  A  f -1/2   2  d  g 
1/ 2
 Eq.(8)
1  S 
2 1/ 4
for S  8 %,
1

1
1  S 2 1

The fraction has a value 1

1  S  2 1/ 4 for S  10 %,
1  S  2

close to 1 for most usual values of the Thus equation

slope S.
Q  A  f N-1/2   2 R h g 
1

. Page 12

can be writen with hig

Q  A  f N-1/2   2 R h g 
1
 1
The fraction has a value 1
1  S 2 1/ 4 for S  10 %,
1  S 
2

close to 1 for most usual values of the Thus equation

1. Manning
slope S.
Q  A  f N-1/2   2 R h g 
1

.
can be writen with hig
Q  A  f N-1/2   2 R h g 
1

Manning equation
Q  A  f N-1/2   2 R h g 
1

From the modified Darcy 21/ 2  g 1/ 2

v 1/2
 2  R 3/6
h S
1/2

f
equation
2  2  g 1/ 2 R 1/6
1/ 2

A v  1/6
h
 R 3/6
h S
1/2

Q  1/2   2  d  g   S1/2
1/ 2
Eq. (9) f 1/2
Rh
f
23 / 2  g 1/ 2 2/3 1/2
The velocity is v  1/2 1/6  R h  S
f Rh
v
 2 g
1/ 2
  d   S1/2
1/ 2
1
f 1/2 v 1/2 1/6
 R 2/3
h S
1/2

f Rh
For a circular pipe
23 / 2  g 1/ 2
d Defining
Rh 
4
f 1/2  R 1/6
and N D  3 / 2 1h/ 2 Eq. (11)
2 g
d  4Rh
1
v  R 2/3
h S
1/2
Eq. (12)
v
 2 g
1/ 2
  4  R h   S1/2
1/ 2
Eq. (10)
ND
1/2
f .
.

Page 13
 1. Manning

Manning's coefficient for a

circular pipe, full, required
in the Manning's equation, to
be equivalent with the Darcy-
Weisbach equation

f  R 1/3
N h
Eq. (11)
23  g
For a circular pipe, full
d
Rh 
4
1
d 3
f  
N 4
3
2 g
1
d3
f 1

N 4 3

23  g
1
f d3
N 2
23  2 3  g
1
f d3
N 11 Eq. (14)
23 g
.

Page 14
 1. Manning

[3]

en channel, to properties of the open channel.

1889 as an alternative to the Chezy Equation.

es to uniform flow in open channels and is a

he structure of Manning's equation

Friction force Angle Component of gravity

H
F f  A  H Pa sin( ) 
2 2
in the pipe direction
L H
L   v2
H Pa  f   Eq. (4)
Page 15
F g  A  L    sin( )
H
d 2
sin( )  L with
L   v2 2 2
F  Af   Eq. (5)
Friction force Angle Component of gravity
1. Manning H
F f  A  H Pa sin( )  in the pipe direction
L2  H 2
H Pa  f 
L  v

2
Eq. (4) F g  A  L    sin( )
H
d 2
sin( )  L with
L   v2
F f  Af   Eq. (5) L2 H 2 S
d 2  sin( ) 
L2 L2
.
Slope
1  S2
H S
S F g A  L   
L 1  S2
S .
sin( ) 
1 S 2
.

For example, Thus equation

1
for S  2 %,  0.9999 S1/2
1  S  2 1/ 4
Q  Af -1/2
2d  g
1/ 2
 Eq.(
for S  4 %,
1
 0.9996
1  S 
2 1/ 4

1  S  2 1/ 4
can be writen with high approximation as
1
Q  A  f -1/2   2  d  g 
1/ 2
for S  8 %,  0.9984  S1/2
1  S 2 1/ 4

1
for S  10 %,  0.9975
1  S  2 1/ 4 Modified Darcy equation
1/ 2
Thus equation  2d  g 
S1/2 Q  A     S1/2 Eq. (
Q  A  f N-1/2   2 R h g  f
1/ 2
 (8)  
1  S 
2 1/ 4
Page 16
.
can be writen with high approximation as
Q  A  f N-1/2   2 R h g 
1/ 2
 S1/2 (9)
 1
for S  10 %,  0.9975
1  S 2 1/ 4 Modified Darcy equation
1/ 2
Thus equation  2d  g 
1. Manning
S1/2 Q  A     S1/2 Eq. (
  2 R h g   f 
-1/2 1/ 2
Q  Af  (8)
N
1  S 2 1/ 4

can be writen with high approximation as

.
Q  A  f N-1/2   2 R h g 
1/ 2
 S1/2 (9)

Manning equation
Q  A  f N-1/2   2 R h g 
1/ 2
 S1/2 (9)
.

Flow velocity derived from Darcy

equation
1 Flow velocity derived from Darcy
21/ 2  g 1/ 2 v  R 2/3
h S
1/2
Eq. (12)
1/2
 2  R 3/6
h S
1/2
ND
equation
f where
2  2  g 1/ 2 R 1/6
1/ 2 1
 1/6  R 3/6 1/2 f 1/2  R 1/6 v  R 2/3
h S
1/2
Eq. (12)
h S
h
1/2 N D  3 / 2 1h/ 2 Eq. (11) ND
f Rh 2 g
where
23 / 2  g 1/ 2 2/3 1/2
 R h S The Manning equation for the f 1/2  R 1/6
f 1/2  R 1/6 N D  3 / 2 1h/ 2
h velocity is 2 g
1 1 2 1

1/2 1/6
 R 2/3
h S
1/2
v  Rh 3  S 2 Eq. (13)
ND 
f  R 1/3
h
Eq. (11)
f Rh N 3
2 g
Thus, a full equivalence between
23 / 2  g 1/ 2 .
Equation (12) and (13) requires that
ining N  ND
f 1/2  R 1/6 Therefore, the Manning equation is
 3 / 2 1h/ 2 Eq. (11) equivalent to the Darcy equation if
2 g
the Manning's coefficient is equivalent
1
 R 2/3
h S
1/2
Eq. (12) to
ND f 1/2  R 1/6
N  ND  h
Eq. (11)
23 / 2  g 1/ 2
.

Page 17
 1. Manning

An equation defining the Manning's coefficient and that makes that the
Manning's equation is equivalent to the Darcy-Weisbach equation

N: Manning's coefficient
1/3
f R
N  ND  h
Eq. (11)
23  g ND: Manning's coefficient required to m

. that the Manning's equations is equiva

to the Darcy-Weisbach equation
Flow velocity derived from Darcy
Thus, when using the Manning's equat
equation
a Manning's coefficient defined with Eq
1 the obtained result wil be the same as
v  R 2/3
h S
1/2
Eq. (12)
ND obtained when using the Darcy-Weisba
equation.
.
For a circular pipe, full

1
f d 3
N 11 Eq. (14)
2 g
3

Page 18
 1. Manning

Equating equations
L   v2
Component of gravity force F f  A f   Eq. (5)
d 2
n the pipe direction and
F g  A  L    sin( ) Page 19
F g A  L   
S
Eq. (6)
2
1 S
with
 Equating equations
L   v2
Component of gravity force F f  A f   Eq. (5)
d 2
1. Manning
n the pipe direction and
F g  A  L    sin( ) F g A  L   
S
Eq. (6)
2
1 S
with
S L   v2 S
sin( )  A f    A L    g 
1  S2 d 2 1  S2
S f v2 S
F g A  L    (6) d 2
  g
1 S 2 1  S2
S
v 2  f -1  2  d  g 
1  S2
S1/2
2d  g
-1/2 1/ 2
vf  Eq. (7)
1  S 
2 1/ 4

Manning's equation
S1/2
d g
1/ 2
 Eq.(8)
1  S 
2 1/ 4
A 2 1

ith high approximation as

Q   Rh 3  S 2 (1)
N
d g
1/ 2
 S1/2 2
1
Rh 3
Q  A S2 (15)
equation N
1/ 2

  S1/2 Eq. (9) .

Page 20
 equation
1/ 2
 1. Manning
  S1/2 Eq. (9)


The Manning equation for the

ow velocity derived from Darcy
velocity is
1
uation 1 2
v   Rh 3  S 2 Eq. (13)
1 N
  R 2/3
h S
1/2
Eq. (12)
ND Thus, a full equivalence between
here
Equation (12) and (13) requires that
f 1/2  R 1/6
D  3 / 2 1h/ 2 N  ND
2 g
f  R 1/3 Therefore, the Manning equation is
D  3
h
Eq. (11)
2 g equivalent to the Darcy equation if
the Manning' s coefficient is equivalent
to
f 1/2  R 1/6
N  N D  3 / 2 1h/ 2
2 g
f  R 1/3
N  ND  3
h
Eq. (11)
2 g
.

Page 21
 1. Manning

N: Manning's coefficient

ND: Manning's coefficient required to make

hat the Manning's equations is equivalent
o the Darcy-Weisbach equation

Thus, when using the Manning's equation with

a Manning's coefficient defined with Eq. (11),
he obtained result wil be the same as the one
obtained when using the Darcy-Weisbach

Page 22
 1. Manning

Page 1 of 5

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 1. Manning

Page 3 of 5

Page 24
 1. Manning

Page 4 of 5

Page 25
 1. Manning

Page 5 of 5

Page 26
 1a. Manning apps

Flow rate according Manning, using a calculated Manning coefficient

Fluid: water Liquid properties

t= 10 ºC t=
Pipe
d= 300 mm Dynamic viscosity
Rabs = 0.15 mm m = SaturatedWaterAbsoluteViscosity_t
L= 300 m m=
Elevation difference Density
DH = 10 m r = SaturatedWaterDensity_t
r=
d= 0.3 m Kinematic viscosity
Rabs = 0.00015 m n=
m=
Flow rate initially assumed r=
Qass = 856.40 m³/h n=
Qass = 0.24 m³/s
Flow velocity
Pipe section area v=
A= (p/4) * d^2 Q=
d= 0.3 m A=
A= 0.0707 m² v=

g= 9.80665 m/s²

From [3], the Manning coefficient for a new unlined steel is 0.001

[3]

Page 27
1a. Manning apps

Page 28
 1a. Manning apps

ing coefficient Reynolds number

Re = v* d/n
Liquid properties v= 3.37 m/s
10 ºC d= 0.3 m
n= #VALUE! m²/s
Dynamic viscosity Re = #VALUE! -
m = SaturatedWaterAbsoluteViscosity_t
#VALUE! Pa s Friction factor
RabsMM = 0.15 mm
r = SaturatedWaterDensity_t dMM = 300 mm
#VALUE! kg/m³ Rrel = 0.0005 -
Kinematic viscosity Re = #VALUE! -
m/r f= #VALUE!
#VALUE! Pa s
#VALUE! kg/m³ Kinematic pressure
#VALUE! m²/s Pk = v^2 /( (2*g)
v= 3.37 m/s
Pk = 0.58 m
Q/A
0.24 m³/s Hydraulic radius
0.0707 m² Rh = d/4
3.37 m/s d= 0.3 m
Rh = 0.075 m

Page 29
1a. Manning apps

Page 30
 1a. Manning apps

Slope Flow rate according Mannings

S= DH / L
DH = 10.00 m
Manning equation
1
L= 300 A 2
Q   Rh 3  S 2
S= 0.0333 N

Circular pipe, full Qcalc = (A / N) * Rh^(2/3) * S^(1/2)

A= 0.0707 m³
1 N= #VALUE! -
f d3 Rh = 0.0750 m
N 11 Eq. (14)
23 g S= 0.0333 -
Mannings' coefficient Qcalc = #VALUE! m³/s
.
N = ( f * d^(1/3) / (2^(11/3) * g) )^0.5 Qcalc = #VALUE! m³ /h
f= #VALUE!
d 0.3 DQ = Qass - Qcalc
N= #VALUE! Qass = 856.40 m³ /h
Qcalc = #VALUE! m³ /h
DQ = #VALUE! m³ /h
#VALUE!
(Using Goal seek)

From [3], the Manning coefficient for a new unlined steel is 0.0110
That is, a value 15.5 % greater than the calculated value

Page 31
1a. Manning apps

Page 32
 1a. Manning apps

Page 1 of 2

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Page 33
1a. Manning apps

Page 34
 2. Hazen Williams

Hazen Williams equation

Hazen Williams Equation

V  0.85  C  R 0.63  S0.54
V : mean velocity (m/s)
C : Hazen - Williams roughness coefficient (-)
R : hydraulic radius (m)
S : friction slope (m/m)
. R= A/P
A: area of fluid section (m²)
P: wetted perimeter (m)

Hazen Williams empirical equation for friction head loss

The Hazen Williams equation was developed for water at

temperatures normally experienced in potable water
systems, for pipe diameters d >= 50 mm and within a
moderate range of water velocity v <= 3 m/s.

Hazen Williams equation

For a circular pipe
 2
d
v  0.85  C  Rh0.63  S 0.54 Eq. (a) A 4
Rh  
P  d
 m35
Page
d
v : flow velocity   Rh 
s 4
C : Hazen William coefficient v  0.85  C  Rh0.63  S 0.54 Eq.
0.63
Hazen Williams equation
For a circular pipe
 2
2. Hazen Williams d
v  0.85  C  R 0.63
S 0.54
Eq. (a) A 4
h Rh  
P  d
m d
v : flow velocity   Rh 
s 4
C : Hazen William coefficient v  0.85  C  Rh0.63  S 0.54 Eq.
0.63
R h : hydraulic radius (m) d
v  0.85  C     S 0.54 Eq
A 4
Rh  hf
P and replacing S 
L
A : area of fluid section (m²) 0.63 0.54
d h 
P : wetted perimeter (m) v  0.85  C     f 
4 L
S : Slope of EGL (-) 0.54
v h 
 f 
h d 
0.63
L
S f 0.85  C   
L 4
h f : pressure loss (m) .
L : conduit length (m)
.

Hazen Williams equation

v  0.85  C  Rh0.63  S 0.54 Eq. (a)
0.54
Q  Av  hf  Q
  
Q  0.85  A  C  Rh0.63  S 0.54  L  C  0.278
0.63 0.54
 d   hf 
Q  0.85   d 2  C      
4 4  L  Q 0.
hf  L 
C  0.2787
0.54
 hf  Q
  
 L   1
C  0.85   0.63  d 2  d 0.63
4 4 Q1.8
hf  L 
 hf



0.54


Q C  0.2787
 L  
C  0.85 Page  d 2.63
1.6336 L
4 hf 
 C 1.85  0.27871
0.85   0.2787
41.63 1 L
0.54 hf 
 hf


 
Q
 1
C  0.2787
 L  C  0.85   0.63  d 2  d 0.63
4 4 Q1.8
hf  L 
 hf



0.54


Q Williams
2. Hazen C  0.2787
 L  
C  0.85  1.63
 d 2.63 L
4 hf 
 C 1.85  0.27871
0.85   0.2787
41.63 1 L
 hf 
0.54 hf 
Q 0.0941 C 1.85 
  
 L  C  0.2787  d 2.63
L
. h f  10.626 1.85
C d
.

From
v  0.85  C  Rh0.63  S 0.54 Eq. (a)
Q  Av
Q  0.85  A  C  Rh0.63  S 0.54
Hazen - Williams
0.54
 hf 
Q  0.85  A  C  Rh0.63  
 L

 h f  1.35 
 hf 
0.54
Q
A1.85  C
  
 L  0.85  A  C  Rh0.63
1
.
hf Q 0.54
 1
L
 0.85  A  C  R  0.63 0.54
h

L  Q1.85
hf 
 0.85  A  C  R  0.63 1.85
h

L  Q1.8
hf 
0.851.85  A1.85  C 1.85  Rh0.631.85
L
hf   Q1.85
0.740  A  C 1.85  Rh1.166
1.85

L
h f  1.35   Q1.85 Eq. (d)
A1.85  C 1.85  Rh1.166
.

Page 37
2. Hazen Williams

Page 38
 2. Hazen Williams

Hazen Williams equation for the

flow velocity
v  0.85  C  Rh0.63  S 0.54 Eq. (a)
.
Hazen Williams equation for the
flow velocity, for a circular pipe.
0.63
d 
v  0.85  C     S 0.54 Eq. (b)
4
.

0.54
 hf  v
   0.63
L d 
0.85  C   
4
1

For a circular pipe hf v 0.54

 1
 2 L
 
0.63 0.54

A 4
d  0.85  C   d  
Rh     4  
P  d 
Page 39
d v1.85
Rh  hf  L 
4 
0.85  C   0.25  d 
0.63 1.85

v  0.85  C  Rh0.63  S 0.54 Eq. (a) v1.85
0.63 h  L
  
4
1

For a circular pipe hf v 0.54

 1
 2 L
  0.63 0.54
A 4
d  0.85  C   d  
2. Hazen Williams
Rh     4  
P  d 
d v1.85
Rh  hf  L 
4 
0.85  C   0.25  d 
0.63 1.85

v  0.85  C  Rh0.63  S 0.54 Eq. (a) v1.85
hf  L 
 0.85  C  0.25  d 0.63 
0.63
d 0.54
0.63 1.85
v  0.85  C    S Eq. (b)
4 v1.85
hf hf  L
and replacing S  0.851.85  C 1.85  0.250.631.85  d 0.631.85
L v1.85
0.63 0.54 hf  L
d h  0.74  C 1.85  0.199  d 1.166
v  0.85  C     f 
4 L v1.85
0.54 hf  L
v h  0.74  0.199  C 1.85  d 1.166
 f 
d 
0.63
L v1.85
0.85  C    hf  L
4 0.147  C 1.85  d 1.166
. .

0.54
 hf  Q
  
 L  C  0.2787  d 2.63
1
Q 0.54
hf  L  1
C  0.2787  d  2.63 0.54

Q1.85
hf  L 
C  0.2787  d  2.63 1.85

L 1.85
hf   Q Page 40

C 1.85  0.27871.85  d 2.631.85

1 L
hf   Q1.85
 C  0.2787  d 
2.63 0.54

Q1.85
hf  L 
C  0.2787  d 
2.63 1.85 2. Hazen Williams

L
hf  1.85 1.85 2.631.85
 Q1.85
C  0.2787  d
1 L
hf  1.85 4.8674
 Q1.85
0.0941 C  d
L
h f  10.626 1.85 4.867  Q1.85 Eq. (c)
C d
.

Hazen - Williams equation for friction loss

L
h f  1.35  1.85 1.85 1.166  Q1.85 Eq. (d)
A  C  Rh
.

Page 41
2. Hazen Williams

Page 42
 2. Hazen Williams

[3]

Hazen Williams equation for the

flow velocityPage 43


3 1.85 v  0.85  C  Rh0.63  S 0.54 Eq. (a)
.
 Hazen Will2.iams equation for the
Hazen Williams

flow velocity


3 1.85 v  0.85  C  Rh0.63  S 0.54 Eq. (a)
.

.63 1.85

631.85
 d 0.631.85
Hazen Williams equation for the
1.166

flow velocity, for a circular pipe.

1.166 0.63
d 
v  0.85  C     S 0.54 Eq. (b)
4
.

Hazen Williams equation for friction

loss in a circular pipe
L 1.85
h f  10.626  Q Eq. (c)
C 1.85  d 4.867
.

Page 44
 2. Hazen Williams

http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/william-hazens-equation-d_645.html

In the equation of the reference, the diameter indicated is not

the hydraulic diameter. It is the interior pipe diameter.

v  0.85  C  Rh0.63  S 0.54 Eq. (a)

For a circular pipe
0.63
d 
v  0.85  C     S 0.54
4
0.85
v  0.63  C  d 0.63  S 0.54
4
0.85
v  C  d 0.63  S 0.54
2.39
v  0.355  C  d 0.63  S 0.54 Eq. (b)
.

Hazen Williams equation for the

velocity, for a circular pipe
v  0.355  C  d 0.63  S 0.54 Eq. (b)
.
Page 45
2. Hazen Williams

Page 46
 2. Hazen Williams

Page 1 of 4

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 2. Hazen Williams

Page 3 of 4

Page 48
 2. Hazen Williams

Page 4 of 4

Page 49
2. Hazen Williams

Page 50
 3. Darcy-Weisbach

Darcy-Weisbach equation for pressure loss

For a conduit of constant section, Equating both forces

the net force resulting from the  w  P  L  p  A
pressure difference upstream thus
and downstream is p A
w  
Fp  p1  A - p 2  A L P
Fp  p  A (a) Defining the hydraulic
A
The force resulting from the shear R h
P
stress on the walls of the fluid p
element is w  R h
L
Fs   w  P  L (b) .
where P is the wetted perimeter.
.

Hagen - Poiseuille equation

Pressure loss in laminar flow Valid for laminar flow

32    L  v
The pressure loss in a circular pipe p Pa 
  g  d2
in laminar flow is given by the 64 L v2
p Pa    
equation of Hagen - Poiseuille vd   d 2g
Page 51 
32    L  v
p   Pa  Eq. (d)
p Pa 
64 L v 2
 
d2 vd d 2g
or 
 32    L  v
The pressure loss in a circular pipe p Pa 
  g  d2
in laminar flow is given by the
3. Darcy-Weisbach 64 L v2
p Pa    
equation of Hagen - Poiseuille vd   d 2g

32    L  v
p  2
 Pa  Eq. (d) p Pa 
64 L v 2
 
d vd d 2g
or 
32    L  v 64 L v 2
p Pa   
p  (m) Eq. (e) Re d 2  g
  g d2
64
. where the term is
Re
the friction factor in
laminar flow
64
f
Re
Thus,
L v2
p Pa  f   Eq. (f)
d 2g
.

p1 - p 2    g  z P Replacing equation
- w   0 (g) A
L A Rh 
P
p1 - p 2    g  z  w into equation
- 0
L A p1 - p 2    g  z  w
- 0
P L A
The first term represents the piezometric P
one gets
head loss of the length L
p1 - p 2    g  z  w
- 0
The piezometric head is L Rh
p*  p    g  z (h) that can be writen

The ratio A/P is defined as the Hidraulic p1* - p*2  w

- 0
L Rh
radius or Hydraulic mean depth and for a length element dx
Page 52
Area A dp*  w
Rh   (i) - 0
Wetted perimeter P dx Rh
. thus
*
 p1 - p 2    g  z  w
- 0
The piezometric head is L Rh
p*  p    g  z (h) that can be writen

The ratio A/P is defined as the Hidraulic p1* - p*2  w

3. Darcy-Weisbach - 0
L Rh
radius or Hydraulic mean depth and for a length element dx
Area A dp*  w
Rh   (i) - 0
Wetted perimeter P dx Rh
. thus
dp*
 w  Rh 
dx
.

Darcy - Weisbach friction loss

L 
p  f F    v 2 (p)
Rh 2
f F : Fanning friction factor
In equation Using ther Darcy - friction factor f
L  f  4  fF
p1 - p 2  f F    v 2   g  z (o)
Rh 2 f
fF 
4
L 
the term f F    v 2 corresponds to p  f 
L  2
 v (q)
Rh 2 4 Rh 2
the friction loss
L  For a circular pipe
p  f F    v 2 (p)
Rh 2 d
Rh 
4
and using ther Darcy - friction factor f
Darcy - Weisbach friction loss f  4  fF
L  f
p  f F    v 2 (p) fF 
Rh 2 4
f L 
f F : Fanning friction factor p     v 2
4 d 2
Note : this equation is valid also 4
for the case of free a surface flow. L  2
p  f    v (Pa) Eq. (q)
d 2
.
Darcy - Weisbach friction loss equation
for a circular pipe
L  2
p  f   v (Pa) Eq. (q)
d 2
.

Page 53
 Darcy - Weisbach friction loss equation
for a circular pipe
L 
p  f    v 2 (Pa) Eq. (q)
3. Darcy-Weisbach d 2
.

Darcy - Weisbach friction loss,

valid also for the free surface case
Replacing the Fanning friction
L 
hPa  f F    v 2 (p) coefficient by the Darcy - Weisbach
Rh 2
friction coefficient as
hPa
hm  f
g 1000 fF 
1 L  4
hm  fF    v2 f L  v2
g 1000 Rh 2 hm  
4 2g Rh
For water,   1000 kg/m³
thus L  v2
hm  f  (s)
8g Rh
1 L 1000 2
hm  fF   v .
g 1000 Rh 2
L  v2
hm  f F 
2g Rh
.

From sheet 1. Manning equation

Flow velocity derived from Darcy The Manning equation for the
equation velocity is
Page 54
1 1 2 1
v  R 2/3
h S
1/2
Eq. (12) v   Rh  S 2
3 Eq. (13)
ND N
where Thus, a full equivalence between
1/2 1/6
 3. Darcy-Weisbach
Flow velocity derived from Darcy The Manning equation for the
equation velocity is
1 1 2 1
v  R 2/3
h S
1/2
Eq. (12) v  Rh 3  S 2 Eq. (13)
ND N
where Thus, a full equivalence between
f 1/2  R 1/6 Equation (12) and (13) requires that
N D  3 / 2 1h/ 2
2 g N  ND
f  R 1/3 Therefore, the Manning equation is
ND  h
Eq. (11)
3
2 g equivalent to the Darcy equation if
. the Manning' s coefficient is evaluated
according
f  R 1/3
N h
Eq. (11)
23  g
.

Page 55
 3. Darcy-Weisbach

Average
pressure
p1 Flow
Equating both forces direction
w  P  L  p  A

hus
Figure 1
p A Pressures acting on both end
w   a fluid element
L P
efining the hydraulic radius as
A
h 
P A
P
p
w  R h (c)
L
Figure 2
Shear stress acting on the exteri
surface of the fluid element

oiseuille equation
laminar flow Pressure loss in turbulent flow

  Lv For pressure loss in turbulent

 g  d2 there is not an analyticalsolution
64 L v2 available.
   From Figure 3
d   d 2g
 p1  A - p 2  A -  w  L  P  W  sin   0
Page 56
with
4 L v2
  W    g  A L
d d 2g
and
   Lv For pressure loss in turbulent
 g  d2 there is not an analyticalsolution
64 L v2 available.
3. Darcy-Weisbach
   From Figure 3
d   d 2g
 p1  A - p 2  A -  w  L  P  W  sin   0
with
4 L v2
  W    g  A L
d d 2g
and
z
L v2 sin   
  L
d 2g
z
64 p1  A - p 2  A -  w  L  P    g  A  L  0
term is L
Re   LP 
A   p1 - p 2 - w    g  z   0
on factor in  A 
ow  LP
p1 - p 2    g  z - w 0
A
p1 - p 2    g  z P
- w   0 Eq. (g)
L A
.
L v2
 Eq. (f)
d 2g

Replacing equation
A In turbulent incompressible flows in steady state
Rh  (i)
P through uniform cross - section ducts, the shear
nto equation stress on the walls is approximately proportional
p1 - p 2    g  z  w to the square of the average velocity
- 0 (g)
L A  2
P  w  fF   v (Pa) Eq. (n)
2
one gets  w : shear stress at the wall (Pa)
p1 - p 2    g  z  w f F : Fanning friction factor (-)
- 0 (j)
L Rh  : fluid density (kg/m³)
that can be writen v : flow velocity (m/s)
p1* - p*2  w .
- 0 (k)
L Rh
nd for a length element dx
Page 57
dp*  w
- 0 (L)
dx Rh
hus
*
p1 - p 2    g  z  w
- 0 (j)
L Rh
that can be writen
p1* - p*2  w
- 0 (k) 3. Darcy-Weisbach
L Rh
nd for a length element dx
dp*  w
- 0 (L)
dx Rh
hus
dp*
w  Rh  (m)
dx
.

iction loss

(p)
L  2
n factor p  f   v (q)
4 Rh 2
riction factor f
Darcy - Weisbach fric
of section, valid also f
For a circular pipe with full
L 
flow section p Pa  f F    v 2
Rh 2
(q)  2
d L  2
4 d p Pa  f   v
Rh  
 d 4 4 Rh 2
f L 
p     v 2
4 d 2 Darcy - Weisbach fric
y - friction factor f 4 for a full circular pipe
L 
p  f    v 2 (Pa) (r)  2
d 2 d
A 4 d
Rh   
P  d 4
Darcy - Weisbach friction loss equation L 
p Pa  f    v 2
for a circular pipe with a full flow section d 2
L  2
Pa) Eq. (q) p  f   v (Pa) (r)
d 2 f F : Fanning friction f
. f : Darcy - Weisbach f
iction loss equation
.

Pa) Eq. (q)

Page 58
iction loss equation

Pa) Eq. (q)

3. Darcy-Weisbach

Modification for channels [10]

Fanning friction From Expression of Darcy - Weisbach
2
the Darcy - Weisbach Lv equation, for channels [10]
hm  f  (s)
cient as 8g Rh 8g  Rh  S
2 v (t)
hm v f
f
L 8g Rh and
hm Q  A v
and with S 
Rh L
8g Rh  S
2
v2 Q  A
(s) Sf f
Rh 8g Rh
8  g 1/2 1/ 2
2S Q  A Rh  S
v  8g  R h f
f
A
8g Q  R 1/2
h S
1/ 2
(u)
v2   Rh  S f
f
8g
8g  Rh  S
v (t) .
f
.

equation for the

Page 59
1
2
Eq. (13)

uivalence between
 3. Darcy-Weisbach
equation for the

1
2
Eq. (13)

uivalence between
and (13) requires that

Manning equation is
he Darcy equation if
coefficient is evaluated

Eq. (11)

Page 60
 3. Darcy-Weisbach

Page 1 of 6

Average
pressure
Flow p2
direction

Figure 1
Pressures acting on both ends of
a fluid element

A
P

gure 2
ear stress acting on the exterior
rface of the fluid element

Page 2 of 6

Page 61
 3. Darcy-Weisbach

Fluid element with uniform flow, in a conduit

with constant section. Thus A1 = A2
Let: A1 = A2 = A
Considering p1 and p2 the average pressures
acting on sides 1 and 2 , the analysis is valid
also for a fluid element with a free surface.

Page 3 of 6

Replacing equation
 2
 w  fF   v (Pa) (n)
2
into equation
p1 - p 2    g  z  w
- 0 (j)
L Rh
one obtains

fF   v2
p1 - p 2    g  z 2
- 0
L Rh
L 
p1 - p 2    g  z  f F    v 2
Rh 2
L 
p1 - p 2  f F    v 2   g  z Page
(o) 62
Rh 2
.
  2
fF  v
p1 - p 2    g  z 2
- 0
L Rh
L 
p1 - p 2    g  z  f F    v 2
Rh 23. Darcy-Weisbach
L 
p1 - p 2  f F    v 2   g  z (o)
Rh 2
.

Page 4 of 6

Darcy - Weisbach friction loss for any type

of section, valid also for a free surface case.
L 
p Pa  f F    v 2 (p)
Rh 2
L  2
p Pa  f   v (q)
4 Rh 2

Darcy - Weisbach friction loss equation

for a full circular pipe, with
 2
d
A 4 d
Rh   
P  d 4
L 
p Pa  f    v 2 (r)
d 2

f F : Fanning friction factor

f : Darcy - Weisbach friction factor
.

Page 63
 3. Darcy-Weisbach

Page 5 of 6

Expression of Darcy - Weisbach

quation, for channels [10]
8g  Rh  S
 (t)
f
nd
Q  A v
8g  Rh  S
Q  A
f
8  g 1/2 1/ 2
Q  A Rh S
f
A
Q  R 1/2
h S
1/ 2
(u)
f
8g

Page 6 of 6

Page 64
3. Darcy-Weisbach

Page 65
 4. Channels

Velocity in channels according Manning and Darcy-Weisbach equations

Manning equation
1
Expression of Darcy - Weisbach
A 2
Q   Rh 3  S 2 equation, for channels
N
1 8g Rh  S
2
v  N 1  Rh 3  S 2 v (t)
f
1
1 2
8g
v  Rh 3  S 2 Eq. (13) v Rh  S
N f
.
A
Q  R 1/2
h S
1/ 2
(u)
f
8 g
.

Page 66
 4. Channels

isbach equations

From sheet 1

Darcy - Weisbach
Flow velocity derived from Darcy
hannels
equation
S
(t) 1
v  R 2/3
h S
1/2
Eq. (12)
ND
S .

f  R 1/3
2
 S 1/ 2 (u) ND  h
Eq. (11)
23  g

Thus, if the velocity is calculated with the

Manning's equation (13) and the Manning
coefficient is evaluated using equation (11),
the result will be identical as the one
obtained using the Darcy equation (12).

See also [1]

Page 67
4. Channels

Page 68
 4. Channels

Page 1 of 1

Page 69
 5. Friction factors

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darcy_friction_factor_formulae#Swamee.E2.80.93Jain_equation

f= Pipe_Friction_Factor_Rrel_Re Swamee
RabsMM = 0.1 mm
dMM = 300 mm
Rrel = Rabs / d
Rrel = 0.000333333
Re = 100,000 -
f= #VALUE! fswamee =

Rabs =
Turbulent flow d=
Re =
fswamee =
1  Rabs 2.523 
 -0.869  ln  
f  3.7  d R  f 
 h 

1 R 2.523 
 2  Log rel  
f  3.71 Re f 
 
Laminar flow

64
f
Re

Churchill equation for Darcy friction factor f, for laminar and turbulent flow
Spans all fluid-flow regimes

Rrel = 0.0003
Re = 100,000

A= ( - 2.457 *Ln( ( (7/Re )^0.9 + 0.27*Rrel )^-1 ) )^16

A= 7.4998E+20

B= ( 37530 / Re )^16
B= 1.54902E-07

Page 70
 5. Friction factors

f= 8 * ( (8/Re)^12 + (A + B)^(-1.5 ) )^(1/12)

f= 0.01967

[7]

Laminar zone
Re <= 2000
Equation 2

Critical zone
2000 < Re < 4000
Flow is unstable and can exhibit either laminar or turbulent behavior

Transition and turbulent zone

Re >= 4000
Equation 3

Page 71
 5. Friction factors

Serghides equation

 R 12 
A  -2  log10  abs  
 3.7  d Re 
 R 2.51  A 
B  -2  log10  abs  
0.25 * ( Log10( Rabs/(3.7*d) + 5.74 / Re^0.9 ) )^-2  3 .7  d Re 
 R 2.51  B 
0.1 mm C  -2  log10  abs  
 3 .7  d Re 
300 mm
100,000 - 1 

 A-
 B  A 
2

0.01966 f  C  2  B  A 
.

Page 72
5. Friction factors

Page 73
 5. Friction factors

ides equation
RabsMM = 0.1 mm
dMM = 300 mm
 R 12 
-2  log10  abs   Re = 100,000 -
 3.7  d Re 
 R 2.51  A  A= -2*LOG( Rabs/(3.7*d) + 12/Re )
2  log10  abs  
 3.7  d Re  A= 7.355188865
 R 2.51  B 
2  log10  abs   B= -2*LOG( Rabs/(3.7*d) + 2.51*A/Re )
 3.7  d Re 
B= 7.122265826

A -
 B  A 2 
 C  2  B  A  C= -2*LOG( Rabs/(3.7*d) + 2.51*B/Re )

C= 7.140950964

1/f^(0.5) = A -(B-A )^2 / ( C-2*B+A )

1/f^(0.5) = 7.139563352
1/f = 50.97336486
f= 0.01962

Page 74
5. Friction factors

Page 75
 6. Colebrook

Colebrook-White equation using decimal logarithmus

Colebrook equation for Fanning

friction factor FF for turbulent
flow regime in a pipe, using a
decimal logarithmus (Log)

1 R 1.256 
 -4  Log rel   (a)
 
fF  3.7 Re f F 
f F : Fanning friction factor
Rabs
R rel 
d
R rel : relative rugosity
R abs : absolute rugosity
d : pipe interior diameter
Re : Reynolds number
vd
Re 

.

Colebrook-White equation using natural logarithmus

Colebrook equation for Darcy

friction factor f for turbulent
flow regime in a pipe, using a
natural logarithmus (Ln)

Changing de logarithmus basis

Page 76
Log : decimal logarithmus
Log(z)  Ln(z) / Ln(10) (d)

Replacing equation (d) into equation

friction factor f for turbulent
flow regime in a pipe, using a
natural logarithmus (Ln)
6. Colebrook
Changing de logarithmus basis
Log : decimal logarithmus
Log(z)  Ln(z) / Ln(10) (d)

Replacing equation (d) into equation

1 R 2.512 
 -2  Log rel   (c)
f  3.7 Re f 

1 2 R 2.512 
  Ln rel  
f Ln(10)  
 3.71 Re f 
2
 0.8686
Ln(10)
1 R 2.512 
 0.8686  Ln rel   (e)
 
f  3.71 Re f 
.

Colebrook equation [10], page 218

Colebrook equation [10], page 218

Darcy - Weisbach friction factor fo

Equation to determine the Darcy friction factor
pipe, Colebrook using natural loga
in the transition zone and in the fully turbulent
zone. The applicable range is Re  4000
1  Rabs 2.523  1  Rabs 2.523
 -0.869  ln   (5.8.7)  -0.869  ln 
f  3.7  d Re f  f  3.71  d Re f
  
Log10 (z)  Ln(z) / Ln(10)
Friction factor in laminar flow
Ln(z)  Ln(10)  Log10 (z)
For the laminar zone Re  2000, the friction
factor is derived from the Hagen - Poiseuille 1  Rabs
 -Ln(10)  0.869  Log 
equation f  3.71 d

64
f (5.8.12) 1  Rabs
Re  -2.3026  0.869  Log 
f  3.71 d
Page 77 
Transition (or critical) zone .
For the transition zone 2000  Re  4000
In this region the flow can be laminar or
turbulent, and there is no a valid equation
 10
Friction factor in laminar flow
Ln(z)  Ln(10)  Log10 (z)
For the laminar zone Re  2000, the friction
factor is derived from the Hagen - Poiseuille 1  Rabs
 -Ln(10)  0.869  Log 
equation f  3.71 d

6. Colebrook
64
f (5.8.12) 1  Rabs
Re  -2.3026  0.869  Log 
f  3.71 d

Transition (or critical) zone .
For the transition zone 2000  Re  4000
In this region the flow can be laminar or
turbulent, and there is no a valid equation
to obtain the friction factor.
.

Page 78
 6. Colebrook

Darcy - Weisbach friction factor f

f  4  fF
f
fF  (b) Darcy - Weisbach frict
4
f  4  fF
Replacing equation (b) into equation
f
1 R 1.256  fF 
 -4  Log rel   (a) 4
fF  3.7 Re f 
 F  1 R 2
 -2  Log rel 
  f  3.7 R
 
1  Rrel 1.256  .
 -4  Log 
f  3.7 f 
 Re 
4  4
2 R 2 1.256 
 -4  Log rel  
f  3.7 Re f 
1 R 2.512 
 -2  Log rel   (c) Fanning friction factor
f  3.7 Re f 
. 1 R
 -4  Log rel 
fF  3.7

.

Colebrook equation for Fanning

friction factor f F for turbulent
flow regime in a pipe, using a
natural logarithmus (Ln)

Changing de logarithmus basis

Log : decimal logarithmus
Page 79
Log(z)  Ln(z) / Ln(10) (d)

Replacing equation (d) into equation (a)

1  Rrel 1.256 

 Colebrook equation for Fanning
friction factor f F for turbulent
flow regime in a pipe, using a
natural logarithmus (Ln)
6. Colebrook
Changing de logarithmus basis
Log : decimal logarithmus
Log(z)  Ln(z) / Ln(10) (d)

Replacing equation (d) into equation (a)

1 R 1.256 
 -4  Log rel   (a)
 
fF  3.7 Re f F 

Log10 (z)  Ln(z) / Ln(10)

Colebrook equation for
1 4 R 1.256 
  Ln  rel 
 3.71 Re f


friction factor f F for tu
f F Ln (10)  F 
4
flow regime in a pipe, u
 1.737
Ln (10) natural logarithmus (Ln
1 R 1.256 
 1.737  Ln rel   (f)
fF  3.71 Re f 
 F  R
1
.  1.737  Ln re
fF  3 .7

.

Colebrook in decimal logarithmus, Darcy-Weisbach friction factor

Darcy - Weisbach friction factor for a full Darcy - Weisbach friction factor for a full
pipe, Colebrook using natural logarithmus pipe, Colebrook using decimal logarithmus
1  Rabs 2.523 
 2  Log  
1  Rabs 2.523  f  3.71  d Re f 
 -0.869  ln   (5.8.7)  
f  3.71 d Re f 
 
Log10 (z)  Ln(z) / Ln(10) For a general shape, replacing
Ln(z)  Ln(10)  Log10 (z) Rh  d / 4 d  4  Rh
1  Rabs 2.523  1  Rabs 2.523 
 -Ln(10)  0.869  Log     2  Log  
   3.71  4  R 
f  3.71  d Re f  f  h Re f 
1  Rabs 2.523  1  Rabs 2.523 
 -2.3026  0.869  Log     2  Log  
f  3.71  d Re f  
f Page 80  14.84  R h Re f 
  
. .
 10 For a general shape, replacing
Ln(z)  Ln(10)  Log10 (z) Rh  d / 4 d  4  Rh
1  Rabs 2.523  1  Rabs 2.523 
 -Ln(10)  0.869  Log     2  Log  
f  3.71  d Re f   
  f  3.71  4  R h Re f
6. Colebrook 
1  Rabs 2.523  1  Rabs 2.523 
 -2.3026  0.869  Log     2  Log  
   14.84  R 
f  3.71  d Re f  f  h Re f 
. .

Page 81
 6. Colebrook

Decimal logarithmus

Darcy

Darcy - Weisbach friction factor f

f  4  fF
f
fF  (b)
4
1 R 2.512 
 -2  Log rel   (c)
f  3.7 Re f 
.

Fanning

Fanning friction factor

1 R 1.256 
 -4  Log rel   (a)
 
fF  3.7 Re f F 
.

Natural logarithmus

Darcy

Colebrook equation for Darcy

friction factor f for turbulent
flow regime in a pipe, using a
natural logarithmus (Ln)
Page 82
1 R 2.512 
 0.8686  Ln rel   (e)
 
f  3.71 Re f 
.
 Colebrook equation for Darcy
friction factor f for turbulent
flow regime in a pipe, using a
6. Colebrook
natural logarithmus (Ln)

1 R 2.512 
 0.8686  Ln rel   (e)
 
f  3.71 Re f 
.

Fanning

Colebrook equation for Fanning

friction factor f F for turbulent
flow regime in a pipe, using a
natural logarithmus (Ln)

1 R 1.256 
 1.737  Ln rel   (f)
fF  3.71 Re f 
 F 
.

For circular full pipes

1  Rabs 2.523 
 2  Log  

f  3.71  d Re f 

1 R 2.523 
 2  Log rel  
 
f For a 3general
.71 Re  f
shape 

Page 83
 6. Colebrook

1  Rabs 2.523 
 2  Log  
f  14.84  R h Re f 
 

Page 84
 6. Colebrook

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Page 2 of 3

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 6. Colebrook

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6. Colebrook

Page 87
[1]

[2]

[3]

[4] Curso de transporte hidraulico de solidos

Tecnex
JRI

[5]

Carlos J. Cruz
www.piping-tools.net
cjcruz15@vtr.net
[6] Slurry pumping manual
Warman International Ltd.
1st edition, 2002

[21] http://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=1417 Ex [3]

[22] http://taninos.tripod.com/mallas.htm Ex [4]

Microsoft Equation
3.0
Microsoft Equation
3.0

Microsoft Equation
3.0