LDL Six en 2021 Fillable

MAKE A SECOND LANGUAGE LDL
YOUR SECOND NATURE SIX
Now fillable AND including audio and video links!

In memoriam to Alanna Wyse
Thanks Alanna!
We are what we repeatedly do. Excellence then, is not an act, but a habit.
Aristotle
Nous sommes ce que nous faisons à répétition.

L’excellence, n’est donc pas un acte, mais une habitude.
Aristote
Nous remercions nos collaborateurs et formateurs:
Merci pour vos conseils et suggestions tout au long du processus d’amélioration continue.
Ceux-ci nous permettront d’atteindre notre objectif de développer ˝l’ultime˝ manuel d’anglais.
1
© L’envol des Langues Inc. éditeur 2018
Tous droits réservés.
Il est interdit de reproduire, d’enregistrer ou de diffuser, en tout ou en partie, le

présent ouvrage par quelque procédé que ce soit, électronique, mécanique
photographique, sonore, magnétique ou autre, sans avoir obtenu au préalable
l’autorisation écrite de l’éditeur.
ISBN 978-2-924534-10-6
Dépôt légal – Bibliothèque et Archive Nationales du Québec 2014

Dépôt légal – Bibliothèque et Archive Nationales du Canada 2014
Ce manuel (couverture et contenu) correspond aux principes de base de la PNL.
© All Rights reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or

transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher.
L’envol des Langues, Inc. 2018

VERSION_2021 with audio and online video links
2
Table of Contents
Objectives for LDL SIX ........................................................................................................................ 5
Online Video Capsules – Instructions ......................................................................................... 5
Getting to know you.............................................................................................................................6
How to fill out “My Progress”............................................................................................................9
My Progression ..................................................................................................................................... 10
Let’s talk! .................................................................................................................................................. 11
Simple Present ...................................................................................................................................... 13
Present Progressive ............................................................................................................................ 13
Simple Past ............................................................................................................................................ 16
Past Progressive .................................................................................................................................. 17
Time Clauses in the Past ................................................................................................................... 19
Subject – Verb Agreement ............................................................................................................. 24
Let’s Read! ............................................................................................................................................. 33
Best to learn a new language before the age of 10 ........................................................... 33
Future Will and (Be) Going to ....................................................................................................... 36
Let’s talk! ................................................................................................................................................40
Used to and Would ............................................................................................................................ 42
Let’s talk! ................................................................................................................................................ 43
Assessment 1 ........................................................................................................................................ 46
Modal Auxiliaries ................................................................................................................................. 47
Let’s talk! ................................................................................................................................................. 51
Comparative and Superlative Forms .......................................................................................... 55
Time Clauses in the Future ............................................................................................................. 57
Let’s Read! ............................................................................................................................................. 62
Doctors say hospitals should ban perfume .......................................................................... 62
Review .................................................................................................................................................... 65
Present Perfect .................................................................................................................................... 73
Let’s talk! ................................................................................................................................................ 76
Since and For ....................................................................................................................................... 80
More with the Present Perfect ....................................................................................................... 82
Present Perfect Progressive ........................................................................................................... 83
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Let’s talk! ................................................................................................................................................ 85
Review .................................................................................................................................................... 90
Assessment 2 ....................................................................................................................................... 98
Letter of application ...................................................................................................................... 99
Passive Form ...................................................................................................................................... 104
Let’s talk! .............................................................................................................................................. 106
Asking Questions ................................................................................................................................ 112
WHEN .................................................................................................................................................. 113
WHERE ................................................................................................................................................ 113
WHY ..................................................................................................................................................... 113
HOW ..................................................................................................................................................... 113
WHO .....................................................................................................................................................114
WHOM .................................................................................................................................................114
WHOSE ...............................................................................................................................................114
WHAT .................................................................................................................................................. 115
WHICH ................................................................................................................................................. 116
Gerunds and Infinitives ....................................................................................................................124
Let’s talk! ............................................................................................................................................... 129
Assessment 3 ...................................................................................................................................... 135
Adjective Clauses ..............................................................................................................................136
Noun Clauses ...................................................................................................................................... 140
Let’s Read! ............................................................................................................................................147
The truth will come out................................................................................................................147
Sentence Structure ............................................................................................................................ 151
Objectives for LDL SEVEN............................................................................................................. 155
APPENDIX ............................................................................................................................................156
Simple Past Irregular Verbs ...........................................................................................................156
Business Idioms ..................................................................................................................................159
Negotiation Idioms............................................................................................................................ 179
Phrasal Verbs ..................................................................................................................................... 194
ANSWER KEY .................................................................................................................................... 201
4
Objectives for LDL SIX
By the end of this level, you will have mastered the use of the present, past and
future tenses. You will be able to comfortably make use of the present perfect and
the present perfect progressive tenses, as well as modal auxiliaries through
discussions, debates and presentations. You will also discover how to use gerunds
and infinitives as second verbs. The passive form will be seen and incorporated in e-
mails, business letters and conversations. Debates and discussions will be practiced
in class.
Online Video Capsules – Instructions
The vast majority of all of the grammar points found in this book are linked to an
Online Video Capsule.
In order to maximise the conversation time in class, your homework will be to watch
the Online Video linked to what you will cover the following class.
You will be requested to present the grammar, ensuring that you understand what
you put into practice.
Simply go to our website at groupeldl.com.
On the upper right of the page, click on ‘Connexion aux Capsules’.

Enter the username ‘formation’
and the password ‘linguistique’.
Then choose the level you are in – which is the name of this Interactive Workbook,
and start viewing!
5
Getting to know you
Some of you have already filled this out. It will then enable you to talk to your trainer
about your expectations and involvement regarding your ESL training and
participation.
I have already taken a second language course with LDL in the past.
YES
NO
The ideal class for me is one which facilitates my learning and stimulates my interest
in the following ways; in order of importance from 1 to 3, 1 being the most important.
A class in which the facilitator writes notions on the board and has me
complete exercises in the workbook.
A class in which there are many discussions in the language being
learned in order to practice oral expression and conversation.
A dynamic class with interactive games and activities which stimulate
learning.
For me, learning a second language is:
Serious Amusing
Difficult Entertaining
Complicated Interesting
Boring Stimulating
Mandatory Useful
Stressful Necessary
Learning a second language will permit me to:
Be less shy Be more versatile

Be more confident Be less restricted
Better understand Obtain advancement opportunities
Be less confused Overcome professional constraints
6
In order of importance, choose three class activities and number them from 1 to 3, 1
being the most important.
I am at ease with:
Speaking in front of a group
Adapting to differences
Being diligent
Communicating my questions
Participating in proposed activities
Staying concentrated
Working well in a group
I understand that learning a second language requires regular involvement on my

part and that the time spent in class and the homework required by the facilitator
are an integral part of the pedagogy, which will permit me to reach my objectives as
they have been set at the beginning of the class. I therefore release LDL of any
responsibility in terms of my progress in the language lessons in the event that I
might choose to ignore the recommendations of my facilitator and decide not to
complete the homework assigned to be done outside of class time. ____________
I understand that during my learning process, I will at no time have the privilege of
choosing my facilitator nor my level from one session to another, regardless of my
views regarding these issues. I understand that the choice and assignment of the
facilitator are based upon specific criteria, circumstances and strategies with the
ultimate goal of maximizing my learning, and are at the discretion of LDL.
____________
I understand that it is my responsibility to inform LDL of any dissatisfaction,

discontent or problem that I may encounter during my language learning process,
within a timeframe which permits LDL to rectify the situation wherever possible.
____________
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Knowing all of this, my involvement and therefore expected results will be:
8
How to fill out “My Progress”
You will be referring to this sheet on a regular basis. It’s a great way for you to
monitor your progress. You will be assessed three times within the program. For
these assessments, you will be recorded in order to help you fill out the form.
In addition to the three “official” recordings, your facilitator will record you a lot.
Think of it as the best tool to help you be part of your progress. The recordings will
help you to better recognize your errors as well the things you are doing well. You
can take notes of these on the sheet.
Your facilitator can correct you all the time. At the same time, the impact of you
listening to yourself and finding your strengths will increase your confidence.
Hearing the mistakes you make will, in turn, make you more aware and increase self-
correction.
Here is how the scale works for the grammar notions:
1. Not covered (not a grammar point that we had time to see)

2. Covered but not understood (I do not understand the grammar point and I
cannot use it. This also falls under “I use it but I don’t know why”.)
3. More practice needed (I don’t use it spontaneously, but when the facilitator
points my mistake out, I can say it correctly or I can identify it when I hear the
mistake and I’m able to correct myself afterwards.)
4. Sometimes used (I sometimes use it and I can correct myself when the facilitator
points it out.)
5. Used spontaneously (I use it and I do not need to be corrected as, when I make
a mistake, I hear myself and self-correct.)
The second part of the assessment is related to your overall language skills and
involvement.
Fluency is the ability to speak a language easily and well.

Accuracy is to be without mistake or error: correctness.
Comprehension is the ability to understand.
Vocabulary is the variety of words and phrases that can be used correctly in
conversation.
Involvement is the active participation of the participant (in class and outside of
class, for example using the language with friends and colleagues, watching TV,
etc.)
One of our evaluators will schedule an appointment with you before the end of the
session so that, with your facilitator, they can confirm the notions that are used
spontaneously in conversation.
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My Progression
LDL SIX
grammar point not covered but not more practice needed sometimes used used spontaneously
covered understood 3 4 5
1 2
Assessment 1 Assessment 2 Assessment 3

simple present – all forms modal auxiliaries passive form
present progressive – all forms comparative and superlative forms asking questions
simple past – all forms future time clauses gerunds and infinitives
past progressive present perfect modal auxiliaries
past time clauses since and for comparative and superlative forms
subject-verb agreement present perfect progressive future time clauses
future – will and be going to simple present – all forms present perfect
used to and would present progressive – all forms since and for
simple past – all forms present perfect progressive
past progressive simple present – all forms
past time clauses present progressive – all forms
subject-verb agreement simple past – all forms
future – will and be going to past progressive
used to and would time clauses in the past
subject and verb agreement
future will and be going to
used to and would
FLUENCY FLUENCY FLUENCY
1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5
ACCURACY ACCURACY ACCURACY
1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5
COMPREHENSION COMPREHENSION COMPREHENSION
1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5
VOCABULARY VOCABULARY VOCABULARY
1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5
INVOLVEMENT INVOLVEMENT INVOLVEMENT
1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5
Let’s talk!
Can you navigate through time? These questions will have you visit all tenses.
• Do you like to learn new things? Why or why not?
• Were you a well-behaved child? Explain.
• What app do you use the most?
• What are you going to do after class?
• What did you do last weekend?
• What did you do yesterday?
• What do you do to get rid of stress?
• What do you eat or drink when it is really hot outside?
• What piece of clothing are you going to buy next?
• What was the last movie you saw?
• What was the last restaurant you went to? How was it?
• What will happen to privacy in seven years?
• What will you do when you retire?
• What will your life be like in five years?
• When you are on vacation, do you relax or try to do many things?
• Where are you going to eat dinner tonight?
• Where did you go on your last vacation?
Pitts, L. (2014) 500 Grammar Based Conversation Questions, ECQ Publishing
11
12
Simple Present
She drinks coffee three times a day.
Marc and Leah do not live in New York.
Do Marc and Leah live in New York?
The Simple Present is used to express repetition, habits and general statements.
It describes something that existed in the past, that exists now and that will
probably exist in the future.
NOTE THAT:
The negative form is created by adding the helping verb ‘do not’ or ‘does not’ in
front of the verb.
The question form is created by adding the helping verb ‘do’ or ‘does’ in front of
the subject.
Present Progressive
She is working on the Brits file.
They are not looking for a new house.
Are you listening to the news report?
The Present Progressive expresses an action that is in progress at the moment

of speaking. It is an action that started in the past, that is in progress or
continuing at present and will probably end at a point in the future.
It is often used to describe an action that is generally in progress this week, this
month, this year.
The Present Progressive is created with the verb to be + verb + ing. Its negative
and question form follow the same structure as that used for the verb ‘to be’.
They are analysing results.
They live in San Francisco.

Video on simple present and present progressive:
https://vimeo.com/516337371/66f03db485
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Exercise 1
Read the following two emails and correct the errors.
Dear Dr. White,
I write, first, to thank you for your recent proposal to initiates an ongoing series of
workshop on the prevention and treatment of diabetes to our center. We are
receiving many proposals for research and intervention project each years from
local teaching hospitals.
However, your program is stands out as practical and urgently needed. Therefore, I
be pleased to informing you that our Board of Directors has accept your proposal.
We are look forward to work with you.
Sincerely,
Lois Lane
Director
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Dear colleagues,
I want to taking a moment to let you know that I am leave my position at ABC
Corporation. I am start a new position at XYZ Company next month. I am wanting
to thank you for the supports and the encouragements you have given me during
my times at ABC and also the opportunity to work with you.
I be looking forward to start a new phase of my career.
Please keep in touch,
Yours truly,
Samantha
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Simple Past
She drank two cups of tea this morning.
She did not drink coffee this morning.
Did she drink coffee this morning?
The simple past is used to express an action that started and ended at a specific
time in the past. There are two different past tense verb groups. There are the
regular verbs (those that end in –ed) and the irregular verbs (those that have an
irregular past and past participle).
The most important thing to remember with this verb tense is that you must
absolutely specify WHEN the action took place in the past. This makes the
difference between using the right tense or not.
The negative and the question forms are created similarly to the negative and
question forms of the simple present. The helping verb ‘do’ is used. It needs to
be put in the past.
Here is how to pronounce the –ED sound for the regular verbs.
D T ID
The final –ed is The final –ed is The final –ed is
pronounced d after pronounced t after pronounced id after
certain verbs. certain verbs. verbs that end in ‘-t, -te, -
(voiced sounds) (voiceless sounds) d or -de’.
Just like the following Just like the following Just like the following
verbs: verbs: verbs:
studied talked wanted
robbed kissed needed
called skipped repeated
received laughed decided
opened faxed waited
hummed sliced started
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Past Progressive
She was working on the Brits file when her computer crashed.
While they were looking for a new house, their apartment was not being painted.
Were you listening to the news report at 6:30 last night?
The past progressive expresses an action that was in progress at a time in the
past or when or while another action happened or was happening.
It can be used on its own, in a question, but is normally accompanied by
another verb in the past progressive or in the simple past.
The past progressive is created with the verb to be + verb + ing. Its negative
and question form follow the same structure as the one for the verb ‘to be’.
Video on “simple past vs. past progressive”: https://vimeo.com/516337344/c4426a005f
You can write, list or draw the time line and write the time indicators for the past
progressive.
17
Exercise 1
Fill in the blanks with the correct verb tense.
1. I _________________________________ (jog) in the park, when two

squirrels _________________________________ (cross) my path.
2. While Roger _________________________________ (pick) apples, he
_________________________________ (fall) off the ladder.
3. Joseph _________________________________ (discover) the theory of
buoyancy while he _________________________________ (take) a bath.
4. While we _________________________________ (travel) around Scotland,
we _________________________________ (meet) some very friendly
people.
5. The soup _________________________________ (boil) over while she
_________________________________ (speak) on the phone.
6. While I _________________________________ (cycle) past some villages
yesterday, I _________________________________ (see) some people
working in their gardens.
7. When I _________________________________ (leave) the house this
morning, the sun _________________________________ (shine).
8. I _________________________________ (sit) in the farmer’s house, while it
_________________________________ (rain) outside.
9. When the earthquake _________________________________ (destroy) their
house, the Browns _________________________________ (shop) in town.
Luckily, they _________________________________ (not, be) at home.
10. While Jane and Joe _________________________________ (paint) the walls,
their dog Jesse _________________________________ (knock) over the
paint can.
18
Time Clauses in the Past
I drove a minivan until I was 40.
As soon as the sky began to clear up, the kids took their bikes out.
While she was trying to call her husband, he was trying to call her as well.
A main clause can stand on its own. It is a complete sentence.

A time clause must be connected to a main clause. It cannot stand alone. It offers
information about the relationship to the activity in the main clause.
Remember to put a comma at the end of the time clause when the time clause
comes in front of the main clause.
A time clause is introduced by:
after
After he left the room, everyone started to cry.
as soon as
I called Stacey as soon as I learned about her promotion.
before
Carolane did not drive before she was 35.
unless
She never drove to work unless she needed to.
until
Patrick persisted sending them his résumé until they called him for an interview.
when
When he was young, he lived in London.
while
She ran into Sandra while she was shopping.
Video on “time clauses in the past”: https://vimeo.com/516284987/5c44ceaf92
19
Exercise 1
Using the flash cards, create sentences in the present and the past. Use some
adjectives and adverbs to make your sentences more interesting and colourful.
20
Exercise 2
Complete the sentences using either the simple past or the past progressive.
Some business celebrities ___________________________________ (develop)

their business sense while they ___________________________________ (do) the
most unexpected jobs.
Bobbi Brown, a make-up icon, ___________________________________ (help) her
grandfather at his Cadillac dealership before she
___________________________________ (launch) her make-up line in 1991.
While she ___________________________________ (work) for her grandfather, he
___________________________________ (tell) her a story.
That story ___________________________________ (influence) how she
___________________________________ (judge) client potential by their
appearance.
A man who ___________________________________ (look) like he
___________________________________ (live) on the streets regularly
___________________________________ (visit) the dealership owned by Bobbi
Brown’s grandfather.
Since the salesmen ___________________________________ (approach -
negative) the strange fellow, Bobbi’s grandfather
___________________________________ (go) up to him and
___________________________________ (put) his arm around his shoulder and
___________________________________ (speak) to him kindly.
No one ___________________________________ (expect) what
___________________________________ (happen) next: the unassuming
gentleman ___________________________________ (end) up buying not one, but
two cars!
It ___________________________________ (turn) out that the shopping bag the
man ___________________________________ (carry) with him
___________________________________ (be) full of cash!
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Exercise 3
Correct the sentences. The sentences cover the present and past verb tenses.
1. Someone ring the doorbell so Sarah got up and run to the door to answered it.
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
2. Bob travels with boat and arrived to Port Alfred yesterday.

________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
3. Last week, I will go visited my sister at Ottawa.

________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
4. The concert is very good last night. He plays the piano well, don’t he?
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
5. We was exhausted last night after we will finish jogging around town.
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
6. While she was to have her hair done at the mall, her best friend arrive.
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
7. At present, Mary was speak to her supervisor on her office.

________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
8. Sandra gives us some information that was very useful.

________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
9. I did my English homeworks every week so I never got in trouble.

________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
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10. Time passed very fastly during the interview and I am agree with her totally.
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
11. Do you know where is the gas station? I needed gas.

________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
12. I phone Denise last night and she decides to come for dinner today.
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
13. Craig feel very ill and staying home from work today.
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
14. I knew Jane is worried about her upcoming speech.

________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
15. Victor use English a lot and thinks that it is a very practical language to learn.
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
16. Joe were a real estate agent and making a lot of money when he was younger.
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
17. The manager want to know how many people are at the meeting.
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
18. My son reciting the alphabet by heart and he hasn’t started pre-kindergarten
yet.
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
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Subject – Verb Agreement
RULE EXAMPLE
Two singular subjects connected by or and I do not know if it is my mother or my father
nor require a singular verb. who is picking me up from school today.
When two subjects are connected by

either…or, neither…nor, not only…, but also,
Neither Jack nor Mathew is present today.
the subject that is closer to the verb
Neither my sister nor my parents are here.
determines if the verb is singular or plural.
Either Fred or I am going to the Christmas
** If the pronoun I is one of the two
party.
subjects, put it in second and use am when
necessary.**
Sometimes, the subject is separated from

My dog, as well as my two cats, sleeps in
the verb by words such as along with, as
my bedroom.
well as, besides, or not. Ignore these
Peter and Mary, along with Marc, live in this
expressions when determining whether to
city.
use a singular or plural verb.
Studying more is the only thing that will

A gerund used as a subject of a sentence
help her pass her exam.
requires a singular verb.
Having fun is an important part of your life.
The pronouns each, everyone, every one,

Every man, woman and child was
everybody, anyone, anybody, someone,
accounted for after the earthquake.
and somebody are singular and require
Everyone is happy to see you again.
singular verbs.
With words that indicate portions—

percent, fraction, part, majority, some, all,
Some of the movies he has directed are
none, remainder, and so forth —look at the
good.
noun or pronoun that follows of. It will
Two-thirds of the money is donated to
determine whether to use a singular or
charity.
plural verb. If the object of the preposition
None of the people were happy about the
is singular, use a singular verb. If the object
outcome of the survey.
of the preposition is plural, use a plural
verb.
24
One of, each of, every one of are exceptions
to this rule. They take a plural noun but a One of my friends lives in L.A.
singular verb.
The number of pages needed depends on the

The expression the number is followed by a
amount of work you want to put in.
singular verb while the expression a number
A large number of people were absent due to
is followed by a plural verb.
the road conditions.
Six hours of sleep is not enough for me.

Use a singular verb with sums of money or Two hundred dollars is a great price for this
periods of time.
bicycle.
The Philippines is a country I would like to

Some proper nouns that end in –s are
visit one day.
singular and therefore take a singular verb.
Sears is a big company.
We just got the news regarding the merger

The word news is singular.
and it is good!
Fields of study that end in –ics and certain Physics is what she prefers.
diseases that end in –s are singular. Measles is a rare disease.
The basic rule states that a singular subject takes a singular verb, while a plural subject
takes a plural verb. This is also the case if two or more subjects are connected by and.
The sentence would have a plural verb. It is important to know whether the subject is
singular or plural and to recognize a singular and a plural verb.
Verbs do not form their plurals by adding an ‘s’ as nouns do. In order to determine
which verb is singular and which one is plural, think of which verb you would use with
he or she and which verb you would use with they.
See the rules to follow in order to create sentences in which the subject and the
verb…agree!
Videos on “subject-verb agreement”: https://vimeo.com/516284784/28ede86dda

https://vimeo.com/516285398/a33605608b
25
Exercise 1
Choose the correct verb tense.
1. Carlos is the only one of those students who ______________________

lived up to the potential described in the yearbook.
a) has
b) have
2. One of my best friends ______________________ an extra on The Big
Bang Theory this week.
a) are
b) is
3. Four years ______________________ a long time to spend away from
your friends and family.
a) are
b) is
4. Politics ______________________ sometimes a dirty business.
a) are
b) is
5. Not only the students but also their instructor ______________________
been called to the principal’s office.
a) have
b) has
6. Most of the milk ______________________ gone bad. Six gallons of milk
______________________ still in the refrigerator.
a) has / are
b) have / is
7. People throughout history ______________________ been fascinated by
the moon.
a) has
b) have
26
8. There ______________________ several reasons why you should
reconsider your decision.
a) is
b) are
9. Either the physicians or the chief administrator
______________________ going to make a decision.
a) is
b) are
10. Everyone selected to be on this jury ______________________ to be
willing to give up a lot of time.
a) has
b) have
11. The tornadoes that tear through this country every spring
______________________ more than just a nuisance.
a) are
b) is
12. When there ______________________ thunderstorms approaching, we
are always reminded of the threat of tornadoes.
a) are
b) is
13. The rhythm of the pounding waves ______________________ calming.
a) is
b) are
14. Building a good marriage and building a good log fire
______________________ similar in many ways.
a) is
b) are
15. Pie or cake ______________________ the perfect dessert after such a
splendid meal.
a) are
b) is
27
16. The average worker’s earnings ______________________ gone up
dramatically.
a) has
b) have
17. Measles ______________________ a dangerous disease for pregnant
women.
a) are
b) is
18. Gold, as well as platinum, ______________________ recently risen in
price.
a) have
b) has
19. The boss, as well as one of his colleagues, ______________________
been robbed by the robber.
a) have
b) has
20. I went to a party last weekend and none of my friends
______________________ present.
a) was
b) were
Exercise 2
Choose the correct verb.
1. One-third of this article (is, are) taken up with statistical analysis.

2. Much of the book (is, are) relevant to this study.
3. Half of what he writes (is, are) undocumented.
4. Fifty percent of the job (is, are) routine work and can sometimes be very
boring.
5. For the first time this week, all of the class (is, are) present.
6. The number of students registered in the class (is, are) twenty.
7. Only ten percent of the population (is, are) bilingual.
28
8. I love animals: in fact, there (is, are) a couple of cats living in my house.
9. I ordered a 14-inch pizza. Half of the pizza (is, are) for you and half (is,
are) for me.
10. Every one of my son’s friends (is, are) a hockey fan.
11. There is flooding in the Saguenay region. Some of the highways (is, are)
closed.
12. Many television programs (is, are) too violent for children to watch.
13. Due to the earthquake, most of the houses (is, are) ruined.
14. It is very interesting to read his column in the newspaper, since all the
information (is, are) current.
15. Ten dollars (is, are) a great deal of money to a child.
16. Nowadays, a half hour (is not, are not) a long time to wait at the medical
clinic.
17. Each runner (is, are) taking his place at the start line of the race.
18. Most of my weekends (is, are) extremely busy. No time to relax.
19. One-third of the book (is, are) very difficult to understand.
20. One-half of the students at Princeton University (is, are) graduates.
21. All the stores (is, are) closed today, because it is Easter.
Exercise 3
1. There (is, are) four chairs and a table in our dining room.
2. In our school every Friday, there (is, are) a conversation club in the
afternoon.
3. There (is, are) two students absent from our class every Wednesday.
4. (Is, Are) there any employees in the employees’ room at the moment?
5. Excuse me. (Is, Are) there a student called Andreas in this class?
6. There (is, are) many computers in each classroom for the students.
7. There (is, are) no coffee for the coffeepot; therefore, I cannot have a
cup.
8. There (was, were) a horrible earthquake in Haiti a few years ago.
29
9. There (is, are) a lot of work to do, because there (is, are) a new manager
in our department.
10. There (was, were) no hot water, due to a power shortage, so we boiled
some.
11. There (is, are) a cat in the barn, because there (is, are) mice in there.
12. There (is, are) no complaints, because there (is, are) good service.
Exercise 4
1. The Philippines (consist, consists) of more than 7,000 islands.

2. Sears (is, are) a department store that is very popular.
3. Eight hours of sleep (is, are) enough for the majority of people.
4. Usually, the poor (have, has) many problems to deal with.
5. At this moment during the election, the news (is, are) very interesting.
6. Chemistry (is, are) difficult for Tom, but mathematics (is, are) easier.
7. The police (is, are) coming to investigate the crime.
8. The British (is, are) very friendly people.
9. I do not like to wait! But ten minutes (isn’t, aren’t) too long.
10. Many children in Africa (is, are) dying of starvation. Maybe we can help
them.
11. I heard about Mr. Bean. The news about him (is, are) astonishing.
12. Mathematics (is, are) a very important subject to study.
13. Measles (is, are) an illness that can be cured today.
14. At the Chinese restaurant, we can see ten beautiful fish that (is, are)
swimming in the tank.
15. Usually, political parties (is, are) interesting.
30
Exercise 5
Correct the mistakes.
1. The laws in the state of Michigan is different from the laws in the state of
New York.
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
2. The trees on the other side of the hills is greener than the ones on this
side.
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
3. China, a country with many people, grow a lot of rice.
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
4. The computer lab, with its many computers, are moving into the new
building soon.
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
5. The shoes that I bought last month, while comfortable, is out of style.
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
6. The United States, contrary to many people’s opinions, welcome
individuality.
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
7. All wild animals on this planet, though possibly violent in their natural
habitat, is valuable and precious because they are here for a reason.
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
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8. My neighbor’s friends often sits around the pool partying and drinking
too much.
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
9. My cats, all wet and furry, has to get their nails clipped tomorrow.
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
10. Your chances of winning the lottery are less than by being struck by
lightning.
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
You can write, list or draw new vocabulary words, notes or comments.
32
Let’s Read!
Best to learn a new language before the age of 10
New research suggests that to achieve native-like proficiency in a new language,

people should start learning before the age of ten. Researchers said children up to
the age of 18 remain skilled at learning grammar. Unfortunately, those who want to
pick up a new language beyond their late teens are past the "critical period" when
language-learning ability starts to decline. A researcher said: "As far as a child is
concerned, it's quite easy to become bilingual....That's when you're best at learning
languages. It's not really something that you can make up later."
The research was based on the results of 670,000 people taking a 10-minute
online grammar quiz. Researchers measured the grammatical ability of people who
started learning a language at different points in their life. The test had grammar
rules that were likely to confuse non-native speakers. These measured a person's
proficiency. Another researcher suggested older people might be too busy to learn
a language. He said after 17 or 18, people leave home, go to university or start
work. All of these could affect how well someone learns a language.
Taken from www.breakingnewsenglish.com
Audio for this text: https://vimeo.com/520132188/5e31450202 (read by Stephanie Duguay)
Comprehension Questions
1. For whom did researchers say it was easy to become bilingual?
2. What did the article say was likely to confuse non-native speakers?
33
3. What reason did a researcher give for adults not learning a language?
Discussion Questions
1. Why is it harder for older people to learn a language?
2. What are the benefits of being multilingual?
3. What is the most important language skill?
Vocabulary
Create a sentence using each of the following words.
Achieve:
to bring to a successful end; accomplish
34
Proficiency:
a high degree of competence or skill; expertise
Skilled:
having the knowledge, ability, or training to do something well.
Pick up:
to acquire or learn something, especially without formal instruction
Decline:
to diminish in strength or quality; deteriorate
35
Future Will and (Be) Going to
PLAN WILLINGNESS / REACTION PREDICTION
Philip confirmed his trip Alex needs help. The meteorologist is taking
to visit his grand-parents. Kathleen will help him. about tomorrow’s weather.
Philip is going to visit his It is going to be very humid
grand-parents in tomorrow.
Edmonton next week. It will be very humid
tomorrow.
The future is used to describe something that will happen in the future, either as a
plan, willingness or a prediction.
It is created with the auxiliary ‘will’ or ‘be going to’.
When there is a verb tense that has an auxiliary, everything goes on around this
auxiliary – add not to it to form the negative, or place it at the beginning of the
sentence to create a question.
Video on “will and be going to”: https://vimeo.com/516282502/8488537070
Will and Be Going to are used to convey slightly different levels of intention which
are understood by native speakers, though they are unlikely to be able to explain
the difference. Read the following texts which illustrate the difference between the
two.
Daniel: I’m calling because I have a situation I would like you to look into for
me. I am sending you an email as we speak and I would appreciate
it if you can get back to me this afternoon.
Samantha: I am happy to be of service, Daniel. However, I will ask my assistant
Emily to look into this.
Daniel: Actually, Samantha I would prefer that you take charge of this
yourself. I don’t doubt that she is a skilled employee but I would
prefer to deal directly with you.
36
Samantha: I would be pleased to Daniel. The only reason I suggested you work
with Emily is because I leave on vacation tomorrow and will be
unreachable for the next two weeks. This way, Emily will already be
informed and will be able to help you with any necessary follow up.
Daniel: I am not going to require (sounds definite) any follow up. The file
will be closed by the end of today. What I need from you, I need
from you today.
Samantha: I will look into it this afternoon. (still sounds unclear, hesitant and
casual, like a future possibility)
Daniel: This is very important to me. Can I count on you to send me the
necessary documents by the end of the day?
Samantha: Trust me, Daniel. I am going to look into this (likely accompanied by
a change in intonation, comes across as being much more definite),
find the documents you require and forward them along to you
before leaving the office today.
Daniel: Thank you, that’s what I wanted to hear. I appreciate it.
37
Jessie: Will you be at the party this Saturday?
Nathaniel: Yes, I will.
Jessie: Can you pick up the centerpiece at the flower shop?
Nathaniel: Sure, I’ll swing by after work tomorrow and pick it up.
Jessie: It’s important, Nathaniel. If you don’t think you’ll have the time, please
let me know and I’ll find another solution.
Nathaniel: Don’t worry, I’ll do it.
Jessie: I’m pretty sure I’ve heard that before.
Nathaniel: Why do you ask me if you don’t trust me? Look, I’m entering it into my
agenda right now. I’m going to pick up the centerpiece at the flower
shop for the party. All I need now is the address.
Jessie: Perfect, thank you. It is 476 rue Beauchemin, Montreal, H4N 1Z7.
38
Exercise 1
Using the flash cards, create sentences about plans and predictions in the future.
39
Let’s talk!
• What will your life be like in 5 years?
• How will communication change in the future?
• What do you think the world will look like in 50 years?
• Will you ever go sky diving? Why or why not?
• How will entertainment change in the future?
• Who are you going to meet this weekend?
• When are you going to get up tomorrow?
• What electronic device are you going to buy next?
• Are you going to play any games today?
• What are you going to play?
• What piece of clothing are you going to buy next?
• What housework are you going to do this week?
• What are you going to cook this week?
40
Exercise 2
You probably already use will and to be going to in order to talk about the future,
but do you know when exactly to use each one? For each of the situations listed
below, state which future form would be more appropriate? Check your answers
with the rest of your group and with your facilitator.
You are volunteering to do a specific task.

__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
You are talking about tomorrow’s weather.
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
You are promising to attend a given event.
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
You have lost your balance and are about to fall.
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
You are discussing your upcoming vacation plans.
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
You are discussing your retirement plans.
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
41
Used to and Would
I used to have long hair. (past state)
He used to take the train to work every day. (repeated action)
Did she use to read books all afternoon when she was younger? (repeated action)
Would she read books all afternoon when she was younger?
He used to drive to work every day.
He would drive the train to work every day.
Used to and would are both used to talk about things that started in the past and
finished in the past.
Used to is used to talk about past states or repeated actions in the past.
Would is only used to talk about repeated actions in the past.
Used to and would can be used interchangeably if they are being used to talk
about repeated actions.
If an action happens only once in the past the past simple is used.
Video on “used to and would”: https://vimeo.com/516282488/d4a5939573
Exercise 1
Using the flashcards, talk about past activities with used to and would. Remember
that “would” cannot be used for past states!
42
Let’s talk!
Practice using used to and would by talking about your past habits. You can use
the topics listed and any other ones you choose.
• food
• drink
• favourite colour
• games
• TV programs
• appearance
• school
• family traditions
• work
• residence
• summer vacations
• music
43
Exercise 2
Complete the following prompts with either used to or would.
1. Ten years ago, restaurants
2. When I was young, winters
3. Back in my day, young people
4. In Ancient Greece, students
5. During the Second World War, women
6. Before telephones existed, friends
7. Until e-mail was invented,
8. In my parents’ day,
9. A long time ago, houses
44
10. Before the CN tower was built, the residents of Toronto
45
Assessment 1
Your facilitator is going to record you as you answer the question below.
There are a few options:

• Your facilitator can use his/her tablet or phone and send you the recording;
• You can use your own tablet or phone to record yourself.
Listen to the recording at home:

• Find three to five GREAT things you used during the recording.
• Find three to five things you must work on (mistakes, pronunciation issues).
Write them down.
• Review the points with your facilitator next class.
Those will be your goals to correct for the next recordings!
QUESTIONS
**None of the answers have to be true. The goal for the recordings is to see how
good you are and what needs to be worked on.**
1. What were you doing when you heard about 9-11?
2. Who used to be your hero when you were young?
3. What new inventions would you like to see in the future? Give reasons.
You can write your feedback on the following lines.
46
Modal Auxiliaries
Polite question (with I or We)
May I go to the restroom?
May we start the speech?
Formal Permission
You may leave the table now.
Yes, you may start working at 9 a.m. tomorrow.
Permission
Might I ask what you are doing this afternoon?
Ability
I can ride a bike.
She can type faster than I can.
I am able to ride a bike.
Past ability
I could ride a bike when I was young, but I can’t anymore.
She could see clearly before she was 60.
Possibilities in the future

I could call him tomorrow morning to see if he can give us a hand.
You could come over for supper on Saturday.
Polite question
Could you pass the salt please?
Would you pass the salt please?
Possibility
We might go to the movies tonight.
It might rain this weekend.
Advice (opinion about somebody’s obligation)

You should put a coat on, it is cold.
You should apply for the position. It has your name written all over it!
**Should is also to express ‘in case’.**
I will buy some extra chicken in case we should need it.
Should you need more information, contact me.
47
Advice (duty, rules and moral obligations)
Kristie ought to accompany him on his doctor’s visit. He has always been there
for her and is nervous about going alone. (moral obligation)
The city ought to provide free recycling bins to each household in their
jurisdiction. (duty)
Advice with threat of bad result

You had better be present at the meeting.
Karen had better send me the information before the end of the day.
Strong necessity
She must answer the email ASAP.
Marianne must arrive on time as she has the presentation.
Necessity
I have to take the kids to school tomorrow.
We have to drink water to survive.
Lack of necessity
I do not have to go in on Friday.
Managers do not have to attend the seminar.
Prohibition
You mustn’t go through those doors alone.
All guests must not enter without watching the security video.
95% certainty (logical conclusion)

You must be the facilitator.
There must be a lot of traffic if she has not arrived yet.
Expectation
The meeting should go as planned.
I should be done by 8 p.m.
Less than 50% certainty (possibility)

It could rain tomorrow.
It could be worse. You could have gotten into an accident!
48
Polite for ‘want’
I would like a glass of water please.
They would like to have more information about our services.
Prediction and Certainty
I shall arrive at Roger’s house by 8 p.m.
It shall rain this afternoon, so you should bring an umbrella.
Suggestion
Let’s go to the movies tonight.
Why don’t we stay home instead?
Preference
I prefer eating pizza to eating hot-dogs.
I would rather stay home tonight.
I like sushi better than hamburgers.
Modal auxiliaries are usually followed by the simple form of the verb. The same
way the auxiliary ‘will’ is.
I will go
I could go
The main difference about the modals and the other verb tenses is that they
express something specific in themselves. Take the time to study them. They are
a huge part of the language and mistakes occur when they are confused.
I should be there.
I could be there.
Video on “modal auxiliaries”: https://vimeo.com/516343693/d64e279e1f
49
Exercise 1
Use the flash cards to create sentences with modal auxiliaries.
50
Let’s talk!
• What are some of the things you have to do when you get home?
• What must a person do to be happy?
• Which types of workers have to work the hardest?
• Where should I go on my next vacation?
• What are some things I’d better not do if I want to live a long time?
• What are three good things that may happen soon in your life?
• Where might you be living in five years?
• What are three things all humans must learn to do better?
• Who is someone you must listen to?
• Would you prefer watching TV or reading books?
• Would you rather go someplace you know is good or a new place that might
be good? Why?
51
Exercise 2
Read each of the sentences on the left and choose the correct next sentence from
the options on the right.
____ I have two major options for this long 1. If not, we might just take a taxi
weekend. instead.
____ Will we be able to make the ten 2. We may increase dividends for
o’clock bus? this fiscal year.
____ I keep forgetting my camera at home. 3. They can’t be worse than last
year.
____ The Canadiens are expected to 4. I could visit my family in Truro,
improve this season. or I could stay here.
____ Our third-quarter results are better 5. He couldn’t still be sick.
than expected.
____ Ben was out all last week and he’s still 6. I have to start using the photo
not here today. app on my phone.
Exercise 3
Complete the following sentences using an appropriate modal auxiliary. Try to use
each modal at least once.
1. If I do everything right at work, I

_______________________________________________________________
2. In the next year, the economy
_______________________________________________________________
3. If I’m not at home or at work, I
_______________________________________________________________
4. In the next election, the Prime Minister
_______________________________________________________________
5. My boss is late for a meeting. (S)he
_______________________________________________________________
6. My car won’t start. It
_______________________________________________________________
52
Exercise 4
Find and correct twelve errors in the text below.
Diplomacy is one of the keys to negotiation. Flexibility is another one. In English,

modal auxiliaries are words that both sound diplomatic and allow us to show
flexibility.
I’m going to ask my boss for a raise, but I want to be prepared for the meeting,
because he is a very shrewd negotiator. I could to ask him for a 15% increase because
I work hard and I know I deserve it, but I am sure he will offer less. I can accept a 7%
raise, but I don’t want him to know that! Here is how I imagine the conversation:
me May you have a minute for me? I want to talk to you about something.
boss Would it wait?
me Actually, that’s what you said the last three times I’ve asked. I’m afraid it
couldn’t wait anymore.
boss Is this about the raise you mentioned to me? Ok, you could ask me about
that now.
me Would I have a 15% salary increase?
boss I may not do that. But I’m able to offer you 5%.
me Well, I think I’m worth more than that. I bring in a lot of new business and
I do a lot of overtime. I know I may get 5% more by getting a job across
the street at Acme.
boss If you are able to leave this job for 5%, you can go right now.
me Are you able to calm down? I’m just saying what the industry is paying.
boss Ok, ok. You’re right. I can give you 10%. That’s as much as I may do in
this economy.
53
me Fantastic! I can't ask for more than that.
boss That’s funny, because you just did.
54
Discussion
Which is more important, education or experience for a job? Tell me about it.
Why is one more important than the other? Do you know anyone who has more
experience than education? Does a lack of education affect the job that you want
or is it a lack of experience?
Review comparative and superlative forms with your facilitator.

Here are the basic rules:
Comparative and Superlative Forms

Attending this meeting is more This meeting is the most important
important than going out for lunch. one this year.
This man is funnier than my brother. This comedian is the funniest I have
This coffee is worse than the one we seen in year!
had in Toronto. This coffee is the worst coffee I have
ever had!
Use the comparative form when you have two things to compare.
It is important to add than to the comparative form. That is what makes it
compare something to something else.
Use the superlative from when what you are talking about cannot be compared.
It is just the best, the biggest, the strongest…of all.
It is important to add the in front of the adjective.
When a one-syllable adjective ends with a consonant – vowel – consonant,
double the consonant.
Adjectives Comparatives Superlative
One-syllable great greater than the greatest

adjectives clean cleaner than the cleanest
wet wetter than the wettest
55
Adjectives with dangerous more dangerous than the most dangerous
two or more careful more careful than the most careful
syllables
Adjectives that lazy lazier than the laziest

end in ‘y’ friendly friendlier than the friendliest
busy busier the busiest
Irregular good better than the best
adjectives bad worse than the worst
Video on “comparative form”: https://vimeo.com/516342027/d5deff8871

Video on “superlative form”: https://vimeo.com/516285227/72c376507e
56
Time Clauses in the Future
She is going to contact you as soon as she has the answer to your inquiries.
Unless you know something we don’t, we will have to postpone this operation.
A time clause must be connected to a main clause. It cannot stand alone. It

offers information about the relationship to the activity in the main clause.
Remember to put a comma at the end of the time clause when the time clause
comes in front of the main clause.
In a future sentence with will or be going to it is important to know that as soon
as a time clause is introduced, there is no future in it.
When the rain starts, I am going to close all of the windows.

As soon as her plane lands, she will contact the taxi company.
Before he leaves the house, he is going to enable the alarm.
After we go through the main hall, we are going to enter the living room.
If I have the chance to visit Chicago, I will stay in a five-star hotel.
Until you know for sure, you will not do anything.
Unless Karl is late, we will vote today as scheduled.
While she watches a movie, he is going to prepare supper as a surprise.
Video on “future time clauses”: https://vimeo.com/516342714/dc16ccd16e
Exercise 1
Complete the sentences using the appropriate verb tense.
1. After Sheila __________________________________ (find) a good

house in Montreal, she__________________________________
(buy) some new furniture.
2. After they __________________________________ (arrive) from the
grocery store with all the goodies, they
__________________________________ (proceed) to put them all away
in the cupboards.
57
3. As soon as the manager __________________________________
(arrive), the meeting __________________________________ (start).
4. I __________________________________ (meet) you in the park for a
picnic if you __________________________________ (bring) a blanket
and some juice.
5. I will have to finish the reports before the supervisor
__________________________________ (contact) me.
6. If Alan __________________________________ (feel) better on Sunday,
he __________________________________ (play) in the match against
Maurice.
7. If he __________________________________ (reach) the company’s
objective this year, the president
__________________________________ (reward) him.
8. Mohamed __________________________________ (take) his shower
before he __________________________________ (eat) his breakfast in
the morning.
9. My dog always __________________________________ (greet) me
happily at the front door as soon as I
__________________________________ (arrive) home from work.
10. Nathalie __________________________________ (leave, neg.) for the
boat yard until after the ship __________________________________
(leave) the dock with the cargo.
11. Nickolaj __________________________________ (compete) in the
competition every year until they
__________________________________ (disqualify) him for drug use.
12. Rebecca __________________________________ (go) on a drive along
with Isaac if he __________________________________ (continue) to
struggle with building relationships in the field.
13. Rory and Mora __________________________________ (visit) Sweden
next summer after Rory __________________________________ (finish)
his carpentry apprenticeship.
58
14. She __________________________________ (relocate) to New York if
she __________________________________ (get) the promotion.
15. She __________________________________ (eat) whatever she wants
until the doctor__________________________________ (tell) her to
stop.
16. Sophie and Isaac __________________________________ (prepare)
their food for the picnic when it __________________________________
(start) to rain.
17. The stairs __________________________________ (creak) when Harold
__________________________________ (climb) the stairs.
18. The trinkets __________________________________ (fall) off the shelf

when the earthquake __________________________________ (shake)
the building.
19. There __________________________________ (be) many wasps around
the house until Jen __________________________________ (pinpoint)
the location of the nest and __________________________________
(call) in the exterminator.
20. They __________________________________ (catch) three fish in the
river before the others __________________________________ (wake)
for breakfast.
21. They __________________________________ (pick) Lena up at the
metro station after they __________________________________ (get)
off work today.
22. Unless you __________________________________ (be) clear about
what you are seeking, you __________________________________ (find,
never) it.
23. Unless you __________________________________ (have) something
new to share regarding this subject, I believe it
__________________________________ (be) time we move along to
other items on the agenda.
59
24. Until they __________________________________ (hear) back
regarding the test results, Aidan and Jean
__________________________________ (be) uncertain about whether
or not they have passed the class.
25. We __________________________________ (hire) several new
employees to work with Kristian before he
__________________________________ (launch) the new project he has
been working on.
26. We __________________________________ (start) the construction of
the hospital as soon as the government
__________________________________ (give) us the go-ahead.
27. When Danielle __________________________________ (shop) for shoes
she rarely __________________________________ (come) home with
fewer than 2 pairs.
28. When I __________________________________ (finish) doing my
homework, I __________________________________ (go) out with my
friends.
29. While they __________________________________ (shop) for a new
bike, they __________________________________ (decide) to look for a
new helmet as well.
Exercise 2
Create sentences using time clauses in the past or the future.
60
61
Let’s Read!
Doctors say hospitals should ban perfume
Doctors in Canada have called for a ban on the use of perfumes and aftershaves in
hospitals and clinics. They say the chemicals in the scents can trigger asthma and
allergies. Research shows that over half of asthma attacks are caused by irritants
such as powerful smells. Besides perfumes and aftershaves, these can include
cigarette smoke, cleaning fluids and other strong fragrances and odours. Dr Ken
Flegel and Dr James Martin of McGill University in Canada wrote about the dangers
of smells in hospital in the Canadian Medical Association Journal. They said:
"Hospital environments free from artificial scents should become a uniform policy,
promoting the safety of patients, staff and visitors alike."
Strong smells affect many of us in one way or another. Around a third of people say
they are physically affected by artificial scents worn by others. The doctors noted
that this should be a serious concern in all hospitals. They wrote: "While artificial
scents are designed to make us more attractive, they may result in unintended harm
to those who are vulnerable. There is emerging evidence that asthma, in some cases,
is primarily aggravated by artificial scents." They added that: "This is particularly
concerning in hospitals, where vulnerable patients with asthma or other upper
airway or skin sensitivities are concentrated." They warn that scents in hospitals can
make these patients' condition worse.
Taken from www.breakingnewsenglish.com
Audio for this text: https://vimeo.com/520132149/2ac51a28a4 (read by Kristi Luger)
1. What is it in perfumes that the doctors said could trigger asthma?
62
2. What did the doctors say artificial scents are designed to do?
3. What kinds of sensitivities are mentioned at the end of the article?
1. Should perfumes and aftershaves be banned in hospitals? In other public

places?
2. What smells affect you?
3. How much do perfumes and aftershave make us more attractive?
63
Vocabulary
Ban:
an official or legal prohibition
Trigger:
cause (an event or situation) to happen or exist
Unintended:
not planned or meant
Harm:
physical injury
Airway:
the passage by which air reaches a person’s lungs
64
Review
Exercise 1
Using the flash cards, create sentences in the present, past and future.
Include the following expressions in your sentences:
• or and nor
• either…or, neither…nor, not only…, but also,
• along with, as well as, besides, or not.
• gerund used as a subject
• each, everyone, every one, everybody, anyone, anybody, someone, and
somebody
• One of, each of, every one of
• percent, fraction, part, majority, some, all, none, remainder
• the number
• a number
• sums of money or periods of time
65
Exercise 2
Complete the following sentences using the verbs in the box.
use have know

love understand be
see believe appreciate
recite feel need
realize want amaze
1. Craig ________________________ very ill and is staying home from work.

2. I ________________________ Jane is worried about her upcoming speech.
3. Victor ________________________ English a lot and thinks that it is a very
practical language to learn.
4. Joe ________________________ a real estate agent and
________________________ making a lot of money.
5. The manager ________________________ to know how many people are
at the meeting.
6. My son ________________________ the alphabet by heart and he hasn’t
started pre-kindergarten yet.
7. I ________________________ that everything happens for a reason.
8. I ________________________ that English is important for me to go to
Ground School to become a pilot.
9. It always ________________________ me how people learn a language so
quickly.
10. My boss ________________________ you to meet the new client as soon as
possible. There could be a new project.
11. Rita, my assistant is very helpful and I ________________________ her help
immensely.
12. Alex ________________________ to travel. He goes abroad almost every
summer.
13. Amanda ________________________ her doctor for a complete checkup
every year.
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14. Jonathan ________________________ how important it is to be on time.
15. We ________________________ 10 minutes to find the address of the
company in Montreal. Hope we’re not too late!
Exercise 3
Complete the following sentences using the past progressive or the simple past.
1. I _______________________________________ dinner at a restaurant

downtown last night when the actor, Eddie Murphy,
_______________________________________ in and sat at the next table.
(have, come)
2. I _______________________________________ this ring as I
_______________________________________ through the park today.
(find, walk)
3. While I _______________________________________ my hair cut, I
_______________________________________ asleep. (get, fall)
4. The workers _______________________________________ some old coins
while they _______________________________________ on the building
site. (uncover, work)
5. We _______________________________________ the Prime Minister drive
by while we _______________________________________ for the bus this
morning. (see, wait)
6. I _______________________________________ on Main Street recently
when I _______________________________________ a beautiful cat. (walk,
see)
7. He _______________________________________ the stairs when he
_______________________________________ and
_______________________________________. Luckily, he
_______________________________________ himself. (trip, not hurt, climb,
fall)
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8. While I _______________________________________ the little girl a story,
she _______________________________________ asleep, so I
_______________________________________ the book and quietly
_______________________________________ out of the room. (fall, read,
tiptoe, close)
9. A: What’s wrong with your foot?
B: I _______________________________________ on a bee while I
____________________________________________________ barefoot
through the grass and it _______________________________________ me.
(run, sting, step)
10. I _______________________________________ under a tree when it
_______________________________________ to rain very hard. (stand,
begin)
Exercise 4
Complete the following sentences using the correct verb tense.
1. I _________________________________ (see) Caroline at the party. She

_________________________________ (wear) a pretty red dress and
matching shoes.
2. As soon as I _________________________________ (see) the burglar
breaking into my neighbour’s house, I
_________________________________ (call) the police.
3. The chef _________________________________ (cook) a delicious meal
when the guests _________________________________ (start) to arrive.
4. Last night I _________________________________ (have) a strange
dream. I _________________________________ (dream) that I
_________________________________ (drive) in the country at night
when I _________________________________ (see) a UFO land on the
road in front of me.
Then I _________________________________ (get) out of my car. While I
_________________________________ (stand) there, this strange green
68
creature _________________________________ (come) out of the UFO. I
_________________________________ (try) to run away but couldn’t
move. As it _________________________________ (come) nearer, it
_________________________________ (put out) its hand and
_________________________________ (touch) my face. It
_________________________________ (feel) wet and horrible. Then I
_________________________________ (wake up) and
_________________________________ (find) my cat on my pillow. It
_________________________________ (lick) my face.
5. My plan is final. I _________________________________ (to travel) to India
in May.
6. We have almost certainly decided that we
_________________________________ (to sign) a contract with our
American counterparts before the end of the year.
7. Pierre is quite certain that he _________________________________ (to
find) a new job in marketing within his industry soon.
8. Although we liked the presentation, we
_________________________________ (to purchase – negative) the sound
system that you have on display here.
9. _________________________________ (to try out) one of our electric cars
today?
10. I hear the dogs barking... I think it _________________________________
(to rain).
Exercise 5
Correct the following sentences.
1. People who do win the lottery, although they may have the good intention
to invest, occasionally ends up being impoverished because they gave all
their money away.
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
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2. When students, no matter how much energy they have, stays up all night,
they aren’t alert in the morning.
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
3. I used to fly to Buffalo every summer and winter for work, but now I lives
here permanently.
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
4. Once in a while, Patty go shopping in a Indian food store to buys exotic
food.
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
5. A lot of people considers John to be a very quiet man.
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
6. If it rain today, I won’t need to waters the lawn.
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
7. There are really too much crime today. We have to do something about
this.
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
8. Why don’t we visits the parks this weekend and brings some friends with
us?
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
9. After class, Tina run to her car and drive to work.
_____________________________________________________________
10. Someone we knows quite well are very sick at the moment.
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
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Exercise 6
Complete the sentences using one of the phrasal verbs in the box below and the
appropriate modal auxiliary in parentheses.
to pass out to read over to find out to stay up to mix up
to end up to go up to break out to get to to give up
1. I am so tired from our vacation! I feel like I

_______________________________ (might / have to / must) any minute!
2. There’s so much traffic in this city! Even when you leave at dawn, I’m sure you
_____________________________ (might / must / could) stuck in traffic.
3. I know I’ve already given her a lot of money, but she’s my mother! I don’t care
how irresponsible she is with her finances; I love her and I
_______________________________________ (do not have to / might not /
cannot) on her!
4. We really need to buy a new crate for our puppy. If we had a better cage, she
______________________________________ (might not / must not / could
not) all the time and make a mess all over the house.
5. They are such a curious group. When a question comes up in class, they
________________________________ (could not / have to / may) the answer
before moving on.
6. I know what it is like working with this liquid, and it is very stable and not
flammable. If you ask me, I think that he ______________________________
(must have / could have / can’t have) the solution for an explosion to happen.
7. I really wish that I had been able to meet your friends when they arrived last
night. Unfortunately, I was working a double-shift and I was exhausted. I knew
when I arrived that I _____________________________________ (could not
have / must not have / might not have) long enough to see them.
71
8. They are doing a lot of new construction in that town. They have also started
weekly garbage collection and will be paving all the gravel roads soon. Their
municipal tax bill _______________________________ (has to / might /
could) next year.
9. Did you hear him at the last meeting? I think
he_______________________________________ (had to have / didn’t have
to / must not have) the report like he was supposed to.
10. If we leave now, don’t stop for gas and drive all night, I suppose we
_______________________________________ (could / must / have got to)
Philadelphia by 8 o’clock.
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Present Perfect
I have visited this museum several times.
I don’t think I have met him before.
There have been many attacks on this country.
People have not traveled to Pluto yet.
The present perfect expresses an action that happened at an unspecified time

before now. The exact time is not important. Its form is created with: have / has +
past participle.
It is used with time or frequency expressions such as:
already, before, ever, many times, never, once, several times, so far, yet…
When the present perfect is used, it means that something has happened at some
point in our lives before now. Remember, the exact time the action happened is
not important.
Sometimes, the timeframe we are looking at for an experience may be limited.
This can be done by using expressions such as:
in the last week in the last year this week
so far up to now this month
“Last year” and “in the last year” are very different in meaning. “In the last year”
means from 365 days ago until now. It is not considered a specific time, so it
requires present perfect.
Video on “present perfect”: https://vimeo.com/521921231/d8f94a8b2f

Video on “simple present vs. present perfect: https://vimeo.com/516337419/a9b2db0419
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Experience
The present perfect can be used to describe your experience. It can also be used
to say that you have never had a certain experience.
I have never gone to Montana before.
I have visited this museum three times.
I have never seen a movie with this actress.
I think I have spoken to him before.
Change
The present perfect is used to talk about change that has happened over a
period of time.
His house has changed since the last time I was here.
People have become more interested in their health.
Accomplishments
The present perfect can be used to list the accomplishments of individuals and
humanity without specifying time.
Man has invented hybrid cars.
Our son has learned how to ride a bicycle.
Doctors have discovered cures for many diseases.
Several actions in the past
The present perfect is often used to talk about several different actions which
have occurred in the past at different times. The present perfect suggests the
process is not complete and more actions are possible.
The army has attacked that city five times.
I have had four attacks and five bomb threats so far this month.
She has contacted several specialists about this problem, but nobody has
answered yet.
74
Exercise 1
Create sentences in the simple past. Then, transform your sentences from the simple
past to the present perfect. You can discuss the different options there are.
75
Let’s talk!
• How many times have you been to a theme park? Which ones have you
been to?
• What different countries have you traveled to?
• What interesting hobbies have you tried?
• What is something you have started by have not finished yet?
• Have you broken any bones? Which ones have you broken? What
happened?
• What animals have you ridden?
• When was the last time you rode a bicycle?
• Where did you grow up? What was it like?
• What did you do this morning?
• Tell me about the last time you were really excited.
76
Exercise 2
Complete the following sentences using the simple past or the present perfect.
1. The night has ended and it’s daylight now. The sun
_______________________________________ (rise). It
_______________________________________ (rise) at 6:08.
2. My children _______________________________________ (always, get)
along extremely well.
3. My cat _______________________________________ (eat; neg) anything
since Sunday. I hope she’s not sick!
4. A: Is Ahmed here yet?
B: Yes. He _______________________________________ (arrive, just).
5. Jane _______________________________________ (wear) her new blue
dress only once since she _______________________________________
(buy) it. She _______________________________________ (wear) it to her
brother’s wedding last month.
6. The Korean War _______________________________________ (begin) on
June 25th, 1950 and _______________________________________ (end) on
July 27th, 1953; with no real victory on either side.
7. While we were driving to the Eastern Townships, we
_______________________________________ (stop) to visit some tourist
attractions.
8. I _______________________________________ (know) Greg Smith for ten
years.
9. How many times _______________________________________ (I, tell) you
not to touch that switch? It’s very dangerous!
10. My parents _______________________________________ (fly; never) in an
airplane, and they have no intention of ever doing so.
11. Last night I _______________________________________ (take) time out
from my studies and _______________________________________ (go) to
see a movie.
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12. Martin _______________________________________ (crash) his car last
year and this year he _______________________________________ (crash)
it again. He’s very unlucky!
13. Jack _______________________________________ (be) my friend for over

20 years. We _______________________________________ (know) each
other since we _______________________________________ (be) children.
Recently, he and his family _______________________________________
(move) to a house on the same street as me, and now our children
_______________________________________ (play) together every day.
14. Can you help me? I _______________________________________ (finish)
my homework, but I still _______________________________________ (not,
understand) this exercise.
Exercise 3
Complete the following sentences using the simple past or the present perfect.
1. Milton Acorn _______________________________________ (be) a

Canadian poet. He _______________________________________ (be)
born in Prince Edward Island in 1923 and
_______________________________________ (die) in 1986.
2. John: I _______________________________________ (finish) using the
computer if you want to go online.
Bob: No thanks. I _______________________________________ (already,
check) my email today.
3. Alice: _______________________________________ (clean) your bedroom
yet?
Jimmy: I _______________________________________ (do) it. I
_______________________________________ (do) it an hour ago.
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4. The company and the union finally
_______________________________________ (agree) on salary raises two
days ago. Since then, they _______________________________________
(agree) on everything and the rest of the negotiations
_______________________________________ (go) smoothly.
5. Evan _______________________________________ (play) the violin with
the London Symphony since 1990. Last year he
_______________________________________ (play) Beethoven’s violin
concerto at one of the concerts.
6. Joe really needs to get in touch with you. Since this morning, he
_______________________________________ (call) here four times trying
to reach you. He _______________________________________ (call) at
8:30, 10:15, 12:30 and 1 p.m.
7. On Monday, I _______________________________________ (work) three
hours overtime and _______________________________________ (come)
home very late in the evening. I
_______________________________________ (recuperate, not) yet!
8. The class’s comprehension _______________________________________
(increase) greatly this semester.
9. The song that Mary _______________________________________
(choose) to sing at the opening of the show,
_______________________________________ (sing) many times before.
10. When Rose _______________________________________ (be) at school,
she _______________________________________ (learn) to play the
piano. She _______________________________________ (play) it ever
since.
11. We _______________________________________ (buy) a new washing
machine in June and it _______________________________________
(break, already) down once.
79
Since and For
She has been studying for over two hours.
They have been married since September.
Thomas has been looking for a new apartment for a month now.
You have been teaching here since January.
Since and for are often used when talking about time.
For + a period of time: this means from the beginning of a period until the end of
the period.
for five minutes
for three weeks
Since + a specific point in time: this is used to say that something began at a
specific time in the past and continues to the present.
since Tuesday
since last month
Since and for are often used with the Present Perfect Progressive. Note that since
is always used with perfect tenses whereas for can be used with any verb tense.
Video on “since and for”: https://vimeo.com/516284833/cd9f686d6f
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Exercise 1
Choose between since and for to complete sentences.
1. ____________ 1957
2. ____________ four years
3. ____________ a long time
4. ____________ we were children
5. ____________ last month
6. ____________ twenty-four hours
7. ____________ three hours
8. ____________ hours
9. ____________ you were born
10. ____________ two weeks
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More with the Present Perfect
Interview each other.
1. Do you dream? Do you remember your dreams? Have you ever had a dream
come true?
2. What is your most prized possession? How long have you had it?
3. What gives you goose bumps? Is it due to fear? Has it happened recently?
4. What is the longest time you have slept?
5. How long have you been awake today?
6. What does success mean to you? Have you ever considered yourself a
success?
7. Where were you born? What was it like growing up there? Have you thought
about returning to your birthplace?
8. How long have you had your shoes?
9. Who is your favorite sport’s team? How long have you been a fan?
10. If you could change one thing about your personality, what would it be? Has
it affected your life in any way?
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Present Perfect Progressive
She has been doing a lot research lately.
Have you been working on it for a long time?
We have been waiting for an answer for over two weeks!
Recently, I have been feeling really tired.
They have been discussing it for an hour.
Have you been exercising lately?
Mary has been feeling a little sad.
Lisa has not been preparing her meetings as well as she should.
The present perfect progressive is used to show that something started in the
past and has continued up until now. For ten minutes, for three weeks, and
since Friday are all durations which can be used with the present perfect
progressive. It is often used to emphasize the duration of events; to mark that
time has been passing. It is formed by using: has/have + been + present
participle.
The present perfect progressive can also be used WITHOUT a duration such as
for two weeks. Without the duration, the tense has a more general meaning of
lately. The words lately or recently are used to emphasize this meaning.
IMPORTANT
It is important to remember that stative verbs cannot be used in any
progressive tenses.
Video on “present perfect progressive”: https://vimeo.com/516337860/3e89aea53f
83
Exercise 1
Create sentences in all of the verb tenses you have seen up to now.
Another great way to practice is to create sentences in the present progressive and
changing them to the present perfect progressive.
84
Let’s talk!
• Have you ever won the lottery? Were you in the newspaper? Tell us about it?
• Do you play a sport? How long have you been playing it?
• How long have you been a fan of your favorite singer or group?
• What is your favourite restaurant? Have you been there many times?
• How long have you had your watch?
• What is the longest time you have spent alone?
• Are you disorganized? In what ways are you disorganized? Have you done
anything to change?
• How long has your country been a country?
• Have you ever run in a marathon? Would you like to do this activity?
• How long have you had your TV?
• What is one of the funniest movies you have ever seen? Who is the main
character?
85
Exercise 2
1. The children are at the park. They played ball for the last two hours and
are having fun.
2. The phone rings constantly since Steven announced his candidacy for
president this morning.
3. We travel to Cuba every summer. We are going there for three years and
we still love it.
4. Jim, could you please turn off the stove? The potatoes are boiling for at
least 30 minutes.
5. It is snowing all night long and we now have a mountain of snow at our
front door. I think we don’t have a choice but to shovel.
6. I’m going to the doctor’s. I’m not feeling well for a few days. Something
must be wrong with me.
7. We travel to Hawaii every summer. We are going there for 5 years and we
still love it.
86
8. Look at that couple over there. They are only here for five or ten minutes
and they already have their food. I think that the waiter forgot about us.
Exercise 3
Complete the following sentences using the present perfect and the present perfect
progressive.
1. My aunt is too ill to do the shopping. I ___________________________ (do)

the shopping for her since last year.
2. My grandmother ________________________________ (say, always) that
the clothes of young people today are a symbol of revolt.
3. Did you hear what he said? He ________________________________
(threaten, just) me!
4. My neighbour _______________________________ (blow) his trumpet
since 8:00 a.m. There is certainly a lack of respect for his neighbours.
5. A: Did you like the movie “Forrest Gump”?
B: I don’t know. I _______________________________ (see, never) that
movie.
6. You look really great! ___________________________ (exercise, you) at the
fitness center?
7. Tim: What is that sound?
Jan: A car alarm is ringing somewhere down the street. It’s driving me crazy
and I wish it would stop! It ____________________________ (ring) for more
than 20 minutes.
8. Judy: How long _______________________________ (be, you) in the
United States?
Claude: I _______________________________ (live) here for more than
three years.
9. Dan: You look a little tired. _________________________ (Get, you)
enough sleep lately?
87
Macy: Yes, I _________________________ (sleep) relatively well. I just look
tired because I ___________________________ (feel) a little sick for the last
week.
Dan: I hope you feel better soon.
10. I _____________________________ (thought) about our last discussion
many times. We will have to get together to clarify this soon.
Exercise 4
Complete the following sentences using the present perfect tense of the appropriate
verb from the list. Use each verb only once. Include any words in parentheses.
dream sing love be win

improve go discover surf find
1. Tom _________________________________ of going to graduate school;

maybe this year, his dream will come true.
2. Our hockey team is having a great season. They
______________________________ all but two of their games so far this
year.
3. Jane ______________________ many new friends since she moved to
Montreal.
4. Jake is living in Mexico now. His Spanish used to be terrible, but it
____________________________ greatly since he moved there.
5. Jonathan __________________________ many useful ways to learn English.
Last week, he decided to watch English television and listen to the radio.
6. My brother _________________________ in San Francisco for only a short
time and is thinking of moving back home permanently.
7. George likes the Beatles. He ____________________________ (always)
their songs.
8. Josephine _____________________________ to more than 20 concerts
since the fall.
88
9. Sylvia _____________________________ (always) music in all languages
since she was a child.
10. ______________________________ (you, ever) in the Pacific Ocean?
89
Review
Exercise 1
Complete the sentences.
1. Do you know how to play bocce? The game

_________________________________ (require; neg) any special athletic
abilities.
2. There _________________________________ (be) a new soccer league
at the recreational center. There _________________________________
(be) several teams in the league.
3. Nobody _________________________________ (enjoy) eating at the
restaurant more than I do.
4. Both candidates oppose increased defence spending. Neither of the two
candidates _________________________________ (oppose) the war in
Iraq.
5. Not one of these cell phones _________________________________
(belong) to me. One of the phones
_________________________________ (belong) to my colleague.
6. Most students _________________________________ (take) all of their
classes in the morning. Nobody _________________________________
(take) classes after 2:00 p.m.
7. Gus and Mary _________________________________ (want) a trial
separation. Neither one _________________________________ (want)
to move out of the apartment.
8. The students in the back of the room
_________________________________ (play) poker during breaks. The
student who sits next to the refreshments
_________________________________ (play) solitaire.
9. The winners of the tournament _________________________________
(carry) home a trophy. Everyone _________________________________
(carry) home good memories.
90
10. I _________________________________ (be) ready to play a game now.
You and your friends _________________________________ (be)
welcome to join us.
11. Where _________________________________ (be) your little brother?
Several pages of my journal _________________________________ (be)
missing!
12. My father often _________________________________ (go) for long
walks in the rain. The lights in his house
_________________________________ (go) off at midnight.
13. The manager _________________________________ (fire) her assistant
and _________________________________ (tell) her to leave
immediately.
14. One of my hobbies _________________________________ (be)
collecting shopping bags. My hobbies
_________________________________ (be) unusual.
15. We hear this expression very often: “No news
________________________________ (be) good news!”
16. I have a friend who _________________________________ (have)
diabetes. He has to be very careful with his diet.
17. Do you think ten dollars _________________________________ (be) too
much to pay for a pen? I think it_________________________________
(be).
18. One-half of the patients who _________________________________
(take) a certain antibiotic report improvement.
19. In many buildings, the handicapped
_________________________________ (use) a special entrance.
20. The police _________________________________ (be) standing in front
of the building, just in case something happens.
91
Exercise 2
Complete the sentences using the simple present or present progressive.
TOO MUCH FAST FOOD?

After the economic downturn, according to a recent survey, Hong Kong consumers
_________________________ (spend) more money on convenience foods.
Companies _________________________ (now, try) to make do with fewer staff.
Employees _________________________ (work) harder than ever before and more
women _________________________ (join) the workforce as well.
They_________________________ (have) less time to prepare nutritious home-
cooked meals for their families. Instead, families _________________________
(eat) out or _________________________ (buy) convenience foods, such as frozen
pizzas and instant noodles. These foods _________________________ (contain)
more fat, salt and sugar than home-cooked meals. Experts say that eating too much
of them _________________________ (increase) the risk of serious health
problems, including diabetes and heart disease.
However, the trend towards convenience foods _________________________

(benefit) some business sectors. Supermarkets _________________________
(respond) to the higher demand for quick, easy-to-serve meals by increasing their
selection of convenience and pre-packaged foods. These products
_________________________ (sell; often) for higher prices than fresh food.
Restaurants also _________________________ (profit) from the trend, most Hong
Kong people now _________________________ (eat) out at least once a day.
How ___________________________________ (affect; this trend) our health?
92
Exercise 3
Complete the following sentences using the regular verbs in the box.
advance owe watch study twist

converse boil prefer enjoy wait
slip decide tiptoe listen argue
1. My first day of class was interesting. Some students ____________________

in English, some in Arabic and others in Spanish. It sounded like the United
Nations.
2. Jane ____________________ on the ice as she was crossing the street in
front of the dorm.
3. The residents _______________________ their drinking water after the
flood.
4. The science of medicine _______________________ a great deal in the
nineteenth century
5. We ___________________________ an exciting soccer game on television
on Sunday night.
6. Alex fell down and __________________________ his ankle playing soccer.
7. I ________________________ up the stairs so as to not wake up the
children.
8. We ____________________ to the weather report on the radio.
9. My brother and sister _____________________ for an hour about who
would get to borrow the car.
10. A few years ago, the government _____________________ to start a food
program for the people who suffered through the drought.
11. I _____________________ for an overseas call from my family all day.
Unfortunately I didn’t receive it.
12. She ______________________ to send invitations by mail.
13. We ____________________ the movie very much and recommended it to
our friends.
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14. Joe got a student loan and ___________________ the government a lot of
money.
15. I ______________________ for my last exam and passed with flying colours.
Exercise 4
Complete the following sentences using the future.
1. Since we had a bad experience the last time, we

_________________________________ (to go - negative) to Cuba again.
2. Now that we have received our tax refund, we
_________________________________ probably
_________________________________ (to buy) a new laptop!
3. Do you think your father-in-law _________________________________ (to
like) the gift that you bought him for Father’s Day?
4. Now that we have consolidated the Canadian market, we
_________________________________ (to focus) on entering China.
5. How many times do I have to tell you, I
_________________________________ (to do - negative) all the chores
without any help!
6. Don’t worry, I _________________________________ (to tell – negative)
anyone about this. It _________________________________ (to be) our
little secret!
Exercise 5
Choose the correct completion. Explain.
1. He ________________________ his rights as a citizen.

a) has gave up
b) did gave up
c) did given up
d) has given u
94
2. ___________________ in Mexico?
a) Did you ever worked
b) Have you ever worked
c) Worked you
d) Didn't you have worked
3. That's the best movie ___________________.
a) I never seen
b) I didn't see
c) I used to see
d) I've ever seen
4. He's the most difficult client ___________________.
a) I never dealt with.
b) I never had to deal with.
c) I've ever had to deal with.
d) I've never had to deal with.
5. The children _________________________ their grandparents not long ago.
a) have visited
b) did visited
c) visited
d) have visit
6. My suggestion ______________________________ and discussed during
the meeting.
a) brought up
b) have brought up
c) did brought up
d) was brought up
7. Mary ___________________________ eating ice cream for a month.
a) has gave up
b) has given up
c) did give up
d) did given up
95
8. The profits from technical sales ____________________________ to charity.
a) have donated
b) were donated
c) was donated
d) donated
9. The train __________________________.
a) has blown up
b) blown up
c) did blew up
d) blowed up
10. It's obvious that ___________________ your homework assignment.
a) you don’t reviewed
b) you didn't review
c) you don't review
d) you review not
Exercise 6
Complete the following sentences using the present perfect and present perfect
progressive.
1. I _______________________________ (read) this book for two months but

I_______________________________ only
_______________________________ (read) half of it.
2. She _______________________________ (try) to convince him for twenty
minutes but she _______________________________ (manage to; neg)
yet.
3. The phone bill is enormous. You _______________________________
(call) your boyfriend in Australia, haven’t you?
4. Even though the coroner _______________________________ (examine)
the corpse discovered in Sutherland Gully since early this morning, we still
do not know the cause of death.
96
5. A: Did you like the movie “Star Wars”?
B: I don’t know. I _______________________________ (see, never) that
movie.
6. Matt and Sarah _______________________________ (have) some
difficulties in their relationship lately, so they
_______________________________ (go) to a marriage counsellor. I hope
they work everything out.
7. John _______________________________ (work) for the government
since he graduated from Harvard University. Until recently, he
_______________________________ (enjoy) his work, but now he is
talking about retiring.
8. Judy: How long _______________________________ (be, you) in
Canada?
Claude: I _______________________________ (study) here for more than
three years.
9. I _______________________________ (have) the same car for more than
ten years. I’m thinking about buying a new one.
10. Lately, I _______________________________ (think) about changing my
career because I _______________________________ (become)
dissatisfied with the conditions at my company.
97
Assessment 2


Write them down.
QUESTIONS
1. Have you ever played a prank on someone? Have you ever played a prank
on someone?
2. What object would you rescue if your house was on fire?
3. What might your mobile phone be able to do in ten years time?
98
Letter of application
Mrs. Nancy Smith

2520 Maple Avenue
Montreal (Quebec) H2P 3J7
April 22, 2016
Mr. Brian Roberts, Personnel Manager

XYZ Company
6723 Whites Road
Montreal (Quebec) H4X 3L9
Dear Mr. Roberts:
Please accept this letter as an expression of interest in the position of Areas Sales
Manager.
I have enclosed a copy of my resume for your review. I am familiar with the
requirements for success in the Sales profession and believe I possess the right
combination of marketing and management skills. I am a reliable and diligent
worker who strives to achieve her goals. I have been in the marketing field for the
past 8 years and I have always enjoyed new challenges. I graduated with honours
from McGill University in 2005.
My current position coordinating two local area sales teams has provided the
opportunity to develop my expertise in this field. I excel in a high-pressure, team
environment, where it is essential to be able to work closely with my colleagues in
order to meet sales deadlines and to compete with rival companies.
Thank you for your time and consideration. I would welcome the opportunity to
discuss with you my potential contributions to your company. If you have any
questions pertaining to my credentials or would like to schedule an interview, I can
be contacted by phone after 4:00 pm. I look forward to your reply.
Sincerely,
Nancy Smith
Enclosure
99
1. What position is she applying for?
2. What skills and experience does she have pertaining to the position?
Discussion topics
1. Is this a good letter of application? What, if anything, would you change?
2. Do you think it is necessary to send such a letter when applying for a job?
Why or why not?
Vocabulary
Enclosed:
inserted in the same envelope, package
100
Resume:
a brief written account of personal, educational, and professional qualifications and
experience, as that prepared by an applicant for a job
Requirements:
things demanded or obligatory
Reliable:
that may be relied on or trusted; dependable in achievement, accuracy, honesty,
etc.
Diligent:
constant in effort to accomplish something; attentive and persistent in doing
anything
101
To strive:
to make strenuous or vigorous efforts toward any goal
With honours:
with academic distinction
Field:
a sphere of activity, interest, etc., especially within a particular business or
profession
To excel in:
to surpass others or be superior in some respect or area; do extremely well
To compete:
to strive to outdo another for acknowledgement, a prize, supremacy, profit, etc.
102
Pertaining to:
to have reference or relation; relate
Credentials:
the abilities and experience that make someone suitable for a particular job or
activity
103
Passive Form
Tense Active Passive
Simple Present She writes a letter. A letter is written.
Present Progressive She is writing a letter. A letter is being written.
Simple Past She wrote a letter. A letter was written.
Past Progressive She was writing a letter. A letter was being written.
Simple Future She will write a letter. A letter will be written.
She is going to write a A letter is going to be
letter. written.
Future Progressive
Present Perfect She has written a letter. A letter has been written.
Present Perfect
Progressive
Past Perfect She had written a letter. A letter had been written.
Past Perfect Progressive
Future Perfect She will have written a A letter will have been
letter. written.
Future Perfect
Progressive
Modal Auxiliaries She can write a letter. A letter can be written.
She could write a letter. A letter could be written.
She may write a letter. A letter may be written.
She might write a letter. A letter might be written.
She should write a A letter should be written.
letter.
She had better write a A letter had better be
letter. written.
104
Passive voice is used when the focus is on the action. It is not important or not
known who or what is performing the action. A statement in passive is
sometimes more polite than active voice.
When rewriting active sentences in passive voice, follow these simple rules:
• the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive
sentence
• the form of the verb is changed (to be + past participle)
• the subject of the active sentence becomes the object of the passive
sentence (or is dropped)
NOTE THAT…
The progressive forms of the present perfect, past perfect, future and future
perfect are not used in the passive voice.
Video on “passive form”: https://vimeo.com/522047029/cb3722ef52
Exercise 1
Using the flashcards create sentences in the active form. Have a classmate change
it to the passive form.
105
Let’s talk!
• Who are the best cell phones made by?

• Where are the worst cars made?
• What is the process to make a great wine?
• Where are the best hockey players born?
• Where are the best watches made?
• Have you ever had anything stolen from you?
• What is your favorite song? Who was it written by?
• What is your favorite movie? Who was it directed by?
106
Exercise 2
Change the sentences from the active to the passive.
1. The doctor treats the patient.
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
2. Alex is preparing that report.
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
3. Waitresses and waiters serve customers.
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
4. The teacher is going to explain the lesson.
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
5. Shakespeare wrote that play.
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
6. People grow corn in Iowa.
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
7. My aunt made this rug.
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
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8. Bob will invite Ann to the party.
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
9. Shirley has suggested a new idea.
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
10. Kathy had returned the book to the library.
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
11. Did the news surprise you?
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
12. The news surprised me.
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
13. Translators have translated that book into many languages.
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
14. The child’s aunt and uncle are bringing him up.
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
108
Exercise 3
Use the words in the list to complete these passive sentences. Use any appropriate
tense.
build frighten report

cause invent spell
confuse kill surprise
divide offer surround
expect order wear
1. The electric light bulb ____________________________ by Thomas

Edison.
2. An island ____________________________ by water.
3. The ‘ing’ form of “sit” ____________________________ with a double ‘t’.
4. Even though construction costs are high, a new dormitory
____________________________ next year.
5. The class was too large, so it ____________________________ into two
sections.
6. A bracelet ____________________________ around the wrist.
7. The Brown’s house burnt down. According to the inspector, the fire
_________________________________________ by lightning.
8. David got a ticket for reckless driving. When he went to the traffic court,
he ____________________________ to pay a large fine.
9. I read about a hunter who ____________________________ accidently
____________________________ by another hunter.
10. The hunter’s fatal accident ____________________________ in the
newspaper yesterday.
11. I didn’t expect Lee-Ann to come to the meeting last night, but she was
there. I ____________________________ to see her.
12. Could you explain this math problem to me? Yesterday in class I
____________________________ by the facilitator’s explanation.
109
13. The children ____________________________ in the middle of the night
when they heard strange noises in the house.
14. A few weeks ago I __________________________ a job at a local bank,
but I didn’t accept it.
15. The plane ____________________________ to be on time this evening but
has yet to arrive.
Exercise 4
The following texts are written in active form. Rewrite the texts using passive
form wherever possible.
I am writing you in regards to a new project in which I would like you to be involved.
Jeremy produced his first album with us two years ago. He recorded it in the
downtown studio with the rest of his band. They have contacted our department
to discuss making his next album. He has also requested that our artistic department
provide some potential album covers. He has some specifications that he would like
to discuss with our team. Are you available to meet with him sometime next week?
110
Cameron Rochland wrote ‘The Reading Room’ in 1998 and Harlington house
published it in 2003. According to Mrs. Rochland, a childhood romance inspired the
story. However, another author has implied that the plot was actually stolen from
her by Mrs. Rochland. Though the courts have not charged Mrs. Rochland with any
sort of crime, the accuser is preparing to present their side of the argument in a
court case scheduled for the beginning of November. Mrs. Rochland has not written
any other books.
111
Asking Questions
Question Helping Verb Subject Main Verb Rest of Sentence
Word
Where does she go skiing?
Does she go skiing there?
Where do they go skiing?

Do they go skiing there?
Where did John go skiing?

Did John go skiing there?
Where is Felix eating?
Is Felix eating there?
Where have they traveled?

Have they traveled there?
Where can Lorie sit?

Can Lorie sit there?
Where will she work?

Will she work there?
Who -- -- lives there?
Who can -- come?
Where are they? --
Are they -- there?
Where was Gabriel? --

Was Gabriel -- there?
Asking questions is something you will have to do a lot in English.

The structure of a question always follows the same pattern, as shown above,
and this, no matter the question word.
Video on “asking questions”: https://vimeo.com/516341715/d327702957
112
WHEN
“When” is used to ask questions about time.
When did Bailey and Sheila leave? This morning.

When are you going to the grocery store? Tonight.
WHERE
“Where” is used to ask questions about places / locations.
Where is Sharron? At the office.

Where can I find a pen? In the first drawer.
WHY
“Why” is used to ask questions about reasons.
Why did she call Denis? Because she wanted some news.
Why aren’t you coming with us? Because I’m working.
HOW
“How” generally asks about manner.
How did you come here? By bus.

How does he type? Fast.
“How” is used with much and many.
How much coffee did you drink? Too much!

How many people will be there? Over 100
“How” is used with adjectives and adverbs.
How cold is it in Montreal in the winter? Very cold!

How old is this house? 100 years old.
How tall is Jimmy? Almost 4 feet.
How high can you jump? Two feet high.
How long has she been there? A year.
113
WHO
“Who” is used as the subject of a question. It refers to people.
“Who” is usually followed by a singular verb even if the speaker is asking about
more than one person.
Who finished the coffee? Benjamin did.

Who took the money from my purse? I did.
Who is coming to the convention tomorrow? Felix, Gabriel, and Jenna.
Who will come with us? They will.
WHOM
“Whom” is used as the object of a verb or preposition.
“Whom” is used if preceded by a preposition.
Who(m) will you speak to? Marion.

Who(m) are you working with? The Potvin Brothers.
Who(m) should we talk to ? The manager.
To whom should I talk? Mrs. Trillions.
WHOSE
“Whose” asks questions about possessions.
“Whose” can be an adjective or a pronoun.
Whose vehicle is this? Pamela’s.

Whose cup is this? It’s mine.
Whose is this? It’s Mary’s.
114
WHAT
“What” is used as the subject of a question. It refers to things.
“What” is also used as an object.
“What kind of” asks about the particular variety or type of something.
“What” + a form of “do” is used to ask questions about activities.
“What” may accompany a noun.
“What” + “be like” asks for a general description of qualities.
“What” + “look like” also asks for a general description of qualities.
What makes you happy? My life.
What went wrong? I hit a car.
What do you want? I want a raise.
What did Paula eat? Steak.
What did Lucie talk about? Her promotion.
What kind of text is this? It is a report.
What did you do last Monday? I stayed home and painted.
What is Susan doing? She is answering emails.
What time will she come? One o’clock.
What color are your eyes? Brown.
What is she like? She is serious and cold.
What is the weather like? Warm and cloudy.
What does she look like? She has blond hair.
What does your car look like? It is red and sporty.
115
WHICH
“Which” is used instead of “what” when a question concerns choosing from a
definite, known quantity or group.
In some case there is a little difference between “which” and “what” when they
accompany a noun.
Which chair do you want? The red one.
Which one do you want? The red one.
Which do you want? The red one.
Which book should I buy? That one.
Which cities did you visit? Montreal and Toronto.
What cities did you visit? Montreal and Toronto.
Which office are you in? The corner one.
What office are you in? The corner one.
116
Exercise 1
Create questions in various verb tenses using the flash cards and the phrasal verbs.
117
Exercise 2
Choose the correct question word to create a question for each of the following
answers.
1. The plane will land in 10 minutes.

______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
2. The last time I went to that part of town was four months ago.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
3. The flight was very bumpy.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
4. There are three million people in this city.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
5. I bought some apples and oranges because they looked fresh.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
6. You must return the rented car by Wednesday at noon.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
7. You must be out of your hotel room by 11:00 a.m. or you will be charged an
extra day.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
8. I travel at least four times a year.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
9. There are several good restaurants near the hotel.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
118
10. The name of the hotel is “The Hilton”.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
11. The tour will take approximately one hour in all.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
12. It’s 30C out today.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
13. The Riverside Café is very expensive but very classy.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
14. The best place to go shopping is downtown Montreal.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
15. Julie had five children before she was 27.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
16. It will take us ten minutes to get from the airport to the hotel.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
17. We had an excellent day yesterday.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
18. My first car was a Jaguar.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
19. This drink will last me for 30 minutes.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
119
20. The flight was delayed because of fog.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Exercise 3
Create questions but look at the answer carefully.
1. _______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
On Wednesdays. (Marie has her English course on Wednesdays.)
2. _______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
At six o’clock. (Mary gets up at six o’clock in the morning.)
3. _______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
Mr. Schwartz (I know Mr. Schwartz)
4. _______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
Baseball. (I prefer baseball to soccer).
5. _______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
Sue. (Sue is reading in the library).
6. _______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
By bus. (She goes to work by bus.)
7. _______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
My uncle’s. (It is my uncle’s car)
8. _______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
No, she does not. (She does not want to work in the payroll department.)
120
9. _______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
Shirley. (Bill played tennis with Shirley yesterday morning.)
10. _______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
On the shelf. (Cathy placed the frame on the shelf.)
11. _______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
Two hours. (The traffic jam lasted two hours)
12. _______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
$100.00 (I have $100.00 in my wallet.)
13. _______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
Gate 8 at 2:00 p.m. (Your flight will be leaving gate 8 at 2:00 p.m.)
14. _______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
Yes, she does. (She works full-time.)
15. _______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
No, it isn’t. (The gas station isn’t on Laviolette Street)
16. _______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
Yes, it does. (Terrific means very good)
17. _______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
Hockey. (Hockey is more popular than baseball in my country)
18. _______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
8:45. (The time is now 8:45)
121
19. _______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
To enhance the taste. (I need it to enhance the taste of my spaghetti sauce.)
Exercise 4
Create questions using the following sentences.
1. We have been studying (phrasal verbs) since the beginning of the semester.
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
2. By the end of the 30-hour course, we will have studied (many different verb
tenses).
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
3. People often eat out (to relax).
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
4. (My son) has just texted me.
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
5. As soon as I try to take some quiet time for myself, (the phone rings).
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
6. Before Matthew came to Quebec, he had been living in Europe (for 10 years).
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
7. I am going to be doing (my homework) when you come.
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
122
8. She (teaches French and English) for a living.
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
9. I always feel (like dancing) when I hear a good song on the radio.
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
10. By the time I get home tonight, I will have worked (for 10 hours).
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
11. We will have been married (for thirty years) on our next anniversary.
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
12. (Yes). Spaghetti had been invented in China long before Marco Polo brought
it to Europe.
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
13. The first time I went to New York, I was very intimidated (by the size of the
city).
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
14. The company social club always organizes (Christmas parties).
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
15. They weren’t at the meeting (because they weren’t informed that there was
one).
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
123
Gerunds and Infinitives
Veronique advised against taking highway 10 today.
I am considering leaving early.
The snow seems to have stopped.
I failed to pay my driver’s license on time.
They are going shopping after work.
Kelly often goes bowling on Saturday night with her friends.
When introducing a second verb in a sentence, some verbs are followed by the
infinitive (to + verb) form while others are followed by the active form of the
verb (verb + ing), called a gerund.
Gerunds are used after the verb to go.
A possessive pronoun is used when placing a pronoun in front of a gerund.
• Due to the fact that Jessica once got a speeding ticket, her parents object
to her taking the car for even short drives. (not she taking)
• Leticia knows that their creating a dress code has nothing to do with the
fact that she recently wore a sleeveless dress. (not them creating)
• Boucher’s wife likes his singing in the car. (not him singing)
List of common verbs followed by an infinitive

agree dare know resolve promise
aim decide learn seem refuse
afford demand manage swear happen
appear deserve need volunteer hope
arrange desire offer wait claim
ask expect plan want consent
care fail prepare wish
choose guarantee pretend would like
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List of common verbs followed by gerunds OR infinitives
The (*) asterisk indicates a change of meaning when an infinitive or a gerund is
chosen.
can/can't
attempt begin can/can't bear cease
stand
continue forget* go on hate like
love neglect prefer regret* propose
remember* see start stop* try*
Video on “gerunds and infinitives – 1”: https://vimeo.com/521884905/6bb2a5c29c

Video on “gerunds and infinitives – 2”: https://vimeo.com/516342860/b0c8db1b34
Exercise 1
Create sentences using the verbs in the lists above. Create two sentences for the
verbs that have a different meaning if used with an infinitive or a gerund.
125
Exercise 2
Read the text. Circle all the verb + infinitive structures.
American author, Dale Carnegie, wrote a great book for people who want to
improve their interpersonal skills and relationships. In his bestseller entitled, How To
Win Friends and Influence People, he aims to change the reader’s mindset and
reprogram it through a series of suggestions that fall within three broad categories.
Be a friend: If you wish to attract more friends, be friendlier. Hesitate to

criticize and choose to show those valuable human qualities of honesty,
interest, and appreciation.
Persuade people: When you need to win over the support of your partner or
colleagues, plan to listen and show respect before you expect your
opponent to give you the time of day.
Be a leader: In a leadership role, offer to help others instead of tending to

point out delays and errors. And of course: if ever you promise to take care
of something, be prompt to follow up.
When you decide to master these skills, expect to be amazed. Results are
guaranteed.
Exercise 3
Complete the prompts using information from the text in Step 1.
1. If you ______________________________________________, avoid

criticizing and condemning others.
2. When trying to persuade someone to accept your point of view,
______________________________________
3. Bosses don’t have to come down on employees who are slow in
completing tasks because they can
__________________________________________
126
4. The next time you are in a confrontational position,
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
5. Some employees have a hard time making friends because they
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
List of common verbs followed by gerunds

acknowledge admit advise anticipate appreciate
avoid consider defend defer delay
deny detest discuss dislike endure
enjoy escape excuse feel like finish
go imagine involve keep mention
need
mind (object to) omit postpone practice
(passive)
prevent quit recall recollect recommend
regret resent resist resume risk
suggest tolerate understand
List of common verbs + preposition + gerund

adapt to adjust to agree (with) on apologize for approve of
argue about ask about believe in blame for care about
complain about consist of decided on depend on disapprove of
discourage
engage in forgive for give up help with
from
inquire about insist on interfere with keep on look forward to
object to persist in plan on prepare for profit from
prohibit from put off result from succeed in suffer from
there's no point
talk about take part in think about warn about
in
work on worry about
127
List of common Be + adjective + preposition + gerund
be accustomed to be afraid of be angry about be ashamed of be capable of
be concerned be discouraged be enthusiastic

be certain about be critical of
with from about
be famous
be familiar with be fond of be glad about be good at
for
be interested be nervous
be happy about be known for be perfect for
in about
be
be proud of responsible be sad about be successful in be suitable for
for
be upset be worried
be tired of be used to be useful for
about about
Video on “gerunds as objects of prepositions”: https://vimeo.com/516342899/17a013fa65
Exercise 4
Create sentences using the gerund and infinitive flash cards.
128
Let’s talk!
• What is something you avoid doing?

• What housework do you not mind doing?
• What are some activities you dislike?
• What activities do you recommend to stay healthy?
• What is an activity you practice every week?
• What do you always complain about doing?
• What is some work you choose to do even though you don’t have to do it?
• What is something you hope to do in the future?
• Is there anything your refuse to eat?
• Where do you plan to go on your next vacation?
• Have you ever vowed to do something?
• Do you ever pretend to work? Why?
• What is the next beg project you plan to do?
• What are some things you are glad you agreed to do?
129
Exercise 5
Complete the sentences with the gerund for the verb provided in parentheses.
1. If you don’t mind __________________________ (take) a moment out of

your busy work day, let’s talk about your working style and those of your co-
workers. Internet author, Dr. Shelley Provost, considered
______________________________ (analyze) the habits and characteristics
of employees to determine four main categories.
2. Doing – These go-getters enjoy _____________________ (roll) up their
sleeves and __________________ (get) the items on the To-Do List checked
off as soon as possible. Unfortunately, in their zeal to get going, they
sometimes miss _______________________ (plan) out their work, so they
find themselves ______________________ (redo) certain tasks.
3. Leading - People in the office appreciate _______________________ (refer)
to these people for vision and inspiration. Colleagues just can’t help
_________________________________ (consult) them for advice when they
need some guidance. The only downside to these MVPs is that occasionally
they miss __________________________ (interact) with their invaluable
team-mates as they forge ahead.
4. Loving - These tender-hearts can’t help ______________________________
(empathize) and _______________________ (sympathize) with the others in
the office. They never mind ________________________ (run) errands if it
means making a work-mate’s day a little brighter. No matter the rush, they
keep __________________________ (check) in on their co-workers to
maintain team morale.
5. Learning - These reflective strategists consider
__________________________ (study) and __________________________
(analyze) all the angles before going ahead with their work. They delay
__________________________ (make) decisions until they are sure they
have chosen the most efficient and productive way to get the job done.
130
Exercise 6
Join the two sentences into one sentence using a verb/adjective + preposition + -
gerund structure.
1. Vicky apologized. She made a serious mistake.
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
2. The President congratulated the Human Resources Manager. She hired an
excellent candidate.
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
3. Kevin relied on Randall. Randall helped him get his work done on time.
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
4. The members of the focus group are interested. They will buy our products.
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
5. The turnover is high because the employees get bored quickly. They do
routine work.
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
6. Yvon is thinking about the office décor. He wants to renovate it this
summer.
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
131
7. Fortunately, Nathalie prevented it. The elderly lady would have fallen.
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
8. Customers are complaining. Their orders always arrive late.
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
9. Mark accused the payroll clerk. She miscalculated the deductions.
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
10. It looks like you are tired. You have been doing grammar exercises.
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
Exercise 7
Complete the sentences by using a gerund or an infinitive.
1. After everything that had happened, we all believed he deserved

_________________________________ (be) dumped.
2. Brenda plans _________________________________ (study) abroad
when she goes to college.
3. Carrey is never on time. I hate _________________________________
(have) to wait for him all the time.
4. Cheryl suggested _________________________________ (see) a movie
after work.
5. Dan enjoys _________________________________ (read) murder
mysteries.
6. Do you mind my _________________________________ (smoke) during
supper?
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7. I cannot stand her _________________________________ (complain).
8. If he continues _________________________________ (work) late, they
will have to pay him overtime.
9. Jason urged me _________________________________ (vote) in the
next election even if I do not know anything about politics.
10. Julie misses _________________________________ (work) in the
accounting industry.
11. Max avoided _________________________________ (use) his cell phone
when Mary was around.
12. Mr. Dallas arranged _________________________________ (have) a limo
pick her up at the hotel.
13. My co-worker agreed _________________________________ (help) me
with the Marsher file.
14. Our facilitator does not tolerate _________________________________
(use) dictionaries during exams.
15. She asked _________________________________ (talk) to the person in
charge of the weddings.
16. She prefers _________________________________ (have) supper at
home to _________________________________ (eat) at the restaurant
because she is a picky eater.
17. The city does not advise _________________________________ (park)
in the street during the winter.
18. The construction workers completed
_________________________________ (build) our house yesterday.
19. The furniture store advised us _________________________________
(reconfirm) the delivery date at the end of the month.
20. We advised him _________________________________ (take) the bus
around the city.
21. We are having trouble with our visas as the authorities will not permit us
_________________________________ (work) without the extension.
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22. Where did he learn _________________________________ (speak)
Italian?
23. Who does not resent _________________________________ (be)
treated unfairly?
24. Would you mind _________________________________ (translate) this
for me?
25. You have never mentioned _________________________________ (live)
in Mexico before.
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Assessment 3


Write them down.
QUESTIONS
1. What professions are overpaid or underpaid?
2. Have you ever dreamt of something that later came true?
3. Do you have any hobbies? How long have you been doing them?
135
Adjective Clauses
Employees who work hard get promotions.
We have sent them numerous emails which they have not responded to.
Eco-friendly cars that run on electricity save gas.
I know someone whose sister works here.
I remember the old days when we could see the ocean from here.
Can you recall the place where you spent all your summers?
Now we can appreciate the reason why she left the company.
An adjective clause is used to describe a noun:

The desk, which was brown, was thrown out.
An adjective clause is usually introduced by a relative pronoun:
who
which
that
whose
Or by a relative adverb:
when
where
why
The adjective clause follows one of these two patterns:
Relative pronoun or adverb + subject + verb
She looked at the puppy whose big brown eyes pleaded for another treat.
Why he cannot stand her is beyond me.
Relative pronoun as subject + verb

He threw a ball that bounced across the kitchen floor.
I met a girl once who loved reptiles.
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Exercise 1
Complete the sentences by creating adjective clauses.
1. This is the house ______________________ I used to live in.

2. The lady ______________________ lives at 1563 has left a message for
you.
3. The building ______________________ you can see over there is very old.
4. The person ______________________ name must remain unknown will
meet you tomorrow.
5. The book ______________________ is lying on the piano was brought by
Aunt Betty.
6. They have a son ______________________ they love very much.
7. The man ______________________ you are speaking about doesn’t work
in our factory.
8. The towns ______________________ were destroyed during the last war
are being rebuilt.
9. This is the tool ______________________ you need.
10. She was the girl ______________________ voice we heard and enjoyed in
prison.
11. There was one question ______________________ I could not answer.
12. The professor ______________________ examined the students last week
forgot to sign my examination card.
13. We went to the park ______________________ surrounds the Institute.
14. This is the place ______________________ my wife works.
15. The criminal ______________________ killed that man will be hanged.
16. Have you received the letter ______________________ I sent you last
week?
17. I remember the day ______________________ I first came to school.
18. The cakes, ______________________ Cathy made are too sweet.
19. The story ______________________ I read was about an airman.
20. You must go to a shop ______________________ candles are sold.
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21. He always comes on those days ______________________ I am busy.
22. Mr. White was the man we met in Glasgow and ______________________
gave us your address.
23. This is the reason ______________________ I came back so soon.
24. This book, ______________________ Jason lent me, is very interesting.
25. There are times ______________________ we must stop working.
26. The hotel, ______________________ which just opened, is very
comfortable.
27. Tell me the reason ______________________ you went there alone.
28. The man ______________________ story I am going to tell you lived in our
village.
29. The place ______________________ I spoke of is three miles from here.
30. There are many people ______________________ wish me success.
31. There is no snow in the country ______________________ they live.
Exercise 2
Correct the sentences.
1. They have just stolen a car, what was wrong.
2. My neighbour, that is a nurse, doesn’t like her work.
3. John, for who I am looking, has disappeared.
4. The men, you are talking about, are her brothers.
5. I saw Peter asked me to give him your phone number.
138
6. This is the girl of which address I have in my notebook.
7. I spoke to a man whose I had met before.
8. That’s the woman who’s goldfish I look after every summer.
9. He is unable to learn Latin which doesn’t surprise me.
10. The people we talked to them come from Armenia.
Exercise 3
Create sentences including adjective clauses.
139
Noun Clauses
What Charles went through is unacceptable.
Sarah’s family didn’t think that she would not come.
He mentioned that he would never return there.
We cannot be responsible for what she said.
We are all devastated that Billy drowned.
Noun clauses perform the same functions in sentences that nouns do:
• A noun clause can be a subject of a verb
• A noun clause can be an object of a verb
• A noun clause can be a subject complement
• A noun clause can be an object of a preposition
• A noun clause (but not a noun) can be an adjective complement
NOTE THAT…
Only that can be omitted. It can be omitted only if it is not the first word in a
clause:
• Sarah’s family didn’t think that she would not come.
• Sarah’s family didn’t think she would not come.
When the main verb is present, the verb in the noun clause is future if its
action/state is later:
• He knows that the contract will be signed next week.
• He knows that the contract is going to be signed next week.
When the main verb is present, the verb in the noun clauses is present if its
action/state is at the same time:
• He believes that they are discussing the issues right now.
When the main is present, the verb in the noun clauses is past if its action/state is
earlier:
• Sam thinks that Kathy married John last year.
140
When the main verb is past, the verb in the noun clause is: was/were going to or
would + BASE if its action/state is later:
• He knew that the contract was going to be signed the following week.
• He knew that the contract would be signed the following week.
When the main verb is past, the verb in the noun clause is past if its action/state
is at the same time:
• He believed that they were discussing the issues during the meeting last
week.
When the main verb is past, the verb in the noun clause is past perfect if its
action/state is earlier:
• Sam thought that Kathy had married John last year.
If the action/state of the noun clause is still in the future (that is, after the writer
has written the sentence), then a future verb can be used even if the main verb is
past:
• The astronaut said that people will live on other planets someday.
If the action/state of the noun clause continues in the present (that is, at the time
the writer is writing the sentence) or if the noun clause expresses a general truth
or fact, the simple present tense can be used even if the main verb is past:
• We discovered that raising children is not as easy as it seems.
Noun Clause Markers

that where however
if which whatever
whether who whenever
how whom wherever
what whose whichever
when why whoever / whomever
141
142
Exercise 1
Complete the sentences by choosing the correct option.
1. I had an accident and took my car to the garage. My husband asked me

where ____________________.
is my car
my car was
my car is
was my car
is your car?
2. The old lady next door must have a lot of cats. I don't know how many
____________________.
cats does she have
does she has cats
she has cats
cats she has
cats has she
3. Do you know ____________________ from the earth? I have no idea.

how far the moon is
how far is the moon
how the moon is far
if how far the moon is
whether how is the moon far
4. Your brother is playing his music too loud. I can't hear what
____________________.
that your brother is saying
is saying your brother
your brother is saying
your brother says
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5. When I left home, my uncle gave me some advice. He said
____________________ give up.
I shouldn't
that shouldn't
don't
that I don't
no
6. Jill didn't want to go to the car show. Her husband insisted that
____________________ with him.
she come
she came
she had come
she comes
she has come
7. My boss wants this report immediately. He demanded that it

____________________ ready by 5:00.
is
will be
be
was
should be
8. Did he tell you where ____________________ the report when you finish?
should you put
you put
to put
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9. My friend predicted ____________________ receive a lot of praise for my
work.
that I would
that I
what would I
what I
that I will
10. My friend saw an accident. He told me ____________________ at the scene

of the accident.
if he'd seen
what he saw
what he'd seen
whether he saw
that he'd seen
11. Is it true that all movies will be available online? ____________________ is

wonderful!
That all movies will be available
All movies will be available
Due to the fact that all movies will be available
It is that all movies will be available
Being available all movies
12. Can you tell me how to fix my computer? That depends on

____________________ an old computer.
have you
whether you have
that have you
if have you
about your having
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13. Is it true ____________________ people are saying about the new laptops?
that what
that
if
whether or not
what
14. ____________________ light-weight is important.

A computer is
Is a computer
If a computer is
Whether or not a computer is
Is a computer
15. What are you going to do with your old computer? Nothing!
____________________ is too expensive.
That I want to do
What I want to do
That what I want to do
What do I want to do
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Let’s Read!
The truth will come out
Brian has always been very ambitious. Even in high school, he imagined himself
during the board members’ meeting doing business with high-level executives. So,
when after graduating from university he saw a job opening for a big multinational,
he applied right away.
The position didn’t require any special skills – he had to order office supplies, do
some paperwork for associates, and make coffee. He never got any exciting
assignments. For a career-oriented person like Brian, it was really discouraging.
That’s why when one of the associates approached him to ask if he would like to
work for the investment department, Brian realized that it was his unique
opportunity to climb the company ladder. He was shocked by the amount of work
that he’d gotten on his first day. He was very committed and worked non-stop.
Still, his salary wasn’t nearly as high as what he had hoped for. Every day he handled
a lot of money – deposited checks and took out money from one place to invest in
a different one. He quickly understood that nobody in the office paid attention to
exactly what he was doing, as long as the balance was positive.
The temptation of writing a check for an inexistent supplier was too strong. His first
attempt was very successful. He took all possible precautions so that his supervisors
wouldn’t find out about the fraud. At first, he just took out a little money here and
there, but quickly he created a whole network to cover his tracks.
Alas, all good things must come to an end. One day, he arrived at the office as usual
only to discover that his computer was gone. Obviously, his supervisors had
discovered what he had been doing. Soon, everybody knew that he had committed
a crime and he was put away for ten years. Instead of a conference room full of
businessmen, Brian would spend the next decade in a prison cell. That’s not how he
had imagined his future.
Audio for this text: https://vimeo.com/520132078/97754f37f0 (read by William Rouzier)
147
1. Why was Brian discouraged about his position?
2. What were his responsibilities in the investment department?
3. What were the results of Brian’s attempts at fraud?
1. Do you think that certain professions should have higher or lower salaries?
Which ones and why?
2. Is it important to be ambitious at work?
3. Do you think people should be put in jail for stealing?
148
Vocabulary
Create a sentence using each of the following words and expressions.
board member:
a member of a committee having supervisory powers
job opening:
a position that is available
skill:
a particular ability
career-oriented:
values their career as an important piece of their person; prioritizes their job and
career over other parts of their life
to climb the company ladder:

to move up in the hierarchy of a company
149
to pay attention:
to listen to, watch, or consider something or someone very carefully
supplier:
a company or person that provides something necessary or wanted
attempt:
an act of trying to achieve something, typically one that is not certain to succeed
to find out:
to discover
to put away:
to confine to a prison or mental health facility
150
Sentence Structure
Let’s review!
Exercise 1
1. I am looking very much forward to seeing you again.
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
2. The room faces south that gets all the sunshine.
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
3. He was reading over my shoulder the newspaper in the METRO.
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
4. My son knows the first act by heart of that Shakespeare play.
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
5. In case she does not find quickly a room, she can stay with friends.
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
6. I will do my best to make pleasant your stay in London.
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
7. The young man took in a bout of depression his own life.
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
8. The book is worth twenty dollars on the top shelf.
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
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9. The teenagers sent their parents immediately a message on arrival.
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
10. Rosie, have you yet typed that letter?
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
11. Once not he there got he realized he was wanted.
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
12. When Paul was twelve he was earning already his living.
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
13. Off the heavy box slipped my knees and fell apart.
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
14. As soon she as woke up she asked for glass of water.
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
15. Wilma was a young beautiful vivacious girl of with a lot talent.
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
16. If you well scrub the ink will come your finger off.
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
17. He knocked off a bed accidentally of the basket full clothes.
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
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18. I’m fed up twice a week with eating chicken.
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
19. There is little chance I think of winning this week the lottery.
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
20. It was so cold that summer that we had to wear now and then our
overcoats.
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
21. Please read slowly the whole sentence.
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
22. I have to write every day letters many in English.
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
23. He has been for two years here, or perhaps it is more even than that.
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
24. Allan is studying now French as well as English. Soon he will be bilingual.
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
153
154
Congratulations! You’ve done it!
Here are the objectives for the next level:
Objectives for LDL SEVEN
By the end of this level, you will be able to navigate through discussions, debates
and presentations using the present, past and future tenses as well as the perfect
tenses and their progressive form (in active and passive voice) You will be able to
use either a gerund or an infinitive as a second verb, and you will discover the Past
Perfect tense and the three conditional tenses to be able to more precisely
describe past events and hypothetical situations.
155
� APPENDIX
Simple Past Irregular Verbs
Simple form Simple Past Past Participle Simple form Simple Past Past Participle
arise arose arisen choose chose chosen
be was, were been come came come
bear bore born cost cost cost
beat beat beaten cut cut cut
become became become deal dealt dealt
begin began begun dig dug dug
bend bent bent do did done
bet bet bet draw drew drawn
bid bid bid dream dreamt/ed dreamt/ed
bind bound bound drink drank drunk
bite bit bitten eat ate eaten
bleed bled bled fall fell fallen
blow blew blown feed fed fed
break broke broken feel felt felt
breed bred bred fight fought fought
bring brought brought find found found
broadcast broadcast broadcast fit fit fit
build built built fly flew flown
burn burnt/ed burnt/ed forbid forbade forbidden
burst burst burst forecast forecast forecast
buy bought bought forget forgot forgotten
cast cast cast forgive forgave forgiven
catch caught caught forsake forsook forsaken
156
freeze froze frozen meet met met
get got gotten/got pay paid paid
give gave given put put put
go went gone quit quit quit
grind ground ground read read read
grow grew grown rid rid rid
hang hung hung ride rode ridden
have had had ring rang rung
hear heard heard rise rose risen
hide hid hidden run ran run
hit hit hit say said said
hold held held see saw seen
hurt hurt hurt seek sought sought
keep kept kept sell sold sold
kneel knelt knelt send sent sent
know knew known set set set
lay laid laid shake shook shaken
lead led led shed shed shed
lean leant/ed leant/ed shine shone shone
leap leapt leapt shoot shot shot
leave left left show showed shown
lend lent lent shrink shrank shrunk
let let let shut shut shut
lie lay lain sing sang sung
lose lost lost sink sank sunk
make made made sit sat sat
mean meant meant sleep slept slept
157
slide slid slid sweep swept swept
slit slit slit swim swam swum
smell smelt smelt swing swung swung
speak spoke spoken take took taken
speed sped/ed sped/ed teach taught taught
spell spelt/spelled spelt/spelled tear tore torn
spend spent spent tell told told
spin spun spun think thought thought
spit spat spat throw threw thrown
split split split understand understood understood
spread spread spread undertake undertook undertaken
spring sprang sprung upset upset upset
stand stood stood wake woke woken
steal stole stolen wear wore worn
stick stuck stuck weave wove woven
sting stung stung weep wept wept
stink stunk stunk win won won
strike struck stricken wind wound wound
strive strove striven withdraw withdrew withdrawn
string strung strung write wrote written
swear swore sworn
158
Business Idioms
across the board

- including everyone or everything
The computer company decided to give the workers an across-the-board increase
in their salary.
(to sell something) at a loss

- (to sell something) and lose money
We were forced to sell the computers at a loss.
To bail a company out

- to help or rescue a company with financial problems
The government decided to bail out the bank in order to maintain stability in the
economy.
A ball park figure/estimate

- a rough estimate or figure
The contractor gave us a ball park figure for the cost of repairing the new building.
Bang for the buck

- value for the money spent
We were able to get a big bang for our buck when we advertised on the Internet.
Banker’s hours
- short work hours (similar to when a bank is open)
My sister’s husband owns his own company and works banker’s hours most days.
To bankroll someone
- to supply someone with money, to finance someone
The movie actor bankrolled his son while he was producing his first movie.
159
A bean counter
- an accountant
We asked the bean counters to look over the figures in the new budget.
A big gun/big cheese/big wheel/big wig

- an important person, a leader
The new director was a big wheel in his previous company but is not so important
now.
The bottom falls out/drops out

- to fall below an earlier low price
When the bottom fell out of the coffee market many companies had to stop doing
business.
The bottom line

- the total, the final figure on a balance sheet, results
When we examined the bottom line of the company we decided not to invest in it.
- the central issue of a discussion
My friends wanted to open a small restaurant but for me the bottom line was that if
we didn’t do some research I didn’t want to invest any money.
To bottom out
- to reach the lowest or worst point of something
The value of the stock has begun to bottom out and should soon begin to increase
in value.
The boys in the backroom

- a group of men making decisions behind the scenes
The boys in the backroom told us that we must close down the factory as soon as
possible.
160
To break even
- to have expenses equal to profits
After only three months the company was able to break even and started to make
a profit.
A budget squeeze/crunch
- a situation where there is not enough money in the budget
We have been going through a severe budget squeeze at our company and must
stop wasting money.
To buy a stake in something

- to buy part ownership of a company or other enterprise
The large bank is planning to buy a stake in the small stock trading company.
To buy off (someone)

- to use a gift or money to divert someone from their duty or purpose (sometimes
similar to a bribe and therefore illegal)
The land developer tried to buy off the politician but he was not successful.
To buy out (someone or something)

- to buy the ownership or a majority share of something
The large company decided to buy out the small textile company.
By a long shot
- by a big difference
The soap company beat out the bids of the other companies by a long shot.
A calculated risk
- an action that may fail but has a good chance to succeed
They took a calculated risk when they put the new computer screen on the market.
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To call a meeting to order
- to start a meeting
Our supervisor called the meeting to order when everyone arrived in the
conference room.
A captain of industry
- a top corporation officer
The president of our company was a captain of industry and after he retired he was
appointed to many government boards.
To carry over
- to transfer (a figure) from one column or book to another
Our company is facing difficult times and we must carry over last year’s losses to
this year.
To carry over (something)

- to save or postpone for another time
We decided to carry over the sale to the Monday after the national holiday.
To carry the day

- to win complete support
The president’s new idea carried the day and everyone supported him with
enthusiasm.
To carry through with/on (something)

- to put into action
The steel company carried through with their plan to restructure operations.
To close out
- to sell the whole of something, to sell all the goods
They decided to close out the store and sell the remaining stock very cheap.
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To close the books
- to stop taking orders, to end a bookkeeping period
They usually close the books at the end of December every year.
To close up shop
- to stop doing business (for a variety of reasons – not only financial reasons)
The university bookstore had to close up shop when the rents were increased.
(to make) a cold call

- to visit or telephone a potential but unknown customer from a list of people
When he first started to work at his company he was asked to make cold calls from
the telephone book.
to come down in price

- to lower the price of one’s product
We were forced to come down in price in order to sell our target number of cars
for the month.
To come on strong
- to overwhelm someone with very strong language or personality
The salesman came on strong at the meeting and angered the other members of
the team.
A company man
- a person who always works hard and agrees with his employers or company
My father was a company man and always put in an extra effort for his company.
A company town
- a town dominated by one industry or company
When the coal mine closed the company town faced severe economic times.
163
To crunch numbers
- to do mathematical calculations
Our accountant loves to crunch numbers and is one of the top managers in our
company.
To cut a deal
- to make a business arrangement or contract
I was able to cut a deal with the contractor and we paid very little for our new
kitchen.
To cut back
- to use fewer or use less of something
The company has been cutting back on entertainment expenses recently.
To cut corners
- to economize
We have been forced to economize on stationary expenses during these severe
economic times.
To cut off
- to interrupt or stop
The speech by the president was cut off when the electricity went off in the
building.
To cut one’s losses

- to do something in order to stop losing money/time etc.
We should sell the old machinery as soon as possible and try to cut our losses.
To deliver the goods

- to succeed in doing a good job of what is expected
The new manager is not very popular but he is able to deliver the goods.
164
To double-check (something)
- to check something again to confirm if it is correct
We were unable to double-check the costs of the new products before the price
list was printed.
To draw up a contract
- to make/draft a contract
The lawyer spent several hours drawing up a contract.
The face value (of something)

- the official value or worth of something
Although the face value of the postage stamp was very low it sold at the auction
for much money.
Fair play
- justice, equal and correct action toward someone
The company is very good to work for as they always use fair play when they are
bargaining with their employees.
To figure (something) out

- to find an answer by thinking about something
Everyone is trying to figure out what our boss is going to do with the new
equipment.
To fill the bill

- to be just what is needed
That new machine should fill the bill for what we need to finish the job.
(to have one’s) finger in the pie

- to be involved in something, to receive money for something
The new manager has his finger in the pie of many small businesses.
165
To float someone a loan
- to loan someone money
I wanted the bank to float me a loan so that I could buy a new car.
To gain ground
- to go forward, to make progress
Our company has been gaining ground in its attempt to be the best in the industry.
To get a break
- to get an opportunity or good deal
We were able to get a break on the price of the paint and saved much money.
To get a raise
- to get an increase in one’s salary
My sister worked hard and quickly got a raise in her new job.
To get off the ground

- to make a successful beginning
We were unable to get the new product off the ground but we will try again next
year.
To give (someone) the green light

- to give permission to go ahead with a project
Our boss gave us the green light to begin work on the new sales campaign.
To go belly up
- to go out of business because of financial problems
The small computer company went belly up several months ago.
166
To go over the books
- to check and analyze the accounting records of a company
We hired an outside accountant to go over the books.
To go public
- to sell shares of a privately-owned company to the public
The stock of the Internet Company rose very quickly after they went public.
To go through with (something)

- to finish, to do as planned or as agreed
We have decided not to go through with our plans to build the new product until
we solve several problems.
To hang out one’s shingle

- to open one’s own business (usually as a professional)
Our neighbour decided to hang out his shingle as a dentist soon after he finished
school.
A hard sell
- a way of selling something that is very aggressive and uses much pressure
The car salesman was giving us a hard sell so we went to another dealer.
To have a stake in something

- to have part ownership of a company or other business
The oil company has a stake in the new undersea oil exploration company.
To have the floor

- to have permission to speak in a meeting
The president had the floor for almost an hour during the meeting.
167
Heads will roll
- someone will be punished
Heads will roll when our boss learns about the money that we have lost.
To hold a meeting
- to conduct a meeting
We plan to hold a meeting next week to discuss the problems with our new
product.
In black and white

- in writing
The company refused to deal with the customer’s complaints until they were in
black and white.
(to be) in charge of (someone or something)

- to be in control of someone or something, to be responsible for someone or
something
My sister has been in charge of buying supplies at her company for many years.
(to be) in short supply

- to not have enough, to be less than the amount or number needed
Experienced computer programmers are in short supply in our company.
(to be) in stock

- to have something ready to sell or use
The store didn’t have any printer ribbons in stock.
(to be) in the black

- to be successful or to be making money
The new company has been in the black for many years now.
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In the long run
- over a long period of time
The company has been losing money recently but in the long run they should do
very well.
(to be) in the loop

- to be involved or taking part in a job or in information sharing with one’s
colleagues etc.
I began to work in the evenings and was no longer in the loop at our company.
(to be) in the market for (something)

- to be ready to buy something
We have been in the market for a new computer for a long time.
(to be) in the red

- to be losing money, to be unprofitable
The company has been in the red since the price of oil began to rise rapidly.
(to be) in the works

- to be in preparation, to be in the process of being planned or developed
The camera company has a new automatic camera in the works but nobody knows
about it.
To jack up (the price of something)

- to make a price higher
The steel company decided to jack up the price of steel at the beginning of the
year.
169
To keep books
- to keep records of money gained and spent
The new sales manager has no experience to keep books and has made many
mistakes.
To keep track of (something)

- to keep a count or record of something, to stay informed
They have been making a great effort to keep track of the number of visitors to
their store.
A kickback
- an amount of money paid illegally for favourable treatment
The construction company was giving kickbacks to the local politicians.
To knock down the price

- to lower the price
I bargained hard so that I could knock down the price of the stereo.
To land an account
- to acquire an account
The salesman landed a large account on his first day of work.
To lay something on the table

- to present a matter for discussion
I went to the meeting and laid my concerns about the new product on the table.
Lead time
- the time available to prepare for an event or put a product on the market
The lead time to get a book published is sometimes very long.
170
A line of products
- a group/category of products that are similar to each other
Our company will introduce a new line of products in the autumn.
Liquid assets
- property or belongings that can easily be converted into cash
The company had to sell some of its liquid assets in order to raise cash.
To make a go of (something)
- to produce good results, to succeed
Although he works very hard in his small business he cannot make a go of it and
may soon go out of business.
To make an offer
- to make a financial proposal for a product or service
We want to buy the house so we plan to make an offer on Saturday.
To make money hand over fist

- to make a lot of money on a continuous basis
The small ice cream shop has been making money hand over fist since it first
opened.
To mean business
- to be serious
Our boss means business when he tells everyone to work harder.
To move to do something
- to propose to do something
I moved to have another meeting next week when we were able to gather more
information.
171
A number cruncher
- an accountant, someone who works with numbers
Our president is a good number cruncher and understands the finances of our
company.
(to be) on hand

- to be in one’s possession, to be ready
We didn’t have enough supplies on hand and were unable to finish the job.
(to buy something) on credit

- to buy something without paying cash
My friend had no money so he decided to buy the furniture on credit.
(to be/go) on the block

- to be for sale, to go on sale
As soon as we bought the company we began to put some of the equipment on
the block.
Out-of-pocket (expenses)
- the direct expenses that one must personally pay
I was out-of-pocket a lot of money when I decided to change jobs.
(to be) out of the loop

- to be not involved or taking part in a job or in information sharing with one’s
colleagues etc.
I was out of the loop during the negotiations and did not know what was going on.
To outsource (something)
- to use outside sources rather than those within a company or its facilities
The manufacturing company outsourced many of their products to several cities in
Asia.
172
To overnight (something)
- to send a document or package somewhere for delivery the next day
We decided to overnight the new contract to our supplier.
To pay off
- to make a profit, to be successful/beneficial
A good education usually pays off over a long period of time.
To pay off a loan

- to finish paying back the money that one has borrowed from a bank/store etc.
The furniture manufacturer was unable to pay off their loan so they went out of
business.
A piece/slice of the action

- a share in the activity or the profits of something
The inventor wanted a large piece of the action from the new computer that he
had invented.
To plug a product
- to promote a product
The soccer star makes a lot of money when he agrees to plug a product.
A preferred customer
- a customer who does much business with you and who you give special
discounts to
The man is a preferred customer and always gets his products soon after he orders
them.
To put one’s nose to the grindstone

- to work diligently
I put my nose to the grindstone and finished the job before the weekend.
173
To put (someone) on hold
- to disconnect someone temporarily from the telephone
I phoned the bank but they put me on hold for twenty minutes before someone
spoke to me.
To put (something) on hold

- to postpone a project
The construction project was put on hold while they researched the problem with
the bridge.
To put (someone) through

- to transfer someone to someone else’s telephone
I phoned the credit card company and they quickly put me through to a supervisor.
Red ink
- debt (the red ink on a financial statement)
The automobile company has been drowning in red ink because of the bad
economic conditions.
Red tape
- rules and regulations that seem unnecessary (often from the government)
There is a lot of red tape when you try to start up a new business.
To rule someone out of order

- to rule that someone is not following the rules of a meeting
The chairwoman ruled the salesman out of order when he began to disrespect the
other members who were attending the meeting.
To run an ad
- to place/put an advertisement in a publication
The government decided to run an ad to tell the public about the new gas tax.
174
To run short
- to not have enough of something
They ran short of gasoline at the gas station and had to close early.
(to be) saddled with debt

- to be burdened with debt
Our company is saddled with debt and must do something about it quickly.
To second a motion
- to agree with a proposal
I seconded the motion where we decided to start one hour early every morning
during the summer.
To sell like hotcakes

- to sell very quickly
The children’s toys were selling like hotcakes at the end of the year.
To sell out
- to sell all of a product
Every year our company is able to sell out most of our summer goods.
To strike while the iron is hot

- to take advantage of an opportunity
I decided to strike while the iron was hot and applied for the job as soon as I heard
about it.
A sweetheart deal
- a deal made between friends so that both may make a big profit
We made a sweetheart deal with our landlord and got our rent reduced.
175
To table a discussion
- to postpone a discussion until a later time
We tabled the discussion about the salary decrease until the next meeting.
To take a nosedive
- to collapse, to fail, to decrease in value
The stock market took a nosedive when the earnings of the oil company decreased.
To take a pay cut

- to accept a decrease in one’s salary
The telephone workers were forced to take a pay cut after the strike.
To take on (someone)
- to give a job to someone or to hire someone
The company took on many new workers during the busy holiday season.
To take over
- to take control or possession of something, to take charge or responsibility of
something
The government decided to take over the bank after it declared bankruptcy.
To take (a company) public

- to sell shares in a company to the general public
We decided to take our company public in order to raise money to expand our
factory.
To take (something) at face value

- to take something that is said on its surface
I took what my friend said at face value.
176
To take stock
- to count the items of merchandise or supplies in stock, to take inventory
The department store closes down for three days every March in order to take
stock.
To throw cold water on (something)

- to discourage or forbid something
The manager threw cold water on the plan to close down the factory for one week
in August.
To throw money at (something)

- to try to solve a problem by spending money on it
The president of our company is willing to throw a lot of money at the problem to
try and solve it.
A tight spot
- a difficult situation
The computer company has been in a tight spot since the shortage of computer
chips appeared.
To turn a profit
- to make a profit
The supermarket has been turning a profit since the day that it opened.
Turnover
- the selling and replacing of an amount of goods, the replacement of workers
The turnover of workers in the restaurant business is very high.
To turn over
- to buy and then sell something to customers
We turned over most of our stock last month.
177
To work out
- to plan, to develop
I spent the weekend trying to work out the budget estimates for next year.
To work overtime
- to work more than one’s regular hours
I had to work overtime every Friday last month.
To write off (a loan/debt)

- to remove from a business record, to cancel a debt
It was impossible for the bank to collect the money so they were forced to write off
the loan.
178
Negotiation Idioms
at stake
- something to be lost or gained
There was a lot at stake during the negotiations between the nurses and the
government.
back down
- give up a claim, not follow up on a threat
The state government backed down on their threat to stop giving money to the
city government.
back out
- get out of an agreement, fail to keep a promise
The real estate developer backed out of the negotiations for building the new city
hall.
back to the drawing board

- go back to start something from the beginning
The negotiations for the contract failed so we had to go back to the drawing board.
ball is in someone’s court

- be someone else’s move or turn
The ball was in the union’s court after the company made their final offer.
beat around the bush

- talk about things without giving a clear answer
The manager spent the meeting beating around the bush and never really said
anything important.
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bog down
- slow to a stop
The negotiations bogged down when the union said they would not negotiate
about the part-time workers.
bone of contention
- the subject or reason for a fight
The length of the project was a major bone of contention during the talks between
the city and the developer.
break down
- fail, stop
The negotiations broke down late last night when both sides refused to
compromise.
break through
- be successful after overcoming a difficulty
Finally there was a breakthrough in the talks aimed at ending the school teacher’s
strike.
bring off
- perform successfully
We were unable to bring off the deal to buy the new computer system for our
company.
bring to terms
- make someone agree or do something
At first it seemed impossible for the two sides to settle their dispute but we were
finally able to bring them to terms.
180
bring up
- begin a discussion of or mention something
I tried hard not to bring up the subject of sales commissions during the meeting.
call off
- stop, quit, cancel
The meeting was called off because everybody was busy dealing with urgent
business.
call the shots

- be in change
During the meeting it looked like the vice-president was calling the shots.
card up one’s sleeve

- another plan or argument saved for later
I thought that the negotiations would be unsuccessful but my boss had another
card up his sleeve that we didn’t know about.
cave in
- weaken and be forced to give up
The company was forced to cave in to the demands of the workers for more
money.
close ranks
- unite and fight together
During the meeting the opposite side closed ranks and refused to compromise on
any issue.
181
come to terms
- reach an agreement
After negotiating all night the government and the company agreed on a new
arrangement for sharing the cost of the water system.
come up
- become a subject for discussions or decision
Nothing related to the problems of quality came up during the meeting.
come up with
- produce or find a thought, idea or answer
I was praised by my boss when I came up with some good ideas during the
meeting.
common ground
- shared beliefs or interests
There was little common ground between the two sides and the negotiations for
the new machinery did not go well.
cover ground
- talk about the important facts and details of something
The number of questions seemed endless and we were unable to cover much
ground during the meeting.
cut a deal
- arrange a deal, make an agreement
We were able to cut a deal and left the meeting in a positive mood.
182
cut (someone) off
- stop someone from saying something
We tried to outline our proposal but we were constantly cut off by our noisy
opponents.
down to the wire

- running out of time, nearing a deadline
The negotiations continued down to the wire but finally they ended successfully.
drag on
- prolong, make longer
The talks between the company and the lawyers dragged on for three weeks.
drag one’s heels

- act slowly or reluctantly
The government has been dragging their heels in talks with the union about their
new contract.
draw the line

- set a limit to what will be done
The union was willing to compromise on the salary issue but they drew the line at
talking about health benefits.
draw up
- put in writing; write something in its correct form
The lawyers drew up a contract for the new housing development on the
government land.
183
drive a hard bargain
- make an agreement to one’s advantage, bargain hard
The sales manager from the other company always drives a hard bargain and it is
difficult to negotiate with him.
drive at
- mean, want to say something
I couldn’t understand what the opposing negotiators in the meeting were really
driving at.
face down
- confront boldly and win
The government decided to face down the striking transportation workers.
fall through
- fail, be ruined, not happen
The deal for the new machinery fell through and we will have to look for another
supplier.
fifty-fifty
- equally, evenly
We shared the expenses with the other company fifty-fifty.
follow through
- finish an action that you have started
Our boss said that conditions and wages would improve soon but he never
followed through with his promise.
184
force one’s hand
- make someone do something or tell what one will do sooner than planned
We decided to force the hand of the opposing side ate the bargaining sessions as
we wanted to finish the negotiations quickly.
get behind (a person or idea)

- support, help
Although we didn’t agree with the president, we were forced to get behind his
proposals at the meeting.
get down to business

-start working or doing the business at hand
We decided to get down to business and try to finish the work quickly.
get the message

-understand clearly what is meant
I don’t think that the order side really got the message regarding the direction the
negotiations were heading.
get to / reach first base

-make a good start, succeed
We haven’t been able to get to first base with the other side about the terms of the
new contract.
get to the bottom of

- find out the real cause of something
It has been very difficult getting to the bottom of the problem in the company.
get to the heart of

- find the most important facts or central meaning of something
We spent the morning trying to get to the heart of the problem with the computer
supplier.
185
give ground
- move back or retreat from a position
We bargained hard during the last month but the other sales representatives
refused to give ground.
give in
- stop fighting or arguing and do as the other person wants
After eight weeks of negotiations we gave in and agreed to sell the machinery at a
large discount.
give-and-take
- sharing, a giving up of part of what you want to make an agreement
After a lot of give-and-take we finally reached an agreement regarding the
property transfer.
go back on
- turn against, not be faithful or loyal
The company went back on their word to give the employees a salary increase.
go for broke
- risk everything on one big effort, try as hard as possible
After going for broke at the meeting last night we finally reached an agreement.
go over like a lead balloon

- fail to generate a positive response
The sales manager’s latest proposal went over like a lead balloon at the meeting.
go over well
- be liked or successful
My idea to increase the number of employee evaluations went over very well with
the new managers.
186
hammer out
- work out by discussion and debate
The negotiations lasted all night but finally we were able to hammer out an
agreement.
hang in the balance

- have two equally possible results, be uncertain
The outcome of the election hung in the balance after the two top candidates had
the same number of votes.
hard-nosed
- very strict, stubborn
The three negotiators took a hard-nosed position during the talks for a new
contract.
hold out for something

- keep resisting, refuse to give up
The union has been holding out for a better deal and they do not plan to end their
strike
hold out on
- refuse information or belongings to which someone has a right
The new manager has been holding out on the company and will not tell anyone his
plans.
horse trade
- a business agreement or bargain arrived at after hard bargaining
After several hours of horse trading we finally reached an agreement to buy the
new computers.
187
in the bag
- certain
The contract for the new insurance policies are in the bag.
iron out
- solve or resolve some problems
After reaching an agreement on the contract we spent a few hours ironing out the
final details.
lay one’s cards on the table

- let someone know one’s position openly, deal honestly
He laid his cards on the table during the meeting to dispose of the excess
inventory.
make headway
- make progress
We have been bargaining hard all week and are finally making headway in reaching
a new agreement.
meet someone half-way

- compromise
The asking price for the chemicals was too high but we met the salesmen half-way
and reached an agreement.
nail down
- make certain or sure
We worked hard to nail down an agreement to finish the staff room as soon as
possible.
188
off the record
- not to be published or told, secret
I told my boss off the record that I would not be returning after the summer
holiday.
paint oneself into a corner

- get into a bad situation that is difficult or impossible to escape
The negotiations were difficult but we won when the other side painted themselves
into a corner over the faulty warranty policy.
play into one’s hands

- be or do something that another person can use against you
By losing his temper our manager played into the hands of the other side during
the meeting.
pull off
- succeed in doing something difficult or impossible
The contract seemed impossible to win but we managed to pull it off through our
skilful bargaining.
pull out of a hat

- get as if by magic, invent, imagine
We decided to give up on finding a solution to the problem but at the last moment
we were able to pull a solution out of a hat.
put one’s cards on the table

- let someone know one’s position openly, deal honestly
It looked as if the meeting was going to fail so we put our cards on the table to
give it one last try.
189
raw deal
-unfair treatment
The assistant sales manager was given a raw deal when he was forced to give up
his position as chief negotiator.
reach a stalemate
- arrive at a position where no progress is made
The talks to buy the materials for the new computer labs reached a stalemate and
it will be difficult to get them started again.
read between the lines
- understand the meaning of something by guessing at what is left unsaid
The salesman didn’t say exactly that he had no products available but we could
read between the lines to see that he didn’t have any.
set-back
-a delay or handicap
The bad weather was a major set-back in our efforts to get the material delivered
on time.
smooth over
- make something seem better or more pleasant
We tried very hard to smooth over the problems between our boss and the
president of the other company.
square one
- from the beginning
The meeting was a failure and we were forced to go back to square one.
190
stand one’s ground
- maintain and defend one’s position
Although our opponents during the negotiations were very aggressive we stood
our ground and bargained very hard.
start/get the ball rolling

- start an activity or action, begin
We decided that it was time to get the ball rolling so we began the meeting at
once.
stick to one’s guns

- defend an action or opinion despite an unfavorable reaction
I was very careful not to take sides in the discussion regarding the new chemical
prices.
take sides
- joint one group against another in a debate or quarrel
I was very careful not to take sides in the discussion regarding the new chemical
prices.
talk into
- get someone to agree to something, persuade
We tried very hard but we were unable to talk the other members of our team into
delaying the meeting until next week.
talk out of
- persuade not to do something
I tried to talk our vice-president out of offering a price that was too low but he
wouldn’t listen to me.
191
talk over
- discuss something
We asked for some time during the meeting to talk over the new proposals.
throw a curve
- mislead or deceive someone, lie
The purchasing department manager threw us a curve when he said that they
wouldn’t need any of our products until next year.
to the letter
-exactly, with nothing done wrong or left undone
The chief negotiator for the union followed the contract agreement to the letter.
trump card
- something kept back to be used to win success if nothing else works
Although we appeared to be very weak during the meeting we had some secret
information as our trump card.
turn thumbs down on

- reject
The other negotiating team turned thumbs down on our wish to postpone the
meeting until tomorrow.
under the wire

- at the very last moment
We were able to finish the necessary documents and send them off to the layers
right under the wire.
water down
- change and make weaker
They tried to water down our proposal for the new quality control system.
192
wind up
- bring or come to an end, finish, stop
The meeting wound up about midnight and we were able to go home.
wrap up
- finish (a job)
We wrapped up the meeting early last night and went home for the weekend.
193
Phrasal Verbs
She has not called back yet.
The facilitator always calls on John to answer as he usually has it.
Marc asked Julie out.
By definition, a phrasal verb is a verb that, combined with a preposition, has a

different meaning than just when it is alone.
When a phrasal has an object, it is called ‘separable’. This means that the object
can be placed either after the preposition or between the verb and the
preposition.
In other cases, a phrasal verb has a pronoun as an object. (me, you, him, her, it,
us, you, them)
In this case, the object pronoun is placed right in front of the preposition.
Phrasal Verb Definition

Act out Perform role play
Act up Behave, function improperly
Add on Include an extra thing or amount
Add up to ST Equal
Apply for Make a request
Apply to Request admittance
Ask around Ask many people the same thing
Ask SO out Invite on a date
Back down Agree not to do ST, mistaken
Back out of Withdraw from a promise
Back SO / ST up Support
Back ST up Reverse
Blow up Explode, become angry
Break down Stop functioning
Break in Force entry into a building
194
Break into Enter forcibly
Break ST / SO in Get comfortable with
Break ST down Break into smaller parts
Break up End a relationship
Bring about Cause to happen
Bring in Introduce a system, function
Bring SO down Make unhappy
Bring ST up Introduce a new topic
Bring up Raise to adult
Brush up Review
Build up Increase amount
Call around Phone many places, people
Call back Return a phone call
Call off Cancel
Call on Request to speak
Calm down Relax after being angry
Catch on Become popular
Catch up Get to the same point as SO
check in Arrive and register
check out Leave a hotel
chip in Help; contribute
close down Close permanently
come across Find unexpectedly
come apart Separate
come down with Become sick
come forward Volunteer
come from Originate
count on Rely on
crack down on Become stricter
cross ST out Draw a line through
cut back on Consume less
195
cut ST down Make ST fall to the ground
cut in Interrupt; start operating
cut ST off Remove with something sharp
cut SO off Stop providing; take out of an agreement
cut ST out Remove, usually with scissors
die down Become less noticeable
do ST over Repeat; do again
do away with ST Discard
do ST up Fasten; close
dress up Wear better or fancier clothes
dress down Wear casual clothes
drop back Move back in position, group
drop in/by/over Visit without an appointment
drop SO/ST off Leave or deposit somewhere
drop out Quit a class or school
eat out Eat in a restaurant
end up Eventually reach; decide
fall apart Break into pieces
fall back on Choose the only alternative
fall down Fall to the ground
fall behind Not keep level with
fall for Be tricked or deceived
fall off Become smaller in number
fall flat Be unsuccessful
figure out Find the solution
fill in for Substitute
fill out Write the information in the blanks
fill ST up Fill to the top
find out Discover
get along with Be pleasant with
get away with Do ST with no punishment
196
get back at SO Retaliate; take revenge
get back into Start again after stopping
get over Recover from an illness
get over ST Overcome a problem
get ST across/over Make understandable
get together Meet
get up Stand up
give ST away Disclose hidden information; Donate or give for free
give ST back Return something borrowed
give in Reluctantly stop arguing
give ST out Give freely to many people
give ST up Quit a (bad) habit
give up Stop trying
go after SO Follow SO
go after ST Try to achieve ST
go against ST Oppose
go ahead Start; proceed
go back Return
go out Depart home for a social reason
go over ST Review
go without Live without something
grow up Become an adult
grow out of ST Become too big for ST
hand ST down Give used articles to SO
hand ST in Give to an authority
hand out Distribute
hold SO/ST back Restrain; prevent action
hold ST/SO up Rob
hold on Wait a short time
iron out Dispose of a problem
jump at Take opportunity quickly
197
keep on Continue doing ST
keep ST from SO Hide or don’t tell
keep ST/SO out Stop from entering
keep ST up Continue as before
kick off Start
lay off Dismiss from job
let SO down Disappoint
let SO in Allow to enter
let SO/ST out Release a person; scream
look after Take care of
look down on Treat as inferior
look for Try to find
look forward to Anticipate with happiness
look into Investigate
look ST over Examine; check
look ST up Research; find information
make ST up Create, invent
make up Become friends again
make it Be successful
make up to Try to gain favour
mix ST up Confuse two or more things
nail down State intention
opt in Join
opt out Leave
order around Give commands repeatedly
own up Admit mistake
pass away Die
pass ST up Decline
pay SO back Return owed money
pick ST out Choose
point ST/SO out Draw attention to
198
put SO down Insult
put ST off Postpone
put ST out Extinguish
put together Assemble
put up with Tolerate
pull through Survive
play down Minimize
rack up Gradually increase
run away Depart suddenly
run into Meet unexpectedly
run out of Finish the supply
run through Rehearse
sail through Pass easily
screw up Spoil or ruin
settle in Start to feel comfortable
set ST up Organize, arrange
set SO up Trap, trick
show off Act in an obvious way
sort ST out Solve a problem, organize
stick to ST Limit to one thing
take after Resemble
take off Start to fly, depart
tear ST up Rip into pieces
tear ST down Destroy
tear ST out Remove page from book
think ST over Contemplate, consider
turn ST down Refuse
turn up / turn Increase / decrease the volume
down
turn on / turn off Start / stop a machine or light
try ST out Test
199
use ST up Finish the supply
wade through Move through with difficulty
wind down Start to relax
wrap up Complete in a satisfactory way
wear off Fade, disperse
work ST out Make a calculation
zero in on Move towards target
200
ANSWER KEY
p. 14
Exercise 1
Diabetes workshop proposal
Dear Dr. White,
Thank you for your recent proposal to initiate a series of workshops on the prevention and
treatment of diabetes in our centre.
Your program stands out as very practical and urgently needed. Therefore, I am pleased to
inform you that our Board of Directors has accepted your proposal.
Please contact us as soon as possible. We look forward to working with you.
Regards,
Lois Lane
Director
p. 15
A personal note to my colleagues

Dear colleagues,
I want to take a moment to let you know that I am leaving my position at ABC Corporation.
I am starting a new position with XYZ Company next month.
I want to express my thanks for all the support and encouragement you have given me, and
for the opportunity to work with you.
I am looking forward to starting a new phase of my career.
Please keep in touch,

Regards,
Samantha
p. 18
Exercise 1
1. I was jogging in the park, when two squirrels crossed my path.

2. While Roger was picking apples, he fell off the ladder.
3. Joseph discovered the theory of buoyancy while he was taking a bath.
4. While we were travelling around Scotland, we met some very friendly people.
5. The soup boiled over while she was speaking on the phone.
6. While I was cycling past some villages yesterday, I saw some people working in
their gardens.
7. When I left the house this morning, the sun was shining.
8. I was sitting in the farmer’s house, while it was raining outside.
9. When the earthquake destroyed their house, the Browns were shopping in town.
Luckily, they were not at home.
201
10. While Jane and Joe were painting the walls, their dog Jesse knocked over the paint
can.
p. 21
Exercise 2
Some business celebrities developed their business sense while they were doing the most
unexpected jobs.
Bobbi Brown, a make-up icon, helped her grandfather at his Cadillac dealership before she
launched her make-up line in 1991.
While she was working for her grandfather, he told her a story.
That story influenced how she was judging client potential by their appearance.
A man who looked like he lived on the streets regularly visited the dealership owned by
Bobbi Brown’s grandfather.
Since the salesmen didn’t approach the strange fellow, Bobbi’s grandfather went up to him
and put his arm around his shoulder and spoke to him kindly.
No one expected what happened next: the unassuming gentleman ended up buying not
one, but two cars!
It turned out that the shopping bag the man was carrying with him was full of cash!
p. 22
Exercise 3
1. Someone rang the doorbell, Sarah got up and ran to the door to answer it.
2. Bob travelled by boat and arrived at Port Alfred yesterday.
3. Last week, I visited/went to visit my sister in Ottawa.
4. The concert was very good last night. He played the piano well, didn’t he?
5. We were exhausted last night after we finished jogging around town.
6. While she was having her hair done at the mall, her best friend arrived.
7. At present, Mary is speaking to her supervisor in her office.
8. Sandra gave us some information that was very useful.
9. I do my English homework every week so I never get in trouble.
10. Time passed very quickly during the interview and I totally agreed with her.
11. Do you know where the gas station is? I need gas.
12. I phoned Denise last night and she decided to come for dinner today.
13. Craig feels very ill and is staying home from work.
14. I know Jane is worried about her upcoming speech.
15. Victor uses English a lot and thinks that it is a very practical language to learn.
16. Joe was a real estate agent and made a lot of money when he was younger.
17. The manager wants to know how many people are at the meeting.
18. My son recites the alphabet by heart and he hasn’t started pre-kindergarten yet.
p. 26
Exercise 1
1. Carlos is the only one of those students who has lived up to the potential
described in the yearbook.
2. One of my best friends is an extra on The Big Bang Theory this week.
3. Four years is a long time to spend away from your friends and family.
4. Politics is sometimes a dirty business.
202
5. Not only the students but also their instructor has been called to the principal’s
office.
6. Most of the milk has gone bad. Six gallons of milk are still in the refrigerator.
7. People throughout history have been fascinated by the moon.
8. There are several reasons why you should reconsider your decision.
9. Either the physicians or the chief administrator is going to make a decision.
10. Everyone selected to be on this jury has to be willing to give up a lot of time.
11. The tornadoes that tear through this country every spring are more than just a
nuisance.
12. When there are thunderstorms approaching, we are always reminded of the
threat of tornadoes.
13. The rhythm of the pounding waves is calming.
14. Building a good marriage and building a good log fire are similar in many ways.
15. Pie or cake is the perfect dessert after such a splendid meal.
16. The average worker’s earnings have gone up dramatically.
17. Measles is a dangerous disease for pregnant women.
18. Gold, as well as platinum, has recently risen in price.
19. The boss, as well as one of his colleagues, has been robbed by the robber.
20. I went to a party last weekend and none of my friends were present.
p. 28
Exercise 2
1. One-third of this article is taken up with statistical analysis.

2. Much of the book is relevant to this study.
3. Half of what he writes is undocumented.
4. Fifty percent of the job is routine work and can sometimes be very boring.
5. For the first time this week, all of the class is present.
6. The number of students registered in the class is twenty.
7. Only ten percent of the population is bilingual.
8. I love animals: in fact, there are a couple of cats living in my house.
9. I ordered a 14-inch pizza. Half of the pizza is for you and half is for me.
10. Every one of my son’s friends is a hockey fan.
11. There is flooding in the Saguenay region. Some of the highways are closed.
12. Many television programs are too violent for children to watch.
13. Due to the earthquake, most of the houses are ruined.
14. It is very interesting to read his column in the newspaper, since all the
information is current.
15. Ten dollars is a great deal of money to a child.
16. Nowadays, a half hour is not a long time to wait at the medical clinic.
17. Each runner is taking his place at the start line of the race.
18. Most of my weekends are extremely busy. No time to relax.
19. One-third of the book is very difficult to understand.
20. One-half of the students at Princeton University are graduates.
21. All the stores are closed today, because it is Easter.
p. 29
Exercise 3
1. There are four chairs and a table in our dining room.

2. In our school every Friday, there is a conversation club in the afternoon.
203
3. There are two students absent from our class every Wednesday.
4. Are there any employees in the employees’ room at the moment?
5. Excuse me. Is there a student called Andreas in this class?
6. There are many computers in each classroom for the students.
7. There is no coffee for the coffeepot; therefore, I cannot have a cup.
8. There was a horrible earthquake in Haiti a few years ago.
9. There is a lot of work to do, because there is a new manager in our department.
10. There was no hot water, due to a power shortage, so we boiled some.
11. There is a cat in the barn, because there are mice in there.
12. There are no complaints, because there is good service.
p. 30
Exercise 4
1. The Philippines consists of more than 7,000 islands.

2. Sears is a department store that is very popular.
3. Eight hours of sleep is enough for the majority of people.
4. Usually, the poor have many problems to deal with.
5. At this moment during the election, the news is very interesting.
6. Chemistry is difficult for Tom, but mathematics is easier.
7. The police are coming to investigate the crime.
8. The British are very friendly people.
9. I do not like to wait! But ten minutes isn’t too long.
10. Many children in Africa are dying of starvation. Maybe we can help them.
11. I heard about Mr. Bean. The news about him is astonishing.
12. Mathematics is a very important subject to study.
13. Measles is an illness that can be cured today.
14. At the Chinese restaurant, we can see ten beautiful fish that are swimming in
the tank.
15. Usually, political parties are interesting.
p. 31
Exercise 5
1. The laws in the state of Michigan are different from the laws in the state of New
York.
2. The trees on the other side of the hills are greener than the ones on this side.
3. China, a country with many people, grows a lot of rice.
4. The computer lab, with its many computers, is moving into the new building
soon.
5. The shoes that I bought last month, while comfortable, are out of style
6. The United States, contrary to many people’s opinions, welcomes individuality
7. All wild animals on this planet, though possibly violent in their natural habitat,
are valuable and precious because they are here for a reason.
8. My neighbor’s friends often sit around the pool partying and drinking too much.
9. My cats, all wet and furry, have to get their nails clipped tomorrow.
10. Your chances of winning the lottery are less than being struck by lightning.
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p. 41
Exercise 2
I will help – moment of speaking

It will rain / It is going to rain – prediction
I will attend – moment of speaking
I will fall – moment of speaking
I am going to go – prior plan
I am going to retire – prior plan
p. 52
Exercise 2
4 I have two major options for this long 1. If not, we might just take a taxi
weekend. instead.
1 Will we be able to make the ten o’clock 2. We may increase dividends for
bus? this fiscal year.
6 I keep forgetting my camera at home. 3. They can’t be worse than last
year.
3 The Canadiens are expected to improve 4. I could visit my family in Truro, or I
this season. could stay here.
2 Our third-quarter results are better than 5. He couldn’t still be sick.
expected.
5 Ben was out all last week and he’s still not 6. I have to start using the photo
here today. app on my phone.
p. 53
Exercise 4
me Would you have a minute for me? I want to talk to you about something.
boss Could/Can it wait?
me Actually, that’s what you said the last three times I’ve asked. I’m afraid it can’t
wait anymore.
boss Is this about the raise you mentioned to me? Ok, you can ask me about that
now.
me Could I have a 15% salary increase?
boss I cannot do that. But I’m able to offer you 5%.
me Well, I think I’m worth more than that. I bring in a lot of new business and I do a
lot of overtime. I know I could/can get 5% more by getting a job across the
street at Acme.
boss If you want/prefer to leave this job for 5%, you can go right now.
me Could you calm down? I’m just saying what the industry is paying.
boss Ok, ok. You’re right. I can give you 10%. That’s as much as I can do in this
economy.
me Fantastic! I couldn’t ask for more than that.
boss That’s funny, because you just did.
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p. 57
Exercise 1
1. After Sheila finds a good house in Montreal, she will buy some new furniture.
2. After they arrive from the grocery store with all the goodies, they will proceed
to put them all away in the cupboards.
3. As soon as the manager arrives, the meeting is going to start.
4. I will meet you in the park for a picnic if you bring a blanket and some juice.
5. I will have to finish the reports before the supervisor contacts me.
6. If Alan feels better on Sunday, he will play in the match against Maurice.
7. If he reaches the company’s objective this year, the president will reward him.
8. Mohamed takes his shower before he eats his breakfast in the morning.
9. My dog always greets me happily at the front door as soon as I arrive home
from work.
10. Nathalie won’t leave for the boat yard until after the ship leaves the dock with
the cargo.
11. Nickolaj competed in the competition every year until they disqualified him for
drug use.
12. Rebecca will go on a drive along with Isaac if he continues to struggle with
building relationships in the field.
13. Rory and Mora are going to visit Sweden next summer after Rory finishes his
carpentry apprenticeship.
14. She will relocate to New York if she gets the promotion.
15. She will eat whatever she wants until the doctor tells her to stop.
16. Sophie and Isaac were preparing their food for the picnic when it started to
rain.
17. The stairs creak when Harold climbs the stairs.
18. The trinkets fell off the shelf when the earthquake shook the building.
19. There were many wasps around the house until Jen pinpointed the location of
the nest and called in the exterminator.
20. They caught three fish in the river before the others woke for breakfast.
21. They will pick Lena up at the metro station after they get off work today.
22. Unless you are clear about what you are seeking, you will never find it.
23. Unless you have something new to share regarding this subject, I believe it is
time we move along to other items on the agenda.
24. Until they heard back regarding the test results, Aidan and Jean were uncertain
about whether or not they had passed the class.
25. We hired several new employees to work with Kristian before he launched the
new project he has been working on.
26. We will start the construction of the hospital as soon as the government gives
us the go-ahead.
27. When Danielle shops for shoes she rarely comes home with fewer than 2 pairs.
28. When I finish doing my homework, I will go out with my friends.
29. While they were shopping for a new bike, they decided to look for a new
helmet as well.
p. 66
Exercise 2
1. Craig feels very ill and is staying home from work.

2. I know Jane is worried about her upcoming speech.
206
3. Victor uses English a lot and thinks that it is a very practical language to learn.
4. Joe is a real estate agent and is making a lot of money.
5. The manager wants to know how many people are at the meeting.
6. My son recites the alphabet by heart and he hasn’t started pre-kindergarten yet.
7. I believe that everything happens for a reason.
8. I realize that English is important for me to go to Ground School to become a pilot.
9. It always amazes me how people learn a language so quickly.
10. My boss needs you to meet the new client as soon as possible. There could be a
new project.
11. Rita, my assistant is very helpful and I appreciate her help immensely.
12. Alex loves to travel. He goes abroad almost every summer.
13. Amanda sees her doctor for a complete checkup every year.
14. Jonathan understands how important it is to be on time.
15. We have 10 minutes to find the address of the company in Montreal. Hope we’re
not too late!
p. 67
Exercise 3
1. I was having dinner at a restaurant downtown last night when the actor, Eddie
Murphy, came in and sat at the next table.
2. I found this ring as I was walking through the park today.
3. While I was getting my hair cut, I fell asleep.
4. The workers uncovered some old coins while they were working on the building site.
We saw the Prime Minister drive by while we were waiting for the bus this morning.
I was walking on Main Street recently when I saw a beautiful cat.
5. He was climbing the stairs when he tripped and fell. Luckily, he didn’t hurt himself.
While I was reading the little girl a story, she fell asleep, so I closed the book and
quietly tiptoed out of the room.
6. A: What’s wrong with your foot?
B: I stepped on a bee while I was running barefoot through the grass and it stung me.
7. I was standing under a tree when it began to rain very hard.
p. 68
Exercise 4
1. I saw Caroline at the party. She was wearing a pretty red dress and matching
shoes.
2. As soon as I saw the burglar breaking into my neighbour’s house, I called the
police.
3. The chef was cooking a delicious meal when the guests started to arrive.
4. Last night I had a strange dream. I dreamt/dreamed that I was driving in the
country at night when I saw a UFO land on the road in front of me.
Then I got out of my car. While I was standing there, this strange green creature
came out of the UFO. I tried to run away but couldn’t move. As it came nearer, it
put out its hand and touched my face. It felt wet and horrible. Then I woke up
and found my cat on my pillow. It was licking my face.
5. My plan is final. I am going to travel to India in May.
6. We have almost certainly decided that we are going to/will sign a contract with
our American counterparts before the end of the year.
207
7. Pierre is quite certain that he will find a new job in marketing within his industry
soon.
8. Although we liked the presentation, we are not going to purchase the sound system
that you have on display here.
9. Will you try out one of our electric cars today?
10. I hear the dogs barking... I think it is going to/will rain.
p. 69
Exercise 5
1. People who win the lottery, although they may have the good intention to
invest, occasionally end up being impoverished because they gave all their
money away.
2. When students, no matter how much energy they have, stay up all night, they
aren’t alert in the morning.
3. I used to fly to Buffalo every summer and winter for work, but now I live here
permanently.
4. Once in a while, Patty goes shopping in an Indian food store to buy exotic food.
5. A lot of people consider John to be a very quiet man.
6. If it rains today, I won’t need to water the lawn.
7. There is really too much crime today. We have to do something about this.
8. Why don’t we visit the parks this weekend and bring some friends with us?
9. After class, Tina ran to her car and drove to work.
10. Someone we know quite well is very sick at the moment.
p.71
Exercise 6
1. I am so tired from our vacation! I feel like I might pass out any minute!
2. There’s so much traffic in this city! Even when you leave at dawn, I’m sure you must
end up stuck in traffic.
3. I know I’ve already given her a lot of money, but she’s my mother! I don’t care how
irresponsible she is with her finances; I love her and I cannot give up on her!
4. We really need to buy a new crate for our puppy. If we had a better cage, she could
not break out all the time and make a mess all over the house.
5. They are such a curious group. When a question comes up in class, they have to find
out (the answer before moving on.
6. I know what it is like working with this liquid, and it is very stable and not flammable.
If you ask me, I think that he must have mixed up the solution for an explosion to
happen.
7. I really wish that I had been able to meet your friends when they arrived last night.
Unfortunately, I was working a double-shift and I was exhausted. I knew when I
arrived that I could not have stayed up long enough to see them.
8. They are doing a lot of new construction in that town. They have also started weekly
garbage collection and will be paving all the gravel roads soon. Their municipal tax
bill has to go up next year.
9. Did you hear him at the last meeting? I think he must not have read over the report
like he was supposed to.
10. If we leave now, don’t stop for gas and drive all night, I suppose we could get to
Philadelphia by 8 o’clock.
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p. 77
Exercise 2
1. The night has ended and it’s daylight now. The sun has risen. It rose at 6:08.
2. My children have always got/gotten along extremely well.
3. My cat hasn’t eaten anything since Sunday. I hope she’s not sick!
4. A: Is Ahmed here yet?
B: Yes. He has just arrived.
5. Jane has worn her new blue dress only once since she bought it. She wore it to her
brother’s wedding last month.
6. The Korean War began on June 25th, 1950 and ended on July 27th, 1953; with no real
victory on either side.
7. While we were driving to the Eastern Townships, we stopped to visit some tourist
attractions.
8. I have known Greg Smith for ten years.
9. How many times have I told you not to touch that switch? It’s very dangerous!
10. My parents have never flown in an airplane, and they have no intention of ever doing
so.
11. Last night I took time out from my studies and went to see a movie.
12. Martin crashed his car last year and he has just crashed it again. He’s very unlucky!
13. Jack has been my friend for over 20 years. We have known each other since we
were children. Recently, he and his family have moved to a house on the same street
as me, and now our children play together every day.
14. Can you help me? I have finished my homework, but I still don’t understand this
exercise.
p. 78
Exercise 3
1. Milton Acorn was a Canadian poet. He was born in Prince Edward Island in 1923 and
died in 1986.
2. John: I have finished using the computer if you want to go online.
Bob: No thanks. I have already checked my email today.
3. Alice: Have you cleaned your bedroom yet?
Jimmy: I have done it. I did it an hour ago.
4. The company and the union finally agreed on salary raises two days ago. Since
then, they have agreed on everything and the rest of the negotiations have gone
smoothly.
5. Evan has played the violin with the London Symphony since 1990. Last year he
played Beethoven’s violin concerto at one of the concerts.
6. Joe really needs to get in touch with you. Since this morning, he has called here
four times trying to reach you. He called at 8:30, 10:15, 12:30 and 1 p.m.
7. On Monday, I worked three hours overtime and came home very late in the evening.
I have not recuperated yet!
8. The class’s comprehension has increased greatly this semester.
9. The song that Mary chose to sing at the opening of the show, she has sung many
times before.
10. When Rose was at school, she learned to play the piano. She has played it ever
since.
11. We bought a new washing machine in June and it has already broken down once.
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p. 81
Exercise 1
1. since 1957
2. for four years
3. for a long time
4. since we were children
5. since last month
6. for twenty-four hours
7. for three hours
8. for hours
9. since you were born
10. for two weeks
p. 86
Exercise 2
1. They have been playing / have been having fun ball for the last two hours and are
having fun.
2. The phone has been ringing constantly since Steven announced his candidacy for
president this morning.
3. We travel to Cuba every summer. We have been going there for three years and
we still love it.
4. The potatoes have been boiling for at least 30 minutes.
5. It has been snowing all night long and we now have a mountain of snow at our
front door.
6. I’m going to the doctor’s. I have not been feeling well for a few days.
7. We have been going there for 5 years and we still love it.
8. They have only been here for five or ten minutes and they already have their food.
p. 87
Exercise 3
1. My aunt is too ill to do the shopping. I have been doing the shopping for her since
last year.
2. My grandmother has always said that the clothes of young people today are a
symbol of revolt.
3. Did you hear what he said? He has just threatened me!
4. My neighbour has been blowing his trumpet since 8:00 a.m. There is certainly a lack
of respect for his neighbours.
5. A: Did you like the movie “Forrest Gump”?
B: I don’t know. I have never seen that movie.
6. You look really great! Have you been exercising at the fitness center?
7. Tim: What is that sound?
Jan: A car alarm is ringing somewhere down the street. It’s driving me crazy and I
wish it would stop! It has been ringing for more than 20 minutes.
8. Judy: How long have you been in the United States?
Claude: I have lived/have been living here for more than three years.
9. Dan: You look a little tired. Have you been getting enough sleep lately?
Macy: Yes, I have you been sleeping relatively well. I just look tired because I have
been feeling a little sick for the last week.
210
Dan: I hope you feel better soon.
10. I have thought about our last discussion many times. We will have to get together
to clarify this soon.
p. 88
Exercise 4
1. Tom has dreamed of going to graduate school; maybe this year, his dream will
come true.
2. Our hockey team is having a great season. They have won all but two of their games
so far this year.
3. Jane has found many new friends since she moved to Montreal.
4. Jake is living in Mexico now. His Spanish used to be terrible, but it has improved
greatly since he moved there.
5. Jonathan has discovered many useful ways to learn English. Last week, he decided
to watch English television and listen to the radio.
6. My brother has been in San Francisco for only a short time and is thinking of moving
back home permanently.
7. George likes the Beatles. He has always sung their songs.
8. Josephine has gone to more than 20 concerts since the fall.
9. Sylvia has always loved music in all languages since she was a child.
10. Have you ever surfed in the Pacific Ocean?
p. 90
Exercise 1
1. Do you know how to play bocce? The game doesn’t require any special athletic
abilities.
2. There is a new soccer league at the recreational center. There are several teams
in the league.
3. Nobody enjoys eating at the restaurant more than I do.
4. Both candidates oppose increased defence spending. Neither of the two
candidates oppose the war in Iraq.
5. Not one of these cell phones belong to me. One of the phones belongs to my
colleague.
6. Most students take all of their classes in the morning. Nobody takes classes
after 2:00 p.m.
7. Gus and Mary want a trial separation. Neither one wants to move out of the
apartment.
8. The students in the back of the room play poker during breaks. The student
who sits next to the refreshments plays solitaire.
9. The winners of the tournament carry home a trophy. Everyone carries home
good memories.
10. I am ready to play a game now. You and your friends are welcome to join us.
11. Where is your little brother? Several pages of my journal are missing!
12. My father often goes for long walks in the rain. The lights in his house go off at
midnight.
13. The manager fired her assistant and told her to leave immediately.
14. One of my hobbies is collecting shopping bags. My hobbies are unusual.
15. We hear this expression very often: “No news is good news!”
16. I have a friend who has diabetes. He has to be very careful with his diet.
211
17. Do you think ten dollars is too much to pay for a pen? I think it is.
18. One-half of the patients who take a certain antibiotic report improvement.
19. In many buildings, the handicapped use a special entrance.
20. The police are standing in front of the building, just in case something happens.
p. 92
Exercise 2
TOO MUCH FAST FOOD?

After the economic downturn, according to a recent survey, Hong Kong consumers are
spending more money on convenience foods. Companies are not trying to make do with
fewer staff. Employees are working harder than ever before and more women are joining
the workforce as well. They have less time to prepare nutritious home-cooked meals for
their families. Instead, families are eating out or buying convenience foods, such as frozen
pizzas and instant noodles. These foods contain more fat, salt and sugar than home-cooked
meals. Experts say that eating too much of them increases the risk of serious health
problems, including diabetes and heart disease.
However, the trend towards convenience foods benefits some business sectors.
Supermarkets are responding to the higher demand for quick, easy-to-serve meals by
increasing their selection of convenience and pre-packaged foods. These products often
sell for higher prices than fresh food. Restaurants also profit (profit) from the trend, most
Hong Kong people now eat out at least once a day.
How is this trend affecting our health?
p. 93
Exercise 3
1. My first day of class was interesting. Some students conversed in English, some in
Arabic and others in Spanish. It sounded like the United Nations.
2. Jane slipped on the ice as she was crossing the street in front of the dorm.
3. The residents boiled their drinking water after the flood.
4. The science of medicine advanced a great deal in the nineteenth century
5. We watched an exciting soccer game on television on Sunday night.
6. Alex fell down and twisted his ankle playing soccer.
7. I tiptoed up the stairs so as to not wake up the children.
8. We listened to the weather report on the radio.
9. My brother and sister argued for an hour about who would get to borrow the car.
10. A few years ago, the government decided to start a food program for the people
who suffered through the drought.
11. I waited for an overseas call from my family all day. Unfortunately I didn’t receive
it.
12. She preferred to send invitations by mail.
13. We enjoyed the movie very much and recommended it to our friends.
14. Joe got a student loan and owed the government a lot of money.
15. I studied for my last exam and passed with flying colours.
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p. 94
Exercise 4
1. Since we had a bad experience the last time, we will not go to Cuba again.
2. Now that we have received our tax refund, we will probably buy a new laptop!
3. Do you think your father-in-law is going to/will like the gift that you bought him for
Father’s Day?
4. Now that we have consolidated the Canadian market, we are going to focus on
entering China.
5. How many times do I have to tell you, I will not do all the chores without any help!
6. Don’t worry, I will not tell anyone about this. It will be our little secret!
Exercise 5
1. He has given up his rights as a citizen.

2. Have you ever worked in Mexico?
3. That's the best movie I've ever seen.
4. He's the most difficult client I've ever had to deal with.
5. The children visited their grandparents not long ago.
6. My suggestion was brought up and discussed during the meeting.
7. Mary has given up eating ice cream for a month.
8. The profits from technical sales were donated to charity.
9. The train has blown up.
10. It's obvious that you didn’t review your homework assignment.
p. 96
Exercise 6
1. I have been reading this book for two months but I have only read half of it.
2. She has been trying to convince him for twenty minutes but she hasn’t managed
to yet.
3. The phone bill is enormous. You have been calling your boyfriend in Australia,
haven’t you?
4. Even though the coroner has been examining the corpse discovered in Sutherland
Gully since early this morning, we still do not know the cause of death.
5. A: Did you like the movie “Star Wars”?
B: I don’t know. I have never seen that movie.
6. Matt and Sarah have been having some difficulties in their relationship lately, so
they have been going to a marriage counsellor. I hope they work everything out.
7. John has been working for the government since he graduated from Harvard
University. Until recently, he has enjoyed his work, but now he is talking about
retiring.
8. Judy: How long have you been in Canada?
Claude: I have been studying here for more than three years.
9. I have had the same car for more than ten years. I’m thinking about buying a new
one.
10. Lately, I have been thinking about changing my career because I have become
dissatisfied with the conditions at my company.
213
p. 107
Exercise 2
1. The patient is treated by the doctor.

2. That report is being prepared by Alex.
3. Customers are served by waitresses and waiters.
4. The lesson is going to be explained (by the teacher).
5. That play was written by Shakespeare.
6. Corn is grown in Iowa.
7. This rug was made by my aunt.
8. Ann will be invited to the party by Bob.
9. A new idea has been suggested by Shirley.
10. The book had been returned to the library by Kathy.
11. Were you surprised by the news?
12. I was surprised by the news.
13. The book has been translated into many languages.
14. He is being brought up by his aunt and uncle.
p. 109
Exercise 3
1. The electric light bulb was invented by Thomas Edison.

2. An island is surrounded by water.
3. The ‘ing’ form of “sit” is spelled with a double ‘t’.
4. Even though construction costs are high, a new dormitory will be built next year.
5. The class was too large, so it was divided into two sections.
6. A bracelet is worn around the wrist.
7. The Brown’s house burnt down. According to the inspector, the fire was caused
by lightning.
8. David got a ticket for reckless driving. When he went to the traffic court, he was
ordered to pay a large fine.
9. I read about a hunter who was accidently killed by another hunter.
10. The hunter’s fatal accident was reported in the newspaper yesterday.
11. I didn’t expect Lee-Ann to come to the meeting last night, but she was there. I
was surprised to see her.
12. Could you explain this math problem to me? Yesterday in class I was confused by
the facilitator’s explanation.
13. The children were frightened in the middle of the night when they heard strange
noises in the house.
14. A few weeks ago I was offered a job at a local bank, but I didn’t accept it.
15. The plane was expected to be on time this evening but has yet to arrive.
p. 118
Exercise 2
1. When will the plane land?

2. When was the last time you went to that part of town?
3. How was the flight?
4. How many people are in this city?
5. Why did you buy some apples and oranges?
6. Which / What car must you return by Wednesday?
214
7. What time /When must I be out of the hotel room?
8. How often do you travel?
9. Where are the good restaurants?
10. What is the name of the hotel?
11. How long will the tour take?
12. What is the temperature today?
13. Which restaurant is very expensive but very classy?
14. Where is the best place to go shopping?
15. How many children did Julie have before she was 27?
16. How long will it take us to get from the airport to the hotel?
17. How was your day yesterday? / What kind of day did you have yesterday?
18. What was your first car? / What kind of car was your first car?
19. How long will your drink last?
20. Why was the flight delayed?
p. 120
Exercise 3
1. What day / When does Marie have her English course?

2. What time / When does Mary get up in the morning?
3. Who do you know?
4. Which do you prefer, baseball or soccer?
5. Who is reading in the library?
6. How does she get to work?
7. Whose car is this?
8. Does she want to work in the payroll department?
9. Who did Bill play tennis with yesterday morning?
10. Where did Cathy place the frame?
11. How long did the traffic jam last?
12. How much money do you have in your wallet?
13. Where and when will my flight leave?
14. Does she work full-time?
15. Is the gas station on Laviolette Street?
16. Does terrific mean very good?
17. Is hockey or baseball more popular in your country?
18. What time is it? / What is the time?
19. Why do you put xxx in your spaghetti sauce?
p. 122
Exercise 4
1. What have we been studying since the beginning of the semester?

2. What will we have studied by the end of the 30-hour course?
3. Why do people often eat out?
4. Who has just texted you?
5. What happens when you try to take some quiet time for yourself?
6. How long had Matthew been living in Europe before coming to Quebec?
7. What are you going to be doing when I come?
8. What does she do for a living / What does she teach for a living?
9. What do you always feel like doing when you hear a good song on the radio?
10. How long will you have worked by the time you get home tonight?
215
11. How long will you have been married on your next anniversary?
12. Had spaghetti been invented in China long before Marco Polo brought it to Europe?
13. What were you intimidated by the first time you went to New York?
14. What does the company social club always organize?
15. Why weren’t they at the meeting?
p. 126
Exercise 3
1. If you wish to attract more friends, avoid criticizing and condemning others.
2. When trying to persuade someone to accept your point of view, plan to listen and
show respect.
3. Bosses don’t have to come down on employees who are slow in completing tasks
because they can offer to help.
4. The next time you are in a confrontational position, you need to win over support.
5. Some employees have a hard time making friends because they are not friendly.
p. 130
Exercise 5
1. If you don’t mind taking a moment out of your busy work day, let’s talk about your
working style and those of your co-workers. Internet author, Dr. Shelley Provost,
considered analyzing the habits and characteristics of employees to determine four
main categories.
2. Doing – These go-getters enjoy rolling up their sleeves and getting the items on the
To-Do List checked off as soon as possible. Unfortunately, in their zeal to get going,
they sometimes miss planning out their work, so they find themselves redoing
certain tasks.
3. Leading - People in the office appreciate referring to these people for vision and
inspiration. Colleagues just can’t help consulting them for advice when they need
some guidance. The only downside to these MVPs is that occasionally they miss
interacting with their invaluable team-mates as they forge ahead.
4. Loving - These tender-hearts can’t help empathizing and sympathizing with the
others in the office. They never mind running errands if it means making a work-
mate’s day a little brighter. No matter the rush, they keep checking in on their co-
workers to maintain team morale.
5. Learning - These reflective strategists consider studying and analyzing all the angles
before going ahead with their work. They delay making decisions until they are sure
they have chosen the most efficient and productive way to get the job done.
p. 131
Exercise 6
1. Vicky apologized for making a serious mistake.

2. The President congratulated the Human Resources Manager for hiring an excellent
candidate.
3. Randall helped Kevin with getting his work done on time.
4. The members of the focus group are interested in buying our products.
5. The turnover is high because the employees get bored quickly by doing routine
work.
6. Yvon is thinking about renovating the office décor this summer.
216
7. Fortunately, Nathalie prevented the elderly lady from falling.
8. Customers are complaining about their orders always arriving late.
9. Mark accused the payroll clerk of miscalculating the deductions.
10. It looks like you are tired of doing grammar exercises.
p. 132
Exercise 7
1. After everything that had happened, we all believed he deserved to be dumped.

2. Brenda plans to study abroad when she goes to college.
3. Carrey is never on time. I hate to have / having to wait for him all the time.
4. Cheryl suggested seeing a movie after work.
5. Dan enjoys reading murder mysteries.
6. Do you mind my smoking during supper?
7. I cannot stand her complaining.
8. If he continues to work / working late, they will have to pay him overtime.
9. Jason urged me to vote in the next election even if I do not know anything about
politics.
10. Julie misses working in the accounting industry.
11. Max avoided using his cell phone when Mary was around.
12. Mr. Dallas arranged to have a limo pick her up at the hotel.
13. My co-worker agreed to help me with the Marsher file.
14. Our facilitator does not tolerate using dictionaries during exams.
15. She asked to talk to the person in charge of the weddings.
16. She prefers having supper at home to eating at the restaurant because she is a
picky eater.
17. The city does not advise parking in the street during the winter.
18. The construction workers completed building our house yesterday.
19. The furniture store advised us to reconfirm the delivery date at the end of the
month.
20. We advised him to take the bus around the city.
21. We are having trouble with our visas as the authorities will not permit us to
work without the extension.
22. Where did he learn to speak Italian?
23. Who does not resent being treated unfairly?
24. Would you mind translating this for me?
25. You have never mentioned living in Mexico before.
p. 137
Exercise 1
1. This is the house that I used to live in.

2. The lady who lives at 1563 has left a message for you.
3. The building that you can see over there is very old.
4. The person whose name must remain unknown will meet you tomorrow.
5. The book that is lying on the piano was brought by Aunt Betty.
6. They have a son who they love very much.
7. The man who you are speaking about doesn’t work in our factory.
8. The towns that were destroyed during the last war are being rebuilt.
9. This is the tool that you need.
10. She was the girl whose voice we heard and enjoyed in prison.
217
11. There was one question that I could not answer.
12. The professor who examined the students last week forgot to sign my
examination card.
13. We went to the park that surrounds the Institute.
14. This is the place where my wife works.
15. The criminal who killed that man will be hanged.
16. Have you received the letter that I sent you last week?
17. I remember the day when I first came to school.
18. The cakes, which Cathy made, are too sweet.
19. The story that I read was about an airman.
20. You must go to a shop where candles are sold.
21. He always comes on those days when I am busy.
22. Mr. White was the man we met in Glasgow and who gave us your address.
23. This is the reason why I came back so soon.
24. This book, which Jason lent me, is very interesting.
25. There are times when we must stop working.
26. The hotel, which just opened, is very comfortable.
27. Tell me the reason why you went there alone.
28. The man whose story I am going to tell you lived in our village.
29. The place that I spoke of is three miles from here.
30. There are many people who wish me success.
31. There is no snow in the country where they live.
p. 138
Exercise 2
1. They have just stolen the car, which was wrong.

2. My neighbour, who is a nurse, doesn’t like her work.
3. I’m looking for John, who has disappeared.
4. The men you are talking about are her brothers.
5. I saw Peter, who asked me to give him your phone number.
6. This is the girl whose address I have in my notebook.
7. I spoke to a man who I had met before.
8. That’s the woman whose goldfish I look after every summer.
9. He is unable to learn Latin, (add comma) which doesn’t surprise me.
10. The people we talked to come from Armenia.
p. 143
Exercise 1
1. I had an accident and took my car to the garage. My husband asked me where my
car was.
2. The old lady next door must have a lot of cats. I don't know how many cats she has.
3. Do you know how far the moon is from the earth? I have no idea.
4. Your brother is playing his music too loud. I can't hear what your brother is saying.
5. When I left home, my uncle gave me some advice. He said I shouldn't give up.
6. Jill didn't want to go to the car show. Her husband insisted that she come with him.
7. My boss wants this report immediately. He demanded that it be ready by 5:00.
8. Did he tell you where to put the report when you finish?
9. My friend predicted that I would receive a lot of praise for my work.
10. My friend saw an accident. He told me what he'd seen at the scene of the accident.
218
11. Is it true that all movies will be available online? That all movies will be available is
wonderful!
12. Can you tell me how to fix my computer? That depends on whether you have an
old computer.
13. Is it true what people are saying about the new laptops?
14. Whether or not a computer is light-weight is important.
15. What are you going to do with your old computer? Nothing! What I want to do is
too expensive.
p. 151
Exercise 1
1. I am looking forward to seeing you again very much.

2. The room that gets all the sunshine faces south.
3. He was reading the newspaper over my shoulder in the METRO.
4. My son knows the first act of that Shakespeare play by heart.
5. In case she does not quickly find a room, she can stay with friends.
6. I will do my best to make your stay in London pleasant.
7. The young man took his own life in a bout of depression.
8. The book on the top of the shelf is worth twenty dollars.
9. The teenagers, on arrival, immediately sent their parents a message.
10. Rosie, have you typed that letter yet?
11. Once he got there, he realized he was not wanted.
12. When Paul was twelve, he was already earning his living.
13. The heavy box slipped off my knee and fell apart.
14. As soon as she woke up, she asked for a glass of water.
15. Wilma was a vivacious, beautiful young girl with a lot of talent.
16. If you scrub your finger well, the ink will come off.
17. He accidentally knocked the basket full of clothes off the bed.
18. I’m fed up with eating chicken twice a week.
19. I think there is little chance of winning the lottery this week.
20. It was so cold that summer that we had to wear our overcoats now and then.
21. Please read the whole sentence slowly.
22. I have to write many letters in English every day.
23. He has been here for two years, or perhaps it is even more than that.
24. Allan is now studying French as well as English. Soon, he will be bilingual.
219

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MAKE A SECOND LANGUAGE LDL

YOUR SECOND NATURE SIX

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Dépôt légal – Bibliothèque et Archive Nationales du Québec 2014

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No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or

L’envol des Langues, Inc. 2018

Online Video Capsules – Instructions

Simply go to our website at groupeldl.com.

On the upper right of the page, click on ‘Connexion aux Capsules’.

For me, learning a second language is:

Learning a second language will permit me to:

Be less shy Be more versatile

I understand that learning a second language requires regular involvement on my

I understand that it is my responsibility to inform LDL of any dissatisfaction,

Here is how the scale works for the grammar notions:

1. Not covered (not a grammar point that we had time to see)

Fluency is the ability to speak a language easily and well.

Assessment 1 Assessment 2 Assessment 3

• Do you like to learn new things? Why or why not?

• Were you a well-behaved child? Explain.

• What app do you use the most?

• What are you going to do after class?

• What did you do last weekend?

• What did you do yesterday?

• What do you do to get rid of stress?

• What do you eat or drink when it is really hot outside?

• What piece of clothing are you going to buy next?

• What was the last movie you saw?

• What will happen to privacy in seven years?

• What will you do when you retire?

• What will your life be like in five years?

• When you are on vacation, do you relax or try to do many things?

• Where are you going to eat dinner tonight?

• Where did you go on your last vacation?

Pitts, L. (2014) 500 Grammar Based Conversation Questions, ECQ Publishing

The Present Progressive expresses an action that is in progress at the moment

They are analysing results.

They live in San Francisco.

Dear Dr. White,

We are look forward to work with you.

I be looking forward to start a new phase of my career.

Please keep in touch,

Video on “simple past vs. past progressive”: https://vimeo.com/516337344/c4426a005f

1. I _________________________________ (jog) in the park, when two

A main clause can stand on its own. It is a complete sentence.

A time clause is introduced by:

Video on “time clauses in the past”: https://vimeo.com/516284987/5c44ceaf92

Some business celebrities ___________________________________ (develop)

2. Bob travels with boat and arrived to Port Alfred yesterday.

3. Last week, I will go visited my sister at Ottawa.

7. At present, Mary was speak to her supervisor on her office.

8. Sandra gives us some information that was very useful.

9. I did my English homeworks every week so I never got in trouble.

11. Do you know where is the gas station? I needed gas.

14. I knew Jane is worried about her upcoming speech.

When two subjects are connected by

Sometimes, the subject is separated from