16 2.

2 1
20 1.9 2.8 2
25 2.3 3.5 3
32 1.8 2.9 4.4 4
40 1.8 2.3 3.7 5.5 5
50 1.8 2.0 2.9 4.6 6.9 6
63 1.8 2.0 2.5 3.6 5.8 8.6 7
75 1.9 2.3 2.9 4.3 6.8 10.3 8
90 2.2 2.8 3.5 5.1 8.2 12.3 9
110 2.7 3.4 4.2 6.3 10.0 15.1 10
125 3.1 3.9 4.8 7.1 11.4 17.1 11
140 3.5 4.3 5.4 8.0 12.7 19.2 12
160 4.0 4.9 6.2 9.1 14.6 21.9 13
180 4.4 5.5 6.9 10.2 16.4 24.6 14
200 4.9 6.2 7.7 11.4 18.2 27.4 15
225 5.5 6.9 8.6 12.8 20.5 30.8 16
250 6.2 7.7 9.6 14.2 22.7 34.2 17
280 6.9 8.6 10.7 15.9 25.4 38.3 18
315 7.7 9.7 12.1 17.9 28.6 43.1 19
355 8.7 10.9 13.6 20.1 32.2 48.5 20
400 9.8 12.3 15.3 22.7 36.3 54.7 21
450 11.0 13.8 17.2 25.5 40.9 61.5 22
500 12.3 15.3 19.1 28.4 45.4 68.3 23
560 13.7 17.2 21.4 31.7 50.8 24
630 15.4 19.3 24.1 35.7 57.2 25
710 17.4 21.8 27.2 40.2 64.5 26
800 19.6 24.5 30.6 45.3 27
900 22.0 27.6 34.4 51.0 28
1000 24.5 30.6 38.2 56.7 29
1100 26.9 33.7 42.0 62.4 30
1200 29.4 36.7 45.9 68.0 31
1400 34.4 42.9 53.5 32
1600 39.2 49.0 61.2 33
Dn [mm] 2 1/2 3.2 4 6 10 16
Presiones nominales PN [bar]
HDPE PE80 DIN 8074 / ISO 4427
Espesor [mm]
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
2

3 Pipe Thickness [mm], according ASME B36.10M

4
5 ASME B36.10M SCHEDULE / IDENTIFICATION
6 Size dext 5 10 20 30 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 STD XS XXS 6.35
7 1/2 21.3 1.65 2.11 - 2.41 2.77 - 3.73 - 0 - 4.78 2.77 3.73 7.47 -
8 3/4 26.7 1.65 2.11 - 2.41 2.87 - 3.91 - 0 - 5.56 2.87 3.91 7.82 -
9 1 33.4 1.65 2.77 - 2.9 3.38 - 4.55 - 0 - 6.35 3.38 4.55 9.09 -
10 1 1/4 42.2 1.65 2.77 2.97 3.56 4.85 6.35 3.56 4.85 9.7 -
11 1 1/2 48.3 1.65 2.77 - 3.18 3.68 - 5.08 - 0 - 7.14 3.68 5.08 10.15 -
12 2 60.3 1.65 2.77 - 3.18 3.91 - 5.54 - 0 - 8.74 3.91 5.54 11.07 -
13 2 1/2 73 2.11 3.05 4.78 5.16 7.01 9.53 5.16 7.01 14.02 -
14 3 88.9 2.11 3.05 - 4.78 5.49 - 7.62 - 0 - 11.13 5.49 7.62 15.24 -
15 3 1/2 101.6 2.11 3.05 4.78 5.74 8.08 5.74 8.08 -
16 4 114.3 2.11 3.05 - 4.78 6.02 - 8.56 - 11.13 - 13.49 6.02 8.56 17.12 -
17 5 141.3 2.77 3.4 - - 6.55 - 9.53 - 12.7 - 15.88 6.55 9.53 19.05 -
18 6 168.3 2.77 3.4 - - 7.11 - 10.97 - 14.27 - 18.26 7.11 10.97 21.95 -
19 8 219.1 2.77 3.76 6.35 7.04 8.18 10.31 12.7 15.09 18.26 20.62 23.01 8.18 12.7 22.23 -
20 10 273 3.4 4.19 6.35 7.8 9.27 12.7 15.09 18.26 21.44 25.4 28.58 9.27 12.7 25.4 -
21 12 323.8 3.96 4.57 6.35 8.38 10.31 14.27 17.48 21.44 25.4 28.58 33.32 9.53 12.7 25.4 -
22 14 355.6 3.96 6.35 7.92 9.53 11.13 15.09 19.05 23.83 27.79 31.75 35.71 9.53 12.7 - -
23 16 406.4 4.19 6.35 7.92 9.53 12.7 16.66 21.44 26.19 30.96 36.53 40.49 9.53 12.7 - -
24 18 457 4.19 6.35 7.92 11.13 14.27 19.05 23.83 29.36 34.93 39.67 45.24 9.53 12.7 - -
25 20 508 4.78 6.35 9.53 12.7 15.09 20.62 26.19 32.54 38.1 44.45 50.01 9.53 12.7 - -
26 22 559 4.78 6.35 9.53 12.7 - 22.23 28.58 34.93 41.28 47.63 53.98 9.53 12.7 - -
27 24 610 5.54 6.35 9.53 14.27 17.48 24.61 30.96 38.89 46.02 52.37 59.54 9.53 12.7 - -
28 26 660 - 7.92 12.7 15.88 - - - - - - - 9.53 12.7 - -
29 28 711 - 7.92 12.7 - - - - - - - - 9.53 12.7 - -
30 30 762 6.35 7.92 12.7 15.88 - - - - - - - 9.53 12.7 - -
31 32 813 - 7.92 12.7 15.88 17.48 - - - - - - 9.53 12.7 - -
32 34 864 - 7.92 12.7 15.88 17.48 - - - - - - 9.53 12.7 - -
33 36 914 - 7.92 12.7 15.88 19.05 - - - - - - 9.53 12.7 - -
34 38 965 - - - - - - - - - - - 9.53 12.7 - -
35 40 1016 - - - - - - - - - - - 9.53 12.7 - -
36 42 1067 - - - - - - - - - - - 9.53 12.7 - -
37 44 1118 - - - - - - - - - - - 9.53 12.7 - -
38 46 1168 - - - - - - - - - - - 9.53 12.7 - -
39 48 1219.2 - - - - - - - - - - - 9.53 12.7 - -
Water hammer

Sheet Hammer

Data input
Table 1.Data Input and Help Variables for Joukovsky Pressure Calculation
Table 2. Joukovsky Pressure and Critical Time
Table 3. Piezometric head, Static and Dynamic Pressures
Tables 4 and 5 for Maximum and Minimum Pressures for "Quick Closing" and "Slow Clo
Tables 6 and 7 Pressure envelopes: Table 6 for Quick closing time and Table 7 for Slow c
Graphics

Note.

This file has been taken from a project and is presented with the same structure as the orig
The author requested anonymity and pointed out that the calculation is only valid as a refer
To increase clarity some cosmetic changes were made.
 Rev. cjc. 27.05.2016

ure Calculation

Quick Closing" and "Slow Closing"

ing time and Table 7 for Slow closing tim

h the same structure as the original.

alculation is only valid as a reference.
Water Hammer Calculation of a Gravitational Adduction

Data Input
Water flow rate Q= 360 m³/h
Water density r= 1000 kg/m³
Acceleration of gravity g= 9.8 m/s²
Bulk modulus of water K= 2.07E+09 Pa
Pipe material Carbon steel 0
Steel elasticity modulus Et = 2.06E+11 Pa
Material const. Hazem-Williams C= 100
Heigth above sea level H= 4,768 m.a.s.l.
Maximum water level in tank Z0_max = 4,778 m.a.s.l.
Minimum water level in tank Z0_min = 4,768 m.a.s.l.
Singular losses percentage of frictional losses
% Loss= 3 %

Table 1.Data Input and Help Variables for Joukovsky Pressure Calculation
Eq. 1 Eq. 2 Eq. 3
Node Section L Z dn sch de Thickness di
m m.a.s.l. in - mm mm mm
0 4768
1 (0 - 1) 257 4747 12 20 #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
2 (1 - 2) 257 4726 12 20 #VALUE! 6.35 #VALUE!
3 (2 - 3) 257 4709 12 20 #VALUE! 6.35 #VALUE!
4 (3 - 4) 257 4693 12 20 #VALUE! 6.35 #VALUE!
5 (4 - 5) 257 4683 12 20 #VALUE! 6.35 #VALUE!
6 (5 - 6) 257 4662 12 20 #VALUE! 6.35 #VALUE!
7 (6 - 7) 257 4647 12 20 #VALUE! 6.35 #VALUE!
8 (7 - 8) 257 4634 12 20 #VALUE! 6.35 #VALUE!
9 (8 - 9) 257 4629 12 20 #VALUE! 6.35 #VALUE!
10 (9 -10) 257 4625 12 20 #VALUE! 6.35 #VALUE!
2566.0
Lt =S Li

Table 2. Joukovsky Pressure and Critical Time

a) Help variable "S" c) Equivalent velocity

S= ( Q * (S Li/Ai ) / (S Li/vi ) )^0.5 veq= (Q * ( S Li/vi ) / (S Li/Ai ))^0.5
Q= 0.1 m³/s Q= 0.1 m³/s
 S Li/Ai = #VALUE! S Li/vi = #VALUE!
S Li/vi = #VALUE! S Li/Ai = #VALUE!
S= #VALUE! veq= #VALUE! m/s

b) Equivalent length d) Equivalent celerity

Leq= S Li/Ai / S aeq= Lt / SLi/ai
S Li/Ai = #VALUE! Lt = 2566.0 m
S= #VALUE! S Li/ai = #VALUE!
Leq= #VALUE! m aeq= #VALUE! m/s

Table 3. Piezometric head, Static and Dynamic Pressures

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Node Section Q (m3/h) Length Accum. Ground Pipe nominal diameter

length elevation and schedule
L Lacc Z dn sch
(m) (m) (m) in -
0 0.0 4700.0 4768.0
1 (0 - 1) 360 256.6 4956.6 4747.0 12 20
2 (1 - 2) 360 256.6 5213.2 4726.0 12 20
3 (2 - 3) 360 256.6 5469.8 4709.0 12 20
4 (3 - 4) 360 256.6 5726.4 4693.0 12 20
5 (4 - 5) 360 256.6 5983.0 4683.0 12 20
6 (5 - 6) 360 256.6 6239.6 4662.0 12 20
7 (6 - 7) 360 256.6 6496.2 4647.0 12 20
8 (7 - 8) 360 256.6 6752.8 4634.0 12 20
9 (8 - 9) 360 256.6 7009.4 4629.0 12 20
10 (9 - 10) 360 256.6 7266.0 4625.0 12 20

Tables 4 and 5 for Maximum and Minimum Pressures for "Quick Closing" an
 Table 4. Quick Closing "QC" (Joukovsky)
tc Pdyn_10 hJouk Pmáx Pmín
Eq. 11 Pdyn_10 + hJouk Pdyn_10 - hJouk
(s) (mca) (kpa) mca mca kpa (g) mca kpa (g)
### #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
Pdyn_10 = hQC = Pmax_QC #VALUE!
(Table 3.b) (Table 2.e) (Note 1)

Note 1. The physically possible minimum value of this pressure is - 1 atm (g). At sea
level the minimum would be a gauge pressure of - 10.33 mca.
Any value less than the water vapor saturation pressure will produce a
"Vapor volume" in the pipe. The saturation pressure is 1.23 kPa

Maximum allowed pressure for de selected carbon steel pipe

Pipe maximum allowed pressure

dn = 12 in
sch = 20
de = #VALUE! mm
s= #VALUE! mm
Pmax = sallow* E /(de/(2*s)-Y)

t <= 38 ªC
sallow = 138 MPa
E= 1
Y= 0.4
Pmax = #VALUE! Mpa
Pmax = #VALUE! bar
Pmax = #VALUE! kPa
Ref. See "www.piping-tools.net"
Pipe_maximum_alowable_pressures_for_A53_A106_and_API_5L.xlsm
Pipe_Wall_Thickness_Calculation_according_ASME_B31_3.xlsm

Tables 6 and 7 Pressure envelopes: Table 6 for Quick closing time and Table

Pressure envelopes
Table 6 Table 7
 Quick Closing Time Slow Closing Time
5 (QC) (SC)

Accum. Min. Max. Min. Max.

length press. Press. press. Press.
Lacc Pmin Pmax Pmin Pmax
(m) (mca) (mca) (mca) (mca)
4700.0 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00
4956.6 #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
5213.2 #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
5469.8 #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
5726.4 #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
5983.0 #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
6239.6 #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
6496.2 #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
6752.8 #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
7009.4 #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
7266.0 #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
Pmin_10 = Pmax_10 = Pmin_10 = Pmax_10 =
 0

Sudden and slow closing of valve

10

e Calculation
Eq. 3 Eq. 4 Eq. 5
di Q A v Li*Ai Li*vi ai Li/ai
m m³/s m² m/s m³ m³/s m/s s

#VALUE! 0.1 #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!

#VALUE! 0.1 #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! 0.1 #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! 0.1 #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! 0.1 #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! 0.1 #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! 0.1 #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! 0.1 #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! 0.1 #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! 0.1 #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
S Li/Ai = S Li/vi = S Li/ai =

e) Pressure increment f) Critical time

(S Li/Ai ))^0.5 (calculated with Joukovsky elasticity) tc = 2 * Lt /aeq
theory Lt = 2566.0
 hJouk = ( aeq * Dveq ) / g aeq= #VALUE!
aeq= #VALUE! m/s tc = #VALUE!
veq= #VALUE! m/s
hJouk = #VALUE! m
hJouk = #VALUE! bar

9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Eq. 3 Eq. 6 Eq. 7 Eq. 4 Eq.8 Eq. 9 Eq. 10
Interior diameter Unit Pressure Velocity Piezometric Static Dynamic
p. loss loss head pressure pressure
di Jf DP v CP Pest Pdyn
mm m m/m (m) (m/s) (m) (mca) (mca)
0.00 4778 10.00 10.00
#VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! 31.00 #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! 52.00 #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! 69.00 #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! 85.00 #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! 95.00 #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! 116.00 #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! 131.00 #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! 144.00 #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! 149.00 #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! 153.00 #VALUE!
CP10 = Pdyn_10 =
(a) Value required in Graphics J64 Maximum
dynamic
pressure
Pdin = CP - Z
Value required in Tables 4 and 5

uick Closing" and "Slow Closing"

 Table 5. Slow Closing "SC" (Michaud)
t Pdyn (Note 2) hMichaud Pmax Pmin
Eq. 12 Pdyn_10 + hMichaud Pdyn_10 - hMichaud
(s) (mca) kpa (g) mca (mca) kpa (g) (mca)
Pdyn_10 =
8 #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
10 #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
20 #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
30 #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
40 #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
50 #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
60 #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
(Table 3.b)

Since the critical time is tc = #VALUE! [s], a conservative time, a value

above this value has to be selected.
Let t= 20 s

If the selected detention time is t= 20 s

the transient maximum and minimum pressures are
Pmax = #VALUE! mca
Pmin = #VALUE! mca

Note 2. These pressures will dampen much earlier than indicated in the table, since it does
not consider energy losses. Thus, the table gives conservative values.

The file: "Water hammer. Method of characteristics. Example solved using Visual Basic and Finite Differences"
from www.piping-tools.net, presents a more strict solution, using the method of characteristics

time and Table 7 for Slow closing time.

Pressure [mwc]
Pressure envelopes
300

250

200

150 Pmin QC
Pmax QC

100 Pmin SC
Pmax SC

50

-50 Accumulated length [m]

4700 5200 5700 6200 6700 7200 7700
 .2016
Equations

Eq. 1
Pipe outside diameter
de = Pipe_Imp_CS_Dext_dn

Eq. 2
Pipe thickness
s= Pipe_Imp_CS_Thickness_dn_sch
w closing of valve
Eq. 3
Pipe inside diameter
di = Pipe_Imp_CS_Dint_dn_sch

Eq. 4
Flow velocity
v= Q/A

Eq.6 Eq. 7 Eq. 5

Jf DP Celerity
m/m m a = ( ( K / r ) / ( 1 + (K/Et ) * (d/s ) ) )^0.5

#VALUE! #VALUE! Eq. 6

#VALUE! #VALUE! Unit friction loss (Hazem-Williams)
#VALUE! #VALUE! Jf = A * Q^m / (C^m * D^n)
#VALUE! #VALUE! Hazem-Williams equation constants
#VALUE! #VALUE! m= 1.852
#VALUE! #VALUE! n= 4.869
#VALUE! #VALUE! A= 10.665
#VALUE! #VALUE! C= 100 (Data)
#VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE! Eq. 7
Total pressure loss
DP = DPf + DPs
DPf = J*L
DPs = DPf * %Loss
DPs = J * L * %Loss
DP = J * L * (1 + %Loss/100)

Eq. 8
Piezometric head
m CPi = CPi-1 -DPi m
 m/s
s Eq. 9
Static pressure
Pest Z0_max - Z
Z0_max : Max. water level in tank
Z: Ground elevation

Eq. 10
Dynamic preessure
Pdyn = CP - Z

Eq. 11
Joukovsky
Pressure change due to a sudden
change.
Valid for t <= tc
hQC = aeq * Dveq / g
aeq = #VALUE! m/s
Dveq = #VALUE! m/s
hQC = #VALUE! m

Eq. 12
Michaud
hMichaud = 2 * Leq * Dveq / (g * t)
(example for a given time t)
Leq = #VALUE! m
Dveq = #VALUE! m/s
t= 8 s
hMichaud = 86.0 m

(b)

m
Tables 4 and 5

Local atmospheric pressure

 p= 101,325* (1 -2,25577E-5 * H)^5,25588

H= 4,768 m.a.s.l.
p= 55.716 kPa
The Engineering Toolbox
Pmin http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/air-altitude-pressure-d_462.html

Pdyn_10 - hMichaud
kpa (g) Water vapor pressure [3]

#VALUE! Psat = Exp(ca / tK + cb + cc * tK + cd * tK ^ 2 + ce * tK ^ 3 + cf * Ln(tK))

#VALUE! t= 10 °C
#VALUE! tk = 283.2 K
#VALUE! ca = -5800.2
#VALUE! cb = -5.5
#VALUE! cc = -0.05
#VALUE! cd = 4.2E-05
ce = -1.4E-08
cf = 6.5
Psat = 1.228 kPa
Psat = 1228 Pa

ve time, a value

sic and Finite Differences"

Data for the graphics

Pressure Envelopes

Piezometric elevations for transient states.

InTable 8, columns 1 to 4 are input data. Columns 5 to 9 are calculated piezometric elevation
straight lines defined by the first and last rows. The first row is the elevation of the maximum
The last row is based in the piezometric head of the lowest point of the pipe (CP 10), for the S
other cells of the row are the piezometric heads for the "Quick Closing" case and for the sele
selected time. In this case, the selected time is t = 20

Eq. 1 Reference Elevation

Pipe lowest elevation "Z10"
Z10 = 4,625 m.a.s.l.
Zref = Z - Z10 m.a.s..l.

Eq .2 Static Pressure
Pstat = Z0_max - Z m
Maximum water level in tank 660-TK-1007
Z0_max = 4,778 m.a.s.l

Eq. 3 Static Pressure

Pstat_i Pstat_i-1 + ( Zref_i-1 - Zref_i)
Case DP section constant
DPcte = #VALUE! m

Table 8. Piezometric elevations for transient states

1 2 3 4 5 6

Table 8. Piezometric Elevations for Transient States

Data (from sheet "Hammer") Piezometric elevat
Distances (m) Pipe Quick Closing
Section Partial Acum. Elevation Max Min
m m m.a.s.l. m.a.s.l. m.a.s.l.
Z0_max (Maximum level i
0 0.0 4700 4768 4778 4778
1 256.6 4957 4747 #VALUE! #VALUE!
 2 256.6 5213 4726 #VALUE! #VALUE!
3 256.6 5470 4709 #VALUE! #VALUE!
4 256.6 5726 4693 #VALUE! #VALUE!
5 256.6 5983 4683 #VALUE! #VALUE!
6 256.6 6240 4662 #VALUE! #VALUE!
7 256.6 6496 4647 #VALUE! #VALUE!
8 256.6 6753 4634 #VALUE! #VALUE!
9 256.6 7009 4629 #VALUE! #VALUE!
10 256.6 7266 4625 #VALUE! #VALUE!
CPmax_QC = CPmin_QC =
CP10 +hQC CP10 +hQC

Pressure envelopes

Pressures envelopes (as piezometric eleva

4810

Slow Closing Maximum

Fast Closing Maximum

4760

4710
Height
above
sea
level
[m.a.s.l.]

4660
 [m.a.s.l.]

4660

Fast Closing Minimum

4610
Slow Closing Minimum

4560
4700 5200 5700Accumulated distance [m]
6200

Steady state pressures

Steady State Pressures
Table 5 is developed to show in a graphic the steady state pressures. The elevation zero has been
elevation of the pipe lowest pint.
Table 9. Steady State Pressures
Accumulated Reference Static Dynamic Maximum
length elevation pressure pressure static pressure
Lacc Zref Pstat Pdyn Z0_max - Zref
Eq. 1 Eq. 2 Eq. 4 Eq. 5
N m (m) m m m
0 4,700 143 10 #VALUE! 153
1 4,957 122 31 #VALUE! 153
2 5,213 101 52 #VALUE! 153
3 5,470 84 69 #VALUE! 153
4 5,726 68 85 #VALUE! 153
5 5,983 58 95 #VALUE! 153
6 6,240 37 116 #VALUE! 153
7 6,496 22 131 #VALUE! 153
8 6,753 9 144 #VALUE! 153
9 7,009 4 149 #VALUE! 153
10 7,266 0 153 #VALUE! 153
 Static and Dynamic pressures and reference ground elevation
"Zref" as function of Accumulated distance in Steady State
Condition
Maximum water level in tank 660-TK-
180
1007
160
Static Pressure
140 "Pstat"
120
Dynamic Pressure
100 Zref
"Pdyn"
H [m] 80 Pstat

60 Pdyn
Reference Z0max
40 Elevation"Zrerf"
20
0
4,700 5,200 5,700 6,200
Accumulated 6,700
distance [m] 7,200 7,700
 Rev. cjc. 27.05.2016

ated piezometric elevations. These 5 columns are

levation of the maximum level in the tank (Z0_max).
the pipe (CP 10), for the Steady State case. The
ng" case and for the selected "Slow Closing"
s

Eq. 4
Pdin = CP - Z m
Pdin = Pest - SDP
Pdin = Pest - DPcte * N

Eq. 5 Maximum static pressure

Z0_max - Zref = -4625.0 m

From Table 3a. Quick Closing (for t <= tc = 4.4 s)

hQC = #VALUE! m

From Table 3b Slow Closing, for t = 20 s

hSC_t_20s = #VALUE! m

7 8 9

s for Transient States

Piezometric elevations
Steady State Slow Closing
Max Min
m.a.s.l. m.a.s.l. m.a.s.l
Z0_max (Maximum level in tank)
4778 4778 4778
4776 #VALUE! #VALUE!
 4773 #VALUE! #VALUE!
4771 #VALUE! #VALUE!
4769 #VALUE! #VALUE!
4766 #VALUE! #VALUE!
4764 #VALUE! #VALUE!
4762 #VALUE! #VALUE!
4760 #VALUE! #VALUE!
4757 #VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
CP10 = CPmax_SC = CPmin_SC =
Sheet Hammer CP10 +hSC_t_20s CP10 - hSC_t_20s

Rev. cjc. 27.05.2016

piezometric elevations)

ng Maximum

Steady State (Normal)

 Pipe Elevation

ng Minimum

6200
mulated distance [m] 6700 7200

The elevation zero has been taken as the

essures
Static Pipe
pressure elevation
Pstat_i Z
Eq. 3
m (m)
10 4768
31 4747
52 4726
69 4709
85 4693
95 4683
116 4662
131 4647
144 4634
149 4629
153 4625
ound elevation
Steady State

Zref
Pstat
Pdyn
Z0max

7,700
Water hammer

1.- Input data Water speed of sound

Operating pressure and flowrate

pop =
Q=
13.8
635.9
bar
m3/h
c=
√
c: speed of sound (m/s)
K
ρ

Pipe data K: water bulk modulus (Pa)

Material: Carbon Steel r: water density (kg/m³)
dn = 12 in c (K / r )^0.5
sch = 40 - K= 2.1E+09 Pa
L= 1524.0 m r= 1000 kg/m³
Steel pipe elasticity module c= 1438.2 m/s
Et = 2,059,397 bar
s 3.- Celerity
Bulk modulus and density of water
K= 20,684 bar
r= 1,000 kg/m³
c
a=

2.- Auxiliary variables

Pipe dimensions
√( 1+
K d
⋅
Et s
a : celerity (wave velocity) (m/s)
)
di = Pipe_Imp_CS_Dint_dn_sch c: speed of sound (m/s)
di = #VALUE! mm d: inside pipe diameter (mm)
s= Pipe_Imp_CS_Thickness_dn_sch s: minimum wall thickness (mm)
s= #VALUE! mm K: water bulk modulus (bar)
a= c / (1 + (K/Et) * (d/s) )^(0.5)
Pipe section area c= 1438.2 m/s
A= (pi()/4)*d^2 K= 2.1E+09 Pa
d= #VALUE! m Et = 2.1E+11 Pa
A= #VALUE! m 2
d= #VALUE! mm
s= #VALUE! mm
Fluid velocity a= #VALUE! m/s
v= Q/A
Q= 0.1766 m3/s
A= #VALUE! m2
v= #VALUE! m/s

Bulk modulus of water Steel elasticity modulus

K= 2.1E+09 Pa Et = 2.10E+06 kp/cm²
K= 20,684 bar Et = 2.06E+11 Pa
Et = 2.1E+06 bar
 Rev. cjc. 27.05.2016

4.- Velocity change

Microsoft Editor de
ecuaciones 3.0
Initial velocity
vi = #VALUE! m/s
Final velocity
vf = 0.00 m/s
Velocity change
Dv = vf - vi m/s
Dv = #VALUE! m/s

5.- Pressure increment due to water

hammer produced by a sudden shutoff.

The pressure increment can be

calculated with Joukovsky elasticity
theory

h= (- a * Dv ) / g
a= #VALUE! m/s
Dv = #VALUE! m/s
h= 718 m
h= 70.4 bar

6.- Total pressure developed

ptot = pop + h
pop = 13.8 bar
h= 70.4 bar
ptot = 84.2 bar

g= 9.80665 m/s²
 rosoft Editor de
ecuaciones 3.0
[1]

Instantaneous closing
Slow closing with t > tc
[1] Universidad de Buenos Aires
http://escuelas.fi.uba.ar/iis/GOLPE%20DE%20ARIETE.pdf