ME 265

Thermal Engineering and Heat Transfer

Thermal Engineering
1. 1.1 Energy and Energy Resources
Sources of Energy 1.2 Local Global Energy Scenario

2. 2.1 Basic Concepts and Definition

2.2 Energy
Principles of Classical
2.3 Properties of Pure Substances
Thermodynamics 2.4 Laws of Classical Thermodynamics
2.5 Gas and Vapor Power Cycles
2.5.1 Vapor Power Cycles
2.5.2 Gas Power Cycles
3. 3.1 IC Engines, Gas Turbines, Jet Engines
Mechanical Machines and 3.2 Boilers/Steam Generators
Systems (MMS) 3.3 Steam Turbines
3.4 Refrigeration and Air Conditioning

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 2.5.1 Vapor Power System
A: Rankine Cycle
B: Air-fuel System
C: Circulating Water System
D: Electric Generator

Fig. 1: Components of a simple vapor power plant [2]

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2. M.J. Moran, M.J. and H.N. Shapiro, Fundamentals (c) MA IslamThermodynamics, Wiley, 2011
of Engineering 2
 2.5.1 Vapor Power System
 Carnot Cycle
P
1—2: Reversible isothermal expansion
1
QH 2—3: Reversible adiabatic expansion
2 3—4: Reversible isothermal compression
4—1: Reversible adiabatic compression
4

QL 3  Carnot cycle is the most efficient

heat engine operating in a cycle
 Can it be a prospective ideal cycle
V
for vapor power plants?
 Carnot Vapor Cycle
1—2: Isothermal heat addition
Critical Point: 22 MPa, 374oC
2—3: Isentropic expansion in turbine
T
3—4: Isothermal heat rejection
QH 4—1: Isentropic compression
1 2
Some impracticalities:
i. It limits the maximum temperature to 374oC;
4 3 consequently it limits the thermal efficiency.
QL
Liquid-vapor region ii. Turbine needs to handle low quality steam that
limits the life of the turbine blades

s iii. Design of a compressor dealing with two-phase

mixture is a technological limitation

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 2.5.1 Vapor Power System
 Carnot Vapor Cycle Impracticalities (as mentioned in the previous slide):
Critical Point: 22 MPa, 374oC i. It limits the maximum temperature to 374oC;
T consequently it limits the thermal efficiency.
QH ii. Turbine needs to handle low quality steam that
1 2 limits the life of the turbine blades
iii. Design of a compressor dealing with two-phase
mixture is a technological limitation
4 QL 3
Liquid-vapor region
1—2: Isothermal heat addition
2—3: Isentropic expansion in turbine
3—4: Isothermal heat rejection
s 4—1: Isentropic compression
QH
1 2
T Above impracticalities can be solved in
this arrangement; but this
4 3
QL i. Needs more compressor work due to high
pressure
ii. Adds a bigger challenge for isothermal heat
Liquid-vapor addition (1-2) at higher, variable pressures
region

s
Therefore, Carnot vapor power cycle is not a realistic model.
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 2.5.1 Vapor Power System
 Rankine Cycle: Ideal cycle for vapor power system[1]
3
Turbine
1—2: Isentropic compression in a pump
 Water enters the pump at saturated liquid;
work needs to be supplied to the pump 𝑞
𝑤 ,
 It’s compressed isentropically to the boiler Boiler
4
2—3: Isobaric heat addition in a boiler Condenser
 Compressed water enters the boiler at 2
 Superheated vapor leaves at state 3 2 𝑞
1
 Heat is added from combustion of fossil 𝑤 ,
fuels/biomass, nuclear reaction or other Pump
sources like solar, etc..
3—4: Isentropic expansion in a turbine
 Superheated vapor expands isentropically in T
the turbine, and produces shaft work. qin 3
 High quality steam exits the turbine

4—1: Isobaric heat rejection in a condenser 2

 Circulating water cools the steam in the
1 qout 4
condenser in a separated circuit
 Saturated liquid water enters the pump to
repeat the cycle

s
1. Cengel and Boles, Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 2015, Chapter-10
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 2.5.1 Vapor Power System
 Analysis of an ideal Rankine cycle[1] 3
Turbine
𝑤 ,
Assumptions:
 Steady flow 𝑞
 Changes of KE and PE of water/steam are very Boiler
small and are, therefore, negligible 4
Condenser
First Law: 𝑬𝒊𝒏 = 𝑬𝒐𝒖𝒕 2 𝑞
1
𝑤 ,
CV: Pump; Process: 1—2
Pump
𝒘𝑷,𝒊𝒏 = 𝒉𝟐 − 𝒉𝟏

𝒘𝑷,𝒊𝒏 = 𝒗𝟏 𝑷𝟐 − 𝑷𝟏 T

CV: Boiler; Process: 2—3 qin 3

𝒒𝒊𝒏 = 𝒉𝟑 − 𝒉𝟐
2
CV: Turbine; Process: 3—4 1 qout 4
𝒘𝑻,𝒐𝒖𝒕 = 𝒉𝟑 − 𝒉𝟒
CV: Condenser; Process: 4—1
𝒒𝒐𝒖𝒕 = 𝒉𝟒 − 𝒉𝟏 s
1. Cengel and Boles, Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 2015, Chapter-10
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 2.5.1 Vapor Power System
 Analysis of an ideal Rankine cycle[1] 3
Turbine

First Law:
𝑞
𝑬𝒊𝒏 = 𝑬𝒐𝒖𝒕 𝑤 ,
Boiler
4
𝒒𝒊𝒏 + 𝒘𝑷,𝒊𝒏 = 𝒘𝑻,𝒐𝒖𝒕 + 𝒒𝒐𝒖𝒕
Condenser 𝑞
𝒘𝒏𝒆𝒕 = 𝒘𝑻,𝒐𝒖𝒕 − 𝒘𝑷,𝒊𝒏 = 𝒒𝒊𝒏 − 𝒒𝒐𝒖𝒕
2
1
𝑤 ,
Pump

Performance Parameters Closed System: Vapor power system

Thermal Efficiency, 𝜼𝒕𝒉 : Back work ratio, bwr:

𝒏𝒆𝒕 𝑷,𝒊𝒏
𝒕𝒉
𝒊𝒏 𝑻,𝒐𝒖𝒕

𝟑𝟒𝟏𝟐 𝑩𝒕𝒖/𝒌𝑾𝒉
Heat Rate = Amount of heat supplied in Btu to generate 1 kWh of electricity =
𝜼𝒕𝒉

1. Cengel and Boles, Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 2015, Chapter-10

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 2.5.1 Vapor Power System
 Example problem: EP# 2.5.1
A steam power plant operates on a simple ideal Rankine cycle between the pressure limits of 3 MPa
and 50 kPa. The temperature of the steam at the turbine inlet is 300oC and the mass flow rate of
steam is 35 kg/s. Determine the thermal efficiency of the cycle.

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 Lecture Closure

 Analyzed ideal Rankine cycle

 Introduced performance parameters

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