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!
" # $ % & ! '
( ) & *'
∂ ∂ *
= + = ∆ = * − =
∂ ∂
=+
*
# $ ∆ = * − = ,
( - - '
* !
. % & * ! '
( ) & *'
∂ ∂ *
= + = ∆ = − =
∂ ∂
*
=+
*
# $ ∆ = ,= ∆ τ
& /
0 # ) %
τ
* $ * $
=
$ $
& / $ - '
δ =− , & / '
( $ $ $ = '
*
1 #δ =− = − =− × *
=− & # = ,= *
$ &
*
∆ = * − = , − , * =+
1) # $∆ = + '1 # =− = '
# $ = *
< '
$ = *
> '
/ & /
0 # ) %
* $ * $ *
$ $
/ & / $ ) %
, & / $ - / '
. . #
$ = $ ,
! ( # '0
= $ $ ) # $ =δ +δ = −
γ−
$
=+ & / #
δ3 = ( 2
1 # =− '
γ−
1) ) ) %
= , = , + =
+
1 # =− ⇔ + = −,γ − ⇔γ + =+
γ−
⇔γ + = + ,4 . #
*
γ # ) & [ 6 * ]$ . #
γ + =
γ
⇔ , =
γ γ γ
⇔ = = = * * , . #
γ− γ −γ
= = ,7 ) ) %
* & 8
∆ = + = =∆ =
*
'1 # $
γ =∆ = = −
*
# $ ,
γ− γ−
*
# $ ∆ = >+
$ ∆ = <+
# %
= = * ,=
= 5 = 9 > ,= #
0 = >
*
= * * ,= *
γ
* = 5 5
γ
5 = 9 ,=
γ γ
5 9 9 9 =
γ γ γ γ
* *
γ
= 5 5
γ
⇔ *
= 9 5
⇔ = = 9
9 9 * 5 9 * 5
∆
, τ − >* >+ − <+ +
τ * − >5 , − + , −
γ− γ−
, τ 5− > 9 − <+ >+ +
τ 9−> , − + , −
γ− γ−
, τ# # − ×, − <+ ×, − >+ +
5
− ×, −
0 η= = = −
5−> 9
" # $% &
$ $ * $ + * $ *
+ *
1 / $ = ; = +' 0 #
∆ =+
= , *$ + * $ * − , $ $
# =+
7
/
0 < ,7 #
# ; %
=% , ! ' ∆ =+ = * , ,
># & # # # $ ) '
. # '
=% $ , !
?
% 2 3 , $ = , − ' %
@ ? @
= − = −
* *
@
1 = . 7 = *. ∆ = , * − − + =+
* *
@
⇔ , * − = − ' A +$ 5B ' ' (
$ * − = −5$5C '
* *
9
'" ( ) *
4 # #
δ δ
= =
D
0
" $
" & * $ *
,<
/ = & #
/ =
7 # 7 +∆
#
∆ = +
, +∆ − , =( : , +∆ + , + ∆ )− ( :, +
: : , )
∂•
)# $ =+ 1 # ∆ = −
∂
: :
= ∆
= ;
+ ; & + ∆ ,δ =− #
= − × ,− : − * ×, : + ∆
1 # : − : = : − * : + ∆ + ∆
⇔ : + * : −( : + : )= , + ∆
⇔ : − : =, + ∆
+∆
∂
E = × = × ∆ ,# =+
∂
1 - $ = ×∆
0 ) , # # $ -
& # ) # ;
% ' × & ×∆ − × ×∆ = , + ∆ '1 # × & − × = +
∆ = + $ F ) '
@
1 ! C &
0 )#
# 7 )#
×∆ = + =+
=+ # =+ # #
;
1 # ∆ =+
0 ! C & G
5 # ; %
% ,* !
1 # ∆ =+ = * , $ #
% '0 ∆ =+ ∆ ≠+
" $ ∆ <+'