AVERTISSEMENT

Ce document est le fruit d'un long travail approuvé par le jury de

soutenance et mis à disposition de l'ensemble de la
communauté universitaire élargie.

Il est soumis à la propriété intellectuelle de l'auteur. Ceci

implique une obligation de citation et de référencement lors de
l’utilisation de ce document.

D'autre part, toute contrefaçon, plagiat, reproduction illicite

encourt une poursuite pénale.

Contact : ddoc-theses-contact@univ-lorraine.fr

LIENS

Code de la Propriété Intellectuelle. articles L 122. 4

Code de la Propriété Intellectuelle. articles L 335.2- L 335.10
http://www.cfcopies.com/V2/leg/leg_droi.php
http://www.culture.gouv.fr/culture/infos-pratiques/droits/protection.htm
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8,*('/0 %--% 8%&7'% .2**% 7*% ,*)2'8/-,2* :7/0,-/-,3% ,*.,'%+-% &7' 0%& ;4/&%& /.&2'B(%&> %-
%00% '%*&%,6*% &7' 0%& )2'+%& .!/--'/+-,2* .% 0/ &7')/+% ;27' 7*% 820(+70% +4/'6(% %* &207-,2*
< 700&-2* > ???A / 8%&7'% .% 0!/*60% .% +2*-/+- %&- 7*% ,*)2'8/-,2* .,'%+-% .%
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(-7.,%' 0/ .(&70)7'/-,2* .% '(&,.7 8,*,%'> ,0 +2*3,%*- .% +28;'%*.'% 0!(-/- &7;%'),+,%0 .%&
&70)7'%& .% '(&,.7& 8,*,%'& %--% ;/'-,% &% ;'2;2&% .!/B2'.%' 0/ )2'8/-,2* .!7* '(&,.7 8,*,%'>
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8,*('/026,:7% +2*3%*-,2**%0& / ),67'% &9*-4(-,&% ./*& 7* &+4(8/ &,8;0,),( 0%&
.,))('%*-%& (-/;%& .7 -'/,-%8%*- 8,*('/07'6,:7% -'/.,-,2**%00%8%*- '%*+2*-'(%& ./*&
0!%1;02,-/-,2* .%& 8,*%'/,& &70)7'(&

Minerai sulfuré
Extraction

Minerai sulfuré Minerai aurifère

polymétallique Broyage sulfuré où l’or est
Cu-Zn associé aux
sulfures
Minerai aurifère
Conditionnement en
sulfuré où l’or
collecteur
est disséminé Gravimétrie

Flottation du Cu
Gravimétrie
Flottation
des sulfures
Conditionnement en
activant et collecteur
Cyanuration

Flottation du Zn Cyanuration

Rejet de concentrateur

,67'% +4(8/ &9*-4(-,:7% .%& ;'2+(.(& +0/&&,:7%& .% -'/,-%8%*- 8,*('/0 <.!/;'5& = ,00&> ??@A

% B'29/6% %&-> &/*& .27-%> 0!(-/;% 0/ ;07& ,8;2'-/*-% .7 -'/,-%8%*- 8,*('/0 %--% (-/;%
+28;2'-% .%71 2BM
%+-,)& +/;,-/71 ;27' 0/ &7,-% .%& ;'2+(.(&
/ 0,B('/-,2* .%& 8,*('/71> ,*,-,/0%8%*- /&&2+,(& 0%& 7*& /71 /7-'%& ./*& 0% 8,*%'/,
%1-'/,-J
/ .(;'%&&,2* .%& 8,*('/71 *2* (+2*28,:7%&> +288% 0%& &70)7'%& .% )%' 0& &2*-
 @

*2-/88%*- '%*.7 49.'2;4,0%&> +!%&- H .,'% *2* )02--/B0%&> ;/' 7* B'29/6% 478,.% /3%+
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;7'%-((0%3(% .%& +2*+%*-'(& .% 8,*('/71 3/02',&/B0%&> +288% 0%& &70)7'%& .% +7,3'% %-
.% F,*+

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6,&%8%*-& &70)7'(& ;2098(-/00,:7%& 7 Q* %- 7 Q* 7 6 %& ,8;/+-& &7' 0%& &7')/+%& .%&
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%00% *% &%'/ ;/& /B2'.(% ./*& 0/ '%37% .% 0,--('/-7'% !(-/;% .% )02--/-,2* *2* &(0%+-,3% .%&
&70)7'%& &%'/ .(+',-% &;(+,),:7%8%*- %* &%+2*.% ;/'-,% .% '%37% .% 0,--('/-7'%

)*/7;3

% B'29/6% %&- 7*% (-/;% ,8;2'-/*-% .7 -'/,-%8%*- 8,*('/07'6,:7%> +/' ,0 %&- 0/ ;'%8,5'% (-/;%
.% 0/ +4/G*% .% ;'2+(.( .% &(;/'/-,2* % B'29/6% ,*-%'3,%*- H .%71 *,3%/71 7* *,3%/7
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49.'2+9+02*% 27 7* -/8,& 3,B'/*-A +288% 0% &+4(8/-,&% 0/ ),67'%
 C

Eau Particules
grossières
(G)
Minerai sulfuré Fragmentation 0/&&,),+/-,2*
Extraction
F Particules
Réactifs de fines (F)
conditionnement du Hydrocyclone
pH (chaux ou soude)

Procédés de
traitement
Broyeur minéral
G

Tamis vibrant

F
G

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6'/*7028(-',:7% .% &2'-,% .% 0!(-/;% .% B'29/6% M
27% 7* 'P0% -'5& ,8;2'-/*- ;27' 0/
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.% )%'

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%* )'/68%*-& '2+4%71 <%*-'% %- D +8A %& 8,*('/71 (+2*28,:7%8%*- ,*-('%&&/*-& &%
-'273%*- ),*%8%*- .,&&(8,*(& %- /&&2+,(& /71 /7-'%& 8,*('/71 <-/,00% .%& 8,*('/71 3/',/*-
 ?

%*-'% %- DD U8A * .(),*,- /02'& 0/ 8/,00% .% 0,B('/-,2* +288% 0/ -/,00% 2;-,8/0% .%

)'/+-,2**%8%*- .7 8,*%'/,> /),* .!2B-%*,' 0% 8/1,878 .% ;/'-,+70%& 82*28,*('/0%& /
),67'% ,007&-'% 0/ *2-,2* .% 8/,00% .% 0,B('/-,2* %* &,870/*- 0% )'/+-,2**%8%*- .% -'2,&
;/'-,+70%& &%02* 7*% 6',00% / )'/68%*-/-,2* 6(*5'% &273%*- .%& 6'/,*& 8,1-%& ;'(&%*-/*-
;07&,%7'& ;4/&%& 8,*('/0%& /&&2+,(%& 0%& 7*%& /71 /7-'%&

Particules monominérales

Particules mixtes

Maille de libération Particules broyées et minéraux

Particules non broyées de valeurs libérés

,67'% +4(8/ &,8;0,),(.% 0/ 0,B('/-,2* .%& 8,*('/71 ;/' )'/68%*-/-,2* 02'& .7 B'29/6%

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0,B('/-,2* .7 8,*%'/, % -%8;& .% '(&,.%*+% .%& ;/'-,+70%& %&- 7* ;/'/85-'% H 2;-,8,&%' ./*&
.% 0!(-/;% .% )'/68%*-/-,2* <= ,00&> ??@A % -9;% .% +2';& B'29/*-& M27% /7&&, 7* 'P0% *2*
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%& B/''%& '/;;2'- .% '(.7+-,2* .% DW H DDW J
%& B270%-& '/;;2'- .% '(.7+-,2* .% #DDW
%& -7:7%& '/;;2'- .% '(.7+-,2* .!%*3,'2* #DDW

/ */-7'% .%& +2';& B'29/*-& ,*-%'3,%*- ;%7 ./*& 0/ )'/68%*-/-,2* .7 8,*%'/,> 8/,& %00% %&-
-'5& ,8;2'-/*-% ./*& 0/ ;49&,+2 +4,8,% .7 B'29/6%> &7M%- :7, &%'/ .,&+7-( ./*& 0/ ;/'-,%
 D

&7,3/*-%

!(-/;% .% B'29/6% /B27-,- H 7* &20,.% ),*%8%*- .,3,&(> .2*- 0/ 6'/*7028(-',% )/,- /;;/'/G
-'%
6(*('/0%8%*- .%71 ;2;70/-,2*& .% ;/'-,+70%& <),67'% A / 6(*('/-,2* .% ;/'-,+70%&
70-'/),*%& ;/' &7'B'29/6% <;/'-,+70%& X D U8A %& ;/'-,+70%& &2*- 6(*('/0%8%*- -'5&
.,)),+,0%8%*- '(+7;('/B0%& ;/' )02--/-,2*> %00% +2*&-,-7%*- .2*+ &273%*- 7*% ;%'-% *%--% .%
3/0%7'

Proportion Population principale de

volumique particules de taille moyenne
conforme à la maille de
libération

Population
de particules
ultrafines
issues du
surbroyage

Taille des particules

,67'% ,&-',B7-,2* &+4(8/-,:7% .% 0/ -/,00% .%& ;/'-,+70%& ,&&7%& .!7* B'29/6% 8,*,%' /3%+ +27;7'%
6'/*7028(-',:7% ;/' 49.'2+9+02*/6% <.!/;'5& = ,00&> ??@A

49&,+2 +4,8,% .7 B'29/6% .(;'%&&,2* .%& 8,*('/71 *2* 3/02',&/B0%&

!(-/;% .% B'29/6% %&- B,%* &273%*- +27;0(% /3%+ 0/ .(;'%&&,2* .%& 8,*('/71 *2* 3/02',&/B0%&
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F,*+

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> ?C J K2*6202 > ??DJ K2*6202> ?? J .% 2*/-2 > ???A % ;07&> 0/ &7')/+%
8,*('/0% *!%&- ;/& 428265*% 07&,%7'& %&;5+%& ;%73%*- +24/B,-%' &7' 7* 8N8% 8,*('/0>
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Réacteur de Réacteur de
conditionnement flottation

Entrée
d’air
d dd ddddd
ddddd dddd ddddddddd dddd ddddd dd d d d
dddddddddd
ddddd
dddddd
ddddddddddddd dddddd ddddd
dd dd dd d d d
d d ddddddddd dd dd Concentré de
flottation
Alimentation
d
d
d
d
d

d Rejet de
d flottation
d d
d
d ddd d
d d d d

Physicochimie du Physique de la Chimie de l’adhésion

conditionnement collision

Légende :

Hélice d’agitation Bulle d’air

Minéral économique Milieu aqueux

Minéraux de la gangue Collecteur de flottation

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Molécule d’agent
moussant
Bulle Chaîne aliphatique hydrophobe
Eau de gaz
Groupe polaire hydrophile

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Particule > 100 µm Particules entre 10 et 100 µm Particule < 10 µm

Ligne de champ
critique de la
particule de
diamètre d

La particule est La particule est La particule est trop fine

suffisamment grosse pour
n’être que très peu
influencée par les
trajectoires du fluide
porteur (l’eau) autour de la
bulle : la collision bulle-
particule est fort probable.
suffisamment petite pour pour être influencée par
être totalement influencée les lignes de champs
par les trajectoires de l’eau hydriques autour de la
autour de la bulle : la bulle : la collision dépend
collision dépend de la du mouvement brownien
ligne de champ suivie de la particule dans
l’environnement de la bulle

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 Opérateur

Oculaire
Diaphragme Diaphragme
de champ auxiliaire
Illuminateur
Nicol analyseur vertical Source

Objectif à Lentille de réglage

Nicol
double rôle : de la source
polariseur
condenseur
et objectif
Lentilles correctrices
Échantillon poli

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Filament (W ou LaB6) (cathode)

Canon à émission Wehnelt
thermoélectronique
Anode
Système complémentaire
(alignement du faisceau)
Colonne Bobines (double déflexion pour
« shift » d’image)
Lentilles électroniques couplées
par enroulement (condenseurs)
Réservoir Diaphragme mobile à quatre
d’azote positions
cryostat
Bobines (double déflexion pour le
balayage)
Lentille électronique (objectif)
Détecteur
de rayons X Bobines (correction de
Fig. 7 CF S l’astigmatisme de l’objectif)
G P Détecteur d’électrons
Cristal de silicium
Échantillon rétrodiffusés :
dopé au lithium
Cage de Faraday (CF) ;
Platine Scintillateur (S) ;
ATW :
support Guide de lumière (G) ;
Fenêtre de
Chambre à mobile Photomultiplicateur (P).
minceur
atomique vide de
l’échantillon
Filtre
magnétique
Collimateur

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Légende des émissions : : rayonnement électronique

eA : électrons Auger
es : électrons secondaires : rayonnement électromagnétique
er : électrons rétrodiffusés
RX : rayons X caractéristiques
Cath : cathodoluminescence (ultraviolet-visible-infrarouge)
F : fluorescence X secondaire

Faisceau primaire d’électrons

RX Cath F
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s
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1 nm
Surface de l’échantillon
5-50 nm

1-3 µm

1-5 µm

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Source du Lentille Sortie des particules Cellule à double plaque de

faisceau d’élargissement en solution
Faisceau laser dévié
laser du faisceau
Détecteurs
Particule isolée en solution
Analyseur du
niveau
d’obstruction
du détecteur
Lentille de Fourier de
collection du signal diffusé Amplificateur
Section Section Entrée des particules Section
émission échantillon en solution analyse

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< 4',&-,/*> ?? A

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%/'9> ?? J 4',&-,/*> ?? A
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* → no

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 #@

/ 8%&7'% &% )/,- ;/' +28;/'/,&2* %*-'% 0!(+4/*-,002* %- 7*% '()('%*+% :7, %&- 6(*('/0%8%*- 0%
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0!,*-%*&,-( D .% '()('%*+% .7 8N8% )/,&+%/7 -'/*&8,& /7 -'/3%'& .7 &203/*- * .(),*,- 0/
-'/*&8,--/*+% +288% Z W D> 27 0!/B&2'B/*+% +288% Z 026< W DA 0 %&- /02'& ;2&&,B0%>
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)/,B0%& ,*-%*&,-(& .!/B&2'B/*+% ;%73%*- /B27-,' H .% )/,B0%& +2%)),+,%*-& <qZ D H DD 820
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.% .(-%+-,2* %- 0/ '(&207-,2* .!7*% 8%&7'% .% +2*+%*-'/-,2* .(;%*.%*- .7 +2%)),+,%*-
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 #C

*8*).45().3<*,)83+*27;3+, C7'(07(3

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-'/.,-,2**%00%8%*- 7-,0,&( &% &,-7% H D *8 %- ;2&&5.% 7* +2%)),+,%*- .!%1-,*+-,2* 820/,'%
-4(2',:7% ε-4(2 Z @ D 820 +8 ;27' 0% * /8901/*-4/-% .% ;2-/&&,78

A) B) 0.8

0.7

0.6
Absorbance (U.A.)

0.5
O S K+
0.4

0.3

S 0.2

0.1

0.0
200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 380 400
Longueur d'
onde (nm)

,67'% 2'870% +4,8,:7% .(3%02;;(% .% 0!,&2/8901/*-4/-% .% ;2-/&&,78 < A %- &;%+-'% .!/B&2'B/*+%

%* &;%+-'2;42-28(-',% <IA <.!/;'5& K2*6202> ?? A

0 %&- ;2&&,B0% %* 7-,0,&/*- 0/ 8N8% 8(-42.% .% ;'2+(.%' H 0!%&-,8/-,2* .% 0/ ;7'%-( .!7*

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;7' H DD S ;2,.&> %- ;07&,%7'& &207-,2*& .% +2*+%*-'/-,2*& -4(2',:7%& +2**7%& &2*-
)/B',:7(%& %& /B&2'B/*+%& .% +%& &207-,2*& &2*- 8%&7'(%& H D *8 %* &;%+-'2;42-28(-',%
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 #?

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ε%1;Wε-4(2 +2''%&;2*. H 0/ ;7'%-(.7 ;'2.7,- <K2*6202> ?? A %--% 8(-42.% %&- 3/0/B0% ./*& 0/
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;'()('%*-,%00%8%*- '%*+2*-'(%& %* &207-,2*> %- .!/7-'%& %* &7')/+% .%& 8,*('/71 /*& 0% +/&
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&;%+-'2&+2;,:7%& %* /*/09&% 3,&,B0%

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&;%+-'% H 0/ 0,8,-% 70-'/3,20%- 3,&,B0% .7 +28;0%1%> 82*-'% :7% 0% 8/1,878 .!/B&2'B/*+% &%
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A) B)

0,6

N N 0,5
Absorbance (U.A.)

0,4

++
N Fe N 0,3

0,2

N N 0,1

0,0
300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650
Longueur d'
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,67'% @ 28;0%1% %*-'% 0% )%' )%''%71 %- 0/ > D ;4(*/*-4'20,*% < A %- &;%+-'% .!/B&2'B/*+% .7
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-'273% H @ *8

A) SO3- B)

3,0

- - 2,5
SO3 O SO3
Absorbance (U.A.)

2,0
O O 1,5
Fe+++ 1,0

- O O 0,5
O3S
0,0
O
300 400 500 600 700 800 900
Longueur d'
onde (nm)

-
O3S SO3-

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< DD A % )%' )%'',:7% %&- +28;0%1(;/' .7 -,'2* /;'5& /+,.,),+/-,2* /3%+ .% 0!/+,.% &70)7',:7%
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% < A / 0,8,-% .% .(-%+-,2* .7 )%' )%''%71 (-/,- .% D>D# 86W > ./*& 0%&
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 $ <3-()*45().3+ 54.22.*' 7(*4.=,33' <8
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Raies d’émission Lentille de conversion

Jeu de miroirs
Torche au plasma
d’argon
Plasma d’argon
Argon auxiliaire
Argon
Détecteur à
Nébuliseur photons
Drain multicanaux

Solution Section torche Section

échantillon à plasma spectromètre

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Miroir fixe
Miroir mobile
2
Source
1 infrarouge
2’ 1’ 0

2+2’
Séparatrice en Ge-KBr
Laser (lame semi réfléchissante)
He/Ne
Échantillon

Interféromètre Détecteurs
de référence Détecteur
(photodiodes)
Interféromètre
de mesure

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incident diffus

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 C

Concentration
Composés Sulfates en collecteur
hydratés ou de type
hydroxylés Tête de collecteur xanthate
0,76 Queue de
collecteur Carbonates
0,74
Pyrite
Eau liée
Absorbance (U.A.)

0,72

0,7
0,02
0,68

0,66
[X]
0,64
3600 3400 3200 3000 2800 2600 2400 2200 2000 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800
onde (cm-1)
Nombre d'

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 @

A &;5+%& &7;%'),+,%00%& .(',3(%& .7 &27)'%

SS-H
2-
FeSn Fe(OH)S2 SO4 Fe(OH)SO4
Paramètre 2- Fe2(SO4)3
Fe1-xS2 FeS3 0 S2(OH)2 HSO4 Fe(OH)SO4.3H2O
de S Fe2(SO4)3.7H2O
Valeur Fe1-xS FeS4 S2O32- FeSO4 Fe(OH)SO4.5H2O
condition- 2- S8 2- Fe2(SO4)3.9H2O
FeS S3 SnO6 FeSO4.xH2O Sulfates
nement Fe2(SO4).xH2O
S5S2- SO32- FeSO4.7H2O basiques
FeSO3
Hydrothermal + +
Nature
géologique Sédimentaire + +
Pyrite du charbon +
Acide + + + + +
pH Neutre + ++ ++ + +
Alcaline + ++ ++ +++
Négatif + + + +
Eh Nul + +
Positif ++ + ++
N2 ++ ++ +
Gaz O2 + + + + +++ +++
CO2
s + + + + +
Temps min – h + + ++ ++
j–m–a + + +++ +
20 °C + + + + + + +
Tempé-
rature 200 °C + +
500 °C ++ ++
Sec - Agate ou SiC + + + +
Corps Humide - Fer ++
broyants Humide – Acier
inox + + + + +
Ca2+
2+
Ba
3+
Réactifs Fe + + + ++
inorgani- CrO4
2-
ques 2-
Cr2O7
2-
MnO4
-
CN
Polysaccharides
Réactifs Polyacrylamides
organiques Acide triglycollique

Acide citrique
 @

IA &;5+%& &7;%'),+,%00%& .(',3(%& .7 )%'

2+
Para- Fe(OH)
+
mètre Fe(OH)2 CaSO4 FeCO3
FeOOH
de Fe(OH)3 Fe2O3 CaO CaCO3
Valeur Fe(OH)2 FeOOH.xH2O Fe3O4 FeO
condi- Fe(OH)3 gel -Fe2O3 Ca(OH)2 Fe2(OH)2CO3
Fe5HO8.4H2O III
tion- Fe Autres Green-rust-1
nement amorphe

Hydrothermal + + +
Nature
géolo- Sédimen-taire +
gique Pyrite du
+
charbon
Acide + + + +
pH Neutre + + ++ + +
Alcaline ++ +++
Négatif + +
Eh Nul + +
Positif ++ +
N2
Gaz O2 +++ + ++ ++ +
CO2 ++
s +
Temps min – h ++
j–m–a +++
20 °C + + + +
Tempé-
200 °C ++ +
rature
500 °C ++ ++
Sec - Agate ou
+ + + ++
Corps SiC
broy- Humide – Fer + + + + +
ants Humide – Acier
+ +
inox
2+
Ca ++
2+
Ba BaSO4
3+
Réactifs Fe
inorga- CrO42- + Cr2O3
niques 2-
Cr2O7 + Cr2O3
MnO42- + +
CN- Fex[Fe(CN)6]y
Polysaccharides
Réactifs Polyacrylamides
Complex
orga- Acide III
Fe -Organic
niques triglycollique
Acide citrique
 @

A 19./-,2* -2-/0% .%& &7')/+%& .% 0/ ;9',-% %- '()('%*+%& B,B0,26'/;4,:7%&

Paramètre
de Oxydation
Valeur Références bibliographiques
condition- totale
nement
Hydrothermal +++ 31; 43; 7
Nature
Sédimentaire ++ 31; 43; 71
géologique
Pyrite du charbon + 8; 34
7; 13; 12; 14; 16; 17; 15; 19; 22; 23; 33; 38; 39; 44; 51; 61; 63;
Acide +
69; 70; 72
pH Neutre ++ 3; 4; 6; 13; 16; 17; 15; 33; 39; 44; 69; 70
3; 4; 6; 7; 13; 16; 17; 15; 20; 23; 29; 30; 33; 35; 38; 39; 44; 51;
Alcaline +++
53; 58; 63; 66; 67; 69; 70
Négatif + 4; 20; 26; 34; 35; 38; 39; 51; 63; 67
Eh Nul ++ 4; 5; 20; 14; 20; 26; 30; 35; 38; 39; 51; 63; 67
Positif +++ 4; 5; 20; 14; 20; 26; 28; 29; 30; 35; 38; 39; 51; 63; 67
N2 + 14; 28; 33; 48; 49
Gaz O2 +++ 1; 28; 45; 57; 60
CO2 ++ 22; 37; 40
s + 6; 33; 41; 46; 47
Temps min – h ++ 6; 11; 28; 41; 48; 49; 51; 57; 60; 62
j–m–a +++ 6; 11; 17; 18; 54
20 °C + 48; 49; 55; 60
Tempé-
200 °C + 27; 32
rature
500 °C + 27; 32
Sec - Agate ou
++ 6; 11; 21; 24; 31; 41; 43; 50; 52; 57; 62; 73
SiC
Corps
Humide - Fer + 16; 17; 19
broyants
Humide – Acier
+ 16; 17; 19; 24; 29
inox
Ca2+ + 15; 13; 29; 36; 58; 64; 66; 69; 76
2+
Ba + 25
3+
Réactifs Fe ++ 57; 61; 65
2-
inorgani- CrO4 ++ 8
ques Cr2O7
2-
++ 8; 9
MnO42- ++ 8
-
CN + 1; 8; 9; 42
Polysaccharides + 56; 68; 75
Réactifs Polyacrylamides + 59
organiques Acide triglycollique + 74
Acide citrique + 74

Liste des références bibliographiques de l’annexe A.3 (référencées dans le manuscrit de thèse) :

[1] Finkelstein et al., 1975; [2] Ball et Rickard, 1976; [3] Frost et al., 1977; [4] Janetski et al. 1977; [5] Meyer, 1979;
[6] Brion, 1980; [7] Hamilton et Woods, 1981; [8] Alegria et al., 1982; [9] Allison, 1982; [10] Ogunsola et Osseo-
Asare, 1986; [11] Hochella et al.,1986; [12] Moses, 1987; [13] Buckley et Woods, 1987; [14] Mishra et Osseo-
Asare, 1988; [15] Cases et al., 1989a; [16] Cases et al., 1989b; [17] Kongolo, 1989; [18] Baltrus et Proctor, 1990;
[19] Cases et al., 1990a; [20] Ahlberg et al., 1990; [21] Eggleston et Hochella, 1990; [22] de Donato et al., 1991;
[23] Khan et al., 1991; [24] Smart, 1991; [25] Reedy et al., 1991; [26] Chander, 1991; [27] Dunn et al., 1992; [28]
Fornasiero et al., 1992; [29] Cases et al., 1993; [30] Chander et al., 1993; [31] de Donato et al., 1993; [32] Dunn
et al., 1993; [33] Karthe et al., 1993; [34] Tao et al., 1993; [35] Zhu et al., 1993; [36] Baltrus et Diehl, 1994; [37]
Evangelou et Huang, 1994; [38] Tao et al., 1994; [39] Zhu et al., 1994; [40] Evangelou, 1995; [41] Eggleston et
al., 1996; [42] Abramov et Advohin, 1997; [43] de Donato et al., 1998; [44] Bonnisell-Gissinger et al., 1998; [45]
Guevremont et al., 1998; [46] Nesbitt et Muir, 1998; [47] Nesbitt et al., 1998; [48] Schaufu et al., 1998a; [49]
Schaufu et al., 1998b; [50] de Donato et al., 1999; [51] Kelsall et al., 1999; [52] Toniazzo et al., 1999; [53]
Abraitis et al., 2000; [54] McGuire et Hamers, 2000; [55] Nesbitt et al., 2000; [56] Rath et al., 2000; [57] Smart et
 @#

al., 2000; [58] Xiaojun et Kelebek, 2000; [59] Boulton et al., 2001; [60] Descortes et al., 2001; [61] McGuire et al.,
2001; [62] Godocikova et al. 2002; [63] Miller et al., 2002; [64] Piantadosi et Smart, 2002; [65] Borda et al., 2003b;
[66] Caldeira et al., 2003; [67] Chernyshova, 2003; [68] López Valdivieso et al., 2003; [69] Smart et al., 2003; [70]
Todd et al., 2003; [71] Abraitis et al., 2004; [72] Borda et al., 2004; [73] Kongolo et al., 2004; [74] Liu et Liu, 2004;
[75] López Valdivieso et al., 2004; [76] Sun, 2004.
 @

? *2.(.*' +32 :7'+32 +3>.:)7(.*' <*,)832 2,897(32J

? *2.(.*' +32 :7'+32 +3>.:)7(.*' <*,)832 -7):*'7(32J
? *2.(.*' +32 :7'+32 +3 >.:)7(.*' <*,) 832 *C/+32F 0/+)*C/+32 3(
*C/0/+)*C/+32 +393)
 @@

A.4.A) Positions des bandes de vibration infrarouge et intensité d’absorption pour les sulfates

Nombre d’onde (cm-1) Type

d’analyse IR
1300 1200 1100 1000 900 800 et référence

FeSO4 1119 1063 947 DRIFT [12]

FeSO4 1132 1065 998 DRIFT [10]

FeSO4 1034 980-960 DRIFT [9]

FeSO4 1134 1064 998 DRIFT [7]

FeSO4 1137 DRIFT [11]

1183 1097
FeSO4 1146 1034 982 DRIFT [5]
972
FeSO4.1½H2O 1157 1070 1016 811 DRIFT [17]
1100
FeSO4.7H2O 1150 1086 989 DRIFT [17]
978
FeSO4.7H2O 1018 828 ATR [2]
1140 1096
990
FeSO4.7H2O 1152 1108 989 DRIFT [7]

FeSO4.7H2O 1137 1077 989 DRIFT [6]

977
FeSO4.xH2O 1075 980 DRIFT [3; 4; 8]

Fe2(SO4)3 1192 1121 1050 DRIFT [12]

Fe2(SO4)3 1137 DRIFT [7]

Fe2(SO4)3 1230 1130 1070 DRIFT [15]

Fe2(SO4)3 1249 1086 DRIFT [6]

Fe2(SO4)3 1180 1017 980 DRIFT [5]

Fe2(SO4)3 1270 1170 1120 1055 1023 DRIFT [17]

1086 1032
Fe2(SO4)3.5H2O 1186 1110 1049 1016 DRIFT [17]
1135 997
Fe2(SO4)3.7½H2O 1166 1104 1013 896 825 ATR [2]
1061
Fe2(SO4)3.9H2O 1158 1088 1018 830 DRIFT [12]

Fe2(SO4)3.9H2O 1180 1103 1020 DRIFT [13]

Fe2(SO4)3.9H2O 1196 1098 1054 DRIFT [7]

Fe2(SO4)3.9H2O 1167 1107 1012 943 ATR [2]

1066
Fe2(SO4)3.9H2O 1168 1103 1068 1014 IR [1]
1095 1028
FeOHSO4. 1½H2O 1218 1127 1003 ATR [2]

FeOHSO4.3H2O 1225 1180 1145 1065 1000 IR [1]

FeOHSO4.3½H2O 1215 1130 1085 1027

IR [1]
1070 1008
FeOHSO4.4½H2O 1220 1145 1090 1005 IR [1]

FeOHSO4.4½H2O 1195 1140 1075 1009 ATR [2]

Fe3(OH)5(SO4)2.2H2O 1215 1085 1015 IR [1]

FeH(SO4)2.4H2O 1230 1160 1108 1017 875 ATR [2]

FeII
FeIII2(SO4)4.14H2O 1240 1192 1102 990 ATR [2]
 @C

A.4.A)-suite Positions des bandes de vibration infrarouge et intensité d’absorption pour les sulfates

Nombre d’onde (cm-1) Type

d’analyse IR
1300 1200 1100 1000 900 800 et référence

Fe2(SO3)3 930-920 ATR [16]

SxO62- (x=2-6) 1255-1245 1015 ATR [16]

993
CaSO4 1155 1119 ATR [2]

CaSO4 1190 1130 1090 IR [14]

CaSO4.½H2O 1150 1115 1007 ATR [2]

1130 1095
CaSO4.½H2O 1195 1110 1080 IR [14]

CaSO4.2H2O 1142 1003 ATR [2]

1162 1114
CaSO4.2H2O 1120 IR [14]

A.4.B) Positions des bandes de vibration infrarouge et intensité d’absorption pour les carbonates

Nombre d’onde de la vibration d’élongation (cm-1) Type

3 2
d’analyse IR
1500 1450 1400 900 850 800 et référence

CaCO3 1422 876 ATR [2]

CaMg(CO3)2 1432 882 ATR [2]

CaFe(CO3)2 1452 1421 876 ATR [2]

FeCO3 1418 868 ATR [2]

FeCO3 1437 871 DRIFT [11]

FeCO3 1457 1367 873 DRIFT [11]

A.4.C) Positions des bandes de vibration infrarouge et intensité d’absorption pour les oxydes, hydroxydes, et oxyhydroxydes
de fer

Wavenumber (cm-1) Type of IR

and reference
1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600

Fe(OH)2 1370 980 ATR [16]

α-FeOOH 1653 1545 1343 903 799 607 DRIFT [6]

α-FeOOH 900-880 673 ATR [2]

δ-FeOOH 1125 935 700 DRIFT [15]

650
-FeOOH 1018 743 ATR [2]

FeOOH 1793 1657 1505 1307 998 899 734 648 DRIFT [3; 4; 8]

FeOOH 1793 1657 1505 1307 895 794 669 DRIFT [3; 4; 8]

Fe(OH)3 1635 1505 1348 1070 DRIFT [6]

Fe(OH)3 (gel) 1390 960 ATR [16]

α-Fe2O3 600 ATR [2]

650
-Fe2O3 1036 696 ATR [2]
735 636
Fe5HO8.4H2O 917 700 FTTIR [15]

Fe3O4 660 620 DRIFT [16]

Légende des bandes : Bandes en style gras et soulignés, gras, normal ou italique représentent les intensités
d’absorption respectivement très forte, forte, moyenne et faible.

Légende des types d’analyse : IR : Spectroscopie infrarouge non identifiée; ATR : spectroscopie en mode
 @?

réflexion totale atténuée; DRIFT : spectroscopie infrarouge à transformée de Fourier en mode réflexion diffuse;
FTTIR : Spectroscopie infrarouge à transformée de Fourier en mode transmission

Liste des références des tableaux de l’annexe A.4 (référencées dans le manuscrit de thèse) :
[1] Farmer, 1974; [2] van der Marel and Beutelspacher, 1976; [3] Cases et al., 1989; [4] Cases et al., 1990a; [5]
de Donato et al., 1991; [6] Kongolo, 1991; [7] Dunn et al., 1992 ; [8] Cases et al., 1993 ; [9] de Donato et al.,
1993; [10] Dunn et al., 1993; [11] Evangelou et Huang, 1994; [12] de Donato et al., 1999; [13] Godo íková et al.,
2002; [14] Mandal et Mandal, 2002; [15] Caldeira et al., 2003; [16] Chernyshova, 2003
 CD

!
 C

Espèce dérivée Nombre d’onde (cm-1) Type d’analyse IR

du xanthate et référence
1300 1200 1100 1000 900 800

KEX 1172 1139 1100 1049 1008 IR [7; 4]

1159 1117
KEX 1145 1052 IR [12]
1119
KEX 1171 1140 1100 1050 1008 IR [1]
1157 1113
KPX 1275 1235 1150 1089 1040 IR [1]
1171 1126 1064 927

KiPX 1189 1055 IR [12]

1087 1038
1232 1150 1103 1060
KBX 1264
1175 1136 1010 959 922 IR [1]
1190 1109 1063
KiBX
1170 1142 IR [12]

KAX 1250 1210 1165 1137 1073 975 IR [1]

KAX 1190 1108 1063 IR [12]

1168 1142
KAX 1123 1072 DRIFT [9]

KAX 1270 1099 990 DRIFT [13]

KAX 1132 1070 IR [2]

KHX 1200 1086 1033 973 IR [1]

1234 1163 1134
Fe(AX)2 1200 1145 1038 947 DRIFT [10]
1227 1128
Fe(EX)3 1251 1145 1005 IR [12]
1271 1130 1029
Fe(iPX)3 1259 1090 1030 903 IR [12]

Fe(iBX)3 1257 1179 1050 965 IR [12]

1235
Fe(AX)3 1237 1179 1050 965 IR [12]
1258 1156
Fe(AX)3 1245 1044 IR [2]
1205 1026
Fe(AX)3 1242 1146 1042 951 DRIFT [10]
1203 1128
Fe(AX)3 1249 1026 950 876 DRIFT [9]

Fe(AX)3 1253 1145 1029 ATR [7]

1275 1119 1049 1005
(EX)2 1290 1240 1150 1108 1019 IR [7; 4; 5]
1261 1040 998
(EX)2 1242 1109 1026 IR [12]
1263 1042
(iPX)2 1267 1090 1010 IR [12]
1029
(iBX)2 1263 1030 IR [12]
1050
(AX)2 1261 1028 IR [12]
1047
(AX)2 1261 1208 1125 1025 922 DRIFT [10; 8; 6]
1225 1143 1043
(AX)2 1260 1022 949 DRIFT [9]

(AX)2 1266 1023 DRIFT [13]

1247
(AX)2 1258 1204 1021 IR [2]
1044
(AX)2 1263 1022 IR [3]

Légende des bandes : Bandes en style gras et soulignés, gras, normal ou italique représentent les intensités
d’absorption respectivement très forte, forte, moyenne et faible.

Légende des types d’analyse : IR : Spectroscopie infrarouge non identifiée; ATR : spectroscopie en mode
réflexion totale atténuée; DRIFT : spectroscopie infrarouge à transformée de Fourier en mode réflexion diffuse;
FTTIR : Spectroscopie infrarouge à transformée de Fourier en mode transmission

Légendes des espèces dérivées du xanthate : K correspond au potassium, X signifie xanthate et E, P, iP, B, iB, A
and H sont les chaînes alkyls respective ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, amyl, et hexyl.

Liste des références de l’annexe A.5 (référencées dans le manuscrit de thèse) :

[1] Poling, 1961; [2] Fuerstenau et al., 1968; [3] Majima et Takeda, 1968; [4] Poling, 1976; [5] Mielczarski, 1986;
 C

[6] Cases et al., 1989; [7] Leppinen et al., 1989; [8] Cases et al., 1990a; [9] Kongolo, 1991; [10] Cases et al.,
1993; [11] Cases et al., 1995; [12] Wang, 1995; [13] Kongolo et al., 2004