AC STEADY-STATE ANALYSIS

LEARNING GOALS

BASIC AC ANALYSIS USING KIRCHHOFF LAWS

ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES
Extension of node, loop, Thevenin and other techniques
BASIC ANALYSIS USING KIRCHHOFF’S LAWS

PROBLEM SOLVING STRATEGY

For relatively simple circuits use

Ohm' s law for AC analysis; i.e., V  IZ

The rules for combining Z and Y
KCL and KVL
Current and voltage divider

For more complex circuits use

Node analysis
Loop analysis
Superposition
Source transforma tion
Thevenin' s and Norton' s theorems
LEARNING EXAMPLE COMPUTE ALL THE VOLTAGES AND CURRENTS

Compute I1
Use current divider for I2 , I3
Ohm' s law for V1 , V2

V1  690 I 2 V2  4  90 I 3
Z eq  4  ( j 6 || 8  j 4)
V1  16.2678.42(V )
24  j 48 32  j8  24  j 48 V2  7.2815(V )
Z eq  4  
8  j2 8  j2
56  j 56 79.19645
Z eq    9.60430.964()
8  j2 8.24614.036
V 2460
I1  S   2.49829.036( A)
Z eq 9.60430.964
j6 690
I3  I1  2.49829.036( A)
8  j2 8.24614.036
8  j4 8.944  26.565
I2  I1  2.49829.036( A)
8  j2 8.24614.036
I1  2.529.06 I 2  2.71  11 .58 I 3  1.82105
LEARNING EXTENSION IF VO  845, COMPUTE VS

THE PLAN...
COMPUTE I3
COMPUTE V1
COMPUTE I2 , I1
COMPUTE VS
VO
I3  ( A)  445( A)
2
V1  (2  j 2) I 3  8  45  445 VS  2 I1  V1  2(2.828  j 2.829)  11.3140
V1  11.3140(V ) VS  16.97  j 5.658(V )
V 11 .3140 VS  17.888  18.439
I2  1   5.657  90( A)
j2 290
I1  I 2  I 3  5.657  90  445
I1   j 5.657  (2.828  j 2.828)( A)
I1  2.828  j 2.829( A)
ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES
PURPOSE: TO REVIEW ALL CIRCUIT ANALYSIS TOOLS DEVELOPED FOR
RESISTIVE CIRCUITS; I.E., NODE AND LOOP ANALYSIS, SOURCE SUPERPOSITION,
SOURCE TRANSFORMATION, THEVENIN’S AND NORTON’S THEOREMS.

COMPUTE I0 V2  60 V
 20  V2  2  0
1  j1 1  j1
 1 1  6
V2  1  2 
1  j1 1  j1 1  j1

(1  j1)  (1  j1)(1  j1)  (1  j1) 2(1  j1)  6

V2 
(1  j1)(1  j1) 1  j1
4
V2  8  j2
1. NODE ANALYSIS 1 j
(4  j )(1  j )
V1 V V V2 
 20  2  2  0 2
1  j1 1 1  j1
V1  V2  60 5 3
I 0    j ( A) I 0  2.92  30.96
2 2
V2
I0  ( A) NEXT: LOOP ANALYSIS
1
 2. LOOP ANALYSIS

ONE COULD ALSO USE THE SUPERMESH

TECHNIQUE

SOURCE IS NOT SHARED AND Io IS

DEFINED BY ONE LOOP CURRENT I2
I 0   I3
LOOP 1 : I1  20

LOOP 2 : (1  j )( I1  I 2 )  60  (1  j )( I 2  I3 )  0
LOOP 3 : (1  j )( I 2  I 3 )  I 3  0 CONSTRAINT : I1  I 2  20
MUST FIND I3 SUPERMESH : (1  j ) I1  60  ( I 2  I 3 )  0
2 I 2  (1  j ) I 3  6  (1  j )(2) MESH 3 : ( I 3  I 2 )  (1  j ) I 3  0
/* (1  j )
/* (2) I0  I 2  I3
(1  j ) I 2  (2  j ) I 3  0
(1  j ) 2

 2(2  j ) I 3  (1  j )(8  2 j ) NEXT: SUPERPOSITION
10  6 j 5 3
I3  I0   j ( A)
4 2 2
 Circuit with voltage source
SUPERPOSITION set to zero (SHORT CIRCUITED)

1 I L2
I L

= V 1 + VL2
L

Circuit with current

source set to zero(OPEN)

Due to the linearity of the models we must have

I L  I L1  I L2 VL  VL1  VL2 Principle of Source Superposition

The approach will be useful if solving the two circuits is simpler, or more convenient, than
solving a circuit with two sources.

We can have any combination of sources. And we can partition any way we find convenient.
3. SUPERPOSITION

I 0'  10( A)

(1  j )(1  j )
Z '  (1  j ) || (1  j )  1
(1  j )  (1  j )
COULD USE SOURCE TRANSFORMATION
TO COMPUTE I"0

Z" Z"
V1"  " "
60(V ) I 0  " 60( A)
Z 1 j Z 1 j
Z" 1 j 1 j
I 0"  6
2  j (1  j )  3  j
I 0"  6 ( A)
1 j 6 6
1 j I "
  j ( A)
2 j 0
4 4
5 3 
I 0  I 0'  I 0"    j ( A)
Z "  1 || (1  j ) 2 2 
NEXT: SOURCE TRANSFORMATION
 Source transformation is a good tool to reduce complexity in a circuit ...

WHEN IT CAN BE APPLIED!!

“ideal sources” are not good models for real behavior of sources.

A real battery does not produce infinite current when short-circuited

ZV ZI
a a THE MODELS ARE EQUIVALENT S WHEN
RV RI RV  RI  R ZV  Z I  Z
VS
+
-

IS VS  RI S VS  ZI S
b b
Im p ro ve d m o d e l Im p ro ve d m o d e l
f o r vo lta g e s o u rce fo r cu rre n t s o u rce

Source Transformationcan be used to determine the Thevenin or Norton Equivalent...

BUT THERE MAY BE MORE EFFICIENT TECHNIQUES

4. SOURCE TRANSFORMATION

82j
IS 
1 j

Z  (1  j ) || (1  j )  1

V ' 8  2 j

Now a voltage to current transformation

NEXT: THEVENIN
I S 4  j (4  j )(1  j ) 5  3 j
I0    
2 1  j (1  j )(1  j ) 2
 THEVENIN’S EQUIVALENCE THEOREM

LINEAR CIRCUIT i a LINEAR CIRCUIT

Ma y co n ta in
in d e p e n d e n t a n d
d e p e n d e n t s o u rce s
w ith th e ir co n tro llin g
va ria b le s
PART A
 Ma y co n ta in
in d e p e n d e n t a n d
vO d e p e n d e n t s o u rce s
w ith th e ir co n tro llin g
_ b va ria b le s
PART B

ZTH
RTH i a

 LINEAR CIRCUIT
vTH vO
 PART B
_ b
PART A
Thevenin Equivalent Circuit
Phasor
for PART A
vTH Thevenin Equivalent Source Impedance
RTH Thevenin Equivalent Resistance
5. THEVENIN ANALYSIS Voltage Divider
1 j 10  6 j
VOC  (8  2 j ) 
(1  j )  (1  j ) 2

ZTH  (1  j ) || (1  j )  1

53j
82j I0  ( A)
2
LEARNING EXTENSION COMPUTE V0
V1
USING NODES
V1  240 V1
 290  0
2 22j
2
V0  V1
22j

USING SUPERPOSITION
2
CONSTRAINT V0V  240
222j
 I1  I 2  290  I1  I 2  2 j
2 V0  V0V  V0I
SUPERMESH V0I  2  290
42j
 240  2 I1  2 jI 2  2 I 2  0
2( I 2  2 j )  (2  2 j ) I 2  24 (4  2 j ) I 2  24  4 j
24  4 j 24.339.46
V0  2 I 2    10.8636.03
2 j 2.24  26.57
LEARNING EXTENSION COMPUTE V0 V2

V0"

V0  V0'  V0"

1. USING SUPERPOSITION
(2 j ) || (2  2 j )
2 || (2  2 j ) V2  240
V1 2  (2 j || (2  2 j )
2
V0"  V2
2 || (2  2 j ) 22j
V1  (120)
j 2  (2 || 2  2 j )

V0'
2
V0'  V1
22j
2. USE SOURCE TRANSFORMATION
2j

I1
Z 2 V0
I eq

I eq  120  6  90  12  6 j
Z
I1  I eq
Z 22j
V0  2I1
 j 2

I1 2
V0
120 2 j 2 6  90 

Z  2 || j 2
LEARNING EXAMPLE Find the current i(t) in steady state

The sources have different

frequencies! For phasor analysis
MUST use source superposition.

Frequency domain

SOURCE 2: FREQUENCY 20r/s

Principle of superposition