CHAPTER 11

BALANCED
THREE–PHASE
CIRCUITS
© 2008 Pearson Education
 CONTENTS
11.1 Balanced Three-Phase Voltages
11.2 Three-Phase Voltage Sources
11.3 Analysis of the Wye-Wye Circuit
11.4 Analysis of the Wye-Delta Circuit
11.5 Power Calculations in Balanced Three-
Phase Circuits
11.1 Balanced Three-Phase Voltages

Phasor diagrams of a balanced set of three-phase voltages

Phasor diagrams of a balanced set of three-phase voltages
11.2 Three-Phase Voltage Sources

A sketch of a three-phase voltage source

One voltage cycle of a three-phase system
The two basic connections of an ideal three-
phase source.

A Y-connected source A ∆-connected source

A model of a three-phase source with winding impedance:
(a) A Y-connected source
(b) A ∆-connected source
 Three-phase Y-Y system
Criteria of balanced three-phase:
1. The voltage sources form a set of balanced three-phase voltages. Va’n,Vb’n,Vc’n
are a set of balanced three-phase voltages.
2. The impedance of each phase of the voltage source is the same. Zga =Zgb =Zgc.

3. The impedance of each line (or phase) conductor is the same. Zla=Zlb=Zlc

4. The impedance of each phase of the load is the same. ZA=ZB=ZC.

 A single-phase equivalent circuit
A single-phase equivalent circuit is used to calculate the
line current and the phase voltage in one phase of the Y-Y
structure. The a-phase is normally chosen for this purpose.
Line-to-line and line-to-neutral voltages
 11.3 Analysis of the Wye-Wye Circuit
 Phasor diagrams showing the relationship
between line-to-line and line-to-neutral
voltages in a balanced system.

The abc sequence The acb sequence

© 2008 Pearson Education

 The magnitude of the line to line voltage is √3 times the
magnitude of the line to neutral voltage.
 The line to line voltages form a balance three-phase set
of voltages.
 The set of line to line voltages leads the set of line to
neutral voltages by 30°
30°
-90°
150°
 The magnitude of the line to line voltage is √3 times the
magnitude of the line to neutral voltage.
 The line to line voltages form a balance three-phase set
of voltages.
 The set of line to line voltages leads the set of line to
neutral voltages by 30°
30°
-90°
150°
 Example 11.1
 A balanced 3 phase Y connected generator with positive sequence has an
impedance of 0.2+j0.5/ and an internal voltage of 120 V/ . The generator
feeds a balanced 3 phase Y connected load having an impedance of 39 + j28
/ . The impedance of the line connecting the generator to the load is 0.8 +
j1.5 / . The a phase internal volatge of the generator is specified as the
reference phasor.

 A) Construct the a phase equivalent cct of the system.

 B) Calculate the 3 line currents, IaA, IbB and IcC.
 C) Calculate the 3 phase voltage at the load, Van, Vbn and Vcn
 D) Calculate the line voltage Vab, Vbc and Vca at the terminals of the load.
 E) Calculate the phase voltage at the terminals of the generator Van, Vbn and
Vcn
 F) Calculate the line voltage Vab, Vbc, Vca at the terminals of the generator
 G)repeat for negative sequence
 11.4 Analysis of the Wye-Delta
Circuit
Relationship between (( three-phase delta-
connected and wye-connected
impedance)). Z
ZY  
3

A single-phase equivalent circuit

 A circuit used to establish the relationship between
line currents and phase currents in a balanced ∆ load
 Phasor diagrams showing the relationship
between line currents and phase currents
in a ∆-connected load.

The positive sequence The negative sequence

© 2008 Pearson Education
 Phasor diagrams showing the relationship
between line currents and phase currents
in a ∆-connected load.
 Example 11.2
 The Y connected source in example 11.1 feeds a  connected load through
a distribution line having an impedance of 0.3 +j0.9 / . The load
impedance is 118 + j85.8 / . Use the a phase internal voltage of the
generator as the reference.
 A)construct a single phase equivalent cct of the 3 phase system
 B) Calculate the line currents IaA, IbB and IcC
 C) Calculate the phase voltages at the load terminals
 D)Calculate the phase currents of the load
 E) Calculate the line voltages at the source terminals
Example 11.2
11.5 Power Calculations in Balanced
Three-Phase Circuits

Average Power in a Balanced Wye Load

A balanced Y load used to introduce average

power calculations in three-phase circuits
 11.5 Power Calculations in Balanced
Three-Phase Circuits
VL
PT  3 I L cos 
3
 3VL I L cos 

Total real power in a balanced three-phase load

Q  V I  sin 
QT  3Q  3VL I L sin 
Complex Power in a Balanced Wye Load

Total reactive power in a balanced three-phase load

 *
S  P  jQ  V I  

ST  3S  3VL I L 

Total complex power in a balanced three-phase load

 Power Calculations in a Balanced Delta Load

A Δ-connected load used to discuss power calculations

 Example 11.3
a) Calculate the average power per phase delivered to the
Y connected load in example 11.1
b) Calculate the total average power delivered to the load
c) Calculate the total average power lost in the line
d) Calculate the total average power lost in the generator
e) Calculate the total number of magnetizing vars
absorbed by the load
f) Calculate the total complex power delivered by the
source
 Terminology
 Line voltage –the voltage across any pair of lines.
 Phase voltage – the voltage across single phase.
 Line current – the current in a single line.
 Phase current -the current in a single phase.
THE END

© 2008 Pearson Education