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E. KITAI 1, S. ITAY 1, A. R U D E R 2,
J. E N G E L 1, M. M O D A N 2
INTRODUCTION METHODS
Lateral epicondylitis, commonly known as tennis The study group (n = 150) comprised nonprofes-
elbow (TE), is a condition prevalent among 30-50 % sional male members of four tennis clubs who were
[1, 2, 3, 6, 7-10] of tennis players, affecting the late- present at the clubs on random weekdays. In order
ral epicondyle of the humerus. to avoid selectionobias associated with TE, all
Many explanations for this pathological condition players present at the time of the visit were asked to
have been proposed. Today the prevailing hypothe- participate in a ~<general medical survey of tennis
sis is that TE is a degenerative change in the players >~. Threefourths of the consecutively approa-
common extensor tendon, including microscopic ched players agreed to participate. The study inclu-
rupture and subsequent tendinous nonrepair with ded an interview, physical examination, and measu-
immature reparative tissue [4, 6], although some TE rement of the player's racket (all by one of the au-
might be due to entrapment of the posterior intraos- thors, E.K.).
seous nerve [11]. Conservative treatment is usually
successful, but up to 7 % [6] of the cases require
surgery. During the interview, players were asked about :
(1) Personal data : age, occupation, weight, height,
Although the first recorded case of TE occurred and handedness. (2) Playing habits: Number of
over 100 years ago, few epidemiologic studies have
been conducted. Previous studies suggested age, playing years, frequency of playing, average dura-
playing time, years of play, playing ability, and ra- tion of each game. To avoid the effect of TE on
playing habits, non-sufferers and sufferers were in-
cket type as possible risk factors [1, 2, 7, 9, 10].
These studies used only univariate techniques, and quired about these habits at the time of the inter-
view of at the time of onset of pain respectively. (3)
did not examine the separate effects of associated
Pain history : Previous and current episodes of pain
variables such as age and years of play.
on the elbow sides, age at onset of pain, number of
The purpose of this study were to evaluate the in- episodes, duration of first and most recent episodes.
dependent effects of reported risk factors as well as Any reported elbow pain was noted as TE. Players
additional possible risk factors including anthropo- reporting at least one pain episode were also asked
metric measurements and racket characteristics not if they had changed playing habits or type of racket
previously analyzed, with multivariate statistical since pain onset. All answers were recorded by the
techniques. interviewer on a coding form.
D A T A ANALYSIS
"tennis elbow" sur les habitudes de jeu, les joueurs une incertitude de + 10 g) la circonfGrence du ,, grip ,, du
atteints et indemnes furent interrogGs sur leurs habitudes manche, la distance entre le centre du tamis et le bout
au moment de I'entrevue et au moment de I'apparition distal de la prise, la Iongueur ainsi que la largeur du tamis
des douleurs. 3) L'histoire de la douleur : antGcGdents (toutes ces mesures ont ~te effectu~es au ruban metrique
d'episodes douloureux ou de douleurs banales au niveau comme ci-dessus).
des coudes, ~_ge ~. I'apparition de la douleur, nombre
d'episodes douloureux en testant la duroc du premier et A N A L Y S E DES DONNt~ES
du dernier. Toute douleur du coude fut consid~r~e
comme "tennis elbow". Les joueurs, ayant eu un episode Les facteurs de risque possibles ont (~t~ evalues en
douloureux ou plus, furent interrog~s sur leurs 6ventuels comparant les souffrants (n = 77) et les non souffrants (n
changements d'habitudes de jeu ou de type de raquelle = 73), les souffrants actuels (n = 15) et ceux ayant souf-
depuis I'apparition des douleurs. Toutes les reponses fert dans le pass~ (n = 62), ceux ayant present6 un seul
furent consignees de maniere cod~e. episode douloureux (n = 51) et ceux & episodes multiples
L'examen clinique nota les dimensions des deux (n = 26), ainsi que les joueurs ~> 40 ans (n = 77) et ceux
mains et des bras et la force des deux mains, ainsi que < 40 ans (n = 73).
la taille de la paume, la distance de la pulpe du 3 e doigt Les effets bruts de ces differents facteurs de risque ont
au pisiforme, paume ~tendue, la Iongueur du bras, la dis- 6t6 analyses comme suit : les differences de groupe ont
tance de la stylo'fde cubitale & 1'olGcr&ne, la force de ete evalu~es par le test de Student. Les relations entre
prise, initialement ou apres 60 secondes de pression paires de variables ont et~ examinees avec des coeffi-
continue. Toutes les mesures furent prises avec un cients de correlation de Pearson (r), testant sir = 0. Des
ruban de mesure prGcis & 1 mm pres. La force de prise tables de vie ont et~ dressees pour analyser I'effet de I'&ge
fut mesuree par un dynamom~tre Preston (Design ou du nombre d'annees de pratique jusqu'a, rinstallation
Patent D704607) prGcis & 0,5 kg pres (fig. 1). de la douleur (souffrants) ou jusqu'au moment de I'interro-
gatoire (non souffrants). Les effets independants des fac-
Les caract&istiques de la raquette de tennis ~taient les teurs estim~s significatifs & I'analyse brute portant sur le
suivantes: la composition du cadre, le poids (mesur~ nombre d'Gpisodes de TE (0-7) ont ~t6 analysGs par re-
avec une balance & ressort d'une capacit~ ~< 1 kg avec gression lineaire.
ANNALES DE CHIRURGIE
116 EPICONDYLITE (TENNIS ELBOW) DE LA MAIN
ships between pairs of variables were examined with TABLE I. - - Prevalence of tennis elbow among players
Pearson correlation coefficients (r), testing whether interviewed
r = 0. Life tables were compiled to analyze the ef-
150 players in study
fect of years of life or of playing time, respectively,
until onset of pain (sufferers) or time of interview
(nonsufferers). The independent effects on the re- 77 sufferers (51%) nonsufferers (49 %)
ported number of TE episodes (0-7) of the factors
found significant in the crude analysis were analyzed
/ \
26 had 51 had
by stepwise linear regression. multiple single
episodes episode
RESULTS / \ /\
21 not 5 in 10 Jn 41 not
O f the 150 players, 5 1 % had elbow pain at least in pain pain pain in pain
once. The distribution of the sufferers by number of when in- when in- when in- when in-
terviewed terviewed tervlewed terviewed
pain episodes, current age, and whether now in
pain, is presented in table I. / \
15 sufferers in pain at time of interview
There were no significant differences between suf-
ferers and nonsufferers in age at which they began
to play ; in playing habits, including any breaks in
playing (none, less than three months, or more than TABLE II. - - Variables significantly different between
three months), playing hand, in age at onset of pain sufferers and nonsufferers (mean _+ S.D.)
(sufferers) vs age at interview (nonsufferers), and in
Variable All TE Non-
number of years of painfree play. Nor did sufferers Players Sufferers Sufferers
differ from nonsufferers in body measurements Current age 41,5_+ 11.3 44.9 -+ 9.8 37.9 _+ 11.7
(weight, height, dominant hand, body mass index Years of play 13.8_+ 10.6 16.4 + 10.5 11.2_+ 10,2
(weight in kg/height in ma), arm length, palm size, Games/week 3.1 _+ 1.4 3.3_+ 14 2.9 _+ 1.4
Hours/week 6.8 _+ 6.3 8.0 _+ 6.5 5.6 -+ 6.4
or grasp force of their right, left, dominant or Racket head
playing arm) or in material, weight, or total length area (sq cm) 592.1 _+ 104.5 613.0 + 101.6 570.0 -+ 103.7
Head length
of their rackets. As all players were students or pro- (cm) 31.4 _+ 3.2 32.2 _+ 30 30.7 -+ 3.2
fessionals with sedentary occupations, occupation Grip-to-center
length (cm) 52.1 _+ 1.3 51.8 _+ 1.2 52 4 + 1.4
was not analyzed as a possible risk factor.
Sufferers differed significantly from nonsufferers TABLE III. - - Variables significantly different between
(p ~< 0.05 or less) in higher current age, total years single vs multiple pain episode sufferers (mean + S.D.).
of play, number of games per week, as well as wee-
Variable Single Multiple
kly playing time (number of games/week × number Episode Episodes
of minutes/game expressed in hour/week) at onset of
Weight (kg) 77.0 4- 9.0 72.5 + 8.5
pain (sufferers) vs at time of interview (nonsuffe- Age at beginning play 30.3 4- 10.3 25.0 4- 10 4
rers). The current rackets of sufferers and nonsuffe- Age at pain onset 40.9 4- 9.0 35.4 4- 10 4
Game duration at
rers differed significantly in head area, head length ain onset (minutes) 107 8 4- 5O.2 143 1 4- 78.4
and grip-to-center length (table II). uration of first
episode (weeks) 41.3 4- 70.0 13.0 4- 21 5
Sufferers had a mean 1.6 (+_ 1.1, range 1-7) episo- Duration of most
des of pain. Single-episode sufferers differed signifi- recent episode 41.3 4- 70.0 18 2 + 31.5
cantly from multiple-episode sufferers in higher
weight, age at which they began to play, and age at TABLE |V, - - Variables significantly correlated
onset of pain, lower duration of each game at period with number of pain episodes.
of pain onset, and longer duration of pain episode(s)
(table III). Variable Correlation
Coefficient
The variables significantly correlated with number
of pain episodes (0-7) are shown in table IV. Among All players
Current age 0.262
all players, these variables were current age, total Years of play 0 243
years of play, number of games per week at time of Game duration 0.176
Number of games/week 0.215
interview (nonsufferers) or at period of pain onset Playing hours/week 0.172
(sufferers), duration of each game, and weekly Racket head length 0.182
playing time as well as racket head length and area. Racket head area 0.171
Among sufferers, number of pain episodes (1-7) was Among TE Sufferers
highly correlated with having a smaller palm size Heavier racket now
than prepain 0.259
and with having changed to a heavier racket after Dominant hand palm size - 0.259
pain onset. Nondommant hand palm size - 0.263
T A B L E A U II. - - Variables qui different significativement entre chez les souffrants par rapport au moment de I'interroga-
souffrants et non souffrants (moyenne + D.S,) toire chez les non souffrants. Les raquettes actuelles des
souffrants et des non souffrants differaient significative-
Variable Tous Souffrants Non ment quant & la surface du tamis, la Iongueur du tamis et
les joueurs du TE souffrants la distance grip-centre du tamis (tableau II).
Age actuel 41,5 ± 11,3 44,9 4- 9,8 37,9 _+ 11,7 Les souffrants presentaient en moyenne 1,6 (+ 1,1,
Annees de ieu 13,8 4- 10,6 16,4 4- 10,5 11,2 4- 10,2
Parties/semaine 3,1 4- 1,4 3,3 4- 1,4 2,9 4- 1,4 rang 1-7) episodes douloureux. Les souffrants & episode
Heures/semaine 6,8 ± 6,3 8,0 4- 6,5 5,6 4- 6,4 unique differaient significativement de ceux qui avaient
Surface du presente plusieurs episodes par un poids plus eleve, I'&ge
tamis (cm 2) 592,1 ± 104,5 613,0 4- 101,6 570,0 + 103,7
Longueur du de leur debut tennistique, I'&ge a I'installation de la dou-
tamis (cm) 31,4 4- 3,2 32,2 + 3,0 30,7 + 3,2 leur, la duree plus reduite de chaque partie Iors de I'instal-
Longueur grip- lation de la periode douloureuse et la duree plus Iongue
centre (cm) 52,1 4- 1,3 51,8 + 1,2 52,4 + 1,4 des episodes douloureux (tableau III).
Les variables qui presentaient une correlation significa-
T A B L E A U III. - - Variables qui different sigflificativement tive avec le nombre d'episodes douloureux (0-7) sont
entre souffrants b episodes douloureux unique et multiples enumerees dans le tableau IV. Parmi tousles joueurs,
ces variables etaient : I'&ge actuel, le nombre total d'an-
Variable Episode unique Episodes multiples nees de pratique, le nombre de parties hebdomadaires au
Poids (kg)
moment de I'interrogatoire (non souffrants) ou au moment
77,0 + 9,0 72,5- 8,5
Age du debut de I'installation de la douleur (souffrants), la duree de
tennistique 30,3 4- 10,3 25,0 - 10,4 chaque partie, la duree hebdomadaire d'activite, ainsi que
Age & I'installation la Iongueur et la surface du tamis de la raquette. Parmi
de la douleur 4O,9 4- 9,0 3 5 , 4 - 10,4
Duree de la parUe & les souffrants, le nombre d'episodes douloureux (1-7)
I'installation de la etait fortement correle avec une surface palmaire plus re-
douleur (ran) 107,8 _+ 50,2 143,1 - 78,4 duite et avec le changement de la raquette en faveur d'un
Dur6e du premier modble plus Iourd apres I'installation de la douleur.
episode (semaines) 41,3 4- 70,0 13,0 - 21,5
Duree de I'episode L'incidence de TE etait significativement plus elevee
le plus recent 41,3 4- 70,0 18,2 - 31,5 chez les joueurs i> 40 ans, en particulier pour ceux jouant
ANNALES DE CHIRURGIE
118 EPICONDYLITE (TENNIS ELBOW) DE LA MAIN
76 p l a y e r s Z
50
a g e _< 4 0 y 74 p l a y e r s
age > 40y c40
~
o
~o.
g 2o.
~/52 with /
I/TE 70Z /
-~o
K
17 20 23
_/
26 29 32 35 38 41 44 47 50 53 56 59 62 65 68 A~e
Fig. 2. w Age and tennis elbow. The occurrence of TE was significantly higher in
Fig. 2. - - L'&ge et le TE. players > 40 years old than in those < 40, especially
for those playing ~< 10 years and ~< 3 games/week,
(fig. 2, table V). The prevalence of TE was low
TABLE V. - - Percent sufferers by age, number among players under 30, increased between ages 35
of playing years and number of games/per week*. and 45, and leveled off, at a high percentage, over
age 50 (fig. 3).
Current Age
The percentage of players with TE increased with
< 40 > 40 p-value the number of playing years, especially in the first
Total group 32.9 (76) 70.3 (74) <~0.001 ten years (fig. 4). The percent with TE was signifi-
~< 10 Playing Years 125.0 (56) 66.7 (21) < 0.01
> 10 Playing Years 55.0 (20) 71.7 (53) not significant cantly higher in those playing > 10 years than in
~<3 Games/Week 27 6 (58) 66.0 (53) < 0.01 those playing less. However, this difference was not
> 3 Games/Week 50.0 (16) 81.0 (21) not signtficant seen when age was controlled for (table VI). In ad-
* The number of players in each group appears in brackets. dition, there was no difference in percent with TE
61 p l a y e r s
5O
! 47 p l a y e r s
i
~ 4 0
142 p l a y e r s
!
i=
/ 4owith~/1
/ T E 66 %/
, ' / z./,,,
/16 "v~ith///21 with
!o /TE'347~'/
I//////
TE 5070 /
/ / /
,t / <30 cm 30-34 cm 34-36 cm
Fig. 4. - - Cumulative percent TE by years of play. Fig. 5. - - Longueur du tamis de la raquette et TE.
Fig. 4. - - Pourcentage cu.mulatif du TE par annee de pratique.
TABLEAU VI. - - Pourcentage de souffrants en fonction le moment de renqu6te (non souffrants) comme variables
du hombre d'annees de pratique - totale et indolore -, ind~pendantes et le nombre d'episodes douloureux (0-7)
et de I'~ge* comme variable liee, le meilleur modele de representation
i .
a montre des effets significatifs independants de ces
Nombre d'annees de pratique
.
DISCUSSION
55 Players
49 Players The prevalence of TE in our study group of non-
46 Players professional tennis players was 5 1 % , a high rate
compared with those found in other studies [1, 2, 3,
5, 7-10]. A possible explanation is that perhaps non-
sufferers were more likely to refuse participation.
Conversely, in our study as well as in others,°suffe-
rers may be underrepresented since they may have
permanently or temporarily stopped playing or may
;'////, have reduced their frequency of play.
/18 w i t h / The most significant risk factors for TE in univa-
riate analysis were current age, years of play (signifi-
cantly correlated with one another), frequency of
<51 c m 51-53 c m 53-57cm play, and certain dimensions of the players' current
tennis rackets.
Fig. 6. - - Racket grip length and tennis e l b o w . In agreement with previous studies [1, 2, 9, 10],
our results show the risk of TE to increase signifi-
Fig. 6. - - Longueur du manche de la raquette et TE. cantly among older players. The relative risk of in-
creased age is higher among those playing ~< 3
games/week or ~< 10 years. The leveling-off of the
In a separate analysis, starting with the same inde- prevalence curve may be due to some older TE suf-
pendent variables, within the TE group (1-7 pains), ferers stopping play, and only <<diehard ~>sufferers
independent significant effects of the same three fac- continuing to play.
tors were found. The best model for predicting the Tennis elbow was more frequent among those
pain category (none, single current episode, single with more years of play. However, the mean num-
past episode, current and past episodes, past episo- ber of painfree years (until the onset of pain in suffe-
des only) indicated, of the four proposed indepen- rers or time of interview in nonsufferers) did not dif-
dent variables, only number of playing hours. fer for sufferers vs nonsufferers. This is in line with
En accord avec des ~tudes precedentes [1, 2, 9, 10], fet sur le TE. Toutefois, une plus grande Iongueur et une
nos resultats montrent que le risque de TE augmente si- plus grande surface du tamis, ainsi qu'une plus petite dis-
gnificativement avec I'&ge. Le risque relatif d'&ge avanc~ tance du bout du grip-centre du tamis, - - tous intriques - -
est plus eleve parmi ceux jouant ~< 3 parties/semaine ou ont et~ plus frequents dans le groupe & TE. Comme la
~< 10 ans. Le plafond de la courbe de prevalence peut Iongueur totale est constante pour des raquettes de di-
~tre d0 ~_certains joueurs ~g~s, atteints de TE, ayant ar- mension conventionnelle (68 + 1,5 cm) et comme la Ion-
r~te de jouer, et seuls certains joueurs f6rus continuant gueur du tamis (et par cons6quent sa surface) augmente,
de jouer. la distance grip-centre dolt diminuer. Le facteur important
Le TE 6tait plus frequent parmi ceux pr6sentant le plus est la Iongueur du grip, car comme il diminue, plus de
grand nombre d'annees de pratique. Toutefois, le nombre force est n~cessaire pour frapper la balle. Plus des trois
moyen d'annees indolores (jusqu'& I'installation de la dou- quarts des joueurs pr~sentant un TE ont chang~ de ra-
leur chez les souffrants ou bien jusqu'au moment de I'en- quette depuis I'installation de la douleur. Nous avons me-
qu~te chez les non souffrants) ne pr6sentait aucune diffe- sure seulement la raquette utilisee actuellement. Comme
rence entre souffrants et non souffrants. C'est en concor- nous n'avons pas demand6 aux non souffrants si (et
dance avec notre conclusion que, Iorsque I'&ge ~tait pris quand) ils ont chang6 de raquette, ni aux souffrants si le
en consideration, le nombre d'annees de pratique n'avait changement de leur raquette etait associe a I'installation
aucun effet significatif, notamment que reffet du nombre de la douleur, nous ne mettons pas en cause ceux qui
d'annees de pratique sur le TE est secondaire & celui de c o n c l u e n t que la c o m p o s i t i o n de la r a q u e t t e
I'&ge du joueur. Ces r6sultats concordent avec ceux de (bois/aluminium) et une epaisseur plus importante du grip
Gruchow [2], malgr~ le fait que certaines 6tudes menses ont un effet sur le TE [1, 2, 7]. II n'existe aucune publica-
de fa(;on inadequate [7, 9, 10] concluent que le nombre tion sur reffet de la surface et de la Iongueur du tamis, ou
d'ann6es de pratique joue un r01e primordial, et non se- de la distance grip-centre.
condaire, sur I'incidence du TE. La hauteur, le poids et la main dominante ainsi que la
La pr6valence du TE etait correl~e & une plus Iongue Iongueur du bras, la taille de la paume et ia force du
duree des matchs, un plus grand nombre de matchs heb- grasp sur lesquelles aucune publication n'a porte au pr6a-
domadaires et un nombre plus elev6 d'heures de pratique liable, Wont pas d'effet sur le TE.
hebdomadaires pendant la periode de I'installation de la Les joueurs qui ont change leur raquette contre des
douleur. Ces r~sultats concordent avec ceux d'autres modeles plus Iourds depuis I'installation de leur douleur
chercheurs [7, 9]. ont pr6sente plus d'~pisodes que ceux qui sont rest6s fi-
La composition du cadre, le poids, la Iongueur du tamis deles a. leurs raquettes habituelles. La raison peut ~tre
et la taille du grip de la raquette actuelle n'ont pas eu d'ef- une charge accrue sur le coude par une raquette plus
VOLUME 5
N° 2 - - 1986
LATERAL EPICONDYL1TIS (TENNIS ELBOW) 121
our finding that when age was accounted for, num- Height, weight and dominant hand, as well as arm
ber of playing years had ho significant effect, namely length, palm size and grasp force, on which there
the effect of playing time on TE is secondary to that have been no previous reports in the literature, do
of the player's age. These results concur with those not affect TE.
of G r u c h o w [2], although other i n a d e q u a t e l y Players who had switched to heavier rackets since
controlled studies [7, 9, 10] conclude that years of pain onset had more episodes than nonswitchers.
play has a primary, not a secondary, effect on TE. The reason may be increased load on the elbow ge-
nerated by a heavier racket. Those with smaller
The prevalence of TE was related to longer game palm size (whatever their racket grip size) have
duration, greater number of games/week, and nore more pain episodes. Other studies found no reasons
playing hours/week during the period of pain onset. for the recurrence of TE other than player age [2].
These findings concur with those of other resear-
chers [7, 9]. Comparison of single vs multiple pain episodes re-
vealed a possible, paradox. ~ One pain episode ~
Frame material, weight, head width, and grip size might mean continuous pain, as opposed to intermit-
of the current racket did not affect TE. However, tent pain in multiple-episode sufferers. This conclu-
greater head length and area and shorter distance sion is based on the significant difference in episode
from grip end to head c e n t e r - all interrelated - - duration ; a mean 41 weeks for ~ one episode ~ vs
were more frequent in the TE group. Since total 13 weeks (first) and 18 weeks (most recent) in those
length is constant for regulation-size rackets (68 _+ with several pain episodes. Those reporting only one
1.5 cm), as head length (and consequently head episode were of significantly higher ag~ at onset
area) increases grip-to-center length must decrease. than the multiple-episode group. The former may
The important factor is grip length, because at it de- have experienced intermittent sensations, before
creases, more force is required to hit the ball. Over pain ~ onset ~, which they did not consider (or re-
three-fourths of those with TE have changed rackets port) as TE but which were, in fact, the first signs of
since pain onset. We measured the current racket a degenerative process. Other studies also found
only. As we did not ask nonsufferers if (and when) that single episodes are longer in duration than mul-
they had changed rackets, nor sufferers if their tiple episodes [10], but did not offer any explana-
change of racket was associated with the onset of tion.
pain, we do not take issue with those who conclude We conclude that the onset of the degenerative
that racket material (wood vs aluminium) and grea- process of TE depends mainly on age. The additio-
ter grip size affect TE [1, 2, 7]. There have been no nal burden of the epicondyle from playing tennis is
reports in the literature on the effect of head area or undoubtedly responsible for the appearance of this
head length, or grip-to-center length. condition in so many tennis players.
Iourde. Ceux dont la taille de la paume etait petite (quelle qui se plaignaient d'un seul episode 6taient d'un &ge si-
que f0t la taille du grip de la raquette) avaient eu plus gnificativement plus elev6 & I'installation de la douleur
d'episodes douloureux. D'autres ~tudes n'ont trouv6 de que le groupe ayant presente des episodes multiples.
raison en faveur d'une recherche du TE, autre que I'&ge Ces premiers ont p0 presenter des sensations intermit-
du joueur [2]. tentes avant rinstallation de la douleur qu'ils n'ont pas
La comparaison d'episodes douloureux uniques par considerees (ou rapport~es) comme TE, mais qui 6taient,
rapport aux episodes douloureux multiples a rev~16 un en fait, les premiers signes d'un processus degen6ratif.
possible paradoxe. ,, Un episode douloureux unique- D'autres etudes ont egalement montre que les episodes
peut vouloir dire une douleur continue, en opposition uniques ~taient d'une duree plus Iongue que les multiples
une douleur intermittente dans le cas de joueurs ~. ~piso- [10], mais n'ont propose aucune explication.
des multiples. Cette conclusion est fondee sur la diffe- Notre conclusion est que I'installation du processus de-
rence significative dans la duree des ~pisodes doulou- g~n6ratif dans le TE d~pend essentiellement de I'&ge. La
reux; une moyenne de 41 semaines pour un episode charge supplementaire sur I'~picondyle due au tennis est
contre 13 semaines (premier) et 18 semaines (plus re- sans aucun doute responsable de I'apparition de cet etat
cent) chez ceux a episodes douloureux multiples. Ceux chez tant de joueurs de tennis.
REFERENCES
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Tennis Elbow. Am J Sports Med, 1979, 7, 234-238. - - A r m and Elbow Changes in Expert Tenms Players. Min Med, 1977,
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