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1
مقذمٍ
.1
.2
.3
.4
2
ماتزیسَا ي خًاص آوُا
a
a a1 a2 an
v
v1
v
v 2
3
vn
A, B
A aij , B bij
A, B
aij bij
mn mn A, B
C A B , cij aij bij
k k
B kA Ak , bij kaij
mn
ABBA
A B C A B C
A0A 4
A A 0
n=p Bpq Amn
A m n B n q C m q
C
n
Cij aik bkj
k 1
q AB qA B A qB
A B C AB AC
A BC AB C
Identity
1 0
AI IA A , I
0 1 5
TRANSPOSE-ٌتزاوُاد
n m mn
AT A
T
A B A T BT
T
AB BT A T
T
symmetric
AT A
anti-symmetric
6
A A
T
0 a12 a13
a 0 a23
12
a13 a23 0
A
1
2
A AT A AT
1
2
sym antisym
2 0 0 0 6 7 7 0 0
0 3 0 , 0 3 8 , 0 3 0
0 0 2 0 0 2 5 0 2
7
HERMITIAN-ماتزیس َزمیشه
4 1 i 3 2i
AT A , 1 i 10 5i
3 2i 5i 3
0 5 i 2 3i
AT A , 5 i 3i 6
2 3i 6 6i
8
تبذیل خطی
y x F
y F x
F
F x z F x F z
F x F x
y x
x1 y1
y Ax , x , y
xn yn
9
دتزمیىان
j i aij A minor
Mij aij
Aij aij cofactor
Aij 1
i j
M ij
mm determinant
m
det A A a1k A1k
k 1
m m
det A aik Aik akj Akj 10
k 1 k 1
خًاص دتزمیىان
det AT det A
A
a
k 1
ik Ajk ij A
n
a
k 1
kj Aki ij A
j i j i
1 , i j
ij
0 , i j
12
معکًس ماتزیس
A-1 A
AA 1 A 1A I
aij Aij
A 0
T
a11 a12 a1n A11 A12 A1n 0
a
21 a22 a2 n A21 a22 A2 n 0 A 0
AI
an1 an 2 ann An1 An 2 Ann 0 0 A
A adjoint
13
A.adj A A I
A-1/A A
1 adj A
A
A
14
دستگاٌ معادالت جبزی خطی
n m
a11 x1 a12 x2 a1n xn b1
a12 x1 a22 x2 a2 n xn b2
am1 x1 am 2 x2 amn xn bm
Ax b
a11 a1n x1 b1
A , x , b
an1 ann
xn bn
trivial solution b=0
15
2 x1 3 x2 5
4 x1 6 x2 6
Ax b x A 1b
Ax 0 A 0
16
CRAMER’S RULE-قاعذٌ کزامز
n
A c ir i
Ax b xi i 1
A
b r
3 x1 2 x2 2 x3 10 3 2 2
x1 2 x2 3 x3 1 A 1 2 3 35
4 x x 2 x 3
1 2 3 4 1 2
10 2 2 3 10 2 3 2 10
1 2 3 1 1 3 1 2 1
3 1 2 4 3 2 4 1 3
x1 2 , x2 3 , x3 1
35 35 35 17
x1 x2 1 1 1 1
A 0 , B 2
2 x1 2 x2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
x1 , x2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
0 0 0 0
x1 x2 1 1 1 1
A 0 , B 3
2 x1 2 x2 3 2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
x1 , x2
2 2 3 2 2 2 2 3
0 1 0 1
18
RANK-روک ماتزیس
A A
r r A
r
Amn
Rank A min m, n
19
A
1 2 1 3
A 34 3 4 0 1 , Rank A min 3, 4
1 0 2 7
2 1 3 1 1 3 1 2 3 1 2 1
4 0 1 3 0 1 3 4 1 3 4 0 0
0 2 7 1 2 7 1 0 7 1 0 2
A
1 2
2 rank A 2
3 4
20
شزط يجًد جًاب دستگاٌ معادالت خطی
n m
A mn x n1 b m1
b
r r
r
r n-r
21
22
x1 x2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
A 1 1 , b 2 , A : b 1 1 2
x1 x2 2
Rank A 1 , Rank A : b 2
x1 x2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
A ,b , A : b
1
2 x 2 x2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
Rank A 1 , Rank A : b 1
A
23
x1 x2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 x 2 x 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1
2
A ,b , A : b
x1 x2 3 1 1 3 1 1 3
x2 x1 3
1 1
3 1 1 3
Rank A 2 , Rank A : b 2
1 1 1 1
x1 x2 1 3 1 1 3
x1 2 , x1 1
x1 x2 3 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
24
)CHARACTERISTICS PROBLEMS( ٍمسائل مقذار مشخص
a11 a12 ... a1n
a a22 ... a2 n
y y1 , y2 ,..., yn , A 21 , x x1 , x2 ,..., xn
...
an1 an 2 ... ann
y x Ax x A I x 0
a11 x1 a12 x2 ... a1n xn x1
...
a x a x ... a x x
25
n1 1 n2 2 nn n n
a11 ... a1n
A I ... 0
an1 ... ann
1 n 1 n 1 2 n 2 ... 1 n 1 1 n 0
n n 1 n
26
A I 1 n 1 n 1 2 n 2 ... 1 n 1 1 n
n n 1 n
A n 12 ...n
27
28
xTi x j 0
xTi Ax j 0
29
5 7 5 5 7 5
A 0 4 1 A I 0 4 1 0
2 8 3 2 8 3
3 62 11 6 0 1 1, 2 2, 3 3
4 x1 7 x2 5 x3 0 2
1 1 : A I x 0 3 x2 x3 0 x3 3 x2 , x1 2 x2 , x1 k1 1
2 x 8 x 4 x 0 3
1 2 3
1 1
x 2 k 2 1 , x 2 k3 1
2 1
30
3 7 5
A 2 3 A I 3 32 3 1 1 0 1, 2,3 1
3
4
1 2 2
4 7 5 x1
A I x 0 2 3 3 x2 0
1 2 1
3
x
3
2 x1 3 x2 3 x3 0
x1 3 x2 , x3 x2 x k 1
x1 2 x2 x3 0 1
31
2 2 3
A 2 1 6 A I 3 2 21 45 0 1 5, 2,3 3
1 2 0
7 x1 2 x2 3 x3 0 3
1 5 : 2 x1 4 x2 6 x3 0 Rank 2 : x1 3 x2 , x3 x2 x k 1
x 2 x 5 x 0 1
1 2 3
x1 2 x2 3 x3 0
2 , 3 3 : 2 x1 4 x2 6 x3 0
x 2 x 3 x 0
1 2 3
1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
Rank 1 : 2 4 6 2 4 6 0 0 0
1 2 3 0 0 0 0 0 0
32
x1 2 x2 3 x3 , x2 k 2 , x3 k3 x1 2k 2 3k3
2k 2 3k3 2 3 2 3
k k 1 k 0 x k 1 , x k 0
2 2 3 2 2 3 3
33
قطزی کزدن ماتزیسُا
d11
D ...
d nn
S 1AS D
S s1 ... s n
AS SD
d11
As1 ... As n s1 ... s n ...
34
d nn
As1 ... As n d11s1 ... d nns n
d ii i
As i d ii s i A d ii I s i 0
s i x i
1
S x1 ... x n S 1 AS ...
n
35
1 2 1
3
1 2 3 0 1
2
A 2 2
1 1 1 1 2 3
1 3 x1 2 x2 0
1 3
1 3
x1 1 3 x2 x1
x1 1 3 x2 0 1
1 3 x1 2 x2 0
1 3
2 3
x1 1 3 x2 x1
x1 1 3 x2 0 1
1 3 1 3 1 1 1 1 3
S S
1 1 2 3 1 1 3
36
1 1 1 1 3 1 2 1 3 1 3
S AS
2 3 1 1 3 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 3 3 3 3 3 1 6 0 3 0
2 3 1 1 3 3 3 2 3 0 6 0 3
37
FUNCTION OF A SQUARE MATRIX-تًابع ماتزیس مزبعی
Ar As As Ar Ar s
A n A 1
n
A0 I
1 2
A , P ( x ) x 2
5x 4
3 4
1 2 1 2 1 2 4 0 16 4
P ( A) A 2 5A 4I
6
5
3 4 3 4 3 4 0 4 6
38
P x x 4 x 1 P A A 4I A I
5 2 2 2 16 4
P( A)
3 0 3 3 6 6
f A g A g A f A
f A
g 1 Α f A f A g 1 A if g A 0
g A
f A f 1 f 2 ... f n
39
f 1 , f 2 ,..., f n
Ax x P ( A)x P( )x
1 2
A
3 4 40
1 2 1 1 1 A2 1
A I 3 2 0
2
3 4 2 2 2 A2 4
2 2 x1 1 1
1 1: 0 x1 x2 x1 x1 A
3 3 x2 1 1
3 2 x1 3 1 1
2 2 : 0 x1 x2 x 2 3 x 2 A 3
3 3 x2 2 2 2
5 6 5 6 1 4
A2 2
2
10 9
A I 0 5 4 0
9 10 2 1
6 6 x1 1
1 1: 0 x1
9 9 x2 1
9 6 x1
1
41
4: x 0 x 3
2
9 6 2
2
1 2 x
A ,
x
3 4 x3
A
A A A 3I
1
A 3I
1
1 1 , 2 2 2
2
B n SA nS 1
P 1 0
1
P( A) S ... S
0 P (2 )
0 2
A , P x x 4
4 x 3
6 x 2
x3
1 3
P A A 4 4A3 6A 2 A 3
43
2 1 1
A I 0 0 3 2 0
2
1 3 2 2
1 2 x1 2
1 1: x 0 x1 1
1 2 2
2 2 x1 1
2 2 : x 0 x 2 1
1 1 2
2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
S S
1 1 1 1 2 1 2
1 0
S 1AS ,
0 2
P 1 P 1 1 4 6 3 1 ,
P 2 P 2 24 4 23 6 2 2 2 3 3
P 1 0 1 2 1 1 0 1 1 5 8
P A S
7
S 44
0 P 2 1 1 0 3 1 2 4
معادلٍ ماتزیسی
45
S -1 AS D A = SDS 1
1 0
D ... P X A SDS 1
0 n
r1 0
R ... X SRS 1
0 rn
P ( X) SP(R )S 1
P r1 0 d11 0
P(R ) ... ...
0 P rn 0 d nn
P ( X) SP(D)S 1 A
46
k
r1 0
R ...
k
0 rn
47
محاسبٍ جذر ماتزیس
1 0 1 0
1
A S ... 1
S X S ... S
0 n
0 n
48
4 3
X 4 X 4I
2
5 6
4 3 1 1
0 10 9 0
2
5 6 2 9
1
1 1 X1
1 1 3 1 1 5 3
S S
3 1 5 8 1 1
2 9 X 2
5
1 1 0
S AS D
49
0 9
P x dii
x 2 4 x 4 1 r1 1,3
x 2 4 x 4 9 r1 1,5
1 0 3 0 1 0 3 0
R1
1 0 1 0 5 4 0 5
, R 2 , R 3 , R
0
1
X1 SR1S
1 3 1 0 1 5 3 1 1 3
X1 0
1 5 1 8 1 1 4 5 1
1 1 5 3
X 2 SR 2S
2 5 7
1 3 3
X3 SR 3S 1
2 5 1
50
1 1 15 3
X 4 SR 4S
4 5 17
CAYLEY-HAMILTON-قضیٍ کیلی َمیلتًن
A n 1A n 1 1 n I 0
n
1
n 1
A n 1 1A n 2 1 n 1I
n 1
A 1
n
4 5 5
A 5 6 5
5 5 6
51
A I 3 8 2 13 6
11 5 5
A 2 8A 2 13 5 1 5
1 1
A 2 8A 2 13 6 A 1 0 A 1
6 6
5 5 1
A 3 8A 2 13A 6I 0 A 3 8A 2 13A 6I
A 4 8A 3 13A 2 6 A 8 8A 2 13A 6I 13A 2 6 A 51A 2 98A 48I
A 5 AA 4 A 51A 2 98A 48I 51 8A 2 13A 6I 98A 2 48A
310 A 2 615A 306I
52
SYLVESTER-رابطٍ سیلًستز
n
P k n
P A n A i I
k 1
i 1
k i ii 1k
ik
53
15 14 40
A 6 7 14
5 4 14
P ( A) A 6 6 A 5 12 A 4 12 A 3 12 A 2 8A 3I
A I 3 6 2 11 6 0 1 1, 2 2, 3 3
P 1 2 , P 2 3 , P 3 6
2 3
P A A 2I A 3I A 1I A 3I
1 2 1 3 2 1 2 3
6
A 1I A 2I A 2 2A 3I
3 1 3 2
54
صًر دي مجذيری
55
تحقیق
56
تمزیه
57
58
59
60