!

"#$%&'()*"+,-%
!"#$%&'()*"+,-%./#"/$
./#"/$%0%
%0%!"#$%12-23#%4"5'*6$
!"#$%12-23#%4"5'*6$
"/%4$#,"
"/%4$#,"%0%
%0%./#"/$%7$+3#%
./#"/$%7$+3#%895"6$
895"6$%0%
%0%73:)$*;%"/
73:)$*;%"/
</9"3

O"ences Against Property Under Indian

Penal Code 1860 (Section 378-460)
=)%
=)%>',9%8?"@%8;#31%A%B"$:;%CCDEF
>',9%8?"@%8;#31%A%B"$:;%CCDEF

17 % 0 % 1 %
Blogger 0 % whatsapp 1 % pocket 0 %
Digg 0

G*'($*-)%";%13"/#)%9"5"9$9%"/-'%-:'%(3*-;H%/31$#)
1'53@#$%3/9%"11'53@#$I%8/)%'J$/6$%:,"6,%";
6'11"--$9%"/%*$+3*9%-'%3/)%(*'($*-)%:,$-,$*%"-%";
1'53@#$%'*%"11'53@#$%";%(2/";,3@#$%2/9$*%-,$
(*'5";"'/;%'K%-,$%#3:%'K%&*"1$;%'*%-,$%</9"3/%G$/3#
&'9$%L<G&MI%N,$;$%'J$/6$;%3/9%-,$%(2/";,1$/-;
*$#3-"/+%-'%-,$1%3*$%$O(#3"/$9%"/%9$-3"#;%"/
;$6-"'/;%PQD%-'%ERF%'K%-,$%</9"3/%G$/3#%&'9$H%SDRF
T86-%U'I%V7B%'K%SDRFWI

The o"ences which are mainly recognized in the

IPC are ten in number
SI% N,$K-I
XI% YO-'*-"'/I
PI% Z'@@$*)%3/9%936'"-)I
EI% &*"1"/3#%1";3((*'(*"3-"'/%'K%(*'($*-)I
CI% &*"1"/3#%@*$36,%'K%-*2;-I
RI% Z$6$"5"/+%;-'#$/%(*'($*-)
QI% &,$3-"/+I
DI% !*3292#$/-%9$$9%3/9%9";(';"-"'/%'K
(*'($*-)I
[I% >";6,"$KI
SFI% &*"1"/3#%-*$;(3;;

Sec. 378: Theft

\,'$5$*H%"/-$/9"/+%-'%-3]$%9";,'/$;-#)%3/)
1'53@#$%(*'($*-)%'2-%'K%-,$%
1'53@#$%(*'($*-)%'2-%'K%-,$%(';;$;;"'/%'K
(';;$;;"'/%'K
3/)%($*;'/%:"-,'2-%-,3-%($*;'/;%6'/;$/-H
1'5$;%-,3-%(*'($*-)%"/%
1'5$;%-,3-%(*'($*-)%"/%'*9$*%-'%;26,
'*9$*%-'%;26,
-3]"/+H%";%;3"9%-'%6'11"-%-,$K-I
YO(#3/3-"'/%S%0%8%-,"/+%;'%#'/+%3;%"-%";%3--36,$9%-'
-,$%$3*-,H%/'-%@$"/+%1'53@#$%(*'($*-)H%";%/'-%-,$
;2@^$6-%'K%-,$K-_%@2-%"-%@$6'1$;%63(3@#$%'K%@$"/+
-,$%;2@^$6-%'K%-,$K-%3;%;''/%3;%"-%";%;$5$*$9%K*'1
-,$%$3*-,I
YO(#3/3-"'/%X%0%8%($*;'/%";%;3"9%-'%632;$%3%-,"/+%-'
1'5$%@)%*$1'5"/+%3/%'@;-36#$%:,"6,%(*$5$/-$9%"-
K*'1%1'5"/+%'*%@)%;$(3*3-"/+%"-%K*'1%3/)%'-,$*
-,"/+H%3;%:$##%3;%@)%36-23##)%1'5"/+%"-I
YO(#3/3-"'/%P%0%8%($*;'/H%:,'%@)%3/)%1$3/;
632;$;%3/%3/"13#%-'%1'5$H%";%;3"9%-'%1'5$%-,3-
3/"13#H%3/9%-'%1'5$%$5$*)-,"/+%:,"6,H%"/
6'/;$?2$/6$%'K%-,$%1'-"'/%;'%632;$9H%";%1'5$9
@)%-,3-%3/"13#I
YO(#3/3-"'/%E%0%N,$%6'/;$/-%1$/-"'/$9%"/%-,$
9$`/"-"'/%13)%@$%$O(*$;;$9%'*%"1(#"$9H%3/9%13)
@$%+"5$/%$"-,$*%@)%-,$%($*;'/%"/%(';;$;;"'/H%'*%@)
3/)%($*;'/%,35"/+%K'*%-,3-%(2*(';$%32-,'*"-)
$"-,$*%$O(*$;;%'*%"1(#"$9I

<##2;-*3-"'/;
3I% 8%62-;%9':/%3%-*$$%'/%a;%+*'2/9H%:"-,%-,$
"/-$/-"'/%'K%9";,'/$;-#)%-3]"/+%-,$%-*$$%'2-
'K%a;%(';;$;;"'/%:"-,'2-%a;%6'/;$/-I
@I% 8%(2-;%3%@3"-%K'*%9'+;%"/%,";%('6]$-H%3/9%-,2;
"/926$;%a;%9'+%-'%K'##':%"-I%<K%8;%"/-$/-"'/%@$
9";,'/$;-#)%-'%-3]$%-,$%9'+%'2-%'K%a;
(';;$;;"'/%:"-,'2-%a;%6'/;$/-H%8%,3;
6'11"--$9%-,$K-I
6I% 8%1$$-;%3%@2##'6]%63**)"/+%3%@'O%'K%-*$3;2*$I
b$%9*"5$;%-,$%@2##'6]%"/%3%6$*-3"/%9"*$6-"'/H
"/%'*9$*%-,3-%,$%13)%9";,'/$;-#)%-3]$%-,$
-*$3;2*$I%8;%;''/%3;%-,$%@2##'6]%@$+"/;%-'
1'5$H%8%,3;%6'11"--$9%-,$K-%'K%-,$
-*$3;2*$I
9I% 8%@$"/+%a;%;$*53/-H%3/9%$/-*2;-$9%@)%a%:"-,
-,$%63*$%'K%a;%(#3-$H%9";,'/$;-#)%*2/;%3:3)
:"-,%-,$%(#3-$H%:"-,'2-%a;%6'/;$/-I%8%,3;
6'11"--$9%-,$K-I
$I% aH%+'"/+%'/%3%^'2*/$)H%$/-*2;-;%,";%(#3-$%-'%8H
-,$%]$$($*%'K%3%:3*$,'2;$H%-"##%a%;,3##
*$-2*/I%8%63**"$;%-,$%(#3-$%-'%3%+'#9;1"-,
3/9%;$##;%"-I%b$*$H%-,$%(#3-$%:3;%/'-%"/%a;
(';;$;;"'/I%<-%6'2#9%/'-%-,$*$K'*$%@$%-3]$/
'2-%'K%a;%(';;$;;"'/H%3/9%8%,3;%/'-
6'11"--$9%-,$K-H%-,'2+,%,$%13)%,35$
6'11"--$9%6*"1"/3#%@*$36,%'K%-*2;-I
KI% 8%9$#"5$*;%,";%:3-6,%-'%aH%3%^$:$##$*H%-'%@$
*$+2#3-$9I%a%63**"$;%"-%-'%,";%;,'(I%8H%/'-
':"/+%-'%-,$%^$:$##$*%3/)%9$@-%K'*%:,"6,%-,$
^$:$##$*%1"+,-%#3:K2##)%9$-3"/%-,$%:3-6,%3;%3
;$62*"-)H%$/-$*;%-,$%;,'(%'($/#)H%-3]$;%,";
:3-6,%@)%K'*6$%'2-%'K%a;%,3/9H%3/9%63**"$;%"-
3:3)I%b$*$%8H%-,'2+,%,$%13)%,35$
6'11"--$9%6*"1"/3#%-*$;(3;;%3/9%3;;32#-H
,3;%/'-%6'11"--$9%-,$K-H%"/%3;%126,%3;%:,3-
,$%9"9%:3;%/'-%9'/$%9";,'/$;-#)I
+I% <K%8%':$;%1'/$)%-'%a%K'*%*$(3"*"/+%-,$
:3-6,H%3/9%"K%a%*$-3"/;%-,$%:3-6,%#3:K2##)%3;
3%;$62*"-)%K'*%-,$%9$@-H%3/9%8%-3]$;%-,$
:3-6,%'2-%'K%a;%(';;$;;"'/H%:"-,%-,$
"/-$/-"'/%'K%9$(*"5"/+%a%'K%-,$%(*'($*-)%3;%3
;$62*"-)%K'*%,";%9$@-H%,$%6'11"-;%-,$K-H%"/%3;
126,%3;%,$%-3]$;%"-%9";,'/$;-#)I
,I% 8+3"/H%"K%8%,35"/+%(3:/$9%,";%:3-6,%-'%aH
-3]$;%"-%'2-%'K%a;%(';;$;;"'/%:"-,'2-%a;
6'/;$/-H%/'-%,35"/+%(3"9%:,3-%,$%@'**':$9
'/%-,$%:3-6,H%,$%6'11"-;%-,$K-H%-,'2+,%-,$
:3-6,%";%,";%':/%(*'($*-)%"/%3;%126,%3;%,$
-3]$;%"-%9";,'/$;-#)I
"I% 8%-3]$;%3/%3*-"6#$%@$#'/+"/+%-'%a%'2-%'K%a;
(';;$;;"'/H%:"-,'2-%a;%6'/;$/-H%:"-,%-,$
"/-$/-"'/%'K%]$$("/+%"-%2/-"#%,$%'@-3"/;
1'/$)%K*'1%a%3;%3%*$:3*9%K'*%"-;
*$;-'*3-"'/I%b$*$%8%-3]$;%9";,'/$;-#)_%8%,3;
-,$*$K'*$%6'11"--$9%-,$K-I
^I% 8H%@$"/+%'/%K*"$/9#)%-$*1;%:"-,%aH%+'$;%"/-'
a;%#"@*3*)%"/%a;%3@;$/6$H%3/9%-3]$;%3:3)%3
@'']%:"-,'2-%a;%$O(*$;;%6'/;$/-%K'*%-,$
(2*(';$%1$*$#)%'K%*$+3*9"/+%"-H%3/9%:"-,%-,$
"/-$/-"'/%'K%*$-2*/"/+%"-I%b$*$H%"-%";%(*'@3@#$
-,3-%8%13)%,35$%6'/6$"5$9%-,3-%,$%,3;%a;
"1(#"$9%6'/;$/-%-'%2;$%a;%@'']I%<K%-,";%:3;
8;%"1(*$;;"'/H%8%,3;%/'-%6'11"--$9%-,$K-I
]I% 8%3;];%6,3*"-)%K*'1%a;%:"K$I%c,$%+"5$;%8
1'/$)H%K''9%3/9%6#'-,$;H%:,"6,%8%]/':;%-'
@$#'/+%-'%aH%,$*%,2;@3/9I%b$*$%"-%";
(*'@3@#$%-,3-%8%13)%6'/6$"5$%-,3-%a;%:"K$%";
32-,'*";$9%-'%+"5$%3:3)I%<K%-,";%:3;%8;
"1(*$;;"'/H%8%,3;%/'-%6'11"--$9%-,$K-I
#I% 8%";%-,$%(3*31'2*%'K%a;%:"K$I%c,$%+"5$;%3
53#23@#$%(*'($*-)H%:,"6,%8%]/':;%-'%@$#'/+
-'%,$*%,2;@3/9%aH%3/9%-'%@$%;26,%(*'($*-)
3;%;,$%,3;%/'-%32-,'*"-)%K*'1%a%-'%+"5$I%<K%8
-3]$;%-,$%(*'($*-)%9";,'/$;-#)H%,$%6'11"-;
-,$K-I
1I% 8H%"/%+''9%K3"-,%@$#"$5"/+%@$#'/+"/+%-'%a%-'
@$%8;%':/%(*'($*-)H%-3]$;%-,3-%(*'($*-)%'2-
'K%=;%(';;$;;"'/I%b$*$H%3;%8%9'$;%/'-%-3]$
9";,'/$;-#)H%,$%9'$;%/'-%6'11"-%-,$K-I

Sec. 379: Punishment for Theft

\,'$5$*%6'11"-;%-,$K-%;,3##%@$%(2/";,$9%:"-,
"1(*";'/1$/-%'K%$"-,$*%9$;6*"(-"'/%K'*%3%-$*1
:,"6,%13)%$O-$/9%-'%-,*$$%)$3*;H%'*%:"-,%`/$H%'*
:"-,%@'-,I

Essential Ingredients of Theft

N,$%3@;$/6$%'K%-,$%($*;'/;%6'/;$/-%3-%-,$%-"1$%'K
1'5"/+%3/9%-,$%(*$;$/6$%'K%9";,'/$;-%"/-$/-"'/%"/
;'%-3]"/+%3-%-,$%-"1$H%3*$%-,$%$;;$/-"3#%"/+*$9"$/-;
'K%-,$%'J$/6$%'K%-,$K-%TdIUI%>$,*3%5I%c-3-$%'K
Z3^3;-,3/%8<Z%S[CQ%c&%PR[WI
SI% </-$/9"/+%-'%-3]$%9";,'/$;-#)%0%4";,'/$;-
"/-$/-"'/%$O";-;%:,$/%-,$%($*;'/%;'%-3]"/+
-,$%(*'($*-)%"/-$/9;%-'%632;$%:*'/+K2#%+3"/
T$5$/%-$1('*3*)W%-'%,"1;$#K%'*%:*'/+K2#%#';;
-'%-,$%'-,$*_%$"-,$*%";%;2e6"$/-I
N,";%"/-$/-"'/%";%]/':/%3;%3/"12;%K2*3/9"
T"/-$/-"'/%-'%;-$3#W%3/9%:"-,'2-%"-%-,$
'J$/6$%'K%-,$K-%";%/'-%6'1(#$-$I%N,2;H
:,$*$%3%*$;($6-3@#$%($*;'/%^2;-%("/6,$;%-,$
6)6#$%'K%3/'-,$*%($*;'/H%3;%,";%':/%6)6#$%3-
-,$%-"1$%:3;%1";;"/+%3/9%@*"/+;%"-%@36]H%"-
:3;%,$#9%-,3-%/'%-,$K-%:3;%6'11"--$9%@)
,"1I%

N,$K-%@)%:"K$f%\,$*$%3%:"K$%*$1'5$;%-,$
(*'($*-)%'K%,$*%,2;@3/9%#$K-%"/%,$*%62;-'9)
K*'1%,";%,'2;$%:"-,%9";,'/$;-%"/-$/-"'/H
;,$%6'11"-;%-,$K-I%b':$5$*H%3%b"/92
:'13/%9'$;%/'-%6'11"-%-,$K-%@)%*$1'5"/+
,$*%;-*"9,3/%'2-%'K%-,$%62;-'9)%'K%,$*
,2;@3/9I

N,$K-%@)%;$*53/-f%8%;$*53/-%";%/'-%+2"#-)%'K
-,$K-%:,$/%:,3-%,$%9'$;%";%3-%,";%13;-$*;
@"99"/+H%2/#$;;%,$%(3*-"6"(3-$;%"/%,";
13;-$*;%]/':#$9+$%'K%-,$%9";,'/$;-%/3-2*$
'K%-,$%36-;I
%
XI% 8/)%1'53@#$%(*'($*-)%0%8%@'3-H%53#23@#$
;$62*"-)H%3%b"/92%"9'#H%;-'/$;%'*%;3/9%'*
1"/$*3#;%:,$/%;$5$*$9%K*'1%$3*-,%";
1'53@#$%(*'($*-)I%N,$*$%";%/'%-,$K-%'K%:"#9
3/"13#;H%@"*9;H%$-6I%3-%#3*+$H%@2-%-,$*$%";%3
-,$K-%'K%-31$9%3/"13#;I%8%,213/%@'9)H
:,$-,$*%#"5"/+%'*%9$39H%63//'-%@$%-,$
;2@^$6-%'K%-,$K-I
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PI% N3]"/+%'2-%'K%-,$%(';;$;;"'/%'K%3/'-,$*
($*;'/%0%<-%9'$;%/'-%13--$*%K'*%-,$%(2*(';$;
'K%-,$K-%-,3-%-,$%($*;'/%K*'1%:,';$
(';;$;;"'/%-,$%(*'($*-)%";%-3]$/%";%/'-%-,$
-*2$%':/$*%'*%,3;%3/%3((3*$/-%3/9%/'-%*$3#
-"-#$%-'%-,$%(*'($*-)I%G';;$;;"'/%3/9%/'-
':/$*;,"(%";%-,$%$;;$/-"3#%$#$1$/-%"/%-,$
'J$/6$I%8%-,$K-%";%3%-,$K-I%N,2;H%:,$*$%3
($*;'/%;-$3#;%3%-,"/+%K*'1%3%-,"$K%,$%";%+2"#-)
'K%-,$K-I

Z$1'5"/+%'*/31$/-;%K*'1%3%9$39%@'9)
63//'-%@$%-3]"/+%(*'($*-)%'2-%'K%(';;$;;"'/
'K%3%($*;'/%3/9%-,2;%/'-%3%-,$K-H%@2-%"-%";%3
6*"1"/3#%1";3((*'(*"3-"'/H%3;%3#;'%"/%-,$
63;$%'K%("6]"/+%2(%3%#';-%(*'($*-)I%\,$*$
-,$%':/$*%*$1'5$;%3%(*'($*-)%:,"6,%,3;
@$$/%3--36,$9%@)%-,$%6'2*-H%,$%,3;
6'11"--$9%3%-,$K-I

N3]"/+%'2-%'K%(';;$;;"'/%'K%3/'-,$*%($*;'/
13)%/'-%@$%($*13/$/-%'*%:"-,%-,$%"/-$/-"'/
-'%3((*'(*"3-$%-,"/+;I%</%G)3*$%73"%5I%c-3-$
G)3*$%73"%5I%c-3-$
T8<Z%S[RP%c&%SF[EW%,$#9%-,3-%"-%:'2#9%;3-";K)
-,$%9$`/"-"'/%'K%-,$K-%"K%,$%-'']%3:3)%3/)
1'53@#$%(*'($*-)%'2-%'K%(';;$;;"'/%'K
3/'-,$*%($*;'/%-,'2+,%,$%"/-$/9;%-'%*$-2*/
"-%#3-$*%'/I%b':$5$*H%2/9$*%-,$%Y/+#";,%#3:H
-,$%(*'($*-)%12;-%@$%-3]$/%-'%9$(*"5$
3/'-,$*%($*13/$/-#)I%</%-,$%3@'5$%63;$H%-,$
3(($##3/-%:3;%3%c2($*"/-$/9$/-%"/%3
g'5$*/1$/-%'e6$I

b$%*$1'5$9%3%`#$%-'%,";%,'2;$%3/9%139$%"-
353"#3@#$%-'%3/%'2-;"9$*%:,'%-31($*$9%:"-,
-,$%9'621$/-;I%N,$%3(($##3/-%*$-2*/$9%-,$
`#$%-'%-,$%'e6$I%b$#9H%-,3-%3%-$1('*3*)
($*"'9%'K%9$(*"53-"'/%'*%9";(';;$;;"'/%'K
-,$%(*'($*-)%'K%3/'-,$*%632;$;%#';;%-'%-,$
'-,$*I%</%dIUI%>$,*3%5I%c-3-$%'K
dIUI%>$,*3%5I%c-3-$%'K
Z3^3;-,3/
Z3^3;-,3/%T8<Z%S[CQ%c&%PR[WH%-,$%3662;$9
-'']%'2-%3/%78!%(#3/$%K'*%3/%2/32-,'*";$9
h"+,-H%$5$/%-$1('*3*"#)H%:3;%,$#9%+2"#-)I
%
EI% N3]"/+%:"-,'2-%6'/;$/-%0%&'/;$/-%'@-3"/$9
@)%K3#;$%*$(*$;$/-3-"'/%:,"6,%#$39;%-'%3
1";6'/6$(-"'/%'K%K36-;%:"##%/'-%@$%3%53#"9
6'/;$/-I
%
CI% >'5"/+%(*'($*-)%"/%'*9$*%-'%;26,%-3]"/+%0%N"##
-,$%(*'($*-)%";%1'5$9H%/'%'J$/6$%'K%-,$K-
63/%@$%6'11"--$9%$5$/%"K%-,$%3##$+$9
'J$/9$*%,39%"/-$/9$9%-'%-3]$%9";,'/$;-#)
-,$%(*'($*-)%'2-%'K%-,$%(';;$;;"'/%'K%3/)
($*;'/%:"-,'2-%,";%6'/;$/-I

Aggravated Forms of Theft

"I% N,$K-%"/%3/)%@2"#9"/+H%-$/-%'*%5$;;$#%2;$9%3;
,213/%9:$##"/+%'*%K'*%-,$%62;-'9)%'K
(*'($*-)f%c$6I%PDFI
""I% N,$K-%@)%6#$*]%'*%;$*53/-%'K%(*'($*-)%"/
(';;$;;"'/%'K%,";%13;-$*f%c$6I%PDSI
"""I% N,$K-%3K-$*%(*$(3*3-"'/%139$%K'*%632;"/+
9$3-,H%'*%,2*-%'*%*$;-*3"/-%'*%K$3*%'K%9$3-,H
$-6I%-'%3/)%($*;'/%"/%'*9$*%-'%-,$
6'11"--"/+%'K%;26,%-,$K-H%'*%-,$%$J$6-"/+%'K
$;63($%3K-$*:3*9;%'*%-,$%*$-3"/"/+%'K
(*'($*-)%-3]$/%@)%;26,%-,$K-f%c$6I%PDXI

Sec. 383: Extortion

\,'$5$*H%"/-$/-"'/3##)%(2-;%3/)%($*;'/%"/%K$3*%'K
3/)%"/^2*)%-'%-,3-%($*;'/H%'*%-'%3/)%'-,$*H%3/9
-,$*$@)%9";,'/$;-#)%"/926$;%-,$%($*;'/%;'%(2-%"/
K$3*%-'%9$#"5$*%-'%3/)%($*;'/%3/)%(*'($*-)%'*
53#23@#$%;$62*"-)H%'*%3/)-,"/+%;"+/$9%'*%;$3#$9
:,"6,%13)%@$%6'/5$*-$9%"/-'%3%53#23@#$%;$62*"-)H
6'11"-;%$O-'*-"'/
$O-'*-"'/I

<##2;-*3-"'/;
3I% 8%-,*$3-$/;%-'%(2@#";,%3%9$K313-'*)%#"@$#
6'/6$*/"/+%a%2/#$;;%a%+"5$;%,"1%1'/$)I%b$
-,2;%"/926$;%a%-'%+"5$%,"1%1'/$)I%8%,3;
6'11"--$9%$O-'*-"'/I
@I% 8%-,*$3-$/;%a%-,3-%,$%:"##%]$$(%a;%6,"#9%"/
:*'/+K2#%6'/`/$1$/-%2/#$;;%a%:"##%;"+/%3/9
9$#"5$*%-'%8H%3%(*'1";;'*)%/'-$%@"/9"/+%a%-'
(3)%6$*-3"/%-,"/+%-'%8I%a%;"+/;%3/9%9$#"5$*;
-,$%/'-$I%8%,3;%6'11"--$9%$O-'*-"'/I
6I% 8H%@)%(2--"/+%a%"/%K$3*%'K%+*"$5'2;%,2*-H
9";,'/$;-#)%"/926$;%a%-'%;"+/%'*%3eO%,";%;$3#
-'%3%@#3/]%(3($*%3/9%9$#"5$*%"-%-'%8I%a%;"+/;
3/9%9$#"5$*;%-,$%(3($*%-'%8I%b$*$H%3;%-,$
(3($*%;'%;"+/$9%13)%@$%6'/5$*-$9%"/-'%3
53#23@#$%;$62*"-)H%8%,3;%6'11"--$9
$O-'*-"'/I

Sec. 384: Punishment for Extortion

\,'$5$*%6'11"-;%$O-'*-"'/%;,3##%@$%(2/";,$9
:"-,%"1(*";'/1$/-%K'*%3%-$*1%:,"6,%13)%$O-$/9
-'%-,*$$%)$3*;H%'*%:"-,%`/$%'*%:"-,%@'-,I

Essential Ingredients of Extortion

N,$%6,"$K%$#$1$/-;%'K%$O-'*-"'/%T=#36]%13"#W%3*$
-,$%"/-$/-"'/3#%(2--"/+%'K%3%($*;'/%"/%K$3*%'K%"/^2*)
-'%,"1;$#K%'*%3/'-,$*%3/9%9";,'/$;-#)%"/926"/+%-,$
($*;'/%;'%(2-%"/%K$3*%-'%9$#"5$*%-'%3/)%($*;'/%3/)
(*'($*-)%'*%53#23@#$%;$62*"-)I
SI% G2-;%3/)%($*;'/%"/%K$3*%'K%"/^2*)%0%
G2-;%3/)%($*;'/%"/%K$3*%'K%"/^2*)%0%N,$
K$3*%12;-%@$%'K%;26,%3%/3-2*$%3/9%$O-$/-%3;
-'%2/;$--#$%-,$%1"/9%'K%-,$%($*;'/%'/%:,'1
"-%'($*3-$;%3/9%-3]$;%3:3)%K*'1%,";%36-;
-,3-%$#$1$/-%'K%K*$$%5'#2/-3*)%36-"'/%:,"6,
3#'/$%6'/;-"-2-$;%6'/;$/-I

N,$%-,*$3-;%2/9$*%-,";%;$6-"'/%,39%/'-,"/+
-'%9'%:"-,%-,$%-*2-,%'K%-,$%3662;3-"'/I%N,$
+2"#-%'*%"//'6$/6$%'K%-,$%(3*-)%-,*$3-$/$9%";
"113-$*"3#I%N,$%:'*9%"/^2*)%2/9$*%-,";
;$6-"'/%";%/'-%/$6$;;3*"#)%(,);"63#%T"-
"/6#29$;%*$(2-3-"'/%'*%(*'($*-)WI%Y5$/%3
-$**'*%'K%3%6*"1"/3#%6,3*+$%:,$-,$*%-*2$%'*
K3#;$%31'2/-;%-'%3%K$3*%'K%"/^2*)I

</%8IZI%8/-2#3)%5I%ZIcI%U3)3]
8IZI%8/-2#3)%5I%ZIcI%U3)3]%T8<Z%S[DR
c&%XFECWH%-,$%3662;$9%:3;%&,"$K%>"/";-$*%3-
-,$%*$#$53/-%-"1$%3/9%-,$%c2+3*%&'0
'($*3-"5$;%,39%;'1$%'K%-,$%+*"$53/6$;
($/9"/+%6'/;"9$*3-"'/%@$K'*$%-,$
g'5$*/1$/-I%N,$%(*$;;2*$%:3;%@*'2+,-
3@'2-%'/%-,$%c2+3*%&'0'($*3-"5$;%-'%13]$
-,$%9'/3-"'/;%:"-,%3%(*'1";$%-,3-%-,$"*
+*"$53/6$;%;,3##%@$%6'/;"9$*$9I%b$#9%-,3-
-,$%"/+*$9"$/-;%'K%-,$%'J$/6$%'K%$O-'*-"'/
/'-%139$%'2-I%N,$*$%:3;%/'%$5"9$/6$%3-%3##
-,3-%-,$%13/3+$1$/-%'K%-,$%c2+3*%&'0
'($*3-"5$;%,39%@$$/%(2-%"/%3/)%K$3*%3/9%-,$
6'/-*"@2-"'/;%,39%@$$/%(3"9%"/%*$;('/;$%-'
-,*$3-;I
%
XI% 4";,'/$;-%"/926$1$/-%0
4";,'/$;-%"/926$1$/-%0%<-%";%/'-
;2e6"$/-%-,3-%-,$*$%;,'2#9%@$%:*'/+K2#%#';;
632;$9%-'%3/%"/9"5"923#%@2-%-,$%($*;'/
(2--"/+%-,3-%"/9"5"923#%"/%K$3*%'K%"/^2*)%,35$
-,$%"/-$/-"'/%-,3-%:*'/+K2#%#';;%;,'2#9%@$
632;$9I
%
PI% 4$#"5$*)%'K%(*'($*-)%'*%53#23@#$
;$62*"-)%@)%-,$%($*;'/%(2-%"/%K$3*%
;$62*"-)%@)%-,$%($*;'/%(2-%"/%K$3*%-' -'
3/)%($*;'/%0%
3/)%($*;'/%0%\,$*$%3%($*;'/%-,*'2+,%K$3*
'J$*;%/'%*$;";-3/6$%-'%-,$%63**)"/+%'J%,";
(*'($*-)H%@2-%9'$;%/'-%9$#"5$*%3/)%'K%-,$
(*'($*-)%-'%-,';$%:,'%63**)%"-%3:3)_%-,$
'J$/6$%6'11"--$9%";%/'-%$O-'*-"'/%@2-
*'@@$*)I%N,$%'J$/6$%'K%$O-'*-"'/%";%/'-
6'1(#$-$%2/-"#%36-23#%9$#"5$*)%'K%(*'($*-)%@)
-,$%($*;'/%(2-%2/9$*%K$3*I%!2*-,$*H%-,$
-,*$3-%13)@$%2;$9%@)%'/$%($*;'/%3/9%-,$
(*'($*-)%13)%@$%*$6$"5$9%@)%3/'-,$*
($*;'/I

</%i392/3/93/%c"/+,%5I%Y1($*'*
i392/3/93/%c"/+,%5I%Y1($*'*%T8<Z%S[ES%G3-
SX[WH%-,$%3662;$9H%3#'/+%:"-,%'-,$*;H%3;;32#-$9
-:'%($*;'/;%3/9%K'*6"@#)%-'']%-,$"*%-,21@
"1(*$;;"'/;%'/%-,*$$%@#3/]%(3($*;I%N,$%6'2*-
'@;$*5$9%-,3-%63;$;%K*$?2$/-#)%'662*%:,"6,%-2*/
'/%-,$%9"J$*$/6$%@$-:$$/%-,$%+"5"/+%3/9%-3]"/+%'K
-,21@%"1(*$;;"'/I%N,$%K'*6"@#$%-3]"/+%'K%-,$
5"6-"1;%-,21@%"1(*$;;"'/%9'$;%/'-%/$6$;;3*"#)
"/5'#5$%"/926"/+%-,$%5"6-"1%-'%9$#"5$*%(3($*;%:"-,
-,21@%"1(*$;;"'/;I%N,$*$K'*$H%-,$%'J$/6$%'K
$O-'*-"'/%";%/'-%$;-3@#";,$9I%<-%";%/'-%3%63;$%'K%-,$K-
@$632;$%(3($*;%:$*$%/'-%-3]$/%K*'1%-,$%5"6-"1;
(';;$;;"'/I%<-%";%3%63;$%'K%6*"1"/3#%K'*6$%'*%3;;32#-
Tc$6I%PXCWI

Sec. 385: Putting person in fear of injury in

order to commit extortion
\,$*$3;%2/9$*%c$6I%PDEH%3%($*;'/%";%(2/";,3@#$
K'*%$O-'*-"'/%"K%,$%(2-;%3/)%($*;'/%"/%K$3*%'K%"/^2*)
3/9%-,$*$@)%9";,'/$;-#)%"/926$;%,"1%-'%9$#"5$*
3/)%(*'($*-)H%c$6I%PDC%(2/";,$;%-,$%5$*)%36-%'K
(2--"/+%'*%-,$%3--$1(-"/+%-'%(2-%3/)%($*;'/%"/%K$3*
'K%3/)%"/^2*)%K'*%-,$%3@'5$%(2*(';$I

Aggravated forms of extortion are provided

under Sections 386-389
c$6I%PDR%0%YO-'*-"'/%@)%(2--"/+%3%($*;'/%"/%K$3*%'K
9$3-,%'*%+*"$5'2;%,2*-%Tc$6I%PDQ%(*'5"9$;%K'*%3/
3--$1(-%-'%9'%;'W_
c$6I%PDD%0%YO-'*-"'/%@)%-,*$3-%'K%3662;3-"'/%'K%3/
'J$/6$%(2/";,3@#$%:"-,%9$3-,%'*%"1(*";'/1$/-
K'*%#"K$_%3/9H
c$6I%PD[%0%(2--"/+%($*;'/%"/%K$3*%'K%3662;3-"'/%'K
'J$/6$H%"/%'*9$*%-'%6'11"-%$O-'*-"'/I

Distinction between Extortion and Theft

N,$%'J$/6$%'K%$O-'*-"'/%-3]$;%3%1"99#$
(#36$%@$-:$$/%-,$K-%3/9%*'@@$*)I%
(#36$%@$-:$$/%-,$K-%3/9%*'@@$*)I%YO-'*-"'/ YO-'*-"'/
";%9"J$*$/-%K*'1%-,$K-%"/%K'##':"/+%*$;($6-;f
"I% YO-'*-"'/%";%6'11"--$9%@)%:*'/+K2#
'@-3"/"/+%'K%':/$*;%6'/;$/-I%</%N,$K-H
(*'($*-)%";%-3]$/%:"-,'2-%':/$*;%6'/;$/-I
""I% </%YO-'*-"'/H%@'-,%1'53@#$%3/9%"11'53@#$
(*'($*-)%13)%@$%-,$%;2@^$6-%'K%3/%'J$/6$I
N,$K-%";%#"1"-$9%-'%1'53@#$%(*'($*-)%'/#)I
"""I% </%YO-'*-"'/H%-,$*$%";%$#$1$/-%'K%K'*6$%TK$3*
'K%"/^2*)WI%</%N,$K-H%-,$*$%";%/'%$#$1$/-%'K
K'*6$%'*%K$3*I
"5I% </%YO-'*-"'/H%(*'($*-)%";%9$#"5$*$9%-'%-,$
'J$/9$*%@)%-,$%5"6-"1I%</%N,$K-H%(*'($*-)%";
-3]$/%3:3)%:"-,'2-%-,$%':/$*;%6'/;$/-I

Sec. 390: Robbery

Z'@@$*)%";%3/%3++*353-$9%K'*1%'K%$"-,$*
-,$K-%'*%$O-'*-"'/%'*%'K%@'-,I%866'*9"/+%
-,$K-%'*%$O-'*-"'/%'*%'K%@'-,I%866'*9"/+%-' -'
c$6I%P[FH%-,$K-%";%*'@@$*)%"K%0
"I% "/%'*9$*%-'%-,$%6'11"--"/+%'K%-,$K-H%'*
""I% "/%6'11"--"/+%-,$K-H%'*
"""I% "/%63**)"/+%3:3)H%'*%3--$1(-"/+%-'%63**)
3:3)%(*'($*-)%'@-3"/$9%@)%-,$K-H%-,$
'J$/9$*H%K'*%-,3-%$/9H%5'#2/-3*"#)%632;$;%'*
3--$1(-;%-'%632;$%-'%3/)%($*;'/%9$3-,H%'*
,2*-H%'*%:*'/+K2#%*$;-*3"/-H%'*%K$3*%'K%"/;-3/-
9$3-,H%'*%,2*-H%'*%:*'/+K2#%*$;-*3"/-I

<##2;-*3-"'/
T3W%8%,'#9;%a%9':/H%3/9%K*3292#$/-#)%-3]$;%a;
1'/$)%3/9%^$:$#;%K*'1%a;%6#'-,$;H%:"-,'2-%a;
6'/;$/-I%b$*$%8%,3;%6'11"--$9%-,$K-H%3/9%"/%'*9$*
-'%-,$%6'11"--"/+%'K%-,3-%-,$K-H%,3;%5'#2/-3*"#)
632;$9%:*'/+K2#%*$;-*3"/-%-'%aI%8%,3;%-,$*$K'*$
6'11"--$9%*'@@$*)I

N,$%$;;$/6$%'K%-,$%'J$/6$%'K%*'@@$*)%";%-,$
(*$;$/6$%'K%"11"/$/-%K$3*%'*%5"'#$/6$I%N,$
$O(*$;;"'/%K'*%-,3-%$/9%"/9"63-$;%-,3-%9$3-,H%,2*-H
'*%:*'/+K2#%*$;-*3"/-%";%632;$9%"/%'*9$*%-'%-,$
6'11"--"/+%'K%-,$K-H%'*%"/%6'11"--"/+%-,$K-H%'*%"/
63**)"/+%3:3)%(*'($*-)%'@-3"/$9%@)%-,$K-I%N,2;H
5"'#$/6$%13)%@$%632;$9%$"-,$*%@$K'*$H%'*%92*"/+%'*
3K-$*%6'11"--"/+%-,$K-%@2-%"-%12;-%@$%632;$9%K'*
3/)%'K%-,$%$/9;%;-3-$9%3@'5$I

<K%K'*6$%";%2;$9%K'*%3/)%'-,$*%(2*(';$H%"-%:"##%/'-
6'/5$*-%-,$K-%"/-'%*'@@$*)I%N,2;H%"K%3%-,"$KH%@$"/+
(2*;2$9%@)%-,$%':/$*H%3@3/9'/;%-,$%(*'($*-)
3/9%`/9"/+%,"1;$#K%;-"##%6,3;$9%-,*':;%;-'/$;%-'
35'"9%63(-2*$H%"-%:'2#9%@$%3%63;$%'K%-,$K-%3/9%/'-
'K%*'@@$*)I%=$632;$%-,$%'J$/9$*%-,*$:%;-'/$;%-'
3J$6-%,";%$;63($%3/9%/'-%-'%-3]$%3:3)%;-'#$/
(*'($*-)I%=2-H%:,$*$%&%3/9%4%:$*$%;-$3#"/+
13/+'$;%K*'1%3%-*$$H%3/9%:$*$%;2*(*";$9%@)%=H
:,$*$2('/%&%]/'6]$9%9':/%=H%-,$%'J$/6$%'K
*'@@$*)%:3;%,$#9%-'%,35$%6'11"--$9I%N,$%,2*-
632;$9%@)%-,$%'J$/9$*%12;-%@$%5'#2/-3*"#)
632;$9I%N,2;H%366"9$/-3#%"/^2*)%:"##%/'-%6'/5$*-
-,$K-%"/-'%*'@@$*)I%</%3%63;$%-,$%3662;$9%";
;/3-6,"/+%3%/';$0*"/+%'K%3%:'13/%:'2/9$9%,$*%"/
-,$%/';-*"#%3/9%632;$;%,$*%@#''9%-'%h':H%,$%:3;
,$#9%+2"#-)%'K%*'@@$*)I

When Extortion is Robbery

866'*9"/+%-'%c$6I%P[FH%$O-'*-"'/%";%*'@@$*)0
"I% \,$/%3%($*;'/%6'11"-;%$O-'*-"'/%@)
(2--"/+%3/'-,$*%($*;'/%"/%K$3*%'K%"/;-3/-
9$3-,j,2*-j:*'/+K2#%*$;-*3"/-%-'%-,3-%($*;'/
'*%-'%;'1$%'-,$*%($*;'/H%3/9
""I% ;26,%3%($*;'/%@)%;'%(2--"/+%3/'-,$*%"/%K$3*H
"/926$;%-,$%#3--$*%-'%9$#"5$*%2(%-,$%-,"/+
$O-'*-$9H%3/9
"""I% -,$%'J$/9$*H%3-%-,$%-"1$%'K%6'11"--"/+%-,$
$O-'*-"'/H%";%"/%-,$%(*$;$/6$%'K%-,$%($*;'/
(2-%"/%K$3*I

<##2;-*3-"'/;
3I% 8%1$$-;%a%'/%-,$%,"+,%*'39H%;,':;%3%(";-'#H
3/9%9$13/9;%a;%(2*;$I%a%;2**$/9$*;%,";
(2*;$I%b$*$%8%,3;%$O-'*-$9%-,$%(2*;$%K*'1
aH%@)%(2--"/+%,"1%"/%K$3*H%'K%"/;-3/-%,2*-H%3/9
@$"/+%3-%-,$%-"1$%'K%6'11"--"/+%-,$
$O-'*-"'/%"/%,";%(*$;$/6$I%8%,3;%-,$*$K'*$
6'11"--$9%*'@@$*)I
@I% 8%'@-3"/;%(*'($*-)%K*'1%a%@)%;3)"/+H%)'2*
6,"#9%";%"/%-,$%,3/9;%'K%1)%+3/+H%3/9%:"##%@$
(2-%-'%9$3-,%2/#$;;%)'2%;$/9%2;%Z;I%SFHFFFI
N,";%";%$O-'*-"'/H%3/9%/'-%*'@@$*)H%2/#$;;%a
";%(2-%"/%K$3*%'K%-,$%"/;-3/-%9$3-,%'K%,";
6,"#9I

!'*%$O-'*-"'/%-'%@$6'1$%*'@@$*)H%"-%";%/$6$;;3*)
-,3-%-,$%'J$/9$*%12;-%@$%(*$;$/-%@$K'*$%-,$
($*;'/%T;2e6"$/-#)%/$3*W%(2-%"/%K$3*%'K%"/^2*)H%3/9H
-,2;H%@)%*$3;'/%'K%,";%(*$;$/6$%";%63(3@#$%$/'2+,
-'%63**)%,";%-,*$3-%"/-'%$J$6-%;"12#-3/$'2;#)I
\,$*$%3%('#"6$%'e6$*%'@-3"/;%K*'1%3%($*;'/
6$*-3"/%'*/31$/-%@)%(2--"/+%,"1%2/9$*%-,$%K$3*
-,3-%,$%:"##%"11$9"3-$#)%@$%(2-%"/-'%(*";'/%3/9%:"##
/'-%@$%*$#$3;$9%K'*%1'/-,;H%-,$%('#"6$%'e6$*%";
+2"#-)%'K%*'@@$*)I

Section 390 can be analyzed in a nutshell thus-

Z'@@$*)%kN,$K-%l%5"'#$/6$%'*%K$3*%'K%"/;-3/-
5"'#$/6$%'*%YO-'*-"'/%l%'J$/9$*%(*$;$/-%l%K$3*%'K
"/;-3/-%5"'#$/6$%l%"11$9"3-$%9$#"5$*)mI

Punishment for Robbery

N,$%(2/";,1$/-%K'*%*'@@$*)%";%"1(*";'/1$/-%K'*
SF%)$3*;%3/9%`/$I%</%63;$%'K%3--$1(-%-'%6'11"-
*'@@$*)H%"-%";%"1(*";'/1$/-%K'*%Q%)$3*;%3/9%`/$I

<K%*'@@$*)%";%6'11"--$9%'/%-,$%,"+,:3)%@$-:$$/
;2/;$-%3/9%;2/*";$H%-,$%(2/";,1$/-%";
"1(*";'/1$/-%K'*%SE%)$3*;%Tc$6I%P[XWI%<K%,2*-%";
632;$9H%-,$%(2/";,1$/-%";%"1(*";'/1$/-%K'*%#"K$
'*%SF%)$3*;%3/9%`/$I%73;-#)H%@$#'/+"/+%-'%+3/+%
+3/+%'K
($*;'/;%3;;'6"3-$9%K'*%-,$%(2*(';$%'K%,3@"-23##)
6'11"--"/+%-,$K-%'*%*'@@$*)%";%(2/";,3@#$%:"-,
"1(*";'/1$/-%K'*%Q%)$3*;%3/9%`/$I

Sec. 391: Dacoity

436'"-)%";%3/%3++*353-$9%K'*1%'K%*'@@$*)I%c$6I%P[S
#3);%9':/%-,3-%:,$*$%C%'*%1'*$%($*;'/;
6'/^'"/-#)%6'11"-%'*%3--$1(-%-'%6'11"-%3
*'@@$*)H%'*%3*$%(*$;$/-%3/9%3"9%;26,%6'11";;"'/
'*%3--$1(-H%$5$*)'/$%'K%-,$1%";%;3"9%-'%6'11"-
936'"-)
936'"-)I

N,";%;$6-"'/%";%'/$%1'*$%"/;-3/6$%'K%:,3-%";
]/':/%3;%6'/;-*26-"5$%6*"1"/3#"-)%T;$$%2/9$*%c$6I
PEH%<G&WI%N,$%:'*9%6'/^'"/-#)
6'/^'"/-#)%*$K$*;%-'%2/"-$9%'*
6'/6$*-$9%36-"'/%'K%-,$%($*;'/;%(3*-"6"(3-"/+%"/
-,$%-*3/;36-"'/I%N,$%($*;'/;%;,'2#9%;,3*$%-,$
6'11'/%"/-$/-"'/%'K%6'11"--"/+%*'@@$*)I%</
6'2/-"/+%-,$%/21@$*%'K%'J$/9$*;%T-,2+;WH%-,$
($*;'/;%T3@$--'*;W%(*$;$/-%3/9%3"9"/+%:,$/%-,$
6*"1$%";%6'11"--$9%3*$%3#;'%6'2/-$9I%N,2;H%'/$
($*;'/%13)%6'11"-%'*%3--$1(-%-'%6'11"-
*'@@$*)H%3/9%K'2*%'-,$*%13)%@$%(*$;$/-%3/9
3"9"/+%"/%"-;%6'11";;"'/%'*%3--$1(-I

c$6-"'/%P[R%T436'"-)%:"-,%12*9$*W%$/36-;%-,3-%"K
3/)%'/$%'K%-,$%936'"-;%6'11"-;%12*9$*%"/
6'11"--"/+%936'"-)H%$5$*)%'/$%'K%-,$1%";%#"3@#$%K'*
12*9$*I%</%Y1($*'*%5I%73;,]3*
Y1($*'*%5I%73;,]3*%TS[XSW%X%73,I
XQCH%3%+3/+%'K%`5$%936'"-;H%'/$%'K%:,'1%,39%3
+2/H%*3"9$9%-,$%,'2;$%'K%VI%8K-$*%#''-"/+H%:,"#$
-,$)%:$*$%*2//"/+%3:3)%:"-,%-,$"*%@''-)H%-,$)
;,'-%9':/%'/$%5"##3+$*I%<-%:3;%,$#9%-,3-%-,$
12*9$*%6'11"--$9%@)%-,$%936'"-;%:,"#$%63**)"/+
3:3)%-,$%;-'#$/%(*'($*-)%:3;%12*9$*%6'11"--$9
"/%-,$%6'11";;"'/%'K%936'"-)H%3/9%$5$*)%'J$/9$*
:3;%-,$*$K'*$%#"3@#$%K'*%-,$%12*9$*I

!2*-,$*H%(*$(3*3-"'/%-'%6'11"-%936'"-)%Tc$6I%P[[WH
@$#'/+"/+%-'%3%+3/+%'K%936'"-;%Tc$6I%EFFW%3/9
3;;$1@#"/+%K'*%-,$%(2*(';$%'K%6'11"--"/+%936'"-)
Tc$6I%EPXW%";%3#;'%(2/";,3@#$I%N,2;H%-,$%K'2*%;-3+$;
"/%936'"-)%3*$f%3;;$1@#"/+H%(*$(3*3-"'/H%3--$1(-H
36-23#%6'11";;"'/_%$36,%;-3+$%";%(2/";,3@#$I

Punishment for Dacoity

N,$%(2/";,1$/-%K'*%936'"-)%";%"1(*";'/1$/-%K'*
#"K$H%'*%"1(*";'/1$/-%K'*%SF%)$3*;%3/9%`/$I%</%63;$
'K%936'"-)%:"-,%12*9$*H%"-%";%9$3-,H%'*%#"K$0
"1(*";'/1$/-H%'*%"1(*";'/1$/-%K'*%SF%)$3*;%3/9
`/$I
<K%-,$%'J$/9$*%2;$;%3/)%9$39#)%:$3('/%3-%-,$
-"1$%'K%6'11"--"/+%*'@@$*)%'*%936'"-)%'*%632;$;
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($*;'/H%,$%;,3##%@$%(2/";,$9%:"-,%"1(*";'/1$/-
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6'11"-%*'@@$*)%'*%936'"-)%:,$/%3*1$9%:"-,%3
9$39#)%:$3('/%T-,'2+,%9"9%/'-%2;$%-,$1W%Tc$6I
P[DWI

Distinction between Theft, Extortion, Robbery

and Dacoity
N,$K-H%*'@@$*)%3/9%936'"-)%*$;$1@#$%$36,%'-,$*%"/
-,3-%(*'($*-)%";%-3]$/%:"-,'2-%-,$%':/$*;
6'/;$/-I%b':$5$*H%-,$K-%
-,$K-%63/%@$%6'11"--$9%"/
*$;($6-%'K%1'53@#$%(*'($*-)%'/#)H%:,$*$3;
$O-'*-"'/H%*'@@$*)%'*%936'"-)
$O-'*-"'/H%*'@@$*)%'*%936'"-)%63/%@$
6'11"--$9%"/%*$;($6-%'K%"11'53@#$%(*'($*-)%3#;'I
!2*-,$*H%"/%-,$K-H%-,$*$%";%/'%2;$%'K%K'*6$%@)%-,$
-,"$KH%:,$*$3;%K'*6$%13)%'*%13)%/'-%@$%2;$9
366'*9"/+%3;%*'@@$*)%'*%936'"-)%";%3%K'*1%'K%-,$K-
'*%$O-'*-"'/I

<-%13)%@$%/'-$9%-,3-%936'"-)%"/6#29$;%*'@@$*)%3/9
@$632;$%*'@@$*)%";%'/#)%3++*353-$9%K'*1%'K%-,$K-
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$O-'*-"'/%3#;'I%Y5$*)%63;$%'K%936'"-)%";%(*"13*"#)%3
63;$%'K%*'@@$*)%@2-%5"6$%5$*;3%";%/'-%6'**$6-I

N,$K-H%*'@@$*)H%3/9%$O-'*-"'/
N,$K-H%*'@@$*)H%3/9%$O-'*-"'/%63/%@$
6'11"--$9%@)%'/$%($*;'/H%:,$*$3;%"/%936'"-)
936'"-)H
-,$%#$3;-%/21@$*%12;-%@$%`5$I

YO-'*-"'/
YO-'*-"'/%";%6'11"--$9%@)%-,$%:*'/+K2#%'@-3"/"/+
'K%6'/;$/-I%</%*'@@$*)H
*'@@$*)H%-,$%'J$/9$*%-3]$;
:"-,'2-%6'/;$/-%'*%@)%-,$%:*'/+K2#%'@-3"/"/+%'K
6'/;$/-I%</%936'"-)H%-,$*$%";%$"-,$*%/'%6'/;$/-%'*
6'/;$/-%";%'@-3"/$9%:*'/+K2##)I%N,$%$#$1$/-%'K
K$3*%";%6#$3*#)%(*$;$/-%"/%$O-'*-"'/%3/9%936'"-)
936'"-)H
@2-%13)%'*%13)%/'-%@$%(*$;$/-%"/%*'@@$*)
*'@@$*)I

Criminal Misappropriation And Breach Of Trust

c$6I%EFPf
c$6I%EFPf%4";,'/$;-%>";3((*'(*"3-"'/%'K%G*'($*-)
\,'$5$*H%9";,'/$;-#)%1";3((*'(*"3-$;%'*
6'/5$*-;%-'%,";%':/%2;$%3/)%1'53@#$
(*'($*-)H%;,3##%@$%(2/";,$9%:"-,
"1(*";'/1$/-%'K%$"-,$*%9$;6*"(-"'/%K'*%3
-$*1%
-$*1%:,"6,%13)%$O-$/9%-'%-:'%)$3*;H%'*
:,"6,%13)%$O-$/9%-'%-:'%)$3*;H%'*
:"-,%`/$H%'*%:"-,%@'-,I

<##2;-*3-"'/;
3I% 8%-3]$;%(*'($*-)%@$#'/+"/+%-'%a%'2-%'K%a;
(';;$;;"'/%"/%+''9%K3"-,%@$#"$5"/+H%3-%-,$
-"1$%:,$/%,$%-3]$;%"-H%-,3-%-,$%(*'($*-)
@$#'/+;%-'%,"1;$#KI%8%";%/'-%+2"#-)%'K%-,$K-_
@2-%"K%8H%3K-$*%9";6'5$*"/+%,";%1";-3]$H
9";,'/$;-#)%3((*'(*"3-$;%-,$%(*'($*-)%-'%,";
':/%2;$H%,$%";%+2"#-)%'K%3/%'J$/6$%2/9$*
-,";%;$6-"'/I
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@'']%:"-,'2-%a;%"1(#"$9%6'/;$/-%-'%-3]$%-,$
@'']%K'*%-,$%(2*(';$%'K%*$39"/+%"-H%8%,3;%/'-
6'11"--$9%-,$K-I%=2-H%"K%8%3K-$*:3*9;%;$##;
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3/%'J$/6$%2/9$*%-,";%;$6-"'/I
%
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-3]$;%-,$%,'*;$%'2-%'K%=;%(';;$;;"'/H
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':/%2;$H%,$%";%+2"#-)%'K%3/%'J$/6$%2/9$*
-,";%;$6-"'/I

YO(#3/3-"'/%S0
YO(#3/3-"'/%S0%8%9";,'/$;-%1";3((*'(*"3-"'/%K'*
3%-"1$%'/#)%";%3%1";3((*'(*"3-"'/%:"-,"/%-,$
1$3/"/+%'K%-,";%;$6-"'/I

<##2;-*3-"'/
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-,";%;$6-"'/I

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"/%-,$%(';;$;;"'/%'K%3/)%'-,$*%($*;'/H%3/9%-3]$;
;26,%(*'($*-)%K'*%-,$%(2*(';$%'K%(*'-$6-"/+%"-%K'*H
'*%'K%*$;-'*"/+%"-%-'H%-,$%':/$*H%9'$;%/'-%-3]$%'*
1";3((*'(*"3-$%"-%9";,'/$;-#)H%3/9%";%/'-%+2"#-)%'K
3/%'J$/6$_%@2-%,$%";%+2"#-)%'K%-,$%'J$/6$%3@'5$
9$`/$9H%"K%,$%3((*'(*"3-$;%"-%-'%,";%':/%2;$H%:,$/
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':/$*%-'%6#3"1%"-I

<-%";%/'-%/$6$;;3*)%-,3-%-,$%`/9$*%;,'2#9%]/':
:,'%";%-,$%':/$*%'K%-,$%(*'($*-)H%'*%-,3-%3/)
(3*-"62#3*%($*;'/%";%-,$%':/$*%'K%"-f%"-%";%;2e6"$/-
"KH%3-%-,$%-"1$%'K%3((*'(*"3-"/+%"-H%,$%9'$;%/'-
@$#"$5$%"-%-'%@$%':/%(*'($*-)H%'*%"/%+''9%K3"-,
@$#"$5$;%-,3-%-,$%*$3#%':/$*%63//'-%@$%K'2/9I

<##2;-*3-"'/;
3I% 8%`/9;%3%*2($$%'/%-,$%,"+,0*'39H%/'-
]/':"/+%-'%:,'1%-,$%*2($$%@$#'/+;I%8
("6];%2(%-,$%*2($$I%b$*$%8%,3;%/'-
6'11"--$9%-,$%'J$/6$%9$`/$9%"/%-,";
;$6-"'/I
@I% 8%`/9;%3%#$--$*%'/%-,$%*'39H%6'/-3"/"/+%3
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'K%-,$%#$--$*%,$%#$3*/;%-'%:,'1%-,$%/'-$
@$#'/+;I%b$%3((*'(*"3-$;%-,$%/'-$I%b$%";
+2"#-)%'K%3/%'J$/6$%2/9$*%-,";%;$6-"'/I
6I% 8%`/9;%3%6,$?2$%(3)3@#$%-'%@$3*$*I%b$%63/
K'*1%/'%6'/^$6-2*$%3;%-'%-,$%($*;'/%:,'
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($*;'/H%:,'%,3;%9*3:/%-,$%6,$?2$H
3(($3*;I%8%]/':;%-,3-%-,";%($*;'/%63/%9"*$6-
,"1%-'%-,$%($*;'/%"/%:,';$%K35'2*%-,$
6,$?2$%:3;%9*3:/I%8%3((*'(*"3-$;%-,$
6,$?2$%:"-,'2-%3--$1(-"/+%-'%9";6'5$*%-,$
':/$*I%b$%";%+2"#-)%'K%3/%'J$/6$%2/9$*%-,";
;$6-"'/I
9I% 8%`/9;%3%53#23@#$%*"/+H%/'-%]/':"/+%-'
:,'1%"-%@$#'/+;I%8%;$##;%"-%"11$9"3-$#)
:"-,'2-%3--$1(-"/+%-'%9";6'5$*%-,$%':/$*I%8
";%+2"#-)%'K%3/%'J$/6$%2/9$*%-,";%;$6-"'/I

Essential Ingredients of Criminal

Misappropriation
N,$%'J$/6$%'K%6*"1"/3#%1";3((*'(*"3-"'/%6'/;";-;
"/%9";,'/$;-%1";3((*'(*"3-"'/%'*%6'/5$*;"'/%-'%,";
':/%2;$%3/)%1'53@#$%(*'($*-)I%<-%-3]$;%(#36$
:,$/%-,$%(';;$;;"'/%,3;%@$$/%"//'6$/-#)%6'1$
@)H%@2-%:,$*$H%3%;2@;$?2$/-%6,3/+$%'K%"/-$/-"'/
'*%K*'1%-,$%]/':#$9+$%'K%;'1$%/$:%K36-%:"-,
:,"6,%-,$%(3*-)%:3;%/'-%(*$5"'2;#)%36?23"/-$9H
-,$%*$-3"/"/+%@$6'1$;%:*'/+K2#%3/9%K*3292#$/-I%<-
";%-,$%1$/-3#%36-%'K%K*3292#$/-%1";3((*'(*"3-"'/
T9";,'/$;-%"/-$/-"'/W%-,3-%9$13*63-$;%3/%36-%'K
$1@$nn#$1$/-%T$I+I%;2"-;%@)%@$/$`6"3*"$;%3+3"/;-
-*2;-$$;%K'*%9$K32#-%'K%-,$%-*2;-$$;W%:,"6,%";%3%6"5"#
:*'/+%K*'1%-,$%'J$/6$%'K%6*"1"/3#%@*$36,%'K
-*2;-I

N'%1";3((*'(*"3-$
1";3((*'(*"3-$%1$3/;%"1(*'($*#)%;$--"/+
"1(*'($*#)%;$--"/+
3(3*-%K'*%'/$;%2;$%-'%-,$%
3(3*-%K'*%'/$;%2;$%-'%-,$%$O6#2;"'/%'K%-,$
$O6#2;"'/%'K%-,$
':/$*
':/$*I%&'/5$*-;%1$3/;%3((*'(*"3-"'/%3/9
9$3#"/+%:"-,%(*'($*-)%'K%3/'-,$*%:"-,'2-%*"+,-%3;%"K
"-%";%,";%':/%(*'($*-)I%N,$%3662;$9%";%/'-%+2"#-)
:,$/%,$%1$*$#)%*$-3"/;%'*%(';;$;;$;%;26,
(*'($*-)I%b$%";%+2"#-)%'/#)%:,$/%,$%3((*'(*"3-$;
'*%6'/5$*-;%-'%,";%':/%2;$%;26,%(*'($*-)I%!2*-,$*H
-,$%(*'($*-)%12;-%@$%3%1'53@#$%(*'($*-)I%N,2;H%3
,'2;$%63//'-%@$%1";3((*'(*"3-$9I
>";3((*'(*"3-"'/%'*%6'/5$*;"'/%/$$9%/'-%@$
($*13/$/-#)H%"-%13)%$5$/%@$%K'*%3%-"1$%Tc$$
YO(#3/3-"'/%SWI

8%1$*$%1";3((*'(*"3-"'/%'*%6'/5$*;"'/%-'%'/$;
2;$%";%/'-%;2e6"$/-%K'*%-,$%6'1(#$-"'/%'K%3/
'J$/6$H%@2-%-,3-%-,$%$#$1$/-%'K%9";,'/$;-)%";
$;;$/-"3#I%\,$*$%3%($*;'/%K'2/9%3%(2*;$%3/9%(2-
"-%"/%,";%('6]$-H%@2-%:3;%"11$9"3-$#)%3K-$*
3**$;-$9H%,$%:3;%/'-%+2"#-)%'K%1";3((*'(*"3-"'/%K'*
"-%6'2#9%/'-%@$%3;;21$9%-,3-%@)%-,$%1$*$%36-%'K
("6]"/+%2(%-,$%(2*;$%'*%(2--"/+%"-%"/%,";%('6]$-%,$
"/-$/9$9%-'%3((*'(*"3-$%"-;%6'/-$/-;%-'%,";%':/
2;$I
N,$%3662;$9%:'2#9%/'-%@$%+2"#-)%'K%-,$%'J$/6$H
:,$*$%-,$*$%:3;%/'%"/K'*13-"'/%3;%-'%-,$
6"*621;-3/6$;%2/9$*%:,"6,%-,$%-,"/+;%:$*$%#';-
3/9%-,$%(*'@3@"#"-)%:3;%-,3-%(*'($*-)%:3;
3@3/9'/$9%@)%-,$%'*"+"/3#%':/$*I%YO(#3/3-"'/%X
13]$;%"-%6#$3*%-,3-%-,$%(*'($*-)%12;-%@$%':/$9%@)
;'1$@'9)I

N,$%`/9$*%12;-%:3"-%2('/%3%*$3;'/3@#$%-"1$%-'
3##':%-,$%':/$*%-6%6#3"1%-,$%(*'($*-)H%@$K'*$%,$
3((*'(*"3-$;%"-I%<K%-,$%':/$*%";%/'-%9";6'5$*$9H
-,$/H%2/9$*%6$*-3"/%6"*621;-3/6$;H%-,$%`/9$*%13)
*$-3"/%-,$%(*'($*-)H%@2-%"K%,$%36-;%:"-,%*$K$*$/6$
-'%-,$%3*-"6#$%K'2/9%"/%;26,%3%:3)%-,3-%-,$%-*2$
':/$*%13)%/$5$*%9";6'5$*%-,3-%"-%,39%@$$/%("6]$9
2(%@)%,"1H%-,$/%,$%:'2#9%@$%+2"#-)%TZ31
Z31
=,3*';$)%5I%c-3-$
=,3*';$)%5I%c-3-$%8<Z%S[CX%8##I%EDSWI

Joint/Partnership property:
./$%^'"/-%':/$*%'K%(*'($*-)%";%/'-%+2"#-)%"K%,$
-3]$;%"-%'2-%'K%-,$%(';;$;;"'/%'K%3/'-,$*%Lc$$
"##2;-*3-"'/%T6WMI%8%13/3+$*%'K%3%^'"/-%b"/92%K31"#)
13)%@$%#"3@#$%-'%3%6,3*+$%'K%1";3((*'(*"3-"'/%"KH
3K-$*%3%9"5";"'/%'K%(*'($*-)%,3;%-3]$/%(#36$%3/9
;,3*$;%'K%$36,%6'0(3*6$/$*%3;6$*-3"/$9H%"-%";%K'2/9
-,3-%-,$%13/3+$*%,3;%:*'/+K2##)%3((#"$9%-'%,";
':/%2;$%-,$%;,3*$%-,3-%@$#'/+;%-'%'-,$*
6'(3*6$/$*;I%8%(3*-/$*%,3;%2/9$`/$9%':/$*;,"(
3#'/+%:"-,%-,$%'-,$*%(3*-/$*;%'5$*%3##%-,$%3;;$-;%'K
-,$%(3*-/$*;,"(I%<K%,$%6,'';$;%-'%2;$%3/)%'K%-,$1
K'*%,";%':/%(2*(';$;H%,$%13)%@$%366'2/-3@#$
6"5"##)%-'%-,$%'-,$*%(3*-/$*;H%@2-%,$%9'$;%/'-
-,$*$@)%6'11"-%3/)%1";3((*'(*"3-"'/I

Sec. 404:
4";,'/$;-%1";3((*'(*"3-"'/%'K%(*'($*-)
(';;$;;$9%@)%9$6$3;$9%($*;'/%3-%-,$%-"1$%'K%,";
9$3-,I%N,";%;$6-"'/%9$3#;%:"-,%3/%3++*353-$9%K'*1
'K%'J$/6$%'K%6*"1"/3#%1";3((*'(*"3-"'/%6'11"--$9
"/%*$;($6-%'K%(*'($*-)%3K-$*%"-;%':/$*%";%9$39%3/9
@$K'*$%"-%";%-3]$/%(';;$;;"'/%'K%@)%,";%#$+3#
*$(*$;$/-3-"5$I

<##2;-*3-"'/%0
<##2;-*3-"'/%0%a%9"$;%"/%(';;$;;"'/%'K%K2*/"-2*$
3/9%1'/$)I%b";%;$*53/-%8H%@$K'*$%-,$%1'/$)
6'1$;%"/-'%(';;$;;"'/%'K%3/)%($*;'/%$/-"-#$9%-'
;26,%(';;$;;"'/H%9";,'/$;-#)%1";3((*'(*"3-$;%"-I%8
,3;%6'11"--$9%-,$%'J$/6$%9$`/$9%"/%-,";%;$6-"'/I

Distinction between Theft and Criminal

Misappropriation
N,$%(*'($*-)%"/%*$;($6-%'K%:,"6,%-,$%'J$/6$%";
6'11"--$9%";%1'53@#$%"/%@'-,%-,$K-%3/9%6*"1"/3#
1";3((*'(*"3-"'/I%b':$5$*H%"/%-,$K-H%-,$%'@^$6-%'K
-,$%'J$/9$*%";%-'%-3]$%(*'($*-)%K*'1%3/'-,$*;
(';;$;;"'/H%:,"#$%"/%1";3((*'(*"3-"'/H%-,$
'J$/9$*%";%3#*$39)%"/%-,$%(';;$;;"'/%'K%(*'($*-)I
!2*-,$*H%9";,'/$;-%"/-$/-"'/%(*$6$9$;%-,$%36-%"/
-,$K-H%:,"#$%"/%1";3((*'(*"3-"'/%"-%";%-,$
;2@;$?2$/-%T9";,'/$;-W%"/-$/-"'/%-'
1";3((*'(*"3-$I

Sec. 405: Criminal Breach of Trust

\,'$5$*H%@$"/+%"/%3/)%13//$*%$/-*2;-$9%:"-,
(*'($*-)H%'*%:"-,%3/)%9'1"/"'/%'5$*%(*'($*-)H
9";,'/$;-#)%1";3((*'(*"3-$;%'*%6'/5$*-;%-'%,";
':/%2;$%-,3-%(*'($*-)H%'*%9";,'/$;-#)%2;$;%'*
9";(';$;%'K%-,3-%(*'($*-)%"/%5"'#3-"'/%'K%3/)
9"*$6-"'/%'K%#3:%(*$;6*"@"/+%-,$%1'9$%"/%:,"6,
;26,%-*2;-%";%-'%@$%9";6,3*+$9H%'*%'K%3/)%#$+3#
6'/-*36-H%$O(*$;;%'*%"1(#"$9H%:,"6,%,$%,3;%139$
-'26,"/+%-,$%9";6,3*+$%'K%;26,%-*2;-H%'*%:"#K2##)
;2J$*;%3/)%'-,$*%($*;'/%;'%-'%9'H%6'11"-;
6*"1"/3#%
6*"1"/3#%@*$36,%'K%-*2;-I
@*$36,%'K%-*2;-I

YO(#3/3-"'/%S%0
YO(#3/3-"'/%S%08%($*;'/H%@$"/+%3/%$1(#')$*H
:,'%9$926-;%-,$%$1(#')$$;%6'/-*"@2-"'/%K*'1%-,$
:3+$;%(3)3@#$%-'%-,$%$1(#')$$%K'*%6*$9"-%-'%3
G*'5"9$/-%!2/9%'*%!31"#)%G$/;"'/%!2/9
$;-3@#";,$9%@)%3/)%#3:%K'*%-,$%-"1$%@$"/+%"/%K'*6$H
;,3##%@$%9$$1$9%-'%,35$%@$$/%$/-*2;-$9%:"-,%-,$
31'2/-%K'*%-,$%6'/-*"@2-"'/%;'%9$926-$9%@)%,"1
3/9%"K%,$%13]$;%9$K32#-%"/%-,$%(3)1$/-%'K%;26,
6'/-*"@2-"'/%-'%-,$%;3"9%!2/9%"/%5"'#3-"'/%'K%-,$
;3"9%#3:H%;,3##%@$%9$$1$9%-'%,35$%9";,'/$;-#)
2;$9%-,$%31'2/-%'K%-,$%;3"9%6'/-*"@2-"'/%"/
5"'#3-"'/%'K%3%9"*$6-"'/%'K%#3:%3;%3K'*$;3"9I

<##2;-*3-"'/;f
3I% 8H%@$"/+%$O$62-'*%-'%-,$%:"##%'K%3%9$6$3;$9
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6'/-*36-%-,3-%"-%;,3##%@$%*$-2*/$9%'/
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;21;%*$1"--$9%@)%a%-'%8%;,3##%@$%"/5$;-$9%@)
8H%366'*9"/+%-'%a;%9"*$6-"'/I%a%*$1"-;%3%#3],
'K%*2($$;%-'%8H%:"-,%9"*$6-"'/;%-'%8%-'%"/5$;-
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9";,'/$;-#)%@2-%"/%+''9%K3"-,H%@$#"$5"/+%-,3-
"-%:"##%@$%1'*$%K'*%a;%3953/-3+$%-'%,'#9
;,3*$;%"/%-,$%=3/]%'K%=$/+3#H%9";'@$);%a;
9"*$6-"'/;H%8H%/'-%,35"/+%36-$9%9";,'/$;-#)H
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%
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1'/$)%3/9%";%$"-,$*%9"*$6-$9%@)%#3:H%'*
@'2/9%@)%3%6'/-*36-H%$O(*$;;%'*%"1(#"$9H
:"-,%-,$%g'5$*/1$/-H%-'%(3)%"/-'%3%6$*-3"/
-*$3;2*)%3##%-,$%(2@#"6%1'/$)%:,"6,%,$
,'#9;I%8%9";,'/$;-#)%3((*'(*"3-$;%-,$
1'/$)I%8%,3;%6'11"--$9%6*"1"/3#%@*$36,%'K
-*2;-I
%
KI% 8H%3%63**"$*H%";%$/-*2;-$9%@)%a%:"-,%(*'($*-)
-'%@$%63**"$9%@)%#3/9%'*%@)%:3-$*I%8
9";,'/$;-#)%1";3((*'(*"3-$;%-,$%(*'($*-)I%8
,3;%6'11"--$9%6*"1"/3#%@*$36,%'K%-*2;-I

c$6I%EFRf%G2/";,1$/-%K'*%&*"1"/3#%=*$36,%'K%N*2;-
\,'$5$*%6'11"-;%6*"1"/3#%@*$36,%'K%-*2;-%;,3##%@$
(2/";,$9%:"-,%"1(*";'/1$/-%'K%$"-,$*%9$;6*"(-"'/
K'*%3%-$*1%:,"6,%13)%$O-$/9%-'%-,*$$%)$3*;H%'*
:"-,%`/$H%'*%:"-,%@'-,I

Essential Ingredients of Criminal Breach of

Trust
"I% N,$*$%;,'2#9%@$%3/%$/-*2;-1$/-%@)%'/$
($*;'/%-'%3/'-,$*%'K%-,$%(*'($*-)H%'*%:"-,
3/)%9'1"/"'/%'5$*%(*'($*-)_
""I% ;26,%$/-*2;-1$/-%12;-%@$%"/%-,$%-*2;-_
"""I% -,$*$%12;-%,35$%@$$/%3%1";3((*'(*"3-"'/%'*
6'/5$*;"'/%-'%,";%':/%2;$%@)%-,$%($*;'/
:,'%*$6$"5$9%-,$%(*'($*-)%"/%-*2;-_
"5I% ;26,%6'/5$*;"'/%'*%*$-$/-"'/%'K%-,$
(*'($*-)%12;-%@$%3+3"/;-%'*%"/%5"'#3-"'/%'K
3/)%9"*$6-"'/H%'*%#3:%(*$;6*"@"/+%-,$%1'9$
"/%:,"6,%;26,%-*2;-%";%-'%@$%9";6,3*+$9H%'*%'K
3/)%#$+3#%6'/-*36-%139$%-'26,"/+%-,$
9";6,3*+$%'K%;26,%-*2;-I

N,";%'J$/6$%6'/;";-;%'K%3/)%'K%-,$%K'2*%(';"-"5$
36-;%0%1";3((*'(*"3-"'/H%6'/5$*;"'/H%2;$*H%'*H
9";(';3#%'K%(*'($*-)I%U$+#"+$/6$%";%/'-%9";,'/$;-
"/-$/-"'/I%<K%3%($*;'/%6'11"-;%3%6*"1"/3#%@*$36,%'K
-*2;-H%-,$%*$K2/9%'K%31'2/-%1";3((*'(*"3-$9H
:,$/%-,$%36-%'K%9$K3#63-"'/%";%9";6'5$*$9H%9'$;%/'-
3@;'#5$%,"1%'K%-,$%'J$/6$I

Entrusted with property, or dominion over

property:
N,$%$O(*$;;"'/%$/-*2;-1$/-
$/-*2;-1$/-%"/6#29$;%3##%63;$;%"/
:,"6,%(*'($*-)%";%5'#2/-3*"#)%,3/9$9%'5$*%K'*%3
;($6"`6%(2*(';$%3/9%";%9";,'/$;-#)%9";(';$9%'K
6'/-*3*)%-'%-,$%-$*1;%'/%:,"6,%(';;$;;"'/%,3;
@$$/%,3/9$9%'5$*I%N,$%$O(*$;;"'/%$/-*2;-1$/-
$/-*2;-1$/-
6'/-$1(#3-$;%-,$%6*$3-"'/%'K%3%*$#3-"'/;,"(
:,$*$@)%-,$%':/$*%'K%(*'($*-)%13]$;%"-%'5$*%-'
3/'-,$*%($*;'/%-'%@$%*$-3"/$9%@)%,"1%2/-"#%3
6$*-3"/%6'/-"+$/6)%3*";$;I%c$6I%EFC%9'$;%/'-
6'/-$1(#3-$%-,$%6*$3-"'/%'K%3%-*2;-%:"-,%3##%-,$
-$6,/"63#"-"$;%'K%-,$%#3:%'K%-*2;-%Ti>%8],3/$)%5I
i>%8],3/$)%5I
c-3-$%'K%='1@3)
c-3-$%'K%='1@3)%8<Z%S[CR%c&%CQCWI%N,$
$O(*$;;"'/%$/-*2;-1$/-
$/-*2;-1$/-%63**"$9%:"-,%"-%-,$
"1(#"63-"'/%-,3-%-,$%($*;'/%,3/9"/+%'5$*%3/)
(*'($*-)%'*%'/%:,';$%@$,3#K%-,$%(*'($*-)%";
,3/9$9%'5$*%-'%3/'-,$*H%6'/-"/2$;%-'%@$%"-;%':/$*
Tc-3-$%'K%g2^3*3-%5I%i3;:3/-#3#%U3-,3#3#H
c-3-$%'K%g2^3*3-%5I%i3;:3/-#3#%U3-,3#3#H%8<Z
S[RD%c&%QFFWI

8%($*;'/%";%;3"9%-'%@$%,35"/+%3%9'1"/"'/%'5$*
(*'($*-)%:,$/%,$%;2($*5";$%'*%$O$*6";$%6'/-*'#
'5$*%-,$%(*'($*-)%'*%";%"/%6,3*+$%'K%-,3-%(*'($*-)I
</%'*9$*%-'%$;-3@#";,%$/-*2;-1$/-%'K%9'1"/"'/
'5$*%(*'($*-)%-'%3/%3662;$9%($*;'/%-,$%1$*$
$O";-$/6$%'K%-,3-%($*;'/;%9'1"/"'/%'/%(*'($*-)%";
/'-%$/'2+,I%<-%12;-%@$%K2*-,$*%;,':/%-,3-%,";
9'1"/"'/%:3;%-,$%*$;2#-%'K%-,$%$/-*2;-1$/-I

</%c'1/3-,%5I%c-3-$
c'1/3-,%5I%c-3-$%T8<Z%S[QX%c&%SE[FWH%-,$
3662;$9H%3%N*3e6%8;;";-3/-%"/%-,$%'e6$%'K%</9"3/
8"*#"/$;%&'*('*3-"'/H%9$13/9$9%'/%@$,3#K%'K%-,$
&'*('*3-"'/%6$*-3"/%$O6$;;%31'2/-;%K'*%-*2/]
6,3*+$;%K*'1%-,$%(3;;$/+$*;%K'*%*$;$*53-"'/%'K
;$3-;I%8K-$*%-,$%31'2/-;%:$*$%*$6$"5$9H%,$%(3;;$9
*$6$"(-;%'/%@$,3#K%'K%-,$%&'*('*3-"'/I%b$H
,':$5$*H%;2@;$?2$/-#)%K3#;"`$9%-,$%6'2/-$*0K'"#
*$6$"(-;H%K*3292#$/-#)%1";3((*'(*"3-$9%-,$%$O6$;;
31'2/-;I%b$#9%-,3-%-,$%3662;$9%:3;%+2"#-)%'K
@*$36,%'K%-*2;-I

<-%13)%@$%/'-$9%-,3-%"K%1'/$)%:3;%(3"9%-'%3662;$9
3;%3/%$O-*3%(*"6$%K'*%-,$%+''9;%3/9%,$%*$6$"5$9%"-
'/%@$,3#K%'K%'*%3;%3+$/-%'K%-,$%1"##;H%-,$%3662;$9
:'2#9%@$%+2"#-)%'K%@*$36,%'K%-*2;-I%=2-%"K%,$
*$6$"5$;%-,$%1'/$)%3;%,";%':/%($*;'/3#%(*'`-%"-
:"##%@$%3%63;$%'K%"##$+3#%+*3-"`63-"'/%T&I>%U3*3)3/
&I>%U3*3)3/
<--"*35"%
<--"*35"%5I%c-3-$%'K%N*353/6'*$
5I%c-3-$%'K%N*353/6'*$%8<Z%S[CP%c&
EQDWI

Examples of No Criminal Breach of Trust

3I% </%-,$%63;$%'K%,"*$0(2*6,3;$%6'/-*36-H%1$*$
K3"#2*$%-'%(3)%"/;-3#1$/-;%'K%,"*$%:"##%/'-
31'2/-%-'%6*"1"/3#%@*$36,%'K%-*2;-I
%
@I% 4$(';"-%'K%1'/$)%-'%@$%(3"9%@36]%:"-,
"/-$*$;-%";%1$*$#)%3%#'3/%-*3/;36-"'/%3/9%"/
;26,%3%63;$%*$K2;3#%-'%(3)%"-%@36]%9'$;%/'-
31'2/-%-'%@*$36,%'K%-*2;-%T2/#$;;%-,$
31'2/-%";%6'/-*36-$9%-'%@$%2;$9%"/%3
;($6"`6%;$/;$WI%N,$%31'2/-%9$(';"-$9%";%/'-
3%-*2;-%:"-,%-,$%@3/]_%1'/$)%(3"9%-'%-,$
@3/]%6$3;$;%-'%@$%-,$%1'/$)%'K%-,$
9$(';"-'*f%"-%@$6'1$;%-,$%1'/$)%'K%-,$
@3/]%:"-,%-,$%'/#)%;-"(2#3-"'/%-,3-%-,$%;21
$?23#%-'%-,$%;21%9$(';"-$9%:"-,%-,$%@3/]%";
-'%@$%(3"9%@)%-,$1%:,$/%3;]$9%K'*
%
6I% 8%1$*$%-*3/;36-"'/%'K%;3#$%63//'-%31'2/-
-'%3/%$/-*2;-1$/-I%</%c-3-$%
c-3-$%'K%g2^3*3-%5I
'K%g2^3*3-%5I
i3;:3/-#3#H
i3;:3/-#3#H%-,$%g'5$*/1$/-%;'#9%SFF%@3+;
'K%6$1$/-%;'#$#)%K'*%-,$%6'/;-*26-"'/%:'*]
"/%?2$;-"'/I%N,$%3662;$9%3K-$*%-3]"/+
9$#"5$*)%'K%-,';$%@3+;%9$#"5$*$9%3-%-,$%:'*]
;"-$%RF%@3+;%3/9%-,$%*$13"/"/+%EF%@3+;%,$
9$#"5$*$9%-'%'/$%NI%b'#9"/+%-,3-%-,$*$%:3;
/'%@*$36,%'K%-*2;-H%-,$%6'2*-%'@;$*5$9%-,3-
3K-$*%9$#"5$*)%'K%-,$%6$1$/-H%-,$
+'5$*/1$/-%,39%/$"-,$*%3/)%*"+,-%/'*
9'1"/"'/%'5$*%"-I

c"1"#3*#)H%"/%-*39$%-*3/;36-"'/;H%-,$%(*'($*-)
"/%+''9;%(3;;$;%-'%-,$%@2)$*%3/9%-,$%1$*$
K36-%-,3-%,$%K3"#;%-'%(3)%-,$%(*"6$%(*'1";$9
-'%@$%(3"9%T$I+I%@)%:3)%'K%9";,'/'2*%'K
6,$?2$WH%63//'-%3--36,%3/)%6*"1"/3#"-)%-'%-,$
@2)$*I%b':$5$*H%:,$*$%3%(*"/-$*%2;$;
6$*-3"/%@#'6];H%$/-*2;-$9%-'%,"1%-'%(*"/-%-,$
6'1(#3"/3/-;%63-3#'+2$H%K'*%-,$%(2*(';$%'K
(*"/-"/+%3%*"53#%`*1;%63-3#'+2$H%,$%:'2#9%@$
+2"#-)%'K%6*"1"/3#%@*$36,%'K%-*2;-I
%
9I% B"'#3-"'/%'K%6'/9"-"'/%9'$;%/'-%31'2/-%-'
@*$36,%'K%-*2;-%0%\,$*$%3/%3662;$9%,'#9"/+
3%K3"*%(*"6$%;,'(%:3;%;2((#"$9%@)%-,$%c-3-$
g'5$*/1$/-%:"-,%6$*-3"/%?23/-"-)%'K%:,$3-
'/%(3)1$/-%'K%"-;%(*"6$%'/%6'/9"-"'/%-,3-%"-
:3;%-'%@$%;'#9%-'%*$;"9$/-;%'K%(3*-"62#3*
5"##3+$;%3/9%-,$%3662;$9%;'#9%-,$%:,$3-%-'
:,'1;'$5$*%,$%#"]$9H%,$%63//'-%@$
6'/5"6-$9%'K%-,$%'J$/6$%'K%6*"1"/3#%@*$36,
'K%-*2;-%3;%-,$*$%:3;%/'%?2$;-"'/%'K
$/-*2;-1$/-H%-,$%(*'($*-)%"/%:,$3-%,35"/+
(3;;$9%-'%-,$%3662;$9%'/%(3)1$/-%'K%(*"6$I
%
$I% </%BI%Z3+,35^"%5I%c-3-$%'K%>3,3*3;,-*3
BI%Z3+,35^"%5I%c-3-$%'K%>3,3*3;,-*3
T8<Z%S[RC%c&%SEPPWH%,$#9%-,3-%"/%-,$%63;$%'K%3
(3*-/$*;,"(H%$5$*)%(3*-/$*%,3;%9'1"/"'/
'5$*%-,$%(3*-/$*;,"(%(*'($*-)%@)%*$3;'/%'K
,";%@$"/+%-,$%(3*-/$*I%=2-%"-%";%/'-%9'1"/"'/
'K%-,";%]"/9%:,"6,%;3-";`$;%-,$%*$?2"*$1$/-;
'K%c$6I%EFCI%</%-,$%3@;$/6$%'K%3%;($6"3#
3+*$$1$/-H%"K%3%(3*-/$*%*$6$"5$;%1'/$)
@$#'/+"/+%-'%-,$%(3*-/$*;,"(%,$%63//'-%@$
;3"9%-'%,35$%@$$/%$/-*2;-$9%:"-,%9'1"/"'/
'5$*%(3*-/$*;,"(%(*'($*-"$;I

Distinction between Theft and Criminal Breach

of Trust
SI% </%-,$K-H%-,$*$%";%3%:*'/+K2#%-3]"/+%'K%3
1'53@#$%(*'($*-)%:"-,'2-%-,$%6'/;$/-%'K
-,$%':/$*I%</%6*"1"/3#%@*$36,%'K%-*2;-H%-,$
(*'($*-)%";%#3:K2##)%36?2"*$9%:"-,%-,$
6'/;$/-%'K%-,$%':/$*H%@2-%9";,'/$;-#)
1";3((*'(*"3-$9%@)%-,$%($*;'/%-'%:,'1%"-
";%$/-*2;-$9I
%
XI% </%-,$K-H%-,$%(*'($*-)%"/5'#5$9%";%1'53@#$
(*'($*-)H%@2-%"/%@*$36,%'K%-*2;-%"-%13)%@$
3/)%(*'($*-)I
%
PI% </%-,$K-H%-,$%'J$/6$%";%6'1(#$-$9%3;%;''/%3;
-,$%(*'($*-)%";%9";,'/$;-#)%-3]$/%3:3)I%</
@*$36,%'K%-*2;-H%-,$%'J$/6$%";%6'1(#$-$9
:,$/%-,$%'J$/9$*%9";,'/$;-#)%6'/5$*-;%-,$
(*'($*-)%-'%,";%':/%2;$I

Distinction between Criminal Misappropriation and Criminal

Breach of Trust
SI% </%1";3((*'(*"3-"'/H%-,$%(*'($*-)%6'1$;
"/-'%-,$%(';;$;;"'/%'K%-,$%'J$/9$*%@)%;'1$
63;23#-)%'*%'-,$*:";$H%3/9%,$%3K-$*:3*9;
1";3((*'(*"3-$;%"-I%</%@*$36,%'K%-*2;-H%-,$
'J$/9$*%";%#3:K2##)%$/-*2;-$9%:"-,%-,$
(*'($*-)%3/9%,$%9";,'/$;-#)
1";3((*'(*"3-$;%-,$%;31$I
%
XI% </%1";3((*'(*"3-"'/H%-,$*$%";%/'%6'/-*36-23#
'*%`926"3*)%*$#3-"'/;,"(H%@2-%"/%@*$36,%'K
-*2;-H%-,$*$%";%3%6'/-*36-23#%*$#3-"'/;,"(%'K
-,$%'J$/9$*%:"-,%*$+3*9%-'%-,$%(*'($*-)Ijj
%
PI% 8%@*$36,%'K%-*2;-%"/6#29$;%6*"1"/3#
1";3((*'(*"3-"'/H%@2-%-,$%6'/5$*;$%";%/'-
3#:3);%-*2$I

Secs. 407-409:
c$6I%EFQ%";%3((#"63@#$%-'%6*"1"/3#%@*$36,%'K%-*2;-%@)
3%63**"$*H%:,3*`/+$*%'*%:3*$,'2;$]$$($*%3/9
(*'5"9$;%(2/";,1$/-%'K%"1(*";'/1$/-%2(%-'%Q
)$3*;I%c$6I%EFD%";%3((#"63@#$%-'%6*"1"/3#%@*$36,%'K
-*2;-%@)%6#$*]%'*%;$*53/-%3/9%(*'5"9$;%2(-'%Q%)$3*;
"1(*";'/1$/-I

c$6I%EF[%*$39;%f%\,'$5$*H%@$"/+%"/%3/)%13//$*
$/-*2;-$9%:"-,%(*'($*-)%'*%:"-,%3/)%9'1"/"'/
'5$*%(*'($*-)%"/%,";%63(36"-)%'K%3%(2@#"6%;$*53/-%'*
"/%-,$%:3)%'K%,";%@2;"/$;;%3;%3%@3/]$*H%1$*6,3/-H
K36-'*H%@*']$*H%3--'*/$)%'*%3+$/-H%6'11"-;%6*"1"/3#
@*$36,%'K%-*2;-%"/%*$;($6-%'K%-,3-%(*'($*-)H%;,3##%@$
(2/";,$9%:"-,%"1(*";'/1$/-%K'*%3%-$*1%:,"6,
13)%$O-$/9%-'%-$/%)$3*;%3/9%;,3##%3#;'%@$%#"3@#$%-'
`/$I

Z$6$"5"/+%;-'#$/%(*'($*-)I
N,";%";%-,$%;2@^$6-013--$*%'K%;$6-"'/%ESS%'K%-,$
6'9$%:,"6,%(*$;6*"@$;%-,3-%-,$%*$6$"5$*%'K%;-'#$/
(*'($*-)%;,3##%@$%(2/";,$9%:"-,%"1(*";'/1$/-%K'*
3%-$*1%:,"6,%13)%$O-$/-%-'%P%)$3*;%'*%:"-,%`/$%'*
:"-,%@'-,I%!*'1%-,";%"-%";%6#$3*%-,3-%-,$%*$6$"5$*%o'K
;-'#$/%(*'($*-)%";%(2/";,$9%"/%-,$%;31$%:3)%3;
-,$%($*;'/%:,'%36-23##)%;-$3#;%-,$%(*'($*-)%5"9$
;$6-"'/%PQ[I

N,$%$;;$/-"3#%*$?2"*$1$/-;%K'*%6'/5"6-"/+%3
($*;'/%2/9$*%-,";%;$6-"'/%3*$%13"/#)%-:'H%'/$%";
9";,'/$;-%*$6$"(-%'*%*$-$/-"'/%'K%-,$%;-'#$/
(*'($*-)%3/9%;$6'/9%";%-,3-%,$%,39%]/':#$9+$%3-
-,$%-"1$%'K%*$6$"(-%-,3-%-,$%(*'($*-)%:3;%'@-3"/$9
"/%'/$%'K%-,$%:3);%3;%#3"9%9':/%"/%;$6-"'/%ESF

c$6-"'/%ESX%9$3#;%:"-,%9";,'/$;-#)%*$6$"5"/+
(*'($*-)%"/%-,$%6'11";;"'/%'K%936'"-)I

c$6-"'/%ESP%#3);%9':/%(2/";,1$/-%K'*%3%($*;'/
:,'%,3@"-23##)%9$3#;%"/%;-'#$/%(*'($*-)_

c$6-"'/%ESE%(2/";,$;%-,$%($*;'/%:,'%3;;";-;%"/
6'/6$3#1$/-%'K%-,$%;-'#$/%(*'($*-)I

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O"ences of this type are dealt in sections 441 to 460. The 3
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