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T1 := 35× °C T2 := 3× °C
W
λ := 0.69× e := 8× cm
m× °C
LH := 4× m LL := 2× m
dT
Conduction en régime permanent : F est constant Φ = φ× S = -λ× ×S
dx
e T
ó ó 2
ô Φ dx = -ô λ× S dT
õ0 õT
(
Φ× e = λ× S× T1 - T2 )
1
T1 - T2 T1 - T2
Φ= Φ :=
e e
λ× S λ× LH× LL
Perte calorifique :
0.69 ´ 4 ´ 2
Φ = ( 35 - 3) × Φ = 2208 W
0.08
MH 1/1 07/03/2023
Conduction - Exercice 2
T1 := 872× °C T4 := 32× °C
W
λ1 := 1.21× e1 := 10× cm
m× °C
W
λ2 := 0.08× e2 := 10× cm
m× °C
W
λ3 := 0.69× e3 := 10× cm
m× °C
2
S := 42× m
dT
Conduction en régime permanent : F est constant Φ = φ× S = -λ× ×S
dx
On intègre pour chaque épaisseur, chaque valeur de l constante
e T
ó 1 ó 2
ô Φ dx = -ô λ1× S dT
õ0 ô (
Φ× e1 = λ1× S× T1 - T2 )
õT
1
T1 - T2 T2 - T3 T3 - T4 T1 - T4
Φ= = = Φ :=
e1 e2 e3 e1 e2 e3
+ +
λ1 × S λ2 × S λ3 × S λ1× S λ2× S λ3× S
872 - 32 42
Perte calorifique : Φ= × Φ = 23.877× kW
1 1 1 0.10
+ +
1.21 0.08 0.69
9
En 24 heures : Φ× 24× h = 2.063 ´ 10 J Φ× 24× h = 573.0× kWh
e1 e3 T2 + T3
T2 := T1 - Φ× T3 := T4 + Φ× Tm :=
λ1× S λ3× S 2
MH 1/1 07/03/2023
Conduction - Exercice 3
T1 := 820× °C
T4 := 38× °C
briques réfractaires :
W
λ1 := 1.175× e1 := 18× cm
m× °C
briques isolantes :
W
λ2 := 0.259× e2 := 15× cm
m× °C
briques :
W
λ3 := 0.693×
m× °C
W
pertes maxi : ϕ := 721×
2
m
dT
Conduction en régime permanent : F est constant Φ = φ× S = -λ× ×S
dx
On intègre pour chaque épaisseur, chaque valeur de l constante
e T
ó j ó j+1
ô Φ dx = -ô
õ0 ô
λj × S dT (
Φ× ej = λj × S× Tj - Tj+1 )
õT
j
T1 - T2 T2 - T3 T3 - T4 Φ T1 - T4
Φ= = = ϕ= =
e1 e2 e3 S e1 e2 e3
+ +
λ1 × S λ2 × S λ3 × S λ1 λ2 λ3
1. Epaisseur de briques
æ T1 - T4 e1 e2 ö
0.693× æç
820 - 38 .18 .15 ö
e3 := λ3× ç - - ÷ - - ÷ e3 = 24.4× cm
è ϕ λ1 λ2
ø è 721 1.175 0.259 ø
W
2. Couche supplémentaire : λ'2 := 0.0317× e'2 := 0.32× cm
m× °C
Cela revient à rajouter une résistance thermique : T1 - T4
Φ
ϕ= =
S e1 e2 e'2 e3
+ + +
λ1 λ2 λ'2 λ3
æ T1 - T4 e1 e2 e'2 ö
æ 820 - 38 - .18 - .15 - 0.0032 ö
e'3 := λ3× ç - - - ÷ 0.693× ç ÷ e'3 = 17.4× cm
è ϕ λ1 λ2 λ'2
ø è 721 1.175 0.259 0.0317 ø
On remarque un gain de 7 cm de briques pour 3,2 mm d'air. D'où l'intérêt des briques creuses.
Mais attention, on ne tient pas compte de la convection.
3. Convection : (
Φ = hc× S× T4 - Ta ) Ta := 25× °C
ϕ 721 W
hc := = 55.462 hc = 55.5×
T4 - Ta 38 - 25 2
m × °C
MH 1/1 07/03/2023
Conduction - Exercice 4
Conduction - Exercice 5 L := 1m
53
R0 := × mm 60
2 R1 := × mm
2
e2 := 32× mm e3 := 65× mm
R2 := R1 + e2 R3 := R2 + e3
R2 = 62× mm R3 = 127× mm
W W
λ1 := 40.4× λ2 := 0.101×
m× °C m× °C
W
λ3 := 0.072× Tex := 30× °C
m× °C
T0 := 482× °C T3 := 50× °C
R T
ó 1 Φ ó 1
1°) Conduction
dT
Φ = φ× S = -λ× × 2× π× r× L ô dr = - ô 2× π× L× λ1 dT
dr ô r ô
õR õ
T0
0
æ R1 ö
Φ× ln ç ÷ = 2× π× L× λ1× ( T0 - T1)
è R0 ø
T0 - T1 T1 - T2 T2 - T3
Φ= = =
1 æ R1 ö 1 æ R2 ö 1 æ R3 ö
× ln ç ÷ × ln ç ÷ × ln ç ÷
2× π× L× λ1 R0 2× π× L× λ2 R1 2× π× L× λ3 R2
è ø è ø è ø
T0 - T3 Φ
Φ= ϕ=
1 æ R1 ö 1 æ R2 ö 1 æ R3 ö L
× ln ç ÷ + × ln ç ÷ + × ln ç ÷
2× π× L× λ1 R0 2× π× L× λ2 R1 2× π× L× λ3 R2
è ø è ø è ø
ϕ :=
(
2× π× T0 - T3 )
1 æ R1 ö 1 æ R2 ö 1 æ R3 ö
× ln ç ÷ + × ln ç ÷ + × ln ç ÷
λ1
è R0 ø λ2 è R1 ø λ3 è R2 ø
2× π× ( 482 - 50)
ϕ= W
ϕ = 158.3×
× ln æç ö÷ + × ln æç ö÷ + × ln æç
1 60 1 62 1 127 ö
÷ m
40.4 è 53 ø 0.101 è 30 ø 0.072 è 62 ø
ϕ æ R3 ö
2°) Calcul de T2 T2 := T3 + × ln ç ÷ T2 = 300.9× °C
2× π× λ3 R2
è ø
3°) Convection
ϕ
(
Φ = h× S× ΔT = hex× 2× π× R3× L× T3 - Tex ) hex :=
(
2× π× R3× T3 - Tex )
W
hex = 9.917×
2
m × °C
MH 1/1 07/03/2023
Conduction - Exercice 6 L := 1m
W W
α := 0.0462× λa := 1.52×
m× K m× K
W
β := 0.00015× λ ( T) := α + β× T
2
m× ( K)
T1 := ( 85 + 273.15) × K T1 = 358.15 K
T3 := ( 20 + 273.15) × °C T3 = 293.15 K
9
R1 := × cm R1 = 0.045 m
2
R2 := R1 + 6× mm R2 = 0.051 m
R3 := R2 + 10× cm R3 = 0.151 m
dT
Conduction Φ = φ× S = -λ× × 2× π× r× L
dr
R T
ó 2 Φ ó 2 Φ T1 - T2
tube : ô dr = - ô 2× π× L× λa dT = λa×
ô r ô 2× π× L æ R2 ö
õR õ T1
1 ln ç ÷
è R1 ø
β
ó 3 Φ
R
ó 3
T
Φ
( )
α× T2 - T3 + × æ T2 - T3 ö
2 è
2 2
ø
isolant : ô dr = -ô 2× π× L× ( α + β× T) dT =
ô r õT 2× π× L æ R3 ö
õR 2 ln ç ÷
2
è R2 ø
β
( )
α× T2 - T3 + × æ T2 - T3 ö
2 è
2 2
ø λa× T1 - T2 ( )
On obtient une équation du second degré en T 2. =
æ R3 ö æ R2 ö
ln ç ÷ ln ç ÷
è R2 ø è R1 ø
é æ α× T + 1 × β× T 2ö ù
æ λa ö êç 3 2 3 ÷ λa× T1 ú
æ β ö × T + 2× ç
2 α
÷ × T2 - 2× ê è ø+ ú=0
ç ÷ 2 +
æ
ç ln 3 ÷
R ö ç æ R 3 ö æ R ö
2 ÷ ê æ R 3 ö æ R2 ö ú
ç ç R2 ÷ ÷ ç ln ç R ÷ ln ç R ÷ ÷ ê ln ç ÷ ln ç ÷
ú
R2
è è øø è è ø 2 è øø1 ë è ø è R1 ø û
æ 0.0462× 293.15 + 0.00015 × 293.152 ö
0.00015 2 æ 0.0462 + 1.52 ö × T - 2× ç
× T2 + 2× ç
2 1.52× 358.15 ÷
ç + ÷=0
51 ö ÷ 2
ln æç
151 ö æ 151 ö æ ln æç
151 ö
ln æç
51 ö
÷ ç ç ÷
ln ln ç ÷÷ ç ÷ ÷ ÷
è 51 ø è è 51 ø è 45 ø ø è è 51 ø è 45 ø ø
-4 2.
1.381910 ´ 10 × T2 + 2 ´ 12.186713× T2 - 8735.685 = 0
2 -4
Δ := 12.186713 + 1.381910 ´ 10 ´ 8735.685 Δ = 149.723
-12.186713 + Δ
T2 := ×K T2 = 357.685 K T2 - 273.15K = 84.5× °C
-4
1.381910× 10
MH 1/2 18/03/2023
1°) Calcul du débit de chaleur :
par unité de longueur Vérification :
β
2× π× λa ( 2 è
)
α× T2 - T3 + × æ T2 - T3 ö
2 2
ø
( )
W
ϕ := × T1 - T2 ϕ = 35.49× 2× π× L× = 35.49× W
æ R2 ö m æ R3 ö
ln ç ÷ ln ç ÷
è R1 ø è R2 ø
T
ó 3 α + β× T W
En prenant une valeur moyenne pour λ : λm = -ô dT λm := 0.095×
ô T2 - T3 m× K
õT
2
T1 - T3
ϕ := × 2× π
1 æ R2 ö 1 æ R3 ö ϕ = 35.49×
W
on trouve la même chose
× ln ç ÷ + × ln ç ÷ m
λa
è R1 ø λm è R2 ø
Le := 100× m Φe := ϕ× Le Φe = 3549 W
Φe Φmax
ΔT := ΔT = 2.54 K L'e := L'e = 78.7 m
ρ× cP× V' ϕ
Trop fort ! il faut augmenter l'épaissur d'isolant, de telle façon que F=F max . R3 - R2 = 10× cm
Φmax = 2× π× Le×
(
λa× T1 - T2 ) T2 := T1 -
Φmax æ R2 ö
× ln ç ÷ T2 = 357.78 K
æ R2 ö
ln ç ÷
(
2× π× Le× λa ) R1
è ø
T2 - 273.15K = 84.6× °C
è R1 ø
MH 2/2 18/03/2023
Conduction - Exercice 7
Conduction - Exercice 8
Conduction - Exercice 9
Conduction - Exercice 10 1
2
T1 := 600× K T2 := 400× K Ka := 0.5× m W
λ := 202×
m× K
x1 := 25× mm x2 := 125× mm D ( x) := Ka× x
( )
D x1 = 79.1× mm ( )
D x2 = 176.8× mm x2 - x1 = 100× mm
dT
Φ = -λ× Sx×
dx
2 2
π× D x π× K a × x
Sx = =
4 4
π 2 dT
Φ = -λ× × Ka × x×
4 dx
4 dx
-dT = Φ× ×
2 x
λ× π× Ka
( T 1 - T 2)
T x 2
ó 2 ó 2 4× Φ 1 λ× π× Ka
-ô 1 dT = ô × dx Φ := × Φ = 4.929× kW
õT ô 2
λ× π× Ka x 4 æ x2 ö
1 ô ln ç ÷
õx
1 è x1 ø
Profil de température
600
550
Température (K)
500
450
400
0.025 0.05 0.075 0.1 0.125
Distance (m)
MH 1/1 18/03/2023
Source - Exercice 1 Source de chaleur
W
λ := 384× L := 50× cm De := 2.5× cm
m× K
0 L/2 x
P := 20× W T0 := 0× °C ep := 2mm
4 ´ 20 3
= 276.791 ´ 10
2 2ù -6
π× éë25 - ( 25 - 2 ´ 2) û × 10 ´ 0.50
2
d T q dT q q 2
= - = - × x + C1 T ( x) = - × x + C1× x + C2
2 λ dx λ 2× λ
dx
Conditions aux limites
dT
· x=0 = 0 C1 = 0
dx
2 2
T æç ö÷ = T0 = -
L q æ Lö q æ Lö
· x=L/2 × ç ÷ + C2 C 2 = T0 + ×ç ÷
è ø
2 2 ×λ è 2 ø 2× λ è 2 ø
2 2
q æL 2ö q æL ö
T ( x) := T0 + ×ç -x ÷ Tmilieu = T ( 0) Tmilieu := T0 + ×ç ÷ Tmilieu = 22.5× °C
2× λ è 4 ø 2× λ è 4 ø
Profil de température
30
20
température (°C)
10
0
0 10 20 30
MH 1/1 26/03/2023
Source - Exercice 2 Source de chaleur
2 q
∇ T= - q débit de chaleur par unité de volume
λ
L 2
P U L
q= V = L× l × e P= R = ρe×
V R l×e
x
0 e/2 2 2
U 1 U kW
q= × q := q = 5138.1×
ρe× L L× l × e 2 3
ρe× L m
Symétrie par rapport au plan médian l× e
2
12 6
= 5.138 ´ 10
-4 2
0.346 ´ 10 ´ 0.9
2
d T q dT q q 2
= - = - × x + C1 T ( x) = - × x + C1× x + C2
2 λ dx λ 2× λ
dx
dT
· x=0 = 0 C1 = 0
dx
2 2 2 2
T æç ö÷ = T0 = -
e q æ eö q æ eö U e
· x=e/2 × ç ÷ + C2 C 2 = T0 + ×ç ÷ × = 0.451× °C
è 2ø 2× λ è 2 ø 2× λ è 2 ø
ρe× L
2 8× λ
2
q æe 2ö
T ( x) := T0 + ×ç - x ÷ Tmilieu := T ( 0m) Tmilieu = 760.5× °C Tmilieu - T0 = 0.451× °C
2× λ è 4 ø
Profil de température
760.5
760.4
température (°C)
760.3
760.2
760.1
760
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1
MH 1/1 26/03/2023
Source - Exercice 3 Source de chaleur
4 W W W W
q := 34.9× 10 × λ := 17.5× h1 := 34.5× h2 := 11.6×
3 m× K 2 2
m m ×K m ×K
λ
h1
h2 e := 10× cm T1 := 200× °C T2 := 30°C
T1 T2
∇ T = -ç ö÷
2 æq q débit de chaleur par unité de volume
x è λø
0 e 2
= -ç ö÷
d T æq dT æq
= -ç ÷ö × x + C1 T ( x) = -ç
æ q ö × x2 + C × x + C
÷ 1 2
dx
2 è λø dx è λø è 2× λ ø
Conditions aux limites
λ× C1
· x=0 ( )
h1× T1 - T ( 0) = -λ× T' ( 0) ( )
h1× T1 - C2 = -λ× C1 C 2 = T1 +
h1
q× e - λ× C1 = h2× éê-ç
æ q ö × e2 + C × e + C - T ù
· x=e (
-λ× T' ( e) = h2× T ( e) - T2 ) 2× λ
ë è
÷
ø
1 2 2ú
û
æ1 + e ö
T2 - T1 + q× e× ç
h2 2× λ ÷ λ× C1
C1 :=
è ø C2 := T1 + C1 = 1388.7×
°C
C2 = 904.4× °C
λ λ h1 m
e+ +
h1 h2
-æç
q ö °C
÷ = -9971.429× 2
2
è ø× λ m
T ( x) := -æç
q ö 2
÷ × x + C1× x + C2
2
è ×λ ø T0 := T ( 0m) T0 = 904.4× °C
2
T ( x) = -9971.4 ´ x + 1388.7 ´ x + 904.4 Te := T ( e) Te = 943.6× °C
xm = 7.0× cm
Profil de température
x = T ( x) =
960
0 × cm 904 × °C
Tm
950 1 917
2 928
température (°C)
940 3 937
4 944
930 5 949
6 952
920
7 953
8 952
910
9 949
900 10 944
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
MH 1/1 01/04/2023
Source - Exercice 4 Source de chaleur
4 W
e := 10× cm qs := 1.163× 10 ×
q TF 2
m
λ
W W
TF := 100°C λ := 17.5× hc := 29×
h m× K 2
m ×K
Il n'y a pas d'échauffement au sein du volume, mais une source localisée.
Il y a une discontinuité dans le plan central.
Il faut raisonner sur une demi-plaque. q=0
x
0 e/2 Symétrie par rapport au plan médian
2
2 d T dT
∇ T= 0 = 0 = C1 T ( x) = C1× x + C2
2 dx
dx
qs qs
· x=0 × Ω = -λ× Ω× T' ( 0) = -λ× C1
2 2
-λ× Ω× T' æç ö÷ = hc× Ω× æç T æç ö÷ - TFö÷ -λ× C1 = hc× éêçæ C1× + C2÷ö - TFúù
e e e
· x=e/2
è 2ø è è 2ø ø ëè 2 ø û
æ qs ö qs 1
C2 := TF + × æç +
e ö °C
C1 := -ç ÷ C1 = -332.3× C2 = 317.1× °C
è 2× λ ø 2 hc 2× λ ÷ m
è ø
qs 1
T ( x) := TF + × æç + - ö÷
e x
2 hc 2× λ λ
è ø Tm := T ( 0m) Tm = 317.1× °C
Te := T æç ÷ö
e
Te = 300.5× °C
è ø
2
Profil de température
320
315
température (°C)
310
305
300
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
MH 1/1 30/03/2023
Source - Exercice 5 Problème du four électrique cylindrique
Source - Exercice 6 Bâtonnet source de chaleur
Source - Exercice 7 Barreau d'uranium
5τ
Transitoire - Exercice 1 Régime transitoire
kg kJ W W
Données : ρ := 7800 cP := 0.46 λ := 35 hc := 10 T 0 := 550°C
3 kg K mK 2
m m K
T F := 80°C
Ds 4 3 2 4 3
Ds := 5cm Rs := Vs := π Rs Ss := 4π Rs ms := π ρ Rs
2 3 3 T c := 100°C
On définit avec
L Bi est très inférieur à 0,1.
λ Ss h c Rs -3 On peut considérer la
Bi = L = Rs Bi := Bi = 7.143 ´ 10 température comme uniforme
1 λ
dans le solide.
hc Ss
T t
ó ó h S
dT ô c s æ T0 - TF ö 1
( )
1
ms cP = - h c Ss T - T F ô dT = - ô dt ln ç ÷= t
dt T - TF m c T - TF
ô ô
õ0
s P è ø τ
õT
0
æ T0 - TF ö
t T c = 2990 ln æç
550 - 80 ö
t ( T ) := τ ln ç ÷ ( ) ÷ T c = 100 °C ( )
t T c = 9439 s
è T - TF ø è
100 - 80 ø
t ( T c) = 157 min
t ( T c) = "2:37:19.431" hhmmss
T ( t ) := T F + T 0 - T F exp éê-æç ö÷ùú
t
( τ
) ë è øû
600
T0
500
température (°C)
400
300
200
100 TF
0
0 60 120 180 240 300
temps (min)
MH 1/1 11/04/2023
Transitoire - Exercice 2 Régime transitoire - Fer à repasser
kg J W W
ρ := 7840× cP := 450× λ := 70× Ds := 5× cm hc := 50× Ti := 20°C
3 kg× K m× K 2
m m ×K
2 P
mf := 1× kg Af := 0.025× m P := 250× W q := Ta := 20°C
Af
mf
mf = ρ× Af × Lf Lf := Lf = 5.1× mm
ρ× A f
Bilan thermique :
mf × cP dT hc× Af
( )
dT P dT
mf × cP× = P - hc× Af × T - Ta × = + Ta - T = × dt
dt hc× Af dt hc× Af æ P +T ö-T mf × cP
ç h ×A a÷
è c f ø
P mf × cP
En posant : Tmax := Ta + Tmax = 220× °C τ := τ = 360 s
hc× Af hc× Af
τ = 6× min
T t
ó 1 ó 1 æ Tmax - Ti ö 1 æ Tmax - Ti ö
ô dT = ô dt ln ç ÷ = ×t t ( T) := τ× ln ç ÷
ô Tmax - T ô τ
õ0 è Tmax - T
ø τ è Tmax - T ø
õT
i
( )
tm := t 0.99× Tmax = 1624 s tm = 27.1× min
-t 5× τ = 30× min
on peut écrire : (
T ( t) := Tmax - Tmax - Ti × e ) τ
T ( 5× τ) = 219 K
250
5 tm
220°C
200
température (°C)
150
100
50
20°C
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
temps (min)
MH 1/1 11/04/2023
Transitoire - Exercice 3 Régime transitoire - Réacteur agité
2 W
Sserp := 2× m Userp := 600× Tvap := 390× K mliq := 2× tonne T0 := 290× K
2
m ×K
2 W kJ
Sext := 20× m Uext := 8.5× Text := 290× K cP := 3.8× T1 := 350× K
2 kg× K
m ×K
( ) ( )
dT
Bilan thermique mliq× cP× = éUserp× Sserp× Tvap - T ù - éUext× Sext× T - Text ù
dt ë û ë û
enthalpie de la apporté par pertes vers
masse liquide le serpentin l'extérieur
( ) ( ) = A - B× T = B æç - Tö÷
dT dT A
mliq× cP× = Userp× Sserp× Tvap + Uext× Sext× Text - Userp× Sserp + Uext× Sext × T
dt dt èB ø
1 A
Posons : τ= (homogène à un temps) ainsi que : Tmax = (homogène à une température)
B B
T t
ó 1 ó 1 mliq× cP Userp× Sserp× Tvap + Uext× Sext× Text
ô dT = ô dt τ := Tmax :=
ô Tmax - T ô τ
õ0
Userp× Sserp + Uext× Sext Userp× Sserp + Uext× Sext
õT
0
2000 ´ 3800 600 ´ 2 ´ 390 + 8.5 ´ 20 ´ 290
= 5547.445 = 377.591
600 ´ 2 + 8.5 ´ 20 600 ´ 2 + 8.5 ´ 20
æ Tmax - T0 ö
t ( T) := τ× ln ç ÷ τ = 5547 s τ = 92.5× min Tmax = 377.6 K
è Tmax - T ø 5× τ = 27737 s 5× τ = 462× min
T1 = 350 K
( )
t1 := t T1 t1 = 6408 s t1 = 107× min t1 = "1:46:48.312" hhmmss
-t
(
T ( t) := Tmax - Tmax - T0 × e ) τ
(
tm := t 0.99× Tmax = 291 min ) tm = "4:50:41.384" × hhmmss
380
Tmax = 378 K
360
( )
Température (K)
T t1 = 350 K
340
T ( 0s) = 290 K
320
300
280
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Durée (h)
MH 1/1 11/04/2023