ASHADEEP IIT physics PRACTICAL Std :- 12

PRACTICAL - 1

h[t& :- (vw&t(AY(tmin tfivt (vr&Û (vw&t p\vihni[ ail[K di[r) aip[li tir miT[ a[km l>bie
(dq avri[F nÊ) krvi[.
bi[D< p\Ån :-(1) tmn[ p\vihmipk, (vBvmipk, aXit avri[F vg[r[ j$r) siFni[aip[l C[.
ai[hmni[ (nym ckisvi miT[ j$r) p(rpY t]yir kri[. (vw&tp\vih an[ (vw&t
(vBvi>tri[ni> yi[³y m&9yi[ siY[ mi#i gNtr) kr) ai[hmni[ (nym ckisi[ an[ tmir)
gNtr) prY) aXit avri[Fn& m&9y nÊ) kri[. aip[l tir miT[ a[k s[.m). l>bie
(dq avri[Fn&> m&9y (R ± ∆R) nÊ) kri[.
(2) tmn[ p\vihmipk, (vBvmipk, aXit avri[F vg[r[ j$r) siFni[ aip[l C[.
ai[hmni[ (nym ckisvi miT[ j$r) p(rpY t]yir kri[. (vw&tp\vih an[ (vw&t
(vBvi>tri[ni> yi[³y m&9y le (vw&t (vBvi>tr (vr&Û(vw&t p\vihni[ ail[K di[r)
ai[hmni[ (nym ckisN) kri[ an[ aXitavri[Fn& m&9y nÊ) kri[. aip[l tir
miT[ a[k s[.m). l>bie (dq avri[Fn&> m&9y (R ± ∆R) nÊ) kri[.
siFni[ :- aXit avri[F {~10 Ω} Frivti[ tir, b[Tr) {0 Y) 3V }, vi[ÃTm)Tr {0 Y) 5V},
(ml)a[m)Tr {0 Y) 500 mA}, r)ai[AT[T, sid) kL, ji[DiNmiT[ni tir.
p(rpY :-

avli[kni[ :- (1)a[(mTrni[ (vAtir = 0 mA Y) _____ mA

(2)a[(mTrn&> lF&tm mip = _____ mA
(3)vi[ÃTm)Trni[ (vAtir = 0 V Y) _____ V
(4) vi[ÃTm)Trn&> lF&tm mip= _____ V
(5)mippÍ)n&> lF&tm mip = _____ m
(6)aip[l tirn) l>bie L = _____ m
k^m lig& piD[l (vw&t(AYt)minni[ tirmi>Y) psir Yti[ (vw&tp\vih avri[F sr[riS
n>br tfivt [ (ml)a[(mTrn&> avli[kn ] 𝑹=
𝑽 avri[F
[ vi[ÃTm)Trn&> avli[kn V (V) ] 𝑰 R (Ω)
I’ (ma) I = I’ x 10-3 (A) (Ω)
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 ASHADEEP IIT physics PRACTICAL Std :- 12

ail[K :-

𝟏 𝑩𝑪
gNtr) :- R= = Ω
𝑺𝒍𝒐𝒑𝒆 𝑨𝑩
𝑅
aip[l tirn) a[km l>bie (dq avri[F = = Ωm-1
𝑙
∆𝑽 ∆𝑰
∆R = R [ + ]Ω
𝑽 𝑰
pr)Nim :- (1) aip[l tirni b[ C[Di vµc[ni[ (vw&t(AYt)minni[ tfivt a[ (vw&tp\vih
siY[ r[K)y r)t[ bdliy C[.
(2) tirni avri[Fmi> ud`Bvt) (nrp[x #i&T) siY[ tirni[ a[km l>bie (dq avri[F
(R ± ∆R) = (…….… ± ………. Ω m-1).
mi](Kk p\Åni[tr) :- (1) ai[hmni[ (nym jNivi[ ?
(2) vi[ÃTm)Trni[ (sÜi>t jNivi[ ?
(3) a[(mTrm)Trni[ (sÜi>t jNivi[ ?
(4) p(rpYmi> (rhi[AT[Tn&> kiy< S&> ?
(5) avri[Fkti a[Tl[ S&> ?

Hint :-
p(rpY ji[DiN drÀyin S$ait b[Tr)Y) krv).
p(rpY ji[DiNmi> a[k b>F l&p krv& .
p\yi[gn) S$aitmi> dr[k kL K&Ãl) riKv).
avli[kn l[vi miT[ (rhi[AT[Tn) mddY) vi[ÃTm)Trmi>vi[ÃT[j s[T kr)n[ a[(mTrn&>
avli[kn ni[>F) li[.
ail[K s&r[Ki j mLvi[ ji[ea[.

Note :-
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 ASHADEEP IIT physics PRACTICAL Std :- 12

PRACTICAL - 2

h[t& :- m)Tr(b\j ni[ upyi[g kr)n[ aip[li tirni[ avri[F nÊ) krvi[. an[ t[ prY) tirni
WÄyn) avri[Fkti nÊ) krv).

bi[D< p\Ån :- (1) tmn[ m)Tr(b\j an[ b)ji j$r) siFni[ aip[li C[. aip[li aXit avri[Fi[ X1
an[ X2ni>m&Ãyi[ Si[Fi[. m)Tr(b\jni Kiniai[mi> aXit avri[F an[ avri[F p[T)ni
AYin bdl) fr)Y) p\yi[g kri[ an[ aXitavri[F x1 ± ∆x1an[ x2 ± ∆x2ni
m&Ãyi[ Si[Fi[.
(2) tmn[ m)Tr(b\j an[ b)ji j$r) siFni[ aip[li C[. aip[li WÄyni tirnig&>cLini[
avri[F s Si[Fi[. mie±\i[m)Tr A±\& vD[ g&>cLini tirn) sr[riS (#ijyi Si[Fi[ an[
aip[li tirni[ avri[F s ± ∆s an[ tirni WÄyn) avri[Fkti p ± ∆p Si[Fi[.
g&>cLini tirn) l>bie L = ______ s[.m).
(3) tmn[ m)Tr(b\j an[ b)ji j$r) siFni[ aip[li C[. aip[li aXit avri[Fi[ Xni
𝑙 𝑙
avli[knni[ upyi[g kr) [ 1 ]n[ y-ax pr an[ R n[ X-ax prle [ 1 ] an[ R
𝑙2 𝑙2
vµc[ni[ ail[K di[ri[. ail[Kni QiL prY) aXit avri[F nÊ) kri[.
siFni[ :- m)Tr(b\j, 1 m li>bi[ tir, avri[F p[T), r)ai[AT[T, g[Ãv[ni[m)Tr, ji[k), a[kmig)<
kL, b[Tr), ji[DiNmiT[ni tir, A±\&g[j.
p(rpY :-

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 ASHADEEP IIT physics PRACTICAL Std :- 12

avli[kni[ :- (1) aXit avri[Fni tirn) l>bie L = ______ cm

(2) aXit avri[Fni tirni Äyisn&> mipn
➢ A±\&g[jn&> lF&tm mip (L.C.) = _____ mm= _____ cm
➢ A±\&g[jn) S&ºy #i&(T = _____ mm= _____ cm
➢ A±\&g[jn) S&ºy #i&(Tni[ s&Firi[ = _____ mm= _____ cm

k^m a[k bij&ni> avli[kn prApr l>b (dSini> avli[kni[

n>br m&²y vt&<Likir Äyis m&²y vt&<Likir Äyis 𝒅 +𝒅
d= 𝟏 𝟐
𝟐
mipk^mn&> mipk^mni[ d1=P+(n×L.C.) mipk^mn&> mipk^mni[ d2=P’+(n’×L.C.)
avli[kn a[kr[KAY avli[kn a[kr[KAY
Yti[ Yti[
(vBig (vBig
n P’ (mm) n' (mm)
P (mm) (mm) (mm)
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2
3

(1) sr[riS Äyis = _____ mm= _____ cm

(2) tirn) (#ijyi r= _____ mm= _____ cm
k^m Dib) B*jimi> S1 jmN) B*jimi> S2
n>b ρ ∆S1 ∆S2 ∆S ∆ρ
r
tTAY (b>d& miT[n) l>bie

tTAY (b>d& miT[n) l>bie

Sr[riS avri[F
𝟏𝟎𝟎−𝒍′
𝟏𝟎𝟎−𝒍

DC’ = 100 -l’

𝑺𝟏 +𝑺𝟐
DC = 100 - l

𝒍′

𝟐
𝒍
avri[F

AD = l
l>bie

l>bie
AD = l’
S1 = R ×
R

S=
S2 = R ×

Ω cm cm Ω cm cm Ω Ω Ω cm Ω Ω Ω Ω cm
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 ASHADEEP IIT physics PRACTICAL Std :- 12

𝒍 𝟏𝟎𝟎−𝒍
gNtr) :- S1 = R × Ω S2 = R × Ω
𝟏𝟎𝟎−𝒍 𝒍

𝑺𝟏 +𝑺𝟐 𝑺𝜫𝒓𝟐
S= Ω ρ= Ωm
𝟐 𝑳

∆𝒍 ∆𝒍 ∆𝒍′ ∆𝒍′
∆S1 = [ + ] S1 Ω ∆S2 = [ + ] S2 Ω
𝒍 𝟏𝟎𝟎−𝒍 𝒍′ 𝟏𝟎𝟎−𝒍′

∆𝑺 𝟐∆𝒓 ∆𝑳
∆ρ = ρ[ + + ]Ω
𝑺 𝒓 𝑳
pr)Nim :- (1) aip[l tirni[ Si[F[li[ aXit avri[F S ± ∆S = _____ ± _____ Ω
(2) tirni WÄyn) avri[Fkti ρ± ∆ρ = _____ ± _____ Ωm

mi](Kk p\Åni[tr) :- (1) avri[Fkti a[Tl[ S&> ?

(2) m)Tr(b\ja[ kyi (sÜi>t pr kiy< kr[ C[ ?
(3) lG&tm mip S(kt Si[Fvin&> sm)krN S&> Yiy ?
(4) v(n<yr k[l)ps<n) lG&tm mip S(kt k[Tl) Yiy ?
(5) m)Tr(b\j K&b j mi[Ti k[ K&b j nini avri[F mipvi miT[ k[m upyi[g) C[ ?

Hint :-
si] p\Ym Ak|* g[jn) lG&_im mip SIkt Si[Fi[ an[ #i&T) nkk) kri[ an[ tirni avli[kn
ni[>Fi[.
p(rpY ji[DiN drÀyin S$ait b[Tr)Y) krv). p(rpY ji[DiNmi> a[k b>F l&p krv&.
p\yi[gn) S$aitmi> dr[k kL K&Ãl) riKv).
avli[kn l[vi miT[ jmN) B&ji mi>Y) Xit avri[F kiQ) ji[k)n) mddY) tTAY (b>d& m[Lv)
Dib) B&jinni avli[kn ni[>F) li[.
Dib) B&jini avli[kn le Dib) B&jimi> rh[l aXit avri[F n[ jmN) B&jimi> le li[
an[ jmN) B&jimi> rh[l avri[F p[T)n[ Dib) B&jimi> le avli[kn ni[>F) li[.
aXit avri[Fn&> m&Ãy acL j aivv& ji[ea[.
avri[Fktin&> m&Ãy acL j aivv& ji[ea[.

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 ASHADEEP IIT physics PRACTICAL Std :- 12

PRACTICAL - 3

h[t& :- m)Tr(b\jni[ upyi[g kr)n[ avri[Fni s>yi[jni[ {~[N) an[ smi>tr}ni (nymi[
ckisi[.
bi[D< p\Ån :- tmn[ m)Tr(b\j an[ b)ji j$r) siFni[ aip[li C[. aip[li aXit avri[Fi[ X1 an[
X2 ni> m&Ãyi[ Si[Fi[. hv[ t[mn[ an&k^m[ ~[N) an[ smi>trmi> ji[D) t[ ji[DiNi[ni avri[Fi[
mipi[ an[ avri[Fi[ni ~[N) an[ smi>trni (nymi[n) ckisN) kri[ an[ p\iyi[g)kY)
m[Lv[l~[N) avri[F xs ± ∆xs an[ smi>tr avri[F xp ± ∆xp ni m&Ãyi[ Si[Fi[.
siFni[ :- m)Tr(b\j, g[Ãv[ni[m)Tr, b[ b[ j&di j&di avri[Fi[, ji[k), avri[F p[T), r)ai[AT[T,
a[kmig)< kL, b[Tr), ji[DiNmiT[ni tir.
p(rpY :-

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 ASHADEEP IIT physics PRACTICAL Std :- 12

avli[kni[ :- (1) avri[F R1 = …………. Ω

(2) avri[F R2 = …………. Ω

k^m avri[F l>bie l>bie aXit avri[F ∆Rs aYvi ∆Rp

n>br R AD= l DC X (Rs aYvi Rp)
l’ = 100 – l 𝑹 ×𝒍
= Ω
Ω 𝒍′ Ω
cm cm
R1 an[ R2n&> ~[N) 1
ji[DiN 2
Rs
3
R1 an[ R2 n&> 1
smi>tr ji[DiN 2
Rp
3

𝑹 ×𝒍
gNtr) :- (1) R1 an[ R2n&> ~[N) ji[DiN Rs = Ω
𝒍′
𝑹𝒔𝟏 +𝑹𝒔𝟐 +𝑹𝒔𝟑
(2) R1 an[ R2n&> ~[N) ji[DiNni[ sr[riS avri[F Rs =
𝟑
(3) R1 an[R2 avri[Fni ~[N) ji[DiNn&> s]Ûi>(tk a>di(jt m&Ãy
Rs = R1 + R2 = _____ Ω
(4) R1 an[ R2ni ~[N) ji[DiNni mipnmi> ud`Bvt) #i&(T
∆𝐥 ∆𝒍′
∆Rs = Rs[ + ]Ω
𝒍 𝒍′
𝑹 ×𝒍
(5) R1 an[ R2 n&> smi>tr ji[DiN Rp = Ω
𝒍′
𝑹𝒑𝟏 +𝑹𝒑𝟐 +𝑹𝒑𝟑
(6) R1 an[ R2 n&> smi>tr ji[DiNni[ sr[riS avri[F Rp =
𝟑
(7) R1 an[ R2 avri[Fni smi>tr ji[DiNn&> s]Ûi>(tk a>di(jt m&Ãy
𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝟐
Rp = = _____ Ω
𝑹𝟏 +𝑹𝟐
(8) R1 an[ R2ni smi>tr ji[DiNni mipnmi> ud`Bvt) #i&(T
∆𝐥 ∆𝒍′
∆Rp = Rp[ + ]Ω
𝒍 𝒍′
pr)Nim :-

s]Ûi>(tk ap[(xt avri[F Ω p\iyi[g)k ap[(xt avri[F Ω

~[N) ji[DiN R1 + R2 = Rs ± ∆Rs =
smi>tr ji[DiN 𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝟐
= Rp ± ∆Rp =
𝑹𝟏 +𝑹𝟐

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 ASHADEEP IIT physics PRACTICAL Std :- 12

mi](Kk p\Åni[tr) :- (1) n avri[Fi[n&> ~[N) ji[DiN an[ smi>tr ji[DiNn&> sm)krN aipi[ ?
(2) R1 = R2= …… = Rn = R hi[y ti[ dr[k avri[Fn&> ~[N) ji[DiN krti mLti[
smt&Ãy avri[F k[Tli[ Yiy ?
(3) R1 = R2= …… = Rn = R hi[y ti[ dr[k avri[Fn&> smi>tr ji[DiN krti
mLti[ smt&Ãy avri[F k[Tli[ Yiy ?
(4) avri[Fni ~[N) ji[DiNmi> S&> smin hi[y C[ ?
(5) avri[Fni smi>tr ji[DiNmi> S&> smin hi[y C[ ?

Hint :-
p(rpY ji[DiN drÀyin S$ait b[Tr)Y) krv) an[ a[k b>F l&p krv& .
p\yi[gn) S$aitmi> dr[k kL K&Ãl) riKv).
aip[l p(rpYmi> ~[N) an[ smi>trmi> s]Ûi>(tk m&Ãyi[ni aiFir[ p\iyi[(gk m&Ãyi[n&> tirN
kiQ) Skiy C[.

Note :-
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 ASHADEEP IIT physics PRACTICAL Std :- 12

PRACTICAL - 4

h[t& :- aF< aivt<nn) r)tY) g[Ãv[ni[m)Trni[ avri[F nÊ) krvi[ an[ t[n) (fgr ai[f
m[(rT Si[Fv).
bi[D< p\Ån:-(1) tmn[b[Tr) a[l)m)n[Tr, sid) kL, avri[F p[T), g[Ãv[ni[m)Tr S>T vg[r[ j$r)
siFni[ aip[li C[. aF< aivt<nn) r)tY) pi>c avli[kn le g[Ãv[ni[m)Trni[
avri[F nÊ) kri[ an[ dr[k avli[knni[ upyi[g kr) g[Ãv[ni[m)Trn) (fgr ai[f
m[(rT ‘K’Si[Fi[.
(2) tmn[b[Tr) a[l)m)n[Tr, sid) kL, avri[F p[T), g[Ãv[ni[m)Tr S>T vg[r[ j$r)
siFni[ aip[li C[.aF< aivt<nn) r)tY) pi>c avli[kn le𝜽n[ y-ax an[
𝑬 𝑬
(𝑹+𝑮)n[ x-ax pr le𝜽 (vr&Û (𝑹+𝑮)ni[ ail[K di[ri[. ai ail[K prY)
g[Ãv[ni[m)Trn) (fgr ai[f m[(rT ‘K’Si[Fi[.
siFni[ :- c(lt g&>cLiviL& g[Ãv[ni[m)Tr, b[Tr) ( 0 Y) 6 V ),avri[F p[T) (0 Y) 10kΩ
av(FviL)), avri[F p[T) ( 0 Y) 200Ω av(FviL)),b[ a[kmig)< kL, ji[DiN miT[ni
tir.
p(rpY :-

avli[kni[ :- (1) b[Tr)n&> (vw&t cilk bL E = _____ V

(2) g[Ãv[ni[m)Trni p&N< Ak[lmi> kipi {(vBig}n) s>²yi = _____
k^m mi[Ti[ g[Ãv[ni[m)Trn&> g[Ãv[ni[m)Trn&> S>T G=
𝑹𝑺
K=(
𝑬
)
𝟏
n>br avri[F aivt<n aF< aivt<n avri[F 𝑹−𝑺 𝑹+𝑮 𝜽
𝜽
{(vBig}
RΩ 𝜽 {(vBig} 𝟐
SΩ Ω a[(Àpyr / (vBig
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 ASHADEEP IIT physics PRACTICAL Std :- 12

𝑹𝑺
gNtr) :- (1) G = Ω
𝑹−𝑺
𝑬 𝟏
(2) K = ( ) a[(Àpyr / (vBig
𝑹+𝑮 𝜽

pr)Nim:- (1) aF< aivt<nn) r)tY) g[Ãv[ni[m)Trni[ avri[F G = _____ Ω

(2) g[Ãv[ni[m)Trn) (fgr ai[f m[(rT K = ________ a[(Àpyr / (vBig

mi](Kk p\Åni[tr) :- (1) (fgr ai[f m[(rT k[v) r)t[ gN) Skiy ?
(2) g[Ãv[ni[m)Trn) avri[F k[Tli[ hi[y C[ ?
(3) aip[l p(rpYmi> avri[F p[T)ni AYinn[ bdlivti p(rpYmi> ki[e bdliv
YS[ ?
(4) S n&> m&Ãy G krti nin&> hS[ k[ mi[T&> ?
(5) aF< aivt<n a[Tl[ S>& ?

Hint :-
p(rpY ji[DiN drÀyin S$ait b[Tr)Y) krv) an[ a[k b>F l&p krv& .
p\yi[gn) S$aitmi> dr[k kL K&Ãl) riKv).
p(rpYmi> K2 kL Open riKi[ an[ mi[T) avri[F p[T) mi>Y) ki[e avri[F kiQ) g[Ãv[ni[m)Tr
n&>aivt<n 𝜽 ni[>Fi[ Ryirbid K1 kL Close riKi[ an[ nin) avri[F p[T) mi>Y) ki[e avri[F
𝜽
kiQ) g[Ãv[ni[m)Tr n&>aivt<n ni[>Fi[.
𝟐
S>T avri[Fn&> m&Ãy acL j aivv& ji[ea[.

Note :-
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 ASHADEEP IIT physics PRACTICAL Std :- 12

PRACTICAL - 5

h[t&:- aip[li g[Ãv[ni[m)Tr {avri[F an[ (fgr ai[f m[(rT Xit hi[y t[vi}n[ (i) e(µCt av(F
( 0 Y) 30 mA ) Frivti a[(mTr an[ (ii) e(µCt av(F ( 0 Y) 3 V ) Frivti vi[ÃTm)Trmi>
$pi>tr kri[ an[ t[n) ckisN) krv).

Part – (i) e(µCt av(F ( 0 Y) 30 mA ) Frivti a[(mTrmi> $pi>tr kri[.

bi[D< p\Ån :- aF< aivt<nn) r)tY) #iN avli[kni[ le g[Ãv[ni[m)Trni[ avri[F an[ (fgr ai[f
m[(rT ‘K’ nÊ) kri[. mie±\i[m)Tr A±\&n) mddY) aip[li tirni[ Äyis an[ (#ijyi Si[Fi[
an[ tirni WÄyni[ (v(SOT avri[F Si[Fi[ ai g[Ãv[ni[m)Trn>&(0 Y) 30 mA) av(F
Frivti a[(mTrmi> $pi>tr kri[.ai prY) g[Ãv[ni[m)Trn>&(0 Y) 30 mA) av(F Frivti
a[(mTrmi> miT[ S>Tni tir ni[ avri[F ‘S’an[ avli[(kt S>Tni tirni[ avri[F ‘S’ Si[Fi[.
siFni[ :- avri[F an[ (fgr ai[f m[(rT Xit hi[y t[v&> g[Ãv[ni[m)Tr, 26 aYvi 30 SWG
( Standard Wire Gauge ) viLi[ ki[ºATnTn aYvi m[>g[n)nni[ tir,b[Tr), a[kmig)<
kL,200Ω av(FviL&> r)ai[AT[T,( 0 Y) 30mA) av(FviL&> a[(mTr, 3V av(FviL&>
vi[ÃTm)Tr, ji[DiNmiT[ni tir.
p(rpY :-

avli[kni[ :- (1) g[Ãv[ni[m)Trni[ avri[F G {aip[l} = _____ Ω

(2) g[Ãv[ni[m)Trn) (fgr ai[f m[(rT K = ________ a[(Àpyr / (vBig
(3) g[Ãv[ni[m)Trni mip±\m pr S&ºyn) ki[e a[k trf aiv[li p&N< Ak[lmi>
kipi {(vBig}n) s>²yi N = _____
(4) N (vBign&> p&N< Ak[l aivt<n uRpºn krvi {m[Lvvi} j$r)
(vw&tp\vihIg = kN = _____ A
(5) tirn) (#ijyin&> mipn :
➢ aip[li A±\&g[jn&> lF&tm mip (L.C.) = _____ mm
➢ A±\&g[jn) S&ºy #i&(T = _____ mm
➢ A±\&g[jn) S&ºy #i&(Tni[ s&Firi[ = _____ mm
➢ tirni avli[(kt Äyisn&> mipn :

11
 ASHADEEP IIT physics PRACTICAL Std :- 12

(i) ____ cm (ii) ____ cm (iii) ____ cm (iv) ____ cm

➢ avli[(kt sr[riS Äyis D = ____ cm
𝑫
➢ tirn) (#ijyi r= = ____ cm
𝟐
𝑰𝒈 𝑮
gNtr) :- (1) S>T avri[F S = = _____ Ω
𝑰𝟎 −𝑰𝒈
(2) tirni WÄyni[ (v(SOT avri[Fn&> aip[l m&Ãy ρ =_____ Ωm
𝑺𝝅𝒓𝟐
(3) tirn) j$r) l>bie L = = _____ cm
𝝆
(4) e(µCt av(F miT[ S>Tni tirn) avli[(kt l>bie L’ = _____ cm
𝒍′ × 𝝆
(5) avli[(kt l>bieni tir prY) S>Tni[ avri[F S’ = 𝟐 = _____ Ω
𝝅𝒓
pr)Nim :- aip[l g[Ãv[ni[m)Trn[ 0 Y) ____ A n) av(F Frivti a[(mTrmi> $pi>tr)t krvi miT[,
(1) gNtr) kr[l S>T tirni[ avri[F S = _____ Ω
(2) avli[(ktS>T tirni[ avri[F S’ = _____ Ω
mi](Kk p\Åni[tr) :- (1) S>Tn&>m&Ãy k[v&> riKvimi> aiv[ C[ ?
(2) a[(mTrmi> $pi>tr krvi miT[ S>T avri[Fn[ k[v) r)t[ ji[Dvimi> aiv[ C[ ?
(3) aip[l p(rpYmi> S>T avri[F Si miT[ smi>trmi> ji[Dvimi> aiv[ C[ ?
(4) asrkirk avri[Fn&> s&#i S>& Yiy ?
(5) Ig a[Tl[ S&> ?
Part – (ii) e(µCt av(F ( 0 Y) 3 V ) Frivti vi[ÃTm)Trmi> $pi>tr kri[.

bi[D< p\Ån:- tmn[ b[Tr) a[l)m)n[Tr, sid) kL, avri[F p[T), g[Ãv[ni[m)Tr vg[r[ j$r) siFni[
aip[li C[. aF< aivt<nn) r)tY) #iN avli[kni[ le g[Ãv[ni[m)Trni[ avri[F nÊ)
kri[ an[ (fgr ai[f m[(rT ‘K’ Si[Fi[.g[Ãv[ni[m)Trn>&(0 Y) 3 V) r[ºjviLi vi[ÃTm)Trmi>
$pi>tr krvi miT[gNtr) kr[l ~[N) avri[Fn&> m&Ãy R an[ avli[(kt kr[l ~[N)
avri[Fn&> m&Ãy R’ Si[Fi[.
siFni[ :- avri[F an[ (fgr ai[f m[(rT Xit hi[y t[v&>g[Ãv[ni[m)Tr, 26 aYvi 30 SWG
( Standard Wire Gauge ) viLi[ ki[ºATnTn aYvi m[>g[n)nni[ tir, b[Tr),
a[kmig)< kL,200Ω av(FviL&>r)ai[AT[T,( 0 Y) 30mA)av(FviL&> a[(mTr, 3V
av(FviL&>vi[ÃTm)Tr, ji[DiNmiT[ni tir.
p(rpY :-

12
 ASHADEEP IIT physics PRACTICAL Std :- 12

avli[kni[ :- (1) g[Ãv[ni[m)Trni[ avri[F G {aip[l} = _____ Ω

(2) g[Ãv[ni[m)Trn) (fgr ai[f m[(rT K = ________ a[(Àpyr / (vBig
(3) g[Ãv[ni[m)Trni mip±\m pr S&ºyn) ki[e a[k trf aiv[li p&N< Ak[lmi>
kipi {(vBig}n) s>²yi N = _____
(4) N (vBign&> p&N< Ak[l aivt<n uRpºn krvi {m[Lvvi} j$r)
(vw&tp\vih Ig = kN = _____ A
(5) avri[F p[T)mi>Y) kiQ[l k&l avri[F = _____ Ω
gNtr) :- g[Ãv[ni[m)Tr siY[ ~[N)mi> ji[D[l avri[F
𝑽𝟎
R= – G = _____ Ω
𝑰𝒈
pr)Nim :- aip[l g[Ãv[ni[m)Trn[ 0 Y) ____ Vn) av(F viLi vi[ÃTm)Trmi> $pi>tr)t
krvi miT[,
(1) gNtr) kr[l ~[N)-avri[Fn&> m&Ãy R = _____ Ω
(2) avli[(kt kr[l ~[N)-avri[Fn&> m&Ãy R’ = _____ Ω
(3) p&N< Ak[l aivt<n miT[ (vw&tp\vih Ig = _____ a[(Àpyr

mi](Kk p\Åni[tr) :- (1) S>Tn&> m&Ãy k[v&> riKvimi> aiv[ C[ ?

(2) vi[ÃTm)Trmi> $pi>tr krvi miT[ S>T avri[Fn[ k[v) r)t[ ji[Dvimi> aiv[ C[ ?
(3) aip[l p(rpYmi> S>T avri[F Si miT[ ~[N)mi> ji[Dvimi> aiv[ C[ ?
(4) asrkirk avri[Fn&> s&#i S>& Yiy ?
(5) Ig a[Tl[ S&> ?

Hint :-
p(rpY ji[DiN drÀyin S$ait b[Tr)Y) krv) an[ a[k b>F l&p krv& .
p\yi[gn) S$aitmi> dr[k kL K&Ãl) riKv).
s>p&<N p\yi[g gNtr) uprY) hi[viY) gNtr)mi> Kis ¹yin aipi[.

Note :-
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________

13
 ASHADEEP IIT physics PRACTICAL Std :- 12

PRACTICAL - 6

h[t& :- si[ni[m)Tr an[ (vw&tc&>bkni[ upyi[g kr) p\Ryivt)< p\vih {ulT s&lT p\vih-ac}n)
aivZ(t nÊ) kri[.
1
bi[D< p\Ån:- (1) tmn[ si[ni[m)Tr, nrm li[K>Dni[ tir (vw&t c&>bk, AT[p Diun T^iºsfi[m<r, Kgni
2
vj(nyi vg[r[ siFni[ aip[li C[. si[ni[m)Tr an[(vw&tc&>bkni[ upyi[g kr)
p\Ryivt)< p\vih {ulT s&lT p\vih-ac}n) aivZ(t Si[Fi[.
a[km l>bie d)q WÄymin m = _____ Kg/m.
1
(2) tmn[ si[ni[m)Tr, nrm li[K>Dni[ tir (vw&tc&>bk,AT[p Diun T^iºsfi[m<r, Kgni
2
vj(nyi vg[r[ siFni[ aip[li C[. si[ni[m)Tr an[ (vw&tc&>bkni[ upyi[g kr)
avli[kn prY) y-ax pr L2an[ x-axT le L2(vr&ÛTni[ ail[K di[ri[.
ail[K prY) QiL Si[Fi[. ai QiLni m&Ãy prY) ulT s&lT p\vihn) aivZ(t nÊ)
kri[.a[km l>bie d)q WÄymin m = _____ Kg/m.
siFni[ :- si[ni[m)Tr, si[ni[m)Tr prni[ li[K>Dni[ tir, (vw&tc&>bk, AT[p Diun T^iºsfi[m<r,
1
Ki>civiLi Kgni vj(nyi>n&> h[>gr, Bi](tk t&li, t)ÈN FirviL) b[ ficr {T[kiai[},
2
vjnp[T).
p(rpY :- {aikZ(t di[rv) j$r) nY).} {fkt jiNkir) miT[}

avli[kni[ :- (1) tirn) l>bie = ____ cm = ____ m

(2) tirn&>WÄymin = ____ g = ____ Kg
(3) a[km l>bie (dq WÄymin m = ____ g/cm = ____ Kg/m
(4)g&$Rvp\v[g = ____ ms-2
k^m h[>grn&> vj(nyi> tNiv an&ni(dy l>bie L sr[riS 𝟏 𝑻
n>br s(ht WÄymin T=mg L n= √
p\Ym b)ji sr[riS 𝟐𝑳 𝒎
p\yRn[ p\yRn[
(Kg) (N) cm cm cm (m) mi> (Hz)
1
2
3
4

14
 ASHADEEP IIT physics PRACTICAL Std :- 12

ail[K :-

𝑨𝑩 𝟏
gNtr) :- (1) ail[Kni[ QiL = =
𝑩𝑪 𝟒𝒎𝒗𝟐
𝟏
(2) n = Hz
√𝟒𝒎 × 𝐒𝐥𝐨𝐩𝐞
𝟏 𝑻
(3) n= √
𝟐𝑳 𝒎

pr)Nim :- (1) T an[ L2vµc[ni[ ail[K s&r[K r[Ki C[.

𝑨𝑩 𝟏
(2) ail[Kni[ QiL = = = _____
𝑩𝑪 𝟒𝒎𝒗𝟐
𝒏
(3) ac p&rvqi {s¼liy}n) aivZ(t f =
𝟐
➢ gNtr) prY) = ______ Hz
➢ ail[K prY) = ______ Hz

mi](Kk p\Åni[tr) :- (1) India an[ US mi> A.C. p\vihn) aivZ(t k[Tl) hi[y C[ ?
(2) si[ni[m)Trmi> vpriti[ tir ke (m~ Fit&ni[ bn[li[ hi[y C[ ?
(3) aivZ(t a[Tl[ S&> ?
(4) A.C. p\vih ki[n[ kh[viy ?
(5) (vw&tc&>bk an[ g(jyi c&>bkmi> S&> tfivt C[ ?

Hint :-
p\yi[gn) S$aitmi> dr[k kL K&Ãl) riKv).
p(rpYn&> ji[DiN krvimi> Kis ¹yin C[Di ji[Dvimi> an[ AC p\vih aipvimi> aivv&> ji[ea[.
p(rpYmi> AC p\vih6V Y) vFir[ n aipvi[ an[ (rhi[AT[T Kis ji[Dv&> j[Y) siFni[n&> n&kSin
Yiy nh).
𝟏 𝑻
p\yi[g kyi< vgr j an&ni(dy l>bie L = √ sm)krN Wiri m[Lv) Skiy C[.
𝟐𝒏 𝒎
avli[knmi >aivZ(t 50 Hz krti vFv) ji[ea[ nh).

15
 ASHADEEP IIT physics PRACTICAL Std :- 12

PRACTICAL - 7

h[t& :- a>tgi[<L ar)sini (kAsimi>u ni> j&di> j&di> m&Ãyi[ miT[ v ni>m&Ãyi[ Si[Fvi an[ k[ºWl>bie
Si[Fv).

bi[D< p\Ån:- (1) tmn[ ai[(¼Tkl b[ºc, t)ÈN FirviL) b[ p)n, #iN (Sril>b AT[[ºD,a>tgi[<L
ar)si, vg[r[ j$r) siFni[ aip[li C[. a>tgi[<L ar)si miT[ vAt& a>tr u’ ni j&di>
j&di> C m&Ãyi[ miT[ p\(t(b>b a>tr v’ ni avli[(kt m&Ãyi[ Si[Fi[. s&Fir[l u an[
s&Fir[l v ni m&Ãyni p\Ry[k avli[kn le giusni s&#ini[ upyi[g kr) k[ºWl>bie
f ± ∆f Si[Fi[. pr)xkn) s&cni an&sir ki[epN a[k avli[kn miT[ AvµC aikZ(t
di[ri[ an[ t[mi>p\kiSni (krNni[ mig< dSi<vi[.
(2) tmn[ ai[(¼Tkl b[ºc, t)ÈN FirviL) b[ p)n, #iN (Sril>b AT[[ºD,a>tgi[<L
ar)si, vg[r[ j$r) siFni[ aip[li C[. a>tgi[<L ar)si miT[ vAt& a>tr u’ ni j&di>
j&di> C m&Ãyi[ miT[ p\(t(b>b a>tr v’ ni avli[(kt m&Ãyi[ Si[Fi[. s&Fir[l u an[
s&Fir[lv ni m&Ãyni p\Ry[k avli[kn le u × v n[ y-ax pr an[ u + v n[
x-ax le u × v (vr&Û u + v ni[ ail[K di[ri[. an[ ail[K ni QiL prY)
a>tgi[<Lar)sin) k[ºWl>bie ‘f’ nÊ) kri[. pr)xkn) s&cni an&sir ki[epN
a[k avli[kn miT[ AvµC aikZ(t di[ri[ an[ t[mi> p\kiSni (krNni[ mig< dSi<vi[.
siFni[ :- ai[(¼Tkl b[ºc, t)ÈN FirviL) b[ (pn, 20 cm krti> ai[C) k[ºWl>bieviLi[ a>tgi[<L
ar)si, kl[Àp s(htni #iN (Sril>b AT[[ºD,pitL) (pn, mippÍ), (Ap(rT l[vl.
avli[kni[ :- (1) a>tgi[<L ar)sin) a>di(jt k[ºWl>bie = _____ cm
(2) eºD[x si[yn) mddY) vAt&n&> a(rsiY) mip[l viAt(vk a>tr L0 = _____ cm
(3) ar)siY) vAt&n&> avli[(kt a>tr L’0 = mippÍ) pr a(rsini
aprieTn&> AYin – vAt&(pnni aprieTn&> AYin = _____ cm
(4) vAt&a>tr miT[ eºD[x s&Firi[,e = viAt(vk a>tr–avli[(kt a>tr = L0 - L’0
= _____ cm
t[j r)t[ p\(t(b>b (pn miT[,ei = Li – L’i = _____ cm
k^m a(rsi[ AYin p\(t(b>b avli[(kt avli[(kt s&Fir[l s&Fir[l f= 𝒖𝒗 ∆f
n>br vAt&(pn (pn 𝒖+𝒗
M
P1 P2 u’ v’ u=u’+e v=v’+e
(cm) (cm) (cm) (cm) (cm) (cm) (cm) (cm) (cm)

1
2
3
4

16
 ASHADEEP IIT physics PRACTICAL Std :- 12

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
gNtr) :- (1) = +
𝒇 𝒖 𝒗
∆𝒖 ∆𝒗
(2) ∆f = f2[ + ] cm
𝒖𝟐 𝒗𝟐

pr)Nim :- aip[l a>tgi[<L {a(Bsir)} ar)sin) k[ºWl>bie

(f ± ∆f) = _____ ± _____ cm
mi](Kk p\Åni[tr) :- (1) a(Bsir) an[ apsi(r a(rsimi> S&> tfivt C[ ?
(2) a(rsin) k[ºWl>bien) Äyi²yi aipi[ ?
(3) a(rsimi> d^OT)AYin B[d d&r ke r)t[ krvimi> aiv[ C[ ?
(4) vAt&n&> AYin F an[ C n) vµc[ hi[y ti[p\(t(b>b kyi> mLS[ ?
(5) p\(t(b>bn&> AYin FY) d&r hi[y ti[ vAt&n&> AYin kyi> mLS[ ?

Hint :-
si]p\Ym a(rsin&> d^OT)AYin B[d d&r kr) a(rsin&> vk|tik[ºW c m[Lvi[.
a(rsin&> vk|tik[ºW c m[Lv) t[n) (k>mt n[ aDF) krti> a(rsin) k[ºWl>biefmLS[.
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
a(rsin) k[ºWl>bie f m[Lv) a(rsin&> p\(t(b>b v m[Lvvi = + aip[li sm)krNmi>
𝒇 𝒖 𝒗
vAt&n) (k>mt j&d) j&d) m&k)n[ p\(t(b>bvm[Lv) Skiy C[.
a(rsin) j&d) j&d) (krNikZt) n)c[ m&jb C[.

17
 ASHADEEP IIT physics PRACTICAL Std :- 12

PRACTICAL - 8

𝟏 𝟏
h[t& :- b(hgi[<L l[ºs miT[u an[ v vµc[ni aYvi an[ vµc[ni ail[K di[r) k[ºWl>bie
𝒖 𝒗
Si[Fv).

bi[D< p\Ån:-(1) tmn[ ai[(¼Tkl b[ºc, t)ÈN FirviL) b[ p)n, #iN (Sril>b AT[[ºD,b(hgi[<L l[ºs,
vg[r[ j$r) siFni[ aip[li C[. b(hgi[<L l[ºs miT[vAt& a>tr u ni j&di> j&di> C
m&Ãyi[ miT[ p\(t(b>b a>tr v ni avli[(kt m&Ãyi[ Si[Fi[. s&Fir[l u an[ s&Fir[l v ni
m&Ãyni p\Ry[k avli[kn le giusni s&#ini[ upyi[g kr) k[ºWl>bie f ± ∆f Si[Fi[.
pr)xkn) s&cni an&sir ki[epN a[k avli[kn miT[ AvµC aikZ(tdi[ri[ an[ t[mi>
p\kiSni (krNni[ mig< dSi<vi[.
(2) tmn[ ai[(¼Tkl b[ºc, t)ÈN FirviL) b[ p)n, #iN (Sril>b AT[[ºD,b(hgi[<L l[ºs,
vg[r[ j$r) siFni[ aip[li C[. b(hgi[<L l[ºs miT[ vAt& a>tr u ni j&di> j&di> C
m&Ãyi[ miT[ p\(t(b>b a>tr v ni avli[(kt m&Ãyi[ Si[Fi[. s&Fir[l u an[ s&Fir[l v ni
m&Ãyni p\Ry[k avli[kn le v (vr&Û u ni[ ail[K di[r) b(hgi[<L l[ºsn)
k[ºWl>bie ‘f’ Si[Fi[. pr)xkn) s&cni an&sir ki[epN a[k avli[kn miT[ AvµC
aikZ(t di[ri[ an[ t[mi> p\kiSni (krNni[ mig< dSi<vi[.
(3) tmn[ ai[(¼Tkl b[ºc, t)ÈN FirviL) b[ p)n, #iN (Sril>b AT[[ºD,b(hgi[<L l[ºs,
vg[r[ j$r) siFni[ aip[li C[. b(hgi[<L l[ºs miT[vAt& a>tr u ni j&di> j&di> C
m&Ãyi[ miT[ p\(t(b>b a>tr v ni avli[(kt m&Ãyi[ Si[Fi[. s&Fir[l u an[ s&Fir[l v ni
1 1
m&Ãyni p\Ry[k avli[kn le (vr&Û ni[ ail[K di[r) b(hgi[<L l[ºsn)k[ºWl>bie
𝑣 𝑢
‘f’ Si[Fi[. pr)xkn) s&cni an&sir ki[epN a[k avli[kn miT[ AvµC aikZ(t di[ri[
an[ t[mi> p\kiSni (krNni[ mig< dSi<vi[.
(4) tmn[ ai[(¼Tkl b[ºc, t)ÈN FirviL) b[ p)n, #iN (Sril>b AT[[ºD,b(hgi[<L l[ºs,
vg[r[ j$r) siFni[ aip[li C[. b(hgi[<L l[ºs miT[vAt& a>tr u’ ni j&di> j&di> C
m&Ãyi[ miT[ p\(t(b>b a>tr v’ ni avli[(kt m&Ãyi[ Si[Fi[. s&Fir[l u an[ s&Fir[lv
ni m&Ãyni p\Ry[kavli[kn le u × v n[ y-ax pr an[ u + v n[ x-ax le u × v
(vr&Û u + v ni[ ail[K di[ri[. an[ ail[Kni QiL prY) b(hgi[<L l[ºsn) k[ºWl>bie
‘f’ nÊ) kri[. pr)xkn) s&cni an&sir ki[epN a[k avli[kn miT[ AvµC aikZ(t
di[ri[ an[ t[mi> p\kiSni (krNni[ mig< dSi<vi[.
siFni[ :- ai[(¼Tkl b[ºc, t)ÈN FirviL) b[ (pn, 20 cm krti> ai[C) k[ºWl>bieviLi[ b(hgi[<L
l[ºs, kl[Àp s(htni #iN (Sril>b AT[[ºD,pitL) (pn, mippÍ), (Ap(rT l[vl.
avli[kni[ :- (1) b(hgi[<L l[ºsn) a>di(jt k[ºWl>bie = _____ cm
(2) eºD[x si[yn) m)TrpÍ)vD[ mip[l l>bie l0 = _____ cm
(3) pitLi b(hgi[<L l[ºsn) jiDie {aip[l} t = _____ cm
(4) l[ºsni ai[(¼Tkl k[ºWO an[ (pnn) Ti[c vµc[n) Kr[Kr { viAt(vk}
l>bie l0= l0 + t/2 = _____ cm
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 ASHADEEP IIT physics PRACTICAL Std :- 12

(5) eºD[x n)Dln) avli[(kt l>bie l0’ = b(hgi[<L l[ºsni k[ºW an[
vAt&(pnn) Ti[c vµc[n&> a>tr = mippÍ) pr { l[ºsni aprieTn&> AYin
- vAt&(pnni aprieTn&> AYin = ___ cm - ___ cm = ___ cm
(6) vAt&a>tr miT[ eºD[x s&Firi[ e0 = l0 - l0’ = ___ cm
t[ j r)t[ p\(t(b>b (pn miT[ = ei = li – l’i = _____ cm
k^m

avli[(kt u + e0

avli[(kt v + ei
n>br 𝟏 𝟏 𝒖𝒗
∆f
l[ºs aprieT

F=
p\(t(b>b (pn

s&Fir[l u =

s&Fir[l v =
avli[(kt

avli[(kt
u=a-b

v=a-c
𝒖−𝒗
aprieT

aprieT

𝒖 𝒗
vAt&

a b c
(cm) (cm) (cm) (cm) (cm) (cm) (cm) (cm-1) (cm-1) (cm) (cm)
1
2
3
4
ail[K :-
ail[K – (1) ail[K – (2)

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 ∆𝒖 ∆𝒗
gNtr) :- (1) = + (2) ∆f = f2[ 𝟐 + ] cm
𝒇 𝒖 𝒗 𝒖 𝒗𝟐

(3) ail[K – 1 prY)

➢ y-ax pr a>tr OA (= 2f) = _____ cm
➢ x-ax pr a>tr OB (= 2f) = _____ cm
𝑶𝑨+𝑶𝑩
➢ b(hgi[<L l[ºsn) sr[riS k[ºWl>bie f = = _____ cm
𝟒
(4) ail[K – 2 prY)

19
 ASHADEEP IIT physics PRACTICAL Std :- 12

𝟏
➢ y-ax prni[ a>t:KDOA’ (= ) = _____ cm
𝒇
𝟏
➢ x- ax prni[ a>t:KD OB’ (= ) = _____ cm
𝒇
2
➢ b(hgi[<L l[ºsn) sr[riS k[ºWl>bie f = = _____ cm
𝑂𝐴′ +𝑂𝐵 ′

pr)Nim :- aip[l a(Bsir) pitLil[ºsn) k[ºWl>bie

➢ avli[kn ki[OTkmi> dSi<Äyi m&jb gNtr)Y) m[Lv[l
(f ± ∆f) = _____ ± _____ cm
➢ u – v ni ail[K prY) = _____ cm
1 1
➢ - ni ail[K prY) = _____ cm
𝑢 𝑣
mi](Kk p\Åni[tr) :- (1)l[ºsn) k[ºWl>bien) Äyi²yi aipi[ ?
(2)l[ºsmi> d^OT)AYin B[d d&r ke r)t[ krvimi> aiv[ C[ ?
(3)l[ºs an[ a(rsin&> sm)krN jNivi[ ?
(4)l[ºsni aprieTs ki[n[ kh[vimi> aiv[ C[ ?
(5)vAt&n&> AYin F an[ P n) vµc[ hi[y ti[p\(t(b>b kyi> mLS[ ?

Hint :-
si] p\Ym l[ºsn&> d^OT)AYin B[d d&r kr) l[ºsn&> vk|tik[ºW 2f m[Lvi[.
l[ºsn&> vk|tik[ºW 2f m[Lv) t[n) (k>mt n[ aDF) krti> l[ºsn) k[ºWl>bie f mLS[.
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
l[ºsn) k[ºWl>bie f m[Lv) l[ºsn&> p\(t(b>b v m[Lvvi = + aip[li sm)krNmi> vAt&n)
𝒇 𝒖 𝒗
(k>mt j&d) j&d) m&k)n[ p\(t(b>b v m[Lv) Skiy C[.
l[ºsn) j&d) j&d) (krNikZt) n)c[ m&jb C[.

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 ASHADEEP IIT physics PRACTICAL Std :- 12

PRACTICAL – 9

h[t& :- b(hgi[<L l[ºsni[ upyi[g kr) b(hgi[<L a(rsin) k[ºWl>bie Si[Fv).

bi[D< p\Ån:- tmn[ ai[(¼Tkl b[ºc, eºD[x si[y, t)ÈN FirviL) b[ p)n, cir (Sri[l>b AT[[ºD,
b(hgi[<L a(rsi[,b(hgi[<L l[ºs, vg[r[ j$r) siFni[aip[li C[.b(hgi[<L l[ºsn)
mddY) j&di> j&di> pi>c a>tr[ b(hgi[<L a(rsi[ gi[qvi[ an[ t[ni prY) avli[(kt l>bie
tYi s&Fir[l) l>biem[Lvi[ an[ t[ni prY) b(hgi[<L a(rsin) k[ºWl>bie f ± ∆f Si[Fi[.
siFni[ :- ai[(¼Tkl b[ºc, a(rsi[, t)ÈN FirviL) b[ (pn, pitLi[ b(hgi[<L l[ºs,b(hgi[<L
a(rsi[, eºD[x si[y, mippÍ), (Ap(rT l[vl.

avli[kni[:- (1) b(hgi[<L l[ºsn) k[ºWl>bie {a>di(jt/aip[l} = _____ cm

(2) eºD[x (pn {si[y}n) viAt(vk l>bie l = _____ cm
(3) eºD[x (pn {si[y}n) avli[(kt l>bie l’ = mippÍ) pr a(rsini
aprieTn&> AYin - mippÍ) pr (pnni aprieT {AtB>}n&> AYin = ___ cm
(4) eºD[x-s&Firi[, e = viAt(vk l>bie – avli[(kt l>bie {l - l’}= _____ cm

k^m aprieTn&> AYin avli[(kt s&Fir[l k[ºWl>bie

n>br vAt& (pn b(hgi[<L b(hgi[<L p\(t(b>b R’ = c - d R f
P1 l[ºs a(rsi[ (pn = avli[(kt ∆f
LL’ MM’ P2 R’ + e
a (cm) b (cm) c (cm) d (cm) (cm) (cm) (cm) (cm)
1
2
3
4
5
𝑹
gNtr) :- (1)f =
𝟐
∆𝒄 ∆𝒅 ∆𝒍 ∆𝒍′
(2) ∆f = f[ + + + ] cm
𝒄 𝒅 𝒍 𝒍
pr)Nim :- aip[l b(hgi[<L ar)sin) k[ºWl>bie
(f ± ∆f) = _____ ± _____ cm
mi](Kk p\Åni[tr) :- (1) b[ l[ºsni s>yi[jnn&> sm)krN jNivi[ ?
(2) l[ºs miT[n&> giusn&> sm)krN jNivi[ ?
(3) gi[L)y a(rsi miT[ v±|ti (#ijyi an[ k[ºWl>bieni[ s>b>F jNivi[ ?
(4) p\(t(b>bni p\kiri[ jNivi[ ?
(5) p\(t(b>bn&> AYin Fan[ P hi[y ti[ vAt&n&> AYin kyi> mLS[ ?

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 ASHADEEP IIT physics PRACTICAL Std :- 12

Hint :-
si] p\Ym b(hgi[<L l[ºsn[ 50 cm pr ai[¼T)kl b[>c pr (fks kri[.
l[ºs an[ a(rsi vµc[ ki[e a[k a>tr (fks kri[. hv[ l[ºs an[ p\(t(b>b vµc[ ki[e a[k
j³yi pr b(hgi[<L a(rsin[ gi[qvi[ Ryir bid b>ºn[n) mddY) vAt&n[ ki[e a[k j³yia[
(fks kri[.
hv[ a(rsi[ d&r hTivi[ an[ l[ºs an[ vAt&n[ Ks[Dyi (sviy p\(t(b>b v m[Lvi[. hv[ virifrt)
dr[k avli[kn ni[>F) li[.

Note :-
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22
 ASHADEEP IIT physics PRACTICAL Std :- 12

PRACTICAL – 10

h[t& :- b(hgi[<L l[ºsni[ upyi[g kr) a>tgi[<L l[ºsn) k[ºWl>bie Si[Fv).

bi[D< p\Ån:- (1) tmn[ ai[(¼Tklb[ºc, eºD[x si[y, t)ÈN FirviL) b[ p)n, cir (Sri[l>b AT[[ºD,
b(hgi[<Ll[ºs,a>tgi[<Ll[ºs, vg[r[ j$r) siFni[aip[li C[. b(hgi[<L l[ºsn) mddY)
j&di> j&di> pi>c a>tr[ b(hgi[<L a(rsi[ gi[qvi[ an[ t[ni prY) avli[(kt l>bie tYi
s&Fir[l) l>bie m[Lvi[ an[ t[ni prY) a>tgi[<L l[ºsn) k[ºWl>bie f ± ∆f Si[Fi[.
(2) tmn[ ai[(¼Tkl b[ºc, eºD[x si[y, t)ÈN FirviL) b[ p)n, cir (Sri[l>b AT[[ºD,
b(hgi[<L a(rsi[,a>tgi[<L l[ºs, vg[r[ j$r) siFni[aip[li C[. b(hgi[<L l[ºsn)
mddY) j&di> j&di> C a>tr[ a>tgi[<L l[ºs gi[qv) avli[(kt l>bie tYi s&Fir[l)
l>bie m[Lvi[. u × v (vr&Û u – v ni[ ail[K di[ri[. u × v n[ y-ax pr an[ u – v
n[ x-ax prli[an[ ail[K di[ri[.ail[Kni QiL prY) a>tgi[<L l[ºsn) k[ºWl>bie
Si[Fi[. b(hgi[<L l[ºsn) mddY) a>tgi[<L l[ºsn) k[ºWl>bien) aikZ(t di[ri[.
siFni[ :- ai[(¼Tkl b[ºc, a(rsi[, t)ÈN FirviL) b[ (pn, pitLi[ a>tgi[<L l[ºs,a>tgi[<L l[ºs
krti> ai[C) k[ºWl>bie Frivti[ b(hgi[<L l[ºs {k[ºWl>bie ~ 15 cm}, eºD[x si[y,
mippÍ), (Ap(rT l[vl.
avli[kni[ :- (1) b(hgi[<L l[ºsn) k[ºWl>bie = _____ cm
(2) eºD[x si[yn) m)TrpÍ)n) mddY) mip[l l>bie S = _____ cm
(3) pitLi b(hgi[<L l[ºsn) ai[(¼Tkl k[ºWY) jiDie {aip[l} t = ___ cm
(4) l[ºsni ai[(¼Tkl k[ºW O an[ (pnn) Ti[c vµc[n) Kr[Kr { viAt(vk}
l>bie l0=S + t/2 = _____ cm
(5) eºD[x si[yn) avli[(kt l>bie l’ = l[ºsni F\&v an[k[ºW an[ (pnn)
Ti[c vµc[n&> a>tr = mippÍ) pr l[ºsni aprieTn&> AYin - (pnni aprieTn&>
AYin = _____ cm
(6) eºD[x s&Firi[ e = l - l’ = ___ cm
k^m
rcit&> p\(t(b>bni AYin g
L1 an[ L2 vD[ (b>d&I2 pr
vAt& (pnn) aprieTni

L1vD[ rcit&> p\(t(b>bni

n>br
avli[(kt u = c - d
aprieTni AYin b

aprieTni AYin d

avli[(kt v = g - d
a>tgi[<L l[ºs L2n)
b(hgi[<L l[ºsL1n)

AYin {(b>d& I1} c

avli[(kt u + e

avli[(kt v + e
s&Fir[l u =

s&Fir[l v =
AYin P1, a

𝒖−𝒗)
𝒖𝒗

∆f
f=(

(cm) (cm) (cm) (cm) (cm) (cm) (cm) (cm) (cm) (cm) (cm)
1
2
3
4

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 ASHADEEP IIT physics PRACTICAL Std :- 12

𝒖𝒗
gNtr) :- (1) f = (𝒖−𝒗) cm
∆𝒖 ∆𝒗
(2) ∆f = f2[ + ] cm
𝒖𝟐 𝒗𝟐

pr)Nim :- aip[li a>tgi[<L l[ºsn) k[ºWl>bie (f ± ∆f) = _____ ± _____ cm

mi](Kk p\Åni[tr) :- (1) pitLi l[ºsn&> sm)krN jNivi[ ?
(2) a>tgi[<L l[ºs miT[ pivr Fn gNiy k[ äN ?
(3) l[ºsni s>yi[jnni[ upyi[g kyi p\kiS)y upkrNi[mi> Yiy C[ ?
(4) a>tgi[<L l[ºsn) m&²yk[ºWn) Äyi²yi aipi[ ?
(5) vAt&n&> AYin F an[ C n) vµc[ hi[y ti[ vAt&n) mi[TvN) k[Tl) Yiy ?

Hint :-
si] p\Ym l[ºsn&> d^OT)AYin B[d d&r kr) l[ºsn&> 2f m[Lv) t[n) k[ºWl>bie f m[Lv) li[ an[
fkt b(hgi[<L l[ºsn&> j vAt& an[ p\(t(b>b (fks kri[ an[ avli[kn ni[>Fi[ j[Y) s>p&N<
p\yi[gmi> ki[OTkmi> p\Ym #iN ki[lmni avli[kn (fks Ye jiy.
hv[ b(hgi[<L l[ºs an[ vAt& (sviyn) (bJ bij& pr a>tgi[<L l[ºs m&k) j&di j&di (kAsini
avli[kn le li[.

Note :-
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 ASHADEEP IIT physics PRACTICAL Std :- 12

PRACTICAL - 11

h[t& :- aip[l kicni (p\zm miT[ aipitki[N an[ (vclnki[N vµc[ni[ ail[K di[r) lG&_im
(vclnki[N nÊ) krvi[.

bi[D< p\Ån:- kicni (p\zm Ti>kN)ai[n) mddY) aip[li (p\zm miT[ aipitki[Nni j&di j&di C m&Ãyi[
le an&$p (vclnki[N Si[Fi[. (vclnki[N {𝛿} (vr&Û aipitki[N {i} ni[ ail[K
𝑨+𝜹𝒎
𝒔𝒊𝒏( )
𝟐
di[r) lG&_im (vclnki[N (𝛿𝑚 ) Si[Fi[ an[ n = 𝑨 s&#ini[ upyi[g kr)
𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝟐)
(p\zmni WÄyni[ vk|)Bvni>k Si[Fi[.
(p\zmni[ (p\zmki[N A = _____.

siFni[ :- D^i[e>gbi[D<, kicni[ (#iki[Nikir (p\zm, mippÍ), Ti>kN)ai[, s[li[T[p/D^i[e>g(pn, ail[K

p[pr, ki[Nmipk, sf[d kigLn) S)T.
avli[kni[:- (1) ki[Nmipkn&>lG&_im mip = _____ {(Dg\)}
(2) (p\zmki[N {A} = _____ {(Dg\)}

k^m aipitki[N {i} {(Dg\)} (vclnki[N (𝜹𝒎 ){(Dg\)}

n>br
1
2
3
4
5
6

ail[K :-

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 ASHADEEP IIT physics PRACTICAL Std :- 12

gNtr) :- (1) 𝜹 = (i + e) – A s&#imi> (k>mt m&k)n[ avli[kn ki[OTkmi> lKi[.

(2) ail[Kni (nÀntm (b>d&a[Y) X-axn[ smi>tr ApS<k di[r), ail[Kmi> y-ax
pr mLti lG&_im (vclnki[N (𝛿𝑚 )n&>m&Ãy = ______

pr)Nim :- lG&_im (vclnki[N (𝛿𝑚 ) =______ {(Dg\)}

mi](Kk p\Åni[tr) :- (1) lG&_im (vclnki[N ki[n[ kh[vimi> aiv[ C[ ?

(2) piN)ni[ vk|)Bvni>k k[Tli[ hi[y C[ ?
(3) p&N< ai>t(rkprivt<n a[Tl[ S&> ?
(4) smbij&(p\zmn&> sm)krN aipi[ ?
(5) pitLi (p\zmn&> sm)krN aipi[ ?

Hint :-
si] p\Ym aip[l sf[d kigLn) S)Tn[ D^i[e>gbi[D<mi> gi[qvi[. an[ (p\zmn[ kigLn) S)Tmi>
di[ri[.
aipit spiT) pr 90 ni[ kiTK&Ni[ di[ri[. an[ (p\zmn) spiT) siY[ aipitki[N di[r)
avli[kn ni[>Fti jiai[. (p\zmni avli[kn kiLJ p&v<k li[.
ail[K vk| mLvi[ ji[ea[.

Note :-
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 ASHADEEP IIT physics PRACTICAL Std :- 12

PRACTICAL – 12

h[t& :- cl s&ÈmdS<ky>#i {T^iv[(l>g miek|i[Aki[p}ni[ upyi[g kr) kicni Al[b {ci[sli}ni[

vk|)Bvni>k Si[Fi[.

bi[D< p\Ån:- T^iv[(l>g miek|i[Aki[pni[ upyi[g kr)n[ kicni Al[bni WÄyni[ vk|)Bvni>k Si[Fi[.
siFni[ :- T^iv[(l>g miek|i[Aki[p, kicni[ Al[b, lieki[pi[(Dym piuDr / ci[kni[ B&ki[,kigL.
avli[kni[ :- T^iv[(l>g miek|i[Aki[pn&>lG&_im mip = m&²y mipni a[k (vBign&>m&Ãy/ v(n<yr
mipk|mni k&l (vBig = ____ cm
k^m miek|i[Aki[pn[ fi[ks krti> avli[kni[
n>br kigL pr a>(kt (nSin Al[bmi>Y) d[Kiti kigL prn&> kicn) uprn) spiT) pr
a>(kt AYin rh[li kNi[
M.S.R. V.S.R. a1 = M.S.R. V.S.R. a2 = M.S.R. V.S.R. a3 =
M (N×L.C.) M+(N×L.C.) M (N×L.C.) M+(N×L.C.) M (N×L.C.) M+(N×L.C.)
cm cm cm cm cm cm cm cm cm
1
2
3

𝑎3 −𝑎1
gNtr) :- (1) vk|)Bvni>k nga = Al[bn) viAt(vk jiDie / Al[bn) aiBis) jiDie =
𝑎2 −𝑎1
∆𝑏 ∆𝑎 ∆𝑎 ∆𝑐 ∆𝑎 ∆𝑎
(2) =( + ) =( + )
𝑏 𝑎1 𝑎3 𝑐 𝑎1 𝑎2
∆𝑏 ∆𝑐
(3) ∆nga = nga( + )
𝑏 𝑐
pr)Nim :- kicni Al[bni[ vk|)Bvni>k {nga ± ∆nga} = _____ ± _____

mi](Kk p\Åni[tr) :- (1) kicni[ vk|)Bvni>k jNivi[ ?

(2) v(n<yr k[l)ps< an[ Ak|& g[jn) l.mi.S. k[Tl) Yiy ?
(3) l[Trl (Sf`T a[Tl[ S&> ?
(4) l.mi.S.n&> sm)krN jNivi[ ?
(5) vk|)Bvni>k a[Tl[ S&> ?

Hint :-
miek|i[Aki[pn) l.mi.S. Si[Fi[ an[ miek|i[Aki[pn[ fi[ks krti> S)Ki[. Ryir bid k|mS: p[n,
kicni Al[b, ci[kni B&kini avli[kn li[.
gNtr) Kis kiLJ p&v<k kri[.

27
 ASHADEEP IIT physics PRACTICAL Std :- 12

PRACTICAL – 13

h[t& :- (i) a>tgi[<L a(rsi (ii) b(hgi[<L l[ºs an[ smtl a(rsini[ upyi[g kr) aip[li p\vi(h
{piN)}ni[ vk|)Bvni>k nÊ) krvi[.

Part – (i) a>tgi[<L a(rsi an[ smtl a(rsini[ upyi[g kr) aip[li p\vi(h {piN)}ni[ vk|)Bvni>k
nÊ) krvi[.

bi[D< p\Ån:- a>tgi[<L a(rsini[ upyi[g kr) aip[li p\vi(hni[ vk|)Bvni>k nÊ) krvi[.
siFni[ :- nin&> dp<Nm&K an[ mi[T) k[ºWl>bieviLi[ a>tgi[<L a(rsi[, piN),(Sri[l>b l[bi[r[Tr)
AT[ºD, t)ÈN FirviL) (pn,mippÍ), (Ap(rT l[vl.ai[L>bi[ an[ b&cni k[Tlik nini
T&kDi.
avli[kni[ :- (1) a>tgi[<L a(rsin) a>di(jt k[ºWl>bie = _____ cm
(2) vk|ti(#ijyin&> a>di(jt m&Ãy R = 2f = _____

k^m F&\vn) sip[x[ (pn P’ n&> AYin

n>br Kil) a>tgi[<L a(rsi miT[ piN) Br[li a(rsi miT[ nwa =
𝑹 ∆nwa
𝑹′
a>tr PC, a>tr PC’,
R (cm) R’ (cm)
1
2
3
𝑹
gNtr) :- (1) nwa =
𝑹′
∆𝑹 ∆𝑹′
(2) ∆nwa = nwa( + ′ )
𝑹 𝑹
pr)Nim :- hvin) sip[x[ piN)ni[ vk|)Bvni>k {nwa ± ∆nwa } = ____ ± ____

Part – (ii) b(hgi[<L l[ºs an[ smtl a(rsin) mddY) piN)ni[ v\k|)Bvni>k Si[Fvi[.

bi[D< p\Ån:- tmn[ Af[ri[m)Tr, b(hgi[<L l[ºs, smtl a(rsi[, (pn,mippÍ), r)Ti[T< AT[ºD vg[r[
siFni[ aip[li C[. Af[ri[m)Trn) l.mi.S. Si[Fi[. Af[ri[m)Trn) mddY) aip[li b(hgi[<L
l[ºsn) vk|ti(#ijyi Si[Fi[. b(hgi[<L l[ºs an[ smtl a(rsini[ upyi[g kr)n[ aip[li
p\vi(hni[ vk|)Bvni>k Si[Fi[.
siFni[ :- b(hgi[<L l[ºs {j[n) k[ºWl>bie lgBg 20 cm hi[y}, smtl a(rsi[, piN),(Sri[l>b
l[bi[r[Tr) AT[ºD, t)ÈN FirviL) (pn,mippÍ), (Ap(rT l[vl, ai[L>bi[ an[ b&cni
k[Tlik nini T&kDi.

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 ASHADEEP IIT physics PRACTICAL Std :- 12

avli[kni[ :-(1) Af[ri[m)Trni b[ piyi vµc[ni a>trn&> sr[riS m&Ãy l = ____ cm

(2) l[ºsni ups[li Bign) {t)r aikir}n) sr[riS (k>mt h = ____ cm
(3) l[ºsn) vk|ti(#ijyi Rn&> sr[riSm&Ãy = ____ cm
k^m ai[(¼Tkl k[ºWn) sip[x[ (pnn&> AYin
n>br piN) vgr {OF = f} piN) siY[ {OF’ = f’} fw = ∆fw nwa ∆nwa
𝒇𝒇′
(pnn&> aip[li AYinY) a>tr (pnn&> aip[li AYinY) a>tr
𝒇−𝒇′
l[ºsn) smtl f= l[ºsn) smtl f' =
uprn) a(rsiY) 𝒅𝟏 + 𝒅𝟐 uprn) a(rsiY) 𝒅𝟑 + 𝒅𝟒
spiT)Y) 𝟐 spiT)Y) d4 𝟐 (cm)
d1 d2 (cm) d3 (cm)
(cm) (cm)
(cm) (cm)
1
2
3
𝒇𝒇′
gNtr) :- (1) fw = cm
𝒇−𝒇′
𝒍𝟐 𝒉
(2) l[ºsn) vk|ti(#ijyi R = + cm
𝟔𝒉 𝟐
𝑹
(3) nwa = (𝟏 + )
𝒇𝒘
∆𝒇 ∆𝒇′
(4) ∆fw = fw2[ 𝟐 + ′𝟐 ] cm
𝒇 𝒇
𝟐∆𝒍 𝟐∆𝒉
(5) ∆R = R[ + ] cm
𝒍 𝒉
∆𝑹 ∆𝒇
(6) ∆nwa = nwa[ + 𝒘 ]
𝑹 𝒇𝒘
pr)Nim :- aip[l p\vi(h {j[mk[ piN)}ni[ hvin) sip[x[ piN)ni[ vk|)Bvni>k
{nwa ± ∆nwa } = ____ ± ____
mi](Kk p\Åni[tr) :- (1) Af[ri[m)Trn) l.mi.S. jNivi[ ?
(2) sip[x an[ (nrp[x vk|)Bvni>k ni[ tfivt jNivi[ ?
(3) dp<Nm&K ki[n[ kh[vimi> aiv[ C[ ?
(4) l.mi.S.n&> sm)krN jNivi[ ?
(5) smtl b(hgi[<L l[ºs ki[n[ kh[ C[ ?

Hint :-
Part – (i)mi> a(rsi[ m&k) avli[kn li[. Ryirbid a(rsimi> piN) riKi[ an[ fr) vKt
avli[kn li[.
Part – (ii)mi> a(rsi[ m&k) t[ni pr b(hgi[<L l[ºs m&k) avli[kn li[. Ryirbid a(rsi an[
l[ºsn) vµc[ piN) riKi[ an[ fr) vKt avli[kn li[.

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 ASHADEEP IIT physics PRACTICAL Std :- 12

PRACTICAL – 14

h[t& :- p-n j>kSnn) fi[rvD< biys an[ (rvs< biysn) (AY(tmi> I – V n) lix(Nkti dSi<vti
vk|i[ di[rvi.

bi[D< p\Ån:- (1) v)j p(rpY di[ri[. PN j>kSn Diyi[Dn) fi[rvD< lix(Nkti m[Lvvi (vw&t p(rpY
ji[Di[. (rhi[AT[Tn) mddY) fi[rvD< vi[ÃT[j {Vf} bdli[ an[ t[n[ an&$p fi[rvD< p\vih
{If} ni[>Fi[. ai avli[knn) mddY) If (vr&Û Vf ni[ ail[K di[ri[ an[ aip[li Diyi[D
miT[ kT en vi[ÃT[jn&> m&Ãy ail[K pr Si[Fi[.
(2) v)j p(rpY di[ri[. PN j>kSn Diyi[Dn) (rvs< lix(Nkti m[Lvvi (vw&t p(rpY
ji[Di[. (rhi[AT[Tn) mddY) (rvs< vi[ÃT[j {Vf} bdli[ an[ t[n[ an&$p (rvs< p\vih
{If} ni[>Fi[. ai avli[knn) mddY) If (vr&Û Vf ni[ ail[K di[ri[ an[ aip[li Diyi[D
miT[ kT en vi[ÃT[jn&> m&Ãy ail[K pr Si[Fi[.
siFni[ :- PN j>kSn Diyi[D {OA – 79 aYvi IN – 4007}, avri[F {3Ω, 1/2W} b[Tr),
vi[ÃTm)Tr {0 Y) 12V}, (ml)a[m)Tr {0 Y) 200 mA},¼lg-k),miek|i[a[m)Tr
{0 Y) 200 µA}, ji[DiN miT[ni tir.
p(rpY :-

avli[kni[ :- (1) vipr[l PN j>kSn Diyi[D { Diyi[Dni[ n>br} = _______

(2) fi[rvD< biys miT[ :-
➢ vi[ÃTm)Trn) av(F = 0 V Y) _____ V
➢ vi[ÃTm)Trni mipk|mn&> lF&tm mip = _____ V
➢ (m(la[(mTrn) av(F = 0 mA Y) _____ mA
➢ (m(la[(mTrni mipk|mn&> lF&tm mip = _____ mA
(3) (rvs< biys miT[ :-
➢ vi[ÃTm)Trn) av(F = 0 V Y) _____ V
➢ vi[ÃTm)Trni mipk|mn&> lF&tm mip = _____ V
➢ miek|i[a[(mTrn) av(F = 0 µA Y) _____ µA
➢ miek|i[a[(mTrni mipk|mn&> lF&tm mip = _____ µA

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 ASHADEEP IIT physics PRACTICAL Std :- 12

k^m fi[rvD< vi[ÃT[j fi[rvD<p\vih k^m fi[rvD< vi[ÃT[j fi[rvD< p\vih

n>br {Vf} V {If} mA n>br {Vf} V {If} mA
1 7
2 8
3 9
4 10
5 11
6 12
k^m (rvs< vi[ÃT[j (rvs< p\vih k^m (rvs< vi[ÃT[j (rvs< p\vih
n>br {Vf} V {If} µA n>br {Vf} V {If} µA
1 7
2 8
3 9
4 10
5 11
6 12
ail[K :-

pr)Nim:- (1) aip[li Diyi[D miT[ kTen vi[[ÃT[jn&>m&Ãy = _____ V

(2) aip[li Diyi[D miT[ (rvs<s>tZ¼t p\vihn&>m&Ãy = _____ µA
mi](Kk p\Åni[tr) :- (1)fi[rvD< biys an[ (rvs< biys ki[n[ kh[ C[ ?
(2)fi[rvD<p\vih an[ (rvs<p\vihmi> S&> tfivt C[ ?
(3)kT en vi[[ÃT[j ki[n[ kh[vimi> aiv[ C[ ?
(4)upyi[gmi> l)F[l PNj>kSn Diyi[Dni[ p\kir jNivi[ ?
(5)s>tZ¼t p\vih ki[n[ kh[ C[ ?

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 ASHADEEP IIT physics PRACTICAL Std :- 12

Hint :-
p(rpYn&> ji[DiN n)c[ m&jb krvimi> aiv[ C[.

Note :-
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