MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

Edition
Third
Beer • Johnston • DeWolf

Effort de torsion sur un arbre circulaire

• Nous cherchons les contraintes et

les déformations d’un arbre
circulaire soumis à des couples de
torsion
• La turbine exerce un couple T sur
l’arbre
• L’arbre transmet le couple au
générateur
• Le générateur cré un couple égale et
opposé à T’

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 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Edition
Third
Beer • Johnston • DeWolf

J  12  c 4


J  12  c24  c14 

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 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Edition
Third
Beer • Johnston • DeWolf

Sample Problem 3.1 SOLUTION:

• Cut sections through shafts AB and BC and
perform static equilibrium analysis to find
torque loadings
• Apply elastic torsion formulas to find
minimum and maximum stress on shaft BC
• Given allowable shearing stress and applied
torque, invert the elastic torsion formula to
find the required diameter

L’arbre BC est creux avec un diamétre intérieur et extérieur respectivement de 90

mm et 120 mm. Les arbres AB et CD sont pleins de diamétre d. Pour l’effort
appliqué indiqué sur la figure:
1. Determiner la contrainte de cisaillement minimal et maximal dans l’arrbre
BC.
2 Déterminer le diamétre requis d des arbres AB et CD si la contrainte de
cisaillement maximal pour ces arbres est de 65 MPa.
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 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Edition
Third
Beer • Johnston • DeWolf

SOLUTION:
• Pratiquer des sections dans les arbres AB et
BC et appliquer les equations d’équilibre pour
calculer les couples internes de torsion
• Apliquer la formule de torsion élastique pour
calculer les contraintes de cisaillement
maximale et minimale sur l’arbre BC

• Connaissant la contrainte de cisaillement

admissible et le couple appliqué calculer le
diamétre requis en inversant la loi élastique

© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3-4

 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Edition
Third
Beer • Johnston • DeWolf

Sample
SOLUTION:Problem 3.1
• Section de coupe dans les arbres AB et
BC et appliquer les équations d’équilibre
pour trouver l’effort de couple interne

 M x  0   6 kN  m   TAB  M x  0   6 kN  m   14 kN  m   TBC

TAB  6 kN  m  TCD TBC  20 kN  m

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 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Edition
Third
Beer • Johnston • DeWolf

Sample Problem 3.1

• Appliquer la formule élastique de • Connaissant la contrainte de
torsion pour calculer la contrainte cisaillement admissible et le couple.
minimale et maximale sur l’arbre Calculer le diamétre requis en inversant
BC la loi élastique

J
2

 4 4 
2
 
c2  c1   0.060  4   0.045  4   max 
Tc

Tc
65MPa 
6 kN  m
J  c4  c3
2 2
 13.92 10 6 m 4
TBC c2  20 kN  m  0.060 m  c  38.9  103 m
 max   2  
J 13.92 10 6 m 4 d  2c  77.8 mm
 86.2 MPa
 min c1  min 45 mm
 
 max c2 86.2 MPa 60 mm  max  86.2 MPa
 min  64.7 MPa  min  64.7 MPa
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 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Edition
Third
Beer • Johnston • DeWolf

Angle of Twist in Elastic Range

• Recall that the angle of twist and maximum
shearing strain are related,
c
 max 
L
• In the elastic range, the shearing strain and shear
are related by Hooke’s Law,
 max Tc
 max  
G JG
• Equating the expressions for shearing strain and
solving for the angle of twist,
TL

JG
• If the torsional loading or shaft cross-section
changes along the length, the angle of rotation is
found as the sum of segment rotations
Ti Li
 
i J i Gi

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 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Edition
Third
Beer • Johnston • DeWolf

Statically Indeterminate Shafts

• Given the shaft dimensions and the applied
torque, we would like to find the torque reactions
at A and B.
• From a free-body analysis of the shaft,
TA  TB  90 lb  ft

which is not sufficient to find the end torques.

The problem is statically indeterminate.
• Divide the shaft into two components which
must have compatible deformations,
TA L1 TB L2 LJ
  1   2   0 TB  1 2 TA
J1G J 2G L2 J1

• Substitute into the original equilibrium equation,

LJ
TA  1 2 TA  90 lb  ft
L2 J1

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 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Edition
Third
Beer • Johnston • DeWolf

Sample Problem 3.4

Two solid steel shafts are connected
by gears. Knowing that for each
shaft G = 11.2 x 106 psi and that the
allowable shearing stress is 8 ksi,
determine (a) the largest torque T0
that may be applied to the end of
shaft AB, (b) the corresponding angle
through which end A of shaft AB
rotates.
© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
SOLUTION:
• Apply a static equilibrium analysis on
the two shafts to find a relationship
between TCD and T0
• Apply a kinematic analysis to relate
the angular rotations of the gears
• Find the maximum allowable torque
on each shaft – choose the smallest
• Find the corresponding angle of twist
for each shaft and the net angular
rotation of end A
3-9
 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Edition
Third
Beer • Johnston • DeWolf

Sample Problem 3.4

SOLUTION:
• Apply a static equilibrium analysis on • Apply a kinematic analysis to relate
the two shafts to find a relationship the angular rotations of the gears
between TCD and T0

rB B  rCC
 M B  0  F  0.875 in.  T0 rC 2.45 in.
B  C  C
 M C  0  F  2.45 in.  TCD rB 0.875 in.
TCD  2.8 T0  B  2.8C

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 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Edition
Third
Beer • Johnston • DeWolf

Sample Problem 3.4

• Find the T0 for the maximum • Find the corresponding angle of twist for each
allowable torque on each shaft – shaft and the net angular rotation of end A
choose the smallest

T L
 A / B  AB 
 561lb  in. 24in.

J ABG   0.375 in. 4 11 .2  106 psi
2

 0.387 rad  2.22o
TAB c T  0.375 in. 2.8  561lb  in. 24in.
 max  8000 psi  0 T L
C / D  CD 
J AB   0.375 in. 4
2 
J CDG   0.5 in. 4 11 .2  106 psi
2

T0  663 lb  in.
 0.514 rad  2.95o
TCD c 2.8 T0  0.5 in.
 max 
J CD
8000 psi 
  0.5 in. 4
2
 
 B  2.8C  2.8 2.95o  8.26o

T0  561lb  in. T0  561lb  in  A   B   A / B  8.26o  2.22o  A  10.48o

© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3 - 11
 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Edition
Third
Beer • Johnston • DeWolf

Design of Transmission Shafts

• Principal transmission shaft • Determine torque applied to shaft at

performance specifications are: specified power and speed,
­ power P  T  2fT
­ speed P P
T 
 2f
• Designer must select shaft
material and cross-section to • Find shaft cross-section which will not
meet performance specifications exceed the maximum allowable
without exceeding allowable shearing stress,
shearing stress.  max 
Tc
J
J  3 T
 c   solid shafts 
c 2  max
J

 4 4
c2 2c2

c2  c1  T
 max
 hollow shafts 

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 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Edition
Third
Beer • Johnston • DeWolf

Stress Concentrations
• The derivation of the torsion formula,
Tc
 max 
J
assumed a circular shaft with uniform
cross-section loaded through rigid end
plates.
• The use of flange couplings, gears and
pulleys attached to shafts by keys in
keyways, and cross-section discontinuities
can cause stress concentrations
• Experimental or numerically determined
concentration factors are applied as
Tc
 max  K
J

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