{\f3 Times New Roman;} {\f4 Times New Roman;} {\f5 Times New Roman;} {\f6 Times New Roman;} {\f7 Times New Roman;} {\f8 Times New Roman;} {\f9 Times New Roman;} {\f10 Times New Roman;} {\f11 Times New Roman;} {\f12 Times New Roman;} {\f13 Times New Roman;} {\f14 Times New Roman;} {\f15 Times New Roman;} {\f16 Times New Roman;} {\f17 Times New Roman;} {\f18 Times New Roman;} {\f19 Times New Roman;} {\f20 Times New Roman;} {\f21 Times New Roman;} {\f22 Times New Roman;} {\f23 Times New Roman;} {\f24 Times New Roman;} {\f25 Times New Roman;} {\f26 Times New Roman;} {\f27 Times New Roman;} {\f28 Times New Roman;} {\f29 Times New Roman;} {\f30 Times New Roman;} {\f31 Times New Roman;} {\f32 Times New Roman;} {\f1000000 Times New Roman;} }{\colortbl; \red0\green0\blue0; \red0\green0\blue0; \red0\green0\blue0; \red0\green0\blue0; \red0\green0\blue0; \red0\green0\blue0; \red0\green0\blue0; \red0\green0\blue0; \red0\green0\blue0; \red0\green0\blue0; \red0\green0\blue0; \red0\green0\blue0; \red0\green0\blue0; \red0\green0\blue0; \red0\green0\blue0; \red0\green0\blue0; \red0\green0\blue0; \red0\green0\blue0; \red0\green0\blue0; \red0\green0\blue0; \red0\green0\blue0; \red0\green0\blue0; \red0\green0\blue0; \red0\green0\blue0; \red0\green0\blue0; \red0\green0\blue0; \red0\green0\blue0; \red0\green0\blue0; \red0\green0\blue0; \red0\green0\blue0; \red0\green0\blue0; }\viewkind1\viewscale100\margl0\margr0\margt0\margb0\deftab80\dntblnsbdb\expshrtn\p aperw9720\paperh13540{\bkmkstart Pg1}{\bkmkend Pg1}\ql \li5323\sb0\sl- 504\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex87 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs56 w \par\pard\li6086\sb0\sl-575\slmult0\par\pard\li6086\sb0\sl- 575\slmult0\par\pard\li6086\sb0\sl-575\slmult0\par\pard\li6086\sb479\sl- 575\slmult0\fi0\tx6921 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex85 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs50 <S\tab \dn3 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 \u8226?\par\pard\ql \li4953\sb0\sl-575\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4953\sb0\sl- 575\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4953\sb0\sl-575\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4953\sb0\sl- 575\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4953\sb0\sl-575\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4953\sb448\sl- 575\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex191 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs50 0 \par\pard\ql \li5875\sb0\sl-1495\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5875\sb570\sl-1495\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex131 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs130 \u8222?w \par\pard\ql \li3139\sb1\sl-1016\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex217 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs92 Mt4^ \par\pard\ql \li3043\sb1\sl-778\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex94 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs80 'BzBXh&S* \par\pard\qj\pvpg\phpg\posx3451\posy12982\absw3001 \expndtw0\charscalex146\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs28 Editura INFIJ^^^\par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9720\paperh13540{\bkmkstart Pg2}{\bkmkend Pg2}\par\pard\ql \li902\sb0\sl-161\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li902\sb0\sl-161\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li902\sb0\sl-161\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li902\sb23\sl-161\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs14 DOMENIUL �1INSTRUMENTELE PSIHOPATOLOGIEI \par\pard\ql \li1142\sb59\sl-161\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 \u8226? Definitia, obiectul si continutul psihopatologiei \u8226? Raportul cu alte stiinte \par\pard\ql \li1147\sb19\sl- 161\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex125 \u8226? Modele Tn psihopatologie \u8226? Obiectul psihopatologiei \par\pard\ql \li902\sb159\sl-161\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 NORMA, NORMALITATE, COMPORTAMENT NORMAL \par\pard\ql \li1142\sb59\sl-161\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex129 \u8226? Conceptul de normalitate \u8226? Normalitate si comunicare \u8226? Normalitate si adaptare \par\pard\ql \li888\sb0\sl-161\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li888\sb18\sl-161\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 SANATATE �1 BOALA MINTALA \par\pard\ql \li1137\sb59\sl-161\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex130 \u8226? Conceptul de sanatate \u8226? Anoimalitate si boala \u8226? Anormalitate sj prejudecata \par\pard\ql \li1142\sb19\sl-161\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex129 \u8226? Comportamentele anormale \u8226? Conceptul de boala psihica \u8226? Boala psihica s/i ecosistem \par\pard\ql \li1142\sb19\sl-161\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 \u8226? Dimensiuni existcntiale ale bolii psihice \u8226? incercari de definire a personalitatii \par\pard\ql \li897\sb159\sl-161\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 BOALA �1 PERSONALITATE \par\pard\ql \li1142\sb59\sl- 161\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex128 \u8226? Tulburari de personalitate \u8226? Cauzele medicale ale schimbarilor de personalitate \par\pard\ql \li1142\sb19\sl- 161\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 \u8226? Tulburari de personalitate - delimitari conceptuale \u8226? Caractere clinice ale dizarmoniei \par\pard\qj \li1142\ri1332\sb4\sl-180\slmult0\tx1310 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex129 \u8226? O posibila etiologie a tulburarilor de personalitate \u8226? Clasificarea tulburarilor de personalitate si \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex129 ipostaze medicale ale acestora \u8226? Tulburari de personalitate si boala \par\pard\ql \li1142\sb16\sl-161\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex128 \u8226? Modalitati de abordare a pacientului cu tulburare de personalitate internat \par\pard\ql \li897\sb159\sl-161\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 SEMIOLOGIA - LIMBAJUL NECESAR \par\pard\ql \li1142\sb59\sl-161\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex129 \u8226? Tulburaile perceptiei \u8226? Tulburarile de memorie \u8226? Tulburarile de gandire \u8226? Tulburaile comunicarii \par\pard\ql \li1137\sb0\sl-160\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 \u8226? Tulburarile de vointa \u8226? Tulburarile de constiinta \u8226? Tulburarile campului de constiinta \par\pard\ql \li1137\sb20\sl- 161\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex128 \u8226? Tulburarile claritatii �i capacitatii de integrare a campului de constiinta \u8226? Tulburaile constiintei de sine \par\pard\ql \li1137\sb19\sl-161\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 \u8226? Tulburarile con�tiintei corporalitatii (somatognozia) \u8226? Tulburari ale constiintei propriei persoane \par\pard\ql \li1142\sb19\sl-161\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 \u8226? Conduita motorie si tulburarile ei \u8226? Tulburari motorii induse de tratamentul cu neuroleptice \par\pard\ql \li1137\sb19\sl-161\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex129 \u8226? Tulburaile afectivitatii \u8226? Comportamente agresive extreme \u8226? Suicidul \u8226? Homicidul \u8226? Infanticidul \par\pard\ql \li902\sb0\sl-161\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li902\sb18\sl-161\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 REALITATEA BOLII PSIHICE - CADRU CLINIC �1 INTERVENTIE PSIHOLOGICA \par\pard\ql \li1137\sb59\sl-161\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex128 \u8226? Intarzierea mintala \u8226? Tulburari organice \u8226? Dementele \u8226? Tulburarile delirante \par\pard\ql \li1137\sb0\sl-160\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex129 \u8226? Subtipuri de tulburare deliranta \u8226? Schizofrenia \u8226? Forme clinice (subtipuri) de schizofrenie \par\pard\ql \li1137\sb20\sl-161\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex130 \u8226? Medicatia antipsihotica \u8226? Tulburaile anxioase \u8226? Tuiburarea anxioasa generalizata \par\pard\ql \li1137\sb19\sl- 161\slmult0\tx2918 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 \u8226? Tuiburarea de panica \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex128 \u8226? Tulburarile fobice \u8226? Fobia sociala \u8226? Fobiile simple \par\pard\ql \li1137\sb19\sl-161\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex129 \u8226? Tuiburarea obsesiv-compulsiva \u8226? Tulburaile afective \u8226? Tuiburarea afectiva bipolara \par\pard\ql \li1137\sb19\sl- 161\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex130 \u8226? Antidepresivele \u8226? Distimia \u8226? Ciclotimia \u8226? Tuiburarea de stres posttraumatic \u8226? Neurastenia \par\pard\ql \li1132\sb19\sl-161\slmult0\tx2212 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 \u8226? Toxicofiliile \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex128 \u8226? Comportamentul adictiv \u8226? Alcoolismul \u8226? Consumul de droguri \u8226? Tulburarile factice \par\pard\ql \li1132\sb0\sl-160\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex128 \u8226? Sindromul Munchausen \par\pard\ql \li897\sb160\sl- 161\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 DE LA PSIHOSOMATICA LA SOMATIZARE \par\pard\ql \li1132\sb59\sl-161\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 \u8226? Somatizare �i medicina psihosomatica \u8226? Grupa tulburari somatoforme in DSM- IV \par\pard\ql \li1132\sb19\sl-161\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex128 \u8226? Antropologie si somatizare \par\pard\ql \li892\sb159\sl-161\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 EXAMINAREA BOLNAVULUI PSIHIC \par\pard\ql \li892\sb119\sl- 161\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 DEONTOLOGIE SI ETICA ?N PSIHOPATOLOGIE \par\pard\qj \li859\sb0\sl-266\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li859\sb0\sl-266\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li859\sb0\sl-266\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li859\ri475\sb195\sl- 266\slmult0\fi14 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 0 carte de psihopatologie sipsihiatrie pentrupsihologi este un deziderat mai vechi a carui transpunere in \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 pagina am dorit sa fie facuta astfel meat la nivelul specialistului, cu precadere al celui in formate, sa \up0 \expndtw- 3\charscalex100 ajunga notiunile fundamentale cu continut teoretic si practic care sa-l puna cu psihiatrul nu doar intr-o \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 situatie de comunicare reala ci si fntr-un demers comun diagnostic si terapeutic. \par\pard\qj \li868\ri485\sb243\sl-280\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 intr-o vreme in care \u8222?mareea informationala" se materializeaza nu rareori in voluminoase tratate in \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 domeniu, ne-am orientat efortul pentru o carte de sinteza, un ghid accesibil celui aflat la inceput de drum. \par\pard\qj \li864\ri478\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi9 \up0 \expndtw- 4\charscalex100 0 descifrare corecta a orizontului suferintei psihice va imbogati nu doarperceptia profesionala a fiecarui \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 specialist ci si viziunea mailarga, umanista, pe care psihologul trebuie sa o alba. \par\pard\ql \li878\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li878\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li878\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li878\sb152\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 ISBN: 973-9394-77-9 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9680\paperh13560{\bkmkstart Pg3}{\bkmkend Pg3}\par\pard\ql \li2644\ri1738\sb613\sl-1000\slmult0\tx3710 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs34 Floin Tudose Catalina Tudose \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 Leifia Dobranici \par\pard\ql \li1900\sb0\sl-713\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1900\sb0\sl-713\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1900\sb152\sl-713\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs62 PSIHOPATOLOGIE \par\pard\ql \li3062\sb0\sl- 713\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3062\sb94\sl-713\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 PSIHIATRIE \par\pard\ql \li1526\sb147\sl-713\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 PENTRU PSIHOLOGI \par\pard\ql \li4680\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4680\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4680\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4680\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4680\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4680\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4680\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4680\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4680\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4680\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4680\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4680\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4680\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4680\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4680\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4680\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4680\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4680\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4680\sb73\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex143 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs22 2002 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9680\paperh13560{\bkmkstart Pg4}{\bkmkend Pg4}\par\pard\qj \li1185\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1185\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1185\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1185\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1185\ri5771\sb78\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 Dasoisea OP a Bibeedi N^iensle \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 FLORIN, TUDOSE \par\pard\ql \li1185\sb30\sl- 184\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 Pslhobgi� $ psihioirie pefru ps'Wogi/Fbrin Tudose, \par\pard\ql \li1180\sb36\sl-184\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Catalina Tudose, Letitia Dobranici - Bucuresfi, Infomedica, 2002 \par\pard\li1838\sb41\sl-184\slmult0\fi0\tx2025 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex93 p.\tab \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 ; cm.\par\pard\ql \li1838\sb11\sl-184\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex96 Bibliogr. \par\pard\ql \li1838\sb56\sl-184\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 ISBN 973-9394-77-9 \par\pard\qj \li1180\ri7049\sb207\sl- 220\slmult0\fi124 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 Tudose, Catalina \up0 \expndtw- 3\charscalex100 II. Dobranici, Letitia \par\pard\ql \li1180\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1180\sb86\sl-184\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 616.: \par\pard\li1104\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1104\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1104\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1104\sb142\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx3043 \dn2 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 �2002 - SNFOMEPI\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 .r.l.\par\pard\ql \li1104\sb8\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 PsiWege #1 psihbtis penfru psfhebgi - Fibrin Tmdbss, CeKlino Tkaiv Mffa Dsba\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 nsa \par\pard\ql \li1094\sb0\sl- 184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1094\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1094\sb60\sl- 184\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 Toate drepturile rezervafe Editurii INFOMEDICA. \par\pard\qj \li1104\ri4505\sb0\sl- 260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex124 Nici o parte din acesf volum nu poaie fi copiata \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 fara permisiunea scrisa a Editurii INFOMEDICA. \par\pard\qj \li1099\ri2968\sb74\sl-260\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 Drepturile de distribute m sfrainatate apar/in Tn exclusivitate editur \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 Copyright �2002 by INFOMEDICA s.r.l. All rights reserved. \par\pard\ql \li1089\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1089\sb0\sl- 184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1089\sb55\sl-184\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 Aparut 2002 \par\pard\ql \li1094\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1094\sb132\sl- 184\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex124 Prezentarea grafica a coperfii apartjne Irinei Crivaf \par\pard\ql \li1075\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1075\sb152\sl- 184\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Teh no red a eta re computerizafa; \par\pard\ql \li1089\sb56\sl-184\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 Ing. Nicoleta Anghel \par\pard\ql \li1080\sb76\sl-184\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 Gabriela-Rodica Covrig \par\pard\li1075\sb0\sl- 184\slmult0\par\pard\li1075\sb132\sl-184\slmult0\fi0\tx3259 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Tipar realizat de INF<i\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 JltA s.r.l,\par\pard\li1075\sb46\sl-207\slmult0\fi9\tx3350 \up0 \expndtw- 1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Editura NFOMEOICA\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 Bucuresfi\par\pard\li1075\sb62\sl-184\slmult0\fi2270\tx4358\tx6163 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 Sos.. Panduri\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 35, Bl. P1B, Sc. A, Ap.\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 33-34, secor 5\par\pard\li1075\sb65\sl- 184\slmult0\fi2255\tx4060 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 Tel./Fax:\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex125 01 /410.04.10; 410.53.08; 410.61.63\par\pard\ql \li1075\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1075\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1075\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1075\sb100\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 Reersnf fliinffis: Aeod Pof. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9680\paperh13560{\bkmkstart Pg5}{\bkmkend Pg5}\par\pard\ql \li1075\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1075\sb0\sl- 276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1075\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1075\sb0\sl- 276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1075\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1075\sb0\sl- 276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1075\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1075\sb0\sl- 276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1075\sb123\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 \ul0\nosupersub\cf14\f15\fs24 CUPRINS \par\pard\ql \li844\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li844\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li844\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li844\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li844\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li844\sb26\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Argument \par\pard\qj \li844\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li844\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li844\ri4270\sb43\sl-220\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 DOMENIUL P INSTRUMENTELE PSIHOPATOLOGIEI \up0 \expndtw- 9\charscalex97 (F. Tudose, C. Tucfoss) \par\pard\li825\sb32\sl- 207\slmult0\fi24\tx7785 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Definitia, obiectul si confinutul psihopatologiei\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 9\par\pard\li825\sb24\sl-207\slmult0\fi28\tx7684 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 Raportul cu alfe stiinfe\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 10\par\pard\li825\sb13\sl-207\slmult0\fi9\tx7694\tx7785 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 Modele Tn psihopafologie\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 1\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 2\par\pard\li825\sb24\sl- 207\slmult0\fi571\tx7684 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Modelul ateoretic\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 13\par\pard\li825\sb18\sl- 207\slmult0\fi566\tx7684\tx7780 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Modelul behaviorist\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 1\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 3\par\pard\li825\sb29\sl-207\slmult0\fi566\tx7684 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Modelul biologic\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 14\par\pard\li825\sb13\sl- 207\slmult0\fi566\tx7684 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 Modelul cognifivist\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 14\par\pard\li825\sb24\sl-207\slmult0\fi571\tx7689 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 Modelul dezvolfarii\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 15\par\pard\li825\sb23\sl-207\slmult0\fi566\tx7680\tx7775 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 Modelul ecosistemic\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 1\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 5\par\pard\li825\sb9\sl- 207\slmult0\fi566\tx7684\tx7780 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Modelul etnopsihopafologic\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 1\tab \up0 \expndtw- 2\charscalex100 5\par\pard\li825\sb24\sl-207\slmult0\fi561\tx7680\tx7775 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Modelul etologic\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 1\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 6\par\pard\li825\sb13\sl-207\slmult0\fi561\tx7675 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 Modelul existentialist\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 16\par\pard\li825\sb24\sl-207\slmult0\fi561\tx7680 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Modelul experimental\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 16\par\pard\li825\sb23\sl-207\slmult0\fi556\tx7680\tx7775 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Modelul fenomenologic\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 1\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 7\par\pard\li825\sb24\sl- 207\slmult0\fi561\tx7680\tx7775 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Modelul psihanalific\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 1\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 7\par\pard\li825\sb23\sl-207\slmult0\fi556\tx7675 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 Modelul social\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 17\par\pard\li825\sb19\sl- 207\slmult0\fi556\tx7675 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 Modelul structuralist\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 18\par\pard\li825\sb18\sl- 207\slmult0\fi4\tx7680\tx7775 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Obiectul psihopatologiei\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 1\tab \up0 \expndtw- 2\charscalex100 8\par\pard\li825\sb0\sl-161\slmult0\par\pard\li825\sb117\sl- 161\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs14 CoiOlfolfLJl A\par\pard\li825\sb12\sl-253\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw-10\charscalex94 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs22 NORMA, NORMAUTAC, COMPORTAMiNT FORMAL\par\pard\li825\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li825\sb20\sl- 207\slmult0\fi9\tx7680\tx7775 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Conceptul de normalitate\tab \up0 \expndtw- 2\charscalex100 1\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 9\par\pard\li825\sb18\sl- 207\slmult0\fi4\tx7660 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Normalitafea ca sanatate\tab \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 21\par\pard\li825\sb19\sl-207\slmult0\fi9\tx7660 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Normalitatea ca valoare medie\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 22\par\pard\li825\sb19\sl-207\slmult0\fi4\tx7660 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Normalifatea ca utopie\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 23\par\pard\li825\sb23\sl-207\slmult0\fi556\tx7655 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Conceptii psihanalitice despre normalitate\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 24\par\pard\li825\sb18\sl-207\slmult0\fi576\tx7651 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 15 valori fundamental ale societafii americane contemporane\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 25\par\pard\li825\sb24\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx7660 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Normalifatea ca proces\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 25\par\pard\li825\sb14\sl-207\slmult0\fi4\tx7655 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Normalitate si comunicare\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 26\par\pard\li825\sb33\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx7651 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Normalitate si adaptare\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 27\par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9680\paperh13560{\bkmkstart Pg6}{\bkmkend Pg6}\par\pard\ql \li1540\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1540\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1540\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1540\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1540\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1540\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1540\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1540\sb119\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 CooHolul 3 \par\pard\qj \li1536\ri5145\sb0\sl- 240\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs22 SAWTATi $ BQAlA MINIMA \up0 \expndtw-10\charscalex91 (F. TudoM) \par\pard\li1488\sb0\sl- 162\slmult0\fi52\tx8404 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Conceptul de sanatate\tab \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 31\par\pard\li1488\sb16\sl- 207\slmult0\fi43\tx8404 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Anormalitate si boala\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 33\par\pard\li1488\sb9\sl-207\slmult0\fi43\tx8404 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Anormalitate si prejudecata\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 35\par\pard\li1488\sb19\sl-207\slmult0\fi48\tx8400 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Comportarnentele anormals\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 35\par\pard\li1488\sb9\sl-207\slmult0\fi52\tx8400 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Conceptul rie boala psihica\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex125 37\par\pard\li1488\sb14\sl-207\slmult0\fi52\tx4766\tx8400 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Boala psihica si ecosisrem\tab \up0 \expndtw- 2\charscalex100 ,\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 37\par\pard\li1488\sb13\sl- 207\slmult0\fi52\tx8400 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Dimensiuni exisrenfiale ale bolii psihice\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 38\par\pard\li1488\sb207\sl- 230\slmult0\fi43 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 CopHduU\par\pard\li1488\sb1\sl-213\slmult0\fi52 \up0 \expndtw-10\charscalex92 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs22 PERSONAUTATI NOStMAlA $ FATDtOGfCA"\par\pard\li1488\sb3\sl-230\slmult0\fi33 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 (F. Twes@f C. TwJw, L Doaanic$\par\pard\li1488\sb5\sl- 207\slmult0\fi48\tx8400 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Incercari de definite a personalifajii\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 39\par\pard\li1488\sb18\sl-207\slmult0\fi48\tx8385 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Boala si personalitae\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex125 40\par\pard\li1488\sb19\sl- 207\slmult0\fi33\tx8390 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Tulburari de personalitate.\tab \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 41\par\pard\li1488\sb4\sl- 207\slmult0\fi595\tx8385 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Cauzele medicale ale schimbariior de personalitate\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 42\par\pard\li1488\sb19\sl-207\slmult0\fi33\tx8390 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Tulburari de personalitate. Delimiter! conceptual\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 43\par\pard\li1488\sb9\sl-207\slmult0\fi38\tx8385 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Caractere clinice aie dizarmoniei\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 45\par\pard\li1488\sb14\sl-207\slmult0\fi33\tx8390 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 O posibila etioiogie a tulburarilor de personalitate\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 45\par\pard\li1488\sb4\sl-207\slmult0\fi33\tx8385 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Clasificarea tulburarilor de personalitate si ipostaze medicale ale acesfora\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 47\par\pard\li1488\sb28\sl-207\slmult0\fi585\tx8380 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Tuiburarea paranoida\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 48\par\pard\li1488\sb9\sl-207\slmult0\fi585\tx8385 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Tuiburarea schizoida\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 48\par\pard\li1488\sb24\sl- 207\slmult0\fi580\tx8380 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Tuiburarea schizofipala\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 48\par\pard\li1488\sb8\sl- 207\slmult0\fi580\tx8380 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Tuiburarea antisociala\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 48\par\pard\li1488\sb14\sl-207\slmult0\fi575\tx8375 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Tuiburarea borderline\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 48\par\pard\li1488\sb14\sl-207\slmult0\fi575\tx8380 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Tuiburarea histrionica\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 49\par\pard\li1488\sb9\sl- 207\slmult0\fi575\tx8375 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Tuiburarea narcisicd\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex124 49\par\pard\li1488\sb14\sl-207\slmult0\fi575\tx8375 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Tuiburarea evitanto\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 49\par\pard\li1488\sb14\sl-207\slmult0\fi575\tx8371 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Tuiburarea dependents\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex124 49\par\pard\li1488\sb18\sl- 207\slmult0\fi571\tx8371 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Tuiburarea obsesiv- compulsiva\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex124 49\par\pard\li1488\sb14\sl- 207\slmult0\fi571\tx8371 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Alte tulburari de personalitate\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 50\par\pard\li1488\sb14\sl- 207\slmult0\fi14\tx8375 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Tulburari de personalitate si boala\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 54\par\pard\li1488\sb14\sl- 207\slmult0\fi19 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Modalitatj de abordare a pacientuiui cu tulburare de personalitate\par\pard\li1488\sb14\sl-207\slmult0\fi9\tx8371 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Tn timpul inernaii\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 55\par\pard\li1488\sb201\sl-253\slmult0\fi9 \up0 \expndtw-10\charscalex95 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs22 GspIaSisl 5\par\pard\li1488\sb1\sl-219\slmult0\fi9 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 DE SA SiNBIOM 1A CAM* QJNSC\par\pard\li1488\sb1\sl- 227\slmult0\fi9 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 (F. Twess, G Tyces*, L DobrcnicO\par\pard\li1488\sb6\sl-207\slmult0\fi9\tx8366 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Semiologia; limbajul necesar\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 59\par\pard\li1488\sb14\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx8361 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Tulburarle percepfiei\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 59\par\pard\li1488\sb14\sl-207\slmult0\fi566\tx8361 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Cadrul conceptual\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 59\par\pard\li1488\sb4\sl-207\slmult0\fi566 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Clasificarea tulburarilor de pecepjie: Hiperestezia, Hipoestezia, Sinestezia,\par\pard\li1488\sb18\sl-207\slmult0\fi556 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Agnoziils, lluzia, Halucinatiile (Haiucinajiile psiho- senzoriale,\par\pard\li1488\sb19\sl-207\slmult0\fi566 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Halucinajiile psihice - pseudohaiucinafiile,\par\pard\li1488\sb23\sl- 207\slmult0\fi561\tx8361 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Sindrornul de automatism mintal)\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 60\par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9680\paperh13560{\bkmkstart Pg7}{\bkmkend Pg7}\par\pard\li1031\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1031\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1031\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1031\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1031\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1031\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1031\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1031\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1031\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1031\sb182\sl- 207\slmult0\fi33\tx7881 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Tulburarile de atenfie\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 66\par\pard\li1031\sb19\sl- 207\slmult0\fi590\tx7876 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Cadrui conceptual; Hiperprosexia; Hipoprosexia; Aprosexia\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 66\par\pard\li1031\sb9\sl-207\slmult0\fi24\tx7881 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Tulburarile de memorie\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 67\par\pard\li1031\sb28\sl- 207\slmult0\fi590\tx7876 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Cadru! conceptual\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 67\par\pard\li1031\sb19\sl-207\slmult0\fi590 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Dismnezii cantitative: Hipermneziile, Hipomneziile, Amneziile (Amneziile\par\pard\li1031\sb13\sl-207\slmult0\fi585\tx7872 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 anferograde - de fixare -, Amneziile retrograde - de evocare -j\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 67\par\pard\li1031\sb19\sl- 207\slmult0\fi585 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Dismnezii caliiative (Paramnezii): Tulburari ale sintezei mnezice imediate\par\pard\li1031\sb14\sl- 207\slmult0\fi580 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 (iluzii mnezice), Criptomnezia, Falsa recunoastere, Jluzia sosiilor", Falsa\par\pard\li1031\sb18\sl- 207\slmult0\fi585 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 nerecunoastere, Paramneziile de reduplicare, Tulburari ale rememorarii\par\pard\li1031\sb19\sl- 207\slmult0\fi571\tx2380\tx7862 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 trecutului\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 (allomnezii), Pseudoreminiscentele, Ecmnezia, Confabulafiile\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 70\par\pard\li1031\sb14\sl- 207\slmult0\fi14\tx7867 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Tulburarile de gandire\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 72\par\pard\li1031\sb28\sl-207\slmult0\fi580\tx7862 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Cadrui conceptual\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 72\par\pard\li1031\sb9\sl-207\slmult0\fi561\tx6840 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 Tulburari Tn discursivitatea gandirii: Tulburari Tn ritmui gandirii\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 (Accelerarea\par\pard\li1031\sb18\sl- 207\slmult0\fi576\tx7862 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 ritmului gandirii, Lentoarea ideativa)\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 72\par\pard\li1031\sb14\sl- 207\slmult0\fi566\tx7862 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Tulburari Tn fluen^ gandirii: Fadingul minfal, Barajul ideafiv\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 72\par\pard\li1031\sb19\sl-207\slmult0\fi556 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Tulburari Tn ansamblul gandirii: Ideile dominanfe, Ideile prevalente, Ideile\par\pard\li1031\sb14\sl-207\slmult0\fi566\tx7857 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 obsesive, ideile delirante, Structurarea deliranfa\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 73\par\pard\li1031\sb18\sl-207\slmult0\fi556 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Tulburari operational ale gandirii: Stafionare (nedezvoitarea gandirii),\par\pard\li1031\sb24\sl-207\slmult0\fi566\tx7852 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Progresive (demenfele) (Sindromui demenfial)\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 74\par\pard\li1031\sb18\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx7857 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Tulburarile comunicarii\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 75\par\pard\ql \li1583\sb9\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 Tulburari ale comunicarii verbale: Tulburari ale expresiei verbale \par\pard\ql \li1593\sb33\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 (Debitul verbal, Ritmui verbal, Intonajia, Infensifatea vorbirii, Coloratura \par\pard\ql \li1583\ri1764\sb3\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 vorbirii, Tulburarile fonefice, Tulburarile semanficii si sintaxe), Tulburari ale \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 expresiei grafice (Hiperacfivitafea - graforeea -, Inactivitatea -\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 reruzul scrisului \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 -, Tulburari ale caligrafiei, Tulburari ale dispunerii \par\pard\li1017\sb34\sl-207\slmult0\fi566\tx7847 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 textului Tn pagind, Policromatografia), Afaziile\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 75\par\pard\li1017\sb14\sl-207\slmult0\fi556 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 Tulburari ale comunicarii nonverbale: tinuta (tinuta dezordonafd,\par\pard\li1017\sb23\sl- 207\slmult0\fi575 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Rafinamentul vestimentar, finuta excenfrica, tinuta pervertitd), Mimica\par\pard\li1017\sb19\sl-207\slmult0\fi571 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 (Hipermimiile, Hipomimiile, Paramimiile), Gestica (Ticurile, Manierismul,\par\pard\li1017\sb8\sl-207\slmult0\fi571\tx7838 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 Bizareriile gesfuale, Negafivismul, Stereotipiile, Perseverarile)\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 78\par\pard\li1017\sb19\sl- 207\slmult0\fi4\tx7843 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 Tulburarile de voinfd\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 80\par\pard\li1017\sb19\sl-207\slmult0\fi561\tx7838 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 Cadrui conceptual; Hipobuliile; Hiperbuliile; Parabuliile\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 80\par\pard\li1017\sb18\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx7843 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 Tulburarile de constiinta\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 81\par\pard\li1017\sb24\sl- 207\slmult0\fi566\tx7843 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 Cadrui conceptual\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 81\par\pard\ql \li1569\sb10\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Tulburarile campului de constiinjd: Tulburarile claritdtji si capacitafii de \par\pard\ql \li1588\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 integrare a^campului de constiinta, Tulburari ale strucfurii campului de \par\pard\ql \li1579\sb33\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 constiinta (Ingustarea campului de constiinta, Starea crepusculara, \par\pard\ql \li1583\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Personalitatea multipla, Confuzia rnintald - starile confuzionale: Onirismul, \par\pard\li1564\sb14\sl-207\slmult0\fi14\tx7838 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Oneiroidia, Arnenfia (starea ameniiva), Delirul acut)\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 81\par\pard\li1564\sb19\sl-207\slmult0\fi4\tx7833 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Tulburarile constiinfei de sine\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 85\par\pard\li1564\sb23\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx4497 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 Tulburarile constiinfei corporalitatii\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 (somatognozia): Tulburari de schema\par\pard\li1564\sb19\sl-207\slmult0\fi9 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 corporald de tip neurologic, Tulburari de schema corporaia de natura psihica\par\pard\li1564\sb23\sl-207\slmult0\fi9\tx7828 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 (Desomatizarea),\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 85\par\pard\li1564\sb19\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx7833 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Tulburarile constiintei realitatii obiectuale (Derealizarea)\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 86\par\pard\ql \li1560\sb14\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Tulburari ale constiinfei propriei persoane: Personalifafea multipla, \par\pard\ql \li1574\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 Deoersonalizarea, Sindromui de auomatism mintal (Kandinski-Clerambault) . . .87 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9680\paperh13560{\bkmkstart Pg8}{\bkmkend Pg8}\par\pard\ql \li1593\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1593\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1593\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1593\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1593\sb100\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw- 8\charscalex79 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 IV \par\pard\li1492\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1492\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1492\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1492\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1492\sb29\sl- 207\slmult0\fi14\tx8395 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Conduita motorie si tulburarile ei\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 89\par\pard\li1492\sb14\sl- 207\slmult0\fi571\tx8385 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Cadrui conceptual\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 89\par\pard\li1492\sb19\sl-207\slmult0\fi571\tx8385 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Dezorganizarea conduifelor motorii\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 89\par\pard\li1492\sb9\sl-207\slmult0\fi556 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Tulburari motorii induse de tratamentul cu neuroleptice: Distonia acutd,\par\pard\li1492\sb23\sl-207\slmult0\fi556\tx8385 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Akatisia, Diskineziile, Sindromul Parkinsonian\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 90\par\pard\li1492\sb28\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx8385 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Tulburarile afecfivitdfii\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 92\par\pard\li1492\sb19\sl-207\slmult0\fi571\tx8380 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Cadrui conceptual\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 92\par\pard\li1492\sb14\sl- 207\slmult0\fi556 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Tulburarile dispozifiei: Hipotimiile, Hipertimiile (Anxietatea, Depresia,\par\pard\li1492\sb14\sl- 207\slmult0\fi571 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Euforia), Tulburari ale dinamicii dispozifionale, Tulburari ale\par\pard\li1492\sb23\sl-207\slmult0\fi561\tx8380 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 emofiilor elaborate (Paratimiile, Fobiile, Exfazul)\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 93\par\pard\li1492\sb14\sl-207\slmult0\fi4\tx8289 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Comportamente agresive extreme\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 100\par\pard\li1492\sb18\sl-207\slmult0\fi551\tx8284 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Agresivitatea ca simptom. Cadru conceptual\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 100\par\pard\li1492\sb29\sl-207\slmult0\fi571\tx8284\tx8380 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Ipostaze clinice ale agresivitdfii\tab \up0 \expndtw- 4\charscalex100 1\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 00\par\pard\ql \li2054\sb1\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Suicidul: Definite. Cadru conceptual, Instanfe ale fenomenului suicidar, \par\pard\ql \li2054\sb33\sl- 207\slmult0\tx3326 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 Suicidul Tn doi \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 (suicidul dual), Suicidul colectiv, Conduitele pseudosuicidare \par\pard\ql \li2054\ri1475\sb3\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 (falsele suiciduri), Factori de rise pentru suicid (Factorli socio-economici, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Facforii meteoroiogici si cosmici, Factorii somatici, Ereditatea, \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Suicidul Tn functie de varsta), Suicidul Tn bolile psihice, Mituri si false \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 pdreri despre suicid, Tipuri particulare de suicid: Sinuciderea de \par\pard\li1449\sb37\sl-207\slmult0\fi600\tx8275 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 abandon, Sinuciderea \u8222?Samsonica"\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 101\par\pard\li1449\sb28\sl- 207\slmult0\fi604\tx8275\tx8390\tx8486 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Hornicidul\tab \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 1\tab \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 1\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 4\par\pard\li1449\sb24\sl- 207\slmult0\fi604\tx8275\tx8390\tx8486 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Infanticidul\tab \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 1\tab \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 1\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 4\par\pard\li1449\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1449\sb37\sl-207\slmult0\fi28 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 GspioSu! 6\par\pard\li1449\sb23\sl-207\slmult0\fi33 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 REAUTATEA BOUI PSIHICE. CADRUI, CUNIC �1 INTBtViNjl! PSIKOIQGJCA\par\pard\li1449\sb19\sl-207\slmult0\fi14 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 f F. Tudose, C. Twd�s@f L Dsbenieif\par\pard\li1449\sb14\sl- 207\slmult0\fi33\tx8270\tx8385\tx8481 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Intarzierea rnintald\tab \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 1\tab \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 1\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 7\par\pard\li1449\sb23\sl- 207\slmult0\fi585\tx8265\tx8385\tx8481 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Definitie\tab \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 1\tab \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 1\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 8\par\pard\li1449\sb14\sl- 207\slmult0\fi585\tx8265\tx8380 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Scurtd prezentare clinicd\tab \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 1\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 18\par\pard\li1449\sb18\sl-207\slmult0\fi590\tx8265\tx8380 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Epidemiologie, date de evolufie si pronostic\tab \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 1\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 19\par\pard\li1449\sb19\sl-207\slmult0\fi590\tx8265\tx8380 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Factori etiopafogenici implicati Tn aparifia tulburdrii\tab \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 1\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 19\par\pard\li1449\sb23\sl-207\slmult0\fi590\tx8265\tx8366 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Investigate psihologice specifice\tab \up0 \expndtw- 4\charscalex100 1\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 20\par\pard\li1449\sb14\sl- 207\slmult0\fi585\tx8265\tx8366 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Posibilifdti de intervenfie terapeuticd ale psihologului clinician\tab \up0 \expndtw- 4\charscalex100 1\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 22\par\pard\li1449\sb24\sl- 207\slmult0\fi9\tx8265\tx8366 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Tulburari organice\tab \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 1\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 23\par\pard\li1449\sb18\sl-207\slmult0\fi575\tx8260\tx8356 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Sindromul psihoorganic cronic\tab \up0 \expndtw- 4\charscalex100 1\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 23\par\pard\li1449\sb19\sl- 207\slmult0\fi575\tx8255 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Sindromul deficitar (sindromul psihopafoid)\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 123\par\pard\li1449\sb23\sl-207\slmult0\fi571\tx8255\tx8356 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Dementele\tab \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 1\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 23\par\pard\li1449\sb23\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx8260\tx8356 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Tulburarile delirante\tab \up0 \expndtw- 4\charscalex100 1\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 39\par\pard\li1449\sb19\sl- 207\slmult0\fi9\tx8255 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Schizofrenia\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 144\par\pard\li1449\sb23\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx8255\tx8356 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Tulburarile anxioase\tab \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 1\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 67\par\pard\li1449\sb14\sl-207\slmult0\fi561\tx8255\tx8352 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Tuiburarea de panicd\tab \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 1\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 75\par\pard\li1449\sb24\sl- 207\slmult0\fi551\tx8255\tx8352 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Tulburarile fobice\tab \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 1\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 78\par\pard\li1449\sb18\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx8241 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Tulburarile afective\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 200\par\pard\li1449\sb19\sl- 207\slmult0\fi556\tx8236 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Tulburare afectivd bipolard\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 201\par\pard\li1449\sb23\sl- 207\slmult0\fi571\tx8236 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Distimia\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 219\par\pard\li1449\sb19\sl-207\slmult0\fi566\tx8232 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Ciciofimia\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 221\par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9680\paperh13560{\bkmkstart Pg9}{\bkmkend Pg9}\par\pard\li1224\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1224\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1224\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1224\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1224\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1224\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1224\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1224\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1224\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1224\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1224\sb9\sl-207\slmult0\fi4\tx7963 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Tuiburarea de stres posttraumatlc\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 222\par\pard\li1224\sb14\sl- 207\slmult0\fi9\tx7963 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Neurastenia\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 230\par\pard\li1224\sb18\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx7958 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Toxicomaniile si alcoolismul\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 236\par\pard\li1224\sb19\sl-207\slmult0\fi566\tx7963 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Conceptul de Adicfie -"addiction"\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 236\par\pard\li1224\sb18\sl-207\slmult0\fi556\tx7953 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Alcoolismul\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 237\par\pard\li1224\sb14\sl-207\slmult0\fi552\tx7958 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Toxicomania\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 244\par\pard\li1224\sb24\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx7948 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Bolile facfice si simularea\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 256\par\pard\li1195\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1195\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1195\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1195\sb69\sl-207\slmult0\fi24 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 (F. Tydsssf\par\pard\li1195\sb19\sl-207\slmult0\fi28\tx7948 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Definifii si cadru conceptual\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 269\par\pard\li1195\sb9\sl-207\slmult0\fi24\tx7948 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Somatizarea Tntre psihanaliza si neurobiologie\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 270\par\pard\li1195\sb23\sl-207\slmult0\fi24\tx7944 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Somatizare si medicind psihosomaticd\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 270\par\pard\li1195\sb14\sl-207\slmult0\fi19\tx7948 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Grupa tulburari somatoforme Tn DSM-IV\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 271\par\pard\li1195\sb18\sl-207\slmult0\fi14\tx7944 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Tulburari somatoforme si normativitafe\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 272\par\pard\li1195\sb19\sl-207\slmult0\fi14\tx7944 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Afectivitatea negativd si somatizarea\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 273\par\pard\li1195\sb14\sl-207\slmult0\fi19\tx7944 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Somatizare si constiinta\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 273\par\pard\li1195\sb18\sl-207\slmult0\fi19\tx7939 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Somatizarea - un comportament Tn fata bolii\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 274\par\pard\li1195\sb29\sl-207\slmult0\fi19\tx7939 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Geneticd si somatizare .\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 275\par\pard\li1195\sb14\sl-207\slmult0\fi19\tx7939 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Somatizare si personalitate\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 275\par\pard\li1195\sb18\sl-207\slmult0\fi19\tx7939 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Posibile modele ale somatizdrii\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 275\par\pard\li1195\sb4\sl-207\slmult0\fi571\tx7939 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Somatizarea ca mecanism de apdrare psihologic\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 277\par\pard\li1195\sb19\sl-207\slmult0\fi561\tx7929 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Somatizarea ca tendinfd de a apela la Tngrijiri medicale\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 278\par\pard\li1195\sb9\sl-207\slmult0\fi566\tx7929 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Somatizarea ca o consecinfa a suprautilizarii asistenfei medicale\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 278\par\pard\li1195\sb28\sl- 207\slmult0\fi14\tx7934 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Efiologie si ontologie Tn somatizare\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 280\par\pard\li1195\sb14\sl- 207\slmult0\fi9\tx7929 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Fiziologie si psihiatrieTn determinarea simptomelor functional\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 280\par\pard\li1195\sb19\sl-207\slmult0\fi9\tx7929 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Factorii psihosociali si somatizarea\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 280\par\pard\li1195\sb23\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx7924 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Comorbiditafe si Somatizare\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 281\par\pard\li1195\sb19\sl-207\slmult0\fi9\tx7924 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Nosografie si Somatizare\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 281\par\pard\li1195\sb13\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx7929 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Antropologie si Somatizare\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 282\par\pard\li1195\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1195\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1195\sb56\sl-207\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 EXAMNAREA BOLNAYULUl PSIHIC\par\pard\li1195\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1195\sb37\sl-207\slmult0\fi4\tx7924 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Examenul psihiatric\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 284\par\pard\li1195\sb9\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx7924 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Examinarea stdrii psihice\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 287\par\pard\li1195\sb19\sl-207\slmult0\fi556\tx7915 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Istoricul personal al pacientului\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 288\par\pard\li1195\sb18\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx7920 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Examenul psihic\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 293\par\pard\li1195\sb5\sl- 207\slmult0\fi561\tx7915 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Prezentare si comportament\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 294\par\pard\li1195\sb23\sl- 207\slmult0\fi561\tx7915 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Reactia fata de examinator\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 295\par\pard\li1195\sb19\sl- 207\slmult0\fi542\tx7915 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Acfivitatea motorie\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 295\par\pard\li1195\sb23\sl- 207\slmult0\fi537\tx7910 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Tulburari de vorbire si gandire\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 296\par\pard\li1195\sb19\sl- 207\slmult0\fi552\tx7910 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Functiile cognitive\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 297\par\pard\li1195\sb14\sl- 207\slmult0\fi537\tx7910 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Orientarea\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 298\par\pard\li1195\sb18\sl-207\slmult0\fi537\tx7910 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Atentia si concentrarea\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 298\par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9680\paperh13560{\bkmkstart Pg10}{\bkmkend Pg10}\par\pard\ql \li1516\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1516\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1516\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1516\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1516\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1516\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex74 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 VI \par\pard\li1382\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1382\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1382\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1382\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1382\sb15\sl- 207\slmult0\fi1132\tx8164 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Inregistrarea si memoria de scurtd duratd\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 299\par\pard\li1382\sb14\sl- 207\slmult0\fi1127\tx8164 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Memoria recentd\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 300\par\pard\li1382\sb9\sl-207\slmult0\fi1127\tx8164 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Memoria de lungd duratd\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 300\par\pard\li1382\sb13\sl-207\slmult0\fi1132\tx8160 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 Inteligenfa\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 300\par\pard\li1382\sb19\sl-207\slmult0\fi1118\tx8164 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Absfractizarea\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 301\par\pard\li1382\sb19\sl- 207\slmult0\fi604\tx8155 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Tulburarile de confinuf ale gandirii\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 301\par\pard\li1382\sb14\sl- 207\slmult0\fi1127\tx8155 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 Preocupdri\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 301\par\pard\li1382\sb13\sl-207\slmult0\fi1123\tx8155 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Idei patologice\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 302\par\pard\li1382\sb9\sl-207\slmult0\fi604\tx8155 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Afectivitatea si dispozifia\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 302\par\pard\li1382\sb14\sl-207\slmult0\fi1113\tx8150 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 Tulburarile dispozifiei .\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 303\par\pard\li1382\sb19\sl-207\slmult0\fi1430\tx8150 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 Dispozitia subiectivd\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 303\par\pard\li1382\sb4\sl- 207\slmult0\fi1420\tx8145 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Observafia obiectivd a dispozitiei\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 303\par\pard\li1382\sb14\sl- 207\slmult0\fi1435\tx8155 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Reactivitatea neuro- vegetafivd\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 304\par\pard\li1382\sb18\sl- 207\slmult0\fi604\tx8155 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Perceptia\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 305\par\pard\li1382\sb24\sl-207\slmult0\fi1118\tx8150 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 Halucinajiile\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 306\par\pard\li1382\sb14\sl-207\slmult0\fi595\tx8155 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Critica bolii si capacitatea de apreciere a situafiei\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 307\par\pard\li1382\sb4\sl-207\slmult0\fi604\tx8150 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Reacjia examinatorului fata de pacient\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 307\par\pard\li1382\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1382\sb27\sl-207\slmult0\fi28 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 Cspiefui 9\par\pard\li1382\sb24\sl-207\slmult0\fi33 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 DENCXOGE �! ET1CA1N aHSAUSE |S PSIHOFATQLOGE\par\pard\li1382\sb4\sl- 230\slmult0\fi28 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 (F. TudeMi, G TudoN)\par\pard\li1382\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\fi33\tx8140 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Secolul XXI va fi etic sau nu va fi de.oc\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 309\par\pard\li1382\sb9\sl- 207\slmult0\fi33\tx2236\tx8140 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 Psihiatria\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 - o practicd etica\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 310\par\pard\li1382\sb19\sl-207\slmult0\fi585\tx8135 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Despre abuzul psihiatric\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 310\par\pard\li1382\sb14\sl-207\slmult0\fi580\tx8131 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Diagnostic psihiatric si etica\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 311\par\pard\li1382\sb4\sl-207\slmult0\fi566\tx8131 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Terapie si etica\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 312\par\pard\li1382\sb18\sl- 207\slmult0\fi1089\tx8131 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Confidenjialitafe\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 313\par\pard\li1382\sb5\sl- 207\slmult0\fi1099\tx8131 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Etica, transfer si contrafransfer\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 314\par\pard\li1382\sb23\sl- 207\slmult0\fi1089\tx8126 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Psihofarmacologie si etica\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 315\par\pard\li1382\sb14\sl- 207\slmult0\fi14\tx8126 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Boala si stigmatizarea\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 316\par\pard\li1382\sb23\sl-207\slmult0\fi14\tx8126 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Drepturile pacienfilor\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex125 317\par\pard\li1382\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1382\sb28\sl-207\slmult0\fi4\tx8126 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex146 Blblogae\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 321\par\pard\li1382\sb9\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx8121 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex132 Eespe syeri\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 335\par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9700\paperh13480{\bkmkstart Pg11}{\bkmkend Pg11}\par\pard\ql \li4459\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4459\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4459\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4459\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4459\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4459\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4459\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4459\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4459\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4459\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4459\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4459\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4459\sb9\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 U'i'Vl&.g^ S \par\pard\qj \li1075\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1075\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1075\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1075\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1075\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1075\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1075\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1075\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1075\ri1196\sb19\sl- 220\slmult0\fi297 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Psihobgla si psinlatria s-au ndscutTn acelasi timp ca domenii specifice de cunoas\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 tere si de acjiune, adicd la Tnceputul secoiuiui al X!X-lea. Desi sursele !or au fast com\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 plet diferite, fibsofia Tn cazul psihobgiei si meciicina Tn cei al psihiafriei, Tnfalnirea lor, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 fertile pentru ambele domenii, avea sd se produce la scurf timp. Carfea medicului Philip \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 Petik - nume emblematic Tn psihiairia modernd - publicafd Tn 1 801, purfa fitful de \u8222? Tra\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 ta! medico-fiiosoric asupra aliendrii mintale". Ea a conturat de la Tnceput o noud dimen\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 siune a medicine! si o coordonatd indispensabila psihiafriei, cea filosofica. \par\pard\qj \li1065\ri1198\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Istoria comuna a devenit infinit mai dertsd, dar si mai complicafd, odafd cu aparifia \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 lucrdrior lui PiereImw& pi SigjUMifid F?md - medici care au spart pur si simplu tiparele \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 docfrinare ale epocii, multiplicand demersu! psihobgiei si Tmbogatind conceptele fun� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 damentals ale acesfeia. \par\pard\qj \li1065\ri1211\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Opera de tinerefe a medicului si fiiosofului Kisff Jaspte a daf consistenfa fenome\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 nologicd psihopatologiei, principiile metodologice elaborate de el au completat si au \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 contribuif la aprofundarea sistematicd a rezuitafelor aborddrii clinice pe care scoala \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 kraepeliana ie obfinuse si au oferif premise crifice de raportare la scoala psihanaiiticd \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 si chiar la existentialism. \par\pard\qj \li1055\ri1223\sb17\sl-200\slmult0\fi297 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 De altfei, fenomenologia se va dovedi una din cele mai fertile surse de dezvoltare si \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Tntelegere a psihopatologiei. \par\pard\qj \li1060\ri1204\sb4\sl-220\slmult0\fi278 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Modelul de boala psihica kraepelinian orientaf spre biologia cerebrald, postuland \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 afingerea creierului, a rosf relatlvizaf si Tmbogajif de viziunea dinamicd a lui Adsf Msj?�r \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 care a addugat dimensiunea psihosociala determinismului bolii. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9700\paperh13480{\bkmkstart Pg12}{\bkmkend Pg12}\par\pard\ql \li5294\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5294\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5294\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5294\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5294\sb20\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Psihopatologie si psihiafrie pentru psihoiogi\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw4928\colsr20\colno2\colw4612 \colsr160\qj \li1723\sb0\sl-216\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li1723\sb0\sl-216\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li1723\sb0\sl-216\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li1723\sb0\sl-216\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li1723\sb0\sl-216\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li1728\ri450\sb47\sl- 216\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Existl o granita Tntre oamenii \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 normal! si cei boinavi.\par\pard\qj \li1723\ri0\sb0\sl- 219\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex124 Granifa cars sepsra persoansle sa-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 natoase osihlc de eels bolnave psi-\par\pard\qj \li1656\sb0\sl-216\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li1656\ri0\sb13\sl- 216\slmult0\fi62 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 se poc imDoinavi user daca sum ex-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 .P.y�L\ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul u"Oil^iU�ne suficienj_d\ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 e severe.\par\pard\column \qj \li4948\sb0\sl-216\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li4948\sb0\sl-216\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li4948\sb0\sl-216\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li4948\sb0\sl-216\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li4948\sb0\sl-216\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li20\ri839\sb47\sl-216\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 | Doctor!! psiniatri ar trebui sa ss concentrszs \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Lpsiipra aspeceior biologies ale boiii miniae\par\pard\qj \li83\ri1334\sb10\sl-211\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex124 0 comblnajie de msdiu isunetor si \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 conflict psihic prcvoaca boil miniae. \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li1656\sb4\sl-207\slmult0\fi52 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Ar trebui manlfestata o praocupare j Boala mintail este creata de-a !ungu! unui\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li1656\sb9\sl- 207\slmult0\fi62\tx5006 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 expiieiia �i IntenJIonata Tn privlnja\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 continuum de gravitate de la nevroze,\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li1656\sb14\sl-207\slmult0\fi57\tx4934 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 diagnosticuiui si a clasific\ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul arii.\ul0\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 j start borderl\ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul ine, la psinozs,\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li1656\sb5\sl-207\slmult0\fi57 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Criteriile de stabllire a diagnosticuiui ] Mecanismele prin cars se svidenfiaza boile\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li1656\sb9\sl-207\slmult0\fi52 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 sx trebui codiicate �i ar trsbui ca o j\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li1656\sb13\sl-207\slmult0\fi57 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 zona iegitima si vaiorcasa a eercetaii \\\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw4957\colsr20\colno2\colw4583\colsr1 60\qj \li1708\ri0\sb4\sl-220\slmult0\tx4879 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 sa valideze astfel de citerii prin \tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 j \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 diverse tehnici\par\pard\qj \li1656\ri0\sb0\sl-223\slmult0\fi52\tx1699\tx1703\tx2578 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 lahniciie statistice ar trsbui fciosiie \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Tn efortuiie de csreetare Tndreptaie \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 catre Trribunaiafjrea eaiitap si vsiidi-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex137 _: iM \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 --\up0 \expndtw- 2\charscalex100 -\up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 _~ si. Cissifjcsriior\par\pard\ql \li2995\sb1\sl-187\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 ; "Observatia dinica\par\pard\qj \li1689\ri0\sb17\sl- 213\slmult0\fi14 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 irebuie sa fie supiimeniata pin sxa-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 minarea creierelor sinaioase �/' a \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 cs/or bolnave".\par\pard\column \qj \li4977\sb0\sl- 211\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li4977\sb0\sl-211\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li44\ri888\sb31\sl-211\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 Postmodsrnitatea ofera doctoriior ocazia \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 redefinirii roiuiior si responsabilitatilor lor.\par\pard\ql \li4977\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li4977\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1398\sb32\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 ; nod obi�nuit, un diagnos�\par\pard\ql \li20\ri897\sb4\sl- 220\slmult0\fi14 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 tic fees dreptate doar unui segment si \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 faptelor �i este pur �i simpiu o convanienla \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 a nosografiei". \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \qj \li1497\ri817\sb158\sl-222\slmult0\fi302 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 Progresul enorm al medicine! Tn ultirnele decenii s-a rdsfrant si asupra psihiafiei, atat \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Tn ceea ce privesfe conHgurarea nosograi'ica, dar si asupra inferpretarii mscanismelor \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 etiopatogenice sau a semnificafiiior psihopatofogice. Progresul urias al psihofarmaco\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 iogisi a antrenat si dezvolfarea unor domenii de granita cum ar fi neuropsihoendocri\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 noiogia, neuroiingvlstica, pslnoimunoiogia, care vin sa Tnfregeasca potrimoniu! de cu\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 noasfere al psihiafriei modern�, Acceparea tehniciior psiftoterapeufice ?n JrafamenJu! \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 tuiburoriior psihice a dus la enorma lor dezvoltare si a restabilif un terlforiu de comu� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 nicare fertile Tntre psihiolru si psihobg, \par\pard\qj \li1497\ri837\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi273 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Asa cum psihiafrul nu va putea sa ignore nici o clipa Tn dernersul sau medicos datels \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 pe care psihologia ca stiintd a comportamentuiui le ofera, psihologul nu ar putea schifa \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 nici un gest terapeutic fdrd o temeinica cunoasfere a psihopatologiei si psihiatriei. \par\pard\qj \li1492\ri835\sb0\sl-225\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 SubSiniem faptui ca psihoiogu! modern nu sa mai poae opri doar la stuiiu! psiho� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 patologiei atat timp cat psihiafru' prin definifie este un vindecator (iafros - vindecarej. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Ignorarea sau minimalizarea unei parti din mijbacele pe care ferapia cor.fernporana b \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 puns la dispozifia medicului ar fi o greseald Tn defavoarea celui Tn suferinfa, dar si un \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 gest anefic si neprofesiona!. \par\pard\qj \li1478\ri856\sb16\sl-220\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Evaluafor sau psihoferapeut, cencetator sau practician, psihoiogu! esfeobiigaf Tn de� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 nersul sau sd-ji asimiieze fezaurul complex de nofiunl si concepts cu care psihiatria \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 opereaza si subiiniem cu placers, dar si Tngrijorore, pe eel a! psihopatologiei. ingrijo-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 rarea noasfra este generata de aparijia unor moaeis mai mult sau mai pufin afeoretice \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 care abordeazd psihiaSria nu din perspectiva fundamentals a faptului psihopaologie -\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 singurui care evidenjaza dirnensiunea antropobgica a psihiariei - ci Tntr-o maniera \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9700\paperh13480{\bkmkstart Pg13}{\bkmkend Pg13}\par\pard\ql \li1281\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1281\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1281\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1281\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1281\sb91\sl-184\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 Argument \par\pard\qj \li1271\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1271\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1271\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1271\ri1111\sb167\sl-220\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 ehnicista, tn care biologia, biochimia, sfaflsfiea, sociobgia sau chiar inormatics fin io\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 cui dimensiunii firesti a psihopatologiei - cea cultural-spirituals. \par\pard\qj \li1262\ri1100\sb0\sl-225\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Psihologia nu a osf cum ar fi tost de asfeptat un oliar si un susjinaer al psihiafriei, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 desi cantuzis psihiatru/psiholog este una (recvsnfa |ba chiar una Tntrefinuta deSiberef \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 ds unii psihobgil). Au exisfat deseori \u8222?pactizari" din partea psihoiogilor cu opinia pu� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 blics tn jurui unor prejuaecafi pivities nafura si irnaginea boJii psihice. Acssfe preju\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 decafi ou osf sinfeflzafe de MliwlesiS1 (Ifff) asttei: \par\pard\ql \li1564\sb6\sl- 207\slmult0\tx1780 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 1 \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 nu exists boala psihica \par\pard\ql \li1545\sb1\sl- 198\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 2. boala psihica este ersditara \par\pard\ql \li1545\sb35\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 3. boala psihice este rezuifaful unsi dezvolfari psihologice disforsionafe \par\pard\ql \li1536\sb1\sl-198\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 4. boala psihica este rezulfafu! unei sexuaSifafi anormafe \par\pard\ql \li1536\sb35\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 5. boala psihica este o consecinta a sfresului \par\pard\qj \li1252\ri1114\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Aeelasi ouer nofseza pertinent ca prsjudscafiis aminfife reflects exagerariie unor \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 curente feorefice eel mai Odessa reductionist� car� au dominaf qandiaa psihiafrica, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 frecerea lor ?n revsstd ni se paa utiia in acesf moment Tn care exisfa o puterniea orien\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 fars pslho-biobaica, ce tinae sa transforms psihiatria si psihopafobqia tntr-un soi de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 aichimie neuronalS, care m vede individul decaf prin perspective sinapsei. Psihiatria \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 devine acum a ,/icsutoogie neurologica" (Ipisen P^ffsatsis f310�11. \par\pard\qj \li1252\ri1125\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Dogma inexisfenjei bolii psihice a osf esenta antlpsihiafriei, care a negaf apartenenju \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 tulbuarilor psihice Is conceptul de bcald si, da aid, necesitatea de a institui masuri er�~ \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 peutics medicale. Pslhooaoegla este rsdusa la un conflict generic individ-soeiefafe. \par\pard\qj \li1243\ri1138\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0\fi278 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 Originife cureniuiui anfipsihiefrie s-au aflat Tn Marea Brifanle, avancl drept reprezen\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 fanfi marcanti pe Lsifag PI si GsspSf i fprimui fiind si creatoru! termenului de anfipsi\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 hiatrie) dar si-a gasit repeie adept: Tn Europa (Italia,. Pranfo), cat si dincolo de ocean, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 avand Tn T&3irti8 &s>s cs! mai purernic sustinafor. \par\pard\qj \li1233\ri1140\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Initial antipsihiatria a rslevat importanfa anaiizei sociologies si a pozifiei socio-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 geneticeTn determinarsa cauzelor bolii psihice, ccdru deposit rapid prin eontestaea insti-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 tufiilor psihiatric� si, ulterior, a psihiatriior, care devin personajeie finta acuzae de pro-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 mulgarea vioientei sanaforillor Tmpofrivc celor \u8222?3fichefafi" drept bolnavi. Folosindu-se \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 cu muifa abilifate de foots Jisuri'e" docfrinare si metedoiogice ale psihiafriei \u8222?oficiale", \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 autorli anfipslhiatrisi \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 (rnulfi dinfre ei asti psihiafri de enurne) au pubheat o serie ds \par\pard\qj \li1233\ri1135\sb6\sl-213\slmult0\fi9 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 iucrari, aie caror titiuri senzafionaie si deossbiful talent literar a! unora dintre auori (mai \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 ales lsm�f IFsyasye, Mmm^n) le-au transformed ps muite dintre els Tn \u8222?besf-sellers" ale \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 anlbr'60: \u8222?Eui divizaf", \u8222?Asylum", Jstoria nebuniei", ^Politico experientei", \u8222?/v\\itu! bolii \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 minfaie" etc.* \par\pard\qj \li1233\ri1164\sb0\sl- 240\slmult0\fi263 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 lsgg�WF 05 subliniazd fapful cd antipsihiatria apare ca un curenf de idei scandalos, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 percufanf confestctfar, uneori folcioric, ndscuf Tn deceniui sapfe. \par\pard\qj \li1219\ri1153\sb0\sl-215\slmult0\fi278 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Antipsihiatria cautd explicafii noi pentru boaia psihica, pentru etioi'ocia ei; sa neaqd \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 fabiourire psihopafologice considerate ca hind rezultatal ambiguitatii hmbajului si rea-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 fiel DGcient- medic, meradnd pana la desfiinfarea barierei normal/bolnav psihic si afir-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 mdnd mexisfenfa tenomenului pafoiogic pe caret! considsra doar \u8222?direnf . Astel, schi-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 zofrenla devine un \u8222?mif" cuitivat de sociefafe si psihiafrie, o simple ficflune sociala. Ins-\par\pard\qj \li1214\ri1176\sb180\sl-180\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 * Imaginea o'enciurafa a psihiafriei a fosf creata si de anumife producfii cinematografice prezeniand \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 specfaculos, iragic, dar evident deformat, viafa din spifala; tn acesf sens, un loc deosebif Tl define fiimul lui \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 %Wf!i?M. "Zbor deasypro unui cuibdecuci". Oricine poae face o comparafie Tntre acesf ilm si recenf- laursa-\line \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 tul Oscar (2002) \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 \u8226? "O minfe sfralucitoars" peniru a se convinge ea asfazi cinemaiografia - opinia pubiica -\par\pard\ql \li1214\sb1\sl-179\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 nu mai crede ca psihiatria creazd boala psihica pentru a o reprima. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9700\paperh13480{\bkmkstart Pg14} {\bkmkend Pg14}\par\pard\ql \li5155\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5155\sb0\sl- 184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5155\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5155\sb0\sl- 184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5155\sb71\sl-184\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 Psihopatologie si psihiafrie pentru psihologi \par\pard\qj \li1391\sb0\sl-215\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1391\sb0\sl-215\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1391\sb0\sl-215\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1391\sb0\sl-215\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1391\ri891\sb11\sl-215\slmult0\fi9 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 piratd de filozofia existenfialistd si de fenomenobgie (SSereapaesrdt Ja^3�r�, H�ldsg||Sr,\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Binsweiifpr, oan iich,Sate), ca si de o serie de ieze ale scolii de la Frankfurt (M&s^JSS, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Adon�, Feaim, Ireraheiiiisr), antipsihiatria gasesfe obscure determinari sociocuifurale \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 ale bolii psihice, afirrnand potenfialul patogenefic al sociefdtii ca si pe eel a! celulei \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 familiale, considerate ca fiind structuri ale violenfei. \par\pard\qj \li1387\ri898\sb5\sl-215\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Cu toatd zgomofoasa confesfare si negatie, antipsihiatria nu a reusit sa ofere nimic \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Tn schimbu! \u8222? modeielor" pe care le dorea dispdrute, transformandu-se, asa cum ardfa \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 yH, prin lipsa de coerenfd si merodd, ca si prin abordarea inadecvatd a concepfiiior \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 feorefice si stiintifice pe care psihiatria se fondeazd, Tntr-o miscare antimedicald, anfi\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 instifutionala si anficivilizaforie, Reaiifafea bolii psihice, corelatiiiesaleorganicssi trans\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 culturale, suferinta si alienarea bolnavului psihic, precum si nevoia acesfuia de ajutor \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 constituie adevdrurile cu care psihiatria opereazd eficient, dar pe care antipsihiatria le-a \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 negat cu vehemenfd, construindu-si un esafodaj de fanfasme care au fransformat-o Tn \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \u8222?apsihiafrie". \par\pard\qj \li1387\ri903\sb1\sl- 220\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Este incifant fapfui cd \u8222? fenomenul antipsihiafric" a apdruf ca o confesfare de sfdnga \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 a modeleior fradifionale si nu a avuf Tn perioada sa de giorie nici un efect asupra psi� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 hiatriei din Esf, conflicfu! individ-soeiefafe nepufdnd fi pus Tn discufie aicl. \par\pard\ql \li1670\sb1\sl-195\slmult0\tx4233\tx4329 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Dupd modificdrile sociale din \tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 1 \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 989 au existaf Tncercari timide de reluare a tezebr \par\pard\qj \li1382\ri909\sb5\sl-220\slmult0\fi4\tx1665 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 anfipsihiatrice Tn fosfele fdri comunisfe Tnfr-o globald confesfare a sistemului prabusit. \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Boala psihica este eredifard - cea de-a doua mare prejudscata - Tsi are rdddcinl iso-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 rice imporfanfe Tn secolui al XlX-iea - vezi celebra degenerescenfd - dar este si un reflex \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 al exagerdrilor biologizante gata sa gdseascd genele fiecdrui comportament sau simptom. \par\pard\qj \li1372\ri924\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi273 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Teoriile Tnvdfdrii sociale si dafele psihobgiei comportamentaie credifeazd cea de-a \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 freia preiudecafa, dupd care boala psihica este rezultatul distorsiunilor din copildrie. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Versantuf social este aici eel pe care se rosfogoleste avalansa de confuzii. \par\pard\ql \li1363\ri923\sb0\sl-216\slmult0\fi292\tx1651 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Prezenfarea bolii psihice ca rezulfatal unei sexualitdti anormale rezultd din exagera\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 rea^si vulgarizarea feoriei psihanalifice freudiene colportafd Tnfr-o manierd folcloricd. \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 In sfarsit, prezenfarea bolii psihice ca o consecinfd a sfresului este exogenizarea \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 maxima a cauzalitdfiior. Stresul - maladia epocii informafionaie este, eel pufin Tn opinia \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 mass-media, cauza princeps a bolii psihice, putdnd fi gdslt drept componentd - cauzd \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 Tn cvasitofalitafea bolibr. \par\pard\qj \li1358\ri914\sb0\sl-216\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Este interesanfa parficiparea entuziasfd a unor medici organicisti la aceastd feorie \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 explicative Tn care este implicat stresui - acesf veritabil flagel al viefii confemporane ne \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 modified actele noasfre comportamentaie ce se constituie in adevarafi factori de rise \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 pentru tmholnavire (ksnandescu 18,2002). La fel de pasionafepar sd fie si unele impor� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 fanfe grupuri de psihologi pentru care aceastd versiune simpfificafd a bolii ca reacfie \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 este suficienf de infelecfualizatd pentru a cdpdta legitimitate. \par\pard\ql \li1631\sb1\sl- 182\slmult0\tx5899 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Am prezentaf pe larg aceste cafeva prejudeedfi \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 (sau poate fanfasme) legate de \par\pard\ql \li1358\sb38\sl-207\slmult0\tx5615 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 domeniul psihiatriei si psihopatologiei, Tn special \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \u8222?afacul" antipsihiafric, pentru ca Tn \par\pard\ql \li1348\ri929\sb0\sl-216\slmult0\fi9\tx1627 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 ciuda unor progress meedoiogice, stiintifice si praxiobgice exceofionale psihiatria este \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 specialifatea medicala cea mai confroversata (Tiodbessy R, 2000). \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Aborddrile dogmafice legate de anumite curente de gandire care au dominaf sau \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 domind psihobgia la un moment daf, oricat de seduedtoare ar fi Tn dimensiunea lor \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 explicafivd sau ordonatoare, s- au doved'it incomplete. Am preferaf de aceea cu toate \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 limitele sale, abordarea eclecficd si pragmaficd recunoscand ca psihiatria \u8222?a devenit un \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 spatiu de consfelafie a tufuror directiilor dupd care se studiazd natura umand" \par\pard\ql \li1348\sb5\sl-223\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 (LSzQeieu M, Ogedsseu D, 1993). \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9700\paperh13480{\bkmkstart Pg15}{\bkmkend Pg15}\par\pard\ql \li1065\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1065\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1065\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1065\sb167\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Argument \par\pard\qj \li1051\sb0\sl-223\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1051\sb0\sl-223\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1051\sb0\sl-223\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1051\ri1211\sb171\sl- 223\slmult0\fi297 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 In ultimii ani, Tn special Tn ultimul deceniu, s-a manifesfat o fendlnfd importanfd de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 a acorda inferes unor perturbdri, disfunctii sau disabilitdfi aflafe Tnfr-o fazd preclinicd \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 sau poate doar la granita dintre paologie si cenusiul unor trdiri normale dezagreabile \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 (nelinistea, feama, tristetea, oboseala, frica, indiferenfa). Preocuparea deosebitd din \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 societatea modernd pentru sdndfatea mintald, vdzufd nu doar ca o componenfd funda-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 menfald a sanafafii, ci si ca o cheie de boltd a \u8222?fericirii perpefue" (Brwdaier P) cdutafd \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 de lumea occidentald, a exfins, de asemenea, campul de interventie a psihiatriei. \par\pard\qj \li1046\ri1235\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 Cu toate acestea, psihiatria nu se poate exfinde la nesfarsif chiar sub acoperirea \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 acesfui concept exfrem de mediatizaf numif sdndtate mintald. Psihiafrul nu este un grd\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 nicer care pdzesfe o frontierd, care Tsi schimbd permanent traseul fransformandu-l Tntr-un \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 Sisif al normalitdfii. \par\pard\qj \li1036\ri1237\sb0\sl-225\slmult0\fi287 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 O recentd sinfezd arafa ca, pe mdsurd ce perspective solufiilor la problemeie de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 sdndtate mintald este din ce Tn ce mai bogatd prin fratamenfele psihiatrice, granitele \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 fradifionale ale tulburdrii psihiatrice s-au Idrgit, Problemeie zilnice considerate ca teri-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 toriu al altor sfere sociale s-au "medicalizat" prin psihiafrie. Se considerd ca Tngrijirea \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 sanafafii mintale poate functiona ca o solufie pentru mulfe probleme personale si sociale \par\pard\ql \li1036\sb0\sl-180\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 diferife. \par\pard\qj \li1031\ri1245\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Spre exemplu, diagnosticul tulburdrii de deficit de afenfie/hiperacfivitafe la copii a \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 crescuf dramatic Tn ultimii ani Tn fdrile angb-saxone, Tn paralei cu o cresfere la fel de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 exploziva a prescrieribr de medicamenfe sfimulanfe. Totusi, comporfamenful copiilor la \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 care se identified tuiburarea deficitului de atentie/hiperacfivitate se suprapune cu com� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 porfamenful care apare frecvenf la copii cand acestia se simt frustrafi, anxiosi, plictisifi, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 abandonafi sau stresafi Tn orice alt mod, \par\pard\qj \li1012\ri1256\sb0\sl-224\slmult0\fi297 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Dinfr-o perspective criticd este evident ca fenomenul social de supraTncdrcare medi\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 camenfoasd a copiilor nu indica o crestere reala a frecvenfei unei tulburari mintale, ci \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 o strafegie de mutare a accentului de la sarcina dificild de Tmbundfdfire a califdfii viefii \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 de famine si a sistemelor scolare. Recurgerea la tratamenf medicamentos descurajeazd \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Tnsd asumarea responsabilifdjii individului si, deci, exacerbeazd dificultdfile pe care \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 acesfa ar trebui sd le remedieze. \par\pard\qj \li1017\ri1265\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Un alt exemplu este eel al tulburarii de stres posftraumatlc, oficial admisd Tn clasifi\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 cdri Tn Statele Unite Tn urma unor repetafe intervenfii la nivel politic pentru a recunoasfe \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 suferinfa psihica a veteranilor de rdzboi din Vietnam care au frecut prin sifuafii drama\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 tice. Nu dupd mult timp, diagnosficarea a Tnceput sa se asocieze cu experiente mai \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 pufin extreme, ceea ce a Tncurajaf cererile de recompensare pentru daune psihologice. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Cu toafe acestea, medicalizarea suferinfei umane traumatice prezintd riscul reducerii \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 acesteia la nivelul unei probleme tehnice, \par\pard\qj \li1012\ri1272\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Exemplele pot continue cu adevdrafe noi capitole de pafoiogie cum ar fi cazul anxie\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 fdfii sociale. Este deosebif de inferesant ca adepfii viziunilor biobgice Tn psihiafrie nu \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 numai ca nu neagd noile enfitati, ci gdsesc modele neurochimice cu o suspecfd usurintd \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 creafoare. Mai mult, marile companii producafoare de psihofrope produc Tntr-un vdrtej \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 amefitor de Tnnoire medicamente precis circumscrise noilor enfitafi. La fel de inventivi, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 psihoferapeufii, de cele mai diverse orientdri docfrinare, gdsesc solufii rapid adaptate \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 noilor provocdri. \par\pard\qj \li1003\ri1279\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 O serie de medici, sociologi, psihologi arafd ca psihiatria frebuie sd-si reducd exce\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 sele, Tn special pe cele biologizanfe, reTntorcandu-se si llmitandu-se cu insisfenta la \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 modelul biopsihosocial. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9700\paperh13480{\bkmkstart Pg16}{\bkmkend Pg16}\par\pard\ql \li5246\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5246\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5246\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5246\sb155\sl-184\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 Psihopaologie si psihiafrie pentru psihologi \par\pard\qj \li1488\sb0\sl-213\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1488\sb0\sl-213\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1488\sb0\sl-213\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1488\sb0\sl-213\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1488\ri823\sb1\sl-213\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 O noud direcfie numifa posfpsihiatrie (Iedbisa P �1 Themes P, 2001J ridicd o serie \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 de problems Tn aceastd perioada Tn care sociefatea trees, tmpreuna cu medicina, Tn \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 epoca postmodernd. fntrebdrile pa care reprezentanfii acesfui curent le considerd legifi\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 rne or fi urrnatoarele: \par\pard\qj \li1497\ri828\sb2\sl-220\slmult0\fi268 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 fi) Doea psihiatria este produsul insfifufiei, care va fi capacifatea sa de a determine \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 nafura Tngrijirilor postinstitutionale? \par\pard\qj \li1478\ri832\sb0\sl-240\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 (2) Pufem sa ne imagindm o relafie Tntre medicina si bolnavu! psihic diferitd de cea \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 care s-a format Tn sisfsmul azilar al epocilor precedents? \par\pard\qj \li1473\ri832\sb0\sl- 230\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 (3) Daca psihiatria este produsul unei culfuri preocupatd de rationalifafe si individua\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 lifate, ce fel ae sdndtate mmfala se potriveste lumii posfmoderne Tn care acesfs preocu\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 pari sunt Tn evidentd seddere? \par\pard\ql \li1756\sb0\sl-162\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 (4) Cat de adecvatd este psihiafrie occidenfaid pentru grupuriie cuifurale care sunt \par\pard\qj \li1478\ri823\sb0\sl-240\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 adepfeie unei orclini spirituals a lumii, accentudrii dimensiunii efice Tn ceea ce privssfe \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 familia pi comunitaea? \par\pard\ql \li1756\sb1\sl- 184\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 (5) Cum am putea interveni si separo problematica Tngrijirilor de sdndtate mintald \par\pard\ql \li1468\ri848\sb7\sl- 220\slmult0\tx1756\tx1751 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 de excluderea sociala si coercifia exercifafd Tn ultimele doud secole Tn acesf domeniu? \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Prpvocdrile carora psihiatria postmodernd va trsbui sa le feed fafd sunt urnatoarele: \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 � Increderea Tn puferea stiintei si fehnobgiei de a soiufiana problemeie sociale si \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 umane este Tn seddere. \par\pard\qj \li1463\ri829\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 � Psihiatria frebuie sa meargd dincolo de caracferui sau "modernist" pentru a se co\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 rela cu propunerile guvernamentale cele mai recenfe si cu puferea din ce Tn ce rnai mare \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 a utilizatorilor ds servicii, \par\pard\qj \li1449\ri836\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 e Posf- psihiatria accentueazd contextele socials si cuifurale, pune etica Tnainfea \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 fehnobgiei si Tncearcd sa reducd, cat de mult posibil, controiul medical al intervenjiilor \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 coercifive. \par\pard\qj \li1449\ri843\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi273 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 Aceastd direcfie se doresfe o cale de mijbc Tntre excesele psihiatriei si orgoliile \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 antipsihiatriei, dar sunf muifi acela care aratd ca psihiatria poate trece fdrd secuse Tn \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 epoca postmodernd daca pregdtirea mediciior Tsi pdsfreaza dimensiunea antropologi\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 cd si filosoficd, si daca psihiatria este gata sd Tsi asume rssponsabilitatife pe care le-a \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 avuf Tnotdeauna. \par\pard\qj \li1440\ri846\sb0\sl-225\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Se demonstreazd ca afirmafia de acum un deceniu a scolii de la Timisoara - tutelafd \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 de spirifu! profesorului Pamil - dupd care: \u8222? Psihiafria constituie un document aufenfic al \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 curajuiui, generozifdfii si rssponsabilitafii de a Tnfrunta, descifra si asisfa una dintre eels \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 mai cumpRfe si, Tn aceiasi timp, misterioase tragedii ale fiintei umane, numifd generic \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 boala psihica." (Wmrmm M, OgsdiST 0,1993) este mai actuala ca niciodata. \par\pard\qj \li1416\ri872\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi297 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 O carte de psihopatologie si psihiafrie pentru psihologi este un dezideraf mai vechi, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 a carui transpunere Tn pagind am dorit sa fie fdcufd astfel meat la nivelui specialistului, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 cu preeddere al celui Tn orrnare, sd ajungd notiunile fundamentale cu confinut feoretic \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 si pracfic, ears sa-l puna cu psihiafrul nu doar Tnfr-o sifuafie de comunicare reala, ci si \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 Tntr-un demers comun diagnostic si tercpeutic. \par\pard\qj \li1425\ri876\sb0\sl-225\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Parcurgerea acestui manual nu va fransforma Tn nici un caz psihoiogu! Tntr-un psi\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 hiafru simplificat. Reiteram pdnd la banalizare ideea ca psihiatria si psihopatobgia \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 apartin domeniului medical. Asa cum psihologii care lucreazd Tn laboraoarele de neu\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 ropsihologle de exemplu, nu devin neuroiogi, nici psihologul clinician nu va substifui \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 psihiafrul. \par\pard\qj \li1420\ri885\sb0\sl- 240\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Intr-o vrerne Tn care \u8222?mareea informationala" se materializeaza nu rareori Tn volu-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 minooss tratate Tn domeniu, ne-am orienfaf efortul pentru o carte de sintezd, un ghid \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9700\paperh13480{\bkmkstart Pg17}{\bkmkend Pg17}\par\pard\ql \li1075\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1075\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1075\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1075\sb7\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Argument \par\pard\qj \li1075\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1075\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1075\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1075\ri1211\sb183\sl- 220\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 accesibi! celui aflat la Tnceput de drum. O descifrare corectd a orizonfuiui suferinfei psi� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 hice va Tmbogdti nu doar percepfia profesionala a fiecdrui specialist, ci si viziunea mai \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 largd, umanistd, pe care psihologul trebuie sd o aibd. \par\pard\ql \li1075\ri1207\sb5\sl- 215\slmult0\fi268\tx1348 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Aceasfa carte este si o Tncercare de a defini locul Tn care demersul psihologului este \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 maxim Tn echipa terapeutica sau individual Tnfr-o afecfiune sau alfa. \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Am pus la Tndemana celor doritori si unele din insfrumentele de evaluare (chestio-\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 nars si ests) pe care, Tnfr-o entitate sau alfa psihoiogu! le poate folosi pentru a subiinio \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 pregnanfa unor simpfome sau evolutia acesora sub ferapie. \par\pard\qj \li1060\ri1228\sb1\sl-220\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Sunem consfienji ca acesf prim demers ar pufea sa fie incomplet, dar suntem siguri \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 ca orlce Tncercare de acesf fe! este perfecfibiid. \par\pard\qj \li1065\ri1226\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Fapfu! ca specialistu! din echipa terapeutica va avec de acum un ghid comprehensi\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 bi! va fi cea mai importantd confribufie pe care o astfel de lucrare o poate aduce. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9700\paperh13480{\bkmkstart Pg18}{\bkmkend Pg18}\par\pard\ql \li1583\sb0\sl-391\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1583\sb0\sl-391\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1583\sb0\sl-391\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1583\sb0\sl-391\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1583\sb12\sl-391\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex124 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs22 CAPITOLU\ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs34 l1 \par\pard\ql \li1603\sb0\sl-460\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1603\sb192\sl-460\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex98 \ul0\nosupersub\cf16\f17\fs40 PSIHOPATOLOGIEI \par\pard\ql \li1363\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1363\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1363\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1363\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1363\sb70\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 - D� dsis esfe & $&H mspvnd espsri^ mbvnm #sc \par\pard\ql \li1353\ri2710\sb15\sl-273\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 InmpmeiMm d� a-0 tnpSriSfi id@sh. Cs fi am al i thr*� $mm \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 mimS, or vwbf Uuf, of tjahp e� �s tsUGmpia tn jvm! fSu dar \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 mi i Imsp&hiliS fs apSa' fi sS il aluMpmtm m m fnidsgi \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 limba wzrbifQ &ss>o. \par\pard\ql \li1358\sb43\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 " T@$ con $W0t sie. \par\pard\ql \li1358\sb50\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 = Tefi Mrm M$au mkslmntmi mbuni. \par\pard\ql \li5832\sb49\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Pao Gs�t@ \par\pard\qj \li1348\sb0\sl-300\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1348\ri3851\sb157\sl-300\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 Definstia, obiectul si continutul psihopatologiei \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex92 RAPORTUL CU ALTE fTiiiMTE \par\pard\ql \li1348\sb77\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Modele In psihopatologie \par\pard\ql \li2054\sb74\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 Modelul ateoretic \par\pard\ql \li2049\ri5521\sb17\sl- 295\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Modelul behaviorist \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Modelul biologic \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Modeiui cognitivist \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Modelul dezvoltirii \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Modeiul ecosistsmic \par\pard\qj \li2049\ri4825\sb1\sl- 300\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Modelul etnopsihopatologic \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Modelul etologic \par\pard\ql \li2040\ri5256\sb9\sl- 290\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Modelul existentialist \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Modeiui experimental \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Modeiul fenomenologic \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Modslul psihanaiitic \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Modeiui social \par\pard\qj \li1320\ri5509\sb2\sl- 300\slmult0\fi715 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Modeiui structuralist \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 Obiectul psihopatologiei \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9700\paperh13480{\bkmkstart Pg19}{\bkmkend Pg19}\par\pard\li1560\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1560\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1560\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1560\sb109\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx1646\tx5232 \dn2 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 1\tab \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex106 0\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 Psihopatologie si psihiafrie pentru psihologi\par\pard\li2025\sb0\sl-299\slmult0\par\pard\li2025\sb0\sl- 299\slmult0\par\pard\li2025\sb223\sl-299\slmult0\fi0\tx5812 \dn2 \expndtw- 8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf17\f18\fs26 .I.DEHNOIA,\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 \ul0\nosupersub\cf14\f15\fs24 JHJL PSIHOFAP\ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs22 UJkzl\par\pard\qj \li1483\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1483\ri847\sb1\sl-220\slmult0\fi278 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Ca $i Tn cazul psihobgiei medicale, definirea nofiunii de psihopatologie rdmdneTncd \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 supusd disputelor, cu atat mai mult cu cat folosirea unor sinonime de fipul pafopsiholo\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 giei sau psihobgiei pafobgice dispune la confuzia cu psihobgia clinicd. \par\pard\qj \li1478\ri842\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi268 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 Astfel, dicfionarui Larousse considerd ca exisfa. o sinonimie Tntre psihopatologie si psi� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 hobgia pafologicd care ar fi discipline avand drept obiecf sfudiul tulburarilor de compor� \par\pard\ql \li1492\sb11\sl- 207\slmult0\tx5385 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 tament, de consfiinfa si de comunicare fi \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 i, 1995\}. Ea este piasata, Tn opinia aces-\par\pard\qj \li1473\ri852\sb0\sl-240\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 tui aufor, la jumatafea drumului dinfre psihologie si psihiafrie si compiefeazd abordarea \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 clinicd prin mefode experimental, feste si sfafisticd. \par\pard\li1478\sb1\sl-190\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Exisfa uneori chiar tendinfa de a suprapune domeniu! psihopatologiei pesfe cei al\par\pard\li1478\sb26\sl- 207\slmult0\fi4\tx2491\tx7007 \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex106 psihologiei\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 nechcale si a o prezenra oe aceasta ca rorma in car\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 nedicul ia cunostintd\par\pard\li1478\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 ae tulburarile psihice.\par\pard\qj \li1473\ri827\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Psihopafobgia nu abordeazd simpfomele dinfr-o perspectivd organicd Tncercand sa \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 rdspundd ia Tntrebarea \u8222?de ce?", ci se referd ia desfdsurarea acestora Tn comportamente \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 anormale raspunzand la Tntrebarea \u8222?cum?". Ea Tsi propune sd pdtrundd Tn universul \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 morbid al subiectului fSiSbjUy Mf 1965J pentru a cunoaste viafa psihica anormald Tn \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 reaiitafea sa, miibacele sale de exprimare, raporfurile saie de ansarnblu fjespsra K, \par\pard\ql \li1478\sb8\sl-227\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs22 19281 \par\pard\ql \li6019\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6019\sb39\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 v psinoainamica\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw5830\colsr160\colno2\col w3570\colsr160\qj \li2246\ri278\sb0\sl-345\slmult0\fi2184 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 v expiicativa \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Psihopatologie\par\pard\ql \li4593\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li4593\sb172\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 descriptiva\par\pard\column \ql \li82\sb13\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw- 3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs22 > structuralist!.\par\pard\ql \li308\sb63\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 comportamentala\par\pard\ql \li303\sb29\sl- 253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs22 cognitivista\par\pard\ql \li20\ri1933\sb0\sl-325\slmult0\fi278 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 observare \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 t> fenomenologie \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \qj \li1449\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1449\ri877\sb26\sl-220\slmult0\fi263 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Mliiia*#si!d 111966| precizeazci ca psihopafobgia Tn report cu clinica psihiatricd are \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 sfatutui unei surori mai mici. \par\pard\qj \li1440\ri876\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Psihopatologie este un stuaiu sisfematic al trdiribr anormale, cunoasterii si conpor-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 tamentuiui; sfudiul manifestdrilor tulburarilor mintale \{SiA, 1995!= Acesf aufor subli-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 niazd cele doud d'irecfii imporfante ale psihopatologiei: cea expiicativa - aflatd Tn re� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 port cu constructive feorefice si cea descriptiva \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 - care descrie si ciasificd experienfele \par\pard\ql \li1440\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 anormale relafate de pacienf sau observafe Tn comporfamentul sau.\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw2208\colsr110\colno2\colw7242\col sr160\ql \li2054\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2054\sb80\sl-184\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex70 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 \u8226?si\par\pard\column \ql \li2318\sb0\sl- 128\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2318\sb0\sl-128\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li20\ri4314\sb55\sl-128\slmult0\tx2324 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 K ipPos" V\\ :f"\\< 7> ':rR 5vi'^' \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 1 \up0 \expndtw- 4\charscalex100 JU!!^v= \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \qj \li1435\sb0\sl-223\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1435\ri880\sb7\sl-223\slmult0\fi278 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Sfiinfa manifesfariior pafobgice ale viefii psihice, psihopafobgia, se afld Tn raporf \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 cu psihobgia, Tn opinia lui MMevVBilsi % Tn aceeasi pozifie Tn care se afld pafobgia fate \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 de fizioiogie Tn medicina. Pentru af/i cufori psihopafobgia este un studiu sisfematic care \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 presupune evidentierea etiologiei, simpemctologiei si evolufiei bolilor mintale, iar alfii \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 considerd ca este o parfe a psihologiei pafobgice care se ocupd cu boala psihica, cu ma-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 nitestdriie psihice ale boiii somafice sau cu dezaclapfarea. Se poate usor observe ca \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 psihopafobaia Tsi suprapune domeniu! pesfe ce! al psihiafriei, de care este despdrfifd de \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9700\paperh13480{\bkmkstart Pg20}{\bkmkend Pg20}\par\pard\li1089\sb0\sl-184\slmult0\par\pard\li1089\sb0\sl- 184\slmult0\par\pard\li1089\sb0\sl-184\slmult0\par\pard\li1089\sb154\sl- 184\slmult0\fi0\tx8107\tx8207 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 Domeniul si instrumentele psihopatologiei\tab \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 1\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 1\par\pard\ql \li1070\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1070\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1070\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1070\ri1231\sb168\sl- 220\slmult0\fi14\tx1358 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 intervenfia psihoterapeuticd. Tofusi, existd deja descrieri psihopatobgice privind paologia \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 addugafd prin intervenfia terapeutica, fie ca aceasfa este biobgicd sau psihologicd. \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 Ndscufd Tn marginea practicii medicale psihiatrice, psihopafobgia poate releva \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 lucruri esenfiale despre om, despre infrastructure exisfenfei consfienfe si aduce mdrturie \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 despre sifuafiile iimitd Tn care persoana umand consfienfd alunecd spre minusul dezorga-\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 nizdrii si anuldrii specificltdfii sale, afirmd l$M^$@m Mf 1989J, abordand domeniul dintr-o \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 perspectivd antropobgicd. \par\pard\qj \li1065\ri1251\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi278 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 SfjidhgsSa C pSOO'f este transant, afirmemd cd psihopafobgia studiazd fenomenui \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 psihic morbid, separdndu-se Tn felul acesta atat de psihiafrie cat si de psihologie sau, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 mai exact, situandu-se Tntre acestea, \par\pard\qj \li1051\ri1213\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Acelasi aufor aratd cd psihopafobgia, nefiind o discipline medicaid, nu este infere-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 satd de boiile psihice, ci utiiizeazd materiaiulpsihiatriccornpardndu-l cu normalulpsihic \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 oferif de psihologie. Evident, aceastd abordare implied definirea fenomenului psihic \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 morbid, care este privif de psihopatologie atat Tn dimensiunea sa antropobgicd ca \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 nature a persoanei, dar si Tn cea ontoloqicd, ca o rnodalitafe de exisfenfa a acesfeia. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 In acesf fel se afirmd inferiorifatea morbiaului psihologie fiind un fapf de experientd su-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 fleteascd proprie subiectului. De aici ar rezuifa o alfa delimitare de psihiafrie care anali-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 zeazd tulburarile mintale din exterior considerandu-le obiecfivafe Tn spafiu! ciinico-me-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 dical, Orice fapf psihopatologie implica, Tntr-un fel sau altul, constiinta moraid a subiec� \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 tului \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 $JSm:msm M t\u8222? Este cert ca relevand prezenta Tn individ a generalitdfii umane spiri-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 tual-valorics, constiinta morale este un criteriu pentru o juaecare ce evalueaza si \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 sancfioneazd, susfinand sensul acfiunii din exisfenfa persoanei care-si asumd si-si \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 afirmd liber si sintefic fiinfarea Tn lume valorizand, regenerdnd si devenind. \par\pard\qj \li1036\ri1265\sb2\sl-218\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 O exfindere dar si o conexiune imporfanfd a infervenif Tntre psihopatologie si restui \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 rnedicinei, alfa decaf psihiatria, odafa cu aparifia viziunii psihosomcrfice. Avdnd Tn cen-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 trul preocupdrilor relafia directa dinfre tulburarile emofionale si afecfive, tulburarile de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 adaptare si boiile somafice, psihosomafica sfabiiesfe legafuri Tntre fapfui psihopatologie \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 si leziunea biobgicd funcfionala sau organicd. Un specialist Tn medicina inferna |J@?��, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 1970| citat de SjyenfPlhaa 1 \{1991) identified drept afecfiuni umane specifics, un \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 grup de suferinfe Tn care nu se exprimd atat de mult efecful fizic cat mai degrabd pro� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 blemeie de viafa ale pacienfului si esecurile acesfuia, afecfiuni care nu se Tntalnesc la \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 animaie decaf daca acestora li se schimbd Tn prealabil medlul psihosocial. El conchide \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 cd daca diferenta nu este de nature biologica ea trebuie sd aibd sorginfea Tn specified \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 urnan si ca doar psihoferapia este capabiid sa opreascd o evolutie pafoogica de acesf tip. \par\pard\qj \li1031\ri1283\sb0\sl- 226\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Medicina actuald se Tndreapfa Tncet- Tncef, spre o orientare psihologicd, atat Tn pri\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 vinfa aprecierii facforuiui psihic ca agent etiobgic, factor de rise sau trigger Tn rnajori\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 tatea bolilor somafice piuritactoriaie, cat si Tn cea a conslderdrii lui ca agent furnizor \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 de sandtafe KoxiSsiissXM Lie, 2303.1, \par\pard\qj \li1036\ri1289\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0\fi273 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Trebuie notafd si distinct'c: fecuta ds ^Sgpse K care ardtc ca Tn timp ce psihiatria \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 este o sfiinfa apiicativd care are drept obiect individui, psihopafobgia anaiizeazi g�ne\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 raiul pentru \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \u9633?-! exprimaTn concepfe s; rebfil. Daco JsspsfS SC P9131 se referee la asa\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 numita psihopatologie gensralc, SstriSiCtr K vorbeste de psihopafobgia t nc" \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 Z \par\pard\qj \li1027\ri1283\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 ca fiind sfudiul cnormalitafi: psihice prin referire la cazuri clinice care conduc la cunoas-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 fsrea simptomelor osihooafoloaice y.\\c, cicqnostic. Polosind mefoda descriptiv-analii'icd, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 psihopafobgia ciinica s-cr atlc, Tn opinia acestui aufor sub sernnu! unui dualism empiric \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Tn abordarea anomaliibr psihice ca verietdfi anormale ale fiintei psihice, iar dintr-o alfa \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 persoscfiva ca diferite consecinfe ale boiiicr si maiformaflilor pe de o oarfe, iar pe de aifd \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9700\paperh13480{\bkmkstart Pg21} {\bkmkend Pg21}\par\pard\li1680\sb0\sl-241\slmult0\par\pard\li1680\sb0\sl- 241\slmult0\par\pard\li1680\sb238\sl-241\slmult0\fi0\tx1771\tx5375 \dn3 \expndtw- 2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 1\tab \dn3 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 2\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 Psihopatologie si psihiafrie pentru psihologi\par\pard\qj \li1608\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1608\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1608\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1608\ri683\sb197\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 parte prin subordonarea conceptelor si denumirilor diagnostice uzualem demersul diag� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 nostic afat direcfiei somatobgice, cat si celei psihopatobgice. \par\pard\ql \li5011\sb0\sl- 138\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5011\sb130\sl-138\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \ul0\nosupersub\cf18\f19\fs12 Domeniul \par\pard\ql \li4958\sb2\sl-138\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 psihologiei \par\pard\ql \li4915\sb0\sl-160\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4915\ri3991\sb4\sl-160\slmult0\tx5049 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 ' Persoana^ \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 normala \par\pard\ql \li4742\sb0\sl-138\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4742\sb0\sl- 138\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4742\sb0\sl-138\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4742\sb125\sl- 138\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 PSIHOLOGIA\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw3367\colsr160\colno2\colw60 33\colsr160\qj \li2409\sb0\sl-244\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li2409\sb0\sl- 244\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li2409\ri128\sb147\sl-244\slmult0\tx2496 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 Stilnfele \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 naturii\par\pard\column \ql \li3028\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3028\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3908\sb186\sl- 230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 ptiin|eSe\par\pard\ql \li20\sb0\sl- 108\slmult0\tx390\tx2176 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf18\f19\fs12 \\! � \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 OPSHGLOGIA\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 PSHOPATOLO\par\pard\ql \li3976\sb0\sl- 176\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs22 umane\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols3\colno1\colw4606\colsr160\colno2\colw1348\co lsr160\colno3\colw3296\colsr160\ql \li3028\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3028\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3028\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3028\sb24\sl-184\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 Neurobiologie\par\pard\qj \li3120\ri630\sb67\sl- 148\slmult0\tx3249 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 \ul0\nosupersub\cf18\f19\fs12 Antropologia \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex125 medicaia\par\pard\column \ql \li4771\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li4771\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li4771\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li25\sb134\sl-184\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw- 5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 PSIHIATRIA\par\pard\qj \li4905\sb0\sl-196\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li4905\sb0\sl-196\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li159\ri485\sb97\sl-196\slmult0\fi134 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf18\f19\fs12 BoInavuS \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex139 \\ psihic\par\pard\qj \li4766\sb0\sl-148\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li20\ri279\sb41\sl- 148\slmult0\tx256 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Domeniul clinicii \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 medicale\par\pard\column \ql \li6264\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li6264\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li6264\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li20\sb72\sl-184\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 Psihoantropologie\par\pard\qj \li274\ri2176\sb76\sl- 148\slmult0\tx390 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 \ul0\nosupersub\cf18\f19\fs12 Antropologia \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 filosofica \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \ql \li2500\sb170\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Relafiile dintre disciplined psihologice dupa En&dhmeu C (20&D) \par\pard\qj \li1560\ri711\sb119\sl- 224\slmult0\fi302 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Este evidentd legdtura psihopatologiei cu psihobgia medicald cdreia Ti oferd mijloa\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 cele de abordare ale unor situafii decurgand din cunoasterea topografiei si dinamicii \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 unor situafii pafobgice. Nofiuni de psihopatologie vor face Tntofdeauna parfe sfrucfura\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Id din corpul psihologiei medicale. Credem cd orice carte de psihologie medicald nu \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 poate eiuda probleme prezentdrii sumare a elemenfeior de semiobgie psihiatricd. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Aceasta pentru cd nu se poate vorbi de tulburari fdrd sd se dea un confinut psihopato� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 logie acesfora. Cu afdt mai mult cu cat pentru medici psihiatria a fosf considerafd doar \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 o aexteritate, iar pentru psihologi psihopafobgia rdmdne un farm prea Tndepdrtat consi\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 derat adesea al alfora. In plus, necesitatea acesfei prezentdri este legatd de circumstan\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 feie diverse Tn care simpfomele se regdsesc, circumsfanfe care nu sunt de cele mai multe \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 ori ale bolii psihice. \par\pard\ql \li1963\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1963\sb40\sl- 253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs22 1,3. MOBEE IN PSIHOPATOLOGIE \par\pard\qj \li1540\sb0\sl-225\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1540\ri737\sb6\sl-225\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 in domeniul psihopatologiei termenui de \u8222?model" revine frecvent. Fdrd Tndoiald, asa \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 cum sublinia Retiasisf H (1983), \u8222?modelele sunt la modd". In fiecare zi, Tntalnim noi mo\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 dele; le folosim si apoi, mai devreme sau mai farziu, le uitdm, fare a fi Tncercaf cu ade\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 vdraf sd aprofunddm nici motivele pentru care au fosf la modd si nici pe cele ale decli\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 nuiui lor. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9700\paperh13480{\bkmkstart Pg22}{\bkmkend Pg22}\par\pard\li1248\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1248\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1248\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1248\sb186\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx8198\tx8284 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Domeniul si instrumenfele psihopatologiei\tab \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 1\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 3\par\pard\ql \li1507\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1507\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1507\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1507\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1507\sb6\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 Dupd eui^J H exisfa doud tipuri de modele: \par\pard\qj \li1224\ri1139\sb11\sl-210\slmult0\fi278 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 |@| modelul-cadru, model pe care nu Tl readucem Tn discufie si care furnizeaza un \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 context pentru interpretarsa datsbr culese. Acesta ar fi, dupd cum spunea Gsgu�iin \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 (1983) modeiui ca instrument sfiintific; \par\pard\qj \li1224\ri1140\sb0\sl-240\slmult0\fi273 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 fb] modelui- ipofetic, mode! pe care Tncercdm a-i valida, probandu-l prin rezultafe \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 experimenfale. \par\pard\qj \li1209\ri1144\sb0\sl- 217\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Aborddrile domeniului psihopatologiei fdcufe din aceste doyd directii au condus ia \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 o muitiplicare a unghiuribr sub care domeniul a tost analizaf. Infr-o lucrare recentd a \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 lui EoRSSQU � | 1995| invenfariind nu mai pufin de 14 perspective diferite, acestea sunt \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Tn ordine alfabeticd abordarea afeoreficd, behavioristd, biobgicd, cognitivistd, din per\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 specfiva dezvoltdrii, ecosistemica, efnopslhologicd, eobgicd, exisfentialisfa, experimen� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 fale, fenomsnobgicd, psihanalificd, sociald si strucfuralistd. Vom trece Tn revisfd aceste \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 modele si pentru a sublinia enorma diversitafe a Tncercdribr de explicare a mani� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 fested br psihologice pafobgice. \par\pard\qj \li1195\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1195\ri1153\sb206\sl-220\slmult0\fi297 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Psihopafobgia, Tn cadrui cdreia descrierea tulburarilor se doresfe afeoreficd, a ast \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 create Tn Stafele Unite, odafd cu eiaborarea ceiei de-a doua si, ulterior, a ceiei de-a \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 treia editii a Manualului diagnostic si statisic al tulburarilor mintale, cunoscute sub \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 numele de D5M //si DSM HI. Abordarea afeoreficd vizeazd depdsirea limitelor cunos\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 finfe'or noastre actuaie privind efiologia tulburarilor psihice $i facilitarea comunicarii \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 Tntre clinicieni cu orienfdri feorefice diferite. \par\pard\qj \li1200\ri1171\sb9\sl- 210\slmult0\fi278 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 In cazui DSM ///si DSM IV, adoptarea unui si stem muifiaxial de diagnostic este con-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 secinfa ateorismului efiologic cea fdcuf necesardTnregistrarsa ansambluiui informafiibr \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 disponibile Tn: tulburarile mintale \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 (Axele I), tulburarile de personalitate si Tntdrzierea \par\pard\qj \li1195\ri1182\sb2\sl-220\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 mintald (Axa ilj, tulburarile sau afecfiunile fizice prezente la persoana evaluatd si sus-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 cepfibiie de a o^ea importanta Tn Tnjelegerea sau tratamentul cazului \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 (Axa ill), proble� \par\pard\qj \li1195\ri1187\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 meie psiho-soc;a!e si de mediu care ar pufea influenfa diagnosticul, tratamentul sau pro\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 nosticui tulburarilor mintale (Axa IV) si, Tn fine, funcfionarea psihologicd, sociald si pro\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 fesionaid a persoanei evaluate (Axa V). \par\pard\qj \li1190\ri1174\sb0\sl-215\slmult0\fi287 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Pentru a ameiiora fideiitatea diagnostics., DSM ill si DSM IV se bazeazd pe un sis\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 fen operational de criferii diagnostics. Aceste criterii sunt descriptive, definirea lor este \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 precise si univocd. Ele au fosf validate empiric si posedd omaltd fidslifate Tntre evalua\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 tori. Aceste criterii se bazeaza fotusi pe un rafionament clinic si nu au fosf Tncd validate \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 complef. \par\pard\ql \li1444\sb89\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs22 Modiui b@hwhislr \par\pard\qj \li1180\ri1183\sb95\sl-220\slmult0\fi273 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Trei principale direcfii Tn dezvoltarea behaviorismului - primele doud bazate pe para\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 a'igmeie conaifiondrii clasice si ale eondifiondrii operanfe si, a treia, reprezenfatd de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 benaviorismui social sau paradigmatic - au infiuenfat nu numai intervenfia terapeutica, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 dar au marcaf, de asemenea, Tnfr-o manierd importanta, modu! de Tnfelegere al tulbu� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 rarilor psihopafobgice. \par\pard\qj \li1175\ri1197\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0\fi287 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Potrivit opficii behavioriste, comportamenfele anormale si normale sunt dobandife si \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 menfinufe prin mecanisme identice si Tn cdnformitate cu iegile generaie ale Tnvdfdrii. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Behaviorisfii resping orice cauzd internd ca o cauza ultima a camporfamenfuiui si leagd \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 aparifia oricdrui comportament de mediul Tnconjurator al subiectului. Din acesf motiv, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 clinicienii Tncearcd sa precizeze condifiile specifice de mediu care preced, acompania-\par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9700\paperh13480{\bkmkstart Pg23} {\bkmkend Pg23}\par\pard\ql \li5155\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5155\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5155\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5155\sb87\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Psihopatologie si psihiafrie pentru psihologi \par\pard\qj \li1396\sb0\sl-225\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1396\sb0\sl-225\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1396\sb0\sl-225\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1396\ri904\sb144\sl-225\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 zd sau urmeazd comporfamenfele studiate. Este vorba de o analizd desfinafd a preciza \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 variabilele de mediu care sunt Tn relafie cu comporfamenfele respective. Behaviorismul \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 paradigmatic sau social acordd o greufafe superioard invesfigafiibr sisfemebr de per� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 sonalitate descrise de Sesls AW si consfifuite din repertorii comportamentaie de baza. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Aceasfa implied un exarnen al fiecdrei sfere depersonalitate Tn termeni de iacune com� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 portamentaie sau de comportamente incorecte. In cadru! acestei aborddri, o importanta \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 particulard este acordatd istoriei perioadei de Tnvafare a pacientului si a condifiibr de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Tnvdfare descrise ca lacunare sau inadecvafe. \par\pard\ql \li1670\sb92\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs22 Modelul! bi&legk \par\pard\qj \li1396\ri910\sb95\sl- 220\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Psihopafobgia biobgicd este o abordare Tn care accentul este pus Tn principal pe \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 influenfa modificdrilor morfobgice sau funcfionale ale sistemuiui nervos asupra genezei \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 tulburarilor mintale. \par\pard\qj \li1387\ri913\sb0\sl-233\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Teza conform cdreia afecfiunile mintale sunt subsfratul organic este veche si iucrarea \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 lui Krsspdin E este, Tn general, consideratd ca apogeul psihiatriei organiciste. Evolutia \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 uiterioara implied aparitia a doud curenfe: psihobiologia dezvoitatd de Ms^er A si \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 organodinamismul iui y H. \par\pard\qj \li1382\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1382\ri920\sb208\sl-220\slmult0\fi278 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 Abordarea cognifivisfd a psihopatologiei vizeazd explicarea tulburarilor mintale \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 finand cont de procesele prin infermediul cdrora o persoand dobandeste informafii \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 despre sine si mediu, asimilandu-le pentru a-si regla comporfamenful. \par\pard\ql \li1665\sb31\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Doud feorii explicd aparitia depresiei. \par\pard\qj \li1387\ri937\sb0\sl-240\slmult0\fi273 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Prime, feoria lui Aaon Beek poate fi schematizafd sub forma unei secvenfe ce cu\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 prinde urnaoarele cauze: \par\pard\qj \li1377\ri919\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 (a) cauzele confributive disfale reprezentate de schema depresogend (care constituie \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 o diafezd sau predispozifie) si de stresul generaf de evenimenteie de viafd negative; \par\pard\qj \li1372\ri925\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 (b) cauzele confributive proximale reprezentate de disforsiunile cognitive (diferitefe \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 tipuri de erori logice comise de subiecf); \par\pard\qj \li1372\ri929\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 (c) cauza suficienfd proximald constifuifd din triada negativd (un punct de vedere \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 negafiv privind propria sa persoand, judeedti pesimisfe privind lumea exferioard si un \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 puncf de vedere negafiv referitor la viitor). \par\pard\qj \li1372\ri947\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0\fi268 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 A doua teorie, elaborate de Abromson LY, Sdlgmsn MEP si Teadse J D, este denu\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 mifd feoria disperdrii. Ea se referd la o secventd care Tncepe prin doud cauze confri� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 butive distale: \par\pard\qj \li1363\ri957\sb0\sl- 240\slmult0\fi287 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 (a) aparifia unor evenimenfe de viafd negative sau ne-aparija unor evenimente po\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 zitive; \par\pard\qj \li1353\ri947\sb0\sl-224\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 (b) o diafezd legato de atribuire (sfil depresogen de atribuire), care Tnseamnd cd \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 anumife persoane au fendinfa generae de a afribui evenimenteie negative unor factori \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 inferni, sfabili si globali si de a considera aceste evenimenfe ca fiind foarfe importante. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Cauza confributivd proximald o reprezinfd fapful cd, pe de o parte, subiecful atribuie \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 evenimenteie de viafd negative unor facori stabili si globali, iar pe de alfa parte el \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 acordd o mare imporfanfd acesfor evenimenfe. \par\pard\ql \li1631\sb1\sl-185\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Demersul conceptual dominant Tn psihopafobgia cognifivisfd este actualmenfe para-\par\pard\qj \li1343\ri973\sb27\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 digma tratamentuiui informatiei. Numeroase cercefdri sunt consecrate tratamentului \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 inconsfient a! informafiei, problematicd importanta pentru psihopatobg. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9700\paperh13480{\bkmkstart Pg24}{\bkmkend Pg24}\par\pard\ql \li974\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li974\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li974\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li974\sb167\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Domeniul si insfrumenfele psihopatologiei \par\pard\qj \li955\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li955\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li955\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li955\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li955\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li955\ri1388\sb103\sl-220\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Printre contributes care au condus la consfifuirea aborddrii din perspecfiva dezvoi\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 fdrii psihopatologiei, lucrdrile lui Sgar E si ale colaboratoribr sdi ocupd un be impor� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 tant. Cercetdrils acesora sunt influenfafe de concepfuaiizarea \u8222?organlzafiona!a" a dez\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 voltdril propuse de 'Wmnsr H, Scoala lui Hggler ! considers dezvolfarec paobgicd \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 drept o lipsc de infegrare a competentelor sociale, emofionale si cognitive, importante \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 pentru adaptarea ia un anumit nivei de dezvoltare. \par\pard\qj \li940\ri1382\sb0\sl-224\slmult0\fi297 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Printre celelaite confribufil ia consfifuirea unei aborddri a psihopatologiei din per� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 specfiva feoriei dezvoltarii, doud sunt mai importante. Prima, cea a lui Adanbedh IM \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 constituie - spre deosebire de Sgltr E care s-a interesaf de psihopatologie adultului - o \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 abordare din perspective dezvolfdrii a psihopatologiei copiiului si adolescentuiui. A \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 doua contribute a rezultaf din sfudiul sisfematic al deruidrii viefii diferifelor persoane cu \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 scopul de a decela indicii privind originile si dezvoifarea tulburarilor mintale. \par\pard\li940\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li940\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li940\sb40\sl-207\slmult0\fi287\tx2548\tx6840 \up0 \expndtw- 1\charscalex100 inferacfionismu!\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 - sintezd aialecticd Tntre personaiism si situafionism\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 - a evoluat spre\par\pard\li940\sb9\sl-207\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 abordarea ecosisfemicd daforifd a doud progrese episfemobglce: feoria generae a siste-\par\pard\li940\sb18\sl-207\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 melor si ecoiogia umand.\par\pard\qj \li940\ri1408\sb0\sl-226\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Ecosisfemul uman, unitafe de baza Tn campu! ecologiei umane, se schimbd perma� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 nent, pentru a-si menfine stabilitatea. Intelegerea acesfui paradox aparent necesitd utili\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 zarea unui mode! cu niveluri multiple, curn ar fi, de exemplu, eel cu sase niveluri pro\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 pus de Sfediewisk j si Biggs SI, pentru c ufilizare diagnosficd si terapeutica. \par\pard\qj \li931\ri1409\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi268 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Abordarea ecosisfemicd are importante implicatii Tn psihologie. Ea propune o infer\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 prefare diferitd a notiuniior de sdndtate mintald si patologie, precum si a nofiunii de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 simptom. in acesf cadru, simpfomeie unei persoane pot fi considerate drept o mefaford \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 a relafiilor interpersonale. \par\pard\qj \li926\ri1422\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 Spiritul aborddrii ecosistemice este ilustrat Tnr-o secfiune a acesfui capifol, prin mode� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 lul interacfionist al psihopatologiei propus de Msrste. Acest mode! are pafru compo� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 nents de bazd: \par\pard\li921\sb8\sl-207\slmult0\fi307\tx1449 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 1\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 persoane care, cu resursele de care dispun (biobgice, psihobgice sau socioio-\par\pard\li921\sb9\sl-207\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 gice\}, Tncearcd sd Tnfrunfe sfresul;\par\pard\ql \li1209\sb10\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 2. mediu! de unde provin facforii de stres; \par\pard\qj \li921\ri1423\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi287 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 3. interacfiunea facforilor de stres cu resursele organismului, care conduce la starea \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 de stres; \par\pard\qj \li926\ri1432\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi273 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 4. psihopafobgia, conceputd drept \u8222?adaptafivd", Tntrucdf ea este constituitd din con\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 figurafil de rdspunsuri psihobgice si fizlologice la stres. \par\pard\qj \li916\ri1392\sb25\sl- 215\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Refelele sociale constituie a doua temd utilizafd pentru a ilusfra abordarea ecosis� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 femicd. Cu ajuforu! unei metodobgii special concepufe, PaHtsen EM diferentiaza trei \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 fipuri de refeie sociale - cea a persoanei normaie, cea de tip nevrotic si cea de tip psiho\up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex90 fic \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 - fipuri de refeie care au implicatii practice Tn dezvoifarea strategiiior de interventie \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 asupra refeiebr sociale. \par\pard\qj \li907\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li907\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li907\ri1438\sb21\sl-220\slmult0\fi287 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Efnopsihopatobgia sfudiazd raportul dintre tulburarile psihopafobgice si culfura \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 pacientului. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 �r&M S, reprezentantii scolii culfuraliste si neo-freudiene americane, pre� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 cum si CerWgyxG, au adus contribufii majore la dezvoifarea acestei aborddri. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9700\paperh13480{\bkmkstart Pg25}{\bkmkend Pg25}\par\pard\li1665\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1665\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1665\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1665\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1665\sb17\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx1751\tx5342 \up0 \expndtw- 4\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 1\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 6\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 Psihopatologie si psihiafrie pentru psihologi\par\pard\qj \li1588\sb0\sl-213\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1588\sb0\sl- 213\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1588\sb0\sl-213\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1588\ri723\sb193\sl-213\slmult0\fi273 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 Actualmente, Tn etnopsihopaologie se Tnfruntd doud mari perspective. Prima, denumifd \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 eJTiifsiy subliniazd ceea ce este specific unei anumite culfuri si poae fi ilusfratd Tn special \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 prin sindroamele \u8222?cu specificitate cuifurale" sau Jegate de cuifurd" care nu apar decaf Tn \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 anumite ccmunifdfi cuifurale. Printre aceste sindroame pot fi citafe bidl, Imps si cr," \par\pard\qj \li1579\ri731\sb2\sl-220\slmult0\fi278 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 A doua perspective, numitd sSel, prlvilegiazd universalitafea tulburarilor, exisfenfa \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 unor invarianti clinici. Programele de cercetare ale Organizafiei Mondiale a Sanafafii \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 asupra tulburarilor depresive si schizofreniei aduc argumente Tn favoarea acesfei \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 pozitii. \par\pard\qj \li1564\sb0\sl-213\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1564\sb0\sl-213\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1564\ri736\sb40\sl- 213\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Cu precddere dupd aparitia feoriei atasamentului, efoiogia - adicd sfudiul comporta\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 mentelor speciibr animale Tn mediu! ior natural - a Tnceput sd exercite o influents meto\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 dologica si concepfuald asupra psihopatologiei. Aportul etobgiei este si euristic, Tntrucat \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 ea permife formuiarea de ipofeze privind originea tulburarilor psihopaologice. \par\pard\qj \li1550\ri750\sb2\sl-220\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 O componentd importanta a contribufiei eologiior la Tnfelegerea manifestdrilor psi� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 hopatologice este constitue de descrierea minufioasd a schemeior comporfamenfele. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Aceastd Fazd descriptiva este un preambul obligatoriu al oricdrei cercetdri ce vizeazd \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 formuiarea de Ipofeze privind cauzalitotea faptelor patologice. Cercefarea bazafd pe \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 o abordare eoiogicd cuprinde frei faze: descriptiva, expioratorie si evaluativa. \par\pard\ql \li1819\sb93\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs22 PAsdiuS sm^mieiM \par\pard\qj \li1545\ri761\sb115\sl- 220\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Profund influenfc.td ae filosofia existentialists de la care Tmprumutd elemente esenflale \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 alecadruiui feorefic si o mare parte din vocabubr, psihopafobgia existenfialistd, abordare \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 relativ putin eunoscuta, are implicatii importante pentru Tnfelegerea exisfenfei persoanei \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 care prezintd tulburari psihoiogice, precum si a tulburarilor Tn cauza. \par\pard\qj \li1536\ri761\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi287 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 In cadrui acesfei orienfdri, trebuie Tncercafd, Tnainte de toate, o percepere a pacien-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 tuiui asa cum este el Tn reaiifafe, o descoperire a sa ca fiinfd umand, ca fiintd-Tn-lume, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 si nu drept o simple proiectie a feoriiior noastre despre el. Aceastd abordare ne arafd \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 cd persoana umand trebuie considerate drept un proces si nu un produs. Preocupafi de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 problemeie voinfei si a'eciziei umane, existenfialisfii insisfd asupra fapfului cd fiinfa \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 umand Tsi poate influenja relafia cu destinui. Abordarea existenfialistd repuneTn discufie \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 frontiera dintre \u8222?normalifafe" si \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \u8222?paobgie", fdcandu-ne sd descoperim o psihopatolo� \par\pard\qj \li1536\ri774\sb17\sl-200\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 gie a rnajorifdfii, Idrg rdspdnditd printre membrii sociefdfii noastre, care trdiesc angoasa \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 izoldrii si aliendrii. \par\pard\ql \li1795\sb117\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs22 A4ml!&M mm-sr:mmm!\dn4 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf19\f20\fs10 u \par\pard\qj \li1516\ri778\sb90\sl- 226\slmult0\fi288\tx2040 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex93 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 in \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 1903, P�fw IP fobseste pentru prima data termenu! de psihopatologie experi-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 menfaid si subliniazd imporfanfa experlmenfelor pe animale pentru Tnfelegerea pafob-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 giei umane. Psihopafobgia experimentald este abordarea consacratd studiului compor-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 famentuiui paologic experimental sau studiului experimental al comportamentuiui pafo-\par\pard\ql \li1526\sb1\sl-194\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex97 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 logic. \par\pard\qj \li1507\ri783\sb28\sl-216\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 O a doua direcfie de cercetare este initiate de Hsok H si d� Jbng care, Tn anli \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 1928-1930^, Tncep sd sfudieze realizarea ia animal, a cafatoniei. Aceste cercetdri au \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 atras atenfia asupra importantei studiului biochimic al psihozebr si au ardtat ca se pot \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 produce Tn laborator - cu ajutorul bulbocapninei - perfurbdri psihomotorii de tip cata� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 onic, specifice schizofreniei. impacful acestor cercetdri Tn plan ferapeutic nu a fosf Tnsd \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 semnificativ. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9700\paperh13480{\bkmkstart Pg26}{\bkmkend Pg26}\par\pard\li1046\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1046\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1046\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1046\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1046\sb22\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx8078 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Domeniul si instrumentele psihopatoloqiei\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 17\par\pard\qj \li1046\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1046\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1046\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1046\ri1259\sb161\sl-220\slmult0\fi273 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Sfudiul experienema! al tulburarnoi psihopaologice prezenfate de pacienfii cu boli \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 psihice poate fi ilustraf prin cercetdrile privind viteza de fratare a informafiei la persoa\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 nele cu schizofrenie. \par\pard\ql \li1305\sb54\sl- 276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf14\f15\fs24 Modeiul! imemmolegie \par\pard\qj \li1027\ri1249\sb95\sl-215\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Psihopatobqia fenomenobgicd Tsi are originile Tn fibsofia germane cu acelasi \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 nurne. Aporfu! fsnomenobgiei a condus b doud demersuri principale Tn psihopatolo� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 gie. Prima, care ar pufea fi callficafa drept descriptive, este cea a lui jsmsm K. In acest \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 caz, psihopatologie se ocupd mai ales de ceea ce frdiesc bolnavii, le sfudiazd stdrile \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 sufietesti, Tncercand sd le dezvdluie semnificatiile. \par\pard\ql \li1022\ri1273\sb1\sl-220\slmult0\fi206\tx1300 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 _ Ai doiiea demers este csi al lui lliingwstgsr I, mult mai impregnaf de referinfe filo-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 sofice si cunoscut mai ales datoritd studiibr asupra schizofreniei, maniei si melancoliei. \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Modslu! fenomenobgic de cercetare, ilustraf Tn acesf capifo! de sfudiul asupra spi-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 faiizdrii Tn psihiafrie, are doud caracferistici principale: \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 (a) nu caufd cauzele unei boli \par\pard\qj \li1022\ri1270\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 sau ale unei deviafii care au condus ia infernare; (b) Tncearcd sd descopere care este \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \u8222?experienfa nebuniei" pornind de la cei care au frdif-o si care devin astte! princlpalele \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 surse de informafii si date. \par\pard\qj \li1008\sb0\sl- 210\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1008\sb0\sl-210\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1008\ri1287\sb9\sl-210\slmult0\fi278 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Abordarea psihanaiiticd are o imporfanfd capitae. Acest iucru este vaiabii din mo\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 five diferite, atat pentru parfizanii ei, cat si pentru adversari sau pentru eel care se si\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 tuegzd Tntre aceste doud pozifii extreme. \par\pard\qj \li1008\ri1287\sb6\sl- 215\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 In ciuda imensifdfii operei psihanaiitice, uneie confribufii ale aborddrii psihanaliticeTn \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 psihopatologie au o semnificafie deosebita: importanta trecufului personal, a sexuali\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 fdfii, a experienfeior individuae si faptu! de a concepe boala mintald dintr-o perspec� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 tive functionae, ca o tentafivd de ajusfare, ds rezolvare a unor probleme care nu au \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 pufut fi rezolvafe Tnfr-o alfa manierd, mai safisfdedtoare, \par\pard\qj \li1008\ri1292\sb1\sl- 220\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Prima secfiune a capitolului este cansacrafd rdspunsurilor privind problema caracfe-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 rului sfiinfific a! psihanalizei. Puncteie de vedere cuprinse Tn aceste rdspunsurl sunt gru-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 pate Tn cinci cafegorii: (1) psihanaliza este o sfiinfa; (2) psihanaliza este partial o sfiinfa; \par\pard\ql \li1012\sb1\sl-195\slmult0\tx4694\tx7473 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 (3) psihanaliza este o sfiinfa hermeneuticd; \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 (4) psihanaliza nu este o stiinfd; \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 (5) psiha� \par\pard\ql \li1012\sb16\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 naliza este altceva. \par\pard\ql \li1291\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1291\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1291\sb19\sl- 207\slmult0\tx6489\tx6667\tx6787 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Psihopafobgia soclae are doud obiecte de studiu principale: \tab \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 (] \tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 ) \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 rolul faceriior so-\par\pard\ql \li993\ri1293\sb6\sl-216\slmult0\fi9\tx1281 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 ciali Tn etiologia manifesfdrilor psihopaologice (sau sociogeneza acestora); (2) repercu-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 siunlle bolii mintale asupra reiafllbr pacienfuiui cu mediul sau social. \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Doua feme de cercetare iiusfreazd preocupdrile specifics campului psihopatologiei \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 sociale. Prima este cea a relafiei dintre aparifia tulburarilor mintale si apartenenfa ia o \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 ciasd sociaid. Dafele disponiblle - si Tn special cele obfinufe Tn cercefarea lui GoMessp \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 RJ si Msrnsgv' (1963) - find sa spriiine ipoteza \u8222?derivei sociale", care afirmd ca per-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 soanele atinse de schizofrenie \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 (si probabi! si de alte tulburari mintale) alunecd spre \par\pard\qj \li998\ri1312\sb0\sl-240\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 partec de los a sfrucfurii sociale, ca rezultat a! incapacitdfii lor de a face fafa proble\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 meior cofidieris. \par\pard\ql \li1267\sb0\sl- 162\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 A doua fema aboraafd este vcriafia istoricd a datebr epidemiologies. Observarea \par\pard\qj \li993\ri1310\sb1\sl- 220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 unor asi+e! de modificari permlte formuiarea unor ipofeze privind relafiile dintre ele si \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 schirnbarile sociale obseryafe Tn perioada respective. Rezulfateie obfinufe pand acum \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 a rate cd astfel de relafii exisfa, de exernolu, Tn cazs. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9700\paperh13480{\bkmkstart Pg27}{\bkmkend Pg27}\par\pard\ql \li5174\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5174\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5174\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5174\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5174\sb71\sl-184\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 Psihopatologie si psihiafrie pentru psihologi \par\pard\ql \li3427\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3427\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3427\sb268\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf14\f15\fs24 m \par\pard\qj \li1391\ri872\sb108\sl- 223\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Aparifia si dezvoifarea unei aborddri structuraliste a psihopatologiei sunt legate, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 mai Tnfai, de dezvoifarea pufernicd a structuralismului, important curent de gdndire \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 care propune cdutarea unor expiicafii prin fobsirea nofiunii de structure. Aceasta poate \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 fi definie: drept aranjamenfu! Tn care pdrfile sunt dependenfe de Tntreg si, prin urmare, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 solidare Tntre eie. Legat de notiunea de structure, Pcfpf J insistd pe caracteru! ei de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 fofalifafe, de transformare si autoreglare, addugand cd descoperirea unei strucfuri tre� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 buie sd permita o formalizare. \par\pard\ql \li2351\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2351\sb40\sl- 253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs22 B11CEJL PSIHOPATOLOGIE! \par\pard\qj \li1387\ri889\sb206\sl-230\slmult0\fi263 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Ambitia psihopatologiei de a cuceri Tn Tntregime un domeniu imens nu se poate rea� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 lize Tn opinia lui JsspSfS K decaf cu criterii si limite care sd o ajufe sd nu-si depdseascd \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 atribujile. \par\pard\qj \li1382\ri888\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi278 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Loiers 10 cifaf de Prtlipstsiiny D (1989) stabilesfe criteriile de clasificare a feoriiior \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 psihopatologice: \par\pard\qj \li1372\ri904\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 � conceptia psihiatrice initiae, care diferenfiazd feoriiie intrinseci domeniului psi� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 hiatric \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 (ca organicismui, organodinamismul, psihanaliza, antipsihiatria) de cele exfrin\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 seci acestui domeniu (psihobgice, ca behaviorismui, sau sociobgice, ca feoriiie socio\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 genefice); \par\pard\li1353\sb34\sl- 207\slmult0\fi307\tx4377 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 o exfensiunea domeniului psini\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 trie a avuf Tn vedere teorii care prefind ca sfudiaza\par\pard\li1353\sb14\sl-207\slmult0\fi14\tx4396 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 totalitatea psihismului sau numal u\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 sector modificat patobqic a! acestuia. Acesf criferiu\par\pard\li1353\sb1\sl-192\slmult0\fi14\tx5198\tx5400 \dn1 \expndtw0\charscalex111 permits- validarea feoriiior psihopatologice\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex82 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 (,,\tab \dn3 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 lefie c!e sectoarele de pafologie psihica\par\pard\li1353\sb48\sl-207\slmult0\fi14 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 etecfiv studiate;\par\pard\li1353\sb18\sl-207\slmult0\fi302 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 0 criferiui sincronic sau diacronic a! aborddrii explicative psihiatrice.\par\pard\li1353\sb19\sl-207\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 In ceea ce privesfe obiectul psihopatologiei, asa cum erdfam, acesta nu este individui\par\pard\li1353\sb14\sl-207\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Tn sens resfrdns ci persoana umand Tn foafe iposfazele organizdrii sale multinivelare.\par\pard\li1353\sb177\sl- 230\slmult0\fi868\tx6067 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 NlVHlk OSGANSZARiA PERSOANEI (dupd\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 msAmm C, 2C\par\pard\li1353\sb206\sl-207\slmult0\fi628\tx3638 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul Personalitatea\ul0\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul Corpul + psihi\ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 srnii\ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul l (soma + psyche)\par\pard\li1353\sb33\sl-207\slmult0\fi628\tx3633 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Fiinta umana\ul0\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul Supra Eu + constiinta umana\par\pard\li1353\sb33\sl-207\slmult0\fi628\tx3638 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Individui social\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 Persoana umana ca institutie social-juridica\par\pard\li1353\sb29\sl- 207\slmult0\fi623\tx3638 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul Fiinta istorica\ul0\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Existenta \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul persoan\ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 ei Tn \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul sens pslhobiografic\par\pard\li1353\sb18\sl- 230\slmult0\fi623\tx3633 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 Fiin|a metafizica\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex131 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Persoana ca proiecjie sau ca transsubiectivitate\par\pard\ql \li3628\sb25\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 individuals \par\pard\qj \li1324\sb0\sl- 228\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1324\ri932\sb68\sl-228\slmult0\fi302 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Desigur, descrieree fepfeior psihopaologice necesifd un insfrumentar adecvat ca si \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 un limbaj corespunzdtor pentru a obfine ace! continuum de nuane si delimitdri care al\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 edtuiese realifafea pafologicd sau dlsfuncfionaid a individului. A exisfaf si exisfa fendinta \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 de a d'escrie situafii psihopaologice cu ajuforui unor tests sau chestionare. Considerdm \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 aceastd direcfie ca fiind una exfrem de limitafd, care nu corespun.de globalitafii repre\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 zenfafa de persoana aflata Tn suferinfd. \par\pard\qj \li1329\ri941\sb0\sl-240\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 In acelasi sensTncercdrile asa-numitei psihopatologii experimentale vor rdmane doar \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 modele parfiale, irnogini paiide ale fenomenuiui natural al bolii. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9700\paperh13480{\bkmkstart Pg28}{\bkmkend Pg28}\par\pard\ql \li1411\sb0\sl-287\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1411\sb0\sl-287\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1411\sb0\sl-287\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1411\sb0\sl-287\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1411\sb0\sl-287\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1411\sb0\sl-287\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1411\sb140\sl-287\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex148 \ul0\nosupersub\cf16\f17\fs40 NORMA. NO\ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs14 LU= Li\ul0\nosupersub\cf19\f20\fs10 A u \par\pard\li1920\sb139\sl- 414\slmult0\fi0\tx4607 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex96 \ul0\nosupersub\cf20\f21\fs36 m i\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex96 T\par\pard\qj \li1142\sb0\sl-280\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1142\sb0\sl-280\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1142\ri2696\sb247\sl- 280\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs22 Fmnfmm tnim m?m&i fi p^skgie <bMw dasshf dam pewity esaepl \up0 \expndtw-10\charscalex96 irtdhidmmmSt? lu&itn sfmdh gummhf. \par\pard\ql \li5913\sb23\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 m^mmm, \par\pard\ql \li1132\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1132\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1132\sb66\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 Conceptul de normalitate \par\pard\ql \li1137\sb1\sl-217\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 mormalitatea ca sanatate \par\pard\qj \li1132\ri5656\sb21\sl-220\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 Mqrmalstatea ca valoare medie \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 normalitatea ca utopie \par\pard\ql \li1833\sb2\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Concepfi! psiharsafitiee despre normalitate \par\pard\ql \li1848\sb3\sl-217\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 15 valor! funclanienfafe ale sociefafii amerlcane contemporane \par\pard\ql \li1132\sb31\sl-184\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 NORMALITATEA CA FROCcS \par\pard\qj \li1128\ri6041\sb27\sl-220\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Normalitate ?! comunicare \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 Normalitate si adaptare \par\pard\qj \li1104\sb0\sl- 230\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1104\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1104\sb0\sl- 230\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1104\ri1192\sb142\sl-230\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Ca si Tn alte domenii de sfudiu ale medicinei, pare complicat Tn primul rand de a \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 defini normaiui, la rel si sdndfatea mintald, aici fiind mai adevdratd ca oriundeTn alfa \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 parfe pdrerea cd acesf afribuf al omului nu se poafe cuantifica precis. \par\pard\qj \li1099\ri1198\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Dicfionarui de psihologie LAROUSSE precizeazd cd normalifatea este o nofiune rela� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 tive, variabild de la un mediu socio-cultural ia alful si, Tn plus, face inferesanta precizare \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 cd Tn medicina exisfa fenainfa de a se asimila omul normal individului perfect sanafos, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Individ care la drept vorbind nu exisfa fSIamy H, 1995\}, \par\pard\ql \li1104\ri1197\sb0\sl- 226\slmult0\fi278\tx1377 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Cuvanful normal provine din latinescul \u8222?norma"(unghi drept) adicd ceea ce nu osci-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 leazd nici la dreapta nici la sfanga, ceea ce se afld chiar Tn mijloc. \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 Normaiui este deci un fermen calificativ irnpilcand o valoare (As vrea sa devin normal). \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Normaiui este si un fermen descriptiv indicdnd o medie \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 (As vrea sa liu normal ca si \par\pard\qj \li1099\ri1217\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 ceilalfi, ca foafa lumeaj. Anomalie provine din cuvanful grec \u8222?omalos"care Tnseamnd \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 egal, reguiat, nefed. Ei este opus regularifdtii. \par\pard\qj \li1080\ri1212\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 O norrnd este ceea ce corespunde unui mode! comun, unei reguii; a normalize \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Tnseamnd a impure o exigentd unei existenfe, unui daf care prin variefafea lui poafe \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 pdrea straniu sau chiar ostil, \par\pard\qj \li1089\ri1226\sb0\sl-240\slmult0\fi273 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 A fi anormal este alfceva decaf a avea o anomalie, Anormal este un adjectiv, un fer� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 men apreciafiv infroducdnd o diferenfd caiifativd. \par\pard\ql \li1368\sb1\sl-177\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Paipssanu D aratd cd_jTn sens general, nevoia de normalitate derivd din, si exprimd, \par\pard\ql \li1084\sb19\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 nevoia umand de ordine. Intr-un univers entropic, omul si, cu priorifafe inteligenfa uma-\par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9840\paperh13680{\bkmkstart Pg29}{\bkmkend Pg29}\par\pard\li1555\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1555\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1555\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1555\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1555\sb12\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx5260 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 20\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 Psihopatologie si psihiafrie pentru psihologi\par\pard\qj \li1492\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1492\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1492\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1492\ri925\sb171\sl-220\slmult0\fi9 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 nd, realizeazd o functie neg-entropicd, ordonatoare. Desigur, aceastd ordonare nu poafe \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 fi fdcutd decat cu onumite limife deoarece emltenful normelor este prin excelenfd omul, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 fiinta esenfialmente subiecfivd. Se creeazd deci paradoxul prin care omul, ca entitate \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 subiectivd, emite norme (obiective) aplicabile propriei subiectivitdti. Normele acestea vor \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 avea obiectivitafe diferitd de cea care priveste materia vie supusd legilor nafurii care \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 sunt, Tn rdceala lor statisticd, cu adevdrat obiective. \par\pard\qj \li1488\ri934\sb0\sl- 226\slmult0\fi268 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Acelasi aufor aratd cd norma este, Tn esenfo sa, o convenfie umand bra Tmpdrtdsitd \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 social. Ea derivd din aprecierea, din vabrizarea comund a unor stdri si rapte sociale. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Sub raport axiobgic, norma este o valoare (aceasto fiind, Tn fond, o apreciere despre \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \u8222? eeva", realizatd Tn colectiv) transformatd Tn imperativ, \par\pard\qj \li1483\ri938\sb0\sl-226\slmult0\fi287 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Introducerea Tn psihiafrie a concepfului de normalitate, a ideii de norma, pare sd \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 clarifice Tntrucdtva problema psihiatriei, aceasta fiind Tn special Tn domeniul medicinei, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 o specialitate diacriticd (EyH), pentru care diferenta normal/pafobgic reprezintd prin\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 cipalu! obiect de lucru. \par\pard\ql \li1766\sb1\sl- 182\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 L&zaescu M subliniazd cd se cere precizat ce se Tnfeiege prin normdiaf� (si inclu-\par\pard\qj \li1478\ri939\sb4\sl- 224\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 siv sdndtate), anormalitae, boaici si deect. Problematica cupluiui normaiitate-anormaii-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 tate este mai apropiatd de \u8222?generalitatea" normelor, a aborddrii statisfice, a regulilor si \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 legilor, pe cand problematica \u8222?bolii" e mai legae de \u8222?concretul" cazuiui dat, adicd de ca\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 zuisticd. Concepte mai largi decaf cele de sdndtate si boala, normalitafea si anormali\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 toteo sunt feme de reflexie si delimifore conceptuald si pentru alfe domenii stiintifice care \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 au Tn centrul preocuparilor lor omul. \par\pard\ql \li2947\sb111\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 CRITERII DE NORMALITATE (dupd Ellis si Diamond) \par\pard\ql \li2606\sb133\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul constiinta clara a eului personal \par\pard\ql \li2611\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 capacitate de orientare Tn viata \par\pard\qj \li2601\ri4276\sb19\sl-200\slmult0\fi9 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 nivel Tnalt de toieranta la frustrare \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 autoacceptare \par\pard\ql \li2596\sb35\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 lexibilitate Tn gandire sj actiune \par\pard\li2092\sb1\sl-222\slmult0\fi0\tx2606 \dn1 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs22 JL\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul realism $i gandire antiutopica\par\pard\li2092\sb3\sl-207\slmult0\fi76\tx2601 \up0 \expndtw- 2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 7.\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul asumarea responsabilitatii pentru propriile tulburari emotionale\par\pard\li2092\sb18\sl-207\slmult0\fi508 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 angajarea Tn activitati creatoare\par\pard\li2092\sb1\sl-217\slmult0\fi71\tx2596 \up0 \expndtw- 9\charscalex95 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 9.\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul angajarea moderata �j prudenta Tn activitati riscante\par\pard\li2092\sb1\sl-209\slmult0\fi91\tx2601 \up0 \expndtw- 9\charscalex95 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 10.\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul constiinta clara a interesului social\par\pard\li2092\sb14\sl-207\slmult0\fi86\tx2596 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 11.\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul gandire realista\par\pard\li2092\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\fi86\tx2592 \up0 \expndtw- 3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 12.\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul acceptarea incertitudinii si capacitatea de ajustare a acest\ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 eia\par\pard\li2092\sb18\sl-207\slmult0\fi86\tx2592 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 13.\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Tmbinarea placerilor imediate cu cele de perspectiva\par\pard\qj \li1444\ri962\sb221\sl-226\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 ionescu G (1995) face o distincfie Tntre anormalitate si boala ardtand cd. anormaii\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 tatea se referd la conduite si comportamenfe, este un fundal, pe cdnd boala este un fapf \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 individual cu o anumifd procesualifate. Anormalifatea s-ar referi la sfructurd si organi\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 zare psihica, iar boala la procese morbide. \par\pard\qj \li1449\ri982\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Nu sunfem de acord cu pdrerea unor auori, care considerd cd psihiatria este cen\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 tratd pe anormalitate, aceastd imagine deformatd fiind de fapf o rdsfurnare pesimistd \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 a perspective! medicale care si-a propus Tntotdeouna o revenire Tn cadru! normalului; \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 normaiui nu pare o limitd desi, din perspective bolii, el este una. \par\pard\qj \li1449\ri978\sb19\sl- 220\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Pafru perspective par sd Tngbbeze majoritatea numeroaselor concepte clinice si/sau \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 feorefice care se referd la normalitate dar, desi acestea au domenii de definifie si de \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9840\paperh13680{\bkmkstart Pg30}{\bkmkend Pg30}\par\pard\li1156\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1156\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1156\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1156\sb191\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx8232 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Norma, normalitate, comportament normal\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 21\par\pard\qj \li1142\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1142\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1142\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1142\ri1218\sb179\sl- 220\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 descriere, de fapt ele se completeazd una pe cealaitd si numai sumarea lor poate da \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 imaginea cea mai apropiatd de real. Prima perspectivd, cea a normalitdtii ca sdndtate \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 este una tradifionala, cei mai multi medici si printre acestia si psihiatri echivaldnd nor� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 malifatea cu starea de sdndtate cdreia i se atribuie caracterul unui fenomen universal. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Dacd foate comporfamenfele ar fi Tnscrise pe o scald, normalifatea ar trebui sd cuprindd \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 portiunea majoritard dintr-un continuum, iar anormalitateo so reprezinte mice portiune \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 rdmasd. \par\pard\qj \li1118\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1118\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1118\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1118\ri1242\sb100\sl-220\slmult0\fi307 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Normalifatea, adicd sdndtatea, Tn cazul nosfru cea mintald pare a fi o vastd sintezd, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 o rezulfantd complexd a unei mulfimi de parametri ai viefii organice si sociale, aflati Tn \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 echilibru dinamic, ce se proiecteazd pe modelul genetic al existenfei individuale, nealte\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 rat functional si morfobgic, Tn istoria sa vitald. Manifestarea acesfei stdri de sdndtate ar \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 fi exisfenfa unei judecdti si a unei viziuni realist-bgice asupra lumii, dublate de exisfenfa \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 unei discipline psihologice si sociale, pe fundaiui oucuriei de a trdi si al echilibrului in\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 froversie-extroversie. \par\pard\qj \li1104\ri1251\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi297 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Desigur, limifa normal-patobgic este extrem de complicatd, interferenteie si imixtiu\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 nile celor doud domenii fiind un imprevizibi! labirint. Nici un univers nu este mai greu \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 de analizot decdt psihismul si nici o nebuloosd mai complicatd decaf individui, orice \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Tncercare de standardizare, asa cum ardfam, lovindu-se de un previzibil esec. Ne afldm \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 Tn prezenfa unor nisipuri miscdoare pe care este schitatd fragila granifd dintre doud \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 sisteme, unui cdufand sd- si creased, ceelalf sd-si scadd Tn permanenfd nivelu! organi� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 zational sau poafe entropia informationald. \par\pard\qj \li1094\ri1264\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Aserfiunea lui Metrx K pofrivit cdreie boala este \u8222?viafa fngradita ?n libertatea ei", \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Tnfelegdnd prin aceasfa, nu numai aspecfele strict biologice, ci si pe cele sociale si exis-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 tenfiale, Tsi gdsesfe o ilusfrafie particulard Tn psihiafrie magistral formulatd de Ey H cere \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 aratd cd bolnavul mintal este privat afdf de libertatea exferioard cdf si de cea internd. \par\pard\qj \li1089\ri1279\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Orice boala nu este decaf o greseald Tn organizarea terenului pe care se Tnscrie textu! \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 viefii, Tn plus boaia minald dezorganizeazd individui Tn propria sa normativitafe con\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 strdngdndu-l din aceastd cauza la plerderea direcfiei existenfiale. \par\pard\qj \li1099\ri1269\sb0\sl-226\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Faptul psihopatologie este, desigur, mai greu sesizabil decaf o plagd sau o anoma� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 lie biochimicd, dar perceptja lui de cdfre specialist se va face dupd aceleasi reguli ale \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 cunoasterii diferenfiale, impunandu-se, de asemenea, ca o tulburare a organizdrii, ca o \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 descompunere. \par\pard\qj \li1094\ri1289\sb0\sl-240\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Patologic implied \u8222?paos", sentiment direct si concret al suferinfei si neputintei, senti\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 menful unei viefi nemultumitoare. \par\pard\ql \li1377\sb0\sl-162\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Semnul patologic este otdeauna diferenfiel morcdnd o rupturd sincronicd Tntre bol-\par\pard\qj \li1089\ri1289\sb23\sl-210\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 nav si nebolnav, dar si o rupturd diacronicd Tntre prezent si frecut, lonescu G conside� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 rd sdndtatea ca o stare ideae, ca un deziderat, pe cand boala este un dezechilibru la \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 oate nivelurile organismului. \par\pard\qj \li1084\ri1281\sb0\sl-225\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 Nu se poate vorbi doar dintr-un singur punct de vedere despre boala. Nu orice \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 suferinfd este paobgicd. Exisfa o fendinfd care ar vrea sd aboleascd orice criferiobgie \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 psihiatricd, esdnd subiectul Tnsusi sd-si defineascd normalifatea sau boala. Nu orice \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 tulburare, orice nefericire, orice drama sau orice conflict este boala psihica, Tn ciuda \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 unor opinii destul de rdspandite si uneori adoptate chiar de psihiatri. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9840\paperh13680{\bkmkstart Pg31}{\bkmkend Pg31}\par\pard\li1583\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1583\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1583\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1583\sb51\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx5318 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 22\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 Psihopatologie si psihiafrie pentru psihologi\par\pard\qj \li1511\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1511\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1511\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1511\ri839\sb179\sl-220\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Boala psihica se obiectiveazd prin fizionomii tipice ale anumitor tipuri de existenfe, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 conduite, idei, credinfe, ce contrasteazd cu uniformitoteo si conformismul ceior ole \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 comunitdfii, apdrdnd si celorblti, nu numai psihiatrului, ca deosebite. Din acest fond \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 comun de fapte, psihiatrului Ti revine dificila sarcind de a alege pe cele aporfindnd sferei \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 psihiatriei. Fdcandu-si descifrabile semnele dezorganizdrii viefii psihice, psihiafrul tre� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 buie sd caute Tn paralel sd descopere gradul lor de semnificatie, profunzimea acesfei \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 destrucfurdri. Mai mult, boala poate opdrea ca o paradoxald organizare, Tn sensu! \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 dezorganizdrii, o reorganizare la un nivel inferior al psihismului. Ansamblul acestor \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 dezorganizdri care proiecteazd fiinta dincolo de iimifele normalitdtii sunt realitdfi obiec� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 tive, ca oricare alte \u8222?semne pafobgice". O fiinta desprinsd de real, invadatd de imagini \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 nelinlstitoare sou Tnspdimdntdtoare, lipsifd de puterea de o discerne sou prdbusitd Tn \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 abisul depresiei, lipsifd de libertatea fundamenfald si elementard a realifdtii, reprezinfd \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 punctul Tn care conceptul de boald psihica devine realitate clinicd. \par\pard\ql \li1896\sb274\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf14\f15\fs24 2.3. NORMALITATEA CA VALOARE MEDIE \par\pard\qj \li1492\ri853\sb206\sl-226\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Normalifatea ca valoare medie este Tn mod obisnuit fobsifd Tn sfudiile normative de tra-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 tament si se bazeazd pe descrierea statisticd a fenomenelor biobgice, psihobgice si sociale \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 conform repartifiei gaussiene a curbei Tn forma de clopof. Aceastd abordare concepe \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 portiunea mediand drept corespunzdtoare normalului, iar ambele extreme, ca deviante. \par\pard\ql \li4161\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4161\sb83\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 DISTRIBUTE NORMALA \par\pard\ql \li4564\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 (Curba Gauss) \par\pard\ql \li3340\sb0\sl-161\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3340\sb0\sl- 161\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3340\sb109\sl-161\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs14 5 30 \par\pard\li3360\sb0\sl- 161\slmult0\par\pard\li3360\sb82\sl-161\slmult0\fi0\tx3556 \up0 \expndtw- 2\charscalex100 �\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 10\par\pard\li3360\sb0\sl- 161\slmult0\par\pard\li3360\sb91\sl-161\slmult0\fi302\tx4257\tx6033\tx6633 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 V-2C\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 V-lo\tab \dn2 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 y+ic\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs14 V+2c\par\pard\qj \li1463\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1463\ri881\sb34\sl-220\slmult0\fi297 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Conform acestei aborddri un fenomen cu cat este mai frecvenf cu afdt poate fi consi-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 derat mai \u8222?normal" iar cu cat este mai rar, mai Tndepdrtat de media statisticd, cu atdf \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 apare ca fiind mai onormal. Desi ocest tip de norma creeazd impresia cd este foarfe \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \u8222?obiectiv", nu este suficienf de operanf pentru medicina. Abordarea normativd bazatd \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 pe principiul statistic descrie fiecare individ Tn termenii evaludrii generae si al unui scor \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 total. In anumite confexte, fenomenele morbide pot fi frecvent Tnregisfrate, chiar \u8222?ende-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 mice" (de exemplu, caria dentard, unele infectli etc.), fdrd ca prin aceasta ele sd poatd \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 fi considerate normale, dupd cum urmdnd aceeasi reguld a frecventelor unele fenomene \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 absolut normale pot cdpdta aspectul anormalitdfii \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 (de exemplu, persoanele care au \par\pard\ql \li1468\sb31\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 grupa sanguine AB(IV), RH negafiv). \par\pard\qj \li1459\ri894\sb3\sl- 220\slmult0\fi273 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Acceptarea normalitdtii ca fenomen natural (si nu este greu de admis acest lucru, atat \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 timp cat afirmdm \u8222?cu tdrie" cd boala este un astfel de \u8222?fenomen") are implicafii mefodolo\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 gice si functionae majore. \par\pard\qj \li1459\ri901\sb0\sl-240\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Rezultd deci cd acceptareo normolului mediu, nofiune cu core opereozd Tntreaga \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 medicina, este logicd si constructivd, Tnldfurand Tn mare parte arbitraru! si \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 \u8222?judecdfile \par\pard\ql \li1459\sb1\sl-196\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 de valoare". \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9840\paperh13680{\bkmkstart Pg32}{\bkmkend Pg32}\par\pard\li1166\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1166\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1166\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1166\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1166\sb12\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx8241 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Norma, normalitate, comportament normal\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 23\par\pard\qj \li1161\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1161\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1161\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1161\ri1222\sb171\sl-220\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Introducerea modelului normaiifdfii medii duce la posibilitatea comparatiilor si im� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 plicit la stabilirea abaferilor datorafe bolii. Nu se poate elabora un model aparent el \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 bolii, afdf timp cat nu exisfa un model al normalului. \par\pard\ql \li1142\ri1226\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi297\tx1435 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Normaiui, ca norma statisticd, nu pare tofusi semnificativ decaf partial Tn cadru! psi� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 hopaologiei, abaterile de tip canfifativ fiind pe al doilea plan fata de cele caiifative. \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 Dificulfatea sporeste atunci cand anormalitatea, patobgicul este reprezentat de un \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 amalgam complicat de abateri contitative care, sumafe, alcdtuiesc un tablou clinic dis� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 tinct. \par\pard\qj \li1137\ri1217\sb5\sl-215\slmult0\fi297 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Reiafia se complied Tn plus atunci cdnd intrd Tn joe planuri diverse, legate prin fire \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 nevdzute, acob unde sdndtatea (normaiitatea) psihica se integreazd cu cea fizicd. O \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 tulbuare afectivd poate genera o afecfiune pdnd nu demult considerae pur somaficd, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 asa cum ar fi ulcerul, infarctul miocardic, Tn absenfa unor factori biologici favorizanfi \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 preexistenti, deci pe terenul normaiifdfii fizice. \par\pard\qj \li1123\ri1247\sb25\sl-215\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Ey H s-a opus Tntofdeauna cu putere ideii unei normalitdji statistice fdcand din nivelul \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 maturitdfii corpului psihic o medie absfraefd. El considerd cd norma nu este exferioard, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 ci Tnscrisd Tn arhitectonica corpului psihic. In varful piramidei functionae a corpului psi� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 hic domneste o activifafe psihica normald care are propriile sale legi, acelea aie adap\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 tdrii la real. Evident cd nu existd o limitd superioard a normalului. \par\pard\qj \li1118\ri1246\sb1\sl-220\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Variabilitatea esfe descrisd doar Tn confextul grupului si nu Tn contexfui unui individ. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 in psihiafrie este tofusi necesar sd se evidenfieze modaiitdfile unor afitudini expresive, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 reactive, comportamentaie si convingerile cele mai frecvente Tnfr-o socio-culturd istoricd \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 data, care reprezintd un cadru de referinfd pentru manifestdrile psihice devianfe. Cu \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 foate cd aceastd abordare a fosf utilizatd mai mult Tn biobgie si psihologie, ea si-a \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 cdpdfat prin extensia scalelor si testelor o utiiizare ot mai importanta Tn psihiafrie. \par\pard\ql \li1507\sb274\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf14\f15\fs24 2,4. NORMALITATEA CA UTOPIE \par\pard\qj \li1104\ri1254\sb213\sl-217\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Normalifatea ca ufopie sfablleste o norma ideae (valoricd) sfabilind un idea! de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 normalitate atat din punct de vedere individual, cat si comunitar. Acesta poafe fi exem� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 plified prin unele \u8222?fipuri ideaie" pe care ie descrie, le invoca si le promoveazd o anu\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 mifd culturd si care se exprimd Tn formuldri normative, prescriptive. Din perspecfivd psi� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 hologicd nu ne intereseazd numai felul cum sunt si cum se manifesto mai frecvent \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 oamenii unei socio-culturi date, ci si modu! Tn care acestia ar dori si ar spera sd fie Tn \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 cazul ideal. Din aceostd perspective, normaiitatea este percepufd ca o Tmbinare echili\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 bretd, armonioosd si optimald a aparafului mintal, avand drept rezultantd o funcfionali\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 tate optima. \par\pard\qj \li1113\ri1280\sb1\sl-220\slmult0\fi273 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Freud S afirma despre normalitate: un Ego normal esfe ca si normalifatea tn general, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 o ficfiune ideaia. \par\pard\ql \li1377\sb11\sl-207\slmult0\tx8116 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 A Tncerca sd sfabilim niste criterii sau calitdfi caracteristice individului normal \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 - ar \par\pard\ql \li1099\ri1264\sb3\sl- 220\slmult0\tx1391 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 echivaio cu creoreo normalului ideal, pe care nu-l pufem realize decaf forma! si acesf \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 lucru se lovesfe de un prim obstaco! - edei ar anuia eiemenful dinamic a; concepfuiul, \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Isforicifatea acesfui norma! ideal este foarfe relative, ea neavand cursivifate, crlteriul \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 axiobgic fiind inoperant de la o epoca la alfa, be chiar si pentru Intervale restranse de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 timp. \par\pard\qj \li1104\ri1254\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi273 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Cbufisr F afirmd: conceptul de sanatafe mintald nu poate fi Tnfeles decatprin sisfemul \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 de valori al unei colectivitafi. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9840\paperh13680{\bkmkstart Pg33} {\bkmkend Pg33}\par\pard\li1670\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1670\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1670\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1670\sb66\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx5385 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 24\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 Psihopatologie si psihiafrie pentru psihologi\par\pard\ql \li1886\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1886\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1886\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1886\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1886\sb6\sl- 207\slmult0\tx3494 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 O serie de autori \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 - Schneider K, Petiowiech, Merger, aborddnd critic valoarea \par\pard\qj \li1603\ri791\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi9 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 normalului ideoi, ou ardtaf moriie lui deficienfe, dor si feptul cd Tn cadrui analizei nor� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 malului statistic \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 (cealalfd posibiiifate de tratare a problemei) se infiltreazd judecdfi de \par\pard\ql \li1593\sb11\sl-207\slmult0\tx4766 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 valoare. La iimifd, Willoa afirma Tn \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 1932 cd societatea este cea care hotdrdste daca \par\pard\ql \li1608\sb1\sl-198\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 un om esfe nebun sau sdndtos. \par\pard\qj \li1608\ri804\sb0\sl- 240\slmult0\fi278 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Normaiui valeric implied o mdsurare procusfiand Tn care se intricd, Tn plus si valo\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 rile personae ale fiecdruia. \par\pard\qj \li1603\ri765\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \u8222?Rea!ifatea e ceea ce majorifafea considerd ca trebuie sa fie, nu neaparat lucru! eel \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 mai bun si nici macar eel mai logic, ci ceea ce s-a adaptat dorinfei colective. '''afirmd scri\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 iforus Paub C�elh� Tncercand sd stabileascd limita dintre nebunie si normolitate. \par\pard\qj \li1588\ri801\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0\fi287 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Colectivifdtile umane concrete Tsi organizeazd exisfenfa Tn raport cu idealuri comu-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 nifare Tn care transpar legi, modeie educatjonale, iegende si epopei, mitologia si mistica, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 isforia respecfivuiui grup. Normalifatea ideae definesfe felul Tn care individui si comuni-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 fatea considerd cd persoana ar trebui sd fie. Desigur, normativitatea ideaid nu este si \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 nici nu poate fi niciodatd atinsd efectiv, cu atat mai mult cu cat ea variazd mult Tn funcfie \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 de contextul socio-cultural, istoric si geografic (etnic, comunitar, state!, reiigios, s.a.). \par\pard\ql \li3028\sb96\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 CONCEPTS PSSHANAUUCE DESPRE NORMALITATE \par\pard\li1737\sb157\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx3345 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 S. Freud\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Normaiitatea este o fictjune ideala; fiecare ego este psihotic Tntr-un\par\pard\ql \li3336\sb9\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 anumit moment Tntr-o masura mai mare sau mai mica. \par\pard\li1737\sb28\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx3340 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 K. Eissier\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 Normaiitatea absoluta nu poate fi obtjnuta, deoarece persoana\par\pard\qj \li3336\ri967\sb8\sl- 220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 normala trebuie sa fie pe deplin constienta de gandurlle si senti\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 mentele sale \par\pard\li1737\sb1\sl-246\slmult0\fi0\tx3340 \up0 \expndtw-10\charscalex94 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs22 M. Klein\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Normaiitatea este caracterlzata prin tarie de caracter, capacitatea\par\pard\qj \li3331\ri924\sb0\sl-240\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 de a face fa\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 f^a emotjilor conflictuaie, capacitatea de a trai place\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul rea fara a provoca conflicte si capacitatea de a\ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 iubi. \par\pard\li1732\sb1\sl- 192\slmult0\fi0\tx3336 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 E. Erikson\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Normaiitatea este capacitatea de a fi stapan pe perioadele vietji:\par\pard\qj \li3326\ri966\sb0\sl-240\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 Tncredere/neTncredere; autonomie/Tndoiala; inifiativa/vinova]ie; acti-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 vitate, productje/inferioritate; identitate/confuzie de rol; creajie/stag-\par\pard\ql \li3331\sb1\sl-197\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul nare; integritatea ego- ului/disperare. \par\pard\li1723\sb26\sl-207\slmult0\fi230\tx3331 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Kubie\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Normaiitatea este capacitatea de a Tnva|a din experience., de a fi\par\pard\li1723\sb18\sl-207\slmult0\fi1593 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul flexibil si de a te adapta la schimbarile d\ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 i\ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul n mediu.\par\pard\li1723\sb19\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx3331 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 H. Hatmann\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Funcjile libere de conflicte ale ego-ului reprezinta poten\t \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 t.ialul per�\par\pard\li1723\sb28\sl- 207\slmult0\fi1598 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 soanei pentru normalitate; masura Tn care ego-ul se poats adapta\par\pard\ql \li3326\sb16\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul la realitate si poate sa fie autonom sunt asociate sanatatii mintaie. \par\pard\ql \li1718\sb13\sl- 207\slmult0\tx3326 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 K. Msnninger \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Normaiitatea este capacitatea de a se adapta lumii exterioare cu \par\pard\ql \li3321\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul multumire si cu capacitatea de a stapani fenomenul de aculturatie. \par\pard\li1708\sb1\sl- 240\slmult0\fi0\tx3321 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs22 A. Adler\tab \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex118 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Capacitatea persoanei de a dezvolta sentimente sociale si de a\par\pard\qj \li3307\ri977\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 fi productiv/creativ sunt legate de sanatatea mintala; capacitatea \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 de a munci creste stima de sine si face persoana capabila de a \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul se ad\ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 apta. \par\pard\ql \li1708\sb3\sl- 207\slmult0\tx3316 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 R. E. Money-Kryie \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Normaiitatea este capacitatea de a atinge deplina con^tiinja de \par\pard\ql \li3307\sb33\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul sine care de fapt nu este niciodata pe deplin obtjnuta \par\pard\li1703\sb1\sl-232\slmult0\fi0\tx3316 \up0 \expndtw- 4\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs22 O. Rank\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Normaiitatea este capacitatea de a trai fara teama, vinovatj'e sau\par\pard\ql \li3307\sb21\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 anxietate si aceea de a avea responsabilitatea propriilor actjuni. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9840\paperh13680{\bkmkstart Pg34}{\bkmkend Pg34}\par\pard\li1224\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1224\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1224\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1224\sb147\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx8260 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Norma, normalitate, comportament normal\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 25\par\pard\qj \li1204\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1204\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1204\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1204\ri1203\sb163\sl- 220\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 Antropologio si psihiotrio tronsculturold au atros pe bund dreptate atenfia asupra \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 diferenfierii care exise Tn cadrui diverseior civilizafii, Tntre valorile acceptate ca normale, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Tntre semnificatia unor fapte, credinte. Cd este asa, ne demonstreazd des-citata catego-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 risire kraepeliniand, care includea Tn rdndul anormalilor pe scriitorii de anonime aldfuri \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 de ucigasii de copii, dintre care astdzi doar ultimii mai pdstreazd eticheta de anormali. \par\pard\qj \li1195\ri1198\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Oricdt ar pdrea de neobisnuit, se poate spune cd nu exisfa valori generae acceptate \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 simultan de oti membrii unei societdti sau Tntr-un proces sincronic de toate societdfile care \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Tsi desfdsoard exisfenfa ia un moment dat. Recentele atenfate sinucigase din septembrie \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 2001 Tn marile mefropole americane au fdcut o demonstrate spectaculoasd a acesfei \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 aserfiuni. \par\pard\ql \li1521\sb93\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs22 15 valoi fundamenfale ale societajii ameicane contemporane \par\pard\ql \li7137\sb87\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 Williams (1970) \par\pard\ql \li1483\sb1\sl-188\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 \u8226? succesul, \par\pard\ql \li1483\sb17\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \u8226? munca disciplinatd, \par\pard\ql \li1483\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 \u8226? orientarea morald, \par\pard\ql \li1478\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \u8226? moravuri umaniste, \par\pard\ql \li1478\sb13\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \u8226? eficienfa si pragmatismul, \par\pard\ql \li1478\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \u8226? progresul, \par\pard\ql \li1473\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \u8226? confortul material, \par\pard\qj \li1473\ri6445\sb3\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \u8226? egalitatea sanselor, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 � libertatea, \par\pard\qj \li1468\ri3268\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \u8226? conformismul la norme (care nu exclude individualismul), \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 � nafionalismul stiintific, \par\pard\li1468\sb8\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx4056 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \u8226? patriotismul si nafionalismul\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 (,,American way of life"),\par\pard\li1468\sb9\sl-207\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \u8226? democrafia,\par\pard\ql \li1468\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 e individualismul, \par\pard\ql \li1463\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \u8226? temele superioritdfii grupurilor (etnice, rasiale, de clasd, religbose). \par\pard\qj \li1180\ri1252\sb123\sl-220\slmult0\fi278 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 Lacan seTntreobd daca diferenfa Tntre inconstienful unui sdndtos si inconstientul unui \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 bolnav este importanta, radicald. \par\pard\ql \li1454\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 Sdndtatea confine boala asa cum constientul confine inconstienful. \par\pard\qj \li1175\ri1237\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Sunt autori care considerd cd marea eroare, care face parte din Tntreaga psihopatolo� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 gie contemporand - sau, mai exact, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \u8222?din apsihopatologia" fimpurilor moderne - este \par\pard\qj \li1171\ri1233\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0\fi9 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 ideea cd inconstientul fiind patogen si omul fiind condus de inconstientul propriu, o/;' \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 oamenii pot fi in mod egal si arbitrar considerati normali si anormali ?n acelasi timp. O \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 psihologie a inconstientului care ar reduce Tntreaga activitate psihica la inconstient este \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 la fel de pufin corectd \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 (valabild) ca o psihologie a constiintei care ar reduce Tntreaga \par\pard\ql \li1171\sb1\sl-199\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 activitate psihica doar la cea constientd. \par\pard\qj \li1166\ri1260\sb4\sl-220\slmult0\fi268 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Tofusi, o ostfel de perspectivd este absolut necesard atunci cdnd psihiatrii, psihana\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 listii sau alti psihoferapeufi, Tncearcd sd discute criteriile de evaluare ale succesului unui \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 trafament, \par\pard\ql \li1550\sb173\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw- 2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs22 2.5. NORMALTTATEA CA PROCES \par\pard\qj \li1156\ri1265\sb206\sl-230\slmult0\fi287 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Normalifatea ca proces este cea de-a potro perspective core pune occentul pe fop\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 tul cd un comportament normal este o rezultantd finald a subsistemelor care interactio\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 neazd Tntre ele. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9840\paperh13680{\bkmkstart Pg35}{\bkmkend Pg35}\par\pard\li1488\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li1488\sb0\sl- 230\slmult0\par\pard\li1488\sb150\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx5207 \up0 \expndtw- 3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 26\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Psihopatologie si psihiafrie pentru psihologi\par\pard\qj \li1420\sb0\sl-224\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1420\sb0\sl- 224\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1420\sb0\sl-224\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1420\ri964\sb142\sl-224\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Eo opereozd cu asa-numita norma responsivd sau functionae (Kolie K) care reflectd \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 masura Tn care un organism, o persoand, un subiectTsi Tmplineste rolul functional pen� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 tru care exisfa Tn economic sistemului supraiacent din care face parte. Ludnd Tn consi\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 derare aceastd definifie, schimbdrile temporale devin esenfiale pentru complee definifie \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 a normalitdtii. Cu alte cuvinte, normaiitatea - ca proces - considerd esenfiale schimbd� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 rile si procesele mai mult decdt o definire transversald a normalitdtii. \par\pard\qj \li1425\ri973\sb0\sl-240\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Din pdcate, desi aceastd norma pare sd fie cea care ne intereseazd, ea este fixistd \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 si deterministd. Nu se poate rdspunde la Tntrebarea: \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \u8222?care este rolul functional pentru \par\pard\ql \li1411\ri973\sb0\sl- 222\slmult0\fi4\tx1699\tx1699 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 care o persoand existd?" Ba mai mult, Tn sisfemele supraiacente din care individui face \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 parte; \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \u8222?Tn cdte trebuie so fie eficient, pentru a fi considerat normal?". \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Cercetdtorii care subscriu acesfei aborddri potfi recunoscuti printre reprezentanfii tu-\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 furor stiintelor comportamentaie si sociale. Cel mai tipic dintre conceptele acestei per� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 spective este conceptualizarea epigenezei Tn dezvoifarea personalitdtii si cele opt sadii \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 de dezvoltare esenfiale Tn atingerea funcfionalitdfii adulte mature. \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 Folosirea excesivd a tabuului normalitdtii poate conduce la o fobsire abuzivd a \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 acesfei cafegorii atunci cdnd este vorba de o readaptare reeducativd sau segregativd \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 dupd norme socio-ideale sau ideobgiile momentului. \par\pard\qj \li1401\ri978\sb0\sl- 226\slmult0\fi297 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Refuzul de a circumscrie normaiui si patobgicul ar putea conduce la transformarea \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 campului practicii medicale si psihiatrice Tntr-o zond fdrd limite, transformdnd aceste \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 concepte prea elastice, aceastd elasticitafe transformdndu- le Tntr-o eventuae armd Tn \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 favoarea unei institufii sau a unei puteri. \par\pard\ql \li1785\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1785\sb12\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs22 2.6. NORMALTTATE �1 COMUNICARE \par\pard\qj \li1382\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1382\ri984\sb15\sl-220\slmult0\fi297 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Folosirea studiului comunicarii pentru a surprinde normaiitatea sau patologio psi� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 hice cu cotele lor de ordine si dezordine a fosf preconizotd de Sfossd S, Ogoaescu D \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 Tncd din \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 1972. Schimbul de informatie este caracteristic organismului uman la toate \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 nivelele sale de organizare, toate procesele de reglare ou nevoie de informatie. Fiinfa \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 umand nu poate fi concepute Tn afara informatJei si comunicafiei \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 (Restian A, 1997). \par\pard\qj \li1382\ri1017\sb0\sl-240\slmult0\fi9 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Pamil E aratd cd dialogul, adicd informafia, reprezintd condifia liminald a constiintei \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 si a psihicului uman. \par\pard\li2678\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li2678\sb20\sl-207\slmult0\fi4\tx5030 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul Nivelul de organizare\ul0\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul Felul informatiei necesare\par\pard\li2678\sb23\sl-207\slmult0\fi4\tx5035 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Molecular\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul Informatie moleculara\par\pard\li2678\sb23\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx5035 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Celular\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul Informatie genetica\par\pard\li2678\sb14\sl-207\slmult0\fi4\tx5030 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Intercelular\ul0\tab \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul Mesageri chimici\par\pard\li2678\sb24\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx5030 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Organismic\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Informajie din mediu\par\pard\qj \li1358\sb0\sl-225\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1358\ri1016\sb7\sl-225\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Normalifatea presupune o capaciate de comunicare si elaborare confinud a infor� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 matiei care sd asigure armonia la nivelul subsistemului individual, familial, sociol sou \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 grupol. Homeostozia realizatd de fluxul input -urilor si output-urilor informationale care \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 oscileazd si interactioneazd dinamic si permanent ar fi, Tn opinia lui Enaescu V (1987), \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 chiar normaiitatea sau sdndtatea, Tn opozitie cu boala care este dezechilibrul ce produce \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 dezordinea si dezorganizarea sistemului. Acest autor considerd cd existd tipologii ale \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 normalitdtii, modelele de comunicare individuae fiind influenfate de factori constitutional!, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 temperamentali, psihosocioculturali etc. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9840\paperh13680{\bkmkstart Pg36}{\bkmkend Pg36}\par\pard\li1324\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1324\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1324\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1324\sb128\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx8409 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Norma, normalitate, comportament normal\tab \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex110 27\par\pard\ql \li1699\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1699\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1699\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1699\sb7\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf14\f15\fs24 2.7. MORMAUTATE � IADAPTARE \par\pard\qj \li1300\ri1054\sb211\sl-220\slmult0\fi297 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Functionand ca un subsistem Tn sistemul social, cultural sau istoric, individui uman tre� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 buie sd se Tncadreze, Tn dezvoifarea sa, Tn coordonafele sistemului respectiv pentru ca \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 aceastd evolufie sd fie considerae normald. Adaptarea e un reper important Tn evalua-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 rea comportamentului uman, fiind \u8222?criteriul eel mai generic" \{PrelipcecBTU D) de raportare. \par\pard\qj \li1281\ri1058\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Termenul de \u8222?adaptare" a fost preluat si de psihiafrie, core o dezvoltat Tn context o \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 odevdrotd patobgie legato atat de adaptare, cat si de stres; desi aceasfa nu mai este \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Tn legdturd directd cu concepfia initiae, urmeazd, Tn linii mari, etapele de desfdsurare \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 ale procesului de adaptare. \par\pard\qj \li1281\ri1069\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Campbell aratd cd \u8222?diversele cdi pe care individui le urmeazd cu Tntregul sau echi\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 pament, cu echiiibrul si dificultd\}ile sale interioare, cu experienfa din trecut si cu cea din \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 prezent pentru a se adapa la viaa pe care este chemat sd o trdiascd" reprezintd do� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 meniul de studiu al psihiatriei si al psihiatrului. Pentru aceasta, tulburarile de adaptare \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 ale persoanei la \u8222?situatia otald" rdman problema fundamentald aldturi de functiile prin \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 care acestea se realizeazd. \par\pard\qj \li1276\ri1079\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi278 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Meyer A va defini boala mintald ca o adaptare gresitd, insuficientd sau inadecvatd. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Psihanaliza va sustine acest punct de vedere, consiaerand inadecvate acele mecanisme \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 de adaptare care genereazd boala psihica. Regresia ar fi una dintre aceste inadeevdri \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 adapfafive, subiectul renuntand la adaptarea la nivelul de solicitare cerut, pentru a co\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 borT cdtre unui mult mai redus. \par\pard\qj \li1252\ri1092\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi297 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Sarobinskl J descrie procesul de inadaptareTn urmdtoarea secventialitate: urmdrind \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 potologia psihiatricd, se pot considera tulburarile de adaptare ca un fir.al Ariadnei Tn \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Tntreaga nosobgie psihogend. Astfei, Tn reactii, Tntre rdspuns si stimul nu existd nici o \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 adecvare, primul fiind mult mai intens decdt ar trebui sd fie Tn mod normol sou inadec-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 vot. Acelosi lucru este valabil si pentru dezvoltdri Tn care acest proces se amplified atat \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 vertical \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 (Tn dimensiunea temporald) cat si longitudinal, ca intensitote si nespecificitote. \par\pard\qj \li1267\ri1110\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi278 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Nevrozele reprezintd o slabd capacitate adaptativd la lume si la problemeie perso� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 nae, resimfite dureros de subiectul care rdmane Tn restul timpului \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \u8222?Tn afara jocului". \par\pard\qj \li1257\ri1111\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi9 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Dupd Enachescu C nevrozele ar apdrea ca un conflict Tntre acfiunea practicd si rezul\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 tateje acesteia. \par\pard\qj \li1257\ri1103\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0\fi287 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 in procesele organice si Tn endogenii nu se mai poate vorbi despre adaptare ca me\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 canism fundamental declansator sau paoplastic. Exagerdrile Tn acest sens au fost sanctio\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 nate cu respingerea lor de cdtre majoritatea psihiatrilor (vezi Tn acest sens exagerdrile \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 reacfioniste ale psihiatriei americane din deceniile 4-6 ce si antipsihiatria). Dezadapta\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 rea este aici un efect, si nu o cauza a bolii.\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw4577\colsr40\colno2\colw5083\co lsr160\ql \li3110\sb0\sl-161\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3110\sb0\sl-161\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3110\sb92\sl-161\slmult0\tx4478 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs14 y^ extern J \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex40 <,\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex80 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 \u9658?\par\pard\qj \li3163\sb0\sl-134\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li3163\sb0\sl-134\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li3196\ri674\sb36\sl-134\slmult0\tx3259 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf18\f19\fs12 Agresiune \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 (acjiune\par\pard\qj \li3163\ri657\sb0\sl-134\slmult0\fi71 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 exogena \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 traumatica)\par\pard\ql \li3196\sb0\sl-138\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3196\sb0\sl- 138\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3196\sb0\sl-138\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3196\sb78\sl- 138\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 Traumatism\par\pard\column \ql \li4617\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li54\sb102\sl-207\slmult0\tx644 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex40 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 ( Individ\ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs14 I\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 J\par\pard\ql \li4617\sb0\sl-138\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li4617\sb0\sl-138\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li193\sb83\sl-138\slmult0\tx1489 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf18\f19\fs12 Aparare\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 Abreaclie\par\pard\ql \li97\sb0\sl-127\slmult0\tx1547 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 (conservare\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 (proces\par\pard\ql \li140\sb3\sl- 138\slmult0\tx1556 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 endogena\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 normal\par\pard\ql \li20\sb1\sl-134\slmult0\tx1475 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 Autoapararea)\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 adaptativ)\par\pard\ql \li6115\sb0\sl-138\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1518\sb123\sl- 138\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Reten|ie\par\pard\ql \li207\sb16\sl- 138\slmult0\tx1542 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 ReaciJe\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 (proces\par\pard\ql \li188\sb6\sl-138\slmult0\tx1494 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 afectiva\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 patologic\par\pard\ql \li1359\sb1\sl-116\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 dezadaptativ) \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9840\paperh13680{\bkmkstart Pg37} {\bkmkend Pg37}\par\pard\li1670\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1670\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1670\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1670\sb66\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx5356 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 28\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 Psihopatologie si psihiafrie pentru psihologi\par\pard\qj \li1608\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1608\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1608\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1608\ri853\sb164\sl-220\slmult0\fi273 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 Adaptarea oferd celor care evalueazd starea de sdndtate si specialistibr un nou si \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 contrastant ospect el conceptualizdrii stdrii de sdndtate si bolii. Mai mult decat atat, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 focalizdndu-se pe tulburari, dureri, stres, destabilizdri si alte deregldri ale funcfiilor uma� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 ne, adaptarea ne permite sd cdutdm starea de sdndtate, resursele, competentele si alte \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 aspecte ale succesului functiondrii umane. \par\pard\qj \li1588\ri854\sb0\sl-226\slmult0\fi302 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Dupd cum rezultd din cele de mai sus, adaptarea este un fenomen cu vddite tente \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 finaliste, care atinge la nivelul personalitdfii nivelul de maxima complexitate. Dupd pd\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 rerea noastrd, adaptarea este un echilibru care se stabileste Tntre personalitate si lumea \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Tnconjurdtoare, lume constituitd din persoane, situafii, spatiu cultural, obiecte etc. \par\pard\qj \li1593\ri846\sb0\sl-223\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Aceasta Tnseamnd cd adaptarea se poate realiza atat prin mecanisme stereotipe sau \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 scheme comportamentaie asimilate si algoritmizate, cat si prin scheme comportamentaie \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 a cdror finalitate este doar presupusd, urmand sd fie validate, ceea ce implied chiar si \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 asumarea riscului unui esec. In acest context trebuie nuanfatd Tnsdsi semniricatia psiho� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 logicd a esecului, Tn sensul cd daca Tndeobste esecul este, Tn expresia sa concretd, efec\up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 tul \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \u8222?dezadaptdrii", uneori este Tntruchiparea explordrilor cu finalitate adaptativd, deci \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 este semnificantul Tnceputului unui proces de tip adaptativ. \par\pard\ql \li1876\sb0\sl-162\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 In al doilea rend, trebuie nuanfat Tntelesul notiunii de adaptare Tn ceea ce priveste \par\pard\qj \li1574\ri867\sb15\sl-216\slmult0\fi19 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 aspectul general de fenomen dinamic. Se stie cd adaptarea presupune de reguld un \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 efort adaptativ care de cele mai multe ori ia forme unor acfiuni mintale si motorii, mai \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 mult sau moi pufin evidente Tn exterior. Dar sunt destule situafii cdnd efortul adaptativ \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 nu presupune declansarea, menfinerea sau modificarea unor scheme comportamentaie \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 anume, ci Tntrerupereo, stoparea acestora. Uneori, blocarea la timpul cuvenit a unei \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 simple reactii sau a unei operafii complexe este de o importanta fundamentald pentru \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 Tnsdsi exisfenfa fizicd o persoenei. \par\pard\ql \li6729\sb0\sl-138\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6729\sb0\sl- 138\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6729\sb133\sl-138\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf18\f19\fs12 A A A A \par\pard\ql \li4790\sb21\sl-188\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 comportament superior \par\pard\ql \li4612\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4612\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4612\sb143\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 comportament adaptativ \par\pard\ql \li4449\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4449\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4449\sb39\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 comportament defensiv \par\pard\ql \li4272\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4272\sb186\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 comportament reflexiv \par\pard\ql \li3921\sb0\sl-161\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3921\sb0\sl-161\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3921\sb0\sl-161\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3921\sb68\sl-161\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs14 COMPORTAMENT NECONTROLAT \par\pard\li2841\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li2841\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li2841\sb92\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx3076\tx3312\tx3547 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 v\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 \\r\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 \\>\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 y\par\pard\qj \li1555\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1555\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1555\ri910\sb18\sl-220\slmult0\fi273 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 Pentru psihiotru este esenjiol sa aibd puferea de a masura limitele campului de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 actiune teapeutica daca vrea ca bolnavii sd si-l poatd regdsi pe al lor. Psihopatoloaia \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9840\paperh13680{\bkmkstart Pg38}{\bkmkend Pg38}\par\pard\li1262\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1262\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1262\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1262\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1262\sb190\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx8289 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Norma, normalitate, comportament normal\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 29\par\pard\qj \li1252\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1252\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1252\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1252\ri1174\sb153\sl-220\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 trebuie sd aibd puterea de a-si gdsi limitele si reperele fdrd de care nesiguranfa fron\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 tierelor ar conduce cdtre disparifia distanfei Tntre ideologie si practicd si ar face psihia\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 tria^un demers imposibil. \par\pard\qj \li1252\ri1165\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 In psihiafrie, Tntre entifdfi rigide care reduc instrumentul de reprezentare si de gandire \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 la o stare concree si antinosografismul care are drept corolar confuzionismul, este de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 preferat calea aleasd de Chaslin P si Daumezon G care considerd boiile minale ca \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 modele, iar daca acestea sunt modele.se poate construi si un model al normaiifdfii. \par\pard\qj \li1243\ri1188\sb5\sl-215\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Problema este daca psihiafrul, definind modelul normalitdtii si scdpdnd deconfuzio\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 nism, nu cadeTn cursa idealizdrii sau standardizdrii. Etiologia bolii psihice rdmdne eclec\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 ticd, scrie Lanei Laura G (1968), amestecdnd Tmprejurdrile, sexul, temperamentul, in\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 toxicatiile, singurdtatea, emotiile, circumstanfele organice si multe altele Tntr-un ansam\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 blu care poate sd para omogen. \par\pard\qj \li1252\ri1174\sb1\sl-220\slmult0\fi263 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 A compara individui cu el Tnsusi in logica conduifelor sale, confradicfiilor si con\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 flicfelor sale, Tn alegerile sale, Tn propriile sale norme este cea mai fecunda perspective \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Tn comparafie cu a confrunfa cu o norma externa (Zagui D, 1998). \par\pard\qj \li1233\ri1184\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Pentru psihiatru anormalitatea nu esfe doar o variafie, o \u8222?Tndepdrtare" pur canfita\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 tivd de normalitate ca medie sfatisfica: un individ nu poate fi categorisit ca bolnav psi� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 hic doar pentru cd este vehement Tn apdrarea ideilor proprii, exaltat prin convingerile \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 sale, genial prin creativitatea sa, rdufdedtor prin comportamentul sau delictual sau scan\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 daes, prin perversiunile sale (Ey H, 1979). \par\pard\qj \li1228\ri1207\sb5\sl-215\slmult0\fi287 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Se poate rezuma cd modelul normalitdtii este reprezentat prin primatul unei consti\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 infe clare \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \u8222? contindnd" inconstientul si ddnd Tn acest fel posibilitatea dezvoltdrii activi\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 tdfier superioare care garanteazd libertatea umand. Norma este Tnscrisd Tn interiori\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 tatea corpului psihic normal, boala determinatd organo-genefic este o alferare a ordinii \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 normative de o destructurare a campului constiinfei. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9840\paperh13680{\bkmkstart Pg39}{\bkmkend Pg39}\par\pard\ql \li1516\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1516\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1516\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1516\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1516\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1516\sb245\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs22 CAPITOLUL \par\pard\ql \li1526\sb195\sl-437\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 \ul0\nosupersub\cf21\f22\fs38 SANATATE �1 BOALA MINTALA \par\pard\qj \li1271\sb0\sl-280\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1271\sb0\sl-280\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1271\sb0\sl-280\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1271\ri2656\sb33\sl- 280\slmult0\fi9 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 Daca exists un adevSr al nebuniei el nu poate i decat tragic de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 unde extnema ambiguitats ce canxteizeaza atitudinea futunor \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 societajilor si Muror cukiilor vis-a^yis de nebuni. \par\pard\ql \li6095\sb42\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 R. Jaocard \par\pard\ql \li1267\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1267\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1267\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1267\sb188\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex128 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Conceptul de sanatate \par\pard\ql \li1257\sb33\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 Anormalitate �i boala \par\pard\qj \li1257\ri5844\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 Anormalitate si prejudecata \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex124 Comportamentele anormale \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 Conceptul de boala psihica \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 BoalA psihica si ecosistem \par\pard\ql \li1267\sb40\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex125 dlmensiuni existentiale ale bolii psihice \par\pard\ql \li1651\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1651\sb22\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs22 3.1 CONCEPTUL DE SANATATE \par\pard\ql \li1238\sb0\sl-227\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1238\ri1063\sb62\sl- 227\slmult0\fi297\tx1536\tx1531\tx1526 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Dupd Boehm W, normalifatea (sdndatea mintald) este condifio de functionalitate so� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 ciald, impusd si acceptae de societate Tn scopul realizdrii personae. \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 De aceea normaiitatea ne pare mai bine definitd Tn dinamicd, Tn sensul adaptdrii \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 armonice Tn fiecare moment al existenfei, Tn funcfie de mediul sau si istoria sa si a colecti-\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 vitdfii sale ca o rezulanfd a calitdfii raportului personaliate/mediu si nu ca o absenfd \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 a bolii sau a posibilitdfii de \u8222?plutire" Tntr-un camp de forte contradictorii. \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Putem deci considera normolitoteo drept posibilitetea unei istorii echilibrate a su� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 biectului, iar dimensiunile ei, drept otalitatea proceseior de adaptare la mediu conform \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 modelului general al speciei (posibilitdfilor de rdspuns al marii majoritdti a colectivitdtii). \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Normalifatea trebuie sd ne apard ca o sumd de ritmuri: biochimice, fiziobgice, afec-\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 tive, relafionale, motivafionale, adapate armonic solicifdrilordin mediu si concordante cu \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 rdspunsurile majoritdfii membrilor comunitdtii \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 (conform modelului speciei). \par\pard\qj \li1238\ri1078\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Pentru a simplifica demersu! spre conceptul de normalitate si pentru a evita construirea \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 unui model imperfect al acestuia, ni se pare operanf a postula exisfenfa lui ca un dat al \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 reolifdfii umane sau, mai corect spus, ca o dominantd a acesteia. \par\pard\qj \li1228\ri1087\sb0\sl-232\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Sdndtatea umana poate fi considerae o stare Tnscrisd Tn perimetrul care defineste nor� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 malifatea existenfei individului, semnificdnd menfinerea echilibrului structural el persoanei \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 (Tn plan corporal-biologic si psihic constient) atatTn perspectiva internd (a raportului reci-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 proc al subsistemebr Tn conformitate cu sinteza ansamblului, a conformitdfii stdrilor sis� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 temului Tn raport cu normele generae ale speciei, ale vdrstei, ale sexului), cat si Tn per� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 spectiva externa, a echilibrului adoptotiv dintre individ si mediul sou ombiant concret. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9840\paperh13680{\bkmkstart Pg40}{\bkmkend Pg40}\par\pard\li1579\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1579\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1579\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1579\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1579\sb128\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx5260 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 32\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 Psihopatologie si psihiafrie penfru psihologi\par\pard\qj \li1507\sb0\sl-216\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1507\sb0\sl- 216\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1507\sb0\sl-216\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1507\ri939\sb170\sl-216\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Cornutiu G (1998) afirmd cd un om sdndtos psihic este acela care trdieste si afirmd \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 o stare de confort psihic, Tntr-o coerentd si globalitate care nu este sesizatd nici un mo� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 ment Tn mod fragmentar si Tntr-o continuifate care presupune o dominantd a sentimen-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 felor pozitive constructive si optimiste fafd de cele negative. Omul sdndtos psihic este \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 activ si are pldcerea acesfei activitati, o cautd, este voluntar, vrea sd se afirme, sd se \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Tmplineascd. El are un set de valori ierarhizate si voluntare pe care le promoveazd, \par\pard\qj \li1511\ri945\sb0\sl-213\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Dupd LazaresGU M (1995) sdndtatea presupune o perspectiva dinamica prin care se \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 precizeazd modalitdfile normal-sdndtoase de structurare si funcfionare a individului la \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 diverse vdrste, capacitatea sa de dezvoltare, maturare, independentizare, complexifica-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 re, precum si capaciatea de a depdsi sintetic diversele situafii reactive si stresante. \par\pard\qj \li1511\ri947\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0\fi278 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Frornstl E leagd conceptul realizdrii individului Tn concordanfd cu restul indivizier \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 din comunitatea respective care este Tn continud schimbare, Tn permanent progres, Tntr-o \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 permanentd cdutare. Credem cd putem adduga cd problema normaiifdfii trebuie core\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 lae cu Tnsdsi dezvoifarea comunitdtii respective finand seama de particularitdtile fiecd\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 rei etape pe care o parcurge. \par\pard\qj \li1502\ri953\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi278 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 O alfa corelotie trebuie fdcutd cu etapele de vdrse ale subiectului: copierie, adoles\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 centd, adult, vdrstnic, deoarece Tn fiecare etapd a dezvoltdrii sale, subiectul poate avea \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 o pozifie diferie fafd de unui si acelasi eveniment. \par\pard\ql \li1776\sb0\sl-162\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Krafit considerd cd un individ reacfioneazd Tn mod normal, daca Tn cursul dezvol� \par\pard\ql \li1483\ri968\sb11\sl-216\slmult0\fi19\tx1776\tx1771\tx1771 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 tdrii sale se aratd a fi capabii de o adaptare flexibild fafd de sifuafiile conflictuale, cdnd \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 esfe capabii sd suporte frustrdrile si anxietatea care rezultd din ele. \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Pamfii vede normaiitatea ca un echilibru Tntre organism si factorii de mediu. \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Klinederg o admite ca pe o sare care permite dezvoifarea optima fizicd, intelectua-\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Id si emotionald a individului care sd-l facd asemdndtor cu ceilalfi indivizi. \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Dar, asa cum aratd Prelipceanu D (2000) norma suportd o certd condifionore isto-\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 ricd, reprezentdrile si convenfiile oamenilor despre ei Tnsisi si despre viofa Tn colectivi-\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 tatea sociald modificdndu-se (lent, dar sigur) Tn urma evolufiilorm utilizarea uneltelor si \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Tn arsenalul instrumentelor de expresie culturald. Normele semnificd ritmurile si gradele \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 de evolufie a socieetii umane, indicdnd, pentru a forte o metoford si daca se poate spune \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 asa, \u8222?starea de sdndtate" a societdfii. \par\pard\qj \li1488\ri986\sb18\sl-200\slmult0\fi273 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Dificuitdfile cele mai importante Tn raport cu dezideratul detectdrii unei norme a sd\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 ndtdfii mintale sunt urmdtoorele: \par\pard\qj \li1478\ri987\sb4\sl-220\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 - tripla ipostaziere si dimensionarea contradictorie fiintei umane Tn corporalitate, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 psihic si socialitate, \par\pard\qj \li1473\ri981\sb6\sl- 213\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 - terapia bolilor somafice sd fie guvernatd de legile naturii si prin procedee subsu\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 mate acestora, Tn timp ce disfunctiile viefii psihice si, mai ales cele ale relafiondrii so� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 ciale, sd fie depdsite prin raportarea la normativitate si prin recuperarea indivizier \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 suferinzi Tn interiorul normei, \par\pard\ql \li1732\sb12\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 ; istoricifatea normelor. \par\pard\qj \li1468\ri987\sb9\sl-213\slmult0\fi278 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 In ultima perioadd, accentu! se pune pe adaptarea social-comunitard, specificitatea \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 normalului cdpdtand nuanfe diferite Tn funcfie de nivelul economico-social si cultural al \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 unei comunitdfi. Mead, Linon si Halfowell au ardtat dependenfa conceptului de caracte\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 risticile transculturale. \par\pard\qj \li1473\ri998\sb18\sl-200\slmult0\fi268 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 Interesul crescut pentru fenomenul adaptdrii din ultimele doud decade poate fi privit din \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 urmdtoorele trei perspective: \par\pard\qj \li1463\ri988\sb24\sl-220\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \u9830? Primul aspect este schimbarea Tn definirea stdrii de sdndtate. In trecut, starea de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 sdndate ere definie ca absenfd a durerii si era secundard interesului medicilor care \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 erau mai mult focalizafi pe tulburari. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9840\paperh13680{\bkmkstart Pg41}{\bkmkend Pg41}\par\pard\li1171\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1171\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1171\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1171\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1171\sb156\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx8212 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Sanatate si boala mintala\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 33\par\pard\qj \li1151\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1151\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1151\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1151\ri1246\sb167\sl- 220\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Organizatia Mondiald a Sdndtdfii definea starea de sdndtate ca fiind: \u8222?o stare com-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 pletd de bine din punct de vedere psihic, mintal si social, si nu neapdrat Tn absenfa du-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 rerii". Aceastd definifie este o recunoastere a faptului cd starea de sdndate este mai mult \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 decaf absenfa durerii. Este o sare de armonie, o store de bine cu privire le evolufio com-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 plexului biologic, psihologie si a dimensiunilor sociale ale comportamentului uman. \par\pard\qj \li1147\ri1263\sb4\sl-216\slmult0\fi297 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \u8226? Al doilea aspect este cresterea recunoasterii cd indivizii si nu medicii sunt si tre� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 buie sd fie responsabili de starea lor de sdndtate. Printr-o diea adecvatd, exercitii, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 managementul sfresului si evitarea adictiilor, indivizii pot promova, activ, propria lor \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 sdndtate mai mult decaf prin pasiva evitare a bolilor. Locul si responsabilitatea in� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 dividuae pentru sdndtate sunt legate astfel de comportamentul si stilul de viafd al \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 fiecdruia. In plus, privit din acest unghi, conceptul de adaptare oferd medicilor si \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 cercetdtorilor o sansd de o trece dincolo de psihopotobgie. \par\pard\qj \li1142\ri1270\sb1\sl-220\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \u8226? Adoptoreo este strdns relofionoe cu promovarea serii de sdndtate si cu prevenirea \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 tulburarilor (bolilor). In acord cu Peariin si Schooler (1978), adaptareo ne protejeazd prin: \par\pard\ql \li1435\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \u8226? eliminoreo sou modificoreo conditiilor core creeozd probleme; \par\pard\qj \li1137\ri1274\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \u8226? percepereo confrolului semnificofiei trdirilor Tntr-o monierd prin core sd se neu\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 tralizeze caracterul ei problematic; \par\pard\ql \li1425\sb1\sl-195\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \u8226? pdstrarea consecinfelor emotionale ale problemelor Tn limite controlabile. \par\pard\qj \li1137\ri1289\sb5\sl-220\slmult0\fi273 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Aceste functii prefigureazd baze comporamenaie pentru tratarea si prevenirea tul� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 burarilor si pentru promovarea sdndtdfii. \par\pard\qj \li1123\ri1275\sb23\sl-217\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Lagache D, sintetizand datele expuse de Hartman si Murray, descrie urnatoarele \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 caracteristici principale ale sdndtdfii mintale: capacitatea de a produce si de a tolera \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 tensiuni suficient de mari, de a le reduce Tntr-o forma satisfdedtoare pentru individ; ca� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 paciatea de a organiza un plan de viafd care sd permitd satisfacerea periodicd si ar\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 monioasd a majoritdfii nevoiior si progresul cdtre scopurile cele mai Tndepdrtate; capaci� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 atea de adaptare a propriilor aspirafii la grup; capacitatea de a-si adapta conduita la \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 diferite moduri de relafii cu ceilalti indivizi; capacitatea de identificare atat cu fortele \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 conservatoare cat si cu cele creatoare ale societdfii. \par\pard\ql \li1521\sb194\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs22 3.2 ANORMALITATE �1 BOAlA \par\pard\qj \li1113\ri1295\sb215\sl-220\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Anormalitatea este o Tndepdrtare de norma al cdrei sens pozitiv sau negativ rdmdne in-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 diferentTn ceea ce priveste aefinirea Tn sine a zonei de referinfd. Sensul este important Tn \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 perspectivd califativd. Astfel, anfropologic, Tn zona pozitivd se afld persoanele exceptiona-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 le, geniile, care joacd un roi creator Tn istoria omenirii, Tn instituirea progresului. Invers, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 paobgia, boala, se referd la Tndepdrtarea de norma Tn sens negativ, spre minus, spre \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 deficit functional si de performanfd, spre dizarmonie, dezorganizare, desfructurare.\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw5081\colsr160\colno2\co lw4459\colsr160\ql \li2529\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2529\sb0\sl- 184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2620\sb46\sl-184\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 ZONANEGATIVA\par\pard\qj \li2529\ri1061\sb129\sl-177\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs14 fndepartarea de norma, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 deficit functional,\par\pard\qj \li2534\ri1099\sb5\sl-177\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 deficit de peformanja, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 dizarmonie,\par\pard\qj \li2529\ri1599\sb0\sl-186\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 dezorganizare, \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 destructurare.\par\pard\column \ql \li5241\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li5241\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li342\sb51\sl-184\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 ZONA POZ1TIVA\par\pard\qj \li5241\sb0\sl-172\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li20\ri2761\sb67\sl- 172\slmult0\fi201\tx225 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs14 persoane exceptional, \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \\ \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 rol creator in istorie,\par\pard\qj \li217\ri2761\sb0\sl- 184\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 instituirea progresului, \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 performanje deosebite. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9840\paperh13680{\bkmkstart Pg42}{\bkmkend Pg42}\par\pard\li1473\sb0\sl-184\slmult0\par\pard\li1473\sb0\sl- 184\slmult0\par\pard\li1473\sb0\sl-184\slmult0\par\pard\li1473\sb0\sl- 184\slmult0\par\pard\li1473\sb32\sl-184\slmult0\fi0\tx5222 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 34\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 Psihopatologie si psihiafrie pentru psihologi\par\pard\qj \li1416\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1416\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1416\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1416\ri944\sb166\sl-220\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 In opinia lui Ldzdescu M domeniul bolii \u8222?se Tndepdrteazd de norma ideae a comu� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 nitdtii Tn sensul deficitului, al neTmplinirii persoanei umane ce esueaza Tn zona dizar\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex128 moniei nefuncfionale, necreatoare." Trecerea spre patologie a subiectului este Tnsofitd \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 de disfuncfionalitatea acestuia Tn sistemul Tn care este integrat. \par\pard\ql \li1406\ri941\sb0\sl-221\slmult0\fi292\tx1708 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex124 Majoritatea definifiilor si circumscrierilor normalitdtii si anormalitdfii sunt vagi, insu-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex132 ficiente pentru a sta la baza unor definifii operational riguroase. \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex134 Reacfia biobgicd sub forma de stres este normald Tntre anumite limite, la fel ca \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex132 reacfia psihica la spaime sau pierderi. Modificdrile bio-psihice din etapele critice ale \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex130 dezvoltdrii, cum ar fi cele din pubertate sau climax, pot fi paobgice daca se Tntdlnesc \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex133 la alte vdrste s.e. In definirea stdrii de sdndtate sau de booid joacd un ro! partial, dar \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex130 foarte imporant, perspectiva subiectivd, felul Tn care subiectul se resimte si se aufoe-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex124 valueazd. Totusi, nici acest criferiu nu esfe suficient: de obicei. omul bolnav ,,nu se sirnfe \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex130 bine", are dureri, se auoapreciazd deformat, suferd, dar uneori. Tn psihiafrie starea de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 \u8222? bine subiectiv" poate fi concomitentd cu o stare de boala asa cum se Tntdmpld Tn sin� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex128 dromul maniacal. In patologia umand un rol imporant Tl joacd dimensiunea interperso-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex138 nald, a capaciaei de iubire si prietenie echilibrotd, precum \up0 \expndtw- 7\charscalex75 \\;i \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex129 perspectiva sociald, \par\pard\qj \li1396\ri955\sb20\sl-220\slmult0\fi14 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 nivelul si modu! de \u8222?funcfionare sociald" a persoanei si opinia colectivitdfii privioare la \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex131 normaiitatea si sdndatea psihica a unui Individ, la faptul daca i se pot Tncredinta res\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 ponsabilitdfi comunifare. Cu toate acestea, si aceste criterii sunt relative si insuficiente. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex124 Ele depind de incidenfa obiceiurilor, mentalitdfilor, normelor si ideobgiilor, a imagimi pe \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex124 care sdndtatea si boalo o are Tntr-o anumie clvilizatie. \par\pard\qj \li1387\ri959\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\fi302 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 Legdtura anormalifdfii comportamenaie cu boala psihica si, implicit, cu psihiatria, a \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex131 Tnsofit evolufia socio- culturald a umonitdfii Tncd de la cele mai vechi atesfdri docu\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex125 mentare cunoscute. \par\pard\qj \li1377\ri955\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0\fi297 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex133 Anormalitateo (obetere de le un model comportamental mediu, fie cd acesta este \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 statistic, ideal sau procesuai, accepfat de membrii unei sociefdfi determinate Tn timp si \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 spafiu) nu se identified cu pafobgicul, desi se poate suprapune cu acesta; este Tn esenfd \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex137 o nofiune mult mai brad, care caracferizeazd o serie de fapte comportamentaie cu \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 aspect contrar asteptdriar si normelor Tn vigoare. Delay j si Picnot P considerd cd anor\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex128 malul reprezintd o obetere colitotivd si funcfionold de la valoarea si semnificafio gene\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 raid a modelului uman. Se poafe observa cum domeniul anormalifdfii se constituie ca o \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex128 zond de trecere Tntre norma! si patologic, reprezentand un proces de continuitate Tntre \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex131 cei doi termeni. O analizd istoricd poate justifica teza menfionatd mai sus, ardtdnd cd \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex131 sub raportui integrdril socio-profesionale, gradul de permisivitafe al societdfii fata de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex130 abaterile individuae descresfe odaa cu trecerea fimpului, fdrd ca acesta sd aibd o sem\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex125 nificatie asupra frecventei bolilor mintale. \par\pard\qj \li1368\ri978\sb8\sl-224\slmult0\fi297 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 Dacd pentru un grup restrdns de ocupofii (ogriculfori, ostosi, mestesugori), \u8222?selecfio \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex129 profesionald" Tncepea \u8222?ex ovo" (breslele), iar numdru! operafiiior si cunostintelor era \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 limitat, putand compensa enorme deficienfe caracteriale, inteiectuale sau fizice (acestea \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 din urmd Tnfr-o masura muit mai mica), Tn condijile revolufiei tehnico-sfiinfifice solicia-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 rile socio-profesionale si ritmui de producfie discrimineazd drept anormali o serie largd \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex130 de indivizi, inapfi pentru integrarea Tn diverse grupuri profesionale specifice, care nu \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex130 sunt decdt Tn mod potential si probabilistic canaidati la boala psihica. Astfel, dacd lui \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex134 Hercule (model acceptat ca normal, ba chiar divinizat pentru fapfele sale de vitejie) \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex128 majoritatea psihiatriior Ti recunosc grave tulburari de tip epileptic, chiar din descrieriie \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex130 contemporanilor (crize grand mai, rurror epilepticus), astdzi simpla evocare anamnes-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 ticd a crizei l-ar face inapt pentru serviciul militar pe orice subiecf. Dacd regele Saul Tsi \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9840\paperh13680{\bkmkstart Pg43}{\bkmkend Pg43}\par\pard\li1175\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1175\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1175\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1175\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1175\sb75\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx8260 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Sanatate $i boala minfala\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 35\par\pard\qj \li1161\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1161\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1161\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1161\ri1198\sb168\sl-220\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 putea conduce poporul Tn pofida frecventeior episoade depresive sau maniacale, care \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 fac obiectul unor descrieri celebre, el suferind de psihozd afectiva bipolard, astazi \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 normele care protejeazd societatea si implicit subiectul suferind, Ti refuzd acordarea \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 dreptului de a conduce autovehicule etc. \par\pard\ql \li1560\sb213\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs22 3.3. ANORMALITATE �1 PREJUDECATA \par\pard\qj \li1142\ri1208\sb193\sl-222\slmult0\fi287 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Aparena crestere a exigenfei normative fafd de individ este geneiato, '^r-o mare \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 mdsurd de posibilitdfile societdtii contemporane care, prin multiplete ei canals de circu� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 late a informafiei, poate oferi fiinfei umane o pozifie mai clar definibild .1 doermina\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 bild Tn cadru! universului uman. Se poate spune ca "in epoc: mai vechi sac vnle.i umand \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 a considerot ce normele tulburari comporamentaie evidente, sesizabile do erica; o din� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 tre membrii comunitdfii. Descnerile acesfor comportamente nu au fdcut obiectul unor \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 studii stiinfifice, desi au fost adesea Tnregistrate de fina caligafie a istoricilor si v- criitori-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 lor. Aparifia tardivd a psihologiei si psihiatriei a fdcut posibild proliferarea acesbi tip \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 de descrieri empirice si nesistematice, care au generat o serie de concepfii gresie si de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 credinfe cu largd circulafie Tn rdndul celor mai diverse categorii sociale. \par\pard\qj \li1137\ri1222\sb0\sl-226\slmult0\fi287 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Credinfa cd un comportament anormal trebuie sd fie cu necesitafe si l-izar ese una \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 dintre cele mai rdspdndite, generdnd pr.n anabgia anormal-boae psih-:cd.imagtnsa \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 unui bolnav psihic care prezinta manifes'an exfrem de neobc;.nuite ci nstdiic-iire dc ele\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 mentele comportamentulu! obisnu't. \par\pard\qj \li1137\ri1225\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 O altd prejudecafa foarlc- jpropiafa de cea desensa mai sus este o:e.--n ca Tntrs nor� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 mal si anormal s-ar putea face o netd delimitare, bo mai rnuif, cd ar.oasto sellmitare ar \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 fi la Tndemdna oricui, dupd criterii individuale. Prezenfatea anormaluiui \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 >i a cornpor-\par\pard\qj \li1132\ri1246\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi9 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 rumentului sau ca eludand regulile obisnuite ale moralei, frecventd Tn iiteraluia, a gene\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 rat prajudecata cd anormalitatea este o rusine si o pedeapsa. iar acesf lucru a rreat si \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 opinia cd boala psihica, prin analogie are aceeasi semnificafie. \par\pard\ql \li1416\sb5\sl- 207\slmult0\tx4377\tx4636\tx4761 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Caracterul credior al anormalifdt \tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 , \tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 ., \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 si teama e-xagerata de unele anornalii com� \par\pard\qj \li1123\ri1231\sb23\sl-220\slmult0\fi14 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 portamentaie personae, sunt alte prejudecari avdnd aceeasi origine. Un efecf ncdorit l-a \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 avut si opinia cd o abaters extreme de la norma!, indiferenf de nafura ei, este pato-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 logicd, Urmdrind ace-si rafionamenf, Lombroso a lansat a doua sa tezd de tristd celebri-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 fate (prima fiind ceu a criminaiului Tnndscut) \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 - aceea a geniuiui ca nebunie. De fapf, \par\pard\qj \li1118\ri1237\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Tntre cei doi termeni nu poafe exisfa decdt aceeasi relatie posibild Tntre orice nivei de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 inteligenfd si boala psihica. \par\pard\ql \li1526\sb193\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs22 3.4, COMPOaAMEMFELE ANORMALE \par\pard\qj \li1118\ri1245\sb212\sl-223\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Colemen si Brean sfabilesc o serie de termeni care se referd la comportamente anor� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 male ca: boaid psihica, comportament neadecvat, tulburari emofionele, tulburari compor� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 tamentaie, fuiburdri psihice - ordfdnd cd nici unui dintre acestia nu este suficient de clar \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 pentru delimitarea sferei unui asemenea comportament, care variazd Tn funcfie de o serie \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 de criterii si modeie. In acesf sens prezentdm, Tn viziunea concepfiilor care pun la baza \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 explicdrii modelului comportamenta! uman, explicafii diferite privind semnificafia com\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 portamentului anormal. \par\pard\ql \li1406\sb11\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Dupd Enadiescu C, se deosebesc patru fipuri de comportamente onormele: \par\pard\qj \li1118\ri1266\sb3\sl- 220\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 - comportamentul de tip crizd biopsihologicd de dezvoltare sau involufie (pubertate, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 adoiescenfd, climax, andropauzd), cu caracter pasager si reversibil; \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9840\paperh13680{\bkmkstart Pg44}{\bkmkend Pg44}\par\pard\li1468\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1468\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1468\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1468\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1468\sb41\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx5193 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 36\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 Psihopatologie ?i psihiafrie pentru psihologi\par\pard\qj \li1396\sb0\sl-240\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1396\sb0\sl- 240\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1396\sb0\sl-240\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1396\ri992\sb85\sl-240\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 - comportamentu! de tip carenfial (legat de stdri de frustrare afectivd, carenfe edu� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 cational, disfunctii familiale si Tn modul de viafd)/ ce creeazd dificultdfi de adaptare; \par\pard\qj \li1396\ri997\sb0\sl- 240\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 - comportamentu! de tip sociopatic, constdnd din conduite delictuale agresive, toxi\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 comonice sau de furie, cu caracter recurent sau episodic; \par\pard\ql \li1684\sb1\sl-167\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 - comportamentul de tip patologic, partial sau deloc reversibil, de naturd exogend, \par\pard\qj \li1401\ri1007\sb0\sl-240\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 endogend sau mixtd, cu intensifdfi si forme variabile (stdri reactive, nevroze, psihopatii, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 psihogenii, endogenii).\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw5693\colsr110\colno2\colw3 897\colsr160\ql \li1564\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1828\sb26\sl- 207\slmult0\tx3542 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 Modelul\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Sa natatea mintala\par\pard\ql \li1574\sb19\sl- 207\slmult0\tx2971 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 - psihiatric\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 abilitatea de satisfacere a nece-\par\pard\ql \li2961\sb28\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 sitajilor instinctuale Tn limitele\par\pard\ql \li2966\sb9\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul impuse de societate\par\pard\ql \li1689\sb24\sl- 207\slmult0\tx2956 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 comporta-\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 adaptare deschisa la stimuli!\par\pard\ql \li1684\sb23\sl-207\slmult0\tx2961 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 mentalist\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 din mediu\par\pard\ql \li1564\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1564\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1564\sb51\sl-207\slmult0\tx2951 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 - umanistic\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 Tmplinirea tendinjelor naturale\par\pard\qj \li2952\ri119\sb18\sl-220\slmult0\fi47 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 faja de orientarea si Tmplinirea \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 de sine\par\pard\ql \li1665\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1680\sb45\sl-207\slmult0\tx2956 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 existential\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 libertatea de a decide constient\par\pard\ql \li1665\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1665\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1665\sb70\sl-207\slmult0\tx2951 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 interpersonal\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 realizarea de relafii\par\pard\ql \li2952\sb18\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 interpersonale\par\pard\column \ql \li5803\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li370\sb26\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul Comportament anormal\par\pard\qj \li121\ri1135\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 dezvoltarea gresita sau exage-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 rata a masurilor de aparare,\par\pard\ql \li101\sb10\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul Tnsotite de anxietate\par\pard\qj \li101\ri1136\sb7\sl-228\slmult0\fi19 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 adaptare ineficienta prin fnva-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Jarea unor comportamente ina-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 decvate si incapacitate de co-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 rectare\par\pard\qj \li24\ri1131\sb0\sl-224\slmult0\tx92 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \u9632? incapacitatea de dezvoltare pe \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 deplin a personalitajii prin bloca-\par\pard\ql \li101\sb15\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 rea sau distorsionarea acestor\par\pard\ql \li97\sb23\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul tendinte catre automultumire\par\pard\qj \li20\ri1148\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\tx92 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 \u8226? incapacitatea realizarii identitajii \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 adecvate de sine si a Tntelegerii\par\pard\ql \li82\sb29\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul sensului vietii\par\pard\qj \li87\ri1143\sb0\sl- 230\slmult0\fi24 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 rezistenfa fafa de rela|ii inter� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 personale si acomodare de tip \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 patologic \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \ql \li1651\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1651\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 Un model pluriaxial de definire a onormolitdfii or trebui sd cuprindd (dupd Purushov): \par\pard\ql \li1646\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 - criteriul existenfei la individ a unor stdri de insecuritate, teamd, apatie, anxietate; \par\pard\ql \li1641\sb33\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 - criteriul explicdrii printr-o patobgie fizicd a comporfamenfului dezadaptativ; \par\pard\qj \li1348\ri1025\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 - criteriul contextului social (normele si valorile socio-culturale existente la un moment \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 dat) Tn care se produce comportamentul; \par\pard\ql \li1641\sb31\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 - criteriul diminudrii ranaamentului si eficientei individului. \par\pard\qj \li1348\ri1024\sb0\sl-228\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Schneider K afirma cd orice persoand definitd printr-o trdsdfurd aparte de caracter \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 trebuie considerafd anormald (celebra sa definifie \u8222? persoanele psihopatice sunt per� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 soane anormale, anormalitate din cauza cdreia suferd si ei si societatea"); el accentua \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 asupra comporfamenfului, sperand so desprindd, dintr-un grup imens, un subgrup core \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 sd poaa fi analizat. Acest demers s-a lovit de \u8222?un penibil esec" (Kolle K), criteriul de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 anormalitate presupus de el fiind Tnsdsi diversitatea personalitdtii umane. \par\pard\qj \li1334\ri1039\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Cu afgf mai mult, aceste asertjuni sunt valabile Tn cesa ce priveste sdndtatea si boala \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 mintald. In domeniul evaludrii sdndtdfii psihice a adultului au mai fost folosite o serie de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 criterii care sd permitd delimitarea de boala: \par\pard\ql \li1622\sb16\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 - capacitatea de autonomie, de independenfd psiho-constientd a subiectului; \par\pard\ql \li1622\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 - o corectd si adecvae autoreceptare si autoapreciere; \par\pard\ql \li1622\sb33\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 - percepfia, reprezenfarea si Tnfelegerea corectd, adecvae comunitar, a realitdfii; \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9840\paperh13680{\bkmkstart Pg45}{\bkmkend Pg45}\par\pard\li1291\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1291\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1291\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1291\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1291\sb36\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx8313 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Sanatate si boala mintala\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 37\par\pard\qj \li1271\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1271\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1271\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1271\ri1155\sb167\sl-220\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 - copocitoteo de crestere si dezvoltare armonioasd a individului, Tn sensul unei reaii\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 zdrl de sine Tn raport cu un model ideal personal, articulat armonic si eficient cu perspec� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 tiva socio-culturald; \par\pard\ql \li1560\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 - capacitatea de creafie. \par\pard\ql \li1665\sb195\sl- 253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs22 3.5. CONCEPTUL DE BOALA PSIHICA \par\pard\qj \li1262\ri1164\sb215\sl- 220\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Pentru Tnfelegerea dinamicii raportului sdndtate-boald, trebuie sd apeldm la notiu\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 neo de proces potologic. In ocest sens, boolo reprezintd o forma de existenfd a materiei \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 vii caracterizatd prin aparifia procesului ce implied tuiburarea unitdfii forfelor din orga� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 nism (integritatea) si a organismului cu mediul (integrarea). \par\pard\qj \li1252\ri1166\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi297 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Boala umand se caracterizeazd, Tn general, prin perturbarea la diverse nivele si din \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 variate incidente a structurilor functionae ale individului Tn perspectiva corporal-biolo-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 gicd sau psihic-constientd. Perturbarea indusd de boala determind un minus si o dizar� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 monie a ansamblului unitar al persoanei, dificultdfi obiective si subiective Tn prezenfa, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 adaptarea si eficienfa Tn cadrui viefii sociale, dezadaptarea, involufio, moortea nefi-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 reascd (prin accident) ori evolufia spre consfifuirea defectualitdfii sau deteriordri! grave. \par\pard\ql \li1651\sb213\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs22 3.6. BOALA PSIHICA �1 ECOSISTEM \par\pard\qj \li1248\ri1183\sb215\sl-220\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Boala psihica trebuie consideratd ca inferesdnd Tntreaga fiinta umand Tn complexita\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 tea ei biologicd, psihologicd, axiologicd si sociald. Apare deci evident, ca analiza nor� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 malitdtii psinice, a psihismului vdzutcu un \u8222? multiplex", sd implice nu numai corelafii bio\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 logice, ci si sociale, cuifurale, epistemologice s\\ dinamice. \par\pard\qj \li1243\ri1173\sb0\sl-224\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Dupd Lazarescu M, boala psihica consfd Tntr-o denivelare (simplificare), dezorgani� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 zare (destrucfurare), dezechilibrare (dizarmonie) a viefii psihice constiente apersoanei. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Psihismul subiectului se reorganizeazd la un nivel inferior, prezentdnd manifestdri care \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 nu sunt evidente Tn starea normald. Aceastd disfuncfionalitate se datoreazd fie absenfei \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 instanfelor psihice superioare, fie efortului constituif de Tncercarea de reechilibrare, de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 reorganizare Tn situafia deficitard data. \par\pard\qj \li1238\ri1184\sb0\sl-217\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Ecosistemul uman Tn care se manifeso sdndtatea si boala nu este Izolat si nici static. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Confinutul conceptului de sdndtate mintald este determinaf de calitatea raportului perso-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 nalitafe-mediu. In conditiile viefii contemporane, relafiile omului cu factorii de mediu s-au \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 complicat. Ele nu se realizeazd exclusiv prin mecanisme biologice, ci sunt dependente si \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 de factorii socio-culturali, care se adaugd si mijlocesc relafiile dintre om si naturd. Deci \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 socialul nu poate fi separat, dar nici idenfificat cu naturalul. Nu putem sd nu refinem cd \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 este caracteristic contemporaneitdfii, fapful cd dezvoifarea tuturor laturilor viefii sociale \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 a devenit tot mai dependentd de naturd, de rezervele ei, de echilibrul ecologic. Relafiile \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 ecologice om-naturd-societate, trebuie privite prin interacfiunea lor, cu evidenfierea con-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 tradicfiilor ce pot apdrea Tn cadrui interacfiunii dintre mediul social si individual. \par\pard\qj \li1224\ri1179\sb20\sl-220\slmult0\fi307 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 In opinio lui Margineanu N (1973), sdndtatea exprimd echilibrul dinamic dintre \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 fiinta si lume iar boala rezultd din dezechilibrul fiinfei cu lumea, din lupta lor asimetricd \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 si dizarmonioasd ce contrazice nu numai logosul Tn evolufie al fiinfei, ci si pe eel al lumii \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 si al societdfii. Dacd Tn conflictul dintre fiinfd si mediu individui reuseste sd Tnvingd sta� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 rea de tensiune care izvprdste din golul de adaptare pe care acesta Tl reprezintd, atunci \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Tsi va pdsfra sdndtatea. In caz contrar, el va ajunge la boald. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9840\paperh13680{\bkmkstart Pg46}{\bkmkend Pg46}\par\pard\li1444\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1444\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1444\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1444\sb71\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx5174 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 38\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 Psihopatologie si psihiafrie pentru psihologi\par\pard\ql \li1780\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1780\sb0\sl- 253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1780\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1780\sb72\sl- 253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs22 3.7. DIMENSIUNI EXISTENTIALE ALE BOLII PSIHICE \par\pard\qj \li1377\ri976\sb215\sl- 220\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Capocitatea subiectului de a se autoadministra rational, diminua si perturbd liberta� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 tea lui interioard. Comunicarea interpersonald, intersubiectivitatea, ccpacitatea de inte\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 grare a persoanei Tn plan socio-cultural sunt, de asemenea, grav afecfate, iar in formele \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 severe ale bolii psihice individui apare ca o fiina \u8222?alienatd", Tnstrdinafa de viafa comu\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 nitard socio-spirituald, desprinsd de Tnsdsi exisfenfa umand. Boala psihica anuleazd \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 capacitatea de autodepdsire si de creafie a subiectului si poate conduce la diverse \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 forme si mtensitafi de deect psihic (Lazarescu M, 1995). \par\pard\qj \li1372\ri1003\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Boala se referd, Tn genere, la o stare anormald cu o cauzalitafe determinatd, cu un \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 debut precizabil \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 (apare la un moment dat mai mult sau mai pufin favorabil aparifiei \par\pard\qj \li1363\ri1008\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi19 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 sale), ore un onumit tablou clinic, un anumit substrat, o anumitd tendintd evolutivd si un \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 rdspuns terapeutic specific. Un om devine bolnav psihic din momentul Tn care nu-si mai \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 este suficient siesi, fdcdnd eforturi pentru a se accepta ori neaccepfdndu-se, neaccep\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 tandu-i nici pe altii, acorddnd o atenfie si o preocupare crescutd pentru propriul corp, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 propria persoand, interogand fdrd a-si gdsi rdspunsul si linisfea Tn propriile valori, ori \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 lipsindu-se de valori \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 (Comutiu G, 1998). \par\pard\qj \li1358\ri1011\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Boala psihica este si va rdmdne o dimensiune (poate cea mai tragicd) a fiinfei uma� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 ne si prin aceasta ea va cuprinde Tntotdeauna tot ceea ce alcdtuieste umanul din noi. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 Dar ea va fi si absenfa libertdfii interioare a subiectului, incapaciatea de a se adapta \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 armonios Tn mijbcul colectivitdfii si imposibilitatea de a crea pentru semeni, prin si cu \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 ei. In ocest sens, boala va dezorganiza esenta umand Tn tot ce are ea definitoriu. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9840\paperh13680{\bkmkstart Pg47}{\bkmkend Pg47}\par\pard\ql \li1531\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1531\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1531\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1531\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1531\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1531\sb85\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex130 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs22 CAPITOLUL 4 \par\pard\qj \li1536\ri1894\sb110\sl-540\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 \ul0\nosupersub\cf21\f22\fs38 PERSONALITATEA NORMALA �1 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 PATOLOGICA \par\pard\ql \li1281\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1281\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1281\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1281\sb47\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 Existd In iecare dintre noi ceva mai addnc decaf not fnsine. \par\pard\ql \li5592\sb50\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 Sfantui Augusfin \par\pard\qj \li1276\sb0\sl-240\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1276\sb0\sl-240\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1276\ri5033\sb82\sl- 240\slmult0\fi9 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 incercari de definire a personalitatii \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 boala si personalitate \par\pard\ql \li1267\sb9\sl- 230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Tulburari de personalitate \par\pard\qj \li1262\ri3646\sb10\sl-230\slmult0\fi9 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Cauzele medicale ale schimbarilor de personalitate \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Tulburari de personalitate. delimitari conceptuale \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Caractere clinice ale dizarmoniei \par\pard\ql \li1267\sb30\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 0 posibila etiologie a tulburarilor de personalitate \par\pard\qj \li1262\ri1282\sb2\sl-240\slmult0\tx1977 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 Clasificarea tulburarilor de personalitate si ipostaze medicale ale acestora \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 Tuiburarea paranoida \par\pard\ql \li1977\sb9\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 Tuiburarea schizoida \par\pard\ql \li1963\ri5420\sb2\sl-240\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 Tuiburarea schlzotipaia \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 Tuiburarea antisociala \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 Tulburarsa bordsrline \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 Tuiburarea histrionica \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 Tuiburarea narcisica \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Tuiburarea evitanta \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 Tuiburarea dependents \par\pard\ql \li1233\ri4667\sb9\sl- 230\slmult0\fi724\tx1958 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 Tuiburarea obsesiv-compulsiva \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 Alte tulburari de personalitate \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 Tulburari de personalitate sj boala \par\pard\qj \li1238\ri1083\sb2\sl-240\slmult0\fi9 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 modalitati de abordare a pacientului cu tulburare de personalitate in timpul \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 internarii \par\pard\ql \li1617\sb210\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs22 4.1. INCERCARI DE DEFINIRE A PERSONAUTATIS \par\pard\qj \li1219\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1219\ri1082\sb75\sl-220\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 Orics Tncercare de definire a personaliefii se loveste de enorme dificultdfi, generate \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 pe de o parte de gradul deosebit de generaliate al notiunii, iar pe de altd parte de ne� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 voia de sinfezd pe care orice definifie o presupune. \par\pard\qj \li1214\ri1094\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0\fi297 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 Personalitatea umand constituie, direct sau indirect, terenul de intersecfie al multor \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 discipline stiintifice, este un univers care incie permanent la cunoastere, dar care mea� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 data nu poate fi epuizat. Goethe considera cd suprema performanfd a cunoasterii stiin� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 tifice este cunoasterea omului. Ideeo esfe justificotd atat prin complexifatea maxima a \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 fiinfei umane, cat si prin faptul cd omul reprezintd valoarea suprema pentru om, \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9840\paperh13680{\bkmkstart Pg48}{\bkmkend Pg48}\par\pard\li1593\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1593\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1593\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1593\sb128\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx5304 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 40\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 Psihopatologie si psihiafrie pentru psihologi\par\pard\qj \li1545\sb0\sl-226\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1545\sb0\sl- 226\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1545\sb0\sl-226\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1545\ri866\sb139\sl-226\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Intre pesimismul lui Nietzsche, care afirma cd omul este animalul care nu poafe fi \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 niciodatd definitsi viziunea axiobgicd a lui Protagoras care spunea cd omul este ma� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 sura tuturor lucrurilor, se naste nelinistitoarea Tntrebare - cum sd evaluezi cu ceva care \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 nu este mdsurabil? \par\pard\qj \li1526\ri887\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0\fi297 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Dacd pentru alte domenii aceastd Tntrebare poate sd rdmdnd retoricd, pentru psihia� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 frie, psihopatologie si psihologie clinicd care opereazd cu modelul medical, ea trebuie \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 cu necesitate sd-si gdseascd un rdspuns. Acest rdspuns devine extrem de complex Tn \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 contextul cresterii vertiginoase a volumului informafiilor stiinfifice, care determind o vi\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 ziune multidimensionald, prin care realitatea nu poate fi cunoscutd decaf prin inter\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 pretdrile interdisciplinare, sistemice, ale contextelor, ansamblurilor. \par\pard\qj \li1531\ri887\sb19\sl-220\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 Cu oate cd se pot inventaria aproape tot atdtea definifii asupra personalitdfii cdte \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 teorii psihologice existd, se poate stabili ofusi un oarecare consens asupra unui numdr \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 de nofiuni, care sunt Tn genere cuprinse Tn orice definire si descriere si pe care vom Tn\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 cerca sd le trecem Tn revistd: \par\pard\qj \li1531\ri890\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 - personalitatea este un concept global, o structurd care nu se poate descrie decdt \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 prin elementele sale structurale; \par\pard\ql \li1809\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 - ea are un anumit grad de permanenfd, o dinamicd si o economie proprie; \par\pard\qj \li1526\ri897\sb23\sl-220\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 - esfe rezultanfa dezvoltdrii potenfialitdtilor Tnndscute Tntr-un mediu de dezvoltare \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 precizabil din punct de vedere socio-cultural; \par\pard\ql \li1809\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 - dezvoifarea personalitdfii este secventiald. \par\pard\qj \li1526\ri910\sb3\sl- 220\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Subliniem Tnsd, Tncd o dote, cd obordorea acestor puncte de referinfd diferd dupd \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 scoala, atatTn privinfa sensului acordat, cat si a ponderii ce li se aplicd Tn cadrui perso� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 nalitdfii. \par\pard\ql \li1891\sb213\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs22 4.2. BOALA �1 PERSONALITATE (TULBURARI DE PERSONALITATE) \par\pard\qj \li1497\ri910\sb215\sl-220\slmult0\fi297 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Fundalul bolii psihice ca si al normalului este personalitatea. Ea va fi cea care va da \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 nota particulard si de diversitate fiecdrui tablou clinic. De fapf, aceasta este si marea difi-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 cultote, dor pe de altd parte si marea specificitate caracteristicd psihiatriei. Cele doud \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 componente ale cuplului patogenic, ferenul si agentul patogen se ofid Tn psihiotrie Tntr-o \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 relafie de strdnsd Tntrepdtrundere, alcdtuind o ecuafie ale cdrei solufii sunt infinite. Si \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 asta pentru cd, spre exemplu, dacd Tn reacfii ogentul potogen (troumo psihice) vo fi \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 exterior terenului (personalitatea), Tn dezvolfdri el se va si suprapune structural si genetic \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 pesfe aceasta (boala afldndu-si cauza si Tn Tnsdsi dizarmonia personalitdfii), iorTn pro-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 cese, intersecfia celor doud componente generatoore oie bolii conduce la transformarea \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 tuturor elementelor originae ale personalitdfii. Desigur cd relafia dintre cei doi factori \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 amintiti mai sus nu este o relafie mecanicd; complexitatea retroacfiunilor, interdepen-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 denfelor, o face greu descriptibild si practic imposibil de cunoscutTn intimitatea ei. \par\pard\qj \li1488\ri933\sb6\sl-213\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Mai mult decdt Tn oricare domeniu al medicinii, Tn psihiafrie exisfenfa bolnovilor si \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 nu o bolilor este definitorie. Aceasta nu Tnseamnd, asa cum au Tncercat unii sd demonsfre\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 ze, cd boiile nu existd; si cu atat mai pufin Tnseamnd ceea ce alfii susfin cu suverand \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 suficienfd, cd nu asistdm decdt le o boold unicd. \par\pard\qj \li1497\ri920\sb2\sl-220\slmult0\fi273 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Semnificafia celor ardtate anterior se regdseste Tn diversitatea clinicd a tulburarilor \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 mintale, indiferentde intensitatea lor nevroticd, psihoticd si de ce nu, demenfiald, care \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 se transfigureazd la nivel individual Tntr-o caleidoscopicd organizare. \par\pard\qj \li1497\ri933\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 Demersul psihopatologului ar fi sisific Tn Tncercarea de descriere a tuturor acestor ta-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 blouri, iar nosografia ar pdrea un \u8222?butoi al Danaidelor" daca Tn permanenfd nu s-ar \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9840\paperh13680{\bkmkstart Pg49}{\bkmkend Pg49}\par\pard\li1118\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1118\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1118\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1118\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1118\sb89\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx8246 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Personalitatea normald si patologica\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 41\par\pard\qj \li1108\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1108\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1108\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1108\ri1207\sb174\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 face efortul critic al determindrii premorbidului. Punereo ocestuio Tn evidenfd, stabilirea \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 legdturii inteligibile dintre preexistenf si existent, ca si sesizarea exactd a nivelului si ca-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 racteristicilor personalitdfii oricum Tn suferinfd sunt conditiile sine qua non ale psihiatriei. \par\pard\qj \li1094\ri1212\sb5\sl-215\slmult0\fi297 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 In sabilirea diagnosticului si Tn Tnfelegerea cazului, medicul trebuie sd rezolve o pro-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 blemd fundamentae si anume: sd coreleze tabloul clinic actual cu aspectele personali� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 tdfii premorbide pe care acesta s-a grefat, si sd aprecieze astfel, eventualitafea accen-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 tudrii unor trdsdturi care se manifestau evident si anterior Tmbolndvirii; modificarea cali-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 tativd a personalitdfii \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 - operafie dificild si cu importante consecinte Tn ceea ce priveste \par\pard\ql \li1094\sb12\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 diognosticul si Tndeosebi terapia. \par\pard\qj \li1094\ri1221\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi278 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 O personaliate nu se poate restructura datoritd bolii decdt de la un nivel pe care l-a \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 atins, Tn jos. Aceastd diferentd trebuie sd fie reald, Tntre ceeo ce a fost si ceea ce este, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 si nu Tntre ceeo ce or fi pufut fi, sou ceeo ce ne imogindm cd a fost, sau Tntre proiecfia \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 ideae a psihiatrului si realitate. \par\pard\qj \li1080\ri1232\sb9\sl-210\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Acelasi lucru este valabil si pentru substructurile personalitdfii: atunci cdnd afirmdm \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 deteriorarea mintald, va trebui sd ne referim la dezvoifarea mintald a subiectului Tn \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 cauza care este acum decalatd Tn performanfe. \par\pard\qj \li1080\ri1236\sb10\sl-210\slmult0\fi278 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Mayer-Gross concluziona asupra unui lucru de mult timp cunoscutTn psihiafrie, cd \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 modul de reoctie corespunde trdsdturilor celor mai reprezentative ale personalitdfii la \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 care acesta apare, deci reacfiile sunt oproepe Tntotdeouna Tn sensul personalitdfii. \par\pard\qj \li1065\ri1242\sb2\sl-220\slmult0\fi297 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 De asemenea, celelalfe psihogenii, prin Tnsdsi definifia lor - de boli de \u8222?dezvoltare", \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 vor urma sensul personalitdfii.'Intelegerea acesfui lucru ne va Tmpiedica Tn tentatia hiper-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 analiticd de a descrie noi si noi entitdf! si forme clinice, pentru cd pare evident cd fiecare \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 tip de boala, indiferent de intensitatea ei psihopotobgicd \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 (pana si la nivel demenfial) \par\pard\ql \li1055\ri1242\sb4\sl-216\slmult0\fi4\tx1358\tx1353 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 va cdpdta nuanfd dominantd a personalitdfii premorbide, dezvoltdnd o simptomatob-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 gie generae de suprapunerea sau de interferenta morbidului cu premorbidul. \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Dacd personaliatea nu este o cheie psihopatobgicd pentru explicarea continutului \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Tntregii patobgii (asa cum ea este pentru psihogenii), ea va fi si Tn cadrui celorlalte boli \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 factor patoplastic, fdcdnd comprenensibild forma, dar nu si continutul. \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Intuifia kretschmeriand \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 (devenitd dogma din pdcafe pentru o lungd perioadd de \par\pard\qj \li1060\ri1262\sb9\sl-210\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 timp) care opunea picnicul leptosomului Tn tentativa de a stabili coleo cdtre psihozd, Tsi \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 gdsesteTn reolitofea clinicd o nuanfatd exprimare; chiar atunci cdnd procesul schizofren \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 se instaleazd la un picnic, el are o pronunfatd nuanfd afectivd. \par\pard\qj \li1060\ri1257\sb2\sl- 220\slmult0\fi278 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Absolutizarea rolului sfructurii premorbide poate Tnsd duce la impasuri majore: s-au \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 descris o structurd psihopaticd si uno nevroticd, Tntre care s-a stabilit ca linie de demarcate \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 \u8222?pdstrarea posibilitdtii comparafiei Tntre starea sa dinainte de boala si Tmbolndvire" \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 (Nica-Udangiu). \par\pard\ql \li1444\sb173\sl- 253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs22 4.3 CAUZELE MEDICALE ALE SCHIMBAR1LOR DE PERSONALITATE \par\pard\qj \li1055\ri1266\sb195\sl- 220\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Se adjnite Tnsd posibilitatea \u8222?psihopatizdrii" nevrozelor dupd o mai lungd si trenantd \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 evolufie. Tntrebarea care se pune este: acest nevrotic psihopatizat mai \u8222?pdstreazd" Tntot-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 deauna posibilitatea comparafiei comportamentu lui sau Tnainte si dupd Tmbolndvire? \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Dacd da, atunci nu a devenit \u8222?psihopat"; dacd nu, atunci cum stim cd nu a fost \u8222? psihopat"? \par\pard\qj \li1051\ri1274\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Desigur acesta este un simplu demers feoretic care demonstreazd dificultdfile de Tnca\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 drare Tn modele, delimitdrile avdnd o zond lipsifd de exactitafe care Tsi are originea toc\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 mai Tn uriasa variabilitate umand si Tn dificultatea stabilirii de modele. \par\pard\qj \li1041\ri1268\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi297 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Interferenfa care se produce Tn cadrui sindroamelor psihoorganice cronice (si chiar \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Tn cele acute), Tn care patologia care ar trebui sd fie organizatd dupd modelul strict me-\par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9840\paperh13680{\bkmkstart Pg50}{\bkmkend Pg50}\par\pard\li1511\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1511\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1511\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1511\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1511\sb56\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx5246 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 42\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 Psihopatologie si psihiafrie pentru psihologi\par\pard\qj \li1459\sb0\sl-210\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1459\sb0\sl- 210\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1459\sb0\sl-210\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1459\ri924\sb205\sl-210\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 dicai (leziune-disfuncfie) are un caracter de globalitate; faptul cd ele se diferenfiazd evi-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 denfiind eel mai adesea dizarmoniile existente Tn personaliatea premorbidd, ne Tndreaptd \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 cdtre admiferea reciprocei: \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \u8222?strucfura somaticd" va avea un rol Tn expresivitatea tabbului \par\pard\qj \li1444\ri939\sb2\sl- 220\slmult0\fi14 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 clinic. Constitufia biobgicd, integritoteo ei morfo-funcfionold, rezistenfa ei la dezadap-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 tare, toate acestea se vor regdsi nuanfat Tn tabloul morbid, lae cdteva din circum-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 stanfele medicale care pot avea ca expresie schimbarea personalitdfii subiectului: tul� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 burarile comitiale, Tn special cele cu origine Tn lobul temporal, lezlunile lobului frontal, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 tumorile, abcesele si alte leziuni cerebrae. Bear si Fedio au descris caracteristicile per� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 sonalitdfii pacienfilor cu epilepsie a lobului temporal: hipo- sau hipersexualitate, vdsco-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 zitote emofionold (\u8222?odezivitote"), hiperreligiozitate, intensificarea emotiibr, hipergrafie, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 circumstantialitate, supraincluziune, lipsa umorului, tendinfe paranoide si accentuarea \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 extreme a sentimenfului morel. Este important de reamintit cd Tn cazurile Tn care existd \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 o patologie predominana a lobului frontal, abilitdfile cognitive sunt relativ pdstrate. \par\pard\ql \li2423\ri1841\sb204\sl- 240\slmult0\tx4051 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex97 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 CAUZElf MEDICAIE ALE SCHIMBARILOR DE PERSONALITATE \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex98 (dupd PopldnMK, 1986) \par\pard\qj \li1852\ri3632\sb80\sl-240\slmult0\fi9 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Demenja corticala (poate fi manifestarea timpurie) \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 Tumorile SNC \par\pard\qj \li1843\ri1260\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 Afecjiuni ale lobului frontal (in special asociate cu leziunile orbitale sau cu tumori) \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 Traumatism cranian \par\pard\qj \li1852\ri5787\sb0\sl- 230\slmult0\fi4\tx2707 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 Intoxicatii \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 (de ex. plumb) \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Sindrom postconvulsiv \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Psihochirurgie \par\pard\ql \li1838\sb18\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Accidente vasculare \par\pard\ql \li1852\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Hemoragie subarahnoidiana \par\pard\qj \li1833\ri2388\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi19 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Demenfa subcorticala (deseori o manifestare care iese Tn evidene) \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 Afecjiuni ale lobului temporal (Tn special de tip iritativ/convulsiv) \par\pard\ql \li1713\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1713\sb44\sl-207\slmult0\tx7804\tx7905 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Revizia a X-a clasificdrii tulburarilor mintale si de comportament OMS, \tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 1 \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 992 intro� \par\pard\qj \li1416\ri932\sb0\sl-225\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 duce conceptul de tulburare de personaliate organicd pe care o caracterizeazd ce: o \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 alterare semnificafivd a modelelor obisnuite a comporfamenfului premorbid. In special \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 sunt afectafe expresia emofionald, frebuinfele si impulsurile; funcfiile cognitive sunt defec\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 tuoase Tn special sau doar Tn sfera planificdrii propriilor acfiuni si anticiparii consecin\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 felor lor pentru subiecf. \par\pard\qj \li1416\ri963\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi287 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 In oforo unui istoric stobilit sou a unei alte dovezi de boala, leziune, sau disfuncfie \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 cerebrae, un diagnostic cert necesitd prezenfa a doud sau mai multe din urmdtoarele \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 caracteristici: \par\pard\qj \li1420\ri978\sb19\sl- 220\slmult0\fi273 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 a) Capacitate constant redusd de a persevera Tn activiati cu scop, mai ales cand \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 implied lungi perioade de timp si satisfacfii amdnate; \par\pard\qj \li1406\ri968\sb0\sl- 240\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 b) Comportament emotional alterat, caracterizat prin labilitate emofionald, bund \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 dispozifie superficiald si nejustificotd \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 (euforie), veselie neodecvatd; schimbare rapidd \par\pard\qj \li1406\ri972\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 spre iritabilitate sau scurfe explozii de mdnie si agresiune; Tn unele cazuri poate apdrea \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 apatia, care poafe fi trdsdfura predominanta; \par\pard\qj \li1406\ri981\sb0\sl- 230\slmult0\fi278 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 c) Dezinhibarea expresiei necesitdfilor si impulsurllor fdrd a ea Tn considerare conse-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 cinfele sau convenfiile sociale (pacientul se poafe angaja Tn acfe disociale, ca: pjrtul, avan-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 suri sociale nepotrivite, bulimie, sau manifeso desconsiderare pentru igiencs psrsonald); \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9840\paperh13680{\bkmkstart Pg51}{\bkmkend Pg51}\par\pard\li1401\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1401\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1401\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1401\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1401\sb195\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx8409 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Personalitatea normaia si patologica\tab \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex109 43\par\pard\qj \li1391\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1391\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1391\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1391\ri1049\sb168\sl-220\slmult0\fi273 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 d) Tulburari cognitive sub forma suspiciunii sau ideafie paranoidd si/sau excesivd \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 preocupare pentru o unicd temd de obicei abstractd (de exemplu religia, \u8222?adevdrul", \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \u8222?eroarea" etc.); \par\pard\qj \li1387\ri1063\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0\fi273 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 e) Alterare marcatd a debitului si fluiditdfii verbale, ceea ce se traduce prin: circum\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 stanfialitate, hiperimplicare, vdscozitate si hipergrafie; \par\pard\ql \li1377\ri1068\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi283\tx1646 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 f) Comportament sexual alterat (hiposexualitatea sau schimbarea preferinfei sexuale). \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Tofusi, osa cum nu existd psihogenezd purd (nu existd emofie fdrd tulburari neurove-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 getative si endocrine, afirmd Tn \up0 \expndtw- 2\charscalex100 1 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 973 Sivadon), ot asa nu se poate vorbi de persono-\par\pard\ql \li1377\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 genezd Tn sens neurologic. \par\pard\ql \li1756\sb195\sl- 253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs22 4.4.1ULBURARI DE PERSONALITATE. DEUMfTARI CONCEPTUALE \par\pard\qj \li1363\ri1063\sb215\sl-220\slmult0\fi297 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Pentru a denumi tulburarile de personalitate asa cum leTntelegem si le denumim azi, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 de-a lungul timpului au fosf fobsiti o serie de termeni cu destin lingvistic variabil si cu o \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 arie de rdspdndire mai mult sau mai pufin importanta. Termeni ca \u8222?folie sans delir" (ne-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 bunie fdrd delir) (Ph Pind), nebunie morald (Prirjhard J C), inferioritate psihopaticd, psi-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 hopotie (Kcdl J L), onetopatie, caracteropatie, personalitate psihopaticd (Kraepdin E), \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 nevrozd de caracter, dizormonie de personaliate, tulburare de personalitate, au cdutat \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 de-a lungul timpului sd acopere domeniul tulburdrii de personalitate, acest lucru fiind \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 de Tnfeles Tn contextul Tn care chiar conceptul de personalitate, cheia de boltd a psiho� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 logiei si a psihopatologiei cunoasfe zeci de definifii si sute de accepfiuni \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 (ionsscu G). \par\pard\qj \li1358\ri1074\sb0\sl- 230\slmult0\fi9 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Formuerile menfionate au finut seama fie de presupusa determinare etiopatogenicd a \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 tulburdrii de personalitate, fie de modelul personalitdfii Tnsusit de autori, fie chiar de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 fabloul psihopatologie. \par\pard\qj \li1353\ri1084\sb0\sl-226\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Prin tulburai de psrsenaliete Tnfelegem acele frdsdturi inflexible si dezadaptative \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 care provoacd fie perturbdri Tn funcfionalitatea socio- profesionald a individului, fie dis\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 confort subiectiv. Prin rasdksri de personslitCffe se Tnfeleg modelele de gandire si de re\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 lafionare cu mediul social si cu propria individualitate a subiectului. \par\pard\li1896\sb95\sl-207\slmult0\fi715\tx5620 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 Sursa\tab \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Denumire\par\pard\li1896\sb23\sl-207\slmult0\fi19\tx4463 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Ph. Pine!\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul Nebunie fara delir, personalitate anorma\ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 li\par\pard\li1896\sb9\sl- 207\slmult0\fi9\tx4463 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 J.C. Prichard\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Nebunie moraia\par\pard\li1896\sb0\sl- 230\slmult0\fi9\tx4459 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 \ul0\nosupersub\cf22\f23\fs20\ul Cleckley\ul0\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul Sociopatie\par\pard\li1896\sb14\sl- 207\slmult0\fi9\tx4459 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 J.L. Koch, Emit Kraepelin\ul0\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul Personalitate psihopatica - psihopatie\par\pard\li1896\sb19\sl- 207\slmult0\fi9\tx4459 \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex119 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 S. Freud\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Nevroza de caracter\par\pard\li1896\sb23\sl-207\slmult0\fi14\tx4449 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul ICD 10. DSM IV\ul0\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul Tulburare de personalitate\par\pard\li1896\sb19\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx4459 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Alte denumiri:\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Personalitate imatura,\par\pard\qj \li4454\ri3168\sb5\sl- 220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Personalitate inadecvata, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Personalitate accentuae \par\pard\qj \li1339\ri1116\sb220\sl-220\slmult0\fi264 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Tulburarile de personalitate se recunosc Tncd din adoiescenfd si perslstd toatd viafa, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 atenudndu-se de obicei cu vdrsta. \par\pard\qj \li1339\ri1111\sb0\sl-240\slmult0\fi264 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Vom frece Tn revisfa o serie de definifii care ni s-au pdrut mai complete din ultima \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 jumdtate de veac: \par\pard\qj \li1324\ri1121\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 e Este imposibil de dat o definifie a personalitdfii psihopatice. Prin personalitate psi� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 hopaticd Tnfelegem acele personalitdfi discordante caracterizate prin particularitdfi canti-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 fafive ale instinctului, temperamentului si caracterului si a cdror activitate intenfionald si \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9840\paperh13680{\bkmkstart Pg52}{\bkmkend Pg52}\par\pard\li1368\sb0\sl-184\slmult0\par\pard\li1368\sb0\sl- 184\slmult0\par\pard\li1368\sb0\sl-184\slmult0\par\pard\li1368\sb0\sl- 184\slmult0\par\pard\li1368\sb46\sl-184\slmult0\fi0\tx5140 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 44\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 Psihopatologie si psihiafrie pentru psihologi\par\pard\qj \li1315\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1315\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1315\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1315\ri997\sb172\sl-220\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex130 unitard este influenfatd de anomalii Tn perceperea propriei persoane si a semenibr, fapf \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex133 care conduce la Tnbcuirea vabrilor reale cu false valori si a scopurilor autentice vitale \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex128 cu pseudoscopuri (Kahn E, 1931). \par\pard\qj \li1315\ri1007\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex132 \u8226? Personaiifdfile psihopatice sunt acele personalitdfi anormale care suferd daorifd \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex129 anormalitdfilor structurale sau care, prin acestea fac societotee sd sufere (Schneider K, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 1934). \par\pard\qj \li1300\ri1009\sb0\sl-225\slmult0\fi302 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex130 � Psjhopatic ca prefix, a devenit un cos de gunoi Tn care sunt aruncafe tot felul de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 lucruri. Intre aprecierile relative si sovditoare ole societdfil Tn ceea ce priveste asa-zisul \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex133 nebun si asa- zisul criminal, psihopatia se situeazd Tntr-o zond de tranzifie diferie de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex130 cele doud, integrdndu-se Tntr-una sau alfa, mai mult sau mai pufin accidenal (Whie P, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 1935). \par\pard\qj \li1296\ri1018\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi297 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex129 � Denumim prin personalitdfi psihopatice, acei indivizi care, Tn concordonfd cu un \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex131 anumit nivel infelectuol care niciodotd nu otinge limia inferioord a normolului si core \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 de-o lungul Tntregii lor viefi sou de la o varstd tandrd au tulburari manifeso de tip anti� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex130 social sau asocial, eel mai adesea cu caracter recurent sau episodic si care se dovedesc \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex133 a fi pufin influenfate de metode sociale, penale si medicale, pentru care nu poseddm \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex129 mijbace de naturd preventivd sau curativd (Henderson DK, 1939). \par\pard\qj \li1300\ri1036\sb16\sl-220\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 � Ei find sd-si exteriorizeze social conflicfele Tn be sd dezvolte simptomele conflictu\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 lui interior fLevine S, 1942). \par\pard\qj \li1286\ri1032\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex128 s Psihopatiile reprezintd un grup polimorf de dezvoltdri pafobgice ale personalitdfii \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex133 caracterizate clinic printr-o insuficientd capaciate sau printr-o incapacitate episodicd \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 sau permanenfd de integrare armonioasd si supld la conditiile obisnuite ale mediuiui fa� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 milial, profesional sau Tn general social (Predescu V, 1976). \par\pard\qj \li1276\ri1045\sb0\sl-226\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 � Principalele trdsdfuri sunt reprezenate de modele rigide, necorespunzdtoare, de re� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex130 lafie, de percepfie si de apreciere a lumii si sinelui, suficient de severe, pentru a deter\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 mina fie tulburari severe Tn adaptarea socio-profesionald, fie suferinfe obiective (DSM HI, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 1980). \par\pard\qj \li1257\ri1046\sb0\sl-224\slmult0\fi307 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 \u8226? Tulburarile Tn modul de structurare a personalifafii sunt un grup polimorf de struc-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex129 turi particulare ale personalitdfii care includ deviafii calitative sau contitotive ole sferei \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex131 ofectiv-volifionole si instinctive, care se cristalizeozd Tn adoiescenfd si persistd toate \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex132 viata, se manifesto pe plan comportamental, fdrd a fi recunoscute ca atare de subiect, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex134 provocdndu-i acestuia o incapacitate de integrare armonioasd la conditiile mediuiui \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex131 social cu care realizeazd un impact permanent, dar cu rdsunet existential variabil. \par\pard\qj \li1243\ri1051\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi312 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex133 \u8226? Au ca elemente definitorii: controlul incomplet al sferelor afectiv-volifionale si \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex128 instinctive; nerecunoasterea defectului structural; incapacitatea de integrare armonioasd \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex128 Tn mediul social (Tudose F si Gorges C, 1985). \par\pard\qj \li1248\ri1056\sb0\sl-223\slmult0\fi297 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex128 \u8226? Tuiburarea specified de personalitate este o perturbare severd Tn constitufia carac\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex132 teriologicd si Tn tendinfele comportamenaie ale individului, implicdnd de obicei mai \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex128 multe arii ale personalitdfii si asociate aproape Tntotdeauna cu un considerabil dezechi\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex129 libru personal si social. Tuiburarea de personalitate finde sd apard Tn copildria tardivd \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex131 sau Tn adoiescenfd si continud sd se manifeso Tn viaa adultd. Din oceastd cauza, este \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex136 improbabil ca diagnosticul de tulburare de personalitate sd fie eel corect pentru un \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex129 pacient care nu a TmplinitTncd 16 sau 17 ani (ICD-10, 1992). \par\pard\qj \li1238\ri1070\sb0\sl-226\slmult0\fi297 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex133 \u8226? Tuiburarea de personalitate este un pattern persistent de experienfd interioard si \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex136 comporament care deviazd Tn mod clar de la osteparile pe core le avem din partea \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 insului; acest pattern ese pervaziv si inflexibil, cu debut Tn adoiescenfd sau timpuriu Tn \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 viaa adultd, stabil Tn timp si care determind disfuncfionalifate (DSM-IV, 1994). \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9840\paperh13680{\bkmkstart Pg53}{\bkmkend Pg53}\par\pard\li1358\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1358\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1358\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1358\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1358\sb94\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx8404 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Personalitatea normala si patologica\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 45\par\pard\ql \li1728\sb0\sl- 253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1728\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1728\sb0\sl- 253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1728\sb62\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs22 4.5. CARAOERE CLINICE ALE DIZARMONIEI \par\pard\ql \li1631\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1631\sb18\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 \u8226? Personalitdfile dizarmonic-psihopate se caracterizeazd prin: \par\pard\ql \li1631\sb13\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 - o dizormonie corocteriold grove si persistentd care se exprimd prin diverse tipologii; \par\pard\qj \li1343\ri1055\sb23\sl-220\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 - aceastd tulburare influenfeazd negativ (perturbator) exisfenfa interpersonal-sociald \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 a individului; judecarea morald poate fi, deseori, deficitard; \par\pard\ql \li1324\ri1069\sb6\sl-213\slmult0\fi302\tx1622 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 - dizarmonia este urmarea disontogenezei persoanei; anormalitatea fiind neevolu\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 tivd si greu influenfabild prin educafie, sanctiuni sau chiar prin tratament psihiatric. \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Existd si alte caracteristici care, Tnsd, nu se Tntalnesc Tn mod obligatoriu la toate ca-\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 zurile de psihopatie, ci mai ales la cele etichetate ca \u8222?sociopatice" ori \u8222?nucleare": \par\pard\qj \li1334\ri1080\sb2\sl-220\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 - subiectul urmdreste sotisfocereo propriilor interese si pldceri fdrd o fine contde oltii \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 (egocentric, hedonic); \par\pard\ql \li1612\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 - subiectul este de acord cu comportamentul lui (egosinfonic); \par\pard\ql \li1622\sb13\sl- 207\slmult0\tx6432 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 - Tn situafii conflictuale este de pdrere cd alfil sunt vinovafi \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 (extrapunitivitate); \par\pard\ql \li1612\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 - Ti determind pe alfii sd sufere mai mult decdt suferd el Tnsusi; \par\pard\ql \li1612\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 - atitudineo activd si heteroagresivd predomind asupra ceiei inhibate; \par\pard\qj \li1334\ri1077\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi273 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 - lipsa de adecvare nuanfatd la diverse situafii, incapacitatea de a Tnvdfa din expe\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 rienfd (psihorigiditate) (LazarescuM si Ogodeseu D, 1995). \par\pard\qj \li1324\ri1083\sb0\sl-226\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \u8226? Ansamblul caracteristic si persistent de trdsdturi, predominant cognitive, dispozi\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 fionale si relafionale, ilustrote prinfr-un comportament Care deviazd Tn mod evident si \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 invalidant de la expectafiile fafd de persoana respectivd si de la normele grupului sou \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 social (lonescu G, 1997). \par\pard\ql \li1694\sb168\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw- 4\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs22 4.6. O POSIBIlA ETIOLOGIE A TULBURARILOR DE PERSONALITATE \par\pard\qj \li1310\ri1086\sb215\sl- 220\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Dintre factorii implicafi Tn etiologia plurifactoriald a tulburarilor de personalitate au \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 fosf incriminafi erediatea, factorii perinafali, factorii de microorganicitate, factorii mezo\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 logici, factorii de dezvoltare, fdrd ca sd exisfe pdnd Tn acest moment nici un consens \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 stiintific si nici mdcar dovada unei legdturi de cauzalitate suficient de importante pentru \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 a fi luatd Tn discufie. \par\pard\qj \li1310\ri1079\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Interesul deosebif de prezentare a tulburarilor de personalitate Tn aceastd lucrare \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 este legat eel pufin de urmdtoorele ospecfe: \par\pard\qj \li1310\ri1084\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi278 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 - Personolitoteo si implicit tulburarile de personalitate reprezintd fundalul pe care se \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 desfdsoard tragedia bolii psihice sou somofice si Tn ocest context perceperea ei de cdtre \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 medicul sau psihologul clinician va suferi distorsiuni caracteristice. \par\pard\qj \li1305\ri1089\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 - Situote le limito normalitate-boae, fdrd sd Tsi poatd defini un statut, tulburarile de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 personalitate vor fi uneori confundate cu boala psihica, crednd dificultdfi de diagnostic \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 si abordare. \par\pard\qj \li1305\ri1099\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 - Tulburarile de personaliate ale membrilor familiei bolnavului pot complica Tn cele \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 mai diverse ipostaze intervenfia terapeutica, \par\pard\qj \li1296\ri1098\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0\fi287 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 - Medicul sau psihologul clinician pot fi ei Tnsisi personalitdfi care se Tnscriu Tn \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 aceastd sferd, iar acest lucru va genera dificultdfi de relationare extreme. \par\pard\qj \li1291\ri1093\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 - Abordarea bolnavilor cu tulburari de personalitate, indiferentde suferinfa pe care \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 o au - psihica sau somaticd - cere abilitdti si efort suplimentar. \par\pard\qj \li1291\ri1083\sb9\sl-210\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 Subliniem toate acestea pentru a ne delimia si de aceia care considerd cd aceste \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 personalitdfi sunt sarea si piperul omenirii... fulburd valurile viefii sociale si uneori le \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 dau culoare. Amestecul armonie-dizarmonie-normalitate- anormalitate-incertitudine \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 -\par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9840\paperh13680{\bkmkstart Pg54}{\bkmkend Pg54}\par\pard\li1224\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1224\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1224\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1224\sb99\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx4996 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 46\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Psihopatologie si psihiafrie pentru psihologi\par\pard\qj \li1166\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1166\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1166\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1166\ri1145\sb171\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 delimitare ca fundal acceptat pentru demersul medical sau psihologie, va fi doar un inu\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 til mars Tn desert spre o fintd care este fata morgana. Acob, eel care va rdtdci se imogi\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 neazd ca un stdpdn al adevdrului acceptdnd paradoxul cd orice aserfiune poate fi Tn \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 acest context adevaratd sau falsa. \par\pard\qj \li1161\ri1141\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\fi278 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 Tulburarile de personaliate sunt aledtuife din rasdt/rr'de personalitate, care aratd o \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 persistenfd maladaptativd si inflexibilitate. Trdsdturiie de personalitate sunt paftem-urile \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 durabile ale comportamentului. \par\pard\ql \li1444\sb1\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 a. Trdsdturiie nu sunt patologice si nici nu sunt diagnosticabile ca tulburari minale. \par\pard\ql \li1151\ri1155\sb1\sl- 222\slmult0\fi297\tx1444\tx1430 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 b. Recunoasterea acestor trdsdturi poate fi folositoare oricdrui medic Tn Tnfelegerea \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 reacfiei fafd de stres, boold sou oricore oltd situafie cu implicofii medicole. \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Funcfio homeostoticd realizatd de personalitate pentru mediul psihosocial obisnuit al \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 pacientului poafe fi profund dezodoptotivd Tn cadrui sistemului medical la core ocesta \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 este nevoit sd apeleze. Tulburarile comporamenaie care rezultd pot fi etichetate ca tul� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 burari de personalitate, neadaptare, nevrozd, comportament normal Tn condifiile afec-\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 fiunii date, regresie psihologicd legato de boala sau caracter patologic. \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Acordarea importantei cuvenite factorilor psihodinamici, de dezvoltare si de perso� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 nalitate este importanta pentru medic din urnatoarele motive: \par\pard\qj \li1151\ri1169\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 - reacfiile negative ale unui specialist Tn fafa pacientului Tl pot Tndepdrta de proble� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 meie medicale reale. \par\pard\qj \li1137\ri1165\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0\fi297 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 - tulburarile de personalitate pot avea ca rezultat un diagnostic incorect si un trata\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 ment insuficient sau nepotrivif (de exemplu, comportamentul neaiutorat si indecis al unui \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 pacienf cu tulburare de personalitate de tip dependent poate fi interpretatd gresit ca \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 aparfinand unei depresii si deci trafatd cu medicatie antidepresivd); \par\pard\ql \li1425\sb31\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 - complicafiile legate de personaliate pot fi tratate de obicei Tntr-un fermen scurt. \par\pard\qj \li1118\ri1170\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi297 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Scopul recunoasterii tulburdrii de personalitate este eel de a Tnfelege comportamen\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 tele pacientului fafd de boala, un exemplu clasic fiind eel al comportamentelor adictive \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Tn care obuzul de droguri nu poate fi tratat fdrd a Tnfelege trdsdturiie de personalitate \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 care Tl Tnsofesc. \par\pard\qj \li1113\ri1175\sb0\sl- 224\slmult0\fi302 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 Frecvent, tulburarile de personaliate complied relatia medic-pacient dar tot atat de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 frecvent, tulburarile de personalitate sunt frecute cu vederea, Tn special la vdrstnici. La \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 aceastd vdrstd, multe din comportamentele dezadaptative sunt puse pe seama organici\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 tdfii sau a deteriordrii cognitive datorafd vdrstei. Cu toate acestea, retrospectiva eveni\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 mentelor si conduitelor pacientului, poate orienta rapid medicul Tn identificarea unei tul� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 burari de personalitate. \par\pard\qj \li1104\ri1179\sb0\sl-226\slmult0\fi297 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Informafii utileTn descrierea personalitdfii potfi obfinufe din observarea felului Tn care \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 pacientul este Tmbrdcat si modul Tn care participd la diabgul cu medicul. Machiajul stri� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 dent sau, dimpotrivd aspectul neTngrijif, mimica exageratd sau indiferenfo fofd de si� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 tuafie sunt elemente importante. \par\pard\qj \li1104\ri1188\sb0\sl-226\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Ascultarea modului Tn care pocienfii Tsi exprimd nevoile, a faptului cd prezenfarea \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 este prea dramaticd sau excesiv de pateticd, orienteazd atat spre exisfenfa unei tulbu� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 rari de personaliate, cot si spre tipul ocesfeio. Acelasi lucru se Tntdmpld atunci cdnd \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 pacientul Tncearcd sd se prezinte Tntr-o lumind exagerat de mdgulitoare. \par\pard\ql \li1401\sb1\sl-177\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Rdspunsurile la Tntrebdri specifice de tipul: Cum a interacfionaf cu persoane impor� \par\pard\qj \li1113\ri1168\sb3\sl-226\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 tante? Se simte pacientul apropiat sau Tncrezdtor Tn cineva? Pacientul are un comporta� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 ment manipulator sau exagerat de dependent? Ce comportament anormal a mai prezen-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 tat pacientul Tn frecuf? In ce fel se comportd Tn relafia cu cei care Tl Tngrijesc? Dacd a intrat \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 vreodatd Tn conflict cu acesfia? Ce a fosf benefic si ce nu Tn relafiile cu medicii care l- au \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9840\paperh13680{\bkmkstart Pg55}{\bkmkend Pg55}\par\pard\li1161\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1161\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1161\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1161\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1161\sb65\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx8236 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Personalitatea normala si patologica\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 47\par\pard\ql \li1132\sb0\sl- 228\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1132\sb0\sl-228\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1132\sb0\sl- 228\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1132\ri1218\sb147\sl-228\slmult0\fi24\tx1435 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Tngnjit anterior? vor aduce informafio necesard creiondrii tipului de personalitate si va \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 permite evaluarea necesard plasdrii acestuia Tntre normalitate si tulburare. \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Relatii suplimentare care sd contureze tabloul personalitdfii pacientului pot fi obfinufe \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 de la prieteni, familie, colegi, parteneri de cuplu. De asemenea, tabloul poate fi si mai \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 bine conturat prin folosirea unor teste de psihodiagnostic cum ar fi: inventorul multifazic \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 de personaliate Minnesota (MMPI) consideratde psihologii si medicii americani eel mai \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 bun test standardizat pentru evaluorea personalitdfii. Un avantaj suplimentar al MMPI-ului \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 este faptul cd se autoadministreazd si cd Tn ultimo vreme poote fi prelucrot outomot pe \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 computer. Dintre dezavantaje enumerdm lipsa unei standardizdri romanesti recunoscute \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 si timpul mare necesitat de completarea acestuio. \par\pard\qj \li1507\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1507\ri2027\sb19\sl-220\slmult0\tx2011 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs22 4.7. CLASIFICAREA TULBURARILOR DE PERSONALTTATE Si \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 IPOSTAZE MEDICALE ALE ACESTORA \par\pard\qj \li1118\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1118\ri1245\sb20\sl-220\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 In recunoasterea pacienfilor cu tulburari de personalitate este utild identificarea unor \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 caracteristici care pot orienta medicul sau psihologul cdtre aceastd ipostazd diagnosticd. \par\pard\ql \li1128\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1128\sb44\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 CARAOTfRISTiaLE OBISNUFTE ALE PACIENT1LOR CU TULBURARI DE PERSCNAllATE \par\pard\ql \li1790\sb173\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 Modele de comportament cronice si durabile, nu episodice \par\pard\ql \li1790\sb33\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex124 Blamarea constants a altora \par\pard\qj \li1790\ri4804\sb6\sl-240\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Usor de Tnfuriat sau de facut gelosi \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Ego-sintonic \par\pard\qj \li1780\ri4343\sb6\sl-233\slmult0\fi9 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 Functja sociala si ocupa|ionala tulburata \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 Dependen^ sau independen^ excesiva \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 Frecvent \u8222?dezamagiti" de catre partener \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Impulsivi sau compulsivi \par\pard\qj \li1776\ri1933\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 Exacerbare produsa de afecjiunile SNC, traumatism cranian si stres \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Standards si opinii inflexibile \par\pard\ql \li1780\sb9\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 Iritabilitate \par\pard\ql \li1766\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 Abilita\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 fji empatice reduse \par\pard\qj \li1766\ri2889\sb6\sl-240\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 Tnselarea persoanelor pentru a ajunge la un rezultat final \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Egocentrism \par\pard\ql \li1776\sb28\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 Deseori rezistene. la tratament \par\pard\qj \li1766\ri4059\sb6\sl-240\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 Trecere de la subevaluare la supraevaluare \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 Relatii interpersonal tulburi sau instabile \par\pard\qj \li1089\sb0\sl-231\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1089\ri1273\sb17\sl-231\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Dintre numeroasele clasificdri si categorisiri ale tulburarilor de personalitate, pentru \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 a evia pe de o parte pericolul dogmatic, iar pe de cealaltd parte atomizarea tipologi\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 cd, vom folosi modelul standardizat si operant introdus de lucrdri specializate si unanim \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 recunoscute Tn lumea medicae: Manualul Satistic de Diagnostic, edifia a-IV-a al Aso\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 ciafiei Americane de Psihiafrie (DSM-IV) si revizia a X-a a Clasificdrii Internationale a \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 Bolilor \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 (CIM-10) ebborat de Organizafia Mondiald a Sdndtdfii la care vom adduga Tn \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 prezenfarea noastrd cafeva dintre tulburarile de personalitate care prin frecvenfd si \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 specificitafe forfeazd usile taxinomiei. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9840\paperh13680{\bkmkstart Pg56}{\bkmkend Pg56}\par\pard\li1555\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1555\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1555\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1555\sb142\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx5299 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 48\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 Psihopatologie si psihiafrie pentru psihologi\par\pard\ql \li1804\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1804\sb0\sl- 253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1804\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1804\sb61\sl- 253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs22 Tuiburarea de personalitate paranoida \par\pard\qj \li1488\ri862\sb115\sl-220\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 NeTncredere si suspiciozitafe fafd de alfii ale cdror intenfii sunt interprefate ca rdu-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 voitoare si care persistd chiar Tn fafa unor dovezi puternice cd nu existd nici un motiv \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 de Tngrijorare. Ei find sd fie anxiosi, disfanti, fdrd umor si certdrefi si foe odeseori \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 \u8222?din \par\pard\qj \li1492\ri873\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 tantar armdsar". Ei poare pica tot timpul, si sunt implacabili fafd de insulte, injurii sau \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 ofense. \par\pard\qj \li1492\ri873\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 In activitatea profesionald depun multe eforturi si dacd se afld Tn situatia de a munci \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 individual, se descurcd foarte bine. Au dubii nejustificate referitoare la loialiatea sau \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 corectitudinea amicibr sau colegibr. \par\pard\ql \li1790\sb63\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs22 Tuiburarea de personalitate schizoida \par\pard\qj \li1488\ri875\sb111\sl-224\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Carocteristico principold a acesfei personalitdfi este lipsa de interes fafd de alte per� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 soane si relafii sociole. Sunt indiferenti la laude sau critici. Sunt niste singuratici si expri� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 md foarte putine emofii. Sunt retrasi, lipsifi de simf al umorului, reci si aplatizoti emofio\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 nol. Desi sunt izolafi social si au afectivitate aplatizafd (caracteristici ale schizofreniei), \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 nu au tulburari de gandire (halucinafii, idei delirante sau tulburari de limbaj) si de aceea \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 nu pot fi considerati schizofreniei. \par\pard\ql \li1780\sb93\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs22 Tuiburarea de personalitate schizofipala \par\pard\qj \li1478\ri885\sb86\sl-230\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Deficife sociale si interpersonale manifestate prin disconforf acutTn relafii si reduce\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 rea capacitdfii de a stabili relafii intime, precum si prin distorsiuni cognitive si de per\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 cepfie si excentriciafi de comportament. \par\pard\qj \li1468\ri892\sb0\sl-225\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Indivizii au o gandire magicd sau credinfe stranii care influenfeazd comportamentul \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 si sunt incompatibile cu normele subculturale (ex. superstifiozitate, credinfd Tn clorviziu\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 ne, telepatie, fantezii si preocupdri bizare). De asemenea, ei trdiesc experienfe percep� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 tive insolite, incluzTnd iluzii corporae. Au o gandire si un limbaj bizar (ex. limbaj vag, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 circumstantial, metaforic, supraelaboraf sau stereotip). \par\pard\ql \li1766\sb87\sl- 253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs22 Tuiburarea de personalitate antisociala \par\pard\qj \li1454\ri890\sb91\sl- 224\slmult0\fi297 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Denumiti adeseori si sociopath acesti indivizi sunt caracterizati de: desconsiderarea \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 si violarea drepturilor altoro, impulsivitote si incapaciate de a face planuri pe duratd \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 lungd, iritabilitate si agresivitate, neglijenta nesdbuitd pentru sigurana sa sau a altora, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 iresposabilitate considerabild indicatd prin incapacitatea repetatd de a avea un com� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex125 portament consecvent la muncd ori de a-si onora obligatiile financiare, lipsa de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 remuscare, indiferenfd fofd de faptul de a fi furat sau maltrotot sou Tncercoreo de justifi\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 core a acesor fapte, incapacitate de a se conforma normelor sociale Tn legdturd cu \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 comportamentele legae (comiterea repetatd de acte care constituie motive ae arest), \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 incorectitudine, mintit repefat, manipularea alora pentru profitul sau pldcerea persona\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Id. Acesti indivizi pot forma tofusi, cu usurintd, relafii interpersonale dar nafura acesto\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 ra este superficiald. \par\pard\ql \li1751\sb93\sl- 253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs22 Tuiburarea de personalitate borderline \par\pard\qj \li1440\ri910\sb110\sl- 226\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Caracferistica principald esfe insabilitatea relafiilor interpersonale, imaginii de sine \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 si afectului si impulsivitatea manifestae prin cheltuieli abuzive, joe patologic, abuz de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 substantd, mancat excesiv, relatii sexuale dezorganizate etc. Indivizii alterneazd Tntre \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 extremele de idealizare si devabrizare. Pot avea o perturbare de identitate si senti-\par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9840\paperh13680{\bkmkstart Pg57}{\bkmkend Pg57}\par\pard\li1041\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1041\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1041\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1041\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1041\sb31\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx8083 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Personalitatea normala si patologica\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 49\par\pard\qj \li1031\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1031\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1031\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1031\ri1382\sb172\sl-220\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 mentul cronic de vid inferior. Apar manifestdri frecvenfe de furie cu incapacitatea de a-si \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 controla mania. Au un comportament automutilont si ameninfdri recurente de suicid. Nu \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 suportd solitudinea si sunt insfabili afectiv. \par\pard\ql \li1329\sb93\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs22 Tuiburarea de personalitate histionica \par\pard\qj \li1008\ri1374\sb95\sl-220\slmult0\fi302 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Este caracterizatd de emotionaliate excesivd si de cduare a atenfiei. Istericulse simte \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 nemulfumif atunci cdnd nu se afld Tn centrul atenfiei. Tsi schimbd rapid emofiile care sunt \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 superficiale. Catarsisul afectiv este facil. Este sugestionabil, usor de influentat. Are ten\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 dinfe de o dromatiza confinutul vorbirii si un sfilde comunicare colorat, impresionabil. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Considerd relafiile a fi mai intime decaf suntTn realifate. Are un comporament seducd\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 tor si provocator sexual. Sunt manipulativi, orientafi spre safisfacerea propriilor inte\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 rese. Se entuziasmeazd facil si efemer. Pot exista ameninfdri cu suicidul. \par\pard\ql \li1310\sb93\sl- 253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs22 Tuiburarea de personalitate narcisica \par\pard\qj \li993\ri1405\sb118\sl-216\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Caracterizatd prin grandoare, necesitatea de admirafie si lipsa de empatie. Are sen\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 timentul de autoimportanfd, fanfasme de succes nelimitat, putere. Necesitd admirafie ex� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 cesivd si Tsi subliniazd repeat si exagerat calitdfile, Este sensibil la criticd sau pierdere. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Are pretenfii exagerate de frafament favorabil si supunere dorintelor sae. Profitd de alfii \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 pentru a-si atinge scopurile. Este lipsit de empatie: esfe incapabil sd cunoascd sau sd se \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 identifice cu senfimentele si necesitdfile altora, Comportament arogant, sfiddtor. Are sen\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 timente ostile sau de invidie pe care le proiecteazd asupra interlocutor!lor. \par\pard\ql \li1296\sb94\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs22 Tulbumma de personalitate evitanta \par\pard\qj \li979\ri1409\sb115\sl-220\slmult0\fi297 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Caracterizatd prin inhibifie sociald, senfimente de insuficiento si hipersensibilitafe la \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 evaluare negativd. Evifd activitdfile profesionale care implied un conact interpersonal \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 semnificativ din cauza fricii de criticd, dezaprobare sau respingere. Monifestd refinere \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Tn relafiile intime de teama de a nu fi ridiculizat si inhibaf Tn relafii noi din cauza senti\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 mentelor de inadecvare. Afasamentele personae sunt restrictive. Se considerd inapt so� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 cial, inferior celorlalti, neafractiv si se subesfimeazd. Este ezifant Tn a-si. asuma riscuri \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 ori Tn a se angaja Tn activitati noi pentru a nu fi pus Tn dificultate. Interpreafiv si hiper\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 sensibil fafd de comentoriile celorlalti. \par\pard\ql \li1281\sb73\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs22 Tuiburarea de personalitate dependents \par\pard\qj \li969\ri1415\sb115\sl-220\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Caracterizatd de necesitatea excesivd de a fi supervizat, care duce la un compor� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 ament submisiv si adeziv si la frica de separare. Are dificultdfi Tn a ea decizii comune \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 fdrd reasigurdri si sfaturi din partea alora. Necesitd ca alfii sd-si asume responsabili-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 tatea pentru cele mai importante domenii ale viefii lui. Are dificultdfi Tn a-si exprima \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 dezaprobarea fafd de alfii de teama de a nu pierde aprobarea sau suportul acesora. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Are dificultdfi Tn a initia proiecte ori a face ceva singur din lipsa de Tncredere Tn jude-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 cata si capacifdfile sale. Merge foarte deparfe spre a obfine solicitudine pand la punc-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 ful de a se oferi voluntar sd facd lucruri care sunt nepldcufe. Caua urgent o altd relafie \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 drept sursd de supervizare cdnd o relafie strdnsd se ormina, li este exogerat de fried \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 de a nu fi Idsat sd oibd grijd de sine si se simfe lipsit de ajutor cdnd rdmdne singur. \par\pard\ql \li1267\sb73\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs22 Tuiburarea de personalitate obsesiv-compulsiva \par\pard\qj \li969\ri1443\sb98\sl-240\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Caracterizatd depreocuparea cdtre ordine, perfectionism si control mental si interper� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 sonal Tn detrimenful flexibilitdtii, deschiderii si eficienfei. Este preocupat de detalii, reguli, \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9880\paperh13680{\bkmkstart Pg58}{\bkmkend Pg58}\par\pard\li1636\sb0\sl-184\slmult0\par\pard\li1636\sb0\sl- 184\slmult0\par\pard\li1636\sb0\sl-184\slmult0\par\pard\li1636\sb149\sl- 184\slmult0\fi0\tx5342 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 50\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 Psihopatologie si psihiafrie pentru psihologi\par\pard\qj \li1569\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1569\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1569\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1569\ri900\sb173\sl-220\slmult0\fi19 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex128 liste, ordine, organizare sau planuri, Tn asa fel Tncdt obiectivul major al activitdfii este \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 pierdut. Prezintd perfecfionism care interfereazd cu Tndeplinirea sarcinilor. Este excesiv \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex128 de devotat muncii si productivifdfii mergand pdnd la excluderea activitdfilor recreative \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex125 si amicifiilor. Este hiperconstiincios, scrupubs si inflexibil Tn probleme de morald, etica, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex128 valori. Refuzd sd delege sarcini sau sd lucreze cu alfii Tn afara situafiei cdnd acestio se \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex128 supun stilului sou. Adoptd un stil avar de a cheltui. Manifese rigiditate si obstinafie. \par\pard\ql \li1838\sb93\sl- 253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs22 Alte tulburai de personalitate \par\pard\ql \li1857\sb124\sl-184\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex131 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 o Tuiburarea de personaliate depresivd \par\pard\qj \li1857\ri3789\sb7\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex125 \u8226? Tulburareo de personolitate emofional-instabild \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 e Tuiburarea de personalitate pasiv-agresivd \par\pard\qj \li1574\ri909\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex124 e Tuiburarea masochisfd a personalitdfii (nevalidatd); caracteristicile au fost preluate \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex124 de tuiburarea dependentd si tuiburarea pasiv- agresivd \par\pard\qj \li1564\ri910\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 � Tuiburarea sadicd a personalitdfii (nevalidatd); caracteristicile au fost preluate de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 tuiburarea antisociald\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw4971\colsr40\colno2\colw47 29\colsr160\ql \li1723\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1910\sb175\sl- 184\slmult0\tx3436 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex124 Tipul de\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex125 Trasaturi\par\pard\ql \li1723\sb18\sl-184\slmult0\tx3436 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex128 personalitate\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex129 esenfiale\par\pard\ql \li1732\sb32\sl-184\slmult0\tx2932 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 Paranoida\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 Suspiciozitate exagerata,\par\pard\qj \li2942\ri0\sb0\sl-201\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 neincredere generalizata, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 controlul fidelitajii si\par\pard\qj \li2927\ri0\sb0\sl-198\slmult0\fi14 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 autenticitajii datelor, fap-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 telor si situajiilor, interpre-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 tativitate, retinere, distan-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \{are, ermetizare, non-con-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 fidenjialitate, tending de \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 putere, valorizare, dificul-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 taji interrelationale, de\par\pard\ql \li2932\sb4\sl- 184\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 integrare si armonizare\par\pard\ql \li1680\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1680\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1680\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1680\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1680\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1680\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1680\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1680\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1680\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1680\sb152\sl-184\slmult0\tx2918 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 Schizoida\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 Introversie marcata, deta-\par\pard\ql \li2908\ri0\sb5\sl-200\slmult0\fi9 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 sarea de realitate, sociofo-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 bie, non-implicare, rezo-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 nan\{a afectiva redusa, dis-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 ponibilitate scazuta de a \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 trai pierderea, esecul, frus� \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 trate, preferinje pentru \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 activitafi solitare, conduita\par\pard\column \qj \li5035\sb0\sl-196\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li365\ri1586\sb148\sl-196\slmult0\tx2156 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex125 Trasaturi\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 Complicafji \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex133 asociate\par\pard\ql \li44\ri989\sb29\sl- 198\slmult0\fi19\tx2100 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Rigoare logica, argumen- \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 Scurte episoade psi-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 tativitate si persuasiune, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 hotice. Poate aparea \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 combativitate si tenaci-\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 ca un antecedent \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 tate, nevoia de a fi recu-\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 premorbid al depre-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 noscut, stimat, slaba tole-\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 siei majore, schizo�\par\pard\qj \li49\ri1332\sb13\sl-192\slmult0\fi4\tx2098 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex125 ranja la pierdere, esec\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 freniei, tulburarii \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex125 sau frustrare, intoleran^ \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 delirante\par\pard\ql \li49\sb22\sl-184\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 la minimalizare, rejectee,\par\pard\ql \li29\ri2696\sb1\sl-198\slmult0\fi19 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 ignorare, heteroatribuirea \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 insucceselor, rezonanja \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex125 afectiva redusa, tending \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 la autonomie, incapacitate \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 de cooperare, exigenja si \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 intransigents, tending de \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 autovalorizare, atitudine \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 de supraestimare si fan� \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex125 fasme de grandoare si \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 omnipotent!, supravalori-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 zarea rangului, disprejul\par\pard\ql \li25\sb11\sl-184\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf23\f24\fs16\ul pentru cei slabi, incapabili\par\pard\qj \li20\ri1044\sb4\sl-200\slmult0\fi19\tx2090\tx2081 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 Inclinaja spre introspecjie \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 Poate aparea ca un \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 si reverie, indiferenta fata \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 antecedent premor� \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 de lauda sau critica celor� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 bid al tulburarii deli� \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 lalti, preocupari reduse \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 rante, al schizofre� \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 ori absente pentru activi-\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 niei sau al tulburarii \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 tatea sexuala \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 depresive majore \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \ql \li2913\sb1\sl-172\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 neconven\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 tjionala sau bizarl \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9880\paperh13680{\bkmkstart Pg59}{\bkmkend Pg59}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw4683\colsr40\colno2\colw5017\col sr160\ql \li1286\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1286\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1286\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1286\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1286\sb75\sl-184\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 Personalitatea normala �i pafologica\par\pard\ql \li1391\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1391\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1391\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1391\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1617\sb175\sl-184\slmult0\tx3153 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex125 Tipul de\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 Trasaturi\par\pard\ql \li1425\sb1\sl- 181\slmult0\tx3148 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex129 personalitate\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex132 esenfiale\par\pard\ql \li1396\sb43\sl-184\slmult0\tx2625 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 Schizotipala\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 Aspecte particulare si ex-\par\pard\ql \li2630\ri0\sb0\sl-200\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 centricita\{i Tn comporta� \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 ment sj Tn prezentare, re-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 zonanta afectiva redusa, \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 relajonare slaba, ideajie \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 dominae de convingerea \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex124 ca poseda insusiri rare, \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 particulare, ilustrate prin \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 clarviziune, capacitate de \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 premonitie, telepatie sau\par\pard\ql \li2625\sb5\sl- 184\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 \ul0\nosupersub\cf23\f24\fs16\ul superstitie\par\pard\ql \li1391\sb22\sl-184\slmult0\tx2615 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 Antisociala\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Sfidarea si violarea nor�\par\pard\ql \li2606\ri0\sb1\sl- 199\slmult0\fi23 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 melor, regulilor si obliga-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 tiilor sociale, conduita in-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 sensibila, aroganta si dis-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 pretuitoare, lipsa de re� \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 gret, de remuscare sau a \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 sentimentelor de culpabi-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 litate, disponibilitatea de \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 continues reiterare a acte-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 lor sale indezirabile, irita-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 bilitate, impulsivitate, ma-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 nifestari clastice si agre-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 sivitate, ignorarea conse-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 cinjelor conduitei sale, in� \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 capacitatea de a Tnvaja din \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 experienje negative, ten-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 dinja de a blama si injuria \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 pe aljii, incapacitatea de \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 a mentj'ne relatii autentice\par\pard\ql \li2611\sb16\sl-184\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \ul0\nosupersub\cf23\f24\fs16\ul $i durabile\par\pard\ql \li1372\sb22\sl- 184\slmult0\tx2615 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 Borderline\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 Intensitatea si versatilita-\par\pard\qj \li2601\ri0\sb0\sl-198\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 tea relatiilor interpersona� \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 le, binomul dispozijiona! \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 in raporturile interperso� \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 nale, reacjii impulsiv-agre-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 sive la incitatii minime, in-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 toleranja solitudinii, senti-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 mentul de vid interior, sen-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 timentul inconsistentei\par\pard\ql \li2606\sb12\sl- 184\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 \ul0\nosupersub\cf23\f24\fs16\ul sau dispersiei identitatii\par\pard\ql \li1363\sb18\sl-184\slmult0\tx2606 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 Histrionica\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Polarizarea atenjiei celor�\par\pard\qj \li2596\ri0\sb0\sl- 201\slmult0\fi9 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 lalti, labilitate si versatilita-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 te dispozijionala, compor� \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 tament seducator si pro-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 vocator, catarsis afectiv \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 facil, comunicare colorata, \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 metaforica, conduita\par\pard\ql \li2601\sb20\sl-184\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 erotizata si realitate sexua-\par\pard\column \ql \li8352\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li8352\sb0\sl- 184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li8352\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li8352\sb0\sl- 184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3649\sb75\sl-184\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 51\par\pard\qj \li4732\sb0\sl-191\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li4732\sb0\sl- 191\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li4732\sb0\sl-191\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li4732\sb0\sl- 191\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li384\ri1831\sb118\sl-191\slmult0\tx2194 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex125 Trasaturi\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex124 Complicajii \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex133 asociate\par\pard\ql \li58\ri1330\sb31\sl- 196\slmult0\tx2122 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Convingeri �i experienje\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 Suicid, episoade \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 senzoriale insolite, ciuda-\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 cvasipsihotice tran-\par\pard\ql \li49\sb7\sl-184\slmult0\tx2108 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 te sau gandire magica,\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 zitorii, tuiburarea deli-\par\pard\ql \li49\ri1296\sb13\sl-196\slmult0\fi4\tx2117 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 anxietatea de fundal cu\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 ran ta, tuiburarea \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 conjinut primordial social, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 schizofreniforma, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 episoade psihotice tranzi-\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 schizofrenie, depre-\par\pard\qj \li49\ri1276\sb9\sl-199\slmult0\tx2108 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 torii, ruminajil obsesive\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 sia cu alura distimi-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 cu continut dismorfofobic, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 ca, episoade depre-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 sexual sau agresiv, expri-\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 sive majore\par\pard\ql \li53\sb11\sl-184\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 mare circumstantiala, me-\par\pard\ql \li44\sb17\sl-184\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \ul0\nosupersub\cf23\f24\fs16\ul taforica, hiperelaborata\par\pard\ql \li39\ri1253\sb0\sl-200\slmult0\tx2105 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 Instabilitate psihica, igno� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Alcoolismul si toxi-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 rarea problemeior perso-\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 comania, tuiburarea \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 naie curente si de pers� \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 de somatizare, tuibu� \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 pectiva, siguranja de sine, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 rarea ciclotimica,\par\pard\ql \li49\sb6\sl- 184\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex125 aroganja, supraestimare \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 suicid\par\pard\qj \li29\ri2971\sb1\sl-199\slmult0\fi9 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 si disprej pentru munca, \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 aspect si tinuta corecta, \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 agreabila, volubilltate Tn \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 comunicare, antecedente \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 personale In care distin-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 gem minciuna, Tnselaciu-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 nea, evaziunea si nume-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 roase acte ilegale sau Tn \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 orice caz imorale\par\pard\qj \li4723\sb0\sl- 196\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li4723\sb0\sl-196\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li4723\sb0\sl- 196\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li4723\sb0\sl-196\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li4723\sb0\sl- 196\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li4723\sb0\sl-196\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li24\ri1381\sb44\sl-196\slmult0\fi14\tx2095 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 Reactivitatea si instabili- \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 Episoade psihotice \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 tatea dispozijei, compor� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 (denumite uneori \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 tamentul imprevizibil, \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 micropsihotice),\par\pard\ql \li29\sb11\sl-184\slmult0\tx2094 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 acreditarea afectiva ex� \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 simptome psihotice\par\pard\ql \li29\sb13\sl-184\slmult0\tx2094 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 clusive, acte autodis-\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 propriu-zise, episoade\par\pard\ql \li24\sb17\sl-184\slmult0\tx2089 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 tructive repetitive\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 depresive majore,\par\pard\qj \li2074\ri1414\sb12\sl-192\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 tentative de suicid, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 alcoolism\par\pard\qj \li4723\sb0\sl-196\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li4723\sb0\sl- 196\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li24\ri1307\sb13\sl-196\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 Personalizarea relajiilor, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Tulburari de somati� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 redusa disponibilitate sau \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 zare, episoade de�\par\pard\ql \li20\ri1269\sb2\sl- 201\slmult0\fi47\tx2091 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 ncapacitate de menfmere \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex125 presive, dependenje \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 a relajiilor, abilitate pen� \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 medicamentoase, \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 tru noutate, stimulare sau \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 tentative suicidare, \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 schimbare, autoipostazi-\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 tulburari de dinami-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 ere Tn roluri extreme sau \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 ca sexuala\par\pard\ql \li24\sb25\sl-184\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 insolite, intoleranta la \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9880\paperh13680{\bkmkstart Pg60}{\bkmkend Pg60}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw4770\colsr20\colno2\colw4950\col sr160\ql \li1411\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1411\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1411\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1411\sb149\sl- 184\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 52\par\pard\ql \li1483\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1483\sb0\sl- 184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1483\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1483\sb0\sl- 184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1675\sb160\sl-184\slmult0\tx3215 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 Tipul de\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 Trasaturi\par\pard\ql \li1483\sb3\sl-184\slmult0\tx3211 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex129 personalitate\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex133 esenfiale\par\pard\qj \li2712\ri451\sb31\sl-192\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 la, sugestibilitate \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 impresionabilitate,\par\pard\qj \li2702\ri0\sb7\sl-196\slmult0\fi9 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 permeabilitate, dramati-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 zarea conjinutului comu� \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 nicarii\par\pard\ql \li1473\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1473\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1473\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1473\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1473\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1473\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1473\sb102\sl-184\slmult0\tx2637 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Narcisica \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 Autoevaluarea exagerata,\par\pard\ql \li2697\ri0\sb8\sl-201\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 nerealista, fantezista, \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 idealizarea propriei per�\par\pard\qj \li2683\ri0\sb3\sl-199\slmult0\fi9 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 soane, invocarea explici-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 ta si implicit! prin conduita \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 a calitajilor si importantei \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 sale, asteptari dispropor� \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 tionate ca aceste Tnsusiri \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 exagerate sa fie accep� \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 tate, recunoscute si apre-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 ciate ca atare de catre\par\pard\qj \li2668\ri0\sb3\sl-200\slmult0\fi19 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 ceilalti, conduita distant! \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 aroganta, emfatica, non-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 receptivitate si insensibili \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 tate la opinii diferite, sfaturi \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 sau Tndemnuri, disponibili-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 taji empatice reduse, avi-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 ditate pentru titluri, demni-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf23\f24\fs16\ul tati, situafii, onoruri, rang\ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 uri\par\pard\ql \li1449\sb15\sl- 184\slmult0\tx2673 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Evitanta\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 Sociofobie cu evitarea ac-\par\pard\ql \li2663\ri0\sb6\sl- 199\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 tivita\{ii ocupationale care \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 implica relatii interperso� \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 nale, prudenja excesiva si \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 rigoare Tn orice relajionare \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 teama de a fi ridiculizat \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex128 sau respins, teama de a \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 nu fi criticat sau umilit Tn \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex124 public, stare de aprehen-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 siune sau de anxietate \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 persistent!, pervaziva si\par\pard\qj \li2644\ri0\sb1\sl- 201\slmult0\fi19 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 limitativa, evitarea si teama \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 de a inijia noi relaji inter� \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 personale, atasamente per� \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 sonae restrictive, subesti-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 marea Tnsusirilor si disponi-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 bilitajlor personate, dorinja \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex124 de a fi acceptat fi simpa-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 tizat, nevoia de tandree,\par\pard\column \ql \li5155\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li5155\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li5155\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li385\sb139\sl-184\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 Psihopatologie si psihiafrie pentru psihologi\par\pard\qj \li4828\sb0\sl-191\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li4828\sb0\sl- 191\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li4828\sb0\sl-191\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li4828\sb0\sl- 191\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li385\ri1748\sb132\sl-191\slmult0\tx2199 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 Trasaturi\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex125 Complicatji \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex134 asociate\par\pard\qj \li49\ri2852\sb25\sl- 198\slmult0\fi23 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 ignorare sau marginalizare, \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 incapacitate de amanare, \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 entuziasmare facil! si efe-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 mera, comportament ma-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 nipulativ, dependent! de \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 eel investit afectiv, amenin \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \{ari cu suicidul sau tentative \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 suicidare demonstrative, \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 amnezia traumelor, frus-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 trarilor, afectetelor drama-\par\pard\ql \li53\sb16\sl-184\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0\nosupersub\cf23\f24\fs16\ul tice \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 (la belle indiference)\par\pard\qj \li53\ri1141\sb0\sl- 199\slmult0\fi9\tx2124 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 Fanfasme de succes neii- \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 Tuiburarea distimica, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 mitat, marire, putere, bo-\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 tuiburarea depresiv! \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 gajie, manipulator al re-\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 major!, toxicomania\par\pard\qj \li49\ri1568\sb0\sl-208\slmult0\fi4\tx2118 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 lajiilor interpersonale,\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 sau alcoolismul \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 sensibilitatea la critics,\par\pard\ql \li49\ri3050\sb0\sl-196\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex124 insucces, frustrare sau \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 pierdere, sentimente \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 ostile sau malefice, pe\par\pard\qj \li49\ri2933\sb0\sl- 197\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex124 care le proiecteaz! asu� \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 pra interlocutorilor\par\pard\qj \li4790\sb0\sl-196\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li4790\sb0\sl-196\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li4790\sb0\sl-196\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li4790\sb0\sl-196\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li4790\sb0\sl-196\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li4790\sb0\sl-196\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li4790\sb0\sl-196\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li4790\sb0\sl-196\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li4790\sb0\sl-196\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li30\ri1134\sb51\sl-196\slmult0\fi9 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 Hipersensibilitate si ten- \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 Tulburari anxioase, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 dint! la interpretativitate \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 depresii, fobii sociale \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 tendinte de a exagera\par\pard\qj \li20\ri2876\sb8\sl-199\slmult0\fi9 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 eventualele riscuri, ese-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 curi, pericole, trairea in� \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 tense, dureroasa a inac-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 ceptarii, refuzului, respin-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 gerii si discriminarii, ne� \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 voia de certitudine, stabi \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 lizare si securizare \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9880\paperh13680{\bkmkstart Pg61}{\bkmkend Pg61}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw4770\colsr20\colno2\colw4950\col sr160\ql \li1348\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1348\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1348\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1348\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1348\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1348\sb122\sl- 184\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex124 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 Personalitatea normald si pafologicd\par\pard\ql \li1459\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1459\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1459\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1459\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1665\sb150\sl- 184\slmult0\tx3206 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex125 Tipul de\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 TrasSturi\par\pard\ql \li1468\sb13\sl-184\slmult0\tx3196 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex128 personalitate\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex133 esenfiale\par\pard\qj \li2712\ri0\sb37\sl-196\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex124 securizare si reasigurare, \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 dificultate Tn deliberare,\par\pard\ql \li2712\sb16\sl-184\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 \ul0\nosupersub\cf23\f24\fs16\ul decizie $i angajare\par\pard\ql \li1488\sb17\sl- 184\slmult0\tx2697 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 Dependent!\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 Autostima redus! prin\par\pard\ql \li2697\ri0\sb6\sl-199\slmult0\fi9 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 subestimarea calitafilor si \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 disponibilitafilor proprii, \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex125 nevoia de aprobare, de \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 acceptare si de supot, sa-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 crificii Tn vederea ob\{inerii \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 aprobarii suportului si Tn-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 grijirii, acord! altuia girul \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 propriilor sale responsabi-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 litati, dificultatea sau inca� \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 pacitatea de a lua decizii Tn \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 probleme curente, reduce-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 rea sau anularea inijiati-\par\pard\ql \li2687\sb11\sl-184\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 \ul0\nosupersub\cf23\f24\fs16\ul velor, nevoia de atasament\par\pard\ql \li1463\sb13\sl-184\slmult0\tx2692 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 Obsesiv-\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 Inalt! valorizare a regle-\par\pard\ql \li1459\sb22\sl- 184\slmult0\tx2687 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 compulsiva\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 mentarilor, regulilor si\par\pard\ql \li2678\ri0\sb0\sl- 200\slmult0\fi9 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 ordinelor, performeri ai \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 analizei si detaliului, per� \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 fectionism extrem, mili-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 tanfi ai lucrului bine facut, \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 voluntari ai sacrificiului \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 pentru munc! si devota-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 ment, constiinciozitate, \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 scrupulozitate, inflexibili-\par\pard\ql \li2663\ri0\sb2\sl-200\slmult0\fi14 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 tate, intoleranja fata de in-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 diferenfa, compromis si co-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 rupfie, militanti ai standar-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 deior Tnalte autoimpuse, \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 exigenfa fa\{a de ceilaiji si \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 tendinta de a le impune \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 propriiie standarde, rigori \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 sau stil de viata, incapabili \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 sa delege autoritatea, tea� \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 ma de schimbare a activi-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 tafii cotidiene, a locuiui de \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 munca, a iocuintei, adepti i \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 fanatici ai stabilitafii,\par\pard\ql \li2673\sb10\sl-184\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 conservatorism\par\pard\ql \li2678\sb3\sl-184\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 Rezistenta la solicitare\par\pard\ql \li1444\sb23\sl-184\slmult0\tx2668 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 acresiva\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 sau Tndemn, temporizarea\par\pard\qj \li2668\ri0\sb0\sl-202\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex128 sau amanarea raspunsu-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 lui la rugaminfi, ordine sau \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 soiicitari, caracteru! indi� \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 rect, sugerat sau chiar di-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 simulat al formularii cereri-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 lor si al exprimarii dorin-\par\pard\column \ql \li8438\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li8438\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li8438\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li8438\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li8438\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3668\sb117\sl-184\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 53\par\pard\qj \li4809\sb0\sl-191\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li4809\sb0\sl-191\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li4809\sb0\sl-191\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li4809\sb0\sl-191\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li370\ri1768\sb122\sl- 191\slmult0\tx2185 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 Trasaturi\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 Complicafii \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex135 asociate\par\pard\qj \li4809\sb0\sl-201\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li4809\sb0\sl- 201\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li4809\sb0\sl-201\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li58\ri1220\sb28\sl-201\slmult0\fi9\tx2124 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 Teama de a fi abandonat, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 Tulburare de adap� \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex125 toleranja excesiva faj! \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 tare, tulburare anxi-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex125 de persoana investita ca \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex124 oas!, tulburare de�\par\pard\qj \li58\ri2210\sb0\sl- 194\slmult0\fi9\tx2132 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 protector, limitarea rela-\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 presiv! \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 jiilor sociale la cei de\par\pard\qj \li44\ri2860\sb0\sl-201\slmult0\fi14 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 care sunt dependen;, evi� \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 tarea responsabilitatilor, \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex125 tendinja de a interprets \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 orice contrariere sau deze \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex125 probare ca expresie a\par\pard\qj \li49\ri2998\sb0\sl-197\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 netncrederii sau incapa \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 citajii sale\par\pard\qj \li4809\sb0\sl-201\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li39\ri1160\sb193\sl- 201\slmult0\fi23\tx2110 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Inalt! valorizare a condui-\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 Schizofrenie, depre-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 telor rationale, comunica \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 sie major!, dezvoltari \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex130 re concree, necesara, \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 delirante de tipul\par\pard\ql \li44\sb15\sl- 184\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 real!, incapacitate de ex- \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 delirului de relafie,\par\pard\qj \li44\ri1296\sb0\sl- 204\slmult0\tx2113 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 primare a sentimentelor\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 dezvoltari \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 hipocon-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex124 tandre, reducerea diapa-\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 driace\par\pard\qj \li39\ri2941\sb1\sl-199\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 zonului emojional, relatii \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 interpersonale reduse, \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 indecizie, dificultaj de\par\pard\ql \li44\sb10\sl-184\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 deliberare\par\pard\qj \li4790\sb0\sl-199\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li4790\sb0\sl-199\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li4790\sb0\sl-199\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li4790\sb0\sl-199\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li4790\sb0\sl-199\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li4790\sb0\sl-199\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li4790\sb0\sl-199\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li4790\sb0\sl-199\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li4790\sb0\sl-199\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li4790\sb0\sl-199\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li4790\sb0\sl-199\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li4790\sb0\sl-199\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li4790\sb0\sl-199\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li4790\sb0\sl-199\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li20\ri2163\sb18\sl-199\slmult0\fi19\tx2100 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Retroflexia ostilitafii, opo- \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Suicidul, \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 zifie fafa de autoritate, \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 distimia \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 anxietate, acceptarea pa-\par\pard\ql \li20\ri2938\sb0\sl-203\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex124 siva si egoist! a planuri-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 lor si acfiunilor persoanei \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 semnificative, resenti-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 mente �1 invidie, iritabili-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 tate, cinism, impresia ca \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9880\paperh13680{\bkmkstart Pg62}{\bkmkend Pg62}\par\pard\li1521\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1521\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1521\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1521\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1521\sb60\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx5255 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 54\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 Psihopatologie si psihiafrie pentru psihologi\par\pard\li1569\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1569\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1569\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1569\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1569\sb26\sl-207\slmult0\fi201\tx3307\tx5236\tx7032 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 Tipul de\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 Trasaturi\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 Trasaturi\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 Complicafii\par\pard\li1569\sb4\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx3292\tx5246 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 personalitate\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 esenfiale\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 asociate\par\pard\li1569\sb14\sl- 207\slmult0\fi1219\tx4910 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 felor, dependents ostila\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 sunt netntelesi si insufi-\par\pard\li1569\sb1\sl- 194\slmult0\fi1219\tx4910 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 fafa de persoana semni-\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 cient apreciafi, defect de\par\pard\li1569\sb1\sl-191\slmult0\fi1223\tx4915 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 ficativ! cu care se afl! Tn\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 rela\{ionare, automanipula-\par\pard\li1569\sb1\sl-203\slmult0\fi1233\tx4915 \dn1 \expndtw0\charscalex100 relafie, refuzul schimbarii,\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 rea Tn tendinfa de justifica-\par\pard\li1569\sb1\sl- 201\slmult0\fi1228\tx4900 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 comnotament lamentativ\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 re a pozifiei lor de depen�\par\pard\qj \li4900\ri2808\sb1\sl-193\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 dent!, scepticism, ambi� \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 valent! Tn deliberare, neTn\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 credere Tn forfele proprii, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 slab! autostim! \par\pard\ql \li1833\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1833\sb65\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs22 4.8. TULBURARI Uc rc^SONALJTATE �1 BOALA \par\pard\qj \li1435\ri967\sb191\sl-224\slmult0\fi297 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Interesul pentru tipurlle tulbuarilor de personalitate este legat de felul Tn care acesfi \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 pacienti reactioneazd la situafia de a fi bolnavi, de felul Tn care se comportd Tn spial. De \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 asemenea intervenfia medicae va fi mai eficientd dacd va fi Tn acord cu tipul de persona� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 litate, adicd va fi un mesaj nuanfat si nu unui standardizat. Mecanismele de.apdrare vor \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 diferi atat Tn calitate cat si Tn eficienfd, Tn raport cu structura de personalitate a bolna\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 vului Tn fafa situatiei de boala. \par\pard\ql \li2443\ri1963\sb100\sl-220\slmult0\tx4022 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 NfVELE DE APARARE A EU-LUI IN STTUATIA DE A FI BOUMAV \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 (dupd VaillanrGE, 1971) \par\pard\qj \li1636\ri2962\sb145\sl-190\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Makir - sanatos �i adaptativ, cognifie sj afectivitate integrate \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 Altruism - delegare, dar mulfumind pentru serviciile celorlalti \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 Anticipare - planificarea realist! a evenimentelor din viitor \par\pard\ql \li1809\sb5\sl-197\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Umor- exprimarea sentimentelor si eliberarea tensiunii \par\pard\ql \li1809\sb1\sl-176\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 Sublimarea - indirect, exprimarea parfiala a nevoilor \par\pard\ql \li1804\sb10\sl- 194\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Supresia - neluarea in seam! a unui conflict Tn mod constient \par\pard\qj \li1631\ri1152\sb42\sl-200\slmult0\tx2452 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Nqv/vHc - sentimente instinctuale alterate pentru individ, care apar pentru un ob-\line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 servator ca \u8222?amanaYi" \par\pard\ql \li1804\ri1273\sb5\sl-195\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 Deplasare - redirecjionarea sentimentelor catre un obiect mai pufin Tnc!rcat afectiv \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 Disociere - alterarea sensului de identitate pentru a evita nepl!cerile \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 Intelectualizare - atenfie acordata detaliului, evitarea afectului \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 Formare de reacjii - comportament opus rugaminfii nedorite \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 Reprimare - \u8222?uitarea" unor aspecte ale realitafii \par\pard\qj \li1617\ri1155\sb41\sl- 200\slmult0\tx2313 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Imstur- normal la copiii mari, ajuta adulfii pentru evitarea intimitafii, obif nuit fn tul� \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 burarile de personalitate si de dispozifie \par\pard\ql \li1785\ri1521\sb6\sl-193\slmult0\fi9 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 Comportament extrovetit - exprimarea comportamentala a unui conflict inconstient \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 Hipocondrie - transformarea sentimentelor Tn preocupari somatice \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Agresiune pasiva - compliant! deschis!, ostilitate ascunsa \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 Proiecfie - atribuie sentimentele proprii altcuiva \par\pard\qj \li1608\ri1156\sb62\sl- 200\slmult0\tx2510 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Narclslst- normal la copiii mici, altereaza realitatea pentru individ, apare bolnav \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 mintal pentru un observator \par\pard\ql \li1790\ri1167\sb0\sl-200\slmult0\tx3561 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Proiectare deliranta - ideea delirant! paranoid! ca sentimentele Interioare provin din \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 exterior \par\pard\ql \li1790\sb1\sl- 175\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 Distorsionare - reformularea grosier! a realitafii exterioare \par\pard\ql \li1785\sb6\sl-174\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Negare psihotica - ignorarea term! a unor aspecte evidente ale realitafii \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9880\paperh13680{\bkmkstart Pg63} {\bkmkend Pg63}\par\pard\li1142\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1142\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1142\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1142\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1142\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1142\sb31\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx8212 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Personalitatea normala si patologicd\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 55\par\pard\ql \li1420\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1420\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1420\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1420\sb126\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 Complicafiile tulburailor de personalitae \par\pard\ql \li1425\sb129\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 \u8226? Tulburare de somatizare \par\pard\ql \li1425\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \u8226? Tulburare anxioasd/fobii sociale \par\pard\ql \li1420\sb33\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \u8226? Episod depresiv major \par\pard\ql \li1411\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \u8226? Episoade psihotice \par\pard\ql \li1411\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \u8226? Tulburare deliranfd \par\pard\ql \li1416\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \u8226? Dependenta de substanfe \par\pard\ql \li1411\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \u8226? Alcoolism si toxicomanie \par\pard\ql \li1411\sb14\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw- 1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 \u8226? Suicidul \par\pard\qj \li1497\ri1212\sb206\sl-260\slmult0\tx2001 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs22 4.9. MODAUTAjl DE ABORDARE A PACIENTULUI CU TULBURARE \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 DE PERSONALTTATE IN TlMPUL INTERNARII \par\pard\qj \li1099\ri1294\sb211\sl-223\slmult0\fi302 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Pacientii cu tulburari de personalitate sau comportamente regresive, deseori au cres\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 cute onxiefoteo, furio, indignarea, o nevoie de o pedepsi sau un comportament evitant \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 fafd de personalul sectiei. Medicul si psihologul clinician pot fi Tn sifuafia de a reduce \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 tensiunea prin educarea personolului cu privire le diagnosticul pacientului si asupra mo\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 tivafiei pe care o are pentru reacfiile pufernice afisate. Aceastd abordare detensioneazd \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 de obicei situafia prin scddereo ofectelor negative Tn rdndul personalului spitalului, si \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 ca urmare a acesfei schimbdri, se reduc problemeie afective ale pacientului. \par\pard\qj \li1084\ri1311\sb0\sl-222\slmult0\fi287 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Atunci cand apare un conflict Tntre personalul medical si pacienf, este esenfial sd se \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 aibd Tn vedere deed pidngereo pacientului este Tndreptdfitd. Dacd existd probleme \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 reale, atunci acestea trebuie corectate. Pentru unii pacienfi cu tulburari de personaliate, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Tn special indivizii obsesiv-compulsivi, lucrul cu echipa Tn traamentul acestora pentru a \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Tntdri apdrarea intelectuae a pacientului poate ajuta foarte mult. Oferirea pacienfilor \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 cu tulburare de personalitate de tip obsesiv-compulsiv a cat mai mult control asupra \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 tratamentului pe core Tl urmeozd sau a deciziilor asupra activitdtilor zilnice Ti poate \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 seddea anxietatea si revendicativitatea. \par\pard\qj \li1080\ri1319\sb0\sl-224\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Tofusi, mai frecvent, pacientii cu tulburare de personalitate necesitd limite, o structurd \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 si un mediu de desfdsurare limitat. Controlul extensiv ajuta pacientul regresaf sau care \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 funcfioneazd primitiv sd-si pdstreze controlul intern. Amenajarea unui mediu limitat \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 pentru pacienf nu este punitivd ci asigurd o structurd de siguronfd pentru pacienf. Pacientii \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 cu tulburare de personalitate borderline, histrionicd, antisociald, dependenta sau narci\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 sistd sunt eel mai dispusi la a avea o astfel de structurd. \par\pard\qj \li1084\ri1330\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0\fi287 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Ingrijirea cu succes a unui pacient cu tulburare de personalitate considerat dificil \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 (agitaf, revendicativ si noncompliant), internat Tntr-o secfie de spital, se bazeazd pe \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 urmdrirea si Tmbundtdtirea urmdtorilor factori: \par\pard\qj \li1070\ri1333\sb0\sl-225\slmult0\fi297 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \u8226? Comunicarea. Pacientul are nevoie sd i se descrie simplu si adevdrat starea medi� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 cae pe care o are si tratamentul pe care trebuie sd Tl urmeze. Pacientul poafe Tncerca \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 sd despartd personalul, manipuland un membru Tmpotriva altuia, prin relatarea unor \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 variante diferite ale aceleiasi povesti unor persoane diferite. La raportul de predare-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 primire a turebr va fi obiigatorie si compararea versiunibr relatdrilor acestor pacienfi. \par\pard\qj \li1080\ri1332\sb0\sl- 226\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \u8226? Personal consant. Pacientul poate intra repede Tn panicd dacd nu poate identifi-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 ca membrii personalului care au fost repartizafi pentru a lucra cu el. Ideal, o singurd \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 persoand trebuie sd comunice toate deciziile. DeoareceTn realitate nu este posibil acest \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 lucru, se va fine cont de faptul cd pacientul poate fi speriat de fiecare schimbare de \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9880\paperh13680{\bkmkstart Pg64}{\bkmkend Pg64}\par\pard\li1598\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li1598\sb0\sl- 230\slmult0\par\pard\li1598\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li1598\sb131\sl- 230\slmult0\fi0\tx5304 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 56\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 Psihopatologie si psihiafrie pentru psihologi\par\pard\qj \li1536\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1536\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1536\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1536\ri947\sb147\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex131 turd, sau atunci cand personalul a fost repartizat altui pacient. De aceeo, la Tncepuful \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 fiecdrei ture, un membru din personal repartizat pacientului trebuie sd revizuiascd planul \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex137 de Tngrijire, sd se prezinte, sd se intereseze asupra modului Tn care se desfdsoard \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 lucrurile si sd spund pacientului cat timp va fi de serviciu. \par\pard\qj \li1516\ri942\sb3\sl-217\slmult0\fi302 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex135 e Justiicaaa. Pacientul are sentimenful cd cinevo trebuie so oibd grijd de el per� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 manent. Desi este dificil pentru personal sd tolereze acest lucru, este important de refinut \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex129 cd acesf sentiment este modul prin care pacientul Tncearcd sd facd fafd stdrii prin care \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex129 trece atunci cdnd este speriat. Acest comportament stdrneste un puternic contratransfer \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex132 care trebuie cunoscut si evifaf de cdtre medic. Asigurafi Tn mod repetat pacientul cd \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 Tnfelegefi ce cere dar, deoarece credefi cd are nevoie de cea mai bund Tngrijire posibi� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex133 ld, vefi continua sd urmafi tratamentul recomandat de experienfa si judecata echipei \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 care Tl Tngrijeste. \par\pard\qj \li1521\ri953\sb1\sl-220\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex125 � Umieerm�. Pacientul are o mulfime de cereri, uneori Tn conflict unele cu altele, si \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 se Tnfurie foarte repede atunci cdnd aceste cereri nu sunt Tndeplinite. Acest lucru poate \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex132 face ca personalul sd se simtd atras Tn cursd si fdrd ajutor, ca si cum ar fi de vind cd \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex130 pacientul nu poate face nimic fdrd ajutor. Pacientul poate ameninfa cd Tsi va face rdu \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 singur sau cd va pdrdsi spitalul dacd lucrurile nu se desfdsoard Tn modul asfeptat de el. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 Nu Tncercafi sd va contrazicefi cu pacientul, dar Tncet si ferm, Tn mod repetat, stabiliti \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex129 limitele pentru problema de comportament, cererea fdcutd si nemulfumirea exprimatd. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex130 Dacd pacientul ameninfa eg Tsi va face rdu sau va face rdu altora, averfizafi-l cd va fi \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 imobilizat dacd va Tncerca sd facd acest lucru. \par\pard\ql \li1608\sb112\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 MANAGEMENTUL MEDICAL AL PACIENT3LOR CU TULBURARI DE PERSONAUTATE\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw4755\colsr160\colno2\colw 4825\colsr160\qj \li1785\ri115\sb114\sl-196\slmult0\fi191\tx3134 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 Tipul de\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 Semnificafia bolii \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 personalitate\par\pard\ql \li1728\sb49\sl-184\slmult0\tx2980 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 Dependenta\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Asteapta Tngrijire si\par\pard\ql \li2995\sb13\sl-184\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 interes nelimitate\par\pard\qj \li1665\ri260\sb0\sl-198\slmult0\fi52\tx2971 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 Obsesiv-\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Ameninf! controlul \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 _cpmpu|sjya\par\pard\ql \li1723\sb5\sl- 184\slmult0\tx2990 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Histrionic!\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 Defect, pedepsire\par\pard\ql \li1703\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1718\sb30\sl-184\slmult0\tx2980 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex125 Paranoid!\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Confirm! suspiciunile,\par\pard\ql \li2980\sb13\sl-184\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 \ul0\nosupersub\cf23\f24\fs16\ul agteapta atacui\par\pard\ql \li1713\sb13\sl- 184\slmult0\tx2966 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 Narcisica\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Ameninfa marefia\par\pard\ql \li2976\sb22\sl-184\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 subiectului\par\pard\ql \li1703\sb8\sl-184\slmult0\tx2966 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 Schizoid!\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Anxietate cu contact\par\pard\ql \li2966\sb13\sl- 184\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 forfat\par\pard\ql \li1694\sb22\sl- 184\slmult0\tx2971 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Antisocial!\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 0 ocazie potential!\par\pard\ql \li2971\sb13\sl-184\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 djsjDofjt\par\pard\ql \li1766\sb18\sl- 184\slmult0\tx3042 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 iorderline\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 1ai mult! anxietate\par\pard\ql \li1694\sb0\sl- 184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1694\sb35\sl-184\slmult0\tx2956 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 Schizotipal!\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Aitcineva a provocat\par\pard\ql \li2971\sb18\sl-184\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 boala\par\pard\ql \li1699\sb17\sl-184\slmult0\tx2961 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 bvitanta\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 O povar! Tn plus\par\pard\ql \li1699\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1771\sb31\sl-184\slmult0\tx2966 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 lasochista\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Dragoste si Tngrijire-\par\pard\ql \li1699\ri547\sb0\sl-204\slmult0\fi1267 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 sjjfemnfa__ \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex128 Pasiv- agresivaO alt! frustrare\par\pard\column \ql \li663\sb128\sl-184\slmult0\tx2329 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex134 Raspuns\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex125 Intervenfie\par\pard\ql \li4920\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li48\sb59\sl- 184\slmult0\tx2041 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 Revendicativ sau\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Satisfaceji nevoile cu\par\pard\ql \li44\sb13\sl- 184\slmult0\tx2041 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 retras in sine\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0\nosupersub\cf23\f24\fs16\ul condifii iimita\par\pard\ql \li39\sb7\sl-184\slmult0\tx2045 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 Obstinant, necooperant\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 Informafi\par\pard\ql \li2026\sb13\sl-184\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf23\f24\fs16\ul oferifi contrc-;\par\pard\ql \li44\sb18\sl-184\slmult0\tx2045 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 Seductiv\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Reasigurafi;\par\pard\ql \li2026\sb17\sl-184\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 \ul0\nosupersub\cf23\f24\fs16\ul evitafi interactiunea\par\pard\ql \li34\sb13\sl-184\slmult0\tx2041 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 Blameaz! pe ceilalfi,\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 Planuri dare,\par\pard\ql \li34\sb18\sl- 184\slmult0\tx2036 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 ostilitate\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \ul0\nosupersub\cf23\f24\fs16\ul pastrafi distanfa\par\pard\ql \li39\sb13\sl-184\slmult0\tx2084 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 Infatuare,\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 ncredere,\par\pard\ql \li25\sb12\sl-184\slmult0\tx2031 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 fanfaronad!\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf23\f24\fs16\ul profesionalism\par\pard\ql \li34\sb18\sl- 184\slmult0\tx2022 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 Izolat, necooperant\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 Acceptafi distanfa\par\pard\ql \li4915\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li25\sb35\sl-184\slmult0\tx2022 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 Caut! un avantaj\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Stabiliti limite\par\pard\qj \li20\ri1720\sb196\sl-201\slmult0\fi9\tx2026 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 Dezorganizare\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Stabilifi limite \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 crescuta\par\pard\ql \li20\sb11\sl- 184\slmult0\tx2026 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 Creste suspiciozitatea\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Invocaji mijloace si\par\pard\ql \li2012\sb18\sl- 184\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf23\f24\fs16\ul forte neconventionale\par\pard\qj \li20\ri1783\sb0\sl-201\slmult0\tx2017 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 Cerere disperata\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex125 Supotivitate \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 de ajutor\par\pard\ql \li173\sb10\sl-184\slmult0\tx2022 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 ultiple acuze,\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Recunoastefi-\par\pard\ql \li20\sb13\sl-184\slmult0\tx2017 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 respingere\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 \ul0\nosupersub\cf23\f24\fs16\ul dific\ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 ultafile\par\pard\ql \li20\sb17\sl- 184\slmult0\tx2017 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex125 Cere, blameaz!\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Controlafi-va\par\pard\ql \li2007\sb37\sl-184\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 contratransferul \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9880\paperh13680{\bkmkstart Pg65}{\bkmkend Pg65}\par\pard\ql \li1463\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1463\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1463\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1463\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1463\sb218\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex125 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs22 CAPITOLUL J \par\pard\ql \li1483\sb176\sl- 460\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf16\f17\fs40 DE LA SIMPTOM LA CADRUL CLINIC \par\pard\ql \li1233\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1233\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1233\sb230\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 Sd 0 gresit ese chiar mai rau decaf sa ignori, \par\pard\ql \li2851\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2851\sb100\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 Jean Jacques Casanova de Seingaff fM@m�sim| \par\pard\ql \li1214\sb0\sl-240\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1214\sb0\sl-240\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1214\ri5022\sb142\sl- 240\slmult0\fi4\tx1939 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 SEMiOLOGIA; LiWfBAJUL NECESAR \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 TULBURARILE PERCEPTIES \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 Cadrul conceptual; \par\pard\qj \li1934\ri1130\sb0\sl- 240\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 Clasificarea tulburarilor de perceptie: Hiperestezia, Hipoestezia, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 Sinestezla, Agnoziiie, Iluzia, Halucinatiiie \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 \{HaiucinafiHs psiho-\par\pard\qj \li1939\ri1125\sb0\sl-240\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 senzoriale, Halucinatiiie psihice - pseudohafucinafiile, Sindromul de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 automatism mintai) \par\pard\ql \li1200\sb1\sl- 191\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 TULBURARILE DE ATENTIE \par\pard\qj \li1200\ri2248\sb46\sl-220\slmult0\fi729 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Cadrul conceptual; Hiperprosexia; Hipoprosexia; Aprqsexia \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 TULBURARILE DE MEMORiE \par\pard\ql \li1924\sb12\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Cadru conceptual \par\pard\qj \li1924\ri1135\sb2\sl- 240\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 Dismnezii cantitative: Hipermneziile, Hipomneziile, Amneziile \{/-r.-meziile \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 anterograde - de fixare -, Amneziile retrograde - de evocare \par\pard\li1920\sb16\sl- 230\slmult0\fi9\tx7977\tx8246 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Dismnezii calitative (Paramnezii): Tulburari ale sintezei m->\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 ~\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 -me�\par\pard\li1920\sb5\sl- 230\slmult0\fi0\tx7900\tx8068 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 diate (iluzii mnezice),.Criptomnezia, Faisa recunoastere,,\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 5\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \u8222?jsu-\par\pard\qj \li1915\ri1170\sb17\sl- 220\slmult0\fi9 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 lor", Falsa nerecunoastere, Paramneziile de reduplicars, Tjihurari \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex128 ale rememorarii trecutului \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 (aliomnezii), Pseudoremkiissenfeie, \par\pard\ql \li1924\sb12\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Ecmnezia, Confabula|iiie \par\pard\qj \li1190\ri5767\sb2\sl-240\slmult0\tx1910 \up0 \expndtw- 1\charscalex100 TULBURARILE DE GANDIRE \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 Cadrul conceptual \par\pard\qj \li1905\ri1185\sb0\sl-240\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Tulburari in discursivitatea gandirii: Tulburari Tn ritmu? gandirii \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 (Acceierarea ritmu/ui gandirii, Lentoarea ideativa) \par\pard\ql \li1900\sb1\sl-215\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Tulburari in fluenfa gandirii: Fadingu! mintai, Barajul ideativ \par\pard\ql \li1900\ri1174\sb5\sl-240\slmult0\fi38 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Tulburari in ansamblul gandirii: ideile dominants, Ideile prevalente, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 Ideile obseslve, Ideile deliranie, Structurarea deliranta \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Tulburari operationale ale gandirii: Stafionare (nedezvoltarea gandirii), \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Progresive (dementeie) (Sindromul dementia!) \par\pard\ql \li1175\sb1\sl- 215\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 TULBURARILE COMUNICARII \par\pard\qj \li1896\ri1158\sb5\sl-240\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Tulburari ale comunicarii verbale: Tulburari ale expresiei verbale (Debi\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 tul verbal, Ritmui verbal, intonatia, Intensitatea vorbirii, Coloratura \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 vorbirii, Tulburarile fonetice, Tulburarile semanticii si sintaxe), Tul� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 burari ale expresiei grafice (Hiperactivitatea \u8226? graforeea -, Inactivita\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 tea - refuzul scrisului -, Tulburari ale caligrafiei, Tulburari ale dispu\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 nerii textului in pagina, Policromatografia), Afaziile \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9880\paperh13680{\bkmkstart Pg66}{\bkmkend Pg66}\par\pard\li1511\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1511\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1511\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1511\sb152\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx5222 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 58\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 Psihopatologie si psihiafrie pentru psihologi\par\pard\ql \li2174\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2174\sb0\sl- 230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2174\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2174\sb99\sl- 230\slmult0\tx6700 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 Tulburari ale comunicarii nonverbale: Tinuta \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 (Tinuta dezordonata, \par\pard\ql \li2188\sb1\sl-217\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Rafinamentul vestimenta\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 r, Tinuta excentrica, Tmuta pervertita), Mi mica \par\pard\qj \li2174\ri990\sb13\sl- 230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 (Hipermimiile, Hipomimiile, Paramimiile), Gestica (Ticurile, Manie\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 rismul, Bizareriile gestuale, Negativismul, Stereotipille, Persevera\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 rlle) \par\pard\ql \li1459\sb10\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 TULBURARILE DE VOINTA \par\pard\qj \li1454\ri2317\sb2\sl-240\slmult0\fi715 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Cadrul conceptual; Hipobuliile; Hiperbuliile; Parabuliile \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 TULBURARILE DE CON�TIINTA \par\pard\ql \li2164\sb1\sl-215\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Cadrul conceptual \par\pard\qj \li2155\ri991\sb15\sl-228\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 Tulburarile campului de constiinta: Tulburarile claritatii si capaci\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 tatii de integrare a campului de constiinta, Tulburari ale structurii \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 campului de con�tiinfa (Ingustarea campului de constiinta, Starea \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 crepusculara, Personalitatea multipla, Confuzia mintala - starile con\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 fuzionale: Onirismul, Oneiroidia, Amentia (starea amentiva), Dellrul acut) \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 Tulburarile constiintei de sine \par\pard\ql \li2155\sb11\sl-230\slmult0\tx5822 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 Tulburarile constiintei corporalitatii \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 (somatognozia): Tulburari de \par\pard\qj \li2155\ri1016\sb0\sl-240\slmult0\fi9 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 schema corporala de tip neurologic, Tulburari de schema corporala \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 de natura psihica (Desomatizarea), \par\pard\ql \li2150\sb1\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Tulburarile constiinfei realitatii obiectuale (Derealizarea) \par\pard\qj \li2145\ri1015\sb0\sl-240\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 Tulburari ale con? tiintei propriei persoane: Personalitatea multipla, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex124 Depersonaiizarea, Sindromul de automatism mintai \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 (Kandinski-\par\pard\ql \li2160\sb1\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Clerambault) \par\pard\qj \li1435\ri4309\sb0\sl-240\slmult0\tx2140 \up0 \expndtw- 1\charscalex100 CONDUITA MOTORIE �1 TULBURARILE EI \line\tab \up0 \expndtw- 1\charscalex100 Cadrul conceptual \par\pard\ql \li2150\sb1\sl-196\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Dezorganizarea conduitelor motorii \par\pard\qj \li2131\ri1039\sb25\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Tulburari motorii induse de tratamentul cu neuroleptice: Distonia acu\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 ta, Akatisia, Diskineziile, Sindromul Parkinsonian \par\pard\ql \li1411\sb12\sl- 230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 TULBURARILE AFECTIVITAjTI \par\pard\ql \li2131\sb10\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Cadrul conceptual \par\pard\qj \li2121\ri1044\sb0\sl-240\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Tulburarile dispozitiei: Hipotimiile, Hipertimiile (Anxietatea, Depresia, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Euforia), Tulburari ale dinamicii dispozitionale, Tulburari ale emotii\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 lor elaborate (Paratimiile, Fobiile, Extazui) \par\pard\ql \li1411\sb1\sl-193\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 COMPORTAMENTE AGRESIVE EXTREME \par\pard\qj \li2116\ri3590\sb0\sl-240\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Agresivitatea ca simptom. Cadru conceptual \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Ipostaze clinice ale agresivitajii \par\pard\qj \li2111\ri1049\sb0\sl-240\slmult0\fi9 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 Suicidul: Definite. Cadru conceptual, Instate ale fenomenului sui-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 cidar, Suicidul Tn doi \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 (suicidul dual), Suicidul colectiv, Conduitele \par\pard\ql \li2121\sb1\sl- 202\slmult0\tx3835 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 pseudosuicidare \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 (falsele suiciduri), Factori de rise pentru suicid \par\pard\ql \li2111\ri1034\sb11\sl-235\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 (Factorii socio-economici, Factorii meteorologici si cosmici, Factorii \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 somatici, Ereditatea, Suicidul in funcpe de varsta), Suicidul Tn boiile \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 psihice, Mituri si false pareri despre suicid, Tipuri particulare de sui� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 cid: Sinuciderea de abandon, Sinuciderea \u8222?Samsonica" \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 homicidul \par\pard\ql \li2121\sb1\sl-216\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 Infanticidul \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9880\paperh13680{\bkmkstart Pg67}{\bkmkend Pg67}\par\pard\li1315\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1315\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1315\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1315\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1315\sb70\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx8371 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 De la simptom la cadrul clinic\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 59\par\pard\ql \li1689\sb0\sl- 253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1689\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1689\sb0\sl- 253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1689\sb86\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs22 5.0. SEMIOLOGIA; UMBAJUL NECESAR \par\pard\qj \li1276\sb0\sl-222\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1276\ri1126\sb111\sl-222\slmult0\fi412 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Incercarea de a descifra universul suferinfei psihologie, pe eel al bolii psihice, ar \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 fi un demers imposibil fdrd o cunoastere a fenomenologic1 ulburdrilor psihice. De ase-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 menea, fdrd a recurge la posibilitatea decriptdrii mesajului bolii fdrd a cunoaste sem-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 nele si simptomele, Tntr-un cuvdnt semiologia, aceastd Tncercare ar fi o inutild pierdere \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 de timp. Existd nenumdrate aborddri ale psihopatologiei,, clar credem cd doar un model \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 eclectic este singurul care poate oferi o Tnfelegere globald si o decodificare corectd a tu� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 turor modificdrilor pe care suferinfa si boala le provoacd persoanei. Cu atat mai mult \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 cu cat pentru medici psihiatria a fost considerae doar o dexteritate, iar pentru psihologi, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 psihopatologia rdmane un farm prea Tndepdrat consider-^ adesea al altora. \par\pard\qj \li1271\ri1143\sb17\sl-224\slmult0\fi398 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Am simfitca necesard prezenfarea semiologiei si ca >m camp deTntdlnire si comu� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 nicare Tntre psiholog si medic Tn vederea unui demers praymatic. Recunoastem valoa\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 rea intelecfuald a unei aborddri doctrinore, fie cd ea este culturalistd, antropologicd, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 fenomenologicd, existenfialistd sau psihanaliticd, dar nu dorirn sd ne osumdm limitdrile \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 astfel impuse pentru cd realitatea clinicd presupune colaborarea psihologului cu alti \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 specialist! \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 (medici, sociologi, etc.), strdini, eel mai adesea, de astfel de modele. \par\pard\qj \li1262\ri1147\sb0\sl-224\slmult0\fi403 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Co Tn orice alt domeniu si Tn psihologia clinicd sfdpdnirea corectd a limbajului de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 specialitate si folosirea unor termeni a cdror semnificafie sd fie identicd pentru toti \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 receptorii de mesaj este condifia primordiald a reusifei. lae de ce vom continua sd pre\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 ferdm o abordare didacticd a semiologiei. Din motive pragmatice, vom prezenfa aces� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 te elemente semiologice Tntr-o manierd sistematicd si opefafionald care nu va face apel \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 la formalizdri feorefice sau la tentante prezentdri fenomenologice. \par\pard\ql \li1641\sb209\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw- 7\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs22 5.1. TULBURARILE PERCEPJ1EI \par\pard\ql \li1641\sb105\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 5.1.1. CADRUL CONCEPTUAL \par\pard\qj \li1248\ri1165\sb123\sl-220\slmult0\fi388 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 ActtVitatea senzoial-perceptiya este procesul cognitiv prin care se produce reflec\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 tarea directd si unitard a ansamblului dimensiunilor si Tnsusirilor obiectuale; ea oferd \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 informafia elementard asupra realitafii externe, cat si asupra propriului organism. \par\pard\qj \li1243\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1243\ri1174\sb20\sl-220\slmult0\fi407 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Desi sunt fenomene psihice primare, elementare, senzafiile si percepfiile nu se des� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 fdsoard izolat, ci antreneazd o serie Tntreaga de procese afectiv-cognitive, caracteri\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 zdndu-se prin specificitate individuae si valorizare sociald. \par\pard\qj \li1238\ri1175\sb0\sl-225\slmult0\fi408 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 Senzafia - furnizeazd informafii despre realitatea externa sau a propriului orga� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 nism, transformdnd excitafia de la nivelul receptorilor Tn imagine subiectivd la nivelul \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 analizatorilor corticali. Senzafia nu este deci identicd stimulului reflectat, ci ea este de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 naturd ideae, constientizatd. Ea nu reflectd decdt Tnsu$iri relativ izolate, fdrd a putea \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 do date despre obiect ca tot unitar. \par\pard\qj \li1233\ri1185\sb0\sl-226\slmult0\fi403 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Percepfia constituie un nivel superior pe plan califativ, Tn ceea ce priveste integra\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 rea informatiei, fiind o rezultantd a coreldrii dinamice a operafiilor de anaiizd si sinte\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 zd a datelor senzoriale. Act complex, plurimodal, reaiizarea imaginii perceptive, tre� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 buie sd fie conceputd nu numai ca Tn ansamblul de Tnsusiri, ci si de raporturi spafio\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 femporale. Denumind prin cuvdnt confinutul abstract ai imaginii perceptive subiectul \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 generalizeazd si totodatd integreazd Tn istoria sa existenfiald obiectul sau fenomenul \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 perceput, suprasemnificdndu-l personal. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9880\paperh13680{\bkmkstart Pg68}{\bkmkend Pg68}\par\pard\li1430\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li1430\sb0\sl- 230\slmult0\par\pard\li1430\sb198\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx5126 \up0 \expndtw- 5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 60\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Psihopatologie si psihiafrie pentru psihologi\par\pard\qj \li1372\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1372\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1372\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1372\ri1109\sb170\sl-220\slmult0\fi398 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Percepfia este simfitd si constatatd ca un fapf unic si omogen, provenind din lumea \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 exterioard, recunoscut de eul nostru (Guiraud). \par\pard\qj \li1372\ri1105\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi374 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Jaspers a evidenfiat principalele caracteristici si elemente de diferenfiere dintre cele \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 doud procese:\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw4936\colsr60\colno2\colw4744\ colsr160\qj \li1526\ri637\sb183\sl-230\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Percepjia (are loc Tn prezertfa \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 obiectuiui)\par\pard\ql \li1536\sb44\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul Caracter de corporalitate (obiectivitate)\par\pard\ql \li1540\sb9\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Apare Tn spafiul exterior, obiectiv, iar\par\pard\ql \li1536\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul reprezentarea Tn spafiul intern, subiectiv\par\pard\qj \li1531\ri513\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi9 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Este complee, detailata, este un \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 desen terminat\par\pard\qj \li1531\ri1175\sb0\sl-215\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Senzafiile au caracter de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 prospefime senzoriala\par\pard\ql \li1516\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1531\sb27\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Sunt constante, pot pastra cu usurinja\par\pard\ql \li1526\sb18\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul aceeasi forma\par\pard\qj \li1516\ri75\sb0\sl- 218\slmult0\fi9 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Sunt independente de voinfa si nu pot \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 fi create prin voinfa, le acceptam\par\pard\ql \li1531\sb2\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 pasiv\par\pard\column \qj \li20\ri1662\sb192\sl-225\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 Reprezentarea (are loc Tn absenfa \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 obiectuiui)\par\pard\ql \li35\sb40\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul Caracter de imagine (subiectivitate)\par\pard\ql \li30\sb14\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Apare Tn spafiul intern, subiectiv\par\pard\qj \li25\ri1179\sb219\sl-220\slmult0\fi9 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Este incomplee, cu detalii izolate, este un \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 desen neterminat\par\pard\qj \li25\ri1337\sb0\sl-221\slmult0\fi9 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Numai unele elemente sunt adecvate \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 obiectelor percepfiei - le reprezentam Tn \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 general Tn griuri\par\pard\qj \li25\ri1178\sb0\sl- 213\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Se Tmprastie, curg, trebuie tot timpul sa fie \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 recreate\par\pard\qj \li25\ri1200\sb5\sl- 215\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Depind de voinfa, pot fi create si transfor-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 mate de voinfa, le producem activ \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \qj \li1348\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1348\ri1128\sb49\sl-220\slmult0\fi383 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Asa cum am ardtat, percepfia nu este un fenomen analizabil decdt Tn ineractiunea \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 ei complexd cu celelalte functii psihice - gandire, memorie, afectivitate, ea fiind de fapf \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 percepfia realitafii, trdirea acesteia de cdtre subiect. \par\pard\qj \li1329\ri1138\sb0\sl- 223\slmult0\fi398 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 Aspectele patoiogiei perceptive nu pot fi separate, apdrdnd Tn majoriatea cazu\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 rilor Tn complexe simptomatologice Tn care, de exemplu, simpla lor considerare ca feno\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 mene cauzaie sau rezuitante a dat nasfere unor ciasificdri si inferpretdri feorefice dife� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 rite si viu discutate. Cu toate aceste dificultdfi de sistemotizare si frecvenfa lor mare Tn \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 psihopatologie, importanfo lor patoiogicd a condus la descrieri semiologice nuanfate, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 care permit cunoasterea si circumscrierea ior ciinico-nozograficd. Din aceste motive \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 vom urmdri Tn iucrarea de fafd clasificarea clasicd. \par\pard\ql \li1718\sb110\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 5.1.2. CLASIFICAREA TULBURARILOR Di PERCEPT! \par\pard\qj \li1324\ri1157\sb179\sl-220\slmult0\fi384 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 5.1.2.1. HlpeesSezio este reprezentae de o cobordre a pragului senzorial, resim-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 fitd de subiect ca o crestere nepldcutd o intensitdfii senzefiilor privind un singur anali-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 zator sau ansamblul lor - hiperestezie generald. Se Tntdlneste Tn surmenaj, neurastenii, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 debutul unor afecfiuni psihotice, debutul bolilor infecfioase, hipertiroidie, intoxicafii. \par\pard\qj \li1320\ri1157\sb120\sl-220\slmult0\fi383 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 5.1.2.2. Hipoesezia reprezintd cresterea pragului senzorial, Tnsofitd de diminua\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 rea intensitdfii senzafiilor, cu scdderea numdrului de excitanfi receptafi. Se Tntdlneste Tn \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 stdri reactive, depresie, accese paroxistice isterice, oligofrenii, tulburari de constiina (mai \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 ales cele cantitative), schizofrenie. \par\pard\qj \li1310\ri1161\sb112\sl-230\slmult0\fi384 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 5.1.2.3. Sinestezia constd Tn perceperea simultond pe o cale senzoriala diferie a \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 unui stimul receptaf la nivelul unui onolizotor (ex. Audifie coloretd). AporeTn intoxicafii \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 cu mescalind, psilocibind, LSD, cocaind. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9880\paperh13680{\bkmkstart Pg69}{\bkmkend Pg69}\par\pard\li1320\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1320\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1320\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1320\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1320\sb128\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx8409 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 De la simptom la cadrul clinic\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 61\par\pard\qj \li1305\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1305\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1305\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1305\ri1099\sb195\sl-220\slmult0\fi388 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 5.1.2.4. Agnail� reprezintd deficite psiho-senzoriale, care determine incapaci� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 atea subiectului de a recunooste obiecfele dupd califatlie lor senzoriaie, analizaorii \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 (receperi periferici si caie) fiind intacti. \par\pard\qj \li1291\ri1098\sb118\sl- 223\slmult0\fi398 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 5.1.2.5. Ilu__�3 este o percepfie cu sfimul real si specific, denafuratd si/sau defor\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 matd. Aceastd deformare privesfe mai mult califdtile senzoriaie decaf idenfificarea sau \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 sensul elementelor percepute. Percepfia esfe complefafd imaginafiv; cu cat denaturarea \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 este mai globald, semniicafia pafoiogicd creste. Iluziile apar frecvent la subiecfii nor\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 maii, care recunosc si corecteazd sensul deformdrii perceptive. Spre deosebire de aces� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 tea, Tn iluziile pafobgice, subiectul nu Tncearcd sa corecteze percepfia deformatd, con\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 siderand o imagine veridicd a realitafii. \par\pard\li1291\sb31\sl-207\slmult0\fi398\tx7108 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Pornind de la aceste considerenfe, iluziile au fost clasificae Tn:\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 !\u8222?j_qI tzidbgie� fi\par\pard\li1291\sb18\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 icus-B sewlsglos.\par\pard\qj \li1286\ri1108\sb58\sl-220\slmult0\fi393 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 ikadi hziohgice - se produc prin modificarea condifiilor perceptive (obiective), a \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 mediuiui perceptual sau a condifiilor interne (subjective). \par\pard\qj \li1281\ri1128\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi408 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 9 iluzii prin modificarea condifiilor perceptive - stimulare sub sau supraliminard, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 depdsirea capacitdfii de discriminare a unui analizator, iiuzii optico-geometrlce dato\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 rafe reflexiei optice, refracfiei, modificarii axelor de rererinfd. \par\pard\qj \li1680\ri1132\sb0\sl-240\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 o iluzii prin modificarea mediuiui perceptual-stimulare monofond, preiungitd, de\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 privare senzoriaie. \par\pard\ql \li1680\sb1\sl-196\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 9 iluzii prin modificarea condifiilor interne (subiective): \par\pard\ql \li2001\sb15\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 - prin tulburari de atenfie (false idenfificdri); \par\pard\ql \li1996\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 - din stdri afecfive (fried, anxietate, euforie); \par\pard\li1996\sb28\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx5980 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 - modificdri fizioegice ale sfdrii de constienta\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 - iluzii hipnapompice si hipna-\par\pard\li1996\sb19\sl-207\slmult0\fi124 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 gogice (la trezire si la adormire);\par\pard\qj \li1670\ri3750\sb2\sl-220\slmult0\fi321 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 - stdri de oboseald, suprasolicitare si surmenaj. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 In categoria iluziilor pafoiogice seTnscriu: \par\pard\ql \li1670\sb71\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Fa!$@h wcunoa^mi- fenomenele de tipul \u8222?deja vdzut, cunoscut, trait". \par\pard\qj \li1267\ri1123\sb54\sl-230\slmult0\fi398 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Falseo nensaiGOSien'- fenomenele de tip \u8222?niciodafd vdzut, cunoscut, trait", ia care \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 se adaugd iluzia sosiilor. Rolul principal Tn mecanismul de producere a acestor iluzii \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 revine tufburdriior mnezice. \par\pard\qj \li1267\ri1132\sb34\sl-226\slmult0\fi393 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 FaiwdcJiile - sunt iluzii caracferizate prin deosebita inensitate si vivacitafe a \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 fenomenului iluzoriu (\u8222?entitate materials", jaspers) Tn care compiementui imaginafiv al \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 percepfiei atinge gradul maxim de bogdfie. Critica variabild si participarea afectiva \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 intense le conferd un caracter de franzifie cdtre fenomenele halucinatorii (Ey H). \par\pard\qj \li1262\ri1134\sb59\sl- 220\slmult0\fi379 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 Alte iluzii - pot fi considerate^ ca pafoiogice, dacd subiectul nu are tendinfa de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 corectare a deformdrii percepfiei. In ordlnea frecvenfei lor dupd modalitdfile senzori� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 aie, se Tntdlnesc iluzii vizuale (obiecfele par mai mari \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 - macropsii, mai mici - micropsii, \par\pard\qj \li1262\ri1126\sb0\sl- 226\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 aiungite sau Idrgite - dismegalopsii, deformate - metamorfopsii, distanta dintre obiecte este \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 modificatd - poropsii, obiecfele sunt mai Tndepdrfate - feleopsii), auditive (sunetele sunt \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 fie mai intense, fie mai slabe, mai nete sau mai sterse, mai distincte, mai vagi, mai apro-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 piate sau mai Tndepdrfate decdt Tn reaiifate), iluzii olfactive (parosmii) si gustative etc. \par\pard\qj \li1243\ri1143\sb0\sl- 226\slmult0\fi412 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 iluziile pafoiogice se Tntdlnesc Tn: tulburari functional sau leziuni ale anolizotorilor, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Tn sindroame febrile si stdri confuzionale \u9632? u tioiogie variafd. De asemenea, se Tntdlnesc \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Tn serile onirice (intricate si cu alte tulburai i percepfuole), Tn nevrozele obsesivo-fobice \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 si isterice, le debutul psihozelor schi :\u8226? frenice, Tn serile depresive. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9880\paperh13680{\bkmkstart Pg70}{\bkmkend Pg70}\par\pard\ql \li5184\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5184\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5184\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5184\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5184\sb31\sl-184\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 Psihopatologie si psihiafrie penfru psihologi \par\pard\ql \li1823\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1823\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1823\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1823\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1823\sb140\sl-184\slmult0\tx6057\tx8203 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex136 5.1.2.4. Hslwelnafiis sun? definite cesic drept \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex130 \u8222?percepfii fdrd obiect", \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 (Ball). \par\pard\qj \li1440\ri1081\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex125 Aceasta definifie a fosf completafa de cdtre Ey H prin menfiunea \u8222?fdrd obiect de perce\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 p-j'i',;, ia care o cddugdm pe cea a lui PorsfA- ,,experienfe psihobgice interne care de� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 termine subiectul sd se comporteca si cum ar avea o senzafie sau o percepfie, atunci cone \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex125 conditiile sxterloare normale ale acestor senzafli sau percepfii nu se realizeaza". Aceste \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex125 definifii ne conduc cdtre reliefarea unor trasaturi fundamentole aie haiucinatiiior, \par\pard\qj \li1435\ri1087\sb4\sl- 200\slmult0\fi393 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex124 Simptomele psihiatrice nu se lasa separate pentru :a fiiecare nu Tsi afince valoarea \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex120 sernioicgicd si pslhopafologica decaf T \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 rapori cu celeiaife; Tn acest sens, se poate spune \par\pard\li1425\sb54\sl- 184\slmult0\fi9\tx4752\tx6379 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex125 cc bolnavu! haiucinant nu are fulbura\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex125 de oerceofie, ci cd\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex125 ,.Tnireaul sister" o; realitcm:"\par\pard\li1425\sb36\sl- 184\slmult0\fi9 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex125 (B/H) suferd o destructurare, o dezinfeqrare.\par\pard\li1425\sb28\sl-184\slmult0\fi388 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 VariaDisitafea unora dm pararnefrii perceptual; la care se edauga si ale caractens-\par\pard\li1425\sb31\sl-184\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 fici precum rdsunefu! afectiv sau cognifiv, permife o prime c\\as:]r:ca~3 descriptiva a halu-\par\pard\li1555\sb0\sl- 230\slmult0\par\pard\li1555\sb193\sl-230\slmult0\fi52\tx3432\tx4977 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 t-arscterisiicl\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 taiucinal'i\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 I HaiucT\par\pard\li1555\sb0\sl- 180\slmult0\fi1867\tx6916\tx7689 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 pslhO'Seaz,\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 :\}s�rsioe\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 -\par\pard\li1555\sb76\sl-230\slmult0\fi9\tx3465\tx6955 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex124 benzonahiaiea\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 viare\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 Nuia\par\pard\li1555\sb1\sl-153\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 exDenentei\par\pard\li1555\sb47\sl- 184\slmult0\fi9\tx3436\tx5044\tx6950 \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex118 Proiectja spafiala\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 in spafiul senzorial\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 In spatiui senzorial\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 In afara spafiului\par\pard\li1555\sb18\sl-184\slmult0\fi5375 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 senzorial\par\pard\li1555\sb46\sl- 184\slmult0\fi95\tx6931 \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex111 -cnvmaerec\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 ADSOiuis, clar cu\par\pard\li1555\sb66\sl- 207\slmult0\fi33\tx6873 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex87 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 __\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 ^C�j^ae�j2_2\t \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 �2ai!;\par\pard\li1555\sb0\sl- 162\slmult0\fi0\tx5054\tx6945 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex145 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Re\ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 nants s-\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 I'-leilniste Segals,cic\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 Impunerea unor\par\pard\li1555\sb35\sl-184\slmult0\fi3494 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 o�ioc3i;a tulburarilor j sen.timente\par\pard\li1555\sb0\sl-184\slmult0\par\pard\li1555\sb69\sl- 184\slmult0\fi3374 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 iverseior aspecte semioiogice legate de acfivi-\par\pard\li1555\sb32\sl-184\slmult0\fi3355 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex133 ; enomene asemdndoare acestora prin con-\par\pard\li1555\sb27\sl-184\slmult0\fi3355\tx8251 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex128 ::r care nu respecta candltiiie derinitiei\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 (oer-\par\pard\li1555\sb32\sl-184\slmult0\fi4953\tx7425 \up0 \expndtw- 7\charscalex86 'C.-C-f\tab \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 Tr:"'.:::,] reazr.\par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9880\paperh13680{\bkmkstart Pg71}{\bkmkend Pg71}\par\pard\ql \li1156\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1156\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1156\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1156\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1156\sb40\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 De ia simpfom ia cadrul clinic \par\pard\ql \li2467\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2467\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2467\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2467\sb144\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 4QMENE BE TIP HALUQNATOR iNKUMTf CU HALUQNApLE\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw3797\colsr110\colno2\colw58 33\colsr160\qj \li1224\ri0\sb195\sl-235\slmult0\tx1320 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Fenomene de tip halucinater \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 Senzaflsie parazite\par\pard\ql \li1315\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1315\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1315\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1315\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1320\sb37\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 h?i:iicins';:i:s vur:G:::ont;S\par\pard\ql \li1315\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1315\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1315\sb36\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 Halucinaiiiie eisetiee\par\pard\ql \li1320\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1320\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1320\sb17\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 ~:arucf\par\pard\ql \li1305\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1305\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1305\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1305\sb32\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Haiu:\par\pard\ql \li1358\sb0\sl- 138\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1358\sb0\sl-138\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1358\sb0\sl- 138\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1358\sb0\sl-138\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1358\sb0\sl- 138\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1358\sb29\sl-138\slmult0\tx2025 \up0 \expndtw- 5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf19\f20\fs10 "i c.;. \up0 \expndtw- 5\charscalex74 .-i '-=\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex132 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 siesr\par\pard\column \ql \li3950\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1234\sb21\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 Descriere fenomeniologtcl\par\pard\qj \li44\ri1286\sb21\sl-216\slmult0\fi19 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 un excitant anormal acfionand pe un receptor periferic, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 provoaca aparitia unei senzatii elementare, care nu \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 corespunde actiunii excitantulul flziologic (exemplu un \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 curent electric, compresiunea sau inflamafia pot pro-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 voca senzafli luminoase, zpomoie, mirosuri diverse) \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 perceptli false aoarute Tn oaraie! si simultan cu o per-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 cepfie reala (ex.: zgomctul rotifer ds tren este Tnsofit \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 de perceperea zoomotului unor svioane)\par\pard\qj \li44\ri1298\sb0\sl-213\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 reprezentarl Tn exterior ale imaginllor unor oblecte sau \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 filnte percepute recent. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 :n 'irnpreiurarl legate de star! \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 afectivs intense\par\pard\qj \li34\ri1298\sb6\sl- 213\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 apar in conaifn care moamca starea oe vigihtate - tre� \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 cerea dintre vegns �1 somn (nipnaGcgics) sau somn-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 veghe (hipnaoornpics). inducjia hipnotlca., individual-\par\pard\qj \li29\ri1301\sb206\sl- 218\slmult0\tx3908 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 fenomene de tip halucinator a caror es', c\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex125 -ic'o. \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 -\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 ca este recunoscuta ca atare de catre subiect si Tn \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 cons seines, el r,u va aborda un comportEmerr. iegai\par\pard\ql \li29\sb17\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 63 conilnutui acesicr Dsrceotll\par\pard\qj \li20\ri1323\sb0\sl-213\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 fenomene oe tip nalucmaior \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 (situate cie uni ai a \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Tntre reprezentarl vii si halucmafi; vagi), care spar In \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 perioadeie ce geneza sau siergere a haluclnat;;;o\par\pard\qj \li25\ri1328\sb3\sl-215\slmult0\fi4\tx4397 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 oo: asimiia haiucinozelor, prin lipsa De- con\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex40 \u9632?.. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 boinavuiu! asucra exis.ente; ior reals \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9880\paperh13680{\bkmkstart Pg72}{\bkmkend Pg72}\par\pard\li1564\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li1564\sb0\sl- 230\slmult0\par\pard\li1564\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li1564\sb64\sl- 230\slmult0\fi0\tx5323 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 64\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 -"sihopatologie si psihiafrie pentru psihologi\par\pard\li1617\sb0\sl- 184\slmult0\par\pard\li1617\sb0\sl-184\slmult0\par\pard\li1617\sb0\sl- 184\slmult0\par\pard\li1617\sb0\sl-184\slmult0\par\pard\li1617\sb162\sl- 184\slmult0\fi120\tx2856\tx4137\tx7233 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex132 Tipul de\tab \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex134 Subtipuri\tab \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex137 Descriere fenomenologica\tab \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex138 Circumstanfe\par\pard\li1617\sb17\sl-184\slmult0\fi0\tx7363 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex136 halusinati\tab \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex139 de aparijie\par\pard\li1617\sb42\sl-184\slmult0\fi62\tx2832\tx3988\tx6921 \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Halucinafl\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 complexe\tab \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex115 pot fi fragmentare, cand bolnavul\tab \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex121 psihozele\par\pard\li1617\sb13\sl- 184\slmult0\fi57\tx2832\tx3988\tx6921 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 auditive\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 (halucinafii\tab \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex118 percepe silabe, cuvinte fara semni-\tab \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex119 schizofrenice,\par\pard\li1617\sb17\sl-184\slmult0\fi1209\tx3979\tx6916 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 acustico-\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 ficafie, fragmente sintactice sau pot\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex124 sindrcamele\par\pard\li1617\sb23\sl-184\slmult0\fi1204\tx3983\tx6926 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 verbale)\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 avea un confinut precis, distinct,\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 paranoide,\par\pard\li1617\sb22\sl-184\slmult0\fi2371\tx6916 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 inteilgibii. Cand subiectul nu poate\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 starile depresive,\par\pard\li1617\sb23\sl- 184\slmult0\fi2361\tx6921 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Tnfelege vocile pe care le aude, se\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 parafrenie,\par\pard\li1617\sb22\sl- 184\slmult0\fi2361\tx6921 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 vorbeste de vergiberafie haluclna-\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 psihozele alcooiice\par\pard\li1617\sb17\sl-184\slmult0\fi2361\tx6921 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf23\f24\fs16\ul forle.\ul0\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 cronice\par\pard\li1617\sb9\sl-184\slmult0\fi57\tx2827\tx3979\tx6758 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Haiucinat\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 elementare\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 fcsfene, fctcpsli, percepute ca\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 _\u9632? afecfiuni oftalmologice,\par\pard\li1617\sb1\sl-210\slmult0\fi48\tx3988\tx6748 \up0 \expndtw- 6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 vlzuaie\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 puncte iuminoase. scantei, linii.\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 � neuroiogice (migrena\par\pard\li1617\sb13\sl-184\slmult0\fi1228\tx3979\tx6921 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 sCmplexe\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 care pot fi fantasmosccpli, atunci\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 oftalmica,\par\pard\li1617\sb13\sl-184\slmult0\fi2361\tx6758 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 cand oolecteie si flguriie nu sunt\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 _ tumori si leziunl ale\par\pard\li1617\sb27\sl- 184\slmult0\fi2361\tx6907 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 precis conturate, sau figurate cand\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 lobului occipital,\par\pard\li1617\sb18\sl-184\slmult0\fi2356\tx6744 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 serefera ia obiecte precise: dintre\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex129 \u8226? epilepsie, etc\par\pard\li1617\sb23\sl- 184\slmult0\fi2351\tx6734 \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex122 acestea, ceie care reprezinta\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 � stari confuzionaie (Tn\par\pard\li1617\sb17\sl-184\slmult0\fi2351\tx6907 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 \ul0\nosupersub\cf23\f24\fs16\ul anlmaie poart\ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 a n\ul0\nosupersub\cf23\f24\fs16\ul umele de zo\ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 o\ul0\nosupersub\cf23\f24\fs16\ul psii.\ul0\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 special Tn ceie alcoo�\par\pard\li1617\sb23\sl-184\slmult0\fi1190\tx3964\tx6912 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex124 scenice\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 care pot fi panoramice (statice)\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 iice, clasic descrise\par\pard\li1617\sb17\sl-184\slmult0\fi2347\tx6907 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 sau cinematoarafice (Tn miscare)\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 sub forma de zoopsii.\par\pard\li1617\sb18\sl- 184\slmult0\fi5121 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 _ schizofrenii paranoide\par\pard\li1617\sb13\sl-184\slmult0\fi5116 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 # oarafrenii\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw6560\colsr160\colno2\colw30 20\colsr160\ql \li1656\sb22\sl-184\slmult0\tx2798\tx3964 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Haiucinafii\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 placute\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 parfumuri, esenfe, miresme\par\pard\ql \li1651\sb22\sl-184\slmult0\tx2798\tx3959 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 olfactive si\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 neplacute\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 mirosuri grele, respingatoare, de\par\pard\ql \li1646\sb18\sl-184\slmult0\tx3959 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 gustative\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 putrefacfie, gusturi metalice,\par\pard\ql \li3964\sb17\sl-184\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 astringente\par\pard\ql \li1612\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1612\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1612\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1612\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1612\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1612\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1612\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1612\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1612\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1612\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1612\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1612\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1627\sb42\sl- 184\slmult0\tx2774\tx3935 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Halucinafii\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 interne\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 arsuri, dureri, mi�cari ale unor\par\pard\ql \li1612\sb18\sl-184\slmult0\tx3931 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 tactile\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 insecte sau viermi subcutanat\par\pard\ql \li2774\sb22\sl-184\slmult0\tx3926 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 externe\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 arsuri, caldura, atingere, sarut,\par\pard\ql \li3931\sb18\sl-184\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 curent de aer, infepatura\par\pard\column \qj \li34\ri1179\sb8\sl-201\slmult0\tx217 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 m crizele uncinate din \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 epilepsia temporaia,\par\pard\ql \li34\sb20\sl-184\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 9 unele tumori �1 leziuni\par\pard\qj \li29\ri1126\sb0\sl-206\slmult0\fi177 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 ale lobului temporal, \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 o psihoze afective fiind\par\pard\qj \li187\ri1129\sb0\sl-203\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 ?n concordanfa cu to-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 naiitatea afectiva,\par\pard\ql \li24\ri1097\sb5\sl-196\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 9 delirium tremens, \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 � sindroame paranoide,\par\pard\qj \li183\ri1080\sb11\sl-203\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 unde pot fi Tnsofite de \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex124 un compotament ha� \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 lucinator\par\pard\qj \li20\ri1162\sb0\sl-201\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 � psihoze de involufie \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 � nevroze de tip obse-\par\pard\ql \li178\sb15\sl-184\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \ul0\nosupersub\cf23\f24\fs16\ul siv, fobic si isteric.\par\pard\qj \li178\ri1107\sb0\sl-204\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 intoxicafii cu cocaina, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 cloral, hasis, LSD\par\pard\qj \li164\ri991\sb0\sl-203\slmult0\fi9 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 psihoze alcooiice acute \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 si subacute (luand ade� \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 sea aspectul de haluci� \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 nafii zoopatice - percep� \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 fia de gandaci, insecte, \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 parazifi, viermi mergand \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 pe piele sau Tn piele), \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 psihoze de involufie -\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 iau aspectul particular \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 al delirului cu ectopa-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 raziti Ekbom. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9880\paperh13680{\bkmkstart Pg73}{\bkmkend Pg73}\par\pard\li1267\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1267\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1267\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1267\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1267\sb103\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx8342 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 De la simptom la cadrul clinic\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 65\par\pard\li1368\sb0\sl- 218\slmult0\par\pard\li1368\sb0\sl-218\slmult0\par\pard\li1368\sb0\sl- 218\slmult0\par\pard\li1368\sb187\sl-218\slm ult0\fi124\tx2601\tx3887\tx6979 \dn3 \expndtw0\charscalex106 Tipul de\tab \dn3 \expndtw0\charscalex106 Subtipuri\tab \dn3 \expndtw0\charscalex106 Descriere fenornenologica\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 Gircumstane\par\pard\li1368\sb36\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx6662\tx7099 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 halucinafie\tab \dn2 \expndtw-8\charscalex91 h'-'>\tab \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex106 de aparifie\par\pard\li1368\sb19\sl- 207\slmult0\fi57\tx2572\tx3729\tx6494 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 Halucinafii\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Modificari ale\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 arsuri interioare, modificari ale\tab \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \u8226? deliruri hipocondriace,\par\pard\li1368\sb1\sl- 205\slmult0\fi52\tx2567\tx3724\tx6489 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 corporale\tab \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex106 organelor\tab \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex106 viscerelor (stomacul, plamanii,\tab \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \u8226? schizofrenii paranoide,\par\pard\li1368\sb10\sl-207\slmult0\fi57\tx2572\tx3734\tx6652 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 (halucinafii\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 interne\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 inima sunt putrezite, rupte, Tnlo-\tab \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex106 psihoze de involufie -\par\pard\li1368\sb1\sl- 200\slmult0\fi48\tx3729\tx6652 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 ale sensibili-\tab \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex106 cuite cu obiecte metalice), schim-\tab \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex106 sindromul Cotard\par\pard\li1368\sb11\sl- 207\slmult0\fi43\tx3729\tx6657 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 tafii genera-\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul barea pozifiei unor organe,\ul0\tab \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 descris cu un secol\par\pard\li1368\sb1\sl-200\slmult0\fi48\tx3720\tx6643 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 le �i interne -\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 localizari genitale a acestora, per�\tab \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex106 Tn urma, grupeaza\par\pard\li1368\sb1\sl-207\slmult0\fi38\tx3715\tx6652 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 si propio-\tab \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex106 cepute ca violuri directe sau de\tab \dn3 \expndtw0\charscalex106 idei delirante de ne-\par\pard\li1368\sb4\sl-207\slmult0\fi38\tx3720\tx6643 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 ceptive inte-\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 la distanfa, senzafii de orgasm,\tab \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex106 gafie, de enormitate\par\pard\li1368\sb4\sl-207\slmult0\fi43\tx3720\tx6638 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 roceptive)\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 introducerea de corpuri straine\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 si de imortalitate, aso-\par\pard\li1368\sb9\sl-207\slmult0\fi2342\tx6647 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 Tn rect\tab \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex106 ciind negarea haluci-\par\pard\li1368\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\fi1195\tx3724\tx6647 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 Posesiunea\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 percepute ca exisfenfa unor fiinfe\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 natorie a viscerelor\par\pard\li1368\sb9\sl-207\slmult0\fi1175\tx3715 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 zoopatica\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 naturale (serpi, lupi, etc) sau su-\par\pard\ql \li3715\sb1\sl-199\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 pranaturale (demoni, spirite, etc.) \par\pard\ql \li3705\sb2\sl-198\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul Tn interiorul corpului \par\pard\li2558\sb13\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx3705 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Metamor-\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 Transformare intr-un animal\par\pard\ql \li2543\sb0\sl-202\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 fozare \par\pard\qj \li1214\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1214\ri1185\sb44\sl- 220\slmult0\fi388 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Asocieri halucinatoii - halucinafiile psiho-senzoriale sunt adesea combinafe, adi\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 cd intereseazd mai mulfi onalizatori Tn acelasi timp; halucinafiile vizualeji auditive, cele \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 olfactive si gustafive, tactile si corporale sunt eel mai adesea asociate. In patologia de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 intensitate psihoticd a involufiei aparTn mod specific halucinafii corporale, localizateTn \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 special Tn zonele genitale, asociae cu halucinafii olfactive. De asemenea, se descrie \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 reunirea Tn cadrul parazitozelor halucinatorii a halucinatiilor vizuale cu cele tactile (din \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 intoxicafii cu alcool, cloral, cocaind, etc.) \par\pard\ql \li1200\ri1203\sb103\sl- 217\slmult0\fi403\tx1603 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Halucinafiilepsihice (pseudohalucinafiile) sunt definite ca autoreprezentdri apercep\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 five, caracterizafe prin incoercibilitafe, automatism si exogenitafe (Petit G). \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Spre deosebire de halucinafiile psihosenzoriale, halucinafiilor psihice le lipseste \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 obiectivitatea spafiald si caracterul de senzorialitate; ele sunt localizateTn gandirea pro-\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 prie, Tn spafiul intrapsihic; neavdnd decdt obiectivitatea psihica; datoritd absenfei ca-\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 racterului de senzorialitate, prin contrast cu halucinafiile psiho-senzoriale ele mai sunt \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 denumite si pseudohalucinafii. Diferd de reprezentdrile obisnuite prin caracterul de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 stranietate, de exogenitate. Bolnavul nu le percepe pe cdile senzoriaie obisnuite, ci le \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 trdieste ca pe niste fenomene straine, impuse din afard, care i se fac si cdrora nu li se \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 poate opune si pe care nici nu le poate confrola prin propria voinfa. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9880\paperh13680{\bkmkstart Pg74} {\bkmkend Pg74}\par\pard\li1675\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1675\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1675\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1675\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1675\sb31\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx5404 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 66\tab \dn4 \expndtw0\charscalex106 Psihopatologie si psihiafrie pentru psiholo\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 91\par\pard\li1800\sb0\sl- 230\slmult0\par\pard\li1800\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li1800\sb0\sl- 230\slmult0\par\pard\li1800\sb141\sl-230\slmult0\fi1252 \up0 \expndtw- 8\charscalex100 TIPURI DE HALUaNATll PSIHICE (PSEUDOHALUQNATll)\par\pard\li1800\sb81\sl-207\slmult0\fi268\tx4080\tx7545 \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex118 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Tipuri de\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 Descrjere fenomenologica\tab \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex123 Cireumstanje\par\pard\li1800\sb5\sl-207\slmult0\fi182\tx7680 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 halucinafie\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 de aparrfie\par\pard\li1800\sb28\sl-207\slmult0\fi23\tx3278\tx7521 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 Halucinafii\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \u8226? voci interioare, ecoul gandirii sau al lecturii,\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 \u8226? Tn delirurile\par\pard\li1800\sb4\sl-207\slmult0\fi19\tx3460\tx7699 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 psihice acustico-\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 murmur intrapsihic, ganduri transmise\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 cronice,\par\pard\li1800\sb1\sl-205\slmult0\fi14\tx3283\tx7526 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 verbale\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \u8226? trairile vin din afara subiectului prin intruziune, se\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \u8226? Tn cea mai\par\pard\li1800\sb15\sl-207\slmult0\fi1651\tx7704 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 insinueaza Tn gandirea lui, fiind atribuite altcuiva\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 mare parte a\par\pard\li1800\sb4\sl- 207\slmult0\fi1478\tx7704 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \u8226? \u8222?transmiterea gandurilor" care este interpretata\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 psihozelor.\par\pard\li1800\sb4\sl-207\slmult0\fi1646\tx7521 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 ca telepatie, comunicare misterioasa, limbaj fara\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Nota: aparitia\par\pard\li1800\sb9\sl- 207\slmult0\fi1641\tx7516 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 cuvinte, dand subiectului impresia ca si-a pierdut\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 tor este un indi-\par\pard\li1800\sb5\sl-207\slmult0\fi1656\tx7521 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 intimitatea gandirii sale, facultatea de a se con-\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 ce de gravitate,\par\pard\li1800\sb4\sl-207\slmult0\fi1636\tx7516 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul duce dupa voinfa sa. fiind supus influenfei altcuiva\ul0\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 stabilind inten-\par\pard\li1800\sb9\sl- 207\slmult0\fi14\tx3278\tx7521 \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex102 Halucinafii\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 \u8226? apar ca simple imagini sau sub forma de scene\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 sitatea psiho-\par\pard\li1800\sb1\sl- 205\slmult0\fi9\tx3451\tx7521 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 psihice vizuale\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 panoramice, Tn spafiul subiectiv al bolnavului,\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 tica a tulbura�\par\pard\li1800\sb10\sl- 207\slmult0\fi1641\tx7512 \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex110 dandu-i impresia ca traieste Tntr-o lume a scene-\tab \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 rilor.\par\pard\li1800\sb4\sl-207\slmult0\fi1641 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 lor imaginare, a viziunilor interioare sau atificiale\par\pard\li1800\sb5\sl- 207\slmult0\fi1473 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul \u8226?\ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul bolnavii le vad cu ochii interior! cu ochii mintii lor\par\pard\li1800\sb9\sl- 207\slmult0\fi9\tx3436 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Halucinafii\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 sunt legate de limbajul interior si de expresia\par\pard\li1800\sb9\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx3441 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 psihice motorii\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 motorie a acestuia (verbale si scrise)\par\pard\ql \li3609\ri2463\sb0\sl-200\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 - bolnavul are senzafia ca vorbeste (fara sa \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 faca nici un fel de miscare); \par\pard\ql \li3619\sb15\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 - bolnavul schifeaza miscari ale limbii si buzelor; \par\pard\ql \li3604\ri2430\sb11\sl-210\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 - bolnavul are impulsiuni verbale \u8222?este facut \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 sa vorbeasca" (sentimentul de automatism \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 verbal). \par\pard\qj \li1569\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1569\ri839\sb2\sl-220\slmult0\fi388 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Asocieri halucinatoii - asa cum am mai ardtaf, clasificarea pe care o facem des\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 pdrfind fenomenele halucinatorii pentru a le descrie, are o valoare pur didacticd, Tn cli� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 nicd acestea apdrdnd grupate, intricate, modificdnd realitaea Tn ansamblul si structura \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 ei. Ele sunt Tnsofite Tntotdeauna de un cortegiu simptomatic complex, care le usureazd \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 diagnosticarea, Tntregindu-le semnificafia. \par\pard\ql \li1958\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1958\sb40\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw- 5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs22 5.2. TULBURARILE DE ATENJ1E \par\pard\ql \li1953\sb106\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 5.2.1. CADRUL CONCEPTUAL \par\pard\qj \li1550\ri850\sb98\sl-221\slmult0\fi408 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Dupd cum o defineste scoala romdneascd de psihologie, atenfie este o functie sinteti\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 cd a psinismului constand Tn activoreo, onificoreo, mobilizarea, orientarea selectivd si con\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 centrarea focalizatd o proceselor psiho-comportamentale Tn vederea unei refleced optime \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 si facile a realitafii si a unei interventii eficiente Tn cadrul autoregldrii activitdfii. Insusirile \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 structurale ale atenfiei sunt reprezentate de volum (suma unietilor informofionole relevate \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 concomitent Tn planul constiintei), concentrare (confrord distragerii; se poate realiza Tn \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 diverse grade), stabilitate (ca o caracteristicd temporard a concentrdrii, cu rol antifluctuant); \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 distributivitate (plurifocalizare a atenfiei, un sistem al reflexiei Tn care momentan se impune \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 o singurd dominantd dar care este Tn legdturd cu subsisteme automatizate ce se pot actua\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 liza si trece pe prim plan foarte rapia), comutativitate sau flexibilitate (capaciatea de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 restructurare rapidd o otentiei). Se descrie o atenfie spontand (involuntard), o atenfie volun\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 tard si postvolunfard ale cdror tulburari sunt adesea independente. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9880\paperh13680{\bkmkstart Pg75} {\bkmkend Pg75}\par\pard\li1334\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1334\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1334\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1334\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1334\sb200\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx8409 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 De la simptom la cadrul clinic\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 67\par\pard\qj \li1320\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1320\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1320\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1320\ri1100\sb163\sl-220\slmult0\fi393 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Tulburarile de atenfie se numesc disposexii ele interesdnd atat atentia voluntara cat si \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 cea involuntard. \par\pard\qj \li1315\ri1085\sb120\sl-220\slmult0\fi393 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 5.2.2. HIPERPROSEXIA semnificd cresterea atenfiei si este un simptom frecvent Tn \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 psihopatologie. Polarizarea hiperprosexicd cdtre un anumit domeniu se asociazd cu \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 nipoprosexia pentru restul domeniilor. Ar fi vorba de fapf mai mult de o seddere a \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 comutativitdtii atenfiei cu cresterea concentrdrii decaf de o hiperprosexie Tn ansamblu. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Se Tntdlneste afdt Tn condifii normale cot si Tn condifii pafoiogice - Tn mod normal, Tn \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 situafii de cresfere a interesului sau de rise vital, Tn serile de exciatie si Tn intoxicafiile \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 usoare cu alcool sau cafeind, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 - Tn condifii pafoiogice tuiburarea obsesivo-fobicd, ce-\par\pard\ql \li1320\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 nestopatii, Tn delirurile hipocondriace, stdri maniacale si oligofrenie. \par\pard\qj \li1305\ri1100\sb123\sl-220\slmult0\fi388 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 5.2.3. HIPOPROSEX1A constd Tn diminuarea atenfiei, Tn special a orientdrii selec� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 tive a proceselor psiho- comportamentale. Se Tntdlneste - Tn mod normal Tn condifii de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 oboseald, surmenaj, situafii anxiogene si Tn condifii pafoiogice, tulburare anxioasd, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 depresie, Tn schizofrenie (atenfia voluntara este mult diminuatd, dar atenfie spontand \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 persistd pentru instinctele elementare, dupd cum susfine Chaslin), Tn occesul moniocai, \par\pard\qj \li1300\ri1117\sb120\sl- 220\slmult0\fi388 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 5.2.4. APROSEXIA - semnificd abolirea atenfiei si se Tntdlneste Tn stdri confuzio\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 nale, sindromul caatonic, demente si oligofrenii, prin sedderea globald a performan\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 felor intelectuale. \par\pard\ql \li1684\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1684\sb40\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw- 3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs22 5.3. TULBURARILE DE MEMORIE \par\pard\ql \li1680\sb125\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 5.3.1. CADRUL CONCEPTUAL \par\pard\qj \li1276\ri1114\sb102\sl-221\slmult0\fi403 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Memoria (funcfia mnezicd) este definitd ca ansamblul proceselor de Tntipdrire (me-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 morare), conservare (pdstrare) si reactualizare prin recunoastere si reproducere a ex-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 perienfei anterioare a omului sau ca procesul psihic de stocare/destocare a informafiei, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 de acumulare si utilizare a experienfei cognitive. Definitd generic ca proces de reflec-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 tare selectivd, activd si inteligibild a trecutului experienfial, memoria esteTn acelasi timp \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 si un produs al dezvoltdrii^social-istorice umane, fiind legae de celelalte componente \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 ale sistemului psihic uman. In acest sens, memoria poate fi consideratd (Minkowsld E) o \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 conduita de ordin temporal care stqbileste relofio dintre \u8222?Tnointe" si \u8222?dupd", Tntre ce a \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 fost, ceea ce este si ceea ce va fi. In ceea ce priveste clasificarea tulburarilor functiei \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 mnezice (dismnezii), vom adopfa o closificare Tn tulburari cantitative si tulburari calita-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 tive. Desigur, aceastd delimitare pare artificiald, Tn primul rand deoarece, pentru a fi \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 perturbafd calitativ, memoria presupune sd fi suferit deja tulburari cantitative, iar Tn \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 practica curentd, oceste fipuri de perturbere mnezicd suntTn mojoritotea cozurilor intri� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 cate. \par\pard\ql \li1665\sb131\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 5.3.2. DISMNEZII CANTITATIVE \par\pard\qj \li1271\ri1142\sb103\sl-220\slmult0\fi393 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 5.3.2.1. Hipermneziile: tulburari cantitative ale functiei mnezice constdnd Tn evo\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 cdri involuntare, rapide si usoare, tumultoase si multiple, realizand o Tndepdrtare (cir\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 cumscrisd) a subiectului de prezent. \par\pard\ql \li1670\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Se potTntdlni atdtTn condifii normale cat si pafoiogice: \par\pard\qj \li1276\ri1139\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi393 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 - la normali: evocdrile fiind legate de evenimenfe deosebite, cu caracter pldcut sau \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 nepldcut din viaa subiectului, dar trdite intens (succes sau insucces deosebit, cataclism, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 evenimenfe deosebite); \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9880\paperh13680{\bkmkstart Pg76} {\bkmkend Pg76}\par\pard\li1550\sb0\sl-184\slmult0\par\pard\li1550\sb0\sl- 184\slmult0\par\pard\li1550\sb0\sl-184\slmult0\par\pard\li1550\sb0\sl- 184\slmult0\par\pard\li1550\sb142\sl-184\slmult0\fi0\tx5217 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 68\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 Psihopatologie $i psihiafrie pentru psihologi\par\pard\qj \li1492\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1492\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1492\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1492\ri1055\sb156\sl-220\slmult0\fi393 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 - Tn afecfiunile psihice: Tn genere atunci cdnd se realizeazd o Tngustare a campu� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 lui preocupdrilor prin focalizarea funcfiilor psihice: psihopatia paranoidd si paranoia, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 unele oligofrenii (\u8222?idiotii-savanfi"), debutul dementei luetice, nevroze: Tn unele forme ob\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 sesionale, isterice (\u8222?memoria hiperestezicd"), Tn condifii speciale (detenfii, prizonierat), \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 sindromul hipermnezic emotional paroxistic ardiv (Targovvla) consecutive stdrilor febri� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 le, intoxicafiei usoare cu eter, cloroform, barbiturice, Tn toxicomanii, epilepsie (ca aura \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 sau ca echivalenfa); \par\pard\ql \li1881\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 - forme particulare: \par\pard\ql \li1478\ri1055\sb7\sl- 215\slmult0\fi384\tx1891 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Menfismulreprezintd o derulare involuntard caleidoscopicd a unor amintiri si idei. \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 YiziunearetrospecivQ forma suprema a hipermneziei, subiectul retrdind Tn cateva \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 momente principalele evenimenfe din Tntreaga sa viofd. Se Tntdlneste Tn: situafii de peri-\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 col existential iminent, Tn paroxisme anxioase, Tn stdri confuzionale halucinatorii, Tn \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 crize de epilepsie temporold. \par\pard\qj \li1473\ri1080\sb121\sl-220\slmult0\fi383 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 5.3.2.2. Hipomneziile: tulburari cantitative ale funcfiei mnezice constand Tn evocdri \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 lente si dificile, sdrace si trunchiate cu ot efortui fdcut, realizand o sifuafie jenantd pen� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 tru subiect Tn momentul respectiv. \par\pard\qj \li1468\ri1065\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\fi393 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Desi negate de unii autori, care le introduc Tn grupul amneziilor se pare cd ocupd \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 ofusi o pozitie distinctd, fiind moi mult legate de deticitul prosexic decdt de deteriororea \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 funcfiei mnezice. \par\pard\ql \li1852\sb0\sl-162\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Se poentae! atdtTn condifii normale cat si pafoiogice: \par\pard\qj \li1468\ri1082\sb10\sl-220\slmult0\fi388 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 - la normali: Tn activitatea curentd legoe fiind de evenimenfe insuficient fixote sau \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 neglljate, preluate Tn stdri de oboseald sau surmenaj; \par\pard\qj \li1459\ri1089\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi393 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 - Tn afecfiuni psihice: Tn nevroze prin deficit prosexic, Tn oligofrenie, prin insufi\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 cienta dezvoltare cognitivd, Tn stdri predemenfiale; \par\pard\ql \li1852\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 - forme particulare. \par\pard\ql \li1459\ri1088\sb9\sl- 213\slmult0\fi393\tx1828 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Lapsusuh dificultae de evocare, pasagerd, cu aspect lacunar de element al frazei. \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Anecfoia: consa Tntr-o usoard sare de tulburare a funcfiei mnezice, Tn care su� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 biectul evocd cu ajutorul anturajului, anumite evenimenfe care pdreau uitate. Clasifica� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 rea Tn cadrul allomneziilor, Tntdlnitd Tn unele semioloqii, nu este Tntru totul justificatd; \par\pard\li1454\sb1\sl- 123\slmult0\fi398\tx3720\tx4872 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf18\f19\fs12 r\tab \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 i.\tab \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \u9632?\par\pard\li1454\sb0\sl-162\slmult0\fi0\tx4910 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 anecf\t \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 oria pare mai mult o d\t \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 ismnezie cant\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 ative.\par\pard\qj \li1440\ri1103\sb57\sl-220\slmult0\fi388 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 5.3.2.3. Amneziile: tulburari cantitative ae funcfiei mnezice constand Tn: prdbusi\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 reo funcfiei mnezice cu imposibilitafea evocdrii sau fixdrii realizand o sifuafie particuiard, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 care obligd subiectul la gdsirea unor solufii de conjuncturd. \par\pard\ql \li1430\ri1100\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi408\tx1809 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 In functie de debutul evenimentului, Rauschburg (1921) prin sistematizarea sa Tn \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 functie de sens, le-a grupatm: anterograde (de fixare) si retrograde (de evocare). \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Amneziile anerograde \{de ixare): tulburare mnezicd caracterizatd prin: imposi� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 bilitafea fixdrii imaginilor si evenimentelor dupd agresiunea factoriald, dar cu conser-\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 varea evocdrilor anterioare agresiunii factoriale. \par\pard\qj \li1425\ri1095\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0\fi398 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Deficienfa se datoreste fixdrii, socajul fiind relativ nealterat, putdndu-se considera \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 o perturbare a memoriei imediate, Tn timp ce memoria evenimentelor Tndepdrfate este \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 conservae, fapf care ar putea permite considerarea amneziei anterograde drept o diso\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 ciere Tntre memoria imediae (a prezentului) si memoria evenimentelor Tndepdrtate (a \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 trecutului) avand ca element de referinfd momentul agresiunii factoriale. \par\pard\qj \li1425\ri1124\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi393 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Se pot Tntdlni Tn: stdri nevrotice si reactii psihogene, sindrom Kbeacovfalcoolic, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 traumatic, infectios), stdri de confuzie minald, psihozd maniaco-depresivd, presbiofrenie. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9880\paperh13680{\bkmkstart Pg77}{\bkmkend Pg77}\par\pard\li1267\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1267\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1267\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1267\sb176\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx8289 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 De la simptom la cadrul clinic\tab \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex107 69\par\pard\qj \li1252\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1252\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1252\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1252\ri1218\sb174\sl- 220\slmult0\fi374 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Amneziile retrograde (de evocare): tulburare mnezicd caracterizatd prin: imposibi-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 litatea evocdrii imaginilor si evenimentelor situate anterior agresiunii factoriale, dar cu con-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 servarea posibilitdfii de fixare pentru evenimenteie situate posterior agresiunii factoriale. \par\pard\qj \li1243\ri1223\sb0\sl-224\slmult0\fi403 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Deficienfa se datoreste evocdrii; stocajul este alterat, fixarea este relativ nealterae, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 pufandu-se considera o perturbare a memoriei evenimentelor Tndepdrate, Tn timp ce fixa� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 rea memoriei evenimentelor recente este conservae, fapf care permite considerarea \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 amneziei retrograde drept o disociere Tntre memoria imediae (a prezentului) pdstratd \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 si memoria evenimentelor Tndepdrtate (a trecutului) alteratd, avdnd ca element de refe\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 rinfd momentul agresiunii foctoriole. \par\pard\qj \li1228\ri1234\sb0\sl-226\slmult0\fi407 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Ne opore extrem de sugestivd comparatia lui Delay J care aseamdnd memorio cu \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 un caiet: \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 \u8222?Uneori cdteva pagini au rdmas albe - aceasa este amnezia lacunard" ... \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \u8222?posaje care se referd la anumite evenimenfe sau anumite persoane care s-au sters ast� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 fel Tncdt au devenit nelizibile - aceasta este amnezia electivd" ... \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \u8222?alteori au fost rupte \par\pard\qj \li1228\ri1238\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 ultimele pagini si continud sd fie rupte de la sfdrsit spre Tnceput, aceasta este amnezia \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 retrogradd". \par\pard\qj \li1209\ri1241\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0\fi417 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 Ludnd drepf element de referinfd - momentul agresiunii factoriale si structurdnd me� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 moria Tn memorie a evenimentelor imediate (a prezentului - fixare) si a evenimentelor \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Tndepdrate (o trecutului - evocare) se pot obfine urnatoarele relafii. \par\pard\li1348\sb202\sl- 207\slmult0\fi95\tx2313\tx3336\tx4607\tx5673\tx6878 \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Tipul\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Memoria\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Memoria\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Tipul\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Subtipuri\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Circumstance\par\pard\li1348\sb9\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx2193\tx3287\tx4425\tx7003 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 amneziei\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 prezentului\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 trecutului\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 disocierii\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 de aparifie\par\pard\li1348\sb9\sl- 207\slmult0\fi1036\tx3312 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 fixarea\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 evocarea\par\pard\li1348\sb53\sl- 207\slmult0\fi76\tx3292\tx4315\tx6676 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Antero-\tab \dn3 \expndtw0\charscalex113 (+)\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 alterarea fixari\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 - demenfa senila;\par\pard\li1348\sb1\sl- 199\slmult0\fi86\tx2265\tx3292\tx4315\tx6676 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 grada\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 alterata\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 conservae\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 conservarea\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 - afazia Wemicke\par\pard\li1348\sb2\sl- 207\slmult0\fi2961\tx6801 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 evocarii\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 (considerae o\par\pard\li1348\sb13\sl- 207\slmult0\fi86\tx2265\tx3287\tx4310\tx5615\tx6792 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Retro-\tab \dn3 \expndtw0\charscalex113 (+)\tab \dn3 \expndtw0\charscalex113 (-)\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 conservarea\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Lacunare\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \u8222?adevarata demen-\par\pard\li1348\sb9\sl- 207\slmult0\fi76\tx2256\tx3278\tx4305\tx5615\tx6782 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 grada\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 conservae\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 alterata\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 fixarii\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Elective\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 fa a limbajului");\par\pard\li1348\sb4\sl-207\slmult0\fi2951\tx5611\tx6662 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 alterarea\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul Proqresive\ul0\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 - sindromul Korsakov;\par\pard\li1348\sb10\sl-207\slmult0\fi2951\tx6662 \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex113 evocarii\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 - postparoxisme\par\pard\ql \li6782\sb9\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 epileptice, \par\pard\ql \li6662\ri1416\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 - posttraumatismele \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 cranio- cerebrale; \par\pard\ql \li6662\sb1\sl-175\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 - unele nevroze; \par\pard\ql \li6657\ri1506\sb8\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 - sindroame psiho\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 organice \par\pard\qj \li1190\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1190\ri1265\sb2\sl- 230\slmult0\fi393 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Amnezii retrograde localizae (lacunare) pot fi considerate drept rezultatul absen\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 fei sau superficialei fixari a unui moment, eveniment/etapd, ceea ce va face ulterior \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 imposibild evocarea, o adevdratd \u8222?pauzd de fixare". \par\pard\qj \li1185\ri1281\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi379 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Amneziile retrograde elective sunt totdeauna psihogene, cu Tncdrcdturd afectiva; \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 unele amintiri Tnregistrafe sunt \u8222?uitate" inconsfient pentru cd sunt de obicei dezagre\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 abile, uitare ce este Tnsd reversibild, la fel de rapid ca si instalarea ei. \par\pard\qj \li1175\ri1286\sb0\sl-226\slmult0\fi393 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 Amneziile elective sunt uneori globale, subiectul uitand Tntreg trecutul, inclusiv iden\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 titatea sa, fenomen ce poate aparea periodic (memorie alternativd) realizand persona\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 litdfile alternante descrise Tn psihiatria secolului al XlX-lea, dar mai pufin Tntdlnite Tn \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 zilele noastre. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9880\paperh13680{\bkmkstart Pg78}{\bkmkend Pg78}\par\pard\li1430\sb0\sl-184\slmult0\par\pard\li1430\sb0\sl- 184\slmult0\par\pard\li1430\sb0\sl-184\slmult0\par\pard\li1430\sb82\sl- 184\slmult0\fi0\tx5150 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 70\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 Psihopatologie si psihiafrie pentru psihologi\par\pard\qj \li1368\sb0\sl-213\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1368\sb0\sl- 213\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1368\sb0\sl-213\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1368\ri1065\sb207\sl-213\slmult0\fi383 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Amnezii retrogradeprogresrve (refro-anerograde) pot fi considerate ca o alterare \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 generae a funcfiei mnezice care intereseazd atat evocarea (memoria trecutului), cat si \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 fixarea (memoria prezentului), o adevdratd lacuna care se extinde fdrd a mai fi demar� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 cae de momentul de referinfd (ogresiuneo factoriald). \par\pard\qj \li1372\ri1084\sb2\sl- 220\slmult0\fi393 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 In genere, se acceptd cd disolufio funcfiilor psihice nu este niciodafd atat de pro\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 fundd meat sd Tmpiedice procesul de fixare. \par\pard\qj \li1348\ri1081\sb3\sl- 217\slmult0\fi412 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 De osemeneo, s-o observot cd omintirile cele moi recente se pierd primele, epoi \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 omnezia progreseazd spre trecut, cu conservareo de obicei a amintirilor din copildrie \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 si tinerefe (legea Ribot) Intr-un stadiu moi avonsot, memorizorea devine deficitard, ree\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 lizdndu-se amnezia progresivd refro-anterogradd. Legea Ribot este argumentatd de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Delay J prin Tncdrcdtura afectiva a trecutului imediat, care necesitd pentru redare o ten\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 siune psihica suficient de mare. Caracterul mai logic si mai simplificat al trecutului \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Tndepdrtat favorizeazd evocarea; se pare cd amintirie mai vechi sunt stocate mai difuz, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 ele rezistdnd mai bine la agresiuni. De asemenea, subiectul uitd de la complex la simplu. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Primele cuvinte uitafe sunt substantivele proprii, apoi substantivele comune, adjectivele \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 si, Tn sfarsif, verbele. \par\pard\ql \li1747\sb132\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 5.3.3. DISMNEZII CALTTATIVE (PARAMNEZ1I) \par\pard\qj \li1353\ri1080\sb109\sl- 213\slmult0\fi398 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Dacd Tn tulburarile contitotive, cu deficit mnezic (hipomnezii si amnezii) subiectul \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 evidenfiazd doar deficitul mnezic, Tn tulburarile calitative, subiectul Tncearcd sd com\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 penseze deficitul mnezic prin aranjareo evenimentelor fie Tn altd ordine cronologicd, fie \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 schimbdnd pozifia sa fafd de evenimentul evocat. \par\pard\qj \li1343\ri1090\sb0\sl-226\slmult0\fi388 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 Aceastd categorie de tulburari are ca trdsdturd comund o alterare a nofiunii de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \u8222?timp trait", Sentimenal cd prezentul si trecutul nostru ne aparfin se estompeazd sau se \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 prezintd Tn contratimp. Memoria autisficd care nu mai este sub control introduce Tn sin\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 teza mnezicd imaginile si afectele sae. \par\pard\qj \li1339\ri1098\sb5\sl-210\slmult0\fi403 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Paramneziile (fermen introdus de KraepeJin) se caracterizeazd prin: evocdri dete� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 riorate ale evenimentelor produse recent sau Tndepdrat, fdrd o legdturd cu reolitoteo \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 obiectivd trditd de subiect, fie sub aspect cronologic, fie sub aspectul realitafii. \par\pard\qj \li1732\ri2295\sb2\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Deteriorarea evocdrilor va fi suplinitd de subiect prin contributia sa. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Paramneziile se grupeazd Tn: \par\pard\ql \li1732\sb11\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 - tulburari ale sintezei mnezice imediate (iluzii mnezice) \par\pard\ql \li1732\sb13\sl-207\slmult0\tx4857 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 - tulburari ale rememordrii trecutului \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 (allomnezii) \par\pard\qj \li1334\ri1102\sb3\sl- 220\slmult0\fi374 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Tulburari ale sintezei mnezice imediate (iluzii mnezice): cuprind evocdri eronate \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 ale trdirilor subiectului, neTncadrafe corectTn timp si spafiu, sau care, desi trdite, nu sunt \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 recunoscue de subiect ca proprii. \par\pard\qj \li1320\ri1117\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi393 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Ciptomnezia: iluzie mnezicd Tn care o idee, un moterial, o lucrore, de core evi� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 dent nu este strain (a auzit-o, a vdzut-o) subiectul o considerd drept a sa (nu este un \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 plagiat-afirmafia se face inconstient de beneficiile pe care i le-ar putea aduce). \par\pard\ql \li1718\sb11\sl-207\slmult0\tx6163 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Se Tntdlneste Tn: schizofrenie, deliruri sistematizate \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 (paranoice sau parafrenice), \par\pard\ql \li1320\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 demenfe traumatice si Tn stadiile evolutive ale demenfelor senile si vasculare. \par\pard\qj \li1310\ri1122\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi403 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 Falsa recunoastsre (Wigman): iluzie mnezicd Tn care o persoand necunoscue \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 anterior de subiect este considerae drept cunoscutd. Falsa recunoastere poate fi difuzd \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 sau generae creand impresia de \u8222?deja vu", \u8222?deja entendu", "deja raconte", si Tn final \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 de \u8222?aeja vecu" (deja vdzut, deja auzit, deja istorisit si Tn final deja trait sau deja resim-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 fit). Sentimentul poate fi limitat (a o singurd persoand, obiect sau sare a constiintei. Mult \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 mai rar se Tntdlneste iluzia de nerecunoastere: \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \u8222?bolnavul crede cd cunoaste persoane \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9880\paperh13680{\bkmkstart Pg79}{\bkmkend Pg79}\par\pard\li1185\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1185\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1185\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1185\sb162\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx8265 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 De la simptom la cadrul clinic\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 71\par\pard\qj \li1171\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1171\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1171\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1171\ri1222\sb168\sl- 220\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 pe care nu le-a vdzut si nu este sigur cd cunoaste persoane deja vdzute. In stadiul avan\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 sot \u8222?de le a recunoasfe toful, pesfe tot si permanent, el ajunge sd nu mai recunoascd \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 nimic, nicdieri, niciodae" (DelayJ). \par\pard\qj \li1156\ri1233\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi412 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 �lluzia sosiilor* (descrisd de Capgras, 1924) este o falsa nerecunoastere constand \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Tn faptul cd bolnavul considerd ca sosie o persoand pe care o cunoaste Tn mod sigur. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 EsteTntdlnitd Tn surmenaj, obnubilare, faza maniacald a PMD, stdri maniacaleTn prein\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 volutiv si involutiv, schizofrenii, deliruri cronice, sindromul Korsakov. \par\pard\qj \li1166\ri1238\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0\fi398 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Falsa neecunoastee (Dromond $i Levassort): iluzia mnezicd Tn core o persoond \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 cunoscutd anerior de subiect este considerae drept necunoscutd. Opusd precedentei, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 este mai pufin frecvent Tntdlnitd, prezentd Tn psihastenii. \par\pard\qj \li1161\ri1234\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi403 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Paramneziile de reduplicare (Pick): iluzia mnezicd Tn care o persoand sau o sifuafie \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 noud ese identicd cu o ale persoand sau sifuafie trditd anterior. Este destul de rard si \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 este Tntdlnitd mai ales Tn demenfele presenile. \par\pard\qj \li1151\ri1238\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi388 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Tulburai ale rememorSii trecutului (allomnezii) cuprind falsificdri mnezice, fie sub \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 aspectul situdrii Tn cronoiogie, fie sub aspectul situdrii Tn real. \par\pard\qj \li1147\ri1221\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi408 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Pseudoreminiscenjele: falsificarea mnezicd sub aspectul situdrii Tn cronoiogie, Tn \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 care subiectul trdieste Tn prezent evenimenteie reale din trecut. E Tntdlnitd Tn sindromul \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 Korsakov. \par\pard\qj \li1142\ri1250\sb0\sl- 223\slmult0\fi403 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Ecmnezia: falsificarea mnezicd sub aspectul situdrii Tn cronoiogie, inversd prece� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 dentei, Tn core subiectul se Tntoorce Tn trecut si retrdieste octiv evenimenteie reale, dor \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 situote Tn trecut. Ecmneziile sunt fulburdri ale memoriei Tn care episoade Tnfregi ale tre� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 cutului pot fi retrdite ca si cum ar fi Tn prezent; au caracter tranzitor, Au fost descrise \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 pentru prima dae de Pitters Tn isterie: \u8222?pacientele par sd piardd notiunea personalitdfii \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 prezente si sd o reia pe cea pe care o aveau atunci cdnd se desfdsura episodul de viafd \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 pe care Tl retrdiesc, cu comportamentul corespunzdfor". \par\pard\qj \li1137\ri1273\sb0\sl-213\slmult0\fi384 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Viziunile panoramice ale trecutului sunt asemdndtoare ecmneziilor: memoria unui \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 subiect Tn crizd uncinatd, sau Tntr-un pericol vital, este invadatd de amintiri care Ti dau \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 iluzia cd retrdieste insantaneu Tntreaga exisfenfa. Se Tntdlneste Tn: demenfa senild, con\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 fuzia mintald, epiepsia temporald, isterie. \par\pard\qj \li1132\ri1276\sb14\sl- 210\slmult0\fi388 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Confabulafiile: falsificare mnezicd sub aspectul situdrii Tn real, constand Tn repro-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 ducerea de cdtre pacienf a unor evenimenfe imaginare, Tncredintat fiind cd evocd tre-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 cutul trait; act fdcut fdrd alt scop decdt de a suplini deteriorarea mnezicd (lacunele). \par\pard\qj \li1132\ri1268\sb2\sl- 220\slmult0\fi398 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 Subiectul Tn aceste situafii, cu ultimele resurse ale criticii sale si cu constiinfa parfiald \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 a perfurbdrilor funcfiei mnezice, face eforturi de a-si suplini lacunele, confabulafiile \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 intercalandu-se printre evenimenteie reale cat de cat subordonafe cronoiogie. \par\pard\qj \li1123\ri1267\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi407 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 In functie de gradul de deteriorare sau nedezvoltare a personalitdfii, confabulafiile \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 pot fi ierarhizate Tn: confabulafii de perplexitate, de jend, de Tncurcdturd, mnezice, fan\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 tastice, onirice. \par\pard\qj \li1123\ri1282\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi388 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Trebuie deosebite de \u8222?micile schimbdri de ordine cronologicd" sau de \u8222? micile adao\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 suri sau omisiuni" ale copilului sau adulfului normal Tn situafii cdnd doreste sd altereze \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 adevdrul, prin caracterul net intentional si absenfa deficitului mnezic. \par\pard\qj \li1123\ri1297\sb0\sl-240\slmult0\fi393 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Sunt Tnfalnite Tn: sindromul Korsakov, confuzia mintald, oligofrenie si Tn accesul \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 moniocol (confabulafii cu caracter ludic). \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9880\paperh13680{\bkmkstart Pg80}{\bkmkend Pg80}\par\pard\li1622\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1622\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1622\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1622\sb61\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx5304 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 72\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 Psihopatologie si psihiafrie pentru psihologi\par\pard\ql \li1943\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1943\sb0\sl- 253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1943\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1943\sb62\sl- 253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs22 5.4. TULBURARILE DE GANDIRE \par\pard\ql \li1943\sb125\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 5.4.1 CADRUL CONCEPTUAL \par\pard\qj \li1560\ri954\sb83\sl-220\slmult0\fi388 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Gdndirea reprezintd funcfia cea mai organizafd a psihismului, prin care se infe\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 greazd si se prelucreazd informafia privitoare la realitatea exterioard si cea interioard, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 cu trecerea la un nivel calitativ superior al cunoasterii, de la fenomenal, aleatoriu, parti� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 cular, la esential, cauzai, general. \par\pard\qj \li1555\ri964\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi383 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Aceasa prelucrare conduce la cunoasterea indirectd si la posibilitatea construirii \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 unor atitudini anticipative si prospective, Tn mecanismele gandirii integrandu-se Tn per� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 manenfd afectivitatea, atitudinile emofionale, datele mnezice ca si experienfa anterioard. \par\pard\qj \li1550\ri950\sb9\sl- 210\slmult0\fi384 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Asa cum am ardtat, gdndirea opereazd asupra informafiei obfinufe prin percepfie \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 si reprezentare si nu direct asupra obiectelor, deci gdndirea are caracter mijlocit, deo\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 sebindu-se prin aceasta de cunoasterea perceptivd. \par\pard\qj \li1536\ri953\sb2\sl-220\slmult0\fi403 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Operand modificari semnificative asupra informafiei senzoriaie, simplificand reali� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 tatea prin reducerea ei la trdsdturiie esenfiale si reconstruind-o prin modelare si genera\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 lizare, gdndirea Tsi defineste eel de-al doilea caracter, prin care, eliberdndu-se de ne\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 semnificativ, se apropie de esenfa lumii fenomenale si obiectuale, caracterul generalizat \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 abstract. \par\pard\qj \li1536\ri970\sb9\sl- 210\slmult0\fi398 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Prin gandire, lumea nu este numai interpretatd si explicae ci si Tmbogdfitd asffei Tn \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 activitatea practicd, pe baza modelelor, proiectelor si planurilor, elaborate de funcfia \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 creatoare a gandirii, si asffei, ecosistemul uman suferd o permanenfd remodelare. \par\pard\qj \li1516\ri974\sb2\sl- 220\slmult0\fi403 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 Co reflecare directd o gandirii, conduia umand se desfdsoard rofionol si ontici\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 potiv, orice octiune fiind precedotd de execufio ei mentald, de secvenfializarea etapelor, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 de aprecierea urmdrilor desfdsurdrii ei. Ansomblui acfiunilor si procedeelor, prin care, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Tn vederea rezolvdrii unor probleme sau a cresterii nivelului de cunostinfe, informafia \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 este transformatd Tn cadrul schemelor si nofiunilor pr-intr-un sistem de actiuni organizate, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 oledtuieste componene operationald a gandirii. \par\pard\ql \li1905\sb111\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 5.4.2. TULBURARI IN DISCURSTVITATEA GANDIRII \par\pard\ql \li1905\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1905\sb26\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 5.4.2.1. Tulburdii fn itmui gandiii \par\pard\qj \li1507\ri983\sb127\sl-215\slmult0\fi379 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Accelerarea ritmului gandirii reprezintd o Tnldnfuire cu o extremd rapiditate a idei\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 lor Tn care numdrui asociafiilor se multiplied, dar pierd Tn profunzime, evocdrile sunt \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 exacerbate fiind Tnsd minimalizate de numeroasele digresiuni care Tntrerup firul princi� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 pal al discursului, iar tulburarile de atenfie fac subiectul incapabil de a se concentra \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 asupra unei feme precise. \par\pard\qj \li1502\ri1002\sb1\sl-220\slmult0\fi393 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Lenfoarea ideatrvd este reprezentae de o seddere a numarului ideilor, a posibiii-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 efilor lor de asociere, evocdri dificile, seddere a fortei de reprezentare si a imaginatiei. \par\pard\ql \li1881\sb131\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 5.4.3. TULBURARI IN FLUENTA GANDIRII \par\pard\qj \li1488\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1488\ri993\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi393 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 5.4.3.1 Fadingul mintai descris ca o seddere progresivd a gandirii de cdtre \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Guiaud, se manifesto printr-o Tncetinire a ritmului verbal, ca si cum bolnavul ar fi deta\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 sat, un scurf interval, de ceea ce spune. \par\pard\qj \li1492\ri1003\sb120\sl-220\slmult0\fi383 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 5.4.3.2. Baajul ideativ (Kraepelin), descris initial pentru a desemna doar oprirea \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 actelor voluntare, termenul de baraj se referd Tn prezent la oprirea ritmului ideativ, \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9780\paperh13600{\bkmkstart Pg81}{\bkmkend Pg81}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw7923\colsr160\colno2\colw1557\co lsr160\ql \li1055\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1055\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1055\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1055\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1055\sb99\sl-184\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 De la simptom la cadrul clinic\par\pard\ql \li1435\sb0\sl-331\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1435\sb0\sl- 331\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1435\ri797\sb85\sl-331\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw- 1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 5.4.4. TULBURARI IN ANSAMBLUL GANDIRII \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Sunt tulburari Tn valorizarea judecdtilor si rafionamentelor gandirii.\par\pard\column \ql \li8083\sb0\sl- 253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li8083\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li8083\sb0\sl- 253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li20\sb34\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-10\charscalex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs22 73 \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \qj \li1036\ri1321\sb104\sl-220\slmult0\fi388 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 5.4.4.1. Ideile dominante sunt idei care se detaseazd din contextul celorlalte idei, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 impundndu-se Tntr-un moment dat gandirii si sunt legate de anumite particulariefi ale \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 personalitdfii subiectului, de care se leagd Tnsdsi hipervalorizarea lor, fie ca subiectul \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 este sau nu constient de aceasta. \par\pard\qj \li1022\ri1325\sb100\sl-220\slmult0\fi398 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 5.4.4.2. Ideile prevalent� Ideea prevalentd, denumitd ca atare de Wemicke, este \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 o idee care se impune gandirii ca nucleu al unui sistem deliranf. Ea esfe Tn concordanfd \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 cu personalitatea bolnavului Tn ciuda neconcordantei sae cu realitatea. Are tendinfa de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 a se dezvolfa si Tngloba evenimenteie si persoanele din jur. Prezine o crescufd poten\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 fialitate psihopatologicd delirantd. \par\pard\qj \li1017\ri1344\sb129\sl-210\slmult0\fi398 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 5.4.4.3. Ideile obsesive sunt idei care se impun gandirii, o asediazd si o invadea\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 zd, recunoscute de subiect ca un fenomen parazit, fiind straine si contradictorii cu per� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 sonalitatea individului. \par\pard\qj \li1012\ri1343\sb102\sl-220\slmult0\fi393 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 5.4.4.4. Ideile deJirante sunt idei Tn dezacord evident cu realitatea, dar Tn a cdror \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 realifate bolnavul crede, impenetrabil la argumentele logicii formae si care-i modified \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 conceptio despre lume, comportamentul si trdirile.\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw3137\colsr40\colno2\colw6463 \colsr160\ql \li1084\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1084\sb17\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 Tipul de idee deiiranta\par\pard\ql \li1132\sb9\sl- 230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 Idei de persecute\par\pard\ql \li1137\sb174\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Idei cu conpnut\par\pard\ql \li1137\sb1\sl-194\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 depresiv - de vtnovSfe,\par\pard\ql \li1132\sb2\sl-196\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf22\f23\fs20\ul euoacuzare. de mini\par\pard\ql \li1132\sb2\sl-201\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 Idei hlpocondiace\par\pard\ql \li1108\sb0\sl- 230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1128\sb155\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 Sindromul hlpocondiac\par\pard\ql \li1123\sb173\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw- 2\charscalex100 Idei de gelozte �1\par\pard\ql \li1123\sb1\sl-202\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0\nosupersub\cf22\f23\fs20\ul eroomanlce\par\pard\ql \li1123\sb1\sl-206\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 Idei de lllape\par\pard\ql \li1108\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1118\sb150\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 Idei de Invenpe,\par\pard\ql \li1113\sb1\sl-196\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf22\f23\fs20\ul de reforms, mlsice\par\pard\ql \li1108\sb1\sl- 201\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 Ideile de grandoare\par\pard\ql \li1099\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1113\sb151\sl- 230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 Idei de relate\par\pard\ql \li1099\sb0\sl- 230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1108\sb140\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 Idei de Inluents\par\pard\qj \li1099\ri437\sb199\sl-211\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw- 4\charscalex100 Idei metaffzlce �1 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 cosmogonlce\par\pard\column \ql \li3192\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1431\sb17\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Confinut psihopatologie\par\pard\ql \li59\sb19\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 convingerea bolnavului ca sufera prejudicii morale, materiale\par\pard\ql \li54\sb1\sl-199\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul sau fizice, simtind lumea ca fiindu-i ostila\par\pard\qj \li59\ri1865\sb2\sl-201\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 raportarea imaginara a unor situafii nefavorabile reale \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 acfiunile sau trairile bolnavului, negarea capacitafilor\par\pard\ql \li59\sb0\sl-201\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul intelectuale si fizice, a posibilitatilor materiale.\par\pard\qj \li49\ri1394\sb6\sl- 196\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 convingeri privind existenfa unei boli incurabile, cu gravitate \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 deosebie, de care subiectul ar suferi, Tn dezacord cu starea\par\pard\ql \li49\sb2\sl-206\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul de sanatate foarte buna sau pufin modificata a subiectului.\par\pard\ql \li49\sb0\sl-206\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 centrat Tn jurul ideilor hipocondriace carora li se adauga anxie-\par\pard\ql \li39\sb1\sl-201\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul tatea si cenestopatiile.\par\pard\ql \li49\sb1\sl- 206\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 legate de infidelitate, a carei victima arfi subiectul (Bleuler\par\pard\ql \li49\sb0\sl- 196\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul le-a apropiat de ideile de persecute).\par\pard\qj \li39\ri1403\sb6\sl- 201\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 convingerea bolnavului ca nu aparfine familiei sale, ci ar des-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 cinde dintr-o familie mult superioara sau chiar ar avea des-\par\pard\ql \li39\sb1\sl-201\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul cendenfa divina.\par\pard\qj \li35\ri1635\sb0\sl- 204\slmult0\fi9 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 idei legate de capacitatea subiectului, de omnipotenfa lui \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 creatoare, \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul Tn domeniul stiinfific, socio-politic sau religios.\par\pard\qj \li35\ri1408\sb9\sl- 196\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 idei legate de calitafile deosebite fizice si spirituale pe care \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 subiectul le-ar avea sau de bunurile materiale si situafia so-\par\pard\ql \li35\sb2\sl-201\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul ciala pe care acesta ar poseda-o.\par\pard\qj \li30\ri1432\sb0\sl-199\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 convingerea subiectului ca anturajul si-a schimbat atitudi-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 nea fata de el, ca exercita asupra sa o influenfa defavorabi-\par\pard\ql \li30\sb1\sl-201\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul la, face aprecieri negative asupra calitatilor sale.\par\pard\ql \li30\sb0\sl-196\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 credinfa subiectului \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 ca se afla sub influenfa acfiunii unor\par\pard\ql \li20\sb7\sl-206\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul forte xenopatice.\par\pard\qj \li30\ri2210\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 preocuparea subiectului de a eiucida probleme ca \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 metempshihoza, cosmogonia, biogeneza, etc. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9780\paperh13600{\bkmkstart Pg82}{\bkmkend Pg82}\par\pard\li1511\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1511\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1511\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1511\sb99\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx5198 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 74\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 Psihopatologie si psihiafrie pentru psihologi\par\pard\qj \li1454\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1454\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1454\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1454\ri960\sb151\sl-220\slmult0\fi383 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 5.4.4.5. Strudurarea deliranta Ideile delirante nu apar Tn mod natural \u8222? clasifi\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 cate" sau monotematice; ele au tendinfa de a se articula si sistematiza, restructurdnd \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 gdndirea cdtre un mod de gandire particular. \par\pard\qj \li1454\ri957\sb17\sl- 200\slmult0\fi383 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Deliruri sisematizae - sunt idei delirante consfruind judecdfi si rafionamente, cu \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 aparenfd logicd, dar pornind de la \u8222?posfulate false"(Clerambault).\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw3904\colsr60\coln o2\colw5676\colsr160\ql \li1521\sb173\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 Tipul de delir sistematizat\par\pard\qj \li1574\ri371\sb34\sl-206\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 Delirurile pasionale �1 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 de revendicare\par\pard\ql \li1564\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1569\sb206\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Delirul senzMv de relape\par\pard\ql \li1574\sb3\sl-216\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 (Kretschmer)\par\pard\qj \li1564\sb0\sl-216\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li1564\ri367\sb187\sl-216\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 Delirul de Interpreers \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 (S6ieux �1 Capgras)\par\pard\column \ql \li1067\sb173\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Confinut psihopatologie\par\pard\qj \li30\ri991\sb28\sl-208\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 caracterizate prin subordonarea Tntregii gandiri unei idei \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 prevalente, Tnsofita de o crestere a tonusului afectiv, care \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 va constitui elementul energo-dinamic Tn dezvoltarea\par\pard\ql \li30\sb0\sl-206\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul acestui tip de delir\par\pard\qj \li25\ri994\sb0\sl-206\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 trairea unei experienfe conflictuale a individului fafa de \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 grup, aparand pe fondul unei personality slabe, Tn discre-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 panfa cu aspirafiile si scopurile propuse, vulnerabila si\par\pard\ql \li20\sb1\sl-206\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul timida, Tncurcandu-se Tn aspirafii bioqrafice chinuitoare\par\pard\ql \li25\ri999\sb6\sl-211\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 se constituie dintr-o masa de simptome, interpreed, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 intuifii, supozifii, pseudorafionamente, care se vor orga-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 niza conform unui postulat initial \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \qj \li1440\ri964\sb129\sl-210\slmult0\fi383 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 DeliruinesisemoHzae - sunt deliruri Tn care structurarea ideilor delirante este mult \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 mai redusa, nemaipdstrdnd o aparenfd logicd si pentru care subiectul nu cautd o orgu\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 menatie rafionald.\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw3905\colsr40\colno2\colw569 5\colsr160\ql \li1502\sb167\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Tipul de delir nesistematizat\par\pard\qj \li1511\ri0\sb35\sl-211\slmult0\fi38 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 Delirurile tanestice sau de \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 Imaglnajfe (paratrenlce)\par\pard\qj \li1536\ri0\sb202\sl-211\slmult0\fi14 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Seile delimnt-haludnaoil, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 buteele delirane\par\pard\ql \li1545\sb1\sl-198\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul (sindroamele paranoide)\par\pard\ql \li1531\ri988\sb21\sl-201\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw- 3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 Delirul Indus \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 (Joileadewf)\par\pard\column \ql \li1062\sb167\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Confinut psihopatologie\par\pard\qj \li25\ri1021\sb34\sl-206\slmult0\fi9 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 caracterizate de fantasticul tematicii, bogafia imagina-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 tiva, coexistenfa lumii delirante fantastice Tn paralel cu\par\pard\ql \li25\sb6\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul cea reala, careia subiectul continua sa i se adapteze\par\pard\qj \li25\ri1181\sb5\sl-206\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 deliruri nesistematizate, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 Tnsofite de tulburari perceptu-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 ale de tip halucinator\par\pard\qj \li20\ri1271\sb208\sl-211\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 aderenfa, Tntr-un cuplu, a unuia din membri la delirul \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 celuiialt\par\pard\ql \li20\ri1015\sb0\sl-211\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 exista forme de delir Tn trei, Tn patru, multiplu \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 psihozele de masa respecta acelasi model psihopatologie \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \ql \li1785\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1785\sb26\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 5A.5. TULBURARI OPERATIONALE ALE GANDIRII \par\pard\qj \li1396\ri993\sb123\sl- 220\slmult0\fi398 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Pot fi posagere si reversibile - se referd la sedderea, Tn grade voriobiie, a randa\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 mentului si eficacietii operafionale a gandirii, a capacietii de creafie si se Tntdlnesc Tn \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 stdri reactive, surmenaj, posttraumatic, Tn infecfii si intoxicafii sau permanene. \par\pard\ql \li1785\sb1\sl- 195\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Dintre tulburarile permanente mentiondm: \par\pard\qj \li1387\ri1008\sb125\sl-220\slmult0\fi393 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 5.4.5.1 Sajionare (nedezvohaea gandiii) - se referd la incapacitatea gandirii su� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 biectului de a atinge anumite nivele operafionale, de la cele mai complexe (abstracfi\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 zare si generalizare) pand la cele elementare (limbajul articulat, capacitatea de autoTn\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 grijire). \par\pard\qj \li1391\ri1000\sb100\sl-220\slmult0\fi384 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 5.4.5.2, Progresive (demontolo) - sunt reprezentate de sedderi progresive si globale \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 ale Tntregii viefi psihice, afectdnd Tn primul rand gdndirea, iarTn cadrui acesteia capaci� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 tatea de generalizare si de abstractizare. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9780\paperh13600{\bkmkstart Pg83}{\bkmkend Pg83}\par\pard\li1252\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1252\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1252\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1252\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1252\sb80\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx8236 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 De la simptom la cadrul clinic\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 75\par\pard\ql \li1646\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1646\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1646\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1646\sb192\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Sindromul demenfial are drept coracteristici urmdoorele: \par\pard\ql \li1636\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 - scdderea capacietilor intelectuale care perturbd integrarea socio-profesionald; \par\pard\ql \li1631\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 - tulburari evidente de memorie si gandire; \par\pard\ql \li1631\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 - modificarea trdsdturilor personalitdfii premorbide; \par\pard\ql \li1636\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 - absenfa tulburarilor de vigiliate. \par\pard\ql \li1612\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1612\sb42\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs22 5.5. TULBURARILE COMUNICARII \par\pard\qj \li1224\ri1171\sb197\sl-217\slmult0\fi393 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Schimburile de informatie dintre doud elemente (definitia ciberneticd a comuni� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 carii) se bazeazd Tn cadrul comunicarii interumane pe ansamblul specific de procese \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 psihomoforii Tn care canalul principal este eel verbal la care se adaugd canalele non\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 verbale. Codurile folosite Tn transferul de informafii sunt standardizafe sociocultural si \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 condifionate biologic de integritatea receptorilor si emifdtorilor. Prezenta limbajului ca \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 modalitatede comunicare verbald da specificitate intercomunicdrii umane, oferindu-i o \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 polivalenfd semnificativd infinie. Comunicarea non-verbald se realizeazd prin utiliza\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 reo unor mijloace cu functie de semnalizare - finutd, mimicd, atitudine, care vin sd Tntre\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 geascd sau \u8222?sd Tnlocuiascd" limbajul, avdnd Tnsd eel moi odesea o functie de comple\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 mentaritate fafd de acesa. \par\pard\qj \li1214\ri1187\sb121\sl-220\slmult0\fi398 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Dupd Endfescu V s-au putut diferentio experimenal urnaoarele fipuri de comuni� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 care non verbald: comunicarea metaverbald (care sprijind si Tntdreste comunicarea ver� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 bald), comunicarea paraverbald (diferie si Tn contrasens cu cea verbald) si comuni� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 carea disverbald (opeand ce o modificarem sens paologic a comunicarii non-verbale). \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Optdm pentru clasificarea tulburarilor comunicarii Tn tulburari ale comunicarii verbale \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 si tulburari ale comunicarii non verbale. \par\pard\ql \li1593\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1593\sb24\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 5.5.1. TULBURARI ALE COMUNICARII VERBALE \par\pard\ql \li1588\sb133\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 5.5.1.1. Tulburai ale expresiei verbale \par\pard\ql \li1598\sb133\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Ritmui verbal Tulburarile ritmului verbal sunt reprezenate de:\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw5392\colsr60\colno2\colw4188\colsr 160\qj \li1343\ri258\sb148\sl-216\slmult0\fi163\tx2836 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Tulburarile\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 Confinut psihopatologie \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 ritmului verbal\par\pard\qj \li1583\ri24\sb15\sl- 215\slmult0\fi1176 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 accelerarea ritmului limbajului \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 Tahftemia\par\pard\ql \li1526\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1526\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1526\sb36\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Braditemiaincetinirea ritmului limbajului\par\pard\ql \li1569\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2760\sb18\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 imposibilitatea de a vorbi; desi\par\pard\ql \li1656\sb9\sl-207\slmult0\tx2745 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Afemla\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 subiectul misca limba si buzele,\par\pard\ql \li2745\sb4\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Tsi exprima incapacitatea sa de\par\pard\ql \li2750\sb4\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul comunicare verbala prin mimica\par\pard\qj \li1569\ri0\sb16\sl-211\slmult0\fi196\tx2745\tx2741 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 RHm\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 baraj verbal (discontinuitate co-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 neregulat \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 respunzatoare barajului ideativ),\par\pard\column \qj \li827\ri2123\sb139\sl-215\slmult0\tx962 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 Circumstance \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 de aparifie\par\pard\qj \li25\ri2432\sb25\sl-211\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 Tn stari de insomnie, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 stari de agitafie\par\pard\ql \li20\sb13\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Tn palilalie unde se asociaza cu\par\pard\ql \li35\sb10\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul iterafia\par\pard\ql \li30\sb18\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 stari depresive, demenfe, oligofre-\par\pard\ql \li30\sb9\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul nie, epilepsie\par\pard\ql \li30\sb9\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 leziuni neurologice\par\pard\qj \li5452\sb0\sl-206\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li5452\sb0\sl-206\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li5452\sb0\sl-206\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li20\ri3157\sb40\sl-206\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 schizofrenie \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 stereotipii \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9780\paperh13600{\bkmkstart Pg84}{\bkmkend Pg84}\par\pard\li1459\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li1459\sb0\sl- 230\slmult0\par\pard\li1459\sb198\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx5121 \up0 \expndtw- 5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 76\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Psihopatologie si psihiafrie pentru psihologt\par\pard\li1516\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1516\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1516\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1516\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1516\sb12\sl-207\slmult0\fi273 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 DebHul verbalcomporta urnatoarele fipuri de tulburari:\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols3\colno1\colw2853\colsr60\colno2\colw255 7\colsr40\colno3\colw4140\colsr160\qj \li1560\ri0\sb151\sl-216\slmult0\tx1646 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 Tuiburarea de \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 debit verbal\par\pard\qj \li1516\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li1516\ri0\sb7\sl-220\slmult0\tx1564 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 HIperactMtaea \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 vertalS slmpIS\par\pard\ql \li1680\sb0\sl-216\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 (bavardajul)\par\pard\ql \li1545\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1761\sb104\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Logoreea\par\pard\qj \li1545\sb0\sl-201\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li1545\ri0\sb163\sl- 201\slmult0\tx1886 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 HlpoacOvttatea \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 simple\par\pard\ql \li1636\sb0\sl-211\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1656\ri0\sb26\sl-211\slmult0\tx2088 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 inactMtatoa \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 muismul\par\pard\qj \li1636\sb0\sl-206\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li1636\sb0\sl-206\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li1636\sb0\sl-206\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li1636\sb0\sl-206\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li1636\sb0\sl-206\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li1636\sb0\sl-206\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li1636\sb0\sl-206\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li1636\sb0\sl-206\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li1636\sb0\sl-206\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li1636\sb0\sl-206\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li1636\ri70\sb134\sl-206\slmult0\tx1838 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 InactMtatea \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 totals -\par\pard\qj \li1656\ri92\sb0\sl-379\slmult0\tx1747 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 muedsmul \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 Intonafta\par\pard\column \ql \li44\ri0\sb0\sl-421\slmult0\fi86 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Confinut psihopatologie \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 fluxul de cuvinte este crescut\par\pard\qj \li2913\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li2913\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li2913\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li44\ri0\sb177\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 crestere a ritmului si debitului \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 cuvintelor\par\pard\qj \li39\ri0\sb0\sl-214\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 vorbirea are un aspect ezitant \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 si monoton\par\pard\qj \li2913\sb0\sl-217\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li30\ri0\sb213\sl- 217\slmult0\fi9 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 absenfa vorbirii legae de un \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 factor afectiv mai mult sau mai \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 pufin involuntar, fara a se dato-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 ra unei leziuni a centrilor sau\par\pard\ql \li30\sb8\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul orqanelor vorbirii\par\pard\qj \li30\ri0\sb0\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 mutismul relativ expresia ver� \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 bala este redusa cu pastrarea \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 expresiei mimice, gestuale si a\par\pard\ql \li30\sb18\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul limbajului scris\par\pard\qj \li20\ri0\sb0\sl-217\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 o ale forma a mutismului relativ \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 mutismul discontinuu semi-\par\pard\ql \li20\sb2\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul mutismui)\par\pard\ql \li20\sb14\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 mutism deliberat, voluntar\par\pard\column \qj \li64\ri1970\sb144\sl-218\slmult0\fi873\tx1062 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 Circumstanfe \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 de aparifie \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 Normal\par\pard\ql \li49\ri1266\sb2\sl- 220\slmult0\fi9 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Personalitafi dizarmonice, \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 de teama schimbului liber de idei, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 vorbesc permanent, fara a se\par\pard\ql \li49\sb7\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul interesa de opiniile celorlalti\par\pard\ql \li44\sb9\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Tn stari de excitafie, de agitafie, in\par\pard\ql \li54\sb8\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul mania acue, la paranoid\par\pard\qj \li44\ri1121\sb9\sl-214\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 se observa la persoanele timide, psi-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 hastenice, care evita sa-si expuna \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 ideile proprii si cauta sa nu lezeze \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 auditoriul\par\pard\qj \li40\ri1173\sb4\sl- 217\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 isterie, serile stuporoase reactive, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 catatonie, stuporul depresiv, serile \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 confuzionale, demenfa, tuiburarea \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 obsesiv-compulsiva\par\pard\qj \li5500\sb0\sl- 225\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li5500\sb0\sl-225\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li30\ri2691\sb196\sl-225\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 stari confuzionale \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 serile delirante\par\pard\qj \li5500\sb0\sl-216\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li5500\sb0\sl-216\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li5500\sb0\sl-216\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li20\ri1170\sb3\sl-216\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 manie,stari delirante, tuiburarea de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 personalitate histrionica �i schizoida, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 oligofrenie, demenfe, simulajie \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \qj \li1348\ri1095\sb106\sl-210\slmult0\fi398 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 Inensitaea vorbiii. In serile de exciafie, agiafie, la paranoid, Ja hipomaniacali, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 se descriu vorbirea cu voce tare, exclamatiile, vorbirea cu strigdte. In depresii apare \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 vorbirea sopfitd, care Tn isterie poartd numele de musitafie. \par\pard\qj \li1348\ri1110\sb122\sl-220\slmult0\fi393 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Coloratura vorbirii se concretizeazd prin vorbire monofond (Tn depresie), afectae, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 puerild, manierisa (Tn schizofrenie). \par\pard\qj \li1339\ri1095\sb120\sl-220\slmult0\fi408 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 Tulburaile rhneice se referd le tulburari ale articuldrii si pronunfdrii cuvintelor \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 (dizortrii si dislalii), care sunt date de dificulatea de execufie a miscdrilor coordonate \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 sintonic ale aparatului fonator. Ele se Tntdlnesc Tn afecfiuni neurologice (boala Parkinson, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 boala Wilson, coree) si Tn afecfiuni psihice (isterie, tulburari anxioase, schizofrenie, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 demenfe). Aceste tulburari sunt reprezentate de: rotacism, sigmatism, rinoialie, balbism. \par\pard\qj \li1339\ri1124\sb100\sl- 220\slmult0\fi398 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Tulburaile semanic!! si sinexei se referd la modificdrile apdrute la nivel de cuvdnt, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 frazd, limbaj. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9780\paperh13600{\bkmkstart Pg85} {\bkmkend Pg85}\par\pard\li1348\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1348\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1348\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1348\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1348\sb84\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx8337 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 De la simptom la cadrul clinic\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 77\par\pard\ql \li1732\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1732\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1732\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1732\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1732\sb1\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Paralogismuleste un cuvant normal, dar utilizatTn sens diferit de eel uzual. \par\pard\qj \li1329\ri1076\sb103\sl-220\slmult0\fi393 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Neologismul este un cuvdnt nou, creat prin mecanismele obisnuite de formare a \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 cuvintelor noi: compozitia simpld, contaminare, fuziune a unor fragmente de cuvinte. \par\pard\qj \li1334\ri1071\sb120\sl- 220\slmult0\fi393 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Embclolalia este inserfia Tntr-un discurs normal a unuia sau mai multor cuvinte \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 straine frazei care revin periodic. \par\pard\qj \li1320\ri1084\sb100\sl- 220\slmult0\fi383 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Agramaismul (Kussmaul) este limbajul lipsit de articole, conjunctii, prepozitii, re\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 dus la un schelet de \u8222?stil telegrafic". \par\pard\qj \li1324\ri1090\sb100\sl- 220\slmult0\fi388 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Paragramatismul\{Bleuler) conseTn expresii bizarp si neoformafii verbale, plecdnd \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 de ia rdddcini corecte. \par\pard\qj \li1320\ri1084\sb120\sl-220\slmult0\fi393 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Elipsa sintactica conse Tn suprimarea unor cuvinte sau a prepozifiilor care ar da \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 sens frazei ale cdrei elemente principole rdmdn Tnsd incluse Tn structura ei. \par\pard\qj \li1305\ri1105\sb100\sl-220\slmult0\fi408 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Onomatonomia conse Tn repetarea obsedantd a unuia sau a mai multor cuvinte, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Tn general grosolane. \par\pard\qj \li1320\ri1099\sb137\sl- 200\slmult0\fi374 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 AsintaxJa esfe limbajul lipsit total de structurd gramaticald constand dintr-o succe\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 siune de cuvinte care Tsi pdstreazd Tnsd semnificafia. \par\pard\qj \li1320\ri1090\sb124\sl-220\slmult0\fi388 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Sereoipiile verbale constou Tn repetoreo uniformd de cuvinte izolote sou grupate \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 invariabil, cu un caracter ritmat, regulat, monoton. \par\pard\qj \li1315\ri1103\sb100\sl-220\slmult0\fi388 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Eoolalia este repetarea cuvintelor interlocutorului, de obicei asociae cu reproduce\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 rea intonafiei. \par\pard\ql \li1694\sb131\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 PsHacismuleste vorbirea total lipsifd de sens, \u8222?de papagal". \par\pard\qj \li1305\ri1098\sb94\sl- 230\slmult0\fi398 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Ghsomania cuprinde ansamblul manifestarilor verbale neoformate, acumulate fdrd \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 sintaxd, lipsite de semnificafie proprie, acest limbaj neavdnd valoare de mesaj, ci doar \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 un joe megalomanic TntdlnitTn manie si schizofrenie. \par\pard\qj \li1300\ri1101\sb99\sl-220\slmult0\fi412 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Verbigerafia conse Tn debiarea automae de cuvinte fdrd legdfurd, fragmente de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 fraze sau froze Tntregi nelegate Tntre ele, cu deformarea sintaxei, cu neologisme ce fac \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 limbajul incomprehensibil. \par\pard\qj \li1296\ri1119\sb100\sl-220\slmult0\fi383 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 Toate aceste tulburari izolate sau grupate se Tntdlnesc Tn schizofrenie, deliruri cronice, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 confuzie oniricd, Tn afazii, dotoritd porofaziei si jargonofaziei, tulburari dementiale. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9780\paperh13600{\bkmkstart Pg86}{\bkmkend Pg86}\par\pard\li1449\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li1449\sb0\sl- 230\slmult0\par\pard\li1449\sb217\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx5164 \up0 \expndtw- 5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 78\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Psihopatologie si psihiafrie pentru psihologi\par\pard\li1593\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1593\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1593\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1593\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1593\sb51\sl-207\slmult0\fi513 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 TULBURARILE SEMANTICE ALE LIMBAJULUI tN SCHIZOFRENIE\par\pard\li1593\sb76\sl- 207\slmult0\fi743\tx5097 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Denumire\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Manifestari psihopatologice\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw4010\colsr60\colno2\co lw5570\colsr160\qj \li1593\ri0\sb52\sl-220\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Schlzofazle (Kraepelln) sau \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 discordane. verbals\par\pard\ql \li1598\sb2\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 (Chastin)\par\pard\ql \li1598\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1598\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1598\sb37\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Glosolalie (Floumay)\par\pard\qj \li1583\ri757\sb260\sl-432\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Pseudoglosoialiile \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Schizopamlexia\par\pard\ql \li1583\sb196\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul Sohlzoparatazla (Bobon)\par\pard\ql \li1579\sb19\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Limbajul incoerent\par\pard\column \ql \li34\ri999\sb54\sl-217\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 discurs specific care, dupa un debut prin cateva fraze \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 comprehensibile, se transforma prin gruparea cuvinte� \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 lor si neologismelor intercalate cu debit rapid, Tntr-un \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 limbaj ermetic, caruia doar intonafia Ti traduce o noe\par\pard\ql \li30\sb8\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul afectiva inteligibila - interogafie, ura, declarafie etc.\par\pard\qj \li30\ri1003\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 structurarea de catre bolnav a unei limbi noi, ce se orga-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 nizeaza si se Tmbogafeste progresiv; are de obicei un\par\pard\ql \li30\sb1\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul confinut delirant de tip paranoid\par\pard\ql \li30\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 deformari sistematice ale unor cuvinte generand un\par\pard\ql \li30\sb14\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul limbaj nouTn aparenta, Putin diferit filologic de un jargon\par\pard\ql \li30\sb9\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 introducerea de litere parazite Tn cuvintele pe care le\par\pard\ql \li30\sb14\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul pronunfa bolnavul\par\pard\ql \li30\sb14\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 reprezinta gradul extrem al discordanfei verbale\par\pard\qj \li20\ri1009\sb4\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 ca forma de maxima alterare, incomprehensibil, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 ire-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 ductibil la o analiza gramaticala \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \ql \li1751\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1751\sb17\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 5.5.1.2. Tulburari ale expresiei grafice \par\pard\qj \li1372\ri989\sb43\sl- 220\slmult0\fi388 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Scrisul, ca exprimare grafed a limbajului vorbit, prezintd tulburari care sunf para\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 lele cu ale acestuia. \par\pard\qj \li1353\ri980\sb60\sl-220\slmult0\fi403 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 HiperadJvitaea (graforeea) este nevoia irezistibild de a serie si se manifestd simul-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 tan cu logoreea desi ele pot fi disociate. Se Tntdlneste Tn manie, unde bolnavii scriu pe \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 coli, fefe de mese, perefi; Tn schizofrenie; Tn deliruri cronice; Tn diferite tulburari de per� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 sonalitate. Fixarea invariabild, intoxicatia cu cuvant, reprezintd o variane particulard \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 de graforee, Tntdlnitd Tn tulburari dementiale si forma hebefrenicd a schizofreniei. \par\pard\ql \li1348\ri1005\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0\fi403\tx1747 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Inactivilaea (refuzul scrisului) este Tn general asociae mufismului, dar existd uneori \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 o disociafie Tntre acestea, bolnavul refuzand sd vorbeascd, dar acceptand sd serie. \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Dintre tulburarile morfologiei scrisului amintim: \par\pard\ql \li1761\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Tulburari ale caligraiei (mlcrograhl, macrografii, manierisme, stereotipii etc.), \par\pard\ql \li1343\ri990\sb3\sl- 220\slmult0\fi417\tx1742\tx1737 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Tulburai ale dispunerii extuhi inpagina (scris Tn cere, Tn pdtrat, adnoeri bizare etc). \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Fblicromahxpaia (bolnavii scriu folosind mai multe culori atunci cand nu este cazul). \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Similare ijiburarilor limbajului descriem tulburari semantice ale expresiei grafice \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 precum: neograismele, paragraismele, embolograia, schizografia, pseudogana, er-\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 metismul (semne cabalistice, simbolice), gifonajul (scrisul este transformat Tntr-o mdz-\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 gdliturd). \par\pard\qj \li1343\ri1013\sb120\sl- 220\slmult0\fi379 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 5.5.1.3. Afaziile reunesc ansamblul tulburarilor de exprimare si Tnfelegere a limba� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 jului oral si scris, daorat unei leziuni cerebrae circumscrise si unilaterale \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 (Delay si \par\pard\ql \li1339\sb1\sl-195\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Lhemnite) Au un substraf neurologic clar. \par\pard\ql \li1718\sb136\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 5.5.2. TULBURARI ALE COMUNICARII NONVERBALE \par\pard\qj \li1324\ri1017\sb123\sl- 220\slmult0\fi388 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 5.5.2.1. Tinuta se referd la aspectul exterior: Tmbrdcdmintea, piepfdndtura, atifu\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 dineo bolnavului si semnificd gradul de aderenfd al acestuio le regulile de convenienfd \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 sociala. Ea este Tn raport cu varsa, sexul biologic, necesiefile sociale. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9780\paperh13600{\bkmkstart Pg87}{\bkmkend Pg87}\par\pard\li1180\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1180\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1180\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1180\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1180\sb113\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx8145 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 De la simptom la cadrul clinic\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 79\par\pard\qj \li1171\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1171\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1171\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1171\ri1252\sb150\sl-220\slmult0\fi393 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Jlnuta dezordonafa apare Tn oligofrenii, demenfe, stdri confuzionale, schizofrenie, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 manie. Pierderea aptitudinilor de autoTngrijire elementare da un aspect particular -\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 gatismul, care se Tntdlneste Tn dementele profunde si oligofreniile grave. \par\pard\qj \li1175\ri1253\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi379 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Rainamentulvestimentar se Tntdlneste Tn: isterie, homosexualitate si Tntr-o forma \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 particulard - Tn schizofrenie. \par\pard\qj \li1161\ri1263\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi388 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Jlnuta excentica cu dealii vestimentare bizare se Tntdlneste Tn: schizofrenii, deliruri \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 cronice \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 (fiind Tn concordantd cu confinutul acestora), stdri maniacale \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 (satisfdcdnd \par\pard\ql \li1161\sb1\sl- 195\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 tendinfele ludice si provocafor erotice ale subiectului). \par\pard\ql \li1555\sb16\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 Jlnuta perveiita este reprezenae de doud forme particulare: \par\pard\qj \li1161\ri1263\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi398 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \u8226? Cisvestismul este o Tmbrdcdminte nepotrivie cu vdrse sau sifuafia Tn care se afld \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 subiectul si se Tntdlneste la structurile dizarmonice de personaliate, maniacali si schizofreni. \par\pard\qj \li1156\ri1269\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi398 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \u8226? Transvesfismul este folosirea Tmbrdcdmintei sexului opus, de cdtre persoane al \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 cdror sex biologic este bine exprimat (fenotip, genotip, constelafie hormonald), ca per-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 versiune sexuald. Se asociaza uneori cu homosexuolitatea si este mai frecvenfd la bdrbafi. \par\pard\qj \li1156\ri1257\sb100\sl- 220\slmult0\fi379 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 5.5.2.2. Mimica reprezintd un tip de comunicare non-verbald folosind drept suport \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 expresia faciald si modificdrile acesfeia dupd coduri cu o importana determinare so\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 cio-culturald si etnicd. \par\pard\qj \li1151\ri1282\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi388 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Hipermimiile se Tntdlnesc Tntr-o serie de tulburari psihice (stdri maniacale, depre\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 sie, delirurile expansive, deliruri de persecute). \par\pard\ql \li1132\ri1267\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi403\tx1536 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 Hipomimiik se Tntdlnesc Tn sindromul catatonic, Tn stuporul depresiv, Tn oligofrenii etc. \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Paramimiih sunt reprezentate de disocieri dintre limbaj si expresia mimica. Sunt \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 specifice schizofreniei, putand Tmbrdca aspectul surasului schizofren, prostrafiei, furtu-\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 nilor mimice, incoerenfei mimice, mimicii impulsionale, manierismelor si sfereotipiilor \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 faciale. \par\pard\ql \li1128\ri1282\sb80\sl- 220\slmult0\fi393\tx1540 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 5.5.2.3. Gestica este compusd din ansamblul miscdrilor voluntare sau involunfare \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 cu funcfie de expresie, simbolizare, conduite cu o anumie semnificafie. \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Ticuile sunt gesturi scurfe, repetate involuntar, fdrd necesitaea obiectivd, atingdnd \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 grupe musculare Tn legdturd funcfionald, reproducand Tn general o miscare reflexd sau \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 un gest cu funcfie precisd Tn condifii normale, Tn absenfa oricdrei cauze organice. Ele \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 se pot prezenta Tntr-o nesfdrsitd varietate clinicd de la miscdri simple \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 (clipit, fuse, \par\pard\qj \li1118\ri1281\sb4\sl-216\slmult0\fi14 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 ridicdri de umdr etc.) pdnd la acte cu un grad mai mare de complexitate. Ticurile sunt \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 amplificate de anxietate, emofii, stdri conflictuale si diminud atunci cand subiectul esfe \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 linistit. Apar Tn tulburari anxioase, obsesiv-compulsive, la structurile psihasfenice. Ca o \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 variantd particulard amintim aid sindromul Gilles de h Tourete (boala ticurilor), \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 reprezentat de asocierea unor ticuri multiple afectdnd Tn special regiunea capului si \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 membrele ia care se adaugd ticuri vocale (plescdituri, mormdituri, etc.) si impulsiunea \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 irezistibild de a rosti obscenitdfi \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 (coprolalie). \par\pard\qj \li1123\ri1302\sb1\sl- 220\slmult0\fi379 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Manieismulese reprezenat de miscdri parazitare care accenfueazd inutil expre\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 sivitatea gesficii ddndu-i o configurafie artificiald. Se Tnfaineste Tn simulafie si ca un \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 semn de mare valoare Tn schizofrenie, isterie. \par\pard\ql \li1094\ri1301\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi417\tx1511 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Bizareriile gestuale reprezintd o forma exageratd a manierismului, gestualitatea \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 fiind Tncdrcatd de o simbolisficd din ce Tn ce mai incomprehensibild. \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Negaivismul se caracterizeazd prin rezlstenfa subiectului la orice soliciare exte-\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 rioard, prin refuzul stabilirii comunicarii. Se Tntdlneste Tn schizofrenie, dar poate exisfa \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Tntr-o forma incomplet exprimatd si avand o altd semnificafie, Tn Tntdrzierile mintale, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 serile confuzionale si depresie. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9780\paperh13600{\bkmkstart Pg88}{\bkmkend Pg88}\par\pard\li1761\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1761\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1761\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1761\sb195\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx5385 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 80\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 Psihopatologie si psihiafrie pentru psihologi\par\pard\qj \li1694\sb0\sl-215\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1694\sb0\sl- 215\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1694\sb0\sl-215\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1694\ri816\sb174\sl-215\slmult0\fi393 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Sfereoipiile sunt conduite repetitive, atitudinale sau gestuale cu caracter moi mult \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 sou mai pufin simbolic si deci cu un grad mai mare de inteligibilitate. Majoritatea auto\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 rilor suntde acord asupra existenfei unui sens initial al expresiei motorii deoarece actele \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 au o logicd Tn sine dar aceasta este inadecvatd momentului actual. Se Tntdlnesc Tn \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 schizofrenii, oligofrenii, demenfe, afecfiuni neurologice cronice. \par\pard\qj \li1689\ri835\sb10\sl- 210\slmult0\fi393 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Perseverdrve se traduc prin persistenta anumitor atitudini si gesturi cu caracter ite\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 rafiv, cdnd nu mai sunt justificate de o sifuafie sau de o comandd si se Tntdlnesc Tn tul� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 burarile demenfiale, Tn oligofrenii, Tn schizofrenie. \par\pard\ql \li2063\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2063\sb22\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs22 5.6. TULBURARILE DE VOINTA \par\pard\ql \li2063\sb105\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 5.6.1. CADRUL CONCEPTUAL \par\pard\qj \li1680\ri829\sb103\sl-220\slmult0\fi379 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Voinfa a fost studiatd de filosofi si teologi dar, Tn psihiafrie, este un domeniu care \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 nu este la fel de bine cunoscut ca altele. Nu existd un model comprehensiv care sd \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 cuprindd satisfdcdtor termenii variafi folositi. Voinfa este funcfia psihismului prin care se \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 produce actualizarea si realizarea intentiilor, prin organizare operafionald a actiunilor \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 si sfructurare decizionald. Este strdns legatd de sistemul motivational, conceput ca \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 ansamblul pulsiunilor interne, cu un nivel energetic si tensional specific, modelat socio\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 cultural, ca declonsator al actiunii. \par\pard\ql \li3748\sb111\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw- 4\charscalex100 T1POLOGIA TULBURARILOR DE VOINTA\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw6593\colsr40\colno2\colw3007\co lsr160\ql \li1800\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1900\sb19\sl- 207\slmult0\tx3100\tx4708 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Tipul de\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 Suport\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Manifestari\par\pard\ql \li1852\sb4\sl-207\slmult0\tx2855\tx4482 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 tulburare\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 motivational\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 psihopatologice\par\pard\ql \li1819\sb19\sl- 207\slmult0\tx3148\tx4065 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Hiperbulia\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 precis\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 cre�terea forfei volifionale,\par\pard\ql \li4075\sb0\sl-206\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 avand caracter global fi\par\pard\ql \li4065\sb10\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul fiziologic\par\pard\qj \li1809\ri914\sb1\sl-206\slmult0\fi4\tx3143\tx4065 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Hiperbulia\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 precis\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 nivel foarte ridicat \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 deliranta\par\pard\qj \li1804\ri363\sb10\sl- 206\slmult0\fi9\tx3138\tx4060 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Hiperbulia\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 precis\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 se desfasoara sectorizat \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 electiva\par\pard\ql \li1804\sb10\sl- 207\slmult0\tx3091\tx4060 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Hipobuiia\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 pierdut\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 diminuarea forfei volifionale cu\par\pard\ql \li1804\sb4\sl-207\slmult0\tx4060 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 cu caracter\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 scaderea capacitafii de acfi-\par\pard\ql \li1800\sb4\sl-207\slmult0\tx4060 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 global\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 une legate de un sistem mo�\par\pard\ql \li4051\ri0\sb1\sl-212\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 tivational mai slab conturat \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 sau chiar absent, desi consti-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 infa nu e modificata si ope-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 rafiile gandirii sunt intacte\par\pard\ql \li1795\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1795\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1795\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1795\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1795\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1795\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1795\sb49\sl-207\slmult0\tx3086\tx4051 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Hipobuiia\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 pierdut\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 incapacitatea de a face fafa\par\pard\qj \li1795\ri479\sb0\sl- 215\slmult0\tx4051\tx4047 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 cu caracter\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 situafiilor fobogene sau \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 electiv \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 obsesiilor ideative\par\pard\column \qj \li6633\sb0\sl-206\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li150\ri1639\sb16\sl-206\slmult0\tx289 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Circumstance \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 pafoiogice\par\pard\qj \li39\ri961\sb29\sl-206\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 la anumite tipuri de per� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex125 sonality\par\pard\ql \li34\sb10\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul sectorizata Tn patologie\par\pard\ql \li30\sb1\sl- 206\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 afecfiuni psihotice\par\pard\ql \li6633\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li25\sb4\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 toxicomanii\par\pard\ql \li20\ri894\sb10\sl-212\slmult0\fi9 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 nevroza obsesivo- fobica \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 afecfiuni de intensitate \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 nevrotica, cerebrastenie \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 posttraumatica, toxico� \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 manii, Tntarzieri Tn dez-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 voltarea psihica (oligo� \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 frenii), sindroame psiho-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 organice, cronice, demen� \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 fe. In serile maniacale, \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 hipobuiia este secundara \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 incapacitafii de concen-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 trare a atenfiei, excitafiei \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 psihice si agitafiei psiho-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 motorii\par\pard\ql \li25\sb9\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 nevroza obsesivo-fobica \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9780\paperh13600{\bkmkstart Pg89}{\bkmkend Pg89}\par\pard\li1200\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1200\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1200\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1200\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1200\sb128\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx8251 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 De la simptom la cadrul ain't\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 81\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw6233\colsr40\colno2\colw3367\colsr1 60\ql \li1372\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1372\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1372\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1372\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1425\sb40\sl-207\slmult0\tx2654\tx4305 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Tipul de\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 Suport\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Manifestari\par\pard\ql \li1377\sb13\sl-207\slmult0\tx2399\tx4079 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 tulburare\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 motivational\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 psihopatologice\par\pard\ql \li1377\sb29\sl- 207\slmult0\tx2663\tx3657 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Abulia\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 pierdut\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 nivel maxim de scadere a forfei\par\pard\qj \li3647\ri0\sb7\sl-216\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 volifionale fi pierderea aproape \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 total a a inifiativei fi capacitafii\par\pard\ql \li3647\sb8\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul de acfiune\par\pard\ql \li1387\sb0\sl- 206\slmult0\tx2654\tx3647 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Impulsi-\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 pierdut\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 un sistem motivational modi-\par\pard\ql \li1377\sb10\sl-207\slmult0\tx3642 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 vitatea\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 ficat prin pulsiuni interioare\par\pard\qj \li3638\ri0\sb0\sl-215\slmult0\fi9 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 imperioase, presante, care se \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 impun constiin\{ei fi determina \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 trecerea la act, Tn conditiile unei \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 capacitafi volifionale scazute\par\pard\qj \li1372\sb0\sl-206\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li1372\ri0\sb17\sl-206\slmult0\tx3628 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex124 Parabuliadestructuratscaderea forfei volifionale de� \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 terminae Tn principal de dezor-\par\pard\qj \li3628\ri0\sb5\sl-212\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 ganizarea sistemului volifional \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 prin sentimente, dorinfe ambi-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 valente, bizare, consecinte ale \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 disocierii ideo-afective\par\pard\ql \li1555\sb0\sl- 276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1555\sb276\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-11\charscalex96 \ul0\nosupersub\cf14\f15\fs24 5.7. TULBURARILE DE CONSTIINTA\par\pard\ql \li1545\sb112\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 5.7.1. CADRUL CONCEPTUAL\par\pard\column \qj \li6273\sb0\sl-211\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li6273\sb0\sl-211\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li6273\sb0\sl-211\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li6273\sb0\sl-211\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li154\ri1971\sb26\sl-211\slmult0\tx294 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 Circumstance \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 patologice\par\pard\qj \li20\ri1208\sb29\sl-216\slmult0\fi19 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 depresii psihotice, schi-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 zofrenii, oligofrenii severe, \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 stari demenfiale avansate\par\pard\qj \li25\ri1225\sb211\sl-216\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 constitutional! la structu� \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 rile dizarmonice de per� \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 sonalitae de tip impulsiv, \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 sau poate apare Tn afec� \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 fiuni nevrotice, reacfii fi \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 psihoze, cand Tmbraca\par\pard\ql \li20\sb3\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul aspectul de raptus\par\pard\qj \li20\ri1208\sb6\sl-211\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 schizofrenie sau generae \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 de acfiuni simultane, pa-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 razite din nevrozele\par\pard\ql \li20\sb1\sl-206\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 motorii \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \qj \li1147\ri1176\sb113\sl-216\slmult0\fi388 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Jaspers definea constiinta ca fiind viata psihica la un moment dat. Trebuie addugat \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 cd modelarea experienfelor trdite \u8222?acum si aid" (Ey H) se face Tn raport cu Tntreaga ex-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 perienfd exisfenfiald anterioard a subiectului. Constiinta este un domeniu fundamental de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 definifie al psihismului deoareceTi da specificitate umend deosebindu-i decisiv si calitativ \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 de orice oltd monifestore cerebae prin foptul cd roporteozd experienfele individului la \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 trecut si viitor, la sisteme axiologice si la identitatea unicd a subiectului percepua ca atare. \par\pard\qj \li1156\ri1187\sb1\sl-220\slmult0\fi393 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 In acest demers nu ne vom referi la polisemantica multidisciplinard o termenului de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 constiinfe, circumscriindu-ne doar la accepfiunea psihiatricd a termenului si la fenome� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 nele psihopatologice care afecteazd modaliafile de exisfenfa ale constiintei: \par\pard\qj \li1151\ri1206\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi403 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 - campul constiintei integrator al prezenfei Tn lume a subiectului, care permite aces\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 fuia sd se raporteze la semeni si sd-i Tnfeleagd lucid, sd se adapteze la schimbare; \par\pard\ql \li1550\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 - constiinta de sine ca sentiment al propriei identitdfi \par\pard\qj \li1137\ri1197\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi407 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Nu ne vom ocupa aid de tulburarile constiintei morale vdzutd ca posibilitafe de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 Tntelegere si judecatd conform cu norme deontologice si axiologice, cu rdsunet Tn compor� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 tamentul si relafionarea subiectului. \par\pard\ql \li1531\sb111\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw- 2\charscalex100 5.7.2. TULBURARILE CAMPULUI DE CONSTIINTA \par\pard\qj \li1142\ri1201\sb123\sl-220\slmult0\fi388 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Vom menfiona aid, pentru a putea preciza intensitatea tulburarilor, urmdtorii para\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 metri care se analizeozd ori de cote ori se urmareste evidenfierea unor tulburari de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 consfiinfd (Jaspers): \par\pard\qj \li1142\ri1215\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi398 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 - dezinferesul fafd de lumea exterioard (bolnavul Tnfelege cu dificultate ce semtam\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 pld Tn jurui lui, afenfia este labild, acfioneazd fara sa find seama de situafia reala); \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9780\paperh13600{\bkmkstart Pg90}{\bkmkend Pg90}\par\pard\li1463\sb0\sl-184\slmult0\par\pard\li1463\sb0\sl- 184\slmult0\par\pard\li1463\sb0\sl-184\slmult0\par\pard\li1463\sb0\sl- 184\slmult0\par\pard\li1463\sb75\sl-184\slmult0\fi0\tx5155 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 82\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 Psihopatologie si psihiafrie pentru psihologi\par\pard\ql \li1800\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1800\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1800\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1800\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1800\sb5\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 - dezorientarea (legae de simptomul de mai sus); \par\pard\ql \li1800\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 - incoerenfa (si prin urmare ininteligibiliateo conduitei); \par\pard\ql \li1795\sb13\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 - dificultdfi de gandire (reflecfie) si amnezie consecutivd stdrii; \par\pard\ql \li1795\sb1\sl-198\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 - tulburari ale capacitafii de fixare si conservare. \par\pard\qj \li1396\ri1000\sb0\sl-240\slmult0\fi398 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Nivelul acestei intensitdfi va fi corelat cu aparitia unor tulburari senzoriaie sau cu \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 absenfa acestora. \par\pard\qj \li1391\ri1007\sb85\sl-220\slmult0\fi384 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 5.7.2.1. Tulburaile claitotii si capacitatii de integrare a cdmpului de conjtiinja -\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 tulburari cantitative \par\pard\qj \li1396\ri1013\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi388 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Corespund Tn mare parte tulburarilor de vigilhae din descrierile clasice sau tul� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 burarilor de constienfa (Arseni, 1983). \par\pard\qj \li1401\ri1012\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi379 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Starea de vigilitate a creierului Tsi gdseste baza neurofiziologicd Tn sistemul reticu\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 lat activator ascendent (SRAA). Aceste tulburari nu se Tnsofesc de productivitate, asoci\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 indu-se o data cu cresterea intensitdfii lor, cu tulburari vegetative: \par\pard\qj \li1391\ri1004\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\fi398 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Obluzia conse Tn bradipsihie cu hipoprosexie Tn special sponand, scdderea suple\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 fei proceselor de gandire, parafazii, lentoare Tn Tnfelegerea Tntrebarilor si formuiarea \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 rdspunsurilor. \par\pard\ql \li1771\sb0\sl-162\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 Hebetudinea- desprindere de realitate, pe care nu o mai poafe cuprinde ca an-\par\pard\ql \li1391\sb20\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 samblu, perplexitate si indiferenfd. \par\pard\qj \li1377\ri1017\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0\fi412 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Torpoarea se manifeso prin bradikinezie, hipobulie, scdderea parficipdrii afecti\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 ve, usoard dezorientare cu stdri de somnolenfd. \par\pard\qj \li1377\ri1014\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0\fi398 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Obnubiiarea reprezintd o denivelare mai importane a vigilitdfii, cu hipoprosexie \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 severd si dificultdfi mnezice mixte, cresterea pragurilor senzoriaie si dificultdfi Tn Tntele\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 gere si sintezd, care se desfdsoard cu o greutate sporitd. La stimuli intensi sau la repe� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 area Tntrebarilor, rdspunsurile pot creste Tn precizie si claritate. \par\pard\qj \li1358\ri1019\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi408 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 Stuporul este o tulbuare severe o vigilitdfii, Tnsofitd de inhibitie psiho-motorie \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 (mutism, akinezie, negativism alimentar). Bolnavul nu reactioneazd decdt la excitatii \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 foarte puternice, nu rdspunde la Tntrebdri si nu pare a Tnfelege contextul Tn care se afld. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Mimica bolnavului este inexpresivd sau exprimd un grad de anxietate, atitudinea este \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 inertd, dar opune rezistenfd la miscarile provocate. \par\pard\qj \li1363\ri1023\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0\fi393 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 Soporul- sare de somnolenfd patologicd Tn care contactul cu ambianfa se face \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 foarte aificil, fiind Tntretdiat de perioade de somn. \par\pard\qj \li1358\ri1032\sb0\sl-210\slmult0\fi393 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Suspenaarea compietd a constiintei ce apare Tn criza epilepticd, lipotimie, sincopd si \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 coma. Se caracterizeazd printr-o suspendare a functiilor relationale (apsihism) cu pdsfrarea \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 funcfiilor vegetative, care Tnsd, spre deosebire de somn, sunt alterate Tn diferite grade. \par\pard\ql \li1732\sb125\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 5.7.2.2. TuHxjrOi ale struduii cdmpului de con$iinfi - tulbuai calitaHve \par\pard\qj \li1334\ri1041\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi403 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 tngustarea campului de constiintd - descrisd de Janer P (1899) - se caracterizea� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 zd prin focalizarea constiintei asupra unei idei, amintiri, acfiuni etc., de care subiectul \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 nu se poate desprinde. Constiinta este incapabild sd cuprindd Tntreaga experienfd pre\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 zentd, Tn afard de cea psihotraumatizantd. \par\pard\ql \li1334\ri1036\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi398\tx1737 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Se poote considera ca fiind o demodulare afectiv-ideativd, o neadecvare prin alte� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 rarea criteriului valoric, care duce la deformarea relatiei cu realiatea. \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 Starea aepusculara conse Tntr-o modificare de aspect critic, cu debut si sfdrsit \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 brusc, a claritdtii cdmpului constiintei Tn diferite grade, asociatd cu Tngustarea lui, ceea \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 ce permite menfinerea unei activitati automate cu acte motorii coordonate, dar neobis-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 nuife si fdrd legdturd cu ocupafiile anterioare fafd de care subiectul va prezenta amne� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 zie totald, lacunard sau parfiald Tn funcfie de profunzimea modificdrii vigilitdfii. Subiec-\par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9780\paperh13600{\bkmkstart Pg91}{\bkmkend Pg91}\par\pard\li1161\sb0\sl-184\slmult0\par\pard\li1161\sb0\sl- 184\slmult0\par\pard\li1161\sb0\sl-184\slmult0\par\pard\li1161\sb0\sl- 184\slmult0\par\pard\li1161\sb0\sl-184\slmult0\par\pard\li1161\sb40\sl- 184\slmult0\fi0\tx8203 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 De la simptom la cadrul clinic\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 83\par\pard\qj \li1142\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1142\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1142\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1142\ri1191\sb174\sl- 220\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 tul trdieste o stare de derealizare, pe fondul cdreia pot aparea fenomene delirant- halu-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 cinatorii, precum si modificari importante ale serii afective (exaltare, angoasd, disforie) \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 care pot modifica considerabil comportamentul bolnavului (agitafie, fugi, acte agresive \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 cu potential criminogen). \par\pard\qj \li1142\ri1205\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi393 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Circumstanfele etiologice majore Tn care apare sunt reprezentate de epilepsia fem\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 porald, betia potologicd, reactii psihogene. \par\pard\qj \li1128\ri1195\sb5\sl-215\slmult0\fi408 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Sub denumirea de tulburaredisociativa isterica, ICD 10 descrie o pierdere parfiald \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 sau complee a unei integrdri normale Tntre amintirile trecutului, constientizarea iden\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 fiatii si a senzafiilor imediate si controlul miscdrilor corporale. Gradul Tn care controlul \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 constient asupa omintirilor, senzafiilor si miscdrilor ce vor fi executafe, este afectot, este \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 voriobil de le ord le ore sau de la zi la zi. \par\pard\qj \li1132\ri1210\sb1\sl-220\slmult0\fi403 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 Starea crepusculard isterica - aspect particular Tn care subiectul trdieste o expe\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 rientd semiconstiene de depersonalizare si stranietate centratd Tn general pe ideea fixd \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 (Janet P) (eveniment psihotraumatizant pe care subiectul nu si-1 aminteste oblsnuit Tn \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 stare de veghe, pe care memoria Tl reprimd). \par\pard\qj \li1123\ri1214\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi398 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 O forma aparte a acestei stdri este Tntdlnitd Tn sindromul Ganser si pseudodemenfa \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 isterica, reacfii psihotice isterice, Tn care, pe fondul modificdrii constiintei de tip crepus� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 cular pacientul prezintd o nerecunoastere sistematicd a realitafii prin rdspunsuri aldturi, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 acte aldturi (rdspunsuri mai mult absurde decat gresite, demonstrand Tnfelegerea Tntre� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 barilor). \par\pard\qj \li1113\ri1214\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi412 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 Confuzia mintald (staile confuzionale): descrisd initial de Chaslin (1895) ca o \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 afecfiune Tn mod obisnuit acue, reprezentdnd o forma de sldbire si disociafie intelectu\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 ald care poate fi Tnsofitd sau nu de delir, agitafie sau inerfie; confuzia mintald este ex� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 presia comund o unei suferinfe cerebae acute, ce defermind un grup de tulburari acute \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 si globale ale psihismului Tn care locul central este ocupat de modificdrile Tn planul \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 constiinfei avdnd caracter tranziforiu. \par\pard\qj \li1108\ri1239\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi403 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Debutul confuziei mintale este uneori brual, eel mai adesea Tn cdteva ore, uneori \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 cdteva zile. Faptul principol, uneori dificil de pus Tn evidentd ford ajutorul anturajului, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 este aspectul de rupturd, de hiatus cu comportamentul anterior al bolnavului. \par\pard\qj \li1104\ri1224\sb5\sl-215\slmult0\fi403 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Simptomul esenfial din care decurg celelalte este scdderea proceselor normale de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 sintezd si diferenfiere ale confinufurilor constiinfei. In aceastd tulburare globald, activi\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 tatea perceptivd este cea mai deficitard. Denivelarea constiinfei Tn diferite grade (tor\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 poare, obnubilare, obtuzie - eel mai frecvent) se manifesto prin tulburari ale atenfiei, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 care nu poate fi fixae, orientae si menfinutd. \par\pard\qj \li1094\ri1248\sb1\sl-220\slmult0\fi408 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Funcfiile intelecfuale si cognitive sunt interesate global si, asa cum ardta Jaspers, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 tuiburarea fundamentald conste Tn diminuoreo proceselor de sintezd si organizare. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Aceasa duce implicit la o tulburare a orientdrii temporale, spafiale, allopsihice, bolna� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 vul pdstrdndu-si chiar Tn cele mai avansate stdri de confuzie, reminiscente ale identitdtii. \par\pard\qj \li1094\ri1239\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi398 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Heller S, citat de Predescu V si Nica L, considerd cd atunci cand pacientul nu-si cu� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 noaste numele, este mai curdnd cazul unei stdri disociativ-isterice. Jaspers aprecia aceas� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 td pdstrare a constiinfei de sine ca fiind un element de diferenfiere fafd de psihozele \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 paranoide. Modificarea coordonatelor trdirilor aldturi de tuiburarea atenfiei constituie \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 faptul semiologic eel mai aparent. Datele perceptive vizuale, auditive sunt rudimentar \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 analizate ajungdnd pdnd la greseli si erori de iaentificare, mai rar la iluzii. Aceste tul� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 burari sunt Tn general expresia cresterii pragurilor senzoriaie. Memoria este global tul-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 buratd cu predominanta ceiei de fixare, datele prezentului nu se constituie decat Tn \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 amintiri fragmentare, iar evenimenteie trecute biografice sau cuifurale sunt cu mare \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9780\paperh13600{\bkmkstart Pg92}{\bkmkend Pg92}\par\pard\li1425\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1425\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1425\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1425\sb167\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx5102 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 84\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 Psihopatologie si psihiafrie pentru psihologi\par\pard\qj \li1363\sb0\sl-216\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1363\sb0\sl- 216\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1363\sb0\sl-216\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1363\ri1038\sb178\sl-216\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 greutate evocate. Post-episodic existd o locund importana si de lungd durotd Tn memo� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 rie bolnovului. Perplexifatea (nedumerirea anxioasd) este expresia pasiviatii, chiar a \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 stuporii viefii mintale; scurtele intervale de luciditate provoacd o crestere a anxietdfii \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 care poate fi cauza unor sari de agitafie. Mimica pacientului este rdacitd, perplexd, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 privirea este pierdutd, Tndepdrtatd, absentd. Limbajul este ezitant, redus la fragmente \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 de froze uneori incoerente. Pacientul T$i cautd cuvintele, parafaziile sunt rare, dar posi-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 bile, cuvintele suntTnvdlmdsite, rdu articulote, adeseo murmurote. Definireo unor cuvinte \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 poate fi imposibild, uneori aberantd. Gesturile sunt stdngece, ezitone, lipsite de Tnde-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 mdnare. Grafismu! este totdeauna perturbat, reproducerea unui desen geometric chiar \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 simplu este deficientd. Activitatea si comportamentul pot Tmbrdca doud aspecte: lipsa \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 initiative!', lentoare, sengdcie, chiar stupoare, sau agitafie dezordonatd. Oscilatiile Tntre \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 ace?ti doi poli se pot produce brusc, atrdgand posibilitatea unor grave accidente. \par\pard\qj \li1348\ri1057\sb18\sl- 200\slmult0\fi398 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Confuzia mintald traduce o tulburare globald a functiondrii cerebrae (care dupd \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 tot mai mulfi autori justified termenul de encefolopatie). \par\pard\ql \li1747\sb35\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Ea apare Tn circumstanfe etiologice diferite, pe care le vom sistematiza astfel: \par\pard\qj \li1353\ri1065\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0\fi393 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 - afecfiuni infracraniene: traumatismecranio-cerebrale, hematom subdural, epilepsie, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 postterapie electroconvulsivane, encefalopatii carenfiale \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 (Tn special Gave^Wemicke), \par\pard\qj \li1343\ri1066\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi9 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 afecfiuni meningeale (hemoragii meningeale, meningite febrile), afecfiuni cerebrae (en\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 cefolite, tumori cerebrae Tn special fronto-caloase si temporale drepte), accidente vas\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 culare cerebrae Tn teritoriul arterei cerebrae anterioare si posterioare; \par\pard\ql \li1737\sb1\sl- 199\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 - afecfiuni generae; \par\pard\ql \li1737\sb15\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 - stari febrile (septicemii, febra tifoidd, pneumonie, erizipel, gripd, malarie); \par\pard\ql \li1732\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 - aicoolism (betia acue, episoadele subacute, delirium tremens); \par\pard\ql \li1732\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 - toxicomanii (barbiturice, amfetamine, heroina, clordiazepoxid); \par\pard\qj \li1343\ri1081\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi388 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 - intoxicafii medicamentoase (corticoizi, tuberculostatice, hipoglicemiante, antiparkin\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 soniene, litiu, bismuf, barbiturice, tranchilizante etc.); \par\pard\qj \li1339\ri1085\sb17\sl- 200\slmult0\fi393 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 - inoxicafii profesionole (arsenic, mercur, plumb, oxid de carbon, insecticide orga\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 nofosforice); \par\pard\ql \li1732\sb15\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 - intoxicafii alimentare (ciuperci); \par\pard\qj \li1339\ri1091\sb3\sl- 220\slmult0\fi388 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 - encefalopotii metabolice (diabet, insuficienfd hepaticd, insuficienfd respiratorie, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 insuficienfd renald, hipoglicemie spontand, porfirie acutd intermitentd); \par\pard\ql \li1723\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 - ofecfiuni endocrine (tireotoxicoza, mixedem, crize adisoniene, hiperporatiroidia); \par\pard\ql \li1723\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 - stdri de soc (postoperatorii, fraumatice, cardiovasculare); \par\pard\ql \li1723\sb13\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 - boli sanguine (leucemii, anemii); \par\pard\ql \li1718\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 - alte cauze (electrocutare, insolatie, privarea de somn, avitaminoze); \par\pard\qj \li1324\ri1090\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi388 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 - Tn cursul evolufiei bolilor psihice (psihoze post partum, schizofrenie, manie, de\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 presie, demenfd). \par\pard\qj \li1320\ri1099\sb9\sl- 210\slmult0\fi393 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Desigur cd, legat de aceastd bogata paletd etiologicd, examenul somatic si de labo-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 raor vor Tmbrdca aspecte extrem de variate, care traduc starea de suferintd organicd, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 fdrd a avea o semnificafie generae Tn ceea ce priveste sindromul de confuzie mintald. \par\pard\qj \li1315\ri1100\sb0\sl- 240\slmult0\fi403 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Onirismul traduce o stare de vis paologic, un vis trait Tn acfiune, care invadeaza \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 realitatea bolnavului, modificandu-i comportamentul. \par\pard\qj \li1310\ri1089\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi393 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Bolnavul are halucinafii vizuale, realizand viziuni haotice si discontinue si uneori, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 halucinafii auditive, cenestezice si tactile. Aceste fenomene psihosenzoriale pot avea drept \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 punct de plecare cele mai mici stimuldri din mediul ambianf. \par\pard\qj \li1310\ri1089\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi388 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Halucinafiile sunt eel mai adesea nepldcute, terifiante, continutul lor este constituif \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 mai frecvent din scene de groazd decdt din clasicele feme profesionale (Signoret JL). \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9780\paperh13600{\bkmkstart Pg93}{\bkmkend Pg93}\par\pard\li1200\sb0\sl-184\slmult0\par\pard\li1200\sb0\sl- 184\slmult0\par\pard\li1200\sb0\sl-184\slmult0\par\pard\li1200\sb0\sl- 184\slmult0\par\pard\li1200\sb147\sl-184\slmult0\fi0\tx8203 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 De la simptom la cadrul clinic\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 85\par\pard\qj \li1185\sb0\sl- 230\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1185\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1185\sb0\sl- 230\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1185\ri1187\sb112\sl-230\slmult0\fi408 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Faptul eel mai caracteristic esfe adeziunea bolnavului la aceste modificari percep\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 tuale de care Tncearcd sd scape prin agitafie (pand le fugd), trdindu-le ca o agresiune \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 extreme. \par\pard\qj \li1180\ri1196\sb10\sl-230\slmult0\fi398 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 In starea confuzionald, onirismul si tulburarile clariatii cdmpului constiinfei seTntre\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 pdtrund Tn grade variabile, ceea ce i-a fdcut pe unii outori (moi oles pe cei englezi) so \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 vorbeoscd de: \par\pard\qj \li1185\ri1205\sb19\sl-220\slmult0\fi398 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 - confuzia mintald simpld - ae cdrei trasaturi ar fi: pasivitatea, perplexitatea, Tnce\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 tinirea procesului psihic mai apropiotd de starea de obtuzie; \par\pard\qj \li1185\ri1201\sb0\sl- 240\slmult0\fi398 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 - stdrile confuzo-onirice (delirium) realizate de o agitafie acua asociatd de reguld \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 cu fenomene productive psihotice. \par\pard\qj \li1195\ri1210\sb0\sl-240\slmult0\fi384 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Considerdm cd ocesteo nu sunt decdt expresii ale aceluiasi substrat anatomo-fizio-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 logic, cele doud stari pufdnd astfel trece rapid una Tn alta. \par\pard\ql \li1593\sb1\sl- 172\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Oneiroidia, descrisd de Mayer-Gross, este un amestec de realitate-vis, la care bol� \par\pard\qj \li1195\ri1196\sb21\sl- 230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 navul nu participd ci asise; Tnldnfuirea halucinafiilor ca si interpretarea realitafii prin \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 idei de vis au o anumifd coerenfa si, Tn genere, mai mulfd sistematizare decdt onirismul; \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 nu este urmatd de amnezie completd, dar nu exclude posibilitatea unor dismnezii. \par\pard\qj \li1195\ri1190\sb12\sl- 228\slmult0\fi379 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Amentia (starea amentivd), fermen introdus si folosit initial de scoala germand ca \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 echivalent al confuziei mintale simple, desemneazd actualmente, - o stare confuzionald \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 de infensiafe psihopatologicd maxima, Tn care domind incoerenfa. Bolnavul este dezo\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 rientat, agitat (agiafie care nu depdseste obisnuit limitele impuse de clinostotism), vorbi\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 reo este incoerentd, cu caracter paroxistic. Pot aparea inconsant stdri catatonice sau \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 stuporoase. \par\pard\qj \li1195\ri1206\sb0\sl-240\slmult0\fi393 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Delirul acuf: este un sindrom confuzional de o mare gravitate, poate Tmbrdca mai \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 multe forme: \par\pard\qj \li1200\ri1196\sb0\sl- 240\slmult0\fi383 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 - delirul oniric - cu halucinafii vizuale si auditive, cu scene terifiante evoludnd Tn \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 bufee, pe fondul unei anxieeti marcate; \par\pard\qj \li1195\ri1197\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0\fi393 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 - confuzia - variabild de la un moment la alful, constiinta se poate clarifica pentru \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 scurte momente; \par\pard\qj \li1200\ri1190\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi393 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 - stdrile de agitafie - intense si dezordonate, Tnsofite de agresivitate, excitafie psi� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 hica, reactii grave: tentative de suicid sau homicid, pe fondul unei insomnii complete; \par\pard\qj \li1190\ri1195\sb20\sl-220\slmult0\fi407 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 - sifiofobia - intensd si totald, durand mai multe zile, agraveazd deshidratarea si epui\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 zereo organismului: \par\pard\li1209\sb27\sl- 207\slmult0\fi388\tx4300 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 - semne neurologice variabile\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 - exagerarea reflexeleor tendinoase, hipertonie\par\pard\li1209\sb19\sl-207\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 musculard, tremor;\par\pard\qj \li1204\ri1181\sb16\sl-226\slmult0\fi398 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 - semne generae - deshidrafare masivd, ochii Tnfundafi Tn orbite, cearcane, limbd \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 uscatd cu funginozitdti, tulburari sfincteriene, tulburari vegetative grave; febra esteTntot\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 deuna prezentd, fara sd existe Tnsd un paralelism Tntre nivelul ei si intensitatea simpto\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 maologiei; hiperazotemia este un semn constant si precoce. \par\pard\ql \li1598\sb111\sl- 230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 5.7.3. TULBURARILE CONSTIINTEI DE SINE \par\pard\ql \li1598\sb130\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 5.7.3.1. Tulburarile constiintei corporalitdjii (somatognozia) \par\pard\qj \li1214\ri1168\sb0\sl-233\slmult0\fi383 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Tulburari de schema corporae - schema corporae (imaginea de sine) este conce-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 putd ce proiectorea reprezentativa integrae Tn constiina propriului nostru corp, func� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 fie globald si nelocalizabie. Constiina propriului corp se constituie progresiv din date \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 perceptive, realizand un cadru spatial pentru percepfii, reprezentdri, amintiri si emotii. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9780\paperh13600{\bkmkstart Pg94}{\bkmkend Pg94}\par\pard\li1588\sb0\sl-184\slmult0\par\pard\li1588\sb0\sl- 184\slmult0\par\pard\li1588\sb0\sl-184\slmult0\par\pard\li1588\sb0\sl- 184\slmult0\par\pard\li1588\sb46\sl-184\slmult0\fi0\tx5241 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 86\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 Psihopatologie si psihiafrie pentru psihologi\par\pard\ql \li1929\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1929\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1929\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1929\sb201\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Tulburai de schema corporaId de tp neurologic \par\pard\qj \li1531\ri942\sb11\sl- 210\slmult0\fi398 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 \u8226? Sindromul Gerstmann este alcdtuit dintr-o serie de agnozii: agnozia digitae, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 agrafia, acalculia Tnsotite de dezorienare spafiald (dreapta/stdnga). Apare Tn leziunile \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 emisferului dominant, ariile 19 si \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 39 Brodman. \par\pard\qj \li1521\ri952\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0\fi398 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \u8226? Sindromul Anton Babinski ese reprezenat de hemiasomatognozie Tnsofie de lipsa \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 constientizdrii acestei tulburari (anozognozie); se Tntdlneste Tn leziunile emisferului minor. \par\pard\ql \li1924\sb74\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 Tulburai de schemd corporala de naturd psihica: \par\pard\qj \li1526\ri947\sb7\sl-210\slmult0\fi398 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Cenesfopafiile reprezintd modificarea cenesteziei, cu aparitia unor senzatii corpo� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 rale nepldcute, Tn absenfa unor modificari organice. Se Tnfdlnesc Tn nevroze, psihoze \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 schizofrenice, depresii, ASC. \par\pard\qj \li1511\ri941\sb0\sl-213\slmult0\fi408 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Sindromul hipocondriac este alcdtuit din idei de intensitate variabild (pdnd la deli\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 rantd) privitoare la starea de sdndtate a pacientului consideratd mult mai precard decat \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Tn realitate sau vital amenintatd. Aceste idei evolueazd pe fondul unei anxietati concen\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 trice si a aparitiei cenestopatiilor. Se Tntdlnesc Tn tablouri psihopatologice diverse Tmbrd\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 cand aspectul acestora - asteno-hipocondriac (astenie, debutul schizofreniei, neuraste\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 nie), obsesivo- hipocondriac (reactii obsesivo-fobice, personalitdfi psihastenice), para\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 noiac-hipocondriace (personalitdfi paranoiace, paranoia). \par\pard\qj \li1507\ri946\sb0\sl-210\slmult0\fi412 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Sindromul Cotard este reprezentat de triada de delire: de negatie corporae (ne\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 garea organelor interne si a funcfiilor acestora), de enormitate si imortalitate. Este o \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 forma particulard a sindromului hipocondriac, consideratd clasic de extremd gravitate, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 a cdrei evolutie a devenif azi mai benignd; survine Tn depresiile de involufie, Tn special \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 Tn melancolie. \par\pard\qj \li1507\ri951\sb100\sl- 220\slmult0\fi393 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 Desomafizarea (alterarea sentimentului de corporalitate) este reprezentae de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Tndoiala anxiogend de a avea corpul transformat, straniu, ireal, cu limite imprecise sau \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 devitalizat. \par\pard\qj \li1507\ri965\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi398 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 Dismorfofobia reprezintd o forma \u8222?localizatd" a depersonalizdrii somatice constand \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Tn sentimenal patologic de nepldcere si inferioriate cu care subiectul Tsi trdieste aspec� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 tul morfoconstitufional, exagerdndu-i sau modificdndu-i datele reale. \par\pard\qj \li1507\ri965\sb0\sl-213\slmult0\fi383 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Apare sub forma unor fenomene izolate la adoiescenfd, de cele moi multe ori cu \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 evolufie benignd, fiind expresia noii identitdfi somotice pe care subiectul o capdtd. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Circumstanfele pafoiogice Tn care apare sunt nevroza obsesivo-fobica, personalitatea \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 psihastenica, debutul schizofreniei. \par\pard\qj \li1497\ri971\sb0\sl-213\slmult0\fi398 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 fieautoscopia conse Tn \u8222?perceperea" imaginii propriului corp ca o imagine Tn \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 oglindd, Tn spafiul percerptual. Imoginea dedublatd poate fi otaid, cuprinzdnd Tntregul \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 corp, sau partiae, redusa la un segment sau reprezentae uneori de imaginea unui \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 organ (creier, cord, diverse viscere profunde). \par\pard\ql \li1492\ri971\sb0\sl-216\slmult0\fi393\tx1881 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 Caracteristica acestei tulburari, pe langd convingerea bolnavului Tn perceperea ima� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 ginii corporale, este sentimenal de apartenenfd, credinta cd imaginea Ti este proprie. \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Aparitia este favorizatd de diverse circumstante, dintre care cele mai imporante \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 sunt modificarea claritdtii cdmpului constiinfei, stari de epuizare, Tn care au caacter de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 halucinozd hipnagogicd; survine, de asemenea, Tn psihastenie, epilepsie temporald, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 schizofrenie. \par\pard\ql \li1871\sb90\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 5.7.3.2. Tulburarile constiintei realitatii obiectuale \par\pard\qj \li1473\ri990\sb103\sl- 220\slmult0\fi403 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Derealizarea este un sentiment de stranieate a lumii exterioare, pe care subiectul \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 Tl Tncearcd Tn absenfa unor tulburari perceptive. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9780\paperh13600{\bkmkstart Pg95}{\bkmkend Pg95}\par\pard\li1305\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1305\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1305\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1305\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1305\sb75\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx8270 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 De la simptom la cadrui clinic\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 87\par\pard\qj \li1296\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1296\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1296\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1296\ri1114\sb168\sl-220\slmult0\fi398 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \u8222?Subiectul pierde funcfia realului" (Janet P), adicd senzafia de familioriate pe care \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 obiecfele lumii reole ne-o dou Tn mod normal. \par\pard\qj \li1296\ri1128\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi393 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 In forma sa minord se referd la stranieatea lucrurilor care par false artificiale, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 mod|ficate Tn dimensiunile lor. \par\pard\qj \li1296\ri1118\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi388 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 In forma sa extremd se manifesto ca o Tndepdrtare, o izolare sau o fugd din lumea \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 realului, o detasare, o plutire \u8222?fdrd Tndltime". \par\pard\qj \li1291\ri1129\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi388 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Derealizarea se referd si la raporturile spafiale ale obiectelor si orientare. Subiectul \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 se simte \u8222? pierdut Tn spafiu". Destul de des se poate Tnsoti de perturbdri ae percepfiei \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 subiective a timpului, sentimenal de a nu trai \u8222? Tn ritmui lumii" (Ajuriguerra). Fenomene \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 de tip \u8222?deja vu" sau falsele recunoasteri se Tncadreazd Tn acelasi cadru nosologic. \par\pard\ql \li1680\sb1\sl-171\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Derealizarea nu apare aproape niciodae ca un fenomen izolaf. \par\pard\ql \li1665\sb121\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 5.7.3.3. Tulburai ale conjtiinfei propiei persoane \par\pard\qj \li1276\ri1139\sb99\sl-220\slmult0\fi403 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Personalitaea muhipld (alfernd) este o tulburare particulard a constiinfei de sine, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 de tip disociativ-isteric, Tn care existd o Tngustare a constiinfei prin alterarea bruscd, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 temporard a normalitdtii functiilor de integrare ae constiinfei, a idenfitdfii de sine, avand \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 drept consecintd pierderea consecventei si legdturilor obisnuite dintre diferifele grupe de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 procese psihice, rezultdnd o aparenfd independenfd Tn funcfionarea uneia dintre ele. \par\pard\qj \li1262\ri1139\sb2\sl-218\slmult0\fi403 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 Personalitatea multipla, Tn care pacientul Tsi asumd un numdr de false personalitdfi, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 diferite, a fost descrisd de Prince M (1905). Pacientii sdi prezenau o simptomotologie \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 isterica, dar unii dintre ei prezentau si patologie organicd. Uneori aceste personalitdfi \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 sustineau cd se cunosc cu celelalte personalitdfi ale aceleiasi persoane si chiar nu se \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 pldceau, iar uneori negau faptul cd aveou cunostinfd asupra celorlalte personalitdfi. La \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 ora actuae aceastd tulburare este extrem de rard si chiar existd controverse asupra \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 mdsurii Tn care ea esfe iatrogend sau socio-culturae. Trdsdtura esenfiald ar fi aparenta \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 exisfenfa a mai multe personalitdfi la un singur individ cu evidenfierea clara a uneia sin\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 gure la un moment dat. Personalitdfi le succesive pot fi Tn contrast marcat cu personali� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 atea premorbidd a individului. Personalitdfile diferite par sd nu aibd cunostinfd de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 amintirile si preferintele celeilalte si sd nu realizeze exisfenfa acestora. \par\pard\qj \li1257\ri1153\sb4\sl-216\slmult0\fi393 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Disociafia este modificarea esenfiald, aflae obisnuif la baza fiecdrui simptom al \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 isteriei, dar, Tn serile de inductie hipnoticd si la personalitdfile duble sau multiple, ea \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 atinge profunzimea maxima, mergdnd pond la neoformarea psihica a uneia sau mai \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 multor personalitdfi distincte, deseori chiar cu trasaturi opuse, de care pacientul este \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 dominat alternativ. Tranzifia de la un tip de personaliate la altul esfe bruscd, deseori \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 impresionontd, Tnsofitd Tn general de amnezie, pentru exisfenfa trdsdturilor si evenimen� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 telor frdite de personaliatea secundard. \par\pard\qj \li1252\ri1162\sb1\sl-220\slmult0\fi393 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Exominarea si diagnosticarea acestor cazuri esfe de obicei foarte dificild, nece\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 sifand un consult repeat, prelungif, care sd permie sesizarea discontinuitdfii bruste a \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 psihismului. In general de origine psihogend, frecvenfa acesor tipuri de tulburari a \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 scdzut mult Tn ultima jumdfate ae secol. \par\pard\qj \li1243\ri1171\sb100\sl-220\slmult0\fi398 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Depersonalizarea ese o tulburare a constiinfei propriului Eu, a sentimentului identi\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 etii somafopsihice personae cu desfrdmarea curgerii existentiale si a percepfiei lumii \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 ca loc de desfdsurare o acesteia. \par\pard\ql \li1641\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Sindromul de depersonalizare are urnatoarele componente: \par\pard\qj \li1243\ri1166\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi403 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \u8226?Alterarea sentimentului propriului Eu esfe resimfifd ca o nesiguranfd anxiogend \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 fafd de propria persoand si idenfifate \u8222?ca si cum" acestea ar fi Tn pericol iminent de dis-\par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9780\paperh13600{\bkmkstart Pg96}{\bkmkend Pg96}\par\pard\ql \li5184\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5184\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5184\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5184\sb135\sl-184\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 Psihopatologie si psihiafrie pentru psihologi \par\pard\qj \li1444\sb0\sl-216\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1444\sb0\sl-216\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1444\sb0\sl-216\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1444\ri967\sb202\sl-216\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 parifie. Pdstrdnd constiinta personalitdfii lor anterioare, unii bolnavi trdiesc dureros modi� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 ficarea Eului, Tnstrdinarea fafd de el. Transformarea acestuia poate Tmbrdca numeroase \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 aspecte clinice dintre care notdm, sentimenal de vid interior, nesiguranfa si indecizia Tn \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 acfiune, hipobuiia, sentimentul de inautenticitate a trdirilor, amintirilor, ideilor, devalo\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 rizarea personalitdfii. Afectivitatea este modificatd, sentimentele devenind terne si imo\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 bile, nelinistea domindnd paleto afectiva, viaa pare a se desfdsura Tn gol, cu Tncetinito\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 rul, bolnavul pdrdnd a fi un spectacol dramatic pentru sine Tnsusi. \par\pard\ql \li1838\sb1\sl-196\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \u8226? Alterarea sentimentului de corporalitate (desomatizarea) \par\pard\ql \li1838\sb15\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 \u8226? Derealizarea \par\pard\qj \li1440\ri974\sb9\sl- 213\slmult0\fi403 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 � Analiza introspectivd constd Tn desprinderea de realitate, de lumeo obiectuald, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 pe care bolnavul o face pentru a Tncerca sd Tsi Tnfeleagd propria subiectivitate. In efor\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 tul de regdsire bolnavii alunecd Tn subiectiv pe care cautd so Tl onalizeze si sd Tl verbali\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 zeze cat mai precis, Tndepdrtandu-I de real, ajungdnd pdnd la heautoscopie. \par\pard\qj \li1435\ri964\sb2\sl-220\slmult0\fi393 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Sindrom de granie Tn psihopatologie, depersonalizarea se Tntdlneste cu o intensi\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 ate variabild Tn situafii nepsihiafrice: surmenaj, sari hipnagogice si hipnapompice, cat \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 si Tn cele psihiatrice: reactii afective, neurastenie, stari cfepresive, bufeuri delirante, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 nevroza obsesivo-fobica, personalitatea psihastenicd, debutul psihozelor. \par\pard\qj \li1425\ri974\sb125\sl-215\slmult0\fi408 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Sindromul de auomatism mintai Kandinski-Clerambault grupeoza Tn acelasi sin� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 drom halucinofii psihosenzoriole si psihice aldturi de o serie de fenomene psihice caac� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 terizate prin exogeniiaie siincoercibilitafe. Sindromul de automatism mintai este repre� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 zenat de triplul ecou (al gandirii, lecturii, actelor), triplul automatism (motor, ideic, ideo-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 verbal) si numeroase halucinafii psihice anideice \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 (fdrd temd, Tntdmpldtoare). Meca-\par\pard\qj \li1430\ri971\sb1\sl-220\slmult0\fi9 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 nismul de producere al holucinatiilor a fost abordat prin prisma unor modele lineare, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 psihodinamica Tncercdnd sd le explice ca un rezultat al proiecfiilory al refuldrilor din in-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 constient. Organicistii au Tncercat so le clasifice Tn diferite variante, avdnd drept modele \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 de producere analizatorul, regiuni ale corfexului, fenomenul inhibifre-dezinhibifie, sub-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 sante psihedelice care nu au ardtat decdt cd realitatea fenomenului halucinator este \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 mult mai complexd, insuficient elucidae, neexistdnd astdzi un model experimental sotis-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 facdtor. \par\pard\qj \li1425\ri980\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0\fi398 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Sindromul de automatism mintai este focalizat pe producfia spontand, involuntara \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 \u8222? mecanicd" a viefii psihice (impresii, idei, amintiri), impuse constiinfei subiectului care Tsi \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 pierde intimitatea (fransparenfd psihica), simfindu-se dirijat din exterior (fenomene xeno\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 patice). \par\pard\ql \li1814\sb1\sl-195\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Sindromul de automatism minai este sintetizat de Ey H Tn urmdtoarea forma: \par\pard\ql \li1823\sb16\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \u8226? Senzatii parazite (halucinafii psihosenzoriale vizuale, actile, gustative, cenestezice); \par\pard\qj \li1425\ri975\sb3\sl- 220\slmult0\fi393 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \u8226? Triplul automatism: motor (gesturi impuse, acte^ impuse), ideic (idei impuse) si \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 ideo-verbal (cuvinte, formuldri ideoverbale spontane). In aceastd categorie se noteazd \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 alterdrile limbajului, mentismul, depdnarea de ganduri; \par\pard\qj \li1425\ri981\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi393 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \u8226? Fenomene de dedublare mecanicd a gandirii (triplul ecou al gandirii, lecturii si \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 actelor) Tnsofite de fenomenele conexe - enunfarea gandurilor, intentiilor, comentariul \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 actelor; \par\pard\qj \li1425\ri976\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0\fi398 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \u8226? Micul automatism minai alcdtuit din anticiparea gandurilor, depanarea de amin� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 tiri, veleitdfi abstracte. Apare ca nucleu al psihozelor schizofrenice, Tn parafrenie si Tn \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 unele sindroame organice (alcoolism, epilepsie, involufie). \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9780\paperh13600{\bkmkstart Pg97}{\bkmkend Pg97}\par\pard\li1300\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1300\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1300\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1300\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1300\sb18\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx8289 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 De la simptom la cadrul clinic\tab \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex102 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 89\par\pard\ql \li1675\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1675\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1675\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1675\sb58\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs22 5.8. CONDUITA MOTORIE �1 TULBURARILE El \par\pard\ql \li1670\sb105\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 5.8.1. CADRUL CONCEPTUAL \par\pard\qj \li1281\ri1128\sb131\sl-210\slmult0\fi388 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Activiatea motorie reprezintd o succesiune de acte care urmdresc realizarea unui \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 scop definit. In realizarea ei concurd integrifatea efectorilor cu sisfemul motivational voli� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 tional, capacitatea anticipativ-decizionald, claritatea cdmpului de constiinta. Numerosi\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw6320\colsr40\colno2\colw3280\ colsr160\qj \li1286\ri0\sb24\sl-216\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 factori pot contribui la dezorgonizorea ei, realizand asffei \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 core Tncercdm sd le sistematizam asffei:\par\pard\ql \li1665\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1665\sb36\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 5.8.2. DEZORGANIZAREACONDUnELORMOTCWii\par\pard\qj \li1343\ri605\sb196\sl- 220\slmult0\fi249\tx3215 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Tipul de\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 Descriere psihopatologice \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 dezorganizare\par\pard\ql \li1416\sb36\sl-207\slmult0\tx2817 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Agifafia\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 dezorganizare globala a conduitelor motorii\par\pard\qj \li2812\ri0\sb2\sl-216\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 fiind de regula corelata cu dezorganizarea \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 ierarhizarii instanfelor psihice fi concreti-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 zandu-se Tn acte motorii necoordonate\par\pard\qj \li2812\ri135\sb0\sl-211\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 care se desfafoara aleatoriu fi care se \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 diferenfiaza dupa structurile psihopato-\par\pard\ql \li2817\sb19\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul logice de care depind\par\pard\ql \li1416\sb23\sl-207\slmult0\tx2802 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 inhibifia\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 Tncetinirea pana la disparifie a activitafii\par\pard\ql \li1416\sb14\sl-207\slmult0\tx2812 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 motorie\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 moorii Tnsofita de regula de tulburari Tn\par\pard\qj \li2807\ri11\sb0\sl-217\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 discursivitatea gandirii fi ale comunicarii \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 nonverbale\par\pard\ql \li1401\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1401\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1401\sb34\sl-207\slmult0\tx2798 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 Catatonia\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 dezintegrare a conduitei psihomotorii prin\par\pard\ql \li2803\ri0\sb0\sl-219\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 lipsa de inifiativa motorie, tradusa prin \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 catalepsie, inadecvare complee a mifca-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 rilor, reducerea lor la un nivel semi-automat \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 fi stereotip\par\pard\ql \li2793\ri0\sb7\sl-214\slmult0\fi9 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Sindromul catatonic grupeaza o serie de \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 fenomene psihomotorii: catalepsia, flexibi-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 litatea ceroasa, parakineziile, la care se \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 adauga negativismul si sugestibilitatea\par\pard\ql \li2803\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul ca si o serie de tulburari neuroveqetative\par\pard\ql \li1401\sb18\sl-207\slmult0\tx2793 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Impulsiunile\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 acfiuni cu declan�are brusca, cu caracter\par\pard\qj \li2793\ri15\sb1\sl-217\slmult0\fi14 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 irafional, brutal sau periculos, care apar \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 spontan sau ca o reacfie disproportionae \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 la un stimul extern, scapand controlului \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 volifional al subiectului\par\pard\qj \li2793\ri29\sb0\sl-219\slmult0\fi9 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Se pot manifesta ca acte heteroagresive, \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 autoagresive sau ca note comportamen� \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 taie, predominant afectiv- instinctuale\par\pard\column \ql \li24\sb31\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex125 o serie de manifesed pe\par\pard\qj \li6360\sb0\sl- 216\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li6360\sb0\sl-216\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li6360\sb0\sl- 216\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li6360\sb0\sl-216\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li298\ri1745\sb7\sl-216\slmult0\tx433 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 Circumstanfe \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 de aparifie\par\pard\qj \li53\ri1684\sb26\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 stari confuzionale, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 stari reziduale,\par\pard\qj \li48\ri1242\sb0\sl-216\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 tulburari Tn structurarea \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 personalitatji,\par\pard\qj \li44\ri1889\sb0\sl-214\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 stari maniacale, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 schizofrenie,\par\pard\ql \li53\sb20\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul epilepsie\par\pard\ql \li44\ri1653\sb0\sl- 218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 stari reziduale, \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 depresii de diferite \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 intensitafi,\par\pard\ql \li39\sb7\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 schizofrenie,\par\pard\ql \li39\sb9\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 forma catatonica f i dupa\par\pard\ql \li34\sb9\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul tratament neuroieptic\par\pard\qj \li20\ri1625\sb4\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 stari toxico-septice, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 encefalite acute �i \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 subacute,\par\pard\ql \li29\ri1789\sb8\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 sifilis central, \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 paralizie centrala \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 progresiva,\par\pard\ql \li34\sb3\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 inoxicafii,\par\pard\qj \li24\ri1813\sb2\sl-216\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 tumori cerebrale, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 schizofrenie,\par\pard\ql \li34\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul depresie majora\par\pard\qj \li24\ri1760\sb0\sl- 223\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 tulburari organice \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 de personalitate,\par\pard\qj \li24\ri1204\sb6\sl-211\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 tulburari de personalitate, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 schizofrenie,\par\pard\ql \li34\sb9\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 epilepsie \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9780\paperh13600{\bkmkstart Pg98}{\bkmkend Pg98}\par\pard\li1372\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1372\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1372\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1372\sb32\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx5059 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 90\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 Psihopatologie si psihiafrie pentru psihologi\par\pard\li1391\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1391\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1391\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1391\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1391\sb31\sl-207\slmult0\fi240\tx3263\tx6676 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Tipul de\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Descriere psihopatologiei\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Circumstanfe\par\pard\li1391\sb9\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx6806 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 dezorganizare\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 de aparifie\par\pard\li1391\sb33\sl-207\slmult0\fi67\tx2856\tx6427 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Impulsivitatea\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 predispozifia unui subiect de a avea\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 poate fi genetica:\par\pard\li1391\sb9\sl-207\slmult0\fi1464\tx6417 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 impulsiuni\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 tulburari de personalitate,\par\pard\qj \li6417\ri2210\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 oligofrenii, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 personalitafi \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 organice, \par\pard\qj \li6417\ri1572\sb17\sl- 200\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 patologie cerebrala, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 senilitate \par\pard\li1449\sb23\sl- 207\slmult0\fi9\tx2860\tx6422 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 Raptusul\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 manifesed paroxistice cu exprimare mo�\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 depresie inhibata,\par\pard\li1449\sb14\sl- 207\slmult0\fi1391\tx6422 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 torie f i debut exploziv care apar dupa o\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 schizofrenie catatonica,\par\pard\li1449\sb14\sl-207\slmult0\fi1401\tx6422 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 tensiune afectiva extremist sau Tn automa-\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 epilepsie,\par\pard\li1449\sb1\sl-205\slmult0\fi1401\tx6422 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 tismul motor incoercibil. Se poate Tnsofi\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 alcoolism\par\pard\li1449\sb20\sl-207\slmult0\fi1396 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul de amnezie lacunara\par\pard\li1449\sb1\sl-223\slmult0\fi0\tx2846\tx6417 \dn1 \expndtw0\charscalex103 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 Fugile\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 parasirea brusca a domiciliului sau a locului\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 reacfii posttraumatice\par\pard\li1449\sb12\sl-207\slmult0\fi1396\tx6412 \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex111 de munca datorata nevoii irezistibile a\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 tulburari de personalitate\par\pard\li1449\sb9\sl- 207\slmult0\fi1396\tx6427 \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex113 subiectului de a pleca. Fuga este imprevi-\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 boli toxicoinfecfioase\par\pard\li1449\sb8\sl-207\slmult0\fi1391\tx6417 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 zibiia, irafionala �i limitata Tn timp\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 epilepsie,\par\pard\ql \li6412\sb0\sl-205\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 schizofrenie, \par\pard\ql \li6403\ri1471\sb3\sl- 220\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 deliruri sistematizate, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 demenfe senile, \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 dipsomanie \par\pard\ql \li1675\sb0\sl-216\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1675\sb128\sl- 216\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 5.8.3. TULBURARI MOTORII INDUSE DE TRATAMENTUL CU NEURO_EPTlC_ \par\pard\qj \li1281\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1281\ri1110\sb101\sl-220\slmult0\fi393 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Multe medicamente ontipsihotice prezintd o gamd iargd de efecte nedorite, care \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 sunt Tn legdturd. cu proprietdfile lor antidopaminergice, antiodrenergice si onticolinergi\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 ce. Efectele exfrapiromidole sunt dintre cele mai supdrdtoare pentru pacienf si pot fi cu \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 usurintd confundate de eel nefamiiiarizot cu ele cu simptome ale bolii. \par\pard\ql \li1675\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Efectele neurolepticelor pe sistemul extropiromidol se TmpartTn 4 grupe: \par\pard\qj \li1276\ri1123\sb129\sl-213\slmult0\fi388 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 5.8.3.1. Disionia acuta constd Tn miscdri lente, prelungite, contorsionate ae mus\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 culaturii axiale, fefei, limbii, etc. din care rezultd atitudini motorii contorsionate sau con\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 tracturile unor diferite grupuri musculare. Cele mai frecvente distonii induse de neuro\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 leptice sunt: \par\pard\ql \li1670\sb12\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 \u8226? Torticolis \par\pard\ql \li1675\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \u8226? Profruzia limbii \par\pard\ql \li1675\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 � Crize oculogire cu plafonarea privirii \par\pard\ql \li1670\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \u8226? Distonii cu aspect convulsiv ole brafelor \par\pard\ql \li1665\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \u8226? Trismus, stridor cu cianozd periorald \par\pard\qj \li1276\ri1118\sb63\sl-220\slmult0\fi384 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Disfoniile creeazd o stare intensd de neliniste, anxietate, cu atat mai mult cu cat \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 spasmele pot persista de la cotevo minute la cotevo ore. In general, ele aparTn primele \par\pard\qj \li1262\ri1123\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0\fi9 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 7 zile de traament neuroleptic, dar frecvent Tn primele 24-48 ore. Distoniile pot aparea \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 la cresterea dozei de neuroleptic sau ia scdderea dozei de medicament corector. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Trebuie menfionat cd distonia poate aparea ia orice tip de neuroleptic, Tn special la cele \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 cu potentd antipsihoticd mare. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9780\paperh13600{\bkmkstart Pg99}{\bkmkend Pg99}\par\pard\li979\sb0\sl-184\slmult0\par\pard\li979\sb0\sl- 184\slmult0\par\pard\li979\sb0\sl-184\slmult0\par\pard\li979\sb0\sl- 184\slmult0\par\pard\li979\sb90\sl-184\slmult0\fi0\tx8011 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 De la simptom la cadrul clinic\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 91\par\pard\qj \li964\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li964\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li964\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li964\ri1397\sb168\sl-220\slmult0\fi398 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Din fericire, distoniile se remit rapid io odministrarea unor medicomente anticoliner\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 gice sau Diazepam. \par\pard\qj \li960\ri1387\sb123\sl- 217\slmult0\fi388 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 5.8.3.2. Akaiisia este definie ca o senzatie subiecfivd de neliniste ce asociazd o \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 componene psihica si una moorie. A fosf descrisd de Pieard Tn 1924 si apartine kinezii\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 lor paradoxale din cadrui sindroamelor paradoxale. Bolnavul simte Tn permanenfd \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 nevoia de a se foi, de a-si pendula picioarele. Se baianseazd de pe un picior pe altul si \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 simte nevoia imperioasd de a merge pentru a-si ameliora senzafia de neliniste. Akatisia \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 mai poate fi definite prin imposibiiitofea de a rdmone Tn pozifie sezandd din nevoia de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 a se misca Tn permanenfd. Cevie descrie si fermenui de f_si!dne_ie Tn care nevoia \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 subiectivd de miscare esfe tradusd prin mobilizare efectivd. \par\pard\qj \li955\ri1411\sb1\sl- 220\slmult0\fi384 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Aceste tulburari motorii apar cateva ore la cateva zile dupd inifierea fratamentului \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 neuroleptic. Ca si celelaife simpfome exfrapiramidaie, akatisia se combate prin adminis-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 frarea concomifentd a unui medicament antiparkinsonian Tmpreund cu neurolepticul. \par\pard\qj \li940\ri1401\sb100\sl-220\slmult0\fi398 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 5.8.3.3. Diskineziile sunt miscdri involuntare, anormale, Tnfdlnite adesea Tn regiu\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 nea perioraid dar care pot de asemenea aparea Jo nivelul musculafurii axiale si la \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 extremifdfi si sunt atribuife medicatiei neuroieptice. In timp ce nu existd nici o Tndoiald \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 cd diskineziile sunt cdfeodafd exacerbate (dar si diminuate) de medicofia neuroieptice, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 nu este dor stabilit dacd diskinezia persistentd Tntdlnitd Io unii pocienfi cronici este \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 neapdrat cauzatd de medicafia neurolepticd. Aceste stdri sunt numite \u8222?diskinezie ar\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 diva" (pentru cd apar tdrziu si sunt ireversibile). Asffei de anomalii de miscare au fost \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 bine descrise la pacienfi Tnointe de ea neurolepticelor moderne si sunt de asemenea \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 raportate Tn ziiele noastre ia pacienfi care nu au primit niciodaa o astfel de medicatie. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Sunt mai frecvent Tnfdlnite la pacienfi cu simpome negative; ele pot fi o componentd a \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 statusuiui defectual din schizofrenie. \par\pard\qj \li940\ri1433\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi393 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Diskinezia ardivd apare Tn special la nivelul musculafurii buco-maxilo-faciale si \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 prezintd urnatoarele caracteristici: \par\pard\ql \li1339\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 � Are caracter intentional \par\pard\ql \li1339\sb13\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 � Dispare Tn somn \par\pard\ql \li1339\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 \u8226? Este ireversibilild \par\pard\qj \li940\ri1442\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi388 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Nu tofi pacienfii care iau tratamenf neuroleptic Tndelungaf fac diskinezie tardivd. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Dintre factoii de rise pentru aparifia acestei tulburari motorii menfiondm: \par\pard\qj \li931\ri1432\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0\fi403 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 \u8226? Alte fenomene extrapiramidale opdrufe Tn fozele precoce de tratamenf - Tn special \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 distonia acue \par\pard\ql \li1334\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \u8226? Sexul feminin (creste riscul la instalarea menopauzei) \par\pard\ql \li1334\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \u8226? Vdrstnici \par\pard\ql \li1329\sb13\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \u8226? Diabet zaharat tip II \par\pard\qj \li931\ri1435\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi398 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \u8226? Tratamenf Tndelungat cu neuroieptice incisive sau depot, Tn doze mari sau dim\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 potrivd, \par\pard\ql \li1329\sb1\sl-195\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \u8226? Sistarea bruscd a neurolepticelor dupd un consum Tndelungat \par\pard\ql \li1310\sb136\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 5.8.3.4. Sindromul parldnsonian \par\pard\qj \li926\ri1427\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi398 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Reprezintd cea mai frecventd manifestare extrapiramidald. Apare la cdteva zile-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 sdptdmdni de tratamenf continuu. Simptomele cuprinse Tn cadrul acestui sindrom sunt: \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 bradikinezia, bradilalio, bradipsihia, hipertonie plosticd (Tncordorea musculafurii axia-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 ie), tremor de repaus, la care se asociazd o serie de simptome neurovegetative: hiper-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 sudorafie, sialoree, seboree. In prima efapd de la aparifia acestui sindrom, se constae \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9780\paperh13600{\bkmkstart Pg100}{\bkmkend Pg100}\par\pard\li1526\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1526\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1526\sb201\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx5207 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 92\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 Psihopatologie si psihiafrie pentru psihologi\par\pard\qj \li1454\sb0\sl-216\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1454\sb0\sl- 216\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1454\sb0\sl-216\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1454\ri941\sb171\sl-216\slmult0\fi14 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 o Tncetinire a miscdrilor, pond la disparifia atat a miscdrilor automate, cat si a celor volun\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 tare. Pacientul este lent, Ti scad inifiativele, este aparent stuporos fdrd sd existeTnsd vreo \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 modificare de constiinta. Ulterior, se instaleazd rigiditatea si apore tremorui, de obicei \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Io nivelul membrelor superioare. Este un tremor fin, intentional, dispare Tn somn si se \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 accentueazd la emofii. Rigiditatea se evidenfiazd prin semnul \u8222?rotii dinfate". Faciesul bol� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 navului are o expresie particulard; este fijat, inexpresiv, pacientul nu clipeste. Discursul \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 este cu voce monotond si pufine cuvinte. Miscdrile automate prezintd o lipsa de sinergie \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 Tn asezoreo/ridicoree de pe scoun, bolnovul nu moi poate sta picior pesfe picior. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Bolnavul ore dificultdfi Tn a initia si cele mai simple miscdri voluntare. Mersul este cu \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 pasi mici, tarsditi, cu brafele pe Idngd corp, ceea ce Ti da aspectul de \u8222?robof", care Ti \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 sperie adesea pe membrii familiei. Tratamentul consta Tn scdderea dozei de neuroleptic \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 si asocierea unui medicament anticolinergic. \par\pard\ql \li1838\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1838\sb21\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs22 5.9. TULBURARILE AFECnVTTAjII \par\pard\ql \li1828\sb125\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 5.9.1. CADRUL CONCEPTUAL \par\pard\qj \li1444\ri975\sb123\sl-220\slmult0\fi384 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Afectivitatea reprezintd ansamblul Tnsusirilor psihice care asigurd reflectarea su\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 biectivd a concordanfei dintre realiatea interioard si cea externa, ca proces dinamic si \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 continuu. \par\pard\qj \li1440\ri974\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi388 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Sunt puse asffei Tn rezonanfd doud modalieti: cea a subiectului si cea a ambianfei, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 pentru a crea un nuanfat ansomblu de tairi unice si irepetabile tocmai prin aceastd \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 dinamicd personae specified. \par\pard\qj \li1440\ri991\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi374 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Trebuie notate doud nivele ale afectivitafii sub raportul complexitdfii si motivafiei \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 care le genereazd: \par\pard\qj \li1425\ri979\sb0\sl-215\slmult0\fi408 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 - afectivitatea bazald (holotimicd) cdreia i-ar corespunde emofiile primare si dis-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 pozifia. Generarea acesteia porneste de la motivafii Tnndscute, apropiate de viata in-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 stinctivd. Ele tree sub control voluntar, dar declansarea lor necesitd participarea instan-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 telor constiinfei. Baza neurofiziologicd este legato de formafiunile subcorficole, ior ceo \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 biochimicd or fi reprezenae de funcfionarea neurofransmitdtorilor \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 (noradrenalind, \par\pard\ql \li1440\sb1\sl-202\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 serotonind, dopamind). \par\pard\qj \li1420\ri986\sb27\sl-216\slmult0\fi408 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 - afectivitatea elaborafd (cafafimicd - Maier HWJ cdreia i-ar corespunde emofiile \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 secundare (pasiuni, sentimente). Acestea se formeazd Tn cadrul sistemului de conditio-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 nare-Tnvdtare, prin optiuni axiologice, cuifurale si socioie (estetice, etico-morole, filoso-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 fice, polifice). Ele oparm stransd legaturd cu procesele gandirii (interpretare, evaluare, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 comparore, olegere) si memoriei. Sentimentele si pasiunile vin sd se constituie astfel ca \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 rezultantd compexd a unei serii de judecafi valorice, de analize si interpreer! ale lumii. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 Nu mai este necesar sd subliniem cd beza neurofiziologicd a acesora este nivelul cortical. \par\pard\qj \li1411\ri1003\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\fi398 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Cele doud nivele - afectivitatea bazald si cea elaborae - nu acfioneazd Tnsd inde� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 pendent, organizarea afectiva globae rezulfand din corelarea celor doud componente, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 care nu reprezintd un proces liniar sou de sincronizore mecanicd. \par\pard\qj \li1411\ri999\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0\fi393 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Stdrile de afect sunt manifestdri explozive si cu efect dezorganizator asupra com� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 porfamenfului, Tnsofite de modificari mimico-pantomimice si tulburari vegeative de tip \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 simpatic, polarizdnd cdmpul constiinfei Tn jurul evenimentului conflictual si caracterizate \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 prin inadecvarea rdspunsului si a activitatii psihomoorii. Menfiondm printre acestea \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 ruria si frica. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9780\paperh13600{\bkmkstart Pg101}{\bkmkend Pg101}\par\pard\li1080\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1080\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1080\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1080\sb200\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx8083 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 De la simptom la cadrul clinic\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 93\par\pard\ql \li1454\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1454\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1454\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1454\sb131\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 5.9.2. TULBURARILE DISPOZTJIEI \par\pard\qj \li1060\ri1317\sb99\sl-220\slmult0\fi403 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Dispozifia este acel onus afectiv fundamenal, bogatm toate insanfeie emofionaie \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 si instinctive, care da fiecdreia din stdrile noastre sufetesti o tonalitote ogreobild sou \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 dezogreobild, oscildnd Tntre cei doi poli extremi ai pldcerii si durerii (Delay J). Deci, dis� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 pozifia reprezintd polaritatea stdrilor afectivitafii bazale Tntr-un moment dat. Modifi� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 carea ei Tn sens patologic poara numele de distimie. \par\pard\ql \li1449\sb131\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 5.9.2.1. Hipotimiile \par\pard\ql \li1055\ri1335\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi398\tx1449 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Reprezintd scdderi Tn grade diferite ale tensiunii afective, traduse prin expresivitate, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 mimica redusa, rdspuns comportamental sdrac, rezonanfd afectiva stearsd. \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Indiferenfa se traduce prin dezinteres pentru lumea exterioard si slabd modulare a \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 paletei emofionaie. \par\pard\ql \li1046\ri1345\sb0\sl-213\slmult0\fi379\tx1420 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Apataeste caracterizatd prin lipsa de tonalitate afectiva si dezinteres auo si allopsihic. \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Aimia se caracterizeaza printr-o accentuae seddere de onus si o rezonanfd afec� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 tiva aproape nuld la evenimenteie exterioare, care par a rdmdne Tn mare mdsurd \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 straine subiectului. Inexpresiviatea mimico-pantomimicd este caracteristicd. \par\pard\ql \li1430\sb83\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs22 5.9.2.2. Hipertimiile \par\pard\qj \li1041\ri1344\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi408 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Reprezintd o crestere a Tncdrcdturilor afective antrenand variatii importante ole euti\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 miei, octivitdfii si comportamentului. \par\pard\qj \li1036\ri1351\sb55\sl- 220\slmult0\fi379 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Arvdetaea - a fost definie de Janet P ca teama fdrd obiect, monifesatd prin neli� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 niste psihomotorie, modificari vegetative si disfuncfii comportamentaie. Anxietatea are \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 caracter de potenfialitafe, deformdnd trdirea prezentd Tn report cu viitorul presimfit ca \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 ostil si predeterminat ca atare. \par\pard\qj \li1031\ri1359\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi388 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Anxietatea este frecvent Tntdlnitd de-a lungul viefii, contribuie la activarea mecanis\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 melor de alere ale organismului si la pregdtirea pentru acfiune. Astfel, Tn fafa unei si� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 tuafii nou apdrute, anxietatea Tl ajuta pe om sd se adapteze mai bine. \par\pard\qj \li1027\ri1354\sb5\sl-215\slmult0\fi388 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Anxietatea, teama si instinctul de a fugi sunt mecanisme de apdrare Tmpotriva unui \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 pericol. Temerile nu mai sunt considerate normale cand eledevin cvasipermanente si impie-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 teazd asupa viefii cotidiene. Anxieatea patologicd este distinctd de nelinistea sau teama \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 obisnuitd, resimfitd de orice subiect Tn fafa unei situafii noi sau cu un grad de dificultate \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 sporit, al cdrei rdsunet asupa activitdfii esfe pozitiv (concentrare, mobilizare a forfelor). \par\pard\ql \li5827\sb109\sl-138\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 \ul0\nosupersub\cf18\f19\fs12 Psihoze \par\pard\qj \li5692\ri3223\sb17\sl-120\slmult0\fi43 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 disociative \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 schizofrenie) \par\pard\ql \li5798\sb47\sl-161\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs14 Depresia \par\pard\ql \li5635\sb1\sl-135\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 [nonpsihotica) \par\pard\ql \li5390\sb103\sl-138\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \ul0\nosupersub\cf18\f19\fs12 Fobii - Obsesii - Isterie\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw5211\colsr160\colno2\colw4269\ colsr160\ql \li4272\sb82\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex82 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 '.'7S___\par\pard\ql \li4176\sb48\sl- 92\slmult0\tx4358\tx4742 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf24\f25\fs8 '-'\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex179 ,-\u9632?<\tab \up0 \expndtw- 1\charscalex100 :\par\pard\ql \li4243\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li4243\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li4243\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li4243\sb6\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 -\par\pard\column \ql \li346\sb24\sl-138\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 \ul0\nosupersub\cf18\f19\fs12 Hipocondrie\par\pard\ql \li216\sb0\sl-134\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 Tb somatoforme\par\pard\ql \li20\sb32\sl-161\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs14 Psihoze nondisociative\par\pard\qj \li236\ri3051\sb0\sl-171\slmult0\tx318 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf18\f19\fs12 (PMD, paranoia) \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 ANXIETATEA \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \ql \li1996\sb0\sl- 253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1996\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1996\sb194\sl- 253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-10\charscalex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs22 LOCUL ANXJETAT1I IN IERARHIA DiAGNOSncA (Tyrer, 1984) \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9780\paperh13600{\bkmkstart Pg102}{\bkmkend Pg102}\par\pard\li1689\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1689\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1689\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1689\sb8\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx5375 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 94\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 Psihopatologie si psihiafrie pentru psihologi\par\pard\ql \li2006\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2006\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2006\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2006\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2006\sb4\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Anxietatea prezintd urnatoarele caracteristici: \par\pard\ql \li2020\sb13\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 - este nemotivae; \par\pard\qj \li1622\ri774\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi393 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 - se referd la un pericol iminent si nedeterminat, fafd de care apare o atitudine de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 asteptare (stare de alertd); \par\pard\ql \li2016\sb1\sl- 195\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 - este Tnsotitd de convingerea neputinfei si dezorganizdrii Tn fafa pericolului; \par\pard\ql \li1608\ri774\sb5\sl- 220\slmult0\fi408\tx2006\tx2001\tx2006 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 - asocierea unei simptomatologii vegetative generaoare de disconforf somatic; se \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 declanseazd astfel un cere vicios prin care anxieatea se automtretine. \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Anxietatea se Tntdlneste Tn urnatoarele circumstanfe pafoiogice: Tn reacfii de infen-\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 siate nevroticd si psihoticd, Tn neurastenii, Tn alte nevroze, Tn stdri depresive, Tn psihoze, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Tn sindromul de abstinenfd la toxicomani, Tn debutul psihozelor presenile si demenfelor. \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Anxietatea nevroticd - toate stdrile nevrotice au ca element comun prezenfa anxie-\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 efii, care ocupd de obicei un loc important Tn tabloul simptomaologic. \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Anxietateo psihotice - opore ce Tnsofitor el depresiei sou independentd de oceosto, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 ca Tn schizofrenie si psihozefe organice. Ea determind perturbdri vegetative majore, ale \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 instinctului alimentar si ritmului hipnic. \par\pard\qj \li1617\ri774\sb9\sl-210\slmult0\fi398 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Raptusul anxios - poate aparea Tn reacfii acute de soc sau psihoze, ce o izbucnire \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 impulsive monifestafd printr-o bruscd si infensd accentuare o stdrii anxioase, bolnavul \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 putdnd face tentative suicidare sau mai rar acte heteroagresive. \par\pard\qj \li1603\ri787\sb2\sl- 220\slmult0\fi407 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Echivalenfe somotice ale anxietdfii - recunoasterea acestor semne faciliteazd evi\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 denfierea anxietdfii, mai ales atunci cand participarea bolnavului, dintr-un motiv sau \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 olful, esfe redusd. Aceste semne sunt legate de excitarea sistemului nervos simpafic: pa\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 loarea fefei, mimica tensionatd, midriazd, uscdciunea gurii, valuri de transpirafie, tre� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 mor fin al extremitdtilor, ahicardie, extrasistole, jend precordiae, anorexie, crampe ab\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 dominaie, diaree, tahipnee, senzafie de constrictie toracicd, micfiuni imperioase si frec\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 vente, insomnii de adormire, crested fensionale, hiperglicemie si hiperlipemie. \par\pard\li1785\sb203\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx5313 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Tipul simptomeldr\tab \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Manifesfari clinice\par\pard\li1785\sb33\sl-207\slmult0\fi14\tx3955 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Psihice\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 iritabilitate\par\pard\qj \li3955\ri3726\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul anxietate anticipatorie \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 concentrare insuficienta" \par\pard\li1780\sb22\sl- 207\slmult0\fi14\tx3945\tx6167 \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Somatice\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 gastro- intestinale\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul gura uscata\par\pard\li1780\sb13\sl-207\slmult0\fi4382 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 dificultate de deglutitie\par\pard\li1780\sb14\sl- 207\slmult0\fi2164\tx6167 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 respiratorii\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul inspir dificil\par\pard\li1780\sb9\sl- 207\slmult0\fi4382 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 senzaf\ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 i\ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul e de constric\ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 ti\ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul e toracic\ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 a\par\pard\li1780\sb14\sl-207\slmult0\fi2159\tx6163 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 cardiovasculare\tab \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex101 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul palpitafii\par\pard\li1780\sb9\sl-207\slmult0\fi2164\tx6167 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 genito-unnare\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 insuficienta erectiei\par\pard\li1780\sb9\sl- 207\slmult0\fi4377 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 disconfort menstrual\par\pard\li1780\sb14\sl-207\slmult0\fi2164\tx6153 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 neuro-musculare\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul tremuraturi\par\pard\li1780\sb13\sl- 207\slmult0\fi4382 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 dureri musculare\par\pard\li1780\sb10\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx3945 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Tulbari de somn\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 insomnie\par\pard\li1780\sb1\sl-222\slmult0\fi0\tx3945 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 Alteie\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul depresie\par\pard\ql \li3945\sb3\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 idei obsesive \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9780\paperh13600{\bkmkstart Pg103}{\bkmkend Pg103}\par\pard\li1353\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1353\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1353\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1353\sb195\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx8395 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 De la simptom la cadrul clinic\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 95\par\pard\ql \li2376\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2376\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2376\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2376\sb136\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 TULBURARILE ANXIOASE (CONFORM OASIRCARII DSM-IV) \par\pard\qj \li1977\ri1594\sb169\sl-280\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 O Tulburarile anxioase fobice (fobia specifica, fobia sociala, agorafobia) \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 d> Atacuri de panica \par\pard\ql \li1972\ri4614\sb0\sl-280\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 O Tuiburarea anxioasa generalizata \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 c> Tuiburarea obsesiv-compulsiva \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 c> Reacfia acue la stres \par\pard\ql \li1968\sb13\sl- 216\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 _!> Tuiburarea de stres posttraumatica \par\pard\qj \li1324\sb0\sl-215\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1324\ri1023\sb50\sl- 215\slmult0\fi398 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Depresia \u8212? definifie de cea mai largd generalitate considerd depresia ca o prd\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 busire a dispozitiei bazale, cu actualizarea trdirilor nepidcute, triste si ameninfdtoare. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Pufernica participare afectiva, trdirea profundd a acestei stdri, antrenarea comporta\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 mentaid consensuald sunt ot atatea argumente pentru a considera depresia o hiper\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 timie negativd. \par\pard\qj \li1320\ri1024\sb1\sl- 220\slmult0\fi393 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Asa cum a fost definie anterior, depresia se refera la \u8222?depresia-simptom" si defini\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 fia nu este decdt scolasticd, deoarece Tn realitatea practica depresia apare ca sindrom \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 sau entitate nosologicd. \par\pard\qj \li1320\ri1024\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi403 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 in cele ce urmeazd, ne vom referi la acesf al doilea aspect (sindrom), pe care-i vom \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 defini, asa cum fee si alti auori, operational, componentele sale fiind rasunetul ideativ, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 comportamental si somatic al tulburdrii afective. \par\pard\ql \li1713\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Sindromul depresiv are drept componente definitorii dlspozifia depresivc, Tnceti-\par\pard\li1310\sb18\sl-207\slmult0\fi14\tx8289 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 nirea proceselor gandirii si lenfoare psihomotorie, la care se adaugd o ic\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 w\par\pard\li1310\sb14\sl- 207\slmult0\fi9 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 ome auxiliare de expresie somaficd. Dispozitia depresivd este trditd ca firistej3 vlfasa"\par\pard\li1310\sb4\sl- 207\slmult0\fi9\tx8135\tx8481 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 (Schneider K), pierderea sentimentelor, golire si neliniste inferioord, continuf\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 -\u8222?\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 _i\par\pard\li1310\sb23\sl-207\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 cenusiu, nebulos uneori.\par\pard\qj \li1305\ri1027\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi403 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Incefinireo proceselor gandirii este exprimafd de monoideism, incapacitate deci\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 zionald, confinuf depresiv, ruminatii. ideafia poate lua forma ideilor delirante cu caracter \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 de auoacuzare, vinovdfie, inufilifafe, ruind etc. Depresivul trdieste o sagnare a timpu� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 lui intim imanent, care se desincronizeazd de fimpul real; aceastd oprire a timpului trait \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 marcheazd onsomblul tulburarilor depresive, bolnavul prezentend o incapacitate de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 ocfiune autenticd (Taessiart A). \par\pard\qj \li1310\ri1037\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi398 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Lentoarea psihomotorie esfe caacterizatd de Tncetinireo miscdrilor, scdderea ex� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 presiei si mobilitdfii mimice (hipo- sau amimie), dificulafe de verbalizare, tendinta de a \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 se complace Tn activifdfi rare scop (inerfie psihomotorie). \par\pard\qj \li1310\ri1028\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi388 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Simpome ouxiliore de expresie somaficd: se traduc printr-o tulburare a sentimen� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 telor vitale (a vitalitdfii) \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 - astenie, lipsa de vigoare fizicd, insomnii, anorexie si seddere \par\pard\ql \li1296\sb1\sl-190\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Tn greutate, tulburari ale dinamicii sexuale. \par\pard\qj \li1300\ri1037\sb6\sl- 220\slmult0\fi388 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Tulburarile somafice sunt legate de hiperacfivitatea simpaticd dubiatd de inhibifia \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 parasimpaticd: hiposalivafie, dureri epigastrice, meteorism, constipatie sau diaree, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 greueti Tn respirafie, disconforf precordial, tulburari de ritm cardiac, extrasistole, ame\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 feli, cefalee, dureri difuze Tn regiunea tractului uro-genital. \par\pard\qj \li1305\ri1051\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi393 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 Depresia este eel moi frecvent Tntolnif fenomen psihopatologie Tn practica psihiatri\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 cd si nu numai Tn aceosto, \par\pard\qj \li1296\ri1042\sb0\sl-240\slmult0\fi398 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 Kielholz stabilesfe o clasificore Tn care Tmbind criteriul nosologic cu eel etiologic. Se \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 descriu astfel: \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9660\paperh13540{\bkmkstart Pg104}{\bkmkend Pg104}\par\pard\li1401\sb0\sl-184\slmult0\par\pard\li1401\sb0\sl- 184\slmult0\par\pard\li1401\sb0\sl-184\slmult0\par\pard\li1401\sb91\sl- 184\slmult0\fi0\tx5107 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 96\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 Psihopatologie si psihiafrie pentru psihologi\par\pard\ql \li1737\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1737\sb0\sl- 184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1737\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1737\sb0\sl- 184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1737\sb124\sl-184\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex128 - depresii somatogene: organice, simptomatlce; \par\pard\ql \li1737\sb16\sl- 184\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex129 - depresii endogene: schizoafective, bipolare, unipolare, involufionale; \par\pard\ql \li1732\sb36\sl-184\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex130 - depresii psihogene: nevrotice, depresia de epuizare, reactive. \par\pard\qj \li1334\ri924\sb7\sl-220\slmult0\fi398 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex132 Dupd gradul de intensitafe a depresiei, se poate descrie o depresie nevroticd si o \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 depresie psihoticd. \par\pard\qj \li1329\ri925\sb4\sl-216\slmult0\fi398 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex133 Depresia de infmiiae nevwica este declansofd psihogen si se monifestd sub as� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex130 pectul unor stdri de tristete prelungitd, lipsa de initiative, intoleranfd la frustrare, scd� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex131 derea apefitului alimentar, insomnii, tulburari de dinamicd sexuold, iriabiliate, la care \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex134 se adaugd anxietatea. Depresia nevroticd apare Tn reacfiie de intensitafe nevroticd, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex125 neurastenie, nevroza depresivd, Tn decompensdrile personalitdfilor psihastenice, isterice, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex125 afective, Tn stdri de epuizare si depresii simptomatice. \par\pard\qj \li1324\ri930\sb1\sl-220\slmult0\fi398 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex136 Dsprmia de inen$ifue psihoicd - Tn depresia psihoticd, fiecare din elementele \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 constitutive ae sindromului depresiv ating intensifatea maxima, modificdnd personolifo\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 teo si comportamentul Tn sens psihotic. \par\pard\qj \li1320\ri947\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi398 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex125 Dispozifia depresivd este fraita ca un vid, ca o lipsa tofala a contactului si rezonan\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 fei afective cu lumea, pe care subiectul o resimte dureros: aceastd \u8222?anestezie afectiva", \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex128 se manifeso ca un veritabil baraj Tn fofo exprimdrii sau perceperii sentimentelor pro� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex128 prii, care-l duce pe pacient la pierderea inferesului pentru lucruri si oameni. \par\pard\qj \li1305\ri948\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi408 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 Incetinirea proceselor gandirii se manifestd prin bradipsihie si sdrdcirea continutului \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 ideativ, incapacitate de evocare si sintezd, hipoprosexie; asociafiile sunt dificile, imagi\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 nofio redusa, existd o hipermnezie selectivd Tnsofifd de ruminofii. Producfio verbold tra� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex129 duce Tn mare masura inhibitia intelectuald, fiind Tncetinifd, ajungdnd uneori pdnd la \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex130 mutism. Scdderea performontelor infelecfuale, prezenfo anesteziei psihice genereazd \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 depresivului sentimente de autodepreciere si durere morald. Acestea vor genera, la ran\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex130 dul lor, idei de autoacuzare, inufilitate, deschizand calea cdtre ideile suicidare si tre� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex132 cerea ia act. Nemaiputdndu-si imogino viitorul, pacientul pierde orice dimensiune o \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex132 realiafii, are stdri de derealizare si depersonalizare. \par\pard\ql \li1291\ri952\sb4\sl-216\slmult0\fi412\tx1684 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex128 Pe plan psihomotor, pacientul poafe prezenta o inhibifie profundd, mergdnd pdnd \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex129 la imposibilifatea de a se deplasa; activitatea spontand este redusa la minimum. \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 Atunci cdnd depresie se Tnsofeste de anxietate, tensiunea psihica insuporfabild se \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex124 poate manifesto printr-o neliniste motorie, agitafie, atingdnd paroxismul Tn raptusul de� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex128 presiv, care se Tnsofeste de acte impulsive, auo- si mai rar heteroagresive. Complicate \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex133 ceo moi de temut e depresiei este suicidul, domeniu cdruio Ti vom dedice o atenfie \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 deosebie (vezi Suicidul). \par\pard\qj \li1286\ri958\sb121\sl-220\slmult0\fi398 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex125 Dspm$ia ma$@ofO - termenu! se foloseste de la sfdrsitul onilor '20 fiind oplicat de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex129 kings depresiilor endogene, cu dominanfd coplesitoare a simptomelorjizice. Observa-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex125 fiile ulterioare au stabilit aplicabilitatea lui si Tn depresiile psihogene. In \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex130 1973 este de-\par\pard\qj \li1286\ri953\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0\tx1934 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 finit ca \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex129 \u8222?boala depresivd Tn care simpfomele somafice ocupd primul plan sau Tn care \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 simptomele psihice sunt Tn planul secund (ca substrat)" \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9660\paperh13540{\bkmkstart Pg105}{\bkmkend Pg105}\par\pard\li1060\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1060\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1060\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1060\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1060\sb56\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx8040 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 De ia simptom la cadrul clinic\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 97\par\pard\ql \li1137\sb0\sl- 230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1137\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1137\sb0\sl- 230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1137\sb168\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw- 3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf22\f23\fs20\ul Depresia Tn boiile somaUce \par\pard\qj \li1151\ri1337\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 o Simptome depresive semnificative clinic sunt decelabile la aproximativ 12 pana la \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 36% dintre pacienfii cu alte afecfiuni nonpsihiatrice. Pe de ale parte, cei mai mulfi \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 pacienfi cu o suferinfa somatica nu au depresie. \par\pard\qj \li1147\ri1338\sb39\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 - Daca este prezenta o tulburare depresiva, atunci aceasta trebuie privita ca o con\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 difie independents (posibil precipitae de vulnerabilitatea biologica sau psihologica \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 a individului) care trebuie tratata separat. \par\pard\qj \li1147\ri1330\sb69\sl-210\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 - Nu este corecta atifudinea unor medici care considera ca este bine sa trateze Tn \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 primul rand si/sau numai tuiburarea somatica �i, apoi\u8222?dupa rezolvarea acesteia"sa \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 orienteze bolnavul catre un psihiatru. \par\pard\qj \li1305\ri1345\sb22\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Depresia trebuie �i ea cautata �i investigate; astfel ca nu se recomanda realizarea \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 unui diagnostic prin excludere. \par\pard\qj \li1142\ri1354\sb24\sl-240\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 - Atunci cand o tulburare depresiva apare Tmpreuna cu o suferinfa somatica, sunt \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 cateva expiicafii posibile: \par\pard\qj \li1420\ri1351\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 o Suferinfa medicala generala provoaca in mod biologic depresie, de exemplu \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 hipotiroidia determine depresie; \par\pard\qj \li1416\ri1353\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 � Suferinfa somatica declanseaza depresia la persoane vulnerabiie genetic pentru \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 depresie; de exemplu, boala Cushing poate precipita un episod depresiv major; \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 � Suferinfa somatica produce psihologie depresia; de exemplu, un pacieni cu can� \par\pard\qj \li1579\ri1353\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 cer devine depresiv Tn mod reactiv, ca o reacfie la prognostic, la durere si inva\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 iditate; \par\pard\qj \li1411\ri2260\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 o Suferinfa somatica si depresia nu sunt corelate, sunt independente. \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 ESTE IMPORTANT CA PRACTICIANUL SA FACA ACESTE DIFERENTE \par\pard\qj \li1022\ri1206\sb193\sl- 225\slmult0\fi878 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 fi!@ sunt stari dispozitionale de tip depresiv asociate cu disconforf somatic si \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 excitabilifate crescufd. Agresivitatea si impulsivitafea subiectului esfe crescutd, determi\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 ndnd uneori un comportament coleric; la acestea se adaugd deseori logoreea si anxie� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 tatea. Se Tntdlnesc Tn serile psihopatoide (posttraumafice, postencefalifice, foxice), co\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 mifialitate, sterile mixfe din psihozeie afective. \par\pard\qj \li1017\ri1259\sb40\sl-220\slmult0\fi393\tx2275 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex124 5,9.2,2.3 \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 �ut�i\u8364?$- esfe reprezentafd de o cresfere a dispozifiei avand o tonalitate \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 afectiva pozifivd, expansiva (hiperfimie pozitivd). Ca si Tn cazui depresiei trebuie opera\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 td o distincfie Tntre euforia (veselia) \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 - normald, si cea simpfom- pafologica. \par\pard\qj \li1022\ri1283\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi388 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Ca si depresia, cea de a doua nu apare izoiatd ci Tn cadrul unui sindrom a cdrui \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 baza psihodinamicd esfe sindromul maniacal. \par\pard\qj \li1022\ri1274\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi403 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Sindromul maniacal are drept componente definiforii dispozifia euforicd, accelera\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 rea proceselor gandirii, excitafie psihomotorie, ia care se adaugd o serie de simptome \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 de expresie somatica. \par\pard\qj \li1008\ri1263\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0\fi408 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Dispozifia euforicd esfe caracferizata prin bucuria de a trai, optimism debordant, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 sentimente de omnipotentd si Tncredere nelimitatd Tn forfele proprii. Toate acestea se \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Tnsofesc aproape Tntotdeauna de o vie excitafie erotica, Tn contrast uneori cu compor� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 amentul anterior al subiectului, cu varsfa, cu dote biologice obiective. \par\pard\ql \li1022\ri1278\sb0\sl-225\slmult0\fi398\tx1401 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Dispozifia euforicd are o mare labilitate, spre deosebire de cea depresiva, bol� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 navul trecand rapid de la bucurie la stdri de plans, furie si chiar agresivifafe. \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Accelerarea proceselor gandirii se manifesto prin acceierarea ritmului gandirii (ta-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 hipsihie), accelerarea reprezentdrilor menfale, fuga de idei cu asociafii de idei superfi-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 ciaie, fdcute Tntr-un mod elemenfar (asonantd, rime, jocuri de cuvinte), hipoprosexie cu \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9660\paperh13540{\bkmkstart Pg106}{\bkmkend Pg106}\par\pard\li1593\sb0\sl-184\slmult0\par\pard\li1593\sb0\sl- 184\slmult0\par\pard\li1593\sb0\sl-184\slmult0\par\pard\li1593\sb0\sl- 184\slmult0\par\pard\li1593\sb75\sl-184\slmult0\fi0\tx5299 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 98\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 Psihopatologie si psihiafrie pentru psihologi\par\pard\qj \li1521\sb0\sl-213\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1521\sb0\sl- 213\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1521\sb0\sl-213\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1521\ri712\sb190\sl-213\slmult0\fi14 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 aparenfd hiperprosexie spontana. Exaltarea imaginative do nastere unor adevdrafe \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 producfii pseudodelirante - idei de invenfie, de grandoare, mistice, Tn care Tnsd bolna� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 vul nu crede cu seriozitate. Limbajul reflectd dezorganizarea gandirii maniacale, abun-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 dd Tn jocuri de cuvinte, onomatopee, ironii, Tnldnfuife la Tntamplare Tntr-un flux continuu. \par\pard\qj \li1531\ri741\sb2\sl-220\slmult0\fi403 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Sindromul hipomaniacal esfe o forma atenuatd, benignd a sindromului maniacal. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 A fost uneori descris ca unui din polii personalitdfilor afective. \par\pard\qj \li1521\ri729\sb125\sl-215\slmult0\fi393 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 5,9,2.3. TylburQi aiedinamicii dispazifionQe sunt fluctuafiile pe care ie suferd dis� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 pozifia, schimbdrile de tonaiitate de la un interval de timp la altul, sunt, dupd unii au\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 ori, date genetice care se Tnscriu ca specifice Tn nota personae, individuae. Stabilita\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 feo emofionald, scdzufe la copii, se desdvarseste pe masura maturizdrii atingdnd nive� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 lul optim al adultului. \par\pard\qj \li1526\ri721\sb1\sl- 220\slmult0\fi398 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 Rigidiaea akcivS este reprezentae de conservarea Tn timp, controdictorie cu \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 schimbdrile obiective, situafionale, a unei sfructuri afective. Aceasta se traduce Tn princi� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 pal prinfr-o disfuncfie majore o personalitdfii, antrenand o \u8222?rigidizare" a sistemului de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 credinte si valori, motivafii, etc., ducand la o echilibrare neaaecvaa la solicitdriie ex\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 terne. Se Tntdlneste ia unele personalitdfi dizarmonice. \par\pard\qj \li1516\ri717\sb6\sl- 213\slmult0\fi403 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 oM/celemofhnala se caracterizeazd prin variatii dispozifionale frecvente, lipsite \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 de contextuaiitate, sau dimpofrivd legate doar de starea afectiva a celor din iur (poikilo\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 fimie). SeTnfalnesfeTn stdrile maniacale, oligofrenii, hiperfiroidii, debutul unor demenfe, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 PGP, la unele personalitdfi dizarmonice (isterice, afective). \par\pard\ql \li1905\sb94\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-10\charscalex85 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs22 5.9.3. TULBURARI ALE EMOJ1ILOR ELABORATE \par\pard\qj \li1511\ri745\sb115\sl-220\slmult0\fi388 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 5.9.3.1. ParaSmiie- modificari predominant calitafive ale emofiilor elaborate, caac� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 terizate prin neadecvarea extremd Tn raport cu contextul sifuationa! al dispozitiilor, sen� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 timentelor, frdirilor ofective. Se Tntdlnesc Tn stdri reactive, psihoze schizofrenice, tulbu� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 rari de involufie, parafrenie. \par\pard\qj \li1516\ri749\sb9\sl-210\slmult0\fi388 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 hv&r�hn@i3 _edirvtf se manifesto ca o schimbare a sentimentelor pozitive, firesti, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 avute de subiect anterior Tmbolndvirii fafd de persoane apropiate din familie. Se Tntdl� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 neste Tn schizofrenii, parafrenii, delirul de gelozie si rar Tn paranoia. \par\pard\qj \li1507\ri745\sb22\sl-220\slmult0\fi374 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Anibivaimfa amsivd conse Tn frdirea simultand a doud sentimente antagoniste \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 (dragoste-urd, dorintd-teamd) Tntr-un amestec indestructibil. Se Tntdlneste Tn schizofre� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 nie si uneori Tn tulburarile involutive. \par\pard\ql \li1886\sb111\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 5.9.3.2 Febiile \par\pard\qj \li1497\ri745\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi398 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 Fobia e definitd ce o reacfie somaficd si psihologicd fafd de obiecfe/situatii ce \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 provoaca frica, mai degrabd decdt fafd de obiectul Tn sine. \par\pard\ql \li1881\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 Simpfomele incluse Tn fobie: \par\pard\qj \li1497\ri754\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi384 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 a) Victima simte brusc o panicd persistenta si fdrd cauza, oroare, teroare Tntr-o \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 sifuafie care nu prezintd pericol. \par\pard\ql \li1886\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 b) Persoana recunoasfe cd teama depdseste limitele normale. \par\pard\qj \li1483\ri750\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi393 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 c) Reacfia fobicd esfe automae, necontroiabild si persistenta si inferpune gdndurile \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 persoanei ca un baraj fafd de ameninfdri, pericole imaginore. \par\pard\qj \li1488\ri773\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi383 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 d) Apar reocfii fizice (vegeative) de Tnsofire: polpitafil, respirafie superficiald, tre� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 mor etc. \par\pard\qj \li1483\ri773\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi393 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 e) Persoono fuge de feomo unor obiecte/situafii. Precaufia de a le evita poafe al\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 fera procesul de muncd, relafiile sociale si necesitd o consulfafie psihiafricd. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9660\paperh13540{\bkmkstart Pg107}{\bkmkend Pg107}\par\pard\li1151\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1151\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1151\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1151\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1151\sb75\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx8207 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 De la simptom la cadrul clinic\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 99\par\pard\qj \li1132\sb0\sl- 213\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1132\sb0\sl-213\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1132\sb0\sl- 213\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1132\ri1062\sb195\sl-213\slmult0\fi408 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 Fried specified, intensd declansaa de un obiect sau o sifuafie care nu au prin ele \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Tnsele un caracter periculos, fobia are un caracter irafional recunoscut ca afare si care \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 nu poate fi controlat volitiv. Proiecfii ale onxietdfii, fobiile pot invada oricare din obiec� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 fele si situafiile realitafii de care experienfa individuae se leagd Tntr-un mod oarecare. \par\pard\ql \li1132\ri1072\sb7\sl-213\slmult0\fi388\tx1531 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 Astfel, dupd Mallet, relicvele fricilor din prima copildrie sunt fobiile de animale \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 mari, iar cele din a douo copildrie, de onimale mici si insecte. \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Dacd Tn cazul anxietdfii teama nu are obiect, Tn fobie ea capdtd caracter specific \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 (forma, nume, localizare). \par\pard\qj \li1128\ri1096\sb2\sl-220\slmult0\fi398 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Considerdm ciasificareo lor Tn codrul tulburarilor de afecfivifate ca pertinentd si \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 corespunzdtoare confinutului psihopatologie dominant. \par\pard\qj \li1118\ri1094\sb9\sl-210\slmult0\fi408 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Fobiile au fosf denumite cu echivalente grecesfi (Pitres si Regis). O Tncercare de sis\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 tematizare dupd confinutul lor este ce! pufin temerard, ca orice Tncercare de sistemati\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 zare a lumii reale ca Tnfreg. \par\pard\qj \li1123\ri1086\sb8\sl-213\slmult0\fi403 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Le vom nofa pe cele mai frecvenfe: de locuri, spafiu, de contacte interumane, de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 animale, de boli. Tipurile de fobie definesc cauza reacfiei si modul de evitare. Fobia se \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 poate dezvolta dupd un atac de panicd. Alteori, pacienfii cu fobie nu au avut niciodatd \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 un otac de panicd. \par\pard\qj \li1113\ri1095\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi408 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 Cksusffokbia este teama de a fi singur Tn orice ec sau situafie din care persoane \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 crede cd este greu sd evadeze sau Tn care este greu sd fie ajufatd, dacd s-ar afla Tn \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 primeidie. \par\pard\qj \li1104\ri1108\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi384 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Agmhbiaeste teama de locuri sau spafii deschise, largi, ca piefe, sfadioane, bule\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 varde. \par\pard\qj \li1113\ri1121\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0\fi393 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Pacienfii evitd strdzile circulate, featrele, bisericile. Uneori, ei pur si simplu nu Tsi \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 pdrdsesc casa. \par\pard\qj \li1113\ri1114\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi398 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 2/3 din bolnavii cu ogorafobie sunt femei. Se pore cd existd anxietofe sou olcoo\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 lism la alfi membri de familie. Mojorifafea simptomelor apar Tntre 1 8-35 de ani, cu de� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 but brusc sau progresiv. \par\pard\ql \li1492\sb0\sl- 162\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 Majoritatea agorafobiilor apar dupa unui sau mai multe atacuri de panicd spon-\par\pard\qj \li1104\ri1110\sb1\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 fane. Aceste atacuri par sd apara la Tnfdmplare si Tn situafii fdrd pericole, asa Tncdt nu \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 pot fi anticipate, nu fi se cunoaste factorui declansafor. \par\pard\qj \li1104\ri1114\sb9\sl-210\slmult0\fi398 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 De aceea pacienfii se ten de un nou atac de panicd Tn mod anticipativ. De aceea \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 ei evitd sd mai meargd Tn locuri sau situafii unde stiu cd a apdrut un atac de panicd. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Bolnavii cu agorafobie dezvola si depresie, oboseald, tensiune, alcoolism, obsesii. \par\pard\qj \li1099\ri1110\sb28\sl-213\slmult0\fi398 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Fobia sociald ese teama irafionald si evitereo de o se ofla Tn situafia Tn care activi\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 tatea propriei persoone poefe fi urmdritd de olfii, de teomd de o nu fi umilif, ca de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 exemplu: semnarea unei cdrfi de credit, luarea unei cafeie, luarea unei mese. Cea mai \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 frecventd este teama de a vorbi Tn public, chiar si Tn fafa unui grup restrdns. \par\pard\ql \li1492\sb12\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 Ea apare egal la bdrbafi si femei, Tn general dupd pubertate si are vdrful dupd \par\pard\ql \li1104\sb6\sl-216\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 30 de ani. \par\pard\qj \li1080\ri1114\sb0\sl-213\slmult0\fi408 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Fobii speciies. Cea mai Tntdlnitd fobie specified esfe teama de animae, mai ales \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 de caini, insecte, soared, serpi. Alfa fobie specified este claustrofobia (teama de spafii \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Tnchise) si acrofobia (teama demdlfime). Majoritofeo fobiilor specifice oparTn copildrie \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 si apoi dispar. La adult se pot remife fdrd traamenf. Apar mai mult la femei. \par\pard\qj \li1084\ri1125\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi403 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 La aceastd ciasificare putem addugo paneebis,, care desemneozd o feamd difuzd \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 provocafd de orice obiect sau eveniment, Tntdlnitd Tn nevroza anxioasd si Tn delirurile \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 alcooiice acute si subacufe. \par\pard\qj \li1094\ri1124\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi393 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Fobiile pot fi considerate normale la copii dacd rdmdn discrete, la debilii mintali \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 (nu au aceeasi semnificafie), dordevin pafoiogice Tn: nevroze fobicd, ia personaliatea \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9660\paperh13540{\bkmkstart Pg108}{\bkmkend Pg108}\par\pard\li1420\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1420\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1420\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1420\sb133\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx1502\tx5135 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 1\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 00\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 Psihopatologie si psihiafrie pentru psihologi\par\pard\qj \li1396\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1396\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1396\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1396\ri908\sb157\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 psihastenicd decompensatd, Tn psihoze depresive, debutul schizofreniilor si Tn boiile psi� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 hice ale involufie!. \par\pard\qj \li1387\ri899\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi393 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 Conduitele de evitare sunt comportamente menife sd asigure eviarea situafiei \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 fobice de cdtre subiect, deoarece aceasta Ti provoacd trdirile anxioase neplacufe. Men\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 fionam totusi ca aceste conduite de evitare au un caracter limitat, bazandu-se numai pe \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 posibiliaea anticipafivd a subiectului Tn iegdturd cu sifuafia fobogend. \par\pard\qj \li1382\sb0\sl-215\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1382\ri904\sb110\sl-215\slmult0\fi398 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Esfe o stare paroxisticd de bucurie intense. Tn timpul cdreia subiectul rupe comuni� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 carea cu mediul, Tnsofitd de o pantomimicd exprimand aceastd trdire inaccesibild celor� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 lalti. Se Tntdlneste Tn isterie, oligofrenie, deliruri cronice cu tematicd misticd, schizofre� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 nie, epilepsie, Este necesar a nu fi etichefatd gresit ca extaz psihogen, reacfia de bucurie \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 la o mare reusie, care de asemenea rupe comunicarea cu mediulTnfocmai ca o secusd. \par\pard\ql \li1756\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1756\sb61\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs22 5.10. CDMPORTAMEhmE AGRESiVi EXTREME \par\pard\qj \li1358\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1358\ri908\sb215\sl-220\slmult0\fi412 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 in majoritatea tulburarilor psihice se Tnregisfreazd o crestere a agresivitdfii reflectae \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Tn comportamentul subiecfilor. Dintre comporfamenfele agresive obisnuite care reflecfd \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 cresterea ostilitatii fafd de ceilalfi se noteaza tendinfa ia confrazicere, umilire, jignire, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 desconsiderare, realizafd prin cuvinte care rdnesc, otitudinea amenintdtoore sou chiar \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 acre de violenfd (IsfRandl P, ToifV� 5, 1977). In timpul unor afecfiuni psihice de tipul \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 tulburarilor de dispozifie, psihozelor acue, psihozelor cronice, demenfelor, psihozelor \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 organice, Tn special a epilepsiei, cresterea actelor agresive esfe cvasiconstanfd fie ca \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 agresivitafea se Tndreaptd contra celorlalti sau chiar a subiectului sub forma unor acte \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 aufoagresive. \par\pard\ql \li1742\sb131\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 5.10.2. EPOSTAZE CUM1T ALE AORESP/fTAjlf \par\pard\qj \li1348\ri928\sb103\sl- 220\slmult0\fi403 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 in aSiisraiS� d� psesusiiae se Tnregisfreazd acte de agresivitafe si de autoagresi\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 vifafe Tn special la personalitdfile dissociate, Io: personalitdfile borderline si Io persona\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 lifatiie emotional-insabile. De asemenea, de regula creste agresiviafea Tn tuiburarea de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 personalitate de tip organic. \par\pard\qj \li1343\ri932\sb20\sl- 220\slmult0\fi398 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 O agresivitafe crescue se Tnregisfreazd Id p�r�Sif?ii ssxuali d@ tip �adie, care fac \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 sd sufere moral sau fizic parfenerul erotizand durerea. Unii psihopatologi au Tncercaf \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 sd descrie chiar o tubsJfSF� d@ psrssjnaiee d� ip gcdicf care s-ar defini prinfr-un tip \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 de comportament persistent dominat de \u8222?cruzime, de atitudine agresivd si umilitoare, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 carejapare devreme Tn viafa adultd." (Kspbp HI, &d�sk U, &sbb JA, 1994). \par\pard\qj \li1343\ri942\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi393 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 In iySbjriiS� di_p__djl�Ji_b de tipul depresiei majore sau excitafiei maniacale se \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 pot Tnregisfra acte de agresiviafe extreme sub forma unor rapfusuri. O alfa forma de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 agresivitafe extremd esfe asa-numita furie maniacald - sare de excitafie extreme - care \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 poae apare Tn episoadele maniacole. \par\pard\qj \li1324\ri947\sb20\sl-220\slmult0\fi403 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 In psiiiazdb asue'S, Tn fimpu! stdrilor confuzionale se pot Tnregisfra ocfe grave de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 violenfd, Tn special Tn intoxicafiile acute cu alcooi \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 (befie acutd, betia paologicd) sau \par\pard\qj \li1334\ri956\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 deliriurnu fremens. De asemenea, eilpsfansnid Isjdessionybi esfe marcaf de violenfd \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 si agresivitafe, unele droguri crescdnd mult agresivitafea individului \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 (hasis, ectasy, LSD). \par\pard\qj \li1334\ri956\sb0\sl-240\slmult0\fi393 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 in seocadipgM� |I fm ee ddinji eeaig� pot fi noafe ocfe de agresivitafe care au \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 acelasi caracter incomprehensibi! si nemofivaf ca tot restul bolii. Agresiviafea poate fi \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9620\paperh13360{\bkmkstart Pg109}{\bkmkend Pg109}\par\pard\li960\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li960\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li960\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li960\sb13\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx7934\tx8020 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 De la simptom la cadrul clinic\tab \up0 \expndtw- 4\charscalex100 1\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 01\par\pard\qj \li945\sb0\sl- 225\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li945\sb0\sl-225\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li945\sb0\sl- 225\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li945\ri1254\sb138\sl-225\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Tndreptatd Tmpotriva celorlalti dar si a subiectului Tnsusi. Tn schizofrenie manifesarie \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 agresive sunt marcate de caracterul bizar, straniu, Tnfricosdtor si se deruleazd meconic \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 fdrd participarea emofionald a subiectului. Semnificafia simbolicd a actelor de autoa\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 gresiune este de asemenea caracteristicd schizofreniei: castrare sau emasculare, muti\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 ere sexuald, enucleerea globilor oculari. \par\pard\qj \li940\ri1275\sb5\sl-213\slmult0\fi388 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Agresivitafea din epilepsie se manifeso atat episodic sub forma unor acte explo\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 zive (ogresiuni sexuole, incendieri, furturi, fugi) sou prin osa-numia furie epilepticd, con\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 duifd ogresivd marcatd de o violenfd sdlbaticd, dar si ca o atitudine de fond care mar\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 cheazd majoritatea relatiilor cu ceilalti. \par\pard\qj \li921\ri1266\sb22\sl-220\slmult0\fi417 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Inlntdrzierea minald agresivitafea cresfe Tntr-un raport invers cu nivelul inteligentei, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 fiind cu atat mai mare cu cat ocesto este mai scdzut. Agresivitafea debililor mintali este \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 rezultotul deficifului de control, lipsei de modulafie fafd de oscilatiile dispozifionale, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 tendintei de a se exprima mai mult prin acte decat prin cuvinte, sugestibilitdfii crescute, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 confuziei Tntre dorintd si trdire, frustrdrilor permanente la care este supus deficienful \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 (Bernard P). Actele hetero- si autoagresive ale debililor minali pot avea caracter explo\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 ziv sau vindicafiv si pot fi deosebit de grave. \par\pard\qj \li921\ri1286\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0\fi398 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 In circumsianjeie organise ale Tmbdtronirii si senilitdfii existd o crestere bazald a \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 agresivifdtii, uneori reprezentdnd un prim simptom care anunfd demenfa. In demertf� se \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 observe numeroase reocfii ogresive de tip clostic. \par\pard\ql \li1305\sb0\sl-240\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1305\sb0\sl- 240\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1305\sb164\sl-240\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 S. 10.3.1. Dttnijie. G_do conceptual \par\pard\qj \li921\ri1281\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi393 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Suicidul (de la sui = de sine si cidium = omorator) semnificd \u8222?orice caz Tn care \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 mcartea rezulfd direct sau indirect dintr-un act pozitiv sau negativ, fdcut de victima Tn� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 sdsi, care stie cd trebuie sd producd acest rezultat" (Durktieirn E). \par\pard\qj \li911\ri1305\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi393 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Nofiunea de suicid tinde sd fie Tnlocuitd cu cea de conduia suicidard, care Tnqlo-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 beazd suicidul reusit, tentativele suicidare, ideile de sinucidere, sindromul presuiciaar. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 Substituirea probabilului si posibilului cu neantul, cu nonsemnificafivul, demonstreazd cd \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 sinuciderea nu este o opfiune, ci mai degrabd negarea totald a posibilitdfii de a alege. \par\pard\qj \li916\ri1291\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi384 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 Suicidul comportd si o definifie operafional-psihologicd Tn virtutea cdreio \u8222? suicidul esfe \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 un act uman de Tncetare din viafd, aufoprodus si cu intenfie proprie" (Shneidman ES, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 1980). \par\pard\qj \li916\ri1314\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi388 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Problemotica suicidului o fostdintotdeauna disputatd de filosofie, psihologie, socio-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 logie si medicina. Cel mai important studiu despre suicid este, fdrd Tndoiald \u8222?Le Suicid" \par\pard\ql \li902\sb2\sl-215\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 (1897) al lui Emile Durkheim. \par\pard\qj \li902\ri1312\sb21\sl-220\slmult0\fi393 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Bibei considerd cd sinuciderea trebuie privitd sub o tripld incidene: biologicd, psi� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 hologicd si sociald, ca \u8222?un act care presupune devierea unuia dintre instinctele cele mai \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 puternicTnrdddcinafe ale structurii biologice". Sensul sinuciderii, dupd acelasi autor, ar \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 fi de \u8222? negafie si catastrofd", Tntrucdt se revine la o negare a instinctului vital, Tntr- un mo� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 ment existential resimfit de persoand ca dramatic si fdrd nici o alo iesire (de exemplu, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 aflarea diagnosticului unei boli incurabile, core genereazd nu numoi suferinfa, ci si sen� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 timenal transformdrii subiectului dintr-un om activ Tntr-un infirm; considerdndu-se inufil, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 o povard pentru familie si societate, el gdseste Tn suicid singura solutie de eviare a su-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 ferinfei). Desi la prime vedere ar pdrea paradoxal, s-a observat cd rata sinuciderilor \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 scadeTn situafii limitd - calamiafi naturale, rdzboi, prizonierat, etc. Explicafia ar con-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 sta Tn faptul cd Tn aceste situafii, pe Idngd cresterea sentimentului de coeziune umand, \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9660\paperh13540{\bkmkstart Pg110}{\bkmkend Pg110}\par\pard\li1343\sb0\sl-184\slmult0\par\pard\li1343\sb0\sl- 184\slmult0\par\pard\li1343\sb0\sl-184\slmult0\par\pard\li1343\sb163\sl- 184\slmult0\fi0\tx5054 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 102\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 Psihopatologie si psihiafrie pentru psihologi\par\pard\qj \li1324\sb0\sl-200\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1324\sb0\sl- 200\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1324\sb0\sl-200\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1324\sb0\sl- 200\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1324\ri994\sb55\sl-200\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 pe prim plan seTnscrie iupta pentru supravietuire, instinctul de autoconservare devenind \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 predominant. \par\pard\qj \li1324\ri1003\sb12\sl- 210\slmult0\fi384 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Ca act autodistructiv definitiv, sinuciderea a fost analizao de diferiti outori Tn func� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 fie de numeroose criterii; s-ou luotTn considerare aspectul libertdfii si aspectul efic, as� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 pectul psihiatric si eel social, aspectul ereditar si eel profund pulsional. \par\pard\qj \li1315\ri990\sb22\sl-220\slmult0\fi398 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 Din perspectiva psihiotricd, Ddmas A face distincfia Tntre pseudosinucidere si sinu\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 cidere veritabild. Din prima categorie fac parte: morfile accidenfale, reacfiile suicidare \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 din timpul episoadelor confuzionale (ex. din demenfd), sinuciderea prin constrangere \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 (ex. sacrificiul impus sclavilor), sinuciderea care scapd individui de durere sau de o pos\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 furd defavorabild, sinuciderea \u8222?eticd" (din ratiuni morale), Tn core moorteo este Tntr-un \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 fel sau altul impusd, fdrd ca persoana sd aibd propriu-zis dorinfa de a muri, ci de a \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 sedpa de o anumie realitate. In a douo categorie - sinuciderea veritabild - individui \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 simte dorinfa de moarte, fara vreo obligafie etica sau de altd naturd. Deoarece omul \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 este guvernat, din punct de vedere biologic, de instinctul de conservare, rezultd cd sinu� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 ciderea veritabila vine Tn opozifie cu instinctul de conservare, fiind deci o manifestare \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 patologicd. Se vorbeste Tn acest caz despre \u8222? voinfa" Tn alegereo sinuciderii core carac\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 terizeazd adevdrata conduita suicidard. \par\pard\qj \li1291\ri997\sb0\sl-221\slmult0\fi412 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Oeshaies considerd cd sinuciderea nu esfe provocafd de un singur factor, ci repre� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 zintd un comporament specializat, ca oricare altd atitudine umand, cu un determinism \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 multiplu. Gsneepjia psihanalitica (Freud, Fiedman, Garman, Szondi) considerd ca fac� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 tor central Tn etiologia sinuciderii relafia dintre puisiunea autoagresivd si cea hetero-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 agresivd (se sinucice acea persoand care, inconstient, doreste moartea cuiva). Freud \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 leagd sinuciderea de starea de melancolie, pe care o defineste, din punct de vedere psi-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 hanalitic, ca fiind o depresie profundd si dureroasd, Tn care Tnceteazd orice interes pen� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 tru lumeo exterioqrd, cu pierderea capacitafii de a iubi, datoritd diminudrii sentimentu� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 lui stimei de sine. In concepfia lui, aceastd depresie genereazd autoTnvinuiri, autoinjurii, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 toate cu semnificafii autodistructive, mergand pand la desfiinfareo persoanei de cdtre \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 eo Tnsdsi. La baza melancoliei, Freud pune exisfenfa a trei condifii: pierderea obiectu� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 iui, ambivalena si regresiunea libidouiui Eului. Astfel, subiectul pierde obiectul investirii \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 sae libidinole, libidoul, fiind obligat sa renunfe la legdturile care existci Tntre el si obiect. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Melancolicul, fdrd a avea constiina acestei pierderi, este Tn permanenfd trist, avand o \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 diminuare importane a stimei de sine si se complace Tn aceastd sare. AutoTnvinuirile \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 si autodistrugerea reprezintd, de fapt, denigrarea si Tnvinuirile adresate obiectuiui pier� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 dut. Prin identificarea cu obiectul, Tnvinuirile se deplaseazd de la obiect la subiectul Tn-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 susi; eliberat de obiectul de investifie, libidoul nu se deplaseazd spre ait obiect, ci se \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 retrage Tn Eu; identificarea agresivd cu obiectul angajeazd un proces (sau revine la un \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 mecanism) pe care Freud Tl va numi mai tarziu introiecfie si pe care Szondi Tl va relua \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Tn feoria sa despre analiza destinului. Introiecfia se realizeazd Tn cazul Tn core existd o \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 puternicd fixatie asupra obiectuiui, dar o slabd rezistenfd a investitiei libidinale. Eul nu \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 se poate restructura de asa manierd Tncet so deploseze energiile libidouiui osupra altui \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 obiect, de aid rezultdnd o dificultate a alegerii obiectuale, care regreseazd spre narci-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 sism. Pierderea obiectuiui dezvdluie fenomenul de ambivalenta. Aceasta constd Tn exis� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 fenfa, Tn cadrul unei relafii (Tn special cea erotica), a doud componente majore (dragos-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 fea si ura), prima fiind constientd, a doua inconstientd. Prin pierderea obiectuiui, com-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 ponenta negativd (ura) este eliberatd si se refugiazd Tn Eu care are tendinfa la autodis-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 trugere. Eul nu se poate disfruge Tn virtutea unei returndri a investitiei libidinale obiec� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 tuale decdt dacd se trateazd pe el Tnsusi ca obiect, dacd este capabii sd Tntoarcd spre \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9660\paperh13540{\bkmkstart Pg111}{\bkmkend Pg111}\par\pard\li998\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li998\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li998\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li998\sb176\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx7977 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 De la simptom la cadrul clinic\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 103\par\pard\qj \li974\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li974\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li974\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li974\ri1258\sb154\sl- 220\slmult0\fi14 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 el Tnsusi ostilitatea Tndrepfatd spre obiect (ostiliatea reprezintd reacfia primitivd a Eului \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Tmpotriva lumii exterioare). Mefenie Klein vorbeste despre o relafie profundd care ar \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 exisfa Tntre depresie si paranoia, relafie core Tsi afld expresia Tn doud faze succesive, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 cu originea Tn primele stadii libidinale \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 (oral si anal): faza paranoidd sau anxietatea \par\pard\qj \li979\ri1247\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi14 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 persecuforie si faza melancolicd sau anxietatea depresivd. Simultan cu dorinfa de a \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Tncorpora obiectul, existd teama de a fi Tncorporat (aistrus) de obiect, ceea ce provoacd \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 dorinfa de a distruge obiectul, caracteristicd starii paranoide; aceastd dorinfa antre\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 neazd Tnsd teama de obiect si deci dorinfa de a-l Tntregi, restaura, caracteristicd me\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 iancoliei. intre teama de a fi distrus si teama de a distruge, persoana trdieste un conflict \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 interior care conduce, Tn ultima insfanfd, la auodisfrugere. Szondi defineste \u8222?sindromul \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 suicidal" Tn care se pot regdsi cele trei condifii ale lui Feud (pierderea obiectuiui, am� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 bivalena si regresiunea libidouiui Eului). Persoana realizeazd, Tn concepfia lui Szondi, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 un atasament ireal fafd de un obiect deja pierdut, pierdere pe care o respinge, menti\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 ndnd fixafia la obiecf, ajungdnd Tntr-o stare de izolare si solitudine. Eul manifesto ten\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 dinte vindicative si agresive fafd de obiectul care l-a abandonat; acest obiect nemaiexis\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 end, Eul reTntoarce agresivitafea asupra lui Tnsusi, de aid rezulfdnd ca solufie, tentati� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 ve de sinucidere. \par\pard\ql \li993\ri1243\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0\fi403\tx1401 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 In ceeo ce priveste epidemiologia suicidului, stim cd suicidul ocupd un important \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 ec 4 Tntre cauzele de deces dupd boiile cardiovasculare, neoplasme, accidente. \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 In grupa de vdrse 15- 19 ani, suicidul reprezintd a doua cauza de deces dupd \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 accidente. Rae suicidului diferd mult de la fara la fara, de la o culfurd la alfa. Indiferent \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 Tnsd de regiuneo geograficd, suicidul constituie o imporana problemd de sdndtate \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 pubiicd. Literatura de specialitafe vorbeste de asa-numitele \u8222?valuri" sau \u8222? epidemii" de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 suicid. Practic, nu existd momena Tn core rata suicidului sd creased elocvenf, ci mo� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 mena Tn care se vorbeste mai mult despre suicid. \par\pard\ql \li1396\sb112\sl- 230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 5.10.3.2. insfanfe ale fenemenului suicidar \par\pard\ql \li1406\sb110\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 SonesGU G descrie mai multe instanj� ale enomenului suicidar: \par\pard\qj \li1017\ri1245\sb187\sl-210\slmult0\fi384 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Ideea de suicid veleifarS reprezintd o dorinfa tranzitorie de autodisfrugere, cu \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 proiecfia teoreticd a actului, fdrd punerea so Tn practica, dorinfa fiind generatd numai \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 de Tncdrcdtura afectiva de moment. \par\pard\qj \li1022\ri1238\sb62\sl-220\slmult0\fi393 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Santajul cu suicidul - apare la persoanee cu o structurd psihica labild sau la per� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 soane cu un coeficienf scazut de inteligenfd cu scopul de a obfine mai multe drepturi, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 un plus de libertate. Il Tntdlnim mai frecvent la femei si adolescenfi. \par\pard\qj \li1012\ri1230\sb36\sl-226\slmult0\fi417 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Tenfaivsh suicidare sunt sinucideri rotate din motive tehnice (mijloace de sinu� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 cidere inadecvate sau fortuite, intervenfia unor persoane straine). Datele statistice aratd \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Tnsd cd existd diferenfe semnificative Tn ceea ce priveste varsa si sexul celor cu tenta� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 tive de suicid. \par\pard\qj \li1027\ri1220\sb8\sl- 210\slmult0\fi379 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Tentative suicidord pare a avea eel mai adesea semnificafia unei nevoi crescute de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 afecfiune si atenfie din partea anturojului, fafa de care subiectul se simte izolof, subesti-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 mat, respins. Tentativa de sinucidere poafe fi repetatd. Exisfa aproximativ \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 1 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 8 tentative \par\pard\qj \li1027\ri1210\sb6\sl- 215\slmult0\fi9 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 suicidare pentru fiecare suicid. Nu se poafe prezice cu certitudine care dintre pacienfii \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 cu ideotie suicidard vor trece la act. Pentru a facilita Tnsd o interventie adecvae, trebuie \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 evaluat riscui suicidor onalizdnd factorii de rise pentru suicid si starea psihica a indi� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 vidului. Tentativele suicidare suntde 8-9 ori mai frecvente la tineri, de 10 ori mai frecven-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 te la adolescenfi. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 40% dintre bdrbafi si \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 80% dintre femei au avut anterior tentativei o \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9620\paperh13480{\bkmkstart Pg112}{\bkmkend Pg112}\par\pard\li1511\sb0\sl-184\slmult0\par\pard\li1511\sb0\sl- 184\slmult0\par\pard\li1511\sb0\sl-184\slmult0\par\pard\li1511\sb110\sl- 184\slmult0\fi0\tx5246 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 104\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 Psihopatologie si psihiafrie pentru psihologi\par\pard\qj \li1478\sb0\sl-215\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1478\sb0\sl- 215\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1478\sb0\sl-215\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1478\ri728\sb191\sl-215\slmult0\fi19 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 sifuafie conflictuald. Tentativele suicidare se desfdsoard mai ales vesperal, spre deose\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 bire de suicidul autentic, care este mai frecvent matinal. Tentativa de suicid ar putea fi \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 Tnscrisd pe o axd cu un pol reprezentdnd aspectul veleitar, de santaj, la celdlalt pol \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 aflandu-se impulsiunea de suicid. Orice tentativa suicidard trebuie Tnsd privia cu multd \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 atenfie deoarece poate reusi. \par\pard\ql \li1483\ri737\sb47\sl-213\slmult0\fi398\tx1871 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 Sindromulpresuicidar a fost descris de Ringel ca fiind corocterizot prin resaan\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 gerea cdmpului de constiinta si afectivitafii si Tnclinafia cdtre fantasmele suicidului. \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Mulfi autori susfin dificultatea punerii Tn evidenfd a sindromului presuicidar, unii \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 atribuindu-l unei predispozitii de ordin caracterial. \par\pard\qj \li1483\ri723\sb42\sl-220\slmult0\fi398 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Suicidul disimuht (fravesfit) este o acoperire, a disimulare a actului suicidar sub \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 aspectul unui accident. Individui alege oceastd modalitate de a se sinucide pentru a nu-si \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 culpabiliza rudele si prietenii sau pentru a-i proteja de reacfia anturajului. \par\pard\qj \li1492\ri744\sb40\sl-220\slmult0\fi383 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Raptusulsuicidar este rezultatul unei tendinfe greu reorimabile de disparitie, a unui \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Impuls nestdpanit. Persoana \u8222?se aruncd Tn suicid", folosind orice mijloc are la Tndemdnd. \par\pard\qj \li1468\ri730\sb65\sl- 214\slmult0\fi407 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Suicidul atonic (parasuicidui) constituie de fapt echivalenfeie suicidare, din care \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 menfiondm automutildrile, refuzul olimentar, refuzul trafamentului, conduitele de rise si \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 asa-numlfeie sir-ucideri cronice (alcoolismul si toxicomoniiie), ele asemdndndu-se prin ca\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 rar'eru! simboiic prin tendinfa la auodisfrugere cu comportamentul suicidar, dar reali� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 zand o aeturnare a actului, greu expiicabild pentru ceilalfi si chior pentru sine. Terme\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 r\\J de parasuicid a fost introdus de Norman Krelimar? Tn monografia sa \u8222?Parasuicide" \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 apdrutd Tn 1970. Se presupune cd un episod parasuicidar desemneazd un individ cu \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 mecjnisme reduse de inhibifie a autoagresiunii, fjind asffei capabii sd acfionezee|sen� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 sul oricdror impulsuri suicidare care pot surveni. In 1979, Morgan a sugerat introduce\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 reu termenului de autoagresiune deiiberatd incluzTnd aid atat intoxicafiile cu medica\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 menfe sau subsfanfe chimice cat si automutilarea. \par\pard\qj \li1463\ri758\sb70\sl-210\slmult0\fi403 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Conduita suicidard presupune organizarea comporfamenfului Tn vederea acesfui \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 scop, un fel de \u8222?regie" a actului suicidar. Individui Tsi viziteazd locurile din copildrie, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 rostii prieteni, Tsi serie festamentul, dupd care se sinucide. \par\pard\ql \li1848\sb114\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 5.10.3.3. Suicidul tn doi (suicidul dual) \par\pard\ql \li1857\sb109\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Poate Tmbrdca mai multe aspecte: \par\pard\qj \li1459\ri753\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi398 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 � Poate fi considerat o forma de suicid altruist. Sfricto senso, exprimd situafia Tn \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 care cei doi sunt de acord sd se sinucidd Tmpreund. \par\pard\ql \li1857\sb1\sl-195\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 @ Fiecare portener se poate sinucide separat. \par\pard\ql \li1862\sb16\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 - Bolnavul reuseste sd Tsi convingd partenerul/portenero so \u8222?Tl urmeze Tn moorte". \par\pard\ql \li1833\sb94\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 5.10.3.4. Suicidul coleciv \par\pard\qj \li1449\ri766\sb119\sl-220\slmult0\fi383 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Astfel de cozuri eu un grod crescutde sugestibilitote si un inductor persuosiv, coris-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 motic, cu un plus cognitiv. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \u8222?Contagiuneo" suicidard se bazeazd frecvent pe convingeri \par\pard\ql \li1454\sb1\sl-195\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 religioase sau cuifurale, conform cdroro moorteo or oveo un rol eliberator. \par\pard\ql \li1828\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1828\sb49\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 5.10.3.5. Conduitele pseudosuicidare (Falsele suicidui) \par\pard\qj \li1444\ri762\sb103\sl- 220\slmult0\fi398 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Din definitia suicidului ciato de noi rezultd cd se considerd ca atare ocest act atunci \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 cand subiectul Ti evalueazd consecinfeie. Implicit, nu vor fi cuprinse Tn oceostd categorie \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 decesele survenife Tn timpul serilor confuzionale \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 (care sunt accidentale), sinuciderea \par\pard\ql \li1449\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 halucinatorie imperativd din serile crepusculare epiieptice si cea din stdrile dementiale. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9660\paperh13540{\bkmkstart Pg113}{\bkmkend Pg113}\par\pard\li1132\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1132\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1132\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1132\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1132\sb31\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx8068 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 De la simptom la cadrul clinic\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 105\par\pard\ql \li1507\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1507\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1507\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1507\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1507\sb14\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 5.10.3.6. Facfei de isg psrscu suicid \par\pard\ql \li1516\sb75\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs22 Fa&oi socio-economici \par\pard\qj \li1104\ri1176\sb0\sl-215\slmult0\fi412 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Suicidul apare Tn situafii de crizd acue, somaj, falimenf. Sdrdcirea, pierderea unui \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 statuf economic si nu sardcio Tn sine favorizeazd suicidul. Se vorbeste despre suicidul \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 anomic Tn socieatea modernd, Tn core dezechilibrul politic, economic, religios si nu Tn \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 ultima instantd ce! moral Tmping individui spre aufolizd. Anomia esfe un concept socio\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 logic creat de Ourkh@im. Anomia esfe vdzutd de el cu doud sensuri diferite. Pe de o \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 parte, e! definesfe anomia ca fiind rdul de care suferd o sociefafe Tn ansamblul ei din \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 lipsa regulilor morale si juridice care Ti organizeazd economia. Pe de altd parte, Tn lu\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 crarea sa consacrata suicidului, el insisfd asupra unui alt aspect a! anomiei: relafia indi� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 vidului cu normeie societdfii sale si modul de inferiorizare a acestora. E^ikhset vorbeste \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 de instabilifatea maferiald si familiald care cresfe Tn timpul crizelor econornice. Supra\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 solicitarea individului, competifia exageratd Tn relafiile sociale, provoacd o stare de ne� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 liniste care poafe duce la sinucidere. Din punct de vedere social, tendinta de margi\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 nalizare, de excludere din grup, favorizeaza suicidul. \par\pard\ql \li1497\sb31\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Stafutul marital \par\pard\qj \li1099\ri1191\sb23\sl-220\slmult0\fi393 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Rata suicidului la celibafari este dubld fafd de rae suicidului Tn populafia genera\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Id, Tn timp ce persoanele ramose singure prezintd o ratd a suicidului de pafru ori mai \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 mare decat la loturile martor. In randul persoanelor vdduve, riscu! suicidar esfe de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 aproape 4 ori mai mare la barbafi fajd de femei. \par\pard\ql \li1488\sb31\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 Suicidul Tn funcfie de sex \par\pard\qj \li1094\ri1197\sb59\sl-200\slmult0\fi388 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 In timp ce femeile au un procenf mai ridicat de tentative suicidare (6:1) fafd de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 barbafi, numdrul actelor suicidare este mai mare la barbafi (3:1). \par\pard\ql \li1488\sb55\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 Habifatu! \par\pard\qj \li1478\ri3924\sb0\sl-240\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Suicidul esfe mai frecvent Tn aglomerdrile urbane. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Sfafutul profesional \par\pard\qj \li1080\ri1201\sb27\sl- 215\slmult0\fi403 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Sinuciderile sunt mai frecvenfe la cei fara satuf profesional sau cu sfatut profesional \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 nesigur, Profesia infervine Tn masura Tn care ea implied un anumit nivel infelectual pre\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 cum si un anumit mod de viata. Existd anumite profesii cu un rise suicidar mai crescut, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Medicii se Tnscriu Tn categoric profesiilor cu rise crescut. La militari rafa suicidului esfe \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 mai ridicatd cu eel pufin 25% decaf Tn randul civililor. \par\pard\ql \li1468\sb34\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw- 1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs22 Fesodi m&eomhgiei $i eotnki \par\pard\qj \li1075\ri1211\sb11\sl-200\slmult0\fi393 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Suicidul este mai frecvent primdvara si toamna, corespunzdfor frecventei crescute \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 a debufulul si recdderilor Tn psihoze. \par\pard\ql \li1473\sb56\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 Fssisii $@m@lki \par\pard\qj \li1075\ri1225\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi398 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Riscu! suicidar cresfe Tn boiile somafice precum durerea cronicd, operatii chirurgi\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 cale recente sau boli Tn fazele terminae. Infecfia cu HIV fdrd alte complicafii nu pare sa \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 aibd un rise suicidar crescut, \par\pard\ql \li1459\sb12\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-10\charscalex88 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs22 Eixsdiisiws \par\pard\qj \li1075\ri1218\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0\fi388 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Pand Tn urmd cu aproximafiv 25 de ani, se spunea cd suicidul are un caracter \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 eredifar. Sucidui esfe Tnsd o manifesfare, un simptom aparut fie Tn cadrul unei depresii \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 majore fie al unei psihoze. Asadar, nu suicidul este eredifar, ci boala care Tl ocazioneazd. \par\pard\ql \li1463\sb28\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs22 suicidul i \par\pard\qj \li1070\ri1245\sb11\sl- 200\slmult0\fi393 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 � 0-10 sni Nu se Tntdlneste decaf extrem de rar, iar atunci esfe rezulfafu! imifatiei \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 jindnd cent de faptul cd sub varsta de 1 0 ani nu se poate vorbi de consfiinfa morfii. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9660\paperh13540{\bkmkstart Pg114}{\bkmkend Pg114}\par\pard\li1488\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1488\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1488\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1488\sb75\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx5198 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 106\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 Psihopatologie si psihiafrie pentru psihologi\par\pard\qj \li1473\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1473\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1473\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1473\ri832\sb175\sl-220\slmult0\fi393 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 \u8226? 11-15 ani Pdrerea psihologilor este cd la aceastd grupd de vdrse suicidul este \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 reactiv si este foarte frecvent rezultaful unor pedepse exagerate. \par\pard\qj \li1454\ri834\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0\fi408 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \u8226? 16-24 ani Dupd vdrsta de 15 ani, raportarea suicidului creste numeric, satisti\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 cile europene declardndu-l printre primele 3 cauze de deces la adolescenfi, dupa acci� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 dente si cancer. Adolescenfii sunt supusi bombardamenteior continue din portea sferelor \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 fizice, psihice si sociale, care pe rand implied idealuri noi efemere si tiranice s; nece� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 sitd forme noi de rezolvare. Adolescenfii cu rise Tnalt de sinucidere au de obicei legdturi \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 de prietenie slab dezvoitate, au o stimd de sine redusa si au avut un eveniment sfresant \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 Tn ultjmul an. \par\pard\qj \li1459\ri840\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi398 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 In arficolul sau \u8222?Moartea ca o evadare", Rejtenbsrg Sergio L ne oferd descrierea \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 clinicd a unei tinere pacienfe de 20 de ani, Tnsofie de mama sa, pacientd care a avut \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 pafru tentative de sinucidere. Ea Tsi descrie sentimentele asa cum urmeazd: \par\pard\qj \li1463\ri825\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi384 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \u8222?Simt ca am renunfaf la luptd, deoarece stiu cd Tntofdeauna voi trai la fel. intotdea\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 una ma voi simfi moarfd pe dinduntru. Simt Tn interior cd tot ceea ce posed este acest \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 sentiment, acest mod de a trai si cd lumea este total Tn afara lui. \par\pard\qj \li1463\ri837\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0\fi384 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Este o durere. O am de cand Tmi pot aminti si nu pot sedpa de ea pentru ca esfe \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 realitatea mea. Este povara pe care am dus-o si pe care o voi duce mereu; aceastd po\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 vard ma fine izolatd de lume. \par\pard\qj \li1459\ri836\sb0\sl-200\slmult0\fi398 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Trdiesc superficial, li invidiez pe cei pe care Ti vdd zdmbind. Nu sunt interesatd de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 nimic; oricum, nu aparfin lumii, iar lumea nu Tmi oferd nimic. \par\pard\qj \li1454\ri835\sb21\sl-220\slmult0\fi388 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Este o povara care ma face sd ma simt vinovatd cd trdiesc, cd exist. Nu ma voi \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 simfi niciodatd bine nicdieri, deoarece Tntofdeauna ma voi gandi cd sunt plictisitoare. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Nu ma simt bine nici chiar Tn propria mea casa. Nu md voi simfi mulfumifa nici daca \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 voi fi Tnconjuratd de prieteni; nu md voi simfi satisfdeutd nici dacd voi fi Tnconjurafd de aur. \par\pard\qj \li1435\ri834\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi398 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Nu voi putea Tndepdrfa aceasta anxietate, atat de mult a mea, care creste cu mine, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 pretutindeni. Uneori md gdndesc cd toatd aceastd stare s-a ndscut cu mine. Cuvanful \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 este insatisfacfie; niciodafd nu am gdsit gusful pentru viafd si am accepfat acesf lucru, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 iar asfa esfe ceea ce md face sd renunf." \par\pard\ql \li1416\ri864\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi412\tx1828\tx1804 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Unele evenimenfe precipitante acfioneazd ca trigged pentru actul suicidar al unui \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 adolescent: despdrfiri, moarteo unei rude apropiate, dispute familiale, esecuri scolare. \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 ideile suicidare sunt un factor comun Tn evolufia depresiei si pot sou nu so fie evi-\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 dente. Un pocient core suferd si care relateazd o addncd lipsa de speranfd este con-\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 siderat cu un Tnalt rise suicidar. Lipsa de speranfd pe care pacientul o simte nu este oare-\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 care; este lipsa de speranfd a Eu-lui, deoarece nimeni nu poate promova starea de bine \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 a pacientului, pldcerea sau satisfacfia (asa cum s-a vdzut Tn exemplu! clinic de mai sus). \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Sentimenal de neajutorare al pacientului este diferit, deoarece trecutul acuzd si con-\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 damnd pacientul, prezentul este frustrant, iar viitorul este nesigur si chiar mai ameninfdtor \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Alti importanti factori de rise sunt sentimenal durerii exisfenfiale (\u8222?vidul narcisis-\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 mului") si lipsa sperantei. Alfi cativa factori minori pot fi anx'etatea, insomnia continue, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 tendinfele impulsive. \par\pard\qj \li1411\ri880\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi398 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Este imporant pentru profesionisti sd nu Tsi relaxeze vigilenfa atunci cand un pa� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 cienf nu mai vorbeste despre sinucidere si pare sd fie calm; pe de ale parte, profesio-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 nistii nu trebuie sd fie atat de imprudenfi Tncaf sd creadd cd, dacd un pacient vorbeste \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 despre sinucidere, el nu va comite sinuciderea, ca Tn zicala \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \u8222?Cdinele care lafrd nu \par\pard\qj \li1416\ri879\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 mused'. Departe de aceasa: acesta este momentul care trebuie so Tl preocupe eel moi \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 mult pe proesionist; este momentul \u8222?asteperii colme" de dinoinfea actului, un act care \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 apoi tinde so surprindd pe oricine. Acesa esfe momentul \u8222?acumuldrii". Pacientul ascun-\par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9660\paperh13540{\bkmkstart Pg115}{\bkmkend Pg115}\par\pard\li1027\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1027\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1027\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1027\sb191\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx7992 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 De la simptom la cadrul clinic\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 107\par\pard\qj \li1017\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1017\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1017\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1017\ri1239\sb159\sl- 220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 de si depoziteazd pilule cl scopul de a le Tnghifi toate odaa; asteaptd sa fie singur pe \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 balcon, sd puna mdna pe \u8226?:., urmd sau pe un obiect de bucdtdrie. Statisticie evidenfiazd \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 fapiu! \u8226? a mai mult de 50% dm vicfimele suicidului au cdufat tratamenf Tnointeo actului, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 dar nu au fost diagnosticate coreet sau au fost fraafe inadecvat. Suicidul mai poafe fi \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 o manifestare a debutului uno. psihoze. \par\pard\qj \li1017\ri1263\sb20\sl-220\slmult0\fi403 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Panel la varsa de 30 de ani, se mentin aceiasi factori de rise si o roe foarte cres\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 cutd a suicidului. \par\pard\qj \li1420\ri1274\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \u8226? 31-40 ani Suicidul se datoreazd Tn special abuzului de alcool, asociaf depresiei. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 � 51-60 ani Depresia este Tn prim-planul cauzelor de suicid. \par\pard\qj \li1012\ri1260\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi398 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 � paste 60 oni Vdr^tnicii sunt mai vulnerebili Io evenimenteie din viofd core eu \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 ocum, desi nu eu avutm trecut, caracteristici traumatice. \par\pard\qj \li988\ri1256\sb0\sl- 223\slmult0\fi417 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Pensionoreo este Tn mod obisnuit un foctor de rise pentru predispozifio persoanelor \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 vdrsfnice cdtre depresie si suicid, deoarece implied nu numai pierderea statutului social \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 dar si scdderea venitului obisnuit. Aceste schimbdri transformd pensioners Tn consuma\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 tori de alcool si medicamente si afecteazd aet sdndtatea lor fizicd, cat si echilibrul lor \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 norcisistic. Sentimenal constant al incapacitdfii esfe combinat cu o seddere reala a anu\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 mitor abilitdfi. In plus, pierderea ocaziilor de Tnfalnire mdreste sentimentele de singurd\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 fote ele vdrstniciior; moorteo rudelor apropiate, prietenilor sau cunostinfelor face ca \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 sentimenal termindrii viefii sd fie mai acut pentru ei. Teama si izolarea sunt, de aser e-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 nea, frecvent observafe la persoanele vdrsfnice. Evocarea predomind asupra posib '-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 tdfii introspecfiei, asa Tncat persoanele varstnice se ancoreazd Tn trecut, ceea ce con^;\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 fuie un obstacol pentru psihoterapie. Asffei, orizonturile viefii devin mai Tnguste; nu estt \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 neobisnuit ca suicidul sd constituie o evadare din aceastd sifuafie, prevalent prin otrd\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 vire sau spdnzurare. \par\pard\ql \li1382\sb110\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 5.10.3.7. Suicidul tn boiile psihice \par\pard\ql \li1391\sb110\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Suicidul Tn depresie \par\pard\qj \li988\ri1274\sb0\sl-222\slmult0\fi403 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Riscui suicidor este prezent la orice pacienf cu depresie fdrd so fie Tnsd corelat cu \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 severitatea depresiei. Cel mai frecvent, poate aparea la Tncepuful si finalu! episodului \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 depresiv. Ar putea fi explicat prin faptul cd suicidul este expresia unei pulsiuni autolitice \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 care se Tnscrie Tn ansamblyl sistemului pulsional si se relaxeazd pe masura ce pacien� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 tul se cufundd Tn depresie. In consecinfd, cu cat depresia este mai severd, vigoarea sis� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 temului pulsional e practic anulatd, motiv pentru care unii clinicieni ajung sd afirme ca \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 o depresie foarte severd ar constitui o profilaxie a suicidului. Ulterior, cdnd sarea \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 pacientului se amelioreazd, sistemul pulsionol se revigoreozd si riscui suicidar revine pe \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 masura ameliordrii depresiei. Insomnia severa din cadrul episodului depresiv este core\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 lae cu un rise suicidar mai crescut. \par\pard\ql \li1382\sb28\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 Bilanful evaludrii riscu lui suicidar \par\pard\ql \li984\ri1301\sb34\sl- 230\slmult0\fi398\tx1391 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 Intrucdf asocierea suicidului cu depresia este cea mai frecvent Tntdlnitd ;V, osihopc\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 tologie, prezentdm bifanjul �Yaluaii riscului suicidar la un pacienf cu dsprssse. \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Gradul de angajament Tnfr-o crizd suicidard (Tn ordine cresca'oare a gravitdfii). \par\pard\ql \li1382\sb49\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 - Idei suicidare \par\pard\ql \li1708\sb33\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \u8226? Gandul la moarte, \par\pard\ql \li1703\sb1\sl-198\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \u8226? Preferinfo de a fi mort, \par\pard\ql \li1708\sb35\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \u8226? Gandul la suicid, \par\pard\ql \li1708\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 � Gandul de a putea comite suicid. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9660\paperh13540{\bkmkstart Pg116}{\bkmkend Pg116}\par\pard\li1420\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1420\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1420\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1420\sb128\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx5116 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 108\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 Psihopatologie si psihiafrie pentru psihologi\par\pard\ql \li1785\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1785\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1785\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1785\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1785\sb4\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 - Pianificarea unui gest \par\pard\ql \li2111\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 � Proiectarea unei modalifafi de suicid, \par\pard\qj \li2107\ri4354\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \u8226? Alegerea unei modalifafi de suicid, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 � Pregdtirea suicidului, \par\pard\ql \li2107\sb1\sl-195\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 � Dispozifii legae (testament sau scrisori), \par\pard\qj \li2102\ri1614\sb0\sl- 240\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 e Dispunerea de mijloc suicidar (stoc de medicamente, arme Tn casd), \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 e Procurarea unei arme. \par\pard\ql \li1780\sb1\sl-177\slmult0\tx7881 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 - Calitatea relafiei medic-bolnov si capacitatea pacientului de o se putea \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 confesa \par\pard\ql \li1785\sb139\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Simptomatologia acfuald \par\pard\ql \li1780\sb13\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 - Durere morale si suferinfa, \par\pard\ql \li1776\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 - idei de depreciere, lipsa de demnitate, de culpabilitate, \par\pard\ql \li1780\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 - Pesimism, disperare, \par\pard\ql \li1785\sb13\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 - insomnie persistenta, \par\pard\ql \li1776\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 - Tendinfd la refragere, \par\pard\ql \li1780\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 - Agitafie, confuzie, \par\pard\ql \li1776\sb6\sl-216\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw- 2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 - Anxietate, \par\pard\ql \li1776\sb12\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 - Agresivitafe si osfilifate, \par\pard\ql \li1776\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 - idei delirante si halucinafii, \par\pard\ql \li1771\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 - Alterarea capacifdfilor de adaptare, \par\pard\li1771\sb13\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx5721 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 - Efecfui fratamenfului asupra slmptomatologiei\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 (dezinhibifie),\par\pard\li1771\sb18\sl-207\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 - Comorbidifafe.\par\pard\ql \li1756\sb128\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Antecedenfe personate \par\pard\qj \li1766\ri5900\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\tx2088 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 - Conduia suicidare \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 � ideafii suicidare, \par\pard\ql \li2083\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 8 Tentative de suicid anferioare. \par\pard\ql \li1766\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 - Maladie depresivd \par\pard\ql \li2078\sb13\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 � Diagnostic, \par\pard\qj \li2088\ri2069\sb3\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 - Bipolaritafe (succesiune a episoadeior depresive si maniacaie), \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 s Stdri mixte, \par\pard\ql \li2078\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 e Episoade cu simptome psihotice, \par\pard\ql \li2078\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 � Rdspuns slab la frafoment sau complionfd nesatisfdcdtoare. \par\pard\ql \li1751\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 - Comorbidifafe \par\pard\qj \li2073\ri5358\sb23\sl- 220\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 s Alcoolism, toxicomanii, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 � Probleme anxioase, \par\pard\qj \li2068\ri2891\sb0\sl- 240\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 � Probleme de conduita (Tn mod special Sa adolescent), \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 s Alterarea funcfiilor superioare. \par\pard\qj \li1751\ri4624\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\tx2068 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 - Comportamente violenfe si impulsive \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 e Temperament violent, \par\pard\ql \li2073\sb1\sl-172\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 s Antecedenfe de agresiune fizica, \par\pard\qj \li2068\ri3688\sb29\sl-220\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 � Relafii interpersonale haotice si conflictuale, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 � Anecedenfe medico-legae, \par\pard\ql \li2063\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 � Conduife antisociale. \par\pard\ql \li1747\sb113\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 Context psihosocial \par\pard\ql \li1737\sb13\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 - Evenimenfe de viafa defavorabile, mai ales dacd sunt fratafi umilitor, \par\pard\ql \li1742\sb33\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 - Rupfuri recente ale relafiilor, divorf, esec sentimental, \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9660\paperh13540{\bkmkstart Pg117}{\bkmkend Pg117}\par\pard\li1180\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1180\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1180\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1180\sb176\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx8121 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 De la simptom la cadrul clinic\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 109\par\pard\ql \li1569\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1569\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1569\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1569\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1569\sb16\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 - Somaj, schimbdri sau conflict profesional, \par\pard\ql \li1564\sb1\sl-198\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 - Pierderea unei persoane apropiate, \par\pard\ql \li1550\sb15\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 - Afecfiuni somafice cronice, \par\pard\ql \li1550\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 - Abuz de alcool, \par\pard\ql \li1555\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 - izolare sociald. \par\pard\ql \li1560\sb133\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Personalitate \par\pard\ql \li1550\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 - impulsivifafe, \par\pard\ql \li1545\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 - Agresivitafe, osfiiifate, \par\pard\ql \li1550\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 - Disperare, pesimism, \par\pard\ql \li1550\sb13\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 - Stil cognitiv rigid, \par\pard\ql \li1545\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 - Considerate redusa despre sine, \par\pard\ql \li1545\sb33\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 - Personalitate borderline. \par\pard\ql \li1531\sb113\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Antecedenfe familiaie \par\pard\ql \li1545\sb13\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 - Conduife suicidare, \par\pard\ql \li1540\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 - Probleme psihiatrice (depresii, tulburari bipoiare), \par\pard\ql \li1540\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 - Alcoolism, \par\pard\ql \li1540\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 - Violenfe. \par\pard\ql \li1536\sb133\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Evaluarea gravifdfii unei tentative suicidare \par\pard\ql \li1540\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 - Caracteristicile evenimentului precipitant, \par\pard\ql \li1536\sb33\sl- 207\slmult0\tx2443 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 - Mofivatii \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 (Tn ordinea crescdtoare a gravifdfii): \par\pard\qj \li1852\ri2171\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 � A muri (masurarea gradului de ambivalenfa si de determinare), \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 o Acfiunea asupra anturajuiui (sensibiiizare, pedepsire), \par\pard\ql \li1848\sb11\sl-207\slmult0\tx7694 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 o Voinfa de a scdpa de o sifuafie, de o sare, de un sentiment intern \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 insupor-\par\pard\ql \li2016\sb6\sl-216\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 fabil, \par\pard\ql \li1521\sb12\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 - Premedifarea \par\pard\ql \li1848\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 o Gest planificat, \par\pard\ql \li1843\ri4508\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 o Achizifie specified mijlocului ufilizof, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 � Punerea \u8222?afacerilor" Tn ordine, \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 e Scrisoare esafd anturajuiui, \par\pard\qj \li1521\ri1183\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 - Letalitafea si violenfa mijlocului Tntrebuintaf, gradul de informare asupra letalitdtii \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 oxicului, \par\pard\ql \li1521\sb1\sl-187\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 - Precaufii luate pentru a nu fi descoperit. \par\pard\ql \li1521\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1521\sb8\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 Suicidul ti sdhissAwii� \par\pard\qj \li1118\ri1182\sb0\sl-226\slmult0\fi393 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Sfudii recente insista asupra suicidului ca prim simptom al psihozei, putdnd fi ex� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 presia unei ideafii delirante, o manifestare Tn cadrul comporfamenfului halucinator de-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 terminaf eel mai frecvent de halucinafii auditive imperative, dar de cele rnai multe ori \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 este un act incomprehensibil. Dintre bolnavii cu schizofrenie \up0 \expndtw- 2\charscalex100 1 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 0% fac tentative de suicid, \par\pard\qj \li1123\ri1174\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi14\tx1435 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 iar \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 2% reusesc sa ie realizeze. Actul suicidar Tn schizofrenie are unele particularitdfi: \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 apare mai frecvent Tn perioada de debut, Tn cele mai multe cazuri lipsesfe rnofivafia iar \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 modul de realizare este prin mijloace atroce, brufaie. \par\pard\ql \li1521\sb45\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 Suicidul fn �pi!�i�is \par\pard\qj \li1104\ri1182\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi417 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Unii cllnicieni sunt de parere ca suicidul Tn epilepsie ar fi expresia unui automatism \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 mote epioptic fiind comis Tn timpul crizei Tn virfutea actului automat. Epilepsie poafe \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Tnsa cuprindl foatd gama comportamentelor suicidare, de la impulsiunea suicidard \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9660\paperh13540{\bkmkstart Pg118}{\bkmkend Pg118}\par\pard\li1478\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1478\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1478\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1478\sb27\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx1583\tx5217 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 1\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 10\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 Psihopatologie si psihiafrie pentru psihologi\par\pard\qj \li1454\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1454\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1454\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1454\ri797\sb163\sl-220\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 constientd pTnd la actul auomat confuzo-oniric. Suicidul poae aparea Tn contextul \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 de; \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 -esiei reactive o unui bolnov de epilepsie, cdruio Ti este imposibil sd se obisnuiascd \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 cu acest statuf (dat fiind stigmatul cu care secole de-a randul societatea a marcat epilep-\line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 ticul). Tulburu \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 ;'e psihice intercritice pot avea Tn corolarul lor si conduia de sanaj suicidar. \par\pard\ql \li1852\sb71\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Suicidul tn P trzierea mintald \par\pard\qj \li1454\ri808\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi393 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 In oligofrenii, suicidul apare rar si nu putem vorbi de un act suicidar propriu-zis, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 el fiind expresia unei imitafii sau a tendintei de a-i sancfiona pe cei din jur. Indivizii nu \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 au constiinfa rene a mortii si, Tn consecinfd, a actului suicidor. \par\pard\ql \li1852\sb52\sl- 230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 Suicidul m Jmnene \par\pard\qj \li1444\ri803\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi403 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Este expresia deteriordrii. Statistic, dupd 65 de oni numdrul octelor suicidare scode. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Ca act Intentional si deliberat, suicidul apare mai oles Tn perioada de debut a bolii, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 cand buinavul mai are Tncd critice necesord evoludrii pantei dezastruoase pe care a \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Tnceput sd alunece. Trecerea la acf^esfe favorizatd de stdrile depresive cu idei de culpo\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 bilitote, inutilitete si incurabilitete. In perioada de sare, tentativele se rdresc considera\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 bil, deoarece bolnavul nu mai are critica de la Tnceput, dar si pentru cd ideile delirante \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \u8222? se pierd Tn masa demenfei". \par\pard\ql \li1848\sb71\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 Suicidul fn ahoalism si kmcamanii \par\pard\qj \li1454\ri798\sb0\sl-240\slmult0\fi379 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Justificarea ratei Tnalfe de suicid Tn alcoolism si toxicomanii apare din urmdfoarele \up0 \expndtw- 2\charscalex100 motive: \par\pard\ql \li1843\sb0\sl-162\slmult0\tx1972 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 -\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 30% din alcoolici sunt depresivi si acestia recurg la alcool sau la droguri diverse \par\pard\qj \li1449\ri807\sb18\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 pentru a putea suporta mai usor supliciul depresiei lor. Exisfa si feoria unor psihologi \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 conform cdreia alcoolicul, constient de confinua degradare, recurge dezndddjduit fa \par\pard\ql \li1449\sb2\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw- 7\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 suicid. \par\pard\qj \li1449\ri807\sb1\sl-220\slmult0\fi388 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 - Suicidul Tn abuzul de substanfd mai poate fi ocazionat de simptome psihotice (Tn \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 special halucinafii) apdruteTn timpul stdril confuzionale de delirium tremens sau Tn urma \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 unei intoxicafii cu diferite droguri. \par\pard\ql \li1440\ri806\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\fi398\tx1833 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 - Existd situafii Tn care, Tnainte de realizarea actului suicidar, individui consumd o \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 canfitate mare de alcool, ceea ce duce la catalogarea lui drept alcoolic. \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Suicidul este citat foorte frecvent Tn codrul olcoolismului \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 (oprox. \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 1 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 5% din cei cu \par\pard\qj \li1440\ri811\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 dependena), fdrd a fi neapdraf expresie olcoolismului. Asociereo alcoolismului cu o \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 simptomatologie depresivd cresfe riscui suicidar. \par\pard\qj \li1435\ri812\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi393 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Consumul de droguri - Tn special de alcool - joacd un rol important Tn suicid. Intre \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 5% si 25% din indivizii alcoolici mor prin sinucidere. in diferite studii, incidenfa olcoolis� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 mului printre cei care comit suicid variazd Tntre 6 si 30%, Tn timp ce riscui comiterii suici� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 dului voriozd Tntre 7 si \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 1 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 5% pentru indivizii alcoolici. \par\pard\qj \li1430\ri812\sb0\sl-226\slmult0\fi403 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Bazat pe nivelele alcoolemiei, 40% din indivizii care au o tentative de sinucidere \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 au consumat alcool Tmpreund cu medicamente; bdrbafii si persoanele vdrsfnice au nive� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 lele ceie mai crescute ale alcoolemiei. Alte studii au ardtat cd indivizii alcoolici depre� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 sivi find sd caufe tratamenf mai frecvent decaf aceia care nu sunt depresivi. Cu cdfiva \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 ani Tn urma, se credea cd depresia aicoolicilor este o consecinfd a efecteior direcfe ale \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 olcoolulul. Tofusi, Invesfigofiile clinice eu indicot cd olcoolismu! esfe frecvent complicef \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 de tulburdri afective bipolare si monopolare, desi natura exactd a acesfei osoeieri nu \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 este Tncd limpede definitd. Existd o considerable (60%) comorbidifafe Tntre depresie si \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 problemeie cu aeooiul Tn cazurile suicidare. Infoxicafia cu medicamente este cauza \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 morfil Tn 90% din cazurile de sinucidere si este mult mai frecventd la alcoolici datoritd \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 inferacfiunilor lefale produse de combinarea celor doud droguri. Drogurile ce! mai \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9660\paperh13540{\bkmkstart Pg119}{\bkmkend Pg119}\par\pard\li1031\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1031\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1031\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1031\sb176\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx8015\tx8116\tx8217 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 De la simptom la cadrul clinic\tab \up0 \expndtw- 4\charscalex100 1\tab \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 1\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 1\par\pard\qj \li1017\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1017\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1017\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1017\ri1220\sb154\sl-220\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 frecvent folosife sunt anfidepresivele (cdnd pacientul a fosf frafat cu ele) si franchilizan\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 tele medii. Este evident cd, atunci cdnd medicii prescriu ontidepresive, trebuie so io cele \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 mai mari precaufii Tn ceea ce priveste siguronfa pacientului, cum ar fi supravegherea \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 continue a acesfuia Tn timpul trafatmentului, prescriind numai cantitateo exactd care tre� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 buie luao Tntre vizife si selecarea medicatiei adecvate, cu cele mai mici efecte neuro\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 logice si cardiotoxice. \par\pard\ql \li1416\sb71\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Suicidul tn nevroze \par\pard\qj \li1008\ri1234\sb11\sl-210\slmult0\fi403 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Este rar, nu este mai frecvent decaf Tn populatia generae. Atunci cdnd opore, suici� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 dul morcheozd o decompensare a starii nevrotice. Este de remarcot cd Tn ceea ce priveste \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 tulburarile anxioase, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 20% din cei cu tulburari de panicd au un iserie de tentative suici� \par\pard\qj \li1008\ri1234\sb0\sl-226\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 dare. Weissman si colab. au ajuns la concluzia cd fenativele de sinucidere sunt asociate \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 cu forme complicate sau necomplicate de panicd si cd riscurile sunt comparabile cu ceie \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 asociate cu depresia severd. S-a observat cd osocierea crizelcr de panicd sau a depre� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 siei majore cu abuzul de alcool sau droguri creste riscui tentativelor de sinucidere ia femei. \par\pard\ql \li1401\sb47\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 Suicidul fn tulburaih de personalitae \par\pard\qj \li993\ri1242\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi403 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 Cunoaste o rae surprinzdfor de Tnaltd. Poate aparea fie Tn cadrul episoadelor \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 depresive apdrute la un moment datTn evolufia tulburdrii, fie este expresia unei tentati� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 ve suicidare reusia dar initial veleitara, formae, de naturd sd argumenteze un sanaj. \par\pard\qj \li993\ri1254\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi403 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Nu am inclus Tn cadrul conduitelor suicidare echivalenfele suicidare, din care men\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 fiondm automutierile, refuzul alimentar, refuzul traamentului si asa-numitele sinucideri \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 cronice (alcoolismul si toxicomaniile), ele asemdndndu-se prin caracterul simbolic, prin \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 fendinfa la autodisfrugere cu comportamentul suicidor, dar reolizdnd o deturnare, de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 ultim moment, de la explicifarea pentru sine si pentru ceilalti a actului. \par\pard\ql \li2299\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2299\sb164\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 BiLANJUL EVALUARH RISCULUI SUICIDAR LA UN DEPRIMAT\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols4\colno1\colw2676\colsr160\colno2\colw1516 \colsr160\colno3\colw1112\colsr160\colno4\colw3756\colsr160\ql \li1737\sb0\sl- 138\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1737\sb0\sl-138\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1737\sb0\sl- 138\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1737\sb0\sl-138\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1737\sb58\sl- 138\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \ul0\nosupersub\cf18\f19\fs12 Factori\par\pard\qj \li1511\ri271\sb7\sl-148\slmult0\fi33 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 caracteristici: \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Vulnerabilitate\par\pard\ql \li1617\sb53\sl-138\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 - Biologica\par\pard\ql \li1617\sb11\sl-138\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 - Genetica\par\pard\ql \li1463\sb0\sl-138\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1463\sb0\sl-138\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1463\sb0\sl-138\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1463\sb0\sl-138\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1463\sb0\sl-138\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1463\sb0\sl-138\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1583\sb23\sl-138\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 Probleme fi\par\pard\qj \li1463\ri232\sb3\sl- 153\slmult0\tx1545 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 caracteristici de \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 personalitate\par\pard\ql \li1511\sb47\sl-138\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 - Impulsivitate\par\pard\ql \li1511\sb11\sl- 138\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 -Agresivitafe\par\pard\column \ql \li2836\sb0\sl-368\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li193\sb287\sl-368\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex214 \ul0\nosupersub\cf25\f26\fs32\ul T\ul0\nosupersub\cf26\f27\fs32 \ul0\nosupersub\cf25\f26\fs32\ul f\par\pard\ql \li2836\sb0\sl-138\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li35\sb24\sl-138\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 \ul0\nosupersub\cf18\f19\fs12 Factori de stare\par\pard\ql \li25\sb50\sl-138\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 - depresie,\par\pard\qj \li102\ri817\sb7\sl-148\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 probleme \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex124 anxioase\par\pard\ql \li20\sb0\sl-132\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 - alcoolism,\par\pard\ql \li102\sb17\sl-138\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 toxicomanii\par\pard\ql \li20\sb1\sl-138\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 - comorbiditate+++\par\pard\ql \li20\sb11\sl-138\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 - izolare sociala\par\pard\ql \li20\sb11\sl-138\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 - afecfiuni somatice\par\pard\column \qj \li4502\sb0\sl- 148\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li4502\sb0\sl-148\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li4502\sb0\sl- 148\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li4502\sb0\sl-148\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li4502\sb0\sl- 148\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li34\ri458\sb130\sl-148\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Factori de \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 protecjie:\par\pard\qj \li25\ri317\sb63\sl-148\slmult0\tx111 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 - Bun supot \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 social\par\pard\ql \li25\sb5\sl-138\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 - Fara\par\pard\ql \li101\ri117\sb4\sl-153\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 evenimente \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 de pierdere de \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex125 persoane\par\pard\ql \li20\sb42\sl-138\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 -Adaptabilitate\par\pard\ql \li20\sb21\sl-138\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 - Optimism\par\pard\qj \li20\ri239\sb15\sl- 151\slmult0\tx150\tx150 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 - Tratamentul \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 probiemelor \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 psihiatrice\par\pard\column \ql \li5764\sb0\sl-138\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li5764\sb0\sl-138\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li5764\sb0\sl-138\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li5764\sb0\sl-138\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li5764\sb0\sl-138\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li5764\sb0\sl-138\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li5764\sb0\sl-138\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li5764\sb0\sl-138\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li5764\sb0\sl-138\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li5764\sb0\sl-138\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li30\sb45\sl-138\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Factori\par\pard\ql \li30\sb7\sl-138\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 precipitanji:\par\pard\ql \li5764\sb0\sl-138\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li25\sb16\sl-138\slmult0\tx1365 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 - Evenimente\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 CONDUITE\par\pard\qj \li102\ri1631\sb2\sl-114\slmult0\fi1252 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 SUICIDARE \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 de viata\par\pard\qj \li20\ri2990\sb0\sl- 153\slmult0\tx107 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 -Agent letal \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 disponibil \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9660\paperh13540{\bkmkstart Pg120}{\bkmkend Pg120}\par\pard\li1593\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1593\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1593\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1593\sb66\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx1689\tx5304 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 1\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 12\tab \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex119 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 Psihopatologie si psihiafrie pentru psihologi\par\pard\li1723\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1723\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1723\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1723\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1723\sb11\sl-207\slmult0\fi225 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 5.10.3.3. Mitui |i false pieri despe suicid\par\pard\li1723\sb206\sl-207\slmult0\fi4046 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 R@al.if ate, .:.v:...\par\pard\li1723\sb71\sl- 207\slmult0\fi9\tx4296 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Oamenii care vorbesc\tab \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Intre 60% si 80% dintre persoanele care au comis\par\pard\li1723\sb1\sl-194\slmult0\fi4\tx4300 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul despre suicid nu comit suicid\ul0\tab \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul suicid a\ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 u comunicat intentia lor \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul din timp.\par\pard\li1723\sb12\sl- 207\slmult0\fi14\tx4310 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Suicidul si tentativa de suicid\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Unii oameni Tncearca sa se sinucida, Tn timp ce alji\par\pard\li1723\sb4\sl- 207\slmult0\fi4\tx4305 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 sunt Tn aceeasi clasa de\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 pot face gesturi suicidare care sunt chemari Tn ajutor,\par\pard\li1723\sb5\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx4296 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 comportament\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 sau Tncercari de a comunica cat de adanca (mare)\par\pard\li1723\sb1\sl-205\slmult0\fi2577 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 este disperarea lor. Pot fi diferite motivajii, dar compor�\par\pard\li1723\sb5\sl-207\slmult0\fi2577 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 tamentul care sugereaza suicidul real trebuie privit\par\pard\li1723\sb1\sl- 200\slmult0\fi2572 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 serios.\par\pard\li1723\sb1\sl- 201\slmult0\fi9\tx4305 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Numai persoanele foarte\tab \dn2 \expndtw-8\charscalex92 Mul\t \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex110 tji oameni care comit suicid sunt depresivi, dar foarte\par\pard\li1723\sb6\sl- 207\slmult0\fi4\tx4300 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 deprimate comit suicid\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 mu\t \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 fti depresivi nu au suficienta energie sa comita sui�\par\pard\qj \li4291\ri846\sb0\sl- 210\slmult0\fi9 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 cidul si Tl comit cand se simt mai bine. Desi multitudinea \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 deciziilor de comitere a suicidului poate releva stresul \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 sau depresia, mulfi oameni, Tnainte de a comite actul \par\pard\ql \li4291\sb1\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul suicidal, par mai pufin depresivi. \par\pard\li1660\sb1\sl-204\slmult0\fi62\tx4300 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Celelalte religii sunt mai pre-\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Evidenja care priveste aceasta afirma\{ie este mixta,\par\pard\li1660\sb5\sl-207\slmult0\fi52\tx4286 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 dispuse sa comita suicidul\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 dar nu pare a fi o diferen(a a ratei Tn aceste grupuri\par\pard\li1660\sb9\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx3566\tx4296 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 jdecat_catolicj]_. _____\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \u8222?,__\u8222?._\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 rejigioase___\par\pard\li1660\sb1\sl- 194\slmult0\fi57\tx4286 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Rata suicidului este mai mare\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Tofusi este evident ca rata suicidului poate cre�te\par\pard\li1660\sb2\sl-207\slmult0\fi48\tx4291 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Tn lunile ploioase decat Tn\tab \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex110 cand vine primavara.\par\pard\li1660\sb5\sl-207\slmult0\fi48 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 cele Tnsorite\par\pard\li1660\sb1\sl-205\slmult0\fi48\tx4291 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Tentativa de suicid este un\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Factorul de suicid se transmite ereditar, este probabil\par\pard\li1660\sb5\sl- 207\slmult0\fi48\tx4291 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 comportament familial\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 un factor dual, el avand ca baza un facor genetic de\par\pard\ql \li4286\sb1\sl-193\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 depresie, iar depresia este cauzatoare de suicid. \par\pard\li2140\sb0\sl- 253\slmult0\par\pard\li2140\sb29\sl-253\slmult0\fi0\tx3326 \dn2 \expndtw- 7\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs22 10.3:\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex156 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 mre"�ill\par\pard\ql \li2016\sb63\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs22 mueidsms ts \u8364?iks>. \par\pard\qj \li1540\ri768\sb0\sl-225\slmult0\fi398 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Reprezintd un act reacfionai la un abandon real, care face viata subiectului insu-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 portabiid, fie prin infensitafea suferinfelor pe care le va ovea de Tnfruntat, fie prin fap� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 tul cd va fi silif sd ducd o exisfenfa \u8222?incompafibie cu sensul pe care el Ti acordd demni-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 fdfii umane". Acest tip de sinucidere apare observaforului ca un act perfect cornpre-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 hensibii. Cele frei categorii de subiecfi cu rise crescut pentru acest tip de sinucidere sunt: \par\pard\qj \li1536\ri769\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi398 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 � Bdfranii, adeseo izolafi afectiv, cu dificulfafi financiare care se agraveazd Tn \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 timp, cu tulburari somafice sau psihice, care Ti Tmpiedica sd-si satisfacd vechiie necesi\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 tdfi si sd-si obfind micile bucurii obisnuite. Perspectiva existenfei Tntr-un spital de cronici \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 sau Tntr-un ozil este considerae ca inaccepabie de caire bdtrdn, care se va considera \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 o povara pentru societate, \par\pard\qj \li1536\ri769\sb0\sl-225\slmult0\fi388 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 � Boinavii foarte grav sau incurabili, la care se descrie un tip de sinucidere \u8222?rcfio-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 nald", reacfie la boala (bolnavul de cancer, pentru care frafamentele se dovedesc inefi-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 cace si core se simte abandonaf de medic; bohavii cu dureri intense care nu sunt ame-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 nintafi de un prognostic vital nefavorabii, dar nu ma; oof suporta durerile) sau reacfie \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 e consecinfele bolii \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 (schizofrenul, epilepticul, care Tsi cau seama Tn perioadele inrer-\par\pard\qj \li1531\ri789\sb7\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 critice, cd sunt definifiv etichetafi; marii suferinzi, care sur \u9632?'\u8226?""' 'mposibilitofea de c mai \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 lucra si refuzd condifia de povara pentru familie :?i societc.a). \par\pard\ql \li1934\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 � indivizii total abandonafi pe plan afectiv. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9660\paperh13540{\bkmkstart Pg121}{\bkmkend Pg121}\par\pard\li1137\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1137\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1137\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1137\sb109\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx8049\tx8145\tx8236 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 De ia simptom la cadrul clinic\tab \up0 \expndtw- 4\charscalex100 1\tab \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 1\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 3\par\pard\qj \li1118\sb0\sl-216\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1118\sb0\sl-216\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1118\sb0\sl-216\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1118\ri1195\sb176\sl-216\slmult0\fi398 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Semnificafia adevdratului suicid de abandon esfe dupd B�nnaii 1(1955\}, aceea \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 de unicd iesire posibild dinfr-o sifuafie (\u8222?o sinucidere de sifuafie"). Sinuciderea de aban� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 don ar fi Tntdlnitd, dupd unii auori, Tn pesfe o zecime din tentativeie de sinucidere. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 imporfanfa factorului afectiv esfe deosebitde pregnantd; depresia reactivd este consfan\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 td s\\ Tn multe cazuri s-a putut demonsfra o insuficienfd a tratamenfuiui antidepresiv. In \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 cozui tentofivelor nereusite, recidivele sunt frecvenfe. \par\pard\ql \li1516\sb132\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 Sinueidema fSS&nsonca" \par\pard\qj \li1108\ri1201\sb0\sl-216\slmult0\fi398 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Se mai numejte s\\ sinuciderea rdzbunafoare si ascunde dorinfa de a pricinui prin \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 aceasta o suferinfa altcuiva. Din punct de vedere clinic, Tn perioada presuicidard, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 subiectul este mai frecvent agitat, iritabi! decat depresiv. Dupd unii autori, acest tip de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 suicid este expresia urii si a furiei pe care subiectul le nufreste fafd de alte persoane, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 care nu pot fi Tnsd lezate decdt Tn acest mod. In unele societdfi, sinucideriie samsonice \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 (opuse sinuciderilor anomice) au fost descrise ca o modaiitafe instifufionalizatd de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 expresie a unor reiafii interindividuaie. \par\pard\qj \li1492\ri3242\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Murphy deosebeste trei subtipuri de sinuciderl samsonice: \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 � Cea core poafe chema spiritele \par\pard\ql \li1507\sb1\sl-204\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 � Cea care cere sdnge \par\pard\ql \li1507\sb14\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 � Cea corectivd \par\pard\qj \li1089\ri1211\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi412 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Fdrd sd Tmbrace un aspect psihofic (deoarece si alfi membri ai societatii respective \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Tmpdrtdsesc credinfe asemdndfaare), sinuciderea care cheamd spiritele poate fi Tntdl� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 nitd ia unele popoare din sudul si din esful Africii, ca si la alte popoare ia care existd \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 credinfa Tn duhuriie ce pot rdzbuna moarfea sinucigasului, pedepsindu-i pe cei care l-au \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 Tmpins la acest act. \par\pard\qj \li1089\ri1219\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi403 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Sinuciderea care are ca scop producerea sau continuarea unor rdzbundri sange\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 roase a devenit mai pufin frecvenfe Tn secoiul nosfru si se Tntdlneste numai la grupurile \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 etnice Tn care \u8222? spdlarea cu sange" a unui ulfraj este o datorie de onoare. Sinucigasul \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 urmdresfe provocarea unei reacfii Tn lanf, moarfea sa fiind dovada unui ulfraj deosebit \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 de grav pe care l-a suferit de la persoane sau familii adverse. \par\pard\qj \li1070\ri1229\sb0\sl- 218\slmult0\fi412 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Sinuciderea corectiva poate fi Tntalnie numai ia grupurile efnice la care exisfa o \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 puternicd credinfa Tn jusfifia sociald, precum si convingerea ca o persoand sdndtoasd \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 mintai nu va comife un suicid decat dacd a fosf nedrepfdfifa sau abandoncfd de ceilalfi. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Principiile morale care stau la baza acestui tip de sinucidere (Tncurajot de tradifiile lo� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 cale) necesitd o atenfie speciald din partea psihiatrului care supravegheazd o asffei de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 comunitate. A fost descrisa la populafiile din vesfui Africii, Noua Britanie, ca si Tn alte \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 societdfi, Tn care acest comporament esfe insfitufionalizat drept \u8222?corectiv" al unor si� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 tuafii. Asa-numifele sinucideri \u8222?eroice", Tn semn de protest, prin autoincendiere publicd, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 Tntalnite atdtTn societdfile asiatice, cat si Tn cele occidentale (Tn deceniile al Vl-lea si al \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Vll-lea ale secolului nosfru), potfi apropiate prin scopuriie lor de acesf tip de sinucidere: \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 corecfarea unor situafii sociale sau polifice, de a cdrei rezoivare victima nu mai poate \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 beneficia. \par\pard\qj \li1075\ri1249\sb0\sl- 213\slmult0\fi384 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Termenui, creat de Jtt'gys (1952), a fost inspirat de legenda biblicd a lui Samson \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 care, cdzut pradd compiofului pus la cale de fiiisteni, avdnd complicitatea Dalilei, a \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 prdbusit templul Tn care era judecat pesfe judecatorii sdi, sinucigandu-se, dar razbu\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 ndndu-se totodatd. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9660\paperh13540{\bkmkstart Pg122}{\bkmkend Pg122}\par\pard\li1516\sb0\sl-184\slmult0\par\pard\li1516\sb0\sl- 184\slmult0\par\pard\li1516\sb0\sl-184\slmult0\par\pard\li1516\sb101\sl- 184\slmult0\fi0\tx1608\tx5236 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 1\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 14\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 Psihopatologie si psihiafrie pentru psihologi\par\pard\ql \li1871\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1871\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1871\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1871\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1871\sb3\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 5.1 OX HOMICIDUL \par\pard\qj \li1483\ri777\sb123\sl- 220\slmult0\fi398 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Definitca actul de provocare direcfd a morfii unei fiinte umane de cdtre o altd fiinta \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 umand, homicidul trebuie diferenfiat de crimd deoarece homicidul, desi apare uneori \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 ca deliberat si premeditat, este expresia unei stdri psihopaologice, ceea ce Tl distinge \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 de crimd, Tnfdpfuitd de persoane sdndtoase pentru un beneficiu. Actele homicidare sunt \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 rar extrafamiliale. Ele sunt mai ales intrafamiiiale, orientate asupra pdrinfilor (paricid), \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 tatdlui \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 (paricid), mamei (matricid), copilului (infanticid). Victimele pot fi mai rar si sotul/ \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 sofia, fratele sau sora. \par\pard\qj \li1483\ri792\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi393 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Homicidul se poate manifeso fie impulsiv, sub forma unui raptus concomiant cu \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 ideea de suicid, victima afldndu-se Tntampetor Tn vecindtatea bolnavului, fie Tn mod \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 deliberat, ideea de homicid fiind mai frecvent orienafd asupra unor persoane puternic \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 investite afectiv si erotic. Acestei persoane i se propune suicidul dual, Tn cazul refuzului \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 recurgdndu-se la homicid. \par\pard\qj \li1478\ri797\sb20\sl-220\slmult0\fi384 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Acest fenomen clinic este mai rar TntdlnitTn epoca noastrd, cdnd pacienfii benefi\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 ciazd de un tratamenf adecvaf. In boiile psihice, homicidul poate fi Tntdlnif ca: \par\pard\ql \li1876\sb11\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \u8226? Accident la un bolnav aflat Tntr-o stare confuzo-oniricd; \par\pard\qj \li1478\ri801\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi393 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \u8226? Expresie a unor halucinafii auditive Imperative sau a unei halucinafii vizuale teri\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 fiante de care pacientul doreste sd se apere; \par\pard\ql \li1478\ri802\sb0\sl- 230\slmult0\fi393\tx1871 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 � ManifestareTntampldtoare, de apdrore, a unui bolnav cu idei delirante de persecute; \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 � Acfiune agresivd, nedeliberafd Tn tulburarile de personalitate cu manifestdri \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 explozive; \par\pard\qj \li1473\ri807\sb0\sl-226\slmult0\fi398 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 � Act deliranf \u8222?altruisf" care apere Tn psihozele depresive. Bolnavul are ideea deli� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 rane conform cdreia viata constituie un supliciu de nesuportat, ca nu se mai poate trai. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 El hofardste sa se sinucidd si doreste sd-i saiveze pe cei apropiafi care nu sunt constienti \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 de supliciul acestei existente. \par\pard\qj \li1459\ri803\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi403 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Boiile psihice Tn care poate aparea homicidul sunt; tulburarile delirante cu deliruri \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 cronice, sistemafizate, schizofrenie, tulburarile afective, epilepsie, stdrile confuzionale \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 din cadrul toxicomaniilor sau olcoolismului, stdrile obsesive. \par\pard\ql \li1848\sb96\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 5.10.5. iNFANnCIDUL \par\pard\qj \li1459\ri816\sb114\sl-230\slmult0\fi393 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Conse Tn provocarea morfii nou-ndscufului de cdtre memo prin diferite mijloace. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Autorii de limbd francezd (Poof) diferenfiazd acest termen de libericid sau filicid, fer� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 men care denumeste uciderea unui copii mai mare. \par\pard\qj \li1449\ri796\sb0\sl- 225\slmult0\fi403 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Din punct de vedere isforic problema morfii nou-ndscufilor este veche de cdnd lu� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 mea, cu toate cd Tn diverse locuri si Tn perioade de timp diferite perspectivele au suferit \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 numeroase transformdri. Sdlbaticii si barbarii aveau Tn fafd problema eiimindrii "aflu-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 enfei" de copii atunci cdnd erau prea multe guri de hrdnit. Cu excepfia evreilor si asirie-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 nilor, infanticidul era o practica generae a raselor antice. Mai tarziu, chiar Tn randul \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 socieefilor mai dezvoltate, cei slabi si fragili erau sortifi morfii deoarece acesti nou-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 ndscufi nu erau considerofi ca avdnd vreo voloore pentru Stot. Door pruncii core se \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 ndsteau Tndeojuns de vigurosi pentru a deveni apoi luptdfori erau esafi Tn viafd si erau \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 socotifi printre cetdfenii capabili sd-si serveascd fara. De exemplu, Tn Sparta, statul avea \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 dreptul de decizie asupra viefii tuturor nou-ndscufilor. Pruncii care Tsi castigau dreptul \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 la viafd erau alesi cu foarte mare atenfie, iar rezulfatul acestei practici a fost cd spar-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 fanii au devenit, din punct de vedere fizic, cea moi evoluotd rose o acelor timpuri. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Ucurg, Solon, Aristofel #i Platon au privit acest infanticid drept o atitudine care asigura \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9660\paperh13540{\bkmkstart Pg123}{\bkmkend Pg123}\par\pard\li1123\sb0\sl-184\slmult0\par\pard\li1123\sb0\sl- 184\slmult0\par\pard\li1123\sb0\sl-184\slmult0\par\pard\li1123\sb178\sl- 184\slmult0\fi0\tx8140\tx8241\tx8332 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 De la simptom la cadrul clinic\tab \up0 \expndtw- 4\charscalex100 1\tab \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 1\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 5\par\pard\ql \li1113\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1113\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1113\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1113\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1113\sb117\sl- 184\slmult0\tx7987 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex137 prosperitateo si acfiona favorobil Tn prevenireo cresferii rapide a populafiei \tab \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \ul0\nosupersub\cf18\f19\fs12 Si, \par\pard\qj \li1094\ri1121\sb8\sl- 218\slmult0\fi19 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex131 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 aceeasi mdsurd, constituia o solufie pentru eliminoreo celor slobi sou handicppafi. La \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex145 romeni, toal ovea drept de viafd si de moarte asupra nou- ndscutului. In prima \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex130 perioada a Romei, a fosf urmafd practica grecilor prin care erau trimisi la moarte nou\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex134 ndscufii considerafi a fi prea fragili sau deformgfi. O dae cu trecerea timpului, viafa \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex129 nou-ndscutului a Tnceput sd cdstige importanta. In vremurile lui Traian existau organi\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex128 zafii care se ocupau cu acordarea asistenfei pentru copii. Desi la Tnceput victimele erau \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex134 doar pruncii de sex feminin, ulterior Tn categoria celor cdrora li se refuza dreptul ia \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 viafd au intraf si copii de sex masculin care se ndsfeau cu malformafii sau aveau consfi\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex130 fufii fragile. Motivele care argumentau aceastd practica erau aceleasi peste^fot: elimi� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex133 noreo sdrdciei sou cresterea eficienfei nafiunii prin eliminarea celor slabi. In India si \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex131 China pruncuciderea era practicatd din cele mai vechi timpuri si, desi mai este predi� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex134 cae si osezi, o fost diminuae masiv si nu are acceptul public. Crestinismul a adus cu \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 el si iertarea pruncilor. Incd din primele secole de crestinism se poate vorbi despre o ati\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex129 tudine mult mai responsabild Tn ceea ce priveste viafa nou-ndscufilor. Prima atestare a \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex133 unei legislafii avdnd ca obiect "pruncii abandonafi" dateazd de la crestinarea Romei. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 In prezent, infanticidul constituie un delict grav, pedepsit de lege. \par\pard\qj \li1080\ri1129\sb1\sl-220\slmult0\fi412 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex132 Din punct de vedere psihopatologie, infanticidul poate fi expresia unui homicid \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex124 \u8222?altruisf", Tn care mama sau tatdl Tsi ucide copiii si apoi se sinucide, pentru a se \u8222?salva" \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 Tmpreund de la chinurile existenfei lor, pentru a nu trece si copiii prin \u8222? tortura viefii" prin \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 care a trecut el/ea. Tulburarile psihice postpartum netratate cresc riscui realizdril infan-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex130 ticidului. S-a estimaf cd rata de infanticid asociatd psihozelor puerperale netratate cat \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 si rata de suicid Tn aceastd perioada este de 4 ori mai mare decdt Tn populafia genera� \par\pard\ql \li1094\sb30\sl-184\slmult0\tx6537 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex129 e. In unele cazuri, infanticidul este sdvarsif de mame psihotice \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex124 (bufee delirant-haluci-\par\pard\qj \li1084\ri1154\sb7\sl- 220\slmult0\fi9 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 naforii, stdri confuzionale, schizofrenie, depresii psihotice, infanticidul putdnd constitui \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 debutul medico-legal al unei psihoze. Din aceste motive, ori de cdte ori se ridica suspi\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 ciunea unei tulburari psihice Tn producerea unui infanticid, se impune examinarea psi\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 hiatricd si medico-legae. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9600\paperh13460{\bkmkstart Pg124}{\bkmkend Pg124}\par\pard\ql \li1492\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1492\sb0\sl- 253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1492\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1492\sb0\sl- 253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1492\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1492\sb45\sl- 253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex124 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs22 CAPITOLUL 6 \par\pard\qj \li1492\ri2720\sb90\sl-540\slmult0\fi14 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex98 \ul0\nosupersub\cf21\f22\fs38 REALITATEA BOLII PSIHICE \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex99 CADRU CLINIC �1 \par\pard\ql \li1507\sb66\sl-437\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 INTERVENJIE PSIHOLOGICA \par\pard\qj \li1248\sb0\sl- 280\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1248\ri2553\sb93\sl-280\slmult0\fi9 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 Inditerent dacd pimele sale semne sunt psihobgice sau organice, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 boala ar viza, tn tot cazul, situafia globald a individului tn lume; tn \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 ice sd ie o esenfd iziologicd sou psihobgicd, sa este o reacie gene-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 raid a individului luat tn totalsfatea lui psihologicd si iziologicd. \par\pard\ql \li5544\sb162\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 Michel Foucault \par\pard\ql \li1238\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1238\sb0\sl- 230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1238\sb50\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 6.1 INTARZIEREA MINTALA \par\pard\ql \li1943\sb10\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 6.1.1. Definitie \par\pard\ql \li1948\sb30\sl- 230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 6.1.2. Scurta prezentare clinica \par\pard\ql \li1943\sb10\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 6.1.3. Epidemiologie, date de evolutie ?i pronostic \par\pard\ql \li1943\sb30\sl- 230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 6.1.4. Factori etiopatogenici implicati In aparitia tulburarii \par\pard\ql \li1943\sb10\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 6.1.5. Investigatii psihologice specifice \par\pard\li1224\sb15\sl-230\slmult0\fi715\tx7526 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 6.1.6 posibilitatl de interventie terapeutica ale psihologului\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 clinician\par\pard\li1224\sb20\sl-230\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 6.2. TULBURARI ORGANICE\par\pard\ql \li1934\sb15\sl- 230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 6.2.1. sindromul psihoorganic cronic \par\pard\ql \li1934\sb10\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 6.2.2. Sindromul deficitar (sindromul psihopatoid) \par\pard\ql \li1929\sb10\sl- 230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 6.2.3. Dementele \par\pard\ql \li1219\sb30\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 6.3. TULBURARILE DELIRANTE \par\pard\ql \li1214\sb10\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 6.4. SCHIZOFRENIA \par\pard\ql \li1214\sb10\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 6.5. TULBURARILE ANXIOASE \par\pard\ql \li1924\sb10\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 6.5.1. Tulburarea de panica \par\pard\ql \li1924\sb10\sl- 230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 6..5.2. Tulburarile fobice \par\pard\ql \li1209\sb30\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 6.5. TULBURARILE AFECTIVE \par\pard\ql \li1924\sb10\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 6.8.1. Tulburare afectiva bipolara \par\pard\ql \li1920\sb10\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 6.6.2. Distimia \par\pard\ql \li1920\sb11\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs22 6.6.3. Ciclotimia \par\pard\ql \li1204\sb6\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 6.7. TULBURAREA DE STRES POSTTRAUMATIC \par\pard\ql \li1204\sb10\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 6.8. NEURASTENiA \par\pard\ql \li1200\sb30\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 6.9 TOXiCOMANIlLE �l ALCOOLISMUL \par\pard\ql \li1915\sb10\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 6.9.1 Conceptul de Adictie -"addiction" \par\pard\ql \li1905\sb10\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 6.2 2 Alcoolismul \par\pard\ql \li1910\sb10\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 6.9.3 Toxicomania \par\pard\ql \li1195\sb30\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 6.10 BOLILE FACTICE $l SIMULAREA \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9660\paperh13540{\bkmkstart Pg125}{\bkmkend Pg125}\par\pard\li1348\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1348\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1348\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1348\sb191\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx1430\tx4943 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 1\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 8\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 Psihopatologie si psihiafrie pentru psihologi\par\pard\ql \li1608\sb0\sl-299\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1608\sb0\sl- 299\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1608\sb195\sl-299\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw- 5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf17\f18\fs26 6.1. IKtArzierea MINTALA \par\pard\ql \li1608\sb79\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-10\charscalex94 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs22 6.1.1. DEFINITE \par\pard\qj \li1209\ri1119\sb95\sl- 220\slmult0\fi287 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Eforturile de a defini si clasifica retardarea mintald cunosc un trecut Tndelungat. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 Esquirol (1843) este considerat primul core e creionef o definifie, privind reardarea \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 mintald nu ca pe o boala, ci ca pe o tulburare cb dezvoHae, concept menfinut si Tn defini� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 tive moderne. \par\pard\qj \li1204\ri1124\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 In practica, cea mai utild definifie modernd este probabil cea folosie de Asociatia \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Americana penfru Deficieifd Mintald (AAMD), care defineste retardarea mintald ca \u8222?o \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 funcfionare intelectuala generae semnificafiv sub medie, care a Tnceput Tn timpul pe-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 rioadei de dezvoltare si se asociazd cu o deficienfa a comporarnsniulu! adaptativ7'. \par\pard\ql \li1593\sb131\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 6.1.2. SCURTA PRE2ENTARE CUNICA \par\pard\ql \li1483\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1483\sb26\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Criteriile de diagnostic DSM-IV \par\pard\qj \li1473\ri1240\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\tx1708 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 A. Funcfionare intelectuala semnificativ sub medie: un Ql de aproximativ 70 sau mai \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 pu|in la un test individual \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 (pentru sugari - apreciere clinica) \par\pard\ql \li1483\sb1\sl-175\slmult0\tx7982 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 B. Deteriorare sau deficite concomitente Tn funcjionarea adaptativa prezenta \tab \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 (efi-\par\pard\qj \li1694\ri1242\sb12\sl- 215\slmult0\fi14 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 cacitatea persoanei de a satisface standardele asteptate pentru varsta sa de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 catre grupul sau cultural) Tn eel pujin doua din urnatoarele domenii: comunicare, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 autoTngrijire, viaja de familie, aptitudini sociale/interpersonale, folosirea resurse\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 lor comunitatJi, autoconducere, aptitudini scolare funcjionale, munca, timp liber, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 sanatate, siguranja \par\pard\ql \li1468\sb12\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 C. Debut Tnainte de varsta de 18 ani \par\pard\qj \li1300\ri1253\sb19\sl-200\slmult0\fi163 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Se codifica pe baza gradului de severitate, care reflecta nivelul de deteriorare inte� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 lectuala: \par\pard\ql \li1463\sb15\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Retardare mintala usoara - Ql de la 50-55 pana la 70 \par\pard\ql \li1463\ri3117\sb0\sl-210\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Retardare mintala moderae - Ql de la 35-40 pana la 50-55 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Retardare mintala severa - Ql de la 20-25 pana la 35- 40 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Retardare mintala profunda - Ql sub 20 sau 25 \par\pard\qj \li1296\ri1254\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi172 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Retardare mintala de severitate nespecificata - cand exista prezumjia ferma de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 retardare mintala, dar inteligen\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 t^a persoanei nu poate fi testae prin testele standard \par\pard\qj \li1175\ri1152\sb133\sl-220\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 NoSa: Manuolul de citeii diagnostic. ICD 10 clasiica eardul: u#or (OS 50-69), \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 modem? (OJ 35-49), sever (Q 20-34), proord (Ql sub 20) \par\pard\ql \li1459\sb104\sl-216\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 Retaelaea minala ufoaa (G_ 55-70J - varsfa minala 9-12 an! \par\pard\qj \li1161\ri1159\sb0\sl-222\slmult0\fi302 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Persoanele cu refardore mintald upoard reprezintd eel mai mare grup (85%) din \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 grupul persoanelor cu retard minai. De obicei, Tnfdfi^area lor nu prezinfd nimic deose-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 bit si orice deficite motorii sau senzoriaie sunt abia sesizabile. Mulfi dintre ei obfin rezul-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 tate scolare care le permit sd ajungd Tn clasa a Vl-a sau sd fermine scoala generae, iar \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 unii reusesc chiar sd ajungd Tn liceu. Ca adulfi, mulfi dintre ei au un ec de muncd, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 familii si copii dar sunt lenfi si eu nevoie de ajuor Tn rezolvarea unor probleme de viofd \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 mai complexe. Capacitdtile de limbaj si comportamentul social sunt mai mulf sau moi \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 pufin normal dezvoltate, marea majoritafe reusind Tnsd sd trdiasca independent. \par\pard\ql \li1440\sb93\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw- 3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs22 Reardarea minaa moderata (Ql 40- 55\} \u8226? vinfo minala 6-9 ani \par\pard\qj \li1161\ri1173\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0\fi263 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Apare la 10% din persoanele cu reard minai. La acest nivel, mulfi prezinfd probleme \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 neurologice, motorii si de locomofie. Ei potmvdfa sd comunice si potTnvdfa sd seTngri-\par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9660\paperh13540{\bkmkstart Pg126}{\bkmkend Pg126}\par\pard\li1012\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1012\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1012\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1012\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1012\sb60\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx8020\tx8121\tx8212 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Realitatea bolii psihice. Cadru clinic si inferventie psihologica\tab \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 1\tab \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 1\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 9\par\pard\qj \li1003\sb0\sl-200\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1003\sb0\sl-200\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1003\sb0\sl-200\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1003\sb0\sl-200\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1003\ri1214\sb59\sl-200\slmult0\fi14 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 jeasca, dar sub o oarecare supraveghere. Ca adulfi, potmcerca sa desfasoare o munca \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 de rutind. \par\pard\ql \li1291\sb127\sl- 216\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 Reardar@a minala severa (G_ 25-40) - varsa mioali 3-6 ani \par\pard\qj \li1003\ri1234\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\fi278 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 Apare la aproximafiv 3-4% din persoanele cu reardare mintald. In perioada pre\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 scolard, dezvoifarea lor esfe de obicei foarte Tncetinitd. Majoriatea persoanelor cu \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 acesf tip de retard necesitd o supraveghere atentd si Tngrijire specializatd. \par\pard\ql \li1286\sb102\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 Rsardarga minala profunda (Ql sub 25) - vdrsa minali mai micd d@ 3 ani \par\pard\qj \li979\ri1218\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi307 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Reprezintd mai pufin de 1 % din persoanele cu retard si implied deficie multiple cog� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 nitive, motorii, de comunicare. Deteriorarea senzoriala si motorie este usor de observaf \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Tncd din copildrie. Persoanele cu reard minai profund au nevoie de instruire infensivd \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 pentru a cdpdta independenfd Tn efectuarea celor mai rudimentare activitdfi zilnice \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 (mdncatul, toaleta). Vasta majoritate a acestor persoane au cauze organice pentru \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Tntdrzierea minald si necesitd supraveghere pe parcursul Tntregii viefi. \par\pard\ql \li1377\sb111\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 6.1.3. EPIDEMIOLQGIE, DATE DE IVOLUJHE �S PRONOSTK \par\pard\ql \li1281\sb133\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Potrivit unor estimdri, aproximativ 1-3% din populafie are reard mintai, \par\pard\ql \li1276\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 Retardarea mintald se afld Tntr-o relafie de C-ftkweidrfoe cu o serie de tulburari psihice: \par\pard\ql \li1281\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 - Tuiburarea de hiperacfivitate/deficif de atenfie \par\pard\li1276\sb20\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx4396 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \u8226? Tulburari ale controlului impulsului\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 (agresivitafea si automutilarea)\par\pard\li1276\sb23\sl-207\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \u8226? Tulburari de conduita\par\pard\ql \li1271\sb0\sl-203\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \u8226? Tulburari anxioase \par\pard\ql \li1271\sb14\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \u8226? Tulburari de alimenfare \par\pard\ql \li1271\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \u8226? Tulburari mintale datorate unei condifii medicale generae \par\pard\ql \li1267\sb9\sl-212\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs22 \u8226? Psihoze \par\pard\qj \li1262\ri6644\sb2\sl- 220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 \u8226? Tulburari afective \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 e Altele \par\pard\qj \li974\ri1264\sb0\sl-240\slmult0\fi287 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Evolufia retardului mintai este influenfata de evolufia bolilor subiacente si de factori \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 externi \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 (oportuniefile de instruire, stimulare ambientald, etc.). \par\pard\ql \li1368\sb34\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-10\charscalex91 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs22 6.1 A. FACTOR! ETIOPATOGENICIIMPUCAT? IN APAHJ1A MBURARII \par\pard\qj \li974\ri1243\sb119\sl- 215\slmult0\fi287 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Principolii foctori etiopatogenici ai retardarii mintale sunt ereditatea, factorii sociali si \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 factorii de mediu. S-a fdcut distincfia Tntre doud feluri de retardare mintald: subcultura-\line \up0 \expndtw- 8\charscalex90 Id \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 (limita inferioard de distribufie normald a inteligenfei Tntr-o populafie) si patologica \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 (datorae proceselor pafoiogice specifice). Cele mai multe cazuri de retardare mintald \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 se datoreazd nu unei singure cauze, ci unei interacfiuni de factori ereditari si de mediu. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9660\paperh13540{\bkmkstart Pg127}{\bkmkend Pg127}\par\pard\li1564\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1564\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1564\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1564\sb186\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx1641\tx5275 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 1\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 20\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 Psihopatoiogie si psihiafrie pentru psihologi\par\pard\ql \li4094\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4094\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4094\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4094\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4094\sb66\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 tiologia retardarii mintale \par\pard\ql \li1915\sb35\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs22 Genetic! \par\pard\ql \li2356\sb1\sl-188\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 1, Anomaiii cromozomiale \par\pard\ql \li2697\sb6\sl-196\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 iiburarl metabolice care afecteaza sistemul nervos central \par\pard\li1920\sb6\sl- 207\slmult0\fi470\tx2567 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \u8226?;\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 Boli cerebrale\par\pard\li1920\sb1\sl-199\slmult0\fi643 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 Maiforrnatli craniene\par\pard\li1920\sb2\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 i-'mnsi&la\par\pard\li1920\sb4\sl- 207\slmult0\fi643\tx3163\tx7219 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul Infectii\ul0\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul (ru\ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 beola, Infectia cu virusul ciiomegalic. sifilis,\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 (oplasmcza)\par\pard\li1920\sb1\sl-200\slmult0\fi417\tx3403 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 2. Intoxicatil\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 (plumb, medicamente. aicooi\}\par\pard\ql \li2337\sb0\sl-186\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 3\ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul .\ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul Afectare soma\ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 tica \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul (traumatis\ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 m, \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul iradiere, hi\ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 po\ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul xle. \par\pard\ql \li2332\sb6\sl-196\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 4. Disfunciie \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul piacsn\ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 tara (foxemls. Tntsrziere Tn cre$i8; \par\pard\li2927\sb7\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx5851 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 endocrine --iyotroic-sm, "roz\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 .j?:__\ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul __rjj\par\pard\ql \li2947\sb0\sl-161\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2947\sb78\sl-161\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex131 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs14 ia ia i ies \par\pard\ql \li2323\sb21\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 2. Complicat \par\pard\ql \li2332\sb1\sl-198\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 j\ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul . icterui nuclear \par\pard\qj \li1905\ri4679\sb1\sl-200\slmult0\fi422 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 4. Hemoragia intraven\ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 tric\ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul uiara \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Poseataii \par\pard\li1900\sb2\sl-207\slmult0\fi446\tx2539 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex83 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul 1\ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 .\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 Traumatism (accidental, prin abuz asusrs ccpiiului')\par\pard\li1900\sb1\sl-205\slmult0\fi700 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 ntoxicatie cu ;o!l:7;o\par\pard\li1900\sb25\sl-207\slmult0\fi422 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 Z .J^lMSkL. erics-.\u9632??_': - -\u9632? \u9632?\par\pard\li1900\sb1\sl-176\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 iiainyiri'iie\par\pard\li1497\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1497\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1497\sb167\sl- 207\slmult0\fi288\tx3422\tx3623\tx4795\tx6542 \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex104 cxise <\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf18\f19\fs12 ?3\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 �;p ;nfp;;^:ai-\tab \dn3 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 "o:c:\tab \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex111 jsficarsa refarduiui mintai.\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw5340\colsr160\colno2\colw4020\ colsr160\ql \li1497\sb28\sl-184\slmult0\tx4036 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 fi-.:bs;;J: j:-;\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 ipalele insfru';\par\pard\ql \li1795\sb109\sl-138\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf18\f19\fs12 r's^ifiihii \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 ^ \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 ^\par\pard\ql \li1612\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1612\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1612\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1612\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1631\sb29\sl-184\slmult0\tx3129 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 forn\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex130 \ul0\nosupersub\cf24\f25\fs8 :";=\u9632?\par\pard\ql \li1631\sb27\sl-207\slmult0\tx4703 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 scala as imengenta we\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 ani si\par\pard\qj \li1622\ri341\sb0\sl- 217\slmult0\fi9\tx4698 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 prefcoisra �1 primara\tab \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex92 luni \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 re\ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul vizulfa (WPPSi -R)\par\pard\qj \li1617\ri2116\sb8\sl-211\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Scaia de hteligenja \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Siandforc-B;:isi\par\pard\qj \li1612\sb0\sl-215\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li1612\sb0\sl-215\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li1612\ri2151\sb18\sl-215\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 Scaleie de aptitudini \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 (brifanlce)\par\pard\column \ql \li1057\sb19\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 re a Gl- uiui.\par\pard\qj \li5505\sb0\sl-222\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li5505\sb0\sl- 222\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li40\ri1125\sb81\sl-222\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 Ofera un profll a! aptitud'nilor verbal \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 si de performanja, Ql. Nu poate fi fc \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 iosiia pentru un Q\ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul l mai mlc ds \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 -\ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 C,_ \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 Este o versiune a WISC foloslta\par\pard\qj \li40\ri1270\sb0\sl-216\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 pentru copii mai mici, ca si pentru \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 pel cujntarziere mintala.\par\pard\ql \li25\ri848\sb0\sl-219\slmult0\fi19 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 Evaiueaza aptitudinlie verbale, me� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 moria qs scuna curata, capacitatea oe \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 vizuallzare abstract!. Rezultatele sunt \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 influentate de culturs.\par\pard\qj \li20\ri904\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0\fi14 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 Exlsta 24 de subscaie adecvate dife-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 ritelor varste si care acopera �ase do� \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 menii; vifeza de prelucrare a Informa-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 tlllor, gandirea, reprezeniarile spajiaie, \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 adecvarea percepfiei, memoris, apiica-\par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9660\paperh13540{\bkmkstart Pg128}{\bkmkend Pg128}\par\pard\li1065\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1065\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1065\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1065\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1065\sb161\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx8073\tx8160 \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Realitatea bolii psihice. Cadru clinic si intervenfie psihologicd\tab \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 1\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 21\par\pard\li1171\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1171\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1171\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1171\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1171\sb31\sl- 207\slmult0\fi139\tx3489\tx5798 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Testul de inteligen| i\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Griipa de varsta\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Domeniie estate\par\pard\li1171\sb18\sl- 207\slmult0\fi2615 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 (ani, Sunt)\par\pard\li1171\sb48\sl-207\slmult0\fi9\tx4022\tx5112 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Testul de desen\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 3-10 ani\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Test de inteligenja non- verbala.\par\pard\li1171\sb13\sl-207\slmult0\fi14 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul Goodenoucjh-Haris\par\pard\li1171\sb24\sl- 207\slmult0\fi9\tx4022\tx5121 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Test de inteligene non-ver-\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 5-85 ani\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Evalueaza capacitatea de ra|ionare,\par\pard\li1171\sb9\sl-207\slmult0\fi9\tx5112 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 bala (Brown, Sherbenou,\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 asemanari, deosebiri, relajii.\par\pard\li1171\sb9\sl-207\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Johnsen)\par\pard\li1171\sb14\sl-207\slmult0\fi4\tx3787 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Testul desenarii unei\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 2-6 ani - adultApreciaza dezvoifarea vizuala-motorie,\par\pard\li1171\sb9\sl- 207\slmult0\fi9\tx5102 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 persoane\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 funcjiile non-verbale.\par\pard\li1300\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1300\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1300\sb84\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx4171 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Evaluari ale dezvoltarii socials\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Domeniile testate\par\pard\li1300\sb48\sl- 207\slmult0\fi33\tx4209 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Scala de maturitate sociala\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Este scala originala de dezvoltare, recent revi-\par\pard\li1300\sb9\sl-207\slmult0\fi23\tx4200 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Vineland\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 zuita, care are limied psihometrice. Acopera:\par\pard\li1300\sb14\sl-207\slmult0\fi2899 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 automgrijirea generala, Tmbracatu! singur, loco-\par\pard\li1300\sb9\sl- 207\slmult0\fi2904 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 mofja, comunicarea, autodirecjionarea, izolarea\par\pard\li1300\sb13\sl-207\slmult0\fi2894 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul sociala, ocupatia. Ofera \u8222?varsta sociala".\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw4030\colsr160\colno2\colw533 0\colsr160\ql \li1329\sb14\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Scala comporementului\par\pard\ql \li1324\sb14\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul adaptativ Nihira\par\pard\qj \li1324\ri51\sb4\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Diagramele Gunzburg de eva� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 luare a progresului\par\pard\column \ql \li30\sb9\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Ofera posibilitatea de evaluare a aptitudlnilor �i\par\pard\ql \li25\sb14\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul obiceiuriiorTn zece domenii comportamentaie.\par\pard\qj \li20\ri1256\sb4\sl-220\slmult0\fi9 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Ofera o imagine vizuala clara a capacitafii de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 autoTngrijire, comunicarii, aptitudinilor sociale si \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 ocupajionale.\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw3291\colsr160\colno2\col w6069\colsr160\qj \li1185\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li1185\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li1478\ri302\sb40\sl-220\slmult0\tx1751 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 Alte evaluari ale \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 dezvoltarii\par\pard\qj \li1195\ri619\sb40\sl-225\slmult0\tx1248 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 Scala Denver de \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 dezvoltare\par\pard\qj \li1185\ri15\sb0\sl-216\slmult0\fi9 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Scala Bayley de dezvol� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 tare a copilului\par\pard\ql \li1195\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1195\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1195\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1195\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1195\sb129\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 Analiza citirii Neale\par\pard\column \ql \li3451\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3451\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li20\sb77\sl- 207\slmult0\tx2333 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 Grupa de varsta\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 Domeniile estate\par\pard\ql \li317\sb9\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 (ani, luni)\par\pard\ql \li92\sb57\sl-207\slmult0\tx1657 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Varsta mai mare\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 Evaluari ale dezvoltarii motorii, fine si\par\pard\ql \li452\sb14\sl- 207\slmult0\tx1657 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 de 2 ani\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul grosiere, sociale si a limbajului.\par\pard\ql \li212\sb14\sl-207\slmult0\tx1652 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 2 luni-2 !4 ani\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Insusirea de subiecte care pot fi cuan-\par\pard\qj \li1642\ri1256\sb3\sl-215\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 tificate Tn indici de dezvoltare mintala \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 si psihomotorie.\par\pard\ql \li3696\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3696\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li265\sb108\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul Achizitii educationale\par\pard\ql \li745\sb18\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Test gradat al capacitatii de a citi, claritatji, Tnfe-\par\pard\ql \li749\sb9\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul legerii si vitezei pentru copii mai mari de 6 ani \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \ql \li1195\sb8\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 Testul Schonell de citire gradaeCopilul citeste cuvinte de dificultate crescanda\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw4006\colsr160\colno2\colw535 4\colsr160\ql \li1195\sb20\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Testul Schonell de pronunjie\par\pard\ql \li1195\sb14\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul gradae\par\pard\ql \li1190\sb9\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Testul de aptitudini matematice\par\pard\column \ql \li30\sb15\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 Copilul silabiseste cuvinte de dificultate crescanda\par\pard\qj \li20\ri1265\sb217\sl-223\slmult0\fi14 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 Nu exista un test satisfacator. Exista subteste \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 aritmetice ale WISC-R, WPPSI si ale scalelor bri-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 tanice de aptitudini \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9660\paperh13540{\bkmkstart Pg129}{\bkmkend Pg129}\par\pard\li1430\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1430\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1430\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1430\sb162\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx1516\tx5174 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 1\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 22\tab \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 Psihopatologie $\\ psihiafrie pentru psihologi\par\pard\li1531\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1531\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1531\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1531\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1531\sb78\sl-207\slmult0\fi1756 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul Masurarea comportamentului adaptativ\par\pard\li1531\sb72\sl-207\slmult0\fi614\tx3350\tx5764 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Scala\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul Grupa de varsta\ul0\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul Domeniile testate\par\pard\li1531\sb13\sl- 207\slmult0\fi9\tx3585\tx4905 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Scalele Vineland\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Nastere-18\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Comunicare: receptivitate, expresivitate, scrie-\par\pard\li1531\sb9\sl-207\slmult0\fi3379 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 re; aptitudini ale activitajii zilnice: personale,\par\pard\li1531\sb10\sl-207\slmult0\fi3374 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul domestice\par\pard\li1531\sb13\sl-207\slmult0\fi4\tx3580\tx4910 \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Scalele revizuite de\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Nastere-80\tab \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Motorii: miscari fine si grosiere; interactjune\par\pard\li1531\sb19\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx4900 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 comportament\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 sociala fi comunicare, Tnfelegerea limbajului,\par\pard\li1531\sb9\sl-207\slmult0\fi4\tx4900 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 independent\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 expresivitatea limbajului; capacitatea de\par\pard\qj \li4891\ri983\sb7\sl-213\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 Tndeplinire a activitajilor zilnice: mancatul �i \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 prepararea mesei, igiena, Tmbracarea; aptitu� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 dini sociale: timpul fi punctuaiitatea, banii fi \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 valoarea lor, munca \par\pard\li1516\sb28\sl- 207\slmult0\fi9\tx3849\tx4900 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Scalele AAMR\tab \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex111 3-14\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Functjonalitatea independents, dezvoifarea fi-\par\pard\li1516\sb14\sl-207\slmult0\fi3374 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul zica, activitatile economice, scoala\par\pard\li1516\sb19\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx3811\tx4886 \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Aptitudini Academice\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 15-58\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Aptitudini matematice si de citire\par\pard\li1516\sb9\sl-207\slmult0\fi14 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Kaufman\par\pard\li1516\sb14\sl- 207\slmult0\fi9\tx3763\tx4891 \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Chestionarul asupra\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 9-40 +\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Concepte de baza, sanitate, funcjii\par\pard\li1516\sb8\sl- 207\slmult0\fi4\tx4891 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 capacitafii de supra-\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 instrumentale, semne funcjionale\par\pard\ql \li1516\sb0\sl-205\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 vietuire \par\pard\qj \li1766\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1766\ri2981\sb83\sl-220\slmult0\tx2289 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 6.1.6 POSSBIIJTAI! DE INCRVENJ! TEKAPEUTICA ALE \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 PS1HOLOGULUI OINICIAN \par\pard\qj \li1377\ri861\sb112\sl-230\slmult0\fi268 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Tratamentul persoanei cu retard minai necesitd implicarea unei echipe multidiscipli\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 nare formate Tn general din medic, asisfent social, psiholog, terapeut ocupafional. De \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 regula, se abordeazd familia Tn Tntregul ei. \par\pard\ql \li1656\sb9\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 Persoana cu reard mintai poate beneficia de urnatoarele forme de tratament: \par\pard\qj \li1363\ri865\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 \u8226? Taamenf madicomtnes (principalele indicafii fiind epilepsia, tulburarile depre\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 sive, tulburarile obsesive, enurezisul nocturn, tuibuarea de hiperactivifafe/deficit de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 otenfie) \par\pard\qj \li1358\ri869\sb0\sl- 240\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \u8226? Psiho3\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 $rapie individuae (Tn prezent se utilizeazd frecvent psihoterapii de scurtd \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 duratd pentru rezolvarea problemelor curente, situafiilor de crizd) \par\pard\qj \li1353\ri890\sb0\sl- 230\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 \u8226? Ttrapia familial- (considerandu-se cd multe din simptomele asociate retardului \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 sunt o expresie a viefii de familie Tn care trdieste persoana cu retard, mai ales atunci \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 cand aceasta este la varsta copildriei) \par\pard\ql \li1636\sb7\sl-216\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 \u8226? T_f_pi@ d@ |p_p \par\pard\qj \li1348\ri888\sb21\sl- 220\slmult0\fi287 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \u8226? Terapi� oompccicsnsnfaki (Tn speciei pentru formarea aptitudinilor sociale la per� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 soanele cu reard usor si moderat) \par\pard\ql \li1627\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1627\sb44\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \u8226? Educafie speciala (Tn vederea remedierii Tntarzierilor la citif, scris, calcul arifmetic) \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9660\paperh13540{\bkmkstart Pg130} {\bkmkend Pg130}\par\pard\li1055\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1055\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1055\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1055\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1055\sb75\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx8030 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Realitatea bolii psihice. Cadru clinic s\\ intervenfie psihologica\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 123\par\pard\ql \li1435\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1435\sb0\sl- 276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1435\sb249\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw- 8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf14\f15\fs24 6.2. TULBURARI ORGANIC! \par\pard\ql \li1430\sb121\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 6.2.1. SINDROMUL PSIHOORGANIC CRONSC \par\pard\qj \li1041\ri1224\sb139\sl-200\slmult0\fi268 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 A fost descris de Beubr si reprezintd o tulburare psihica cauzatd de o disfuncfie ce� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 rebrae generae. Principalele simptome care caracterizeazd acesf sindrom sunt: \par\pard\ql \li1320\sb15\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 - sldbirea memoriei \par\pard\ql \li1315\sb13\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 - scdderea atenfiei \par\pard\ql \li1315\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 - scdderea capacitafii de judecatd, abstractizare, genealizare \par\pard\ql \li1315\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 - fafigabilitate accentuae \par\pard\ql \li1310\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 - bradipsihie \par\pard\ql \li1310\sb1\sl-198\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 - sdrdcirea moduldrii afective \par\pard\ql \li1310\sb35\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 - fendinfd la perseverare \par\pard\ql \li1305\sb1\sl-198\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 - modificari frapanfe ale personalitdfii \par\pard\ql \li1300\sb15\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 - egoism \par\pard\qj \li1012\ri1255\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 Sub aspect comporamenfal, sindromul psihoorganic ar putea fi desemnat de unii \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 auori prin frei pattern-uri simpfomatologice: \par\pard\ql \li1296\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 - dezorienare (confuzional - senzorial) \par\pard\ql \li1296\sb13\sl-207\slmult0\tx2073 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 - distimii \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 (distimic- emofional) \par\pard\ql \li1296\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 - deteriorare (cognitiv-involufional), \par\pard\qj \li1008\ri1243\sb3\sl- 220\slmult0\fi278 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 care \u8222?semscriu concentric, se relafioneazd expresiv - fenomenologic si se condifioneazd \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 psihopatogenic" (enssaj G) \par\pard\ql \li1391\sb111\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 6.2.2. SINDROMUL DEROJAR fSJNDROMUL PSIHOPATQIDJ \par\pard\qj \li1276\ri1269\sb123\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Acest sindrom esfe la ora actuae TncadratTn personalitatea de tip organic (v. cap. 4). \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Se caracterizeozd prin urmdtoorele simptome: \par\pard\li1281\sb13\sl-207\slmult0\fi4\tx2174 \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex110 - tulburgr\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 de personalitate\par\pard\li1281\sb4\sl-207\slmult0\fi4\tx2179 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 - tulburdr\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 comportamenaie\par\pard\li1281\sb9\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx2183 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 - tulburdr\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 intelectuole de ospect defectual\par\pard\ql \li1281\sb4\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 - instabilitote motorie si emofionold \par\pard\ql \li1281\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 - emofii primitive, agresivitafe \par\pard\ql \li1276\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 - sexualitate precoce si pervertitd \par\pard\ql \li1276\sb1\sl-198\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 - comportament complet neadecvat \par\pard\ql \li1276\sb15\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 - evocare sdracd \par\pard\ql \li1276\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 - imposibilitatea concentrdrii atenfiei \par\pard\ql \li1377\sb95\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs22 6.2.3. DEMENjHf \par\pard\ql \li1267\sb87\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 6.2.3.1. Dsiniji� \par\pard\qj \li984\ri1263\sb35\sl-220\slmult0\fi287 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Demenfa este un sindrom caracterizat de o afectare permanenfd a funcfiei intelec-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 fuale insfalatd progresiv. Pentru a pune diagnosticul de demenfa trebuie ca mai multe \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 sfere ale activitdfii mintale sd fie afecfate: memoria limbajul, orientarea spafiald, emo� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 fiile sau personalitatea si cognifia \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 (Gumming, tr al.; 1980). Demenfa este o tulburare \par\pard\qj \li979\ri1268\sb5\sl-215\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 dobonditd, ceea ce o diferenfiazd de Tntdrzierea mintald; tuiburarea persistena deose-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 beste demenfa de delir; afectarea mai multor domenii cognitive separd demenfa de boiile \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 cu afectarea unui singur domeniu, de exemplu, amnezia si afazia. Desi majoritatea \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 demenfelor sunt cronice, ireversibile si progresive, termenul de demenfa nu implied \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 auomat si Ireversibilitate (o treime dintre pacienfii venifi pentru o evaluare initiae au \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9660\paperh13540{\bkmkstart Pg131}{\bkmkend Pg131}\par\pard\li1492\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1492\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1492\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1492\sb195\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx1579\tx5251 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 1\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 24\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 Psihopatologie si psihiafrie pentru psihologi\par\pard\qj \li1463\sb0\sl-210\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1463\sb0\sl- 210\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1463\sb0\sl-210\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1463\sb0\sl- 210\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1463\ri746\sb3\sl-210\slmult0\fi9 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 sindroame demenfiole partial reversibile) (Rabins, 1983). Pot fi prezente multiple tulbu� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 rari psihologice si comporamenaie, dar acesteo nu contribuie direct Io criteriile de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 diagnostic. \par\pard\qj \li1463\ri745\sb2\sl- 220\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Demenfe o afectat dintotdeauna oamenii care au supraviefuit pdnd la varste Tnaintate \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 dar esfe o conditie medicae care a devenit proeminentd mai ales Tn secolul XX datoritd \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 cresterii fdrd precedent a numdrului de persoane vdrsfnice Tn toatd lumea. \par\pard\qj \li1449\ri763\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Cuvanful demenfa este de origine latind fiind creat dinfr-un prefix cu sens privativ si \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 un substantiv derivat din m�n$ (suflet, spirit, inteligenfd). In vocabularul psihiatric ter\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 menul a suferit o evolutie semanticd notabild, Tnlocuind afdf Tn psihiatria francezd cat si \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Tn cea germand paradigma alienafiei mintale. \par\pard\qj \li1449\ri759\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Sfudiul demenfelor a Tnregistrat o importanta progresivd Tn cursul ultimilor 20 de ani, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 din partea neurologilor, neuropsihologilor, cercetdtorilor si clinicienilor (BolbrF; Barbs \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 G; Mart! P; Traykov L, 1996). Autorii anterior citafl Insistd asupra faptului cd deterio\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 rarea din demenfa trebuie sd fie suficienf de severa pentru a compromite auonomia \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 bolanvului Tn viafa sa sociald sau profesionald, precum si asupra faptului cd aceastd \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 alterare este progresivd Tn timp. \par\pard\ql \li1737\sb1\sl-195\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Demenfa presupune: \par\pard\qj \li1449\ri770\sb5\sl- 220\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 \u8226? Un declin al memoriei Tnfr-o proporfie care inferferd cu acfiviafile viefii zilnice, sau \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 face ca viafa independentd de alfii sd fie dificild sau imposibild. \par\pard\qj \li1449\ri769\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi287 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 \u8226? Un declin al gandirii, planificdrii si organizdrii lucrurilor de zi cu zi, pe masura \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 progresiei bolii. \par\pard\qj \li1444\ri778\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 \u8226? Un declin Tn controlul emotional sau Tn motivafie, sau schimbare Tn comportamen� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 tul social; labilitote emofionold, iritebilitote, opotie sou inodecvoreo comportomentului \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 social, incapocitofeo de o mdnco, o se Tmbrdca si a interacfiona cu ceilalti. \par\pard\ql \li1718\sb81\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 6.2.3.2. Clasiicaea ttidogicQ a pinsipabbr sindosme dWnemfiae \par\pard\qj \li1430\ri784\sb123\sl-220\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Considerdm cd abordarea efiologicd, de�i nu este riguroasd, deoarece mai ales Tn \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 ceea ce priveste demenfele degenerative existd Tncd neclarifdfi, are eel pufin avantajul \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 de a fi pragmaticd. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9660\paperh13540{\bkmkstart Pg132} {\bkmkend Pg132}\par\pard\li1022\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1022\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1022\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1022\sb51\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx8078 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Realitatea bolii psihice. Cadru clinic si intervenfie psihologica\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 25\par\pard\li1214\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1214\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1214\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1214\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1214\sb21\sl- 207\slmult0\fi76\tx7161 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \u8364?ir_um$arsf� paolbgle� �ae pal podyes damsnja (dupa Bosser M -\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 1992|\par\pard\li1214\sb187\sl-207\slmult0\fi28\tx7377 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Boala Alzheimer\tab \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul 50 - 60%\par\pard\li1214\sb1\sl-200\slmult0\fi23\tx4339\tx7387 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Demenfa vascuiara\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 \u9632? cu multiple infarcte\tab \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex127 10-20%\par\pard\li1214\sb6\sl-207\slmult0\fi3220 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 lacunara\par\pard\li1214\sb1\sl-188\slmult0\fi3220 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 boala Binswanger\par\pard\li1214\sb3\sl- 207\slmult0\fi3220 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul microinfarcte corticale\par\pard\li1214\sb1\sl- 200\slmult0\fi23\tx4425\tx7387\tx7531\tx7651 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Droguri si substanfe toxice\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 demenja alcoolica\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 1\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 -\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 5%\par\pard\li1214\sb1\sl-195\slmult0\fi3206\tx7382\tx7526\tx7655 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 tumori\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul 1\ul0\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul -\ul0\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul 5%\par\pard\li1214\sb1\sl- 203\slmult0\fi14\tx4420 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Procese expansive sntracraniene\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 accese cerebrale\par\pard\li1214\sb1\sl-195\slmult0\fi3206 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 mase subdurale\par\pard\li1214\sb1\sl-197\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Anoxia\par\pard\li1214\sb0\sl-197\slmult0\fi4\tx4420\tx7377\tx7521\tx7641 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 Traumatisme\tab \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex106 iovituri ale capului\tab \dn2 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 1\tab \dn2 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 -\tab \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex108 5%\par\pard\li1214\sb1\sl-207\slmult0\fi3201 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 dementa boxeurilor\par\pard\li1214\sb1\sl- 199\slmult0\fi9 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul HJdoeefalia cu presiune normaia\par\pard\li1214\sb1\sl-202\slmult0\fi3201\tx7367 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 boala Parkinson\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 1%\par\pard\li1214\sb0\sl-202\slmult0\fi3196\tx7367 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 boala Huntington\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 1%\par\pard\li1214\sb1\sl-200\slmult0\fi3196\tx7367 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul boala Pick\ul0\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 1%\par\pard\li1214\sb1\sl-190\slmult0\fi4\tx4411 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 Boli neurodegenerative\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 degenerescene supranucleara\par\pard\li1214\sb1\sl-228\slmult0\fi3192\tx7363 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 progresiva\tab \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 1%\par\pard\ql \li4406\sb0\sl-162\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 scleroza laterals amiotrofica \par\pard\qj \li4401\ri2526\sb12\sl-200\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 degenerarea spinocerebeloasa \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 degenerarea olivopontocere\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 beloasa \par\pard\qj \li4406\ri2727\sb0\sl-200\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 leucodistrofia metacromatica \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 boala Wilson \par\pard\ql \li4406\sb2\sl-198\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul boala Hallervorven-Spatz \par\pard\ql \li4396\sb2\sl-198\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 boala Jakob-Creutzfeldt \par\pard\li4396\sb1\sl- 227\slmult0\fi0\tx7348 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 SIDA\tab \up0 \expndtw- 5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 1%\par\pard\ql \li4396\sb1\sl- 167\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 encefalite virale \par\pard\li1200\sb5\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx4396 \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex108 Infecfii\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 leucoencefalopatii multifocale\par\pard\qj \li4392\ri4120\sb0\sl-200\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 progresive \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 neurosifilisul \par\pard\ql \li4387\ri2790\sb3\sl-190\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 meningita bacteriala cronica \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 meningite criptocociale \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul alte men\ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 ingite fungice \par\pard\li1185\sb16\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx2049\tx4382\tx7348\tx7492\tx7617 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Tulburari\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 nutritionale\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 sindromul Wemicke-Korsakoff\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 1\tab \up0 \expndtw- 4\charscalex100 -\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 5%\par\pard\qj \li4387\ri2919\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 deficienja de vitamina B12 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 deficienfa de folaji \par\pard\ql \li4382\sb0\sl-162\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul boala Marchiafava-Bignami \par\pard\li1180\sb1\sl- 199\slmult0\fi0\tx2044\tx4382 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Tulburari\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 mefabolice\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 leucodistrofia metacromatica\par\pard\ql \li4382\ri3250\sb0\sl-200\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 leucodistrofia adrenala \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 demenfa de dializa \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 hipotiroidismul \par\pard\ql \li4382\sb2\sl-197\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 hipertiroidismul \par\pard\qj \li4372\ri3016\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 insuficienja renaia severa \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 sindromul Gushing \par\pard\ql \li4377\sb0\sl-162\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul insuficienta hepatica \par\pard\li1180\sb1\sl- 204\slmult0\fi0\tx4382 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Boli inflamatorii cronice\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 LES fi alte boli de colagen cu\par\pard\li1180\sb1\sl-225\slmult0\fi3187\tx7195\tx7334 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 vasculita intracerebrala\tab \up0 \expndtw- 2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 -\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex97 1%\par\pard\ql \li4367\sb1\sl-162\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 scleroza multipla �i boala Whipple \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9660\paperh13540{\bkmkstart Pg133}{\bkmkend Pg133}\par\pard\li1468\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1468\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1468\sb134\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx5212 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 126\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 Psihopatologie si psihiafrie pentru psihologi\par\pard\qj \li1444\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1444\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1444\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1444\ri793\sb163\sl-220\slmult0\fi273 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 Asa cum usor se poafe constae din tabelul anterior, mai mult de 75% din cazurile \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 de demenfa aparfin demenfei Alzheimer si demenfelor vasculare. \par\pard\ql \li1718\sb112\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 Criferiie DSA IV pentru demenjeb de lip Alzheimer \par\pard\ql \li1708\sb109\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 A - Dezvoifarea de deficite cognitive multiple manifestate prin: \par\pard\qj \li1444\ri812\sb3\sl- 220\slmult0\fi297\tx1963 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 1 \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 - tulburari de memorie (imposibilitatea de a asimila noi informafii si de a-si rea\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 minti informafii anterior Tnvdfate) si \par\pard\ql \li1723\sb11\sl-207\slmult0\tx1963 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 2. \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 - eel pufin una din urnatoarele tulburari cognitive: \par\pard\ql \li2155\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 a) afazie (tulburari de limbaj) \par\pard\qj \li2155\ri822\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\tx2395 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 b) apraxie (incapacitateo efectudrii ocfivitdfilor motorii Tn ciuda funcfiei motorii \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 intacte) \par\pard\li2150\sb16\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx3143 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 c) agnozie\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 (imposibilitatea de a recunoaste sau idenfifica obiecte Tn ciuda\par\pard\li2150\sb14\sl-207\slmult0\fi206 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 funcfiilor senzoriaie inacte)\par\pard\ql \li1713\sb7\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 d) tulburari ale funcfiilor executive (planificare, organizare, abstractizare) \par\pard\qj \li1440\ri821\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi273 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 B - Evolufia se caracterizeazd prin debut gradat si declin progresiv al funcfiilor cog� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 nitive \par\pard\ql \li1435\ri816\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi268\tx1708 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 C - Deficitele cognitive determind tulburari semnificative ocupafionale sau Tn viafa \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 sociald si reprezintd un declin semnificativ fafd de un nivel anterior. \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 D - Deficitele cognitive de la punctul A nu se datoreazd: \par\pard\qj \li1420\ri831\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \u8226? bolilor de sistem nervos central care determine! deficite progresive ale memoriei si \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 funcfiilor cognitive (boala cerebrovasculard, boala Parkinson, boala Huntington, hema\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 tom subdural, hidrocefalie cu presiune normald) \par\pard\qj \li1411\ri822\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0\fi297 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \u8226? condifii sisfemice care sunt cauze cunoscufe de demenfa (hipotiroidism, deficit de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 viamind B12 sau acid folic, deficit de niacind, hipercalcemie, neuroslfilis, infecfie HIV) \par\pard\ql \li1703\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \u8226? condifii determinate de diferite substanfe \par\pard\ql \li1694\sb13\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 E - Deficitele nu apar Tn mod exclusiv Tn evolufia delirului \par\pard\qj \li1420\ri845\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi273 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 F - Deficitele nu se Tncadreazd mai bine Tntr-o altd tulburare a axei I (tulburari depre\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 sive majore, schizofrenie). \par\pard\ql \li1684\sb92\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 6.2.3.3. Sourta prszenfare dinica \par\pard\ql \li1684\sb110\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Simptome cognitive \par\pard\ql \li1694\sb9\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 \u8226? Tulburari de memorie \par\pard\qj \li1406\ri850\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \u8226? Tulburari de vorbire (capacitate de conversafie sdracd, probleme Tn a gdsi cuvin� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 tele, nemfelegere, repefifie) \par\pard\ql \li1689\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 \u8226? Tulburari la scris, citif, colcul motemotic \par\pard\ql \li1689\sb13\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \u8226? Tulburdri ale atenfiei \par\pard\ql \li1684\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 \u8226? Apraxie, agnozie \par\pard\ql \li1684\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \u8226? Rotionamenf dificil \par\pard\ql \li1670\sb6\sl- 216\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 Simptome compotamenfab #i alt� simptome psihiatrice \par\pard\ql \li1680\sb12\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 \u8226? Halucinafii \par\pard\ql \li1680\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \u8226? Depresie \par\pard\ql \li1680\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \u8226? Anxietate \par\pard\ql \li1675\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \u8226? Agresiune \par\pard\ql \li1675\sb13\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 � Tufburdri de somn \par\pard\ql \li1675\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 \u8226? Vagabondaj \par\pard\ql \li1670\sb33\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 @ Obsesii \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9660\paperh13540{\bkmkstart Pg134}{\bkmkend Pg134}\par\pard\li1180\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1180\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1180\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1180\sb104\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx8131\tx8222 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Realitatea bolii psihice. Cadru clinic $i infervenfie psihologica\tab \dn2 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 1\tab \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex106 27\par\pard\ql \li1449\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1449\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1449\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1449\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1449\sb8\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Pifrtema eapcsciiofii de a desefura asHvitafie d� zi cu zi \par\pard\ql \li1454\sb13\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 - Ingrijirea personae \par\pard\ql \li1454\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 � Mobilitate \par\pard\qj \li1449\ri6857\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 � Cumpdrdturi \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 � Finanfe \par\pard\ql \li1454\sb14\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 9 Cdldtorii \par\pard\ql \li1449\sb1\sl- 198\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \u8226? Conducere auto \par\pard\qj \li1166\ri1065\sb157\sl-180\slmult0\fi263 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Aldturi de schemele clasice de diagnostic centrate pe tulburarile cognitive a fosf sub-\line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex92 liniatd Tn ultima perioada importanta \u8226?\u9632?\u8482?-��>�^-'" \u9632?-\u9632?* <*;=**-*�_�\u8226?..=?-=. ^.._\u8482?.-~�f�\u8482?*��-A�J*o, �s \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex87 ->-;.. \par\pard\qj \li1151\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1151\ri1118\sb27\sl- 220\slmult0\fi273 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 Acestea au fosf definite de Finckel SI, Cosa Sifvs J, Cohan G s\\ Sartoriws N ca tulbu� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 rari de percepfie, de gandire, afective si comportamentaie care apar frecvent la pa� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 cienfii cu demenfa. Ele par sd fie elemente integrae ale procesului patologic, creeaza \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 probleme severe atat celor care vin Tn contact cu acesti pacienfi, cat si pacienfilor Tnsisi \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 s\\, de reguld, pot beneficia de un tratament adecvaf. \par\pard\qj \li1147\ri1142\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Ingrijiorii, membrii familiei s\\ pacienfii confundd deseori primele simptome ale de\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 menfei cu schimbdrile normale ale Tmbdtrdnirii. \par\pard\ql \li1420\sb111\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Examinarea psihiatricd va cduta sd evidenfieze tulburari Tn urnatoarele domenii:\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw4300\colsr20\colno2\colw5200\ colsr160\ql \li1286\sb91\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 Modificari de mee\par\pard\ql \li1324\sb57\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Dificultaji la ridicarea de pe scaun\par\pard\qj \li1320\sb0\sl-211\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li1320\ri0\sb16\sl-211\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 Mersul cu pasi mici (dar cu miscarea \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 normala a bratelor)\par\pard\ql \li1310\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1324\sb23\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 Mers Tmpleticit cu dificultafi de\par\pard\ql \li1310\sb9\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul Tntoarcere sau pornire\par\pard\qj \li1315\ri490\sb0\sl-352\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Mers cu baza largita, ataxic \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 Mifcari coreiforme\par\pard\ql \li1536\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1958\sb1\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 Domeniul afectat\par\pard\ql \li1536\sb43\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul Schimbari ale personalitafii\par\pard\column \qj \li140\ri3928\sb39\sl-264\slmult0\tx202 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Semnificafie \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 Dispraxie\par\pard\ql \li183\sb5\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul Tulburari extrapiramidale\par\pard\qj \li173\ri1433\sb6\sl-211\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Tumora de lob frontal sau degenerescenfa \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 frontal!\par\pard\ql \li192\sb14\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul Demenfa vasculara prin afectarea vaselor mici\par\pard\ql \li187\sb9\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Hidrocefalie\par\pard\ql \li1454\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li183\sb28\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Boala Jakob Creutzfeldt\par\pard\ql \li183\sb13\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul Dementa alcooiica\par\pard\ql \li178\sb19\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Boala Huntington\par\pard\ql \li1454\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1575\sb37\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 Simptome\par\pard\ql \li20\sb38\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul Detasare, apatie, dezinhibitie\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw4136\colsr160\colno2\colw 5224\colsr160\ql \li2183\sb1\sl-205\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Idei delirante\par\pard\ql \li1454\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1454\sb24\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Halucinafii fi iluzii patoiogice\par\pard\ql \li1564\sb0\sl-215\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1564\sb0\sl-215\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1564\sb0\sl-215\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1564\ri148\sb1\sl-215\slmult0\fi139 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Tulburari ale dispozifiei \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 Modificari neurovegetative\par\pard\column \ql \li39\sb1\sl-205\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Furt, persecu \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 tjie si urmarire, infidelitate, abando-\par\pard\ql \li34\sb15\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul nare, delir cu ectoparaziti\par\pard\ql \li34\ri1518\sb0\sl-217\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Sindromul Capgras (iluzia sosiilor) \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Sindromul Clerambault (falsa recunoaftere) \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 Semnul fotografiei\par\pard\ql \li34\sb6\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul Halucinafii vizuale, auditive, olfactive, tactile\par\pard\ql \li29\sb9\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Depresie, hipomanie, disforie\par\pard\ql \li20\sb4\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Tulburari de somn, tulburari alimentare, schim-\par\pard\ql \li29\sb4\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul bari ale comportamentului sexual \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \ql \li1497\ri1278\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\tx4305 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Compotamente neadecvateNeliniste psihomotorie (hoinareala) sau lentoare \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 psihomotorie), comportamente stereotipe, agre-\par\pard\ql \li4296\sb1\sl-199\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 siune verbala si/sau fizica \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9660\paperh13540{\bkmkstart Pg135}{\bkmkend Pg135}\par\pard\li1507\sb0\sl-184\slmult0\par\pard\li1507\sb0\sl- 184\slmult0\par\pard\li1507\sb0\sl-184\slmult0\par\pard\li1507\sb24\sl- 184\slmult0\fi0\tx1579\tx5232 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 1\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 28\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Psihopatologie si psihiafrie pentru psihologi\par\pard\qj \li1459\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1459\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1459\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1459\ri773\sb158\sl-220\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 \u8226? Schimbdrile de personaliate sunt reprezentate de modificari subtile Tn relafiile \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 pacientului cu ceilalfi, iarTn demenfe fronto-temporolo pot fi eel moi precoce semn, pre\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 ceddnd cu cdfiva ani modificdrile cognitive. \par\pard\qj \li1468\ri792\sb17\sl-200\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \u8226? Apatia si indiferenfa suntcomuneTn boala Alzheimer si demenfa vasculard; dezin\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 hibitia este comund Tn demenfa fronfofemporald. \par\pard\ql \li1449\ri792\sb4\sl-220\slmult0\fi297\tx1742 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 � Halucinafiile sunt o trdsdturd particular^ a dementei cu corpi Lewy s\\ se intensifi� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 ed atunci cand pocientul se trezeste Tn timpul fazei REM a somnului. \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 � Tulburarile de somn sunt foarte diverse, cresterea sau descresterea nevoii de somn, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Tnfreryperea somnului, inversarea ritmului somn-veghe, treziri nocturne si cosmaruri. \par\pard\qj \li1449\ri785\sb6\sl-213\slmult0\fi297 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 - In demenfa fronfo-temporald se observe o preferintd aproape exclusive pentru ali� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 ments dulci. Tot Tn categoria tulburarilor alimenfare se Tncadreazd si pks- ingesfia unor \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 subsanfe nealimenare sau a unor alimente nepreparate cum ar fi hrana pentru animale \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 sau carnea crudd. \par\pard\li1454\sb25\sl- 207\slmult0\fi278\tx7060\tx7972 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 � Dintre modificdrile comporfamenfului sexuol trebuie nofafd\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 cresterea,\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 scdderea\par\pard\li1454\sb14\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 sou lipsa libidouiui, schimbdri Tn orientoreo sexuald.\par\pard\li1454\sb14\sl-207\slmult0\fi278 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 S-au Tnregisfraf urmdfoareie semne Tn ordine descresedtoare:\par\pard\li1454\sb4\sl-207\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 \u8226? Agiafie - mai mult de 75%\par\pard\li1454\sb14\sl- 207\slmult0\fi278\tx2822 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 o Rafacire\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 mai mult de 60%\par\pard\li1454\sb9\sl-207\slmult0\fi278 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 � Depresie - mai muit de 50%\par\pard\li1454\sb15\sl- 230\slmult0\fi273\tx4440 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 s Tulburari psihotice - mai rnu\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 de 30%\par\pard\li1454\sb1\sl-193\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 - Jipete - mai mult de 25%\par\pard\li1454\sb7\sl- 207\slmult0\fi273 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 � Violenfd - mai muit de 20%\par\pard\li1454\sb14\sl-207\slmult0\fi273\tx4977\tx6144 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 � Tulburari de comportament sexua\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 mai muf\tab \up0 \expndtw-10\charscalex89 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs22 0%\par\pard\li2323\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li2323\sb157\sl-207\slmult0\fi1118 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Frecvenja semnelor psihice Tn demen|e\par\pard\li2323\sb136\sl-195\slmult0\fi105\tx2692 \dn3 \expndtw- 1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 0%\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex133 -- 75%\par\pard\li2323\sb45\sl-195\slmult0\fi14\tx3676 \up3 \expndtw0\charscalex100 70�/\tab \dn3 \expndtw-7\charscalex91 SO0/\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols3\colno1\colw2722\colsr110\colno2\colw2787\col sr160\colno3\colw3751\colsr160\ql \li2332\sb13\sl-128\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 50%\par\pard\ql \li2419\sb23\sl-161\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw- 4\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs14 0uc\par\pard\qj \li2323\ri0\sb0\sl- 178\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 40�; \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 30% \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 20% \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 10%\par\pard\column \ql \li1661\sb63\sl-161\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs14 J-c\par\pard\ql \li2256\sb166\sl-184\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 30�/\par\pard\ql \li432\sb75\sl-161\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs14 L_\par\pard\ql \li1143\sb56\sl- 322\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex133 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs28 r i\par\pard\ql \li5203\sb0\sl-115\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li5203\sb0\sl-115\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li5203\sb0\sl-115\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li5203\sb0\sl-115\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2391\sb90\sl-115\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw- 4\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf19\f20\fs10 O "_!\par\pard\ql \li20\sb145\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Frecventa\par\pard\column \ql \li5769\sb0\sl-161\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li5769\sb0\sl-161\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li20\sb149\sl-161\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs14 25�/t\par\pard\ql \li750\sb0\sl-129\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 20%\par\pard\ql \li1542\sb5\sl-177\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 0%\par\pard\ql \li68\sb136\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw- 3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs22 ^ \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9660\paperh13540{\bkmkstart Pg136}{\bkmkend Pg136}\par\pard\li1065\sb0\sl-184\slmult0\par\pard\li1065\sb0\sl- 184\slmult0\par\pard\li1065\sb0\sl-184\slmult0\par\pard\li1065\sb0\sl- 184\slmult0\par\pard\li1065\sb171\sl-184\slmult0\fi0\tx4046\tx8083\tx8160 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 Realitatea boiii psihice. Cadru clinic\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 ?i intervenfie psihologicd\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 1\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 29\par\pard\li2448\sb0\sl- 230\slmult0\par\pard\li2448\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li2448\sb0\sl- 230\slmult0\par\pard\li2448\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li2448\sb0\sl- 230\slmult0\par\pard\li2448\sb20\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx4243 \up0 \expndtw- 9\charscalex89 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 n@$ncu\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex133 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 i (adaptof dupa Arr\par\pard\li1516\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1516\sb130\sl- 207\slmult0\fi4\tx3796 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Un posibil istoric\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \u9632? Analizarea status-ului fizic, functional, cognitiv si\par\pard\li1516\sb9\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx3878 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 de demenfa\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 comportamental\par\pard\qj \li3873\ri1291\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi14 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Evidenjierea antecedentelor ce sugereaza posibili� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 tatea unei demenje \par\pard\qj \li3878\ri1297\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Evaluarea medicajei curente care ar putea sa aiba \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 efecte comportamentaie sau cognitive \par\pard\ql \li3873\sb1\sl-204\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 Sublinierea simptomelor sau deficitelor specifice unei\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw3679\colsr60\colno2\colw5781\cols r160\qj \li1132\sb0\sl-219\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li1507\ri0\sb2\sl- 219\slmult0\fi9 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 Evaluarea unor semne \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 f 1 simptome de element:! \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex128 prin tesfe neua-psiho-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 logice\par\pard\qj \li1550\ri33\sb0\sl-219\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 Jonfirmaea prezenfei \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Jemenfei\par\pard\ql \li1132\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1132\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1132\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1132\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1132\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1132\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1132\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1132\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1151\sb101\sl-207\slmult0\tx1473 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex90 IV\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 Verificaji daca pacientu\par\pard\ql \li1473\sb13\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 Tntrunefte citeriise\par\pard\ql \li1488\sb14\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 pentru dementi\par\pard\ql \li1560\sb4\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs22 Jiagnosticul diferenfia!\par\pard\ql \li1132\sb0\sl- 211\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1132\sb0\sl-211\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1483\ri0\sb14\sl-211\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Identificafi potenfialui \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 restant �i gradul de de-\par\pard\ql \li1473\sb19\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul teriorare al pacientului\par\pard\ql \li1137\sb9\sl-207\slmult0\tx1473 \up0 \expndtw- 8\charscalex88 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 VII\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 Stabiiifi semnificajia �i\par\pard\ql \li1478\sb14\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 gradul fiecarei dete=\par\pard\ql \li1478\sb13\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 riorari (diagnostic\par\pard\ql \li1473\sb14\sl-207\slmult0\tx2985 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul functional)\ul0\tab \up0 \expndtw- 2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 ,\par\pard\ql \li1132\sb4\sl- 207\slmult0\tx1478 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex86 VIII\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Identificafi posibilele cir-\par\pard\ql \li1468\sb14\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 cumstanfe care ar con�\par\pard\qj \li1463\ri0\sb3\sl-215\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 duce la tulburari impor� \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex124 tante de comportament\par\pard\column \ql \li144\sb15\sl-207\slmult0\tx3519 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul tulburari dementia\ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 le\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 _\par\pard\ql \li34\sb14\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 - Folosirea unor teste specifice privind funcjonarea\par\pard\ql \li149\sb9\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 zilnica a pacienjilor (ADL, FAQ)\par\pard\ql \li29\sb9\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 - Folosirea unor teste care sa evidenjieze tulburarile\par\pard\ql \li144\sb14\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul cognitive (MMSE, Testul Ceasului, Testul concentrarii)\par\pard\qj \li140\ri1290\sb2\sl-216\slmult0\fi14 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Daca evaluarea facuta pana Tn acest moment suge� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 reaza posibilitatea unei demenje, o evaluare detai \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 ta este indicae.\par\pard\ql \li53\sb22\sl-207\slmult0\tx4220 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 \u9632?Abordarea neurologica, psihologica �i psihiatrice\tab \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex89 >aie\par\pard\qj \li135\ri1258\sb0\sl-217\slmult0\tx4234 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 ajuta la definirea cailor de urmat Tn evaiuar\tab \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 de� \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 men\ {ei.\par\pard\ql \li125\ri1290\sb0\sl-215\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 Continuarea procesului de diagnostic prin evalua \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 clinice \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 (Acestea nu se vorface decat daca ex \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs22 ars r\par\pard\qj \li24\ri1669\sb0\sl-218\slmult0\fi91\tx135 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 posibil beneficiu pentru pacienf sau daca rezi \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 lor ar implica o schimbare a conduitei terapet \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 � Diagnosticul de demenfa este eel mai probabil \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 � Folositi mai multe categorii de diagnostic\par\pard\ql \li20\ri1263\sb6\sl-216\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul � Definitj eventualu! rise de a dezvolta\ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 o dementa \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 � Determinarea tipului de demenja poate ajuta la pre�\par\pard\qj \li188\ri1255\sb1\sl-215\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 venirea deteriorarii sau la stabilirea unui prognostic \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 corect\par\pard\qj \li20\ri1268\sb10\sl- 211\slmult0\tx188 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 e Trecejt Tn revista medica|ia pe care pacientu! o ia pen� \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 tru alte afecfiuni si care ar putea crea tulburari de\par\pard\ql \li183\sb19\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul constienta. confuzie, tulburari comportamentaie \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9800\paperh13620{\bkmkstart Pg137}{\bkmkend Pg137}\par\pard\li1320\sb0\sl-184\slmult0\par\pard\li1320\sb0\sl- 184\slmult0\par\pard\li1320\sb0\sl-184\slmult0\par\pard\li1320\sb0\sl- 184\slmult0\par\pard\li1320\sb46\sl-184\slmult0\fi0\tx1406\tx5073 \up0 \expndtw- 4\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 1\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 30\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 Psihopatologie si psihiafrie pentru psihologi\par\pard\ql \li5087\sb0\sl-161\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5087\sb0\sl- 161\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5087\sb0\sl-161\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5087\sb0\sl- 161\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5087\sb0\sl-161\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5087\sb0\sl- 161\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5087\sb54\sl-161\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs14 EXAMINARE OBIECTiVA \par\pard\qj \li5073\ri2659\sb0\sl- 160\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 SOMATICA , NEUROLOG1CA \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 �1 NEUROPSIHOLOGICA \par\pard\ql \li4665\sb0\sl-161\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4665\sb99\sl-161\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 ISTORIC FAMILIAL \par\pard\qj \li4310\sb0\sl-180\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li4310\ri2742\sb44\sl-180\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 ISTOR1C TOXICOLOGfC NUTRITIONAL \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 �1MED1CAMENTOS \par\pard\ql \li3494\sb0\sl-240\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3494\sb0\sl-240\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3494\sb0\sl-240\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3494\sb0\sl-240\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3494\sb0\sl-240\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3494\sb0\sl-240\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3494\sb0\sl-240\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3494\sb0\sl-240\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3494\sb0\sl-240\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3494\sb0\sl-240\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3494\sb211\sl-240\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 ETAPE IN INVEST1GAREA DEMI?\ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 ()_,. \par\pard\qj \li1271\ri1103\sb217\sl- 220\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 In ciuda identificdrii Tn ultimii ani a unui numdr de potenfiali marked biologici pen� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex133 tru tulburarile dementiale, diagnosticul se bazeazd Tncd pe observafia cu acuratefe a \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 comportamentului. \par\pard\qj \li1267\ri1094\sb9\sl-210\slmult0\fi268 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex130 Anamnaza trebuie sd se concentreze pe stabilirea prezenfei sau absenfei simptome-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex133 lor unei boli cerebrae organice, descrierea comporamentului si capacitafii functionae \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex133 premorbide a individului, starea generae medicae si tratamentele prezente si frecute. \par\pard\qj \li1262\ri1112\sb2\sl- 220\slmult0\fi287 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex138 Este important sd se excludd o sare ocutd confuzionold sau o boala psihiafricd \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex125 funcfionald primard. \par\pard\qj \li1248\ri1111\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi297 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex134 Informafiile se vor obfine atat de la pacienf, cat si de la anfuroj, de obicei o rudd \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex132 apropioa sau un prieten; fiecare va povesti medicului propria versiune, separat (asffei \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex124 Tncdt unui sd nu audd versiunea celuilolt). \par\pard\qj \li1252\ri1108\sb6\sl-213\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 Ordinea Tn care materialul este colectat trebuie sd fie flexibild si adaptabild. Un sis-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex133 fen rigid ar putea inhiba pocientul core i- or pufeo simfi pe intervievotor ce fiind un \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex130 prost receptor fafd de ceea ce el ar dori sd spund. Dacd pacientul simte cd stdpdneste \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex125 sifuafla, va fi mai pufin defensiv si mai domic \u8222?sd divulge" informafiile revelotoore. \par\pard\qj \li1257\ri1121\sb22\sl- 220\slmult0\fi273 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 Interviului i se va acorda timpul necesar. Este necesard multd rdbdare, mai ales dacd \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 informafiile revelatoare trebuiesc discutate odecvot. \par\pard\qj \li1238\ri1119\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 Investigaforul trebuie sd-si rdspundd unei serii de Tntrebdri ale cdror rdspunsuri de-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 vin Tn acelasi timp elemente de anamnezd: Existd Tn cabinet surse de stimuiare care ar \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 putea disfrage afenfia pacientului? Auzul si vdzul pacientului sunt bune? Std conforfabil? \par\pard\qj \li1238\ri1130\sb9\sl-210\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex129 Se va acorda atenfie comunicarii non-verbale a pacientului. Priveste ur.de trebuie? \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex128 Comportarea lui sugereazd depresie sou onxietote? Este Tmbrdcot si araniat corespun\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex124 zdtor? \par\pard\qj \li1243\ri1126\sb22\sl-220\slmult0\fi287 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 De asemenea, se va ocordo otenfie stdrii emofionaie si fizice a persoanelor opropio-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 te afectiv de bolnov, Tntrebdrile ole cdror rdspunsuri sunt cdutate la acestio fiind: Cdtd \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9800\paperh13620{\bkmkstart Pg138}{\bkmkend Pg138}\par\pard\li1137\sb0\sl-184\slmult0\par\pard\li1137\sb0\sl- 184\slmult0\par\pard\li1137\sb0\sl-184\slmult0\par\pard\li1137\sb0\sl- 184\slmult0\par\pard\li1137\sb0\sl-184\slmult0\par\pard\li1137\sb78\sl- 184\slmult0\fi0\tx8135\tx8227 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 Realitatea bolii psihice. Cadru clinic s\\ intervenfie psihologica\tab \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 1\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 31\par\pard\ql \li1128\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1128\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1128\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1128\ri1245\sb176\sl-220\slmult0\tx1406 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 grijd s\\ ce fel de supaveghere Tsi asuma acestia? CatTnfeleg sarea pacientului? Care \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 sunt nevoile si speranfele lor pentru viitor? Ce efort depun pentru pacienf? \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Analiza ant__ederiel�r pctologice ale pacientului trebuie fdcutd sisfematic Tn urna� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 oarele direcfii: \par\pard\qj \li1132\ri1264\sb17\sl-200\slmult0\fi278 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 � Trasarea unui arbore genealogic, notdnd varsta fiecdrui membru, cauzele decese\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 lor si starea de sdndtate a iecdruia. \par\pard\ql \li1411\sb15\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 � Se vor nota separat: \par\pard\ql \li1843\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 - Boala Parkinson \par\pard\ql \li1838\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 - Sindromul Down \par\pard\ql \li1838\sb13\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 - Boli cardiovasculare/cerebrovasculare, hipertensiune \par\pard\ql \li1833\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 - Depresia, demenfa, senilitatea, alte boli psihiatrice \par\pard\ql \li1833\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 - Interndrile psihiatrice. \par\pard\qj \li1108\ri1270\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi287 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Pentru fiecare din simpfomele prezente, anamneza va Tncerca sd evidenfieze felul Tn \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 care acestea au opdrut (ocut sou progresiv), remisiunile sau exacerbdrile acestor simp� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 tome, modul lor de evolujie al acestora. \par\pard\qj \li1104\ri1277\sb17\sl- 200\slmult0\fi287 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 &a_minarea somatica ggnerala va respecfa regulile generae pundnd un accent spe� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 ciei pe modificdrile funcfiondrii aparatului cardiovascular. \par\pard\qj \li1108\ri1265\sb4\sl-220\slmult0\fi278 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 lixsmimjea mediesto va cduta o serie de semne si simptome care ar puteo sd fie \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 relevante pentru diognosticui de demenfa. Va fi urmaritd cu atenfie Tntreaga istorie medi� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 cae a pacientului, notdndu-se exisfenfa oricaror semne privind: \par\pard\ql \li1382\sb2\sl- 218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 Starea medloafa pr@z@rf_ fi trecuta \par\pard\ql \li1396\sb12\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 \u8226? Boli sisfemice sau neurologice \par\pard\ql \li1396\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \u8226? Traumafisme craniene \par\pard\ql \li1391\sb13\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 - Depresii sau alte boli psihiatrice Tn antecedenfe \par\pard\ql \li1368\sb14\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 MedicaH- cuenta \par\pard\ql \li1387\sb1\sl-193\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 \u8226? Ce i s-a prescris? \par\pard\ql \li1387\sb16\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 e Ce ia pacientul Tn momentul de fafd? \par\pard\ql \li1391\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 - Ce efecte (bune sau rele) are terapia curentd? \par\pard\ql \li1382\sb6\sl-216\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 Frcblemeie educqHonaie �i ocupajionaie \par\pard\qj \li1387\ri5492\sb1\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 � Varsta la care a pdrdsit scoala \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 � Studii medii sau superioare \par\pard\ql \li1382\sb1\sl- 195\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \u8226? Natura meseriei \par\pard\ql \li1387\sb16\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 - Probleme la locul de munca \par\pard\ql \li1377\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \u8226? Condifiile de pensionare \par\pard\ql \li1363\sb14\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw- 2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 Msdiul social \par\pard\ql \li1387\sb1\sl-193\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 9 Structure familiald \par\pard\ql \li1382\sb16\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \u8226? Contactele sociale curente \par\pard\qj \li1382\ri3443\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 � Cerinfele emofionaie si fizice ale persoanelor opropiate \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 � Impiicare Tn viafa sociald \par\pard\ql \li1377\sb11\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 9 Situafia financiard \par\pard\ql \li1368\sb3\sl-196\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 PerscnaJift-te anerioari f#i sdnimbaile de dota recentd) \par\pard\ql \li1377\sb35\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 \u8226? Puncte de inferes si hobby-uri \par\pard\ql \li1372\sb1\sl-198\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \u8226? Canalizarea energiei Tn anumite direcfii \par\pard\ql \li1372\sb35\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 � Responsabilitatea asumota fafd de alfe persoane \par\pard\ql \li1372\sb1\sl-198\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \u8226? Relafiile cu prietenii si familia \par\pard\ql \li1358\sb16\sl- 230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 Consumui de akod \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9800\paperh13620{\bkmkstart Pg139}{\bkmkend Pg139}\par\pard\li1526\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1526\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1526\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1526\sb186\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx5255 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 132\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 Psihopatologie si psihiafrie pentru psihologi\par\pard\ql \li1785\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1785\sb0\sl- 230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1785\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1785\sb125\sl- 230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 6.2.3.5. Date privind epidemioiogia demenjeon \par\pard\qj \li1507\ri922\sb107\sl- 210\slmult0\fi278 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Numarul absoluf si relativ al persoanelor vdrsfnice este Tntr-o crestere dramaticd. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Demenfa este o problema majord de sdndtate publicd nu doar pentru clinicieni, ci pen� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 tru Tntreaga societate. \par\pard\qj \li1497\ri909\sb2\sl-220\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Estimdrile fdcute au sugerat faptul cd, pdnd la sfarsitul secolului, Europa va avea \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 circa 8-10 milioanede persoane lovite de demenfa si, probabil, pdnd la 30 de milioane \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 de membri de familie si alte persoane rdspunzdtoare de Tngrijirea celor afectati, cu o \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 oarecare responsabilitate si implicare personold fafd de cei Tn suferinfa. \par\pard\qj \li1488\ri907\sb0\sl-213\slmult0\fi297 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Estimdrile sugereazd cd aproximativ 4 milioane de americani au demenfa severd si \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 Tncd alfi \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 1-5 milioane pacienfi au demenfe ujoard-moderatd. Mai mult chiar, Tntrucdt \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 numarul persoanelor Tn varsa creste, numarul americanilor cu demenfa severd se pre-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 conizeazd a creste eul00% pane Tn 2020 deed tendinfele octuole se vor menfine \par\pard\ql \li1507\sb2\sl-203\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 (U.S.Conges Office of Technology Assessment 1987). \par\pard\qj \li1497\ri918\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 \u8226? Prevalenfa geneae o demenfei Alzheimer dupd varsta de 65 de ani este de circa \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 5-10%, iar incidenfa anuald este 1 -2%. \par\pard\ql \li1780\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \u8226? Dupd varsta de 75 de ani prevalenfa esfe de 15-20% si incidenfa de circa 2-4%. \par\pard\qj \li1488\ri922\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \u8226? Ambele rate cresc exponential cu varsa, cu o dublare la fiecare 5 ani pesfe varsta \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 de 60 de ani si o slabd nivelare la cei foarte vdrstnici. \par\pard\ql \li1776\sb1\sl- 199\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \u8226? Pe toatd durata viefii riscui de a face demenfa este de circa 1:4. \par\pard\ql \li1473\ri923\sb8\sl- 215\slmult0\fi302\tx1756\tx1742 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \u8226? Nu existd dovezi actuae care sd sugereze cd incidenfele se modified sau cd existd \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 diferenfe semnificative Tntre variatele culturi sau arii geografice. \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 Toate demenfele sunt tulburari progresive, dar pot fi foarte variate ca evolufie. Dinfr-o \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 perspectiva sociald si a sdndtdfii publice, faptul eel mai semnificativ este cd persoanele \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 cu demenfa supravietuiesc mai mult decat la Tnceputul secolului XX. \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 In demenfa vasculard, o persoand poate prezenta tulburari ale memoriei si compor� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 tamentului, dar poate sd nu evolueze negativ Tn lipsa unui alt episod ischemic, cdnd \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 aporful de sdnge este mult redus. Pe de altd parte, Tn demenfa Alzheimer, unii pot evo-\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 lua rapid Tn mod negativ timp de 2-3 ani, Tn timp ce alfii pot avea o evolufie mult mai \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 lene, de 10 ani sau mai mult. \par\pard\qj \li1468\ri938\sb7\sl-213\slmult0\fi287 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Desi boiile care produc demenfa nu sunt de obicei notafe Tn certificatele de deces ca \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 fiind cauzatoare de moarte, ele reduc Tn mod clar speranfa de viafd a unei persoane. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Studiile publicate aratd Tn mod consecvento reducere a duratei de viafd. Persoanele cu \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 demenfa eu o suproviefuire mai mica comparativ cu cei de aceeasi vdrse si sex. \par\pard\qj \li1468\ri938\sb6\sl-215\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Studii comparative recente care compard supravietuirea Tn demenfa Alzheimer si \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 demenfa vasculord indicd o suproviefuire moi mice Tn ultimul grup. La persoonele cu \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 demenfa Alzheimer, supravietuirea este mai scurtd pentru cazurile de vdrstnici fafd de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 cele de tineri, asa cum ea de asfepfat, dor reducerea speranfei de viafd este mult mai \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 mare la cei cu debut precoce. \par\pard\ql \li1737\sb113\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 6.2.3.6. Facoi efiopaegenici implicaji tn qpai)ia tulbuailor demenfiab \par\pard\qj \li1459\ri942\sb99\sl-220\slmult0\fi278 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Cea mai comund demenfe este boala Alzheimer, core este prezene la aproximativ \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 50% dintre pacienfii evaluafi pentru declin cognitiv progresiv. Probabil Tncd \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 1 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 5-20% \par\pard\ql \li1459\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 prezinfd o combinafie de boala Alzheimer si patologie vasculard la autopsie (Tonilinson \par\pard\ql \li1449\sb6\sl-216\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 etal.,1970) \par\pard\qj \li1449\ri948\sb1\sl-220\slmult0\fi287 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Un studiu a araat o legofuru strdnso Tntre prevolenfo bolii Alzheimer si vdrse, astfel \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 boala Alzheimer apare la 3% dintre cei cu varsta 65-74 ani, 19% la c�i Tntre 75-84 ani \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex92 si \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 47% la cei pesfe 65 ani (Evans eral., 1989). \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9800\paperh13620{\bkmkstart Pg140}{\bkmkend Pg140}\par\pard\li1219\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1219\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1219\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1219\sb176\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx8150 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Realitatea bolii psihice. Cadru clinic si intervenfie psihologica\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 133\par\pard\li1209\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1209\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1209\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1209\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1209\sb2\sl- 207\slmult0\fi273\tx7228\tx7324 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 A doua cauza de demenfa este demenfa vaseukirQ. Ea apare la\tab \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 1\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 7-29% dintre\par\pard\li1209\sb14\sl- 207\slmult0\fi4\tx3926 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 pacienfii cu demenfa, si Tncd olfi\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 10-23% dintre pacienfi prezinfd demenfa mixtd. Astfel,\par\pard\li1209\sb9\sl-207\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 frecvenfa sindroameior de demenfa vasculard raportafd Tn literaturd variazd Tntre 27%\par\pard\li1209\sb18\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx1420\tx7920 \up0 \expndtw- 8\charscalex88 si\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 52%; aceste cifre subestimeazd sau supraestimeazd prevalenfa adevaratd\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 (Bos?,\par\pard\li1209\sb14\sl-207\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 1988; O'Bien, 1988).\par\pard\ql \li1195\ri1245\sb0\sl-216\slmult0\fi292\tx1488 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 � Toate studii!e aratd predominanta bolii Alzheimer fafd de demenfa vasculard (re� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 port 2:1), cu excepfia Rusiei, Japoniei si Chinei unde raportul e inversaf (raport 1:2). \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Demenfa Alzheimer si demenfa vasculard, Trnpreund, afecteazd 70-90% dintre pa� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 cienfii cu demenfa, Tn vreme ce celeialte sindroame sunt rdspunzdtoare pentru restul de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 10-30%. Acest uitim grup meritd o otenfie speciold din partea medicului, deoarece \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 aceste sindroame se pot dafora unor cauze potenfiol reversibile cum ar fi: couze meta-\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 bolice, structurale sau psihiatrice (Rabais, 1983). \par\pard\qj \li1200\ri1253\sb6\sl-210\slmult0\fi273 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Si alte cauze de demenfa meritd a fi menfionate. DsmTfs cu 0�rpi Lswy esfe recu� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 noscue mai frecvent acum si s-ar putea sd se demonstreze ca esfe a doua cauza (ca \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 frecvenfa) a demenfei la bdfrani \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 (Mfeifb 9r�_., 1994). D@g�nerar�a bhului fanfaS, \par\pard\qj \li1190\ri1260\sb2\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 esfe, Io randul ei, mai frecvenfa decat se estimase anterior; esfe responsabild pentru \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 1 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 3%-l 6% dintre demenfe Tn unele studii (Millar BL & ai., 1991). \par\pard\qj \li1185\ri1259\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Dsnemfo eS_s�li_S evidentiatd clinic apare la 3% dintre pocienfli oleooiici si Tntr-un \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 studiu s-ou diagnosticat cu acest tip de demenfa \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 7% dintre pacienfii intemati pentru \par\pard\ql \li1185\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 evaluarea tulburdrii cognitive (Cuting, 1982), \par\pard\qj \li1175\ri1257\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Deficite neuropsihologice semnificative apar la eel pufin 60% dintre pacienfii cu hea� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 ls Parkinson (Mensryi Cuminings, 1990), desi studiile care au aplicat crierii riguroase \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 de diagnostic au gdsit o prevalenfa de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 0-20% (evidenfiatd clinic) \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 (Gibb, 1989). \par\pard\qj \li1175\ri1267\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0\fi278 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 BodlQ HIV este acum epidemicd si s-a estimated 1,5-2 milioane americani sunt infec\up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 fafi cu HIV-1 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 (Ammmn Asademy of H��rebg/AIDS Task Ferce 1991). Un mare nu\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 mdr dinfre ace$ti pacienfi vor dezvolta demenfa de cauze HIV sau secundard infecfillor \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 cerebrae cu germeni oportunisti (Weib #i Halman). \par\pard\qj \li1175\ri1265\sb0\sl-200\slmult0\fi264 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 TraurnaHsmde eane� fac ca 400.000-500.000 pacienfi sd fie spifalizafi Tn fiecare \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 an Tn SUA si sunt o cauza imporane de afectare cognitive printre indivizii mai fined \par\pard\ql \li1180\sb13\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 (Kreus fi Serenson, 1994). \par\pard\qj \li1171\ri1278\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi287 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 9 Valorile prevalenfei legate de vdrsfd pentru boala Alzheimer sunt mai ridicate la \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 femei decat Io bdrbofi, Tn timp ce pentru demenfe vascuiord se Tntdmpld contrariul. \par\pard\ql \li1444\sb91\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 6.2.3.7. Snvestigajii psebgioe speifie� \par\pard\qj \li1161\ri1269\sb101\sl-217\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Excminarsanewopsihologicd ese, Tn opinia multor autori, prima cale de investigare \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 a demenfei deoarece oferd posibiliatea evaluarii unor variate domenii ale funcfiei cogni� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 tive. Ea implied observarea comportamentului unui individ legatd de stimulii aplicafi, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 5elecfionafi dupd probobilitoteo provocdrii unui rdspuns anormal Tn cozul unor ieziuni \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 ole unor sfructuri neuroonafomice specifice. Baza teoreticd a evaluarii neuropsihologice \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 este derivatd pe de o parte din psihologia cognitivd care se ocupd de elaborarea tes\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 telor cognitive pentru a demonstra modelele feorefice ale funcfionarii cognitive normale, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 iar pe de altd parte din psihologia comporfamentaid (Ritchie K, 1999). \par\pard\qj \li1156\ri1281\sb5\sl-215\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Cdteodatd, Tn demenfele aflate Tn faze incipiente, este dificil de evaluat deteriorarea \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 cognitive. De aceea, evaluarea neuropsihoiogicd este esenfiald Tn sabilirea prezenfei \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 unui declin cognitiv incipient usor (Tn speciei pentru cd permite estimarea funcfiei premor� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 bide prin fehnici standardizate), Tn determinarea oriilor cerebrale specifice disfuncfiilor \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 exisfente si Tn excluderea depresiei. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9800\paperh13620{\bkmkstart Pg141}{\bkmkend Pg141}\par\pard\li1492\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1492\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1492\sb167\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx1579\tx5246 \up0 \expndtw- 4\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 1\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 34\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Psihopaologie si psihiafrie penfru psihologi\par\pard\qj \li1468\sb0\sl-210\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1468\sb0\sl- 210\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1468\sb0\sl-210\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1468\ri903\sb208\sl-210\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Existd o gomd largd de teste neuropsihologice care investigheazd toate funcfiile psi� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 hice. Am considerat important sa exemplificdm Tn acest capial cu unele dintre cele mai \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 importante este folosite Tn diagnosticorea si evaluarea demenfelor. \par\pard\qj \li1473\ri900\sb2\sl-220\slmult0\fi278 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 Cei mai cunoscut instrument de acesf tip esfe MMSE (Mini Mental Stae Examinaiion) care \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 practic ar trebui sd fie un instrument la Tndemdna oricdrui medic sau psiholog clinician. \par\pard\ql \li1747\sb44\sl-240\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 Ex�_minar_a sfafusului minai minim (MMSE) \par\pard\li1694\sb112\sl-230\slmult0\fi187\tx8313 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 1. Ce zi a sofjfSlinii ese?\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \u9633?\par\pard\li1694\sb1\sl-217\slmult0\fi163\tx8313 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 2. Ce data esfe azif\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \u9633?\par\pard\li1694\sb0\sl-217\slmult0\fi177\tx8313 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 3. Ce luna ese?\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \u9633?\par\pard\li1694\sb1\sl-215\slmult0\fi158\tx8313 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 4. Ce anotimp esfe?\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 \u9633?\par\pard\li1694\sb1\sl-216\slmult0\fi168\tx8313 \up0 \expndtw- 1\charscalex100 5. In c� an suntem?\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 \u9633?\par\pard\li1694\sb1\sl-214\slmult0\fi168\tx8308 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 6. Unde ne aflam acum?\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \u9633?\par\pard\li1694\sb1\sl-222\slmult0\fi163\tx8308 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 7. La ce efaj suntem?\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \u9633?\par\pard\li1694\sb1\sl-209\slmult0\fi172\tx8313 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 8. Tn ce oraf sunem?\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \u9633?\par\pard\li1694\sb1\sl-228\slmult0\fi172\tx8313 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 9. |n ce judef suntem?\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 \u9633?\par\pard\li1694\sb1\sl-207\slmult0\fi52\tx8308 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 10. In ce fara suntem?\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 \u9633?\par\pard\li1694\sb1\sl-223\slmult0\fi52\tx8308 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 11. Repeta cuvinele: Jlmaia, cheie, baon""\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 \u9633?\par\pard\li1694\sb1\sl-214\slmult0\fi48\tx8304 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 12. Examinaorul va pronunja cuvintele cu o rcts de unul/seeunda\tab \up0 \expndtw- 2\charscalex100 a\par\pard\li1694\sb1\sl-222\slmult0\fi43\tx8304 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 13. Tn caz de diicuefi, repeta de 5 oi cuvimBie.\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 \u9633?\par\pard\li1694\sb1\sl-214\slmult0\fi52\tx8304 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 14. Scads 7 din 100 fi e cinci seadei\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \u9633?\par\pard\li1694\sb1\sl-222\slmult0\fi48\tx8304 \up0 \expndtw-10\charscalex95 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs22 15.\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \u9633?\par\pard\li1694\sb1\sl-214\slmult0\fi43\tx8299 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 16. Oice seeder� corects \u9632? o bifare\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 \u9633?\par\pard\li1694\sb1\sl- 221\slmult0\fi48\tx8299 \up0 \expndtw-10\charscalex93 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs22 17.\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \u9633?\par\pard\li1694\sb0\sl- 221\slmult0\fi38 \up0 \expndtw-10\charscalex96 18.\par\pard\li1694\sb0\sl- 221\slmult0\fi33\tx8299 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 19. Tfi reaminf@$ti cele frei cuvinte p� care le-ai spus?\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 \u9633?\par\pard\li1694\sb1\sl-208\slmult0\fi23\tx8294 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 20. ^LSmai�, cheie, babn*\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \u9633?\par\pard\li1694\sb1\sl-223\slmult0\fi14\tx8294 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 21. C� este acesa? (araia un creion)\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \u9633?\par\pard\li1694\sb1\sl-220\slmult0\fi14\tx8289 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 22. Ce ese acesta? (orafa un ceas)\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \u9633?\par\pard\li1694\sb1\sl-209\slmult0\fi14\tx8289 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 23. Repeta urmdlearde: ^nici un daca, #i sau dar*\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \u9633?\par\pard\li1694\sb1\sl- 217\slmult0\fi9\tx8289 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 24. Urmeazd o comanda din 3 stadii: la aceasta bucatQ de hirle\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \u9633?\par\pard\li1694\sb1\sl-215\slmult0\fi14\tx8289 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 25. Tmpature$te-o fn doua s\\ pune-o jos*\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 U\par\pard\li1694\sb1\sl-228\slmult0\fi9\tx8284 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 26. (maxim 3 puncte)\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \u9633?\par\pard\li1694\sb1\sl- 213\slmult0\fi4\tx8284 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 27. Ciefe ce este scis pe aceasta herfie si\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 G\par\pard\li1694\sb1\sl- 221\slmult0\fi326 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 supune-ie comenzii scise (#1hchide ochii")\par\pard\li1694\sb1\sl-216\slmult0\fi4\tx8280 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 28.Scie o propozifie (pe care o doresii) pe aceasta fiare\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 \u9633?\par\pard\li1694\sb0\sl-216\slmult0\fi0\tx8275 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 29. Copiaz- acest desen pe o toaie de hdrtie (2 penfagpans cmm\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \u9633?\par\pard\qj \li2016\ri1818\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 ormeaza un unghi tntre ele, cafe un coif din nscae inferstslindu-se \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 pentru a forma un model de diamanf). \par\pard\li4785\sb0\sl- 230\slmult0\par\pard\li4785\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li4785\sb0\sl- 230\slmult0\par\pard\li4785\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li4785\sb169\sl- 230\slmult0\fi0\tx8087 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Toal (0-30)\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \u9633?\u9633?\par\pard\ql \li3019\sb1\sl-222\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 Se acordd 1 punct pentru iecae ?aspun. exact \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9800\paperh13620{\bkmkstart Pg142}{\bkmkend Pg142}\par\pard\li1219\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1219\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1219\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1219\sb195\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx8207\tx8294 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Realitatea bolii psihice. Cadru clinic si intervenfie psihologica\tab \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 1\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 35\par\pard\li1358\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1358\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1358\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1358\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1358\sb26\sl-207\slmult0\fi139 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 Semniicaia scorvilor obinufe la MMSE\par\pard\li1358\sb115\sl- 207\slmult0\fi532\tx3143\tx5592 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 Stadiu\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 MMSE\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul Trasaturi specifice\par\pard\li1358\sb14\sl- 207\slmult0\fi14\tx3225\tx3897 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Nici unui\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 30\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul Nici un simptom\par\pard\li1358\sb9\sl- 230\slmult0\fi4\tx3000\tx3892 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Tulburari cognitive\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex132 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 24-30\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Simptome mnezice\par\pard\li1358\sb1\sl-188\slmult0\fi14 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul ugoare\par\pard\li1358\sb14\sl- 207\slmult0\fi9\tx2995\tx3892 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Usoara\ul0\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex133 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 21 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul -23\ul0\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul Deficite (mnezice sj cognitive)\par\pard\li1358\sb15\sl-253\slmult0\fi9\tx3000\tx3887 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Marcata\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs22 18-20\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Deficite cognitive dare; strategii de adaptare compen-\par\pard\li1358\sb0\sl-162\slmult0\fi2524 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 satorii\par\pard\li1358\sb17\sl- 230\slmult0\fi4\tx3000\tx3887 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 Moderae\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex131 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 15-17\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul Este nccesar un grad de asistenfa: simptome psihiatrice\par\pard\li1358\sb1\sl- 213\slmult0\fi0\tx3000\tx3883 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Severa\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex130 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 12-16\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Ese necesar ajutor pentru activitati zilnice de Tngrijire;\par\pard\ql \li3873\sb1\sl-187\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul simptome psihotice; aqresivitate \par\pard\li1358\sb27\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx3067\tx3883 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Grava\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 0-11\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Necesara Tngrijire institutj'onalizata\par\pard\ql \li1459\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1459\sb54\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 Testul desendii csosului \par\pard\li1286\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1286\sb128\sl- 207\slmult0\fi9\tx3009\tx5558 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Nr. fisa:\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 Nume:\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 Prenume:\par\pard\li1286\sb4\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx2428\tx5164 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 Varsta:\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 Data examinarii:\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 Examinator:\par\pard\ql \li1324\sb177\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw- 5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 VA ROG DESENATI UN CEASl \par\pard\ql \li1459\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1459\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1459\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1459\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1459\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1459\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1459\sb230\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 )M�l�llmbiie c&asuiuiia ora indicatS aid! \par\pard\ql \li4564\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4564\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4564\sb230\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 11:10 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9800\paperh13620{\bkmkstart Pg143}{\bkmkend Pg143}\par\pard\li1516\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li1516\sb0\sl- 230\slmult0\par\pard\li1516\sb160\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx1588\tx5232 \up0 \expndtw- 2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 1\tab \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 36\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Psihopatologie si psihiafrie pentru psihologi\par\pard\li1646\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1646\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1646\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1646\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1646\sb2\sl- 207\slmult0\fi120 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Evaluarea si cofarea rezultafelor din testul desenarii ceasului\par\pard\li1646\sb72\sl-207\slmult0\fi1991\tx7156 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex131 Desciere\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Exemplu\par\pard\li1646\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li1646\sb29\sl- 230\slmult0\fi0\tx1934 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex88 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 1.\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 ..perfect" (cifrele)\par\pard\li1646\sb1\sl-194\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 � 1-12 desenate corect\par\pard\li1646\sb22\sl- 207\slmult0\fi292\tx8198 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 \u8226? doua semne care arata corect ora (11:10)\tab \up0 \expndtw- 1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf19\f20\fs10 t\par\pard\li1646\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1646\sb18\sl-207\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 ..deteriorare generala- vizuala u�oara"\par\pard\li1646\sb9\sl-207\slmult0\fi288\tx6552 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex124 \u8226? semnele dintre cifre nu corespund\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 4 x A\par\pard\li1646\sb14\sl-207\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 \u8226? cifrele nu sunt a�ezate simetric. Trasarea\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw6344\colsr160\colno2\colw3156 \colsr160\ql \li2102\sb0\sl-206\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 limbilor arata o anume orientare a subiectului\par\pard\qj \li1920\ri1214\sb220\sl-220\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 O oarecare dezordine In plan vizual \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 (u�oara spre medie)\par\pard\ql \li1920\sb16\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 \u8226? numai un semn (limba)\par\pard\ql \li1920\sb9\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 � 10 dupa 11 (vezi exemplui desenat)\par\pard\ql \li1920\sb14\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul @ nu este desenata nici o ora precise\par\pard\qj \li1915\ri839\sb0\sl-214\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Dezorganizare medie dar poate exisfa o \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex125 desenare corecta a orei\par\pard\ql \li1915\sb3\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex124 \u8226? cifrele sunt ultate\par\pard\qj \li1915\ri254\sb4\sl-220\slmult0\tx2078 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex124 \u8226? De observat cifrele sunt de la 1 ia 12 dar nu \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 sunt Tn ordine\par\pard\ql \li1910\sb12\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 � Dreapta-stanga (cifrele sunt In ordine dar nu\par\pard\ql \li2078\sb14\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex124 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul se Irnbina spre sfarsit\par\pard\ql \li1905\ri187\sb219\sl-220\slmult0\fi9 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Dezorganizarea cea mai grava vi_ua!a \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 � Se deseriu cela 4 cadrane dar prost Tripartite\par\pard\qj \li1900\sb0\sl-216\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li1900\sb0\sl- 216\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li1900\ri1167\sb5\sl-216\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 Nu exista nici un fel de regula a orei \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 (In special Depresie/Delir!)\par\pard\qj \li1900\ri225\sb5\sl-216\slmult0\tx2068 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex125 9 nu poate descrie nici o ora, nu poate desena \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 nici o ora\par\pard\qj \li1896\ri182\sb10\sl-211\slmult0\tx2063 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 � ceea ce serie nu are nici o legatura cu ceasul \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 (ora)\par\pard\ql \li1891\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 \u8226? este posibil sa serie un cuvant sau un nume\par\pard\column \ql \li20\sb0\sl-342\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex97 \ul0\nosupersub\cf21\f22\fs38 t \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 V-j\par\pard\ql \li6604\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li120\sb3\sl-207\slmult0\tx562 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 4' "-\tab \up0 \expndtw- 8\charscalex100 /h\up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex83 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 >\\\par\pard\ql \li7156\sb0\sl-115\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li7156\sb0\sl- 115\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li7156\sb0\sl-115\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li7156\sb0\sl- 115\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li7156\sb0\sl-115\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li7156\sb0\sl- 115\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li7156\sb0\sl-115\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li7156\sb0\sl- 115\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li7156\sb0\sl-115\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li7156\sb0\sl- 115\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li7156\sb0\sl-115\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li7156\sb0\sl- 115\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li7156\sb0\sl-115\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li7156\sb0\sl- 115\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li7156\sb0\sl-115\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li7156\sb0\sl- 115\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li7156\sb0\sl-115\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li7156\sb0\sl- 115\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li7156\sb0\sl-115\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li7156\sb0\sl- 115\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li7156\sb0\sl-115\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li7156\sb0\sl- 115\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li7156\sb0\sl-115\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li7156\sb0\sl- 115\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li7156\sb0\sl-115\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li7156\sb0\sl- 115\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li7156\sb0\sl-115\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li7156\sb0\sl- 115\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li7156\sb0\sl-115\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li7156\sb0\sl- 115\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li7156\sb0\sl-115\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li7156\sb0\sl- 115\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li7156\sb0\sl-115\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li7156\sb0\sl- 115\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li672\sb87\sl-115\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 \ul0\nosupersub\cf19\f20\fs10 \u9632?"'\u9632?'t \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9800\paperh13620{\bkmkstart Pg144}{\bkmkend Pg144}\par\pard\li1118\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1118\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1118\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1118\sb133\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx8121\tx8212 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Realitatea bolii psihice. Cadru clinic si infervenfie psihologicd\tab \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 1\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 37\par\pard\ql \li1406\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1406\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1406\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1406\sb206\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Combinarea MM�� cu imtul dmaaaii emasuiui Tn diagnosticul demenfei \par\pard\li3844\sb132\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx6796 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 Criteriu\tab \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex108 Pondere\par\pard\ql \li2083\sb14\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 1MSE>27 \par\pard\ql \li1987\sb1\sl-198\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Testul Ceasului Desenat \par\pard\ql \li2428\sb15\sl-207\slmult0\tx3014 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 1. Ora \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 12 este la locul ei? \par\pard\ql \li2409\sb1\sl-198\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 2. Sunt marcate exact 12 numere? \par\pard\ql \li2414\sb15\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 3. Cele doua limbi sunt distincte? \par\pard\qj \li1991\ri3475\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi412 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul 4. A reu�it subiectul sa Tnscrie\ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 core\ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul ct timpul\ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 ? \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 Maximum \par\pard\ql \li1991\sb1\sl-199\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 interpretare \par\pard\ql \li1982\ri2040\sb21\sl-200\slmult0\tx3057 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 0-6 puncte - Demen_a poate fi suspectata si se recomanda prezen� \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 farea la specialist \par\pard\ql \li1982\ri2045\sb20\sl-200\slmult0\tx3062 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 7-9 puncte - Nu exista indicii dare pentru acest diagnostic; este nece-\line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 sara o examinare ulterioara \par\pard\ql \li1353\sb0\sl- 240\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1353\sb27\sl-240\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw- 3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 Ae f�35� ioissio Ua svoiuaea d_rr,ws! �ion \par\pard\ql \li1358\sb89\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 AMT (Testpresane f i"-: msmoie) \par\pard\qj \li1089\ri1274\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi273 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Are 10 Tntrebori. esfe foiosit Tn spifalele din Marea Britanie, dar esfe folosif dear ca \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 test screening pentru tulburarile cognitive majore. Un scor mai mic de 6 anunfa pao-\par\pard\ql \li1094\sb11\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw- 8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 logicul. \par\pard\ql \li1391\sb90\sl- 230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 CAPE (Pmesduih & maimrs pmiw ydrsf \\~' I \par\pard\li1363\sb26\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx2774\tx3854\tx3955 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Are trei parfi\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 - o parte cu\tab \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 1\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 2 Tntrebari\par\pard\ql \li2779\sb0\sl-203\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 - o scala ce indica comportamentu! \par\pard\ql \li2769\sb14\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 - o probd psihomotorie \par\pard\qj \li1080\ri1298\sb0\sl-240\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 - este ufila la pacienfii care se intemeaza si ofera indicii pentru gasirsa celui mai \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 potrivif loc pentru bolnav. \par\pard\ql \li1363\sb75\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 Examinarsa cognitive! Cambridge (CAMGQ3) \par\pard\qj \li1070\ri1284\sb19\sl-220\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Este o secfiune cognitive! a CAMDEX-ului, este _ versiune IcTrgita a MMSE cu teste \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 addugafe pentru mdsurareo percepfiei si a memoriei mdeperfafe. Dureaza 20-30 de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 minute, esfe ufil Tn tulburdriie usoare. \par\pard\ql \li1372\sb112\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 Tmtul memoial de recunoasers: \par\pard\ql \li1353\sb9\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Are doud parti: recunoaserec a 50 de cuvinte si o. 50 de hauri umane. Ese ufil cand \par\pard\li1084\sb19\sl-207\slmult0\fi4\tx6480 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Doala afecteazd c singura emisferd cerebreld ;de ex.: dup;\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 accident vascular).\par\pard\li1084\sb134\sl- 207\slmult0\fi273\tx7108\tx7262 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Dmsnams sadmmiui unui cms. Subiecfilor ii se prezinrd un cere\tab \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 ii\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 se cere sd in-\par\pard\li1084\sb14\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx6436\tx6532 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 sere numereie unui ceas si sd piaseze apoi iimbile la ora I 1 si\tab \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 1\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 0.\par\pard\li1084\sb13\sl-207\slmult0\fi268 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Are avanfaiui cd este rapid si foarte usor de administrat.\par\pard\ql \li1358\sb118\sl-216\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 6,2.3,8. inervenfii erapeuHce tsi d_menf� \par\pard\qj \li1055\ri1294\sb93\sl- 230\slmult0\fi297 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 intervenfia ferapeuficd Tn demenfe esfe diferite Tn asa-numifeie demenfe secundare \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 Tn care are be o abordare etiologicd care vizeazd Tnidturorea cauzei, rae de dernen\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 fele.de tip aegenerativ si vascular. \par\pard\qj \li1075\ri1302\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi278 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 in demenfa Alzheimer o serie de noi proause anficoiinergice de tipul Rivastigminei \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 si Donepeziluiui \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 (Exeion si Ariceptj si-au aovedif. eel pufin Tn fazeie incipienfe, eficienfo \par\pard\ql \li1065\sb10\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 daca nu Tn vindecorea boi:; ce! pufin Tn Tncetinirea evolutiei ocesteia. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9800\paperh13620{\bkmkstart Pg145}{\bkmkend Pg145}\par\pard\li1531\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1531\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1531\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1531\sb8\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx1608\tx5232 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 1\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 38\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 Psihopatologie si psihiafrie pentru psihologi\par\pard\qj \li1502\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1502\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1502\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1502\ri951\sb162\sl-220\slmult0\fi287 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Recomanddrile clinice privind utilizarea de inhibltori ai colinesterazei sunt urmd� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 toorele: \par\pard\ql \li1785\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 � asteptdri realiste legate de Tmbunatdfirea starii \par\pard\ql \li1785\sb1\sl-198\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \u8226? instrucfiuni ciare \par\pard\ql \li1780\sb15\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \u8226? legefura cu medicul de familie \par\pard\ql \li1780\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \u8226? educafie Tn legefura cu boalo \par\pard\ql \li1780\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 � plon comprehensibil de concepfie si conducere o trofomentului \par\pard\ql \li1776\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 9 urmarireo rdspunsului la medicefie (Tudose C, Gauthier S, 2000) \par\pard\qj \li1492\ri953\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Un rol imporfentTn prevenirea dementelor de tip Alzheimer se atribuie medicatiei \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 estrogenice de tip substifutiv la femei. Produseie vifaminice, nootrope si tratamenfele \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 naturisfe au rezultote foorte apropiate de medicafia placebo. \par\pard\ql \li1761\sb112\sl- 230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 6.2.3.9. Confibujio psihoiogului tn aciui eapeufic din demenje \par\pard\qj \li1483\ri947\sb99\sl-220\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Roiu! psihoiogului esfe esenfial Tn ferapla demenfelor, finand cent de faptul cd aces� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 te boli Ti afecteaza pe tofi membrii famiiiei prin presiuneo materiale s\\ psihologicd pe \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 core o implied. \par\pard\qj \li1478\ri950\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0\fi278 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Munca cu famiiia pacientului cu demenfa implied un potential imens. Psihologii core \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 frateazd membrii acestor familii trebuie sd cunoasca Tmbatrdnirea normaid, demenfa si \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 impactul acesora asupra familii lor. Adesea, primul conact cu familie nu este rezervot \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 teropiei, ci evaluarii a ce stie familie despre situafia pacientului si despre proanosficul \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 bolii. Aceastd evoluare ajutd famiiia sd-si clarifice scopuriie, sd observe moaificdrile \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 survenite, sa identifice pofenfiaie probleme sau situafii din istoricui familial. Adesea \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 ajuta la clarificoreo relafiilor si sentimentelor inter- si Intragenerotii. \par\pard\qj \li1459\ri966\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Comunicarea trebuie abordata Tn funcfie de etnie, culture, experienfa rasiaid a fami� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 iiei sau de alte caracteristici. Intalnirile nu sunt foarte frecvenfe, dar se Tntrefine un con� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 act teiefonic reguiaf si mai frecvent Tn momenfele de crizd sau cdnd trebuie luote anu� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 mite decizii. Psihologul e bine sd afle ce si cat anume cunosc membrii famiiiei si pri\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 efenii despre problema pacientului. Unele familii sunt \u8222?secreoase" si au pacfizot so nu \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 spund pacientului sau prieteniior nimic despre ce se Tntampld. Existd si situafii Tn care \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 membrii famiiiei pacientului cu demenfa sunt disfanfi sau trdiesc seporat si, de aceea, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 pot apdreo conflicte deoarece fiecare vede alffel disabilitatea pacientului. Dacd boala \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 este familiaia, famiiia va fi influenfato de experienfa anterioord ovufd. \par\pard\qj \li1449\ri977\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0\fi287 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Este delicat, dar relevant ca psihologul sd afle dacd Tn familie existd probleme legate \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 de alcool, boli mintale acute/cronice, prescriptii de medicamente, sau \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \u8222?probieme cu \par\pard\ql \li1459\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 legeo" (delicte, etc). \par\pard\qj \li1449\ri976\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\fi278 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 Scopul psihoiogului este sd ajute famiiia sd face fafa situofiei, so o Tnvefe cum sd de\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 pdjeascd momentele grele si nu sd cerceteze obiceiurile familiaie gresite, care existd de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 multe vreme. \par\pard\qj \li1449\ri985\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi278 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Nu exisfa solutii ideale, de aceea psihoiogului Ti sunt necesare flexibilitate si cre\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 otivitote Tn rezolvoree problemelor. Scopul este de a preveni disabilitatea excesivd a \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 pocientului si apoi pe cea o Tngrijitorului. Strotegiile terapeufice includ-\par\pard\ql \li1732\sb1\sl-187\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \u8226? individualizorea informafiei necesare, \par\pard\ql \li1732\sb17\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \u8226? Tncurajarea adaptdrii Io noua sifuafie, \par\pard\ql \li1728\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \u8226? catarsisul, \par\pard\ql \li1732\sb13\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 \u8226? Tncurajarea membrilor famiiiei sd- si Tmpartd responsabilitatile si so opeleze Io servicii, \par\pard\qj \li1449\ri1011\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \u8226? ojutorarea familiilor sd facd fafd durerii sufletesfi si eventual pierderii membruiui \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 bolnav din familie. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9800\paperh13620{\bkmkstart Pg146}{\bkmkend Pg146}\par\pard\li1252\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1252\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1252\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1252\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1252\sb12\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx8145 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Realitatea bolii psihice. Cadru clinic si intervenfie psihologica\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 139\par\pard\qj \li1243\sb0\sl-213\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1243\sb0\sl- 213\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1243\sb0\sl-213\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1243\ri1123\sb198\sl-213\slmult0\fi264 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs22 Abordarea cmpe a acestui subiect ese legafd de faptul cd daforitd knammului de \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 tmbdtrdnire a populaiei care are o evoluie explozrvd aceastd pafobgie devine o pro\up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 hkmd de sdnatae puied si implied mdsui fn care rolul psihoiogului capatd a impor\up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 fanjd axcepionald. \par\pard\ql \li1617\sb275\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-11\charscalex92 \ul0\nosupersub\cf14\f15\fs24 6.3. TULBURARILE DEURANTE \par\pard\ql \li3043\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3043\sb134\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 CA2 CLINIC - TULBURARE DELIRANTA \par\pard\qj \li1296\ri1344\sb59\sl-225\slmult0\fi302 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Domnui Trien are 43 de ani, este casatorit de 20 de ani, fara copii. A terminat \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Facultatea de Stiinje Economice cu rezultate bune si lucreaza de atunci Tn Ministerul \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 de Finante. Poate fl descris ca fiind o persoana inteligenta, corecta, serioasa fi \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 muncitoare. Colegii de serviciu Ti apreciaza pentru eficienfa sa Tn munca, Tn schimb \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 are foate pujini prieeni. Din punct de vedere al sanatafii, nu exista nici un fel de pro� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 bleme speciale. Domnui Jrifarn s-a prezentat la medicul psihiatru Tnsofit de sofie, la \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 insistenele acesteia, deoarece ea afirma ca: \u8222?pana acum a fost cum a fost, dar Tn \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 uitimul tirnp, viata a devenit un cosmar, a vandut masina, sa poae cumpara un sis-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 iem de supraveghere video pe care l-a montat Tn toata casa, nu mai vrea sa vorbeas-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 ca deschis decat Tn baie cu apa curgand, ca nu cumva sa fim auzifi. Pierde Tn fiecare \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 zi cate doua ore ca sa caute microfoane sau mai stiu eu ce si Tmi da toate lucrurile \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 peste cap. Acum, vrea sa testam mancarea sa nu fie otravita, iar eu am ajuns la \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 capatul puterilor". Intrebat cum explica comportamentul sau, domnui Trifan a replicat \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 ca sunt ratJuni foarte secrete despre cafe nu poate da detalii, dar are prea mulfi dus-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 mani ca sa-si permita orice fel de neglijente. In ciuda oricaror asigurari, refuza sa se \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 intemeze sau sa ia tratament. \u8222?Cum sa fiu bolnav? Ma simt foarte bine, Tmi vad de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 munca la fel ca Tnainte: doar daca ma sfatuifi sa iau ceva de somn... Eu am venrt aici \par\pard\li1291\sb30\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx6585\tx6777 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 sa ma testaji, sa se convinga si ea ca nu am nimic."\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex53 t^^\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 ^^^SS' i'-\par\pard\qj \li1286\ri1369\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 La o discujie mai detaliata cu sofia s-a aflat.ca problemeie domnuiui Trifan au \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 aparut de aproximativ 4 ani, cand a Tnceput sa urmareasca pe geam mafinile parcate, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 devenind extrem de Tngrijorat si spunandu-i sopei ca este urmarit. De asemenea, a \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 rugat-o sa nu-i ceara detalii: \u8222?E mai bine ca tu sa nu stii despre ce este vorba, dar fii \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 foarte atenta, nu da nici un fel de informafii, oricine te- ar Tntreba ceva despre noi..." \par\pard\ql \li1579\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1579\sb122\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 6.3.1. DEFNJ1E \par\pard\qj \li1195\ri1303\sb119\sl- 220\slmult0\fi268 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Tulburare Tn care ideile delirante de lungd duratd reprezintd unica sau cea mai \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 pregnana caracteristicd clinicd si nu poate fi ciasificae ca fiind o tulburare organicd, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 afectiva sau schizofrenie. \par\pard\ql \li1579\sb73\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw- 10\charscalex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs22 6.3.2. SCURTA PREZEKTARE CUNlCA \par\pard\ql \li1579\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1579\sb18\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Crierii de diagnostic DSM IV pentru tuiburarea ddiranta \par\pard\qj \li1190\ri1293\sb111\sl- 210\slmult0\fi268 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 A. Idei delirante nonbizare (adicd implicdnd situafii care survin Tn viafa reala, cum \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 ar fi faptul de a fi urmarit, ofrdvit, infecfat, iubif de la distonfd, Tnselot de sofie/sof, ori de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 a suferi de o boala gravd, cu duratd de eel pufin o lund*). \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9800\paperh13620{\bkmkstart Pg147}{\bkmkend Pg147}\par\pard\li1430\sb0\sl-184\slmult0\par\pard\li1430\sb0\sl- 184\slmult0\par\pard\li1430\sb0\sl-184\slmult0\par\pard\li1430\sb29\sl- 184\slmult0\fi0\tx1516\tx5188\tx6427 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 1\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 40\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 Psihopatologie\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 $\} psihiafrie pentru psihologi\par\pard\ql \li1694\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1694\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1694\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1694\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1694\sb126\sl-184\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 B. Nu sunt sotisfacute niciodafa criteriile A pentru schizofrenie. \par\pard\qj \li1411\ri948\sb47\sl-220\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex132 Nofa: Halucinafiile tactile si olfactive pot fi prezente Tn tuiburarea deliranfd daca \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex125 sunt Tn report cu tema deliranfd. \par\pard\ql \li1684\sb70\sl-184\slmult0\tx3998 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 C. in afara impactului ideii \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 (ideilor) delirante, funcfionalifatea individului nu este de� \par\pard\ql \li1401\sb36\sl-184\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 teriorate semnificativ, iar comportamentul nu este modificof Tntr-un mod straniu, bizar. \par\pard\qj \li1396\ri978\sb7\sl-220\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 D. Dacd au existot episoade afective care au survenit concomitant cu ideile delirante, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 durafa lor a fost scurfd Tn report cu durato perioadelor delirante. \par\pard\ql \li1684\sb30\sl-184\slmult0\tx8409 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex133 E. Tuiburarea nu se datoreazd efecfelor fiziologice directe ale unei substanfe \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 (ex. \par\pard\ql \li1406\sb36\sl-184\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex129 medicamente, droguri) sau ale unei boli. \par\pard\ql \li2251\sb156\sl-184\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 : s i d� elburar� defiranfa \par\pard\ql \li1670\sb136\sl- 184\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex125 Tipurlle de tulburare deliranfd pot fi specificate pe baza temei delirante predominante. \par\pard\qj \li1387\ri962\sb107\sl-220\slmult0\fi307 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex125 Tipulerokxnan. Acesf subfip se aplica atunci cand tema centrald a deliruiui o consti� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 tuie raptul cd o altd persoand este Tndrdgostitd de individ(a). Ideea deliranfd. se referd \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex132 adesea la o drogosfe romanfica. idealizafd si la uniune spirituald, mai degrabd decat \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex128 la atractia sexuaid. Persoana, Tn report cu care se are aceastd convingere, are de regu� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex125 la un statuf mai Tnalt (ex. o persoand fairnoasd sau un superior de la serviciu), dar poate \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 fi si una complef straine. Efortul de a contacta obiectul ideii delirante, prin apeluri fele\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex131 fonice, scrisori, cadouri, vizife s\\ chiar supraveghere sunt frecvenfe, desi, ocozional, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex130 persoona respective poafe fine secree icieea delirantd. Cei mai mulfi indivizi cu acest \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 subfip, Tn esantioonele clinice sunt femei, pe cdnd Tn esantioaneie medico-legale cei mai \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex124 mulfi indivizi sunt barbafi. Unii indivizi cu acesf subfip, Tn special bdrbafii, vin Tn con� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex128 flict cu legea Tn eforturile ior de a urmdrl obiectul ideii lor delirante sau Tn efortul lor \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex128 necugetat de a-l \u8222?salva" de la un perico! imaginar. \par\pard\qj \li1377\ri982\sb100\sl- 220\slmult0\fi297 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex133 Ilpul de grandoare. Acesf subfip se aplica atunci cand ema centrald a deliruiui o \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex131 constituie convingerea cd are un mare (dar nerecunoscuf) alent sau perspicacitate ori \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex128 cd a fdcut o rnare descoperire. Mai rar, individui poafe avea icieea delirantd cd ar avea \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex128 o relafie speciald cu o persoand marcanta (ex. un consilier ai :;"3sedintelul) ori ca ar fi \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex124 o persoand marcontd (caz Tn care respecfivui poate fi considered1 drept impostor), ideile \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex124 delirante de qrandoare pot avea si continuf reiiqios (ex, persoana crede ca ar avea un \par\pard\li1377\sb1\sl-113\slmult0\fi1089\tx3312 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf18\f19\fs12 r I\tab \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 I\par\pard\li1377\sb0\sl-144\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex128 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 rnesaj special de la o divinitate).\par\pard\li1353\sb113\sl-184\slmult0\fi336\tx2241\tx6878\tx7444 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex130 fi: I\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 jg&aziB. Acest subfip se aplica atunci cand "3~ia c-:-:5.\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 ?;5 a\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex125 sitruiui oersoa-\par\pard\li1353\sb1\sl- 154\slmult0\fi23\tx7440\tx7660 \dn1 \expndtw0\charscalex125 nei o constituie faptul cd soful (soriaj sau csmantui (aiants) persocsn&i s\tab \up0 \expndtw- 6\charscalex75 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs14 ,-.,,\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex137 ;-j:;J_,l/�\\ i�\par\pard\li1353\sb98\sl- 184\slmult0\fi19\tx7464 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex134 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 aceasta convingere se ajunge fdrd o cauza reala si se oazeaza oe ide\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 incorecfe susfl-\par\pard\li1353\sb27\sl- 184\slmult0\fi57\tx4204\tx7430 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 lute de csa-zise dovezi sex\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex128 snj_ vesfimentard sau pete pe petard,\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 rare sunf colec-\par\pard\li1353\sb42\sl- 184\slmult0\fi1056\tx7454 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex130 e spre a-si jusfifica delirul. Persoana cu tulburae delirante\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex124 si confrunfd de\par\pard\li1353\sb32\sl-184\slmult0\fi3153\tx7497 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex133 intervina in presupusa i\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex131 (ex. restrdnge\par\pard\li1353\sb1\sl-228\slmult0\fi9\tx4521 \up0 \expndtw- 3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 auton\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex129 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 urmaresteTn secret, invesiqheazdi\t \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex132 :manel(a) pre-\par\pard\li1353\sb30\sl-184\slmult0\fi14\tx2640 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 supus\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 .;cd sotuilsotial\par\pard\li1353\sb152\sl- 184\slmult0\fi3215 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex125 aplica atunci cand tema centrald a deliruiui impli-\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw4347\colsr160\colno2\colw5153\c olsr160\ql \li1353\ri176\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi4\tx2627\tx3208 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 cd convingerea persoansi \u9632?" \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 rifd, ofrdvifd sau arogard, f \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 obiecfivelor sale pe fermen \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex129 fen aeliranr \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 jcleul deliruiui Tl c( \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex128 diatd prin a \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 Id (\u8222?paranc\par\pard\column \qj \li20\ri933\sb3\sl- 220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 \u9632?Ird Tmpofriva sa, cd esfe spionatd, Tnselatd, urmd-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex125 dufate sau vexata sau oDsfrucfionata Tn urmarirea \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 i.;1,ri'iinre pot fi exaaerafe si deveni nucleui unui sis-\par\pard\ql \li4507\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li20\sb68\sl-184\slmult0\tx399\tx605\tx1695\tx2285 \up0 \expndtw- 2\charscalex100 \u8226?w;\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex41 :-\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 3 I'1"1. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex40 :'\u9632?. \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 :;.-"-\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex63 \u9632?; ..\u9632? \u9632?: '"\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex132 r'e.fatd se poate anqa-\par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9800\paperh13620{\bkmkstart Pg148}{\bkmkend Pg148}\par\pard\li1185\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1185\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1185\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1185\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1185\sb190\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx4180\tx8232\tx8313 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Realitatea bolii psihice. Cadru clinic\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 $i inferventie psihologica\tab \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 1\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 41\par\pard\qj \li1171\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1171\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1171\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1171\ri1154\sb134\sl- 230\slmult0\fi9 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 ja Tn tenative repetote de obfinere o satisfocfiei prin opel Io tribunole si Io alte agenfii \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 guvernomentole. Indivizii cu idei deliante de persecufie sunt odesea plini de resentimente \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 si colerosi si pot recurge de multe ori Io violenfd conta celor care cred ei cd i-au ofensaf. \par\pard\qj \li1156\ri1154\sb109\sl-232\slmult0\fi307 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Tipul somatic. Acest subfip se aplica atunci cand tema centrald a deliruiui implied \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 funcfii sau senzafii corporale. Ideile delirante somatice se mai numesc idei delirante \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 hipocondriace si pot surveni Tn diverse forme. Cele moi frecvenfe constau Tn convingerea \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 persoanei cd ea emite un miros urdt din piele, gurd, rect sau vagin; cd este infestatd cu \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 insecte pe sau sub piele, cd ore parazifi interni, cd anumite parti ale corpului sau sunt \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 diforme sau hidoase (contrar oricdrei evidenfe) ori cd pdrfi ale corpului \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 (ex. intestinul \par\pard\ql \li1161\sb29\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 gros) nu funcfioneazd. \par\pard\qj \li1156\ri1184\sb106\sl-240\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Tipulmixt. Acest subfip se aplica atunci cdnd nu predomind nici o tema delirane ci \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 apar elemente din mai multe feme. \par\pard\qj \li1147\ri1168\sb117\sl-220\slmult0\fi302 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Tipul n@$peciicat. Acest subfip se aplica atunci cand convingerea delirantd domi\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 nantd nu poate fi clar stobilitd sau nu se Tnscrie Tn tipurile specificate (ex, idei delirante \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 de referintd, fdrd o componentd de persecufie sau de grandoare notabild). \par\pard\ql \li1430\sb132\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 Elements fi tulburari asociae \par\pard\qj \li1435\ri4797\sb79\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 \u8226? Probleme sociale, maritale, de serviciu \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 � idei de referinfd \par\pard\qj \li1435\ri5670\sb20\sl-220\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 - Dispozifie disforicd, iritabild \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 � Episoode depresive \par\pard\ql \li1430\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 - Stare coleroasd \par\pard\qj \li1425\ri5535\sb23\sl-220\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 � Comportament litigios, violent \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 � Probleme iegale \par\pard\li1137\sb155\sl-207\slmult0\fi287\tx2198 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \u8226? In ICD\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 10, delirurile constituie cea mai proeminentd trdsdfurd clinicd dar ele tre�\par\pard\li1137\sb28\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 buie sd fie prezente eel pufin 3 luni.\par\pard\qj \li1128\ri1186\sb0\sl-240\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 ** Tuiburarea delirane include sub aceastd denumire urnatoarele psihoze delirante \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 cronice neschizofrenice: \par\pard\ql \li1420\sb115\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 \u8226? Paranoia \par\pard\ql \li1425\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 - Psihoza paranoidd \par\pard\ql \li1420\sb33\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 � Parafrenia (tardivd) \par\pard\ql \li1420\sb33\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 � Delirul senzitiv de relafie \par\pard\ql \li1411\sb133\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 Paranoia \par\pard\qj \li1132\ri1199\sb63\sl-220\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Esfe o tulburare core era descrisd ca o psihoza cronicd endogend si care conste Tn \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 evolufia continue o unui sistem delirant durabii si impenetrabil la criticd, clez \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 _ i '-^v--2 \par\pard\qj \li1132\ri1227\sb20\sl-220\slmult0\tx1416 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 insidios pe fondul conservdrii complete a ordinii si clarifdfii gdndirii, voinfei si actiunii. \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Eiementele deflnitorii sunt realizate de: \par\pard\ql \li1411\sb31\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 - delir cronic bine sistemafizat nehalucinator, \par\pard\ql \li1411\sb33\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 - discrepantd Tntre asplrafil si posibilitdfi, \par\pard\ql \li1411\sb33\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 - personalitate premorbidd specified (rigidd, hipertrofie a Eu-lui). \par\pard\qj \li1128\ri1220\sb0\sl- 240\slmult0\fi278 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Psihoza paranoidd ese In prezent asimilatd cu tipul de persecufie dlr ' iburdrh'i de� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 lirante. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9800\paperh13620{\bkmkstart Pg149} {\bkmkend Pg149}\par\pard\li1353\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1353\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1353\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1353\sb152\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx5059 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 142\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 Psihopatologie si psihiafrie pentru psihologi\par\pard\ql \li1612\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1612\sb0\sl- 230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1612\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1612\sb119\sl- 230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 Paratrenia \par\pard\ql \li1334\ri1124\sb90\sl-230\slmult0\fi273\tx1608 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Inglobeozd un grup de psihoze endogene cronice corocferizate prin luxurianfa fan\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 tosficd a producfiei delironfe Tn contrast cu buna adaptare la mediu. \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Elementele definitorii sunt realizate de: \par\pard\ql \li1617\sb9\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 - Caacterul fonfastic el temelor deliante, cu pondere mojord a imoginarului \par\pard\qj \li1617\ri1134\sb3\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 - Juxapunerea unei lumi imaginare realului, Tn care bolnavul continud sd se adap\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 teze bine \par\pard\ql \li1608\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 - Mentinerea Tndelungatd o nucleului personolitdfii \par\pard\ql \li1608\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 - Predominonfo limbajului esupro acfiunii \par\pard\ql \li1608\sb114\sl- 230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 Delirul senziiv de relaie \par\pard\qj \li1315\ri1125\sb117\sl-222\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Descrise de Krelschmer, oceasfd tulburare este un delir de interpretare care se insta\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 leazd insidios pe fondul unei personalitdfi premorbide senzifive; este un delir \u8222?de rela� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 fie", declansot brusc de conflicful dintre bolnov si onturojul imediat (familie, vecini, colegi). \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Debutul este marcof de obicei de circumsfonfe umilifoare, esecuri sentimentele core rd\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 nesc orgoliul crescut al subiectului. Delirantul senzitiv are brusc \u8222?revelafia" cd persoane \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 din anturaj Ti cunosc gdndurile ascunse, red de nenorocirile sale, Tl oratd cu degetul etc. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 Delirul apare frecvent la subiecfii rezervati, fimorafi. timizi, cu pulsiuni sexuale inhibote, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 cum sunt femeile Tn vdrste, necdsdtorite, vdrstnicii celiboteri. \par\pard\ql \li1694\sb131\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 6.3.3. ERDEMIOLOQE, DATE DE EVOLU71E $ PROGNOSTIC \par\pard\qj \li1315\ri1145\sb123\sl-220\slmult0\fi268 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 Tulburoreo deliantd este relotiv rard Tn mediile clinice, fiind responsabild de 1 -2/6 din \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 inferndri. \par\pard\qj \li1579\ri3948\sb20\sl-220\slmult0\fi9 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 revabnjo este de 24-30 la 100 000 de locuitori. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Inddenfa esfe de 0,7-3 la 100 000 de locuitori. \par\pard\qj \li1291\ri1154\sb214\sl- 228\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Vdrse ia debut este Tn general perioada adultd medie sou fdrzie (media 34-45 oni). \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 Tipul de persecufie este eel mai frecvent subfip. Evolufie este foarte variabild. In general, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 tuiburarea delianfd este cronicd cu infensificdri si diminudri ale preocupdrilor referi\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 toare Io convingerile delirante. Alteori, perioade de remisiune complee pof fi urmate \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 de reedderi. In ale cazuri, tuibuarea se remite Tn decursul o cotevo luni, adesea fdrd \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 reeddere ulferioard. \par\pard\qj \li1281\ri1168\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Unele date sugereazd cd tuiburarea delirantd este mai frecvenfa printre rudele indi� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 vizier cu schizofrenie, dar alte studii nu au remarcaf nici o relafie familiald Tntre tuibu� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 rarea delirane 11 schizofrenie. \par\pard\ql \li1670\sb112\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-10\charscalex89 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs22 6.3.4. FAC fORI BlOPATOGENlCJ IMPUCAJI IN APARIJfA TULBURARII \par\pard\qj \li1276\ri1172\sb78\sl-240\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Cauza tulburarii delirante este necunoscue. Studiile epidemiologice si clinice sugerea� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 zd faptul cd oni mifi foctori de rise sunt relevanfi Tn oparifio ocesfei tulburari: \par\pard\ql \li1569\sb128\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \u8226? Varsa avQitsatd \par\pard\ql \li1569\sb1\sl- 198\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 \u8226? Deteiorate t senzoriold/ Izolorea \par\pard\ql \li1564\sb35\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 - Isoricul fan I al \par\pard\ql \li1560\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \u8226? Izolarea soc .Id \par\pard\qj \li1560\ri5680\sb23\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \u8226? Trasaturiie cis personaliate \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 � Emigrore recentd \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9800\paperh13620{\bkmkstart Pg150}{\bkmkend Pg150}\par\pard\li1123\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1123\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1123\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1123\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1123\sb99\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx8112 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Realitatea bolii psihice. Cadru clinic ?i intervenfie psihologica\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 143\par\pard\qj \li1108\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1108\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1108\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1108\ri1278\sb164\sl-220\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Ideile delirante Tntalnite Tn aceasta tulburare pot aparea Tntr-un numar more de con� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 difii medicole dintre care enumerdm cateva: \par\pard\qj \li1396\ri1278\sb120\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 \u8226?\ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Tulburari neurologice (tumori cerebrale, boli cerebrovasculore, demenfa, pierderea \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 auzului, boala Parkinson, boala Huntington, epilepsie, etc.) \par\pard\qj \li1391\ri1293\sb20\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \u8226? Boli metabolice si endocrine (hipoglicemie, deficientd de vitamind B12 sau folati, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 boli tiroidiene si corticosuprarenaliene, etc.) \par\pard\ql \li1387\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \u8226? Infectii (SiDA, sifilis, encefalitd virald, etc.) \par\pard\ql \li1387\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \u8226? Abuz de alcool si droguri (amfetamine, cocaine, holucinogene) \par\pard\ql \li1387\sb13\sl-207\slmult0\tx2423 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 \u8226? Intoxicafii \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 (arsenic, CO, mercur, etc.) \par\pard\qj \li1387\ri1296\sb3\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \u8226? Unele medicamente (anticolenergice, antidepresive, antihiperfensive, fuberculosto\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 tice, etc.) \par\pard\ql \li1387\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \u8226? Delirium \par\pard\ql \li1382\sb13\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \u8226? Demenfe (Alzheimer, Pick) \par\pard\ql \li1483\sb133\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 6.3.5. INVEST1GAJ1! PSIHOLOGHCE SPEaFId \par\pard\qj \li1377\ri1313\sb123\sl- 220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Examinorea psihice obisnuie trebuie completota cu obfinerea informatiilor legate de: \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 � Tipul debutului, factori precipitanfi \par\pard\qj \li1377\ri1288\sb0\sl- 240\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 \u8226? Consecinfele simptomelor prezente (tentative de suicid sau homicid, probleme \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 legale, refuzul hranei sou apei Tn ideile de otrdvire, etc.) \par\pard\ql \li1377\sb1\sl- 196\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \u8226? Severitaea tulburdrii \par\pard\qj \li1377\ri1306\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \u8226? Prezenta aler tulburari psihiatrice (depresie, consum de alcool sau droguri, tulbu� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 rare obsesiv-compulsivd, dismorfofobie, tulbuare de personalitate paranoide, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 schizoidd sau evifanfd) \par\pard\ql \li1368\sb5\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \u8226? Istoricul fomiiiol \par\pard\qj \li1368\ri1316\sb3\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 - Isoricul personal (injurii pre- sau postnafale, mediu ostil, periculos, abuzuri Tn copi� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 ldrie, izolare, emigrare, etc.) \par\pard\ql \li1363\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \u8226? Probleme legale (lifigii, probleme cu polifia, condamndri, asalfuri) \par\pard\ql \li1363\sb13\sl-207\slmult0\tx2952 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 � Iserie psihiatric \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 (cronicitafea, fluctuafiile simptomatologiei, tratamenfe urmate si \par\pard\ql \li1540\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 rdspuns Io taamenf) \par\pard\li1363\sb33\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx2827 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 � Istoric medicol\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 (freumotisme cronio-cerebrale, boli cardiovasculare, HIV, droguri\par\pard\li1363\sb14\sl-207\slmult0\fi172 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 si alcool, infectii cerebrale, etc.)\par\pard\ql \li1363\sb12\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 - Personalitaea premorbidd (teste de personalitate) \par\pard\ql \li1459\sb133\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 6.3.6. POSIBILSTATI DE INIERVENPE TERAPEUTICA A PSIHOLOGULUIOJNIOAN \par\pard\ql \li1065\ri1326\sb123\sl-220\slmult0\fi292\tx1348\tx1353 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Prima etapd a terapiei conse Tn sabilirea unei alianfe terapeutice. Un astfel de pa� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 cienf are nevoie de o asculfare empaticd, directd fdrd confruntdri si fdrd afirmafii evazive. \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Schema de tratamenf a unei tulburari delirante trebuie sd cuprindd pasii urmdfori: \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 � Excluderea altor cauze pentru trdsdturiie paranoide \par\pard\ql \li1348\ri3804\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi4\tx1785 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \u8226? Confirmarea absenfei unui alt tip de psihopatologie \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 � Evaluarea consecinfelor comportamentului delirant: \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \u9830? Demoralizare \par\pard\ql \li1780\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \u9830? Fried, Furie \par\pard\ql \li1780\sb33\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 4 Depresie \par\pard\li1780\sb23\sl-207\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \u9830? Impactul asupra aspectelor financiare, legale, personale, ocupafionale, dot\par\pard\li1780\sb14\sl-207\slmult0\fi201\tx5063\tx6695 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 de acfiunile pacientului de a cduta\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 \u8222?solufii Tn justifie",\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \u8222?dovezi de infideli-\par\pard\li1780\sb28\sl- 207\slmult0\fi206 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 tote", \u8222?diagnostice medicale"\par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9800\paperh13620{\bkmkstart Pg151} {\bkmkend Pg151}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw1640\colsr20\colno2\colw8000\co lsr160\ql \li1593\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1593\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1593\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1593\sb195\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 1\par\pard\column \ql \li1660\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1660\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1660\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li20\sb195\sl- 207\slmult0\tx3697 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 44\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 Psihopatologie si psihiafrie pentru psihologi\par\pard\ql \li1852\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1852\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1852\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1852\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li212\sb21\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 � Evaluarea anxietdfii si agitcfiei\par\pard\qj \li208\ri4088\sb0\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 s Evaluarea potenfialuiui suicidar si agresiv \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 s Estimarea neceslfdfii interndrli\par\pard\ql \li208\ri3738\sb0\sl-213\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 s Psihoferepie si traamenf farmacologic \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 a> Mentinerea contacfului pe perioada remisiunii\par\pard\ql \li2452\sb0\sl-138\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li812\sb128\sl- 138\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf18\f19\fs12 SPi^l 3 = ',,-\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex167 ^i,.,.^^. \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li3033\sb0\sl-162\slmult0\fi0\tx3830 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Jwf ;UP\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 _'-\u8226?\par\pard\ql \li3350\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3350\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3350\sb89\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 CAZ CLINIC - SCHIZOFRENIE LA DEBUT \par\pard\qj \li1641\ri907\sb103\sl- 220\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Viarin este un tanar de 21 de ani, student la Facultatea de Medicina din Bucuresti \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 care este adus de mama sa si de un vecin la camera de garda a Spitalului de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 Psihiafrie. Plange, este agitat. Mania afirrna ca s-a izolatTn ultimul timp (1 luna) Tn ca-\par\pard\qj \li1631\ri913\sb4\sl- 216\slmult0\fi9 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 sa, nu s-a mai dus ia cursuri, se Tnchide Tn camera lui, refuza sa mai manance manca-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 rea gatita de mama lui. De cateva ori a devenit agresiv verbal si fizic fafa de mama \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 strigandu-i: \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \u8222?Esti ca top ceiiaiji, vrei sa-ti bap' joe de mine si sa ma faci sa ma omori" \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 si a aruncat cu fafuriiie de mancare prin bucatarie. Mama afirna ca de aproximativ o \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 saptamana nu mai doarme, vorbeste singur Tn camera, se plimba Tntr-una dintr-o ca� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 mera Tn alfa. A reusit sa Tl aduca la spital pentru a verifica \u8222?de ce Tl doare capul". \par\pard\qj \li1612\ri911\sb21\sl-220\slmult0\fi302 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 La examenul psihic se prezinta pufin comunicativ, nelinistit, cu un aspect nemgri-\line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 jlt \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 (carnasa afara din pantaloni, neras, unghii si par murdare). Priveste Tncruntat, sus� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 picion. Spune ca i-a auzit pe oamenii de pe strada si din metrou cum \u8222?rnurmurau: Tic-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Tic Titan", Tl priveau Tntr-un fel ciudat, vorbeau despre el. Intrebat de ce ar fi facut \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 oamenii lucrurile astea raspunde: \u8222?ca sa ma Tmpiedice sa descopar cu ce vor Ei sa \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 ne Tmbolnaveasca" .,Ma pot auzi atunci cand ma gandesc la solup'i pentru asta" \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 -\par\pard\qj \li1603\ri928\sb0\sl-218\slmult0\fi14 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 sonorizarea gandirii, Refuza sa spuna despre care ,,Ei" este vorba. \u8222?StitJ foarte bine, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 nu va mai prefacetil". Vorbeste cu Tntreruperi. Din cand Tn cand face brusc pentru \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 cateva secunde parca concentrandu-se asupra unui lucru. Se mjelege ca a prezentat \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Tn ultima perioada halucina|ii auditive, comentative. Prezinta pe toata perioada inter-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 viului hipoprosexie spontana �i voluntara. Nu pare sa prezinte nici un fel de tulburare \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 mnezica. Este orientat temporal si spapal auto �i allopsihic. In ceea ce prive�te gandi-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 rea lui Marin, el are numeroase idei delirante de persecufie si urmarire. \u8222?Ma urmaresc \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 peste tot, si Tn faja biocului". Este anxios, iritabil. Se simte Tn pericol. Pe mama o \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 alunga si devine iritat atunci cand aceasta Tncearca sa-i mangaie \u8222?LuaJi-o pe femeia \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 asta de langa mine!!" - inversiune afectiva. Comportamentul este modificat psihotic; \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 s;:- rpreste sa asculte ce spun vocile oamenilor pe care Ti aude vorbind despre ei, vor-\line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 b \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 -c ncsp-fes cu ele. Este nelinistit psihomotor. Nu Tl mai intereseaza igiena perso-\par\pard\ql \li1646\sb14\sl-207\slmult0\tx1814\tx2208\tx2356\tx2567 \up0 \expndtw- 8\charscalex74 ';-\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex80 \u9632? \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex43 f-:-\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex56 : . \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 5. Apetitul aiimentar este redus. Are severe insomnii de adormire. Daca a \par\pard\qj \li1924\ri953\sb0\sl-240\slmult0\fi542 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 ;:-.e buns "ri liceu si la examenul de admitere, de mai multe luni a Tncetat sa \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 n"; o.i.;ca \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 !& .'acultate, izolandu-se Tn spafiul apartamentului si, deseori, doar Tn \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9800\paperh13620{\bkmkstart Pg152} {\bkmkend Pg152}\par\pard\li1132\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1132\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1132\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1132\sb118\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx8164 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Realitatea bolii psihice. Cadru clinic si infervenfie psihologica\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 145\par\pard\qj \li1209\sb0\sl-213\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1209\sb0\sl-213\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1209\sb0\sl-213\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1209\sb0\sl-213\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1209\ri1307\sb46\sl- 213\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 in ceea ce priveste personalitatea premorbida a pacientului, Marin este descris ca \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 fiind dintotdeaun.a un copii silitor, mai timid, fara prea mulfi prieteni. Nu a avut nici o \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 prietena mai apropiata pana Tn prezent. Ti place sa citeasca si sa se uite pe albume \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 defotografii si pietura si sa mearga cu bicicieta. Mama sa menjioneaza ca a est me-\par\pard\li1214\sb31\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx4430 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 reu ascuitator �i atasat de ea.\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 ;T^^pS-; .i-\par\pard\qj \li1195\ri1316\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi297 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Marin provine dintr-o familie cu uneingur parinte. Parinfii sai au divorfat Tn urma \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 cu 13 ani. A fost crescut doar de mama, profesoara de iimba rornana. Locuie�te cu \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 aceasta Tntr-un apartament.de 2 pamere. Legaturile cu fatal sau au fost sporadice \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Tntrucat acesta s-a reeasatorit si s-a mutatTn alt ora�, \par\pard\qj \li1175\ri1325\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi302 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Antecedenteie heredocoiaterale: In famiiia sa nu se mai cunosc a'te cazuri de boa� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 la psihica. Mama pacientului a urmatTn urma cu 13 ani; un tratamenf antidepresiv pen� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 tru p tulburare depresiva\u9632? medie, feactiva (divdrf), \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 %:5'iOP)^5:.�^rP:l^^�p \par\pard\qj \li1190\ri1336\sb104\sl-220\slmult0\fi19 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 \\p..'In ceea ce priveste antecedenteie personae pafoiogice ae pacientuiul, acesta a \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 avut o nastere si o dezvoltare normala, |n afara boiilor copilariei (varicela. rubeola) si \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 o apendiceetomie Tn urma cu 5 ani, Marin nu a mai avut nici un fer tie": boala. in. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 prezent, din punct de vedere somatic este normal clinic. \par\pard\qj \li1104\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1104\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1104\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1104\ri1239\sb20\sl-220\slmult0\fi278 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Din punct de vedere etimologic, cuvanful schizofrenie provine din skhizein = a despi\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 co.,a rupe + phren = suflef, spirit. \par\pard\qj \li1089\ri1245\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi287 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 In manualui de diagnostic si statisticd a tulburarilor mintale DSM IV, schizofrenia esfe \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 definite ce o: "Tuiburar. minfoii ear� dyr^EQ eel pujiri #a�� luni pi pnesupuv '_ "co \par\pard\ql \li1080\sb11\sl-207\slmult0\tx8112\tx8304 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 cdpof n o Sunl ejdsfsstfo anal aplsod asuf ds beds fadici ^dsenfa a &s^ \tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 ~ \tab \up0 \expndtw- 2\charscalex100 -\par\pard\ql \li1084\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 mune simpejne dintf^ yrmeesreo; idei deSianfe, halucinajii, dessfgantssrc" m I \par\pard\ql \li1080\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 eerrtperengnf prdbrd dezorganizaf say �ofsofiie,, simpona ttsgaffval". \par\pard\ql \li1377\sb13\sl-207\slmult0\tx2760 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 Initial denumita \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \u8222? demenfa precoce" pentru incapacitaea severd Tn funcfionalitatea \par\pard\qj \li1080\ri1260\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 zilnicd pe care o produce (demenfa) si avdnd Tn mod tipic un debut Tn adolescents (pre� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 coce), schizofrenia ese o boala a carei gravitate ar putea fi pe scurf caracerizatd prin \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 urnatoarele trasaturi: \par\pard\ql \li1377\sb1\sl-186\slmult0\tx8217 \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex115 � Distruge coeziunea si unitatea constiinfei si personalitdfii. Bolnavul esfe \tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 un \par\pard\qj \li1089\ri1749\sb6\sl-220\slmult0\tx1377 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 suflef front care reflectd realitateo co o oglindd spartd" (fiecore fragment altceva \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 � Bolnovul pierde contactui vital cu realul ^Minkowski). \par\pard\ql \li1377\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 � Are o frecvenfa imporanta - 0,5-1% din populafie. \par\pard\qj \li1377\ri2696\sb3\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 � Esfe o boala catastroficd denumita si \u8222?Cancerui bolilor mintale". \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 � Are o mare probobilitate sd rdmdnd cronicd. \par\pard\ql \li1372\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 � Are o rofd de suicid de 10%. \par\pard\qj \li1070\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1070\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1070\ri1268\sb3\sl- 220\slmult0\fi297 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Schizofrenio este o boala complexd care nu are o singurd trdsdfurd definiorie ci mul� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 tiple simptome caracferistice din domenii diverse: cognifie, afecfivitafe, personalitate, acti� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 vitate motorie. \par\pard\qj \li1075\ri1272\sb0\sl-226\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Principale trdsdfurd ciinicd o schizofreniei este poote oceea cd psihismul pacientu� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 lui pare rupt, fragmentat, disociaf. Aceastd disociere apare Tntre ins si ambiantd (care, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 cufundatTn lumea gandurilor, se rupe de realitate) si intrapsihic (Tntre principalele functii \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 si procese psihice). \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9800\paperh13620{\bkmkstart Pg153}{\bkmkend Pg153}\par\pard\li1579\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1579\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1579\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1579\sb66\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx5304 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 146\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 Psihopatologie si psihiafrie pentru psihologi\par\pard\qj \li1545\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1545\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1545\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1545\ri875\sb164\sl-220\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Psihismul Tsi pierde unitatea iar diferifele aspecte ale psihismuiui reflecfd Tn mod indi� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 vidual aspectele realitafii. \par\pard\qj \li1550\ri877\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Simpfomele caracferistice ale schizofreniei Tn viziunea principaiilor psihiatri care au \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 aprofundat aceastd boala sunt: \par\pard\ql \li1838\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 @ sardcire emofionald, abulie, pierderea unitdtii identifdfii (Kro^sJln| \par\pard\qj \li1833\ri1556\sb23\sl-220\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 � gandire fragmentatd, inabilitatea de raporfare la lumea externa (ileuEer| \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 � fipuri specifice de idei delirante s\\ halucinafii \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 (Sdhlt@ldbpJ \par\pard\qj \li1828\ri2744\sb20\sl- 220\slmult0\tx2088 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 Simpfomele schizofreniei pot fi subdivizate Tn frei dimensiuni: \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 1 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Dimensiunea psihoticd: idei delirante \par\pard\ql \li4358\sb31\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 Haiucinafii \par\pard\li2073\sb5\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx4363 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 2 Dezorganizare:\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Dezorganizarea vorbirii\par\pard\qj \li4348\ri2408\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi14 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Dezorganizarea comportamentului \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Afecf inadecvat \par\pard\li2073\sb25\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx4358 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 3. Negative;\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Saracirea vorbirii\par\pard\qj \li1545\ri871\sb0\sl-240\slmult0\fi278 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 O ale modalifate de a Tmparfi simpfomele schizofreniei esfe Tn grupuri de simptome \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 polare: \par\pard\ql \li1828\ri3007\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0\tx2918 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 � PtSv�; disforsiuni sau exagerdri ale funcfiilor normale \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Jiminuarea funcfiilor normale\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw4899\colsr160\colno2\colw4601\ colsr160\ql \li2520\sb79\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 Simptome pozitive\par\pard\qj \li1684\ri119\sb34\sl-225\slmult0\fi4\tx3034 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex128 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul Simpome I Funcfia deteiorae \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 halucinatii \ul0\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul percepfie\par\pard\ql \li1684\sb15\sl-207\slmult0\tx3033 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 idei de'irante\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul gandirea inferentiala\par\pard\ql \li1675\sb9\sl- 207\slmult0\tx3033 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 vorbire\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 gandire/limbaj\par\pard\ql \li1675\sb19\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul dezorganizata\par\pard\qj \li1675\ri626\sb1\sl- 211\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 comportament \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 comportament \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 bizar\par\pard\column \ql \li1229\sb32\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs22 simptome negative\par\pard\ql \li87\sb44\sl- 207\slmult0\tx1825 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul aimptome\ul0\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul Funcfia deterioratl\par\pard\qj \li20\ri941\sb4\sl-220\slmult0\tx1810 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 alogle\ul0\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul fluenta vorbirii/gandirii \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 aplatizarea afectuluiexpresia emotionala\par\pard\qj \li20\ri1083\sb0\sl-347\slmult0\tx1815\tx1806 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 abulie\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 voinfa si pulsiune \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 anhedonie \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 capacitate hedonica \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li1521\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1521\sb33\sl-207\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 in ceea ce priveste simpfomele pozifive, halucinafiile si ideile delirane sunt de mai\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li1521\sb13\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 mule fipuri:\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li1521\sb101\sl-207\slmult0\fi1022\tx5923 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 fipuri de halucinafii\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 i ipuri de idei delirante\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li1521\sb42\sl- 207\slmult0\fi1209\tx6407 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 - auditive\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul de persecufie\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li1521\sb9\sl-207\slmult0\fi1358\tx6240 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 vizuale\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 - \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul de grandoare\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li1521\sb4\sl-207\slmult0\fi1195\tx6235 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 � tactile\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 � misxice\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li1521\sb5\sl- 207\slmult0\fi1358\tx6240 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 olfactive\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul - de qeiozie\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li1521\sb8\sl-207\slmult0\fi1358\tx6230 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 kinestezice\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 a somatice\par\pard\qj \li1497\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1497\ri913\sb28\sl-220\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 Imporanfa simptomelor negative conse Tn faptul cd ele deferioreazd capaciatea \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 pacientului de a functiona zilnic; sd aibd un serviciu, sd frecventeze scoala, sd-si for\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 meze prietenii, sd aibd relafii familiaie intime. \par\pard\qj \li1776\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1776\ri3169\sb120\sl-220\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 � Simptome caacferistice pentru eel pufin o lund de zile \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 � Disfuncfie sociald/ocupafionald \par\pard\ql \li1771\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 \u8226? Durata toald > 6 luni \par\pard\ql \li1776\sb33\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \u8226? Simpfomele nu se pot atribui unei tulburari de afecf \par\pard\ql \li1776\sb13\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \u8226? Simpfomele nu se pot atribui consumului unei substanfe sau unei condifii somafice \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9800\paperh13620{\bkmkstart Pg154}{\bkmkend Pg154}\par\pard\ql \li1228\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1228\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1228\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1228\sb207\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Realitatea bolii psihice. Cadru clinic si infervenfie psihologica \par\pard\ql \li1507\sb0\sl- 253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1507\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1507\sb0\sl- 253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1507\sb76\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs22 QHmulA Simpem� �esetsa8e \par\pard\ql \li1209\ri1158\sb95\sl-220\slmult0\fi283\tx1497 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Cei pufin doud din urnatoarele, fiecare fiind prezentd pentru o duratd semnificativa \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 de timp pe durafa unei luni (sau mai pufin daca esfe trafae cu succes): \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 � idei deliante \par\pard\ql \li1497\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 � halucinafii \par\pard\ql \li1492\ri3194\sb3\sl- 220\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 � vorbire dezorganizata (frecvent delirantd sau incoerenta) \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 � comporament puternic dezorganizaf sau catatonic \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 � simptome negative, aplatizare afectiva, sau abulie \par\pard\ql \li1492\sb73\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-10\charscalex94 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs22 CnSwivlB: DiAneMmieiiiatB Modala/a&Msalkstiald \par\pard\qj \li1190\ri1173\sb115\sl-220\slmult0\fi297 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Pentru o durafa semnificativa de timp de la debutul tulburarilor, una din ariile majore \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 de funcfionalifate cum ar fi munca, reiafiile interpersonale sau aufomgrijirea esfe mar\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 cat sub nivelul atins Tnainte de debut SAU \par\pard\qj \li1185\ri1186\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 cand debutul este Tn copiiarie sau adoiescenfd, neputinfa de a obfine nivelul astep\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 tat al rezuifafelor relafionale, academlce sau ocupafionale. \par\pard\ql \li1473\sb73\sl- 253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs22 Crllmul Q Bur^ki off \par\pard\ql \li1468\sb125\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Semne continue de tulburare persise pentru eel pufin 6 luni. \par\pard\qj \li1180\ri1183\sb3\sl- 220\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Perioada cie 6 luni trebuie sa include eel pufin o lund (sau mai pufin dacd sunttratate \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 cu succes) de simptome care Tntrunesc criteriul A si poate include si perioadele prodro\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 mald si reziduala. \par\pard\qj \li1171\ri1197\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi297 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 � In timpul perioadei prodromale sau reziduale, semnele tulburarilor se pot mani� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 festo doar prin simptome negative sau doud sau mai multe simptome listate la criteriul \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 A prezente Tntr-o forma atenuafd. \par\pard\ql \li1468\sb73\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw- 4\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs22 Citeiul D: Excludmwa bolii sdiizQahcivo $i a fulburdilor de dispoziia \par\pard\qj \li1171\ri1191\sb115\sl- 220\slmult0\fi287 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Boala schizoafectivd si tulburarile de dispozifie cu trasaturi psihotice au fosf excluse \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 dacd este prezentd una din urnatoarele: \par\pard\qj \li1175\ri1201\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 9 nici un episod depresiv major sau maniacal n-au apdrut Tn timpul fazei active a \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 simptomelor SAU \par\pard\qj \li1166\ri1199\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 - dacd aceste episoade au apdrut Tn timpul fazei active a simptomelor, durata lor \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 tofaid a fost scurtd raportat la durata perioadelor acfivd si reziduala. \par\pard\ql \li1459\sb112\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 Cieriul E: Excludereo condiiilor somaice si a cehr generae de substanfe \par\pard\qj \li1161\ri1202\sb99\sl-220\slmult0\fi278 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Tuiburarea nu se datoreazd efectelor directe ale unei substanfe (ex. droguri, abuz \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 de medicamente) sau unei condifii medicale generaie. \par\pard\ql \li1440\sb112\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 Cieriie ICD 10 pec*y schizorenie \par\pard\ql \li1440\sb71\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs22 Simpameb earaceistiee penfru � luna \par\pard\qj \li1444\ri1328\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Dacd este prezentd o tulburare de dispozifie, simotomele trebuie sd o antedateze. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Nu se afribuie unei boll cerebrale organice sau abuzului de substanfd. \par\pard\ql \li1435\sb1\sl-213\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 Cd pufin una din urmStoareb: \par\pard\qj \li1156\ri1207\sb2\sl- 220\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 � insertia gandirii, ecoul gandirii, furtul sau fransmiterea gandirii; idei delirante de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 control, influenfa sau pasiviate; percepfie delirantd, \par\pard\ql \li1449\sb31\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 9 Voci comentative sau care discutd; voci care Yin din diferite parti'ale corpului. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9800\paperh13620{\bkmkstart Pg155} {\bkmkend Pg155}\par\pard\ql \li5150\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5150\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5150\sb194\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Psihopatologie si psihiafrie pentru psihologi \par\pard\qj \li1416\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1416\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1416\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1416\ri1025\sb183\sl-220\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \u8226? Idei delirante persistente care sunt inadecvate cultural sau complet imposibile, cum \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 ar fi identitafea politico sau religioasd, puteri supranaturale (ex,: a fi Tn stare sd contro\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 leze vremea sau a fi Tn comunicare cu extraterestrii). \par\pard\ql \li1684\sb2\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 sau sd pujin doted din urfoSoansb: \par\pard\ql \li1699\sb12\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 � Halucinafii persistente de orice tip, care suntTnsofite de idei delirante \par\pard\qj \li1411\ri1037\sb0\sl-240\slmult0\fi278 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 � Neologisme, Tntreruperi sau interpoldri Tn cursul gandirii din care rezultd inco\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 erenfd si vorbire fdrd relevanfd. \par\pard\qj \li1401\ri1042\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \u8226? Comporament catatonic, cum ar fi excitafie, posturi catofonice, flexibilitate ceroa\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 sd, mutism, "simptome negative" cum ar fi apatie marcatd, sdrdcia discursului, incon\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 gruenfd sau obtuzia rdspunsului emotional si care nu se datoreazd depresiei sau medi\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 cafiei neuroieptice. \par\pard\qj \li1396\ri1029\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 - O modificare semnificativa si intensd Tn calitateo qlobold a unor aspecte ale com� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 portamentului, ce se manifesto prin lipsa de interes, de finalitate, inutilitate, atitudine de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 tip auo-repliere si retragere sociald. \par\pard\ql \li1790\sb115\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex97 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 FORME CUNICE DE SCHIZOFRENIE \par\pard\qj \li1401\ri1034\sb99\sl-220\slmult0\fi278 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Formele clinice tradifionaie cuprind pacienfii Tn funcfie de simpfomele predominante. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Ele sunt utile pentru predicfia prognosticului funcfionalifdfii sociale si ocupafionale si a \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 rdspunsului la tratamenf. \par\pard\ql \li2707\sb111\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw- 3\charscalex100 IK \par\pard\ql \li1675\sb33\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 - apare Tn adolescenfd/la oamenii foarte tineri \par\pard\ql \li1675\sb13\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 - pare a fi mai frecvenfa la barbafi \par\pard\qj \li1382\ri1048\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 - debutul esfeTn general brusc, printr-o schimbare frapantd a conduifei, eel Tn cauza \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 devenind dezorganizatTn ganduri si comportament. \par\pard\qj \li1382\ri1048\sb20\sl-220\slmult0\fi278 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Dupd cum sugereazd numele, aceastd forma clinicd (denumita Tn trecut schizofrenie \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 hebefrenicd) se caracferizeazd printr-o dezorganizare ideafivd si comportamentald \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 masivd. \par\pard\qj \li1377\ri1048\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 � Dezorganizare ideafivd; se traduce prin incoerenfd masivd, severd. Pacientul trece \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 brusc de Io o idee la olfa asa Tncat nu se Tnfelege ce vrea sd spund. Aceastd incoerenfd nu \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 este prezentd doar la nivelul ideilor ci si al cuvintelor, spuse la Tntdmplare, ford legefura. \par\pard\qj \li1372\ri1062\sb20\sl-220\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 � Dezorganizare comportamenald; pacientul este Tnfr-o continue deplosare, Tn mis� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 care, pared ar fi Tntr-un fel de investigare. Pacientul pare dispus, amuzat, absoiut defa\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 saf, de o bund dispozifie surprinzdtoare, aconfexfuald, pe care clasicii o denumeau \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 "euforie ndtangd". Sub aspectul confinufului comunicarii, el foloseste cuvinte noi, prin \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 fuziunea diverselor cuvinte. Fondul sau lexical confine: \par\pard\ql \li1651\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 - neologisme active - cuvinte care aparfin limbii respecfive/sau \par\pard\qj \li1368\ri1077\sb0\sl-240\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 - neologisme pasive - folosirea de cuvinte auzie, al cdror confinut nu-l stdpaneste, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 nu-i este cunoscut. \par\pard\qj \li1358\ri1076\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 Dupd mai multe sdptdmani sau cdteva luni, pacientul devine Tn mod trepfatmai limi� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 tat Tn aberafiile lui verbale si comporamentaie, tuiburarea evoludnd trepfaf spre remi\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 siune. \par\pard\qj \li1348\ri1061\sb0\sl-225\slmult0\fi287 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Rezumdnd, putem spune cd indivizii care suferd de acest subtip de schizofrenie sunt \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 frecvent incoerenfi, au o dispozifie neadecvatd contextuiui situofionol sau detasare ofec-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 tivd. Prezinta numeroase blzarerii de comportament (ex. grimase, neobisnuite). Vorbirea \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 lor confine numeroase neologisme, expresii bizore, idei delirante. Tofusi, nu au un set sis-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 tematizat de idei delirante, neexistand astfel o structure clara a patfern-ului simptomatic. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9800\paperh13620{\bkmkstart Pg156}{\bkmkend Pg156}\par\pard\li1296\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1296\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1296\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1296\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1296\sb166\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx8160 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Realitatea bolii psihice. Cadru clinic si infervenfie psihologica\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 149\par\pard\ql \li2582\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2582\sb0\sl- 230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2582\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2582\sb138\sl- 230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 iia eanaonica \par\pard\qj \li1271\ri1234\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Este o forma clinicd caracterizatd prin tulburari psihomoorii. In modelul clasic, pa� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 cientul este caatonic si prezinta flexibilitate ceroasd ceea ce presupune cd este ca o sfa-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 tuie de ceard, Tn general prezinfd mutism iar atunci cdnd este plasaf Tnfr-o anumifd po-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 zifie, va rdmdne Tn acea pozifie pentru o lungd perioada de timp. Extremele tulburarilor \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 psihomotorii sunt, pe de o parte starea de stupor Tn care pacientul este complet imobii, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 la celdialt pol situandu-se ropfusul cataonic reprezentand forrna maxima de agitafie-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 psihomotorie, o Izbucnire a pacientului, caret! face sd fie extrern de pericuios. \par\pard\qj \li1267\ri1254\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 in aceastd forma de schizofrenie se descriu negativisme active si pasive. Negativis\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 mul Tn schizofrenia catatonica esfe: \par\pard\ql \li1550\sb1\sl-194\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 � gresit definit si prezentat; e prezentat ca opozifionism. \par\pard\qj \li1276\ri1250\sb25\sl-220\slmult0\fi273 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 e depdseste disponibilitatea volifionald a persoanei; el nu poafe da curs inviafiei, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 ordinelor interlocutorului, nu se opune. \par\pard\ql \li1267\ri1251\sb9\sl-210\slmult0\fi283\tx1545 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 � ca dovadd cd este Tn imposibilitatea de a da curs unei comenzi Tn plan verbol sau \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 motor, nici un mijl'oc de convingere/constrangere, nu poate da rezultate. \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 o un fenomen incomprehensibil. \par\pard\ql \li1262\ri1258\sb2\sl-220\slmult0\fi283\tx1540 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 o Negativismul alimentar esfe o problema de infervenfie psihofarmacologicd de ur\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 genfd, viata pacientului putdnd ajunge Tn pericol prin neolimenfare. \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Dimpotriva, poafe aparea o sugestibilifate crescutd, pacientul supundndu-se auto� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 mat ordinelor terapeutuiui. \par\pard\qj \li1248\ri1250\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Ecoiaiia este o repeare lipsifd de sens, ca "de papagal", a cuvintelor si frazeior spuse \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 de o aifd persoand. Ecopraxia constd Tn repetarea gesturilor interlocutorului. Ecomimia \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 presupune imifarea expresiei mimice a interlocutorului. \par\pard\ql \li1521\sb11\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Alte trasaturi cuprind manierisme, sfereotipii, supunere automae. \par\pard\qj \li1248\ri1264\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi278 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Desi aceastd forma se Tntdinea frecvent Tn urma cu cateva decenii, azi este din ce Tn \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 ce mai rard datoria intervenflei rapide si eficiente a medicafiei neuroieptice. \par\pard\ql \li1521\sb112\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 3. Sehaclenia paanoids \par\pard\qj \li1228\ri1265\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Simpfomele dominante ale acestei forme sunt ideile delirante de persecufie sau gron-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 doore. Frecvent opar iluzii si halucinafii, cei mai adesea auditive, legate de cele mai \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 multe ori de confinutul femei delirante. Sub influenfa ideilor delirante, pacienfii pot serie \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 memorii, denunturi, pot trece Ia mdsuri de apdrare fafd de presupusele ameninfdri, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 devenind asffei periculosi. Debu+ul schizofreniei paranoide tinde sd fie mai tdrziu Tn cur-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 sul viefii decaf ia celelalte forme, iar trdsdturiie distinctive, mai stabile de-a lungul timpu� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 lui. Trdsdturiie asociate ideilor delirante si halucinafiilor sunt: anxietatea, furia, combati-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 vifate sau, dimpotriva, retragere sociald, ambivalenfa sau inversiuneo ofectivd. \par\pard\qj \li1233\ri1278\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi273 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Acesti pacienfi prezinfd scoruri pufin modificate la testele neuropsihologice, avand \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 eel mai bun prognostic dintre oate formele clinice de schizofrenie. De asemenea, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 functionalitatea ocupafionald si capacitatea de a trai independent sunt superioare celor \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 ale boinavilor cu alte tipuri de schizofrenie. \par\pard\ql \li1497\sb72\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs22 4. Schizofrenia eziduala \par\pard\qj \li1224\ri1276\sb0\sl-224\slmult0\fi273 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Aceastd forma presupune cd a existatTn trecut eel pufin un episod acutde schizofre� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 nie dar tabloul clinic actual nu prezinfd simptome psihotice pozitive notabile (ex. idei \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 delirante, halucinafii, dezorganizare a vorbirii). Apare o retragere sociald marcae, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 aplotizorea afectului, abulie. Pot fi prezente idei excentrice sau bizarerii de comporta� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 ment dar ele nu mai sunt marcate. Halucinafiile si ideile delirante, atunci cdnd apar, sunt \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 pufin frecvenfe si vagi. Desi indivizii cu acest pattern simptomatic sunt identificati ca \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9800\paperh13620{\bkmkstart Pg157}{\bkmkend Pg157}\par\pard\li1560\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1560\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1560\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1560\sb104\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx5299 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 150\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 Psihopatologie si psihiafrie pentru psihologi\par\pard\qj \li1536\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1536\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1536\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1536\ri860\sb146\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex125 avand un subtip particular de schizofrenie, simptomafologia reziduala pe care o \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 prezinta face, de fapf, parte din evolufia acestei boli. \par\pard\ql \li1809\sb111\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 5. Schizofrenia simpfi \par\pard\qj \li1536\ri865\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi273 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Aceastd forma clinicd de schizofrenie nu se distinge printr-un element clinic semni\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 ficativ si carocferistic, ci printr-o gamd largd de simpome negative: \par\pard\ql \li1819\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \u8226? o seddere o capocitdfii volifionole \par\pard\ql \li1819\sb13\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 9 o seddere a capacitafii de rezonanfd afectiva \par\pard\ql \li1819\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \u8226? o seddere pdnd la anulare a funcfionalitdfii profesionale si sociale \par\pard\ql \li1819\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 \u8226? o anumitd detasare \par\pard\ql \li1814\sb1\sl-198\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \u8226? o Tnsingurare, izolare \par\pard\ql \li1814\sb15\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \u8226? un comporament aufisf \par\pard\qj \li1516\ri875\sb123\sl-220\slmult0\fi278 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 6. SdhladFamia nedierenffofo desemneazd Tn general o categorie care cuprinde in� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 divizii ce nu pot fi plasafi Tn nici una din caregoriile precedente sau care Tnfrunesc cri� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 terii pentru mai mulf decdt o singurd forma clinicd. \par\pard\qj \li1516\ri882\sb184\sl-240\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Incercdri mai noi de ciasificare a schizofreniilor pun accentul pe aspectul cognitiv al \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 tulburarilor \par\pard\ql \li2678\ri2194\sb151\sl-300\slmult0\tx3566 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 Tipuri de scfiizofrenie fn eport cu tulburarile eognilh \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 SCHIZQFRENiA DE TIP I \par\pard\ql \li3566\sb1\sl- 203\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 Simptome pozitive \par\pard\ql \li3566\sb1\sl-199\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Structuri cerebrale normale (CT) \par\pard\ql \li3566\sb35\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul Raspuns relativ bun la tratament \par\pard\ql \li4713\sb3\sl-196\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 UA DE TIP II \par\pard\qj \li3556\ri3612\sb21\sl- 200\slmult0\fi14 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Domina simptomele negative \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Anomalii structurale cerebrale \par\pard\ql \li3566\sb15\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul Raspuns slab la tratament \par\pard\ql \li3561\sb1\sl-198\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 SCHIZOFRENIA DEZORGANIZATA \par\pard\ql \li3552\ri3034\sb13\sl-210\slmult0\fi14 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Dezorganizarea vorbirii (si a gandirii) \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Comportament dezorganizat \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 Tulburari cognitive \par\pard\ql \li3552\sb13\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 Tulburari de atenfie \par\pard\ql \li1871\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1871\sb146\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex130 44.3. IF \par\pard\ql \li1483\ri890\sb123\sl- 220\slmult0\fi292\tx1771 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 e \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul PrwaHeia\ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 (nr. de persoane bolnave la un moment daf Tnfr-o populafie) = 0,2 - 2% \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Nu diferd Tn raporf cu zona geograficd cu excepfia fdrilor nordlce unde prevalenfa \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 este mai mare. \par\pard\qj \li1478\ri898\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 � \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul PrsvioenfO P8viola\ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 (o nersoend dinfr-o sutd poafe face schizofrenie la un moment \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 dot) = 0,5-e \par\pard\li2577\sb19\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx3312 \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex114 (nr. de i\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 ibc\par\pard\qj \li1756\ri4549\sb3\sl-210\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 � Debutul Tn majoritatea cazurilor Tntre . \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 � Varsta de debut mai mica la barbafi. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 � Roporful barbafi / femei = 1/1 \par\pard\qj \li1473\ri902\sb2\sl-220\slmult0\fi278 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \u8226? Femeiie dezvolta mai muit simptomafologie afectiva, halucinafii auditive si muit \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 mai rar simptome negative. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9800\paperh13620{\bkmkstart Pg158}{\bkmkend Pg158}\par\pard\li1228\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1228\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1228\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1228\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1228\sb75\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx8246\tx8313 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Realitatea bolii psihice. Cadru clinic si infervenfie psihologica\tab \dn2 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 1\tab \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex107 51\par\pard\ql \li1507\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1507\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1507\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1507\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1507\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1507\sb83\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 \u8226? generald 1% \par\pard\ql \li1507\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 � frafi ai pacientului schizofren 8% \par\pard\ql \li1507\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \u8226? copii cu un pdrinfe schizofren 1256 \par\pard\qj \li1502\ri4145\sb3\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \u8226? gemeni dizigofi ai pocienfului schizofren 1251 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 a copii a doi pdrinfi schizofreni 4CK \par\pard\ql \li1502\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 - gemeni monozigofi ei pacientului schizofren �F% \par\pard\qj \li1209\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1209\ri1179\sb163\sl- 220\slmult0\fi287 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Forma clinicd cu prognosticul ce! mai bun este cea paranoida. Prognosficu! eel mai \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 prosf se Tntdlneste Tn schizofrenia nediferenfiata. \par\pard\qj \li1204\ri1158\sb20\sl- 220\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Prognosticul este mai bun Tn fdrile dezvoltate. Acesf lucru nu ss Tntampia pentru cd \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 formele de schizofrenie ar fi mai usoare. Mofivele reale pentru acesf fenomen sunt mai \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 degrabd; exisfenfa unui ajuor social mai bun din partea famiiiei, o presiune sociala \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 mai mica pentru a define o ocupafie, un stres mai scdzut Tn mediu! rural si Tn oraseie\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw6219\colsr40\colno2\colw3401\c olsr160\qj \li1204\ri0\sb17\sl-215\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 mici si, nu Tn ultima \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 rand, o stigmafizare mai scazuta a bol \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 suporf social a fosf \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 svidenfiat de numeroase studii.\par\pard\qj \li3302\ri1547\sb77\sl- 263\slmult0\tx3777 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 CARE INFtUcr \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 POZITIV\par\pard\ql \li1411\sb72\sl- 207\slmult0\tx3345\tx5606 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Personalitate\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 adaptata\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 izolat\par\pard\ql \li1411\sb18\sl-207\slmult0\tx3345\tx5596 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul Facori precipitanfi\ul0\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 prezenti\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul absent'\par\pard\column \ql \li20\sb23\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 lor mintale. Rolul rejelei de\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw5482\colsr110\colno2\colw4068\colsr 160\ql \li1411\sb5\sl-207\slmult0\tx3345 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Ereditate\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 cu boli afective\par\pard\ql \li1411\sb13\sl- 207\slmult0\tx3340 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 Debut\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 debut brusc\par\pard\ql \li1401\sb4\sl- 207\slmult0\tx3340 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Simptomatologie\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 simptome pozitive\par\pard\ql \li3345\sb14\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 dominante\par\pard\ql \li1406\sb14\sl- 207\slmult0\tx3335 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul Subfip\ul0\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul catatonic, paranoid\par\pard\ql \li1401\sb19\sl-207\slmult0\tx3297 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Coqnitie\tab \up0 \expndtw- 2\charscalex100 ..CQj3iliJeJntacta\par\pard\ql \li1391\sb14\sl- 207\slmult0\tx3335 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul Afectivitate\ul0\tab \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 preze njajje.p r\ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul es ie\ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 _L\par\pard\ql \li1396\sb9\sl-207\slmult0\tx3340 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Tratament\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul raspuns bun la tratament\par\pard\ql \li1401\sb8\sl-207\slmult0\tx3335 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Strategie terapeutica\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 complete, integrae,\par\pard\ql \li1387\ri1118\sb0\sl- 221\slmult0\fi1953\tx3331 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 araduaia \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 Atitudinea famiiiei \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 cooperania\par\pard\column \ql \li34\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 cu alte psihoze\par\pard\qj \li24\ri1310\sb8\sl- 215\slmult0\tx1426 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul debut insidios\ul0\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex130 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 la versa snera \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 simptome negative\par\pard\ql \li5592\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li20\ri2235\sb196\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul cognifie deteriorae \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 afectivitate aplatizata\par\pard\ql \li24\ri1238\sb0\sl- 218\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 raspuns \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul slab la tratament \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 fntarziata, discontinue;, punctuala\par\pard\ql \li5596\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li24\sb15\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 indiferenta \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li3782\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li3782\sb165\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx4598 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 _\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 EMPUCAplNAPARIJlATULBLI\par\pard\ql \li1473\sb120\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 a Mecanismele de producere a bolii rdman necunoscufe, \par\pard\qj \li1185\ri1197\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 � Posibil exisa o heferogenitate etiologicd (sunt implicafi factori biologic!, biochimici, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 genetici, de mediu, etc.), \par\pard\ql \li1473\sb1\sl-195\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 � Anomaliile pot fi prea mulfe pentru a fi detectate, \par\pard\ql \li1473\sb16\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 � Anomaliile pot fi Tn zone Tncd insuficienf investigate. \par\pard\qj \li1175\ri1183\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Date recente despre riscui de morbiditafe aratd cd existd un rise de 4%�8% la rudele \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 de prim rang fafd de 1% Tn randul subiecfilor de control. \par\pard\qj \li1175\ri1185\sb0\sl- 226\slmult0\fi287 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Sfudiul schizofreniei pe gemeni aratd cd, concordanfa ratei schizofreniei la gemenii \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 monozigofi nu ese 100%. Acesf lucru indicd faptul cd facorii de mediu joacd un rol \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 deosebit. Tofusi, copiii pdrinfilor schizofreniei au rise crescut de schizofrenie atunci cdnd \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 sunt crescufi de pdrinfi adoptivi neschizofreni Tn timp ce copiilor biologic! ai pdrinfilor \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9800\paperh13620{\bkmkstart Pg159} {\bkmkend Pg159}\par\pard\li1579\sb0\sl-184\slmult0\par\pard\li1579\sb0\sl- 184\slmult0\par\pard\li1579\sb0\sl-184\slmult0\par\pard\li1579\sb0\sl- 184\slmult0\par\pard\li1579\sb66\sl-184\slmult0\fi0\tx5347 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 152\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 Psihopatologie si psihiafrie pentru psihologi\par\pard\qj \li1560\sb0\sl-200\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1560\sb0\sl- 200\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1560\sb0\sl-200\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1560\sb0\sl- 200\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1560\ri799\sb68\sl-200\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 neschizofrenici nu le cresfe riscui de schizofrenie atunci cand sunt crescufi de parinfi \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 adoptivi schizofreni. \par\pard\ql \li1943\sb135\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 6A.5. INVESTIGA11I P8IHC40GICE SPECIFICS \par\pard\qj \li1550\ri789\sb103\sl-220\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 In examinarea psihologicd, Tn general, si Tn schizofrenie, Tn special, este importana \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 sfabilireo unei reiafii exominator-examinat, relafie comprehensivd si securizantd, Tn care \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 examinatul sd accepfe, sd fie accepfaf (si sd se sime asffei) (Teabsn 1,1992). \par\pard\qj \li1540\ri788\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Schizofrenul coopereaza greu, nu dintr-o intenfionalitate negative constienfd, ci dinfr-o \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 dificultate de a se raporta la celdlalf si la o sifuafie, de a schimba mesaje. in puseui acut, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 investigafia psihologicd (dealtfel si alte invest!gfii) este, Tn majoritatea cazuriior, imposi\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 bild, datorita lipsei ae cooperare. Dupd remiferea manifestdrilor acute, psihoticul schizo� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 fren se pdstreozd Tntr-un registru de regresie mentald si a Tntregii personalitdfi mai muit \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 sau mai pufin accentuae, Tn funcfie de intensitatea fazei acute. \par\pard\qj \li1531\ri794\sb20\sl-220\slmult0\fi297 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 evident, pacientu! va fi investigat si cand se afid sub ferapie medicomentoasd; este \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Tnsd necesard suprimarea acesteia cu 24 ore Tnoinfe de investigare, Tnfrucdt: \par\pard\qj \li1540\ri809\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 - neuroiepficele, Tn doza mare, modified reacfivifatea giobaid a individului, dar mai \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 ales reacfivifatea specified a funcfiilor bazale, prosexice si mnezice. \par\pard\qj \li1526\ri807\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi297 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 - neuroiepficele amplified dificultafea de relafionare sub aspectul sponfaneifdfii rds\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 punsuriior; neuroiepficele scad semnificativ fensiunea afectiv-motivafionald a angajdrii \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Tnfr-o activitate daa; \par\pard\qj \li1526\ri808\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 - Tnfreruperea medicafiei neuroieptice pe o perioada foarte scurfd (24 de ore), Tnain-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 fea investigdrii psihobgice, dimlnueazd numai relativ intensitatea efectelor medica-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 mentoase secundare; faptul cd acese menifesari persistd se repercufeazd, Tn special \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 asupra niveiului funcfiilor psihice bazale \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 (mnezice si prosexice) si asupra ritmului de \par\pard\qj \li1516\ri818\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi14 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 iucru af pacientului; medicamenteie nu acfioneazd Tnsd la nivelul personalitdfii, asupra \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 mecanismeior psihodinamice, asupra instanteior profunde si asupra fonfosmaticii in\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 conjtienfe. \par\pard\ql \li1800\sb1\sl-195\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 investigarea psihologicd a schizofrenului este ufiid, fn special, Tn; \par\pard\qj \li1497\ri828\sb25\sl-220\slmult0\fi302 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 - cazurile de debut ca adjuvant Tn diagnosticul diferenfial, pentru o se precizo modul \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Tn care este cfectafd sfructura personalitdfii, precum si gradul de afectare; \par\pard\qj \li1507\ri820\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 - cazuri de remisiune, (debutul stabilizdrii remisiunii) ca instrument Tn evaluarea caii-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 tafiva si canfitativd a defectului psihologie, de precizare si apreciere a capacitdfilor \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 restante, Tn perspectiva reintegrdrii sociale a bolnavului \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 (Tn activitafea anferioord a \par\pard\qj \li1502\ri822\sb37\sl-200\slmult0\fi9 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 bolii) sau Tntr-o ferapie ocupafionald, Tn regim instifufionalizat, ambulatoriu sau Tntr-o \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 ferapie ocupafionald, Tn regim instifutionalizat, ambulatoriu sou Tnfr-o unitafe de cronici; \par\pard\ql \li1478\ri836\sb1\sl-223\slmult0\fi311\tx1785\tx1766 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 - pentru evaluarea persoanei (personalitdfii) Tn perspectiva unui tratament psihotero-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 peufic (cure anaiiticd, psihoferopie de grup, psihoteropie anoliticd de grup, etc.). \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 investigarea psihologicd nu vizeazd registrul manifestdrilor evidente, ci registrui \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 latent, aceia Tn cere manifestarea se articuleazd si din core Tsi extrage confinufuriie. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Existd o corelafie Tntre manifesarea psihologicd, aso cum opore eo co simpom Tn boaid, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 si manifestarea Tntr-o probd data, asa cum apare ea ca modaiitate a individului de a \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 alege, de a soiufiona, Tn ultima instantd de a rdspunde la o anumite sifuofie-stimul. \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Afifudinea schizofrenului Tn sedinfa de investigare psihologicd este o atitudine modi-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 ficatd, Tn funcfie de intensitatea patologiei; asador, ofitudinea schizofrenului std sub \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 semnul bolii sale, de la dificultafea intrdrii Tn relafie, pana ia cooperarea minima, de la \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 neresponsivitatea la apelul nonverbal la sprijinul examinotorului, pond la comentariiie, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Tnfreruperile, reludrile si referinfele personale, frizand incoerenfa si plasdnd pacientul Tn \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9620\paperh13480{\bkmkstart Pg160}{\bkmkend Pg160}\par\pard\li1084\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1084\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1084\sb191\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx8073 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Realitatea bolii psihice. Cadru clinic si infervenfie psihologica\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 153\par\pard\qj \li1055\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1055\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1055\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1055\ri1123\sb166\sl-220\slmult0\fi19 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 afara relatiei si a situafiei, chiar dacd, aparent el are reacfii emofionaie ce ar pleda \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 pentru implicarea lui Tn probd, Tn activiae, deci Tn sifuafie. In sedinta de investigare se \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 vor observa atent comportamentul schizofrenului, modificdrile acestui comporament si, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 mai ales, masura participdrii, acestea fiind o expresie a disforsiunilor generate de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 boala. \par\pard\qj \li1065\ri1136\sb37\sl-200\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Pentru evaluarea eficienfei cognitive existd diferite teste de atenfie, Tnsd cu putind \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 aplicabilitate Tn clinicd, fiind folosite mai ales Tn cerceare. \par\pard\qj \li1055\ri1153\sb24\sl-220\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Investigarea inteligenfei sau a capacitdfilor operafional-logice se reolizeazd eel mai \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 frecvent prin baeia de inteiigentd Wechsler (WAISj. \par\pard\qj \li1051\ri1142\sb0\sl-224\slmult0\fi287 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Se remarcd, la schizofreni, scoruri mai ridicate la itemii verbal!, comparativ cu itemii \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 de perrormanfd, ca si faptul cd inteiigenta Tn sine ny esfe perturbata, Tn schimb pertur-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 bereo atinge modalitatea de folosire a inteligenfei. In rezolvdrile subiectului, apar con-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 tamindri, derivdri, substituiri, solufii paradoxale, asociafii bizare, defmiri prin particula� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 rized Pizare, (de exemplu, ia proba de vocabuiar, ic proba de comprehensiune sau de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 simiiitudini); oate cceste fenomene trensformd itemii care se adreseaza inteligenfei pro-\par\pard\li1055\sb1\sl- 197\slmult0\fi0\tx7651 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 priu-zise Tn secvenfe/fragmente de probe proiec e edifica s Tn re i\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 ss aafo-\par\pard\li1055\sb16\sl-207\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 reazd unor modificari Tn consemnul probei, cperafs de subisci ca si so ail; 3 o inanfio-\par\pard\li1055\sb19\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx6614\tx7622 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 nalifate Tn acest sens; astfel, de exemplu, la proba de corr\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 s\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 _lc apar\par\pard\li1055\sb4\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx7727\tx7867 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 rdspunsuri bizare, proba functionaed ca si cea de asociafie liberal cc Prml\tab \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 :'\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 ... :; da\par\pard\ql \li1046\ri1152\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0\tx1324 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 asemenea, la proba de vocabuiar, definifiile pot fi elaborate paradoxc: mc'ccrl-s cie \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 neologisme si de erori bizare Tn confinut. Astfel, anaiizc rezuitatelor \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 forma din anaiiza esentiai cantitafivd Tn anaiiza caliativa. \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Proba de inieiigsnfi Ri�*s, core vizeczd capacitdfiia de endiza, sirvisrA. \par\pard\li1041\sb27\sl- 207\slmult0\fi9\tx7584\tx7804\tx7920\tx8155 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 lizare, abstracfizare, este, Tn general bine rezolvatd de schizofrenii aflafi la ci'-.-:\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 "\tab \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 '\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex57 :- ;:\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 -r::\par\pard\li1041\sb14\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx8140 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 remarca o crestere c timpului de rezoivare. Ca proba non-verbaid de mrsA v ;r \u9632?\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 -C-\par\pard\li1041\sb9\sl- 207\slmult0\fi3595 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 ours, in m\par\pard\li1041\sb14\sl- 207\slmult0\fi364 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 ova;\par\pard\li1041\sb19\sl- 207\slmult0\fi297 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 3rsci;\par\pard\li1031\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1031\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1031\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1031\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1031\sb64\sl- 207\slmult0\fi283\tx3868\tx6436\tx7353\tx8174 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 - rszQivarSG crL-D;s;n3ior Cc\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 !r;f&nc.6fwc; isi a oncoror are\tab \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 ^.-fooC'j r-\tab \up0 \expndtw- 8\charscalex73 ;v;cr..;::ViCU\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 :n\par\pard\li1031\sb14\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx7108\tx7497 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 funos de in ensiUa procesu'-i morbe s; de gravl1 area cefecrJlui Tn ,\tab \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 \u9632?,,_\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 :::ocesdui\par\pard\li1031\sb18\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx6902\tx7588 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 morbid; cand defeefu! esfe mai ales intelecfual (si cana esfe\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 -\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 _ ia pre\par\pard\li1031\sb4\sl- 207\slmult0\fi4\tx2683\tx7363 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 bsle de intei! genfd\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 (si ia ceie coqnifive, Tn general) sunt marcate de cr,u:\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 ;H indici de\par\pard\ql \li1017\ri1185\sb7\sl-220\slmult0\fi9\tx1315\tx1310 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 oraanicifafe, care apar Tn stariie psihoparolie; dsficitul cognifiv este. Tn sceste cazurl, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 semnificativ si echlvaieaza cu un deficit analog celui din deferlorarea mlnalcT organica. \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 investigarea personalitajii ss realizeaza tie prin mariie cnesficnare cie personalitate, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 cum ar fi chesfionaru! Minnesota (MMPI), fie prin probele proiective (Rorschach, Szondi, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 TAT, fesfui qrborelui, tesTuJ persoanei). Probele proiective sunt preferabile chestionareior. \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 La fgsSuI Rsrsdisii apar urnatoarele caraceristici specifice schizofreniei: \par\pard\qj \li1027\ri1188\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi278 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 - aifernanfa a forrnebr foarte bune cu forme foarte proaste, pdstraree niveiului inte� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 lecfual cu distorsiunem maniera de ufilizare a intelectului si Tn modalitatea percepfuala; \par\pard\ql \li1305\sb1\sl-195\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 - abstracfizarea formei, cu simbolizarea confinutului Tn aprehensiune; \par\pard\qj \li1012\ri1195\sb5\sl-220\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 - fabuiofii parnind de la detalii perceptuale minore, cu extrapoiare a confinutului \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 asupra ansamblului plonsei; \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9800\paperh13620{\bkmkstart Pg161}{\bkmkend Pg161}\par\pard\li1622\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1622\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1622\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1622\sb27\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx5323 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 154\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 Psihopatologie si psihiafrie pentru psihologi\par\pard\qj \li1598\sb0\sl-210\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1598\sb0\sl- 210\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1598\sb0\sl-210\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1598\ri870\sb201\sl-210\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 - fenomene de contominore, ce pot merge de la contamindrile "complexuale" de tip \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 nevrotic pana la marile contamindri de confinuturi, cu imprecizie formald gravd (crea\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 rea unor forme noi, discordante cu stimulul, Tntr-un registru ematic bizar); \par\pard\qj \li1593\ri879\sb19\sl-200\slmult0\fi278 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 - kinestezii marcdnd interiorizarea profundd, Tnsofid de comentarii tip "referinte per\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 sonale", cu reactualizoreo unor episoade existenfiale vechi; \par\pard\ql \li1871\sb2\sl-198\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 - perseverafii si stereotipii marcate, Tn special Tn defectul psihotk grav; \par\pard\qj \li1593\ri884\sb4\sl-220\slmult0\fi278 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 - protocolul (discursul proiectiv), Tn onsamblul sau, are un aspect global insolit, sfra\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 niu, dereist. \par\pard\qj \li1583\ri886\sb17\sl- 200\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Reddm tabloul semnelor psihopatologice specifice schizofreniei Tn testul Rorschach \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 (An__euD,1973): \par\pard\qj \li1579\ri889\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 - dupa testul Rorscbach: G contaminate, raspunsuri Po (pozitie), raspunsuri Cn (denu\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 mire de culoare), frecvenfa crescue a F- (formelor negative), refuz ai interpreorii (blo\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 caj psihotic); \par\pard\ql \li1862\sb1\sl-176\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 - dupd alfi auori: \par\pard\ql \li2289\sb19\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 - G sincretice, G-, DG, tip de aprehensiune GD Db; \par\pard\ql \li2289\sb13\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 - succesiune dezordonae; \par\pard\qj \li1569\ri880\sb19\sl-200\slmult0\fi287 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 - tip de rezonanfd intimd coortat sou coartativ (rdspunsuri CF si t_F Tn perioada de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 debut a maladiei); \par\pard\ql \li1857\sb15\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 - rdspunsuri cu determinant combinat ?i negativ de tip KC-; \par\pard\ql \li1852\sb1\sl-198\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 - A % crescut; Ad superior lui A; Hd superior lui H; \par\pard\ql \li1852\sb15\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 - perseverafii; \par\pard\ql \li1848\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 - rdspunsuri-abstracfie; rdspunsuri-numdr; rdspunsuri-literd, cifrd, figurd geometricd; \par\pard\ql \li1848\sb1\sl-198\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 - confinuturi bizare sau oribile, terifiante; \par\pard\ql \li1843\sb15\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 - rdspunsuri foetus, nastere, destrucfie, descompunere; \par\pard\ql \li1848\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 - rdspunsuri originare negative (Orig.-); \par\pard\qj \li1560\ri894\sb19\sl- 200\slmult0\fi278 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 - rdspunsuri perspectiva (percepfie "Tndepartata", cu asociatii bizare, esompaj de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 perspectiva, fenomenul fiziune-figurd-fond); \par\pard\qj \li1550\ri920\sb20\sl- 200\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 - referinfe personale, derivdna dintr-o elaborare de ansamblu sau a unor detalii si \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 degenerand Tn fagmente autobiografice marcate de incoerenfd; \par\pard\ql \li1833\sb15\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 - diminuarea semnificativa a constiintei interpretative. \par\pard\qj \li1531\ri903\sb0\sl- 215\slmult0\fi297 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Dupd Minkcwska F, discursul Rorschach al schizofrenului este impregnat de un vo\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 cobulor rational (opus vocabularului senzorial), abstract, devializat, Tn care predomind \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 forme si confinuturi rupte, izolate, disociate, substantive absfracte, verbe si prepozitii, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex124 Tntr-o expresie a rupfurii, a prdbusirii; modaliaea de abordare a situafiei este ea \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Tnsdsi abstrace, disociae, impersonald detasotd. \par\pard\ql \li1804\sb1\sl-205\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 TAT-ul Tn schizofrenie ore urmdtoorele semne caracteristice: \par\pard\ql \li1823\sb14\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 - extravaganta emelor (de exemplu: feme homosexuale, feme bizare); \par\pard\ql \li1819\sb1\sl-198\slmult0\tx5385 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 - simbolismul Tn interpreareo unor detalii \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 (de exemplu, o linie este interpretatd ca \par\pard\ql \li1550\sb15\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 limie Tntre viafd si moarte, Tntre spirit si corp etc); \par\pard\qj \li1531\ri917\sb11\sl- 210\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 - izolarea personajului de ambianfd pana la izolare de lume (de exemplu, persona\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 jul central este perceput si interpretat ca un personaj rupt dintr-un context relational si \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 Tndeplinind un trovaliu abstract); \par\pard\qj \li1540\ri921\sb19\sl-200\slmult0\fi278 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 - povestiri generale, cu confinuturi vagi, Tntampldtoare, fuzionand Tntr-un discurs \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 paraaoxal si incoerent; \par\pard\ql \li1819\sb15\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 - bizarerii de limbaj, Tn reacfia globald la proba si Tn relafia cu examinatorul; \par\pard\qj \li1540\ri918\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi278 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 - alterore o funcfiunii porodigmotice a limbajului Tn construcfia tematicd, datoritd \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 alterdrii de percepfie, ceea ce schimbd semnificatiile figurii (scenei) reale cu olte semni\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 ficafii proiectote; \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9800\paperh13620{\bkmkstart Pg162} {\bkmkend Pg162}\par\pard\li1305\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1305\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1305\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1305\sb110\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx8265 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 Realitatea bolii psihice. Cadru clinic si infervenfie psihologica\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 155\par\pard\qj \li1296\sb0\sl-210\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1296\sb0\sl-210\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1296\sb0\sl-210\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1296\ri1110\sb178\sl- 210\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 - alterare Tn esenfd a funcfiunii sintagmatice a limbajului, pornind de la paradigme \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 bizore (olegeri tematice $\\ de confinut bizare), ce se desfdsoard asociativ Tntr-o "co\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 tastrofd a verbului" (sfudiile de semanalizd). \par\pard\qj \li1286\ri1119\sb2\sl-220\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 - rofionolizdri, atasamente la detalii, constructs epice pe detalii, simbolism accentuat \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 (esec al sublimdrii) cu regresiune evidenfd, refuz camufldnd o reacfie de cafastrofd, fan\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 tezii non- structurate, cu perceptii bizare de obiecte distruse, deteriorate, Tntr-o alterare \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 mai mult sou mai pufin importane a expresiei globale; \par\pard\ql \li1564\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 - Tn schizofrenia paranoidd pot aparea feme de persecufie. \par\pard\qj \li1271\ri1144\sb19\sl-200\slmult0\fi268 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Testul Szondi oferd, conform concepfiei auorului, cateva sindroame pafoiogice carac� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 feristice; \par\pard\ql \li1560\sb15\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 - sindromuldisociaieisau al schizofreniei paranoide, cu urnatoarele reacfii specifice: \par\pard\ql \li3407\sb193\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 S : + (!!); P : 0, \u9632?; Sen : 0, -; C : 0 \par\pard\ql \li1555\sb193\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 interprearea acesor reacfii este urmdtoarea: \par\pard\li1271\sb15\sl- 207\slmult0\fi278\tx1766 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex88 S:\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 +(!!)- semnificd o constitute sexuold psihologie feminind, cu inversiune inconstientd\par\pard\li1271\sb14\sl-207\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 a scopului sexual;\par\pard\qj \li1271\ri1115\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0\fi283\tx1751 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex83 P: \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 0- semnificd teamo proiectotd (suspiciune, senzitivitete, onxieate, legote de imogi\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 nea proprie Tn ochii celorlalfi, de ceeo ce alfii vor spune, ar putea spune sau chiar spun \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 despre subiect); \par\pard\qj \li1271\ri1158\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0\fi273 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Sch: 0- semnificd regresie a Eului adualic, lipsa granifelor Tntre Eu si lume, Eul ma� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 gic, mistic, orhoic, dominat de meconismul proiectiei; \par\pard\qj \li1267\ri1164\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi278 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 C: 0- semnificd defasarea de lume, solitudinea, pierderea sentimentului intim al valorii \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 lucrurilor, autismul. \par\pard\ql \li3383\sb91\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 Variante ale sindromului disociafiei: \par\pard\li3340\sb97\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx5361 \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex122 Sindrom clasic\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 Variante\par\pard\li3340\sb0\sl-218\slmult0\fi158\tx4041\tx5265 \dn3 \expndtw0\charscalex120 S\tab \dn3 \expndtw0\charscalex122 h = +\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 ++++++\par\pard\ql \li4036\sb32\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul S = -\par\pard\ql \li4036\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 e = 0 \par\pard\ql \li4046\sb33\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul hv = -\par\pard\ql \li3494\ri5191\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\tx4036 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Sch k = 0 \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 P = 0 \par\pard\ql \li3489\ri5198\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\tx4032 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 C d = o \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 m = -\par\pard\qj \li1531\ri3444\sb143\sl-220\slmult0\fi9 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 - sindromul^catatonic", cu urnaoarele reacfii specifice: \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 S = + ! + I \par\pard\ql \li1540\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 P = -0 \par\pard\ql \li1536\sb33\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 (o-) \par\pard\qj \li1531\ri7417\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Sch = -0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 C = --\par\pard\ql \li1536\sb1\sl-175\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Interpretarea acestor reacfii este urmdtoarea: \par\pard\ql \li1531\sb39\sl- 207\slmult0\tx1756 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 S: \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 + ! + ! semnificd sexualitatea si agresivitafea acumulatd \par\pard\li1252\sb8\sl-207\slmult0\fi283\tx1776 \up0 \expndtw- 8\charscalex83 P;\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 -0 semnificd acumularea afectelor negative, cu exhibarea afifudinii ne-f. . tiviste\par\pard\li1252\sb19\sl-207\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 (delirul senzitiv al unui Kertschmer)\par\pard\li1252\sb4\sl- 207\slmult0\fi278\tx1948 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Sch:\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 -0 semnificd refularea, negafio;\par\pard\li1252\sb14\sl- 207\slmult0\fi278\tx1785\tx1915 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 C:\tab \up0 \expndtw- 4\charscalex100 -\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 - semnificd rupereo contocfului cu lumeo.\par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9800\paperh13620{\bkmkstart Pg163} {\bkmkend Pg163}\par\pard\li1680\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1680\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1680\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1680\sb8\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx1756\tx5352 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 1\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 56\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 Psihopatologie si psihiafrie pentru psihologi\par\pard\ql \li1924\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1924\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1924\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1924\sb191\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 T�sfui orborelui (Koch) oferd urmdtoarele semne specifice schizofreniei: \par\pard\qj \li1646\ri859\sb0\sl- 240\slmult0\fi393 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 semne de degenerescenfd, cdnd tabloul psihopatologie psihotic este ovonsot si apor \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 note de orgonicitate; \par\pard\ql \li1924\sb1\sl-174\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 - semne de sciziune (trasaturi confrarii si inversate, Tn desen); \par\pard\qj \li1641\ri857\sb8\sl-220\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 - antropomorfizdri (o porte a arborelui este transformatd Tn grimasd umand sau Tn \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 element corporal dezarticulot Tn onsamblul desenului; aceste semne pot reprezenta fie \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 o regresie la antropomorfizarea infantild, fie o modificare a propriel personalitdfi ic \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 nivelul schemei corporale). Impresia giobaid pe care o degaip desenul, Tn schizofrenie, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 poate fi: difuza, haoticd, obscura, dezordonatd, rece, infeixibiic, aPstractd sau simboiicd. \par\pard\qj \li1646\ri866\sb9\sl- 210\slmult0\fi249 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Tesel; 5�rsssrisl fMadRSver, Husro f^gur'. D:'ewhjpH?D; sc- preteazc unei cnciize \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 formaie (marimea desenului, amplasarea pe foaie, tinanzarea, oreclzic: trdsafjrii-r, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 slmetria, oroonrHile. perspective-; s; ur.si r:r,a;ize re corei.' iismc. aviadhsc oe_r? or.a-\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw6646\colsr40\colno2\colw2974\col sr160\qj \li1631\ri0\sb7\sl-225\slmult0\fi14 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 'eior, proDorfla pd.r.ibr corpu-iui. exoresici facial;:.. C-Dsfurclc:, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 1r schizorrenie su,,:\u8226?:\par\pard\ql \li1920\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1920\sb20\sl-207\slmult0\tx2083 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 -\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 c-rrne anaulars: aares!":;"-e. mc5::..':"-:'r::s. .:\u9632?:; P:py.\par\pard\ql \li1848\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1848\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1848\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1848\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2212\sb45\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw- 6\charscalex100 c:cr"..; \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex76 ;; \up0 \expndtw- 8\charscalex75 vc:",\par\pard\ql \li1848\sb0\sl-115\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1848\sb0\sl-115\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1848\sb0\sl-115\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1848\sb0\sl-115\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1848\sb0\sl-115\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1848\sb0\sl-115\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1848\sb0\sl-115\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1848\sb0\sl-115\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1848\sb0\sl-115\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1848\sb0\sl-115\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1848\sb43\sl-115\slmult0\tx2155 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex86 \ul0\nosupersub\cf19\f20\fs10 "\u9632?CM'\tab \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex86 ;..\par\pard\ql \li1608\sb0\sl-138\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1608\sb0\sl-138\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1608\sb0\sl-138\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1608\sb0\sl-138\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1608\sb0\sl-138\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1608\sb0\sl-138\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1608\sb0\sl-138\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1608\sb0\sl-138\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1608\sb0\sl-138\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1608\sb0\sl-138\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1608\sb0\sl-138\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1608\sb0\sl-138\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1608\sb0\sl-138\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1608\sb0\sl-138\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1608\sb0\sl-138\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1608\sb0\sl-138\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1608\sb0\sl-138\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1608\sb0\sl-138\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1608\sb0\sl-138\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1608\sb0\sl-138\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1608\sb0\sl-138\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1608\sb0\sl-138\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1612\sb109\sl-138\slmult0\tx3086 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 \ul0\nosupersub\cf18\f19\fs12 Si v ."SOU/ '\u9632?;:- C.\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 .." ' ..\par\pard\ql \li1608\sb11\sl- 196\slmult0\tx3100\tx3215 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 neCifivr? r r - \u9632?",\tab \up0 \expndtw- 2\charscalex100 -\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 -'\par\pard\ql \li1622\sb54\sl- 92\slmult0\tx2462\tx2860\tx3374\tldot\tx3645\tx3964\tx4377 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex174 \ul0\nosupersub\cf24\f25\fs8 _;,.":\u8226?\u9632?,. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex245 /:\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex262 :,\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex191 : ,. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 ,-,...'\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex125 ;-\expndtw0\charscalex100\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex177 i\u8222?:\tab \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 ,\tab \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \u8226?\par\pard\ql \li1871\sb120\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 ^l'%? : i. t>l-A V \u9632?*:':. . \up0 \expndtw- 8\charscalex83 ;"-.\par\pard\ql \li1598\sb14\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 numar ds iemi, fieectrs xarvcnc"\par\pard\ql \li1598\sb9\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 esfe de aproximativ 30 minue.\par\pard\column \ql \li20\sb22\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 _ccssorii:_;. Oe::~uhzp:i \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9800\paperh13620{\bkmkstart Pg164}{\bkmkend Pg164}\par\pard\li1257\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1257\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1257\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1257\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1257\sb118\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx8087 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Realitatea bolii psihice. Cadru clinic si infervenfie psihologica\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 157\par\pard\ql \li2486\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2486\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2486\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2486\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2486\sb7\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 SCALA DE EVALUARE A SIMPTOMELOR NEGATIVE (SANS) \par\pard\ql \li1511\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1511\sb6\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 RETRAGERE SAU SARAC1E AFECWA \par\pard\qj \li1224\ri1291\sb6\sl- 216\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Retragerea sau tocirea afectiva se manifesto printr-o sdrdcire caracteristicd a expre� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 siei reactivitdfii si sensibilitdfii emofionaie. Aplatizarea emofionald poate fi evafuatd \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 prin observarea comportamentului pacientului si a reactivitdfii sale cu ocazia unei con\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 versafii de rutind. Evaluarea anumifor puncte poate fi influenfatd de medicamente, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Astfel, efectele secundare pseudo-parkinsoniene ale neurolepticelor pot reduce tulbu� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 rarile de mimica si posfurd. Alte elemente ale afectului, din contra, nu sunt deloc modifi\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 cate, ca de ex. reacfivifatea sau caracterul adecvat al rdspunsurilor afective. \par\pard\ql \li1502\sb92\sl-207\slmult0\tx1660 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 1 \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 - Expresia stereotipd a fejei \par\pard\qj \li1219\ri1321\sb9\sl-213\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Expresia faciald apare rigidd, stereotipd, mecanicd. Se observd absenfa sau dimi-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 nuarea modificdrilor ae expresie asteptate, finand seama de confinutul emofional al dis-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 cursului. Neuroiepficele putdnd mima aceste efece, observatorul trebuie sd fie atent sd \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 noteze dacd pacientul se afld sub tratament, fdrd sd Tncerce sd Tsi \u8222?corecteze" notifele. \par\pard\ql \li1492\sb92\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 0 - absentd - mimice este normald si adapae \par\pard\ql \li1507\sb1\sl-198\slmult0\tx1665 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 1 \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 - existd dubii legote de o diminuare \par\pard\ql \li1497\sb15\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 2 - usoard - expresivitate faciald pufin diminuatd \par\pard\ql \li1497\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 3 - moderae - expresivitatea faciald esfe net diminuatd \par\pard\ql \li1488\sb13\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 4 - importanta - expresivitatea faciald este diminuatd Tn mdsurd imporane \par\pard\ql \li1488\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 5 - severd - expresie fociald nu se modified practic niciodaa \par\pard\ql \li1478\sb173\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 2 - Diminuarea miscdrilor spontane \par\pard\qj \li1200\ri1330\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 Pacientul std asezat, imobil Tn timpul convorbirii si prezinfd pufin sau deloc miscdri \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 spontane. Nu Tsi modified pozifia, nu Tsi miscd picioarele sau mdinile sau face acestea \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Tn mdsurd mai mica decdt ar fi de asteptatTn mod normal. \par\pard\qj \li1483\ri3343\sb60\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 0 - absenfa - pacientul se miscd normal sau hiperactivitate \up0 \expndtw- 2\charscalex100 1 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 - existd dubii legate de o diminuare \par\pard\ql \li1483\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 2 - usoard - miscdri spontane, pufin diminuate \par\pard\ql \li1483\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 3 - moderatd - diminuare netd a miscdrilor sponane \par\pard\ql \li1478\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 4 - importane - diminuare importanta a mobilitdfii \par\pard\ql \li1473\sb1\sl-198\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 5 - severd - pacientul rdmane asezat si nemi'scat Tn timpul examindrii. \par\pard\ql \li1478\sb195\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 3 - S-racia expresiei gestuale \par\pard\qj \li1200\ri1346\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi278 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Pacientul nu Tsi foloseste miscdrile corpului pentru a facilita exprimarea ideilor, ca \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 de ex. gesturi ale mdinilor, pozifie aplecatd Tnainte pe scaun atunci cdnd este atent sau \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 rezemat pe spate atunci cdnd este relaxat. Acestea pot fi prezente pe langd diminuarea \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 miscdrilor spontane. \par\pard\li1468\sb77\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 0 - absenfa - pacientul utilizeazd expresii gestuale normale sau excesive\par\pard\li1468\sb9\sl- 207\slmult0\fi19\tx1651 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 1\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 - existd dubii legate de o diminuare\par\pard\ql \li1473\sb1\sl-199\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 2 - usoard - expresia gestuald este pufin diminuae \par\pard\ql \li1468\sb2\sl-198\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 3 - moderae - netd diminuare a expresiei gestuale \par\pard\ql \li1463\sb15\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 4 - importanta - diminuare importanta a expresiei gestuale \par\pard\ql \li1473\sb1\sl-198\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 5 - severd - pacientul nu Tsi foloseste niciodata corpul pentru a se exprima \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9800\paperh13620{\bkmkstart Pg165}{\bkmkend Pg165}\par\pard\li1492\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1492\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1492\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1492\sb152\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx5217 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 158\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 Psihopatologie si psihiafrie pentru psihologi\par\pard\ql \li1732\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1732\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1732\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1732\sb207\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 4 - Sdracia contactului vizud \par\pard\qj \li1473\ri947\sb19\sl-200\slmult0\fi278 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Pacientul evitd sd Tsi priveascd interlocuorul sau sd Tsi foloseascd privirea pentru a \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 se exprima. Privirea sa pare pierdue Tn gol chiar si atunci cdnd vorbeste. \par\pard\ql \li1742\sb95\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 0 - absentd - expresie si contact al privirii normale \par\pard\ql \li1766\sb13\sl-207\slmult0\tx1924 \up0 \expndtw- 2\charscalex100 1 \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 - existd dubii legate de o diminuare \par\pard\ql \li1747\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 2 - usoard - contact si expresie a privirii pufin diminuate \par\pard\ql \li1747\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 3 - moderae - netd diminuare a contactului si a expresiei privirii \par\pard\ql \li1742\sb13\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 4 - importanta - contoctele mijlocite de privire sunt rare \par\pard\ql \li1742\sb1\sl-198\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 5 - severd - pacientul nu priveste niciodata observaforul \par\pard\ql \li1732\sb175\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 5 - Absenja aspunsurilor elective \par\pard\qj \li1459\ri941\sb11\sl- 210\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Nu rade sau nu zambeste deloc, chiar dacd este incitat Tn acest sens. Acest punct \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 poate fi testat glumind sou zambind Tntr-un fel care, Tn mod obisnuit, determind un zam\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 bet la un subiect normal. \par\pard\ql \li1737\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Observaforul poate de asemenea sd Tntrebe zambind \u8222?afi uifat cum sd zdmbiti?" \par\pard\ql \li1732\sb93\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 0 - fara absenfa a raspunsurilor afective \par\pard\ql \li1756\sb1\sl-198\slmult0\tx1910 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 1 \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 - existd dubii legate de obsenfa raspunsurilor afective \par\pard\ql \li1732\sb35\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 2 - usoard - absenfa rdspunsului este usoard dar certd \par\pard\ql \li1732\sb1\sl-198\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 3 - moderae - diminuare moderae a raspunsurilor \par\pard\ql \li1728\sb15\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 4 - imporanta - diminuare imporane a rdspunsurilor \par\pard\ql \li1728\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 5 - severd - absenfa rdspunsului, chiar si dupd incitare \par\pard\ql \li1718\sb173\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 6 - Aecf inadecvat \par\pard\qj \li1430\ri961\sb9\sl-213\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Afectui exprimat esfe inadecvat sau incongruent si nu pur si simplu sdrac si aplati\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 zat. Cei mai adesea aceste manifestdri ale tulburdrii afective se exprimd sub forma unor \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 zambete sau a unei expresii faciale \u8222?tdmpe", cu ocazia unor conversafii serioase sau \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 trisfe. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 (Uneori bolnavul poate rdde sau zombi chior deed vorbeste despre subiecte \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 serioase dar jenante sau penibile. Cu toafe'ed aceste zambete pot pdrea incongruente, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 ele se datoreazd anxietdfii si nu trebuie cotae co afect inodecvat). In acest cadru nu se \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 coteazd sdracia sau absenfa afectului. \par\pard\ql \li1713\sb92\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 0 - inexistent - afectui nu este inadecvat \par\pard\li1732\sb20\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx1891 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 1\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 - exista dubii\par\pard\ql \li1713\sb6\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 2 - usor - eel pufin o manifestare de zambef sau alt afect inadecvat \par\pard\ql \li1708\sb1\sl-198\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 3 - m iderof - monifestdri ocazionale ale unui afect inadecvot \par\pard\ql \li1699\sb15\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 4 - imporant - manifestdri frecvenfe ale unui afect inadecvat \par\pard\ql \li1699\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 5 - sever - expresii afective inadecvate, Tn cea mai mare parte a timpului \par\pard\ql \li1694\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1694\sb202\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw- 4\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs22 7 - Monoenia vocii \par\pard\qj \li1416\ri995\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi273 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Atunci cand vorbeste, pacientul nu prezinfd inflexiuni vocale normale. Discursul este \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 monoton, modificdrile de ton sau voium nu evidenfiazd cuvintele imporante. Bolnovul \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Eoae sd nu Tsi adapteze volumui vocii atunci cdnd schimbd subiectul, asadar nu Tsi co-\par\pard\qj \li1411\ri990\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi110 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 oard to;iul pentru a discuta probleme intime sau nu ridicd tonul cand trece la subiecte \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 stimulanfe, pentru care este de astepfat de obicei o voce mai puternicd. \par\pard\ql \li1684\sb6\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 0 - absentd - inflexiuni normale ale discursuiui \par\pard\ql \li1703\sb13\sl-207\slmult0\tx1862 \up0 \expndtw- 2\charscalex100 1 \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 - e;:ise dubii legate de o diminuare \par\pard\ql \li1689\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 2 - u;oard - inflexiuni vocale pufin diminuate \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9800\paperh13620{\bkmkstart Pg166}{\bkmkend Pg166}\par\pard\li1200\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1200\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1200\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1200\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1200\sb94\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx8184 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Realitatea bolii psihice. Cadru clinic si infervenfie psihologicd\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 159\par\pard\ql \li1473\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1473\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1473\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1473\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1473\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 3 - moderae - netd diminuore a inflexiunilor vocale \par\pard\ql \li1459\sb13\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 4 - importane - diminuare importane \par\pard\ql \li1463\sb1\sl-198\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 5 - severd - discurs complet monoton \par\pard\ql \li1459\sb195\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 8 - Evaluarea globald a saraae* afective \par\pard\qj \li1175\ri1211\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi287 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Evaluarea globald fine cont de severitatea aplatizdrii afective Tn ansamblu. O impor� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 tana aparte trebuie acordatd nucleului reprezentat de absenfa reactivitdfii, de diminu\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 oreo globald a frdirii emofionaie si de caracterul sau inadecvat. \par\pard\ql \li1449\sb71\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 0 - fdrd sdrdcie afectiva - afect normal \par\pard\ql \li1468\sb13\sl-207\slmult0\tx1627 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 1 \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 - existd dubii legate de aplatizarea emofionald \par\pard\ql \li1454\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 2 - aplatizare emofionald usoard \par\pard\ql \li1454\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 3 - aplatizare emofionald moderae \par\pard\ql \li1444\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 4 - aplatizare emofionald importane \par\pard\ql \li1444\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 5 - aplatizare emofionald severd \par\pard\ql \li1425\sb155\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-10\charscalex93 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs22 ALOGIA \par\pard\qj \li1156\ri1212\sb0\sl-215\slmult0\fi278 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Alogia reflectd o gandire si o capacitate cognitive sdrdcite, adesea Tntalnite la pa� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 cienfii schizofren!. Procesele gandirii par vide, bombasfice sau iente. Toafe acestea se \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 deduc din discursul subiectului. Cele doud manifestdri majore sunt \u8222?sdrdcia discursuiui", \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 (restricfie cantifafivd) si \u8222?sdrdcia confinutului discursuiui", (restricfie calitativd). Blocajeie \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 si cresterea latenfei raspunsurilor pot de asemenea reflecta alogia. \par\pard\ql \li1430\sb92\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 9 - Sdracia discursuiui \par\pard\qj \li1147\ri1229\sb5\sl-213\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Reprezintd reducerea cantiefii de cuvinte spontane, consecinfa fiind rdspunsuri scur-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 te, concrete si neelaborate la Tntrebdri. Un plus de informofii nesolicitot Tn mod explicit \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 esfe roreori furnizaf. De ex., la Tntrebarea \u8222?Cdfi copii avefi?" subiectul rdspurde ,,,Doi, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 un bdiat si o faa. Fete ore doisprezece oni si bdiatul zece". \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \u8222?Doi" este tot ceea ce se \par\pard\qj \li1137\ri1245\sb2\sl-220\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 cere Tn rdspunsui la Tntrebare, resful rdspunsului e o informatie supiimentara. Rdspun\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 surile pot fi monosilabice si anumite Tntrebdri pot fi Idsate fdrd rdspuns. Confruntat cu \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 acest tip de discurs, examinaforul trebuie sd Ti acorde subiectului timpul necesar pentru \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 a-si formuio rdspunsui si pentru a rdspunde. \par\pard\li1132\sb11\sl-207\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Exemplu: examinaforul: \u8222?Considerafi cd existd mule corupfiem guvern?". Subiectul:\par\pard\li1132\sb4\sl-207\slmult0\fi9\tx3979 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \u8222?Da, s-ar spune". Examinaforul:\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \u8222?Credefi cd D.W. si P-S. au fost corect tratafi?" Su�\par\pard\li1132\sb9\sl-207\slmult0\fi4\tx1800\tx3940\tx7929 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 biectul:\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \u8222?Nu sfiu". Examinaforul:\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \u8222?Lucrafi Tnainfe de a veni la spiai?" Subiectul:\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \u8222?Nu".\par\pard\li1132\sb4\sl- 207\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Examinaforul: \u8222?Cu ce vd ocupofi Tnointe?" Subiectul: \u8222?Nu stlu, nu-mi place nici un fel de\par\pard\li1132\sb19\sl-207\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 munca". Examinaforul: \u8222?Pdnd cdnd v-ati urmat sfudiile?" Subiectul: \u8222?SunfTncdTn clasa I".\par\pard\li1132\sb4\sl-207\slmult0\fi4\tx2351\tx4670 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 Examinaforul:\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \u8222?Cdfi oni oveti?" Subiectul:\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \u8222?Doudzeci si opt de oni".\par\pard\qj \li1406\ri2138\sb104\sl-200\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 0 - ford sdrdcie a discursuiui - rdspunsurile sunt substantial si adecvate \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 1 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 - dubii - discursul confine informafii suplimentare \par\pard\qj \li1128\ri1263\sb4\sl-220\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 2 - usoard sdrdcie a discursuiui - rdspunsurile, desi date la timp, nu confin o infor� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 mal e elaboratd \par\pard\qj \li1123\ri1272\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 3 - moderatd sdrdcie a discursuiui - anumite rdspunsuri nu confin o informatie elabo� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 rae Tntr-un mod adecvaf si numeroase replici sunt monosilabice sau foarte scurte (\u8222?da", \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 \u8222? nu", \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 \u8222?poate", \u8222?nu stiu", \u8222?Tn ultima sdpfdmono") \par\pard\qj \li1108\ri1278\sb0\sl-240\slmult0\fi287 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 4 - importana sdrdcie a discursuiui - rdspunsurile reprezintd rar mai mulf de cdte� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 va cuvinte \par\pard\ql \li1396\sb0\sl-162\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 5 - severd sdrdcie a discursuiui - subiectul se exprimd foarte pufin si nu rdspunde \par\pard\ql \li1118\sb10\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 uneori la Tntrebdri \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9800\paperh13620{\bkmkstart Pg167} {\bkmkend Pg167}\par\pard\li1502\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1502\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1502\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1502\sb167\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx1588\tx5222 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 1\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 60\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 Psihopatologie si psihiafrie pentru psihologi\par\pard\ql \li1766\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1766\sb0\sl- 230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1766\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1766\sb124\sl- 230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 10 - Sdracia confinutului discursuiui (ideaticd) \par\pard\qj \li1468\ri951\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Cu toate cd rdspunsurile sunt suficientde lungi pentru ca discursul sd fie normal can\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 titativ, acesta confine putine informafii. Limbajulare tendinta de o fi vag, odesea prea \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 abstract sau concret,.repetitiv, stereotip. Referitor la aceasta, examinaforul poate remar\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 ca faptul cd subiectul a vorbit un anumit timp fdrd sd fi fumizat informafii pertinente co \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 rdspuns Io Tntrebore. Invers, subiectul poate furniza o informatie suficientd darTn cadrul \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 unui discurs lung. Asffei, un rdspuns lung poate fi rezumat Tn una sau doud fraze. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 Uneori, examinaforul are impresia unui discurs \u8222?filozofdnd Tn gol". Aceosto exclude dis\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 cursurile Tmprdstiate, core confin o mulfime de detalii. \par\pard\qj \li1463\ri947\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 Exemplu; interlocutorul: \u8222?Bun, de ce, dupd pdrerea dvs., oamenii cred Tn Dumnezeu?", \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 bolnavul: \u8222?Bine, Tn primul rand pentru cd, he, este persoana care, este pentru mdntuirea \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 sa. El vorbeste si merge cu mine. Si hei, ce cred eu despre osto, hm o mulfime de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 oomeni, he nu se cunosc pe ei Tnsi^i. Pentru cd, hei, ei nu sunt, tofi, pur si simplu, nu se \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 cunosc pe ei Tnsisi. Ei nu jtiu cd, he, mi se pare, cea mai mare porte nu stiu cd el merge \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 si vorbeste cu ei. Si, he, le orotd coleo. Infeleg de osemenea cd fiecare bdrbat si fiecare \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 femeie nu merge Tn aceeasi direcfie. Anumite persoane seTndreaptd diferit. Isi urmeazd \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 cdile. Calea menitd lor de Christos. Eu personal md Tndrept, he, stiind ce e bine si ce e \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 rdu. Nu pot face decdt asa, nici mai mult nici mai pufin," \par\pard\ql \li1732\sb70\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 0 - absentd \par\pard\li1756\sb17\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx1915 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 1\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 - existd dubii\par\pard\qj \li1454\ri975\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 2 - usoard sdrdcie a confinutului discursuiui - anumite rdspunsuri sunt prea vagi pen� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 tru a fi dare sau ar puea fi mult reduse \par\pard\qj \li1454\ri967\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi278 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 3 - sdrdcie moderae a confinutului discursuiui - rdspunsuri vagi, frecvenfe, sau care \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 ar putea fi reduse ia mai pufin de un sfert \par\pard\qj \li1449\ri982\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi268 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 4 - sdrdcie importane a discursuiui. Cei pufin jumdtate din discurs se compune din \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 rdspunsuri vagi sau ininteligibiie \par\pard\qj \li1449\ri987\sb16\sl-200\slmult0\fi273 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 5 - sdrdcie extreme a confinutului discursuiui - Tntregul discurs este vag, ininteligibil \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 sau ar putea fi considerabil redus \par\pard\ql \li1723\sb157\sl-253\slmult0\tx1991 \up0 \expndtw- 10\charscalex84 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs22 11 \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 - Bbcaje \par\pard\qj \li1430\ri986\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Suspendarea discursuiui Tnainfe ca un gdnd sau o idee sd fie dusd pdnd la capdt. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Dupd o tdcere care poate dura de Io cateva secunde pdnd la cateva minute, subiectul \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 indicd foptul cd nu Tsi poate aminti ceea ce spunea sau dorea sd spund. Exisfenfa blo-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 cajelor nu poate fi afirmatd decdt dacd subiectul descrie cd si-e pierdut firul gendului \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 sau dacd precizeazd, la Tntrebarea observatorului, cd acesta era motivul pauzei. \par\pard\ql \li1703\sb86\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 0 - fara blocaje \par\pard\li1723\sb21\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx1886 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 1\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 - existd dubii\par\pard\ql \li1708\sb5\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 2 - usor - se produce o singurd data Tn decursul unei perioade de 15 minute \par\pard\ql \li1708\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 3 - moderate - se produc de doud ori Tn 15 minue \par\pard\ql \li1699\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 4 - importante - se produc de trei ori Tn 15 minute \par\pard\ql \li1703\sb13\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 5 - severe - se produc de mai mult de trei ori Tn 15 minute \par\pard\ql \li1708\sb154\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 12 - Crefteea benjei de rdspuns \par\pard\qj \li1416\ri989\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi287 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 intervalul core trece Tnainte de rdspunsui bolnavului la Tntrebdri esfe mai lung decat \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Tn mod normal. Subiectul poate pdrea \u8222?distrat" $i examinaforul se poate Tntreba dacd \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 a auzit mdcor Tntrebarea. Pacientul o Tnteies Tntrebareo, dar are dificultdfi Tn a-si ordo\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 na gdndirea pentru a formula un rdspuns adecvat. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9800\paperh13620{\bkmkstart Pg168}{\bkmkend Pg168}\par\pard\li1252\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1252\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1252\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1252\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1252\sb60\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx8217 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Realitatea bolii psihice. Cadru clinic si infervenfie psihologica\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 161\par\pard\ql \li1521\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1521\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1521\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1521\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1521\sb5\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 0 - absenfa - rdspunsurile survin rapid \par\pard\li1540\sb11\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx1699 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 1\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 - exisfa dubii\par\pard\ql \li1526\sb0\sl-202\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 2 - usoard - unele rdspunsuri sunt precedate de un scurf intervol de pouzd \par\pard\ql \li1526\sb34\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 3 - moderae - crestere netd a iatenfei raspunsurilor \par\pard\ql \li1516\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 4 - importane - cresere imporane a Iatenfei rdspunsurilor \par\pard\ql \li1511\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 5 - severd - existenfo unor pauze iungi Tnaintea fiecdrui rdspuns \par\pard\ql \li1516\sb173\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 13 - Evobar� gbbae \par\pard\qj \li1233\ri1172\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi278 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Semnele centraie ale alogiei fiind sdracia discursuiui si a confinutului sau, evaluarea \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 globald trebuie sd find cont de acestea Tn mod special. \par\pard\ql \li1507\sb91\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 0 - absentd \par\pard\li1526\sb23\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx1684 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 1\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 - existd dubii\par\pard\ql \li1507\sb3\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 2 - usoard - sdrdcire usoard dar certd a gandirii \par\pard\ql \li1507\sb13\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 3 - moderae - sdrdcirea gandirii este evidentd \par\pard\ql \li1502\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 4 - imporane - gdndirea pare sdrdcie Tn cea mai mare parte a timpului \par\pard\ql \li1502\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 5 - severd - sdrdcireo gdndirii pare practic permanenfd \par\pard\ql \li1478\sb75\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-10\charscalex96 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs22 ABUUi-APATJE \par\pard\qj \li1219\ri1171\sb0\sl-224\slmult0\fi273 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Abulia se caracterizeazd printr-o lipsa de energie, de vioiciune, de interese. Pacienfii \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 sunt incapabiii sd se mobilizeze pentru a inifia sau pentru a duce la bun sfarsit orice tip \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 de sarcind. Spre deosebire de diminuarea energiei sau a infereselor observate Tn depre� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 sie, ansambiul simpfomafic \u8222?abuiie" tinde sd evolueze Tn mod cronic, fdrd a avea cono\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 fafie de tristefe sau de afecf depresiv. Repercusiunile economice si sociale ale acesfui \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 ansamblu simpfomafic sunt adesea importante. \par\pard\ql \li1497\sb43\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 14 - Tealefa - igietia \par\pard\qj \li1204\ri1197\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Bolnavul acordd mai pufind atenfie decat Tn mod normal toaletei s\\ igienei sale per� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 sonal. Imbrdcamintea este neTngrijifd, Tnvechitd sau murdard. Se spald rar, nu are griid \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 nici de pdrul sau, nici de unghii sau dinfi. Pdrul poate fi gras s\\ prost piepenat, mdinile \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 si dinfii murdari, respirefia sau mirosu! corporal dezagreabile. In ansomblu, finuta este \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 neglijenfd, dezardonaa. In cazuri extreme, hainele sunf zdrenfuife si murdare. \par\pard\ql \li1478\sb90\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 0 - absenfa unor perturbdri ale oaletei sau igienei personale \par\pard\li1497\sb23\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx1656 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 1\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 - existd dubii\par\pard\ql \li1483\sb3\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 2 - usoard - lipsa de Tngrijire a Tnfdflsdrii este usoard dor netd \par\pard\ql \li1483\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 3 - moderae - Tnfdfisare neTngrijifd \par\pard\ql \li1473\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 4 - importanta - Tnfdfisare foarte neTngrijifd \par\pard\ql \li1483\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 5 - severd - extrem de neTngrijifd \par\pard\ql \li1488\sb174\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 15 - Lipsa d� perseverenjd la lucru say la fcoald \par\pard\qj \li1171\ri1211\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi307 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Pacientul are dificultdfi Tn a gdsi sau a menfine un loc de munca (sau o integrare \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 scolard) Tn raport cu varsta si sexul sau, Dacd esfe elev, nu Tsi face temele acasd si poate \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 chiar sd lipseascd de la ore. Nivelul sau va reflecta aceste dificultdfi. Dacd este student, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 se poate Tnscrie la diferite cursuri, dar le abandoneazd Tn parte sau pe toate Tn cursul \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 anuiui. Chiar dacd ese le varsta cand poate lucra, bolnavul poate sd fi avut dificultdfi \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Tn a-si pdstra locul de munca din cauza incapacitdfii sale de a duce un lucru la bun \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 sfarsit si din cauza aparentei sale iresponsabilitdfi. Prezentele sale pot sd fi fost neregu-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 late, sd fi plecaf prea devreme, sd nu-si fi terminat sarcinile Tncredinfate, sau sd le fi \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 TndeplinitTnfr-un mod dezordonat. Poate de asemenea so fi stat acasa ford sd Tsi caute \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9800\paperh13620{\bkmkstart Pg169}{\bkmkend Pg169}\par\pard\li1502\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1502\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1502\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1502\sb123\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx5222 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 162\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 Psihopatologie si psihiafrie pentru psihologi\par\pard\qj \li1483\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1483\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1483\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1483\ri963\sb167\sl-220\slmult0\fi14 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 de lucru sau sa fi caufat sporadic si Tn mod dezorganizot. Femeiie cosnice, pensionarii \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 pot sa nu Tsi mai Tndeplineascd sau sd cea peste cap freburile zilnice. \par\pard\ql \li1751\sb91\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 0 - absenfa - perseverenfa normals la lucru sau le scoala \par\pard\li1776\sb25\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx1934 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 1\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 - sxistd dubii\par\pard\ql \li1761\sb1\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 2 - usoard - usoard lipsa de perseverenfa \par\pard\ql \li1756\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 3 - moderae - lipsa netd de perseverenfa \par\pard\ql \li1751\sb13\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 4 - Imporanta - lipsa evidentd de perseverenfa \par\pard\ql \li1751\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 5 - severa - nivelul scolar sau profesional nu a putut ri mentinut \par\pard\ql \li1766\sb155\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs22 16 - Aswgis tied \par\pard\qj \li1473\ri948\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Inertia este fizicd: subiectul poate sta ore Tn sir asezat pe un scaun fara a Tntreprinde \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Tn mod spontan vrea activitate. Daca ese Tncurajat sa se irnplice Tntr-o activitate, poate \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 sa parficipe la aceasa pentru scurf timp, apoi sd se Tndepdreze sau sa se retragd si sd \par\pard\qj \li1459\ri950\sb0\sl-225\slmult0\fi52 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 '8vind ia a sta singur pe scaun. Poate sa Tsi petreacd o mare parte a timpului cu activi\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 idfi nesolicifand un efort flzic sau inteiectuai, ca de ex. sd se uite la felevizor sau sd se \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 joace singur. Famiiia poate descrie cd \u8222?Tsi petrece timpul nefdcand nimic" acasd la el. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Acasd sau Tn mediu spitaiicesc Tsi poate petrece cea mai mare parte a timpului asezat \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 Tn camera lui, \par\pard\ql \li1737\sb81\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 0 - absenfa anergiei fizice \par\pard\li1742\sb25\sl- 207\slmult0\fi14\tx1920 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 1\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 - exista dubii\par\pard\li1742\sb13\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx2044 \up2 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf19\f20\fs10 \u9632?i\tab \dn3 \expndtw0\charscalex117 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 usoard anergie\par\pard\ql \li1732\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1732\sb34\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 4 - importante \par\pard\ql \li1728\sb6\sl-216\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 5 - severe \par\pard\ql \li1737\sb154\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs22 17 - Bmlmm globald \par\pard\qj \li1449\ri961\sb0\sl-226\slmult0\fi268 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Aceasta evaluare trebuie sd aibd Tn vedere severitatea globald o simptomelor de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 abulie findnd cont de normele de a$teptatTn conformitate cu varsta si stafutul social. O \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 pondere importanta poate fi acordotd unuia sau doud simptome predominonte Tn \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 cadrul evaluarii globale, dacd acestea sunt Tn mod particular frapante. \par\pard\ql \li1718\sb60\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 0 - absenfa \par\pard\li1732\sb28\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx1896 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 1\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 - existd dubii\par\pard\ql \li1718\sb18\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 2 - usoard dar netd \par\pard\ql \li1718\sb13\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex124 3 - moderae \par\pard\ql \li1708\sb13\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 4 - imporanta \par\pard\ql \li1708\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 5 - severe \par\pard\ql \li1694\sb94\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 ANHEDONIE - RETRAGERE SOCIALA \par\pard\qj \li1430\ri975\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi268 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Acest ansamblu de simptome grupeazd dificultdfile pacientului schizofren de a re\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 simfi interes sau pldcere. Aceasta se poate traduce printr-o pierdere a inferesului pentru \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 activitdfile agreabile, o incapacitate de a resimfi pldcere Tn cursul activitdfilor obisnuite \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 considerate ca fiind agreabile sau printr-o lipsa de participare la diferite fipuri de relafii \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 sociale. \par\pard\ql \li1708\sb110\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 18 - Inf-rese $i adwitaji fn timpul liber \par\pard\qj \li1425\ri991\sb23\sl-220\slmult0\fi278 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Bolnavul prezinfd putine centre de interes, pufine activiefi sau \u8222?hobby-uri". Cu toate \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 ca simpfomele pot debue lent, insidios, se poate cu usurinfd identifica un declin Tn ra-\par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9800\paperh13620{\bkmkstart Pg170}{\bkmkend Pg170}\par\pard\li1171\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1171\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1171\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1171\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1171\sb108\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx8107 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Realitatea bolii psihice. Cadru clinic $i infervenfie psihologica\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 163\par\pard\ql \li1156\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1156\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1156\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1156\sb204\sl- 207\slmult0\tx3427 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 port cu nivelul anterior de \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 nterese si activitati. Subiectii Tn cazul cdroro tuiburarea esfe \par\pard\ql \li1156\sb13\sl-207\slmult0\tx3407 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 usoard vor desfasura activ \tab \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex111 fdfi pasive, ea de ex. privitu! la teievizor, iar aceste manifes-\par\pard\ql \li1151\sb33\sl-207\slmult0\tx3393 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 tdri de interes vor fi ocaz \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 onale sau sporadice. In cazuri extreme, dimpotriva, el vor \par\pard\qj \li1142\ri1297\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 aparea ca fiind total incapabili de a aprecia o activitate sau de a se implica Tn ea. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Evaluarea trebuie sa find cont de aspectele califative si cantitative ale infereselor si acti\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 vitdfilor din timpui liber. \par\pard\li1425\sb98\sl-207\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 0 - lipsa dificuifdfilor de a resimti pldcere Tn activitatile agreabile\par\pard\li1425\sb14\sl-207\slmult0\fi14\tx1598 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 1\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 - exisa dubii\par\pard\ql \li1425\sb17\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 2 - usoare dificultdfi de a resimti pldcere Tn activitdfile agreabile \par\pard\ql \li1425\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 3 - dificultdfi modeate de a resimfi pldcere Tn activitdfile agreabile \par\pard\ql \li1411\sb13\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 4 - dificultdfi imporante de a resimfi pldcere Tn activitdfile agreabile \par\pard\ql \li1416\sb33\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 5 - imposibilitate de a resimfi pldcere Tn activitdfile agreabile \par\pard\ql \li1420\sb154\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw- 2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 19 - Infares� fi sefwifSfi uwud� \par\pard\qj \li1123\ri1303\sb15\sl-225\slmult0\fi287 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Bolnavii pot prezenfa o diminuare a infereselor si acfivitdfilor sexuale: evaluarea tre� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 buie sd find cont de varsa si de sfatutul lor matrimonial. Subiecfii cdsdtorifi pot sd nu \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 moi manifeso interes pentru activitdfile sexuale sau sd nu mai Tntrefind relafii sexuole \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 decdt la solicitarea parteneruiui. in cazuri extreme, bolnavul nu se angajeazd Tn nici un \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 fel de activitate sexuald. Celibated! pot so petreacd mult timp fdrd relafii sexuale, fdrd \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 a Tncerca sa satisfacd aceastd nevoie. Cdsdtorifi sau celibaed, pacienfii pot afirna cd \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 au nevoi sexuole minime sou pot resimfi pufind pldcere Tn reiofiile sexuole sau mastur\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 bare, chiar si atunci cand le practica. \par\pard\li1391\sb98\sl-207\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 0 - absenfa incapacitdfii de a se bucura de activitdfi sexuale\par\pard\li1391\sb24\sl- 207\slmult0\fi19\tx1574 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 1\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 - existd dubii\par\pard\ql \li1396\sb1\sl-199\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 2 - diminuore usoard dar certd a capacitafii de a resimfi o pldcere sexuald \par\pard\ql \li1396\sb35\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 3 - diminuare moderae a capacitafii de a resimfi o pldcere sexuole \par\pard\ql \li1391\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 4 - diminuore importane a capacitafii de a resimfi o pldcere sexuole \par\pard\ql \li1396\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 5 - imposibilitate de a resimfi o pldcere sexuald \par\pard\ql \li1377\sb174\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 20 - Incapaciae de a oves rebfii apropiae sau inimg \par\pard\qj \li1104\ri1322\sb0\sl-225\slmult0\fi287 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Bolnavul poate prezenfa o incapaciate de a dezvolta relafii apropiate sau intime Tn \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 report cu varsta, sexul si sfatutul sau familial. In cazul finerilor, acest domeniu trebuie \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 evoluat finend cont de relafiile cu sexul opus, cu pdrinfii, frofil si surorile. In cozul odul-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 filor moi Tn vdrsfd, dacd sunt cdsdtorifi, se vor evalua relafiile cu sotul/sofia si copiii, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 dacd nu, cele cu sexul opus si cu famiiia cea mai apropiae. Pacienfii pot sd dea dova-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 dd doar de putine sentimenfe si afecfiune (sau deioc) fafd de membrii famiiiei lor. Este \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 posibil ca ei sa Tsi fi organizaf viafa Tntr-un asemenea fel meat sd evite relafiile intime, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 sd trdiascd singuri, fare a sfabili un contact cu famiiia sau cu o persoand de sex opus. \par\pard\ql \li1377\sb85\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 0 - absentd \par\pard\li1396\sb26\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx1555 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 1\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 - existd dubii\par\pard\ql \li1382\sb20\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 2 - incapacitate usoard, dar cerfa, de a dezvolta relafii apropiate sau intime \par\pard\ql \li1382\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 3 - incapacitate moderatd de o dezvolta relafii apropiote sou intime \par\pard\ql \li1372\sb33\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 4 - incopociate imporanta de a dezvolta relafii apropiate sau intime \par\pard\ql \li1377\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 5 - incapacitate totald de a dezvolta relafii apropiate sau intime \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9800\paperh13620{\bkmkstart Pg171}{\bkmkend Pg171}\par\pard\li1665\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1665\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1665\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1665\sb71\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx1751\tx5395 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 1\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 64\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 Psihopatologie si psihiafrie pentru psihologi\par\pard\ql \li1910\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1910\sb0\sl- 230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1910\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1910\sb120\sl- 230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 21 - ReJafiib cu prieenii $i coiegii \par\pard\qj \li1636\ri774\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Relafiile cu prietenii s\\ coiegii, oricare ar fi sexul lor, pot fi de asemeneo sdrdcife. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Subiectii pot ovee pufini priefeni \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 (sou deloc) si pot face prea pufine eforturi pentru a \par\pard\ql \li1641\sb10\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 remedia acest fapf, alegdnd sd fie singuri practic ot timpul. \par\pard\ql \li1915\sb93\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 0 - fara incapacitae de a lega relafii de prietenie \par\pard\li1934\sb33\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx2097 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 1\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 - existd dubii\par\pard\ql \li1920\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 2 - dificultate usoard dar indiscutabila de a lega relafii de prietenie \par\pard\ql \li1920\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 3 - dificultate moderatd de a lega relafii de prietenie \par\pard\ql \li1910\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 4 - dificulate imporane de o lego relefii de prietenie \par\pard\ql \li1915\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 5 - dificulate extreme de a lego relefii de prietenie \par\pard\ql \li1905\sb193\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 22 - Evaluarea globald a anhedoniei fi a retrageris sociale \par\pard\qj \li1627\ri780\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Evoluorea globald trebuie sd aibd Tn vedere severitatea ansambiului simptomatic \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 anhedonie-retragere sociald tinand cont de normele de asteptat Tn conformifate cu varsta, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 sexul, sfatutul familial. \par\pard\ql \li1905\sb63\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 0 - absente \par\pard\ql \li1924\sb33\sl- 207\slmult0\tx2088 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 1 \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 - exists dubii \par\pard\ql \li1910\sb1\sl-198\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 2 - semne usoare dar nete de anhedonie-retagere sociald \par\pard\ql \li1905\sb35\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 3 - semne moderate de anhedonie-retragere sociald \par\pard\ql \li1900\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 4 - semne importante de anhedonie-retragere sociald \par\pard\ql \li1896\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 5 - semne severe de anhedonie-retragere sociala \par\pard\ql \li1881\sb74\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 ATENJ1A \par\pard\qj \li1617\ri779\sb19\sl-220\slmult0\fi302 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Tulburarile de atenfie sunt frecvenfe Tn schizofrenie. Bolnavul poafe avea dificultdfi \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Tn fixarea atenfiei sau nu poate face aceasta decaf Tn mod sporadic sau aleator. Poafe \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 ignora Tncercdrile de conversafie sau poafe pdrea neafenf Tn cazul unui test sau al unei \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 convorbiri. Poafe sau nu sd aibd consfiinfa dificultafii sale de a-si fixa afenfia. \par\pard\ql \li1876\sb92\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 23 - Neaaji� In acivifdjife sociob \par\pard\qj \li1603\ri798\sb0\sl-225\slmult0\fi287 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 In cursul activlfdfibr sau relafiilor sale sociale, pacientul pare neatent. Infr-o conver� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 safie, pare distrat, nu Tnfelege subiectul unei discufii, nu pare sd participe, nici sd fie \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 preocupaf. Poate Tnceta o discufie sou o activitate \u8222?ex abrupfo", fdrd motiv aparent. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Poate pdrea Tndepdrtat, absent, sau poate prezenfa dificultdfi de concentrare la jocuri, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 la citit sau Tn fofo televizorului. \par\pard\ql \li1876\sb85\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 0 - obsentd \par\pard\li1896\sb17\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx2059 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 1\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 - existd dubii\par\pard\ql \li1876\sb9\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 2 - semne usoare dar nete de inatentie \par\pard\ql \li1876\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 3 - semne moderate de inatentie \par\pard\ql \li1867\sb33\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 4 - semne importante de inatentie \par\pard\ql \li1871\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 5 - semne severe de inatentie \par\pard\ql \li1852\sb174\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 24 - Neatenjie fn cursul evaludii \par\pard\qj \li1579\ri818\sb19\sl-220\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Performanfele la este simple explordnd funcfiile intelecfuale pot fi modeste Tn ciuda \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 niveluiui de educatie si copacitdfilor intelecfuale. Pentru evaluore, subiectului i se poafe \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 c?re sa spund cuvanful \u8222?lume" de la coada ia cap sau sd efecfueze operafii aritrnefice \par\pard\qj \li1574\ri828\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi14 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 v. npie finand contde nivelul $colar (serii de scdderi din 3 Tn 3 sau din 7Tn 7, Tn funcfie \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 d:i nivelul scalar). \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9800\paperh13620{\bkmkstart Pg172}{\bkmkend Pg172}\par\pard\li1219\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1219\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1219\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1219\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1219\sb151\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx8164 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Realitatea bolii psihice. Cadru clinic si infervenfie psihologica\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 165\par\pard\li1204\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1204\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1204\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1204\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1204\sb7\sl-207\slmult0\fi273 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 0 - fara erori\par\pard\li1204\sb9\sl-207\slmult0\fi297\tx1656\tx2803 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 1\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 - exista dubii\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 (fSra erori, dar subiectul ezitS sau comite o eroare pe care o corec-\par\pard\li1204\sb9\sl-207\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 teaza)\par\pard\ql \li1478\sb8\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 2 - usoarS dar certd (o eroare) \par\pard\ql \li1483\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 3 - moderae (doud erori) \par\pard\ql \li1478\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 4 - importanta (trei erori) \par\pard\ql \li1473\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 5 - severd (mai mult de trei erori) \par\pard\ql \li1463\sb173\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 25 - Evaluarea goeaki \par\pard\qj \li1190\ri1236\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Evaluarea globald a capacitdfilor de ofenfie sou concentrore trebuie so find cont de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 elementele clinice si de performanfele la teste. \par\pard\ql \li1468\sb71\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 0 - absents \par\pard\li1488\sb26\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx1646 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 1\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 - exista dubii\par\pard\ql \li1473\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 2 - tulburare de atenfie usoard dar certa \par\pard\ql \li1468\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 3 - tulburare de atenfie moderate \par\pard\ql \li1454\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 4 \u9632? tulburare de atenfie importanta \par\pard\ql \li1459\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 5 - tulburare de atenfie exfremd. \par\pard\qj \li1180\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1180\ri1257\sb83\sl-220\slmult0\fi278 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 In schizofrenie, cei mai important demers terapeutic este eel farmacologic, mai ales \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 atunci cand pacientul se afld Tn faza activd de boala. \par\pard\ql \li1564\sb112\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 6A.6. NEUROEPTtCE \u9632? STALPUL DE RE2STENTA AL TERAPfEl IN SCHIZOFRENIE \par\pard\qj \li1171\ri1255\sb99\sl-220\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Neuroiepficele sunt substanfe cu structure chimicd diferitd, avand ca efect principal \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 acfiunea anfipsihoticS. in momentul actual, psihofarmacologia recunoaste doud close \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 de substanfe antipsihotice; \par\pard\ql \li1449\sb11\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 - antipsihotice din prima generatie - \u8222?neurolepticele clasice" \par\pard\ql \li1454\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 - antipsihotice atipice - agenfi antipsihotici din a douo geneatie \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9800\paperh13620{\bkmkstart Pg173} {\bkmkend Pg173}\par\pard\li1622\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1622\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1622\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1622\sb133\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx5352 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 166\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 Psihopatologie $i psihiafrie pentru psihologi\par\pard\li1728\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1728\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1728\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1728\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1728\sb55\sl-207\slmult0\fi182\tx4358\tx7310 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 Tipul de neuroleptic\tab \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex118 Definite\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 Efecte\par\pard\li1728\sb8\sl- 207\slmult0\fi14\tx3960\tx6067 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 antipsihotice din prima\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 definite de Delay f i\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 reducerea tulburarilor psihoti�\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw5993\colsr40\colno2\colw3627\ colsr160\qj \li1737\ri48\sb2\sl-211\slmult0\tx3941 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex124 generate - ..neurolepti- \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Denicker (1957), ca \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 cele clasice" \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 fiind caracterizate prin\par\pard\ql \li3955\ri0\sb0\sl-210\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 acfjunea de blocare a \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 receptorilor D2 predo� \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 minant subcorticala, si \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 a receptorilor 5-HT2,NA\par\pard\ql \li1728\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1728\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1728\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1732\sb1\sl-207\slmult0\tx3945 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 antipsihotice atipice \u9632? \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 definite de Matres (1994)\par\pard\ql \li1732\sb0\sl- 201\slmult0\tx3945 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 agenfi antipsihotici\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 drept substance psiho-\par\pard\ql \li1728\sb6\sl- 207\slmult0\tx3940 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex128 din a doua generate\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 trope antagoniste ale re�\par\pard\qj \li3940\ri0\sb0\sl- 210\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 ceptorilor dopaminergici \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 D2 varianti (D2, D3, D4) \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 D1, D5 serotoninergici \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 5-HT2, nicotinici, musca-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 rinici si histaminici;\par\pard\qj \li3931\ri0\sb0\sl-205\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 au \u8222?actiune polivalenta", \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 exprimata la nivel\par\pard\qj \li3936\ri0\sb0\sl-213\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 mezencefa \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 c, hipocam-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul pic s\ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 i cortica\par\pard\column \ql \li49\sb9\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 ce, predominant a simptomato-\par\pard\ql \li49\sb1\sl-206\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul logiei pozitive;\par\pard\qj \li49\ri868\sb0\sl-212\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 producerea sincJromului extra-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 piramidal �i a unor manifestari\par\pard\ql \li49\sb4\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul neurovegetative;\par\pard\ql \li44\sb1\sl- 206\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 crearea ,_starii de indiferenfa\par\pard\ql \li39\sb0\sl-206\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul psihomotorie";\par\pard\ql \li44\sb6\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 diminuarea excitafiei �i\par\pard\ql \li39\sb1\sl-199\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul agitatiei motorii.\par\pard\ql \li39\ri1022\sb9\sl-203\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex124 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 efect antipsihotic asupra \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 simptomatoiogiei pozitive �! \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul negativ\ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 e\par\pard\qj \li30\ri881\sb9\sl-208\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 foarte rar fenomene extrapira-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 midale sau diskinezii tardive. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 efect cataieptigen pufin\par\pard\ql \li92\sb4\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 exprimat\par\pard\qj \li20\ri1020\sb203\sl-211\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 tendinte de modificare a for-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 mulei sanguine \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \ql \li1660\sb1\sl-191\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Dupa Marinescu D, Chiifa A, 2001 \par\pard\ql \li1948\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1948\sb127\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw- 9\charscalex96 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 EFECTELE TERAPEUUCi ALE NEUROlEPnCELOR \par\pard\qj \li1555\ri861\sb119\sl-220\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 1. Efbclul ssdbffv manifestat prin acfiunea psihclepficS cu sau fara acfiune hipnofica, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 constdTn inhibifia si reducerea evidentd a starii de excitafie psihomotorie, a agitofiei si \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 agresivitStii. \par\pard\li1555\sb135\sl-207\slmult0\fi263\tx6249 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 2. E?edul antianxies combofe onxietafea psihoticd\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 \u8222?ongoosa de neantizare" sau\par\pard\li1555\sb19\sl-207\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 \u8222? angoasa de destructurare, depersonalizare".\par\pard\qj \li1545\ri865\sb13\sl- 220\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 In aceste tulburari anxioase psihotice, anxioliticele benzodiazepinice sunt ineficien\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 te, motiv pentru care au fost denumife si tranchilizante minore sau ,,eu efect limiat", Tn \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 comparafie cu neuroiepficele denumife inifial tranchilizante majore. \par\pard\qj \li1531\ri865\sb120\sl-220\slmult0\fi1128 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 anhpsinTS are in axul sdu central capacitaea subsfanfelor neuroieptice \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 de a reduce fenomenologia producfivd din schizofrenie: \par\pard\ql \li1814\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 - acfiune antidelirane (delirioliticd); \par\pard\ql \li1814\sb33\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 - acfiune anfihalucinaforie (halucinoliticd). \par\pard\qj \li1526\ri884\sb23\sl-220\slmult0\fi278 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Aceste efecte sunt obfinufe rapid Tn comparofle cu influentarea aler mecanisme psi� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 hopatologice, cum ar fi: intuitia delirantd, inferpretdri'e delirante si prelucrarii'e deli� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 rante secundare (munca deliranfd). \par\pard\ql \li1785\sb112\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 A Eedu! anfiauSisHe $i/sau dazinhibitor \par\pard\qj \li1516\ri881\sb19\sl-220\slmult0\fi278 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Acfiunea terapeutica ese dominae de combaferea simptomelor negative primare \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 din schizofrenie (autismul, ambivalenfa, incoerenfa, oplotizarea afectiva, disocierea si \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 depresia) sau a celor secundare din serile defecfuale post-procesuale dominate de \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9800\paperh13620{\bkmkstart Pg174}{\bkmkend Pg174}\par\pard\ql \li1281\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1281\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1281\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1281\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1281\sb120\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Realitatea bolii psihice.Cadru clinic si infervenfie psihologica \par\pard\qj \li1267\sb0\sl- 240\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1267\sb0\sl-240\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1267\sb0\sl- 240\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1267\ri1111\sb86\sl-240\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 simptome negative. In cadrul ocestor efecfe se situeaza si efectul antidepresiv produs de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 unele neuroieptice fipice sou atipice (flupentixol, tioridazin, sulpirid, leponex etc). \par\pard\ql \li1555\sb108\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 Clasiicama neumkpfioshr dupQ a^vitaea pgihohrmacolegicd \par\pard\li1425\sb197\sl- 207\slmult0\fi523\tx3206\tx5265\tx7238 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Acfiune\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Acfiune terapeutica.\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Efecte adverse\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Fxempfe\par\pard\li1425\sb110\sl- 207\slmult0\fi19\tx3225\tx5260\tx6859 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Antidopaminergica\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Putemic sedativa.\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 somnolenfa\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Levomepromazina\par\pard\li1425\sb1\sl-188\slmult0\fi24\tx3211\tx5260\tx6849 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 +\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 combate:\tab \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex110 hipotensiune\tab \dn3 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Cforpromazina\par\pard\li1425\sb42\sl-207\slmult0\fi4\tx3206\tx5251\tx6849 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Antinoradrenergica\tab \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex110 agita| ia psihomotorie\tab \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex105 sindrom neurolep�\tab \dn3 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Loxapina\par\pard\li1425\sb14\sl- 207\slmult0\fi1780\tx5246\tx6849 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 anxietaea psihotica\tab \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex110 tic malign (SNM)\tab \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Properciazina\par\pard\li1425\sb23\sl-207\slmult0\fi5409 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Tlorldazina\par\pard\li1425\sb9\sl- 207\slmult0\fi4\tx3196\tx5251\tx6844 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Antidopaminergice\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Antipsihotica:\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Extrapiramidale:\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Maleptii\par\pard\li1425\sb4\sl-207\slmult0\fi9\tx3201\tx5246\tx6844 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 selective\tab \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex110 deliriolitica\tab \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex110 akatisie\tab \dn3 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Haloperidol\par\pard\li1425\sb19\sl- 207\slmult0\fi1776\tx5246\tx6844 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 halucinolitica\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 diskinezle tardiva\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Fhienazina\par\pard\li1425\sb14\sl-207\slmult0\fi1771\tx5246\tx6844 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 antimaniacala\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 SNM\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Flupentixol\par\pard\li1425\sb1\sl-199\slmult0\fi1776 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 sedativa\par\pard\li1425\sb21\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx3192\tx5251\tx6873 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Antidopaminergice\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Antipsihotica moderae:\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Extrap ramidale\tab \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex110 i nrluoperazin\par\pard\li1425\sb4\sl-207\slmult0\fi9\tx3196\tx6840 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 moderate\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 dezinhibitorie\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Sulpirid\par\pard\li1425\sb14\sl- 207\slmult0\fi1766\tx6825 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 combat simpcomele ne�\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Amisuipiid\par\pard\li1425\sb14\sl- 207\slmult0\fi1766\tx6835 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 gative din schizofrenie\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Pipotiazina\par\pard\li1425\sb18\sl- 207\slmult0\fi1766\tx6835 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 antidepresiva\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Plmozid\par\pard\qj \li6820\ri1922\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0\fi14 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 Flupentixol \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 Tioridazina \par\pard\qj \li1224\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1224\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1224\ri1149\sb15\sl- 220\slmult0\fi278 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Aceste efecfe nedorite, dor Tn acelasi timp Inevitable prin frecvenfa fi amplitudlnea \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 lor, constituie o components importanta a ferapie! antipsihotice, ce scade semnificafiv \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 complianfa terapeutica. Depisfarea si contracararea Iar depind Tn eqa'd mdsurd de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 cooperarea dintre medicul ferapeut si pacienf, Tmpreuna cu anfurajul sau, cat si de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 mon.itorizarea acestor fenomene si o corectd informare. \par\pard\qj \li1219\ri1163\sb6\sl-213\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 In acest sens considerdm reala posibilitatea prevenirii sau eel pufin diminudrii efec\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 telor secundore, atat prin iocul ciozelor cat mai ales prin ufilizarea adecvae a medica\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 fiei antipsihotice (cercetdri ie fundamental biachimice si neurofiziologlce constituind un \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 argument Tn favoarea acestei afirmafii). \par\pard\qj \li1209\ri1149\sb122\sl-220\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 Co urmare a dezvoltarii psihofarmacologiei clinice a apdrut clasa rieurobpfieelsr \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 depozit, Indicafia majore esfe de fapf tratamentul de Tntretinere Tn schizofrenie, tulburari \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 psinotice cronice, tulburari afective bipoiars, episoade acute delirante survenite pe fun\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 dalul tulburarilor ae personalitate etc. \par\pard\ql \li1507\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Facand sinteza privind terapia somatica trebuie subiiniat cd: \par\pard\ql \li1507\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \u8226? Neuroiepficele sunt princlpalul tratament a! schizofreniei \par\pard\ql \li1502\sb13\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 � Efectele tor sunt mai degraba antipsihotice decaf anfischizofrenice \par\pard\qj \li1497\ri1732\sb3\sl- 220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \u8226? Majoritatea pacienfilor ar trebui sd primeasca cea mai mlca dozd posibile \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 � Eficacifafea dozei esfe sfabiiifa empiric \par\pard\ql \li1497\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 � Majoriatea paeienfilor vor beneflcia de medicare continua. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9800\paperh13620{\bkmkstart Pg175} {\bkmkend Pg175}\par\pard\ql \li5270\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5270\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5270\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5270\sb167\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Psihopatologie si psihiafrie pentru psihologi \par\pard\ql \li4262\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4262\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4262\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4262\sb144\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 Anh'p$ihc<fiee depozit \par\pard\ql \li4204\sb1\sl-193\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 (dupd Taylor D, 1999)\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw4865\colsr160\colno2\colw4635\co lsr160\ql \li2212\sb62\sl-253\slmult0\tx3921 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs22 \\p'\u9632?,:: n.c,i,p:,\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Preparat\par\pard\ql \li1891\sb21\sl-207\slmult0\tx3926 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Flupentixol decanoat\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 Fluanxol\par\pard\ql \li3936\sb4\sl- 201\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul Depixol\par\pard\qj \li1891\ri81\sb0\sl-335\slmult0\tx3927 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex124 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Flufenazina decanoatModecate \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Haloperidol decanoat \tab \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 Haldol\par\pard\ql \li1881\sb161\sl- 207\slmult0\tx3921 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul Pipotiazina palmitat\ul0\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul Pipotil\par\pard\ql \li1876\sb4\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Zuclopentixol decanoatClopixol\par\pard\column \ql \li1484\sb100\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Observafii\par\pard\ql \li35\sb33\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 Exaltarea dispozijiei\par\pard\ql \li39\sb206\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Efecte extrapiramidale (EPS) puternice\par\pard\ql \li20\sb4\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul Aecentueaza depresia\par\pard\qj \li20\ri3338\sb9\sl-203\slmult0\fi14 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 tPS accentuat \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 Siaba sedare \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 bPS \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul rare\par\pard\ql \li78\sb2\sl-206\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 jtil si Tn controlul agitafiei cu agresivitafe \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \ql \li1804\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1804\sb133\sl-207\slmult0\tx6508 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 In ultimul deceniu noua clasd de antipsihotice "afipice" \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 (neuroiepficele NOVEL) au \par\pard\qj \li1521\ri928\sb11\sl-210\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 adus o raze de speanfd prin calitdtile lor; puferea antipsihotica, mai putine efecte se� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 cundare, active Tn multe din cazurile refractare, active si Tn simpfomele negative (Clozapina, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 Risperidona). \par\pard\ql \li1905\sb134\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 6A.7. POSJBIUTAjl DE IKTERVENJIE TEKAffinTCA A PSHOOOULUIOJNIOAN \par\pard\qj \li1526\ri918\sb115\sl-200\slmult0\fi273 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 In ceea ce priveste tratamentul psihosocial, sunt necesare cateva strotegii pentru o \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 infervenfie eficienfd; \par\pard\ql \li1795\sb15\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \u8226? Deectie si infervenfie timpurie \par\pard\ql \li1795\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \u8226? Facilitarea farmacoterapiei \par\pard\ql \li1795\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \u8226? Tehnici de traament Tn internare \par\pard\ql \li1790\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 \u8226? Monogemenful sfresului Tngrijitoruiui \par\pard\ql \li1790\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 \u8226? Invoforeo optitudinilor traiului zilnic \par\pard\ql \li1790\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \u8226? Managementul cazurilor sociale \par\pard\ql \li1785\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \u8226? Tehnici educationale si teropie fomiliald \par\pard\ql \li1785\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 \u8226? Interventii cognitiv-comporfamenfale \par\pard\qj \li1492\ri933\sb106\sl- 216\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Dupd externare, o sedintd de psihoterapie dureazd Tn medie 45-50 de minue si se \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 face Tn general sSpemanal. Terapeutul trebuie sS poarte o discufie deschisS si sd sa\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 bileascd care sunt problemeie, motivele demgrijorare ale pocientului, ce efecte odverse \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 ole medicatiei prezinfd, pentru a-l ajuta sa-i creascS complianfa, care sunt scopurile tera\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 peutice pe fermen scurf, mediu si lung. Terapia suportivd familiald este esenfiald Tn sche� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 ma terapeutica, unui din puncfele cheie fiind acfiunea de informore asupra bolii si trata\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 mentului. \par\pard\qj \li1473\ri942\sb1\sl- 220\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Terapeutul trebuie sd fie consfient ca suicidul este cea mai frecvenfa cauza de moarte \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 prematurd Tn schizofrenie si ca pacienfi; schizofreniei raporfeazd mai rar Tn mod spon\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 tan intentiile suicidare. Drept urmare, erapeutul ar trebui sd Tntrebe Tn mod direct \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 despre ideatia suicidard. Cateva studii aratd cd mai mult de douS treimi dintre pacienfii \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 schizofreniei care s-au sinucis, au vdzut un medic Tn ultimeie 72 de ore dar cd acesa \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 nu a suspectat nimic Tn acest sens. Cei mai susceptiblli la a comite actul suicidar sunt \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 pacienfii cu pufine simptome negative, care Tncd pot trai efecte dureroase. Perioadele \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 care urmeazd dupS externarea din spifal si dupd pierderea unei relatii importante au \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 fost identificate ca perioadele cu rise crescut pentru suicid. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9800\paperh13620{\bkmkstart Pg176}{\bkmkend Pg176}\par\pard\li1238\sb0\sl-184\slmult0\par\pard\li1238\sb0\sl- 184\slmult0\par\pard\li1238\sb0\sl-184\slmult0\par\pard\li1238\sb0\sl- 184\slmult0\par\pard\li1238\sb85\sl-184\slmult0\fi0\tx8255 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 Realitatea bolii psihice. Cadru clinic si infervenfie psihologica\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 169\par\pard\ql \li1617\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1617\sb0\sl- 253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1617\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1617\sb86\sl- 253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs22 6.5. TULBURARILE ANXIOASE \par\pard\qj \li1214\ri1123\sb215\sl-220\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Simptom ubicuitar Tn paologia psihiatricS anxietaea se Tntdlneste Tntr-o proportie \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 mai mult sau mai pufin importana Tn majoritatea sindroamelor si entitStilor nosografice \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 din psihiafrie. In mod clasic, ea era axul central al nevrozelor, categorie nosologies pe \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 care clasificdrile moderne Tnsd nu au mai acceptaf-o. Tulburarile de anxieate au fost \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 grupate de autorii americani Tn urnatoarele categorii: \par\pard\ql \li1478\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1478\sb24\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Tulburarile anxioase (pe baza clasin'cdii DSM-IV) -1994 \par\pard\ql \li1934\sb73\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \u8226? Tulburarile anxioase fobice (fobia specified, fobia sociald, agorafobia) \par\pard\ql \li1934\sb73\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 \u8226? Atacuri de panicd \par\pard\ql \li1934\sb73\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 \u8226? Tuiburarea anxioasd generalizae \par\pard\ql \li1934\sb53\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \u8226? Tuibuarea obsesiv- compulsivd \par\pard\ql \li1929\sb73\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 \u8226? Reacfia acue la stres \par\pard\ql \li1929\sb73\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \u8226? Tuiburarea de stres posttraumaticd \par\pard\ql \li1478\sb73\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Manualul ICD 10 a refinut din aceastd clasificare urnatoarele categorii: \par\pard\ql \li1924\sb13\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 - Tulburarile anxios-fobice \par\pard\ql \li1915\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 - Ale tulburari anxioase \par\pard\ql \li1915\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 - Tuiburarea obsesiv-compulsivd \par\pard\ql \li1915\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 - Reacfia la stres sever si tulburari de adaptare \par\pard\ql \li1583\sb133\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 6.5.1. TULBURAREA ANXIOASA GENERAUZATA \par\pard\ql \li1468\sb133\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex124 6.5.1.1. Deinite \par\pard\qj \li1180\ri1152\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Tuiburarea anxioosd generolizotd se carocferizeozd prin onxietote persisenta pen� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 tru o perioodd de caeva luni. Anxietatea sau simpfomele somafice produc suferinte \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 marcae Tn orii funcfionole imporante (octivitote sociold, muncd). Existd frecvent trei \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 ospecte cheie ale bolii: Tngrijorare si neliniste greu de controiaf, onus muscular crescut \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 (cefalee, agitafie) si hiperactivitate vegetativd (simptome gastro-intestinale si cardiovas\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 culare). \par\pard\qj \li1175\ri1162\sb0\sl- 222\slmult0\fi278 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 Varsta de debut este Tn ultima parte a adolescentei, pdnd la 20 de ani, dar pot \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 exista unele simptome Tn antecedenteie pacienfilor. Tuiburarea anxioasS generalizae \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 este de obicei persistene si Tn lipsa tratamentului nu apar perioade de remisiune mai \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 lungi; totusi, cu Tnaintarea Tn vdrste, pocienfii eu moi pufine simptome si per moi pufin \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 ofecati. Mojoritateo pacienfilor se amelioreazd Tn primele 6 luni de tratamenf, dar de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 obicei este nevoie de un taament pe fermen lung. Simpfomele moi severe si ideea sui� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 cidard se asociazd cu un prognostic mai prost. Depresia este frecvenfa si esfe posibil \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 ca anxietatea persistenta sd predispund pacientul la depresie. \par\pard\ql \li1454\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1454\sb23\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 6.5.1.2. Scuid prezenare clinicd \par\pard\qj \li1171\ri1182\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0\fi278 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Simptomul principal al tulburdrii anxioase generalizate este anxietaea generalizae \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 si persistene, care nu apare indiferent de conditiile de mediu. \par\pard\ql \li1449\sb14\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Cele mai comune simpome sunt: \par\pard\ql \li1454\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 \u8226? nervozitate \par\pard\ql \li1454\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 \u8226? tremor \par\pard\ql \li1454\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \u8226? tensiune muscuiara \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9800\paperh13620{\bkmkstart Pg177}{\bkmkend Pg177}\par\pard\li1435\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1435\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1435\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1435\sb71\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx1521\tx5179 \dn2 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 1\tab \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex107 70\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 Psihopatologie si psihiafrie pentru psihologi\par\pard\ql \li1703\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1703\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1703\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1703\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1703\sb1\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 s transpiratii \par\pard\ql \li1703\sb1\sl-198\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \u8226? omefeald \par\pard\ql \li1699\sb15\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \u8226? palpifatii \par\pard\ql \li1699\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 � disconfort epigastric \par\pard\qj \li1416\ri975\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi278 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Cu oate cd simpfomele si semneie anxietdfii variazd de la persoand ia persoand, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 semnele obisnuite sunt tensiune motorie, hiperactivitate vegetativd, expectafii aprehen-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 sive si vigilenfd exageratd. Pacienfii cu tulburare anxioosd generalizae nu semnaleazd \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 fluctuotii bruste ole nivelului de anxietate s\\ simptomele vegetative caracferistice panicii, \par\pard\ql \li4176\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4176\sb4\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Indreptar diagnostic \par\pard\qj \li1507\ri1085\sb199\sl- 200\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 Conform ICD 10, diagnosticul de tulburare de anxietate generalizae se pune Tn urna� \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 toarele condifii: \par\pard\qj \li1507\ri1088\sb0\sl-200\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 Suferindul trebuie sa aiba simptomele primare ale anxietafii mai multe zile, eel pufin \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 cateva saptamani Tn fir. Aceste simptome trebuie sa cuprinda, de obicei, urnatoarele ele� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 mente: \par\pard\qj \li1507\ri1087\sb0\sl-200\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 (a) Aprehensiune (temeri despre viitoare nenorociri, sentimentul de a fi \u8222?pe marginea \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 prapastiei", dificultati de concentrare etc.); \par\pard\qj \li1507\ri1085\sb0\sl- 200\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 (b) Tensiune motorie (framantare permanene, cefalee tip tensiune, tremuraturi, inca� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 pacitate de relaxare); \par\pard\qj \li1502\ri1090\sb0\sl-200\slmult0\fi278 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 (c) Hiperactivitate vegetativa (amefeli, transpiratii, tahicardie sau tahipnee, disconfort \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 epigastric, gura uscata etc.). La copii, nevoia de protecfie si acuzele somatice pot fi pre\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 dominante. \par\pard\qj \li1488\ri1090\sb0\sl- 200\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 Aparifia tranzitorie (pentru caeva zile, din cand Tn cand) a altor simptome, Tn special a \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 depresiei, nu exclude tuiburarea de tip anxietate generalizae ca diagnostic principal, dar \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 subiectul nu trebuie sa Tntruneasca toate criteriile pentru episodul depresiv (F32), tuibu� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 rarea anxios-fobica (F40), tuiburarea de panica (F41.0) sau tuiburarea obsesiv-compul-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 siva (F42). \par\pard\li1771\sb179\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx2894 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 Include:\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 starea anxioasa\par\pard\qj \li2899\ri5368\sb12\sl-180\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 nevroza anxioasa \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 reacjia anxioasa \par\pard\li1756\sb12\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx2894 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 Exclude:\tab \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex107 neurastenia\par\pard\qj \li1368\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1368\ri1010\sb9\sl-220\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Spre deosebire de pacienfii cu panicd, ia care simptomele apar brusc, pacienfii cu \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 tulburare anxioasa generalizafd free printr-o anxietate difuzd persistena, fdrd simpto� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 mele specifice ce caracferizeazS tuiburarea fobicS, panica sau tuiburarea obsesiv- com� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 pulsivd. \par\pard\ql \li1646\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 Numeroase afecfiuni somafice si utilizarea unor medicamente se pot Tnsofi de anxietate. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9800\paperh13620{\bkmkstart Pg178}{\bkmkend Pg178}\par\pard\li1137\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1137\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1137\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1137\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1137\sb18\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx8155\tx8241 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 Realitatea bolii psihice. Cadru clinic si infervenfie psihologica\tab \dn2 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 1\tab \dn2 \expndtw-8\charscalex91 71\par\pard\li1545\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li1545\sb0\sl- 230\slmult0\par\pard\li1545\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li1545\sb129\sl- 230\slmult0\fi168 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 AfECTfUNi SOMATIC. �5 MEDICAMENTE ASOCIATE CU AhPClETATEA\par\pard\li1545\sb164\sl- 253\slmult0\fi1502 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex130 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs22 ^^mimrmSmP\par\pard\li1545\sb2\sl-230\slmult0\fi24\tx5980 \up0 \expndtw- 2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 Anemia\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Alcool\par\pard\li1545\sb14\sl- 207\slmult0\fi24\tx5985 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Angina pectorala\tab \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Amfetamine\par\pard\li1545\sb14\sl- 207\slmult0\fi19\tx5980 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 Astm\tab \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex102 Aminofilina\par\pard\li1545\sb14\sl-207\slmult0\fi28\tx5985 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 Carcinoid\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 Anticolinergice\par\pard\li1545\sb14\sl-207\slmult0\fi14\tx5980 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 Aritmii cardiace\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 Antihistaminice\par\pard\li1545\sb9\sl-207\slmult0\fi24\tx5975 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 Cardiomiopatii\tab \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Antihipertensive\par\pard\li1545\sb13\sl-207\slmult0\fi24\tx5971 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Colagenoze\tab \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Agenfi antituberculo�i\par\pard\li1545\sb9\sl-207\slmult0\fi24\tx5985 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Sindrom carcinoid\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 Bromocriptina\par\pard\li1545\sb19\sl-207\slmult0\fi19\tx5980 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Sindrom Gushing\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Cofeina\par\pard\li1545\sb9\sl-207\slmult0\fi24\tx5985 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Bronhopneumopatie cronica obstructive (BPOC)\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Cocaina\par\pard\li1545\sb19\sl-207\slmult0\fi14\tx5985 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 Anomalii electrolitice\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 Digitalice (intoxicafie)\par\pard\li1545\sb8\sl-207\slmult0\fi24\tx5985 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Hiperparatiroidism\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Dopamina\par\pard\li1545\sb10\sl-207\slmult0\fi24\tx5985 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 Hipertiroidism si Hipotiroidism\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Efedrina\par\pard\li1545\sb13\sl-207\slmult0\fi24\tx5980 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 Hipoglicemie\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 Epinefrina\par\pard\li1545\sb15\sl-230\slmult0\fi24\tx5975 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 Insulinom\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 Glucocoticoizi\par\pard\li1545\sb1\sl- 188\slmult0\fi14\tx5980 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Simptome de menopauza\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Halucinogene\par\pard\li1545\sb18\sl-207\slmult0\fi19\tx5975 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Proiaps de valva mitrala\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Lidocaina\par\pard\li1545\sb18\sl-207\slmult0\fi14\tx5975 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 Porfirie\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 Metilfenidat\par\pard\li1545\sb10\sl-207\slmult0\fi14\tx5975 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Pneumotorax\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Pentazocina\par\pard\li1545\sb18\sl-207\slmult0\fi14\tx5975 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Edem pulmonar\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 Feniiefrina\par\pard\li1545\sb9\sl-207\slmult0\fi14\tx5966 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Epilepsie de lob temporal\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 Salicilafj\par\pard\li1545\sb14\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx5966 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 Vertij\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Sedative hipnotice (sevraj)\par\pard\ql \li5961\sb0\sl- 206\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 Teofilina \par\pard\ql \li5956\sb14\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 Agenfi tiroidieni \par\pard\ql \li1372\sb235\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs22 6.5.1.3, Eplim \par\pard\ql \li1368\sb65\sl- 207\slmult0\tx5875 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Anxieatea reprezintd una dintre cele mai Tntalnite \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 emofii umane, iar anxietatea \par\pard\qj \li1084\ri1253\sb7\sl-215\slmult0\fi9 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 patologicd ese una dintre conditiile psihiatrice cele mai frecvenfe. Se considers cd circa \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 25% din populafia generals a Tntrunit, eel pufin o dae Tn viafd, criteriile pentru una din� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 tre tulburarile anxioase. Femeiie prezinta o incidents mai mare a anxieafii decat \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 bdrbafii, iar sfatutul socio-economic scdzuf reprezintd un foctor de rise pentru aparifia \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 anxietdfii. \par\pard\ql \li1089\ri1270\sb1\sl-220\slmult0\fi273\tx1377\tx1377 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Tuiburarea anxioasa generalizae este o tulbuare cronice, cu evolufie flucfuonfd, cu \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 exacerbSri ale simptomelor Tn perioadele cu multe evenimente solicifante. \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Prognosticul tulburarii anxioase generolizote depinde de: \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 � nivelul funcfionerii sociale anferioare; \par\pard\ql \li1377\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 � suporfui social; \par\pard\ql \li1372\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 � compiianfa la tratament. \par\pard\qj \li1353\ri3401\sb3\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Tuiburarea anxioasS generalizae sa complied frecvent cu: \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 � alte tulbuari onxioose; \par\pard\ql \li1377\sb4\sl- 216\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 _ obuzul de alcool sau de alte droguri; \par\pard\ql \li1372\sb12\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 * dependenfa de alcool sau de ale droguri. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9800\paperh13620{\bkmkstart Pg179}{\bkmkend Pg179}\par\pard\li1660\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1660\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1660\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1660\sb56\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx5371 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 172\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 Psihopatologie si psihiafrie pentru psihologi\par\pard\ql \li1910\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1910\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1910\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1910\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1910\sb16\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 6.5.1 A. Facoi eliopaogenici implicarji tin aparifia tulburdrii \par\pard\ql \li1905\sb113\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Teoriile psihanalitice \par\pard\qj \li1631\ri813\sb7\sl-215\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Conform concepfiei definitivote de Freud, anxietatea este un semnal pentru pericolul \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 penefrSrii Tn constient a dorinfelor infantile inacceptabile, reprimate, de naturS sexuals. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 DacS mecanismele de defensd nu reujesc sd neufralizeze pericolul, apare anxieatea \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 simptomaticd, iar teoriile moderne analitice afirmd cS prin cedarea complee a meca\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 nismelor de defensd, anxietatea progreseazS spre un status de panics. \par\pard\qj \li1627\ri808\sb5\sl-216\slmult0\fi273 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Teoria psihanaliticd afirmd co, prin perceperea anxietdfii ca o tulburare, se pierde \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 din vedere semnificafia de semnal si existd pericolul ignordrii cauzelor subiacente. Astfel, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 scopul intervenfiei psihanalitice nu este Tn primul rand eliminarea anxietdfii, ci cresterea \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 tolerantei la aceasta, pentru a putea percepe odecvot semnolul si conflictul subiocent, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Conform acestei teorii, cupareo cu mijlooce psihoformocologice o onxietdfii Tnseomnd \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 o ignore situafiile de viafd care au provocat aparifia acesteia. \par\pard\qj \li1617\ri823\sb127\sl-213\slmult0\fi273 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Teoriile comporamenaie referitoare la anxietate au pus bazele unor tratamente efi-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 ciente. Conform acestor teorii, anxietatea reprezintd un rdspuns condifionat la stimuli \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 specifici de mediu sau un rdspuns de imitare a reacfiilor anxioase ale pdrinfilor. Teoriile \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 comportamentaie au Tncercat sd explice aparifia anxietdfii prin mai multe modele: \par\pard\qj \li1612\ri833\sb2\sl-220\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 a) Modelul condiiondii clasice, care implied asocierea unui stimul nociv (stimul \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 necondifionat) cu un stimul initial neutru (o situafie sociald, un obiect etc.). Dupd apari� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 fia acestei condifionari apare comportamentul de evitare a stimulului pentru a preveni \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 aparifia anxietdfii. Carenfa majors a acestui model conse Tn imposibilitatea determi-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 nSrii la majoritatea pacienfilor a stimulului nociv care a determinat rSspunsul anxios. \par\pard\ql \li1896\sb2\sl-218\slmult0\tx2126 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex87 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 b) \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 \u8222?Fica de fried" - fica de apaiie a anxietdii si condiionarea ineroceptivd. Cei \par\pard\qj \li1593\ri842\sb3\sl-217\slmult0\fi19 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 mai temut lucru pentru individui cu tulburare anxioasa este aparifia anxieefii, si nu \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 sifuafie fobicS Tn sine. S-a sugeret, astfel, cS aparifia anxieafii este rezultatul unui pro� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 ces de conditionare interns. Conform acestui model, stimuli interni initial indiferenti (dis� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 confort intestinal sau o usoord amefeald) pot prin condifionare sd devind factorii de� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 claraor!' pentru anxietate. Ca rezultat, individui Tsi va supravegheo foorte atent reactiile \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 interne, Tn cdutareo unor indicii ale aparifiei unei posibile anxieati. Modelul nu poate \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 Tnsd explica identiatea dintre stimulii conditional (ae exemplu palpitafiile) si simptomele \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 rSspunsului condifionat (aceleasi palpitatii care pot apSrea Tn tuiburarea anxioasS). \par\pard\qj \li1588\ri847\sb5\sl-215\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 c) Inerpretarea catastroicd. Prin prisma acestui model, anxietatea este produsa de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 interpretarea gresie a senzafiilor corporale. Astfel, palpitafiile pot fi interpretate ca un \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 infarct miocaraic iminent, iar amefeala co debutul unei condifii psihice sou neurologice. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 Modelul nu justifies TnsS aparifia anxietdfii la indivizii care nu eu roportat onterior anxie� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 tdfii nici un simpom fizic sau psihic. \par\pard\qj \li1588\ri851\sb1\sl-220\slmult0\fi278 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 d) SensibilHaea la anxietae. Acest model postuleazd cd indivizii care prezinfd o \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 mare sensibilitate la anxietate sunt predispusi la a interpreta eronat propriile senzafii. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Se pare cd sensibilitatea la anxietate reprezintd o trdsaturS: \par\pard\ql \li1871\sb11\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \u8226? ce reflects credinte eronote despre simptomele onxioose; \par\pard\ql \li1867\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \u8226? ce opare Tnaintea anxieafii; \par\pard\ql \li1867\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \u8226? ce predispune la anxietate. \par\pard\ql \li1843\sb113\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Teoiile biologies au apSrut ca urmare a: \par\pard\ql \li1862\sb13\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \u8226? modelelor de anxietate provocae la animale; \par\pard\ql \li1857\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \u8226? sfudiul factorilor neurobiologici la pacienfii cu anxietate; \par\pard\ql \li1857\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \u8226? ISrgirii cunostinfelor referitoare la psihotrope. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9800\paperh13620{\bkmkstart Pg180}{\bkmkend Pg180}\par\pard\li1224\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1224\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1224\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1224\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1224\sb162\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx8169 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 Realitatea bolii psihice. Cadru clinic s\\ infervenfie psihologica\tab \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 173\par\pard\ql \li1492\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1492\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1492\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1492\sb190\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 In codrul conceptului biologic despre onxietate exists doud tendinfe: \par\pard\ql \li1492\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \u8226? prima considerd cd modificdrile biologice reflects conflictele psihobgice. \par\pard\qj \li1204\ri1216\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi287 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \u8226? cea de a doua, opusS, postuleazS cS modificdrile biologice preced si determinS \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 conflictele psihobgice. \par\pard\ql \li1468\sb0\sl- 230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1468\sb82\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 6.5.1.5. InvesHgafi psihobgice specifice \par\pard\ql \li1473\sb109\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Scab Hamilton de anxieate \par\pard\qj \li1180\ri1225\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Scolo Homilton pentru evaluarea anxieafii a fost conceputS la sfarsitul anibr 1950 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 pentru a evalua simptomele anxieafii, atat somafice cat si cognitive. Deoarece concep\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 tualizarea anxieafii s-a schimbat considerabil Tn timp, scala Hamilton acoperS o gamS \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 limitaa de \u8222?acuze" cerute de diagnosticul de tulburare anxioasS generalizae din DSM-IV \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 si nu include anxietatea episodicS din tuiburarea de panics. Exists 14 itemi, fiecare din� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 tre ei evaluafi de la 0 la 4 Tn funcfie de severitate, cu un scor total variind de la 0 la 56. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Un scor de 14 a fost sugerot ca fiind pragul pentru o anxietate clinic semnificativS, iar \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 scoruri de 5 si mai pufin sunttipice pentru indivizii dintr-o comunitate. Scala este conce� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 putS pentru a fi aplicatS de cStre un intervievaor specializat. Aceasa scala a fost ade\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 seori folositS pentru monitorizarea raspunsului la tratamenf. \par\pard\ql \li1459\sb111\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 Nume: \par\pard\qj \li1444\ri7452\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi14 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 Prenume: \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 VarstS: \par\pard\ql \li1454\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 Diagnostic: \par\pard\ql \li1449\sb133\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 SCAIA DE ANXIETATE HAMILTON \par\pard\li1353\sb152\sl- 230\slmult0\fi5438\tx7089\tx7367\tx7708\tx8059 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 0\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 1\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 2\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 3\tab \up0 \expndtw- 2\charscalex100 4\par\pard\li1353\sb5\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx1665 \up0 \expndtw- 8\charscalex97 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 1.\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Griji, anticiparea unor suparari, presimfiri Tnspaimantatoare,\par\pard\ql \li1665\sb0\sl-206\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 iritabilitate \par\pard\ql \li1665\sb14\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Sentimente de tensiune, fatigabilitate, raspuns speriat, \par\pard\ql \li1656\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 tendinfa de a lacrima usor, tremurat, sentimente de neliniste, \par\pard\ql \li1660\sb1\sl-198\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul imposibilitate de a se relaxa \par\pard\qj \li1656\ri3045\sb4\sl-220\slmult0\fi14 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Frica de Tntuneric, de necunoscufi, de a fi parasit singur, de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 animale, de trafic, de mulfime \par\pard\ql \li1334\sb11\sl-207\slmult0\tx1660 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 4. \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 Dificultafi la adormire, somn Tntrerupt, somn nesatisfacator �i \par\pard\qj \li1334\ri3757\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi326 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul oboseala la trezire, vise cosmare, teroare nocturna \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 5. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Dificultafi de concentrare, memorie saraca \par\pard\ql \li1665\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Lipsa de interes, lipsa de placere Tn ceea ce constituia \par\pard\ql \li1656\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul hobby, tristefe, trezire devreme, oscilafii diurne ale dispozifiei \par\pard\qj \li1329\ri2938\sb19\sl-200\slmult0\tx1651 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 7, Dureri somatice, musculare, ticuri nervoase, crispari, tresariri \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 musculare, clanfanitul dinfilor, voce nesigura, cresterea tonu-\par\pard\ql \li1646\sb15\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul sului muscular \par\pard\ql \li1656\sb1\sl- 198\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Senzafie de Tnfepenire, Tncefosarea vederii, valuri de cald si \par\pard\ql \li1646\sb35\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul de frig, senzafii de slabiciune, Tnfepaturi \par\pard\ql \li1329\sb1\sl- 198\slmult0\tx1641 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex97 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 9. \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 Tahicardie, palpitafii, dureri Tn piept, perceperea vibrafiei \par\pard\ql \li1641\sb15\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul vaselor, senzafii de lesin, impresia de oprire a inimii \par\pard\qj \li1339\ri3005\sb3\sl- 220\slmult0\tx1646 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 10. Presiune sau constricfie Tn piept, senzafii de Tnecare, Tnabu-\line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 sire, oftaturi, dispnee \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9800\paperh13620{\bkmkstart Pg181}{\bkmkend Pg181}\par\pard\li1651\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1651\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1651\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1651\sb157\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx5400 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 174\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 Psihopatologie si psihiafrie pentru psihologi\par\pard\li7291\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li7291\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li7291\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li7291\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li7291\sb69\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx7584\tx7867\tx8207\tx8558 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 0\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 1\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 2\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 3\tab \up0 \expndtw- 2\charscalex100 4\par\pard\ql \li1814\sb0\sl-206\slmult0\tx2140 \up0 \expndtw- 7\charscalex100 11. \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 Dificultafi de deglutifie, meteorism, durei abdominale, arsuri, \par\pard\ql \li2131\sb14\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 balonare abdominala, greafa, varsaturi, borborisme, absenfa \par\pard\ql \li2116\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul tranzitului, constipafie, diaree, pierdere Tn greutate \par\pard\ql \li1814\ri2944\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\tx2131\tx2121\tx2126 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 12. Cresterea frecvenfei micfiunilor, senzafie de necesitate \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 imperioasa de a urina, amenoree, metroragie, \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 frigiditate sau impotenfa, ejaculare prematura, absenfa \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 libidouiui \par\pard\qj \li1809\ri2973\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\tx2116 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 13. Gura uscata, Tnrosirea tegumentelor, paloare, tendinfa la \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 transpirafie, stare de \u8222?zapaceala", tensiune, cefalee, \par\pard\ql \li2121\sb1\sl-195\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul \u8222?piele de gaina" \par\pard\ql \li1809\ri2448\sb11\sl-213\slmult0\tx2126\tx2116\tx2116 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 14. Neastampar, agitafie, neliniste sau placiditate, tremur al mai-\line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 niior, frunte Tncrefita, fafa Tncordata, tahipnee, paloare faciala, \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 deglutifie Tn gol, eructafii, contracturi ale tendoanelor, \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 pupile dilatate \par\pard\ql \li1718\sb132\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 TOTAL SCOR \par\pard\ql \li1896\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1896\sb46\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 Observafii si concluzii: \par\pard\li1891\sb33\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx5899 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Completat de:\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Data:\par\pard\ql \li3451\sb195\sl- 253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-10\charscalex87 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs22 riEMII SCALE! DE ANXIETATE HAMILTON \par\pard\qj \li1603\ri774\sb95\sl- 220\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 1. Sae anxioasd (Tngrijorare, asteptarea a tot ce poate fi mai rSu, teama de ceea \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 ce urmeazd, irascibilifate) \par\pard\qj \li1603\ri770\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi268 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 2. Ten$iun� (senzafia de tensiune, obosesfe usor, reacfie de tresSrire, Ti dau lacrimile \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 usor, fremurSturi, senzafie de neliniste, incapaciatea de a se relaxa) \par\pard\qj \li1598\ri775\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi278 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 3. TeasTid (de Tntuneric, de persoane necunoscufe, de singurStafe, de animale, de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 trafic sau de aglomerafie) \par\pard\qj \li1603\ri783\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi259 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 4. Snsomni� (adoarme cu dificulate, somn intermifent, somn neodihnitor si oboseala \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 la trezire, vise, cosmaruri, spaime nocturne) \par\pard\ql \li1867\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 5. infieciual (dificulafi de concentrare, memorie slabd) \par\pard\qj \li1588\ri794\sb3\sl- 220\slmult0\fi278 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 6. Sea d�f_e�iv_i (pierderea interesului, lipsa pldcerii Tn exercifarea hobby-urilor, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 depresie, trezire devreme, osciiafii dispozitionale diurne) \par\pard\qj \li1588\ri785\sb17\sl-200\slmult0\fi278 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 7. Sematfe fmuscubx\} (dureri, spasme, blocaje, tresdriri mioclonice, scrasnete din \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 dinfl, voce tremuratd, tonus muscular crescut) \par\pard\li1588\sb39\sl-207\slmult0\fi278\tx3931 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 8. Somatic fssnzoid)\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 (tinnitus, vedere TncefosafS, senzafii de cald si de frig,\par\pard\li1588\sb4\sl-207\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 senzafie de slsbiciune, TntepSturi)\par\pard\qj \li1583\ri790\sb8\sl-220\slmult0\fi278 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 9. SimpfeiTi� cardiovaiculae (fahicardie, palpifafii, dureri Tn piept, vase de sange \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 palpitand, senzafii de lesin) \par\pard\qj \li1579\ri803\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 10. Shnpeme respiraeis (apdsare sau greutate Tn piept, senzafii de sufocare, oflat, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 dispnee) \par\pard\qj \li1569\ri813\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 11. Simpeme gastrointestinal� (dificultdfi la Tnghifire, flatulenfd, dureri obdominale, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 senzafii de arsurd, balonare, greats, voma, tuiburSri infestinale, pierdere Tn greutate, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 constipafie) \par\pard\qj \li1579\ri811\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi278 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 12. Simpaiie uogsnitob (frecvenfa micfiunii, urgenfa micfiunii, amenoree, metro� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 ragie, aparifia frigiditafii, ejaculare precoce, pierderea libidouiui, impotenfa) \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9800\paperh13620{\bkmkstart Pg182}{\bkmkend Pg182}\par\pard\li1353\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1353\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1353\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1353\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1353\sb118\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx8342\tx8428 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Realitatea bolii psihice. Cadru clinic si infervenfie psihologicd\tab \dn2 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 1\tab \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex107 75\par\pard\qj \li1329\sb0\sl-200\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1329\sb0\sl-200\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1329\sb0\sl-200\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1329\sb0\sl-200\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1329\ri1043\sb41\sl- 200\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 13. Simptome auonome (uscdciunea gurii, congestionare, paloare, tendinfa de o \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 tronspira, vertij, migrene datorate fensiunii, piberecfie) \par\pard\qj \li1329\ri1053\sb24\sl-220\slmult0\fi287 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 14. Comporamentul b snServiu (neastampSr, agiafie, -Tncruntare, expresie Tncor\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 dae, oftaf sau respirafie precipitae, paloare facials, Tnghifire Tn sec, erucfatie, spasme \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 ale tendoanelor, pupile dilatate, exoftalmie etc.) \par\pard\ql \li1612\sb111\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Puncfajul este de la 0-absent, 1 -slab, 2-moderat, 3-sever, 4-foarfe sever, unde: \par\pard\ql \li1617\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \u8226? Sbb: Se manifesto neregulat si pentru perioade scurte. \par\pard\qj \li1320\ri1061\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \u8226? Modet-f: Se monifese relativ constant si dureazd mai mult, subiectul trebuind sS \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 depuna efort considerabil pentru a-i face fafa. \par\pard\ql \li2366\ri3137\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0\tx2927 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Se manifests continuu si dominS viafa subiectului. \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 se manifests ca un handicap. \par\pard\qj \li1579\ri2801\sb258\sl-320\slmult0\fi14 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 6.5.1.6. Intervenfia psihoarmacobgioi tn fwlburaie ar__@_�_ \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Anxiolitice |i tandbilizniit� \par\pard\qj \li1305\ri1067\sb107\sl-215\slmult0\fi547 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 finifio. Anxioliticele reprezintd o clasS de substanfe ce se distinge prin diminuarea \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 anxietdfii, reducerea stdrii de ensiune psihica, acfiune asupra sfarilor de excitafie -\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 agiafie psihomotorie, ameliorarea tulburarilor de comportament, echilibrarea reacfiibr \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 emofionaie. Au efect Tn manifesable somatice ce constituie expresia anxietafii sau \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 depresiei mascate. \par\pard\qj \li1296\ri1084\sb21\sl-220\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Dezvoifarea psihofarmacologiei a modificaf Tn ultimul deceniu clasificarea initiae, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 multe din substonfele trenchiiizante dovedindu-si utilitatea si Tn afecfiuni psihotice, iar \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 descifrorea mecanismelor neurobiologice pentru tulburarile anxioase si obsesivo-compul-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 sive a diversificat clasele de medicamente anxiolitice Tn perspectiva utilizarii lor clinice. \par\pard\qj \li1296\ri1094\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Desi, din cele mai vechi timpuri, subsanfe ca alcoolul si o serie de piane (passiflo\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 ro, valeriana) au fost folosite pentru proprietatile lor sedative, prima substanfe tran� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 chilizante folosifd pe scard largd a fost meprobamatul - 1954. \par\pard\qj \li1291\ri1086\sb6\sl-213\slmult0\fi273 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Tranchilizantele cuprind la ora actuals un grup heerogen de substanfe cu acfiuni \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 farmacologice diferite, al cSror principal efect terapeutic este reducerea anxietafii, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 mofiv pentru care majoritatea clasificSrilor actuale prefers denumirea de medicamente \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 onxiolitice. \par\pard\ql \li2779\sb132\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 Pincipsiee ar-ddtice ebsie In procSca medicald \par\pard\li3120\sb140\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx5927 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 )enumire internafionaia\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 D.C.L\par\pard\li3120\sb48\sl-207\slmult0\fi379\tx5620 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Procalmadiol\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul Meprobamat\par\pard\li3120\sb9\sl-207\slmult0\fi379\tx5611 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Hidroxizin\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Atarax\par\pard\li3120\sb19\sl-207\slmult0\fi379 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul Propranoloi\par\pard\li3120\sb13\sl-207\slmult0\fi374\tx5620 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Clordiazepoxid\ul0\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul Napoton\par\pard\li3120\sb9\sl- 207\slmult0\fi369\tx5611 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Diazepam\ul0\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Seduxen\par\pard\li3120\sb14\sl-207\slmult0\fi364\tx5611 \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul Oxazepam\ul0\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Serax\par\pard\li3120\sb9\sl- 207\slmult0\fi364\tx5611 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul Medazepam\ul0\tab \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Rudotel\par\pard\li3120\sb19\sl- 207\slmult0\fi364\tx5606 \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul Clonazepam\ul0\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Rivotril\par\pard\li3120\sb4\sl- 207\slmult0\fi364\tx5611 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul Nitrazepam\ul0\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul Mogadon\par\pard\li3120\sb14\sl- 207\slmult0\fi364\tx5611 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Flunitrazepam\tab \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Dormicum\par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9800\paperh13620{\bkmkstart Pg183}{\bkmkend Pg183}\par\pard\li1560\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1560\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1560\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1560\sb191\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx5313 \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 176\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 Psihopatologie si psihiafrie pentru psihologi\par\pard\qj \li1536\sb0\sl-216\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1536\sb0\sl-216\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1536\sb0\sl-216\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1536\ri817\sb174\sl-216\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Cele mai folosite anxiolitice sunt clasa benzodiazepinelor (BZD). DupS durata de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 acfiune, aceste anxiolitice se Tmpart Tn benzodiazepine cu acfiune ultrascurfS, scurtd, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 intermediard si lungd. Aceastd clasificare ne intereseazd din doud motive: tendinfa de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 acumulare la BZD cu ocfiune lungd si intermediard, favorizeazd aporifio efectelor se\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 cundare ce seed complianfa la tratament, Tn cazul intoxicafiilor voluntare cu aceste sub� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 stanfe se poate anticipa riscui vital. \par\pard\ql \li2832\ri2126\sb121\sl- 220\slmult0\tx3902 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 Clasificarea benzodiazepinelor dupd duraa de acfiune \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 (dupd Marinescu D, Cniijd A) \par\pard\li3057\sb105\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx5702 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 Durata de acjiune\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 Produsul\par\pard\li3057\sb33\sl-207\slmult0\fi254\tx5246 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 Ultrascuta\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 Midazolam (Versed)\par\pard\ql \li5236\sb0\sl-206\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul Triazolam (Halcion) \par\pard\li3302\sb20\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx5232 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Scurta\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Alprazolam (Xanax)\par\pard\ql \li5246\sb7\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Bromazepam (Lexonil) \par\pard\ql \li5251\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul Lorazepam (Ativan) \par\pard\li3312\sb26\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx5246 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Intermediary\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Oxazepam (Seresta)\par\pard\qj \li5236\ri2574\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Temazepam (Restoril) \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 Clordiazepoxid \par\pard\ql \li5236\sb1\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 Clonazepam (Rivotril) \par\pard\ql \li5236\sb13\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul Clorazepat (Tranxene) \par\pard\li3302\sb11\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx5236 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Lunga\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Diazepam (Vallum)\par\pard\qj \li5227\ri2501\sb0\sl- 230\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Flurazepam (Dalmane) \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Nitrazepam (Mogadon) \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Prazepam (Centrax) \par\pard\qj \li1497\ri858\sb215\sl-220\slmult0\fi278 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Administareo repeatd si prelungitd o benzodiozepinelor poote conduce la fenome\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 nul de dependenfd. Medicul si psihologul trebuie sd cunoascd pofenfialul toxicomanic \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 al benzodiazepinelor. \par\pard\qj \li1497\ri856\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 DupS acfiunea lor farmacologicS, benzodiazepinele pot fi clasificate Tn mai multe \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 subclase: \par\pard\ql \li2217\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \u8226? Anxiolitice: medazepam, clordiazepoxid \par\pard\ql \li2212\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \u8226? Hipnoinductoare: nitrazepam, flunitrazepam \par\pard\ql \li2212\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \u8226? Anticonvulsivante: diazepam, nitrazepam, clonazepam \par\pard\ql \li2208\sb13\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \u8226? Antidepresive; alprazolam (Xanax) \par\pard\ql \li2208\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \u8226? Sedative: clorazepat dipotasic (Tranxene), lorazepam (Temesta) \par\pard\qj \li2208\ri856\sb3\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 o Timoreglatoare: clonazepam (Rivotril), medicament ce pare a avea si acfiune \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 antimaniacalS \par\pard\ql \li1478\ri861\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0\fi273\tx1761 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Medicamenteb bea-bbcanfe au ca principal efect diminuarea anxietSfii Tnsotite de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 tulburSri somafice, ca si Tn combatereo efectelor psihosomotice induse de stres. \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Indicafiile psihiatrice ale beta- blocantelor sunt urnatoarele: \par\pard\ql \li2198\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \u8226? sari de anxietate, cu sau fSrS simptome somatice; \par\pard\ql \li2198\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \u8226? depresie endogena, ca adjuvant al tratamentului antidepresiv; \par\pard\ql \li2193\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \u8226? alcoolism si dependents la drog, inclusiv sindroamele de sevraj; \par\pard\ql \li2193\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \u8226? traamentul unor forme rezistente de schizofrenie Tn doze mari. \par\pard\qj \li1468\ri886\sb3\sl- 220\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Principalul reprezentant al acestei clase este propranololul, cu utilizare limitaa Tn \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 clinica psihiatricS datoritS riscurilor cardiovasculare. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9800\paperh13620{\bkmkstart Pg184}{\bkmkend Pg184}\par\pard\li1060\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1060\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1060\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1060\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1060\sb142\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx8068 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Realitatea bolii psihice. Cadru clinic si infervenfie psihologicd\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 177\par\pard\ql \li1329\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1329\sb0\sl- 230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1329\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1329\sb142\sl- 230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 Efecte secundare \par\pard\qj \li1051\ri1321\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Efectele secundare ale tranchilizantelor sunt pufin frecvenfe si de gravitae redusa, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 reparfizandu-se Tn douS categorii: \par\pard\qj \li1046\ri1307\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 - efecte secundare legate de accentuarea efectelor terapeutice, greu tolerae de cStre \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 pacienf; \par\pard\ql \li1329\sb1\sl-170\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 - efecte secundare necorelate cu ocfiuneo teapeutice. \par\pard\qj \li1031\ri1317\sb9\sl-220\slmult0\fi297 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 Principolele efecte adverse ale tranchilizantelor, care de obicei dispar la ajustarea \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 dozelor, constau Tn: \par\pard\ql \li1320\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 - fatigabilitate, sldbiciune, tulburari de concentrare, incoordonare; \par\pard\ql \li1320\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 - oboseald musculard; \par\pard\qj \li1031\ri1331\sb19\sl-200\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 - exciafie paradoxald, cu accentuarea anxieafii, insomniei, agresivitdtii (clordiaze� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 poxid); \par\pard\ql \li1315\sb35\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 - rise teratogen; \par\pard\ql \li1315\sb1\sl-198\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 - aaravarea insuficienfei respiratorii; \par\pard\qj \li1022\ri1346\sb4\sl-220\slmult0\fi287 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 - efecte secundare rare: tulburari de deglutifie, infoleranfd locals, afecfare hepaticS, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 disfuncfii sexuale, leucopenie, manifesari cutanate. \par\pard\ql \li1416\sb112\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 6.5.1.7. Posibilitdfi de infervenfie terapeuKod a psihobguEui clinician. \par\pard\ql \li1310\sb1\sl- 193\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 In general, anxietaea se trateozS cu o ferapie combinatd, usor accesibiii. \par\pard\ql \li1017\ri1341\sb5\sl-220\slmult0\fi278\tx1296 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Medicamenele sunt tratamentul de elecfie; uneori se fobsesc singure, alfeori Tn aso-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 ciere cu terapia comportamentals sau alte tehnici de psihoterapie. \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 Sunt multe motive de optimism Tn legSturS cu tratamentul unora dintre serile de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 anxietate cele mai severe. Studiile aratS cS, sub un tratament corect, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 70% dintre pa� \par\pard\ql \li1012\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 cienfii cu atac de panics se amelioreazS. \par\pard\qj \li1008\ri1336\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Pentru o reolizo un trofoment complex si eficienf este utils combinarea tehnicior de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 relaxore cu informoreo pocienfului osupro originii simptomelor si TnvSforeo ehnicior \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 de confrolore a anxieafii provocate de gdndurile parazite. \par\pard\qj \li1008\ri1341\sb0\sl-226\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Pacienfii anxiosi interpreteazd eronat semnificatia unor simptome ca palpitafiile sau \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 amefeala, temandu-se cd acestea sunt semnele unei boli somatice grave. De aceea, este \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 ufil sd i se explice pacientului fiziologia rdspunsului anxios si relafia sa cu tulburarile \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 anxioase. \par\pard\ql \li1296\sb1\sl-165\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Li se cere pacienfilor sd-si reducd gandurile poroziteTn doud moduri. Prima modaliate \par\pard\qj \li1008\ri1345\sb10\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 este distragerea. De exemplu, pacientului i se poate cere sd-si concenfreze atenfia asupra \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 unor detalii din jur sau sd mediteze la o anumitd sifuafie sugeratd eventuol de feropeuf. O \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 e douo metodd este repearea unor propozifii linistioare care combate mesajui gandului \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 parazit. De exemplu Io gandul \u8222?amefeala pe care o am Tnseomnd cd Tnnebunesc" i se cere \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 pacientului sd- si repefe \u8222?desi multe persoane amefesc, ele nu Tnnebunesc". \par\pard\ql \li1396\sb111\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 6.5.2. TUIBURAREA DE PANICA \par\pard\ql \li1281\sb133\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 6.5.2.1. Deinifie \par\pard\qj \li988\ri1360\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Tuiburarea de panicd se caracterizeazd prin aparifia neasteptaa si spontand a ata\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 curilor de panicd recurenfe. Sintagma "atac de panicd" caracterizeazd aparifia bruscd \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 a sentimentului de fried, acompaniat de semne si simptome fizice si cognitive (tahicar\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 die, tremor, sentimente de derealizare, frica de moarte). Frecvenfa atacurilor de panicd \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 variazd Tn limite largi, de la cateva pe lund la cateva pe zi. \par\pard\ql \li1281\sb1\sl-199\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 In cadrul tulburdrii de panicd taxinomia europeand (ICD-X) include: \par\pard\ql \li1281\sb15\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 - otocul de ponied \par\pard\ql \li1281\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 - stotusul de ponied \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9800\paperh13620{\bkmkstart Pg185}{\bkmkend Pg185}\par\pard\li1617\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1617\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1617\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1617\sb205\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx5390 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 178\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 Psihopatologie si psihiafrie pentru psihologi\par\pard\ql \li1876\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1876\sb0\sl- 230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1876\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1876\sb126\sl- 230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 6.5.2.5. Investigafii psihobgice speciice \par\pard\qj \li1593\ri736\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 in afara testelor de anxietate, pentru tuiburarea de panicd s-a dezvoltat recent un \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex132 instrument de cotare a severitdfii atacurilor de panicd denumita Scab pentru \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 Seveiatea Tulburdii de Panicd (Panic Disorder Seveity Scale - PDSS). Aceastd scald \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 confine 7 itemi, fiecare dintre ei fiind coat de la 0 la 4, scorui total pufand varia Tntre \par\pard\qj \li1593\ri749\sb19\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 0 si 28. Cei 7 itemi se adreseazS frecvenfei atacurilor, distresului asociaf aacurilor, anxie� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 afii anticipatorii, evierii fobice si deteriorSrii functionaiifdfii zilnice a individului. \par\pard\ql \li1867\sb131\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 6.5.2.6. PosibilHdfi de infervenfie terapeutica a psihobgului clinician \par\pard\qj \li1588\ri751\sb11\sl-210\slmult0\fi287 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \u8226? abordarea psihofarmaccJogicd (tratamentul medicamentos modern constand Tn \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 antidepresive de tip serotoninergic (SSRI - inhibitori seiectivi ai recaparii de serotoninS \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 si sedative benzodiazepinice). \par\pard\qj \li1583\ri764\sb0\sl-224\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 \u8226? inbrmarea- Pacienfii cu atacuri de panics frecvenfe au convingerea cS simpto� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 mele somatice ale anxieafii reprezintd o boala foarte severd. Aceste convingeri, ade� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 sea legate de boala de inimd, creazd un cere vicios Tn care simptomele anxietdfii (ex. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 fahicardia) genereozd onxietote. Pecientului trebuie sd i se explice origineo ocestor mo\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 nifesari si sS Ii se ofere exemple de situafii benigne Tn care pot aparea manifesari ose\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 mdndtoare cu ale lor. \par\pard\qj \li1574\ri775\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 \u8226? snami suporlive, tehnici de relaxare si ehnici de distragere Tn vederea evifdrii \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 gandurilor provocotoore de onxietote, consiliere, meditofie. \par\pard\ql \li1857\sb10\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 e psihsfsrapse (cognitive, rafional-emotivd, psihodinamicd) individuold si de grup. \par\pard\ql \li1958\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1958\sb146\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw- 2\charscalex100 6.5.3. TULBURARILE FOBICE \par\pard\ql \li1953\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1953\sb26\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 Tulburdib fbbie-anxioase - fsbiib \par\pard\qj \li1564\ri759\sb123\sl- 220\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 Jnima mea Tncepe sd bafd atat de repede meat ea pare cd are de gand sd explo\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 deze. Catul meu esfe sframtoraf si eu nu mai pot respira din cauza unui nod Tn gat, asa \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 meat am Tnceput sd ma sufoc. Mainile Tmi fremurd, md simt amefit, Tmi pierd echilibrul, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 trebuie sd md sprijin de mobile sau sd md plimb, dar cu teama cd voi eddea. Stiu cd o \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 sd mor. Vreau sd fug dar nu stiu unde." \par\pard\qj \li1550\ri798\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi278 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Aceste cuvinte descriu ce simte un bolnov cu fobie cand se confruntd cu un obiect, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 o sifuafie de care ei se feme. \par\pard\ql \li1823\sb131\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 6.5.3.1. Deinifie \par\pard\qj \li1536\ri793\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi297 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 Fobia se referd la un grup de simpome cauzafe de obiecte sau situafii care pro\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 voacd frica. Fobia este frica specified, intense, declonsatd de un obiect sau o sifuafie, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 care nu au prin ele Tnseie un caracter periculos, cu caracter irafionoi recunoscuf ca \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 a;are si care nu poafe fi controlaf voiitiv. \par\pard\qj \li1536\ri793\sb20\sl-220\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Proiecfii aie anxieafii, fobiile pot invade oricare din obiecfele %\\ situatiile realitafii de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 c 're experienfa individuals se ieagd Tntr-un mod oarecare. \par\pard\qj \li1545\ri813\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi264 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Astfel, dupa Mdibf relicvele fricilor din prima copildrie sunt fobiile de animale mari, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 iar ceie din a doua copilane - de animaie mici si insecte. \par\pard\qj \li1536\ri804\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Deed Tn cazul anxietdfii, feamo nu avea obiect, Tn fobie ea capata caracter specific \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 (forma, nurne, iocalizare). \par\pard\qj \li1536\ri803\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Fobiile au fost denumife cu echivalenfe grecejti (Plees s\\ Regis). O Tncercare de siste\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 mafizore dupa confinutui lor esfe cei pufin femerara, ca orice Tncercare de sisfematizare \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 a lumii reale ca Tnfreq. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9800\paperh13620{\bkmkstart Pg186}{\bkmkend Pg186}\par\pard\li1406\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1406\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1406\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1406\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1406\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1406\sb74\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx8342\tx8428 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Realitatea bolii psihice. Cadru clinic si infervenfie psihologicd\tab \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 1\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 79\par\pard\qj \li1396\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1396\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1396\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1396\ri1048\sb162\sl- 220\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Le vom noe pe cele moi frecvenfe: de locuri, spatiu, de contacte interumane, de ani� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 male, de boli. \par\pard\qj \li1396\ri1038\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 La aceastd clasificore putem adduga pantofobia care desemneazd o feamd difuzd \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 provocae de orice obiect sau evenimenf, Tntalnite Tn nevroze onxioosd si Tn delirurile \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 olcoolice ocute si subocute. \par\pard\ql \li1670\ri4169\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \u8226? ocrofobie = teomo de Tndltime, de varfuri \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 a agorafobie = teama de spafii largi \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 � claustrofobie = teama de spafii Tnchise, mici \par\pard\ql \li1680\sb1\sl-195\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 - sociofobie = teama de relafii inerumane \par\pard\qj \li1670\ri5345\sb21\sl- 200\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \u8226? zoofobie = teama de animole \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 � nozofobie = teama de boala \par\pard\ql \li1660\sb35\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \u8226? tanatofobie = teama de moarte \par\pard\qj \li1377\ri1066\sb9\sl-213\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Fobiile pot fi considerate normale la copii dacd rSmdn discrete, la debilii mintali (nu \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 au aceeasi semnificafie) dar devin pafobgice Tn; nevroza fobicd, la personalitatea psi\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 hastenicS decompensaa, Tn psihoze depresive, debutul schizofreniilor si Tn boiile psi� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 hice ale involufiei. \par\pard\qj \li1368\ri1067\sb2\sl-220\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Conduiele de evitare sunt comportamente menite sa asigure eviarea sifuofiei fobice \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 de cdtre subiect, deoorece ocesfeo Ti provoocd frdirile anxioase nepldcute. MenfionSm \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 tofusi cd acese conduite de evitare au un caacter limitat, bazandu-se numai pe posi� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 bilitatea anficipativd a subiectului Tn legdturd cu situafia fobogend. \par\pard\ql \li1656\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Fobia apare la orice varsta, la toate clasele sociale si Tn toate zonele geografice. \par\pard\ql \li1646\sb113\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 Pazenare clinice \par\pard\ql \li1641\sb13\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 Simptomele incluse Tn fobie: \par\pard\qj \li1363\ri1086\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 a) Victima simte brusc o panicd persistenta si fdrd cauzS, oroare, teroare Tnfr-o si� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 fuafie care nu prezina pericol. \par\pard\qj \li1368\ri1071\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi278 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 b) Persoana recunoaste cd teama depdseste limiteie normale si este resimtitd ca o \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 ameninfare Tn fafa unui pericol. \par\pard\qj \li1368\ri1077\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi273 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 c) Reacfia fobicd esfe automae, neconfrolabild, persistenta si inferpune gandurile \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 persoanei ca un baraj fafd de ameninfdri, pericole imaginare. \par\pard\qj \li1358\ri1085\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi278 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 d) Apar reacfii fizice (vegeative) de Tnsotire: palpitafii cardioce, respirofie superfi\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 ciald, tremor, fronspirofii etc. \par\pard\qj \li1358\ri1086\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 e) Persoone fuge de teama unor obiecte/situafii. Precaufia de a le evifa poate altera \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 procesul de munca, relafiile sociale si necesitd o consultafie psihiatricd. \par\pard\qj \li1358\ri1091\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi278 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 f) Contemplarea perspective! de a infra Tntr-o sifuafie fobicd genereazd, de obicei, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 onxietote anticipatorie. \par\pard\ql \li2284\sb92\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 is ae loose \par\pard\qj \li1353\ri1076\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Ele cfeflnesc couza reocfiei si modul de evitare. Fobia se poate dezvolta dupd un \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 atac de panicd. Alteori, pacienfii cu fobie nu au avut niciodata un atac de panicd. O \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 clasificore a fobiilor le Tmparte Tn: \par\pard\ql \li1641\sb103\sl-192\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 0 AS_ \par\pard\ql \li1636\sb17\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 � ebk \par\pard\ql \li1646\sb1\sl-217\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 9 febii *?,: \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9800\paperh13620{\bkmkstart Pg187}{\bkmkend Pg187}\par\pard\li1406\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1406\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1406\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1406\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1406\sb3\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx5145 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 180\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 Psihopatologie si psihiafrie pentru psihologi\par\pard\ql \li3739\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3739\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3739\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3739\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3739\sb62\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 CAZ CLINIC - AGORAFOBIE \par\pard\qj \li1516\ri1142\sb106\sl-216\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Sanda este o femeie licenfiata, casatorita, mama a doi copii. Are o prezenfa pla-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 cuta, Tngrijita, atragatoare chiar. A avut o copilarie �i o adolescenfa normala iar Tnce-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 putul tinerefii ei a decurs fara probleme de vreun fel. Totusi, Tn urma cu aproximativ \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 trei ani a Tnceput sa se simta \u8222?tensionata, iritata si suparata" de cate ori iesea din ca� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 sa pentru a merge la cumparaturi, petreceri sau sa ia copiii de la scoala. La Tnceput \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 anxietatea era relativ scazuta, descrisa ca ,.o tensiune vaga care se instala pur �1 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 simplu fara nici un motiv". Tn timp. nivelul acestei anxietafi a crescut progresiv. \par\pard\qj \li1502\ri1149\sb0\sl-213\slmult0\fi297 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Pe parcursul primului an de zile, Sanda a Tnceput si iasa din casa din ce Tn ce \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 mai pufin si atunci cand iesea o facea doar daca o Tnsofea cineva (soful sau sora ei) \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \u8222?pentru a o proteja". Cateodata, chiar cand acestia o Tnsofeau, Tncepea sa tremure, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 sa transpire si sa o treaca valuri de caldura. Recunoaste ca aceasta frica este ira\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 fionala si nu poate sa Tsi justifice Tn nici un fel sentimentul de teama. Realizeaza ca \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 aceasta tulburare i-a compromis profesia, relafiile de prietenie si chiar pe cele famili\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 ale. Nu poate explica ce anume o Tnspaimanta, dar simte ca ceva Tngrozitor se va \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Tntampla daca va ie�i din casa. In cele din urma a renunfat complet sa mai iasa, iar \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Tn prezent au trecut deja trei ani de cand nu a mai iesit. Oricat a Tncercat sa scape \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 de aceasta frica, nimic nu a dat rezultate. \par\pard\qj \li1492\ri1162\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Sanda nu prezinta nici un alt fel de comportament anormal si se simte bine atat \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 timp cat sta Tn casa. \par\pard\ql \li1646\sb182\sl- 253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs22 Ddinifie \par\pard\ql \li1358\ri1052\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi273\tx1636 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Agorofobia se defineste prin teoma de a fi singur Tntr-un loc public, mai ales Tn lo� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 curi care nu pot fi pdrdsite imediatm eventualitafea cd ar aparea un atac de panicd. \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Termenul derivd din cuvintele grecesti agora \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 (piafd) si phobos \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 (fried, spaimd). \par\pard\qj \li1363\ri1047\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Sintagma a apdrut Tn 1871, pentru a ilustra condifia celor care se temeau sd apard sin\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 ^uri Tn locuri publice. Agorafobia se numdrd printre cele mai grave fobii, Tntrucdt inter\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 era cu funcfionalifafea individului Tn societafe si Tn situafiile din locuri deschise. \par\pard\ql \li1646\sb106\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Prezenas. clinicd \par\pard\qj \li1353\ri1039\sb9\sl- 213\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \u8226? DupS cum am mai menfionat, agorafobia este teama de a fi singur Tn orice loc sau \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 sifuafie din care persoana crede cS este greu sd evadeze sau Tn care ar fi greu sd fie \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 ajutat, dacS s-ar afle Tn primejdie. Pocienful evitd sfrdzile circulate, feafrele, bisericile. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Uneori, ei pur si simplu nu Tsi pdrdsesc casa. \par\pard\li1339\sb27\sl- 207\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 \u8226? 2/3 din bolnavii cu agorafobie sunt femei. Se pare cd existd anxieate sau alco-\par\pard\li1339\sb10\sl-207\slmult0\fi4\tx7166\tx7267 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 olism la alfi membri de familie. Majoriatea simptomelor apar Tntre\tab \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 1\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 8- 35 de ani, cu\par\pard\li1339\sb13\sl-207\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 debut brusc sau progresiv.\par\pard\qj \li1324\ri1062\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi307 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \u8226? Majoritaea agorafobiilor apar dupd unui sau mai multe atacuri de panicd spon� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 tane. Aceste atacuri par survenite la Tnfamplare si Tn situafii fdrd pericole, asa Tncat, nu \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex49 Ii \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 se cunoaste factorul declansaor. De aceea, pacienfii se ten de un nou aac de panicd \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Tn mod anficipafiv (anxieae anticipafoie). Tot din acest motiv, ei evitd sd mai meargS \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Tn locuri sau situafii unde ei stiu cS au avut un atac de panics. \par\pard\ql \li1617\sb2\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \u8226? Bolnavii cu agorafobie dezvola si depresie, oboseab, tensiune, alcoolism, obsesii. \par\pard\ql \li1612\sb133\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Epidemiobgie, date de evolufie $i prognostic \par\pard\qj \li1320\ri1062\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 Prevalenfa agorafobiei Tn timpul viefii a fost estimafd Tn limite foarte largi (0,6-6%!. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Aceste limite largi se datoreazd criteriilor diferite de diagnostic si meodelor diferite de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 evaluare. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9800\paperh13620{\bkmkstart Pg188}{\bkmkend Pg188}\par\pard\li1281\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1281\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1281\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1281\sb157\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx8289\tx8375 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Realitatea bolii psihice. Cadru clinic si infervenfie psihologica\tab \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 1\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 81\par\pard\qj \li1267\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1267\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1267\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1267\ri1090\sb173\sl- 220\slmult0\fi278 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Agorafobia reprezintS, cum s-a mai menfionat, una din cele mai incapacitanfe tul� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 burari psihice. Datorie evolutiei sale, de cele mai multe ori Tndelungate, agorafobia \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 pare destul de refractarS la traamenf anxiolitic sau psihoterapje. \par\pard\qj \li1262\ri1091\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi273 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Agorafobia se complies frecvent cu tuiburarea de panics. In studiile care au inclus \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 pacienfi psihiatriei, agorafobia a fost gSsia la \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 30-40% din pacienfii cu tulburare de \par\pard\ql \li1262\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 ponicS. \par\pard\ql \li1540\sb33\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Evolufia este cu atat mai severs Tn momentul asocierii agorafobiei cu: \par\pard\ql \li1540\sb1\sl-198\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \u8226? tuiburarea depresivS, \par\pard\ql \li1545\sb15\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 \u8226? abuzul de alcool sau ale droguri. \par\pard\ql \li1536\sb114\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 Factoi etiopatogenici implicafi tn apaifia tulburdii \par\pard\ql \li1536\sb9\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Factori corelativi-etiobgici responsabili de aparifia acesfei tulburSri sunt: \par\pard\ql \li1521\sb114\sl- 230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 A. Factoi biobgici \par\pard\qj \li1238\ri1116\sb5\sl-213\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Majoritatea datelor indicS modificSri Tn anumite structuri cerebrale care mediazS pro� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 babil anxietatea anticipatorie, respectiv evitarea determinae fobie. Substanfele induc\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 toare de panics (yohimbinS, fenfluraminS, cafeinS, isoproterenol) determinS o exacerbare \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 a anxieafii anticipatorii la pacienfii cu agorafobie. \par\pard\ql \li1521\sb132\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 B. Factori geneici \par\pard\qj \li1233\ri1110\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Datele rezultate din putinele studii care au Tncercot sS evolueze bozele genetice ole \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 egorofobiei indicS faptul cS acease condifie psihiafrica are o components genetics \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 distincta. \par\pard\ql \li1516\sb112\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 C. Factori psihosociali \par\pard\li1228\sb13\sl-207\slmult0\fi302\tx1636 \up0 \expndtw- 4\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 1\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 . Teoriile cognitiv-comporamenab afirmS cd anxietatea reprezintd rdspunsui con�\par\pard\li1228\sb14\sl-207\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 difionat la;\par\pard\ql \li1948\sb8\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \u8226? paftern-ul de comportament al pdrinfilor; \par\pard\ql \li1948\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \u8226? un proces de conditionare clasicd. \par\pard\qj \li1224\ri1143\sb0\sl-226\slmult0\fi287 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Procesul clasic de conditionare implied asocierea unui stimul nepldcut sau nociv (pal\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 pitafii, amefeald, stare de disconfort) cu o situafie neufrd (situarea Tntr-un loc deschis si \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 populat). Ulterior, la o reTntalnire cu stimulul neutru, acesta va cdpdta valenfe de stimul \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 condifionat si va declansa reacfia agorafobicd. \par\pard\ql \li1507\sb88\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 2. Teoiile psihanalitice accentueazd rolul: \par\pard\ql \li1943\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \u8226? pierderii unui pdrintem copildrie; \par\pard\ql \li1939\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \u8226? anxietdfii de separare. \par\pard\qj \li1214\ri1150\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 Conform acestor teorii, teama copilului de a fi abandonat esfe adusd la nivelul \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 constientului de situarea individului singur Tntr-un mediu populat. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9800\paperh13620{\bkmkstart Pg189}{\bkmkend Pg189}\par\pard\li1368\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1368\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1368\sb153\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx5135 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 182\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 Psihopatologie si psihiafrie pentru psihologi\par\pard\li3134\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li3134\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li3134\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li3134\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li3134\sb64\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx3609 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 -\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 CAZ CLINIC - FOBIE SOCIALA\par\pard\qj \li1473\ri1139\sb105\sl-220\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 Urmatoarea povestire este scrisa de o femeie inteligenta, cu studii superioare \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 care se descrie ca suferind de:,,fobia telefonului". Aceasta denumire este improprie \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 totusi, deoarece eanu sufera de anxietae legae de aparatul telefonic ci de interac\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 fiunile sociale care au loc prin elefon. \par\pard\qj \li1468\ri1087\sb3\sl-217\slmult0\fi278 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \u8222?Candvorbesc la telefon, sunt exten de Tncordata si sunt aproape paralizata de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 frica. Simt.mereu ca trebuie sajustific telefonul dat, sa am un motiv bun pentru a da \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 acel telefon, pentru a nu \u8222?supara" persoana de la celalalt capat al firului. Trebuie sa \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 explic clar �i scurt ce doresc pentru a nu-i ocupa mult timp persoanei sunate. Sunt \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 de fiecare data convinsa ca ma voi face de ras cand sun pe cineva. De-a lungul tim� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 pului, mi-am format anumite strategii pentru a face fafa acestei fobii. Pentru fiecare \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 telefon, stabilesc o data �i o ora pentru a da acel telefon - le notez pe toate in calen� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 dar. Totu�i, adeseori, amantelefoane importante daca nivelul tensiuniipe care o simt \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 este prea ridicat cand ajung sa dau acel telefon. Daca telefonez �i cealalta persoana \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 nu ra'spunde, sunt de fiecare data usurata. M\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 a" simt Tncordata, amenin\\ata si anxioa� \par\pard\qj \li1454\ri1144\sb1\sl-220\slmult0\fi14 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 sa si atunci cand primesc telefoane. Ma simt ca �i cum m-a� afla Tn colimator �i nu \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 voi putea gandi suficient de repede pentru a veni cu un raspuns inteligent la Tntre\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 barile ceieilalte persoane. Cand suna telefonul, uneori Tncep sa tremur. Aceasta \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 fobie Tmi face viata personata �i profesionala foarte dificila. Recunosc ca pare o ne� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 bunie dar nu pot trece peste aceasta frica". \par\pard\ql \li1603\sb212\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 Definifie \par\pard\qj \li1315\ri1035\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Fobia sociald (denumita de americani si tulburare anxioasa sociald) se caraceri� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 zeazd prin fried excesivd de a fi umilit sau a se simfi jenatTn diverse situafii sociale, cum \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 ar fi: \par\pard\ql \li2035\sb10\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 - vorbitul Tn public, \par\pard\ql \li2035\sb13\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 - vorbitul la telefon, \par\pard\ql \li2035\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 - urinotul Tn toaletele publice (asa-numita \u8222?vezicd rusinoasd"), \par\pard\ql \li2030\sb1\sl- 198\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 - mersul la o Tntalnire, \par\pard\ql \li2030\sb35\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 - mancatul Tn locuri publice. \par\pard\qj \li1300\ri1042\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Cand fobia sociald se extinde la aproape toate situafiile sociale, ea devine generali\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 zaa, cu un grad extrem de disfuncfionalitate si esfe foarte greu de diferentiat de tuibu� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 rarea de personaliate evitane (anxioasa). \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9800\paperh13620{\bkmkstart Pg190}{\bkmkend Pg190}\par\pard\li1094\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1094\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1094\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1094\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1094\sb12\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx7996 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Realitatea bolii psihice. Cadru clinic si infervenfie psihologicd\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 183\par\pard\li1276\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li1276\sb0\sl- 230\slmult0\par\pard\li1276\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li1276\sb135\sl- 230\slmult0\fi95 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 Prezenae clinicd\par\pard\li1276\sb87\sl-230\slmult0\fi1152 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 Comparafii tntre citeriib de diagnostic DSM IV si !CD 10\par\pard\li1276\sb183\sl- 207\slmult0\fi1252\tx6192 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 DSM IV\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 ICD 10\par\pard\li1276\sb52\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx4785 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 A. Frica marcae si persistenta de una\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 A. Fie (i) frica marcae sau (II) evitare\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw4685\colsr110\colno2\colw4865\ colsr160\qj \li1281\ri51\sb7\sl-199\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 sau mai multe situafii sociale Tn care per� \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 soana este expusa contactului cu strainii \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 sau este posibil sa fie privita de acestia \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 si teama ca se va comporta Tntr-un mod \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 umilitor\par\pard\qj \li1286\ri0\sb0\sl-199\slmult0\fi9 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 B. Expunerea la situafiile sociale de care \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 Ti este frica, Ti provoaca anxietate (pot fi \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 incluse si atacuri de panica asociate)\par\pard\qj \li1296\sb0\sl-201\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li1296\ri48\sb200\sl-201\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 C. Persoana Tsi recunoaste frica ca fiind \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 excesiva si nerafionala\par\pard\qj \li1300\sb0\sl-201\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li1300\ri236\sb198\sl-201\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 D. Situafiile stresogene sunt evitate si \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 Tndurate cu anxietate/distres intens\par\pard\qj \li1305\sb0\sl-201\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li1305\ri0\sb5\sl-201\slmult0\fi9 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 E. Comportamentul evitant, anxietatea an-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 ticipatorie sau distresul interfera semnifi� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 cativ cu funcfionalitatea sociala sau\par\pard\ql \li1315\sb0\sl-201\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul ocupationala\par\pard\qj \li1224\ri72\sb0\sl- 203\slmult0\tx1315 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 F. Pentru cei sub 18 ani, durata tulburarii \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 este mai mare de 6 luni\par\pard\ql \li1219\sb1\sl-199\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 G. Frica sau evitarea nu sunt secundare\par\pard\ql \li1320\sb1\sl-196\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul unei substanfe sau boli nonpsihiatrice\par\pard\qj \li1320\ri0\sb0\sl-205\slmult0\fi9 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 H. Daca coexista o alta boala psihica sau \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 somatica, frica nu este Tn legatura cu\par\pard\ql \li1324\sb1\sl-194\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 acea boala\par\pard\column \ql \li20\ri1520\sb0\sl-198\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 marcae de a fi Tn centrul atenfiei sau de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 a se comporta Tntr-un mod jenant sau \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 umilitor Tn situafii sociale\par\pard\ql \li4800\sb0\sl- 202\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li25\ri1510\sb192\sl-202\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 B. Cei pufin 2 simptome de anxietate si \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 un simptom dintre: roseste/tremua, frica \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 de a vomita, senzafie de micfiune/defe-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 cafie imperioasa Tn situafiile de care Ti \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 este teama\par\pard\qj \li25\ri1433\sb0\sl- 201\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 C. Existenfa unui disconfot semnificativ \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 cauzat de simptome sau de comportamen� \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 tul de evitare pe care individui le recu-\par\pard\ql \li39\sb1\sl-192\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul noa$te ca fiind irafionale sj exagerate\par\pard\qj \li39\ri1643\sb7\sl-201\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 D. Simptomele sunt restranse sau pre-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 dominante Tn situafiile fobice sau Tn\par\pard\ql \li44\sb1\sl-206\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul asteptarea lor\par\pard\ql \li44\ri1641\sb0\sl- 201\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 E. Simptomele nu sunt secundare unei \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 alte boli psihice si nu sunt adecvate \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 culturii Tn care traieste individui \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \ql \li1416\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1416\sb49\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Epidemiobgie, date de evolufie ji prognostic \par\pard\ql \li1142\ri1321\sb106\sl- 216\slmult0\fi278\tx1425 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Studii epidemiobgice au ardtat rate depnsvalenfd pe durata vieli Tntre 2%, si 4% pen� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 tru cele mai grave forme si 10% chiar 15% pentru formele moderate sau circumscrise. \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Boala debuteazS Tn copilSrie sau adolescents iar femeile sunt mai afectate 1,5:1. In \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 unele studii pe pacienfii psihiatriei raportul este inversat. Acest fenomen se datoreazS \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 faptului cd barbafii fobici cautd mai frecvent ajutorul medical, poate pentru cd ei pun \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 un mai mare occent pe: \par\pard\ql \li1871\sb32\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \u8226? rolul social; \par\pard\ql \li1871\sb1\sl-198\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \u8226? obstacolul Tn exercitarea acestuia reprezentat de fobie. \par\pard\qj \li1440\ri2719\sb4\sl- 220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Incidenfa maxima a debutului apare Tn al doilea deceniu de viafd. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 Evolufia si prognosticul fobiei sociale depind de: \par\pard\ql \li1876\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \u8226? gradul de invalidare sociald, \par\pard\ql \li1881\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \u8226? recunoajterea precoce a tulburdrii, \par\pard\ql \li1886\sb1\sl-198\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \u8226? tratamentul adecvat. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9800\paperh13620{\bkmkstart Pg191}{\bkmkend Pg191}\par\pard\li1670\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1670\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1670\sb205\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx1756\tx5404 \up0 \expndtw- 4\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 1\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 84\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 Psihopatologie si psihiafrie pentru psihologi\par\pard\ql \li1934\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1934\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1934\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1934\sb201\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Frecvent fobiile sociale se complied prin aparifia: \par\pard\ql \li2366\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \u8226? tulburarii depresive \par\pard\ql \li2371\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \u8226? altor tulburari anxioase \par\pard\ql \li2371\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \u8226? abuzului si dependenfei de alcool si de alte droguri. \par\pard\ql \li1929\sb113\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Factoi etiopatogenici implicafi tn aparifia tulburdrii \par\pard\ql \li1934\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Etiobgia fobiei sociale are un model integrativ. Sunt implicafi; \par\pard\ql \li2366\sb13\sl-207\slmult0\tx3868 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \u8226? Factori genetici \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 (30% eredibilitate) \par\pard\ql \li2366\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 \u8226? Experienfele TnvSfafe \par\pard\ql \li2361\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \u8226? Inhibifia comportamentald \par\pard\ql \li2361\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \u8226? Rolul pdrinfilor (relafiilor parentale) si al relafiilor dintre frati \par\pard\ql \li2356\sb1\sl-198\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \u8226? Factori biologici \par\pard\qj \li1627\ri765\sb7\sl-217\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Mecanismele de aparifie a fobiilor sociale sunf comune cu cele ale anxietdfii si fobii-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 br Tn general. Fobiile sociale apor dupd modelul rdspunsului condifionat: un stimul \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 nociv sau nepldcut (remarca unei alte persoane, privirile celor din jur etc, interpretate \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 de cele mai multe ori^eronat) se asociazd cu o sifuafie neutrd (Tn spefd situarea Tntr-un \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 anumit cadru social), in mod clasic, penfru dezvoifarea reflexului condifionat, esfe nece� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 sard repetarea asocierii de mai sus. Interesant la mecanismul de producere a fobiilor, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 apare faptul cd stimulul nepldcut nu esfe necesar sd fie repetat. Simptomul fobie apare \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 uneori timp de mai mulfi ani fdrd ca asocierea cu evenimenful nepldcut sd fie TntSritd. \par\pard\qj \li1612\ri773\sb1\sl- 220\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Simptomul fobie schimbd comportamentul individului, pentru cd evitarea situafiilor \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 sociale nepldcute devine un simptom stabil Tn timp si, Tn cele din urma, o piesd centrald \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Tn rutina zilnlcd, al cdrei rol este de a proteja individui de anxietate. \par\pard\qj \li1617\ri786\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Principalele instrumente de evaluare clinicd a fobiei sociale sunt: SPIN si MiniSPIN \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 precum si Scala Leibowitz. \par\pard\ql \li1891\sb112\sl- 230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 SPIN (Social Phobia Inventory) \par\pard\ql \li1612\ri788\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi273\tx1896 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Acest instrument de mdsurare a fobiei sociale (Davidson J, 1995) confine 17 itemi, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 cu variante de rdspuns pe cinci nivele: deloc, foarte pufin, pufin, foarte mult, extrem de. \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Cei cdruio i se oplico inventorul este rugat sd specifice cat de mult problemeie ex-\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 puse Tn cei \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 17 itemi 1-au deranjaf Tn sSptSmona precedents. \par\pard\li1617\sb1\sl-195\slmult0\fi273 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Inventarul SPIN dispune si de o versiune reduse, numitd Mini SPIN core confine\par\pard\li1617\sb17\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx3619 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 numoi trei itemi din cei\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 17 din SPIN\u8212?ul inifiol.\par\pard\qj \li1598\ri784\sb17\sl-200\slmult0\fi278 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Voriantele de rdspuns sunt aceleasi (deloc - extrem de), TnsS fiecare nivel primeste \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 o numerotare: deloc - 0, foarte pufin - 1, pufin - 2, foarte mult \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 -\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 3, extrem de - 4. \par\pard\ql \li1881\sb15\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 SPIN este usor de aplicat si a dovedit validitote si fiexibilifote Tnolte. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9800\paperh13620{\bkmkstart Pg192}{\bkmkend Pg192}\par\pard\li1300\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1300\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1300\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1300\sb186\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx8294 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Realitatea boiii psihice. Cadru clinic si infervenfie psihologica\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 185\par\pard\li1300\sb0\sl- 230\slmult0\par\pard\li1300\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li1300\sb0\sl- 230\slmult0\par\pard\li1300\sb130\sl-230\slmult0\fi278 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 INVENTARUL FOBIEI SOCIALE (SPIN)\par\pard\li1300\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li1300\sb97\sl- 230\slmult0\fi273\tx3225\tx4703 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 Inifiab\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 Varstd\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 Sex\par\pard\li1300\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li1300\sb92\sl- 230\slmult0\fi268\tx3235 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 Daa\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 !D # (Numdrul de identiicare)\par\pard\qj \li1291\sb0\sl- 200\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1291\ri1100\sb141\sl-200\slmult0\fi268 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Va rugdm sd vd ganditi cat de mult v-au afectat urnatoarele probleme pe parcur\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 sul ultimei sdptdmdni. \par\pard\qj \li1291\ri1088\sb4\sl-220\slmult0\fi273 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Marcafi numai cate o cdsufd pentru fiecare problema si sd fifi siguri cd ofi rdspuns \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 Io toote Tntrebdrile.\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw5297\colsr40\colno2\colw4 323\colsr160\ql \li1267\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1267\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1267\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1300\sb57\sl- 207\slmult0\tx1497 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 1\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Md ten de oamenii aflati Tn pozifii de putere.\par\pard\ql \li1286\sb125\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 2. Md deranjeaza ca rosesc Tn fafa oamenilor.\par\pard\ql \li1281\sb119\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 3. Petrecerile si evenimenteie sociale md sperie.\par\pard\qj \li1281\ri600\sb114\sl- 220\slmult0\tx1516 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 4. Evit discufiiie cu oamenii pe care nu \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 Ti cunosc.\par\pard\ql \li1276\sb127\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 5. Criticile ma sperie Tngrozitor.\par\pard\qj \li1276\ri0\sb110\sl-220\slmult0\tx1526 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 6. Teama de situafii jenante mS face sd evit sa \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 ma implic Tn a face ceva sou sd vorbesc cu\par\pard\ql \li1521\sb3\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 oamenii.\par\pard\qj \li1271\ri388\sb118\sl- 220\slmult0\tx1454 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 7. Md necojesfe foptul de o Tnjura Tn fafa \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 oamenilor.\par\pard\ql \li1267\sb123\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 8. Evit sd merg ia pefreceri.\par\pard\qj \li1271\ri0\sb24\sl-323\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 9. Evit acfivitatiie Tn care sunt Tn centrul atenfiei. \up0 \expndtw- 2\charscalex100 1 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 0. Discufiiie cu persoanele straine ma sperie. \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 1 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 1 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 Evit sS fin discursuri.\par\pard\ql \li1286\sb104\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 1 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 2. As face orice sS evit criticile.\par\pard\ql \li1286\sb134\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw- 2\charscalex100 1 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 3. Am polpifafii cand ma aflu Tn jurul oamenilor.\par\pard\ql \li1286\sb124\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 14. Ma en sa tac ceva cand oamenii mS privesc.\par\pard\ql \li1286\sb124\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 1 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 5. Cei moi mult md ten de situotiiie jenante\par\pard\ql \li1579\sb14\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 sau de cele Tn care par un prost.\par\pard\ql \li1281\sb119\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw- 2\charscalex100 1 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 6. Evit sd vorbesc cu orice persoand aflata\par\pard\ql \li1627\sb9\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Tnfr-o pozifie de putere.\par\pard\qj \li1281\ri175\sb27\sl-326\slmult0\tx1540 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 17. MS deronjeoze sS tremur Tn fofa altora. \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 (ReprodusS cu permisiuneo auorului)\par\pard\column \ql \li20\sb131\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 Deloc \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 Foorte \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 Pufin \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 Foorte Extroordinor\par\pard\ql \li615\sb14\sl- 207\slmult0\tx1695\tx2406 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 Pufin\tab \up0 \expndtw- 2\charscalex100 Mulf\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 De mult\par\pard\ql \li164\sb119\sl-207\slmult0\tx726\tx1263\tx1796\tx2632 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \u9633? \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \u9633? \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \u9633? \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \u9633? \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 Q\par\pard\ql \li159\sb125\sl-207\slmult0\tx726\tx1259\tx1787\tx2632 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \u9633? \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \u9633? \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Q\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \u9633? \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Q\par\pard\ql \li155\sb119\sl- 207\slmult0\tx721\tx1259\tx1782\tx2627 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \u9633? \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \u9633? \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 Q\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \u9633? \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \u9633?\par\pard\ql \li5452\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li159\sb138\sl- 207\slmult0\tx721\tx1259\tx1792\tx2627 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \u9633? \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \u9633? \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \u9633? \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \u9633? \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \u9633?\par\pard\ql \li155\sb129\sl-207\slmult0\tx716\tx1254\tx1787\tx2622 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \u9633? \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \u9633? \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \u9633? \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \u9633? \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \u9633?\par\pard\ql \li5452\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li5452\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li150\sb138\sl- 207\slmult0\tx712\tx1249\tx1777\tx2622 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \u9633? \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Q\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Q\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Q\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \u9633?\par\pard\ql \li5452\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li150\sb142\sl- 207\slmult0\tx712\tx1249\tx1782\tx2617 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 Q\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \u9633? \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 Q\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 Q\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \u9633?\par\pard\ql \li145\sb125\sl-207\slmult0\tx712\tx1249\tx1777\tx2617 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \u9633? \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \u9633? \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \u9633? \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \u9633? \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \u9633?\par\pard\ql \li155\sb119\sl-207\slmult0\tx716\tx1254\tx1787\tx2622 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \u9633? \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \u9633? \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \u9633? \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \u9633? \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \u9633?\par\pard\ql \li150\sb110\sl- 207\slmult0\tx716\tx1254\tx1782\tx2617 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \u9633? \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \u9633? \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \u9633? \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \u9633? \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \u9633?\par\pard\ql \li145\sb124\sl-207\slmult0\tx712\tx1249\tx1777\tx2617 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \u9633? \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \u9633? \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \u9633? \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 Q\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \u9633?\par\pard\ql \li145\sb124\sl- 207\slmult0\tx707\tx1244\tx1777\tx2612 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 Q\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \u9633? \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \u9633? \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \u9633? \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \u9633?\par\pard\ql \li145\sb134\sl-207\slmult0\tx712\tx1249\tx1777\tx2617 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \u9633? \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \u9633? \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \u9633? \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \u9633? \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \u9633?\par\pard\ql \li145\sb124\sl- 207\slmult0\tx707\tx1244\tx1767\tx2612 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \u9633? \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \u9633? \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \u9633? \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Q\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \u9633?\par\pard\ql \li5452\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li140\sb138\sl- 207\slmult0\tx702\tx1240\tx1767\tx2607 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \u9633? \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \u9633? \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex159 \u9633? .\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \u9633? \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \u9633?\par\pard\qj \li135\ri1520\sb233\sl- 331\slmult0\fi4\tx702\tx1240\tx1772\tx2607\tx698\tx1236\tx1768\tx2603 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \u9633? \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \u9633? \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \u9633? \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \u9633? \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \u9633? \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \u9633? \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \u9633? \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \u9633? \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \u9633? \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \u9633? \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9720\paperh13500{\bkmkstart Pg193}{\bkmkend Pg193}\par\pard\li1540\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1540\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1540\sb205\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx5212 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 86\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 Psihopatologie si psihiafrie pentru psihologi\par\pard\li1430\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li1430\sb0\sl- 230\slmult0\par\pard\li1430\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li1430\sb160\sl- 230\slmult0\fi273 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 MINI SPIN\par\pard\li1430\sb96\sl-207\slmult0\fi4070 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Deloc Foorte Pufin Foorte Exfroordinor\par\pard\li1430\sb14\sl-207\slmult0\fi4665\tx7175\tx7895 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 Pufin\tab \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 Mult\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 De mult\par\pard\li1430\sb119\sl-207\slmult0\fi14\tx1651 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 1\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Teama de situafii jenante mS face sS evit sS\par\pard\li1430\sb9\sl-207\slmult0\fi249 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 mS implic Tn a face ceva sau sS vorbesc cu\par\pard\li1430\sb4\sl-207\slmult0\fi244\tx5640\tx6201\tx6748\tx7276\tx8121 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 oamenii.\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \u9633?\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \u9633?\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \u9633?\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \u9633?\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \u9633?\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw6699\colsr40\colno2\colw2841\c olsr160\ql \li1430\sb134\sl-207\slmult0\tx5635\tx6196 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 2. Evit activitdfile Tn care sunt Tn centrul atenfiei.\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \u9633? \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \u9633?\par\pard\ql \li1425\ri184\sb117\sl-216\slmult0\tx1612\tx5626\tx6187 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 3. Cei mai mult md ten de situafiile jenante sau \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 de cele Tn care par un prost. \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \u9633? \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \u9633?\par\pard\ql \li1703\sb119\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 (Reprodusd cu permisiunea autorului)\par\pard\ql \li1699\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1699\sb96\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 LSAS (Lidbowie Social Anxiety Scab)\par\pard\ql \li1689\sb5\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Aceasa seals a fost elaboratS de cStre Lsebowi--Tn anul\par\pard\column \ql \li29\sb134\sl-207\slmult0\tx562\tx1407 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \u9633? \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \u9633? \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \u9633?\par\pard\ql \li6739\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li20\sb133\sl-207\slmult0\tx553\tx1402 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \u9633? \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \u9633? \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \u9633?\par\pard\ql \li1406\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1406\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1406\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1406\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li53\sb60\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 1987, pentru a evalua \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \ql \li1420\sb2\sl-207\slmult0\tx7123\tx7238 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 situafiile de teama si evitare; LSAS confine 24 de itemi, Tntre care \tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 1 \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 1 pentru teama si \par\pard\ql \li1420\sb13\sl-207\slmult0\tx4007\tx4113 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 evitare de situafii sociale, iar \tab \up0 \expndtw- 2\charscalex100 1 \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 3 pentru teama si evitarea acfiunilor; acesti itemi sunt \par\pard\qj \li1406\ri837\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi14 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 grupafi Tn 4 subscale; teama de a desfdsura o acfiune fafd de alfi oameni (Tn fextul origi� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 nal englezesc apare cuvanful performance pe care unii autori romani l-au tradus per-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 formare. in loc de teama de performare preferdm sd folosim teama de a desfdsura o \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 acfiune de fafd cu alfi oameni], evitarea acfiunii, teama sociald si evitare socials. Pentru \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 subscala ce reprezine teamS, variantele de rdspuns sunt: 0 - nici una; 1 - usoard; 2 - mo� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 derae; 3 - severS; pentru subscala de eviare, variantele de aspuns sunt urmStoarele: \par\pard\qj \li1406\ri866\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 0 - niciodaa (0%); 1 - ocazional (1-33%); 2 - deseori (33%-66%) si 3 - de obicei [67%-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 100%). \par\pard\qj \li1401\ri876\sb17\sl-200\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 LSAS s-a dovedit a fi "sensibild" Io taamentul farmocologic si la eel cognitiv-com-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 poramenal. \par\pard\qj \li1396\ri863\sb4\sl-220\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Soten etil. (1999) au concluzionot cd subscolele inifiale pentru anxietate si evitare \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 o interocfiunilor sociale par a fi unifactoriale, iar anxietatea s\\ evitarea legate de acfiune \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 par a fi multifactoriale. \par\pard\qj \li1396\ri877\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 LSAS are un grad Tnalt de fiabilitate si validifafe; este usor de adminisfrat si prezinfd \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 utilitate clinicd. \par\pard\ql \li1665\sb112\sl- 230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 Scab anxietdfii sedae a lui Uebawe \par\pard\qj \li1387\ri876\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Instructiuni: Evaluafi itemii band Tn considerare drept cadru de referinfS sdptdmana \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 frecutd, inclusiv ziua de astdzi. \par\pard\qj \li1382\ri887\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi287 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Daca nici o situafie nu a avut loc Tn sdptdmana care a trecut, atunci calculafi Tn \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 funcfie de felul cum afi reacfiona dacd afi fi confruntat cu situafia respectivd. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9720\paperh13500{\bkmkstart Pg194}{\bkmkend Pg194}\par\pard\li1132\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1132\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1132\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1132\sb57\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx8179 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 Realitatea bolii psihice. Cadru clinic si infervenfie psihologica\tab \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex108 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 187\par\pard\li1248\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1248\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1248\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1248\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1248\sb6\sl- 207\slmult0\fi1929 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Scab aodsldfii social� s lui LiAawie\par\pard\li1248\sb114\sl-207\slmult0\fi48\tx6129\tx7320 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Nr.\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Teama sau\tab \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Evitare\par\pard\li1248\sb14\sl-207\slmult0\fi14\tx6129 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 crt.\tab \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex112 anxietate\par\pard\li1248\sb19\sl-207\slmult0\fi4881\tx7305 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 0. nici una\tab \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex112 0.niciodata\par\pard\li1248\sb14\sl-207\slmult0\fi4886\tx7310 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 1. ufoara\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Locazional\par\pard\li1248\sb13\sl-207\slmult0\fi4876\tx7300 \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex112 2. moderata\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 2.deseori\par\pard\li1248\sb14\sl-207\slmult0\fi4871\tx6335\tx7300 \up0 \expndtw- 2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul 3.\ul0\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul severa\ul0\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 3.de obicei\par\pard\li1248\sb1\sl-205\slmult0\fi480 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul Folosirea unui telefon public (P)\par\pard\li1248\sb15\sl-207\slmult0\fi475 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Participarea la o activitate Tn cadrul unui grup\par\pard\li1248\sb9\sl-207\slmult0\fi470 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul restrans (P)\par\pard\li1248\sb14\sl- 207\slmult0\fi67\tx1718 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 3.\ul0\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul Mancatul Tn public (P)\par\pard\li1248\sb14\sl-207\slmult0\fi57\tx1718 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 4.\ul0\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul Bautul Tn public (P)\par\pard\li1248\sb19\sl-207\slmult0\fi62\tx1718 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 5.\ul0\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul Discufia cu o persoana avizata (S)\par\pard\li1248\sb8\sl-207\slmult0\fi470 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Interpretarea, prezenfarea unui spectacol sau\par\pard\li1248\sb14\sl-207\slmult0\fi455 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul vorbitul Tn fafa unui public (P)\par\pard\li1248\sb5\sl-207\slmult0\fi57\tx1708 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 7.\ul0\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul Participarea la petreceri (S)\par\pard\li1248\sb8\sl-207\slmult0\fi52\tx1708 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 8.\ul0\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul Lucrul Tn timp ce esti observat (P)\par\pard\li1248\sb14\sl-207\slmult0\fi52\tx1703 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 9.\ul0\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul Scrisul Tn timp ce esti observat (P)\par\pard\li1248\sb14\sl-207\slmult0\fi14\tx1694 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 10.\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Atelefona unei persoane pe care nu o cunost\par\pard\li1248\sb4\sl-207\slmult0\fi446 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul foarte bine (S)\par\pard\li1248\sb24\sl- 207\slmult0\fi19\tx1703 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 11.\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Discufia fafa Tn fafa cu o persoana pe care nu o\par\pard\li1248\sb18\sl-207\slmult0\fi446\tx5611 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul cunosti foarte bine (S)\ul0\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 _____\par\pard\li1248\sb9\sl- 207\slmult0\fi4\tx1684\tx3422 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul 12.\ul0\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul Tntainirea cu strainii\ul0\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul (S)\par\pard\li1248\sb9\sl-207\slmult0\fi4\tx1699 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 13.\ul0\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul Urinarea Tntr-o toaleta publica (P)\par\pard\li1248\sb9\sl-207\slmult0\fi4\tx1684 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 14.\ul0\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul A intra Tntr-o camera Tn care tofi ceilalfi stau jos (P)\par\pard\li1248\sb19\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx1689\tx3710 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 15.\ul0\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul Sa fii Tn centrui atenfiei\ul0\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul (S)\par\pard\li1248\sb4\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx1680 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 16.\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 A vorbi cu voce tare la o Tntalnire fara pregatire\par\pard\ql \li1684\sb4\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul anterioara (P) \par\pard\ql \li1243\sb13\sl-207\slmult0\tx1675 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 17. \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 A da un test de abilitate, de Tndemanare sau de \par\pard\ql \li1680\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul cunostinte (P) \par\pard\ql \li1233\sb13\sl-207\slmult0\tx1670 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 18. \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Aexprima dezaprobarea sau dezacordul unei \par\pard\ql \li1684\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul persoane pe care nu o cunosti foarte bine (S) \par\pard\li1214\sb13\sl-207\slmult0\fi19\tx1670 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 19.\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Ate \u8222?uita fix" Tn ochii unei persoane pe care nu\par\pard\li1214\sb13\sl-207\slmult0\fi460 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul o cunosti prea bine (S)\par\pard\li1214\sb9\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx1665 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 20. .\ul0\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul A prezenfa oral un raport Tn fafa unui grup (P)\par\pard\li1214\sb19\sl-207\slmult0\fi4\tx1665 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 21.\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 ATncerca sa cunosti pe cineva Tn scopul unei relafii\par\pard\li1214\sb14\sl-207\slmult0\fi465 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul romantice/sexuale (P)\par\pard\li1214\sb9\sl-207\slmult0\fi9\tx1665 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 22.\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 A returna bunuri sau marfuri unui magazin pentru\par\pard\li1214\sb9\sl-207\slmult0\fi460 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul a obfine o rambursare (S)\par\pard\li1214\sb13\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx1665 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 23.\ul0\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul A da o petrecere (S)\par\pard\li1214\sb14\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx1660 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 24.\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 A rezista unei vanzatoare foarte iritabile (S)\par\pard\li1214\sb148\sl-207\slmult0\fi4123 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Reprodusa cu permisiunea autorului\par\pard\li1214\sb19\sl- 207\slmult0\fi129 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 P = performare\par\pard\ql \li1339\sb0\sl-203\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 S = situafii sociole \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9720\paperh13500{\bkmkstart Pg195}{\bkmkend Pg195}\par\pard\li1608\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1608\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1608\sb205\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx5352 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 188\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 Psihopatologie si psihiafrie pentru psihologi\par\pard\ql \li1857\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1857\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1857\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1857\sb201\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Ineryenfii psihoien-peuiice \par\pard\qj \li1574\ri719\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Pafru fipuri de infervenfii psihoterapeutice par sd-si fi castigat legitimitatea Tn uitimele \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 doud decenii: \par\pard\ql \li2294\sb11\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 - antrenamentul abilifdfilor sociale \par\pard\ql \li2294\sb1\sl-198\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 - expunereo Io stimulii evitofi \par\pard\ql \li2294\sb15\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 - monagementul anxietdfii (relaxare, disfragere) \par\pard\ql \li2284\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 - terapia cognitivd (Musa Z, Lepin� j P, Ttgdoescy R, 2002) \par\pard\qj \li1560\ri746\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Autorii citafi mai sus afirmd cd terapia cognitiv comportamentald de grup este inter� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 venfia care si-a probatTn cele mai multe cazuri eficacitatea. \par\pard\qj \li1564\ri733\sb4\sl-216\slmult0\fi278 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Adesea indivizii cu fobie sociald Tsi subestimeazd abilitdfile de a Tnfrunta o sifuafie \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 si supraesfimeazd severitatea reacfiilor celorlalfi. Unii fobiei sociali prezina tendinfa de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 o interpreto negotiv urmarile sifuafiilor sociale femufe, chiar si atunci cand este posibild \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 o interpretare pozitivd. in situafiile sociale femufe, acestia find sd se concentreze prea \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 mult osupra lor, ceea ce duce la amplificarea anxietdfii si la credinfa cd propriile per-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 cepfii reflects ceea ce alfii cred despre actiunile lor. In terapia cognitivS, exerc \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 fiile de a \par\pard\ql \li1555\sb12\sl-207\slmult0\tx8126 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 observe reacfiile celorlolfi pot ajuta la Tndreptarea atenfiei mai mult cdtre med \tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 ul Tncon-\par\pard\ql \li1564\sb13\sl-207\slmult0\tx8131 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 juraor, si mai pufin cStre sine, Tncurajand asffei o evaluare obiectivS a situati \tab \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 ior. \par\pard\qj \li1560\ri753\sb3\sl- 220\slmult0\fi273 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Clais |199_f susfine cS Tn momentul Tn care subiectul este confruntat cu un stimul \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 social, se acfiveaza un \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \u8222?proqram anxios", adicd un complex cognitiv, afectiv, somatic \par\pard\qj \li1555\ri757\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 si comporfarnental, probabil mostenif, si care Tn condifiile primejdiilor primitive era \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 adecvaf, dar care Tn timp a devenif incongruent cu mediul social modern. \par\pard\li4060\sb105\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx4406\tx4809 \up0 \expndtw- 2\charscalex100 -\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \u8226?\tab \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex116 0 - e�BIS :\ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs14 iilVn" Lj<\par\pard\qj \li1656\ri891\sb138\sl-209\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 PiDi. Sorin este un individ Tnalt, supraponderal, care a facut rugby Tn finerete. Este \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 genu! de persoana despre-care, nu al putea banulca Ti ese frica de ceva �1 totu|i ei \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 sufera de c mulfime de ierneri care deriva din claustrofobie. Frica diui Sorin; de a \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 ..ramane captiy" se -manifests Tntr-o mulfime delocuri.li este frica de avioane, lifturii,: \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 metrou, pana �i de cabinele de proba din magazine. Anxietatea lui Tn astfel de situafii \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Ti creeaza multe probleme deoarece natura serviciuiui Ti cere sa calatoreasp- mult. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Dl. Soin-.prefers Ga Tn loc sa faca doar cateva ore cu avionui. sa conduca �i doua, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 trei ziie sau sa la trenuf. Initial, fieassde aizbura a fost pusa pe searna unei infecji \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 :a ureGhii interne, m.curand a realizat ca Ti este frica imediat din momentu'.Tn cars \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 stewardeza Tnchide u�ile avlonului. Dupa un zbor gu escala, a ajuns Tn camera de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 hotel si nu a maiizburainiciodata. SeTngrijorsaza Tn permanenfaTn pivinfa traseelor \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 pe care::urmeaza sa le parcurga, Dl. Sorin a fost de curand diagnosticat cu dublu \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 ulcer duodenal si gastric, despre care i s-a spus case datoreaza si sfresului perma\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 ne.ii In care iraies'e. \par\pard\qj \li1511\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1511\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1511\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1511\ri777\sb2\sl- 220\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Teama de anumite obiece sau situafii care provoacd teroare. Poafe aparea la orice \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 varsta. \par\pard\ql \li1516\ri790\sb9\sl-210\slmult0\fi288\tx1804 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 Unab dintre aceste fobii sunf Tntalnite h mod normal Tn primii ani de viafa ai copiiului. \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 Cele mai frecvenfe fobii simple sunt frica de spafii Tnchise, frica de locuri la Tndlfime, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 frica de animale, boli, moare, furfuni. \par\pard\qj \li1511\ri791\sb2\sl-220\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 Fobiile specifice apar eel mai frecvent Tntre 5 si 9 ani, dar ele pot surveni si mai tarziu \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 (la fobiile fafa de sange si injecfii), iar fobiile fafd de anumie situafii debuteaza de obi� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 cei mai fdrziu, Tn a! treilea deceniu de viafa. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9720\paperh13500{\bkmkstart Pg196}{\bkmkend Pg196}\par\pard\li1147\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1147\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1147\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1147\sb195\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx8135\tx8222 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Realitatea bolii psihice. Cadru clinic si infervenfie psihologica\tab \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 1\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 89\par\pard\ql \li1425\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1425\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1425\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1425\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1425\sb17\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 Pezentare dinied \par\pard\qj \li1142\ri1170\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi278 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 Conform definifiei, fobia specifics esfe frica produso de prezenfa sau anticiparea \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 prezentei unui obiect sau unei situafii specifice. \par\pard\qj \li1142\ri1170\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi273 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 Obiectul sau sifuafie sunt eviafe sau sunt suporate cu un disfres marcat, iar frica \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 apdrufd este recunoscue de individ ca excesivd, inadecvafa si produce o afectare sem� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 nificativa a viefii. \par\pard\ql \li1425\sb31\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Pentru un diagnostic cerf, trebuie Tndeplinite toae criteriile de mai jos fICD 10). \par\pard\qj \li1828\ri1170\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\tx2102 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 A) Simptomele psihobgice sau vegetative trebuie sd fie manifestdri primare ale \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 anxietdfii si nu secundare aler simpome ca idei delirane sou ganduri obsesive. \par\pard\qj \li1843\ri1183\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\tx2063 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 B) Anxietatea trebuie sd fie (imitae la prezenfa situafiilor sau obiectelor par� \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 ticulare. \par\pard\ql \li1843\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Q Situafiile fobice sunt evitafe ori de cafe ori este posibil. \par\pard\ql \li1401\sb106\sl- 240\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 _piasmi�eQg| i-, acne _ \par\pard\qj \li1108\ri1193\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi297 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Fobiile specifice au o pe^dbnp db 5-10H pe un fermen de 6 luni. Femeile repre� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 zintd 2/3 din tofalul indivizilor cu fobii specifice, dar pentru anumite fobii (sange, injecfii, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 expiorari medicale invazive) raportui este 1:1 \par\pard\qj \li1401\ri4656\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0\tx1833 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Evolufia si prognosticul fobiilor depind de: \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 � tratamentul adecvaf \par\pard\ql \li1838\sb1\sl-192\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 s complianfa la tratament. \par\pard\ql \li3081\sb137\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw- 7\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 a smpisc \par\pard\li1401\sb14\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Factori corelativi-efiologici implicafi Tn aparifia fobiilor simple sunt:\par\pard\li1401\sb81\sl-207\slmult0\fi9\tx1627 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 1\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Fsefori ss�iporfeni�iieli\par\pard\qj \li1104\ri1189\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi278 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Aparifia fobiilor specifice se produce prin asocierea unui obiect sau situafii neutre \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 cu frica sau panica. Cdnd un evenimenf nepldcut survine Tn situafii specifice se elabo\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 reazd un aspuns condifionat, conform cSruia situafia va produce, chiar si Tn lipsa sti� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 mulului necondifionat, reacfia fobicd. \par\pard\qj \li1104\ri1197\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi287 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 In afara condifiondrii clasice, exisfa alte doud modele incriminate Tn producerea \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 fobiilor specifice: \par\pard\ql \li1396\sb1\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 - imitareo reocfiei unui pdrinte \par\pard\qj \li1104\ri1193\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi287 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 � overtizoreo de cdtre o oltd persoond asupra pericolului reprezenat de anumite \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 obiecfe sou situafii \par\pard\ql \li1387\sb52\sl- 230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 2. Factor! psihonaliflei \par\pard\qj \li1094\ri1204\sb0\sl-222\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Conceptualizarea de cdtre Fraud a nevrozei fobice reprezintd o explicate analiticd \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 a fobiilor. Feyg a concepuf fobia ca rezultotul conflictelor cenfrate pe complexele \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 oedipiene nerezoivote. OdotS cu mafurizarea sexuald apare o anxieate caracteristicd, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 asa-numito fried de castrare. Cand aceastd fried nu mai poate fi reprimatd eficient, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 apar defense auxiliare, care la pacienfii fobiei sunt reprezentate Tn principal de substi� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 tute. Asffei, conflictul sexual este fransferat de la persoana initials la un obiect neim-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 portant, care ese investif cu puferea de a deciansa o mulfitudine de efecfe, inciusiv anxie-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 fofeo. Prin aparifia unui alt mecanism de defensd, evitarea, probabiiifafea Tntalnirii cu \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 situafia fobogend devine foarte mica, lucru prin urmare valabi! si pentru anxietate. \par\pard\ql \li1382\sb49\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 3. Facei gsosHd \par\pard\qj \li1104\ri1217\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0\fi278 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Fobiile specifice au tendinfa de agregare familiala, mai ales cele fafd de sange, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 injecfii si lovituri/injurii fizice. Se considerd cd eel pufin \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 2/3 dintre probanzii cu fobii \par\pard\ql \li1094\sb10\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 sociale au eel pufin o rudd cu aceeasi fobie. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9720\paperh13500{\bkmkstart Pg197}{\bkmkend Pg197}\par\pard\li1507\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1507\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1507\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1507\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1507\sb3\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx1593\tx5232 \up0 \expndtw- 4\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 1\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 90\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 Psihopatologie si psihiafrie pentru psihologi\par\pard\ql \li1761\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1761\sb0\sl- 230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1761\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1761\sb121\sl- 230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 fnvesKgafti psihobgice specific. \par\pard\qj \li1478\ri857\sb15\sl-200\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Interviul clinic este eel mai important pas atunci cand un pacienf fobie vd solicitd aju\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 torul. Initial se foce un interviu de evoiuare care cuprinde urnatoarele obiective; \par\pard\ql \li2198\sb15\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \u8226? Determinarea naturii exacte a fobiei \par\pard\ql \li2198\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 - Definirea scopurilor tratamentului \par\pard\ql \li2203\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \u8226? Evaluarea nivelului anxieafii fobice \par\pard\li2188\sb18\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx6163 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \u8226? Identificarea factorilor de naturd cognitivd\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 (gdndurile legate de situafiile\par\pard\li2188\sb14\sl- 207\slmult0\fi167 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 fobogene, de tratament si eficienta lui)\par\pard\ql \li2188\sb1\sl-191\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \u8226? Prezenfo simptomelor osociate (depresie, onxietote generalizae) \par\pard\ql \li1756\ri864\sb6\sl-220\slmult0\fi432\tx2361 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 \u8226? Resursele pacientului (hobby-uri, umor, exisfenfa unor persoone opropiate core \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 sd-l ojute, ospecte ole existenfei neofectote de comportamentul fobie) \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Pentru mdsurarea comportamentului fobie eel mai frecvent se utilizeazd: \par\pard\ql \li2193\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \u8226? Scalele ierarhice gradate \par\pard\ql \li2188\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \u8226? Testele de comportament \par\pard\ql \li2198\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \u8226? Orar de automoniforizare \par\pard\qj \li1478\ri857\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi273 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 O scald ierarhicS reprezintd o lists a situatiilor fobice care se foloseste pentru a rea� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 lize expuneri gradate la stimul. Fiecare item este evoluot de pecient pe o scold de la \par\pard\ql \li1468\sb11\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 0 la 10 sau de la 0 la 100, Tn funcfie de nivelul anxietdfii pe care Tl produce. \par\pard\qj \li1473\ri868\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0\fi278 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 Un test comportamental consta Tn a face o acfiune care, de regula, ese evitatd, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 notand nivelul anxietdfii din momentul efecfudrii acfiunii respective tot pe o scald de la \par\pard\qj \li1463\ri877\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 0 la 10 sau de la 0 la 100. Acest tip de test prezinfd aventojul cd se poote evoluo sepo\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 rof anxieatea anficipaforie si anxietatea reala din timpul realizarii acfiunii. \par\pard\ql \li1742\sb35\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 P@�IbilfSfi de irsfsfvenfi� iTpeuticfi o psihooguiyi clinician \par\pard\qj \li1459\ri867\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Cu un tratament adecvat majoriatea se remit decisiv sau partial. Odafd fratat un \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 episod de fobie, urmeazd o lungd perioada asimptomafica, de ani sau toatd viafa. \par\pard\ql \li1732\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1732\sb63\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Cei mai eficace tratament este empts ssmp�iwfi�iTao numifd si is^punsre-di \par\pard\qj \li1449\ri871\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi211 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 e, prin care pacientul descrie obiectul sau sifuaja ce Ti provoacd fobie. Sunt doua \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 metode: desensibilizarea sisfematicd si \u8222?imersia". In ambeie e nevoie de un terapeuf \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 calificat. Cu timpul, persoana se va obisnui cu situafiile ce Ti generau teama si nu va \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 mai avea teama, oroare, panica. \par\pard\qj \li1430\ri860\sb3\sl-217\slmult0\fi297 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 DssisisibiSiziHea sMemstiei esfe o forma de ferapie cu expunereprogresivS, Tn serii \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 de mai mule trepte; pacientul Tnvafd mai Tntdi relaxarea si controlul reacfiilor fizice. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 Apoi el Tsi imagineazd obiectul de care Ti esfe fricS si cu timpul se obisnuiese cu \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 prezenfa acestuia Tn preajma sa. In ultimii ani s-au dezvoltat erapia W fvirty_S rtsSify \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \u8212? ealceviiyslil prin care pacientul ia contact cu obiectul anxiogen Tn cosca de reaii\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 ate virtuala. Sofful produs special Tn funcfie de fobia specified a pacientului prezinta \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 avanfajul ca permife acestuia sd controleze apropierea si infensifafea expunerii si, de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 asemenea, se pot monitoriza confinuu simpfomele neurovegefative prezente. \par\pard\ql \li1713\sb12\sl-207\slmult0\tx5995 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Jmtstia3 - pacientul este expus \u8222?in vivo"- direct \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 imediaf celui moi puternic stimul \par\pard\qj \li1430\ri900\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 deciansator a! fobiei. Ramane Tn aceasta stare pana cand anxietatea i se reduce ia ni� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 velul anterior. Sunt necesare cam 2 ore pe sedinfd. \par\pard\qj \li1440\ri901\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi273 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Cercefdrile au araat ca terapia de expunere a redus semnificativ reacfiile fobice Tn \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 ultimii ani. \par\pard\qj \li1430\ri909\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0\fi268 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Terapia comporamentald esueaza dacd pacientul nu se mobilizeaza cu fof sufieful, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 daca infervin Tn mintea sa alte probleme familiale, daca este Tntr-o sare foorte depre� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 siva combinafa cu fobia, sau dacd a consumat alcool sau sedative. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9720\paperh13500{\bkmkstart Pg198}{\bkmkend Pg198}\par\pard\li1137\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1137\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1137\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1137\sb171\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx8193 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Realitatea bolii psihice. Cadru clinic si infervenfie psihologica\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 191\par\pard\ql \li1420\sb0\sl-264\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1420\sb0\sl-264\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1420\sb0\sl-264\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1420\sb10\sl-264\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs22 Fen_p/a cogn'irm \par\pard\qj \li1123\ri1116\sb0\sl- 240\slmult0\fi287 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Sunt folosite cateva tehnici cognitive pentru a schimba gandurile care conduc la an� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 xietate: \par\pard\ql \li1416\sb0\sl-162\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \u8226? Terapia eognifivS propriu-zisd (Beck & Emery, 1985\} (se identified erorile de gan� \par\pard\qj \li1128\ri1108\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 dire ale pacientului si i se oferd formulari corecfe pentru a i se schimba felul Tn care \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 privese si se raporteazS la o anumie sifuafie). \par\pard\qj \li1123\ri1107\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 \u8226? Terapia rational - �motiva (Ellis, 1962, Ellis & Gieger, 1977,1986) (Tn aceasts \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 ferapie se ajutS pacientul sd-si formeze singur propriile noi ganduri, prin forfarea lui \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 de a-si reexamina si confrunta gandurile de pana atunci si de a identifica singur erori� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 le logice pe care le foce). \par\pard\qj \li1137\ri1097\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi287 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 \u8226? Terapia pin aueinsfrucfie (Meichenbaum, 1975) (tehnica se bazeazS pe ipoteza \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 cd anumite ganduri anxiogene sunt rdspunsuri automate pe care pacienfii le eu si le \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 afirmd fdrd sd se gandeascS cu adevdrat; tehnica presupune Tnlocuirea si repearea \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 unor afirmafii care sd confind un mesaj non-anxiogen). \par\pard\qj \li1142\ri1108\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi287 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 � Distrogerea (prin aceasts tehnica nu se schimod ci se evitd gandurile anxiogene. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Se realizeazd prin meditafie, relaxare, Tndreptarea atenfiei cdtre stimuli exterior! etc.). \par\pard\ql \li1737\sb82\sl-184\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 UK . \par\pard\qj \li1151\ri1079\sb7\sl- 220\slmult0\fi278 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Cdnd sunt necesare si medicemtne, se fobsesc anxiolitice, mai ales Tn agorafobie \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 si fobia sociala (ele reduc panica si anxietatea). Anfidepresivei� pot fl ufile pentru con� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 trolul reacfiilor de panica. Recent, s-au introdus bTzediaiapirte cu rezuitate bune; \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 necesita doze adecvate si o adminisfrare zilnica. \par\pard\ql \li2409\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2409\sb44\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 CAZ CLINIC - TULBURAREA OBSESiV-COMPULSP/A \par\pard\qj \li1291\ri1157\sb103\sl-220\slmult0\fi67\tx1574 \up0 \expndtw- 2\charscalex100 , \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Aiina are 24 de ani, este necasatorita fi este muncitoare la o fabrtca de pantpfT. .1 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 In prezent se afla Tn somaj. Este la a doua internare Tn spitaiui clinic de psihiatrie \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 pentru o tulburare obsesiv-compulsiva si depresie secundara. Alina pierde ore Tntregi: \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 facand dusuri, iar atunci cand nu se spaia pe tot corpuf, se spala pe maini cu sapun \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 de 20-30 de ori pe zi. Desi Tndeplineste aceste rituaiuri, are un aspect neglijent, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 nemgijit. Pe fafa i se cite�te aproape permanent tristete. Este nelinistita, iritabila, drs-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 forica chiar. Mainiie Ti sunt uscae fi aspresi prezinta descuamari interdigitae. \par\pard\qj \li1315\ri1170\sb4\sl-216\slmult0\fi278 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Aiina povesteste; Jotui a tnceput in urma cu aproximativ doi ani cand 6 eolega \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 de sen/iciu rfii-8 aruncat un spalator murder cu ni�ie reactivi pe pantofuL drept. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Colegeie au Tnceput sa rada si sa-mi spuna ci o sa-mi cada piciorut. M*am dus la \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 base S&-mi' curalpantpfuL [-am curatatpe amandoi. Am simtlt ca m-arn murdarit rau \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 pe maini �ite-am spalat dar mi s-a parut ca tot nu e.de ajuns �i am Tnceput sate free \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 mai bine. Acum, parca-niciodata nu e de ajuns." \par\pard\ql \li1603\sb32\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Antecedenteie heredocoiaterale: mama Alinei a urrnat mai multe tratamente anti-\par\pard\li1329\sb22\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx5716\tx6062\tx7867 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 depresiveC\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 v.'\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 ;.'.\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 P PX:-\par\pard\qj \li1324\ri1185\sb10\sl-200\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 Antecedenfe patolOgice personae: Alina a fost nascuta la termers, cu ajutorul \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 forcepsului �i a avut un scor Apgar de 8. \par\pard\ql \li1478\sb0\sl-216\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1478\sb0\sl- 216\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1478\sb15\sl-216\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 Sasfi pa_sr__F@ doiei \par\pard\qj \li1214\ri1029\sb121\sl-220\slmult0\fi263 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Tulburarile obsesiv-compulsive se caracterizeazd prin prezenfa unor simptome obse\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 sive si compulsive, precum si a unor grade diferite de anxietate, depresie si deperso\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 nalizare. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9720\paperh13500{\bkmkstart Pg199}{\bkmkend Pg199}\par\pard\li1425\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1425\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1425\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1425\sb95\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx1521\tx5203 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 1\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 92\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 Psihopatologie si psihiafrie pentru psihologi\par\pard\qj \li1396\sb0\sl-215\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1396\sb0\sl- 215\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1396\sb0\sl-215\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1396\sb0\sl- 215\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1396\ri829\sb199\sl-215\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \u8226? tulburare complexa ideo-afectiva caracterizae prin prezenfa Tn psihicul individu� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 lui a unor grupuri de fenomene core tulbura buno desfdsurore a tuturor proceselor; \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 consfient de inutilifotea lor, individui este incapabil sd le neufralizeze si cu cat se \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 strdduieste mai mult sa le Tndepdrteze, cu atat fenomenele capdfd o intensitafe moi \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 mere; \par\pard\ql \li1387\ri843\sb0\sl- 226\slmult0\fi297\tx1684 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 � obsesiiie pot fi genduri, impulsiuni, imogini recurente si persistente core pdfrund \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Tn minfea persoanei Tn ciuda eforturilor acesfeia de a le exclude; \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 � persoana recunooste faptul cd obsesiiie sunt un produs al propriei minfi si nu Ti \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 sunt Impuse din exterior (cum se Tntampla Tn fenomenul de inserfie a gandirii). \par\pard\ql \li1680\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1680\sb79\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 � definite de unii outori ca fiind teama de a troduce Tn procficd o idee obsesivd sau \par\pard\ql \li1391\sb6\sl-216\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 o fobie; \par\pard\qj \li1391\ri843\sb1\sl-220\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 - sunt comportamente repetitive care par sa se supunS unui scop si care au un ca� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 racter stereotip \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 (motiv pentru care au fost numite si icdoi eeffipolifv�); finalitafea \par\pard\ql \li1377\ri844\sb20\sl-220\slmult0\fi9\tx1675 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 acestor ritualuri compulsive esfe acela de a neutralize, de a suprima obsesiiie, de a pre\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 veni sau reduce anxietaea si nu de a produce plScere sau gratificare; \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 � prin definifie, compuisiiie sunt fie clar excesive, fie neconecfate realist cu ceea ce \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 sunt destinate se neufralizeze sau sd prevind; \par\pard\ql \li1368\ri862\sb0\sl-226\slmult0\fi302\tx1660\tx1660 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 � Tn unele cazuri, individui efecfueazd ace rigide, stereofipe, conform unor reguli \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 elaborate idiosincratic, fara a fi capabii sd spund de ce le face. \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Pindpaiy� en� db�@�ivs (care apor indiferenf de rasa, mediu cultural sau social): \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 � contaminare (microbi, murddrie, substanfe chimice) - este unui din cele mai Tntal� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 nite simptome. Indivizii prezinfd o teama morbidd de a contracto SIDA sau alte boli \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 infecfioase, de a afinge obiecfele din baie si pot deveni extrem de anxiosi dacd o aifS \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 persoana atinge alimenfeie pe care au intenfia sd le consume \par\pard\ql \li1656\sb6\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 ~ Tndoiala obsesivd, \par\pard\qj \li1368\ri871\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 � ordine si simetrie, lucrurile trebuie sd fie perfect aliniate sau aranjate Tntr-un anu� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 mit mod, \par\pard\qj \li1358\ri871\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0\fi297 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 - imagini cu confinut agresiv, terifiant (rdnirea membrilor famiiiei, sinucidere, uci\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 derea aler persoane), \par\pard\ql \li1646\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 � imagini cu temS sexuala, \par\pard\ql \li1646\sb33\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 - obsesii pe tema religioasd, morals (scrupule). \par\pard\qj \li1358\ri882\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi268 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Temele obsesive se pot modifica Tn tirnp. Uneori, individui odougS pur si simplu noi \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 obsesii Io ceie dejo exisfenfe, alteori obsesiiie vechi sunt completTnlocuite de unele noi. \par\pard\ql \li1636\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1636\sb84\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 � ritualuri de spdlare (igiend); \par\pard\qj \li1343\ri872\sb0\sl-226\slmult0\fi297 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 � ritualuri de numdrare - se pot asocia adesea cu alte ritualuri compulsive. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Numdrarea compulsive esfe frecvent un ritual TndeplinitTn tdcere. Profesorii, coiegii pot \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 so nu-si dea seama ca individui este obligaf sS numere pentru a putea Tndeplini o \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 sarcind care i se Tncredinfeazc. Intrucat Tndoiala este, de asemenea, Tntalnie Tn tuibu� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 rarea obsesiv-compulsivS, pacientul poate Tncepe brusc sd se gandeescd docS rituolul \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 de numdrare a fost corect Tndeplinif si se poate simfi obligaf sa Tl reia pond cond consi� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 ders cd l-a efecfuat corespunzdtor; \par\pard\qj \li1334\ri880\sb0\sl-240\slmult0\fi297 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 s verificare si reverificare exageraa - fie cd este vorba de a verifica dacd usa a fost \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Tncuiata, oparafuro electrics din casa Tnchisd sau dacd nu cumva individui a occiden-\par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9720\paperh13500{\bkmkstart Pg200}{\bkmkend Pg200}\par\pard\li1108\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1108\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1108\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1108\sb157\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx8126 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Realitatea bolii psihice. Cadru clinic si infervenfie psihologica\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 193\par\pard\qj \li1080\sb0\sl-226\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1080\sb0\sl-226\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1080\sb0\sl-226\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1080\ri1165\sb130\sl-226\slmult0\fi14 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 tat pe cineva Tn timp ceTsi conduceo masina. Nu sunt neobisnuite la asffei de persoane \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 Tnfarzierile Io scoala sau la serviciu, Tnfrucaf pacienfii pefrec foarte mult timp Tndeplinind \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 aceste ritualuri de verificare. Temeie scolare, proiectele pot sS nu fie predate la fermen \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Tnfrucaf ele sunt confinuu verificafe pentru depisfarea unor evenfuale erori; \par\pard\qj \li1089\ri1175\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0\fi287 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 � colecforea unor iucruri inutile (inclusiv obiecfe din cosui de gunoi, numere vechi de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 ziare si reviste Tn ideea cd vor fi candva necesare); \par\pard\ql \li1377\sb10\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 s soiicifarea de asigurdri; \par\pard\li1075\sb25\sl-207\slmult0\fi297 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 o ordonarea unor obiecfe Tn mod repetat sau exeeufarea unui anumit gest Tnfr- un\par\pard\li1075\sb13\sl-207\slmult0\fi14 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 anume fel pana cand se obfine senzafia de \u8222?asa cum trebuie";\par\pard\li1075\sb9\sl- 207\slmult0\fi297 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 o perfecfionismul - copiii cu asffei de compulsii se pot simfi obligafi sa steargd. si sd\par\pard\li1075\sb14\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 Tsi rescrie ema pana cand paginile caietuiui ajung sd se rupa. De asemenea, ei pot\par\pard\li1075\sb14\sl- 207\slmult0\fi9 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 rdmane so lucreze pana noapfea farziu din dorinfa de a face tofui perfect;\par\pard\li1075\sb19\sl- 207\slmult0\fi297\tx7785 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 Ruqaciunea compulsiva. Unii indivizi repea de nenumarae ori ruaaciuni\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 (ca pe-\par\pard\li1075\sb18\sl-207\slmult0\fi9\tx1761 \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex122 aeaosa\tab \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex119 sau oentru a alunaa qand\t \up6 \expndtw- 7\charscalex94 uri\ul0\nosupersub\cf18\f19\fs12 -i\t \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex118 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 e nea\t \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex140 one\t \dn2 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 )\par\pard\qj \li1065\ri1183\sb0\sl-222\slmult0\fi302 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex124 s ritualuri de repefare - ex.: copii care trebuie sa cieasca de la coada la cap o \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 propozlfie dupa ce au cifif-o normal, pentru a Tmpiedica ceva Tngrozifor sa se Tntam\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 ple; sau persoane care sunt obligate sa meargc de mai multe ori de-a lungul unui cori\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 dor sau sa intre Tnfr-un anumit mod pe usd, de un anumit numar de ori. Pentru elevi sau \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 studenfi, astfel de ritualuri compulsive pot race rormuiareie de examen extrem de dlficii \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 de completat (mai ales acele fiouri de formulare care se complefeazd crin cobrarea \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 unui cere) - indivizii se simr obligajri sa coioreze perrecr cercunie si par perrece roarve \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 muit fimp fdcand acesf lucru); \par\pard\qj \li1055\ri1203\sb0\sl-222\slmult0\fi297 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 o evitarea compulsiva \u8212? atunci cand o anumite sifuafie sau un anume ioc esfe aso-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 ciat cu comportamentul compuisiv, individui poafe Tncepe sa evite situafia sau locul \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 respectiv, de teama cd si-ar putea pierde controlul si ar ramane "biocaf" Tndepiinind un \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 ritual compuisiv. In alte cazuri, un anumit eveniment sau stimul poate fi asocial- cu gan� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 duri ferifiante, iar persoana evifa respectivui stimul, consecinfele putand fi grave (ex. un \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 student cars nu poate privi sau serie un numar din cauza obsesiei ca se poats Tnvam-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 pla ceva Tngrozifor). Ca urma'e, o probleme de matematica inciuzdnd respectivui nu� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 mar nu va pufea ri rezoivatd, iar calculele impiicand acest numar Ti vor crea persoanei \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 o stare de anxietate extremS, asffei Tncaf, individui se va vedea obligaf sd Tndeplineasca \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 o serie de ritualuri compulsive pentru a Tmpiedica producerea "catastrofei". \par\pard\qj \li1051\ri1207\sb195\sl-224\slmult0\fi287 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 Superstifiile si comporfamenfele de verificare repetitive sunt Tnfdlnite frecvent Tn viafa \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 de zi cu zi. Ele pot fi considerate pafoiogice doar daca sunt extrem de consumafoare \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 de fimp sau due la o deteriorare semnificativa clinic. De asemenea, rifualuriie cuifurale \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 nu sunt prin sine indicafoare de tulburare obsesiv-compulsivd, daca nu excecl normele \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 cuifurale, nu survin la date si Tn locuri considerate inadecvafe de cdtre alfii aparfinand \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 aceieiasi cuituri si nu interfereazd cu functionarea sociald a Individului. \par\pard\ql \li1358\sb192\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 ; c:ebeyl elio si idbuaili dbsswv^essnpukiv� fn espilSi�: \par\pard\ql \li1387\sb29\sl-207\slmult0\tx1492 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex80 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 > \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Tn general similar cu cei de la adulfi, \par\pard\ql \li1036\ri1176\sb0\sl-225\slmult0\fi302\tx1343\tx1334 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf19\f20\fs10 � \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 spalatul, verificaful si rifualuriie de ordine sunt extrem de frecvenfe ia copii, Ei nu \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex72 Tsi \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 dau seama de lipsa de rafionalifate a obsesiilor sau compulsiilor, \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 o eel mai adesea problema este sesizatd de pdrinfi, care aduc copilul la tratament, \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 o a fosf descris un declin progresiv Tn acfiviatea scolare, secundar a'eteriorarii \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 capacitafii de concenfrare, \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9720\paperh13500{\bkmkstart Pg201}{\bkmkend Pg201}\par\pard\li1440\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1440\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1440\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1440\sb95\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx5198 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 194\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 Psihopatologie si psihiafrie pentru psihologi\par\pard\qj \li1416\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1416\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1416\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1416\ri852\sb155\sl-220\slmult0\fi287 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 e ca si adulfii, copiii sunt moi Tnclinefi so se ongojeze Tn rituoluri ocosa decdt Tn fofa \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 egalilor, a profesoribr sau a strdinibr. \par\pard\qj \li1420\ri862\sb60\sl-220\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Lentoarea obsesivd este de obicei rezultatu! ritualurilor compulsive, al Tndoielilor re\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 petate, dar poate aparea uneori Tn lipsa acestora (lentoare obsesivd primard) \par\pard\qj \li1416\ri866\sb40\sl- 220\slmult0\fi273 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Anxietatea este o componentd importane a tulburdrii obsesiv-compulsive. Unele ritua� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 luri sunt urmate de o reducere a anxietdfii, Tn timp ce altele due la o crestere a acesteia. \par\pard\ql \li1680\sb52\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 Tuiburarea �bsesiv- compulsiva se poate asocia cu: \par\pard\ql \li1699\sb2\sl-216\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 _ tulburare depresivd majord, \par\pard\qj \li1401\ri871\sb1\sl-220\slmult0\fi292\tx2303 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \u8226? fobii \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 (evitarea situafiilor, obiectelor, etc. ce pot declansa comportamentul obsesiv\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 compulsiv): fobie specified, fobie sociald, panicd, \par\pard\qj \li1401\ri878\sb17\sl-200\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 � preocupSri hipocondriace-confroale medicale repetate, solicitarea de asigurdri, si \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 apoi reasigurdri legate de starea de sdndtate, \par\pard\ql \li1694\sb15\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \u8226? tulburari de somn, \par\pard\ql \li1694\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \u8226? tulburari ale comportamentului alimenfar, \par\pard\qj \li1694\ri2888\sb39\sl-200\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 � consum excesiv de alcool, sedative, hipnotice, anxiolitice, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 e tulbuare de personalitate obsesiv-compulsivS, \par\pard\ql \li1699\sb15\sl-207\slmult0\tx6739 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 - disfunctionalitate maritals, socials, profesionals severd \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 (cand efectuarea ritua� \par\pard\ql \li1406\sb13\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 lurilor compulsive devine acfivitatea majord a existenfei Individului). \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9720\paperh13500{\bkmkstart Pg202}{\bkmkend Pg202}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw6166\colsr40\colno2\colw3374\co lsr160\ql \li1132\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1132\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1132\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1132\sb138\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Realitatea bolii psihice. Cadru clinic si infervenfie psihologica\par\pard\ql \li1219\sb0\sl- 253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1219\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1219\sb0\sl- 253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1411\sb42\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs22 Cieii de diagnostic\par\pard\ql \li3398\sb140\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw- 1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 DSM IV\par\pard\ql \li1271\ri1867\sb74\sl-216\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 A. Fie obsesii sau compulsii: \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Obsesii, a�a cum sunt definite de:\par\pard\qj \li1267\ri0\sb6\sl-215\slmult0\fi14 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 (1) ganduri, impulsuri sau imagini persistente si recurente, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 care sunt experimentate la un moment dat Tn cursul tulbu� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 rarii ca intruzive si inadecvate si care cauzeaza o\par\pard\ql \li1262\sb3\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 anxietate sau detresa considerabila;\par\pard\ql \li1257\ri0\sb5\sl- 213\slmult0\fi14 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 (2) gandurile, impulsurile sau imaginile nu sunt pur si \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 simplu preocupari excesive Tn legatura cu probleme reale \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 din viafa;\par\pard\qj \li1257\ri0\sb7\sl-215\slmult0\fi9 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 (3) persoana Tncearca sa suprime sau sa ignore astfel de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 ganduri, impulsuri sau imagini sau sa le neufralizeze cu \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 alte ganduri sau acfiuni;\par\pard\qj \li1252\ri140\sb0\sl-218\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 (4) persoana recunoaste ca gandurile, impulsurile sau \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 imaginile obsesive sunt un produs al propriei sale minfi \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 (nu impuse din afara, ca Tn insertia gandurilor).\par\pard\ql \li1257\sb2\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Compulsii, a�a cum sunt definite de:\par\pard\qj \li1238\ri0\sb7\sl-216\slmult0\fi14 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 (1) comportamente repetitive sau acte mentale pe care per� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 soana se simte constransa sa le efectueze ca raspuns la o \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 obsesie sau conform unor reguli care trebuie sa fie apli-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 cate Tn mod rigid;\par\pard\qj \li1228\ri0\sb0\sl-217\slmult0\fi9 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 (2) comportamentele sau actele mentale sunt destinate sa \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 previna sau sa reduca detresa sau sa previna un eveniment \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 sau o situate temuta oarecare; Tnsa aceste comportamente \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 sau acte mentale fie nu sunt conectate Tn mod realist cu \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 ceea ce sunt destinate sa neufralizeze sau sa previna, fie \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 sunt clar excesive.\par\pard\qj \li1233\ri0\sb0\sl- 216\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 B. La un moment dat Tn cursul tulburarii, persoana a recu-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 noscut ca obsesiiie sau compulsiile sunt excesive sau\par\pard\ql \li1224\sb2\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 irafionale. Nota: Aceasta nu se aplica la copii.\par\pard\qj \li1219\ri0\sb14\sl-214\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 C. Obsesiiie sau compulsiile cauzeaza o detresa conside� \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 rabila, sunt consumatoare de timp (iau mai mult de o ora \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 pe zi) sau interfera semnificativ cu rutina normala a persoa� \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 nei, cu funcfionarea profesionala ori cu activitafile sau\par\pard\ql \li1224\sb17\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 relafiile sociale uzuale.\par\pard\qj \li1204\ri0\sb0\sl-217\slmult0\fi19 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 D. Daca este prezene o alta tulburare pe axa I, confinutul \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 obsesiilor sau compulsiilor nu este restrans la aceasta (ex. \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 preocuparea pentru mancare Tn prezenfa unei tulburari de \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 comportament alimentar; smulgerea parului, Tn prezenfa \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 tricotilomaniei; preocupare referitoare la aspect, Tn prezenfa \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 tulburarii dismorfice corporale; preocupare referitoare la a \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 avea o maladie severa Tn prezenfa hipocondriei; preocupare \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 pentru necesitafile sau fanteziile sexuale, Tn prezenfa unei \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 parafilii; ruminafii referitoare la culpa. Tn prezenfa tulburarii \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 depresive majore).\par\pard\column \ql \li8150\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li8150\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li8150\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1964\sb59\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 1 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 95\par\pard\ql \li6206\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li6206\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li6206\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li6206\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li6206\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li745\sb151\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 ICD10\par\pard\qj \li58\ri1215\sb74\sl-216\slmult0\fi19 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 Pentru un diagnostic cert, \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 simptomele obsesionale \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 sau actele compulsive \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 (sau ambele) trebuie sa \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 fie prezente majoritatea \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 zilelor pentru eel pufin\par\pard\qj \li49\ri1214\sb0\sl-216\slmult0\fi14 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 2 saptamani si sa fie o \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 sursa de suferinfa sau sa \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 interfereze cu activitafile \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 obisnuite. Simptomele \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 obsesionale trebuie sa \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 aiba urnatoarele carac� \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 teristici:\par\pard\qj \li49\ri1405\sb0\sl-216\slmult0\fi14 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 (a) trebuie sa fie recu� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 noscute de pacient ca \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 aparfinandu-i\par\pard\qj \li49\ri1233\sb0\sl- 216\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 (b) trebuie sa existe eel \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 pufin un gand sau un act \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 la care pacientul mai\par\pard\qj \li39\ri1248\sb0\sl-215\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 opune Tnca (fara succes) \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 rezistenfa, desi pot fi\par\pard\qj \li39\ri1238\sb0\sl-219\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 prezente fi altele la care \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 pacientul nu mai rezista\par\pard\qj \li25\ri1252\sb0\sl- 215\slmult0\fi14 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 (c) gandul sau executa-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 rea actului nu trebuie sa \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 fie placut Tn el Tnsusi\par\pard\qj \li20\ri1246\sb1\sl-216\slmult0\fi19 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 (simpla ameliorare, poto-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 lire a tensiunii sau anxie� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 tafii nu e privita ca\par\pard\ql \li29\sb8\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 placuta)\par\pard\qj \li20\ri1383\sb0\sl-219\slmult0\fi9 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 (d) gandurile, imaginile \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 sau impulsurile trebuie \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 sa fie repetitive Tntr-un \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 mod neplacut \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9720\paperh13500{\bkmkstart Pg203}{\bkmkend Pg203}\par\pard\li1483\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1483\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1483\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1483\sb99\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx5241 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 196\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 Psihopatologie si psihiafrie pentru psihologi\par\pard\li3623\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li3623\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li3623\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li3623\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li3623\sb31\sl-207\slmult 0\fi0\tx7372 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 DSM IV\tab \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex105 ICD10\par\pard\ql \li1631\sb35\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 E. Perturbarea nu se datoreaza efectelor fiziologice \par\pard\qj \li1622\ri3090\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 directe ale unei substanfe (drog de abuz, medicament) ori \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 ale unei condifii medicale generae \par\pard\qj \li1622\ri3046\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 Speciilsant cu constiinfa maladiei redusa, daca cea mai \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 mare parte a timpului Tn cursul episodului curent, persoana \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 nu recunoaste ca obsesiiie si compulsiile sunt nejustificate \par\pard\ql \li1737\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1737\sb22\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 Epidemidogie, d�S� d� weJyfi� $i pognose \u9632? \par\pard\qj \li1454\ri816\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 s Desi era consideae anterior ca fiind rard Tn populatia generals, studii recenfe au \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 esfimaf o pp��sl�!fli2l a tulburdrii obsesiv-compulsive p@ve$i di� 2^5% si o p!?wdl�fS.l \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 p�W_B1__ 1^5-2,1%. \par\pard\qj \li1449\ri824\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0\fi287 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 o Distribufia pe sexe diferd la adulfi comporofiv cu copiii. in viafa adultd, reprezen� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 area pe sexe este aceeasi (sau exisfa o usoard predominanta a sexului feminin), Tn timp \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 ce Tn copildrie tuiburarea apare moi ales la baieti \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 (60-70%). \par\pard\qj \li1444\ri835\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 q in ceea ce priveste vllrsla d� ddbw, exisfa o distribute bimodala, cu un vdrf Tn \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 copildrie (Tn jurul vdrstei de \up0 \expndtw- 2\charscalex100 1 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 0 ani) si unui Tn perioada adultd (aproximativ 21 de ani). \par\pard\ql \li1449\sb10\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 De obicei, debutul este progresiv, dar Tn unele cazuri a fosf descris si un debut acuf. \par\pard\qj \li1440\ri829\sb23\sl-220\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 o in ceea ce priveste p^_gjR__SiculTOC, majoritatea indivlzilor au o evolufie cronicd. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Sereo: a 75% dintre pacienfi se Tmbundtafesfe cu ferapie cognifiv-comporfamenala aso� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 ciae terapiei psihofarmacologice. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 20-30% dintre pacienfi au amelioari semnificative \par\pard\qj \li1430\ri858\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Tn timp ce 40-50% au ameliorari moderate. Pentru 20-40% evolufia ramane stofionara. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Exisd un mare rise suicidar, \par\pard\qj \li1713\ri3496\sb120\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 aari ^�psisgsnidi eplssfl in epsHpg oearSii \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 h F@gesi g&nsSdi \par\pard\qj \li1435\ri844\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 o Raa de concordanfa pentru tuiburarea obsesiv-compulsivd esfe mai mare pentru \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 gemenii monozigofi decaf pentru gemenii dizigofi. \par\pard\qj \li1430\ri837\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 o Rate tulburarii obsesiv-compulsive la rudele biologice de gradul I ale pacienfilor \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 esfe mai mare decaf cea din populafie generals. \par\pard\qj \li1425\ri859\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 o Exisfa o relafie inverse Tntre ponderea factorului genetic Tn producerea tulburarii \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 obsesiv-compulsive si varsta individului la debutul afecfiunii. \par\pard\qj \li1420\ri854\sb37\sl- 200\slmult0\fi278 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 2. Tulb&FfSi _j/� pmm&wki sc ___ysJ_-9 nsumhgim nsmsh - Tn cazul bolii cu \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 debut Tn copildrie. \par\pard\ql \li1703\sb16\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs22 J. Biobgh iuejewif \par\pard\qj \li1420\ri862\sb0\sl- 240\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 o S-a evidential exisfenfa unei legdfuri Tntre infecfia strepococicd si tulburari neuro\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 psihiatrice pediatrice (ex. ticuri, obsesii, compulsii) \par\pard\ql \li1703\sb1\sl-169\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 e La adult, s-a remarcaf o asociere Tntre tuiburarea obsesiv-compulsivd si infecfii \par\pard\ql \li1411\sb20\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 SNC (ei refaiite). \par\pard\ql \li1684\sb13\sl-232\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw- 10\charscalex91 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs22 4. TmmM^imm &mii@=\u8364?�mbT@h \par\pard\qj \li1411\ri868\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi278 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 5. fS^&fi ammmdsmni - hormoni, neuropeptide al cdror nivel este crescut Tn \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 lichidu c.talo-rahidian (LCR) la indivizii cu tulburare obsesiv-compulsivd. \par\pard\ql \li1689\sb9\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 6. Fesbi psihm&dais \par\pard\ql \li1694\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 o Nu se cunoaste rolul exact a! experienfelor din copildrie Tn aparifia afecfiunii. \par\pard\qj \li1401\ri863\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 o Ar fi de astepfat ca mamele obsesive sd transmits simpfomele copiilor lor, prin Tnvd\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 fare imitative. Tofusi, Tn acest caz, exisfa un rise mai mare de aparifie a unor simptome \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 nevrofice nespeciflce. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9720\paperh13500{\bkmkstart Pg204} {\bkmkend Pg204}\par\pard\li1089\sb0\sl-184\slmult0\par\pard\li1089\sb0\sl- 184\slmult0\par\pard\li1089\sb0\sl-184\slmult0\par\pard\li1089\sb0\sl- 184\slmult0\par\pard\li1089\sb61\sl-184\slmult0\fi0\tx7977\tx8064 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 Realitatea bolii psihice. Cadru clinic si infervenfie psihologicd\tab \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 1\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 97\par\pard\ql \li1343\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1343\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1343\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1343\sb138\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 Teoii Psihanalitics \par\pard\ql \li1353\sb2\sl- 192\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex129 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 Ff�_a (1895) a sugeraf pentru prima daa cS; \par\pard\qj \li1075\ri1353\sb5\sl-220\slmult0\fi278 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 - simpfomele obsesive rezultd din pulsiuni refulafe, de naturd agresivd sau sexuald; \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex130 aceastd idee concordd cu puterniceie fanfasme sexuale ale mulor pacienfi obsesivi si \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 cu faptul cd ei Tsi Tndbusa propriile pulsiuni sexuale si agresive; \par\pard\qj \li1065\ri1358\sb9\sl-210\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex134 - simptomele obsesive apar ca rezulfat al regresiei la stadiul de dezvoltare anal; \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex125 ideea e Tn concordanfd cu preocupdriie frecvenfe ale pacientului obsesiv legate de mur\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex125 ddrie si de funcfia excretorie. \par\pard\qj \li1060\ri1354\sb2\sl-220\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex124 Ideile lui FftSWSi au atras atenfie asupra nafurii agresive a multora dintre simptome. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex133 Tofusi, ca explicofie cauzald a tulburdrii obsesiv- compulsive, aceasa teorie nu esfe \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 convingdfoare. \par\pard\qj \li1055\sb0\sl-210\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1055\ri1378\sb119\sl- 210\slmult0\fi287 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 S-a sugeraf cd rifualuriie obsesive constituie echivalenful raspunsurilor prin evitare, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex131 ceea ce nu se poate susfineTnsd ca explicate generaid, deoarece dupd unele ritualuri \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 anxietatea nu scade, ci dimpofrivd creste. \par\pard\ql \li1334\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1334\sb0\sl- 184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1334\sb4\sl-184\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 e Sisfemele biologice, funcfiile psihice au evoluat ca urmare a selecfiei naturale. \par\pard\ql \li1046\ri1362\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi288\tx1334 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex128 � Tuiburarea obsesiv-compulsivd este o variane anormald. a unei strategii adapta-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 tive care permifea indivizilor o mai bund confrunfare cu factorii de mediu. \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex130 � Consfafdrile cd marea majoritafe a indivizilor relafeazd prezenfa la un moment \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex128 dat a unor ganduri intruzive, precum si cd aceste ganduri, ca si rifualuriie compulsive, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex125 sunt fenomene care apar indiferenf de mediul socialsi cultural, concordd cu ipoteza for� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex125 mulae. \par\pard\qj \li1031\ri1373\sb0\sl-215\slmult0\fi302 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex124 � Existd doud modalifafi fundamenfale de gandire: on-line (comund multor organis\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex128 me compbxe, implied o activitate mentald menitd sd rezolve o probleme cu core indi� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex125 vidui se confruntd Tn mod direct) si off-line (activiate menfaid ce are ca scop rezolvarea \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex128 unei probleme cu care individui s-er puteo confrunto Io un moment dat; este bazafd pe \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 limbaj, fiind specific umand). \par\pard\ql \li1324\sb23\sl-184\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex128 a Obsesiiie reprezintd o variants primitivd de gandire off-line, de tip involuntar. \par\pard\qj \li1036\ri1378\sb13\sl-213\slmult0\fi287 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 � Sistemul neurobiologic ce sta la baza obsesiilor (Involuntary Risk Scenario Generating \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex128 System-IRSGS) are funcfia de a genera Tn mod involuntar scenarii de rise, permifand \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex130 individului sd-si dezvolte strategii comportamentaie de evitare a pericoleior fdrd a se \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 afla efecfiv Tn situafia respectivd. \par\pard\qj \li1041\ri1379\sb2\sl-220\slmult0\fi273 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 \u8226? Rifualuriie compulsive sunt comportamente primitive de evitare a pericoleior, aflate \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 sub control semi-volunfar. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9720\paperh13500{\bkmkstart Pg205}{\bkmkend Pg205}\par\pard\li1598\sb0\sl-184\slmult0\par\pard\li1598\sb0\sl- 184\slmult0\par\pard\li1598\sb0\sl-184\slmult0\par\pard\li1598\sb0\sl- 184\slmult0\par\pard\li1598\sb27\sl-184\slmult0\fi0\tx1684\tx5352 \up0 \expndtw- 4\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 1\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 98\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 Psihopatologie si psihiafrie pentru psihologi\par\pard\li1675\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li1675\sb0\sl- 230\slmult0\par\pard\li1675\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li1675\sb125\sl- 230\slmult0\fi177 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 Invsstigajii psihobgice specifice\par\pard\li1675\sb106\sl-230\slmult0\fi172 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 Scab Yob-Brawn de evaluare a obsesiibr si oompul.iibr\par\pard\li1675\sb0\sl-184\slmult0\par\pard\li1675\sb47\sl- 184\slmult0\fi9 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex133 \ul0\nosupersub\cf23\f24\fs16\ul ItemGrad de severitate\par\pard\li1675\sb31\sl-184\slmult0\fi14\tx2088 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 1.\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Timpul ocupat\par\pard\li1675\sb44\sl- 230\slmult0\fi412\tx3503\tx4463\tx5495\tx6489\tx7593 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 de obsesii\tab \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 Oh/zi\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 0-1 h/zi\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 1-3 h/zi\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 3-8 h/zi\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 8+ h/zi\par\pard\li1675\sb1\sl- 158\slmult0\fi408 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 Scor\par\pard\li1675\sb42\sl- 184\slmult0\fi4\tx2092\tx3499\tx4473\tx5495\tx6480\tx7598 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 2.\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 Interferenfa cu\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 Absenta\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 Redusa\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 Moderae\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Activitate\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 Imposibilitate\par\pard\li1675\sb32\sl- 184\slmult0\fi408\tx6480\tx7588 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 activitatea zilnica\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 semnificativ\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 de desfasurare\par\pard\li1675\sb37\sl- 184\slmult0\fi4804\tx7588 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex124 afectata\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 a activitafilor\par\pard\li1675\sb27\sl- 184\slmult0\fi5908 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 zilnice\par\pard\li1675\sb32\sl- 184\slmult0\fi408 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 Scor\par\pard\li1675\sb32\sl- 184\slmult0\fi0\tx2092\tx3499\tx4463\tx5491\tx6484\tx7579 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 3.\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 Distres cauzat\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 Absent\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 Redus\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Moderat\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 Sever\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Aproape con�\par\pard\li1675\sb42\sl- 184\slmult0\fi412\tx7588 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 de obsesii\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 stant, incapa-\par\pard\li1675\sb37\sl- 184\slmult0\fi5913 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 citant\par\pard\li1675\sb31\sl- 184\slmult0\fi403\tx6480 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 Scor\tab \up0 \expndtw- 2\charscalex100 4\par\pard\li1675\sb42\sl- 184\slmult0\fi408\tx3503\tx4459\tx5491\tx6484\tx7588 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 Rezistenfa la\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 intotdeauna\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Semnifica�\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex128 Moderae\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex125 Cedare\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex124 Cedare\par\pard\li1675\sb37\sl-184\slmult0\fi403\tx3503\tx4449\tx6480\tx7588 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 obsesii\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \ul0\nosupersub\cf23\f24\fs16\ul prezenfa\ul0\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 tiva\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 frecventa\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex130 \ul0\nosupersub\cf23\f24\fs16\ul complee\par\pard\li1675\sb32\sl-184\slmult0\fi403\tx6480 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 Scor\tab \up0 \expndtw- 2\charscalex100 4\par\pard\li1675\sb32\sl- 184\slmult0\fi408\tx3503\tx4459\tx5486\tx6480\tx7588 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Controlul\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Control\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Control\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Control\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Control\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 Control absent\par\pard\li1675\sb37\sl- 184\slmult0\fi403\tx3494\tx4459\tx5486\tx6484 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 obsesiilor\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 \ul0\nosupersub\cf23\f24\fs16\ul complet\ul0\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 semnificativ\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 moderat\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 redus\par\pard\li1675\sb1\sl-222\slmult0\fi403 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 Scor\par\pard\li1665\sb0\sl- 184\slmult0\par\pard\li1665\sb106\sl-184\slmult0\fi9 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex133 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 ItemGrad de severitate\par\pard\li1665\sb32\sl-184\slmult0\fi14\tx2068 \up0 \expndtw- 1\charscalex100 1.\tab \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex118 Timpul ocupat\par\pard\li1665\sb37\sl-184\slmult0\fi408\tx3494\tx4463\tx5491\tx6475\tx7584 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 \ul0\nosupersub\cf23\f24\fs16\ul de compulsii\ul0\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 0 h/zi\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 0-1 h/zi\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 1-3 h/zi\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 3-8 h/zi\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 8+ h/zi\par\pard\li1665\sb1\sl-221\slmult0\fi408 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf22\f23\fs20\ul Scor\par\pard\li1665\sb27\sl- 184\slmult0\fi417\tx3484\tx4468\tx5481\tx6465\tx7588 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 Interferenfa cu\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 Absenta\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex124 Redusa\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 Moderae\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Activitate\tab \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Imposibilitate\par\pard\li1665\sb31\sl- 184\slmult0\fi408\tx6470\tx7579 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 activitatea zilnica\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 semnificativ\tab \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex126 de desfasurare\par\pard\li1665\sb42\sl- 184\slmult0\fi4809\tx7579 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 afectata\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 a activitafilor\par\pard\li1665\sb37\sl- 184\slmult0\fi5908 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 zilnice\par\pard\li1665\sb32\sl- 184\slmult0\fi403\tx3503 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 Scor\tab \up0 \expndtw- 2\charscalex100 1\par\pard\li1665\sb37\sl- 184\slmult0\fi408\tx3484\tx4473\tx5476\tx6470\tx7569 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 Distres cauzat\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 Absent\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 Redus\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Moderat\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 Sevee\tab \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 Aproape\par\pard\li1665\sb37\sl-184\slmult0\fi403\tx7574 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 de compulsii\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 constant,\par\pard\li1665\sb36\sl-184\slmult0\fi5913 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \ul0\nosupersub\cf23\f24\fs16\ul incapacitant\par\pard\li1665\sb34\sl-230\slmult0\fi398\tx3494 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex125 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 Scor\tab \up0 \expndtw- 2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 1\par\pard\li1665\sb1\sl- 164\slmult0\fi408\tx3489\tx4463\tx5476\tx6475\tx7579 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 Rezistenfa la\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Intotdeauna\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Semnifica�\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Mode rata\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex125 Cedare\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex125 Cedare\par\pard\li1665\sb46\sl- 184\slmult0\fi398\tx3494\tx4454\tx6465\tx7574 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf23\f24\fs16\ul compulsii\ul0\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex134 \ul0\nosupersub\cf23\f24\fs16\ul prezene\ul0\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 tiva\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 frecventa\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 completa\par\pard\li1665\sb37\sl- 184\slmult0\fi398\tx3499 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 Scor\tab \up0 \expndtw- 2\charscalex100 1\par\pard\li1665\sb36\sl- 184\slmult0\fi0\tx2063\tx3489\tx4463\tx5472\tx6470\tx7579 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 5.\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Controlul\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Control\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Control\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Control\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Control\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 Control absent\par\pard\li1665\sb37\sl- 184\slmult0\fi398\tx3489\tx4459\tx5476\tx6475 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf23\f24\fs16\ul compulsiilor\ul0\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \ul0\nosupersub\cf23\f24\fs16\ul complet\ul0\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 semnificativ\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 moderat\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 redus\par\pard\ql \li2063\sb11\sl-200\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 Scor \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9720\paperh13500{\bkmkstart Pg206}{\bkmkend Pg206}\par\pard\li1224\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1224\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1224\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1224\sb80\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx8251\tx8347 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Realitatea bolii psihice. Cadru clinic si infervenfie psihologica\tab \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 1\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 99\par\pard\qj \li1219\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1219\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1219\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1219\ri1033\sb170\sl-220\slmult0\fi278 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 SCOR TOTAL Y-BOCS - gradul de severitate Tn cazul pacienfilor care prezinfd atat \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 obsesii cat si compulsii: \par\pard\ql \li1497\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 e 0-7 subclinic \par\pard\ql \li1502\sb1\sl-198\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 � 8-15 redus \par\pard\ql \li1492\sb15\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 \u8226? 16-23 moderat \par\pard\ql \li1497\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 \u8226? 24-31 sever \par\pard\ql \li1492\sb1\sl-198\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 \u8226? 32-40 extrem \par\pard\ql \li1488\sb97\sl- 253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs22 Posihilitafi de intervene terapeutica a psihobgului clinician \par\pard\ql \li1502\sb105\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Terapia Comportamentald \par\pard\qj \li1200\ri1067\sb9\sl-213\slmult0\fi278 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Scopul terapiei comportamentaie este acela de a reduce anxietatea asociatd obsesii\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 br, ceea ce ar scddea frecvenfa comportamentelor compulsive (prin diminuarea anxie� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 afii pe care individui o trdiese, acesta nu se va mai simfi atat ae consfrans sS Tndepli\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 neascS diferite ritualuri). \par\pard\ql \li1488\sb52\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Desensibilizarea sistematicd \par\pard\ql \li1488\sb13\sl-207\slmult0\tx7483 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 � Individui alcStuieste o lists a situatiilor care Ti provoacS anxietate \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 - ordonarea \par\pard\qj \li1185\ri1060\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0\fi14 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 crescStoare a circumsantelor cauzatoare de stres (ex. o persoana cu obsesii legate de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 curSfenie poae afirna cS situafia cea mai pufin stresantd este reprezentatd de mersul \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 pe iarbd cu TncdltSminte; urmStorul be Tn Ierarhie Tl ocupd mersul pe iarbd fdrd \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Tncdlfdminte, apoi sfaful pe iarbd s.o.m.d. panS la situafia generatoare de stres maxim). \par\pard\qj \li1195\ri1064\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \u8226? Pacientul avanseazS treptat cStre finalul listei pe mSsurS ce devine copabil sS se \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 confrunte cu respective sifuofie fSrS a Tndeplini ritualuri compulsive sau fSrS a simfi o \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 anxietate extremS. \par\pard\qj \li1180\ri1077\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0\fi297 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 � Acest tip de ferapie comportamentald poafe fi practicat confruntand efecfiv indi� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 vidui cu contextul stresant sau solicitand pacientului sd Tsi imagineze respectivui context; \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 o alternotivd poafe fi reprezenae de terapia VR (realifafe virfuals). \par\pard\ql \li1473\sb0\sl- 162\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 e Persoanele care urmeazd acesf tip de ferapie suntTnvdtate sd utilizeze tehnici de \par\pard\ql \li1195\sb12\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 relaxare care sd le ajufe sd facd fafd mai usor situatiilor anxiogene. \par\pard\qj \li1185\ri1079\sb11\sl- 210\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 - Un alt element al terapiei poate fi reprezentat de un "contract" Tntre terapeut si pa� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 cienf, prin care acesta din urma hotdrdste sd limiteze numdrul de ritualuri compulsive \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 efectuate. \par\pard\ql \li1473\sb73\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Prevenirea rdspunsului \par\pard\ql \li1473\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \u8226? TehnicS cognitiv- comportamenfals. \par\pard\qj \li1180\ri1068\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \u8226? Initial, terapeutul identifies evenimenteie care declanseazS rifualuriie compulsive, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 oferind apoi pacientului o explicate cat mai concisS cu privire la metoda de tratament \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 ce urmeazS o fi aplicatd. \par\pard\qj \li1175\ri1084\sb0\sl-210\slmult0\fi297 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \u8226? Ulterior, situafia stresantd esfe Tn mod sisfematic indusd, iar pacientul trebuie sa \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 Tncerce sd nu se comporte Tn mod compuisiv; anxietatea atinge un nivel ridicot la \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Tnceput, dar diminud pe mdsurd ce timpul de expunere si numdrul de expuneri cresc. \par\pard\qj \li1185\ri1083\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 e In cursul confruntdrii cu evenimentul anxiogen, pacientul trebuie ajutat sd feed fofd \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 sentimentului de teama. \par\pard\qj \li1180\ri1093\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \u8226? Existd o mice diferenfd fafd de metodo anterioard, constand Tn prezenfa elemen\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 fului cognitiv. \par\pard\ql \li1483\sb105\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Terapia Familiald \par\pard\qj \li1175\ri1097\sb11\sl-210\slmult0\fi287 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 � Famiiia poate fi privitd ca un sistem a cdrui bund funcfionare depinde de functio\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 narea normold o tuturor componentebr. De obicei, fomiliile ignora simptomele obsesiv\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 compulsive atat timp cat ele nu le afecteazd activitatea, obiceiurile; \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9720\paperh13500{\bkmkstart Pg207}{\bkmkend Pg207}\par\pard\li1411\sb0\sl-184\slmult0\par\pard\li1411\sb0\sl- 184\slmult0\par\pard\li1411\sb0\sl-184\slmult0\par\pard\li1411\sb96\sl- 184\slmult0\fi0\tx5193 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 200\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 Psihopatologie si psihiafrie pentru psihologi\par\pard\qj \li1391\sb0\sl-215\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1391\sb0\sl- 215\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1391\sb0\sl-215\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1391\ri859\sb185\sl-215\slmult0\fi302 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 � Este roarte important pentru toti membrii famiiiei unui individ sd afle cat mai multe \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 despre tuiburarea de care acesta suferd, pentru a putea avea o atifudine corespun\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 zdfoore fofd de pacienf (simptomele obsesiv-compulsive nu trebuie acceptate ca atare, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Tnsd pe de altd parte persoana Tn cauza nu trebuie Tnvinovdfitd pentru modul Tn core se \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 compora). \par\pard\qj \li1387\ri871\sb1\sl-220\slmult0\fi302 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 e Nevoia de asigurare din parfea famiiiei poate deveni un comportament compui� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 siv; individui devine din ceTn ce mai anxios, pdnd cand primesfe acesfe asigurdri; desi \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 famiiia doreste so sprijine pacientul, aceasta nu esfe atifudinea cea mai potrivifd, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Tnfrucaf nu face altceva decaf sd accenfueze comportamentul compuisiv; Tn mod corect, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 pacientului trebuie sd i se refuze aceste asigurdri, demonstrdndu-i-se asffei cd, desi \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 cererile sale nu sunt Tndeplinite, consecinfele nu sunt nici pe departe atat de severe. \par\pard\ql \li1665\sb111\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Medicofie \par\pard\qj \li1382\ri869\sb3\sl- 220\slmult0\fi287 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Se pot utiliza: antidepresive si anxiolitice. Durafa trafomenfului esfe de minim 10-1 2 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 sdpfdmoni, pana la 6 luni. Eficienfa cea mai mare Tn fratarea tulburarii obsesiv- com� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 pulsive o are traamentul combinot (medicatie si psihoterapie). Aproximativ \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 70-75% \par\pard\qj \li1377\ri877\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 dintre pacientii core utilizeazd doar unui din cele doud fipuri de tratamenf prezinfd eel \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 pufin o ameiiorare a simpfomatologiei. Asocierea terapiei medicamentoase cu cea com� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 portamentald conduce ia c Tmbundtdfire la sfarii a aproximativ \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 90% din persoanele \par\pard\ql \li1377\sb1\sl-195\slmult0\tx8443 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 afectate. De regula, simptomele reopor la Tncetarea trafamentului medicamenfos \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 (de \par\pard\ql \li1382\sb16\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 unde si necesitatea trafamentului combinaf). \par\pard\qj \li1372\ri896\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Raspunsul la traamenf este moi redus Tn cazul indivizilor la care tuiburarea a debu\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 faf Tn copildrie, \par\pard\ql \li1656\sb111\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Psihochirurgia \par\pard\qj \li1358\ri900\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Este o metodd radicaid de tratament constand Tn dlstrugerea chirurgicold de cei ner-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 voose Io nivelul creierului. Este utilizata extrem de rar Tn prezent, doar Tn acele cazuri \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 core sunt extrem de severe si core nu raspund deloc Io nici o eltd forma de tratamenf. \par\pard\qj \li1343\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1343\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1343\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1343\ri910\sb80\sl-220\slmult0\fi278 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 Tulburdriie ofecfive sunt caracterizate prin exagerdri pdtrunzdtoare, prelungite si \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 "infirmizante" ale dispozifiei si afectivitafii care sunt asociate cu disfuncfii comporta� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 mentaie, psihobgice, cognitive, neurochimice si psihomotorii. \par\pard\qj \li1339\ri919\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 Sindroamele afective majore sunt tuiburarea depresivd majors (denumia si tulbu� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 are unipolorS), fulburereo ofectivS bipolorS (denumia si psihoze monioco-depresivd), \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 tuiburarea distimicd si cicbtimia. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9720\paperh13500{\bkmkstart Pg208} {\bkmkend Pg208}\par\pard\li1257\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1257\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1257\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1257\sb100\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx8251 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 Realitatea bolii psihice. Cadru clinic si infervenfie psihologicd\tab \dn2 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 201\par\pard\ql \li1631\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1631\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1631\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1631\sb111\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 6.6.1. TUIBURAREA AFECWA BIPOLARA \par\pard\ql \li2563\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2563\sb100\sl- 230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 CAZ CLINIC - TUIBURAREA AFECTIVA BIPOLARA \par\pard\qj \li1339\ri1168\sb100\sl-218\slmult0\fi316 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Dna. Munteanu are 44 de ani. este bibliotecara, divorfata de 8 ani si a venit sin\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 gura la spital pentru o simptomatologie depresiva. Este la al patrulea episod depre� \up0 \expndtw- 5\charscalex100 siv. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \u8222?Se fntampla brusc. Chiar daca sunt in mijlocul unei acjiuni, de exemplu spal \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 rule, ma apuca o tristete fnfioratoare si sentimentul ca totul e inutil, ca sunt o ratata \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 �1 las totul balta. De obicei sunt o femeie Tngrijita si imi place curafenia. In astfel de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 perioade, nu Tmi vine nici sa ridic o hartie de pe jos. Stau si zac in pat dorindu- mi sa \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 mor si sa se termine odatS cu cosmarul acesta. Nu am nevoie nici de mancare, de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 nimic! Doctorii mi-au spus ca am psihoza maniaco-depresiva. Mi-a� dori sa fi fost \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 numai \u8222?maniaco"pentru ca desi mi s-a intamplat numai o data, Tmi amintesc ca a fost \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 cea mai fericita luna din viafa mea. A fost o perioada cand am Tnceput sa ma simt \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 din ce Tn ce mai activa. Am reu�it sa inregistrez toate carfile din biblioteca; acasa mi-am \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 zugravit tot apartamentul intr-o saptamana. Nu aveam nevoie decat de vreo trei ore \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 de somn! Devenisem mai optimista �i mai comunicativa. Chiar ma gandeam ca a� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 putea sa-mi refac viafa si pe plan sentimental. Ma simfeam atragatoare si spirituals. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Chiar glumeam des, eu care sunt o fire atat de retrasa! Va inchipuifi, eu sa fiu vor\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 bareafa! Dar apoi s-a terminal �i nu la mult timp au tnceput episoadele depresive, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 iadul meu pe pamant" \par\pard\ql \li1478\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1478\sb63\sl- 230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 Dsinifie \par\pard\qj \li1190\ri1092\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi297 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Psihoza maniaco-depresiva (PMD), cunoscutd Tn terminologia psihiatricd actuald ca \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 boala afectiva bipolard, esfe cea mai dromaticd forma de manifestore o tulburarilor \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 afective. \par\pard\ql \li1180\ri1093\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi297\tx1473 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Boala a fost separata de Krsspelin (1889) de celelalte psihoze, dar legdtura dintre \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 melancolie si manie a fost observatd de Hipocrate si Arefeu din Qipadoeia \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 In accepfia lui Kraepdin, boala se caracterizeazd prin episoade maniacale si depre� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 sive care survin la acelasi pacienf. Uneori asa se Tntampld (Tn aproximativ 20 - maxi� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 mum 25% din cazuri) iarTn aproximativ 75�6 din cazuri pacienfii fac sau doar episoade \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 depresive (90% din ei), sau doar episoade expansive (10%). \par\pard\ql \li1175\ri1101\sb0\sl-213\slmult0\fi287\tx1463 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Boala bipolard este una dintre cele doud boli afective majore. Cealaltd este tuibu� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 rarea afectiva unipolard (doar cu episoade depresive sau maniacale). \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex125 Spre deosebire de depresia mojord, care poate surveni la orice varsta, PMD \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 debuteazd, Tn general, Tnaintea varstei de 35 de ani. \par\pard\ql \li1459\sb117\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Prezentare cfinica \par\pard\ql \li1171\ri1107\sb7\sl-215\slmult0\fi292\tx1463\tx1454 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Pacienfii cu boala bipolard diferd de cei cu alte forme de depresie, prin modul lor \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 de a oscila Tntre depresie si manie, separate prin perioade normale. \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Existd asa-numitele sari mixte care amestecd elemente depresive cu elemente de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 exciafie. De obicei, acestea apar cdnd dispozifie se inverseazd. \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Durata Tn timp a acestui ciclu variazS de la o persoanS la altd persoand. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9720\paperh13500{\bkmkstart Pg209}{\bkmkend Pg209}\par\pard\li1444\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1444\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1444\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1444\sb123\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx5188 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 202\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 Psihopatologie si psihiafrie pentru psihologi\par\pard\ql \li1713\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1713\sb0\sl- 230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1713\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1713\sb128\sl- 230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 EPiSODUL MANIACAL \par\pard\qj \li1425\ri886\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Pacienfii care se afld Tn faza maniacala simt mai curand un atac brusc de exalfare, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 de euforie sau irifabilitate extremd care se dezvolta Tn decurs de cdteva zile, pdnd la o \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 deteriorare gravd. \par\pard\ql \li3811\sb130\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 Simptomele fazei maniacale \par\pard\qj \li1560\ri1031\sb83\sl-220\slmult0\fi9 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Un mod de a se simfi excesiv de bun, euforie, expansiv sau iritabil; nimic (vesti rele, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 tragedii) nu poate schimba aceasta stare de fericire. Euforia se poate schimba rapid \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 Tn iritare sau furie. \par\pard\ql \li1574\sb1\sl- 195\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul Exprima un optimism nejustificat si o lipsa de discemamant. \par\pard\ql \li1569\sb16\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Increderea Tn sine creste pana la delir de grandoare Tn care persoana considera ca \par\pard\ql \li1564\sb1\sl-198\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul are legaturi speciale cu Dumnezeu, celebritati. conducatori politici. \par\pard\qj \li1564\ri1030\sb21\sl-200\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Hiperactivitate si planuri excesive, participare Tn numeroase activitafi care pot con� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 duce la rezultate nedorite. Pacientul are un comportament sexual anormal \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 (libidou \par\pard\ql \li1564\sb15\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul crescut, dezinhibifie sexuala). \par\pard\qj \li1569\ri1031\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Fuga de idei. Pacienfii prezinta o multitudine de idei care se succed rapid, Tn mod \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 necontrolat. \par\pard\ql \li1564\sb1\sl-199\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul Necesitatea\ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 redusa de somn. insomnii. \par\pard\ql \li1569\sb2\sl-198\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Lipsa puterii de concentrare: atenfia pacientului este cu usurinfa deviae catre detalii \par\pard\ql \li1564\sb15\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul neimportante. \par\pard\qj \li1560\ri1036\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0\fi9 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Irifabilitate brusca, furie sau paranoia se declanseaza cand planurile grandioase ale \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 pacientului se naruie sau cand sociabilitatea lui excesiva este refuzata. \par\pard\qj \li1425\ri911\sb87\sl-240\slmult0\fi278 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Diagnosticul episodului maniacal se poate face daca exisfa urnatoarele simptome, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 avdnd o evolufie clinicd particulard, dupd cum urmeazd; \par\pard\qj \li1406\ri905\sb45\sl-210\slmult0\fi278 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 A. O perioada disfincta de dispozifie crescutd, euforicd, expansivd = bund dispo� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 zifie, veselie sau irifabild - sarcasm, comentarii sentenfioase, anormold si persistena, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 durand eel pufin o sapamana. \par\pard\ql \li1694\sb53\sl- 207\slmult0\tx6542 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 B. In timpul perioadei de perfurbare a dispozifiei, ex., trei \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 (sau mai multe) din urna� \par\pard\qj \li1406\ri895\sb3\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 toarele simptome au persistat (patru, dacS dispozifia este numai iriabils) si au fost \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 prezente Tnt-un grad semnificativ: \par\pard\ql \li1708\sb11\sl-207\slmult0\tx1804 \up0 \expndtw- 2\charscalex100 1 \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 ) stimd de sine exageratd sau grandoare; \par\pard\ql \li1684\sb1\sl-198\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 2) scdderea nevoii de somn (de ex., se simte refdeut dupd numai trei ore de somn); \par\pard\qj \li1401\ri905\sb8\sl-215\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 3) logoree (mai locvace decdt Tn mod uzual) sau presiunea vorbirii (se simte presat \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 sa vorbeasca continuu); vorbeste tare, cu voce sigurd, discurs greu de Tntrerupt, alert; \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 poate pdstra coerenfa, dar are tendinfd Io jocuri de cuvinte, calambururi, onomatopee, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 asociafii prin asonantd, rimd; se poate ajunge si la un limboj destructurat fonetic si \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 semantic. \par\pard\qj \li1401\ri916\sb18\sl-200\slmult0\fi278 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Mngvistic - nu se evidenfiazd dezorganizdri severe de tip structural, lexical; Tn faze \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 se-.'i re sfil ludic de comunicare; \par\pard\ql \li1742\sb35\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 .) fugd de idei sau impresia cd gandurile sunt accelerate; \par\pard\li1391\sb8\sl- 207\slmult0\fi278 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 _) distractibilitate (adicd, atenfia este afrasd prea usor de stimuli externi fdrd impor-\par\pard\li1391\sb14\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx1871 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 tc-,,\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 sau irelevanfi, Tl distrag orice stimuli);\par\pard\qj \li1387\ri928\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 6) capacitatea de judecata - superficiald, formald, sifuafionold, noncauzold; consi� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 ders cS stie totul, cunoaste totul, Tn consecinfd, se angajeazd Tn diverse acfiuni; \par\pard\ql \li1675\sb1\sl-180\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 7) imaginafio si capacitatea creativd este scazutd si deturnatd; \par\pard\qj \li1406\ri926\sb7\sl-220\slmult0\fi273 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 8) cresterea activitafii, care devine multipla, dezordonatd, incoerenfd (la serviciu sau \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 la scoala, ori din punct de vedere sexual) ori agitafie psihomotorie; \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9720\paperh13500{\bkmkstart Pg210}{\bkmkend Pg210}\par\pard\li1209\sb0\sl-184\slmult0\par\pard\li1209\sb0\sl- 184\slmult0\par\pard\li1209\sb0\sl-184\slmult0\par\pard\li1209\sb0\sl- 184\slmult0\par\pard\li1209\sb27\sl-184\slmult0\fi0\tx8116 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 Realitatea bolii psihice. Cadru clinic si infervenfie psihologicd\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 203\par\pard\li1185\sb0\sl-184\slmult0\par\pard\li1185\sb0\sl- 184\slmult0\par\pard\li1185\sb0\sl-184\slmult0\par\pard\li1185\sb0\sl- 184\slmult0\par\pard\li1185\sb132\sl-184\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 9) implicare excesivd Tn activitdfi pldcute care au un Tnalt potential de consecinfe\par\pard\li1185\sb27\sl-184\slmult0\fi14 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 nedorite (de ex., face cumpdrdturi excesive, indiscrefii sexuale ori invesfifii Tn afaceri\par\pard\li1185\sb37\sl-184\slmult0\fi14 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 nesdbuite);\par\pard\li1185\sb22\sl-184\slmult0\fi302 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 10) sistem pulsional dezlnhibat- plan erotic, sexual, alimentar;\par\pard\li1185\sb42\sl-184\slmult0\fi302\tx1598\tx1699 \up0 \expndtw- 4\charscalex100 1\tab \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 1\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 ) sociofifie, spirit gregar, disponibilitafe de relafionare - intruziv, solicitant, inde�\par\pard\li1185\sb31\sl-184\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 cent; prietenos, stabileste imediat relafii, gratified partenerul de discufie;\par\pard\li1185\sb37\sl-184\slmult0\fi297\tx1583\tx4022 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 1\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex124 2) trdirea timpului: pacientul\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 �d@vord� prezentul, trdieste numai prezentul;\par\pard\li1185\sb32\sl-184\slmult0\fi297\tx1574 \up0 \expndtw- 4\charscalex100 1\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 3) psihomofricitafe exacerbae, de la excitafie motorie moderatd pdnd la hiperkinezie\par\pard\li1185\sb28\sl- 184\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 nestdpanifd (furor maniacal, dezldnfuire motorie), manifestdri clastice si agresive, deci\par\pard\li1185\sb36\sl-184\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 manie coleroasd si violentd.\par\pard\ql \li1468\sb20\sl-184\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 Elemente facultative \par\pard\ql \li1483\sb36\sl- 184\slmult0\tx1699 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 1 \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 idei delirante concordante cu dispozifia \par\pard\ql \li1876\sb36\sl-184\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex133 - de supraestimare, supraevaluare \par\pard\ql \li1881\sb36\sl-184\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex131 - de grandoare, putere, relafie, filiafie \par\pard\ql \li1459\sb36\sl- 184\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex129 2. idei delirante incongruente - idei de persecufie, urmdrire, prejudiciu \par\pard\ql \li1463\sb36\sl-184\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex125 3. manifestdri halucinatorii \par\pard\ql \li1459\sb16\sl- 184\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 4. manifestdri catatonice \par\pard\ql \li1454\sb36\sl-184\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex130 5. sentimente de derealizare si depersonalizare \par\pard\qj \li1175\ri1206\sb7\sl-220\slmult0\fi268 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex131 Acestea trebuie sd aibd o duratd sub 2 sdptdmani Tn absenfa tulburarilor afective \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex125 predominante. \par\pard\qj \li1166\ri1205\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex131 Perturbarea de dispozifie este suficient de severd pentru a determina o deteriorare \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex124 semnificativa Tn funcfionarea profesionald sou Tn activitdfile sociale uzuale ori Tn rela� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex129 fiile cu alfii, ori sd necesite spifalizare (pentru a preveni vdtdmarea sa sau a altora sau \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex125 dacd existd elemente psihotice). \par\pard\qj \li1166\ri1210\sb40\sl-220\slmult0\fi278 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex131 C. Simptomele nu se datoreazd efectelor fiziologice directe ale unei substanfe (de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex137 ex., abuz de dag, sau de un medicament sau un alt tratament) ori ale unei condifii \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 medicale generale (de ex., hipertlroidismul). \par\pard\qj \li1161\ri1220\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex131 Noe: Episoadele asemdndtoare celor maniacale si care sunt clar cauzate de trata� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex132 mentul antidepresiv somatic de ex., de medicamente antidepresive triciclice, ferapie \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex128 electroconvulsivanfd, fototerapie) nu trebuie sd conteze pentru un diagnostic de tulbu� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex128 rare bipoard I). \par\pard\qj \li1161\ri1225\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi278 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex125 Monia esfe o stare de euforie, sentimente de omnipofenfd si Tncredere nelimitatd Tn \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex125 forfele proprii, descrisd doar de o minoritate de pacienfi. Majoritatea pacienfilor cu ma� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex125 nie au irifabilitate \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex124 (80%), dispozifie expansivd (72%) si labilifate dispozifionald (69%). \par\pard\qj \li1161\ri1229\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex125 Simptomele cele mai frecvenfe sunt vorbirea precipitafd (98%), logoreea (89%), agitafia \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 psihomotorie (87%), nevoia scdzufd de somn (81 %), hipersexualitatea [57%), comporta� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 mentul extravagant [55%). \par\pard\qj \li1156\ri1238\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi273 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 Mai pufin Tnfdlnite sunt violenta (49%), religiozitatea (39%), regresia pronuntoa (28%) \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 si cofotonio (22%). \par\pard\li1156\sb12\sl- 184\slmult0\fi264 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 Tulburari cognitive nonpsihotice frecvenfe Tn manie sunt: grandoarea (78%), fuga de\par\pard\li1156\sb37\sl- 184\slmult0\fi9\tx1545\tx3720 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 idei\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex125 (71%) si distractibilitatea\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 (68%). Inatenfia, indecizia si retardul psihomotor apar\par\pard\li1156\sb37\sl-184\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 mai ales Tn tuiburarea bipolard.\par\pard\ql \li1156\ri1235\sb3\sl- 220\slmult0\fi268\tx1430 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex129 Tulburarile de percepfie apar de regula Tn cursul episoadelor maniacale. Cei pufin \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 2/3 din pacienfi prezinfd simptome psihotice Tn cursul unui episod afectiv. \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 Netratae, faza maniacald poate avea o duratd de pana la 3 luni. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9720\paperh13500{\bkmkstart Pg211}{\bkmkend Pg211}\par\pard\li1516\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1516\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1516\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1516\sb71\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx5265 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 20^\tab \dn3 \expndtw0\charscalex118 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 Psihopatologie si psihiafrie pentru psiholo\ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 91\par\pard\li1694\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1694\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1694\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1694\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1694\sb1\sl-207\slmult0\fi1737 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Comporafi� tnre eiteiib DSM l� $i ICD 10\par\pard\li1694\sb82\sl- 230\slmult0\fi2323\tx6777\tx7891 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 Simptome\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 DSM-IV\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 ICD- 10\par\pard\li1694\sb14\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx2169 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 1A\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul Dispozifie euforica\par\pard\ql \li2164\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Dispozitie iritabila \par\pard\ql \li2164\sb13\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul Supraestimare si idei de grandoare \par\pard\ql \li2164\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Nevoie scazuta de somn \par\pard\ql \li2160\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul Logoree \par\pard\ql \li2164\sb1\sl-198\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Fuga de idei \par\pard\ql \li2160\sb35\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Distractibilitate \par\pard\qj \li1675\ri3525\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 7A\ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul Cresterea activitatilor sociale sau a contactelor \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 7B\ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul Agitatie psiho- motorie \par\pard\ql \li2150\sb1\sl-199\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Comportament de rise \par\pard\li1675\sb22\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx2155 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 9\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 Cresterea comportamentului sexual\par\pard\li1675\sb134\sl- 207\slmult0\fi100\tx4372 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 + indicd exisfenfa simptomulul\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 (dupd Per Been, 2000)\par\pard\li1675\sb192\sl-207\slmult0\fi100 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 EPISGDUL DEPRESIV\par\pard\ql \li3883\sb206\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 Simptomele fazei depresive \par\pard\qj \li1622\ri2831\sb79\sl-200\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul sentimente de inutilitate, de lipsa de speranfa, de neajutorare \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 indiferenfa fafa de orice \par\pard\ql \li1617\sb15\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 sentimentui de vina nejustificata \par\pard\ql \li1617\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 tristefe prelungita. accese inexplicabile de plans, irascibilitate sau iritabilitate \par\pard\li1622\sb15\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx8308 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 activitafile agreabile, contactele sociale, munca sau sexul care alta data Ti faceau\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 pla-\par\pard\li1622\sb9\sl-207\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 cere, nu-i mai trezesc interesul\par\pard\qj \li1617\ri3135\sb1\sl-200\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul imposibilitatea de a se concentra sau de a-si aminti detalii \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 ganduri de moarte, Tncercari de suicid \par\pard\ql \li1612\ri4697\sb12\sl-210\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 pierderea apetitului sau apetit exagerat \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 fatigabiiitate persistenta, letargie \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 insomnie sau nevoie crescuta de somn \par\pard\qj \li1608\ri995\sb2\sl-220\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 dureri, constipafie sau alte afecfiuni somatice carora nu Ii se poate determina o cau� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 za obiectiva \par\pard\ql \li1468\ri853\sb100\sl-220\slmult0\fi283\tx1766 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Diognosticul episodului depresiv major se poate face dacd existd urnatoarele simp� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 tome, avdnd o intensitafe clinicd particulard, dupd cum urmeazd: \line \tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 1 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 ) Dispozifie depresivd cea mai more porte o zilei, aproope Tn fiecore zi, indicotd fie \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 prin reloare subiectivd, ori prin observafie fdcutd de alfii. \par\pard\qj \li1463\ri872\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Notd: La copii si adolescenfi, dispozifia poate fi iritabila, si la adult accese inexpli� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 cabile de plans, irascibiliate sau iritabilitate. \par\pard\qj \li1454\ri867\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Diminuarea marcatd a inferesului sau pldcerii pentru toate sau aproope toate activi� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 tdfile; simptomele persistd mai mult de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 2 luni, sunt prezente Tn cea mai mare parte a \par\pard\qj \li1454\ri868\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 zilei, aproape Tn fiecare zi (dupd cum este indicat, fie prin relafarea subiectului, fie prin \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 observatii fdcute de alfii); \par\pard\qj \li1449\ri872\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi287 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 2) Pierderea inferesului (mai pufin consideae de clasici) eel mai important, frecvent, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 este constant. Nu mai are interes: \par\pard\ql \li1732\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 - pentru studiu, cunoasfere, informare, calatorii; \par\pard\ql \li1732\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 - sub toate aspectele existenfei; \par\pard\ql \li1737\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 - esfefic, erotic. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9720\paperh13500{\bkmkstart Pg212}{\bkmkend Pg212}\par\pard\li1094\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1094\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1094\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1094\sb123\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx8107 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Realitatea bolii psihice. Cadru clinic si infervenfie psihologica\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 205\par\pard\li1368\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1368\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1368\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1368\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1368\sb7\sl- 207\slmult0\fi4\tx4425 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 2") Pierderea pldcerii - corelate cu\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 1\par\pard\li1368\sb23\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Nu mai are pldcere:\par\pard\ql \li1368\sb5\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 - de a aprecia din punct de vedere gustafiv - alimente, bSuturi, \par\pard\ql \li1368\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 - pentru activiatea sexuald, \par\pard\ql \li1368\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 - de a cdldfori, de a cunoaste, nu Tl mai bucurd nimic, \par\pard\ql \li1368\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 - este Indiferent fafd de orice, \par\pard\ql \li1363\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 - hobby-urile anterioare nu Ti mai fac pldcere, nu Ti mai trezesc interesul. \par\pard\qj \li1075\ri1197\sb11\sl-210\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 3) Inapetenfd corelatd cu pierderea pldcerii, pierdere semnificativa Tn greutate, desi \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 nu fine dietd, ori cdstig ponderal (pot exista si situafii atipice cu apetit exagerat si cres� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 tere ponderald). \par\pard\qj \li1070\ri1199\sb2\sl-220\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 4) Insomnie sau hipersomnie aproape Tn fiecare zi; superficializorea somnului (pa� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 cienfii depresivi au un somn redus si superficial, iar aceastd superficialifate le confers \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 impresia cd nu au dormit). \par\pard\qj \li1060\ri1203\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 5) Lentoare psihomotorie (mai rar agitafie psihomotorie) = bradikinezie, seddere a \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 ritmului, amplitudinii, suplefei miscdrilor motorii, crestere a Iatenfei raspunsurilor si re-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 actiilor motorii aproape Tn fiecare zi \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 (oservabild de cdtre alfii, nu numai senzafiile su-\par\pard\ql \li1065\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 biecfive de neliniste sau de lentoare). \par\pard\ql \li1343\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 6) Fatigabiiiate sau lipsa de energie aproape Tn fiecare zi. \par\pard\qj \li1051\ri1198\sb3\sl- 220\slmult0\fi287 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 7) Bradipsihie - scdderea ritmului si fluxului ideativ, scdderea forfei de reprezenare \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 si a capacitdfilor Imaginative - diminuarea capacitafii de a se concentra, de a-si aminti \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 dealii sau indecizie aproape Tn fiecare zi \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 (fie prin relatarea subiectului, fie observatd \par\pard\ql \li1051\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 de alfii). \par\pard\ql \li1334\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 8) Scdderea elanului vital. \par\pard\qj \li1046\ri1228\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 9) Sentimente de inufilitate, incapacitate, autodepreciere cu lipsa de speranfd, trdiri \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 de neojuforare care aparfin specfrului depresiv. \par\pard\qj \li1051\ri1221\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0\fi297 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 10) idei delirante ae vinovdfie excesivd ori inadecvatd (nu numai autorepros sau cul\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 pabilifate Tn legdturd cu faptul de a fi suferind). \par\pard\li1051\sb17\sl- 207\slmult0\fi292\tx1463\tx1564 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 1\tab \up0 \expndtw- 4\charscalex100 1\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 ) Ganduri recurente de moarte (nu doar teama de moarte), ideafie suicidard\par\pard\li1051\sb9\sl-207\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 recurentd fdrd un plan anume, ori o tentativa de suicid sau elaborarea unui plan anume\par\pard\li1051\sb23\sl-207\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 pentru comiterea suicidului.\par\pard\ql \li1315\sb121\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Tulburari asociae: \par\pard\ql \li1771\sb1\sl-198\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \u8226? Anxietate \par\pard\ql \li1771\sb15\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 � Tulburari fobice \par\pard\ql \li1771\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 � Expresivitate pantomimicd caracteristicd \par\pard\ql \li1771\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 9 Somatic: constipafie, acuze somafice multiple \par\pard\ql \li1771\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \u8226? Ideafie delirantd mai ampld - de sdrdcie, de ruind, negare \par\pard\ql \li1041\sb0\sl-215\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1041\ri1228\sb32\sl- 215\slmult0\fi288\tx1324 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Simptomele determind o deteriorare semnificativa clinic cu consecinfe Tn activitatea \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 sociald, profesionald sau Tn alte domenii importante de funcfionare; \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Simpfomele nu se datoreazS efectelor fiziologice direcfe ale unei substanfe (de ex., \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 abuz de drog sau medicament) ori al unei condifii generale medicale (de ex., hipoti-\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 roidism); \par\pard\qj \li1041\ri1228\sb1\sl- 220\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 Simptomele nu sunt explicate mai bine de doliu, adicS patobgie determinatd de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 pierderea unei fiinfe iubite. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9720\paperh13500{\bkmkstart Pg213}{\bkmkend Pg213}\par\pard\li1550\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li1550\sb0\sl- 230\slmult0\par\pard\li1550\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li1550\sb59\sl- 230\slmult0\fi0\tx5265 \dn2 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 206\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Psihopatologie si psihiafrie pentru psihologi\par\pard\li2011\sb0\sl- 230\slmult0\par\pard\li2011\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li2011\sb0\sl- 230\slmult0\par\pard\li2011\sb112\sl-230\slmult0\fi1435 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 Osmparafie tnte eifeiiie DSM IV si 1CD 10\par\pard\li2011\sb68\sl-207\slmult0\fi1507\tx6969\tx7876 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Simptomele depresiei\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 DSM-IV\tab \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 ICD-10\par\pard\li2011\sb13\sl- 218\slmult0\fi0\tx7286 \dn3 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul Stare depresiva Tn majoritatea zilei, aproape Tn fiecare zi\ul0\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 +\par\pard\ql \li2016\sb32\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Interes putemic diminuat si lipsa placerii Tn toate sau \par\pard\qj \li2001\ri2965\sb3\sl- 220\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 aproape toate activitafile Tn majoritatea zilei, aproape Tn \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 fiecare zi \par\pard\qj \li2006\ri3119\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul Pierderea enerqiei sau oboseala aproape Tn fiecare zi \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Lipsa de Tncredere si autostima scazuta \par\pard\ql \li2001\sb1\sl-195\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Autorepros sau sentimente de vina inadecvata sau exce-\par\pard\ql \li1996\sb16\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul siva aproape Tn fiecare zi \par\pard\ql \li2001\sb1\sl-198\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Ganduri recurente de moarte sau suicid sau orice tip de \par\pard\ql \li1996\sb15\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul comportament suicidar \par\pard\ql \li2001\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Diminuarea capacitafii de concentrare sau indecizie \par\pard\ql \li2001\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul aproape Tn fiecare zi \par\pard\ql \li1641\ri2982\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi355 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Agitafie sau lentoare psihomotorie aproape Tn fiecare zi \dn3 \expndtw0\charscalex125 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs22 JL \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul Insomnie sau hipersomnie aproape Tn fiecare zi \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 10 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Modificari de apetit (crestere sau descrestere) corelate \par\pard\ql \li1996\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 cu modificari ale greutafii \par\pard\ql \li1795\sb113\sl-207\slmult0\tx4382 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 + indicS exisfenfa simptomuiui \tab \up0 \expndtw- 3\charscalex100 (dupd P@ \par\pard\qj \li1516\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1516\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1516\ri853\sb3\sl- 220\slmult0\fi273 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Atat recunoasterea cat si diagnosficarea depresiei presupune cunoasterea si sesizarea \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 factoriior de rise ca si cunoasterea semnelor cheie, simptomelor, a istoricului suferinfei. \par\pard\ql \li1790\sb52\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 Facioii pimai d@ ise pentru deprssie; \par\pard\qj \li1516\ri848\sb75\sl-200\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Evidenfierea unora din criterii trebuie sa afraga atenfia pracficianului pentru proba\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 bilifafea existenfei unei tulburari de dispozifie: \par\pard\ql \li2227\sb15\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \u8226? episoade anterioare de depresie \par\pard\ql \li2217\ri4361\sb3\sl- 220\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \u8226? iserie familial de boala depresivd \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 � tentative anterioare de suicid \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 e sexul feminin \par\pard\ql \li2217\sb11\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \u8226? vdrstd de debut sub 40 de ani \par\pard\ql \li2217\sb1\sl-198\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \u8226? perioada postpartum \par\pard\qj \li2212\ri5250\sb4\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \u8226? comorbidifafe medicald \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 � lipsa suportului social \par\pard\ql \li2212\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \u8226? evenimente stresante de viaa \par\pard\ql \li2212\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 � consum obisnuit de alcool, medicamente \par\pard\ql \li1771\sb73\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Smpeianfa istoicului de depresie \par\pard\ql \li1776\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Istoricul cu episoade depresive crese riscui pentru episoade depresive uiterioare; \par\pard\ql \li2208\sb1\sl-198\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \u8226? un episod - probabilitate de repetare 50% \par\pard\ql \li2203\sb15\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 e douS episoade - probabilitate de repetare 70% \par\pard\ql \li2208\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \u8226? trei episoade sau mai multe - probabilitate de repetare 90% \par\pard\ql \li1483\ri872\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi283\tx1771 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Istoricul familial la rudele de gradul I creste probabilitatea de dezvoltare a depresiei. \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Exists o vulnerabilitafe geneticd crescutd pentru tulburarile ofecfive bipolore. Rudele \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 de grdul I ai bipolarilor au rise crecut de a face episoade depresive majore sau tulbu� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 rare bipolard (1 2%). \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9720\paperh13500{\bkmkstart Pg214}{\bkmkend Pg214}\par\pard\li1132\sb0\sl-184\slmult0\par\pard\li1132\sb0\sl- 184\slmult0\par\pard\li1132\sb0\sl-184\slmult0\par\pard\li1132\sb154\sl- 184\slmult0\fi0\tx8164 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 Realitatea bolii psihice. Cadru clinic si infervenfie psihologica\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 207\par\pard\qj \li1123\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1123\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1123\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1123\ri1130\sb188\sl-220\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Pentru cei cu episoade depresive majore recurenfe, factorii genetici joacd, de ase� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 menea, un rol important. \par\pard\qj \li1113\ri1136\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 La cei care nu au episoade depresive cu caracter clar recurenf, rolul facforilor ge� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 netici nu este clar. \par\pard\ql \li1104\ri1126\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0\fi283\tx1391 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Tofusi, se stie cd pacienfii care dezvolta tulburari depresive majore sub 20 de ani au \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 o mai mare morbiditate familiala pentru depresie (Goodwin $i Jamsison, 1990). \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Istoricul de tentative suicidare - trebuie sd atragd Tn mod deosebit atenfia asupra tul� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 burarilor depresive deoarece tentativeie de suiciasunt frecvent osociate tulburarilor de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 dispozifie. In plus, un istoric de ideafie suicidard si/sau tentative cresfe riscui pocienfilor \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 pentru depresii si tenative uiterioare. \par\pard\ql \li1391\sb131\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Diagnostic pozifiv de depresie \par\pard\qj \li1113\ri1136\sb19\sl-200\slmult0\fi278 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Semnele si simptomele se pot deduce din interviu sau din informafii obfinufe de la \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 aparfindtori si prieteni. \par\pard\ql \li1391\sb35\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Diagnostics se pune pe baza elementelor pozitive si nu prin excludere. \par\pard\ql \li1099\ri1146\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi292\tx1382 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Evenimenfe stresante de viofd pot preceda insfalarea unui episod major depresiv. \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Aceasta nu Tnseamnd sd se foloseascd aceste evenimente pentru a explica episodul \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 depresiv major. \par\pard\ql \li1382\sb3\sl-221\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 Inferviu! clinic ese cea moi eiciefQ meae d� diagnostic. \par\pard\qj \li1099\ri1150\sb0\sl-226\slmult0\fi278 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Acesa trebuie so evidenfieze semnele clinice ale depresiei ca si caracteristicile evo� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 lutive. In mod similar se identified simpfomele si caracteristicile evolutive pentru stabi� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 lirea diagnosticelor de tulburare bipolard, distimie, si alte tipuri de tulburari de dis� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 pozifie. \par\pard\ql \li1377\sb1\sl-164\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Se pun Tntrebdri specifice pentru investigareo simptomelor clinice. \par\pard\qj \li1099\ri1160\sb0\sl-240\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Primele elemente cdutate sunt: dispozifie depresivd, pesimism sau pierderea pldcerii \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 si inferesului. \par\pard\qj \li1094\ri1150\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 In momentul suspiciondrii unei sari depresive, medicul va trebuie sa efectueze o \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 examinare psihiafricd care sS aibd ca principale obiective: \par\pard\ql \li1819\sb1\sl- 184\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 � evidenfierea ideafiei/intenfiilor suicidare \par\pard\ql \li1819\sb17\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 � dacS pacientul este orientat, vigil, cooperant si comunicativ \par\pard\ql \li1823\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 - dacd manifesto un nivel normal de activitate motorie \par\pard\ql \li1814\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \u8226? dacd sunt prezente tulburari psihotice \par\pard\ql \li1084\ri1156\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi287\tx1363\tx1368 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Unii pacienfi neagd tulburarile de dispozifie, dar se pot evidenfia simptome soma� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 fice semnificative: insomnii, modificari ale apetitului alimentar, modificari Tn greutate). \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Medicul trebuie sd insisteTn aceste cazuri asupra dispozifie! si infereselor bolnavului. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Acestio se pot plange initial de insomnii, scdderea apefifului, a energiei, a capacifdfii de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 concentrore, seddereo libidouiui sou ocuzd dureri intermitente sou onxietate. Intr-o ose-\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 meneo sifuafie practicianul trebuie sd fie sensibilizat asupra diagnosticului de depresie. \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Dacd simptomele sunt prezente, este imporant sd se stabileascd cum s-au instalat \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 ele Tn timp: \par\pard\ql \li1809\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \u8226? de cat timp este depresiv \par\pard\ql \li1804\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \u8226? au moi existot episoode onterioore \par\pard\ql \li1809\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 � cot de bund a fost remisiunea Tntre episoade \par\pard\ql \li1804\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \u8226? cat de severe sunt actuable simptome \par\pard\qj \li1075\ri1183\sb11\sl-210\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Cu cat depresia este mai severd, cu ideafie suicidard, cu multiple simptome neuro\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 vegetative si importanta dezorganizoreTn funcfionare, cu otdt se impune intervenfia me\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 dicamentoasd. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9720\paperh13500{\bkmkstart Pg215} {\bkmkend Pg215}\par\pard\li1526\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1526\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1526\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1526\sb114\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx5280 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 208\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 Psihopatologie si psihiafrie pentru psihologi\par\pard\ql \li1795\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1795\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1795\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1795\sb205\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Concomiant va trebui sd se stobileascd: \par\pard\qj \li1511\ri801\sb23\sl-220\slmult0\fi297 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex125 _ dacd mai exisa o altd boals somaticS asociae si daca aceasta poate fi cauza \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 depresiei \par\pard\ql \li1800\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 � dacS exists consum de alcool sau alte droguri \par\pard\ql \li1800\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 � dacS exists o alts tulbuare psihica diferie, asociatd sau cauzaid \par\pard\ql \li1785\sb126\sl-216\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 EPISOADE MD0_ \par\pard\qj \li1492\ri814\sb121\sl-220\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 In evolufia bolii pot exista si episoade Tn care se amestecd simptomele de tip mani� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 acal cu cele de tip depresiv. Este caracteristicd schimbarea rapidd a dispozitiei, astfel \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 meat Tn cursul aceleiasi zile se pot Tntalni ambele stdri. Criteriile DSM IV pentru episo\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 dul mixt sunt urnatoarele: \par\pard\qj \li1497\ri810\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\fi273 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 A. Sunt satisfdeute criteriile, atat pentru episodul maniacal, cat si pentru episodul \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 depresiv mojor (cu excepfio durafei) aproape Tn fiecare zi, Tn cursul unei perioade de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 eel pufin o sdptdmana. \par\pard\qj \li1492\ri821\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 B. Perturbarea afectiva este suficientde severd pentru a cauza o deteriorare semni� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 ficativa Tn funcfionarea profesionald sau Tn activitdfile sociale uzuale ori Tn relafiile cu \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 alfii, sau pentru a necesita spitalizare \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 (spre a preveni vdtdmarea sa sau a alora sau \par\pard\ql \li1492\sb2\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 cdnd existd elemente psihotice). \par\pard\qj \li1492\ri820\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\fi273 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 C. Simptomele nu se datoreazd efectelor fiziologice directe ale unei substanfe (de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 ex. abuz de drog, de medicament sau un tratament) ori ale unei condifii medicale gene\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 rale (de ex., hipertiroidismul). \par\pard\ql \li1761\sb104\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 Epidasnieegie., date de evolufie #i pognostic \par\pard\qj \li1468\ri829\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi297 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Boala bipolard apare la aproximativ 1% din populafie. Dacd Ti includem si pe indi� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 vizii cu hipomanie si cicbtimie, procentul persoanelor care vor avea boala va fi de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 douS ori mai mare. \par\pard\ql \li1756\sb10\sl-207\slmult0\tx6302\tx6398 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Perioada de rise pentru debutul bolii se Tntinde de la \tab \up0 \expndtw- 2\charscalex100 1 \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 5 la 60 de ani, dor eel moi \par\pard\qj \li1463\ri837\sb0\sl-226\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 frecvent boala debuteazS Tntre 25 si 30 de ani. Varsta de debut este mai mica decdt la \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 tuiburarea depresivd unipolard (numai cu episoade depresive) core opore moi frecvent \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 Tntre 35 si 45 de oni. Boole bipolord apare Tn mod egal la femei si barbafi (M:F = 1:1), Tn \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 timp ce Tn tuiburarea depresivd unipolard, raporful este Tn favoarea femeilor (M:F = 1:2). \par\pard\qj \li1454\ri844\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Episoadele depresive si maniacale din PMD sunt de obicei separate de perioade de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 normalitate, iar episoadele revin stabiiind un ciclu de evolufie diferit de la caz la caz. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex124 Daca nu sunt tratate, duraa de normaliate dintre episoade descreste progresiv iar \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 duafa episoadelor creste. \par\pard\qj \li1459\ri852\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi278 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 Un subgrup mic de pacienfi cu tulburare bipolarS manifests modele ciclice de la \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 patru episoade pe an pana la episoade care se succed la fiecare 24 de ore. Exists o \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 corelafie directe Tntre duroto ciclurilor si severitoteo bolii. \par\pard\ql \li1444\ri858\sb13\sl-225\slmult0\fi278\tx1732\tx1718 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Administroreo cronicd a unor medicamente poate precipita un episod depresiv major. \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Boala afectivd bipolard, asa cum stim din descrierea lui Kraepdin constd Tn aparifia \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 atat a unor episoade expansive, cot si a unor episoade depresive. \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Au fost descrise o serie de particularifdti ale pacienfilor cu tulburari bipolare si ale \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 celor cu tulburari unipolare. \par\pard\ql \li1723\sb10\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Argumente pentru poentate: \par\pard\qj \li1449\ri872\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi263 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 - boala bipolard are un debut mai brusc, mai precoce, Tn timp ce boala unipolard \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 ore un debut moi tordiv; boala bipolard are o remisiune mai bund decat cea unipolard. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9720\paperh13500{\bkmkstart Pg216}{\bkmkend Pg216}\par\pard\li1113\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1113\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1113\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1113\sb71\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx8073 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 Realitatea bolii psihice. Cadru clinic si infervenfie psihologica\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 209\par\pard\qj \li1094\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1094\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1094\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1094\ri1227\sb159\sl- 220\slmult0\fi278 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 - boala bipolarS are o TncSrcdturd geneticd mai puternicd decat boala unipolard; \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Tn antecedenteie heredo-colaterab (AHC) exista frecvenfe cazuri de boals afectivS si \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 alcoolism, psihopafi; \par\pard\qj \li1094\ri1231\sb0\sl-226\slmult0\fi273 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 - sub ospectul personalitdfii premorbide, bipolarii sunt mai extraverfi, mai deschisi, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 mai comunicativi, cu mai multd inifiativS, mai TnfreprinzStori, picnici, oameni ai fapte\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 lor, ai actiunilor; unipolarii sunt mai introverti, mai Tnchisi, mai rezervati, mai pufin im� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 plicafi, cu slabs inifiativS, sunt oameni ai ideilor, ai problemelor). \par\pard\qj \li1084\ri1216\sb1\sl-213\slmult0\fi278 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 - din punct de vedere terapeutic, bipolarii beneficiazd de tratament cu sSruri de litiu \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 (aceste substanfe ar exercita o acfiune profilacticd. Nu e vorba de profilaxie totdeauna, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 dar numeroase observafii atesta faptul cd episoadele afective care survin sub tratament \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 de Tntrefinere cu litiu sunt mult moi rare si ae o amplitudine mult mai redusa). \par\pard\ql \li1353\sb12\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 - virajui maniacal la antidepresive triciclice\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols3\colno1\colw3320\colsr160\colno2\colw30 17\colsr160\colno3\colw2933\colsr160\ql \li2073\sb0\sl-161\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2073\sb0\sl-161\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2073\sb0\sl-161\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2073\sb159\sl-161\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs14 EP SOD ACUT\par\pard\column \ql \li2111\sb0\sl- 161\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2111\sb0\sl-161\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2111\sb0\sl- 161\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li20\sb53\sl-161\slmult0\tx1522 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Depresie u�oara\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Hipomanie\par\pard\ql \li20\ri451\sb28\sl-206\slmult0\tx1517\tx1510 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Depresie majora\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 Manie \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Depresie psihotica \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Manie psihotica\par\pard\column \qj \li2111\sb0\sl- 167\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li2111\sb0\sl-167\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li2111\sb0\sl- 167\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li2111\sb0\sl-167\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li20\ri2329\sb13\sl-167\slmult0\tx122 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 EPISOD \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 M1XT\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw5273\colsr160\colno2\colw4147\col sr160\ql \li3936\sb0\sl-414\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex97 \ul0\nosupersub\cf27\f28\fs46 I\par\pard\column \ql \li20\sb0\sl-414\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex97 I\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw3310\colsr160\colno2\colw6110\colsr1 60\qj \li2111\ri235\sb43\sl-168\slmult0\fi67 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs14 EPISOADE \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 RECURENTE\par\pard\qj \li2198\sb0\sl-163\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li2198\sb0\sl- 163\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li2198\ri336\sb116\sl-163\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 EVOLUTlE \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 CRONICA\par\pard\column \ql \li25\sb0\sl-126\slmult0\tx1522 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Recurent major\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 Bipolar tip I\par\pard\ql \li25\sb4\sl-161\slmult0\tx1522 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 Recurent scut\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 Bipolar tip II\par\pard\ql \li20\sb31\sl- 161\slmult0\tx1522 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Sezonier\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 Cu cicluri rapide\par\pard\ql \li3470\sb0\sl-161\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li20\sb72\sl-161\slmult0\tx1518 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Depresie cronica\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Depresie majora cronica\par\pard\qj \li20\ri3472\sb0\sl-197\slmult0\tx1508\tx1511 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 majora\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 tn boala bipolara \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 Distimie \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 Ciclotimie \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \ql \li2894\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2894\sb127\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Posibiliati de evolufie Tn tulburarile afective \par\pard\ql \li3883\sb6\sl-216\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 dupd Bedb f, \par\pard\ql \li2308\sb113\sl- 230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 psinosoaaie cue \par\pard\qj \li1046\ri1246\sb3\sl-215\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Asemeni aler afecfiuni severe, PMD poate determina autosubestimare, alterarea \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 relatiilor cu cei din jur, Tn special cu sotul sau familie. In obsenfo tafamentului boala are \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 un prognostic grav, putand duce la dezintegrare socials si profesionab, chiar suicid. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Tofusi, pacienfii cu PMD pot beneficia de psihoterapie. Pacientul si medicul conlucreazS \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 pentru restabilirea relafiilor sociale, a stSrii de sSnState, a imaginii proprii, \par\pard\qj \li1051\ri1264\sb0\sl- 240\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 De cele mai multe ori este nevoie de sprijinul psihiatrului pentru colaborarea pacien� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 tului la traamenf. \par\pard\qj \li1055\ri1262\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\fi273 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Aceasa boals poate afecta Tn mod serios relafiile de familie. Membrii de familie tre� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 buie sS Tnvefe sa imite stategic psihiatrului si sd fie o parte activd Tn echipa de tratare \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 a bolnavului. \par\pard\ql \li1435\sb63\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Comorbiditafe \par\pard\qj \li1046\ri1281\sb3\sl- 220\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Existd o suprapunere considerabild cu simptomatobgia tulburarilor anxioose. Simpto� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 mele care carocferizeozd anxietatea pot precede depresia, se pot manifesto Tn timpul \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 episodului depresiv sau pot continua un episod depresiv. \par\pard\qj \li1046\ri1271\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Existd un rise crescut pentru consum abuziv de alcool sc;u medicamente; de multe ori \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 pacientul Tncearcd sd-si amelioreze starea Tn acest mod, stiur fiind faptul cd alcoolul ore \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 si un efect onxiolitic. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9720\paperh13500{\bkmkstart Pg217}{\bkmkend Pg217}\par\pard\li1545\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li1545\sb0\sl- 230\slmult0\par\pard\li1545\sb213\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx5251 \dn2 \expndtw- 7\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 210\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Psihopatologie si psihiafrie pentru psihologi\par\pard\qj \li1540\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1540\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1540\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1540\ri858\sb135\sl-220\slmult0\fi278 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 O serie de boli somafice de tipul afecfiuni lor cerebale, cordiovascubre, endocrine \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 apar cu o frecvena crescutS la persoanele cu tulburare afectivS. Simptomatologia de\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 presivS are un impact negativ asupra evolufiei acestor afecfiuni. Pe de ale parte, un \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 episod depresiv poate fi precipitat de complicafii somafice. \par\pard\ql \li1929\sb131\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 Factoi stiopaogsnici implicfi tn epaifja tulbuarii \par\pard\qj \li1536\ri867\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \u8226? Studiile recente asupra originii bolii bipolare au fost canalizate cdtre cercetarea \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 geneticd. \par\pard\qj \li1526\ri871\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \u8226? Rudele apropiote ole pacienfilor sunt de 10-20 de ori mai suscepfibile de a dez� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 vola o depresie sau PMD. \par\pard\ql \li1819\sb1\sl- 199\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \u8226? De fapf, 80-90% din pocienfii cu PMD eu rude opropiate care suferd de depresie. \par\pard\qj \li1814\ri1708\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 0 Daca un pdrinte are PMD, copilul are 12-15% rise de o dezvola PMD. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 � Dacd ambii pdrinfi suferd de PMD, riscurile copilului cresc la 25%. \par\pard\ql \li1819\sb1\sl- 200\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \u8226? Alte studii sugereazd cd factorii de mediu sunt implicafi Tn dezvoifarea bolii. \par\pard\ql \li1814\sb15\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 � Studiile psihanalitice aratd cd si relafiile de familie Tncordate pot agrava PMD. \par\pard\ql \li1814\sb13\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 � Alte studii sugereazd cd dezechilibrul controlului endocrin contribuie la aparifia \par\pard\ql \li1536\sb6\sl-216\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 bolii. \par\pard\ql \li1920\sb113\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 Irwesticjajii psihobgice speciice \par\pard\ql \li1915\sb90\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 Scala Hamilton de evaluare a depresiibr \par\pard\qj \li1531\ri876\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0\fi264 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Aceastd scald a fost ebborafd la Tnceputul anibr 1 960 pentru a monitorizo severita-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 tea depresiibr majore, concentrdndu-se Tn mod special asupra simptomatologiei so� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 mafice. Exisfa variante cu 17 si 21 de itemi, si alte variante cu un numar diferit de itemi. \par\pard\qj \li1531\ri868\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi278 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Itemii scalei Hamilton de depresie sunt cotafi de la 0 la 2 sau de la 0 la 4, pentru \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 scala Hamilon cu \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 1 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 7 itemi totalul scorului variazd de la 0 la 50. Scoruri de 7 si mai \par\pard\ql \li1526\sb1\sl- 194\slmult0\tx8222\tx8323 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 pufin sunt considerafi normali; 8-13 depresie usoard, 14-18 depresie moderae, \tab \up0 \expndtw- 2\charscalex100 1 \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 9-22 \par\pard\ql \li1521\sb16\sl-207\slmult0\tx3105 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 depresie severd si \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 23 si peste depresie foarte severd. Cotarea scalei se face pe baza \par\pard\ql \li1531\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 interviului cu pacientul si e observafiibr. \par\pard\qj \li1521\ri876\sb19\sl-200\slmult0\fi273 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Scala a fost intens fobsitd pentru a evalua modificdrile apdrute ca rdspuns la trata� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 mentul psihofarmacobgic. \par\pard\qj \li1521\ri878\sb4\sl- 220\slmult0\fi268 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Nota: Toate rubricile trebuie completate; Tncercuifi sau marcafi cu o cruce numdrul \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 corespunzdtor dacd este cazul. \par\pard\li1665\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1665\sb136\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx3739 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 1. Stare deprimata\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 0. Absente.\par\pard\li1665\sb8\sl- 207\slmult0\fi105\tx3758\tx3940 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 (melancolie, disperare\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 1\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Aceste sentimente nu sunt exprimate decat ca urmare a\par\pard\li1665\sb10\sl- 207\slmult0\fi105\tx3921 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 izolare, inutilitate,\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 interogatoriului.\par\pard\li1665\sb9\sl- 207\slmult0\fi96\tx3734 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 tristefe)\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 2. Aceste sentimente sunt raportate verbal Tn mod spontan.\par\pard\ql \li3743\ri1066\sb3\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 3. Aceste sentimente nu sunt raportate verbal, ele apar Tn \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 fizionomia, atitudinea, vocea si tendinfa la plans. \par\pard\ql \li3729\ri969\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\tx3969 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 4. Bolnavul nu vorbeste practic decat despre sentimentele \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 sale Tn declarable si atitudinile sale. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9720\paperh13500{\bkmkstart Pg218}{\bkmkend Pg218}\par\pard\li1200\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1200\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1200\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1200\sb8\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx8155 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Realitatea bolii psihice. Cadru clinic si infervenfie psihologica\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 211\par\pard\li1324\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1324\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1324\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1324\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1324\sb74\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx3432 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 2. Sentimentul de\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 0. Absent.\par\pard\li1324\sb14\sl-207\slmult0\fi182\tx3446 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 culpabiliete\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 1. Autocritica, are impresia de a fi abandonat de ceilalfi.\par\pard\ql \li3432\ri1238\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\tx3643 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 2. Ideea de culpabiliete sau ruminafia traumelor trecute sau \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 a actelor de vinovafie. \par\pard\ql \li3427\sb3\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 3. Boala actuala este o pedeapsa; idei delirane de vinovafie. \par\pard\ql \li3422\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 4. Bolnavul aude voci care Tl acuza sau denunfa, are halu-\par\pard\ql \li3638\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul cinafii vizuale amenintatoare.\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw3328\colsr60\colno2\col w6192\colsr160\ql \li1329\sb29\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 3. Suicidul\par\pard\qj \li1310\sb0\sl-225\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li1310\sb0\sl-225\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li1310\sb0\sl-225\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li1310\ri379\sb198\sl-225\slmult0\tx1536 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 4. Insomnia de la \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 Tnceputul nopfii\par\pard\qj \li1310\sb0\sl-215\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li1310\sb0\sl- 215\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li1310\ri426\sb2\sl-215\slmult0\tx1540 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 5. Insomnia de la \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 mijlocul nopfii.\par\pard\qj \li1315\sb0\sl-225\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li1315\ri431\sb209\sl-225\slmult0\tx1478 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 6. Insomnia de la \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 sfarsitul nopfii.\par\pard\ql \li1300\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1300\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1300\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1300\sb47\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 7. Munca si alte activitafi\par\pard\qj \li1449\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li1449\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li1449\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li1449\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li1449\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li1449\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li1449\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li1449\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li1449\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li1449\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li1449\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li1449\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li1449\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li1449\ri0\sb197\sl-220\slmult0\fi62 \up0 \expndtw- 2\charscalex100 Inhibifia \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 (Tncetinirea \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 ideafiei si a vorbirii, \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 dificultafi de concen-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 trare, scaderea activi� \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 tafii motorii)\par\pard\column \ql \li59\sb19\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 0. Absent.\par\pard\ql \li68\sb14\sl-207\slmult0\tx285 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex89 1.\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Impresia ca viafa nu merita de a fi traita.\par\pard\ql \li54\sb9\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 2. Bolnavul ar vrea sa fie mort sau gandeste ca ar putea muri.\par\pard\ql \li59\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 3. Ideea sau gestul de sinucidere.\par\pard\ql \li49\sb19\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 4. Tentativa de sinucidere.\par\pard\ql \li54\sb14\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 0. Nu exista dificultate de a adormi.\par\pard\qj \li68\ri1921\sb16\sl- 211\slmult0\tx280 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 1. Bolnavul se plange ca are dificultafi la adormire \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 (peste Va ora).\par\pard\ql \li44\sb9\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul 2.\ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul Bolnavul se plange ca are mari dificultafi de a adormi.\par\pard\ql \li49\sb9\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 0. Nu exista dificuitate de a adormi.\par\pard\qj \li64\ri1204\sb3\sl-215\slmult0\tx270 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 1. Bolnavul se plange ca uneori somnul este agitat si per-\line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 turbat toata noaptea.\par\pard\ql \li44\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul 2.\ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul Bolnavul se trezeste Tn cursul noptii.\par\pard\ql \li49\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 0. Absenta.\par\pard\qj \li49\ri1201\sb9\sl-220\slmult0\tx261 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 1. Bolnavul se trezeste foarte devreme dimineafa, dar poate \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 sa readoarma.\par\pard\ql \li39\sb7\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 2. Bolnavul este foarte incapabil sa readorma si se scoala\par\pard\ql \li255\sb13\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul din pat.\par\pard\ql \li39\sb10\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 0. Fara dificultate.\par\pard\qj \li49\ri1211\sb7\sl- 215\slmult0\tx261 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 1. Impresia de incapacitate, de oboseala sau slabiciune Tn \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 activitate, munca sau hobby-uri.\par\pard\qj \li30\ri1208\sb6\sl-215\slmult0\tx261 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 2. Lipsa de interes pentru activitate: hobby-uri sau munca, \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 relatate fie direct de catre bolnav, fie indirect din decizii-\par\pard\qj \li251\ri1210\sb15\sl-211\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 le, ezitarile sale \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 (are impresia ca trebuie sa se forfeze \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 pentru a lucra, acfiona).\par\pard\qj \li35\ri1203\sb7\sl-215\slmult0\tx261 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 3. Reducerea timpului consacrat activitafii sau scaderea \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 productivitafii Tn afara serviciului sau normal (Tn spital no-\par\pard\qj \li236\ri1213\sb2\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 tafi cu 3 daca bolnavul nu aloca minim 3 ore/zi unei anu� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 mite activitafi - hobby-uri, munca).\par\pard\ql \li25\sb12\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 4. Intreruperea muncii datorae bolii actuale \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 (Tn spital ale-\par\pard\ql \li241\sb14\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 gefi aceasta rubrica daca bolnavul nu are nici o activitate\par\pard\ql \li236\sb9\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Tn afara serviciului sau regulat sau nu este Tn stare sa\par\pard\ql \li236\sb14\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul faca singur ceva).\par\pard\ql \li30\sb9\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 0. Vorbire si ideafie normale.\par\pard\ql \li39\sb9\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 1. Usoara inhibifie Tn cursul dialogului.\par\pard\ql \li20\sb9\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 2. Neta inhibifie Tn cursul dialogului.\par\pard\ql \li25\sb23\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 3. Dialog dificil.\par\pard\ql \li20\sb9\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 4. Stupor complet. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9720\paperh13500{\bkmkstart Pg219}{\bkmkend Pg219}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw3487\colsr40\colno2\colw6053\co lsr160\ql \li1368\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1368\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1368\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1368\sb85\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 212\par\pard\ql \li1502\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1502\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1502\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1502\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1502\sb64\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 9. Agitafie\par\pard\ql \li1516\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1516\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1516\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1516\sb41\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 10. Anxietate psihica\par\pard\ql \li1497\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1497\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1497\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1497\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1497\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1497\sb68\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 11. Anxietate somatica\par\pard\qj \li1483\sb0\sl- 225\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li1483\sb0\sl-225\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li1483\sb0\sl- 225\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li1483\sb0\sl-225\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li1483\sb0\sl- 225\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li1483\sb0\sl-225\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li1483\sb0\sl- 225\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li1483\sb0\sl-225\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li1483\sb0\sl- 225\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li1483\sb0\sl-225\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li1483\ri0\sb155\sl-225\slmult0\tx1804 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 12. Simptome somatice \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 gastro-intestinale\par\pard\qj \li1459\sb0\sl-215\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li1459\sb0\sl-215\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li1459\sb0\sl-215\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li1459\sb0\sl-215\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li1459\sb0\sl-215\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li1468\ri0\sb10\sl-215\slmult0\tx1790 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 13. Simpome somatice \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 generale\par\pard\ql \li1459\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1459\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1459\sb36\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 14. Simptome genitale\par\pard\ql \li1444\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1444\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1444\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1444\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1444\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1444\sb78\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 15. Hipocondria\par\pard\column \ql \li5112\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li5112\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li5112\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1605\sb168\sl-184\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 Psihopatologie si psihiafrie pentru psihologi\par\pard\ql \li3604\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3604\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3604\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3604\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li97\sb78\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 0. Absenta.\par\pard\ql \li116\sb14\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 1. Bolnavul se "joaca" cu parul, cu mainile, etc.\par\pard\ql \li93\sb0\sl-206\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 2. Bolnavul Tsi roade unghiile, se trage de par, Tsi musca\par\pard\ql \li313\sb20\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 buzele.\par\pard\ql \li93\sb9\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 0. Nici o dificultate.\par\pard\ql \li102\sb9\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 1. Tensiunea subiectului si iritabilitate.\par\pard\ql \li88\sb9\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 2. Bolnavul Tsi face griji pentru motive minore.\par\pard\ql \li88\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 3. Atitudine de frica decelabila pe fizionomie sau din expre�\par\pard\ql \li299\sb14\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 sia verbala.\par\pard\ql \li83\sb5\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul 4.\ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul Frica este exprimata fara interogatoriu.\par\pard\ql \li83\sb18\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 0. Absenta.\par\pard\ql \li93\sb4\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 1. Usoara,\par\pard\ql \li78\sb14\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 2. Moderae.\par\pard\ql \li78\sb9\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 3. Several.\par\pard\ql \li73\ri3328\sb13\sl-215\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 4. Impiedica orice activitate. \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Proiecfii somatice ale anxietafii:\par\pard\qj \li73\ri1034\sb10\sl-211\slmult0\tx198 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 - tulburari gastro-intestlnale \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 (uscaciunea gurii, meteorism, \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 tulburari digestive, diaree, colici, aerofagie)\par\pard\ql \li73\sb14\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 - tulburari cardiovascuiare (palpitafii, cefalee)\par\pard\ql \li69\sb4\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 - tulburari respiratorii \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 (hiperventilafie, suspine)\par\pard\ql \li69\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 - polakiurie (micfiuni frecvente)\par\pard\ql \li69\sb19\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul -\ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul transpirafii\par\pard\ql \li64\sb19\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 0. Absente.\par\pard\qj \li64\ri1040\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\tx280 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 1. Pierderea apetitului, dar bolnavul mananca fara Tncurajari \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 din partea personalului. Are impresia de greutate abdo-\par\pard\ql \li270\sb6\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 minala.\par\pard\ql \li54\ri1301\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0\tx280 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 2. Dificultafi Tn a manca fara intervenfia energica a \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 personalului, cere sau doreste laxative sau medicafie\par\pard\ql \li270\sb1\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul pentru simptome gastro- intestinale.\par\pard\ql \li54\sb19\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 0. Absente.\par\pard\qj \li59\ri1062\sb0\sl- 223\slmult0\tx270 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 1. Greutate Tn membrul inferior, spae, cap, dureri dorsale, \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 cefalee, dureri musculare, pierderea energiei, astenie.\par\pard\ql \li45\sb1\sl-199\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 2. o\ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul rice simpom net va fi notat cu\ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 2.\par\pard\qj \li45\ri5088\sb6\sl- 225\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 0. Absente \line \up0 \expndtw- 8\charscalex93 1. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Jsoare.\par\pard\ql \li45\sb1\sl- 203\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 2. . evere.\par\pard\ql \li40\sb19\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 3. Neconfirmate.\par\pard\qj \li35\ri1056\sb4\sl-220\slmult0\tx261 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 4. Simptome referioare la pierderea libidouiui si probleme \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex125 menstruae\par\pard\ql \li35\sb12\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 0. Absenta.\par\pard\ql \li45\sb14\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 1. Pnocupare asupra propriei persoane.\par\pard\ql \li25\sb4\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 2. Preocupare asupra sanafafii personale.\par\pard\ql \li25\sb18\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 3. Plangeri, cereri de ajuor, etc.\par\pard\ql \li20\sb9\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 4. Iluzii hipocondriace. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9720\paperh13500{\bkmkstart Pg220}{\bkmkend Pg220}\par\pard\li1151\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1151\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1151\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1151\sb109\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx8150 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Realitatea bolii psihice. Cadru clinic si infervenfie psihologica\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 213\par\pard\li1291\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1291\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1291\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1291\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1291\sb74\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx3393 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 16. Pierdere Tn greutate\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 A. Estimare dupa anamneza (Tnaintea trafamentului).\par\pard\li1291\sb4\sl-207\slmult0\fi336\tx3633 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 (a se complee\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 0. Fara pierdere Tn greutate.\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw3315\colsr40\colno2\colw6225 \colsr160\ql \li1617\sb4\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 fie A, fie B)\par\pard\ql \li1276\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1276\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1276\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1276\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1276\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1276\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1276\sb25\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 17. Autocritica\par\pard\ql \li1276\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1276\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1276\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1276\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1276\sb21\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 18. Variafie diurna\par\pard\qj \li1243\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li1243\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li1243\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li1243\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li1243\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li1262\ri15\sb147\sl-220\slmult0\tx1531 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 19. Depersonalizare si \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 derealizare\par\pard\ql \li1243\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1243\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1243\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1243\sb1\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 20. Simpome paranoide\par\pard\qj \li1243\sb0\sl-211\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li1243\sb0\sl-211\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li1243\sb0\sl-211\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li1243\ri0\sb2\sl-211\slmult0\tx1521 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 21.Simptome obsesive \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 si impulsive\par\pard\column \ql \li303\sb1\sl- 205\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 1. Pierdere Tn greutate probabil asociae cu boala actuae\par\pard\ql \li293\sb10\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 2. Pierdere Tn greutate precisa (dupa opinia bolnavului).\par\pard\ql \li68\sb1\sl- 206\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 B. La fiecare examen psihiatric saptamanal se masoara pier-\par\pard\ql \li293\sb10\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 derile Tn greutate.\par\pard\ql \li293\sb0\sl-206\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 0. Pierdere Tn greutate sub 500 g pe saptamana.\par\pard\ql \li298\sb5\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 1. Pierdere Tn greutate peste 500 g pe saptamana.\par\pard\ql \li279\sb1\sl-206\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul 2.\ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul Pierdere Tn greutate peste 1 kg pe saptamana.\par\pard\ql \li48\sb5\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 0. Bolnavul recunoase ca este deprimat si bolnav.\par\pard\ql \li63\sb4\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 1. Bolnavul Tsi recunoaste afecfiunea daro atribuie unei nu-\par\pard\qj \li269\ri1196\sb1\sl-211\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 trifii proaste, climatului, surmenajului, unui virus, nevoii \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 de repaus, etc.\par\pard\ql \li48\sb4\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul 2.\ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul Bolnavul Tsi neaga complet afecfiunea.\par\pard\ql \li48\ri5286\sb14\sl-201\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 0. Fara. \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex89 1. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Usoara.\par\pard\ql \li44\sb6\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 2. Severa.\par\pard\qj \li39\ri4758\sb0\sl-210\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Tnainte de masa. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Dupa masa.\par\pard\ql \li44\sb1\sl-199\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 Daca simptomele se agreaveaza dimineafa sau seara se\par\pard\ql \li44\sb11\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul precizeaza gi se noteaza variable de intensitate.\par\pard\ql \li39\sb4\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 0. Absente.\par\pard\ql \li53\sb9\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 1. Usoare.\par\pard\ql \li29\sb0\sl-206\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 2. Severe.\par\pard\ql \li34\sb1\sl-206\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 3. Impiedica orice activitate.\par\pard\ql \li29\sb0\sl-201\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul 4.\ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul Simptome ca sentimentul irealitafii $i \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 idei \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 de nihilism.\par\pard\ql \li34\sb16\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 0. Absente.\par\pard\ql \li44\sb1\sl-206\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 1. Suspicionate.\par\pard\ql \li29\sb9\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 2. Idei delirante de relafie.\par\pard\ql \li29\sb1\sl-206\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul 3.\ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul Iluzii de relafie si persecufie.\par\pard\qj \li29\ri5234\sb6\sl-211\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 0. Absente. \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex89 1. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Usoare.\par\pard\ql \li20\sb0\sl-206\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 2. Severe. \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \ql \li1483\sb0\sl- 230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1483\sb10\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw- 6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 Invenory! d@ d@pre�is Reek fB.D.i.J \par\pard\ql \li1416\sb109\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 /. Tristefe \par\pard\qj \li1800\ri6403\sb3\sl- 220\slmult0\fi9 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Nu md simt trist. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 Md simt trist. \par\pard\ql \li1804\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Sunt trist tot timpul si nu pot scdpa de tristefe. \par\pard\ql \li1804\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Sunt atat de trist si de nefericit Tncat nu mai pot suporfa. \par\pard\ql \li1377\sb13\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 2. Pesimism \par\pard\ql \li1800\sb13\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Viitorul md descurajeazd. \par\pard\ql \li1795\ri3897\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Md simt descurojat cand md gandesc la viifor. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Simt cd nu am ce astepfa de la viifor. \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Simt cd viiorul e fdrd speranfS. \par\pard\ql \li1377\sb3\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 3. Sentimentul esecului \par\pard\ql \li1804\sb1\sl-198\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Nu am sentimentul esecului sau al raerii. \par\pard\ql \li1800\sb15\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Simt cS am avut mai multe insuccese decat majoritatea oamenilor. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9720\paperh13500{\bkmkstart Pg221} {\bkmkend Pg221}\par\pard\li1511\sb0\sl-184\slmult0\par\pard\li1511\sb0\sl- 184\slmult0\par\pard\li1511\sb0\sl-184\slmult0\par\pard\li1511\sb0\sl- 184\slmult0\par\pard\li1511\sb114\sl-184\slmult0\fi0\tx5251 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 214\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 Psihopatologie si psihiafrie pentru psihologi\par\pard\qj \li2212\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li2212\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li2212\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li2212\ri2668\sb164\sl-220\slmult0\fi9 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 DacS mS privesc Tn oglinds, vsd o grdmadd de esecuri. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Md simt complet rataf ca persoand. \par\pard\ql \li1780\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 4. Nemulfumire \par\pard\ql \li2217\sb1\sl-198\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 Lucrurile Tmi fac aceeasi pldcere ca Tnainte. \par\pard\ql \li2208\ri2855\sb4\sl- 220\slmult0\fi9 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Nu md moi bucur de lucruri sau Tnfdmpldri ca Tnainte. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Nu mai obfin o satisfacfie reala din nimic. \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 Sunt nemultumit si totul md plictiseste. \par\pard\ql \li1780\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 5. Vinovafie \par\pard\ql \li2212\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Nu md simt Tn mod special vinovat de ceva. \par\pard\ql \li2198\sb1\sl- 198\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Md simt vinovat o bund parte a timpului. \par\pard\qj \li2198\ri3196\sb4\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Md simt vinovat Tn cea mai mare parte a timpului. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 Md simt tot timpul vinovat. \par\pard\ql \li1780\sb1\sl- 195\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 6. Sentimentul pedepsei \par\pard\ql \li2198\sb16\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Nu md simt pedepsit cu ceva. \par\pard\qj \li2188\ri3868\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 MS gondesc cS s-or puteo sS fiu pedepsit. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Astept sS fiu pedepsit. \par\pard\ql \li2203\sb1\sl- 195\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Simt cS sunt pedepsit. \par\pard\ql \li1766\sb16\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 7. Nepldcere fafd de sine \par\pard\ql \li2193\sb1\sl-198\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Nu sunt dezamSgit de mine. \par\pard\qj \li2188\ri4426\sb4\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 Ma simt dezamSgit de mine Tnsumi, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Sunt dezgusfat de mine. \par\pard\ql \li2183\sb11\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 MS urSsc. \par\pard\ql \li1766\sb1\sl- 198\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 8. Autoacuzarea \par\pard\ql \li2188\sb15\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Nu simt cS sunt mai rSu decat alfii. \par\pard\qj \li2174\ri3681\sb11\sl-210\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Ma critic pentru slsbiciunile si greselile mele. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 MS blamez tot timpul pentru greselile mele. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 MS dezaprob pentru tot ce se Tnfampls rSu. \par\pard\ql \li1771\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 9. Autoagresiune \par\pard\ql \li2183\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Nu am idei de sinucidere. \par\pard\qj \li2169\ri2601\sb19\sl-200\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Am idei de sinucidere dar nu vreau sS le pun Tn practicS. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Mi-ar plScea sS mS sinucid. \par\pard\ql \li2169\sb15\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 M-as sinucide dacS as avea ocazia. \par\pard\ql \li1780\sb6\sl-216\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 10. Plans \par\pard\ql \li2164\ri4459\sb9\sl- 210\slmult0\fi9 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Nu plang mai mult decdt de obicei. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Acum plang mai mult ca Tnainte. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 Plang tot timpul. \par\pard\ql \li2164\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Obisnuiesc sd plang, dor ocum nu moi pot nici deed os vree. \par\pard\ql \li1776\sb1\sl-198\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 11. Iritabilitate \par\pard\ql \li2169\sb15\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Nu sunt mai nervos ca Tnainte. \par\pard\qj \li2155\ri4195\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Acum md enervez mai usor ca Tnainte. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Acum sunt nervos tot timpul. \par\pard\ql \li2164\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Lucrurile care md enervau Tnainte nu md mai irie deloc. \par\pard\ql \li1766\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 12. Retragere sociala, izolare \par\pard\ql \li2160\sb1\sl-198\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Nu mi- am pierdut interesul fafd de oamenii din jur. \par\pard\ql \li2150\sb15\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Oamenii ceilalfi md intereseaza mai pufin ca Tnainte. \par\pard\qj \li2150\ri2332\sb19\sl-200\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Mi-am pierdut interesul fafd de majoritatea celorlalti oameni. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Mi-am pierdut orice interes fafd de ceilalfi oameni. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9720\paperh13500{\bkmkstart Pg222}{\bkmkend Pg222}\par\pard\li1267\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1267\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1267\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard \li1267\sb205\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx8241 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Realitatea bolii psihice. Cadru clinic si infervenfie psihologica\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 215\par\pard\ql \li1579\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1579\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1579\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1579\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1579\sb7\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 13. Nehotdrdre \par\pard\ql \li1958\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 MS decid la fel de usor ca Tnainte. \par\pard\ql \li1948\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Trebuie sS fac un efort ca sS mS decid. \par\pard\qj \li1953\ri3019\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Am dificuiefi mai mari ca Tnainte cand iou o hoerore. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Nu moi pot lua nici o decizie. \par\pard\ql \li1564\sb1\sl-199\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 14. Modificari Tn imaginea despre sine \par\pard\ql \li1958\sb15\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Cred cS nu arSt mai rSu ca Tnainte. \par\pard\ql \li1953\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Sunt supdrat cd ardt moi bdtron si neatractiv. \par\pard\qj \li1948\ri1891\sb19\sl-200\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Simt cd modificari permanente ale aspectului meu md fac neatractiv. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Cred cd sunt urot si neotrdgdtor. \par\pard\ql \li1555\sb15\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 15. Dificultdfi Tn munca \par\pard\ql \li1948\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Cred cd pot lucra tot atdf de bine ca Tnainte. \par\pard\ql \li1939\ri2894\sb31\sl- 210\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Trebuie sd fac un efort suplimenfar cdnd Tncep sd lucrez. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Md strdduiesc din greu pentru o foce cevo. \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Nu pot lucra absolut nimic. \par\pard\ql \li1550\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 16. Tulburari de somn \par\pard\ql \li1943\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Dorm tot ataf de bine ca de obicei. \par\pard\ql \li1943\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Nu mai dorm atat de bine ca de obicei. \par\pard\qj \li1929\ri1104\sb3\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 Md trezesc cu 1 -2 ore mai devreme decdt Tnainte si nu mai pot adormi decdt greu. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 Md trezesc cu cateva ore mai devreme decdt Tnainte si nu mai pot adormi. \par\pard\ql \li1540\sb11\sl-207\slmult0\tx1857 \up0 \expndtw- 5\charscalex100 17. \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Fatigabiiitate \par\pard\qj \li1924\ri4608\sb31\sl-210\slmult0\fi9 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Nu ma simt mai obosit ca de obicei. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Acum obosesc mai usor ca Tnainte. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Obosesc fdrd sd fac aproape nimic. \par\pard\ql \li1920\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Sunt prea obosit ca sd mai pot face ceva. \par\pard\ql \li1526\sb13\sl-207\slmult0\tx1828 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 18. \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Anorexia \par\pard\ql \li1521\ri3065\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi403\tx1910\tx1915\tx1924 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Pofta mea de mancare nu e mai scdzuta ca de obicei. \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Apetiful meu nu mai e asa de bun ca Tnainte. \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Apefitul meu e mult mai diminuat acum. \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Nu am deloc pofta de mancare. \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex83 1 9. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Pierdere Tn greutate \par\pard\ql \li1905\ri5304\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi14 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Nu am slsbitm ultimul timp. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Am slsbit pesfe 2 kg. \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Am slsbit peste 5 kg. \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Am slsbit peste 10 kg. \par\pard\ql \li1483\sb11\sl-207\slmult0\tx1833 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 20. \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Preocupdrile fafd de starea fizicd \par\pard\qj \li1910\ri1116\sb11\sl-210\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Nu sunt preocupat sau supdrat Tn legdfurd cu sdndtatea mea mai mult ca Tnainte. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Sunt necdjit de probleme de sdndate co: dureri, Tnfepdturi, furnicdturi, tulbu� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 rari ale somacului sau constipafie. \par\pard\qj \li1905\ri1132\sb2\sl-220\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Sunt foarte necdjit de starea mea fizicd si mi-e greu sd md gdndesc la altceva. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Sunt aat de Tngrijoraf de starea mea fizicd Tncot nu md mai pot gandi la nimic. \par\pard\ql \li1473\sb31\sl- 207\slmult0\tx1891 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 21. \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Absenfa libidouiui \par\pard\qj \li1900\ri2083\sb0\sl- 240\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Nu am observat modificari recente ale inferesului meu fafd de sex. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Sexul opus md intereseazd mai pufin ca Tnainte. \par\pard\ql \li1900\sb0\sl-162\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Sexul opus md intereseazd mult mai pufin ca Tnointe. \par\pard\ql \li1891\sb32\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Mi-em pierdut complet interesul fafd de sexul opus. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9720\paperh13640{\bkmkstart Pg223}{\bkmkend Pg223}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw5221\colsr20\colno2\colw4339\co lsr160\ql \li1483\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1483\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1483\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1483\sb181\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 216\par\pard\qj \li1756\sb0\sl-211\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li1756\sb0\sl- 211\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li1756\sb0\sl-211\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li1756\ri0\sb203\sl-211\slmult0\fi4\tx2568 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Posibilitoteo de cuantificare are ca limite: \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 0-9 \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 - Sare normols\par\pard\ql \li1776\sb14\sl- 207\slmult0\tx2567 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 10-15\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 - Depresie usoerS\par\pard\qj \li1756\ri738\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0\fi19\tx2567\tx2558 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 1 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 6-23\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 - Depresie modeate \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 24-60 \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 - Depresie severe\par\pard\column \ql \li5241\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li5241\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li5241\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li20\sb181\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 Psihopatologie si psihiafrie pentru psihologi\par\pard\ql \li1747\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1747\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1747\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1747\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li63\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 0-63. Astfel: \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li1747\sb13\sl- 207\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Shaw$i ceiab. sugereazd urnatoarele interpretdri ale scorului B.D.I. Dupd tratament:\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li1747\sb14\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx2462 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 0-9\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 - Depresie Tn remisie\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li1747\sb4\sl-207\slmult0\fi23\tx1867\tx2462 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 1\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 0-15\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 - Remisie porfiold\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li1747\sb18\sl-207\slmult0\fi23\tx1867\tx2462 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 1\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 6-63\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 - Simptome neinfluenfete de taament\par\pard\ql \li1737\sb106\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Medicajia tn boala bipolard: \par\pard\qj \li1463\ri824\sb103\sl-220\slmult0\fi273 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Trdsdturiie esenfiale ale tulburdrii afective bipolare - nafura sa recurena si ciclicS -\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 o fac sS constituie o boals dificil de tratat. Tratamentul farmacologic este complicot de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 riscui inducerii unei schimbSri Tn dispozifie: din monie Tn depresie si invers. Episoadele \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 maniacale acute severe constituie urgenfe medicale care necesitS spitalizare Tn primul \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 rand pentru siguranfa pacientului si pentru a-i facilita o remisiune rapids. \par\pard\qj \li1444\ri839\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi297 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Principala forme de tratament Tn tulburarile afective este cea psihofarmacologicS. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Tratamentul medicamentos nu trebuie temporizat Tn favoarea diferitelor forme de psi\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 hoterapie tinand seama de riscui suicidar crescut. Pentru simptomatologia depresivd se \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 foloseste medicafia antidepresivd: antidepresive triciclice, serotoninergice, IMAO (inhi\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 bitori de monoaminooxidazd), sdruri de litiu, carbamazepind si valproat.de sodiu, fera� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 pie cu elecfrosocuri Tn formele severe de depresie - stuporul depresiv). In depresiile cu \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 anxietate se poate folosi medicafia anxioliticd iar Tn formele cu simptome psihotice, neu� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 roiepficele. \par\pard\ql \li1713\sb92\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 Anfideprssrvele: \par\pard\qj \li1440\ri843\sb3\sl- 215\slmult0\fi273 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Aproximativ 80% din pacienfii suferinzi de depresie majord, boala bipolard sau alfe \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 forme de boala rdspund foarte bine la tratament. Tratamentul general include anumite \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 forme de psihoferapie si adesea medicafie care amelloreazd simptomele depresiei. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Deoarece pacienfii cu depresie prezina adeseori recdderi, psihiatrii prescriu medicafie \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 antidepresivd pe o perioada de 6 luni sau mai mult, pana cdnd simptomele dispar. \par\pard\ql \li1699\sb93\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 Tipui de antidepresive: \par\pard\qj \li1430\ri853\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 3 clase de medicamente sunt folosite ca antidepresive: antidepresivele heterociclice \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 (triciclice), agentii serotonin specific! si alfi agenfi antidepresivi. A patra clasd de medi� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 camente - sdrurile de litiu - se utilizeozd moi ales Tn boala bipolard. \par\pard\ql \li1718\sb1\sl-194\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 Benzcdiazepinele sunt folosite la pacienfii cu depresie care au si fenomene de anxietate. \par\pard\ql \li1699\sb117\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 Aiiiidsprssiyd� heieroddiea: \par\pard\qj \li1425\ri877\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi268 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Acest grup cuprindeamitriptilina, amoxapina, desipramina, doxepinul, imipramina, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 maprotilina, nortriptilina, protriptilina si trimipraminul. \par\pard\qj \li1420\ri868\sb2\sl- 217\slmult0\fi278 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Aproximativ 80% din pacienfii cu depresie rdspund pozitiv la acest tip de medicafie. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 La Tnceputul trafamentului, ontidepresivele heterociclice pot determine o serie de efecte \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 nepldcute ca: vedere Tncefosafd, constipafie, amefeald Tn ortostatism, gurd uscatd, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 retentie de urind, confuzie. Un mic procent dintre pocienfi pot ovea olte efecte secun-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 dore co de exemplu tronspirotie, fohicordie, hipotensiune, reacfii aiergice cutanate, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 fotosensibilitate. Aceste efecte secundare pot fi Tnldturate prin sugestii practice co de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 exemplu includereo fibrelor de celulozd Tn dietd, ingestio de lichide, ridicoreo lentd din \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 clinostatism. Efectele nepldcute dispar Tn majoritatea cazurilor dupd primele sdptdmani, \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9720\paperh13640{\bkmkstart Pg224} {\bkmkend Pg224}\par\pard\li1118\sb0\sl-184\slmult0\par\pard\li1118\sb0\sl- 184\slmult0\par\pard\li1118\sb0\sl-184\slmult0\par\pard\li1118\sb0\sl- 184\slmult0\par\pard\li1118\sb0\sl-184\slmult0\par\pard\li1118\sb26\sl- 184\slmult0\fi0\tx4310\tx8150 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 Realitatea bolii psihce. t...adru\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 infervenfie psihologicd\tab \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 217\par\pard\li1094\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1094\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1094\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1094\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1094\sb25\sl- 207\slmult0\fi9 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 cdnd se insaleaza efectele ieraoeutice ale medicamentelor Pe mdsurS ce efectele se-\par\pard\li1094\sb14\sl- 207\slmult0\fi9\tx2596 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 cundare dim\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 vor pr__,c-mina efectele erapeutice. Treptat dispare insomnia si ener-\par\pard\li1094\sb18\sl-207\slmult0\fi14\tx2131\tx2587 \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex116 aia revine.\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex132 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs14 St^tl!\tab \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex127 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 nenteb de dspsrare, neajuorare, trisefe dispar, iar auoevaluarea\par\pard\li1094\sb14\sl-207\slmult0\fi14 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 personala de\par\pard\li1094\sb115\sl-230\slmult0\fi273 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 Ags^ji m:~PsPri:P)- 5\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw3425\colsr40\colno2\colw6115\colsr16 0\qj \li1089\ri0\sb1\sl-217\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Agenfii serofoninergici \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 clasa noud ds medicament; \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 re Tn raporf cu sisemul car \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 fiuni cardiace. E!a au Tn ge\par\pard\column \ql \li30\sb9\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 pecifici ca, de exemplu, fluoxetin si serfralin reprezina o\par\pard\ql \li35\sb19\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Dsnfru depresie. Acese medicamente nu au eece secunda-\par\pard\ql \li20\sb0\sl-90\slmult0\tx4691 \up0 \expndtw- 1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf19\f20\fs10 f.\tab \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 f\par\pard\qj \li54\ri1113\sb0\sl-175\slmult0\fi9 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 iovascuiar si, as aceea, sunt utile pentru pacienfii cu atec-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 eral mai pufine efecfe secundare decat alte antidepresive. \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \qj \li1084\ri1155\sb0\sl- 230\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 In primele zile pacienfii p:/ fi anxiosi sau nervosi, pot avea tulburSri de somn, crompe \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 gosfrice, grefuri, erupfii cuaiafe si rareori somnolenfS. In extrem de rare cazuri pot \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 aezvolta un acces. \par\pard\ql \li1353\sb75\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 Affi csger&fi emidepasivi: \par\pard\qj \li1070\ri1169\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi297 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 in uifimul deceniu au lost obzvc'fc.i o serie de agenfi antidepresivi care acfioneazd \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Tn mod specific ia nivelul diferiteior etape ale neurotransmiterii. Dintre acestia menfio-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 ndm inhibitorii de monoarninooxidcza reversiblli, inhioitorii recaptarii noradrenalinei si \par\pard\li1080\sb1\sl- 194\slmult0\fi9\tx4171\tx7775\tx8030 \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 serotoninei. Sco;\ul0\super\cf12\f13\fs24 H!-\ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 decbrct al psih\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 .farmacobgilor esfe gasirea acelora care\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 sa\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 aiba\par\pard\li1080\sb40\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx4185 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 un maxim de eficacifafe si specific;-*\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 fe, si un minim de efecte secundare.\par\pard\li1080\sb9\sl-207\slmult0\fi278 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Noi medicamente antidepresive:\par\pard\li1080\sb96\sl- 230\slmult0\fi3240\tx6028 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Medicament\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 Clasa\par\pard\li1080\sb14\sl- 207\slmult0\fi1737\tx4603\tx6091 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul Fluoxet\ul0\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Prozac\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 SSRI\par\pard\li1080\sb1\sl-205\slmult0\fi3499 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 i- evann\par\pard\li1080\sb1\sl-224\slmult0\fi1752\tx4545\tx6091 \up0 \expndtw- 3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 luvoxamma\tab \up0 \expndtw- 9\charscalex96 Floxyfral\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 SSRI\par\pard\li1080\sb1\sl-191\slmult0\fi3556 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 Luvox\par\pard\li1080\sb1\sl- 215\slmult0\fi1761\tx4646\tx6091 \dn1 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 Setraiina\tab \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Zoloft\tab \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 SSRI\par\pard\li1080\sb1\sl- 204\slmult0\fi1771\tx4540\tx6091 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 ^italopram\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 Cipramii\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 SSRI\par\pard\li1080\sb10\sl- 207\slmult0\fi3393 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul Seropram\par\pard\li1080\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\fi1771\tx4564\tx6091 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Jaroxetina\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Seroxat\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 SSRI\par\pard\li1080\sb4\sl-207\slmult0\fi3600 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 Paxil\par\pard\li1080\sb1\sl-200\slmult0\fi1689\tx4536\tx6091 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 Reboxe\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Edrcnax\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 NaRI\par\pard\li1080\sb6\sl- 207\slmult0\fi1713\tx4478\tx6076 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 Venlafaxin\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 ...Erfexpr._\tab \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 SNR1\par\pard\li1080\sb1\sl-205\slmult0\fi1708\tx4536\tx6081 \dn1 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Nefazodor\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 Dutcmin\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 SARI\par\pard\li1080\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\fi3446 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Serzone\par\pard\li1080\sb11\sl- 230\slmult0\fi1732\tx4454\tx6076 \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul Buorop\ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 ion\tab \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 Welibutr\tab \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 NDRI\par\pard\li1080\sb1\sl- 170\slmult0\fi1723\tx4497\tx5995 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 Mirtazepin\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 P.emeror\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 NaSSA\par\pard\ql \li2918\sb116\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 SSRI - inhibior pi pasoptt-if de saroonfna \par\pard\ql \li2731\sb1\sl-217\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 NaRI ~ inhibior ai racapKrii de noredrsnalinl \par\pard\qj \li2155\ri2284\sb9\sl-210\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 SNRI - inhibior a! rsospfaii m �sroonin_ #i msrsdanalinS \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 SARI - inhibior d reeepfaii d@ sdrenaiini �1 sersoninS \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 NDRS \u8482? inhibior ai esspfaii da noradrencifina fI dopaminS \par\pard\ql \li2567\sb6\sl-216\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 heSSA - anarpnssf d reaepoibr c_2 sdenergsci \par\pard\ql \li1334\sb213\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 Lhiuh \par\pard\qj \li1046\ri1212\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Medicafia de prima a'legere pentru boala bipolard esfe litiul care trafeazd deopotrivd \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 mania (Tn 7-10 zile) si depresia. Desi este foarte eficient Tn controlul expansiviafii si o! \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 comporfamenfului maniacal, litiu! genereazd unele efecte secundare ca de exemplu \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9720\paperh13640{\bkmkstart Pg225}{\bkmkend Pg225}\par\pard\li1382\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1382\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1382\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1382\sb133\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx5174 \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex108 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 218\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 Psihopatologie si psihiafrie pentru psihologi\par\pard\ql \li1368\sb0\sl-215\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1368\sb0\sl- 215\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1368\sb0\sl-215\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1368\ri853\sb176\sl-215\slmult0\tx1660 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 fremurSturi, cresere Tn greutate, grefuri, usoard diaree si eruptii cutanate. Pacienfii care \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 iau litiu vor bee \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 10-1 2 pohore cu apd pe zi pentru a evita deshidratarea. \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Reacfiile adverse au apdrut la un numar mic de persoane si au fost reprezentate de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 confuzie, vorbire neclard, oboseald marcae sau excitabilitate, sldbiciune musculard, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 amefeli, dificultate la mers sau tulburari de somn. \par\pard\qj \li1368\ri866\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Medicii prescriu si anticonvulsivante ca, de exemplu, carbamazepind sau valproat pen� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 tru pacienfii cu boala bipolard, cunoscufi ca eficienfi sabilizator! ai dispozifiei. \par\pard\ql \li4132\sb92\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 Antidepresivui ideal \par\pard\ql \li2620\sb13\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \u8226? Eficace Tn toate formele de depresie \par\pard\ql \li2625\sb1\sl-198\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 - Rapid \par\pard\ql \li2630\sb15\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \u8226? Are toate formele de administrare \par\pard\ql \li2620\sb1\sl-198\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 \u8226? Fara efecte adverse \par\pard\ql \li2620\sb2\sl- 198\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 � Doza unica \par\pard\ql \li2625\sb6\sl- 194\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 9 leftin \par\pard\ql \li2630\sb4\sl-197\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 s Monoterapie \par\pard\ql \li2630\sb15\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 � Nu da toleranja \par\pard\ql \li2625\sb1\sl-198\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \u8226? Rapotul doza eficace/doza periculoasa foarte mic \par\pard\ql \li2625\sb15\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 \u8226? Fara efecte teratogene \par\pard\ql \li2625\sb1\sl-198\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 \u8226? Fara inerference \par\pard\ql \li2635\sb2\sl-198\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \u8226? Poae i administrat la fel de bine Tn ambulator si Tn spital \par\pard\ql \li1771\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1771\sb148\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Ineryenfio erapeutiea a psihoiogului clinician \par\pard\ql \li1382\ri857\sb123\sl- 220\slmult0\fi283\tx1665 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 PSrerea unanimS a ferapeufilor ese cS cea mai eficientd abordare terapeuficS a tul� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 burarii ofecfive este ceo mixtS: psihoformocobgie- psihoterapie. \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Sunt folosite mai multe fipuri de psihoterapie dintre care amintim: \par\pard\qj \li1368\ri843\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0\fi302 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 9 Teapie inerpersonal\u8482? ale cdrei scopuri sunt reducerea simpomelor depresive \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 TmpreunS cu TmbunStSfirea imaginii de sine si ajutarea pacientului sa-si dezvolfe strate� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 gii eficiente de abordare a relafii lor interpersonale. Este o psihoterapie de scura duraa \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 care nu urmSreste resfructurarea personalitSfii. \par\pard\qj \li1372\ri843\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 � Teapia cognitiv-csmportamwtaSa prin care se urmSreste creserea complianfei la \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 tratament pe fermen lung. \par\pard\qj \li1377\ri844\sb29\sl-210\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \u8226? Tdiaei detnvSJa^. Aceasts abordare pleacS de la ipoteza cS depresia apare Tn \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 situafia unui dezechilibru Tn cadrul sistemului recompensS-pedeapsS (recompense mini\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 me si mai multe pedepse). Tehnica Tsi propune sa-i ajute pe pacienfi sS identifice surse \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 noi de recompense si sS dezvolfe stategii de minimalizare, evitare si depSsire o pe\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 depselor. \par\pard\qj \li1377\ri836\sb22\sl- 220\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 � Abordaea psihodinamica pleocS de Io ipoteza cS depresia Tsi are originea Tntr-o \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 serie de conflicte asociae cu pierderi si stres. Identificarea acestor pierderi si a surselor \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 de stres ese urmaa de gSsirea unor noi strategii de adaptare. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9720\paperh13640{\bkmkstart Pg226}{\bkmkend Pg226}\par\pard\li1060\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1060\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1060\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1060\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1060\sb60\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx8140 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Realitatea bolii psihice. Cadru clinic si infervenfie psihologica\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 219\par\pard\li1324\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1324\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1324\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1324\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1324\sb45\sl-207\slmult0\fi1387 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Strategii de prevenire a recidivelor depresive\par\pard\li1324\sb96\sl- 207\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \u8226? Pacientj' depresivi bipolari\par\pard\li1324\sb13\sl-207\slmult0\fi547\tx2409 \up0 \expndtw- 4\charscalex100 - Litiu\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 - Carbamazepina - Valproat de sodiu\par\pard\li1324\sb24\sl-207\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 9 Pacienfi depresivi unipolari\par\pard\ql \li1871\sb0\sl-206\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 - Antidepresive pe termen lung \par\pard\ql \li1867\sb14\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 - Psihoterapie: \par\pard\ql \li2596\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 - de sustJnere \par\pard\ql \li2596\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 - cognitivo-comportamentala \par\pard\ql \li1324\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 - Tratament preventiv: \par\pard\ql \li1862\sb13\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 - Tnca de la al 2-lea episod psihopatologie \par\pard\qj \li1857\ri1262\sb3\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 - durata: Tn funcjie de ritmui episoadelor si handicapului pe care acestea Tl \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 antreneaza \par\pard\ql \li5289\sb151\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 dupa Rouilion F# MarHneau C, 1995 \par\pard\ql \li1435\sb94\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 6.6.2. DiSTiMlA \par\pard\qj \li1031\ri1160\sb114\sl- 226\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 ReprezintS o tulburare psihicS aportinand spectrului fulburSrilor afective. Inifial, ter\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 menul de distimie a fosf infrodus de DSM III, care Tncerca sa creioneze astfel, un con� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 cept diagnostic care sS cuprinds un grup heterogen de tulburSri, cunoscute Tnainte sub \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 denumirea de \u8222?nevroz5 depresivS". \par\pard\qj \li1027\ri1159\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\fi278 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 Tulburarile distimice sunt TmpSrtite Tn 4 subtipuri definite Tn funcfie de varsta de debut \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 (Tnainte sau dupS 21 de ani) si dupS prezenfa sau absenfa alar tulburSri medicale sau \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 psihiatrice nonafective (distimie primarS sau secundarS). \par\pard\ql \li1008\ri1169\sb0\sl- 225\slmult0\fi307\tx1310\tx1310 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 Deseori, distimia Tncepe devreme Tn timpul viefii si la majoritatea acestor pacienfi survin \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 ulterior episoade majore depresive. Aceasta condifie a fost denumia \u8222?dubls depresie". \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Distimia o fost ciasificotS printre tulburarile dispozitionole deoorece numeroase studii \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 biologice si asupra rdspunsului la tratament au gdsif similitudini cu depresia majord. \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 La un moment dat Tn cursul viefii, Tn peste 90% din cazuri, pacienfii distimici dez� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 volta episoade depresive majore. Desi deosebirea dintre depresia majord si distimie se \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 bazeazd pe un numar arbitrar de simptome depresive, cea mai importane caracteris� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 ticd de diferenfiere este persistenta simptomelor eel pufin 2 ani Tn cazul distimiei. \par\pard\ql \li1300\sb109\sl-216\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 Seurfa pr__enfar@ ciinica \par\pard\ql \li1300\sb12\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 Cele mai frecvenfe simptome Tntalnite Tn distimie sunt: \par\pard\ql \li1305\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 9 Stimd de sine si Tncredere scdzutd sau sentimente de inadecvare \par\pard\ql \li1305\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 9 Pesimism, disperare si lipsa de speranfd \par\pard\ql \li1305\sb33\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 s Pierderea generalizae a inferesului sau pldcerii \par\pard\ql \li1300\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 \u8226? Retragere sociald \par\pard\ql \li1300\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 8 Oboseald cronica, fatigabiiitate \par\pard\qj \li1296\ri3616\sb23\sl-220\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 � Sentimente de vinovdfie, ruminafii cu privire la trecut \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 � Sentimente de iritabilitate si furie excesivS \par\pard\ql \li1300\sb11\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \u8226? Activitate diminuae, eficientS si productivitate scSzue \par\pard\qj \li1296\ri1197\sb0\sl-240\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \u8226? Dificultdfi de gandire, reflectate prin concentrare scSzue, indecizie, slabs capaci� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 tae de memorare \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9720\paperh13640{\bkmkstart Pg227}{\bkmkend Pg227}\par\pard\li1459\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li1459\sb0\sl- 230\slmult0\par\pard\li1459\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li1459\sb179\sl- 230\slmult0\fi0\tx5236 \dn3 \expndtw0\charscalex108 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 220\tab \up2 \expndtw0\charscalex108 Psihopatologie si psihiafrie pentru psihologi\par\pard\ql \li1742\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1742\sb0\sl- 230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1742\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1742\sb140\sl- 230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 DiagnosHaii d@ distimie dupa crieiile DSM IV \par\pard\ql \li1737\sb1\sl-193\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 A) Dispozifie depresivd cronica (iritabiliate la adolescenfi) \par\pard\qj \li1473\ri795\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0\fi263 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Apare Tn cea mai more parte a zilei, este prezenfa Tn majoritatea zilelor, pe core o \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 rebteazd singur (subiectiv) sau este observatd de cdtre ceilalfi - persistenta cei pufin 2 \par\pard\li1473\sb31\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx1800\tx2035 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 ani\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex56 ( 1\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 an adolescenfi)\par\pard\ql \li1751\sb1\sl-180\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 B) Manifestdri specifice de mica amplitudine, existd Tnsa criterii insuticiente pentru \par\pard\ql \li1468\sb38\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 diagnosticul de episod depresiv major \par\pard\ql \li1761\sb1\sl-198\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Prezenfa, Tn timp ce e deprimat, a eel pufin 2 din urmdtoareie: \par\pard\ql \li1766\sb15\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \u8226? modificari de apetit (scdzut sau crescut) \par\pard\qj \li1766\ri3825\sb3\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \u8226? modificari de somn: insomnii sau hipersomnii \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 � scaderea energlei sau fatigabilitatea \par\pard\ql \li1771\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \u8226? elon vital scdzut \par\pard\ql \li1776\sb1\sl-198\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 \u8226? aprecierea de sine scdzutd de diferite grade \par\pard\ql \li1776\sb15\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 � capacitaea de concenfrare scdzutd, dificultafea luarii deciziilor \par\pard\ql \li1780\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 9 sentimente de disperare, deznddejde \par\pard\ql \li1780\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 � neTncredere, scepticism \par\pard\li1492\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\fi278 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 C) Timp de 2 ani (1 on pentru adolescenfi), o perioodd fare simptomele de Io punc-\par\pard\li1492\sb1\sl-214\slmult0\fi0\tx1742 \dn3 \expndtw- 4\charscalex100 tu\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 A nu cfureozd niciodaa mai mult de 2 luni.\par\pard\ql \li1780\sb12\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 D) Nu existd un episod maniacal sou hipomoniaca! \par\pard\ql \li1785\sb13\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 E) Nu exisa schizofrenie sou boli delirante cronice \par\pard\qj \li1502\ri773\sb0\sl-240\slmult0\fi287 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex129 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 F) Nu exista factori organic! care sd TntretinS/menfind depresia (ex. administrarea \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex129 de medicamente antihipertensive, etc.) \par\pard\ql \li1790\sb1\sl-150\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex129 Debutul distimiet poate fi precoce sau tardiv Tn funcfie de varsta la care a avut loc \par\pard\ql \li1511\sb62\sl-184\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 (Tnainte sau dupd 21 de ani). \par\pard\ql \li1785\sb98\sl- 230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 Epldemiobgie, dae de evolufie fi pregnosie \par\pard\qj \li1511\ri762\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Prevalenfa aistimiei pe durata viefii Tn populafia generald este de aproximativ 3,2%, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 fiind de doud ori mai frecvenfa la femei decat la bdrbati. \par\pard\ql \li1507\ri743\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi268\tx1780 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Tuiburarea disfimicS apare de obicei Tnainte de 45 de ani, avand de cele mai multe \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 ori un debut timpuriu (Io adolescent sau la adultul tandrl si insidios, si o evolufie cronica. \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 Tuiburarea aistimicd apare mai frecvent la rudele de gradul I ale persoanelor cu \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 depresie majord decdt Tn populafia generald. \par\pard\ql \li1800\sb1\sl-194\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 In marea majoritate a cazurilor, distimia are o evolufie cronica, cu frecvenfe reedderi. \par\pard\ql \li1785\sb117\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 Aspects erapeufiee \par\pard\ql \li1790\sb1\sl-193\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Terapia tulburdii distimice presupune combinarea farmacoterapiei cu psihoferapia.\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw4635\colsr160\colno2\col w4785\colsr160\qj \li2471\ri96\sb205\sl-240\slmult0\tx2865 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex124 Abordarea terapeutica \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex124 Psihoterapie\par\pard\ql \li2865\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2865\sb23\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 Farmacologic\par\pard\column \ql \li4804\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li658\sb21\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 iVtetoda folosita\par\pard\ql \li20\ri1877\sb25\sl-222\slmult0\fi9 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Psihoterapie interpersonala \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Terapie cognitlv-comportamentala \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Antidepresive serotoninergice \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Antidepresive triciclice\par\pard\ql \li29\sb21\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 Antidepresive IMAO \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \qj \li1545\ri723\sb204\sl-226\slmult0\fi273 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Psihoferapia interpersonala subliniazd interacfiunea dintre individ si mediui sau psiho-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 social. Scopurile erapeutice sunt de a reduce simptomele depresive si de a dezvolta \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 strategii mai eficientem cadru! mediuiui social si Tn relafiile interpersonale. Terapeutul Tl \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 ajutd pe pacienf sS-si identifice nevoile personale, sS si le afirme si sS stabileoscS limite. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9720\paperh13640{\bkmkstart Pg228}{\bkmkend Pg228}\par\pard\li1132\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1132\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1132\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1132\sb99\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx8116 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Realitatea bolii psihice. Cadru clinic si infervenfie psihoiogica\tab \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex106 221\par\pard\qj \li1113\sb0\sl-225\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1113\sb0\sl-225\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1113\sb0\sl-225\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1113\ri1164\sb152\sl-225\slmult0\fi297 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Psihoferapia cognitiv-comporfamentald se bazeazd pe ideea cd depresia se asoci� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 azd paffern-urilor de gandire negativd, erori cognitive si procesare defecfuoasd a infor� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 mafiei, care pot fi modificate prin strategii specifice. Aceste strategii Tl ajuta pe pacient \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 sd idenfifice si sd esteze cognifiile negative si sd le Tnbcuiascd cu scheme mai flexibile, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 care sunt apoi repetafe si studiate. \par\pard\ql \li1497\sb73\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf14\f15\fs24 6.6.3. aaonMiA \par\pard\qj \li1108\ri1185\sb91\sl-220\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Ciclofimia este o forma mai pufin severd a tulburdrii bipolare caracterizatd prin alter\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 narea unor episoade depresive cu episoade expansive, hipomaniacole, fare elemente \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 psihotice. \par\pard\qj \li1099\ri1202\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Desi si-a cdstigat autonomia nosograficd, exisa Tnsd, sub aspect clinic, o similari\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 tote simptomotologicd. \par\pard\qj \li1099\ri1199\sb20\sl-220\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Pentru a putea pune acest diagnostic trebuie sa nu fi existaf un episod maniacal sau \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 episod depresiv major Tn primii doi ani de boald. \par\pard\ql \li1377\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Ciclofimia prezinta urmdoorele coracteristici: \par\pard\qj \li1094\ri1202\sb3\sl- 220\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 s Simptomatologia este insuficient de severd co intensitafe pentru o putea fi diagnos� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 ticate ca tulburare bipolard, \par\pard\qj \li1099\ri1204\sb17\sl-200\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 e Fazele din ciclofimie nu sunt continuarea unei remisiuni o unui episod ofectiv din \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 boala bipolard, \par\pard\qj \li1094\ri1212\sb24\sl-220\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 _ Tabloul clinic nu cuprinde elemente psihotice, respectiv ideatia delirantd, haluci� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 nafii, tulburari de constiina. \par\pard\ql \li1372\sb104\sl-240\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 Pe_@rif_re clinlcS \par\pard\ql \li1368\sb1\sl- 215\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 Faza depresivd \par\pard\ql \li1089\ri1213\sb1\sl- 220\slmult0\fi278\tx1363 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 m Dispozifie depresivd a cdrei manifestare esenfiald este scdderea sau pierderea \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 inferesului sau pldcerii fafd de toate aspectele existenfei care Tl inferesau anterior \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 e Cei pufin 3 simptome din urmdtoarele: \par\pard\li1795\sb15\sl- 207\slmult0\fi14\tx2035 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 1\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 reducerea elanul vital - scdderea energiei, oboseald cronice\par\pard\li1795\sb18\sl-207\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 2. sentiment de inadecvare\par\pard\qj \li1795\ri2430\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\tx2025 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 3. scdderea eficienfei si creativitdfii Tn plan profesional si scolor \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 somn redus, superficial sau hipersomnie \par\pard\ql \li2025\sb25\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 hipoprosexie \par\pard\ql \li2030\sb1\sl-198\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 retagere si evitare sociald \par\pard\ql \li1790\sb15\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 7. reducerea activitafii sexuale \par\pard\ql \li1790\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 8. sentimentul de culpabilitate pentru activitafi din trecut \par\pard\ql \li1785\sb33\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 9. bradipsihie \par\pard\li1800\sb18\sl-207\slmult0\fi4\tx1900 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 1\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 0. nemcredere\par\pard\li1800\sb9\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx1915\tx2126 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 1\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 1\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 catharsis afectiv facil\par\pard\ql \li1353\sb93\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 rasa nip \par\pard\ql \li1358\sb9\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 9 Dispozifie expansivd sau iritabila \par\pard\qj \li1363\ri4828\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\tx2011 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 9 Cei pufin 3 simptome din urnatoarele: \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 cresterea energiei si initiative!' \par\pard\ql \li1785\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 2. cresterea stimei de sine \par\pard\qj \li1785\ri4866\sb23\sl-220\slmult0\tx2020 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 3. cresterea eficienfei si creativitdfii \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 reducerea nevon de somn \par\pard\ql \li2006\sb11\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 niperprosexie \par\pard\ql \li2011\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 sociofilie care conduce la cdufarea interlocutorilor \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9720\paperh13640{\bkmkstart Pg229}{\bkmkend Pg229}\par\pard\li1372\sb0\sl-184\slmult0\par\pard\li1372\sb0\sl- 184\slmult0\par\pard\li1372\sb0\sl-184\slmult0\par\pard\li1372\sb149\sl- 184\slmult0\fi0\tx5169 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 222\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 Psihopatologie si psihiafrie pentru psihologi\par\pard\qj \li2088\sb0\sl-200\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li2088\sb0\sl- 200\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li2088\sb0\sl-200\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li2088\sb0\sl- 200\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li2088\ri877\sb69\sl-200\slmult0\tx2323 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 7. implicarea excesivd Tn ativitati cu numeroase consecinfe negative si cu mari \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 riscuri \par\pard\ql \li2078\sb35\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 8. cresterea activitafii sexuale \par\pard\ql \li2078\sb1\sl-198\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 9. tahipsihie \par\pard\ql \li2097\sb15\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 10. optimism nefondat \par\pard\ql \li1641\sb133\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Cicbtimio poote oveo multiple complicafii, mai ales din couza: \par\pard\qj \li1353\ri875\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi297 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 9 perturbsrii relofiilor socio-profesionale cu severe dificulafi de integrare si armo\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 nizare socials \par\pard\ql \li1646\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \u8226? toxicomaniilor sau alcoolismuiui \par\pard\ql \li1646\sb1\sl-198\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \u8226? boli afective bipolare. \par\pard\ql \li1636\sb15\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Ciclofimia poate cunoaste mai mule posibiliafi de evolufie: \par\pard\ql \li1646\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \u8226? poate persista de-a lungul Tntregii viefi; \par\pard\ql \li1651\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 - se poate opri din evolufie printr-o vindecare fSrS recidive; \par\pard\ql \li1353\ri886\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\fi292\tx1641 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \u8226? o treime din bolnavi pot dezvolta o boals afectivS bipolarS de-a lungul Tntregii viefi. \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 In general, evolufia ciclotimiei este Tn faze Tntrerupte de remisiuni Tn care funcfiona-\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 rea sociala si interpersonab este normals. \par\pard\qj \li1339\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1339\ri887\sb93\sl- 220\slmult0\fi302 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Traamentul constd Tn asocierea psihoterapiei cu medicafie ortotimizantS (de stabi\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 lizare a dispozifiei). Psihoferapia singurd nu este eficientd deoarece ciclofimia are un \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 determinism genetic. \par\pard\ql \li1343\ri885\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\fi288\tx1627 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Bolnavul trebuie ajutat sa consfientizeze modificdrile afective si consecinfa actelor \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 lui. DatoritS evolufiei acestei boli, tratamentul este de lungS durata. \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Cele mai folosite forme de psihoterapie sunt; \par\pard\ql \li1631\sb1\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 8 terapia de grup si familials \par\pard\ql \li1627\sb32\sl-184\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 � suportiva \par\pard\ql \li1627\sb17\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 9 eaucationala \par\pard\qj \li1329\ri905\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi287 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 Medicamentele utilizate frecvent Tn tratamentul ciclotimiei sunt sarurile de litiu si anti\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 depresivele (Tn fazele depresive). \par\pard\qj \li1324\ri912\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Trebuie tinut cont de faptul cS tratamentul anfidepresiv poafe Induce aparifia unui \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 episod hipomaniacai sau maniacal. \par\pard\qj \li1315\ri909\sb20\sl-220\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Acest viraj expansiv ia antidepresive tricliclice constituie o similaritate de responsivi\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 fae terapeuticS dintre cicbtimie si tuiburarea afectivS bipolarS. \par\pard\ql \li1723\sb112\sl- 230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 6.7. TUIBURAREA DE STRES POSTTRAUMAHC \par\pard\li1320\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1320\sb130\sl-207\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Persoanele care au trSit o experienfS fraumofizantS sunt supuse odeseo unui stres\par\pard\li1320\sb19\sl-207\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 psihologie legat de respecivul evenimenf.\par\pard\ql \li1603\sb0\sl-206\slmult0\tx3705 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 In ceie mai multe cazur \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 este vorba de reacfii normale ia situafii anormale, TnsS cei \par\pard\ql \li1315\sb14\sl-207\slmult0\tx3720 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 care se simf incapabili sS-s \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 recapete controlul propriei viefi, care prezina urmStoarele \par\pard\qj \li1310\ri926\sb23\sl-220\slmult0\fi14 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 simptome timp de mai mult de o lunS, ar trebui sS ia Tn considerare ideea solicitSrii unui \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 ajutor profesionist: \par\pard\ql \li1603\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 8 tulburSri de somn (insomnii de diferite tipuri, cosmaruri legate de incident); \par\pard\ql \li1603\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 8 tulburari ale comportamentului alimentar; \par\pard\ql \li1603\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 8 ganduri, imagini recurente; \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9720\paperh13640{\bkmkstart Pg230}{\bkmkend Pg230}\par\pard\li1099\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1099\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1099\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1099\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1099\sb3\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx8112 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Realitatea bolii psihice. Cadru clinic si infervenfie psihologicd\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 223\par\pard\qj \li1089\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1089\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1089\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1089\ri1183\sb160\sl-220\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \u8226? tulburSri de afectivitate (sari depresive, plans spontan aparent nemotivat, senti� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 mente de disperare, lipsS de sperantS, capacitae redusS de a simfi emofiile, irifabilia� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 te, manie, anxieate ce se intensifies mai ales Tn situafii care amintesc de traumS); \par\pard\ql \li1377\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \u8226? sentimentul disfanfarii, izobrii de cei din jur; \par\pard\ql \li1377\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \u8226? tulburSri de memorie (legate de incidenal marcant), de atenfie si de concentrare; \par\pard\ql \li1377\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \u8226? dificulafi Tn luoreo deciziibr; \par\pard\qj \li1089\ri1184\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 � otitudine protecfoore excesivS fofS de cei drogi, teomS exageratS pentru siguranta \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 acestora; \par\pard\qj \li1084\ri1190\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0\fi287 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 � evitarea locurilor, situafiilor sau chior persoenelor core eu Tn vreun fel legoturd cu \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 evenimentul stresont. \par\pard\ql \li1363\sb131\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Prszenore clinica \par\pard\qj \li1075\ri1189\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Sindromul posttroumatic de stres apare mai frecvent la veteranii de rdzboi, dar poate \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 aparea ia oricine a fosf supus unui traumatism grav fizic sau mintai. Oamenii care au \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 fost marorii unui accident aviatic sau care au est victimele unui atenaf pof dezvolta \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 acest stres posttraumatic. \par\pard\qj \li1060\ri1189\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Gravitatea tulburdrii esfe mai mare cand traumafismul a fosf neaseptat. Din aceastd \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 cauza, nu toti veteranii de rdzboi dezvolta un stres posffraumotic, ci mai ales oceio core \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 eu luot porte la lupte sangeroase si Tndelungate. Soldafii se asteaptd ofusi la anumite \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 violente. Cei care sunt victime ale traumatismelor sunt prinsi nepregdfifi de situofii care \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 le pun viafa Tn pericol. \par\pard\qj \li1065\ri1219\sb0\sl-240\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 Persoanele care suferd de stres postraumatic refrdiesc experienfa fraumafica si \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 prezinfd: \par\pard\ql \li1353\sb0\sl-162\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 8 Cosmaruri, vise terifionte, \u8222?floshbock"-uri ale evenimentului. In pufine cazuri, pa� \par\pard\qj \li1060\ri1199\sb3\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 cientu! suferd de o disociafie temporald a realiafii, trdind din nou trauma. Aceasta stare \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 poate dura secunde pana la zile. \par\pard\qj \li1051\ri1192\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi297 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 � Anestezie emofionald (\u8222?amorfeala psihica"), anestezie psihica dureroasd: pacien� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 tul Tsi pierde interesul pentru lumea din jur si pentru activitdfile care Ti fdceau Tn trecut \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 pldcere. \par\pard\ql \li1051\ri1211\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0\fi292\tx1343 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 � VigilenfS excesivS, reacfii exagerafe. La un pacienf care a fost o dae victims a unui \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 incendiu, vederea unei masini arzand Tl deferminS sa se arunce instinctiv la pSmanf. \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 � Anxietate generalizafS, depresie, insomnie, sbbirea memoriei, dificulate Tn con� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 centrare etc. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9780\paperh13620{\bkmkstart Pg231}{\bkmkend Pg231}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw6209\colsr40\colno2\colw3391\co lsr160\ql \li1387\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1387\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1387\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1387\sb37\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 224\par\pard\ql \li1511\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1511\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1511\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1511\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1670\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 Cieii d@ diagno$ \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 ,e\par\pard\ql \li1560\sb110\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw- 1\charscalex100 DSM-JV\par\pard\qj \li1583\ri0\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 A. Persoana a fost expusa unui evenlment traumatic in \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 care ambele din cele care urmeaza sunt prezente:\par\pard\qj \li1588\ri29\sb0\sl-216\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 persoana a fost martora sau a fost confruntata cu un \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 eveniment sau evenimente care au impiicat moarea. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 ameninerea cu moartea ori o vatamare serioasa sac \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 o periclitare a Integritafii corporale proprii ori a\par\pard\qj \li1593\ri38\sb0\sl-215\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 altora; raspunsul persoanei a impiicat o frica intensa, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 neputinfa sau oroare.\par\pard\qj \li1511\ri211\sb1\sl-216\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Nota: la copii, aceasta poafe fi exprimata Tn schimb \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 printr-un comportament dezorganizat sau agitat.\par\pard\qj \li1583\ri0\sb0\sl-219\slmult0\fi14 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 B. Evenimentul traumatic este reexperimentat persis� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 tent intr-unul \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 (sau mai multe) din urnatoarele modurl:\par\pard\qj \li1593\ri0\sb0\sl-215\slmult0\fi9 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 - amintiri stresante recurente �1 intruzive ale evenimen-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 tului, incluzand Imagini, ganduri sau perceptii.\par\pard\qj \li1593\ri0\sb0\sl-219\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 Nota: la copiii mici poate surveni un joe repetitiv Tn c se \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 sunt exprimate feme sau aspecte ale traumei;\par\pard\ql \li1598\ri0\sb0\sl-216\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 � vise stresante recurente pe tema evenirnentulul. \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Nota: la copii pot exista vise tenfiante faa un confinui \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 recognoscibil;\par\pard\qj \li1588\ri0\sb0\sl-216\slmult0\fi14 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 e acfiune si simfire ca �1 cum evenimentul traumatic: ar \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 fi fost recurent (include sentimentul retralrii experience!, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 iluzii, halucinafii \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 �i episoade discciative de flashback. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 inclusiv cele care survin la desteptarea din somn sau \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 cand este intoxicat).\par\pard\qj \li1603\ri1690\sb2\sl-211\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Nota: la copiii mici poate surveni \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 reconstituirea traumei specifice;\par\pard\qj \li1603\ri0\sb5\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 8 detresa psihologica intensa la expunerea la stirn.li \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 intern! sau externi care simbolizeaza sau seaman" cu \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 un aspect al evenimentului traumatic;\par\pard\qj \li1598\ri14\sb0\sl- 216\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \u8226? reactlvitate fiziologica la expunerea la stimuli inerni \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 sau externi care simbolizeaza sau seamana cu un\par\pard\ql \li1598\sb3\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 aspect al evenimentului traumatic.\par\pard\qj \li1593\ri0\sb5\sl-217\slmult0\fi9 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 C. Evitarea persistenta a stimuillor asociaji cu trauma \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 �1 paralizia reactivita^ii generals \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 (care nu era prezene \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Tnaintea traumei), dupa cum este indicat de trei (sau \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 mai multe) din urrnatoarele:\par\pard\qj \li1598\ri431\sb0\sl-219\slmult0\fi9 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 � eforturi de a evlta gandurile, sentimentele sau \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 conversatiile asociate cu trauma;\par\pard\qj \li1603\ri0\sb5\sl-215\slmult0\fi9 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 - eforturi de a evita locuri, activitati sau persoane care \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 desteapta amintiri ale traumei;\par\pard\qj \li1603\ri0\sb5\sl-211\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 a incapacitatea de a evoca un aspect impotant al traumei: \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 s diminuarea marcae a inferesului sau participarii la \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 activicafi semnificative;\par\pard\column \ql \li7420\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li7420\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li7420\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1191\sb22\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 jenfru psiholc\par\pard\ql \li6249\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li6249\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li6249\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li6249\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li6249\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li20\sb117\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw- 2\charscalex100 1CD-10\par\pard\ql \li49\ri1117\sb17\sl-215\slmult0\fi9 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 In general, aceasta tulbu� \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 rare nu va fi diagnosticae \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 decat daca exista dovada \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 ca a luat nastere Tn mai \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 pufin ele 6 luni de la un\par\pard\qj \li54\ri1159\sb10\sl-211\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 eveniment traumatic de o \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 exceptlonala severitate.\par\pard\qj \li54\ri1043\sb6\sl-216\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Un diagnostic de "probabil" \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 poate fi Tnsa pus daca\par\pard\qj \li49\ri1156\sb5\sl-211\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 timpul dintre eveniment si \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 debut a fost mai lung de\par\pard\qj \li44\ri1033\sb6\sl- 217\slmult0\fi9 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 6 luni, Tn cazul Tn care mani-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 estarlie clinice sunt tipice \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 si nu poate fi facuta o iden-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 tificsre alternative a tulbu� \line \up0 \expndtw- 4\charscalex100 rarii \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 (de ex, un episod de \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 anxietate, obsesiv-cornpul-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 siv sau depresiv).\par\pard\ql \li54\ri1056\sb5\sl- 216\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 '\u9632? -, plus, in afara existenfei \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 iraumei, trebuie sa fie pre� \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 zenfa reamintirea sau o \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 raactivare repetitive, tulbu-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 ratoare a evenimentului Tn \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 evocari, Imaglnafie diurna\par\pard\ql \li58\ri1019\sb0\sl-217\slmult0\fi24 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 ;;au vise. Sunt adesea pre� \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 zente o detasare emofio-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 nala evidenta, \u8222?amorfirea" \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 sentimentelor si evitarea \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 stimulilor care pot trezl rea� \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 mintirea traumei, dar aces� \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 tea nu sunt esenfiale pen� \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 tru diagnostic. Tulburarile \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 vegetative, tulburarile dis� \line \up0 \expndtw- 1\charscalex100 pozifie; \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 �i cele comporta-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 mentsie contribuie toate la \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 diagnostic, dar nu sunt de \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 prima impotanta.\par\pard\qj \li68\ri1745\sb2\sl- 220\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 include: nevrozele \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 taumatlce \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9780\paperh13620{\bkmkstart Pg232}{\bkmkend Pg232}\par\pard\li1089\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1089\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1089\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1089\sb47\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx8164 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 Realitatea bolii psihice. Cadru clinic si infervenfie psiholc\u9632?gica\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 225\par\pard\ql \li6019\sb0\sl-264\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6019\sb0\sl-264\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6019\sb0\sl-264\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6019\sb14\sl-264\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs22 ;c_--;c \par\pard\qj \li1281\ri4159\sb13\sl-220\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 � sentimentul de detasare sau Tnstrainare de alfii; \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 gama restransa a afectului (ex.: este incapabil sa \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 aiba sentimente de dragoste); \par\pard\ql \li1281\sb1\sl-195\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 - sentimentul de viitor Tngustat (ex.: nu spera sa-si \par\pard\qj \li1267\ri3706\sb5\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 faca o cariera, sa se casatoreasca, sa aiba copii sau o \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 durata normal! de viafa). \par\pard\qj \li1267\ri3917\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi9 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 D. Simptome persistente de excitafie crescuta (care \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 nu erau prezente Tnainte de trauma), dupa cum este \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 indicat de doua (sau mai multe) din urnatoarele: \par\pard\qj \li1440\ri4062\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 dificultate de adormire sau de a ramane adormit; \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 iritabilitate sau accese coleroase; \par\pard\qj \li1440\ri6006\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 dificultate de concentrare; \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 hipervigilitate; \par\pard\ql \li1449\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 raspunsul de tresarire exagerat. \par\pard\qj \li1271\ri4307\sb19\sl-200\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 E. Durata tulburarilor (simptomele de la criteriile \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 B, C, D) este de mai mult de o iuna. \par\pard\ql \li1267\sb15\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 F. Tulburarile determina o detresa sau deteriorare \par\pard\ql \li1252\ri3784\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\fi9 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 semnificativa clinic Tn domeniul social, profesional sau \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Tn alte domenii impotante de functionare. \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 De specificat daca: \par\pard\qj \li1252\ri4206\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Acut: daca durata simptomelor este mai mica de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 trei luni. \par\pard\qj \li1252\ri3814\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Cronic: daca durata simptomelor este de trei luni sau \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 mai mult. \par\pard\ql \li1252\sb1\sl-187\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 De specificat daca: \par\pard\qj \li1257\ri3990\sb6\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Cu debut tariiv: daca debutul simptomelor survine \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 la eel pufin sase luni dupa evenimentul stresor. \par\pard\ql \li1334\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1334\sb64\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Stresui posttraumatic poate fi: \par\pard\ql \li1324\sb13\sl-207\slmult0\tx7320 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 pimar - persoanele afecfafe sunt Tn mod direct expuse evenimentului \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 ireumarlzant; \par\pard\ql \li1324\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 sseyndar (prin compasiune extreme, contratransfer, fraumatizarea prin mar-ebfar -\par\pard\li1031\sb24\sl-207\slmult0\fi14\tx2059\tx3532\tx4780 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 by pi\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 poafe aparec\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 :ei care vi\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 aiurorui vicf\par\pard\li1031\sb9\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx3974\tx7785 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 zant (medici Ae diferite specialitafi\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 (inclusiv psihiatri!), membrii ecn.ee or c - sc\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 , "s, po-\par\pard\li1031\sb9\sl-207\slmult0\fi14\tx7521 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 lifisti, pompier:), dar si ia reportern care prezinta respectivui eveniment de ia\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 arc locuiui.\par\pard\li1031\sb14\sl- 207\slmult0\fi297 \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Principalii trei factori de rise Implicafi Tn aparifia tulburarilor de strss sec\t \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 jnoai' sunv:\par\pard\li1031\sb13\sl- 207\slmult0\fi307\tx7828 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 s expunerea la imaqini sou mulnaie rs;rnan c;e ViTmeiOi- direefs de a;\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 velor:\par\pard\li1031\sb9\sl-207\slmult0\fi307 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 c sensiDimuTea empanca a ceior sxpusp\par\pard\qj \li1051\ri2224\sb19\sl-200\slmult0\fi287 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 o aspecte emofionaie neciarificafe cars sunt leads afectiv sau slmbolic r; \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 la care Individui asisfd. \par\pard\ql \li1315\sb35\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 TulburSrile asociate PTSD eel mai frecvent sunt: tuiburarea depresiva mc \par\pard\ql \li1046\sb1\sl- 198\slmult0\tx8040 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 rarea de panicd. aqorafobia, fobia sociala, fobia specified, fuicurarea o \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 :crii-\par\pard\ql \li1041\sb35\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Duisiva. tuiburarea de sorncf;z(dS. cdisudv; cd croddr \par\pard\li1031\sb18\sl- 207\slmult0\fi297\tx5472 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Existd diferenfe Tntre aspecfese clinics a;s u\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 _r ce strss posffraumc\par\pard\li1031\sb19\sl-207\slmult0\fi9 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 rata de adult:\par\pard\li1031\sb9\sl-207\slmult0\fi297 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 � cooiii foarte mici pot prezenfa o sirnpomatologle redusa (Tnfrucaf md;\par\pard\li1031\sb1\sl-165\slmult0\fi0 \dn1 \expndtw0\charscalex113 tome.ie afecfiunii necesi\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw6137\colsr160\colno2\colw3343\c olsr160\ql \li4665\sb0\sl-72\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf24\f25\fs8 .... I \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 ,-..\par\pard\column \ql \li20\sb0\sl-136\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 ;mn!u tuir. \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex95 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 u? \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9780\paperh13620{\bkmkstart Pg233}{\bkmkend Pg233}\par\pard\li5188\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li5188\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li5188\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li5188\sb27\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Ps\t \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex110 inopatoloaie si psihiafrie pentru psihologi\par\pard\li1416\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1416\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1416\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1416\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1416\sb36\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx5563\tx7012 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 anxietate, preocuparea pentru simboluri, joe\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf18\f19\fs12 \u8482?C:l"S DO? SC\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 sa aiba ieqctura cu\par\pard\ql \li1406\sb2\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 trauma, incontinenfa; \par\pard\qj \li1406\ri932\sb11\sl-210\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 o copiii de varsta jcoicra nu au Tn mod obllgaforiu amnezie sau flashback-uri, Tnsd \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 prezinta fenomenul de Jngusfare a timpului" (pbscrea gresita a evenimentelor trauma-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 tizanfe pe care le reiafeaza Tn timpu! rememorari!) si \u8222?aparifia de semne" (convinaerec\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw5345\colsr160\colno2\colw 4135\colsr160\ql \li1968\sb24\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 exisTCf ssmr.e c;-svesfi;cc::s ale\par\pard\ql \li3216\sb0\sl-99\slmult0\tx3369 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf19\f20\fs10 _\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex135 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs14 -eq^^-r;y, iI mn\par\pard\column \ql \li20\sb38\sl-161\slmult0\tx1945 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 ~p~j '^n si '"T^f\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex168 -d^dede S'di-\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols3\colno1\colw5302\colsr160\colno2\colw2653\co lsr40\colno3\colw1495\colsr160\ql \li1411\ri417\sb0\sl-164\slmult0\fi4\tx4042 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 lare por fi svirar. .\ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs14 ir^r. \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 asffei de sem:~s), care \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex131 ce rscdc\par\pard\column \ql \li1978\sb0\sl-162\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 .isnf rice\par\pard\ql \li20\sb3\sl-184\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex128 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 id\par\pard\ql \li375\sb0\sl-176\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex50 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs22 ..-. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex40 -.\par\pard\column \ql \li20\sb0\sl-162\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 ;a frno\par\pard\ql \li1396\sb0\sl-92\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1396\sb0\sl-92\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li130\sb91\sl-92\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex152 \ul0\nosupersub\cf24\f25\fs8 : vi '-', \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li1396\sb34\sl- 207\slmult0\fi14\tx5865 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 esfe o repsve-e compulsive a unor aspecte \u9632?\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 iei clar core nu are endinfa ds c\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li1396\sb9\sl- 207\slmult0\fi9\tx5889 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 afenua anxietatea - da ex., o prefermfa cer\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 lie Tn care se foosesc arme dupa\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li1396\sb4\sl-207\slmult0\fi9 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 expunerea la acest tip de violenfd (Tn vims ce reccnsfifuirea ese mult mai Hexibiia si\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw6286\colsr160\colno2\colw3194\colsr 160\qj \li1406\ri153\sb4\sl-220\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 implied o serie de modificari comportcmenfals - ce ex., \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 permanenfa a arma).\par\pard\qj \li1396\ri77\sb0\sl-217\slmult0\fi283\tx3988 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Oi^ir die r:!cc::,, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex147 ^dud'\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 :c CGCddd" \u9632? 36 C done." \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 la aduiji; reconsfifuirea postraumaficb (mcorcora-ec urc \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 fafiie cofidiene) apars Tn masura ma; mars deceit ec.i \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 adoiescsnfii sunt mai precisousi eeccf cdul.ii i~:: copiii \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 impulsive si agresive.\par\pard\ql \li1675\ri91\sb0\sl-217\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 In cazul tuiburarn ds strss posv'rer�;:"c;r:c ic; \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex97 :;c:c::; \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 Recuperarsa este favorlzd'S cd disc.?;! cu p3;"i-:-.:-:;".5!e\par\pard\ql \li1387\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1387\sb20\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 de sous �i nu svirersc scu raac'-lus excigsrae ic dddiS\par\pard\ql \li1391\sb4\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw- 7\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 lung;\par\pard\qj \li1387\ri1093\sb0\sl-216\slmult0\fi278\tx3734 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Copiilor f-rebuie sc ,: d -.\u8222? 'cedcb css.rs \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 morj'ii, ic;* eddbic: tr.': \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex141 b ':s \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex149 :ib ".:' d\par\pard\qj \li1382\ri1114\sb10\sl-211\slmult0\tx3638\tx3778 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 cCecvaf vCrr si \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex133 - be\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 " \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 :rc-.::;r.-r,j:c. \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 -:s:c \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex135 sionarsa eddddbi. dd. \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 d:';d v:.d. \up0 \expndtw- 8\charscalex85 :. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex56 -.;\u9632?;;-.\par\pard\column \ql \li759\sb9\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 ersoana poarta Tn\par\pard\qj \li6446\sb0\sl-217\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li20\ri891\sb5\sl- 217\slmult0\tx92 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 lai muir cu cea care apare \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 specie ale traumei Tn activi-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 stlraumatic; de asemenea, \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 c adopfa comoortcmente \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9780\paperh13620{\bkmkstart Pg234}{\bkmkend Pg234}\par\pard\li1104\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1104\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1104\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1104\sb75\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx8217 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Realitatea bolii psihice. Cadru clinic si infervenfie psihologicd\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 227\par\pard\li1089\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1089\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1089\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1089\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1089\sb31\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx7507 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 vioientei infractionaie, etc.) au indicat rate de prevalenfa mergand de la\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 3% pana la\par\pard\li1089\sb9\sl-207\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 58%.\par\pard\ql \li1377\sb3\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 In ceea ce privese syoiujia PTSD, Tntalnim urrnatoarele situafii: \par\pard\qj \li1084\ri1133\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Frecvent, tuiburarea safisface mai Tntai criteriile pentru tuiburarea de stres acut, ca \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 o consecinfd imediata a evenimentului fraumatizant. \par\pard\qj \li1084\ri1147\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi287 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Simpfomele tulburarii si predominanfa relative a reexperimentarii, evitarea si simp� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 fomele de hiperexcitafie pot varia Tn decursul timpului. \par\pard\ql \li1372\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Durafa simptomelor esfe variabiia. \par\pard\qj \li1080\ri1132\sb3\sl- 220\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 Desi tuiburarea are o rate crescufd de cronicizare, comorbidifafe si perturbare a \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 funcfionaiifdfii individului, niveb; genera! al funcfionalitafli dlfera muit de la un pacienf \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 ia altu! \par\pard\ql \li2875\ri3274\sb131\sl-280\slmult0\tx4305 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 Slsmene. ce prognostic fsivorsbP in P" \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 debut rapid \par\pard\ql \li4228\sb21\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex125 durata scuta \par\pard\ql \li3436\ri3506\sb19\sl-200\slmult0\tx3681 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul func\ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 tional\ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul itate premo\ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 rbida b_una \line\tab \up0 \expndtw- 2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul axis\ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 te n ta s \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul u potu lu\ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 i \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul spcl a I \par\pard\li3129\sb32\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx4747 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 sbsenta\ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 at"\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 e droguri sau aicoci\par\pard\li3129\sb9\sl- 207\slmult0\fi398\tx4468\tx5068\tx5553\tx5841 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 absent?\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 or ti\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 P\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 3\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 ce\par\pard\ql \li1382\sb0\sl-216\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1382\sb0\sl-216\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1382\sb0\sl-216\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1382\sb5\sl-216\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 rds/SS iJddr ;d_dd \par\pard\qj \li1055\ri1162\sb1\sl- 220\slmult0\fi307 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 Pentru a putea functiona corespunzifor, individui trebuie sa fie capabii sa-si defi\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 neascS necssitStiie, sa enficipeze mGdalifdfile de a le aslgura si sa-?i planifice acfiunile \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 Tn acsst sens, Esfe cjacicr necesar ca o persoana sa dlscuna (mental) de o garna de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 opfluri \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 [cars nu candid neapcrof la acfiune). \par\pard\qj \li1055\ri1172\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi297 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 TimM a numif Gceodb capacitate ''qar.dlrsa cc\\ acfiune experimenala". Indivizii frau-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 mafizafi par si piardc: aceasva capaciate sssrbcia si ay di-ficultafi Tn a prlvi Tn el Tnsisi, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Tn a-?i folosi emofiile Tn icopd cirecflonaril ccfiuniior. In sc \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex132 ih, un a lor interioard \par\pard\ql \li1065\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex125 devine o zenb pericubesa, iar ei par sa-si faoseasca Tntreaga energie pentru a NU \par\pard\ql \li3556\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3556\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3556\sb99\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 \u9632?;-ef de "bsounsuri irr.piicand o ccmbinafis Tnrrs reacfii cog-\par\pard\ql \li3552\sb6\sl- 216\slmult0\tx7886 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 '_3p_n3uri sunt deciansefs cie slimuii idennflcabili \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 (intern! \par\pard\ql \li3566\sb12\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 ;v'sr.e per explicc; aoar pane ic un punb <:\u9632?\u9632? dportamentele \par\pard\li1180\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1180\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1180\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1180\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1180\sb65\sl- 207\slmult0\fi6571\tx7982 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex60 \u8226?iii\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 dintre\par\pard\li1180\sb1\sl-250\slmult0\fi6508 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex143 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs14 - U\t \dn4 \expndtw- 9\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs22 ;ca\par\pard\li1180\sb205\sl- 207\slmult0\fi2203 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 re::i'puns o succssbne temporab stimul conbbiorat (SC)- sti-\par\pard\li1180\sb19\sl-207\slmult0\fi2203 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 =tc Tr.sa si caz-jri de conditioners Inverse (succssbne SN-SC\par\pard\li1180\sb12\sl- 115\slmult0\fi0\tx1488\tx2616 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex144 \ul0\nosupersub\cf19\f20\fs10 .;,.^\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 <..; p^. ; �j ,.^ .-. ^tyy~.\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 *.�\u8212?;-\par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9780\paperh13620{\bkmkstart Pg235} {\bkmkend Pg235}\par\pard\li1492\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1492\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1492\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1492\sb37\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx5227 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 228\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 Psinopafologle si psihiafrie pentru psihologi\par\pard\ql \li1771\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1771\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1771\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1771\sb202\sl-207\slmult0\tx5169 \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Intruccf teama nu esfe o ' stare unifara" \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 , un pacienf nu prezinta neaparat acelasi \par\pard\ql \li1492\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 grad de distres la nivelul fieca \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 rula din cele frei sisteme \{verbal, motor, tiziolognc). Clinic, \par\pard\qj \li1488\ri912\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 aceasta Tnseamnd ca ameiiorarea simptomatoiogiei la nivelurunui sistem se poate Tnsofi \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 de accentuarea (sd. nemodificarea) celorble manifestdri; rata de ameliorare poate sd \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 difere pentru fiecare sistem. \par\pard\ql \li1790\sb33\sl- 253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-10\charscalex92 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs22 7�mm mgnMvs: \par\pard\ql \li1776\sb1\sl-188\slmult0\tx4526 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Capacitatea cognitive umana \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex125 [capacitatea de procesare a inrormatiilor) este \par\pard\qj \li1492\ri907\sb14\sl-210\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 esenfiab Tn adaptarea la mediu. Cand procesui cognitiv este afecfat, exists de aseme� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 nea o perturbare si Ic nivel afectiv si comporfamentai. Corecfarea modificaribr cogni� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 tive ameiioreaza manifestarile afective si comportamentaie. \par\pard\qj \li1502\ri912\sb2\sl-220\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Din punct de vedere cognitiv, anxietatea este un proces emotional, iar frica un eveni� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 ment cognitiv. \par\pard\ql \li1771\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Anxietatea, ca si durerea, reprezinfa un simptom si nu o boala. \par\pard\qj \li1497\ri889\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi278 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 Anxietaea poafe fi privitd si din punct de vedere evolutionist, ca straegie de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 supraviefuire \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 (evsnimsnt - prccesare cognitive => arnenintare => anxietate = trcire \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 nepiacuta => acfiune ~> disparitic arneninfo.rii => dlsparifia anxietdfii). La baza tulbu� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 rarii de stres pastraumafic se af!a percepfia vu'nerabilifajii - sfimuiii care evoca trauma \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 rearninfesc individului de incapaciatea sc de a controia anumite situafii, de a acfiona \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Tn scopul reducerii amenmtarli. \par\pard\ql \li1790\sb54\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex138 esef amsmrbk'psPPsgM \par\pard\ql \li1785\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 O importanta deosebie o prezinta inferacfiunea Tntre diferiele parti ale SNC res-\par\pard\li2227\sb53\sl-161\slmult0\fi0\tx6422 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex78 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs14 3 !..-: ;:r\tab \dn2 \expndtw- 1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf19\f20\fs10 . i\par\pard\ql \li1516\sb14\sl- 190\slmult0\tx8654 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 corp cabs, corex prefrontal). Exists studii cars demonstreaza prezenfa de lezluni \tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \u8222? \par\pard\qj \li1521\ri883\sb6\sl- 220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 acest nivel Tn condifii de stres cronic (bcalizarea si severiafea dspinzand de tipul as \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 sfres). \par\pard\ql \li1526\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1526\sb66\sl- 184\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 spb.ll\ul0\nosupersub\cf24\f25\fs8 \u8222?\ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 iC. \par\pard\qj \li1526\sb0\sl-240\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1526\ri873\sb10\sl- 240\slmult0\fi278 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Exista o componente genefica a tulburarii cie stres posflrcumatic (fapf demonsfraf \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 prin studii familicis). A tost descris un locus ia nivelul crornczorr-jiui \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 5 rssponsabi! ce o \par\pard\ql \li1531\sb1\sl-191\slmult0\tx5179 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 parte am manifestarile ciimce aie aiscfiur.ii \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 (\u8222? rcspunsu; as trsscnrs' sxcicjsraf., \par\pard\li2956\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li2956\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li2956\sb115\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx7593 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 \u8222?^.\u8222?.m^..^PP! MPSu�^jS3M^s.P^iPP^iPPPk\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 _ I\par\pard\ql \li4310\sb0\sl-162\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 alte tulburari psihice \par\pard\li3422\sb50\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx4243\tx5563\tx5664\tx5865 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 -.,\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 predispc-'i e o\tab \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 :\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 _\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 -" -,\par\pard\ql \li3480\sb1\sl-185\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 svr-nidents stresante Tn viafa individu \par\pard\li3691\sb0\sl-161\slmult0\par\pard\li3691\sb0\sl- 161\slmult0\par\pard\li3691\sb0\sl-161\slmult0\par\pard\li3691\sb0\sl- 161\slmult0\par\pard\li3691\sb62\sl-161\slmult0\fi0\tx4800 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs14 re * - pd~ ,\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 M\par\pard\ql \li2836\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2836\sb163\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 n inrsrviu clinic si? \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9780\paperh13620{\bkmkstart Pg236}{\bkmkend Pg236}\par\pard\li1108\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1108\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1108\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1108\sb109\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx8150 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Realitatea bolii psihice. Cadru clinic si infervenfie psihoiogica\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 229\par\pard\qj \li1099\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1099\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1099\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1099\ri1191\sb161\sl-220\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 Exista o variane a festului special adapfata pentru copii si adolescent! - clinician \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 adminisered PTSD scale-child and adolecsent (CAPS-CA). \par\pard\ql \li1391\sb93\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw- 7\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs22 TESi-C (lh� icmmeSe wmtk ssmming imsstorf-ehiki\} \par\pard\qj \li1084\ri1197\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi297 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Esfe un inferviu clinic ce evabeaza expunerea copiilor (Implicare directs sau Tn caii-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 tate de morfori) la evenimenfe potential traumatizante (accidente severe, boli, dezastre, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 vioienfdjn familie sau comunifafe, abuz sexual). Discufia se poarfa cu copilul si nu cu \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 adulfii. intrebarile \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 ( \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 16 ia numar) au o anumlfa ordine - gradul da Intimiate cl eveni� \par\pard\qj \li1094\ri1205\sb12\sl-200\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 mentelor analizcfe creste progresiv, pentru ca pacientu! sa poate face fafa sfresului rea\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 mintirli traumei. \par\pard\qj \li1084\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1084\ri1216\sb124\sl- 220\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Dintre psihotropele care au tost creditafe ca ame'icrand sfcree: pacienfilor cu PTSD, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 s-au remarcaf urnaoarele grupe de medicamene: \par\pard\ql \li1377\sb11\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 o antidepresiveie triciclice: \par\pard\ql \li1804\sb33\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 - amitripfllina -- reduce simptomele d. e'-'lari-; \par\pard\qj \li1372\ri4114\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi427 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 - Imipramina - reduce simpromsis fbr^zive; \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 o antidepresive serofonir.ergice: \par\pard\ql \li1800\sb1\sl-199\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 - sertralina \par\pard\ql \li1800\sb15\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 - paroxtfina \par\pard\ql \li1800\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 - fboxsfina \par\pard\li2323\sb0\sl-161\slmult0\par\pard\li2323\sb0\sl- 161\slmult0\par\pard\li2323\sb0\sl-161\slmult0\par\pard\li2323\sb0\sl- 161\slmult0\par\pard\li2323\sb0\sl-161\slmult0\par\pard\li2323\sb0\sl- 161\slmult0\par\pard\li2323\sb0\sl-161\slmult0\par\pard\li2323\sb0\sl- 161\slmult0\par\pard\li2323\sb0\sl-161\slmult0\par\pard\li2323\sb0\sl- 161\slmult0\par\pard\li2323\sb0\sl-161\slmult0\par\pard\li2323\sb27\sl- 161\slmult0\fi0\tx2390\tx2606 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs14 :\tab \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex95 --r.\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 ;r�) (\par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9780\paperh13620{\bkmkstart Pg237}{\bkmkend Pg237}\par\pard\ql \li5174\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5174\sb0\sl- 184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5174\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5174\sb95\sl- 184\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 Psihopafoiogie si psihiafrie pentru psihologi \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3023\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3023\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3023\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3023\sb69\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Principals!� scopuri'ale psinb-grapiei de grup \par\pard\ql \li2740\ri2272\sb43\sl- 220\slmult0\tx3139 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 stabilizarea reacfiiior fizioloqice sj psihplogice latrauma \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 expl\ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul orarea si validare\ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 a percepfiilor si \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul emo\ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 t\ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul jilor \par\pard\qj \li1560\ri1089\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0\tx2299 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Tntelegerea eectelor experienfeior trecute asupra compotamentului. trairilor din prezent \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 invafarea unor noi modaiitati de a face fafa stresului interpersonal \par\pard\qj \li1430\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1430\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1430\ri953\sb120\sl- 220\slmult0\fi273 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 fn cadrul acestui tip de ferapie, atenfia esfe Tndrepfafa spre modificarea anumitor \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 comportamente. \par\pard\qj \li1440\ri941\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 Exisfa mci multe tehnici ds reducere/sfopare a comportamenfelor nedorife. Un \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 exemplu este msplfafls ildfrapisSeS (un exercifiu special de respirafie constand Tn \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 inspiruri lene si profunde Tn scopul reducerii anxietafii). Aceasta tehnica este extrem de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 ufila, Tnfrucaf persoanele anxioase prezinta amefeii, paipitatji si ale simptome din \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 cauza hipervenfilafiai. C oifa mefoaa este msms pre @msmm (expunerea gradae a \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 pacientului ia stimuli! anxiogeni si aiurarea acestuia sa face fafd prcpriilor temeri). \par\pard\ql \li1718\sb131\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 'ifdreplo sag irilS^'SsmpsifeFiriKWi'l \par\pard\qj \li1449\ri928\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Esie asemandroare pana ia un puncf cu terapia comporfamenfala. Pacienfilor Ii se \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 expiicd Tnsd si influenfa pe cere modul lor de a gandi o are asupra simptomaologiei. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 De asemenea, sunt Tnvatafi cum sd Tsi modirice gandirea astfel Tncdf simpfomele sS se \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 diminueze treptaf, pana !a aisparifle. Aceasta consflenfizare a paftern-ubi de gandire \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 esfe combinata cu alte tehnici comporfamenfele, asfrel Tncat pacientu! sa fie capabii sa \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 face fata situatiilor anxiogene, \par\pard\ql \li1747\sb95\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 Pslheempe �8agilltv@=lsei9 \par\pard\ql \li1742\sb9\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Constituie o meoda de procesare a memoriei fraumafice. \par\pard\qj \li1468\ri918\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 Formele uzuaie de psihoterapie abordeazi aspecele ccgnirive si emofionaie ale \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 evenimentului fraumatlzant, nu Tnsi si ps ceie somatice, desi mule din simpfomele pe \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 care pacienfii is prezinta au o baza somatica. Modiricarea raporturilor normale de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 procesare a inforrnafiilor existente Tntre niveleie cognitiv, emcflonal si senzifivo-mofor \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 conduce de fapf ia simpomafologia tulburarii de strss postfraumctic. \par\pard\ql \li1756\sb11\sl- 207\slmult0\tx3192 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Utilizond corpui \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 (si nu conyfiinje sau emofiile) ca punct de piecare Tn procesarea \par\pard\qj \li1478\ri913\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 evenimentului, acesf tip ds psihoterapie trateazc Tn mod direct efectele traumei asupra \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 organismuiui, cescs ce fcicisiteaxi cpoi procesarea cognitive; si emofioncla. Procesarea \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 senzitivo-motorie esie Tnsa insuficienta; inegrarea tuturor celor trei nivsle de procesare \par\pard\ql \li1473\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 - senzlfivo-mofor, emotional si cognitiv- este esenfiaia pentru retacerea pacientului. \par\pard\qj \li1483\ri917\sb3\sl- 220\slmult0\fi278 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 ierarhizarea niveieor de procesare a informefiior se coreieaza cu cea a arhiecturii \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 creierului: procesarea sen_:fivo-mofoie se realizeaza Tn eajeie inferioare ale creieru-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 bi, cea emofionaie Tn sistemul limbic, Icr cec cognifiva Tn \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 3fc;ie;e corvicaie superioare; \par\pard\ql \li1492\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 acese trei nivele se infbenteazc reciproc, funcfionand ca un Tntreg; \par\pard\qj \li1483\ri912\sb23\sl-220\slmult0\fi287 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Pufem decide (funcfie cognifiva) sa ignorarn be exempli; ssnzcfia de foame si sa nu \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 ne comportam ca afare, desi procese'e tiziobgice boars cs aMmentatJe (secrefia sali-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 vara, contracfia muscular. Hi trccfuiui cigestiv, eb.: . dbbdf ;v, se cssfasoare fiep^�Wfi \par\pard\li1488\sb23\sl-207\slmult0\fi4\tx6619 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 poasning). Ativitaj-ileajpiibr de vSrsfS mice d-.f"\tab \up0 \expndtw- 2\charscalex100 b .-.b. de .\t \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 -;isemele senziti-\par\pard\li1488\sb5\sl-207\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 vo- motor si emotional jbsf^Mi� pinscsssegj.\par\pard\li1488\sb18\sl- 207\slmult0\fi292\tx6840 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Exists deci doua direcfii generaie de procesare idd . .,..;:\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 ..b; ascendents si des-\par\pard\li1488\sb4\sl-207\slmult0\fi14 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 cendenta.\par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9780\paperh13620{\bkmkstart Pg238} {\bkmkend Pg238}\par\pard\li1142\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1142\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1142\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1142\sb3\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx8102 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Realitatea bolii psihice. Cadru clinic si infervenfie psihobgica\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 231\par\pard\qj \li1123\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1123\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1123\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1123\ri1248\sb167\sl-220\slmult0\fi287 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 Cdnd experienfeie senzitivo-motorii sunt perfurbatoare sau copbsitoare, reglarea \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 constiene Tn sens descendent permite individului sa faca fafa situafiei, controland gra� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 dul de dezorganizare a! sistemului \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 (ex. controlarea halucinafiilor prin Tncercarea de \par\pard\qj \li1128\ri1248\sb20\sl- 220\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 evocare mentals a imaginii unei bibiiofeci cu cSrj'i si prin concentrarea atenfiei asupra \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 fiecarei cSrfi Tn parte). \par\pard\ql \li1401\sb11\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 In cadru! terapiei, procesarea senzitivo- motorie esfe susfinufa prin control consfienf \par\pard\qj \li1108\ri1254\sb0\sl- 225\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 - pocientului i se cere sa relafeze succesiunea de senzafii somatice, de impulsuri pe care \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 o resimfe, facand fernporar abstracfie de emotii, ganduri. Relafie psihoerapeuf- client \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 este una aparfe - terapeutul Tndepiineste rolul unui \u8222?corfex auxiliar" al pacientului pana \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 cdnd acesta devine capabi! sS idenfifice si sa descrie singur senzatiiie somatice pe care \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 le resimte. \par\pard\ql \li1377\sb71\sl- 253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs22 Twaplo enSlidi \par\pard\qj \li1108\ri1277\sb15\sl-220\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Famiiia poafe fi privita ca un sistem a carui bunS funcfionare depinde de funcfio\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 narea normals a tuturor componentelor; \par\pard\qj \li1099\ri1263\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Este foarte important pentru tofi membrii famiiiei unui individ sa afle cat mai muife \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 despre tuiburarea de care acesta suferd, pentru a putea ovea o atifudine corespunza\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 toare Fafa de pacienf. \par\pard\qj \li1094\sb0\sl-225\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1094\ri1282\sb211\sl-225\slmult0\fi441 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 sSinifi�-- o reacfie psihica de intensitafe nevroticd a carei expresie clinice svidsn-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 fiazS sindromul dominant asfenic caracferizat prin fatigabiiiate, epuizare rapida, hipo� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 prosexie voluntara, hipomnezie de fixare si evocare, iriabilitae, bbilifae emojionaia, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 insomnie, hiperestezii si cenestopafii, cu sare generae de disconfort psihic si so; lie, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 adesea Tnsofite de o stare depresiv-anxioasa traita penibil si consfienf de catre bolnav \par\pard\ql \li1996\sb0\sl-115\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1996\sb11\sl-115\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf19\f20\fs10 11 \par\pard\ql \li1368\sb25\sl-164\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 ICD-IO subliniazS ca Tn prezentareo acestei tulburari exists variafii cuifurale con� \par\pard\ql \li1089\sb21\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 siderable, douS tipuri principale operand cu o suprapunere importana: \par\pard\qj \li1080\ri1297\sb0\sl- 225\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 a Un tip are ca principals acuza de fatigabilitafea crescuta dupa efort minai, ade� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 sea asociae cu o onumitd seddere Tn performonfa ocupafionald si dificultafea de a face \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 fafd eficient Tn sarcinile cofidiene. Fatigabilitafea mintala este descrise tipic ca o intru\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 ziune nepldcufS a unor osociofii sau reaminfiri care disfrag atenfia, dificultafi de con\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 centrare si, Tn general, o gondire ineficienta. \par\pard\ql \li1070\ri1307\sb0\sl-222\slmult0\fi302\tx1368\tx1363 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 8 In ceblaif tip accentu! este pus pe sentimentul de sldbiciune si epuizare fizicd sau \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 corporoid dupd un efort minim, Tnsotit de dureri musculare si incapaciate de relaxare, \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 In ambele tipuri este comuna o variefafe de alte trairi somatice nepldcue, cum ar fi \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 ameteaia, cefaleeo de tensiune si sentimenfu! unei instabiiitafi generale. Sunt obisnuite: \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Tngrijorarea privind o seddere a sfdrii de bine minai si corporal, iriabiiitafea, anhe-\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 donia si grade minore variabile atat de depresie cat si de anxieate. \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Somnul este adesea perfurbaf Tn fazele initiale si mijlocii, dar hipersomnia poafe fi \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 proem inenfd. \par\pard\ql \li1353\sb90\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs22 Ciisiie ICB-10 penru s^jasfsno \par\pard\ql \li1353\sb105\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Unui din urnatoarele trebuie sd fie prezent: \par\pard\qj \li1075\ri1311\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \u8226? Sentimenal de oboseala dureroasa si persisenta. dupa eforturi minale minore \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 precum: execuferea sau desfSsurarea sarcinilor zilnice care nu ar trebui sa cearS un \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 efort minai deosebit. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9780\paperh13620{\bkmkstart Pg239}{\bkmkend Pg239}\par\pard\li1416\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li1416\sb0\sl- 230\slmult0\par\pard\li1416\sb112\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx5323\tx5452\tx7545 \dn2 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 232\tab \up0 \expndtw- 1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf18\f19\fs12 S\tab \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex97 :~!0"\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 jenrru psinoioc\par\pard\li2918\sb0\sl-184\slmult0\par\pard\li2918\sb0\sl- 184\slmult0\par\pard\li2918\sb0\sl-184\slmult0\par\pard\li2918\sb0\sl- 184\slmult0\par\pard\li2918\sb132\sl-184\slmult0\fi0\tx8073 \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex120 DsrsisrsrVi s; nepiocuf ce oDosecic: si\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 spa\par\pard\ql \li1459\sb33\sl-184\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex124 un nzice mm ore. \par\pard\ql \li3129\sb0\sl-240\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3129\sb70\sl-240\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 _ \par\pard\li2870\sb0\sl- 161\slmult0\par\pard\li2870\sb0\sl-161\slmult0\par\pard\li2870\sb63\sl- 161\slmult0\fi0\tx3220\tx3623 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs14 -;..\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 :.r. s\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 :\par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9720\paperh13640{\bkmkstart Pg240}{\bkmkend Pg240}\par\pard\li1137\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1137\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1137\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1137\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1137\sb3\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx8212 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Realiatea bolii psihice. Cadru clinic si infervenfie psihologicd\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 233\par\pard\qj \li1123\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1123\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1123\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1123\ri1084\sb180\sl-220\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 In ceea ce priveste importanfa profiblui muncii, persoanele cu munca intelectuals si \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 sedentarS sunt mult mai afectate. \par\pard\ql \li1391\sb112\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 Aspece eiologies \par\pard\qj \li1118\ri1067\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 In ceea ce privese etiobgia neurasteniei, aceasta ramane un domeniu controversat \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 si contradictoriu care include factori biobgici, factori psihosociali si trSsSturi de per� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 sonalitae, fsra a se putea Tncd preciza ponderea reals a acestora. \par\pard\qj \li1108\ri1074\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi297 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 In timp ce dupS Beard stresul este principala cauzS o neuroasteniei, Fraud considers \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex125 cS aceasa este produsS de o tulburare a activiatii sexuale, mai exact o descSrcare \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 insuficiena o energiei sexuole core apare atunci cand mosturbafio Tnlocuieste activi� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 tatea sexuald normals. Psihanalistii, care au urmat dupS Freud, au considerat neuras\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 tenia ca o reacfie la factori inconstienfi, cum ar fi sentimentul de respingere, subesti\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 marea, sentimentul inutiliafii si suparSrile refubte. \par\pard\qj \li1094\ri1083\sb0\sl- 230\slmult0\fi302 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 Ipoteza actuals a deplefiei, care susfine cS stresul prelungit scade concentratia de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 neurofransmifatori Tn neuron, este asemSnStoare cu conceptul lui Beard despre epui\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 zarea nervoasS. \par\pard\ql \li1377\sb101\sl- 230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 Cadrul clinic al neuaseniei $i oboseala (eouizaea) ca simptom centra! \par\pard\qj \li1089\ri1098\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Asa cum rezulta din cele mai multe opinii, neurasenia este caracterizatd de o mare \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 varietate de semne si simpome. Cele mai frecvenfe sunt oboseala si o sldbiciune croni� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 ca; joacienfii se plang de dureri, anxietate generald sau nervozitate. \par\pard\qj \li1084\ri1103\sb0\sl-222\slmult0\fi297 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 In cele doud tipuri de tulburari, care Tn parte se suprapun, ICD-10 descrie, de aseme� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 nea, oboseala ca simptom central care polarizeazd, de fapf, Tntreaga atenfie a pacien� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 tului. In primul tip, pacientul se plange de oboseala mintald descrisd, tipic, ca dificul� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 tate de concentrare si tulburari ale memoriei de scure duraa, gandire ineficiena. In eel \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 de-al doilea tip, pacienfii au sentimente de sldbiciune psihica si fizicd si epuizare dupa \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 eforturi minime, acompaniafe de dureri musculare si imposibilitatea de a se rebxa. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Ingrijorare pentru deteriorarea starii mintale si fizice, iritabilitate, anhedonie si diverse \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 grade de depresie si anxietate sune prezente Tn ambele tipuri. \par\pard\qj \li1084\ri1118\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 Oboseala are aceleasi caractere ca oricare alt tip de boala. Ea se distinge, tofusi, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 printr-un element care ni se pare esenfial: oboseala exprimata pana la sfarsit ca mijloc \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 benefic nu este niciodaa anxiogenS. \par\pard\qj \li1080\ri1112\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi278 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 A fi bolnav puneTn miscare o tensiune anxioasa asupra problemei - despre ce boala \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 este vorba. In ceea ce priveste oboseala, nu se pune niciodata aceastd Tntrebare si \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 simful comun face diferenfa: esti obosit - nu esti bolnav; se stie cd asta \u8222?trece" si nu este \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 o reals problema. \par\pard\qj \li1080\ri1112\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Problemeie pe care individui le are cu anturajul sunt momentan suspendate, con� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 flictele sunt puse Tntre paranteze, si doar asta ar fi suficient sd explice de ce dispare \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 nelinistea, ea Tnsdsi generatoare de alte conflicte. \par\pard\qj \li1075\ri1127\sb7\sl- 210\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Diferenfierea oboselii de depresie nu esfe o problema usoard, edei pe de o parte Tn \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 planul simptomelor cele doud sari pot sS se amestece, iarTn plan nosografic exists mai \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 multe feluri de depresie. \par\pard\qj \li1065\ri1127\sb22\sl-220\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 Cei mai simplu, oboseala poate fi separaa de depresia melancoiicS, Tn care ceea \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 ce dominS este dezineresui care ese absoluf si generalizat. Daca pentru oboseals dis\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 tracfia este unui din tratamentele pe care oricine le recomands, Tn depresie acest de� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 mers nu are nici un sens, in depresia nevroticS oboseala este un simptom, care nu are \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 o valoare nici mai micS, nici mai mare decaf restul abbului simptomatic. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9720\paperh13640{\bkmkstart Pg241}{\bkmkend Pg241}\par\pard\li1353\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1353\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1353\sb114\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx5160 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 234\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 Psihopatologie si psihiafrie pentru psihologi\par\pard\qj \li1343\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1343\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1343\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1343\ri872\sb183\sl-220\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Din punct de vedere analific aceasta oboseab din nevroza esfe inferpretatS Tn gene� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 al ca o apdrare, Tncercand aprofundarea activitafii imoginare la simptomul oboselii \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 trait ca afare. \par\pard\ql \li1334\ri863\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi288\tx1627 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Trei termeni oar sS ne poctS orienta la acest nivel: conversie, aqresiune, reqresiune: \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex124 Conversia - s-ar putea spune cd oboseala esfe un simptom ae conversie? Poate \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 dacd s-er considera o activiate ranasmatica ce duce la un simptom confabilizaf cor� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex124 poral. Credern ca esfe c eroare pentru ca oe plan nosografic si Tn masura Tn care \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 mecanismu! ele conversie esfe specific isteriei, se poate clar aeclara cd nici o oboseala \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 nu are o structure isterica. De asemenea, pentru ca conversia, prin mecanismu! sSu, esfe \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 ofdecuna bcalizata (la o funcfie sau la un organ), Tn fimp ce oboseala esfe de esenfS \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 clifuza. In sfarsit, nu credem cS Tn oboseala s-a acuf o frecere rorfata Tn corp a ceva \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 care a fost simboiizaf si apoi refulat. \par\pard\qj \li1324\ri868\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Agresiunea este al doilea fermen care poafe fi refinuf, cu muit mai multe sense sa fie \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 adevdraf. Aceasta oboseala ar putea sc fie o manifestare agresiva si aceastd mani-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 fesare ar aparea b nivel superficial, le prezint! ca obosit, piicfisesti anturajul. La un nivei \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 mai profund esfe o aqresiune orienae Tmpofriva subiectului si nu ooafe sa se exprime \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 in exterior cs\ul0\nosupersub\cf18\f19\fs12 ,\ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 fe ae aifre! \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 ma; cies acei rip ce oboseala \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 care a ourur n \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 adesea regasir i \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 n \par\pard\qj \li1320\ri890\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 psihanaiizeleTn care subiectul vorbeste despre oboseala lui, Oboseala este aid asema\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 nafoare cu tcceriie sau ce! pufin cu anumite facer; despre care analisful stie ce ascund \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 si analizafii, de assmenea, si anums un potential agresiv. \par\pard\qj \li1305\ri881\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi297 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex125 Regresiunea - oboseab poate sd para, ae asemenea, un tip de reqresiune; acesf \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 lucru esfe adevdraf penfru multe mecanisme nevrotice, dar aici ese vcrba de o regre\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 siune specials, Tn sensu! ca ea priveste o modcliate difuzS, corporala, care reduce \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 subiectul ia un sadia foarte arhalc. Este vorba be o Tnoarcere ia un sfadiu precoce a! \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 dezvoltarii la moment;.;! Tn care rebfia cu mama esfe singura traits numci pe plan fizic \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 difuz. Datorifa oboseb, relafiile orcle pot fi resfabillfe, securizanfe si find sa acopere \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 iipsa esenfiald a subiectului, care Tn clipa precedents parea a fi deprirnat. \par\pard\qj \li1300\ri896\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 In sfarsit. dacd exisa o relafie Tntre dsoresie si oboseala ea ar putea fi qSsita la \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 cicesr nivei si nu ia un r.ivel nosogafic supernciai. \par\pard\qj \li1296\ri902\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Aproape Tnofdeauna tabloul dominant este ce! ai depresiei, bar pufem veeea une� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 ori ca depresia si oboseala nu trebuie sa fie Tntofdeauna legate. Exists Tn sterile depre� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 sive o oboseala, cars aparfine nevroze! pur si simplu. Exista de alftel si o oboseab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 pracfic izobfci. \par\pard\ql \li1286\ri906\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0\fi283\tx1579 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 Alfa problems esfe diferenfierea dintre oboseab patoiogica si oboseala normals si \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 exisfa cazuri limits Tn care pracfic aceasta disfincfie este imposibiia. \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 In ceea ce priveste balnea oboseiii, o descriere fenomenologicS a acestei star! poafe \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 fi facuta prin componenvele urmSoare: \par\pard\qj \li1286\ri924\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 � o lipsa de energie fizica si psihica resimfi re nepldcut; aceasta este definie Tn lim� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 baj comun - lipsa de inifiativS; \par\pard\qj \li1271\ri924\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi297 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 o oboseala este Tnsofita Tntofdeauna de o senzafie cenestezica, subiectul obosit Tsi \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 simte corpul Tntr-o maniera care nu ese neaparaf dureroasa; ea esfe uneori chiar cgre\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 abila si se cunosc persoane sanatoase obosite, ia care Tn mod sigur oboseala se Tnso� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 feste de un sentimentele deplinatafe sau, care au o veritabils senzafie de a le fi bineTn \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 pielea lor. \par\pard\qj \li1276\ri916\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\fi287 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 o senzafia este difuzd, ceea ce este extrem ae important; nu este obosit un organ \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 sau o funcfie - esti obosit Tn tofaiieea corpului si spiritubi. Senzafia cuprinde Tnfregul \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 organism; esfe un aspect foarte important caci sunt rare stdrile Tn care corpul resimfe \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9720\paperh13640{\bkmkstart Pg242}{\bkmkend Pg242}\par\pard\li883\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li883\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li883\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li883\sb51\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx7929 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Realitatea bolii psihice, Cadru clinic si infervenfie psihologicd\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 235\par\pard\qj \li873\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li873\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li873\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li873\ri1356\sb159\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 oboseab Tn fotalitae. In afara de anumite sfSri extafice, stari asemSn.Sfoare pot fi Tntal� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 nite de exemplu dupa ace I sexual. \par\pard\qj \li854\ri1347\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi307 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 � fotdeouno este fraifd subiectiv ca o senzafie difuzS Tn ceea ce privese deermi-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 narea sa; dar aici este o excepfie, muit mai adesea oboseala nu exisfa decaf Tn funcfie \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 de ceva ce esfe de facut. Suntem obosifi Tn fafa unei sarcini oarecare, si dimpotriva, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 foarte adesea, aceastd senzafie poafe fi diferie, poate chiar dispdrea, pentru o sarcina \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 diferie. Sunt cunoscute posibilitafile de a ne odihni jucond bridge, rezolvand cunvinfe \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 Tncrucijafe, jucand jocuri pe calculator sau chiar rezolvand probleme de matematica \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 superloara. Aceeasi problems poote fi Tnfalnifa cand un muncifor epuizaf de munca sa \par\pard\ql \li868\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 se odihnesfe aranjandu-si qradina. De asemenea, si trecerile de la un tip de activitate\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw3123\colsr40\colno2\colw641 7\colsr160\ql \li1703\sb26\sl-115\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf19\f20\fs10 '\par\pard\ql \li868\sb0\sl-144\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 i a alra sunt gasite a \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 e mulfi\par\pard\column \ql \li466\sb26\sl-115\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex80 \ul0\nosupersub\cf19\f20\fs10 >\par\pard\ql \li20\sb0\sl-144\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 ca oam \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 nioare. \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \ql \li1147\sb0\sl-162\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Recapituiand aspecteie subiective importante aie oboselii, acestea sunt: lipsa de ener-\par\pard\qj \li859\ri1367\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 gie, senzafie difuzS a propriului corp, uneori cniar agreabila, fapfu! cS se fine cont de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 sarcina de efecfuaf. \par\pard\ql \li1137\sb122\sl- 216\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Prdneda fi ffaesitrjol lMf__*_j8ii�ii \par\pard\qj \li840\ri1364\sb1\sl-220\slmult0\fi302 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Important Tn traamentul curent al neurcsfenlei esfe ca medicul de alfa speciaiiafs sd \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Tnfeieaga ca simpomele pacientului nu sunt Imaginare. Simptomele sunt obiective si sunt \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 produse de emofii care infiuenfeazS sisfemu! nervos vegefafiv, care la randul lui afectea-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 za organlsmul. Medicul trebuie sa observe ca simpomele somatice ale pacientului pof \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 fi remediae prin tratamenf psihiafrie, sinauru! ufil Tn astfel de situafii. Pacienfii trebuie \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 asigurati cd adminisfrarea mealccmenfelor pentru simpfomele somafice \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 (anaigezice, \par\pard\qj \li849\ri1390\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 laxative) vor avea rezuiafe bune numai daca vor fi combinae cu intervenfia psihofera\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 peufica, \par\pard\qj \li830\ri1386\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Succesu! ferapeutic esfe proportional afar cu momentul depisfdrii bolii, cat si a insfi\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 tuirii unor mdsuri terapeutice corecfe. In neurasfenia care debueaza cu fenomene mar\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 cafe de epuizare, se recomanda Tnfreruperea neconditionafa a activitSfii, iar trafamen� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 fu! poate ri adminisfraf afatTn condifii sanaeriaie cat si ia domiciiiu. in neurasfenia cu \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 fenomene predominant reactive ia situafii intens fraumafizante Tn familie sau !a iocu; de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 munca se recomanda scoaerea din mediu! sfresant, traamentul psihoerapeufic si nis� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 ei icamenos m stationary! de nevroze sau Tn sanatorii specializae. \par\pard\qj \li830\ri1395\sb17\sl- 200\slmult0\fi297 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 Stresu; poafe prcvoca modificari sfructurale organice si poafe ameninfa caiitafec \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 viefii sau viafa pur s; simple. \par\pard\qj \li835\ri1390\sb4\sl-220\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Pacienfii trebuie sa fie cjufafi sa recunoasca sfresul din viafa or si comportamenfui \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 lor de raspuns fafa de acesf stres, sa Tnfeieaga inferacfiunea dintre minfe si corp. Fdrd \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 o Dsihoferaoie orieRfafd sore aceasta Tnfeieaere. evolufia neurasteniei nu poafe fi in-\par\pard\li844\sb0\sl- 108\slmult0\fi0\tx1459\tx4598\tx5544 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex173 \ul0\nosupersub\cf18\f19\fs12 n '\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 _\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 _\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 i\par\pard\ql \li835\sb0\sl-162\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 tluenfaa. \par\pard\ql \li1123\sb10\sl-173\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 Reducerea rufei medicals a neurasfenicului care ajunge b psihiatru dupa luni de \par\pard\qj \li815\ri1404\sb0\sl-226\slmult0\fi14 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 peregrinar! si concedii medicale acordate de medic de altd speciaiifafe asigura sfi\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 cienfc bafamenfului, Tn condifii ds repcus Tn safionar, anaoriu sau ambulatoriu. Aceasta \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 TnseamnS fotodata a face economie de resurse si un management corect en acestei \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 afecfiuni. \par\pard\ql \li825\ri1409\sb0\sl-226\slmult0\fi297\tx1089 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Foarte multe pareri convero asuora fcotuiui cd ameiiorarea sau remisiunea neuras-\line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 iei nu esfe si nu poate f: eficienfa daca nu este consolidae prin fraamente de infre-\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 finere si controale periodice (Ossjf M. 1971; Gbrgs. C |l __!__>., 19&S; PiRKlsssy; V \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 PfiasmsP. 1t#S). \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9720\paperh13640{\bkmkstart Pg243}{\bkmkend Pg243}\par\pard\li1636\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1636\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1636\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1636\sb167\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx5409 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 236\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 Psihopatologie si psihiafrie pentru psihologi\par\pard\qj \li1612\sb0\sl-217\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1612\sb0\sl- 217\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1612\sb0\sl-217\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1612\ri642\sb174\sl-217\slmult0\fi302 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Disponibilitoea ogenfilor psihoformacobgici a crescut, la fei si opfiunile teapeutice. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Agentii serooninergici, cu ocfiune entidepresivS si anxioiificS sunt cei mai eficienti. Tra� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 tamentul medicamentos se va adresa Tn primuf rand iritobilitofii, trSirilor emofionaie \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 intense, Tndeosebi onxieefii si vo corecta ritmui somn-veghe perturbat, ca si insomnia. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 Pentru aceasta se vor folosi preparate cu acfiune sedativa, anxioliticS. Se indicS, de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 asemenea, hipnoinductoare din grupa tranchilizanelor minore ca Hidroxizinul, benzodi-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 azepine: Nitrazepam, Diazepam, Oxazepam, Bromazepam, Alprazolam, Lorazepam. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 Clorazepam, cat si doze mici de neuroieptice cu efect sedativ si hipnotic (Tioridazin, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 Levomepromazin, Cbrdebzin etc.) sau subsanfe cu efect antihisaminic si hipnotic de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 tipul promeazinei \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 (Romergan). Antidepresivele nou apSrute sunt, de asemenea, efi-\par\pard\qj \li1612\ri660\sb1\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 cace, deoarece au proprietdti sedative pe langS ceie antidepresive si pot fi foarte folosi\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 oare Tn neurastenie (TimipraminS, MaprotilinS, TianeptinS, FluoxetinS, FluvoxaminS, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 MitrazepinS, VelafaxinS). \par\pard\qj \li1612\ri642\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi278 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Medicul trebuie sa evite sS prescrie medicamente de care pacientul ar puea abuza, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 cum ar fi benzodiazepinele, pe fermen mai lung, pentru cS acesti pacienfi au tendinfa \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 de automedicatie. Aceste medicamente pot fi fobsitoare pe perioade scurte si sub strica \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 supraveghere pentru a reduce anxietatea, fobia, sau insomnia. \par\pard\qj \li1612\ri660\sb0\sl-240\slmult0\fi273 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Mulfi autori noteazS efecte pozitive prin folosirea Tn doze mici a neurolepticelor inci� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 sive - haloperidolul, trifluoperazina, flufenazina, flupentixolul. \par\pard\ql \li1896\sb0\sl- 162\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Cura sanatorials si psihoferapia prin subnarcozd cu stimulore cu cofeind sau amfe-\par\pard\ql \li1608\sb12\sl- 181\slmult0\tx5491 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 tamind, psihoferapia sugestiva, de relaxare \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 (antrenament autogen Schultz), aplicate \par\pard\qj \li1588\ri661\sb0\sl-240\slmult0\fi23 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 individual sau Tn grup sunt metode particulare care si-au dovedit utilitatea terapeuticS \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 Tn neurastenie. \par\pard\qj \li1593\ri662\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 Neurasfenia - boala adaperii si a civilizafiei moderne rSmane un cadru clinic care \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 trebuie rezolvat. Tranzifia cStre era post- industrials la sfdrsitul "celui de-al treilea val" \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 (ToiW A) face ca aceasa suferinfS umanS sS rSmdnS o situofie redutobils cu core \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 medicul se vo confrunto cu siguronfS si Tn secolul XXI. \par\pard\ql \li1982\sb241\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs22 6.9. TOXICOMANiiLE �i ALCOOUSMUL \par\pard\ql \li1982\sb106\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 6.9.1. CONCEPTUL DE ADICTIi - "ADDICTION* \par\pard\qj \li1583\ri684\sb125\sl-213\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Nofiunea de adictie este o nofiune descriptiva si defineste comportamente sau pro\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 cese. Ea se refers la zona comporfamenfebr caracerizate de acfe repetate Tn care pre\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 dominS dependenta fafS de o sifuafie sau un obiect materiel core este cSutot si consu\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 maf cu avidifae. \par\pard\qj \li1574\ri689\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 in comportamentul adictiv persoanele deviazo toate celeblte centre de interes, cu in� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 capacitaea de a alege sS nu realizeze gestul adictiv, care nu constituie, de altfel, nea\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 pSrat, o experienfS agreabils (Peee). \par\pard\qj \li1569\ri692\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Intr-o maniera mai largS, sfera sa de aplicare nu poate fi limifatS numai la alcoolism \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 sau toxicomanie, fscand ae asemenea parte din aceasta: bulimia, toxicofilia, jocul pa� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 tologic (gambling), autoogresiunea, etc. \par\pard\qj \li1564\ri694\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi273 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Termenul de comportament adictiv corespunde exfensiei termenului care servese a \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 desemna toxicomanii cu alte comporamente pe care F@nidi�f (19-15) i-o numit "foxico\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 manii fara dag". \par\pard\qj \li1564\ri700\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi273 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Comportamentul adictiv este vSzutm raport cu esecul Tn fafa unei obligafii, e?ec ce \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 pune la Tndoiala capacifateo de a reusi (sentimentul incompetenfei personale si sociale). \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9720\paperh13640{\bkmkstart Pg244}{\bkmkend Pg244}\par\pard\li883\sb0\sl-184\slmult0\par\pard\li883\sb0\sl- 184\slmult0\par\pard\li883\sb0\sl-184\slmult0\par\pard\li883\sb0\sl- 184\slmult0\par\pard\li883\sb157\sl-184\slmult0\fi0\tx7953 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 Realitatea bolii psihice. Cadru clinic si infervenfie psihoiogica\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 237\par\pard\qj \li859\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li859\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li859\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li859\ri1321\sb181\sl- 220\slmult0\fi297 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Intr-o perspectivS psihanaliticS modelul adictiv subliniazd cS relafiile obiectuale sunt \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 caracterizate de inexistenfa relafii lor genitale si de predominanta obiectuiui partial. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Gestul adictiv survine Tnfr-un conext de separare sau echivalent de separare, disparifia \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 obiectuiui confruntand subiectul cu sentimentul de vid, de pierdere a limitelor sau cu \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 sentimentul inexistentei. Economia adicfiiior este consfruitS pe reducerea dorintelor la \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 nevoie, se caracterizeazS prin importanfa pulsiunilor agresive, limitele simbolizSrii si \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex124 incapaciaea de a elabora tensiuni pulsionale cSrora subiectul le rdspunde printr-o \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 regresie comportamentals (PedinieJIi JL, 1991). \par\pard\qj \li859\ri1356\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Comportamentul adictiv se manifests ca o incapacitate psihica de a elabora tensiu\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 nile pulsionale sau "violenfa fundomenals" (Bergeef, 1981). \par\pard\ql \li844\ri1347\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi297\tx1142 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Nofiunea de act-simpfom propusS de McDaugal! (1978,1982) a demonstrat rapor\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 ful Tntre descSrcarea Tn comportament si esecul funcfiei reprezentSrii. \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Pare asadar, Tn mod clar, ca diferenfele comportamenaie, subsumate sub termenul \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 de comportament adictiv, trebuie sS fie situote nu Tntr-un registru oedipian, ci Tntr-o \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 patobgie ce evoca axa narcisise. \par\pard\qj \li844\ri1358\sb6\sl-213\slmult0\fi287 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 Intebsul comportamentului adictiv este situat, Tn general, de o parte de insuccesul \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 acfiunii de identificare. Impasurile de identificare sunt determinante. Comportamentul \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex125 adictiv reprezintd un esec de "introiecfie", de asemenea o tentativS paradoxab de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 identificare, de renasere sau de unificare cu sinele. \par\pard\ql \li1123\sb32\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Conduiele adictive trebuie deci, sS se situeze Tntr-o patobgie a axei narcisiste. \par\pard\ql \li1113\sb94\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 O perspective] dinamicci Tn adictje \par\pard\li830\sb144\sl-207\slmult0\fi292\tx6398 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 \u8226? Actele adictive pot fi descrise (PedinieJIi, Berfagne, Mills,\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 1987) plecand de la\par\pard\li830\sb13\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx5640 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 modelul de �experienfS primarS a satisfactiei* (Freud,\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 1900) care insfituie un model\par\pard\li830\sb10\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 originar al raporturilor dintre corp si dorinfS.\par\pard\qj \li820\ri1386\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi297 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \u8226? Actul adictiv produce un scurf circuit Tn secventa: nevoie, halucinatia satisfactiei, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 dorinta, absenfa satisfactiei, aparifia principiului realiafii. \par\pard\qj \li830\ri1385\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0\fi287 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 e Intre nevoia psihobgicS si halucinatia satisfactiei, comportamentul adictiv determi-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 nS o acfiune specifics ce suprimS toae lipsa satisfactiei, adicS toae putinfa de a dori. \par\pard\ql \li1118\sb2\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \u8226? Comportamentul adictiv realizeazS un "surogaf" al experienfei primare a satisfactiei \par\pard\ql \li825\ri1385\sb3\sl- 220\slmult0\fi292\tx1108 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \u8226? Diferenfele comportamentaie, subsumate sub termenul de comportament adictiv, tre� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 buie sS fie situate nu Tntr-un registru oedipian, ci Tntr-o patobgie ce evocS axa narcisise. \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 In domeniul clinic, modelul adicfiei permite Tn principal analizarea anumifor com� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 portamente concrete care nu sunt considerate ca aparfinand regisfrului adicfiiior. \par\pard\ql \li1214\sb131\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 6.9.2. ALCOOLISMUL \par\pard\ql \li1108\sb94\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 Definifie \par\pard\ql \li1108\sb9\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Este o boab primarS, cronicS, adesea progresivS si fatals. \par\pard\qj \li1099\ri1406\sb3\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 Manifesarile si dezvoifarea ei sunt influenfote ae facori: genetici, psihosociali, de mediu. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 Se caracterizeazS prin: \par\pard\ql \li1108\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 e ScSderea controlului asupra consumubi de alcool \par\pard\ql \li1108\sb33\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \u8226? Interesul pentru alcool \par\pard\qj \li1104\ri3997\sb0\sl-240\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \u8226? Consumul de alcool Tn ciuda consecinfelor adverse \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 o Distorsiuni Tn gandire - negare \par\pard\ql \li1094\sb1\sl-174\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Simptomele olcoolismului pot fi continue sau periodice. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9720\paperh13640{\bkmkstart Pg245}{\bkmkend Pg245}\par\pard\li1569\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1569\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1569\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1569\sb195\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx5356 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 238\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 Psihopatologie si psihiafrie pentru psihologi\par\pard\ql \li1833\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1833\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1833\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1833\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1833\sb17\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Epidsifoisgia aScoolismuiui \par\pard\ql \li1843\sb1\sl-198\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \u8226? Problemeie legote de alcool Tncep de obicei la varsa de 16-30 ani. \par\pard\ql \li1838\sb15\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \u8226? Prevalenfa abuzului/consumubi de alcool - ] 3,6% Tn populafia generals. \par\pard\ql \li1838\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \u8226? Probleme medicoie induse de olcoo! - 7,4%. \par\pard\ql \li1545\ri694\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi297\tx1843\tx1838 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 � Doer 22% dintre acestia apebazS la servicii de specialitafe. Adresabilitatea aces� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 tor pacienfi se Tmparte Tn mod egal Tntre medici generalisti si medici psihiatri. \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 � 53% dintre persoanele cu alcoolism au o boala psihica Tn relafie de comorbidifafe. \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 � 25% dintre pacienfii unui spital general si 20% din pacienfii policlinicibr eu diverse \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 tulburSri leaote de olcoo!. \par\pard\ql \li1987\sb131\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 xnpiicqjii ai@ aeoolismuiui \par\pard\li1924\sb156\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx4425 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Compiicap medicale\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Aits complicafii\par\pard\li1924\sb47\sl-207\slmult0\fi28\tx4459 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Gastrita\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Cre�terea riscului aparifiei cancerului de limba,\par\pard\li1924\sb9\sl- 207\slmult0\fi28\tx4454 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Pneumonie\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 laringe, esofag, stomac, ficat, pancreas.\par\pard\li1924\sb14\sl-207\slmult0\fi33\tx4454 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Insuflcienfa hepatica\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Cresterea criminalitafii globale (violuri, molestarea\par\pard\li1924\sb4\sl- 207\slmult0\fi19\tx4440 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Ulcer\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 copiilor, tentative de crima. crime)\par\pard\li1924\sb14\sl-207\slmult0\fi19\tx4440 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Pancreatita\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Cresterea numarului de accidente rutiere\par\pard\li1924\sb1\sl-205\slmult0\fi19\tx4440 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Hematom subdural\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Cresterea numarului tentativeior de suicid\par\pard\li1924\sb6\sl-207\slmult0\fi14\tx4444 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Cardiomiopatie\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 (o rata a suicidului de 60-120 de ori mai mare cu un\par\pard\li1924\sb9\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx4440 \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Anemie\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 rise suicidar de 2%-3,4% Tn timpul viefii)\par\pard\ql \li1934\ri5884\sb0\sl-213\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Neuropatie periferica \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 Sdr. aicoolic fetal \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Psihoza Korsakoff \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Demenfa alcoolica \par\pard\ql \li3743\sb234\sl-240\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 _@ ifsss in enssosism \par\pard\ql \li1804\sb8\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Exists o ineactiune complexa Tntre: vulnerabilitate, familie, mediu, culture. \par\pard\ql \li1804\sb1\sl-198\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Facorii genefici infiuenfeaza Tn mare mSsurd prevalenfa aicoolismului. \par\pard\qj \li1511\ri742\sb4\sl-220\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Facorii ereditari au influenfa prin fransmiterea unor d'eficienfe Tn: secrefia de sero\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 oninS, endorfine, prostogiandine. \par\pard\qj \li1507\ri733\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Nu s-au gasit dovezi Tn bgaturS cu exisfenfa unui anumit tip de personalitate care \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 sa fie predicfivS pentru alcoolism. Exists, Tnsd, tulburari de personalitae (borderline, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 anfisociab) care se asociazS cu oicoolismui. \par\pard\qj \li1507\ri753\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi278 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Se asociazS cu: tulburarile de somatizare, anxietate, depresie (2/3 din alcoolici au \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 ce! pufin un episod depresiv major Tn timpul viefii). \par\pard\qj \li1497\ri758\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Un consum Tndelungat poafe precede aparifia atacurilor de panica sau fulburSrii \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 anxioase generalizate si poafe urma dupa un istoric de agorafobie si fobie socials. \par\pard\ql \li1771\sb111\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Qs^umsfanje patobgie� Indus� d� dosdl \par\pard\ql \li1785\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 a infoxicafia alcoolica \par\pard\ql \li1785\sb13\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 � Sevrajul necompiicat \par\pard\qj \li1776\ri4929\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 � Sevrajui compiicaf cu convulsii ' \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 e Delirium tremens \par\pard\ql \li1776\sb1\sl-195\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 � Tuiburarea psihotica indusd de alcool \par\pard\qj \li1776\ri3451\sb5\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 � Tuiburarea amnezica persistenta IndusS de alcool \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 e Boli neurobgice \par\pard\ql \li1776\sb31\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 � Boli hepafice \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9720\paperh13640{\bkmkstart Pg246}{\bkmkend Pg246}\par\pard\li1099\sb0\sl-184\slmult0\par\pard\li1099\sb0\sl- 184\slmult0\par\pard\li1099\sb0\sl-184\slmult0\par\pard\li1099\sb0\sl- 184\slmult0\par\pard\li1099\sb0\sl-184\slmult0\par\pard\li1099\sb16\sl- 184\slmult0\fi0\tx8145 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 Realitatea bolii psihice. Cadru clinic si infervenfie psihologicd\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 239\par\pard\ql \li2745\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2745\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2745\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2745\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2745\sb40\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 lies \par\pard\ql \li1368\sb1\sl-198\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Varioza de Io ebrietate usoare la insuficienfS respirafori, coma si moarte. \par\pard\qj \li1094\ri1145\sb41\sl-200\slmult0\fi268 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Alcoolu! se combine cu substanfe endogene si exogene precum dopamina si cocaina \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 rezuifand metabolifi toxici. \par\pard\ql \li1372\sb15\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 Organismu! poafe metaboliza 100 mg/kgc/orS. \par\pard\qj \li1368\ri3498\sb0\sl-240\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 Cei care nu eu dezvolat toleronfS la alcool dezvola ia: \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 � 0,03 mg% - disforie \par\pard\qj \li1372\ri5121\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 � 0,05 mg% - incoordonare motorie \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 e 0,1 mg% - ataxie \par\pard\ql \li1377\sb1\sl-175\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 - 0,4 mg% - anestezie, comS, moarte \par\pard\ql \li1358\sb101\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs22 Ddiiya fenws \par\pard\qj \li1080\ri1150\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi273 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Se caracterizeazS prin confuzie, dezorienfare, Tntunecorea consfientei,, tulburari de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 percepfie. Sunt frecvent Tntalnite ideile delirante, halucinafiile ferifianfe, vii \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 (ex. micropsii, \par\pard\ql \li1070\sb6\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 zoopsii), agiafie, insomnii, febrS, hiperactivitate neurovegetativa. \par\pard\qj \li1055\ri1154\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Simpfomele spar a 2-3 zile dbpi un mesum Imporant db eaesi ey it9@5_u\u8222?_is ma\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 ximl fn zsua 4-5. \par\pard\qj \li1075\ri1159\sb0\sl-240\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 La consumaforii cronici de alcool exisfa un pattern repetitiv de delirium tremens de-a \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 lungul viefii. \par\pard\ql \li1358\sb0\sl- 162\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Nefraaf, dureaza aproximativ 4-5 sapfamani. \par\pard\ql \li1353\sb30\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Cu tratament adecvaf, simptomele se amesioreaza dupa 3 ziie. \par\pard\ql \li1334\sb95\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs22 Tolburapss psihsiei indusi d� aest \par\pard\li1070\sb12\sl-207\slmult0\fi278\tx5275\tx5452 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Halucinafii auditive marcate pentru eel pufin\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 1\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 saptamana, care apar pufin dupa\par\pard\li1070\sb5\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 reducerea sau sisarea consumuiui abuziv de aieool.\par\pard\ql \li1353\sb14\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Persoana raspunde la aceste halucinafii prin feama, anxieate, agitafie. \par\pard\qj \li1060\ri1195\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Diagnosficul pozitiv se bazeazS pe istoricul de consum recent de alcool Tn doze mari \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 si obsenfa schizofreniei sau maniei. \par\pard\qj \li1055\sb0\sl-240\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1055\ri1212\sb64\sl-240\slmult0\fi278 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Tratamentul implies Tn egala masurS pacientul si personalul medical, si cuprinde \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 cateva etape: \par\pard\ql \li1348\sb8\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 9 Educatia-\par\pard\ql \li1348\sb1\sl- 198\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \u8226? Mofivarea pacientului sa accepte planui terapeufic \par\pard\qj \li1339\ri4021\sb4\sl-220\slmult0\fi9 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 - Tncuajarea personalului sS iucreze cu pacientu! \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 � Suqerarea trafamentului farmaccloqic \par\pard\qj \li1051\ri1211\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 e Infegrarea frafomentului specific pentru abuz de alcool in schema generae de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 traament \par\pard\ql \li1343\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 � Facilifarea transferului Tn alte secfii pentru traament specific \par\pard\ql \li6067\sb126\sl-216\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 _y meaic \par\pard\qj \li1041\ri1189\sb1\sl-220\slmult0\fi465 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 In suspiciunea pentru abuzul de droguri, de cafe ori este posibil, obfinefi nivelurile \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 toxice urinare. \par\pard\ql \li1343\sb4\sl-216\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 _ Cunoasterea principiilor aenerale de defoxifiere. \par\pard\ql \li1343\sb12\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 - Ajustarea procesului de dezinfoxicafie la pacienfii cu boli somatice. \par\pard\ql \li1329\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 � In tratamentul polidependenfei, prima defoxifiere esfe fafa de sedative. \par\pard\qj \li1041\ri1214\sb0\sl-240\slmult0\fi302 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 - Folosirea de este de provocare sau estimarea conservative dacS exists suspiciuini \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 legate de doza inifiab de defoxifiere. \par\pard\ql \li1329\sb1\sl-174\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \u8226? Cunoasterea d-ozebr echivalente de sedative si opiacee. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9720\paperh13640{\bkmkstart Pg247} {\bkmkend Pg247}\par\pard\li1454\sb0\sl-184\slmult0\par\pard\li1454\sb0\sl- 184\slmult0\par\pard\li1454\sb0\sl-184\slmult0\par\pard\li1454\sb0\sl- 184\slmult0\par\pard\li1454\sb95\sl-184\slmult0\fi0\tx5232 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 240\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 Psihopatologie si psihiafrie pentru psihologi\par\pard\ql \li1737\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1737\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1737\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1737\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1737\sb25\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 \u8226? Recunoasterea interacfiunilor medicamentoase, \par\pard\qj \li1444\ri829\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \u8226? Recunoasterea unei psihopatobgii majore, a bolilor metabolice si neurobgice, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 precum 51 a intoxicafiei vs. sevraj \par\pard\ql \li4305\sb74\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 Elemente de baza \par\pard\ql \li2400\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 Tn anamneza unui pacient cu consum de droguri sau alcool \par\pard\ql \li1536\sb53\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul Acuze principale, istoricul bolii actuale \par\pard\ql \li1545\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Semne si simpome prezente \par\pard\ql \li1545\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Dae la care a Tnceput consumul, folosirea regulae, perioade de consum maxim, \par\pard\ql \li1545\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 cea mai lunga perioada fara consum, cantitafi olosite, frecvenfa, modul de adminis-\par\pard\ql \li1536\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul trare, circumstante de folosire, reacfii \par\pard\ql \li1531\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Antecedente medicale, medicafie, statut HIV. Istoric de tratament Tmpotriva abuzului \par\pard\qj \li1526\ri1020\sb0\sl-240\slmult0\fi14 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul de substanfe, raspuns la tratament. Istoric familial (incluzand folosirea de substanfe) \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Antecedente psihiatrice \par\pard\ql \li1531\sb0\sl-162\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Antecedente penale. Isoric personal. Istoricul relafiilor \par\pard\ql \li1713\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1713\sb23\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 Straegia erapevticd tn alcoolism \par\pard\qj \li1416\ri839\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi287 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Nu exisa un algoritm terapeutic comun tuturor pacienfilor alcoolici. Planul terapeutic \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 conse Tn a propune fiecSrui subiect, cu maximum de suplefe posibib, un brg evantai \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 de metode a cSror utilizare depinde de: \par\pard\ql \li1708\sb1\sl-194\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \u8226? personalitatea subiectului, \par\pard\ql \li1703\sb36\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \u8226? tipul de relafie cu alcoolul, \par\pard\ql \li1699\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 9 gradul sSu de motivare, \par\pard\ql \li1699\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \u8226? momentul evolutiv al comporfamenfului alcoolic, \par\pard\ql \li1699\sb1\sl-198\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 \u8226? prezenfa/absenfa tulbuarilor mintale asociate. \par\pard\qj \li1401\ri848\sb4\sl- 220\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Scopul acestor metode, conditie necesara dor nu suficientS a succesubi teropeutic, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 este obtinereo si menfinereo prelungie a obstinentei totale, Tn cozul Tn care existase \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 dependents sau abuz. \par\pard\qj \li1387\ri858\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi297 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 ReTntoarcerea la un consum moderat pare imposibila la alcoolicii dependenfi. Ea nu \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 a fost deocamdatS propusS decat Tn cadrul programelor comportamentaie Tn caz de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 consum abuziv fSrS dependents. \par\pard\qj \li1391\ri859\sb37\sl-200\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 Straegia terapeuticS, pe ermen mediu si lung, vizeazS sS TntSreascS beneficiile \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 multiple ale sevrajului mentinut. \par\pard\qj \li1387\ri869\sb4\sl-220\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 In mod clasic terapia olcoolismului este conceputS ca o curS ale cSrei etape le vom \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 trece pe scurf Tn revistS. \par\pard\ql \li1660\sb112\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 (a) pe-cua \par\pard\qj \li1377\ri883\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Este un timp pregStitor a cSrui importane e fundamentals. Este un timp medical si \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 psihoterapeutic ale cSrui principii esenfiale sunt urmStoarele; \par\pard\qj \li1368\ri881\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi297 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \u8226? stabilirea unei relafii deTncredere, permitand libertatea de expresie, evitand peri� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 colul unor atitudini autoritare culpabilizante si atitudinile de TngSduinfS excesivS inefi\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 cace. \par\pard\ql \li1665\sb10\sl-207\slmult0\tx7166 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 � bilanful psihologie si somatic al comportamentului alcoolic \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 (vechimea si tipul \par\pard\qj \li1363\ri872\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi19 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 rebtiei cu alcoolul, bilanful afectSrilor somatice, psiho-afective, familiab, sociale legate \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 de alcool). \par\pard\qj \li1377\ri892\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \u8226? psihoferapia explicativS favorizand luarea la cunostinfS (Tnfelegerea) a abuzului \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 sau dependenfei, eliberarea de atitudinile de banalizare sau de negare, gSsirea unei \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 motivafii pentru abstinenfS. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9720\paperh13640{\bkmkstart Pg248} {\bkmkend Pg248}\par\pard\li1036\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1036\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1036\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1036\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1036\sb51\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx8064 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Realitatea bolii psihice. Cadru clinic si infervenfie psihologica\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 241\par\pard\qj \li1022\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1022\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1022\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1022\ri1221\sb152\sl-220\slmult0\fi278 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Aceasa precurS poate fi mai lunge sau mai pufin lungS. Trecerea la curS, la un su� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 biect nemotivat, poate fi amanae si timpul pregatitor se poafe dovedi eficace prin con-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 tactele stabilite cu famiiia, sau prin punerea Tn legSturS cu grupuri de vechi bolnavi. \par\pard\ql \li1305\sb131\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 (b) cues de sevraj \par\pard\qj \li1012\ri1231\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi302 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \u8226? Strategia terapeuticS a curei, dupS cele mai multe opinii, ese mult mai usor reali\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 zaa Tn mediu spitalicesc decaf Tn ambulator; ea permite, aplicarea mai complee a me\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 todelor medicale si psihoterapeutice. \par\pard\qj \li1012\ri1226\sb17\sl-200\slmult0\fi297 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 - Cura implies un proiect clar de abstinentS, care a fost prezentat pacientului, expli-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 cat, si Tnscris Tn timp. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 (Utilitatea unei post-cure trebuie evocata Tnca din timpul curei, \par\pard\qj \li1012\ri1232\sb4\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 care trebuie TnfeleasS ca un prim moment al sevrajului, mai degrabs decaf ca un timp \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \u8222?miracol", ale cSrui efecte terapeutice vor t definitive). \par\pard\qj \li1012\ri1218\sb4\sl-216\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Sevrajulde alcool este otal si imediaf. In afara rehidratSrii suficiene pe cab orals, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 vitaminoterapia B, pe cab intramusculara, prescrierea medicamentelor psihotrope este \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 indispensabila. Acest tratament substitutiv are drept fine prevenirea incidenelor si acci\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 dentelor sevrajului si asigurarea unui confort psihologie pocientubi. Produsele folosite \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 sunt foarte variabile; benzodiazepine, carbamat, tefrabamat, barbiturice, mai rar clor\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 metizol, beta- bbcante. \par\pard\ql \li1286\sb124\sl-216\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 Cua de de_gust - terapia aversrva \par\pard\qj \li1003\ri1227\sb0\sl- 230\slmult0\fi287 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 DerivatS din tehnicile comporamenaie, eo constS teoretic Tn a crea o aversiune fafS \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 de alcool prin folosirea unei substanfe cu efect emetizanf legat de acumularea de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 acetaldehids. \par\pard\ql \li1262\sb1\sl-185\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Aspecele psihoterapeutice ale curei sunt esenfiale. \par\pard\qj \li1003\ri1250\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi273 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Metodeb psihoterapeutice de grup constau Tn reuniuni didactice referitoare Io alcoo� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 lism, vizand deculpabilizarea, revalorizarea narcisisa, sepanirea comporfamenfului \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 alcoolic si diverse tehnici de grup mai mult sau mai pufin structurate (jocuri de roluri, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 psihodrame, grupuri psihoterapeutice de inspirafie analitica). \par\pard\qj \li998\ri1241\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0\fi278 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Obiectivul esential Tn cursul curei este de a dezamorsa pasivitatea alcoolicului, de a \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 favorizo o exprimare verbals a conflictelor, de a conferi sevrajului sensul unui demers \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 personal activ. \par\pard\qj \li993\ri1250\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Printre metodele individuale, psihoferapia de susfinere are primul loc, Tn cursul curei. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 Ulterior se poate recurge la tehnici mai elaborate: relaxare si mai ales metode com� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 poramenaie (outocontroi, afirmoreo sinelui) vizand reTnoarcerea evenfuab la un con� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 sum moderat de oleool la consumatorii excesivi nedependenfi. \par\pard\ql \li1267\sb79\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw- 2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 (c) Post-cura. Tngriiirea pe fermen lung \par\pard\qj \li998\ri1246\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi268 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Acest timp esential al Tngrijirii, fSra Tndoiala eel mai pufin codificat, condifioneaza \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 prognosticul comportamentului alcoolic. Ingrijirea implies o relafie neTntrerupta si pre\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 lungita cu un terapeut. \par\pard\ql \li1271\sb10\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Straegiile terapeutice fac ape! la: \par\pard\ql \li1276\sb1\sl-198\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \u8226? chimioterapie \par\pard\qj \li988\ri1265\sb4\sl- 220\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 - locul fratamenebr chimioterapice Tn timpul post-curei nu este fundamental. Trato\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 mentele substitutive ale sevrajului, tronchilizontele Tn special, trebuie sS fie reduse pro� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 gresiv, apoi Tntrerupfe la capStuI a cateva sSpamani, dacS sevrajul ese menfinut. \par\pard\qj \li979\ri1259\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 - obfinerea si mentinerea sevrajului total de alcool, TntSrit de Tngrijirea psihotera\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 peuticS anfreneazS, Tn 80% din cazuri, vindecarea tulburarilor mintale asociate, eel mai \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 des secundare alcoolizarii excesive (sindroame depresive, anxietae, modificSri de ca� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 racter, comportament heteroagresiv). \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9720\paperh13640{\bkmkstart Pg249}{\bkmkend Pg249}\par\pard\li1257\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1257\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1257\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1257\sb167\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx5040 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 242\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 Psihopatologie si psihiafrie pentru psihologi\par\pard\ql \li1540\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1540\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1540\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1540\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1540\sb25\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Unele tratamente chimioterapice pot diminua opetitul pentru alcool. \par\pard\ql \li1536\sb94\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 PsJhoerapiile tn alcoolism \par\pard\qj \li1257\ri1017\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi273 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Multiple metode sunt utilizate, coteodatS simi'lton Tn cursul post-curei la alcoolici. Ele \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 fac ape!, Tn funcfie de personalitatea fiecSrui pacient, la tehnici diverse, dintre care niciuna \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 nu poate fi estimae (apreciatS) global ca superioarS celorblte pe ansn-blul cazuribr. \par\pard\ql \li1536\sb111\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 Psihoferapia Tn cursul poshcurei la aiccoiici \par\pard\ql \li1593\sb1\sl-193\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Aetode individuae. \par\pard\ql \li1968\sb16\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 - Psihoferapia de sustinere \par\pard\ql \li1972\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 - Psihoferapia cognltivS \par\pard\ql \li1972\sb13\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 - Psihoferapia onalitica \par\pard\ql \li1968\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 - Rebxarea \par\pard\qj \li1531\ri5409\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi432 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 - Terapii comportamenaie \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Psihoterapii de grup \par\pard\ql \li1958\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 - Grupe de vechi (vosti) bolnavi, vechi baufori \par\pard\ql \li1958\sb33\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 - Grupe de discufii \par\pard\ql \li1963\sb1\sl-198\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 - Grupe de informatie \par\pard\ql \li1958\sb15\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 - Psihodrame \par\pard\ql \li1958\sb13\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 - Analize tronzocfionole \par\pard\qj \li1521\ri4242\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi431 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 - Terapii familiale sistemice sau analitice \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Psihoterapii institufionab \par\pard\ql \li1953\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 - Centre de post-cura \par\pard\ql \li1948\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 - Socioterapie \par\pard\ql \li1943\sb33\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 - Ergoferapie \par\pard\qj \li1214\ri1030\sb106\sl- 216\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Trebuie subliniata imposibilitatea de a codifica o strategie terapeutica uni/ocS, apli\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 cabib tuturor pacienfilor. Diversitatea metodelor propuse rSspunde heterogenitafii alcoo\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 licilor. Pentru fiecare subiect Tn parte, trebuie ebborat un proiect terapeutic Tn funcfie de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 gravitatea si de tipul de alcoolism (abuz sau dependents, forma intermitenfS sau per\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 manena), de personaliatea de bazS, de mediul socio- familial, de prezenfa sau absenfa \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 unei patobgii minale asociate. \par\pard\ql \li2409\sb172\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex124 Tratamentul cu cei ma' bun prognostic pe termen lung \par\pard\qj \li1430\ri2847\sb43\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul cura de sevraj Tn mediu spitalicesc specializat pentru alcoolism \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 selectia pacientilor admisi; \par\pard\ql \li1430\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 post-cura enerqica |i preiungita \par\pard\ql \li1420\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 Tngrijire simultana Tn anturajul familial \par\pard\ql \li1430\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 utilizarea terapiilor compotamentaie \par\pard\ql \li1425\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 administrare preiungita de disulflram \par\pard\ql \li1430\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 absenta unei patoloqii mintale primare; \par\pard\ql \li1425\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 un statut conjugal $i socio-profesionai stabil \par\pard\ql \li1425\sb33\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 intervenfia elementelor vitale pozitive (Vaillant). \par\pard\ql \li1483\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1483\sb106\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Ineryenjia psihoiogului tn absolism \par\pard\qj \li1195\ri1073\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Prin multituainea factorilor implicafi in etiopatogenia sa, alcoolismul necesitS o abor� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 dare terapeuticS compbxS, ampb si de iungS duraa care trebuie sS cuprinds inter\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 venfiile famiiiei, medicului psihiatru, psihoiogului, asistentului social. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9720\paperh13640{\bkmkstart Pg250}{\bkmkend Pg250}\par\pard\li888\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li888\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li888\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li888\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li888\sb36\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx7915 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Realitatea bolii psihice. Cadru clinic si infervenfie psihobgica\tab \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex109 243\par\pard\qj \li878\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li878\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li878\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li878\ri1375\sb167\sl- 220\slmult0\fi273 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Terapia olcoolismului ca boab nu va fi eficientS decat avand Tn vedere individuoli\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 taea cazului, relafiile interpersonale stabilitem cadrul famiiiei si mediuiui social, meca\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 nismele de apSrare, fondul premorbid al bolnavului si foctorii situationali. \par\pard\qj \li883\ri1379\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi278 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Indiferent de tipul de psihoterapiei folosit, principiile generale ale intervnnfiei psiho� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 bgice vizeazS parcurgerea unor pasi obligatorii. \par\pard\ql \li2496\sb151\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 Principii generate ale intervenes! psihologice \par\pard\ql \li1084\sb53\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul Stabilirea unei aliante terapeutice \par\pard\ql \li1084\sb1\sl-198\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Controlul fenomenului de contratransfer \par\pard\ql \li1089\sb15\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Identificarea cauzelor care determina consumul de alcool \par\pard\ql \li1084\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Depasirea mecanismului de negare folosit Tn principal de pacient printr-o \par\pard\ql \li1084\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul interventie care sa-l determine sa-si recunoasca boala \par\pard\ql \li1084\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Identificarea valorilor si resurselor pacientului Tn vederea stabilirii unor parghii \par\pard\ql \li1075\sb1\sl-198\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul motivational pe termen lung \par\pard\ql \li1080\sb15\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Dezvoifarea unor strategii noi de adaptare si a abilitafiior sociale \par\pard\ql \li1065\sb13\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Alegerea unor metode psihoterapeutice flexibiie, comprehensibile si adaptate \par\pard\ql \li1060\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul fazelor de cura Tn care se prezinta pacientul \par\pard\ql \li1060\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Ajutarea pacientului sa se Tnfeieaga mai bine, sa-si clarifice conflictele si sa-si \par\pard\ql \li1070\sb1\sl-198\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul planifice realist compotamentele\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw4472\colsr160\colno2\co lw4948\colsr160\ql \li1065\sb22\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Consiliere\par\pard\ql \li1070\sb10\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Psihoterapie suportiva\par\pard\qj \li1070\ri82\sb6\sl-216\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Psihoterapie cognitiv- comportamentala \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Psihoterapie sugestiva.\par\pard\qj \li1070\ri902\sb0\sl-214\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Psihoterapie rafional-emotiva \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Psihoterapie experienfiala\par\pard\ql \li1060\sb8\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul Psihoterapie psihanalitica\par\pard\column \ql \li29\ri2957\sb24\sl-211\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Psihoterapie de grup \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Psihoterapie de familie\par\pard\ql \li20\sb18\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 Asociafii de tipul �Aicooliciior Anonimi� \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \qj \li940\ri1531\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Stabilirea de legaturi cu famiiia, medicul, asistentul social Tn vederea stabilirii unei \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 refeie de suport \par\pard\ql \li1224\sb252\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs22 6.9.3. TOXICOMANIA \par\pard\qj \li825\ri1414\sb131\sl-200\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Definifie: ese un consum patologic, cronic sau periodic, impulsiv, de subtanfe care \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 modifies sarea afectivS sau de constiintS. \par\pard\qj \li820\ri1428\sb10\sl-213\slmult0\fi278 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Toxicomania este rezultatul acfiunii unor factori externi si intern!, a! unor nteracfiuni \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Eatogene din copibrie. Conflictele existente Tn copibrie Tn cadrul familiib dezechili\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 rate si reactualizarea acestora Tn adolescents, joacS un rol important Tn g neza toxi\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 comaniibr. \par\pard\qj \li825\ri1423\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Dependenfa se caracterizeazS prin tendinfa de crestere progresivS a dozeor de dag \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 si prin imposibilitatea de a opri, chiar si pentru cateva zile consumul, fSrS \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 :a aceasta \par\pard\ql \li825\sb1\sl-198\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 sS nu determine aparifia sevrajului. \par\pard\ql \li1099\sb116\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 Criterii de diagnostic pentru intoxkxxjia cu o substanfa dupa DSM-IV \par\pard\qj \li825\ri1437\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0\fi268 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 A. Aparifia unui sindrom reversibil specific datorat ingestiei unei sustante (sau expu\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 nerii la o substants): substanfe diferie pot produce sindroame simibre sau identice. \par\pard\qj \li811\ri1429\sb0\sl- 215\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 B. ModificSrile psihologice sau comportamentaie dezodopative, semnificotive clinic \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 sunt dotorate efeebbi substanfei asupra sisemului nervos central (de ex., beligerantS, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 labilitafe afectiva, deteriorare cognifivS, deteriorarea judecSfii, deteriorarea funcfiona\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 b, socials sau profesionab) si apar Tn cursul consumului de substanfS sau la scurf timp \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 dupS aceea. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9720\paperh13640{\bkmkstart Pg251}{\bkmkend Pg251}\par\pard\li1531\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1531\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1531\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1531\sb186\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx5289 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 244\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 Psihopatologie $i psihiafrie pentru psihologi\par\pard\qj \li1531\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1531\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1531\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1531\ri776\sb164\sl-220\slmult0\fi278 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 C. Simptomele nu se datoreaza unei condifii medicale generate si nu sunt explicate \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 mai bine de o ale tulburare mintab. \par\pard\qj \li1521\ri776\sb100\sl-220\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Sevrajul- stare de rSu subiectiv, intens, Tn care pacientul coutS sS obtinS prin orice \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 mijbace drogul, TnsofitS de o perturbare biologies neurovegetafivS si dismetabolicS de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 ampbare si, uneori, de moarte. \par\pard\ql \li1790\sb112\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 Citeii de diagnostic pentru abstinenta de o substanfe \par\pard\qj \li1516\ri786\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi273 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 A. Dezvoifarea unui sindrom specific datoratTnceerii (sau reducerii) consumului de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 substanfS care a fost excesiv si prelungit. \par\pard\qj \li1516\ri800\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 B. Sindromul specific substanfei cauzeazS suferintS sau deteriorare clinicS semni-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 ficativS Tn domeniul social, profesional ori Tn alte domenii importante de functionare. \par\pard\qj \li1516\ri791\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0\fi273 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 C. Simptomele nu se datoreazo unei condifii medicale generale si nu sunt explicote \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 moi bine de ale tulburare mintab \par\pard\ql \li1785\sb110\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Craving sau apetenfa \par\pard\qj \li1511\ri794\sb3\sl- 220\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 - Ese o nevoie imperioasS pentru o subsanfS cu efect psihotrop si cSutarea com\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 pulsivS a ocesteia. Acest fenomen joacS un rol important Tn aparifia dependenfei. \par\pard\ql \li1795\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 - Crave (engl) = a dori ceva cu ardoare implicand solicitare insistentS - "sete" de drog. \par\pard\qj \li1502\ri799\sb11\sl-210\slmult0\fi287 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 - Definitia OMS = dorinfa de a experimena din nou efectele unei substanfe consu\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 mete onterior. Comporamentul devine expresie ocestei trSiri, condensandu-se-Tn pofi\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 do oricSror riscuri si neajunsuri - spre procurarea drogului. \par\pard\ql \li1780\sb6\sl-216\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 Dependenta \par\pard\ql \li1785\sb12\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Reprezina tuibuarea comportamene Is definie prin: \par\pard\ql \li2222\sb33\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \u8226? Dorinfa puternicS, compulsivS de a utiliza o sustanfS psihoactivS, \par\pard\ql \li2222\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \u8226? Dificultateo de a opri consumul, \par\pard\qj \li2217\ri814\sb3\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \u8226? Comportament de cSutare a drogurilor, cu invazia progresivS a Tntregii exis\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 tenfe de cStre acest fenomen. \par\pard\ql \li1776\sb111\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Dependenfa fizicd, caracterizae prin aparifia sevrajului include: \par\pard\ql \li1776\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 - Efectele somatice ale utilizStii repetate a substanfelor respective \par\pard\ql \li1771\sb13\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 - In acest context intervin alfi doi termeni: toleranfa si sevrajul \par\pard\qj \li1483\ri810\sb3\sl- 220\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Dependenfa psihica = craving si cSutarea compulsivS a substanfei = nevoia de a \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 menfine si regSsi senzafia de placere, de bine, safisfacfia, stimularea pe care o aduce \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 consumatorilor dar si de a evita senzafia de rSu psihic care apare Tn lipsa consumului. \par\pard\ql \li1756\sb112\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 Citeiile DSM-IV pentru dependenta de o substanfa \par\pard\qj \li1478\ri823\sb99\sl-220\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Un pattern dezadaptativ de consum al unei substanfe duce la o deteriorare sau sufe� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 rintS semnificativa clinic, care poate surveni oricond Tntr-o perioads de 1 an, manifes� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 tae prin trei (sau mai multe) din urmStoarele simptome: \par\pard\ql \li1776\sb11\sl- 207\slmult0\tx1876 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 1 \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 ) Toleranfa, definie prin oricare din urmStoarele: \par\pard\qj \li1483\ri818\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi278 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 a) Necesitatea cresterii considerable a cantitStilor de substanfS pentru a ajunge la \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 intoxicafie sou efectul dorit; \par\pard\qj \li1473\ri825\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 b) Diminuarea semnificativS a efectului la consumul continuu al aceleasi cantiafi de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 subsanfS; \par\pard\ql \li1751\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 2) Sevraj, manifestat prin oricare din urmStoarele: \par\pard\qj \li1468\ri844\sb0\sl-240\slmult0\fi273 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 a) Sindromul de abstinenta caracteristic pentru substanfa (se refera la criteriile a si \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 b ale sefurilor de criterii pentru abstinenta la substanfe specifice); \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9720\paperh13640{\bkmkstart Pg252}{\bkmkend Pg252}\par\pard\li1031\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1031\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1031\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1031\sb75\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx8025 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Realitatea bolii psihice. Cadru clinic si infervenfie psihobgica\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 245\par\pard\qj \li1027\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1027\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1027\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1027\ri1256\sb175\sl-220\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 b) Aceeasi substanfS (sau strans TnruditS) este consumata pentru a usura sau evia \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 simpomele de abstinenfS); \par\pard\qj \li1017\ri1261\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi287 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 3) Substanfa este bats adesea Tn cantiati mai man' sau Tn decursul unei perioade \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 mai lungi decat se inentiona; \par\pard\ql \li1296\sb1\sl- 195\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 4) Exists o dorintS persistena sau eforturi ineficiente de a Tnceta sau de a controb \par\pard\li1012\sb30\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx8188 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 consumul de sustantS;\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 *\par\pard\qj \li1012\ri1242\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 5) Foarte mult timp este pierdut Tn activitafi necesare obfinerii sustanfei (de ex., con-, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 sultarea a numero$i doctori sau parcurgerea unor lungi distanfe), consumului substanfei' \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 (de ex., fumatul Tn lanf) sau recuperSrii din efectele acesteia; \par\pard\qj \li1008\ri1280\sb6\sl-200\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 6) Activitafi sociale, profesionale sau recreafionab importante sunt abandonate sau \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 reduse din couza consumului de substanfa; \par\pard\qj \li993\ri1274\sb24\sl-220\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 7) Substanfa este consumae Tn continuare Tn ciuda faptului cS pacientul stie cS are \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 o problems somaticS sau psihobgicS, persistena sau intermitena, core probobil o fost \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex125 cauzaa sau exacerbae de substanfS (de ex.: consum curent de cocainS, Tn ciuda \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 recunoaserii depresiei induse de cocaina sau bSut continuu, Tn ciuda recunoaserii fap� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 tului cS un ulcer a fost agravat de consumul de alcool). \par\pard\ql \li1281\sb1\sl-195\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 De specificat: \par\pard\ql \li1281\sb36\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 - Cu dependents fiziobgicS: proba de toieranfS sau abstinenfS, adicS, este prezent \par\pard\li993\sb13\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx1833\tx1939\tx2884 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 fie itemul\tab \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 1\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 , fie itemul\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 2,\par\pard\li993\sb9\sl-207\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 - FSrS dependents fiziobgicS: nici o probs de toieranfS sou de abstinenfS (adicS,\par\pard\li993\sb19\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx1920\tx2025\tx3062 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 nici itemul\tab \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 1\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 , nici itemul\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 2 nu e prezent).\par\pard\ql \li1276\sb1\sl-196\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 Specificafii de evolufie: \par\pard\ql \li1276\sb35\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 - Remisiune complee precoce \par\pard\ql \li1276\sb13\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 - Remisiune parfiala completa \par\pard\ql \li1271\sb1\sl-198\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 - Remisiune complee preiungia \par\pard\ql \li1267\sb15\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 - Remisiune parfials preiungia \par\pard\ql \li1267\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 - Sub ferapie agonists \par\pard\ql \li1267\sb13\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 - Intr-un mediu controlat \par\pard\ql \li3743\sb153\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 Principalele droguri \par\pard\ql \li3187\sb153\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul derivafii de opiu (morfina, heroina) \par\pard\ql \li4296\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 cocaina \par\pard\ql \li3441\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul cannabis (hasis, marihuana) \par\pard\ql \li2217\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 tranchilizante (barbiturice, meprobamat, benzodiazepine) \par\pard\ql \li1694\sb13\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 psihodisleptice = halucinogene (mescalina, psilocibina, LSD, ecstasy) \par\pard\ql \li4132\sb1\sl-198\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 amfetamine \par\pard\ql \li4272\sb35\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 inhalanfi \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9720\paperh13640{\bkmkstart Pg253}{\bkmkend Pg253}\par\pard\li1555\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1555\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1555\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1555\sb22\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx5356 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 246\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 Psihopatologie si psihiafrie pentru psihologi\par\pard\li1934\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1934\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1934\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1934\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1934\sb60\sl-207\slmult0\fi1473 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Factori implicae Tn consumul de droguri\par\pard\li1934\sb139\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx5313 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Dizarmonii ale structurii personalitafii\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 - pasiv - dependenta\par\pard\li1934\sb13\sl-207\slmult0\fi3379 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 - borderline\par\pard\ql \li5313\sb0\sl-204\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 - dissociala \par\pard\qj \li1929\ri4410\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul Insuficienta controlului viefii pulsionale \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Lipsa capacitafii volitive - abulie \par\pard\li1920\sb21\sl-207\slmult0\fi4\tx5313 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Stari afective particulare\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 - anxietae\par\pard\li1920\sb9\sl-207\slmult0\fi3388 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 - depresie\par\pard\li1920\sb19\sl- 207\slmult0\fi3388 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 - hiperemotivitate\par\pard\li1920\sb1\sl-205\slmult0\fi3388 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 - timiditate\par\pard\li1920\sb24\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx5308 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Serile de decepfie si nemulfumire\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 - monotonia viefii\par\pard\li1920\sb9\sl- 207\slmult0\fi3388 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul - lipsa scalei valorice\par\pard\li1920\sb14\sl-207\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Obisnuinfa sociala\par\pard\ql \li1924\sb8\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Influenfa grupului de prieteni \par\pard\qj \li1910\ri4092\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi14 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Influente sociale nocive (modele culturale) \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Vagabondajul \par\pard\ql \li1920\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Incapacitatea de inserfie Tn grup \par\pard\ql \li1920\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Inserfia Tn grupuri anomice \par\pard\ql \li2702\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2702\sb146\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex125 Tulburarile psihice produse de consumul de substance \par\pard\ql \li4425\sb33\sl-207\slmult0\tx5270 \up0 \expndtw- 1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul Intoxicafii \ul0\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul $i sevraj \par\pard\ql \li4852\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Delirium \par\pard\qj \li4257\ri3465\sb39\sl- 200\slmult0\fi158 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul Tulburari psihotice \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Tulburari de dispozifie \par\pard\ql \li4411\sb15\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Tulburari anxioase \par\pard\qj \li4291\ri3498\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi139 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul Sindrom amnestic \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Tulburare demenfiaia \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 Disfuncfii sexuale \par\pard\ql \li4416\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Tulburari de somn \par\pard\ql \li1780\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1780\sb206\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 Deivafii de opiu \par\pard\qj \li1502\ri713\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 In categorie derivofilor de opiu - aso-numitele opiacee - se Tnscriu opioceele \u8222?notu\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 rale" - morfina, heroins, codeinS si cele sintetice - petidinS $i metodonS. \par\pard\ql \li1785\sb31\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 - Morfina este o substanfS care se folosese Tn clinica medicals ca analgezic major. \par\pard\qj \li1492\ri714\sb11\sl-210\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 - Cei mai cunoscut opiaceu este heroina, substanfS administrae pentru efecful sSu \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 euforizant; dintre cSile de administrare, eel mai frecvent ese preferatS de cStre toxico\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 mani calea intravenoasS. \par\pard\qj \li1488\ri721\sb39\sl-200\slmult0\fi273 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Administrarea acestei substanfe produce o serie de efece avand urmStoarea succe\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 siune: \par\pard\qj \li1473\ri727\sb24\sl-220\slmult0\fi297\tx2356 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 Initial: \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 - senzafie de cSldurS, emofie, Tnfiorare, asemanSfoare sau superioarS sen\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 zafiei de orgosm, ceea ce constituie de oltfe! motivafia initials \par\pard\qj \li1766\ri2298\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Dependenfa apore rapid - pe mSsurS ce se instaleazS toleranfa. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 La scurf timp apar: \par\pard\ql \li1780\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 1) Disforie \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9720\paperh13640{\bkmkstart Pg254} {\bkmkend Pg254}\par\pard\li1166\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1166\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1166\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1166\sb181\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx8179 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Realitatea bolii psihice. Cadru clinic si infervenfie psihobgica\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 247\par\pard\ql \li1454\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1454\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1454\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1454\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1454\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 2) Efece somatice \par\pard\ql \li1449\sb1\sl- 198\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 \u8226? deprimare respiratorie \par\pard\ql \li1449\sb15\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \u8226? constipafie severS; \par\pard\ql \li1444\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 \u8226? scSderea opetitubi; \par\pard\ql \li1444\sb13\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \u8226? freptat - scSderea libidouiui. \par\pard\ql \li1430\sb114\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 Citeii de diagnostic pentru intoxicafia cu opiacee (DSM-IV) \par\pard\ql \li1425\sb9\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 A. Consum al unui derivat de opiu. \par\pard\qj \li1147\ri1102\sb9\sl-213\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 B. ModificSri psihologice si comportamentaie dezadaptative semnificative clinic (de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 ex., euforie initials urmaa de apatie, disforie, agitafie sau lenoare psihomoorie, dee� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 rioarea judecSfii sau deteriorarea funcfionSrii sociale sau profesionale), care apar Tn \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 cursul sau la scurf fimp dupS consum. \par\pard\li1137\sb13\sl-207\slmult0\fi287\tx3532 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 C. Consfricfie pupilarS\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 (sau dilatafie pupilarS datoraa anoxiei prin supradozS\par\pard\li1137\sb14\sl-207\slmult0\fi9\tx2443 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 severs) si unui\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 (sau mai multe) din urmStoarele semne, opSrond Tn cursul sau la scurf\par\pard\li1137\sb9\sl-207\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 timp dupS abuzul de opiacee:\par\pard\ql \li1440\sb0\sl-202\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 1) Torpoare sau comS; \par\pard\ql \li1430\sb14\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 2) Dizartrie; \par\pard\ql \li1425\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 3) Deteriorarea aenfiei sau memoriei. \par\pard\qj \li1142\ri1122\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi278 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 D. Simptomele nu se datoreazS unei condifii medicale generab si nu sunt explicate \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 mai bine de ale tulburare minala. \par\pard\ql \li1425\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 De specificat: \par\pard\ql \li1416\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Cu tulburSri de percepfie. \par\pard\ql \li1411\sb114\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 Sevrajul b opiacee \par\pard\ql \li1425\sb1\sl-193\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Lipsa drogului deferminS aparifia fenomenelor de sevraj: \par\pard\ql \li1425\sb16\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \u8226? La 6-8-10 ore de la ultima dozS: \par\pard\ql \li1425\sb6\sl-216\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 - Nelinise \par\pard\ql \li1545\sb12\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Insomnie \par\pard\ql \li1416\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 - Dureri musculare si articulare \par\pard\ql \li1411\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 - Rinoree, IScrimare, transpirafii, cSscat \par\pard\ql \li1416\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 - Greats, vSrsSturi, diaree, crampe obdominale \par\pard\ql \li1420\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 \u8226? DupS 36 ore: \par\pard\ql \li1411\sb1\sl- 198\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 - Piberecfie (\u8222?piele de gSinS") - foorte nepbcut \par\pard\ql \li1406\sb15\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 - MidriozS (mSrire pupilarS) \par\pard\ql \li1406\sb13\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 - Tahicardie (accelerarea pulsului) \par\pard\ql \li1411\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 - Hipertensiune arteriab \par\pard\ql \li1411\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 - Deregbrea homeostaziei termice, Tmbujorare \par\pard\ql \li1406\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 - MiscSri involuntare \par\pard\li1113\sb13\sl-207\slmult0\fi283\tx7492 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Mortalitatea ese crescue, Tn randul consumatorilor fiind de 15 ori mai\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 mare decat\par\pard\li1113\sb18\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx1343 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex70 Tn\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 populafia generals.\par\pard\ql \li1406\sb1\sl- 192\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 De asemenea, morbiditatea (numSrul de alte afecfiuni) este crescue: \par\pard\ql \li1406\sb36\sl-207\slmult0\tx2649 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 - De la injecfii \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 - infecfii, hepatite, endocardite, TBC, SIDA \par\pard\ql \li1401\sb1\sl- 198\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 - Supradozaj: insuficienfS respiratorie \par\pard\ql \li1406\sb15\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 - Depresie - suicid frecvent \par\pard\ql \li1391\sb114\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 Cocaina \par\pard\qj \li1113\ri1155\sb7\sl-210\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Este un drog a cSrui administrare se face frecvent prin aspirafie nazals (prizare), \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 motiv pentru care aparifia intoxicatiei este rapids (minute) conducand Io dependents \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 puternicS. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9720\paperh13640{\bkmkstart Pg255}{\bkmkend Pg255}\par\pard\li1440\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1440\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1440\sb186\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx5241 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 248\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 Psihopatologie si psihiafrie pentru psihologi\par\pard\ql \li1723\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1723\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1723\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1723\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1723\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Consumul produce: \par\pard\ql \li1728\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \u8226? fenomene euforice - de difererenfiat de manie \par\pard\ql \li1728\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \u8226? fenomene confuzionale - de diferenfiat de tulbuarile psihotice \par\pard\qj \li1425\ri794\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi297 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 \u8226? sari asemSnStoare atacubi de panics, atunci cand exists supraadSugate palpi\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 tafii si hiperventibfie \par\pard\ql \li1425\ri805\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0\fi292\tx1718 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Fenomenele de sevraj mai imporante sunt: midriazo, tremor, senzafie de reptatie. \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Intr-o fazS tardivS, acestora Ii se odougS: ometeli, convulsii, oritmii - fibrilafie ven-\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 tricubra, stop cardiac. \par\pard\ql \li1703\sb131\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Criteii de diagnostic pentru intoxicatia cu cocaina (DSM-IV) \par\pard\ql \li1699\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 A. Consum recent de cocainS. \par\pard\qj \li1416\ri791\sb0\sl-225\slmult0\fi297 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 B. ModificSri comportamentaie sau psihologice dezadaptative semnificative clinic \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 (de ex., euforie sau aplatizare afectivS, modificSri ale gradului de sociabilitate, hipervi\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 gilitate, susceptibilitate interpersonab, anxietate, tensiune sau sare coleroosS, compor� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 tamente stereotipe, deteriorarea judecSfii sau deteriorare Tn funcfionarea socials sau \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 profesionab) care aparm cursul sau la scurt timp dupS consumul de cocainS. \par\pard\qj \li1420\ri790\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi278 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 C. DouS (sau mai multe) din urmStoarele simptome apSrand Tn cursul sau la scurt \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 fimp dupS consumul de cocainS: \par\pard\ql \li1718\sb1\sl-170\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 1) Tahicardie sau bradicardie; \par\pard\ql \li1703\sb20\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 2) Dibtatie pupilarS; \par\pard\ql \li1703\sb13\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 3) Presiune sanguinS crescua sau scazutS; \par\pard\ql \li1694\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 4) Transpirafie sau senzafie de frig; \par\pard\ql \li1694\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 5) Greats sau vomS; \par\pard\ql \li1694\sb33\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 6) Proba pierderii Tn greuate; \par\pard\ql \li1694\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 7) Agitafie sau lentoare psihomotorie; \par\pard\ql \li1694\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 8) ScSderea forfei musculare, depresie respiratorie, dureri precordiale sau aritmii car-\par\pard\ql \li1396\sb6\sl-216\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw- 1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 diace; \par\pard\ql \li1689\sb12\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 9) Confuzii, crize epibpfice, diskinezii, distonii sau comS. \par\pard\qj \li1396\ri820\sb3\sl- 220\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 D. Simptomele nu se datoreazS unei condifii medicale generab si nu sunt explicate \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 mai bine de alfa tulburare mintala. \par\pard\ql \li1684\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 De specificat: cu tulburSri de percepfie. \par\pard\ql \li1680\sb114\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 Halucinogene \par\pard\qj \li1391\ri815\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Consumul acestor substanfe produce halucinafii, iluzii, sari emofionaie secundare \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 intense. Consumul de fenciclidinS mai ales - conduce la comportament violent, mio\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 clonii, ataxie. \par\pard\ql \li1670\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1670\sb23\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Dintre substantele halucinogene, cele mai cunoscue sunt: \par\pard\ql \li1675\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \u8226? LSD - dietilamina acidului lisergic \par\pard\ql \li1675\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \u8226? Psibcibina \par\pard\ql \li1675\sb13\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \u8226? Fenilciclidina \par\pard\ql \li1675\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 \u8226? Mescalina \par\pard\ql \li1670\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \u8226? MDMA \u8222?ecsosyVmetibn-dioxi-metamfeamino \par\pard\ql \li1656\sb133\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex125 Citeiile de diagnostic pentru tuiburarea de percepfie persisenta halucinogena \par\pard\ql \li1377\sb6\sl-216\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 (lashbacks) \par\pard\qj \li1387\ri833\sb1\sl-220\slmult0\fi268 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 A. Reexperimentarea, dupe Tncetarea consumului unui halucinogen, a unuia sau a \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 mai multora dintre simptomele perceptuale care au fost experimentate Tn timp ce era \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9720\paperh13640{\bkmkstart Pg256}{\bkmkend Pg256}\par\pard\li1099\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1099\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1099\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1099\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1099\sb3\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx8160 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Realitatea bolii psihice. Cadru clinic si infervenfie psihobgica\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 249\par\pard\qj \li1084\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1084\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1084\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1084\ri1128\sb160\sl-220\slmult0\fi19 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 intoxicat cu habcinogenul (de ex., halucinafii geometrice, false percepfii de miscare Tn \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 campurile vizuale periferice, flash-uri de cubare, cubri intensificate, imagini ole obiec\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 telor Tn miscare, postimagini pozitive, halouri Tn jurul obiectelor, macroscopie si micro\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 scopie. \par\pard\qj \li1084\ri1136\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0\fi287 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 B. Simptomele de la criteriul A cauzeazS o suferinfS sau deteriorare semnificativo \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 clinic Tn domeniul sociol, profesional sau Tn alte domenii importante de activitate. \par\pard\qj \li1080\ri1139\sb9\sl-210\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 C. Simptomele nu se datoreaza unei condifii medicale generate (de ex., leziuni ono-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 tomice si infectii ole creierului, epibpsii vizuale) si nu sunt explicate mai bine de alte tul� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 burSri mintale (de ex., de delirium, dements, schizofrenie) ori de halucinafii hipnopompice. \par\pard\ql \li1363\sb133\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 Deivajii de canabis (ha$i$, maihuana) \par\pard\ql \li1363\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 Consumul acestor substanfe poate produce senzafii de bine, relaxare, linise. \par\pard\qj \li1075\ri1126\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi273 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Aceste substanfe sunt derivofi de canepS indiana si av reputatia eel pufin Tn Statele \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Unite de a fi droguri sociale fiind extrem de raspandite Tn populafia studenteascS. De \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 asemenea, Tn unele fSri asiatice exists un consum endemic de derivati canabici. Substan\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 fele care infra Tn aceasa categorie sunt hasisul si marihuana. \par\pard\qj \li1070\ri1144\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Intoxicatia cu canabis produce inifial fenomene de excitafie euforicS - (greu de dife\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 rentiatde manie), urmate de stare confuzionab cu apatie, stSri depresive sau disforice, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 care se pot agrava. \par\pard\ql \li1353\sb62\sl- 230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 Barbiturice \par\pard\qj \li1065\ri1145\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Consumul Tndelungat conduce la instalarea unui sindrom toxicomanic complet, ceea \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 ce a condus Tn mule tari la renunfarea fobsirii acesei caegorii de substanfe Tn practica \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 medicals. \par\pard\qj \li1348\ri4231\sb119\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 Infaxicaia cu barbituice produce urmdloarek: \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Simptome somatice: \par\pard\ql \li1363\sb1\sl-195\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 1) Inapetenfa; \par\pard\ql \li1348\sb16\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 2J ScSdere ponderab; \par\pard\ql \li1343\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 3) Paloare; \par\pard\qj \li1339\ri2944\sb0\sl-240\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 4) Dermaoze (prurit, exanteme rubeoliforme, scarlatiniforme); \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 5J Alergii de aspect reumatoid; \par\pard\qj \li1339\ri6213\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 6) InsuficienfS hepaticS; \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Simpome psihice: \par\pard\ql \li1358\sb1\sl-175\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 1) Iritabilitae, irascibilitate, labilifate afectivS; \par\pard\ql \li1343\sb10\sl- 194\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 2) ScSderea posibilietii adaptative; \par\pard\ql \li1343\sb36\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 3) ScSderea randamentului profesional; \par\pard\ql \li1334\sb1\sl-198\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 4) ModificSri caracferiale; \par\pard\qj \li1334\ri5721\sb4\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 ManifestSri comportamentaie: \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 1 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 Sbbirea cenzurii morale; \par\pard\ql \li1334\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 2. Sbbirea simfubi estetic; \par\pard\ql \li1339\sb13\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 3. ScSderea responsabilitafii; \par\pard\ql \li1334\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Pe acest fond pot aparea tulburSri psihotice: \par\pard\ql \li1334\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 e) Exciafie \par\pard\ql \li1339\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 b) Fenomene confuzionale \par\pard\ql \li1329\sb13\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 c) Fenomene holucinatorii \par\pard\ql \li1334\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Diagnosticul diferential al intoxicatiei cu barbiturice se face cu: \par\pard\ql \li1329\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 - beta alcoolicS \par\pard\ql \li1329\sb13\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 - sari confuzionale \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9720\paperh13640{\bkmkstart Pg257}{\bkmkend Pg257}\par\pard\li1502\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1502\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1502\sb172\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx5294 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 250\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 Psihopatologie si psihiafrie pentru psihologi\par\pard\ql \li1756\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1756\sb0\sl- 253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1756\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1756\sb38\sl- 253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs22 Tanchilizante \par\pard\qj \li1492\ri728\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi278 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Cele mai frecvenfe produse medicamentoase din aceasa categorie care conduc la \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 instalarea unui sindrom toxicomanic sunt: meprobamatul si benzodiazepinele. De aceea, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 aceste medicamente nu trebuiesc administrate o perioada mai mare de 3 luni. DacS este \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 necesara menfinerea trafamentului anxiolitic preparatul va fi Tnlocuit. \par\pard\ql \li1761\sb6\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Abstinenta la anxiolitice se manifests prin: \par\pard\ql \li1771\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 - amefeli; \par\pard\ql \li1771\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 - tremurSturi; \par\pard\ql \li1771\sb1\sl-198\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 - sbbiciune; \par\pard\ql \li1771\sb35\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 - insomnie; \par\pard\ql \li1766\sb1\sl-198\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 - hipersensibilitate; \par\pard\ql \li1766\sb15\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 - insomnii; \par\pard\ql \li1766\sb13\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 - iritabiliate. \par\pard\ql \li1756\sb114\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 Citeii de diagnostic pentru infoxicajia cu sedative, hipnotice sau anxiolitice \par\pard\ql \li1756\sb9\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 A. Consum recent de un sedativ, hipnotic sau onxiolitic. \par\pard\qj \li1478\ri743\sb23\sl- 220\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 B. ModificSri comportamenaie sau psihologice dezadaptafive, semnificative clinic \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 (de ex., comportament sexual neadecvat sau agresiv, labilitatea dispozifie!, deterioa� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 rea judecSfii, deteriorarea funcfionSrii sociale sau profesionale) care apar Tn cursul sau \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 la scurt timp dupS consumul de sedative, hipnotice sau anxiolitice. \par\pard\qj \li1468\ri757\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 C. Unui (sau mai multe) din urmSoarele semne care aparTn cursul sau la scurf timp \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 dupS consumul de sedative, hipnotice sau anxiolitice: \par\pard\ql \li1766\sb1\sl-195\slmult0\tx1867 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 1 \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 ) Dizarfrie; \par\pard\ql \li1747\sb16\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 2) Incoordonare; \par\pard\ql \li1747\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 3) Mers nesigur; \par\pard\ql \li1737\sb33\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 4) Nistagmus; \par\pard\ql \li1742\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 5) Deteriorarea atenfiei sau memoriei; \par\pard\ql \li1742\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 6) Stupor sau comS. \par\pard\qj \li1454\ri757\sb3\sl- 220\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 D. Simptomele nu se datoreazS unei condifii medicale generale si nu sunt explicate \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 mai bine de alfa tulburare minab. \par\pard\ql \li1728\sb112\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 Citeiile de diagnostic pentru abstinenta de sedative, hipnotice sau amdoiitice \par\pard\qj \li1449\ri762\sb15\sl-200\slmult0\fi273 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 A. Incetarea (sau reducerea) consumului de sedative, hipnotice sau anxiolitice, care \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 a fost excesiv si prebngit. \par\pard\qj \li1444\ri771\sb40\sl-200\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 B. DouS (sau mai multe) din urnatoarele simptome care apar Tn decurs de caeva \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 ore panS la coteva zile dupS criteriul A: \par\pard\li1723\sb33\sl-207\slmult0\fi19\tx1838 \up0 \expndtw- 4\charscalex100 1\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 ) Hiperactiviate vegetativS (de ex., franspirafie, frecvenfa pulsului mai mare de 100);\par\pard\li1723\sb4\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 2) Tremor intens al mainilor;\par\pard\ql \li1728\sb4\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 3) Insomnie; \par\pard\ql \li1718\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 4) Greats sau vomS; \par\pard\ql \li1718\sb33\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 5) Halucinafii sau iluzii vizuale, actile sau auditive tranzitorii; \par\pard\ql \li1718\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 6) Agitafie psihomotorie; \par\pard\ql \li1718\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 7) Anxietate; \par\pard\ql \li1718\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 8) Crize de grand mai. \par\pard\qj \li1425\ri785\sb3\sl- 220\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 C. Simptomele de la criteriul B cauzeazS o suferinfS sau deterioare semnificotivS \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 clinic Tn domeniul social sau Tn alte domenii importante de funcfionare. \par\pard\qj \li1430\ri781\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 D. Simptomele nu se dotoreozS unei condifii medicale generale si nu sunt explicate \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 mai bine ae o alta tulburare mintab. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9720\paperh13640{\bkmkstart Pg258}{\bkmkend Pg258}\par\pard\li1108\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1108\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1108\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1108\sb109\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx8126 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Realitatea bolii psihice. Cadru clinic ?i infervenfie psihologica\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 251\par\pard\ql \li1391\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1391\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1391\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1391\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1391\sb3\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 De specificat dacS: \par\pard\ql \li1382\sb13\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Cu tulburSri de percepfie \par\pard\ql \li1507\sb153\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex124 Probleme In abordarea pacienfiior cu abuz de medicamente sau droguri \par\pard\ql \li1435\sb153\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 In suspiciunea pentru abuzul de droguri, de cate ori este posibil, este recomandata \par\pard\ql \li1420\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul obfinerea nivelurilor toxice urinare \par\pard\ql \li1425\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Cunoasterea principiilor generale de detoxifiere \par\pard\ql \li1416\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Ajustarea procesului de dezintoxicatie la pacienfii cu boll somatice \par\pard\qj \li1425\ri2240\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 In tratamentul polidependentei, prima detoxifiere ese fafa de sedative \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Recunoasterea interacfiunilor medicamentoase \par\pard\qj \li1420\ri1286\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Recunoasterea unei psihopatologii majore, a bolilor metabolice si neurologice, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 precum si a intoxicafiei vs. sevraj \par\pard\ql \li1478\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1478\sb42\sl- 230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 Strategii teapeutice fn foxicomanii \par\pard\qj \li1070\ri1170\sb117\sl-222\slmult0\fi302 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Principiile esenfiale ale Tngrijirii toxicomanilor sunt comparabib celor pentru alcoo� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 lism. Precura, cura, post-cura, fac apel, ca si pentru alcoolism, la un evantai de metode \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 chimioterapice (tratamentul sindromului de sevraj al eventualelor complicafii psihiatrice \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 eventuab ale toxicomanilor), psihoterapice (sustinere individuals, terapii institufionale \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Tn centrele de sejur si de primire, centre de post-cua si readaptare, interventii aproape \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 de familie) si sociale. Acese stategii, co si pentru olcoolism, sunt complementare, simul-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 an dezvoltate si combinate Tntr-un proiect terapeutic adaptat specificului fiecarui pa� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 cienf. \par\pard\qj \li1334\ri4975\sb1\sl- 340\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Tratamentul tn toxicomania cu heroine \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Straegii erapeuice \par\pard\ql \li1358\sb30\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Primul contact - strategia rebfionals \par\pard\ql \li1795\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \u8226? Bilanf \par\pard\ql \li1795\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \u8226? Relafie de Tncredere \par\pard\qj \li1348\ri6374\sb0\sl-240\slmult0\fi441 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \u8226? Anaiiza cererii \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Cura de sevraj \par\pard\ql \li1790\sb1\sl-198\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \u8226? Mediu spitalicesc specializat \par\pard\ql \li1790\sb2\sl-198\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 \u8226? Contract \par\pard\ql \li1790\sb15\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \u8226? Tratamentul sindromului de abstinenfS: \par\pard\ql \li2505\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 - programe metadonS \par\pard\ql \li2505\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 - clonidina \par\pard\ql \li2510\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 - benzodiazepine \par\pard\ql \li2515\sb33\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 - antialgice \par\pard\ql \li2510\sb1\sl- 198\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 - neuroieptice \par\pard\ql \li2505\sb35\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 - agonisti gabaergici \par\pard\ql \li1343\sb113\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Ingrijirea pe fermen lung \par\pard\ql \li1785\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \u8226? Diversitatea locuri lor si mijbacebr \par\pard\ql \li2500\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 - centre de primire \par\pard\ql \li2500\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 - institutii de sejur \par\pard\ql \li2500\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 - comuniati terapeutice \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9720\paperh13640{\bkmkstart Pg259}{\bkmkend Pg259}\par\pard\li1737\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1737\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1737\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1737\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1737\sb36\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx5452 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 252\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 Psihopatologie si psihiafrie pentru psihologi\par\pard\ql \li2443\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2443\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2443\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2443\sb196\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \u8226? Utilizarea simultana a metodelor multiple \par\pard\ql \li3153\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 - chimioterapie \par\pard\ql \li3153\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 - tratament institufionalizat \par\pard\ql \li3153\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 - psihoterapie \par\pard\ql \li3148\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 - intervenfia socials \par\pard\ql \li3143\sb1\sl- 198\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 - intervenfia familiab \par\pard\ql \li2006\sb116\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 Primele contacte sau pre-cua \par\pard\qj \li1728\ri646\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi268 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Ca si pentru alcoolism, acest timp esenfiai pune Tn joe o strategie relafionab care \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 implicS: \par\pard\qj \li1718\ri664\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 (a) recunoasterea toxicomaniei, stabilirea bilanfului (tipul si vechimea relafiei cu dro\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 gul, evolufia, bilanful somatic, gradul alterSrii funcfionaliafilor sociole si profesionale, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 eventuale comportamente antisociale. \par\pard\qj \li1723\ri665\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi273 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 (b) stabilirea unei relafii de Tncredere, asigurandu-l pe toxicoman de posibilitatea \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 unor consu'iatii uiterioare. \par\pard\qj \li1708\ri661\sb0\sl-215\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 (c) analizarea eventualei cereri de sevraj, stiind sS amanSm urgenfele aparente for� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 mulae astfel, chiar de catre toxicomani. Acest principiu, Tn general recunoscut pentru \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 heroinomai ie, se aplicS tuturor comportamentebr toxicofile: iluziei unei cure miracol \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 antrenand o vindecare pasagerS trebuie sS i se substituie idea unei munci de schimbare \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 comportarr jntab pe termen lung Tn care cura nu e decat un moment. \par\pard\ql \li1977\sb116\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 Cua de- sevaj \par\pard\qj \li1699\ri668\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi278 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Trebuie efectuae, de regub, Tn mediu spitalicesc, serviciu de psihiafrie sau cenfru \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 specializat, Principiu! sSu este acela al Tntreruperii Tntregii dependenfe toxicomanice: \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 oprirea toals si brutab a consumului de dag, tratament cnimioterapic substitutiv, stabi� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 lirea unui contract cu pacientul, ai cSrui termeni variozS Tn funcfie de centru, dor care \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 are ca principiu acceptarea Tntreruperii totale a dependenfei si neTncSlcarea regulilor \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 sabilite de insfitufie. \par\pard\qj \li1694\ri689\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi273 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Tratamentul chimioterapie face apel la metode diverse. Reducerea progresivS a do\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 zelor de opiacee, recurgerea la analgezice de sintezS (Palfium, Dolosal) sunt octuol\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 mente nerecomandate: aceste tehnici Tntrefin ambiguitateo fafS de cererile toxicoma� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 nilor si anfreneazS adeseori o crestere a cererii de medicamente. \par\pard\qj \li1694\ri685\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi273 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Metadona este un morfinomimetic brg utilizot la un moment dat Tn Statele Unite Tn \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 cadrul programelor speciale. \par\pard\qj \li1684\ri685\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Folosirea sa Tn Franfa, limitatS la cateva centre este controversaa: ea anfreneazS \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 dependenfa psihobgicS si psihica, provocond mai ales un sindrom de sevaj Tn cele \par\pard\qj \li1680\ri689\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 48 de ore ce urmeazS Tntreruperii. Ea poate fi propusS, dupa Charles-Nicolas Tn men\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 finerea, dupS mai multe esecuri, a curelor la heroinomanii care doresc sS se TndepSr\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 feze de starea de toxicoman fSrS a renunta la administrarea de dag. Benzodiazepinele, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 antialgicele si neuroiepficele sunt ades prescrise Tn asoclafie, pentru a lupta Tmpotriva \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 anxieafii, tulburarilor de somn, iritabiliatii, vomismentelor, dureribr. \par\pard\qj \li1675\ri690\sb0\sl-213\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Clonidina (Catapressan) este actualmente brg utilizatS Tn sevrajul heroinomaniei. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Eficacitoteo sa, stabilie de Gold Tn 1978 pare fondaa pe efectele sale antagoniste pe \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 hipernoradrenergia Tntreruperii. Procedeele variazS dupS autori si centre, dar acordul \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 este aproape general asupra necesiafii fobsirii Tn mediu spitalicesc. \par\pard\qj \li1670\ri690\sb8\sl-220\slmult0\fi273 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Tratamentul sevrajului cu ClonidinS poate face parte din diverse strategii si ele foarte \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 variabile dupS fan' si centre: cure ambubtorii cu clonidinS, preconizate ele unii; alter-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 nanfa metadonS, clonidinS, Nalrixone (antagonist opiaceu - Tn unele centre din SUA. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9720\paperh13640{\bkmkstart Pg260}{\bkmkend Pg260}\par\pard\li1156\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1156\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1156\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1156\sb143\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx8217 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 Realitatea bolii psihice. Cadru clinic si infervenfie psihologica\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 253\par\pard\qj \li1137\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1137\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1137\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1137\ri1031\sb147\sl- 220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Test la Naloxone la sfarsitul curei pentru a ne asigura de realitatea Tntreruperii. AdSu-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 garea agonistibr gabaergici \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 (Baclofen) pentru a diminua intensitaea sindromului de \par\pard\ql \li1142\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 abstinenfS. \par\pard\ql \li2846\sb153\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 Principii generale de tratament al sevrajului \par\pard\ql \li2558\sb53\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul Cadru securizant \par\pard\ql \li2567\sb13\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Reducerea stimularii senzoriaie \par\pard\ql \li2563\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul Utilizarea reasigurarii verbale \par\pard\ql \li2558\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Dieta adecvae \par\pard\ql \li2548\sb13\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul Tratament medicamentos simptomatic \par\pard\li2553\sb25\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx5697 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Simptome vegetative\ul0\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Beta blocante\par\pard\li2553\sb14\sl- 207\slmult0\fi4\tx5683 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Dezechilibru hidroelectrolitic\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Vitaminoterapie\par\pard\ql \li5692\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Hidratare \par\pard\li2543\sb33\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx5687 \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Agitafie, angoasa\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Tranchilizante\par\pard\ql \li5692\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Neuroieptice \par\pard\ql \li1382\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1382\sb86\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Tngrijiea pe termen lung \par\pard\qj \li1113\ri1092\sb11\sl-210\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Nu exisa, ca pentru alcoolism, nici o strategie fixS si usor codificabib. ToatS strate� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 gia ese adaptativa, evobtivS, fScand apel la tehnici diverse pe care trebuie sS le aso\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 ciem Tn funcfie de traiectoria Tn toxicomanie a pacientului. \par\pard\qj \li1113\ri1087\sb117\sl- 226\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 Cenfrele de primire au ca funcfie esentiab menfinerea unei legSturi terapeutice, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 capacitatea de a aduce rSspunsuri adaptafe trecerii la acfiune, luSrii Tn considerare a \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 eventuaiei urmSri a intoxicafiei, sau a resutelor, fSrS respingerea repetatS si fSra Tnfele� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 gerea exageraa (excesivS), pSstrand totdeauno posibifitatea consulfafiilor uiterioare. \par\pard\qj \li1104\ri1096\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 El trebuie sa permits, toxicomanului, caTn locul drogului sa utilizeze resursele si mul\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 tipoenfialitatea sa pentru a Tncerca sS depSseasca dificulefile viefii. \par\pard\qj \li1104\ri1091\sb119\sl-220\slmult0\fi287 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Institufiile de sejur Tsi asumS, dupS caz, funcfii diverse, rSspunzand pe de o parte \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 funcfiilor de gazduire Tntr-un proces de reinserfie, dorinfei de protecfie si de Tngrijire a \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 toxicomanului, iar pe de alts parte unei funcfii reconstructive a viefii sociale \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 (reguli \par\pard\qj \li1104\ri1092\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 structurante care trebuie totdeauna sS pSstreze suplefea si distanfa necesare pentru a \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 nu face obiectul unei idealizSri masive anuland autonomia subiectului). Nofiunea de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 perioads rezidenfiala, unde toxicomanul a putut fi Tncadrat caeva luni Tnt'-o echipS, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 apare ca un factor incontestabil al succesului curei. \par\pard\qj \li1104\ri1102\sb96\sl- 226\slmult0\fi287 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Psihoerapiib, ca pentru toae foxicofiliile, fac apel la diverse tehnici, modificate Tn \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 raport cu tehnicib clasice si adaptafe diversitStii de structuri psihopatologice ale toxico� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 manilor. Explicifarea relafiei cu toxicul, restaurarea admirafiei de sine, favorizarea expri\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 mSrii emofiilor sunt feluri esenfiale. \par\pard\qj \li1099\ri1102\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Intervenfiile sociale, interventiile Tn familie sunt elemente importane ale Tngrijirii pe \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 termen lung (intervenfii punctuale, teapii familiale structurate, grupe de pSrinti, dupS caz). \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9680\paperh13560{\bkmkstart Pg261}{\bkmkend Pg261}\par\pard\li1387\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1387\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1387\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1387\sb61\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx5145 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 254\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 Psihopatologie si psihiafrie pentru psiholi\par\pard\ql \li2990\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2990\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2990\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2990\ri2526\sb209\sl-220\slmult0\tx3729 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 fnfiuenfa personafita|il toxicomanului asupra \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 prognosticului fraiamenfylui \par\pard\li1631\sb54\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx3772\tx6403 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 Toxicomanul impulsiv\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 Lipsit de cuipabilitate\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 Prognostic nefavorabil\par\pard\qj \li3763\ri3304\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0\fi9 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Nu recunoaste nici un fel de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 constrangeri etice sau morale \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Pulsiune de a-si satisface \par\pard\ql \li3806\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 mediat trebuintele \par\pard\ql \li1627\sb13\sl- 207\slmult0\tx6398 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Toxicomanul compuisivSentimente de culpabiliete \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Prognostic rezen/at \par\pard\ql \li3767\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul Comportament adictiv \par\pard\li1627\sb17\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx6398 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Toxicomanul accidentalReacfie Tntamplatoare\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Prognostic favorabii\par\pard\ql \li3763\sb9\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 Consum imitativ \par\pard\ql \li1742\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1742\sb64\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 Ae aBdeomonii fi exi�siSSS mfdiesfttriess� \par\pard\qj \li1348\ri905\sb99\sl-220\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Lipsesfe spafiul de a Tnfafisa aid sfrategiile terapeutice ale cureior de sevraj specifice \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 care cuprind: cocaina, derivafi de canabis, sau foxicofilii medicamenfoase. Principiile \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 generale de strafegie dezvoltate pentru alcoolism, heroinomanie (oprirea intoxicafiei, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 traament subsfitutiv Tn cursul sevrajului, susfinerea psihoterapeutica preiungita si diver\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 sificafS) sunt aplicabile Tn majoritatea cazuribr. \par\pard\qj \li1329\ri918\sb120\sl-220\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 TsscissSliib msdeittnesi� (amfetomine-iike, barbiturice, anfiparkinsoniene, anti\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 colinergice, opiacee ca Neocodion, benzodiazepine) sunt comportamente Tn genera! \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 solitare, mai pufin Tnscrise social decat alcoolismul sau alte foxicomanii, mSrfurisind o \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 tulburare psinopatobgicS Tn care tratamentul specific esfe prioritar. Timpii esenfiali ai \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 Tngrijirii vor fi urmatorii: \par\pard\qj \li1339\ri928\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi278 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 a. recunoaserea toxicofiliei sau politoxicofiliei, a locului sau Tn economia psihica a \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 subiectului, a psihopatologiei subiocente. \par\pard\ql \li1617\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 b. cura de sevraj, Tn mediu spitalicesc \par\pard\ql \li1617\sb1\sl-198\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 - Tntreruperea poafe fi brutala sau progresiva \par\pard\qj \li1329\ri933\sb24\sl-220\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 - frafamenfele chimioterapeutice au drept fel frafarea evenfuaiului sindrom de ab� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 sents (lipsS) si de a oferi subiectului o substanfa de compensare, mai pufin inducfoare \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 a comporamentului foxicofii (neuroieptice, tenobarbital pentru foxicofiliile cu barbitu� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 rice, antidepresive Tn foxicofiliile amfetamin-iike etc.). \par\pard\qj \li1315\ri946\sb9\sl-210\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Spifallzarea permife, Tn egala mSsura, punerea Tn practica a tulburarilor psihopa� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 tologice subiacenfe, staribr nevrotice grave, starii limits, tulburarilor de personalitate, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 staribr psihotice). \par\pard\qj \li1320\ri953\sb2\sl-220\slmult0\fi273 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 c. Tngrijirea pe termen lung, chimioterapica sau/si psihoterapeuticS, fscand apel \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 aici la trafamente individuele moi mult decaf la tehnicile colecfive sau instifufionale. \par\pard\ql \li1703\sb112\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 ItsrvWtja psshoSsgySui tn miosmmn \par\pard\qj \li1300\ri951\sb119\sl-220\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Cea mai imporanta forma de psihoerapie a toxicomanilor esfe psihoferapia coani\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 fiv- comporfamenfa!a. Efapele pe care psihologul va trebui sa le parcurgS sunt: stabili� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 rea unei relafii terapeutice si interviul motivational. Acesa evalueazS mofivafia pacien� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 tului pentru schimbarea comportamentului adictiv; ei reprezinfa o tehnica cognitiv- com-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 poramentalo adresata rezolvarii ambivalenfei pacientului fata de drog si angajSrii Tn \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 schimbare. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9680\paperh13560{\bkmkstart Pg262}{\bkmkend Pg262}\par\pard\li1012\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1012\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1012\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1012\sb61\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx8030 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Realitatea bolii psihice. Cadru clinic si infervenfie psihoiogica\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 255\par\pard\li998\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li998\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li998\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li998\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li998\sb11\sl- 207\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Pacientul are diferite grade de motivafie Tn funcfie de sfodiul Tn care se afla Tn raporf\par\pard\li998\sb24\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 cu consumul de drog. IrVedtaskB^Clsrnwe (1984) a elaborat un sistem de evaluare\par\pard\li998\sb18\sl- 207\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 a motivofiei pacientului foxicomon.\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw5795\colsr60\colno2\colw368 5\colsr160\ql \li1161\sb173\sl-207\slmult0\tx2155\tx2764\tx4348 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Stadiu!\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex138 itl\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Caraeterisfseise \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex80 \u9632? \tab \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex92 ~. .. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex148 :m\par\pard\ql \li1185\sb42\sl-207\slmult0\tx2793 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Precontemplativ\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Ignorarea aspectelor negative aie\par\pard\ql \li2783\sb19\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 adicfiei\par\pard\ql \li1180\sb1\sl-199\slmult0\tx2778 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Contemplativ\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Constientizarea problemelor legate\par\pard\ql \li2783\sb21\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul de consumul de drop\par\pard\ql \li1185\sb9\sl- 207\slmult0\tx2769 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Preparativ\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Angajarea Tn mici compotamente\par\pard\ql \li2788\sb9\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 de schimbare\par\pard\ql \li1171\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1175\sb37\sl- 207\slmult0\tx2778 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 De acfiune\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Optarea pentru cura de detoxifiere;\par\pard\qj \li2774\ri287\sb0\sl-223\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 aparifia de scurte schimbari de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 comportament tranzitorii\par\pard\qj \li1175\ri91\sb211\sl-225\slmult0\tx2774 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 De menfinere a\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 Cresterea duraei de menfinere a \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 abstinenfei �i pre-\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 schimbarii de comportament\par\pard\ql \li1171\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 venfie a recadeiior \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 (minim 6 luni)\par\pard\column \ql \li5855\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li5855\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li40\sb3\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 interviuri motivafionale\par\pard\qj \li5855\sb0\sl-216\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li35\ri1601\sb2\sl-216\slmult0\fi9 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Realizarea unei balanfe \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 decizionale\par\pard\qj \li30\ri1504\sb4\sl- 218\slmult0\fi9 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Stabilirea unui plan de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 acfiune cu repere spafio-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 temporale precise\par\pard\qj \li25\ri1372\sb0\sl-224\slmult0\fi9 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Implementarea planului de \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 acfiune; Tnsusjrea de noi\par\pard\qj \li20\ri1286\sb9\sl- 216\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 tehnici de adaptare; strategii \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 cognitly-cornpoiamentale \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Evaluarea situatiilor de rise \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 crescut pentru recadere �1 \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 strategii de abordare a st.arii \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 de craving \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \qj \li984\ri1220\sb198\sl-220\slmult0\fi287 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Psihologul Ti ve ojua pe pacienf sa-si consfruiasca mofivafia si sa-si consolideze \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 angajarea Tn schimbare, rarS Tnsa a uifa nici un moment ca responsabilifaeo pentru \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 schimbare apartine pacientului. Rolul psihoiogului nu se opreste atunci cand pacientu! \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 devine abstinent si nu se rezuma la aiutarea pacientului sS mentinS abstinenta. \par\pard\qj \li984\ri1243\sb20\sl-220\slmult0\fi287 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Urnatoarele efape Tn care psihoferapia si-a dovedit utiiifafea si eficienfa surf: epi\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 soadeie de recadere si perioaaele de craving. \par\pard\ql \li1252\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Tipurile de psihoterapie folosite Tn abordarea toxicomanului sunt: \par\pard\qj \li979\ri1226\sb18\sl-226\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 - Om^piio mmi$W*@3mp&tSft^slS, cenfrafa pe exisfenfa unor comportamente \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 dezadaptafive aie consumaforuiui de droguri si care pieaca de la ideea co. modul Tn \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 care se comports un pacienf este deferminat de confexful sifuafionai si de felul Tn care \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 individui Tl inferprefeaza. \par\pard\qj \li979\ri1235\sb0\sl-226\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 - ismpee MmsSuPa! grsf^paS - care considers consumul de droguri un raspuns \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 dezadoptativ la dificultSfiie ae comunicare si relafionare cu membrii famiiiei si care \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 urmSreste restructurarea sistemului familial prin infroducerea unor noi pafern-uri com� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 portamentaie. \par\pard\qj \li969\ri1233\sb0\sl- 227\slmult0\fi297 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 - iempie hsniiials - Tsi propune drept obiective asigurarea suporfubi familial pen� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 tru orientarea catre abstinenfS, mentinerea acesfeia si prevenirea recaderiior, furni\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 zarea de informafii cu privire ia consumul de droguri si efectele diverse ale acestora, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Tmbunatatirea relatiilor intrafamiliale. Abordorea psihodinamica a famiiiei este mai ror \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 folosie. Aceasta ferapie abordeaza consumul de droguri Tn confexful analizei trecutu� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 lui fiecarui membru ai famiiiei. Scopul final ai acestei forme de ferapie esfe eliminarea \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 disfunctiiior din cadrul sistemului famiiiei. Exists si a abordare comportamenfala a fami� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 iiei core Tsi propune sa introduce la nivelul acesfeia comportamene cu ajuforul carora \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 sS se poafa atinge si menfine abstinena. \par\pard\qj \li979\ri1245\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Este de remarcat cS Tn toote unifSfile si serviciile medicole pentru persoanele depen� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 dena de droguri psihologul este o figura importana a echipei terapeutice. Asffei, Tn \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9680\paperh13560{\bkmkstart Pg263}{\bkmkend Pg263}\par\pard\li1560\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1560\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1560\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1560\sb32\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx5366 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 256\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 Psihopatologie si psihiafrie pentru psihologi\par\pard\qj \li1540\sb0\sl-215\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1540\sb0\sl- 215\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1540\sb0\sl-215\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1540\ri617\sb197\sl-215\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 unitStib Tnchise de detoxifiere cu capacitatea de maxim 20 de locuri, psihologul psi\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 hoterqpeut este prezent ca si Tn unitSfile de tip detox de tip scurt sau lung din ambula� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 oriu. In comunitStile erapeutice psihologul psihoterqpeut abturi de asistenfi sociali si \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 foarte ar de medic este cea mai importana figurS. In sfarsit, Tn centrele de consiliere \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 psihobgii lucreaza abturi de asistenfii sociali. \par\pard\qj \li1526\ri616\sb1\sl- 220\slmult0\fi302 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Este sigur cS intervenfia ferapeuticS la nivelul toxicomanului trebuie sS fie una globa\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 b: sS vizeze toate componentele viefii acestuia, de la familie, grup de prieteni panS la \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 reinserfie profesionab. Problemeie toxicomanului nu sunt numai psihice dar si sociale \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 Tnfrucaf mediul social al acestuia este Tn general unui paogen. \par\pard\ql \li1929\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1929\sb40\sl- 253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs22 6.10. BOULE FACT1CE �1 SIMULAREA \par\pard\qj \li1511\ri626\sb214\sl-221\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Tulburarile factice sunt prin definifie condifii medicale care nu sunt reale sau natu\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex125 rale. Indivizii cu acease tulburare pot prezenfa fie simpome somatice, fie psihice \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 (Geienberg, 1977) saugmbele. In ambele cazuri, diagnosticul se pune pe prezenfa a \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 trei trSsSturi cordinab. Jn primul rend, simptomele produse sunt oparent sub controlul \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 volunar al individului. In al doilea rand, semnele si simptomele produse, simulae sau \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 acuzate, nu sunt explicae de nici o altS boab somaticS sou psinicS desi pot coexisto \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 cu una dintre ele. in al treilea rend, scopul aparent al individului este de a cSpSta rolul \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 de pacienf si de a obfine un beneficiu secundar (cum ar fi Tn cazul simulafiei). Desi este \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 adeseori descrisa Tn texfe medicale si psihiatrice ca un sindrom rar, majoritatea pracfi\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 cienilor au Tntalnit eel pufin un pacient cu aceasa tulburare. Aceste cazuri lasS impresii \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 puternice personalului spitalubi deoarece pacienfii cu tulburSri factice indue sentimente \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 de urS si iritare. \par\pard\qj \li1507\ri641\sb0\sl-226\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Sindromul tulbuarilor factice cu simptome somafice a fost initial descris de un medic \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 iondonez, Asher R Tn 1951, El l-a numit sindromul Munchausen, amintind de baronul \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Karl Friedrich Hieronymus von Munchausen, un personaj colorat al secolului al XVIIl-lea \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 care cSbtorea din oras Tn ores spunond povesti incredibib*. \par\pard\ql \li1790\sb1\sl-164\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 Potrivit descrierii inifiole o lui Asher, pacienfii se prezina la spial cu o boab apa� \par\pard\qj \li1492\ri650\sb30\sl-220\slmult0\fi14 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 rent acue sustinuta de un istoric dramatic si plauzibil. Tofusi, mai tarziu istoricul se do\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 vedeste a fi fals. DupS o duraa scurta de internarem spital, care implies adesea anali\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 ze invazive inutile, pacientul se externeazS Tmpotriva indicatiilor medicului, dupS ce se \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 ceartS cu personalul medical. In mod tipic, investigafiile urmStoare araa ca pacientul \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 a mai vizitaf si Tnselat numeroase alte spitale cu acuze similare. \par\pard\qj \li1488\ri649\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 Ca rSspuns la articolul lui Asher, alfi medici au sugeraf sS se formeze o bazS de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 date cu amprente si fotografii care \u8222?sS ne salveze de Tnselatorii", Tn loc sS se caute so-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 bfii pentru ajutorarea acestor pocienfi cu "scrontelile lor psihologice". S-a sugeraf chiar \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 sa Ii se spunS acestor pacienfi cS au sindrom Munchausen pentru a facilita o diagnos-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 ticare corecta atunci cand pacientul Ti va spune urmatorului medic despre boala lui. \par\pard\qj \li1473\sb0\sl-200\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1473\sb0\sl-200\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1473\sb0\sl-200\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1473\ri665\sb137\sl-200\slmult0\fi302 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 * Intocmai ca aventurierul fanfaron care a fost baronul von Munchausen, ofifer cavalerisf ger\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 man, acesti pacienfi prezinta numeroase cicatrici de pe urma operatiilor (uneori cu zecile), cerand \up0 \expndtw- 2\charscalex100 Tntruna noi intervenfii. Ei sunt, Tn general, mifomani $i laudarosi, uzurpand adesea o falsa identitate \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 si ducand o exisfenfa marginala si instabiia. Pot fi delincvenfi, toxicomani, ufilizandu-i pe medici \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 si spifalele pentru a Ii se prescrie antialgice si opiacee sau pentru a fi operati de urgenfa. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9680\paperh13560{\bkmkstart Pg264}{\bkmkend Pg264}\par\pard\li1017\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1017\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1017\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1017\sb109\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx7992 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Realitatea bolii psihice. Cadru clinic si infervenfie psihologicd\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 257\par\pard\ql \li1401\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1401\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1401\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1401\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1401\sb3\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex136 DISClEii GlhEiMA \par\pard\qj \li988\ri1255\sb99\sl- 225\slmult0\fi297 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 Studii pe pacienfi cu boli factice cronice (Spire;, IMS) raporeaza o gama larga de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 varsa (23-62 ani). Evazivitaea si ostilitatea pacientului au fost principaleb trasaturi \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 observate, precusn si externarea Tmpofriya sfatuiui medicului. Mai pufin de jumatatedin \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 pacienfi au fost vazufi de un psihiatru. in cazul celor care an consulat un psihiatru s-a \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 constatat prezenfa unei varietati de diagnostice psihiatrice \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 (ex. isterie, simularea, \par\pard\qj \li984\ri1270\sb3\sl-216\slmult0\fi14 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 schizofrenie, tulburari de personalitate). Etichefe alternative pentru indivizii cu sindrom \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Munchausen sau boli factice au Indus: problema pacienfilor pereajini, adicfie de spi� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 tal, simulanfi, migraforii prin spifale, Kopenickaoie (dupa un caz care a avut bcTn ora\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 sul german, Kopenickj, sindromul Ahasverus (aminfind de isoric jidovului rafacifor). \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Aceste etichefe sugereazd simiiarifafi dinamice cu adicfia si reflects furie, sfupefacfia \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 frdie adeseori de medicul curantTn fafa unui asffei ae pacienf. \par\pard\qj \li979\ri1273\sb3\sl-218\slmult0\fi273 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Ash�r a reiiefaf cateva trasSfuri gandite de ei a fi ufiie Tn diagnosficarea sindromu� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 lui Munchausen. Prima a fosf prezenfa unor multiple cicatrici, deseori pe abdomen. In \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 al doilee rand a fosf exisfenfa combinSrii unei maniere evazive de reiafare a simpto� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 melor cu un stiS aqresiv, irifativ. A treia trasatura a fosf un istoric neconvineator Tn Tntre\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 gime, dar pertinent (ex. pierdere severe de sange Tn absenfa unei paicri sau fahicordii \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 corespunzatoare). in ai pafruiea rand, a fosf prezenfa a numeroase fodd ce identifi� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 care (ex. bilefe de spital, corespondents cu avocafi). Irebuie ofusi am in fit cc ?n rimp cs \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 acesfi indivizi Tmbraca simpfomele Tn minciuni si distorsionare, istoricul be docIS poet\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 sS nu fie compief fais. O ieziune reala organica din trecut poafe sa lose semne sorncri\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 ce reale pe care pacientul poate sa elaboreze, creand o povesfe convingafoare. Si alte \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 caracteristici apar adesea Tn isoricul celor cu boli factice. Mulfi dintre e \par\pard\ql \li984\sb12\sl-207\slmult0\tx6283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 istoric cu pdrinfi sadici, boaia cronica. insfifufionalizare (eiRei, \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 1973), preajm s; reiatil \par\pard\ql \li984\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 Imporante Tn copiiarie cu mecici care reprezentau tie figurile parenal \par\pard\ql \li979\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 ritafli. in consecinfa, mulfi s-au Tndreptat sore meserii din domeniu; medico' \par\pard\qj \li960\ri1281\sb3\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Tncerca sa se identlfice cu medicul curant ideaiizaf. Facand acest lucru, ei Tnvafo frecvent \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex124 terminoloqie medicals, forme de orezsnare si boli si oof crea sau elabora os baza \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 oricarui fel de ieziune organica reala pe care o au. Parand sa fie sotisticafi c'in punct \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 de vedere medical, el oof soiicita chiar anumite teste medicale sau sS soiicife o anumiib \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 medicafie. Dorinfa de a experlmenfa proceduri medicale dureroase. absenfa vizitatcri\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 br, absenfa unor relafii sfranse si un sfii de viafa ..migrator" pot afenfionc asupra diag\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 nosficuiui. \par\pard\ql \li1228\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1228\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1228\sb37\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 fylburlii� asios m simpein� s&mgleg- pr<sssficE?� \par\pard\qj \li945\ri1292\sb3\sl- 220\slmult0\fi297 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Sirul simptomelor somafice si al semnelor simulate sau induse de pacienfii cu tulbu� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 rSri factice Tnfrece imagino+ia. Pe scurt, fiecare boala cunoscutS a fosf fabricae, inclu\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 siv maladii ezoferice, nefamiiiare mojorifafii medicilor. in concordanfa cu timpul, au fosf \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Tntalnite sofisficate puneri Tn scena cu SIDA si cancer (F�Mimai fi Esealsns, 1991; I^SKt \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 liBsKsaG, 1992)'. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9680\paperh13560{\bkmkstart Pg265}{\bkmkend Pg265}\par\pard\ql \li1511\sb0\sl-161\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1511\sb0\sl- 161\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1511\sb0\sl-161\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1511\sb0\sl- 161\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1511\sb22\sl-161\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex155 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs14 dH \par\pard\li2337\sb0\sl-92\slmult0\par\pard\li2337\sb0\sl- 92\slmult0\par\pard\li2337\sb0\sl-92\slmult0\par\pard\li2337\sb0\sl- 92\slmult0\par\pard\li2337\sb0\sl-92\slmult0\par\pard\li2337\sb0\sl- 92\slmult0\par\pard\li2337\sb0\sl-92\slmult0\par\pard\li2337\sb0\sl- 92\slmult0\par\pard\li2337\sb0\sl-92\slmult0\par\pard\li2337\sb0\sl- 92\slmult0\par\pard\li2337\sb0\sl-92\slmult0\par\pard\li2337\sb0\sl- 92\slmult0\par\pard\li2337\sb60\sl-92\slmult0\fi3542\tx6072\tx6211\tx6369 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf24\f25\fs8 ,.,..\tab \up0 \expndtw- 1\charscalex100 -.-\tab \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 -.\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 \u8212?j- .\par\pard\li2337\sb116\sl- 207\slmult0\fi3023 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 ".\t \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 ;.a vi�'.e. CiuiSdi:,^:;\par\pard\li2337\sb18\sl- 207\slmult0\fi3110 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 js.Ccire ivd3.r cd\par\pard\li2337\sb4\sl-207\slmult0\fi3110\tx5548\tx6211 \up0 \expndtw- 2\charscalex100 ""\u8226?\tab \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 .d'\u8222? iSiS\tab \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 03. ild'C\par\pard\li2337\sb0\sl- 184\slmult0\par\pard\li2337\sb75\sl-184\slmult0\fi0\tx2740\tx3840\tx5721 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex93 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 -;E: S\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 3�iJ CcaSdni\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 :d.p; si_CC! �:3\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 i-roasa spitaiizan (ms; mur: ce c\par\pard\li2337\sb18\sl-207\slmult0\fi3542 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 " singur pacient).\par\pard\li2337\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li2337\sb37\sl-207\slmult0\fi3480\tx8160 \up0 \expndtw- 3\charscalex100 r.'.oo rrec \u9632?\u9632?snr se. carnerc, c _\tab \up0 \expndtw- 8\charscalex94 :\u8226?:.;\par\pard\li2337\sb14\sl-207\slmult0\fi3455 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 sex-end, probc.oil deoarece :;.-;\par\pard\li2337\sb1\sl- 205\slmult0\fi3460 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 'd^b'S sxoebdbS.\par\pard\ql \li5726\sb222\sl-230\slmult0\tx5904 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex40 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 ;-\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 rscde-d b d:d cor ciisbape \par\pard\li2529\sb0\sl-138\slmult0\par\pard\li2529\sb0\sl- 138\slmult0\par\pard\li2529\sb0\sl-138\slmult0\par\pard\li2529\sb0\sl- 138\slmult0\par\pard\li2529\sb0\sl-138\slmult0\par\pard\li2529\sb0\sl- 138\slmult0\par\pard\li2529\sb0\sl-138\slmult0\par\pard\li2529\sb0\sl- 138\slmult0\par\pard\li2529\sb0\sl-138\slmult0\par\pard\li2529\sb0\sl- 138\slmult0\par\pard\li2529\sb0\sl-138\slmult0\par\pard\li2529\sb0\sl- 138\slmult0\par\pard\li2529\sb0\sl-138\slmult0\par\pard\li2529\sb0\sl- 138\slmult0\par\pard\li2529\sb0\sl-138\slmult0\par\pard\li2529\sb0\sl- 138\slmult0\par\pard\li2529\sb0\sl-138\slmult0\par\pard\li2529\sb0\sl- 138\slmult0\par\pard\li2529\sb0\sl-138\slmult0\par\pard\li2529\sb0\sl- 138\slmult0\par\pard\li2529\sb0\sl-138\slmult0\par\pard\li2529\sb0\sl- 138\slmult0\par\pard\li2529\sb0\sl-138\slmult0\par\pard\li2529\sb0\sl- 138\slmult0\par\pard\li2529\sb0\sl-138\slmult0\par\pard\li2529\sb0\sl- 138\slmult0\par\pard\li2529\sb0\sl-138\slmult0\par\pard\li2529\sb0\sl- 138\slmult0\par\pard\li2529\sb0\sl-138\slmult0\par\pard\li2529\sb0\sl- 138\slmult0\par\pard\li2529\sb0\sl-138\slmult0\par\pard\li2529\sb0\sl- 138\slmult0\par\pard\li2529\sb0\sl-138\slmult0\par\pard\li2529\sb0\sl- 138\slmult0\par\pard\li2529\sb0\sl-138\slmult0\par\pard\li2529\sb0\sl- 138\slmult0\par\pard\li2529\sb0\sl-138\slmult0\par\pard\li2529\sb0\sl- 138\slmult0\par\pard\li2529\sb0\sl-138\slmult0\par\pard\li2529\sb0\sl- 138\slmult0\par\pard\li2529\sb0\sl-138\slmult0\par\pard\li2529\sb0\sl- 138\slmult0\par\pard\li2529\sb0\sl-138\slmult0\par\pard\li2529\sb0\sl- 138\slmult0\par\pard\li2529\sb0\sl-138\slmult0\par\pard\li2529\sb0\sl- 138\slmult0\par\pard\li2529\sb122\sl- 138\slmult0\fi0\tx4972\tx5985\tx6758\tx6878\tx7502 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex94 \ul0\nosupersub\cf19\f20\fs10 bit" '\u9632? '"\u9632?\u9632?�<\tab \dn2 \expndtw- 1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf18\f19\fs12 [\u9632?\t \dn2 \expndtw- 3\charscalex100 *'C'''"''3G'b;'\u9632?-';\u9632?\tab \dn2 \expndtw- 1\charscalex100 ..'\u9632?\t \dn2 \expndtw-5\charscalex76 \u9632?""' .\u9632?S- jTH"\tab \dn2 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 '*\tab \dn2 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 d\tab \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex134 J C^SCCpS:"!. 8C,\par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9680\paperh13560{\bkmkstart Pg266}{\bkmkend Pg266}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw5619\colsr160\colno2\colw3761\c olsr160\ql \li1262\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1262\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1262\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1262\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1262\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1262\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1262\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1262\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1262\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1262\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1262\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1262\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1262\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1262\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1262\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1262\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1262\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1262\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1262\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1262\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1262\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1262\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1262\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1262\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1262\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1262\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1262\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1262\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1262\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1262\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1262\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1262\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1262\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1262\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1262\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1262\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1262\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1262\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1262\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1262\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1262\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1262\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1262\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1262\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1262\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1262\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1262\sb3\sl-184\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex95 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 \{.J1S \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 - Dpir.S ~p 5\par\pard\ql \li1324\sb99\sl-115\slmult0\tx2058\tx2308 \up0 \expndtw- 4\charscalex83 \ul0\nosupersub\cf19\f20\fs10 <:;,- iXlW-\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex40 \u9632?\u8212?\u9632? \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 ;.'-\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex60 . 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Ul, KpSi\tab \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex112 ss *,;::; e|pn.;.DSD.i|. e\u8222?i:cu 4i;r:s cojdojol.'so siuc\tab \dn2 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 jiS CO (DLUnU SDii\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li1262\sb46\sl- 184\slmult0\fi0\tx3312\tx4588\tx7276 \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex135 ooj eii-ojnaiij. sj\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 -&iJccc:c.i ieri\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 \u9632?S3u.d;i;isc 3ji..;Q._jUn li.j. ,.;cqsp\tab \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex112 ;cB ep 3js_sL_DD\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li1262\sb32\sl-184\slmult0\fi0\tx3278 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 Ul ODE .jD-fUlUO\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex129 5? us ssjppj euiajdu.!is n3 ijuepod ij^siceu;;:\t \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 jid DS 9Sli_- SATiU- l\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li1262\sb27\sl- 184\slmult0\fi4\tx3278\tx6935\tx7084 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex95 JDIJi HO l_J,.DiUJSCi\tab \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex96 ._ id�;j_*i\tab \up0 \expndtw- 2\charscalex100 (Z\u8226?iSjD\u8222?uqD^. rros e_!.iu_..nD'i eoiiouios P\tab \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 HD3 e.;,!D fi3 JXS.UOD\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li1262\sb77\sl-184\slmult0\fi4\tx3652\tx3916\tx6945 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex136 \ul0\nosupersub\cf18\f19\fs12 :ur;dQD :.J_ dSrdL.;;\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex61 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 :-,iH\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 ,;ubadsj.; ioui ;so .ions\tab \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex115 i.pD.; efsuiaidasig '3D\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li1262\sb2\sl- 184\slmult0\fi4449\tx6935 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 e..eoi;ans\tab \dn2 \expndtw-7\charscalex95 "iZD\u8222? aS.5D.!!.!oi\u8482?iAi\par\pard\ql \li5726\sb1\sl-184\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex92 (^-.irs-.b-rirn? \par\pard\ql \li3604\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3604\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3604\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3604\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3604\sb140\sl-184\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 pDiSopi|isd slSusajsju; is DiUip ruoo^) 'SDiuisd njoa oepiipey \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9680\paperh13560{\bkmkstart Pg267}{\bkmkend Pg267}\par\pard\li1550\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1550\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1550\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1550\sb176\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx5289 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 260\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 Psihopatologie si psihiafrie pentru psihologi\par\pard\qj \li1545\sb0\sl-210\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1545\sb0\sl- 210\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1545\sb0\sl-210\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1545\ri751\sb192\sl-210\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 care un individ produce pe ascuns semnele unei boli la un copii si apoi caufS Tngrijire \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 medicals pentru acei copii. Descrierea lui Mlodcw a acestui sindrom a fost confirmata \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 de cazuri raportate Tn Tntreaga iurne. \par\pard\qj \li1531\ri762\sb5\sl-217\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Obisnuit, un copii este inernaf Tnfr-un spial cu simptome ca: sangerSri, diaree disp-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 nee/apnee, Mama Tnsofeste copilul si pare a fi Tngrijorata, implicit si bine informatd din \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 punct de vedere medical. Ea o asista Tn mod caracferisfic pe asisfenta medicale si con-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 simte prompt la orice procedeu diagnostic invaziv propus pentru copii. Descoperirea \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 rolului ei Tn producerea simpomeior copiiului se poafe Tntampb accidental, de ex.: ga-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 sirea ei sufocand cooilul cu o perna sau introducand o substanfa axied Tn gura copiiu� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 lui sau Tn perfuzie. Suspiciunile pot aparea, de asemenea, cand simptomele opar doar \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 cand mama este prezenfa Tn spial, daca un alt copii din familie are o boala neexpll-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 cata sau daca problemeie medicale aie copiiului nu rdspund la un tratament adecvaf. \par\pard\qj \li1536\ri779\sb1\sl-220\slmult0\fi268 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Adulfii implicafi Tn tulburari factice by proxi pot aparea ca fiind aproape norrnaii, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 evaluarea lor neavand Tntofdeauna ca rezultaf un diagnostic psihiatric \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 (MtloW', \par\pard\ql \li1545\sb11\sl-207\slmult0\tx3955 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 19851). Grav este faptul ca \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 9% dintre acesfi copii mor daca nu sunt luafi de accsa \par\pard\qj \li1526\ri763\sb31\sl-210\slmult0\fi14 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 (e-Snb-fg, 1987). in plus, o morbidifate psihologice grava ca de exemplu hiperactivi-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 atea si adoptarea oersonaiS a comporfamenfului sindromului Munchausen, au fost \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 roDortafe ia copii care eu fost subiectul unor tulburari factice by proxi \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 (MsGlir� si \par\pard\ql \li1526\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 fdmma, 1989). \par\pard\ql \li1800\sb133\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 SiftbFisasjei Mcdheajgsss ps Isiem# \par\pard\qj \li1531\ri779\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi268 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 O ultima si incredibiio variants a sindromului Munchausen esfe prezenfa acestuia \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 pe Internet Tn paginiie web destinate prezentarii unor boii. \par\pard\qj \li1521\ri785\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi278 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 in ultimii ani, Infernetui a devenif un mediu de elecfie pentru cei interesafl c;e dome� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 niul sanatSfii si ai medicinei, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 37% dintre utiiizatori accesdnd online maeriale legate de \par\pard\ql \li1521\sb1\sl-199\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 medicina. \par\pard\qj \li1507\ri793\sb4\sl- 220\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 Impreuna cu prcmisiunec unui acces imediaf ia surse de profil prin siturile web, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 infernetui ofera "arupuri de suporf virtuale" pe cab chaturiior (camere de discufii) si \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 forumuriior de informafii. Aceste schimburi de la persoana b persoana, axafs Tn mod \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 h'pic pe un subiect anume, pot fi inestimabile surse de informafie si de compasiune pen� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 tru pacienfi si familiile lor. Tofusi, uneori oamenii pot folosi Tn mod gre$it acese grupuri \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Internet, oferind povestiri false despre boiile lor doar penfru a afrage aenfia, simpafia, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 furie sau pentru a Ti manipuia pe alfii. \par\pard\qj \li1511\ri814\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi268 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Modalitatib exisfente de comunicare directs Tntre pacienfi, membrii de familie si alfii \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 include grupurile de informafie si iisfeie de posfa; camere de discufii, cb \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 sun, \par\pard\qj \li1492\ri799\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi14 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 nifdfi, buletine de stiri independente, posts electronics private, forumuri de discufii. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Aceste tipuri de interacfiuni au be de obicei prin World Wide Web (yaw/) sau Usenet, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 un sistem de informafie Tn care mesaiele sunt aranjafe pe categorii. Subiecfeie acopera \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 Tntreaga game a experienfei de boab: efectele fizice aie chimioterapiei, cascade de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 emofii pe care o stamesfe o boala cronica Tn randul famiiiei, pieo'iciie birocrafice din \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 spiale, clinic! si companii de asigurare, slaba comunicare dintre medic si pacienf si \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 recunpstinfa pentru acte de caritate sau bunavoinfa. \par\pard\qj \li1488\ri807\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi273 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 CuSycr^i ceSsb. |2000| au concluzionat ca o treime din sfaturile date sunt neconven\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 fionale, neconfirmafe stiinfific sau chiar inadeo/afe. Riscui constd nu numai Tn faptul ca \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 informafia eronafa va fi raspandita dar, de asemenea, spafiul cibernetic va fi intenfionat \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 folosit pentru a afrage atenfia si simpafia celorlalti utilizafori de internet. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9680\paperh13560{\bkmkstart Pg268}{\bkmkend Pg268}\par\pard\li1060\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1060\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1060\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1060\sb90\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx8107 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Realitatea bolii psihice. Cadru clinic si infervenfie psihologica\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 261\par\pard\qj \li1031\sb0\sl-217\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1031\sb0\sl-217\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1031\sb0\sl-217\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1031\ri1130\sb171\sl-217\slmult0\fi297 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 Acest tip de comportament online poafe fi privit ca o manifesfare a sindromului \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Munchausen sau sindromul Munchausen by proxi. Scopul acestor utiiizatori ese grafi\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 ficofia dots de Tnsusirea rolului de bolnav dar, Tn loc sS caufe traament sau alf tip de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 ajutor Tn spitale, acesfi indivizi pot acum castiga o nouS audienfS numoi prin occesarea \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 unui grup de suport sau altul. Sub pretextut prefinsei lor boli, ei pot sa infre simultan Tn \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 moi multe grupuri sau sa-si ia diferite identitSfi Tn cadrul acebiasi grup. Falsele acuze \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 de vicfimizare au fosf conceptualizate ca o variants o bolilor factice sau Munchausen \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 by proxi. Povesti inventate de talhSrie, hSrtuire, abuz sexual sunt descrise detaliat iar \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex124 motivul este mobilizarea atenfiei si Tngrijorarii altor persoane, de data aceasta pe \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Internet. Aceste acuze includ adeseori elemene de pseudobgie fonfostica. \par\pard\qj \li1022\ri1154\sb1\sl-220\slmult0\fi302 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Profesionistii din domeniul sanafafii trebuie sa fie afenfi la gama informafiei medi\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 cole si moduiui de comunicare Tn Internet deoorece ei pot influenfa deciziile bate de pa� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 cienfii lor. Acese probleme capatS o mai mare imporfanfa pe mSsurS ce ot mai mulfi \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 pacienfi caua sfaturi pe internet de la medici si psihologi sau din partea unor persoane \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 pe care nu le-au Tntalnif niciodata. Psihologi! care participS la discufii online sau fac \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 consiliere trebuie sS recunoasca acest tip ae comportament si riscurib unei asffei de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 expuneri. \par\pard\ql \li1305\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Exists o serie de modalitSfi de depistare a acuzelor de tip facfic pe Inernet. \par\pard\qj \li1022\ri1172\sb19\sl-200\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 - Mesajele sunt deseori dupljcofe ole unor erficob medicole din cSrfi, reviste medi� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 cale sau alte surse ale bcafiilor web. \par\pard\qj \li1008\ri1171\sb0\sl-240\slmult0\fi302 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 s Dimensiunea, frecvenfa si duraa mesajelor nu se potrivesc cu severifatea bolii acu-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 zate (ex. un mesaj plin de detalii din parfea cuiva care prefinde ca esfe Tn soc septic). \par\pard\qj \li1012\ri1174\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 - Caracteristicile presupusei boli si a frafomenfului urmot eu aspect caricatural \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 derivaf din concepfiile gresite ale ufilizatorului Tn cauzd. \par\pard\ql \li1300\sb1\sl- 176\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 a ExagerSri grave ale bolii aproape de deces aiternand cu reveniri miraculoase. \par\pard\qj \li1003\ri1181\sb8\sl- 220\slmult0\fi297 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 � Afirmofiile sunt uneori de domeniul fanastic, sunt contrazise de alte mesaje ulte\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 rioore sau nu se verified (ex. telefonand la spital, se afb cS nu exista un asffei de pa� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 cienf internaf). \par\pard\qj \li998\ri1178\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi297 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 � Exista evenimente dromotice continue Tn vioto persoanei, Tn special cand opore un \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 alt centru de interes Tn cadrul grupubi de discufie (ex. cand interesul pentru problemeie \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 de sanState aie unui ufilizator a moi scazut, acesa a afirmaf ca si mama lui s-atmbol-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 nSvit de o boab terminals). \par\pard\ql \li1296\sb11\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 � Persoana se olonqe cS membrii qrupuiui sunt insensibiii sou nu sunt suficient de \par\pard\li2884\sb0\sl- 108\slmult0\fi0\tx3148\tx3863\tx4320\tx5107\tx5270\tx5764 \up0 \expndtw- 5\charscalex84 \ul0\nosupersub\cf18\f19\fs12 _~\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 _\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex156 _i.\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex156 _f\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 .1\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex156 .i.\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex156 \u8222?...\par\pard\ql \li1003\sb0\sl-162\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 suporfivi si overtizeozo co oceosfa lipsa de sensibilifafe n inroutafesfe sanafafea. \par\pard\ql \li1291\sb1\sl-162\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \u8226? Persoana refuza contacful teiefonic, uneori oferind jusfificSri bizare (ex. poate fi \par\pard\qj \li1003\ri1181\sb0\sl-240\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 atat de emotionatTncof i se poafe agrava boala sau lucrdri felefcnice care nu permit sS \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 fie sunat din ofarS) sau ameninfS ca va fugi daca va fi sunat. \par\pard\ql \li1291\sb0\sl-162\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 @ Uneori afrage atenfia faptul cS exista o detasare sau un ton inadecvat Tn relatarea \par\pard\ql \li1008\sb20\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 unei boli grave sau a unei TntamplSri sfresanfe. \par\pard\ql \li998\ri1192\sb7\sl- 215\slmult0\fi288\tx1276 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 � Alfi prefinsi membri de familie sau prieteni care scriu din partea "bolnavului" au \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 aceiasi sfil stilistic, erori gramaticale si de crfografie sau paffern Tn exprimare. \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 Aceastd scura orezentare a acesfei noi si cu otul neasteofate pafoioqii vine sa. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 intregeasca excepfionaiui concepr de poisofp� sneflgerlii aezvoltat cu deosebifci \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 apiicafie de eaa A. \par\pard\qj \li993\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li993\ri1202\sb141\sl- 220\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 Desi A_n�T a posfubt initial cd mofiveie individului cu fuiburare facfica erau sa fie Tn \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 cenfrul atenfiei, sa-si safisfaca agresivitafea fafa de medici Tnselcndu-i, sa obfina me-\par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9680\paperh13560{\bkmkstart Pg269}{\bkmkend Pg269}\par\pard\li1089\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1089\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1089\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1089\sb75\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx8160 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Realitatea bolii psihice. Cadru clinic si Infervenfie psihologicd\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 261\par\pard\qj \li1065\sb0\sl-217\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1065\sb0\sl-217\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1065\sb0\sl-217\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1065\ri1087\sb186\sl-217\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 Acest tip de comportament online poate fi privit ca o manifestare a sindromului \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Munchausen sau sinaromul Munchausen by proxi. Scopul ecesfor utiiizatori ese grati\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 ficafia data de Tnsusirea rolului de bolnav dar, Tn be sS caute tratament sau alt tip de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 ajutor Tn spitale, acesfi indivizi pot acum castiga o nouS audienfS numai prin accesarea \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 unui grup de suport sau alo!. Sub prefexfui pretinsei lor boli, ei pot sa intre simultan Tn \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 mai multe grupuri sau sS-si ia diferite identifSti Tn cadrul aceluiasi grup. Falsele ocuze \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 de victimizare au fosf concepfualizate ca o variants a bolilor factice sau Munchausen \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 by proxi. Povesti inventate de talhSrie, hSrfuire, abuz sexual sunt descrise detaliat iar \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex125 mofivui esfe mobilizarea atenfiei si TngrijorSrii alar persoane, de data aceasa pe \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Internet. Aceste ocuze includ odeseori elemente de pseudobgie fonfosticS. \par\pard\qj \li1051\ri1101\sb1\sl-220\slmult0\fi302 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Profesionisfii din domeniul sSnSafii trebuie sS fie atenti la gama informafiei medi� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 cale si modului de comunicare Tn Internet deoarece ei pot influenfa decizille bate de pa� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 cienfii lor. Aceste probleme capafa o mai mare importana pe masura ce tot mai mulfi \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 pacienfi caua sfaturi pe internet de la medici si psihologi sau din parea unor persoane \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 pe care nu !e-au Tntalnit niciodaa. Psihologii care parficipS la discufii online sau fac \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 consiliere trebuie sa recunoasca acest tip de comportament si riscurile unei asffei de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 expuneri. \par\pard\ql \li1339\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Exists o serie de modalifSfi de depistare a acuzeior de tip focfic pe Internet. \par\pard\qj \li1046\ri1124\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \u8226? Mesajele sunt deseori duplicate ale unor articole medicale din cdrfi, revisfe medi� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 cale sau alte surse ale locafiilor web. \par\pard\ql \li1036\ri1124\sb0\sl-226\slmult0\fi302\tx1334 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 � Dimensiunea, frecvenfa si durata mesajebr nu se pofrivesc cu severiafea bolii acu\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 zate (ex. un mesaj plin de detalii din partea cuiva care prefinde ca este Tn soc septic). \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 � Caracteristicile presupusei boli si a trafamentului urmat au aspect caricotural \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 derivof din concepfiile gresite ale utilizaforuiui Tn cauzS. \par\pard\ql \li1334\sb1\sl-169\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 � Exagerdri grave ale bolii aproape de deces alternand cu reveniri miracuioase. \par\pard\qj \li1036\ri1128\sb9\sl-220\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 � Afirmafiile sunt uneori de domeniul fantastic, sunt confrazise de alfe mesaje uite� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 rioare sau nu se verifies (ex. felefonand la spital, se afb ca nu exista un asffei de po\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 cienf internaf). \par\pard\qj \li1031\ri1125\sb6\sl- 213\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 � Exista evenimente dramatice continue Tn viafa persoanei, Tn special cand apare un \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 alt cenfru de interes Tn cadrul grupuiui de discufie (ex. cand ineresul pentru problemeie \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 de sanStafe aie unui utilizator a mai scazuf, acesta a afirmat cS si mama lui s-aTmbol-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 novif de o boob ferminolS). \par\pard\qj \li1031\ri1130\sb2\sl-220\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 � Persoena se plange cS membrii grupuiui sunt insensibili sau nu sunt suficient de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 suporfivi si averfizeazd cd aceasa lipsa de sensibilifate Ti TnrSutSfeste sSnStatea. \par\pard\qj \li1027\ri1133\sb20\sl-220\slmult0\fi297 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \u8226? Persoana refuzS contacful teiefonic, uneori oferind jusfificSri bizare (ex. poafe fi \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 atat de emofionaf Tncat i se poafe agrava boala sau lucrSri telefonice care nu permit sa \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 fie sunat din afara) sau ameninfS cS va fugi dacd va fi sunat. \par\pard\qj \li1031\ri1140\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 � Uneori afrage atenfia faptul ca exists o aefasare sau un on inadecvat Tn reiafarea \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 unei boli grave sau a unei TntamplSri stresante, \par\pard\ql \li1012\ri1144\sb0\sl-215\slmult0\fi302\tx1300 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 o Alfi prefinsi membrl de familie sau prieteni care scriu din partea "bolnavului" au \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 acelasi stil sfiiisfic, erori gramaficaie si de orfografie sau pattern Tn exprimare. \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 Aceasa scura prezenfare a acestei noi si cu foful neasfeptate pafologii vine sS \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 Tnfregeasca exceptional^ concept de psioega IneiWiQjealil dezvoitaf cu deosebie \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 apiicafie de SifiSR A. \par\pard\ql \li1296\sb98\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 \u8364?@5wid�refi psihedicejilei \par\pard\qj \li1022\ri1149\sb19\sl-220\slmult0\fi287 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Desi Aser a postulat initial ca mcflvele individului cu tulburare factice erau sd fie Tn \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 cenfru! atenfiei, sd-si safisfaca agresivitafea fafa de medici Tnselandu-i, sd obfinS me-\par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9680\paperh13560{\bkmkstart Pg270}{\bkmkend Pg270}\par\pard\ql \li5251\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5251\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5251\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5251\sb87\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 ihopatologie si psihiafrie pentru psi \par\pard\qj \li1286\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1286\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1286\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1286\ri909\sb163\sl-220\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 dicamene, sa scape de politie $i sa obfina masa si o camera grafuif, nici unu! dintre \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 acest! factori nu explica adecvat comporfamenfele pacientului cu tulburare factica. De \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 apt, ultimii trei facori menfionati reflects o dorinfa de a obfine un beneficiu secundar \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 clar, ceea ce permite diagnosficui de simubtie si nu de tulburare factice. \par\pard\qj \li1286\ri913\sb0\sl- 226\slmult0\fi278 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 S-au fdcut multiple TncercSrl de a Tnfelege aceasta boaia. Acestea au fost si sunt \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 extrem ds dificile daorifa numarului mic de pacienfi care au facuf consult psihiatric si \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 'ipsei de cooperare cu medicul psihiatru si psiholog. Tofusi, cercefaforii au subliniaf cate� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 va trasaturi: vietiie migrator! i si absenfa relafii lor personab stranse (posibi; din cauza \par\pard\qj \li1281\ri924\sb0\sl-215\slmult0\fi48 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 ncapacitatii de a forme; relafii stranse daorifa expunerii timpuril la sadismul si respin-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 jerea pdrinfilor), teatra ismul si pseucbiogic; fantasfica (posibi! metode de a depesi sen-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 nmentebde inadecvare si impoenfa), alegerea spafiuiui spialubi (posiDii daorifa roiuiui \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 medicului reprezenfand figure auorifafii Tn copildrie pacientului) si rolurile fanfasfice si \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 ;cenele masochisfe care sunt scoase la suprafafa \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 (uneori \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 \u8222?gSlaqios" pentru ca, din \par\pard\qj \li1271\ri934\sb21\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 ounctul de vedere ai bolnavului, comporamentul masochlsf ca fei paobgie de a iubi \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 este mai bun decat neglijareai, \par\pard\qj \li1276\ri929\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi268 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 QrSlfS' (1971) a sugeraf cd aceste comDorfamenta pof reprezenta un efort incon-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 stienf pentru a Tmpiedica o dezinfegrare mintala ma! departs, Tntr-o psihoza, Alfii au \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 nastuiaf ca acesfi pacienfi iucreaza Tn medli medicaie pentru a-si nege propria br do-\par\pard\qj \li1262\ri932\sb20\sl- 220\slmult0\fi86 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 ma infensd de a fi Tngrijifl. Chiar dace boiile factice au cc: aspect producerea volun\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 ora ae simptome, anuniifi facori inconsTien.fi sunt pobabil ia radecina acsstor fulouran \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 psihiatrice. Acesfi pacienfi Tsi continue $arad_ de-a boab Tnfr-o maniera repetitive, Tnfr-o \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 maniera compulsiva. Medicui care nu rsusesfe sa-i vada pe acesfi indivizi ca avand o \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 problema psihiatrice risca sa contribue e rnenfinerea ei. \par\pard\qj \li1252\ri938\sb217\sl-224\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Boiiie factice trebuie diferenfiafe de acsb condifii cars sunv tulburai psihice adevc-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 rafe Tn care indivizii se plang as simptome Tn absenfa unor semne somatice care sa ie \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 acompanieze. Ex. tulburarile somaoforme [tulburarsa conversiva, hipoeondria, tuibu� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 rarea de somafizars, tuiburarea somatoforme a iureni), tulburari de gandire (ex. schi-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 zovrenia), tulburari de personoiitate (Tulburare de personalitate borderline sau anfiso-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 ciala) si simubtie. Cea mai imporanta Tntre aceste condifii de care tulburarile factice \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 irebuie diferenfiafe ese adevoratc boaia fizicd, de vreme ce esecui Tn a diagnosfica si \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 iraki o urgenfa organica cr putea conduce la moarea pacientului. Cand semnele si \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 simptomele sunt sub control voluntar, diagnosficui de tulburare factica trebuie bat Tn \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 ronsiderare. iotusi, dacd o mofivafie de a obfine un edsfig secundar apare ciar, atunci \par\pard\qj \li1243\ri951\sb0\sl-225\slmult0\fi43 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 jiagnosticul trebuie sa fie ce! de simubfle si nu de tulburare factica. Mofivafia indi� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 vidului cu boala factica esfe doer aceea de a obfine rolul de pacienf, Tn absenfa unui \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 oeneficiu secundar clar. Aceste distinct!! nu sunt mereu usor de facuf de vreme ce exisfa \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 probabil o puternica motiverlie inconsfienfi Tn debae produced! constiente de simp\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 iome. SinefizTnd explicafiiie psbiodincrbce exisfene Tn pezent avem: \par\pard\qj \li1243\ri965\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi287 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 � Dorinfa de a i ss acorda atenfie si utiiizarea bolii pentru a formula cerinte ceior\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 blfi pentru o-i acorda Tngrijire. \par\pard\qj \li1238\ri962\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 � Reacfie la pierdere: c Tncercare de a se confrunfa cu sentimentele de abandonare \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 si neajutorare. \par\pard\qj \li1219\ri966\sb16\sl- 220\slmult0\fi302 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 � Utiiizarea mlnciunii pentru a crea un sentiment ae forte si superioritae (\u8222?piaeerea \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 Tnseiaforiei"). \par\pard\qj \li1224\ri981\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 o Utiiizarea Tnseiaforiei ca forma a furiei Tndreotafe Tnpoirivc: msdiciior care pof fi \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 fobsifi, de asemenea, drept obiecfe de transfer, \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9680\paperh13560{\bkmkstart Pg271}{\bkmkend Pg271}\par\pard\ql \li888\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li888\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li888\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li888\sb207\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Realitatea bolii psihice. Ccciru clinic si Infervenfie psihologie \par\pard\qj \li868\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li868\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li868\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li868\ri1381\sb163\sl-220\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Cateva expiicafil rscerve pentru sindromui Munchausen accenfueaza rolul posibil ai \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 unei disfuncfii cerebraie subiacente. Aproximativ 20-25% din pacienfii cu sindrom \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 Munchausen au cdteva semne de disiuncfie cerebrals (ed- pj &Pis,r f bUSb teS si \par\pard\ql \li878\sb68\sl-138\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 \ul0\nosupersub\cf18\f19\fs12 j did, a *-iii)ia)). \par\pard\ql \li1267\sb107\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs22 Pr atebbr \par\pard\li868\sb37\sl- 184\slmult0\fi288\tx5788\tx6691 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex128 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 Prevalenfa si genefica tulburarii factice sunt nec icct\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex130 - j,\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex130 _rse existd pentru\par\pard\li868\sb32\sl-184\slmult0\fi0\tx6744 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex130 a sfabili dacd boaia este mai frecvenfa b barbafi sau\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex130 ::tor cere face ca\par\pard\ql \li868\sb27\sl- 184\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex135 tuiburarea racfica sa fie difici! de studiaf, este fapfu' ca seve \par\pard\qj \li864\ri1413\sb7\sl-220\slmult0\fi9 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 implicate se conturecza Tntr-un specfru. Ce; mai patologic capaf a; acestui specfru - sdr. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex130 Munchausen - Ti implied pe aceia care sunt sociopcti, au o viaa migrafoie si pot eor>-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 stifui \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 1 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex132 0/6 din indivizi! cu tulburari factice, Capafui mai duylr; oatP.--pc P spectrului \par\pard\li868\sb33\sl-184\slmult0\fi0\tx6273\tx6427 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex131 implied indivizi cu simpfomaoioaie cronica factice o- cu d\tab \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 -*\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex131 - stabile d muncc si\par\pard\li868\sb42\sl- 184\slmult0\fi0\tx5822 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 relafii sociale. Pentru acesfia, simuiarea unei pol! nu este\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex131 ~ a:\par\pard\qj \li840\ri1384\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi307 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex128 in fimp ce manuaiee de psihiafrie si medicine generate se rerera ia aceestd fulsurare \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex129 ca fiind rara, majoriaea clinicieniior au Maini: pacienfi cu astsi c>s tulburare, Studii pe \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex141 febra de origins necunoscuta au aratar ca 2,2-7,6% eau racfice. bdddbid dKoirfe \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 Am�5T@s% 1989). Anaiizele demografice aie pacienfilor cu oiourdbi rccfl;.: dpersazS \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex132 doua pafem-un generale, Pacienfii cu ruourari factice cu sinarcr* budCd-d .-. '-::P-re \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex128 fie barbafi de varsta nbiiocie, de oblcs' needsaforif! si Tnsfrainaf: as fcmbl:-! ._r. \par\pard\li844\sb48\sl- 184\slmult0\fi4\tx6523\tx7790 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex130 pacienfilor cu fuiburdri factice sunt ds obicei feme!, Tn vfjrstc ie\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex130 20-40 d; :;;:;\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex130 :dd\par\pard\li844\sb36\sl- 184\slmult0\fi14\tx7579 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex128 iucreazd Tn domeniul medical ca de exemplu nursing sau fehnoiogie medb '\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 -\par\pard\li844\sb42\sl-184\slmult0\fi0\tx7891\tx7992 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex128 p BinsWE, 1983; Pe-rb, "tfSbb Pacienfi: cu tulburari facrice by proxi sunt, Tn csc:\tab \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 ;\u8226?\tab \up0 \expndtw- 4\charscalex100 ::::\t \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 ;\par\pard\li844\sb32\sl- 184\slmult0\fi4\tx7459 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex131 mars pads a cezuriior, mameie, desi sunt raporfati cdteodata si fatii sau o>:\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \u9632?\par\pard\qj \li840\ri1420\sb5\sl-220\slmult0\fi9 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 (Moe-* C-tsE SsSiirrd, 1990). Vlctima esfe Tn general un copii care nu vorbeste, bar .. ;\u9632?; :-\u8226?'-'\u9632?-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 ain vicfime pot fi batran; scru eersc-ene cc hencicap. \par\pard\li1252\sb145\sl-184\slmult0\fi0\tx2323 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex89 iifSfe\tab \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex89 BS^ssK-'-ds^riw-tt1 b�ddi? p;:d___\par\pard\qj \li835\ri1429\sb12\sl-220\slmult0\fi278 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex132 Trafamentu! safisfacaor ai pacienfilor cu tulburari factice este rar. Iotusi; rddd r; \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex132 avea succes cu acesfi pacienfi, esfe esenfia. ca sindromul sd fie career diagnosficaf. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex129 informafii de io alte persoane aecaf de ia pacienf sunt necesare oentru ce aiaanoslic:;; \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex131 sa fie stabiiif. Adeseori esfe necesare c muncc apropiae de cea a unui aefsctlv penbu \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 a reusi sa se srabileascc aiagnosticui corect. Trafamenele suaerote au cuprirfE d'":b3d= \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex131 pie individuaid si de grup \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex133 (airecjionaia spre sentimenele ae inaaecvare si endinfels \par\pard\ql \li835\sb30\sl-184\slmult0\tx4195 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex129 masochistej, ferapie comportamentaie \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex132 (care reTntaresje afrioutele pozitive dddbir.d \par\pard\qj \li820\ri1438\sb7\sl-220\slmult0\fi14 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex131 comporfamenfele sociale accepfabiie si remtarese negativ simpfomele neclorire prin \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 negarea priviiegiilor) si tratamenf suporfiv (Yosts, If^B). /vial muit, educarea oersane\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex130 lulul medical cu privire la psihopafobgia subiacenfa ar trebui sa ajute la minimizarea \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 furiei si frusfrarii din randul personalului. Ca o consecinfd, exfernSriie premature pot fi \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex130 eviafe si frimiferea ia un consult psihiatric poate fi facuta rapia Tn cursul soifaiizarii. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 Rezuifafeie unui consult reusif includ evitarea nevoii de teste Invazive si acceofarea unui \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 tratament psihiafrie de iunga durafa. \par\pard\qj \li815\ri1448\sb0\sl- 224\slmult0\fi297 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex134 De vreme ce nu exisa studii de control asuora trafamentului acesfei boil care sa \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 poatd orienfa practicianul cafre cea mai bund strategic terapeutica, consulant!! psihiatri \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex130 sunt Tn dezacord adesea deed sd folossascd sau nu confruntarea terapeutica. Suntem \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex128 de pdrers ca este utiia o confruntare fara osfiilrafe sau peaepse, care sd asigurs pacien-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex128 tul aespre aisponibilitatea unei Tngrijiri medicale continue care sa permits pacientului \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex128 sd primeascd concomitent Tngrijiri psihiatrice. Esfe important sd privim fabricarea \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9680\paperh13560{\bkmkstart Pg272}{\bkmkend Pg272}\par\pard\li1608\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1608\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1608\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1608\sb191\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx5332 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 264\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 Psihopatologie si psihiafrie pentru psihologi\par\pard\qj \li1593\sb0\sl-217\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1593\sb0\sl- 217\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1593\sb0\sl-217\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1593\ri717\sb170\sl-217\slmult0\fi9 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 bolilor co pe un strigat de ajutor. Totusi, si cea mai empaticd confruntare terapeutica se \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 poate Tntalni initial cu o negare profunds, rezistentS si brie (un pacient a cSrui volizS \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 a fost gSsia cu un comparfiment secret Tn care erau seringi de insulins, a negat cS ar \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 fi fost ale lui). DupS realizarea faptului ca nu va fi externat din spital, Tngrijirea psihia\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 tricS poae fi acceptatS. Mulfi medici suntde acord cS Tngrijirea psihiatricS eficiena nu \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 poate fi realizaa Tn absenfa unei Tngrijiri medicale continue. Trebuie avutS multd atenfie \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 la contratransferul medicului core, Tmpidicot, poate scSdea numSrul exfernSrilor pre� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 mature si Tncuraja taamentul psihiatric. FSrd o asffei de atitudine, pacienfii cu tulburSri \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 factice vor continua sS se confrunte cu riscurib bolii lor. \par\pard\qj \li1579\sb0\sl-216\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1579\sb0\sl-216\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1579\ri731\sb12\sl-216\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Prin definifie, indivizii care simuleazS sunt motivafi de beneficii exferne specifice si \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 care pot fi recunoscute, pentru a-si produce sau simula boli fizice sau psihologice \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 (Asodejla Asutrieana d� Psihiatri�, 1t94; Gormen, 1982). Exempb de astfel de bene� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 ficii sunt amdnarea armafei, repartizarea Tntr-o muncS riscantS, primirea unor recompen� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 se materiale ca de exemplu scutirea de impozite, scSparea de Tnchisoare (verdictul de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 nevinovat pe motiv de nebunie) sau procurarea de substanfe aflate sub control. \par\pard\ql \li1574\ri736\sb1\sl-220\slmult0\fi283\tx1852 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Expbrand aspectele psihologice ale simubrii, trebuie sa avem Tn minte avertismen\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 tul lui Sas^T (1956) cS simuiarea nu esfe un diagnostic psihiatric dar este o acuzafie. \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Simularea se Tntalneste Tn situafiile Tn care castiguri reale \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 (tangibile) sunt obfinufe \par\pard\qj \li1569\ri742\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi9 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 prin boab. Printre aceste situafii sunt: Tnchisoarea, armafa, procese civile sau penaie, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 comisii medicole de stabilirea incapacifSfii. Flickers (1956) a estimot cS oprox. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 5% din \par\pard\qj \li1555\ri729\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi9 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 pacienfii care au fost chemafi pentru a fi recrutafi Tn armatd au Tncercat sd scape prin \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 simularea sau fabricarea unor simptome. Procentul celor care au simulat sau exagerat \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 pentru a obfine anumite compensafii la diferite injurii este necunoscut dar se creae ca \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 esfe semnificativ. Acest comportament cresfe considerabil costurile Tn domeniul asigu\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 rSrilor. Nu se cunoosfe protilul demografic a persoanelor care simuleazS; acest com� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 portament este determinaf eel mai probabil mai mult de conjuncfurS decaf de caracteris� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 ticile personale (Gorman, 1982). \par\pard\qj \li1545\ri750\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 Pr�d@SRii V descrie, Tn afara simuiafiei adevdrafe, TntdinitS b subiecfi cu o stare fizica \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 si psihica normals, mt�GMn_icjfi_!, Tn care dupS un episod psihotic acut, real (confuzie, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 depresie, bufeu delirant) sau dupd un accident, subiectul refdeuf, realizand beneficii \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 consecufiv sifuofiei pafobgice, persevereazd Tn acuzele sale anterioore. \par\pard\qj \li1545\ri764\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi278 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Spre deosebire de aceasa, 8_preiirisji^iQ presupune o tuiburare somoticS sau psi� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 hica preexistentS, pe care bolnavul o amplifies. \par\pard\qj \li1531\ri768\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Dimpotriva, disimulaasi constS Tn ascunderea unor simptome psihice sau somatice, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 ori a unei boli, Tn scopul susfragerii de la un traament obligatoriu, obfinerii unui bene-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 ficiu sau punerii Tn apiicare a unei idei delirante sau fendinfe suicidare. cste de menfic-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 natmaltul potential de disirnuiare ai bolnavilor depresivi, manifesfaf Tn special la debu� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 tul sau dupS fraversarea episodului depresiv, adica tocmci ofunci cand tendinfa suicida� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 rd se manifesto mai preqnant. El Tsi disirnuieaza starea psihica pentru a evifa internarea \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 sau pentru a obfine externarea, ce sa poafa pune Tn apiicare acesf act final, fafa!. La \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 bolnavii psihici se mai Tntdlneste Tn cazul Tn care ineresul acesora este de a fi conside-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 rafi sanatosi, descoperirea bolii putandu-le educe prejudicii (ex. interzicerea pracficarii \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 anumior munch pensionare). Exista unii aufofi care vorbesc de \u8222?disimularea patoloqi-\par\pard\li2755\sb0\sl- 90\slmult0\fi0\tx3201\tx4915\tx7588 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf19\f20\fs10 I\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 I f\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 f*\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 1\par\pard\ql \li1536\sb0\sl-162\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 cd" Tn care bolnavul race fotui pentru a fi considerat \u8222?normal" si nu \u8222?nebun"l Aceasta \par\pard\ql \li1540\sb0\sl- 162\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 forma apare mai ales ia bolnavii deiiranfi (paranoid). \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9680\paperh13560{\bkmkstart Pg273} {\bkmkend Pg273}\par\pard\li748\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li748\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li748\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li748\sb75\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx7689 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Realiatea bolii psihice. Cadru clinic si infervenfie psihobgica\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 265\par\pard\ql \li1128\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1128\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1128\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1128\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1128\sb17\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 CaradeisHci diniee \par\pard\ql \li1012\sb1\sl- 198\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Simptomele simularii se TncadreazS Tn trei mari categorii: \par\pard\qj \li734\ri1561\sb4\sl-220\slmult0\fi287 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 � producerea sau simubreo unei boli (de exemplu, folosirea firoxinei pentru a mima \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 hipertiroidismul); \par\pard\qj \li734\ri1570\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \u8226? exacerbarea unei boli anterioare (de exemplu, infecfia deliberae a plagii chirur\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 gicale) - metosimulare; \par\pard\qj \li729\ri1575\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 � exagerareo unor simptome ole unei boli (de exemplu, exogerarea acuzelor dure\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 roase) - suprasimulare. \par\pard\qj \li715\ri1566\sb6\sl- 213\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Exagerarea deliberaa a unor boli anterioare sau simulfane esfe probabil forma de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 simubre cea mai frecvent Tntalnie Tn psihiatria de legSturS. Simptomele expuse suntde \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 obicei greu de cuantificat obiectiv. Sunt incluse durerea (Tn special durerea de spate), \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 amefeala, sbbiciune si caracteristici ale tulburarilor postfraumatice de stres \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 (Span si \par\pard\qj \li715\ri1571\sb2\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Pancafz, 1983). Pacienfii pof exagera acuzele cand sunf Tntrebati direct despre simpto� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 mele lor sau cand cred ca sunf observafi. Cand atenfie le esfe distrasS de tebvizor sau \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 de vizitatori, ei sunt vizibil mai rebxati si sunt capabili sS se implice Tn activiafi fizice \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 incompatibib cu simptomele lor. \par\pard\qj \li710\ri1574\sb4\sl-216\slmult0\fi287 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 Diagnosficui de simubre este sabilit prin evidenfierea unui casfig specific, dar \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 frecvent este deosebif de dificila distingerea simulerii de o tulburare de conversie sau \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 de o tulburare facficS. Chiar si simubrile cele mai motivate si constiente pot avea, de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 asemenea, si o rnotivatie inconsfientS. \u8222?Pseudosimubrea" apare atunci cand pacientul \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 foloseste un motiv exern ca rationamenf pentru simptome simulote, protejondu-se de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 constientizarea unor determinanfi inconstienfi (Fard, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 1983; Schn_ck, 1962). De exem� \par\pard\qj \li700\ri1585\sb21\sl-220\slmult0\fi14 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 plu, o persoanS Tntr-adevSr psihotica poate crede cS simuleazS psihoza pentru a scSpa \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 de pedeapsa pentru o crima. \par\pard\qj \li691\ri1584\sb0\sl-223\slmult0\fi297 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \u8222?Misiunea imposibib" frecvent cerue de la psihiafrul consultant este de a determina \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 daca pacientul simuleazS. Clinicianul trebuie sS considere simubre cand acuzele simpfo\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 mafice si datele obiective sunf incongruente. Suspiciunib pot aparea cand farS sS exisfe \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 o ala justificare, pacientul ese impiicat Tntr-un litigiu sau urmSrese sa obfine un cerfi\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 ficat de handicap. Pentru a identifica simularea Tn aceste situafii, psihiafrul trebuie sa \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 verifice exisfenfa unei mofivafii exterioare si sa demonsfreze ca exists o limitae/sau nu \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 exists deloc dovads obiectivS a simpomelor pacientului. \par\pard\qj \li691\ri1594\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi273 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Trebuie bate Tn considerare, de asemenea, posibilitatea tulbuarilor somatoforme \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 (conversie, hipocondrie, tulburSri de somatizare, tulburSri de durere somafoformS, tul� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 burSri dismorfice corporale) si tulburSri factice. Aceste sindroame clinice nu prezinta \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 granite foare precise, astfel meat o persoanS poafe prezenfa criterii de diagnostic pen� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 tru tulburari diferite la momente diferite (Ford, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 1992; Jonas si Pope, 1985; Nadefsen, \par\pard\ql \li695\sb1\sl-169\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 1985). \par\pard\qj \li681\ri1599\sb0\sl- 222\slmult0\fi287 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Futhermore, Cameron [1947) au afirmat ca tulburarile de conversie si simularea fac \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 parte dintr-un sir nemtrerupt, reprezentand polii opusi ai mofivafiei pur inconstienfe si \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 cea pur constiene. Este dificil pentru diagnostician sS stie pozifia pacientului Tn acesf \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 sir Tn fiecare moment. Facorii relevanti pentru deferminarea diagnosticubi includ orice \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 dovads a unei somatizSri anterioare, ca si coexistenta anxietafii, dispozitiei depresive, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 unei tulburSri de personalitate care pot confribui la simptomele prezenfate. Pacienfii cu \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 tulburari somotoforme inconstienfe (ex. conversie) sunf obisnuit constanfi Tn prezenfarea \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 simptomelor lor, indiferenf de auditoriu; caracferisfic, simubnfii pof arafa compora� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 mente mult diferite cand cred cS sunf observafi. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9680\paperh13560{\bkmkstart Pg274}{\bkmkend Pg274}\par\pard\li1478\sb0\sl-184\slmult0\par\pard\li1478\sb0\sl- 184\slmult0\par\pard\li1478\sb0\sl-184\slmult0\par\pard\li1478\sb110\sl- 184\slmult0\fi0\tx5294 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 266\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 Psihopatologie si psihiafrie pentru psihologi\par\pard\qj \li1463\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1463\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1463\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1463\ri687\sb172\sl-220\slmult0\fi297 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Dovezile obfinufe de avocoti si de cpmpaniile de asigurSri, nu sunt Tntofdeauna \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 rapid disponibiie psihiatrului consultant. In marile litigii, de exemplu, nu de pufine ori \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 detectivi particular! TnregistreazS video diferite activiafi ale persoanelor, Tn afara spi\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 talului. \par\pard\qj \li1454\ri666\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 Testarea psihobgicS este frecvent ufib Tn identificarea pacienfilor simubnti. \u8222?Minn830fC! \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Muaiphasie PersaiaiHy Invenor - 2" (MMP.I-2; Hesthsway si McKinky, 1989) este un test \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 ufil pentru pacienfii care-si deformeazS prezenarile (Lses- Hak^f si P�c, 1990; McCaffrey \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 si Bdkmy^CTspbdf, 1989; Wefzfer si Marlowe, 1990). Diferenfele dintre veridicitatea \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 scablor, ca si cea dintre subscalele ciinice, ajuta la identificarea pacienfilor care-si exa\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 gereazS simptomele. Acest test precum si altele au valoare substanfials, dar nu invorio\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 oila, Tn diagnosficui celor care-si exogereaza simptomele fizice si/sau psihice (Cliffs, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 1992; P@esne fi Gorecaiy, 1990; Rowling, 1992). Corebrib clinice sunt obligatorii. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Insfrumentele de screening cu valabilitate recunoscue ca de exemplu Scala cfecJepresi� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Beck fi Lists de simpome - 90, sunt cu usurinfa denaturate de pacienfii care-si exage\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 reazS simpfomele (Lees-Haiey, 1989]. \par\pard\qj \li1425\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1425\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1425\ri692\sb20\sl-220\slmult0\fi311 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Simularea esfe pracfic mai mult o problems bgals decat una medicals. Avand acest \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 lucru Tn minte, medicul de la consultul initial, psihiafrul si psihologul trebuie sS fie cir\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 cumspecfi Tn abordarea pacientului. Fiecare noe (Tnsemnare) trebuie scrisS, Tnfelegdnd \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 ca este posibil sS devina o probs Tn justifie. Pacientul care este suspectot de simubre nu \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 trebuie confruntof cu o acuzafie directs. In loc de aceasta, comunicarea subfib indicd \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 faptul cS medicul este \u8222?la carma jocului" (Kramer fi celab., 1979). O metods este de a \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 sugerea, aproape Tn freacdt, ca testele diagnostice arata cd nu exisfa o baza organica \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 a simptomelor. Simubntul se poate simfi liber sS renunfe la simptome dacS medicul su\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 gereazS cS pacienfi cu probleme similare Tn mod obisnuit se vindecS dacS se aplicS o \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 anumie procedurS sau dupS o anumifa perioads de fimp. Aceste sugestii sunt frecvent \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 urmate de o adevSratS ameliorore sou chiar vindecare. Tofusi, o porte din pocienfi - Tn \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 special cei care umbb dupa droguri - abandoneaza tratamentul si cauta Tngrijire medi� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 cals Tn altS parte. Alfii, Tn efortul de a dovedi exisfenfa bolii lor, T?i pot intensifica mult \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 simpomele. FScand asa, creazS o asemenea caricaturS a bolii, Tncaf efortul de a Simu� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 la devine evident pentru tofi. \par\pard\qj \li1425\ri726\sb20\sl-220\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Nu exista informafii despre rezultatele pe termen lung ale persoanelor care simu� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 leazS. Putem presupune cS otunci cand o persoanS reuseste Tn Tnselstorie, comporta� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 mentul ei este Tnarit si este foorte posibil sS se repee. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9680\paperh13560{\bkmkstart Pg275}{\bkmkend Pg275}\par\pard\li1089\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li1089\sb0\sl- 230\slmult0\par\pard\li1089\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li1089\sb12\sl- 230\slmult0\fi0\tx8145 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Realitatea bolii psihice. Cadru clinic si infervenfie psihobgica\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 267\par\pard\qj \li1171\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1171\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1171\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1171\ri1202\sb186\sl-220\slmult0\fi307 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Daca diagnosficui de Sindrom Munchausen ramane uneori o metaforica \u8222?cautare \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 a acului Tn carul cu fan" al patologiei chiar si pentru psihiatru, consecintele legale si \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 etice ale acestuia sunt deosebit de complexe si discufia asupra lor depaseste cadrul \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 acestei prezentari. Am preferat din aceste motive o expunere mai larga a acestui \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 subiect. Totodata, cunostiinele medicale reduse din motive cat se poate de obiective \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 ale psihoiogului Tl fac extrem de vulnerabil Tn fafa unei astfel de patologii care pune \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 adesea Tn dificultate chiar si pe eel mai experimentat practician, nu atat din lipsa \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 cunostin(elor, cat datorita expectajiilor normale pe care medicul le are faja de pacien� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 tul sau - acesta sa-i ceara ajutorul pentru o suferin$a reala. \par\pard\qj \li1171\ri1211\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 Patologia imaginara poate fi nelimitata si, de aceea, am fi prezentat ultimele \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Jnvenjii" Tn materie. Poate ca, Tn acest fel, vom reusi sa aparam psihologul de mani\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 pulari si chiar de situatii ridicole. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9680\paperh13560{\bkmkstart Pg276}{\bkmkend Pg276}\par\pard\ql \li1430\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1430\sb0\sl- 230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1430\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1430\sb0\sl- 230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1430\sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex128 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 CAP1TOLUL 7 \par\pard\ql \li1430\ri2626\sb94\sl-540\slmult0\fi28 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex99 \ul0\nosupersub\cf16\f17\fs40 DE LA PSIHOSOMATICA LA \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex96 SOMATIZARE \par\pard\ql \li1195\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1195\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1195\sb162\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Omul sdndtos t$i rsS/s^e corpul fdrd $d ss gond@Q$c8 la ei. \par\pard\ql \li5817\sb193\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Karl Jaspers \par\pard\ql \li1190\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1190\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1190\sb99\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 Definitii si cadru conceptual \par\pard\ql \li1171\ri4077\sb3\sl-244\slmult0\fi14 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 Somatizarea Tntre psihanaliza �i neurobiologie \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 Somatizare �i medicina psihosomatica \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 Grupa Tulburari Somatoforme In DSM-IV \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 Tulburari somatoforme $i normativitate \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 Afectivitatea negativa �i somatizarea \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex124 Somatizare si consjisnta \par\pard\qj \li1166\ri4413\sb0\sl-240\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 Somatizarea - un comportament in fata bolii \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 Genetica f i somatizare \par\pard\ql \li1171\sb28\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 Somatizare �i personalitate \par\pard\ql \li1171\sb53\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 Posibile modele ale somatizarii \par\pard\ql \li1881\sb33\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex133 Somatizarea ca mecanism de aparare psihologie \par\pard\ql \li1886\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex132 Somatizarea ca amplificare nespecifica a suferinfei \par\pard\ql \li1881\sb33\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex132 Somatizarea ca tending de a apela la Tngrijiri medicale \par\pard\ql \li1871\sb53\sl- 207\slmult0\tx7353 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex135 Somatizarea ca o consecin|a a suprautilizarii asisten|ei \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex130 medicale \par\pard\ql \li1166\sb33\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex124 etiologie � i ontologie in somatizare \par\pard\qj \li1156\ri2552\sb6\sl-240\slmult0\fi9 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 flziologie �1 psihiatrie in determinarea simptomelor functionale \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex124 Factorii psihosociali �i somatizarea \par\pard\ql \li1156\sb67\sl-184\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 COMORBIDITATE f I SOMATIZARE \par\pard\ql \li1161\sb17\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Mosografie si Somatizare \par\pard\ql \li1137\sb53\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 Antropologie si Somatizare \par\pard\ql \li1536\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1536\sb42\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs22 7.1. DEFINP �1 CADRU CONCEPTUAL \par\pard\qj \li1137\ri1084\sb208\sl-228\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 O mare varietafe de acuze somatice care antreneazd convingeree pacienfilor cd ei \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 sunt suferinzi din punct de vedere corpoal, Tn ciuda unor probleme emofionaie sau psi-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 hosociale demonsfrabile, rSman Tn afara unei posibiiiafi de definire dare. Disconfortui \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 somatic nu Tsi are explicate sau are una parfiols, Tn ciuda convingerii pacientului ca \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 suferinfele lui Tsi au originea Tntr-o boaia definibils care Tl determina sa ceara ajutor \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 medical si care Ti determinS incapacitatea si handicapu! \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 (Upowsld, 1968; Kbinnwi, \par\pard\ql \li1147\sb10\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 1977; Ksfsn, 1982; Klfmsyer, 1984; Kellner, 1990). \par\pard\qj \li1137\ri1110\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi273 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Manualul DSM- IV (1994) subiiniazS cS trSsStura comunS a tulburarilor somatofor� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 me este prezenfa simptomelor fizice, care sugereazS o afecfiune aparfinand medicinii \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9680\paperh13560{\bkmkstart Pg277}{\bkmkend Pg277}\par\pard\li1440\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1440\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1440\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1440\sb157\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx5164 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 270\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 Psihopatologie si psihiafrie pentru psihologi\par\pard\qj \li1416\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1416\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1416\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1416\ri889\sb153\sl-220\slmult0\fi23 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 interne, dar care nu poate fi pe deplin explicaa de o boals aparfinand medicinii gene� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 rale, de efecfeie diecte ale unei substanfe sau de alts tulburare minab (cum ar fi oto-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 curile de panicd). In contrast cu simularea, simptomele somatice nu sunt sub control vo-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 luntar. TufburSrile somatoforme diferS si de simptomele psihice consecutive unei afecfi� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 uni medicale prin aceea ca nu exists nici o condifie medicals care sS poatd fi conside� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 rate pe deplin responsabib pentru simptomele somatice. Cei mai mulfi autori afirmS cS \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 acest concept, care grupeazS situafii diferite, are drept numitor comun disconfortul cor� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 poral neexplicat, generet de probleme psihiotrice, psihobgice sau sociale. Prin nume-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 roaseb sale aspecte, somatizarea este problema comuna unui numar mare de proble� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 me medicale (Ford, 1983). In mod cu toal paradoxal somatizarea este o problems \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 majors de sSnState publics, simptomele funcfionale fiind printre primele cauze de inca� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 pacitate de muncS si incapacitate socials. TotTn sfera sSnSafii publice intrS si faptul cS \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 pacienfii cu simptome somatice neexplicate, recurente, sunt adesea investigati in exten-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 so, spitalizafi, supusi unor proceduri de diagnostic invazive, unor trafomente medicale \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Tn care poiipragmezio se Tmpletesfe cu metoae recuperator!! costisitoare si care creeazS \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 boli iatrogene adeseori mai grave decat presupuseie boii somatoforme. \par\pard\ql \li1804\sb0\sl- 253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1804\sb40\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs22 7.2. SOMMTMREAINTRE PSIHANALIZA �1 NEUROBiOLOGIE \par\pard\ql \li1406\ri902\sb192\sl-223\slmult0\fi297\tx1694 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Problema somatizSrii i-a deferminat cu mai bine de un secol Tn urmS pe frmd si \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Brwer sS dezvolfe concepfele de inconstient, conflict, apSrare si rezistenfa. \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 in epoca victorianS, simptomele somafice neexplicabile erau considerate semne exfe-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 rioare ale unor tulburSri psihologice subiacente (bazale). Insistenfa permanenfS a pa� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 cienfilor, care cereau recunoasterea naturii somatice a simptomelor lor, o fost considera� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 e un mecanism de apSrare Tmpotriva cauzelor psihice care stau de fapt la originea lor. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Psihanaliza, ca si restui psihiafriei, au mutatTn cele din urmS accentul pe tulburarile psi� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 hiatrice presupuse a determine isteria si somatizarea. Desi Tn urmStoarea sutS de ani \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 au intervenit schimbSri dramaticem Tnfebgerea mecanismelor si o fratamentubi bolilor \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 mintab, Tnfebgerea procesului de somatizare a fScut doar pasi minor! fafS de nivelul \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 atins Tn secoiul trecut. Mai mulf, pacienfii cu tulburari de somatizare pdstreazS aceeasi \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 reticenfS, scepticism si sentimente de frusfrare fafS de explicafiiie psihoioaice care ii se dau. \par\pard\qj \li1377\sb0\sl-223\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1377\sb0\sl-223\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1377\sb0\sl-223\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1377\ri917\sb68\sl- 223\slmult0\fi297 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 incercarea medicului de Tnfeiegere a simptomelor somatice neexplicate, ca manifes� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 ed ale conflicfelor inconstienfe, ale modeieior compcrfamentale sau disfuncfionaliafibr \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 familiaie, se ioveste de sentimentul cS nu esteTnfeles din partea pacientului ca si Tn cazul \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Tn care aceste tulburSri corporaie sunt puse pe searne perturbdrii neurotransmifStorilor \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 (Simon GE, 1993). Ca si Tn vremea Tncercaribr lui Fetd de a exp'ica isteria, pacienfii \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 actuoli cu simpome somotice neexplicate, privesc eforturib clinice si stiintifice drept nefo-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 iositoore, ior publicafiile unor organizafii de suport ale boinavilor cu asffei de tulburSri \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 (encefalita mialgicS, sindrom de oboseala cronica) sun;-vehement orifice la adresa celor \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 care Tndraznesc sa iege aceste condifii de depresie sat' suferinfa psihoiogicS (Jackson, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 1988). Majoritatea definifiiior somatizarii incbd presupunerea ca simpfomele somatice \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 neexplicate ar rezulta dintr-un disconfort (suferinfa psihoiogicS btenfS), ftCapSan HI ft \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Shadock BJ, 1989). Este evidena si TncurcStura manuabbr ,,afeoref!ce" DSM-lli-R si \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9680\paperh13560{\bkmkstart Pg278}{\bkmkend Pg278}\par\pard\li926\sb0\sl-184\slmult0\par\pard\li926\sb0\sl- 184\slmult0\par\pard\li926\sb0\sl-184\slmult0\par\pard\li926\sb0\sl- 184\slmult0\par\pard\li926\sb18\sl-184\slmult0\fi0\tx7972 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 De la psihosomatica la somatizare\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 271\par\pard\ql \li911\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li911\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li911\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li911\ri1251\sb180\sl-220\slmult0\fi9\tx1209 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 DSM-IV care, lucru fdrS precedent, admit \u8222?prezumfia cicrS cS simptomele sunt legae \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 de factori sau conflicte psihologice", deci fac referiri la procese psihodinamice. \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 DacS momena! actual pare sa fie eel al unei extensii neobisnuife Tn ceea ce privese \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 conceptul de somatizare, el Tsi poate gSsi explicofio nu doar Tn buna Tncercare de cir-\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 cumscriere a acesfei realifati, ci si revenirii psihiatriei Tn spitalele cu profil general si \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 drept consecintS a renasferii psihiatriei Tn consultanfa interdisciplinarS ca si unei rein-\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 tegrSri a psihiatriei la un nivei acceptabil Tn echipa medicals sau chiar mai muitTn cea \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 medico-chirurgicals. \par\pard\qj \li888\ri1269\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0\fi307 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Somatizarea pare sS ia locul medicinii psihosomatice care se ocupS prin tradifie de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 investigarea si traarea deerminanfilor psihobgiei ai bolii. Incercand sS studieze rolul \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 conflictelor psihobgice specifice si a dimensiunilor personaiiafiI Tn boals, feoria psiho-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 dinamica a supravietuit cu greu (dupa unii chiar a sucombat) aspirafiilor si veieifSfiior \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 sab si, chiar mai mult, a avut efecfuf nefericit de a orienta anumlti clinicieni spre a con-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 sidera unele boli ca fiind Tn mod esenfial psihosomatice. La pierderea de viteza a psi-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 hosomoficii au contribuit datele contemporane de epidemiologie si psihofiziobgie care \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 au evidenfiat rolul sfresului asupra cauzelor ?i cursului bolii, ca si prezenfa ubicuitarS a \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 ocestuia. Mai mult, DSM-lii a trebuit sS recunoasca faptul inexistenfei unei ciase unice \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 de tulburari psihosomatice admifand Tn cazuri clinice porticulare rolul jucaf de facorii \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 psihosociali Tn determinarea sau agravarea stari 1 pacientului. SQnnayer JL si tdbfe JM \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 considers cS termenul de psihosomafic ar putea fi aplicat mai degraba unor situafii cli� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 nice decat unor anumite categorii de boab, Tn acesf fel, medicii fiind Tncurajafi sa ia Tn \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 discufie procesui psihosomafic ca o dimensiune specified a bolii. Salfui de ia feoria psi-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 hosomaticS, centraa pe cauza boili, ia somatizare, preocupafa de expresia bolii si de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 frSirea bolii, se materializeazS Tn reformularea definifiei originale a lui Lipowsld (1988). \par\pard\ql \li1291\sb274\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf14\f15\fs24 7.A GRUPA TULBURARI SOMAP \par\pard\ql \li1180\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1180\sb14\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 DSM-IV Tnscrie Tn grupa tulburSriior somatoforme urnatoarele categorii: \par\pard\qj \li897\ri1293\sb3\sl- 220\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 \u8226? fyfbyarea d� ssmaese (care din punct de vedere istoric se referea la isterie sau \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 sindromul Briquet) este o tulburare polisimpfomaticS care debuteaza Tnaintea varsfei de \par\pard\qj \li892\ri1293\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 30 de ani, evolueazS mai mulfi ani si se caracterizeazd printr-o combinafie de durere \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 si simptome gastro- intestinale, sexuale si pseudo-neurologice; \par\pard\qj \li888\ri1296\sb20\sl- 220\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 � tu!b_rae\u8364?! ssmaoeimo nediferenfiata se caracterizeazS printr-o suferinfa fizicS \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 inexplicabils care dureazS ce! pufin 6 luni si se sifueazS sub limifa diagnosticului ae tul� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 burare de somatizare; \par\pard\qj \li888\ri1297\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 � fySburaieda oonversis implies simptome inexplicable sau deficite care afecteazS \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 motricifatea voluntara sau funcfia senzoriala sau sugerdnd o boala neurologies sau alte \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 condifii de medicind generals. Se specifics fapfui cd facorii psihologiei sunt asociati cu \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 simptomele sau deficitele; \par\pard\qj \li888\ri1315\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi287 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 � tulbutrib dberii (tulburSri somaoforme de,. tip algic) sunt caracterizate prin du� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 reri care focalizeaza predominant atenfie clinica. In plus, factorii psihologiei sunt apre\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 ciafi ca avand un rol important Tn instalarea tulburarii, severiafii, agravarii sau menfi\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 nerii ei; \par\pard\qj \li888\ri1307\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi287 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 \u8226? hipoosfdlria esfe preocuparea privind teama de a avea o boala grava, bazae pe \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 greslta inferpretare a simpomelor corporale sau a funcfiilor corporale; \par\pard\qj \li888\ri1304\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0\fi287 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 9 tulbyrareo disrrjortsobici este preocuparea pentru un defect corporal imaginar \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 sau exagerarea unuia existent. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9680\paperh13560{\bkmkstart Pg279}{\bkmkend Pg279}\par\pard\li1641\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1641\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1641\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1641\sb114\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx5332 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 272\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 Psihopatologie si psihiafrie pentru psihologi\par\pard\ql \li2011\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2011\sb0\sl- 276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2011\sb237\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-10\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf14\f15\fs24 7.5. TULBURARI SOMATOFORME � I NORMA71WATE \par\pard\qj \li1608\ri754\sb191\sl-220\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Chiar dacS s-au fScut eforturi de definire nenormativS a tulburarilor somatoforme, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 conceptele somatizSrii rSman sub semnul normativiatii, astfel hipocondria va fi teama \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 disproportionaa de boab, dar aceasta, dupS standardele sociale ale unui be sau alfuia. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Valori ca stoicismul, autocontrolul, ingenuitatea, negarea, joacS un rol evident. Acelosi \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 lucru este valabil si m ceea ce priveste dismorfofobio. Un luptStor sumo este cu totul \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 altceva, ca termen de referinfa socio-culturala, decdt topmodeble socieafii occidentale. \par\pard\qj \li1593\ri754\sb0\sl- 217\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Judecarea clinicd a faptului cd un pacient somatizeazd sau nu, este, de asemenea, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 deschisS unei largi categorii de factori sociali fSrS nici o bgaturS evidentS cu boob \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Tntre care se Tnscriu mterferenfele legate de afitudinea si conceptia medicals si a insti\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 tutiilor de asistenfS. in sfarsit, numeroase studii se refera la conceperea somatizSrii ca \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 un comportament fafa de boala direcfionat spre exterior, cStre procese interpersonale \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 si factori structural! sociali. O serie de cercetatori Tn domeniul antropobgiei medicale \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 au evidentiat Tntr-o manierS clarS modurile Tn care limbajul (idiomul) corporal de sufe\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 rinfS serveste drept mijloc simbolic atdtTn regbrea unor situafii sociale cat si ca protest \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 sau contestafie (ScherpeHHuyges #i Lock, 1987). \par\pard\ql \li1982\sb218\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf14\f15\fs24 7.6. AFeCTTWATEA NEGAWA $1 SOMATLZAREA \par\pard\qj \li1598\ri785\sb211\sl-220\slmult0\fi273 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Un mare numSr de lucrSri au fost consacrafe bazebr dispozifionale ale somatizSrii si \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 rolului afectivitafii negative. CercetSrile lui Costa si McCrale \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 (1987) si Watson si \par\pard\qj \li1588\ri764\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Pennebaker (1989), au fost centrate pe o stare sufleteascS consideraa de aufor co \u8222? afec-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 tivitate negativS" (A.N.). Subiecfii cu A.N. au nivel Tnolt de disconfort si insotisfocfie, sunt \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 introspectivi, seruie asupra esecurilor si greselilor lor, find sS fie negativisti, concentran-\par\pard\qj \li1583\ri788\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 du-se asupra aspecfebr negative ale celorblfi si ale lor. Afectivitatea negativS are trasaturi \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 simibre cu olte tipobgii dispozifionale cum or fi nevroticismul, onxieatea, pesimismul, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 mabdaptativitatea. Afectivitatea pozitiva ar fi contrariul ceiei negative, asociatd cu extra-\par\pard\qj \li1574\ri784\sb0\sl-210\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 versia, nivelul energetic crescut, nivelul de activiate superior. O serie de scale pot evalua \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 afectivitatea negativd: scala de emotivitate negativS (N�gaiwBnoimay'Soak \u8226? NEM), \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 din chestionarul de personalitate Tdlsgsn (T^kgmsMukpk PmmmliiyGkMslionnQim), \par\pard\qj \li1478\ri747\sb19\sl-210\slmult0\fi100 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 scab NA. din scalele de afectivitate pozitiva si negativS (PbgM��afd Negaive ABgdmiy \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 ' \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 Ssslm - PANAS). Cercetdri foarte recente araa cS indivizii cu afectivitate negativS intensS \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 par sa fie hipervigilenfi Tn privine propriului corp si eu un prag redus Tn ceea ce priveste \par\pard\qj \li1550\ri794\sb5\sl- 217\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \u8226?sesizarea si raportarea senzafiilor somatice discrete. Viziunea pesimisa osupro lumii Ti \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 face sa fie mai Tngrijorati Tn privinfe implicofiilor staribr percepute si per sS aiba un rise \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 mai mare de somatizare si hipocondrie. Acesfi indivizi sunt mai predispusi sS raporfeze \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 simptome Tn cursul tuturor bolilor si de-a lungul unor Tndelungate perioade de timp, stre-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 sorii sifuationali franzitori influenfand doar Tn mica mSsuro aceasa trSsSturS stabib de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 personalitate. Afectivitatea negativd este una din problemeie care influenfeazd negativ \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 atat aprecierea asupra rebarii simptomelor, cat si studiile clinice si de cercetare. DupS \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 mulfi cercetatori, evaluarea ei ar trebui sisfematic fScua Tn cazul bolilor de somatizare. \par\pard\qj \li1569\ri803\sb1\sl-220\slmult0\fi268 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Mai mult, studii recente sugereazS cd tendinfa de a relafa simptome si afectivitatea \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 negativd sunt ereditare. \par\pard\qj \li1564\ri805\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi278 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Studiile lui TdbeSf\} fi eolab. de la Universitatea din Minnesota au arStat cS Tn 55% \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 din cazuri trasdturile afectiviafii negative pot fi atribuite factorilor genetici si numai Tn \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 2% din cazuri mediuiui familial comun. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9680\paperh13560{\bkmkstart Pg280}{\bkmkend Pg280}\par\pard\li969\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li969\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li969\sb167\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx8078 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 De la psihosomatica la somatizare\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 273\par\pard\ql \li1353\sb0\sl- 276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1353\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1353\sb271\sl- 276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 \ul0\nosupersub\cf14\f15\fs24 77. SOMATIZARE �1 CQNpINjA \par\pard\qj \li945\ri1152\sb222\sl-230\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 O alfS coordonatS a tulbuarilor somatoforme esfe cea legaa de modul Tn care sunt \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 consfienfizafe si relatafe simpfomele somatice. Desigur cS rSspunsui ia Tntrebarea daca \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 simpfomele somatice nu au o corelare net fiziobgicS atunci cum pot ele aparea, este pe \par\pard\qj \li935\ri1177\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 cat de dificil pe atat de complex. O serie de autori (PTidbaksr j, Wbeen D, Rabbins J, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 Gibson JJ, DCaa, Whif-hesd si Desdher) au cdufaf sS evidenfieze procesele psiholo� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 gice care infiuenfeaza constientizarea si raportarea simpomelor somafice, precum $\\ \par\pard\qj \li935\ri1183\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 modul Tn care TmbunSfSfirea cunoasterii moduiui de relafare a simptomelor poate influ� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex125 enfa orienfSrib viitoare. Cu toate cS pacienfii cu tulburari de somatizare rebteaza \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 simptome fSra o bazS biologice clarS, opinia aproape unanimS privind aceste reiatSri \par\pard\qj \li911\ri1182\sb0\sl-225\slmult0\fi19 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 afirmS reaiifatea ior subiectivS, adicS indivizii care acuzS simptome si senzofii trdiesc \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Tn mod subiectiv o activitate somaticS semnificativ fulburatS (Roaee si ICyifnay^f*, 1986; \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 lipswsky, 1988). Cerceariie privind semnaleie subliminale ale propriului corp si felul \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Tn care un simptom devine relevant si inferprefobii Tn sensul bolii de cStre individ au fost \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Tncepute TncS din laboratooreie lui W-ftat Wsi Fedhasr G. O serie de cercetdri moder-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 ne asupra psihologiei perceptuale au pus Tn discufie factori co mediul exerior si tensi-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 unea afectivS (Gibson, 1979), compefifia sfimuiiior senzoriali pentru casfigarea atenfiei \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 (PdnnebaioMV 1982; Duvd si Viddund, 1992), cSutarea seiectivd a informafiei (N@�@r, \par\pard\qj \li892\ri1206\sb0\sl- 225\slmult0\fi28 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 1.976). Vom iiusfra doar doud dintre acestea; astfel, Tn ceea ce priveste rolul atenfiei, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 experimenele demonstreaza cS indivizii acuzS grade mai Tnaife de oboseala, palpitafii \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 si chiar o intensificare o tusei Tn situofii plictisitoare si monotone fafS de ceie sfimulo-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 toare (Filingin si Fin�, 1986; Pennsbeker, 1980). Studii epidemiologice aratd faptul ca \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 roportareo unor simpome somofoforme este mai frecvenfa la indivizii singuratici din \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 mediul rural, care lucreazS Tn insfitutii nepretenfioase sau nestimulative (Won, 1976; \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Mods si Vandorf, 1977). Cdufarea seiectivd a informafiei ese direcfionafa de convin-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 geri sau construcfii minale care orienteazo modul Tn core informafia este cSufatS si Tn \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 final gSsia. Convingerile legate de sSnState sunf strans corebe cu modul Tn care indi� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 vizii se preocupS si Tsi interprefeazS senzafiile corporole (Psnnebaker, SkeJen, Wsesfi, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 1988). Importanfa convingeribr despre sdndtate si a schemebr de cdufare selectivS \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 este bine ilustratS de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \u8222?boaia sfudenfului medicinisf'" \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 (Woods si �slab*, 1978) si psi� \par\pard\ql \li902\sb1\sl- 182\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 hozele Tn mass (Cdligan si a�hb., 1962). \par\pard\ql \li1300\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1300\sb25\sl- 276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf14\f15\fs24 7.8. SOMATIZAREA - UN COMPTAMEKT IN FAJA BOOI \par\pard\qj \li873\ri1219\sb206\sl- 226\slmult0\fi311 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Somatizarea nu se refers doar la simpome sau la sindroame precis definite, asupra \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 cSrora vom reveni, ci si la un anumit comportament fafa de boab. Acest termen de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \u8222? comportament de boala''' (\u8222?illness behaviour"\} a fost introdus de Mtdianic D Tn 1962 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 si se refers la cSile prin care anumite simptome pot fi diferit percepute, evaluate, si per� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 mit sau nu, sS se actioneze asupra lor. Acest concept a fost exfins la situafiile clinice \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 problematice de cafre Pibwdky (1969, 1990), care a numif somatizarea, exagerarea \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 sau negarea bolii drept \u8222?comportament anormal fafS de boab" (1978). Mayer educe \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 obiecfia cS Tn definifia initials conceptul era descripfiv si deci nenormafiv (1989). El se \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Tntreabs care sunf oceie norme sabile core sS justifice decizio cS gandurile sau actiu-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 nile unui pacient sunt anormale. Alfi autori subliniazS cS efichefand drept anormal com� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 portamentul unui pacient, facorii confexfului social vor fi ignorati sau mult estompafi \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9680\paperh13560{\bkmkstart Pg281}{\bkmkend Pg281}\par\pard\li1387\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1387\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1387\sb205\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx5145 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 274\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 Psihopatologie si psihiafrie pentru psihologi\par\pard\qj \li1358\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1358\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1358\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1358\ri870\sb172\sl-220\slmult0\fi14 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 (interacfiuneo doctor-pocient, exigenfeie sistemelor de asigurdri pentru sdndtate etc.), O \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 serie de Tncercdri au fost fdcute pentru a diminua riscui unei definiri arbitrare a com� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 portamentului anormal fafa de boold( ma! ales cu ajutorui chestionareior de rdspuns \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 individual si inferviuribr normafe (Turks! si Ftffygrsw, 1963; Gesls si M~Caid, 1985; \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Zandwwisn si soak, 1985; Kdltm, 1987). \par\pard\ql \li1353\ri885\sb2\sl- 218\slmult0\fi302\tx1651 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 Relatarea simpomelor poafe fi exageratd sau diminuae prin recompense sau pe-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 depse, prin orice formS de beneficiu primer sau secundar (jVedienie, 1978). \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Diferenfe semniflcative Tn ceea ce priveste remarcarea, definirea si reocfi'o fafd de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 simptome sunt legate de sexul individului. Femeiie sunt mai sensibiie la stimul!! mediuiui \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 extern, iar barbafii ia cei fiziologici intern! Tn definirea propriiior simpome. Asffei, studii \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 de laborator si de teren araa ca barbafii sunt muit mai capabiii sa defecfeze ritmui \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 inimil, activitatea stomacului, fen-siunea arteriala si chiar glicernie. Majoritatea autorilor \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 suntde acord ca barbafii si femeiie utiiizeaza strategii diferite. Femeiie sunt foarte sen� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 sibiie ia problemeie situafionoie, iar modelul lor de roporfare a simptomelor reflects \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 conjuncture pe care le percep ca stresante. Repetarea simptomelor va tinde sa reflecte \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 fiucfuafiile situafionaie. Barbafii Tn schimb, find sa ignore situafiile si sa se concenfreze \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 asupra probiemeior lor fizioiogice. Important este ca, diferenfele dintre sexe Tn ceea ce \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 priveste baza perceptuaia a raportarii simptomelor esfe identica cu a indivizilor \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 sonaas!. \par\pard\qj \li1334\sb0\sl-217\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1334\sb0\sl-217\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1334\sb0\sl-217\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1334\ri912\sb112\sl-217\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 Argumenfele genefice sunf legate atat de feoriiie privind hczeie fenofipice aie funcfiilor \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 fizioiogice, cat si de descoperiri recente Tn ceea ce priveste mosfenirea tipuiul emofionai \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 si perceptual. Sesizcrea si raporfarsa simptomelor somatice depirae de modul de pre-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 lucrare zonala a informafie! Tn creier. Capacitatea de a raporta simptomele depinde, ia \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 randul ei, dupa l:iPa (1980), de buna funcflonare a centriior limbajului Tn lobii tempo-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 rail si parietal!, Structure si funcfionaiitafea sistemului nervos central esfe determinafd \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 genetic afat !a nivelul strucfurilor ccrticale a activitSfii neurotransmifaforilop a ccfivitafii \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 eectro-encefciografice ?! a sistemului nervos auonom. Comparafiile fdcute Tntre gemenii \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 mono- �i dizigofi de U l \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 32) cendue la conciuzia ca \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \u8222?hardware-ul biologic" al \par\pard\ql \li1324\sb12\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 creierului are o evidenfd baza sredifara. \par\pard\ql \li4296\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 : argumente privind hipervigibnfa, atenfia seiectivd \par\pard\ql \li1310\ri905\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi14 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 si endinfa de a privi senzafiiie somafice ca fafale, Tn gencrarea si amplificarea simpfo-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 meior. CegyJ (1982) releva importanta centriior inhibitor! din creier (din zone septumu-\line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex90 lui \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 $i hipocampubi) Tn influenfarea diferenfebr indivldualeTn ceea ce priveste afectivita� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 tea negative. Auforul considers ca indivizii pe care el Ti nurneste cu \u8222?frasaturi anxioase" \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 (cu afectivitae negativd) au acest! centri inhibitor! hiperocfivi, ceea ce le determind ca� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 racterul hipervigilent. Aceasa atecteaza probabil' raportarea simpomelor atat pri \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 nivele Tnalte de afectivitate negative, cat si prinfr-o atenfie exageratd privitoare la pro \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 priui corp. Orientarea cercefariior viitoare asupra raporfuribr dintre comportamen \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 iegat de trdsdturiie de personaliate cu afectivitate predominant negativS si tulburar \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 de somatizare, vor cbiica probabil zona conruza care mai exists prin suprapunerea \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 unor descrieri comune $i prin imposibilitatea stabilirii unor raporfuri de precesiune. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Clarificarea unor constante genefice ar fi, ae asemenea, utila Tn descrierea simptome-\par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9680\paperh13560{\bkmkstart Pg282} {\bkmkend Pg282}\par\pard\li1022\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1022\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1022\sb167\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx8078 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 De la psihosomafica ia somatizare\tab \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex109 27,5\par\pard\qj \li1012\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1012\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1012\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1012\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1012\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1012\ri1168\sb210\sl-220\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 Studii corebtive s-au fScuf nu doar la nivelul unor frasaturi de personaliate, ci si \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 legate de asocierea dintre tulburarile de somatizare si alte tulburari psihiatrice. Cum era \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 si de asfeptaf, multe studii araia o relafie stranse Tntre somatizare si depresie. \par\pard\qj \li1008\ri1176\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Dintre tulburarile personalitdfii, cele mai frecvent implicae sunf tuiburarea histrioni� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 cs, tuiburarea obsesiv-compulsivS, tuiburarea dependents. \par\pard\ql \li1291\sb11\sl- 207\slmult0\tx3993\tx4094 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 O serie de studii fScute Tn anul \tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 1 \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 988 demonsfreazS cS somatizarea ese mai puter-\par\pard\qj \li998\ri1168\sb3\sl- 220\slmult0\fi14 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 nic asoclata cu antecedeneie de depresie ale individului decdt cu diagnosficui curenf de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 depresie (Gsmier si �dab.; SulSivan si eoeb.; Woesr si 9obb.). Alte studii au demon\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 straf osocieri asemSnatoare cu tulburarile de anxietate, dar nu exists studii care sa in� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 clude suficienfi subiecfi pentru a putea frage concluzii privitoare ia diagnosficeb psihia� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 trice mai rare. \par\pard\ql \li1391\sb218\sl-368\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex96 \ul0\nosupersub\cf26\f27\fs32 7.u. posmim modele ah sgm \par\pard\li1003\sb197\sl- 207\slmult0\fi340 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 ) iverse corebfii au facut obiectul sabilirii unor posibile modele ele relafie care nu\par\pard\li1003\sb18\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx1228 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex40 ;\u9632?\u9632? \u9632?\u9632? \u8226?-.'\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 exciud reciproc $i care propun ipofeze cauzaie,\par\pard\ql \li1276\sb0\sl-203\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Dintre acesfe modele le vom discuta oe urnatoarele; \par\pard\ql \li1305\sb115\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 Sssieaaea m mioemism d� eo&rm� psihebg \par\pard\ql \li1276\sb9\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Corespunde unui model traditional cere considera raporfarea simpomelo\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 r somafice \par\pard\qj \li988\ri1201\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi9 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 si recuraerea la asisfenfS medicals nonpsihiatrica drept rezulaf a! prezentarii modifi\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 cafe a unor tuibui-an psihice. Uec; somatizarea ar ti o expresie ..moscata' \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 >in psihice, \par\pard\ql \li3240\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3240\sb204\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw- 4\charscalex100 SOMATIZAREA CA PREZEM1 \par\pard\ql \li3110\sb1\sl-198\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 MASCATA A BOLILOR PSIHIA \par\pard\ql \li4127\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4127\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4127\sb61\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 Tulburare psihica \par\pard\ql \li5615\sb153\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 Mparan \par\pard\ql \li5558\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 sihoioaic. \par\pard\ql \li4982\sb0\sl-198\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex124 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs22 PP>' \par\pard\ql \li3883\sb16\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 / \par\pard\li3129\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li3129\sb78\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx5400 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 Iburari somatice\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 Simptome\par\pard\li3129\sb9\sl-207\slmult0\fi67\tx5385 \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex105 nejustificate\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 psihiatrice\par\pard\li2856\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li2856\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li2856\sb123\sl-207\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 Utiiizarea sistemelor\par\pard\li2856\sb1\sl-194\slmult0\fi393 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 ele Tngrijire\par\pard\li984\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li984\sb155\sl-207\slmult0\fi273\tx6422 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 Acest model Tsi are sorgintea Tn n.ofiunlb de Tnceput ale psih\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 didei care consic'erau\par\pard\li984\sb24\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx6417 \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex112 simptomele isteriei ca versiuni putemic modificate sau transfer\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 ine aie unor impulsuri\par\pard\li984\sb9\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx6455\tx6527 \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex112 inconstienfe interzise. Astfel, simptomele somatice aveou tuned\tab \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 !\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \u9632?: apSrare, permifend\par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9680\paperh13560{\bkmkstart Pg283}{\bkmkend Pg283}\par\pard\li1440\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li1440\sb0\sl- 230\slmult0\par\pard\li1440\sb93\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx5222 \dn2 \expndtw- 4\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 276\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Psihopatologie si psihiafrie pentru psihologi\par\pard\qj \li1420\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1420\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1420\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1420\ri775\sb155\sl-220\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 o anumie exprimare a suferinfei si finand Tn acelasi timp Tn afara campului constiinfei \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 dorinfele inacceptabiie. Versiunea moderns a acesfei obordSri considers cS simptomele \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 somotice funcfioneozS co meconisme de apSrare servind drept expresie a suferinfei \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 pentru a permife depresiei sau anxietdfii subiacente sa rSmanS Tn afaro constiinfei. Se \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 spune adesea cS acesfi pacienfi Tsi exprimd suferinfa psihoiogicS preferential prin \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \u8222?canale" fizice (Kaon, 1982), Memic_h si Zlersas au dezvoltat chiar conceptul de afex \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 timie pentru a descrie grupuri de pacienfi care par \u8222?sS nu aibs cuvinte pentru expr \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 marea sentimentelor" (1977). Tofusi, numeroase studii sugereazS cS simpfomele somati \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 ce si cele psihogene nu sunf canale alternative pentru exprimareo suferinfei, ci canaie \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 parable care apar TmpreunS (dbney si Noy^s, 1976; Costa si McCae, 1980, 1985; \par\pard\ql \li1420\sb2\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 Sheii si asak, 1988; Simon GE si Raon W, 1989; Tudos� F si oisuescu M, 1994). \par\pard\ql \li1699\sb113\sl- 230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 Ssmoeiarga ea ampllfsepr� oespseiidl s sueinfei \par\pard\qj \li1411\ri778\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Acest model este iegot de sfiiul perceptual presupunand cd pacienfii find sd per\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 ceapd si so raporteze nivele Tnalfe din toate fipurile de simptome. Aceasa tendinfS de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 a trSi stari emofionaie neplScute a fosf descrisS deWafsen si coloe. (1984, 1985) drept \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 afectivitate negativS. Studii fscute pe voluntari sanSfosi au aratat o rate TnaitS a rapor\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 arii de simptome la cei cu stdri de afectivitate negativd. \par\pard\ql \li3633\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3633\sb43\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex97 SOMATIZAREA CA AMPLIF1CARE \par\pard\ql \li3912\sb1\sl-174\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 A STiLULUI PERCEPTUAL \par\pard\ql \li3863\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3863\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3863\sb25\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 Tulburare psihiatrica \par\pard\ql \li5462\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5462\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5462\sb179\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 Amplificarea \par\pard\ql \li5280\sb1\sl-198\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 stilului perceptual \par\pard\li3331\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li3331\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li3331\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li3331\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li3331\sb27\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx5135 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 Tulburari somatice\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 Simptome\par\pard\li3331\sb1\sl-188\slmult0\fi244\tx5116 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 nejustificafe\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 psihiatrice\par\pard\ql \li3263\sb0\sl-180\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3263\sb0\sl- 180\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3263\sb0\sl-180\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3263\ri4755\sb7\sl-180\slmult0\tx3619 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 Utiiizarea sistemului \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 de tngrijire \par\pard\qj \li1363\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1363\ri823\sb87\sl- 220\slmult0\fi302 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Investigafiile fdcute de Balint (1957) asupra disconfortului emofionol Tn clinicile de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 asistenfa medicals primarS au condus ia concluzii similare; e! a descris termenul de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 \u8222?efect bazal" care ar determine la pacienfi froirea unui disconfort generaiizat sou \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 nespecific si prezentareo ia medic atat pentru simptome somatice, cat si emofionaie. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Aceste ipofeze considers meconismele de ampiificare somoto- senzorials co frSsSturi \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 sabile de personaliate care ar influenfa prelucrarea tuturor stimulilor senzoriali, iar Tn \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 consecinfd somatizarea ar rezulfa din acest stil de ampiificare somaficd, mai degrabs \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 decat dintr-un diagnostic psihiatric specific. Bazandu-se pe o serie de lucrari ale anilor \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9680\paperh13560{\bkmkstart Pg284}{\bkmkend Pg284}\par\pard\li984\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li984\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li984\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li984\sb37\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx8059 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 De la psihosomatica la somatizare\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 277\par\pard\qj \li960\sb0\sl-229\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li960\sb0\sl-229\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li960\sb0\sl-229\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li960\ri1182\sb138\sl- 229\slmult0\fi14 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 '70 (Byrne, 1964; Sushsum si Silvsrman, 1968; loin� si eokab., 1971; IHauixcK si \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 Revde; 1978), coiectivui condus de Baely (1988) elaboreazd conceptul de \u8222? amplifi\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 care somato-senzifiva" pentru a explica procesui prin care suferinfa psihoiogicS con� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 duce la sensibiiifafea manifestae prin simpome somafice. Simpfomele sunt considerate \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 ca Tncepand cu senzafia perifericd care conduce ia o elaborare corticab sau componen� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 te reacfivS care, le randul ei, poafe amplifica sau reduce senzafia initials. Stari psiho� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 bgice negative afecfeaza acest sistem crescand excifabiliaea si vigiienfa, scSzand \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 pragul perceperii si raportarii senzafiilor fizice. Prin aceasta concentrare selective pe \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 senzatiile nocive, disconfortul nespeciflc se canolizeaza Tn simptome somatice. O va� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 riants a ipofeze! ompiificarii considers somatizarea ca o consecinfS a anoma'iiior din \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 neuropsihobgia prelucrarii informafii lor. Studiind diferite raspunsuri fizioiogice ia stimu\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 lare sou niveieie diferifilor metaboliti ai neurotransmifaforilor, acesfi cercetatori leaga \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 fenomenele de somatizare de anomalii sau tulburSri biologice si biochimice. Modeiui \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 conform caruia pacien.ii cu somatizare ompiitica arat surennra psihica, car si pe cea \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 psihologicd, implied ipofeze privind consecintele clinice si semnificafia diagnostics a \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 acestor simpome care se pot corela cu modeiul urmatcr. \par\pard\ql \li1238\sb102\sl-240\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 Ssndkcee ea S_rM_iBif& d� & ap�b a fngipi nrtedieda \par\pard\qj \li940\ri1205\sb0\sl-233\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Acest model ia Tn considerare rolul suferinfei psihologice Tn deermincrea cazurilor \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Tn care pacienfii solicits ajutor medical pentru simptome presxisfenfe. ;�\\cest model pre� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 supune ca simpfomele somafice nepldcute sunf ubicuitare si cd doar stdrile afective nega� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 tive Ti determine pe indivizi sa ceard ajuor medical pentru simpome pe care altfe! le- ar\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols4\colno1\colw1174\colsr40\colno2\colw236\colsr11 0\colno3\colw105\colsr20\colno4\colw7875\colsr160\ql \li988\sb63\sl-161\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs14 JU\par\pard\column \ql \li935\sb0\sl-46\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li935\sb0\sl-46\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li20\sb8\sl-46\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex190 \ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs4 _=. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex197 -:\par\pard\column \ql \li20\sb80\sl- 128\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex40 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 \u9632?-..\par\pard\column \ql \li20\sb15\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 no,\ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 rn Siblnna psihobgice Tl determine pe cei cu somatizare sa inferprefezs \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li935\sb1\sl-205\slmult0\fi14\tx5995\tx7123\tx7276\tx7425 \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex112 senzafii fizice comune corporale cc dovezl ale unei boii ,\tab \up5 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs14 JL\tab \dn3 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 ;\tab \dn3 \expndtw- 2\charscalex100 '\tab \dn3 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 _\u9632? cu tulbu�\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li935\sb25\sl-207\slmult0\fi19 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 rSri emofionaie se adreseazc medicului pentru simptome comune ps care ceilalfi le\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li935\sb23\sl- 207\slmult0\fi9 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 dspa>esc fare ajutor medical, Anchete active aie starii de sanafae au arafat ca majori�\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li935\sb19\sl-207\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 atea oamenilor normal! care se considers sanSfosi au Tn mod frecvent simptome usoare,\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li935\sb1\sl-218\slmult0\fi0\tx3676 \dn3 \expndtw0\charscalex128 vanabil.jenfru care\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 m la a.uror meaicai.\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li935\sb50\sl-207\slmult0\fi292\tx3681 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 Studiiie iui T�8Si_f :\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 _@ (1978) au sugeraf exisfenfa unui mod dobandif de\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li935\sb1\sl-200\slmult0\fi4\tx3676 \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex122 aoapars sa surennra s\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 j prin focclizare asupra simptomelor somatice si recur-\par\pard\ql \li940\sb55\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 gere b ajutor medical \par\pard\ql \li3086\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3086\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3086\sb79\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 CAGERATA A UNOR SiMPTOME COMUNE \par\pard\ql \li3412\sb193\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw- 3\charscalex100 Simptome somatice \par\pard\ql \li3849\sb1\sl-198\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 comune \par\pard\ql \li5073\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5073\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5073\sb201\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 ulburSri \par\pard\ql \li4900\sb1\sl-174\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 psihologice \par\pard\ql \li3355\sb0\sl-180\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3355\sb0\sl-180\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3355\sb0\sl-180\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3355\ri4679\sb42\sl-180\slmult0\tx3705 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 Utiiizarea sistemelor \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 de tngrijire \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9680\paperh13560{\bkmkstart Pg285}{\bkmkend Pg285}\par\pard\li1468\sb0\sl-195\slmult0\par\pard\li1468\sb0\sl- 195\slmult0\par\pard\li1468\sb0\sl-195\slmult0\par\pard\li1468\sb133\sl- 195\slmult0\fi0\tx5193 \dn3 \expndtw0\charscalex119 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 270\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 Psihopatologie si psihiafrie pentru psihologi\par\pard\li1732\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1732\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1732\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1732\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1732\sb31\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx3331 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Mai recent,\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 a^ si 68 id (1988), asociaza morbidiafea psihiatric\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 mai aecd-\par\pard\qj \li1449\ri865\sb6\sl- 213\slmult0\fi14 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 bd cu soiicifarea ae ajutor medical pentru diverse simptome, decat cu simpomul Tn sine. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Acelasi lucru Ti aratd si sfudiul fScuf de Opsoomn (1990) asupra sindromului premen� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 strual, consatand ca morbidiafea psihiatrica esfe mai pufernic legate de decizie de a \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 apeia ia csistenta medicals, decaf de prezenfa simptomeior Tn sine. \par\pard\ql \li1737\sb132\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 Ssmaasrse cs e> sofisteinp 0 swpaytilbalil asisf-nfai sitgdisdb \par\pard\qj \li1454\ri860\sb11\sl-210\slmult0\fi273 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 Acest model considers somatizarea ca rdspuns la stimularea realizaa de sistemui \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 de asistenfa medicals. Ei considers utiiizarea serviciibr medicale mai degrade o cauza \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 a raportarii simptomelor decaf o consecinfd a acesora. \par\pard\qj \li1449\ri840\sb2\sl-220\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Aceasta ipoteza accentueaza tendinfa factorului cultural si a corpului medical de a \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Tnfdri comporamentul de boaia si raportarea simptomelor. Cu cat sisfemui de Tngrijire \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 medicald si institutiile medicale au Tn vedere Tn special simptomele corporale, somati� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 zarea iatrogena are sanse deosebite de a se afirna. Exemplu! somatizarii, frecvent \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 printre sfudenfii medicinisti, ilustreazS modul Tn care expunerea la sisfemu! de Tngrijire \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 medicals determine cresterea raporarii suferinfelor somatice. \par\pard\ql \li3067\sb114\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw- 3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf14\f15\fs24 r \par\pard\ql \li3883\sb1\sl- 159\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 SOMATIZAREA CA RASPUNS LA \par\pard\ql \li3513\sb8\sl-175\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 FACSUTATILE SISTEMULU! DE ?NGRIJ1R_ \par\pard\ql \li4056\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4056\sb12\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Tulburare \par\pard\ql \li3993\sb1\sl-198\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 psihoiogicS \par\pard\ql \li5092\sb0\sl- 180\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5092\sb0\sl-180\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5092\sb0\sl- 180\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5092\ri2919\sb77\sl-180\slmult0\tx5452 \up0 \expndtw- 8\charscalex97 Sisiemiu! de Tngrijire \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex98 a sanatatii \par\pard\ql \li4324\sb127\sl-487\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex40 \ul0\nosupersub\cf29\f30\fs52 1 \par\pard\ql \li3705\ri4467\sb0\sl- 180\slmult0\tx3945 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Tulburari somatice \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 nejustificate \par\pard\qj \li1473\sb0\sl-222\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1473\ri833\sb11\sl- 222\slmult0\fi273 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Trecerea Tn revistS a modeleior araa cS tulburarile psihice pof avea roluri extrem de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 variate Tn geneza simptomeior somafice neexplicate. Tranzifia se face de Ic modelul \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 traditional ai somatizSrii ca prezentare atipicS a tulburarii psihice, pana la modelul \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 ampiificSrii care punem discufie chiar validitatea diagnosticelor psihiatrice tradi.ionale. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 In sfarsit, o serie de auori au Tncercaf evidentierea unor markeri biologic! ai tulburarilor \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 psihiatrice printre pacienfii cu tulburari de somatizare (Akiskdi si colab., 1982; eBdn \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 ?i sok-b., 1f83;Tssfksl eddb,., 1987), dar datele exisfente nu conduc la concluzii ciare, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 tehnicile disponibiie avand un potential limiat.\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw6785\colsr40\colno2\colw2715\c olsr160\ql \li6710\sb0\sl-92\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li6710\sb0\sl-92\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li6710\sb0\sl-92\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li6710\sb18\sl-92\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex56 \ul0\nosupersub\cf24\f25\fs8 <\u8226?\par\pard\ql \li6527\sb0\sl-232\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex40 *->\ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs22 fAJL.\ul0\nosupersub\cf30\f31\fs30 noLOGE p omtglcgse IN mmm\par\pard\column \ql \li6825\sb0\sl-92\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li6825\sb0\sl-92\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li6825\sb0\sl-92\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li20\sb18\sl-92\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 \ul0\nosupersub\cf24\f25\fs8 p^r= \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \qj \li1488\ri827\sb139\sl-230\slmult0\fi268 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 O serie de cercefari au caufat sa delimifeze etiobgii asa-zisebr tulburSri funcfio-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 nale. Subiiniem faptul ca distincfia 'mire functional si organic Tsi are radacinile Tn ontolo-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 gia biomedicaia dualists, anumite boli fiind considerate mai reale decat aifele, aceasta \par\pard\ql \li1526\sb9\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 laorita faptului cd Tnsasi exisfenfa conceptuiui de somatizare Tsi are rsdscinilem epis-\par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9680\paperh13560{\bkmkstart Pg286}{\bkmkend Pg286}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw5504\colsr160\colno2\colw3876\c olsr160\ql \li1084\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1084\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1084\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1084\sb61\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 De la psihosomatica io somatizare\par\pard\ql \li3081\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3081\sb0\sl- 184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3081\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3081\sb0\sl- 184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3081\sb60\sl-184\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 �..\u8222?\u8222?\par\pard\ql \li1670\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1670\sb123\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 ports o p\par\pard\ql \li1070\sb18\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 o afectare a organism.\par\pard\qj \li3849\sb0\sl-196\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li3849\ri130\sb131\sl-196\slmult0\tx4195 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 Percspfli somatice: \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 fizioiogice\par\pard\ql \li4195\sb2\sl-201\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 pafoiogice\par\pard\ql \li1900\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1905\sb117\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw- 5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 Experience de boala:\par\pard\qj \li1900\ri2396\sb0\sl-205\slmult0\tx1996 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 boala cardiaca \line\tab \up0 \expndtw- 4\charscalex100 Ite boi\par\pard\ql \li4094\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li4094\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li4094\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li4094\sb189\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 Interpretare\par\pard\qj \li4103\sb0\sl-201\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li4103\sb0\sl- 201\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li4103\sb0\sl-201\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li4103\sb0\sl- 201\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li4103\sb0\sl-201\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li4123\ri456\sb165\sl-201\slmult0\fi19 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 Simptome: \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 psihologice\par\pard\qj \li4103\ri452\sb0\sl- 204\slmult0\fi100 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 somatice \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 handicapuri\par\pard\column \ql \li6758\sb0\sl- 253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li6758\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2491\sb143\sl- 253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-10\charscalex95 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs22 279\par\pard\ql \li6758\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li6758\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li6758\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li6758\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1114\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 nea.'Cinii eurooen\par\pard\qj \li5735\sb0\sl-201\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li5735\sb0\sl- 201\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li5735\sb0\sl-201\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li5735\sb0\sl- 201\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li5735\sb0\sl-201\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li5735\sb0\sl- 201\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li5735\sb0\sl-201\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li5735\sb0\sl- 201\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li5735\sb0\sl-201\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li87\ri2168\sb48\sl-201\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 Excietji emojionale: \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 personalitate\par\pard\ql \li77\sb0\sl- 201\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 strss\par\pard\ql \li72\sb1\sl-206\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 tuiburari psihiatrice\par\pard\qj \li5668\sb0\sl- 201\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li5668\sb0\sl-201\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li5668\sb0\sl- 201\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li5668\sb0\sl-201\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li5668\sb0\sl- 201\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li24\ri2130\sb115\sl-201\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 Factori de menfinere: \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 iatrogenis\par\pard\qj \li20\ri2202\sb6\sl-201\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 reacfii fa\{a de ceilalfi \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 psihiatri \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \qj \li1027\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1027\ri1144\sb44\sl-230\slmult0\fi278 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Acest model include durerea, suferinfa fizicd, disfuncfii fizioiogice, precum si grade \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 adecvate de neliniste, modele de funcfionare sociala si de soiicitare a ajutorului medi� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 cal. Acest model normativ al suferinfei permite aprecierea rdspunsului unei persoane ia \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 modificari fizio-patologice sau anatomo-patologice, dar si aducerea Tn discufie a con-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 cepfului de somatizare atunci cand rdspunsurile deviaza de la normele cuifurale accep-\par\pard\ql \li1012\ri1148\sb0\sl-231\slmult0\fi9\tx7689 \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex114 fate. Dec \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 (aceasta\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 aceasa abordare este Tn acelasi fimp funcfionaia si ontobgicS \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 Tnsemnan; \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 :a boiile sunf ca nisfe obiecfe cu o evolufie distinctS sau cu o Iserie nafura\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Is ineepeno \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 fd de persoanS). Esfe oostuiotS o corespondents Tntre suferinfa si boaia \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 (JsnniRgs, 1986), dar Tn fimp ce corespondenta poate Tnsemna doar coreiafie, deci nu \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 o dee; minare sau o direcfionaiifafe, frecvent iogico medicals presupune a direc\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 fionaiiate: boala duce la suferinfS. Aceastd legdfurS suferintd-boald poate fi observafd \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 afunc! cand se legitimeaza sau se aufenfifica sfafusul de incapaciate; aplicarea siste� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 mului de verificare ce sa la baza diagnosticului se face strict, admitandu-se implicit cd \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 anumlfi suferinzi nu sunf boinavi. Pe de alfS pare, pentru a menfine aufenticifafea si \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 credibiiifafea indivizilor ca fiinfe sociale si pentru a se ies! din dllema afirmarii continue \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 de cStre individ a suferinfei saie Tn absenfa bolii, psihobgia de tip occidenal a gSsif \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 expiicafi! Tn termeni ca: fenomene mintab Inconstienfe, mediere psihosomaficS si, mai \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 recent, somatizarea (Fat \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9680\paperh13560{\bkmkstart Pg287}{\bkmkend Pg287}\par\pard\li1411\sb0\sl-184\slmult0\par\pard\li1411\sb0\sl- 184\slmult0\par\pard\li1411\sb0\sl-184\slmult0\par\pard\li1411\sb130\sl- 184\slmult0\fi0\tx5198 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 280\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 Psihopatologie si psihiafrie pentru psihof\par\pard\qj \li1795\sb0\sl-320\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1795\sb0\sl- 320\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1795\ri753\sb149\sl-320\slmult0\tx2428 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs22 7.13, riZSOLOGE �1 PSIHiAOElN DEIERMINAREA SIMPTOMELOR \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 rUNCJICNASJ \par\pard\qj \li1391\ri794\sb203\sl-220\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Argurnenful ca tulburarile functional� sunf legate de alerari fizioiogice prea com-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 plexe sau prea subfile pentru a fi refiecfate Tn defecte structurale evidente si distincfia \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 dintre nivelele de proces si structurd, poate conduce ia ideea ea tulburarile runcfionab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 implies procese anormale, care au loc Tn sisteme de organe ce-$i pastreaza infaca \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 structura, Clinicianu! va fi pus Tn fafa a eel pufin doud probleme distincte: disfuncjia fizio� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 bgicS ce dS nastere simpomeior somafice si suferinfei psihiatrice, care exacerbeazS \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 simptomele slabind capacitaea pacientului de a se adapa la disconfortul somatic si \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 deferminandu-l sa cearS ajuor. Aceste douS fafefe vor impune ideea cd un diagnostic \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex124 si un tratament eficient va implica abordarea ambeior dimensiuni ale experienfei \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 pacientului. \par\pard\qj \li1391\ri809\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 in etioiogia simptomelor neexplicate medical, de reguis, se presupune esociereo unor \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 stresori soecitici, unui presuous castia osihoioqic ca, si a unor facori psihosociaii. Da \par\pard\li3230\sb0\sl-126\slmult0\fi0\tx4857\tx5452\tx5947 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs14 r'\tab \up0 \expndtw- 2\charscalex100 '\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 h\tab \up0 \expndtw- 2\charscalex100 i\par\pard\ql \li1387\sb0\sl-162\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 asemenea, nu poafe fi ianorafa o anurnita fendina de psinoqenizare prin excludere; \par\pard\ql \li1391\sb1\sl-162\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \u8222?daca nu este cie engine somatica, trebuie sa he de engine psinologica", care eviaenr, \par\pard\ql \li1377\sb21\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Tn lipsa unor paramefri mdsurabiii, poate fi adesea arbitrara. \par\pard\qj \li1372\ri813\sb0\sl-223\slmult0\fi297 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Pentru evitarea unor asffei de afifudinl crbifrare, unii auori (_besesr J, &&I�=Stfp�_ \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 M., ivvsbis Mf Mem f) prefers termeni mai generic! ca \u8222?sirnptome fizice neexplicate \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 medical" Tn locul unor termeni ca \u8222?somatizare" sau \u8222?simptome somatoforme" pe care \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 le considers Tncd insuficienf fundamsntafe. O serie de autori eu semnebf o frecvenfa \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 crescyfa c evenimentelor de viata negative recene la pacienfii ce se prezina cu o vori-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 etate de simptome somatice funcfioncle, inclusiv dureri abdominab, dureri precordiaie \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 necardiace, simpome pseudoneurobgice sau conversive (Hei si Tihagrii^ 1987; Cesdl \par\pard\li1382\sb11\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx3993\tx4161 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 si\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 i.\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 i-entru sinoroameie somatice funcfionaie cronice, rolul\par\pard\ql \li1377\sb13\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 etioioglc c! evenimentelor de viafa ests mai pufin ciar, desi sfresurile sociale suportate \par\pard\li1833\sb19\sl- 184\slmult0\fi0\tx1991\tx2745\tx2937\tx3187\tx3743\tx4118\tx6153 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 -\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 -\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 -\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 -\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex147 -\u9632?>\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 -\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex147 d- ,d\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 o\par\pard\qj \li1368\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1368\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1368\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1368\ri827\sb120\sl-220\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Sfatutul sccio-economic scdzut ese censiderat ca responsabil pentru cresterea proba-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 bilifafii ca. suferinfa sd fie percepute mai degraba ca o boala corporals decdt ca o tul� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 burare smofionala (CfSsWais s\\ Ddmsmmi^ W67-W68). Diferenfele franscuifurale ale \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 somafizarii au osf, de asemenea, explicate prin facor! cognitivi si sociali fAsngs! si \par\pard\qj \li1358\ri837\sb0\sl- 230\slmult0\fi129\tx1713 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 l \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 is,. H987). Un grad mai Tnalt cie somatizare poae fi asociat stigmatized! pe care \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 boala psihica o implica pentru un grup sau aiful, convingeriior cd ernotlonaiifatea este \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 un semn de sldbiciune, ca si unei reduse Tnclinafii pentru probleme psihclocic* \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 2r * \par\pard\li1358\sb6\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx1579\tx2942\tx3830\tx3926 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 si\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 .-""\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 - '\u9632? c e .\tab \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 -\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 - s-ic t3 si persoanee care traiesc sinaure rac-crrec.'-b\par\pard\li1358\sb4\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx5966\tx7363\tx7584\tx7958 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 mci frecvent moi multe simptome corpon i= r\u8222?\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 :i\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 i\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 ~_\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 ~\par\pard\qj \li1358\ri842\sb7\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 irrfiuenfele ramiliab si soclaie suntpresupuse ca factor! cauzaii ai somafizarii, atifudinea \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 famiiiei si pdrinfilor fafa de sarea de sdndfata influenfeazS concentrarea atenfiei copiiu� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 lui si cresterea percepfiiior proceselor somatice (Wi- alSSl, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 1988). Studii aprofundafe \par\pard\ql \li1353\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 arafd ea exista o corelafie direce Tntre numarul ziieior de incapacitate la varsta adults \par\pard\li1358\sb42\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx6167\tx7099 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 si Tncurajarea adoptarii roiului de bolnav Tn copibrie\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 (PieWiky,,\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 1982; WNleheadt\par\pard\li1358\sb1\sl-211\slmult0\fi4\tx2011 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 1b.\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Famiiiiie pof sd respinga somatizarea sau sS o Tncurajeze, Tnvatarea concen-\par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9680\paperh13560{\bkmkstart Pg288}{\bkmkend Pg288}\par\pard\li1224\sb0\sl-184\slmult0\par\pard\li1224\sb0\sl- 184\slmult0\par\pard\li1224\sb0\sl-184\slmult0\par\pard\li1224\sb34\sl- 184\slmult0\fi0\tx8251 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 De la psihosomafica la somatizare\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 281\par\pard\qj \li1204\sb0\sl-200\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1204\sb0\sl- 200\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1204\sb0\sl-200\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1204\sb0\sl- 200\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1204\ri984\sb64\sl-200\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 frSrii asupra senzafiilor somatice, interpretarea lor ca periculoase, ca si exprimarea lor \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 verbals este legafS de confexful familial. \par\pard\qj \li1200\ri989\sb21\sl-223\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 Lsnnef) si eobb. (1989) sugereazd accentuarea simptomaoiogiei somatoforme la \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 persoanele care caufa Tn mod preiungit o validare socials a simpomeior funcfionaie. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Alfi auori araa un raport direct Tntre cresterea numarului de invesfigafii s\\ convingerea \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 cS exists o boob somaticS ascunsa. In sfarsit, o serie de boli dificilde definit, cum ar \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 fi oboseala persistena, sindromul de colon irifabil, fibromiaigio sou fibrozito musculord \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 se asociazS frecvent cu alte sindroame somafice sugerand o endinfa ia agiutinare a \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 acestui tip de simptome. \par\pard\qj \li1190\ri1015\sb16\sl-200\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 Studierea raportului dintre somatizare si somaj a aratat o asociere semnificafivS, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 ear fdrd sS se poaa spune care dintre factori determinS cauzal aceasa legatura. \par\pard\ql \li1583\sb0\sl- 253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1583\sb64\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs22 7.15. GOMORBIDCATE �1 SOMATIZARE \par\pard\qj \li1185\ri1004\sb211\sl-225\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 O problematics deosebit de dificib este cea legafS de pacienfii care au antecedente \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 multiple de simpome somafice explicate si/sau neexplicate medical s\\ care vor prezenfa \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 sfereofipuri clinice cat si convingerea vulnerabiiitSfii lor fafS de boals. Pacienfii care au \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 atat tulburSri somatoforme, cat si hipocondriace sunt cei mai Tncllnafi spre utiiizarea \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 masivS a serviciilor medicale. Paradoxal, cu cat acesfi pacienfi caua diagnostice mai \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 ciare, cu cat suporfa mai mule tratamenfe care esueazS, cu cat suferinfa lor sublecfiva \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 se agraveazS, cu atat persoaneie din mediul lor familial si personalul medical devin ot \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 mai pufin convins! ca suferinfa ior este reala $i ca ei doresc Tnfr-adevar sa se vindece. \par\pard\ql \li1569\sb253\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf14\f15\fs24 7.14 NOSOGRAFSI |I SOMATIZARE \par\pard\qj \li1156\ri1020\sb207\sl-224\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Am insisfat asupra diverselor aspecte pe care noua caegorie a tulburarilor somao� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 forme o introduce Tn nosografia psihiafricS, acum cand aceasta suferS un adevarat pro� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 ces de restructurare \u8222?neokraepeiin!ana" de cdufare a unor tulburari discrete caracteri� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 zate prin paffern- uri simpfomatologice distinctive (KUnnoyw si Rdbbirts). Aceasta deoa� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 rece, desi diagnosticeie distincte plaseaza psihiatria Tn traditia biomedicinei, ele se \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 dovedesc nesatisfacatoare atat Tn studiile epidemiologice, cat si Tn studierea unor \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 fenomene psihopatologice la nivei individual si/sau populaflonai. Definitive tulburaribr \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 somaoforme par sd se Tnscrie mai repede Tnfr-o dimensiune de continuitafe a compor-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 tamentubi uman ca tulburSri discontinue fiind greu Tncadrabile Tntr-un concept unitar \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 de boald minala. In cadrul subiectului de care ne ccupdm Tn aceastd iucrare, mefaforic \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 am puea spune ca tulburarile somaoforme sunt partea direct vizibiia si identificabiis \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 ca efore o tulburarilor strict corporolizafe din tulburarile psihiatrice legate de corp. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Altfel spus, ele se exprimS direct si nemediaf Tn codur! somotice, fSrS sa-si piards TnsS \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 semnificatia de tulburari psihice. Asa cum arStam, diverse teorii luafe Tn discufie con� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 siders somatizarea fie o apSrare infrapsihicS,fie o expresie a unor tulburSri neurobi-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 ologice, fie o modificare a sistemului perceptual si cognitiv, fie un set de comporamente \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 socio-culfuraie. A�a cum am arSfaf, existd dovezi pentru toote aceste teorii si, de aceea, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 cred'em ca ele ar putea sd semnifice si mozaicul reaiizat de toate aceste situafii la un \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 be. Credem, Tmpreuna cu Slmsn G (1991), cS Tnfelegerea mai buno o procesului de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 somatizare va conduce la Tnfelegerea aler sindroame psihiatrice si va reflecta Tn acelasi \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 timp gradul Tn care cunostinfele privind geneza unor tulburSri psihice progreseazS. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9620\paperh13580{\bkmkstart Pg289}{\bkmkend Pg289}\par\pard\li1324\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1324\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1324\sb153\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx5083 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 282\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 Psihopatologie si psihiafrie pentru psihologi\par\pard\qj \li1315\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1315\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1315\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1315\ri891\sb164\sl-220\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Desigur, se poofe spero cS toate aceste progrese feorefice privind diagnosficui, clasi� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 ficarea sau psihopatologia nu vor aveo elf rezulfof decdt o obordare terapeuticS mai \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 adecvae a ceiui Tn suferinfS. \par\pard\ql \li1699\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1699\sb40\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs22 7.17. ANTROPOLOGIE SS SOMATTME \par\pard\qj \li1300\ri902\sb217\sl-217\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Dimensiunea antropologicS a somatizSrii este legae de o posibib modalitate de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 exprimare a suferinfei care se impune atenfiei, Tnfrucaf reflects o dificultate deosebifS \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 ce interfereazS cu rolurile sociale de bazS si ameninfS viafa. Corpul asigurS simboluri \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 noturob pentru relefii sociale si alte aspecte caracferistice aie culturii. Suferinfa somati� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 ca poate reprezenta un mod de o obfine concesii sau Tngrijiri si ajuor din partea unor \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 institufii sociale. Chiar atunci cand indivizii nu sunt initial constienfi de semnificafia sim\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 bolicS a simpomelor lor, ei pot fi modebfi de interacfiunea simbolicS socials si pot par\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 ticipa la discursul simbolic social \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 (Klbinrnan, 1988). \par\pard\ql \li1583\sb10\sl-233\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs22 tn plan antropologic, tulburaile mmotohmie ilmlrmzQ unitaea psydie-mna tn\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw7184\colsr40\colno2\colw2256\colsr1 60\qj \li1507\ri697\sb1\sl-216\slmult0\fi268 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 sia ei de se# qpaticd tn mm suhinfs pmhioB se \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 ' a s@ mpima din nsu m $uainf8 psihicd.\par\pard\qj \li2644\sb0\sl-259\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li2644\ri0\sb176\sl-259\slmult0\tx4099 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 O VIZIUNE ANTROPOLOGICA ASUPRA \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 SOMATIZARII\par\pard\ql \li2707\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2707\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2707\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2707\sb58\sl-253\slmult0\tx6182 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 3uferin|l\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Suferinfa\par\pard\ql \li2779\sb2\sl-240\slmult0\tx6117 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 psihica \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 corporala\par\pard\qj \li4463\sb0\sl-244\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li4463\sb0\sl- 244\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li4463\sb0\sl-244\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li4463\ri1673\sb197\sl-244\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 :xpresie \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 orporala\par\pard\column \ql \li20\sb36\sl- 92\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 \ul0\nosupersub\cf24\f25\fs8 w�$>"* f_=_ \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9620\paperh13580{\bkmkstart Pg290}{\bkmkend Pg290}\par\pard\ql \li1166\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1166\sb0\sl- 276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1166\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1166\sb0\sl- 276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1166\sb87\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf14\f15\fs24 CAPITOLUL 8 \par\pard\ql \li1175\sb191\sl- 437\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 \ul0\nosupersub\cf21\f22\fs38 EXAMINAREA BOLNAVULUI PSIHIC \par\pard\qj \li911\sb0\sl-280\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li911\sb0\sl- 280\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li911\sb0\sl-280\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li911\ri2869\sb193\sl-280\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs22 Meseia de p$ihiatu mi~a afazma1 un hi dh wpki� aieioaii, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 nmmampmibv immpmiio mnpaim oee \par\pard\ql \li916\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li916\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li916\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li916\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li916\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li916\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li916\sb22\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 Examenul psihiatric \par\pard\ql \li916\sb10\sl- 230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 examinarea stari1 psihice \par\pard\qj \li916\ri4813\sb2\sl-240\slmult0\fi715 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 istoricul personal al pacientului \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 Examenul psihic \par\pard\qj \li1612\ri5259\sb12\sl-250\slmult0\fi14 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 prezentare �1 comportament \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 reactia fata de examinator \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 activitatea motorie \par\pard\qj \li1612\ri4947\sb0\sl-240\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Tulburari de vorbire �i gandire \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 functmle cognitive \par\pard\ql \li2337\sb28\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Orientarea \par\pard\ql \li2323\sb10\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 Aenfia �i concentrarea \par\pard\qj \li2328\ri3092\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 fnregistrarea �1 memoria de scurfa durata \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Memoria recenta \par\pard\qj \li2337\ri4721\sb0\sl-240\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Memoria de lunga durata \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Inteligenfa \par\pard\ql \li2318\sb12\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 Abstractizarea \par\pard\qj \li1598\ri4558\sb2\sl-240\slmult0\tx2332 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Tulburarile de continutale gandirii \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Preocupari \par\pard\ql \li2337\sb29\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Idei patologice \par\pard\ql \li1593\sb10\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Afectivitatea �i dispozitia \par\pard\ql \li2318\sb10\sl- 230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Tulburarile dispozifiei \par\pard\ql \li3047\sb10\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Dispozifia subiectiva \par\pard\li1603\sb29\sl-230\slmult0\fi1440 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Observafia obiectiva a dispozifie!\par\pard\li1603\sb19\sl-230\slmult0\fi1444 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Heactivitatea neuro-vegetativa\par\pard\li1603\sb15\sl- 230\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Percepjia\par\pard\ql \li2323\sb0\sl- 227\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 Halucinafile \par\pard\qj \li1593\ri3302\sb23\sl-240\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Critica BOLII SI capacitatea de apreciere a situatiei \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 Reacjia examinatorului fata de pacient \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9620\paperh13580{\bkmkstart Pg291}{\bkmkend Pg291}\par\pard\li1708\sb0\sl-184\slmult0\par\pard\li1708\sb0\sl- 184\slmult0\par\pard\li1708\sb0\sl-184\slmult0\par\pard\li1708\sb106\sl- 184\slmult0\fi0\tx5443 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 284\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 Psihopatologie si psihiafrie pentru psihologi\par\pard\ql \li2088\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2088\sb0\sl- 276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2088\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2088\sb1\sl- 276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf14\f15\fs24 8.1 EXAMENUL PSIHIAHC \par\pard\qj \li1694\ri547\sb191\sl-220\slmult0\fi273 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Asemanator ca scop cu examenul medical obisnuit, examenul psihiatric cuprinde \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 urnatoarele cinci etape: recunoasterea existenfei unei tulburari, sesizarea semniticafiei \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 ei Tntr-o scab semiobgica, stabilirea etiobgiei acesfei tulburari, Tnfelegerea persona\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 lifafii si corelarea cu varsta bolnavului, dar difera de acesa afaf prin nuanfare, cat si \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 prin modul de desfSjurare. \par\pard\qj \li1694\ri547\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi273 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 A stabili jaloanele ariei de desfasurare ale acesfui examen esfe evident o activiate \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 ufiia dar, Tn acebji timp iimiafiv-restrictiva, deoarece ofera imaainea unui mode! \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 marainif, care ooafe aenera oericolui de ipnorare a unor dae din afara lui. \par\pard\qj \li1689\ri562\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi278 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Moaelul seduce, dar constrange. Ei esfe confempiat si reprodus afaf timp cat imagi� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 nea pe cere o da apare ca satisfScatoare. Modelele cognitive biologice si clinice nu si-au \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 mai pufut face Tn psihiafrie proba redufabiiei lor eficaclfafi |N�f6RS AD). \par\pard\qj \li1675\ri565\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Principaiul fimp al oricSrui examen este si ramane, Tn orice model Tnsa, discufia cu \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 bolnavul, care constituie sursa principals de informafie. Aceasts discufie, de fapf un \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 dialog, impune psihiatrului douS rigori: aceea de a suprapune modul de Tnfelegere ai \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 procesului patologic pe care medieul Tl obiectiveoza cu trairile subiectivitafii sab ca \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 oarfener angajat Tn relafie de infercomunicare cu persoana si personaliatea bolnavu� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 lui si aceea de a crea energia necesara desfasurarli discufiei. \par\pard\ql \li1958\sb4\sl-216\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Psihiafrul trebuie sS ii� sQ 0\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 $�ij_3, lucru repetat pane la banallzare si poafe de \par\pard\qj \li1670\ri566\sb1\sl-220\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 aceea, Tnsa, adesea ignorat. Ne-am permife sS spunem ce trebuie sa stie sa ascuite \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 activ; pentru a puea sa asculfi, se impune cu necesifate ca partenerul de discufie sa vor\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 beasco. A refuza fScerea, a menfine discursul ceiuilaif, de fapf baza maferialului fapfic \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 pe care psihiafrul Ti va anaiiza si ordona, fine de arfa si tehnica examenului. \par\pard\qj \li1665\ri565\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Examenul psihiatric nu esfe Tnsa un Interogatoriu prestabilif, oricat ni s-ar parea cS \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 suntem de competen.fi, nu vom putea formula toafe TntrebSriie care sa constituie, prin \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 raspunsurile lor, modelele tuturor bolilor si, Tn nici un caz, a! tuturor exisfenfebr hoi\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 navibr ncstri, Adecvarea Tntrebarilor esfe o stimfa care se funbamenfeazS pe caiifaflb \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 spirifuale si pe orizontui cunoasterii medicului, In acesf sens !&?! arata: Nu pofi nicio� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 data aprecia mai bine experienfa clinicd, sfiinfa, pdfrunderea psihologicd, autoritatea \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 morala a unui medic, decdt atunci cand Ti asculfi inferogand un bolnav. \par\pard\qj \li1656\ri580\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 SupraTncarcarea informajiei, modebrea slmptomafologiei dupa concepfia pe care \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 bolnavul Tnsusi o are despre boaia sa, sunt deseori elemene de finefe de care psihia� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 frul fine cont Tn sabilirea diagnosficului. \par\pard\qj \li1641\ri579\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0\fi297 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Examenul psihiafrie nu poafe fi o Tnfeinire Tntampiafoare deoarece, nu trebuie uitaf \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 nici o clipa ca istoria suferinfei psihice interfere sfrans cu iseria esenfiale a subiectului, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Tn care ea creeaza o bresa si ca subiectivifafea simptomafobgiei psihice subTnfelege \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 imensa parficipare afectiva si personals a subiectului. Aceoste, cu afaf mai mult cu cat, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 modelul socio-culfural al civilizofiei noastre ofera medicului, prin troditie, spre exomi\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 mre corpul ? i mai nou derivafeie sale, dar pSstreaza o reticenfS vsdia Tn ceea ce \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 privese trairile, impulsiuniie, sexualitatea, auovabrizarea. \par\pard\qj \li1631\ri600\sb26\sl-213\slmult0\fi297 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Din acesf motiv, relafie exarninaor-examinatTn cazul psihiafriei nu se poafe construi \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 decaf avand la baza o deplina Tncredere din partea bolnavului, care so-i poets \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Tncredinfa medicului, Tn deplina siguranfS, problemefica sa fainicS si care nu c consti\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 fuif obiectul nici unei alte confesiuni, \par\pard\qj \li1646\ri597\sb22\sl-220\slmult0\fi278 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 Prebcrarea acesor Tncarcafuri emofionaie implies din partea examinaforubi, Tn \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 afara pregatirii medicale propriu- zise si a unei elasficifafi remarcebile Tn gasirea unor \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9620\paperh13580{\bkmkstart Pg292}{\bkmkend Pg292}\par\pard\li859\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li859\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li859\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li859\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li859\sb36\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx7838 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Exarninarea bolnavului psihic\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 285\par\pard\qj \li849\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li849\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li849\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li849\ri1348\sb167\sl-220\slmult0\fi9 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 rSspunsuri adecvate unor situafii de viafa, si o disponibilifate ofecfiva care sa Tl ajufe Tn \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 depSsireo pesimismului inter-relofional al bolnavului, facandu-se simpatic acestuia. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Aceasa simpatie trebuie Tnfeleasa Tn sensul etimologic al cuvantului \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 (suferinfS, simfire \par\pard\ql \li835\sb31\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 TmpreunS) si odatS stabiiifS, sa la baza Tntregii relafii terapeutice. \par\pard\qj \li835\ri1357\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Aceasa permanene adecvare a dialogului va fi TnsofitS de o continue: dinamicS a \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 nivelului de valori si nofiuni pe care medicul le cauta sau le introduce Tn discufie. Astfel, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 pentru un inginer va vi un semn de boola imposibiliatea de a folosi rigia de calcul, dar \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 pentru un agricultor acelasi lucru nu va Tnsemna nimic. Psihiafrul trebuie sS stie nu nu� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 mai ce semnificafie are sernnul pe care Tl descoperS, ci si nivelul ia care sS caute even\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 tuala abafere, sa desprinds din noianul de fapte, pe aceleo care eu semnificafie Tn con� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 fexful dat. \par\pard\qj \li820\ri1377\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi307 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Psihiafrul nu-si va nega niciodaa, Tn timpul examinSrii, identifatea sa de medic, nu \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 va adopto afifudini de compiezenjS, de evitare a confrunarii de opinii cu bolnavul, con-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 frunfare pe care, de altfel, eel muit o poate amana sau tempera. De asemenea, nu va \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 avea afitudine agresiva sou ostila pacientului, indiferenf de mofivul pentru care acesa \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 este examinaf sou de atitudinea verbale si gestuab pe care bolnavul o are fafS de el. \par\pard\qj \li820\ri1376\sb20\sl-220\slmult0\fi287 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Inainte de a fi o chestiune de tehnica, examenul psihiatric este o problems de expe� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 rienfa umana, o orienfare originals impusS de sifuafie, fiind o rezultantS a TmbinSrii \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 acestei experienfe cu bagajul teorefic pe care psihiafrul Ti poseda. Trebuie Tnsa subliniat \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 ca desi sunf legate, cele douS componente praxiobgice ale examenului nu se pof Tnlocui \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 reciproc. \par\pard\qj \li820\ri1396\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi273 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Mai rnult decat orice alfa afitudine medicals, examenul psihiatric este contextual, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 neavand relevanfS decat Tntr-un cadru anume precizaf. \par\pard\qj \li811\ri1385\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi287 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Nu trebuie ignorat nici gradul de toieranfS sau intobranfa al societafii si mai ales ai \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 famiiiei fafa de semnele bolii psihice, tendinfa la disimubre spontanS a acestora mo-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 tivandu-le ca extravaganfe, hiperdotare, crize suflefesti sau exagerare (oboseab nor� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 mals, capriciile obisnuite, pasiunile) bate drept boab. Sfudiul si exaninarea pe cat \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 posibil si a alar membri de familie sau obtinerea unor date concrete despre colecfivui \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 de muncS, pot, nu o data, sa rastoarne o prima impresie, reorienaed diagnosficui. \par\pard\ql \li796\ri1395\sb20\sl- 220\slmult0\fi292\tx1084\tx1084 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Sfrucfurarea datelor obfinufe prin examinare trebuie sS se focS coerent, venind pe \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 un model care este necesar sa aibs marea sau primordiala caiifafe de a fi complet. \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 Aceasta completitudine se refera la explorarea unor zone, care nu sunt puse de le \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Tnceput Tn luminS de discursul bolnavului. Bliful diagnostic nu esfe apanajui psihiatrului, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 nu are semnificafie medicals si nici terapeutica. Niciodaa un bolnav nu va beneficia \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 cu nimic din diagnosficui de maniacal, depresiv etc. pus de catre medic din momentul \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 intrSrli pe usa cabinetuiui. De alfel, desi poafe sS parS paradoxal unorc, tofusi Tn \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 esenta nu problema diaanosficuiui esfe aceea pe care examenul psihiatric este chemat \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 sS o facS Tn primui rand. Eo este aproape Tnofdeauna o a doua problems. \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 Culeqerea de informafii privind sarea actuals a bolnavului, deviatia lui de b axa \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 normaiitafii accepate Tn momentul examenului, va fi compietafa necesar cu datele bio-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 grafice. Nuanfarea momentelor biografice subliniafede bolnav si exfragerea din aceasa \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 secfiune longitudinals a datelor revelatoare pentru evidenfierea frasaturiior definiorii \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 ale personalifSfii, a fundalului pe care se desfascarS dinamica rnomenfului actual, va \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 da valoare si orizont Tntreqului demers psihiatric. Ceea ce unii considers necloritate. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 incertitudine, imprecizie esfe si trebuie sa tie pentru un specialist, o fina si competenta \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 nuanfare. Valoarea unei analize atente si calitatea ei se nab? fecmai din capacitatea \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 discriminaforle si nu din brufalifatea criteriologicS. Personclizarea bolii ore nu numai \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9620\paperh13580{\bkmkstart Pg293}{\bkmkend Pg293}\par\pard\li1550\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1550\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1550\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1550\s b0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1550\sb75\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx5361 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 286\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 Psihopatologie si psihiafrie pentru psihologi\par\pard\qj \li1531\sb0\sl-224\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1531\sb0\sl- 224\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1531\sb0\sl-224\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1531\ri569\sb172\sl-224\slmult0\fi14\tx1823 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 semnificafie fenomenologicS, ci va deschide porfile aparentuiui labirint clinico-terapeufic. \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Neuifand cS examenul psihiafrie este un examen medicai, psihiafrul va menfiona si \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 datele patografice ale bolnavului, antecedenteie personale si famiiiaie, chiar dacS aces� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 tea par a nu avea o legSturS directs cu psihiatria. In acesf sens, exisfenfa unor antece� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 dente chirurgicab legate de un ulcer gastric va puneTn discufie evident, o afecfiune psi-\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 hosomoticS etc. \par\pard\qj \li1516\ri561\sb0\sl-226\slmult0\fi297 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 Boiile copibriei, traumafismele cranio-cerebrale, alte afecfiuni psihice pe care su� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 biectul le-a avuf, trebuie nofate si valorizafe Tn perspecfivS istoricS. De asemenee, se \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 vor note psihofroumeie mojore din traiectoria exisfenfials a subiectului, ca si atitudinea \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 fafS de alte boli, de medici, de spital, medicomente. \par\pard\qj \li1526\ri585\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Istoricul tulbuarilor octuole ve fi cSufotdupS modelul medicol obisnuit dor, desigur, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 aici se impune o tripb obiecfie; \par\pard\ql \li1819\sb5\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 � bolnavul Tsi poate ignora toal boab; \par\pard\ql \li1521\ri566\sb0\sl- 230\slmult0\fi297\tx1814\tx1804 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 s starea Tn care se aflS Tl pune Tn imposibilitatea de a formula un asffei de istoric; \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 � istoricul ore un caracter absurd, incredibil sau lipsit d'e inteligibilitate. \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 O particularitate a examenului psihiatric este generae si de faptul cS cererea de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 examinare este formulaa mai rar de bolnav decat de alte persoane, prin aceasta deo-\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 sebindu-se net de eel din medicina somaficd. \par\pard\qj \li1502\ri579\sb0\sl-225\slmult0\fi297 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Cererea de consult psihiatric poate fi formulae Tn afara bolnavului, de familie, antu-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 raj, medicul generalisf sau medicul de alfa specialifafe. Facem o paranfezS arSfand cS \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 exists o diferenfS nets Tntre consultative cerufe de alfi specialisti psihiatrilor, Tn raporf cu \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 cele soiicitafe de psihiatru alar specialisti. FarS sS detaliem asupra acesfei diferehfe, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 credem ca-si are originea, pe de o parte Tn accepfarea cu usurinfa a modelului somatic \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 al bolii de cStre bolnov, iar pe de alfa parte Tn absenfa existenfei unui minim instru� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 mental si operational, Tn ceea ce priveste boab psihicS, Tn pregSfirea ceiorlaifi spe� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 cialisti. \par\pard\qj \li1502\ri585\sb0\sl-240\slmult0\fi287 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 In felul acesa se creeazS un paradox rational Tn care psihiafrul oferS un ojufor core \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 nu Ti este cerut direct de cStre beneficiaru! lui. \par\pard\ql \li1785\sb0\sl-162\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Se ridice astfel si problema sensubi unei anumite cereri, indiferenf de cei care o for-\par\pard\qj \li1492\ri603\sb0\sl-240\slmult0\fi9 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 rnuieazS, sens care irebuie corect determinat de ia Tnceputu! examenului cat si pe par\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 cursui ocesfuio, de cafre psihiatru. \par\pard\qj \li1488\ri589\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi297 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 in spatele cererii imediate poafe exisfa una disimubta care impune prudenfS si o afi� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 tudine expecfativS Tn examinare. Atunci cand psihiafrul Ti examineazS pe bolnav Tn \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 afara solicitarii sale directe, dificultafea de rebtionare cresfe deoarece, considerandu- se \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 sSnStos (ba chiar mai muit considerandu-i pe ceilalfi bolnavi sau ostili), bolnavui nu vede \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 ufiiifafea unui diaiog cu examinaforul. Psihiafrul trebuie sS evife pe cat posibil folosirea \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 psihiatriei ca teren de dispue si o examenului ca timp de desfSsurare a acesfeia. \par\pard\qj \li1473\ri603\sb0\sl- 224\slmult0\fi297 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 Circumstanfeb de examen nu se suprapun decaf uneori sau, mai bine spus, decaf \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 rareori pesfe un model presupus teorefic. In orice caz este important de menfionaf cS \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 psihiafrul nu poafe spune nimic despre un bolnov pe cere nu !-a vSzut, el netrebuind sS \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 se lose Tnselat de atmosfera dramatics din familie sau coiecfivifate, de pSrerile compe\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 fenfe ale pSrinfiior, sofiiior sau vecinilor, de reprezenfanfii unor autoriafi sau chiar de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 cele ale colegilor de alte specialiafi. \par\pard\qj \li1463\ri610\sb0\sl- 226\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 Condifiile de examinare pof fi uneori excepfionaie sau aleori de o pericubzitate \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 extreme si prin auto- sau heteroagresivifafea iafenfS sau marifesta a pacientului, nu mai \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 aminteste cu nimic de imaginea idilicS a infernistului asezat Tnduiosator numai pe \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 partea dreaptd a patului bolnavului care asteapfS cu ochii plini de suferinfa si speranfd. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9620\paperh13580{\bkmkstart Pg294}{\bkmkend Pg294}\par\pard\li1185\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1185\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1185\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1185\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1185\sb151\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx8232 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Exarninarea bolnavului psihic\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 287\par\pard\qj \li1166\sb0\sl- 215\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1166\sb0\sl-215\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1166\sb0\sl- 215\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1166\ri945\sb191\sl-215\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 Situafia Tn care se desfSsoarS exaninarea poate fi, de asemenea, diferitS atunci \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 cand pacientul este expertlzaf fie medico-legal, fie Tn vederea stabilirii capaciafii de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 munca, cand reacfivifatea conjuncturab ca si unele aspece mofivafionale inferferS si \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 paraziteazS exaninarea uneori Tntr-o formub care face imposibils separarea patolo\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 gie[preexisfente examenului. \par\pard\ql \li1156\ri973\sb5\sl-215\slmult0\fi287\tx1440 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Infregif cu examenele complemenfare, examenui psihiafrie se finalizeoza Tn elobo\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 rorea diognosticului si implicit Tn odoptoreo sfrafegiei teapeutice. \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Medicul trebuie sS aibo Tn primul rand cunosfinfe, Tn al doilea rand sa arafe Tntof� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 deauna judecafS. Acese califSfi vor consfifui cheia de bolts Tn realizarea strafegiei \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 demersubi diagnosfico- ferapeutic. \par\pard\qj \li1151\ri963\sb7\sl-213\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Examenul psihiatric, prin funcfia lui compiexa de investigate, diagnostic si contact \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 terapeutic, co si prin interferenfa afifudinilor obiective si subjective din conduia medicu� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 lui, se deiimiteazS ca un demers intelectual original si avand o pondere deosebifS Tn \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 ceea ce priveste creativitatea individuals a medicului. \par\pard\ql \li1545\sb194\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs22 8.2. EXAMINAREA SrARIS PSIHICE \par\pard\qj \li1142\ri982\sb195\sl-220\slmult0\fi273 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Vom prezenfa un sumar al principalelor aspecte ale sfSrii psihice urmSrind o schema \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 de examinare a autorilor brifanici QoMbsrg D, Benjamin S, Crstd f, |1991J care ni s-a \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 parut muit mai direct legae de activitaea pracficS decat alte modele. \par\pard\qj \li1137\ri991\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0\fi287 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Exaninarea sfarii psihice este o procedure ordonatS si sisfematicS asemSnSfoare cu \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 exaninarea somaticS din medicinS. Esfe facufS de rufina pentru fiecare nou pacient dar \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 poafe fi repefafa, fie Tn Tntregime, fie partial si de-a lungui unor Tnfrevederi uiterioare. \par\pard\qj \li1132\ri986\sb9\sl- 210\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 Fiecare dintre aceste aspecte esfe anaiizaf la randullui, cu descrierea observafiilor \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 care sunt de fScut si caeva teste care sunt de reolizat si cu interpretarea acestor obser� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 vafi! si relevanfa lor pentru diagnostic. \par\pard\qj \li1123\ri998\sb5\sl-217\slmult0\fi297 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Prezenfarea si exaninarea sfSrii psihice Tn acesf mod didactic este avantajoasa dar, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 tofodatS, Tn anumite limite, arbifrara, deoarece diferiteie funcfii psihice find sa se supra\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 punS. Ne rezumSm doer la acele aspecte psihopatologice care sunf ia Tndemana ori\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 cSrui psiholog clinician s\\ care nu necesia recurgerea la aparafurS meaicals, la cunos� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 finfe din domeniul biologic. Exaninarea sfSrii psihice de cStre psiholog va fi fScuta Tn \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 cele mai diverse ocazii si este de recomandaf ca ea sa se facS si Tnaintea oricSrui \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 demers psihoterapeufic deoarece va permife ferapeufului sa-si evalueze pe parcurs \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 evenfualele rezultate. \par\pard\qj \li1113\ri996\sb0\sl- 217\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 Deparfandu-ne de orice dogme, suntem de parere cS factica de examinare trebuie \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 sS aiba o singurS more colifate, aceeo de a putea fi pusS Tn practicS. Diabgui, exani� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 narea va rSmane tofusi sub controlul psihoiogului care Ti va restrange de la dimensiu\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 nea initials nondirectivS, cStre precizarea Tn final a unor probleme la care or fi fost \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 imposibil de ajuns altfel. Psihologul nu va uita Tnsa cS formuiarea Tntrebarilor poae sS \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 sugereze unele rSspunsuri induse care nu vor cresfe cu nimic niveiul posibiiiafibr de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 orientare diagnostics. Nu se va insisfa direct asupra unor rSspunsuri la TntrebSri care \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 au starnif evident jena, nelinisfea bolnavului sau chiar osfilifoteo ocestuia. \par\pard\qj \li1108\ri1013\sb0\sl-216\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Anaiizarea Tnfreguiui material faptic obfinut prin examinareo bolnovului trebuie sS \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 se facS orgonizot, aor Tn nici un coz diabgui nu va avea desfSsurarea unor probe pe \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 aparafe, care poate sa ia un aspect absurd chiar si Tn absenfa unor tulburSri impor� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 tante ale pacientului. Nu se poate Tn nici un caz prescrie o duraa pentru acest examen, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 iar fragmentarea lui, mai bine zis completarea lui prin reiuorea Tn mai mule etape a \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 conversafiei cu bolnavul, Ti Tntregeste si Tl face mai complex. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9620\paperh13580{\bkmkstart Pg295} {\bkmkend Pg295}\par\pard\li1315\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1315\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1315\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1315\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1315\sb70\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx5068 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 288\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 Psihopatologie si psihiafrie pentru psihc\par\pard\ql \li1670\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1670\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1670\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1670\sb134\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 8.2.1. ISTORICUL PiRSGHAL AL PAOENTULUt \par\pard\qj \li1262\ri883\sb99\sl-220\slmult0\fi297 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Este bine ca initial, istoricul personal sa fie bat foarte complet si defaliat pentru ca \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 nimeni nu are capacitatea de a anficipa ce este relevant si ce nu dintr-o povestire care \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 TncS nu s-a spus. \par\pard\qj \li1267\ri888\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Esfe nevoie de mule experienfS pentru a obfine date utile Tntr-un fimp limitat. Tofusi, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 nu oate lucrurile sunt la fel de importante. Modul Tn care o fata si-a Tnceput educatia \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 sexuale va avea o imporanta deosebie daca pacienta solicits ajutorul pentru ca are \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 dificulafi maritale, si nu va avea TnsS relevanta pentru o domnisoorS bafranS, c per� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 soanS Tn varsa de 75 de ani care se plange de tulburSri de memorie. \par\pard\qj \li1262\ri897\sb17\sl- 200\slmult0\fi287 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Istoricul personal va fi muit mai clar dacS va fi fScutTn ordine cronobgicS, Tncepand \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 cu copibrie. \par\pard\qj \li1257\ri893\sb4\sl-220\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Suferinfa ia nasfere sau Tntarzierea Tn dezvoifarea psiho- motorie sunf elemente cu \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 valoare explicative atunci cand sunf depisfate. \par\pard\qj \li1252\ri893\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi297 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Deseori pacienfii mentioneaza cS au avut o copibrie nefericitS si ese important sa \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 se ceara atunci mai multe detalii. \u8222?Ce a fost rau Tn copiiSrie? in ce fel aceste evenimente \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 l-au afecfaf? Cat timp au duraf evenimenteie care 1-au afectaf? Ce solufii a gSsif si cum \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 s-a descurcat?" Le pacienfii care prezina un amesfec de simpome somofice si psihice, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 se va Tnfreba Tnofdeauna despre starea sanafafii corporale Tn copibrie si despre ati\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 tudinea celor careTi Tngrijeau cand era bolnav, \par\pard\qj \li1228\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1228\ri907\sb100\sl-220\slmult0\fi307 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Intr-un istoric personol defaliat se Tncepe cu datele biografice din timpul scoiii pri\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 rnare pentru a continue cu gimnaziul, liceul s.a.m.d. Pacientul va fi Tntrebat despre \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 adaptarea sa Tn sistemul scalar, materiiie preferafe, numarul de prleteni. De asemenea, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 va fi Tntrebat despre anumite ironii pe care coiegii eventual le fSceau la adreso lui, care \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 erau obiectul acesor ironii, ce eventuale porecle i se dsdeau si cum seTnfebgea cu pro\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 fesoril. De asemenea, se va menficna faptul cS pacientul a petrecut intervale Tndelun\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 gate la cSmin sau infernat, Se vor nota dlficultSfile Tn procesul de TnvSfare si felul Tn care \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 pacientul a reuslf sa-si ia examenele, Se va inslsfa asupra faptului cS pacientul a urmaf \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 TnvSfSmanful normal sau scoli speciale, elemente utile Tn a aprecia exisfenfa unei even� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 tuale suferinfe organice sau a predispozifiei spre tulburSri caracferiale. \par\pard\ql \li1511\sb112\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw- 2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 hoioul MxualHQfi pssssnfylwi \par\pard\qj \li1224\ri909\sb5\sl-213\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Acest subiect se Tncepe Tntreband pacientele de sex feminin la ce varsta au avut \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 primul ciclu iar apoi care a fost evolufia menstreior, dacS acestea suntTnsofite de tulbu� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 rari psihice (iritabiliate, disconfort, dibcrie) sau corporale. Se obfin date despre rela� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 fiile de prietenie cu baietii, despre debutul viefii sexuale, despre gradul de satisfacfie pe \par\pard\li1224\sb30\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx4862 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 care aceasta i-o produce. Are ,.\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 apacitatea de a avea relafii intime? Exista\par\pard\qj \li1214\ri910\sb0\sl-240\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 probleme de naturd fizicd Tn relaPit ,.---vale? Au existaf Tnfreruperi de scrcini? Se folo-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 sesc mijloace anficoncepfionale? Brridbb \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 ;unt Tnfrebafi la ce varsta au Tnceput viafa \par\pard\qj \li1224\ri913\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 sexuald, dacd problemeie sexual-:- so d:.-.by. liber Tn familie, dacd exisfa un iiberfinaj \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 excesiv Tn relafiile cu celalalf sex? d.:, \par\pard\qj \li1219\ri930\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi268 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Tanarul psiholog nu trebuie sc. _e limits,;e ia notarea probbmebr pur fizice pe care \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 pacientul le poate descrie, ci sa Tncaro.-.:S evalueze capaciaea pacientului de a iubi \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 pe cineva. Nu se vor pune infi ebo \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex62 <' \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 - activitafi homosexuaie fSrS o informafie vo� \par\pard\qj \li1214\ri954\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\fi9 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 luntaa din partea pacientului despre acest lucru si atunci cand nu exists motive de sus\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 piciune. Daca se vor discuta aceste probleme, aceasta se va face fSrS falsa pudoare si \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 fara aerul ca exists o complicitate Tntre Investigator si pacient. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9620\paperh13580{\bkmkstart Pg296} {\bkmkend Pg296}\par\pard\li964\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li964\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li964\sb148\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx7977 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Exaninarea bolnavului psihic\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 289\par\pard\qj \li931\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li931\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li931\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li931\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li931\ri1189\sb169\sl-220\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Mariajele fericite pot fi usor si rapid observate. DacS pacientul a mai fost cSsatorit, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 se va obfine o descriere a celorlalte casnicii si a modului Tn care ele s-au sfarsit. La ce \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 varsta si-a cunoscut soful si apoi cand s-a casdforif? Care este varsta, starea de sand\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 fate, ocupafia partenerului? Are Tncredere Tn partenerul lui? Au fost probleme Tn cdsni\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 cia lor? (de exemplu separari, sau despdrfii fraumafizante). Exisfa satisfacfie sexuald? \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 DacS nu au fost probleme se mentioneaza acesf lucru pe scurt, Tn caz confror se foce o \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 descriere defaiiatS o probbmei. \par\pard\qj \li931\ri1232\sb17\sl-200\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Se vor obfine informafii despre copii, notandu-se separat pentru fiecare copii: vars� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 a, sSnSfafeo si alte probleme. \par\pard\qj \li921\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li921\ri1243\sb124\sl-220\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 isoricul profesional oferS date valoroase despre personalitatea pacientului, ca si \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 despre aptitudinile sale. \par\pard\qj \li926\ri1217\sb6\sl-213\slmult0\fi278 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Infrebarile vor fi simple si concrete: Care esfe ocupafia curenfd a pacientului? Dacd \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 nu are nici una, de cand nu lucreazd? Cafe locuri de munca a avut, si care a fosf ulti� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 ma angajare de mai lungd durafa? De ce apar aceste schimbdri? Exisfa un grad de sa� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 tisfacfie maferiald corespunzdtor activitdfii prestate? \par\pard\qj \li902\ri1233\sb2\sl-220\slmult0\fi302 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 PromovSriie sau schimbSrib deerminate de diferite circumsanfe nu necesia expii\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 cafii, dar daca cineva Tsi schimba foarte frecvent sbjbo, trebuie Tntrebat ce crede cS nu \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 esfe Tn ordine. O lisfe exacts cu locuriie de muncS si perioadele de ongajore nu ese \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 neaparaf utila, dar aceasta parte a istoricului abturi de isforicui familial ofera informafii \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 despre capocifafea pacientului de a suporto relafiile cu o outoriafe sau tendinfa de a \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 se da Tnapoi din fafa dificultSfiior, Tn acest fel permifond aprecierea rezistenei si tole\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 ranfei la rrusfrare, asumSrii responsabiiitSfii. \par\pard\ql \li1185\sb124\sl-216\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 Grsumsanf. sselde pr_z_rf_ \par\pard\qj \li902\ri1238\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi278 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 AceastS parte a istoricului se Tncheie Tncercand evabareo circumstanfeior de viafS \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 acfuaie ale pacientului. Ce roi joacd Tn familie? Cum se Tmpacd cu cei cu care locuieste? \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Ce fel de locuinfd are? Ce fipuri de prietenii are? \par\pard\ql \li892\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li892\ri1249\sb101\sl-220\slmult0\fi292\tx1171 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 DacS vor fi puse sau nu TntrebSri legate de acesf subiect, depinde de problema \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 prezenfafS de pacient. De rutinS sunt Tntrebafi pacienfii oxicomani sau alcoolici. \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Vor fi puse si TntrebSri Tn legafurS cu absente si alte probleme la scoala, cu relafiile \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 afaf cu profesorii cat ?i cu ceilalfi elevi. Trasaturi anfisociele pot fi cu usurinfS idenfifi-\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 cate: Au avut probleme cu polifia? Au apdrut Tn instanfd, fie ca minor, fie ca adult? \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Dacd da, pentru ce au fost acuzafi? Au fost condamnafi? Care a fost senfinfa? \par\pard\qj \li892\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li892\ri1280\sb100\sl-220\slmult0\fi273 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Trebuie menfionat daca au existaf suferinfe medicale, chirurgicale sau psihiatrice im� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 rortante Tn istoricul trecut al bolnavului, \par\pard\qj \li883\sb0\sl-240\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li883\ri1275\sb84\sl-240\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 DacS apar relafii Tntre evenimenteie de viafS, boiile fizice si cele psihice, esfe ufil sa \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 fie toafe iiustrafe ca o harts a viefii. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9620\paperh13580{\bkmkstart Pg297}{\bkmkend Pg297}\par\pard\li1492\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1492\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1492\sb205\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx5246 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 290\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 Psihopatologie si psihiafrie pentru psihologi\par\pard\li1646\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li1646\sb0\sl- 253\slmult0\par\pard\li1646\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li1646\sb48\sl- 253\slmult0\fi1248 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs22 Ewmplu ds kata e vafii fbdr�wa AB, 47 an!,. PMD)\par\pard\li1646\sb111\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx2932\tx5587\tx7257 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex124 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Virsta\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 Evenimene;de viata\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs22 Soli somatice\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 soli psihice\par\pard\li1646\sb52\sl-207\slmult0\fi254\tx2351\tx2937 \up0 \expndtw- 2\charscalex100 1\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 1952\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Nascuta la 22.09.1952\par\pard\ql \li2932\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2932\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2932\sb191\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 InceDUtuI scolii \par\pard\li1771\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1771\sb200\sl-207\slmult0\fi1161\tx5615 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 Decesul tatalui\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 Investigate pentru\par\pard\li1771\sb1\sl-205\slmult0\fi1161\tx5611 \dn1 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul Mama-depresie, dependenfa\ul0\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 dureri abdominaie\par\pard\li1771\sb6\sl-253\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs22 JL\par\pard\li1771\sb0\sl- 162\slmult0\fi67\tx2351\tx2918 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 10\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 1962\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 Apendicectomie\par\pard\li1771\sb181\sl- 207\slmult0\fi67\tx2923 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 12\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 Primul ciclu menstrual\par\pard\li1771\sb1\sl- 205\slmult0\fi72\tx7219 \dn2 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 13\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 Trichotilomanie\par\pard\ql \li1780\sb15\sl-238\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs22 J \par\pard\li1833\sb0\sl-162\slmult0\fi0\tx2923 \dn0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 15\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 Paasestescoala\par\pard\ql \li1766\sb0\sl-198\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex128 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs22 J6 \par\pard\li1795\sb1\sl- 204\slmult0\fi0\tx2927 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 "17\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 Se angajeaza muncitor\par\pard\ql \li2923\sb1\sl-164\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 necalificat \par\pard\ql \li1751\sb223\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex133 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs22 J9 \par\pard\li1819\sb0\sl- 162\slmult0\fi0\tx2342\tx2913\tx7204 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 20\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 1972\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Se logode�te, rupe logodna,\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Anxietate\par\pard\qj \li2908\ri4286\sb10\sl-200\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 fntrerupe serviclul, Are loc o \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 a-2\ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul -a logodna \par\pard\li1737\sb1\sl-199\slmult0\fi0\tx2908 \dn1 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 _21\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Se casatoreste. Se reanqajeaza\par\pard\qj \li1737\ri7371\sb37\sl-180\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 -22 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex82 23" \par\pard\ql \li1809\sb18\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 24 \par\pard\ql \li2918\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 Opreste serviclul. \par\pard\ql \li2918\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul Nasterea unui copii \par\pard\li1809\sb20\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx5582 \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 26\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 Aparifia unei afec-\par\pard\ql \li5582\sb2\sl- 213\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 tiuni_^ej2itaie_graye \par\pard\li1804\sb16\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx5592 \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex105 27\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 Histerectomie\par\pard\qj \li1804\ri7479\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 28 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 28 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 30 \par\pard\li1804\sb2\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx2342\tx7204 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex91 31\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex149 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 dbd\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Episod depresiv\par\pard\ql \li7195\sb1\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 mediu \par\pard\ql \li1732\sb9\sl- 212\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex131 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs22 J2 \par\pard\ql \li1732\sb25\sl-216\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 _33 \par\pard\ql \li1732\sb0\sl-252\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex149 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs28 Ji \par\pard\ql \li1800\sb0\sl- 183\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 35 \par\pard\ql \li1728\sb24\sl-223\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \ul0\nosupersub\cf14\f15\fs24 M \par\pard\ql \li1718\sb5\sl-214\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs22 JZ \par\pard\ql \li1795\sb1\sl-172\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 38 \par\pard\ql \li1790\sb21\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 39 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9620\paperh13580{\bkmkstart Pg298}{\bkmkend Pg298}\par\pard\li1065\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li1065\sb0\sl- 230\slmult0\par\pard\li1065\sb169\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8030 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 txaminarea\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 boln\ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 avului psi\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 291\par\pard\li1209\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1209\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1209\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1209\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1209\sb41\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx2491\tx5212\tx6772 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex139 �irst\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Evenimente de viafa\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 so!i somatice\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Boll psihice\par\pard\li1209\sb34\sl- 230\slmult0\fi187\tx1929\tx2510\tx6811 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 40.\tab \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 1992\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Fiica paraseste definie' \{ara\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Episod depresiv\par\pard\ql \li6806\sb1\sl-193\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 mediu \par\pard\ql \li1401\sb11\sl-213\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex85 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 41 \par\pard\ql \li1411\sb1\sl- 197\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 42 \par\pard\ql \li1401\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1401\sb48\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 44 \par\pard\li1391\sb13\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx2011\tx2505 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 45\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 997\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Mama pacientei se\par\pard\ql \li2491\sb1\sl-198\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 Tmb�[nave�te_________ \par\pard\li1396\sb22\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx1915\tx2500\tx6796 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 46\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 1998\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 Decesul rnamei 18.02.\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 Debutul bolii\par\pard\qj \li6792\ri1343\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 actuae - Boala \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 afectiva bipoiara \par\pard\qj \li1031\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1031\ri1184\sb96\sl-220\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 tiarta viefii esfe un instrument simplu dar foarte eficienf, realizorea ei fiind la Tnde-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 mana oricarui psiholog. Ea ofera o sinteza rapids a evenimentelor din viafa pacienfu-\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw1245\colsr60\colno2\colw8175 \colsr160\ql \li1036\sb62\sl-161\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex92 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs14 lU!\par\pard\column \ql \li63\sb19\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Uneori aceosto horta poate fi un adevarat roman.\par\pard\ql \li1017\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1017\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li20\sb32\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Personalitatea joaco un rol deosebif afaf Tn riscui mai crescut de a face unele boli \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \qj \li1017\ri1189\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 psihice cat si Tn coloratura pe care tablourile psihopatologice o iau la un pacienf sau \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 altul. De exemplu, persoanele cu frasSfuri ciciofimice au o probabiliae mai more de a \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 face o psibozS maniaco- aepresivS. \par\pard\qj \li1012\ri1184\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Pof aparea douS probleme majore Tn obfinerea informafiei de b pacienfi. Se Tnfam\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 pla adesea ca ei sS spunS ceea ce ar vrea sa fie, cum ar vrea sa fie, mai degraba decat \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 felul Tn care sunt de fapf. Pe de alfa parte, oamenii nu pof spune lucruri pe care nu le \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 cunosc nici ei Tnsisi, iar dacS sunt depresivi au tendinfa sS se vads Tnfr-o bminS proasfa. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 De aceea, examinaforul se va consulfa pentru a fi obiecfiv ori de cafe ori e posibil cu \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 rudele sau prietenii pacientului. FarS Tndoiala, pacientul rSmane principala sursS de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 informafii Tn iegSfurS cu problemeie iui. \par\pard\qj \li1286\ri3888\sb0\sl-200\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Se vo urmSri obfinereo de informofii din domeniile; \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 s infereselor si preocupSrilor \par\pard\ql \li1296\sb14\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 e dispozifiei \par\pard\ql \li1300\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 a prietenibr \par\pard\ql \li1296\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 � obiceiurllor si apefenfelor - inclusiv alcool, medicomente, droguri, jocuri de noroc \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9620\paperh13580{\bkmkstart Pg299}{\bkmkend Pg299}\par\pard\li1511\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1511\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1511\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1511\sb42\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx5207 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 292\tab \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex105 Psihopatologie si psihiafrie pentru psihologi\par\pard\li1795\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1795\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1795\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1795\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1795\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1795\sb121\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx4247 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Experience copilariei\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 stabilitate familiala\par\pard\ql \li4243\sb0\sl- 202\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul separari/despartjri \par\pard\li1785\sb29\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx4118 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 �coala\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul -\ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul durata si tipuri- educatie superioara\par\pard\ql \li4123\sb0\sl-205\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 -\ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul calificari \par\pard\li1790\sb21\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx4247 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Dezvoifarea sexuala\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 menarha\par\pard\qj \li4243\ri1790\sb12\sl-200\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul informatii despre educatia sexuala primita \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 prima menstruate \par\pard\ql \li4247\sb35\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 menopauza \par\pard\li1776\sb1\sl- 205\slmult0\fi0\tx4108\tx6580 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Casatoria/Casatoriile\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul - varsta - separari (despartiri)\ul0\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul si alte probleme\par\pard\ql \li4108\sb8\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 - relatii s\ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul exuale si alte relatiii \par\pard\ql \li4108\sb1\sl-198\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 - soful/sofia \par\pard\ql \li4555\sb15\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 varsta \par\pard\ql \li4550\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 pcupatie \par\pard\ql \li4560\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 stare de sanatate \par\pard\li1751\sb15\sl- 207\slmult0\fi19\tx4238 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 Copii\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 nume\par\pard\li1751\sb9\sl-207\slmult0\fi2476 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 varsta\par\pard\li1751\sb14\sl-207\slmult0\fi2356 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 - stare de sanatate\par\pard\li1751\sb14\sl- 207\slmult0\fi2476 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul probleme\par\pard\li1751\sb1\sl-205\slmult0\fi9\tx4223 \up0 \expndtw- 6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 Ocupa^ie\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 numar de locuri de munca\par\pard\li1751\sb10\sl-207\slmult0\fi2471 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 durata la locurile de munc\par\pard\li1751\sb18\sl-207\slmult0\fi2467 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul probleme\par\pard\li1751\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\fi2462 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 angaja\ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul rea actuala\par\pard\li1751\sb14\sl-207\slmult0\fi4\tx4219 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Circumstanele sociaie\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 locuinfa\par\pard\li1751\sb9\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx4214 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 prezente\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 membrii famiiiei\par\pard\ql \li4089\sb2\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul - relatii \par\pard\ql \li4089\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 - dificultafi financiare \par\pard\ql \li4084\sb1\sl- 198\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 - prieteni \par\pard\li1728\sb20\sl-207\slmult0\fi23\tx4209 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 Personalitate premorbida\tab \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex105 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul interese - dispozifii\par\pard\li1728\sb62\sl-207\slmult0\fi2409 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 ,�_L_eHL\par\pard\li1728\sb1\sl-165\slmult0\fi2356 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 - alcool, droguri\par\pard\li1728\sb17\sl-207\slmult0\fi19\tx4137 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 Medico-legal\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 _corrfnmJai_cuj3oiiiia__\par\pard\li1728\sb23\sl-207\slmult0\fi2351 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul - acuzatii\par\pard\li1728\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\fi2351 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 - condamnari\par\pard\li1728\sb8\sl- 207\slmult0\fi2356 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 (Tn ordine cronologica)\par\pard\li1728\sb5\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx4200 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 Antecedente pafoiogice\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 boii somatice �i psihice\par\pard\li1708\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1708\sb157\sl-207\slmult0\fi4\tx3820 \up0 \expndtw- 2\charscalex100 inwsrviui unui 0parj�in_i��\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 | iw�|\par\pard\li1708\sb19\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx6638\tx7295\tx7564\tx8217\tx8409 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Aceleasi obiective se vor folosi atunci cand psihoiogu! va\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 discuta\tab \up0 \expndtw- 3\charscalex100 cu\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 o ruds\tab \up0 \expndtw- 4\charscalex100 si\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 va\par\pard\ql \li1430\sb1\sl- 193\slmult0\tx7775 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 Tncerca sa afle impresia asupra acestei persoane. Recurgerea le ajutorul \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 famiiiei Tn \par\pard\ql \li1430\ri877\sb5\sl-220\slmult0\tx1708 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 furnizarea unor date va fi facutS, de la caz ia caz, cu ocordul explicit, tacit sau farS \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 acesa, psihoiogului revenindu-i sarcina unor decizii Tn acesf sens. \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 b/ifareo unui tronsrer negativ, ca si anolizarea subiectiviafii relatarilor, vor face ca \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 acesa informafii sS-si pSstreze interesul real si nu sa sporeascS neiSmuririle psiho-\par\pard\ql \li1435\sb2\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex97 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 loguiui. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9620\paperh13580{\bkmkstart Pg300}{\bkmkend Pg300}\par\pard\li1041\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1041\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1041\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1041\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1041\sb80\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx8087 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Exarninarea bolnavului psihic\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 293\par\pard\qj \li1027\sb0\sl- 230\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1027\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1027\sb0\sl- 230\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1027\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1027\ri1103\sb134\sl-230\slmult0\fi278 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Va fi notafS impresia generals pe care persoanele care stau de vorbs cu psihologul \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 o produce, de asemenea, vor fi notate reacfiile pe care starea pacientului le provoacS \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 celor care furnizeaza informafii despre el. \par\pard\qj \li1027\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1027\ri1099\sb119\sl-220\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Se va nota impresia pe care starea acfuala o produce asupra pacientului, credinfele \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 lui despre aceasa stare si despre posibib ei evolufie. \par\pard\ql \li1286\sb112\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 Aneesdene psIhioSic� hwedb-ooSaeao \par\pard\qj \li1017\ri1109\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi287 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Se va nota docS exists un isoric psihiatric propriu sau heredo-coloteral onferior sau \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 daca acesta ese inexistent. \par\pard\li2116\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li2116\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li2116\sb79\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx4358 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 Istoricul bolii prezente\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 durata\par\pard\ql \li4358\sb1\sl-194\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul aparitia cronologica a simptomelor \par\pard\qj \li4353\ri2641\sb2\sl-200\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 suferinte asociate incapacietii \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 revederea intemarilor \par\pard\ql \li4363\sb2\sl- 198\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 tratamentul primit \par\pard\li2102\sb10\sl-207\slmult0\fi4\tx4228 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 Istoricul familial\tab \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul - varsta\par\pard\li2102\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\fi163\tx4348 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 - paring\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul anul morfii\par\pard\li2102\sb1\sl-205\slmult0\fi167\tx4348 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 - frafi/surori\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul ocupafie\par\pard\li2102\sb6\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx4343 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 menjionati Tn ordine\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul sanatate somatica si psihica\par\pard\ql \li4348\sb1\sl-198\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 relajii personae cu paring! \par\pard\qj \li993\sb0\sl-240\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li993\sb0\sl-240\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li993\sb0\sl-240\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li993\ri1132\sb48\sl- 240\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 PrezenfSm orienafiv o posibild schema de deruiare a examenului psihic pe care o \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 considerSm ufils, moi ales pentru psihologul Tncepafor. \par\pard\ql \li1190\sb128\sl-207\slmult0\tx4238 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 � Aspect general si compotament \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 - descriere \par\pard\ql \li4367\sb1\sl-198\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul niveiul starii de constiene \par\pard\qj \li4363\ri2275\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 mod de reactie Tn cursul interviului \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 activitatea motorie \par\pard\ql \li4809\sb1\sl-176\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 viteza \par\pard\ql \li4617\sb19\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 .....cantitate \par\pard\ql \li4617\sb26\sl- 216\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex88 ..:.J__?._!�__i_y._i.Q�L. \par\pard\ql \li4684\sb0\sl-162\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 - miscai involuntare \par\pard\li1180\sb6\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx4353 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 s Vorbirea\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 viteza\par\pard\ql \li4233\sb0\sl- 204\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 - cantitate \par\pard\ql \li4353\sb1\sl- 199\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 continuitate \par\pard\qj \li4343\ri1632\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi9 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 relevanta (legatura - corelare cu problema \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 esentiala) \par\pard\li1175\sb1\sl-186\slmult0\fi0\tx4228 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 e Dispozifie\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 a) consideratii subjective\par\pard\ql \li4233\sb9\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul b)\ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul dispozitia observata de dumneavoastra \par\pard\ql \li4723\sb1\sl-174\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 ,.niyel \par\pard\ql \li4723\sb39\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 ..fluctuajie.. \par\pard\ql \li4800\sb1\sl-198\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul adecvare \par\pard\ql \li4223\sb2\sl-198\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 c) activitate autonoma (neuro-vegetativa) \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9620\paperh13580{\bkmkstart Pg301}{\bkmkend Pg301}\par\pard\li1348\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1348\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1348\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1348\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1348\sb60\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx5155 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 294\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 Psihopatologie si psihiafrie pentru psihologi\par\pard\li1545\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1545\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1545\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1545\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1545\sb79\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx4727 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 � Tulburarile gandirii\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 idei suicidare\par\pard\ql \li4588\sb0\sl-206\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul - preocupari obsesive \par\pard\ql \li4588\sb14\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 - credinte \par\pard\ql \li4713\sb1\sl-198\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 convingen \par\pard\li1550\sb28\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx4713 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 - Percepfia\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 iluzii\par\pard\ql \li4718\sb19\sl-184\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 \ul0\nosupersub\cf23\f24\fs16\ul halucinatii \par\pard\ql \li4583\sb36\sl- 184\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex131 - depersonalizare \par\pard\li1531\sb37\sl-184\slmult0\fi0\tx4579 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 � Orientare\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 \ul0\nosupersub\cf23\f24\fs16\ul Timp - temporal-\par\pard\qj \li4953\ri3858\sb59\sl-180\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 ..-\u8222?pra___ \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex80 ._-_zi_ \par\pard\ql \li5030\sb37\sl-184\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex129 - data \par\pard\qj \li4708\ri3659\sb7\sl-220\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex124 Loc - spatiala \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex125 La persoana \par\pard\li1531\sb22\sl- 184\slmult0\fi0\tx4699 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex128 _ Atenjle �i concentrare\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex128 de spus Tn ordine inversa zilele saptamanii\par\pard\li1531\sb37\sl-184\slmult0\fi3168 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex128 \ul0\nosupersub\cf23\f24\fs16\ul de spus Tn ordine inversa. lunile anuiui\par\pard\li1531\sb32\sl-184\slmult0\fi3168 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex128 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 de numarat din 7 Tn 7 pana la 100 (din 3 Tn 3\par\pard\li1531\sb37\sl-184\slmult0\fi3163 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex128 \ul0\nosupersub\cf23\f24\fs16\ul de la 20)\par\pard\li1531\sb27\sl-184\slmult0\fi148\tx4574 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex128 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 Tnregistrarea �i memoria de\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex128 a) noutati recente, \ul0\nosupersub\cf23\f24\fs16\ul numele dumneavoastra\par\pard\li1531\sb32\sl- 184\slmult0\fi153\tx5020 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex128 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 scurta durata\tab \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex128 - numaratoare pe degete - de la 1 la 10\par\pard\ql \li5140\sb19\sl-184\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex128 (refinerea \ul0\nosupersub\cf23\f24\fs16\ul de numere\ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 ) \par\pard\ql \li4569\sb36\sl-184\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 \ul0\nosupersub\cf23\f24\fs16\ul b) propozitii Stanford- Binet \par\pard\ql \li4569\sb36\sl-184\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex129 c) Nume, adresa, data nasterii \par\pard\ql \li5145\sb36\sl-184\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 Imediat \par\pard\ql \li5059\sb70\sl-192\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 ,\u8222??.\u8222?\u8222?! ___._.*l.d.u.P._.._.'. \par\pard\ql \li5131\sb1\sl-177\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex133 \ul0\nosupersub\cf23\f24\fs16\ul se repeta dupa 5' \par\pard\ql \li1507\sb38\sl-184\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex133 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 � Inreglstrarea �i memoria receneexperienced din ultimeie cateva zile (ex.: \par\pard\ql \li4675\sb36\sl-184\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex124 \ul0\nosupersub\cf23\f24\fs16\ul perioada de spitaiizare, televizor, stiri diferite)\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw4380\colsr160\colno2\colw494 0\colsr160\ql \li1675\sb31\sl-184\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 Memoria Tndepartata\par\pard\ql \li1502\sb0\sl- 184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1502\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1502\sb0\sl- 184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1502\sb153\sl-184\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex124 9 Inteligenfa\par\pard\ql \li1396\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1396\sb0\sl- 184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1396\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1396\sb0\sl- 184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1396\sb174\sl-184\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex125 \u8226? Con�tiin \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 t,a bolii si judecata\par\pard\qj \li1560\sb0\sl-225\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li1555\ri844\sb4\sl- 225\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 Reacfia examinatorului \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex130 fafa de pacient\par\pard\column \qj \li155\ri943\sb0\sl- 224\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex132 evenimente personae din trecut (ex.: scoala, \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex128 casatorie)\par\pard\qj \li145\ri929\sb0\sl-226\slmult0\fi14 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex124 diferite probe: 6 orase, 5 fructe, primii ministri \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex128 \ul0\nosupersub\cf23\f24\fs16\ul razboaiele\ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 mondiale\par\pard\ql \li35\sb29\sl-184\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 Calcul\par\pard\ql \li25\sb32\sl-184\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 Abstractizarea: proverbe, diferenfa si similitudi-\par\pard\qj \li30\ri1827\sb3\sl- 220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex131 \ul0\nosupersub\cf23\f24\fs16\ul nea dintre un gard si un perete (zid) \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 Cititul si scrisul\par\pard\ql \li30\sb31\sl-184\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 Performantele din istoricul personal\par\pard\ql \li25\sb32\sl-184\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex129 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 Se considera bolnav? Care crede ca arfi natura,\par\pard\ql \li20\sb37\sl-184\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex130 \ul0\nosupersub\cf23\f24\fs16\ul cauza. tratamentul corespunzator bolii? \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \qj \li1271\sb0\sl-240\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1271\sb0\sl-240\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1271\sb0\sl-240\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1271\sb0\sl-240\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1271\ri866\sb20\sl- 240\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex128 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 Exaninarea starii psihice trebuie sS TnceapS cu o scura descriere a moduiui Tn care \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex133 arata pacientul, asfel Tncat o alfa persoana care asculta relatarea sa poae recunoaste \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex125 pacientul Tntr-o camera agiomerata. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9620\paperh13580{\bkmkstart Pg302}{\bkmkend Pg302}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw4092\colsr60\colno2\colw5328\co lsr160\ql \li1017\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1017\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1017\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1017\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1017\sb56\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Exarninarea bolnavului psihic\par\pard\ql \li1291\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1291\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1291\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1291\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1291\sb20\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Aceasta include:\par\pard\ql \li1291\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1291\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1291\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1291\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1291\sb94\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 si dacS acestea par adecvae cu\par\pard\ql \li1281\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1281\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1281\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1281\sb50\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Semne ae neTngrijire:\par\pard\column \ql \li8068\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li8068\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li8068\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3936\sb184\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 295\par\pard\ql \li4180\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li4180\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li4180\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li4180\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li48\sb7\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 - aspectul fizic\par\pard\ql \li44\sb19\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 - vestimentatio\par\pard\ql \li44\sb14\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 - gradul de curafenie\par\pard\ql \li39\sb28\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 - parul\par\pard\ql \li34\sb14\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 - machiajul\par\pard\ql \li39\sb19\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 - varsta\par\pard\ql \li39\sb9\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 - sexul\par\pard\ql \li29\sb23\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 - grupul cultural\par\pard\qj \li159\ri2910\sb0\sl- 217\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 closa socials a pacientului \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 igienS deficiarS\par\pard\ql \li29\sb16\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 - barba nerasS\par\pard\ql \li24\sb24\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 - miros de transpirafie\par\pard\ql \li20\sb19\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex124 - haine paafe\par\pard\ql \li20\sb8\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 - haine prea largi datorifa scSderii Tn greuate \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \qj \li1271\ri1608\sb24\sl-200\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 apar Tn mule boli psihice, Tn special Tn: boli depresive, demenfa, schizofrenie \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Intotdeauna notafi orice semn de boab si nivelul constienfei. \par\pard\li1271\sb38\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx4147 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Esfe pacientul\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 - treaz, alert, vigil\par\pard\ql \li4147\sb1\sl-194\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 - rSspund'e normal la stimuli \par\pard\ql \li4142\sb36\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 - adormit \par\pard\ql \li4142\sb13\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 - de nefrezif, nu rSspunde ia stimuli \par\pard\qj \li974\ri1137\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\fi287 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 Spre deosebire de oboseala normals - o stare de constienfa modificata ese infens \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 sugestiva pentru o suferinfS organicS cerebrals - Tn particular delirium, inatenfia apare \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 frecvent si Tn boiile ofective. Testele de orientare pot ajuta ia diferenfierea acestora. \par\pard\ql \li4396\sb66\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \ul0\nosupersub\cf14\f15\fs24 tOR \par\pard\ql \li1257\sb101\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Purtarea fafa de examinator vo fi descrisS. \par\pard\li1257\sb37\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx2678 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Pacientul este:\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 - prietenos\par\pard\ql \li2678\sb9\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 - cooperanf \par\pard\ql \li2683\sb1\sl-198\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 - lomentativ \par\pard\ql \li2673\sb35\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 - suspicios \par\pard\ql \li2678\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 - critic \par\pard\ql \li955\ri1141\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi292\tx1243 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Cei afbfi laTncepuful carierei find sS considere cS suntvinovofi atunci cand pacien-\line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex88 fu \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 refuzS sS coopereze sau declara imediat ca "pacientul e dificil", \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 Oricum, o asfel de afitudine din parfeo pacientului reprezinfS o porte importana a \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 sfarii psihice a persoanei si oferS indicafii despre modul Tn care pacientul se \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 relafioneaza cu ceilalfi Tntr-o anumita perioade de timp. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 Ireouie sa consideram \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 dc\ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 co \par\pard\ql \li955\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 un asemenea comporament: \par\pard\ql \li1238\sb33\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 a) este o reacfie a pacientului b un mediu nefamilior si la o experienfS stresane \par\pard\ql \li1243\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 b) e un simptom de boab sau \par\pard\ql \li1233\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 c) indicS o tulburare de personalitate \par\pard\qj \li1228\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1228\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1228\ri4643\sb23\sl-220\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Deseori denumia activitate \u8222?psihomoforie" \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Se includ aici: \par\pard\ql \li1670\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 - expresii faciole \par\pard\ql \li1665\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 - pozifie \par\pard\ql \li1665\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 - mers \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9620\paperh13580{\bkmkstart Pg303}{\bkmkend Pg303}\par\pard\li1396\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1396\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1396\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1396\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1396\sb80\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx5198 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 296\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 Psihopatologie si psihiafrie pentru psihologi\par\pard\li1680\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1680\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1680\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1680\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1680\sb25\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx4152 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Se noteazS Tn mod special\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 - viteza miscSrilor\par\pard\li1680\sb9\sl-207\slmult0\fi2467 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 - cantifafea\par\pard\ql \li4147\sb0\sl-204\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 - prezenfa miscarilor involuntare \par\pard\ql \li1675\sb14\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Exists miscSri repetitive, aparent fSrS scop sau miscSri involuntare, \par\pard\ql \li1670\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Cond pacientul se miscS foorte pufin, sSrScia gesfurilor trebuie diferenfiafS de: \par\pard\qj \li1382\ri729\sb19\sl-200\slmult0\fi729 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 - akinezia Tn care sunt reduse miscSrile volunfare si de bradikinezia, Tn care \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 toate mi?cSrile sunt lente \par\pard\ql \li2107\sb15\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 - scaderea voinei - Tn care pacientul nu are elanul sS porneasca \par\pard\ql \li2107\sb13\sl-207\slmult0\tx2976 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 - sfuporui \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 - cond pacientul nu se miscS deloc, desi esfe pe deplin consfienf \par\pard\ql \li1665\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Cand exists prea multa miscare poafe fi vorba de: \par\pard\ql \li2107\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 - hiperactiviate \par\pard\ql \li2107\sb13\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 - akafisie \par\pard\ql \li1670\sb1\sl- 198\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Pot exisfa miscSri involuntare care prezina un interes special pentru psihiafrie \par\pard\ql \li2102\sb15\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 - ticuri \par\pard\ql \li2102\sb13\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 - miscSri coreice - origine neurologies \par\pard\ql \li2102\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 - distonie acue \par\pard\ql \li2102\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 - diskinezie fardivS \par\pard\ql \li1766\sb133\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 8.3.4, TULBURARI Dl YOSB1RE SI G&NDIRE \par\pard\qj \li1372\ri749\sb103\sl-220\slmult0\fi278 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Cunoasterea gandurilor unei olfe persoane esfe posibils numai prin vorbire sau alte \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 forme de comunicare, ca scrisul sau gesturile. \par\pard\qj \li1353\ri779\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 Vorbirea si gandirea sunt strans Tegofe si, de obicei, gondirea precede vorbirea. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Tofusi, gandurile pof rSmane nespuse. \par\pard\qj \li1353\ri758\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi297 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Exists o diferenfa esenfiais Tntre forma si confinuful gandirii: forma esfe modul Tn \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 care se vorbeste si confinuful este ceea ce se spune. \par\pard\qj \li1348\ri768\sb200\sl-220\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 De exemplu: putem vorbi repede Tntr-o manierS dezlanatS (forma) dar aceasa nu \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 da indicatii daca vorbim despre vreme sau urmatoarea noastre maso (confinuf). \par\pard\qj \li1339\ri761\sb200\sl-220\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 Vifeze vorbirii variaza mult d'e la o persoana la alfa asffei cS o vorbire moderat \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 rapida sau user mai lenfa nu oof fi apreciate cc morbide. Extremele de viteza pof fi aso� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 ciate cu modificSri Tn volumul vocii si, de asemenea, Tn cantifafea vorbirii. \par\pard\qj \li1339\ri798\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Schimbari Tn volumui vorbirii apar Tn depresie si manie, Tn care vocea pacientului \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 de-abia se aude sau rasuna Tn TncSpere. \par\pard\qj \li1329\ri783\sb17\sl-200\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 O diminuare a vorbirii apare uneori Tn demenfa cand pacienfii yorbesc pufin; din \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 contra pot vorbi muit, farS TnsS sS comunice, co mesaj, decot pufin sau deloc. \par\pard\ql \li1627\sb16\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 CsnHiwiletm vstpbiii \par\pard\qj \li1320\ri776\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0\fi297 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Se va nota dacS vorbirea esfe ezitanta, cu Tntreruperi mai lungi decat cele obisnuite \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 pentru gandire, daca esfe coerene, daca este relevane pentru conversafia curenfS. Se \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 va fine seama cS acestea ar trebui judecafe mai muit prin ceeo ce este relevonf pentru \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 pacient, core poafe fi preocupat de o criza din viafa sa si nu Tn primul rand pentru ceea \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 ce este relevant pentru dumneavoastra, pentru examinafor. \par\pard\qj \li1329\ri806\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0\fi278 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Ezitarea Tn vorbire esfe o frosSfura comuna pentru cei ce sunf anxiosi sau depresivi, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 indecisi sau preocupafi ae necazuri. \par\pard\li1320\sb1\sl- 190\slmult0\fi278\tx3297\tx5131 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Atenfie, surditatea\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 - deseori nebanuita\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 - poafe fi un impediment comun pentru\par\pard\li1320\sb17\sl-207\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 iuenta conversafiei.\par\pard\qj \li1320\ri805\sb0\sl-240\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Se va noa folosirea de catre pacient a unor cuvine create de el Tnsusi (neologisme) \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 sau a unor constructii gramaficaie stranii. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9620\paperh13580{\bkmkstart Pg304}{\bkmkend Pg304}\par\pard\li935\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li935\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li935\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li935\sb157\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx8011 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Exarninarea bolnavului psihic\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 297\par\pard\qj \li921\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li921\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li921\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li921\ri1175\sb173\sl- 220\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 DacS observafi cS tulburoreo de vorbire esfe corecteristicS unei boli este indicot sS \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 dofi un citat. \par\pard\qj \li916\ri1174\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Pacientul poafe vorbi circumstanfial sau poafe frece de la un subiect la altui, aparent \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 fara alt scop decaf confacful social. Aceasa sifuafie trebuie diferenfiafa de tuiburarea \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 asociafiilor de idei Tn care vorbirea, aparent TncearcS dar nu reusese sS urmeze o \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 secvenfS logics. \par\pard\ql \li1175\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1175\sb24\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex128 TuiburSi In sxpimaea gandiii \par\pard\qj \li897\ri1190\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi297 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 Secvenfa logics a ideilor poate fi profund alteraa astfel cS propozifii consecutive \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 sunf nelegate Tntre ele sau o singurS propozifie poate confine elemente complet dispa� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 rate. Intrebati Tntofdeauna pacientul, rugafi-l sS explice osociofia dintre cele douS idei \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 dacS nu suntefi capabili sa stabilifi de Ta Tnceput o legSturS ineligibils. Explicafia va \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 consta Tnfr-o si mai mare tulburare Tn gandireo logica sou va avea o explicafie iogicS \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 care nu a parut evidentS inifiol. \par\pard\ql \li883\ri1199\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi307\tx1185 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Forme maxima de dezorganizare a gandirii exprimafS Tn vorbire este un amesfec \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 de cuvinte nelegate Tntre ele si este cunoscufS sub numele de \u8222?sabfS de cuvine". \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Fuga de ideidescrie tulbuarile de vorbire ale pacientului, Tn general maniacal, care \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 frece de ia un subiect la altui rapid, cu asociafii de idei superficieb sau Tntamplstoare. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Ideile sunt tofusi asociate si pacientul revine, Tn cele din urmS, la tema inifiab. Aseme� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 nea \u8222?fugS" este de obicei asociate cu presiunea vorbirii spre deosebire de tulburarile \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 de gandire din schizofrenie Tn care pacientul rSspunde cu lafenfa crescue. Totusi, Tn \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 practicS, forma tulburarilor de gandire si vorbire din schizofrenie si manie pot fi simi-\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 lare meat sunt dificii de diferenfiaf. \par\pard\qj \li1175\ri3586\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 DacS pacientu! se bbcheazS brusc Tn timpul examinSrii \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 � ce! mai adesea explicafia este cS pacientul e anxios \par\pard\qj \li1171\ri1506\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 9 dar considerafi si boraju! mintai; Tntrebafi-i ce s-a Tnfamplat Tn aceasa pauzS \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 e alfS posibilifate - crizS tip absenfa epileptics \par\pard\ql \li1166\sb4\sl-216\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf14\f15\fs24 Pmmerema \par\pard\ql \li1171\sb12\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Repefifia unui rSspuns Tntr-un mod inufil sou neadecvat. \par\pard\li1166\sb23\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx2606 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 De exemplu:\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 Ce zi e azi?\par\pard\li1166\sb9\sl- 207\slmult0\fi1440\tx3062 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex97 Luni.\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 (corect)\par\pard\qj \li2601\ri4768\sb13\sl-200\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 In ce zi ai venif la spital? \up0 \expndtw- 3\charscalex100 Luni \par\pard\qj \li2601\ri4504\sb4\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Care este numele spitalului? \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 Luni. \par\pard\qj \li873\ri1237\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Perseverarea verbals esfe adesea asociae cu perseverarea motorie si indicS o tul� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 burare organicS cerebrals. \par\pard\ql \li1262\sb112\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 8.3.5. FUNCJ1ILE COGNiWE \par\pard\qj \li859\ri1233\sb99\sl-220\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Aceste teste ar trebui sS fie folosite pentru majoritatea pacienfiior examinati Tn \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 secfiile de psihiafrie si Tn particular trebuiesc aplicate ori de cafe ori exists o posibilifate \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 ca un pacient sS sufere de sindrom psiho-orgonic. \par\pard\ql \li849\ri1227\sb20\sl- 220\slmult0\fi302\tx1147 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Pentru ca festele so aiba valoare, ele trebuiesc prezentate clar si precis. Ar trebui sS \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Tncepefi prin a explica ce inentie avefi si cum avefi de gand s-o punefi Tn practicS. \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \u8222?Acum vd voi mai pune cdteva Tntrebdri pentru a aria cat de bine refinefi si vd des-\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 curcafi. Esfe important sd Tncercafi sd avefi rezulfafe cat mai bune si sd facefi efortul sd \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 vd concentrafi chiar dacd vi se pare foarte usor sau foarte dificii." \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9620\paperh13580{\bkmkstart Pg305}{\bkmkend Pg305}\par\pard\li1320\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1320\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1320\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1320\sb99\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx5116 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 298\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 Psihopatologie si psihiafrie pentru psihologi\par\pard\ql \li1598\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1598\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1598\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1598\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1598\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Notati raspunsurile corecfe si incorecfe. \par\pard\qj \li1593\ri3043\sb3\sl- 220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Nofafi, de asemenea, atitudinea pocienfului fafa de teste. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs22 _\ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 ace Tntr-adevar efortul sa Tncerce sa raspunda la test? \par\pard\ql \li1598\sb1\sl-195\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 � Este incapabi! sS coopereze deoarece este foarte anxios sau foarte depresiv? \par\pard\qj \li1300\ri811\sb5\sl-220\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 o (si pierde rabdarea sau refuza sa Tncerce sa facS esele - de exemplu: pe motiv \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 ca ar fi prea timid? \par\pard\ql \li1588\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Cand inferprefafi rezuifateie aminfiti-va cS ele sunf influenfafe Tnfr-o anumitS masura \par\pard\qj \li1300\ri816\sb11\sl-210\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 - afaf de inteligenfa cat ?i de educafie. Isoricul educational ji ocupafioncl trebuie, deci, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 luatm considerare - afunci cand Tncercam sa decidem semnificafie dificuitSfiior pe cere \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 le pufem Tnfami. \par\pard\qj \li1569\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1569\ri3509\sb202\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 prlentarea Tn fimp si spafiu trebuie Tntai exarninafa. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Injebafi: \par\pard\ql \li1593\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 - In ce zi a saptamanii suntem? \par\pard\ql \li1598\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 - Fdrd sd vc uifafi la ceas, cam ce ora credefi cd e acum? \par\pard\ql \li1598\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 - Pufefi sa-mi spuneii data si anui? \par\pard\ql \li1593\sb1\sl-198\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 - Care este numele acestui loc? Unde ne a flam? \par\pard\ql \li1583\sb15\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Dace acesea nu sunf corecfe, punefi ale Tntrebdri mai defoliate. \par\pard\ql \li1583\sb13\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 - Ce fel ds (loc) instifufie este aceasta unde ne a flam? \par\pard\ql \li1579\sb1\sl-198\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 - In ce oras ne afiSm? \par\pard\ql \li1583\sb35\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 - Cum cjungefi acasd plecand ce aid? \par\pard\ql \li1588\sb1\sl-198\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 - Cum vd numifi? \par\pard\ql \li1583\sb35\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 - Cine sunt eu? \par\pard\ql \li1569\sb1\sl-198\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 Daca pacientul e incapabi! sa raspunca la acesea, Tnfrebafi mai departs: \par\pard\ql \li1579\sb15\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 - Ese zi sau noapfe? \par\pard\ql \li1574\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 - Este o orcl mai apropiafa de 9 dirnineafa sau ne afldm ia mijlccu! zilei? \par\pard\ql \li1564\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 - Afi putea spune dace azi e luni sau mart;? \par\pard\ql \li1574\sb1\sl-198\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 - Este Tnceputul sau srdrsitul lunii? \par\pard\qj \li1262\ri853\sb4\sl-220\slmult0\fi278 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Tofi pacienfii ar trebui sS fie capabiii sS raspunda corect la Tntrebarile despre iclen\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 tlafea personals. \par\pard\ql \li1550\sb11\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Ei ar trebui, de asemenea, sa stie ca sunf Tntr-un spital si Tn care anume. \par\pard\qj \li1257\ri849\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Trebuie so stie precis ziua saptamanii s\\ sa aprecieze perioada din zi cu e diferenfa \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 de aproximativ o ora. Noati raspunsurile la TntrebSriie dumneavoasta aiaturi de ras� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 punsul care ar fi corect (Tn paranteza). \par\pard\qj \li1252\ri844\sb0\sl-210\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 Nofafi orice alte observafii care sugereaza dezorienfarea. De ex.: pacientul poofe \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 avea dificultafi Tn orienarea Tn spial (la salon, par, etc) dupa caeva zile de la internae \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 sau se duce chiar Tn alte saioane, Tn alte pafuri. \par\pard\qj \li1243\ri854\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi297 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Dezorienfarea ese semnul cardinal pentru denivelarea campului de con$tienfa, care \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 este o frasatura c sindromului pslhoorganic acuf (delirium), Aceasa poafe fl acompania\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 fa the o diminuare a perceperii si Tnfeiegerii mediuiui Tnconiurator. \par\pard\ql \li1536\sb5\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 In aceste condifii, atenfia esfe ce asemenea, probabil afecata. \par\pard\ql \li1511\sb195\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs22 Af�i#e p esftniisrss \par\pard\qj \li1252\ri879\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Deficitele Tn domeniul atenfiei si concentred! sunf de obicei evidenfiaoile usor Tn timpul \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 Isoricului. \par\pard\qj \li1248\ri876\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Uneori e dificii so; atragl atenfia pacientului sau, odata captata, sS rie dificii de sus-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 finut. Pacienfui poafe fi disfras de evenimente din mediu, care Tn mod obisnuit sunt iano-\par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9620\paperh13580{\bkmkstart Pg306}{\bkmkend Pg306}\par\pard\li921\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li921\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li921\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li921\sb133\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx7977 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Exarninarea bolnavului psihic\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 299\par\pard\qj \li907\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li907\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li907\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li907\ri1214\sb157\sl- 220\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 rate Tn timpul unei consuifafii medicale ca, de exemplu, pSsSrile care cents ofarS sau \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 o carte de pe masa. Atenfia poafe fi rapid distress cie ia un obiect ia olful. De aseme� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 nea, atenfia poate fi distress de frSiri psihotice ca, de exempiu, voci pe care pacientul \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 le ascuifa. \par\pard\ql \li902\ri1212\sb6\sl-213\slmult0\fi278\tx1195 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 Tesfeb specifice de atenfie se bazeaza pe capacitaea de a urmari secvenele unui \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 material care ese familiar pacientului si cere, deci, nu necesitS o noua TnvSfare. \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 Urmarifi pacientul afaf fimp cot are el nevoie pentru a complete fiecare test, der \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 nofofi \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 (fare sa se observe) cat timp Ti ia. \par\pard\ql \li1185\sb12\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Spunefi-mi zilele saptamanii Tn ordine inversa, Tncepand cu sambata. \par\pard\ql \li1190\sb13\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Spunefi-mi lunile anului, Tn ordine inversa, Tncepand cu decembrie. \par\pard\qj \li897\ri1219\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 Co de obicei: nofafi exact rSspunsul pacientului, duroto necesorS pentru fiecare \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 raspuns. \par\pard\ql \li1175\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Persoanele fare tulburari psihice fac acest test rapid si fara greseli. \par\pard\qj \li1175\ri1897\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 incepefi cu 100, scddefi 7, si apoi continua.fi sd scddefi 7 pana cand putefi. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 Daca pacientul nu Tnfelege ce Ti cerefi, Tnfrebafi: \par\pard\ql \li1180\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Cat fac 100- 7? dar 93-7? Confinucfi pana prin.de ideea. \par\pard\ql \li883\ri1233\sb11\sl- 210\slmult0\fi288\tx1166 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Daca pacientul tot nu Tnfelege sau spune ca e prea dificii, cereti-i sa scada 3 din 20. \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Performanfele sunf mai dependenfe de nivelul educational si infelectual decat tesfeie \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 anterioare si, deci, rezulfateie trebuie sa fie interprstafe Tn lumina istoricului \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 - scoiari-\par\pard\ql \li864\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 zarii si ocupatiei. \par\pard\qj \li873\ri1256\sb3\sl- 220\slmult0\fi273 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Tulburarile de atenfie sunf comune si pof aparea Tn orice tulburare psihiatrice, par� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 ticular Tn star; organice si boli afective. \par\pard\ql \li1151\sb131\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 lsf�giitroma p mssseis: cS� ssyrri duns� \par\pard\qj \li873\ri1231\sb9\sl-213\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex125 Enurnerarea a patru numere esfe un test de memorare si reaminfire imediafS. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 Incepefi prin a expiica: Va vci spune cateva nurnere ca sS le finefi rninte. Cand md \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 opresc, doresc sd le repefafi. De exemplu, dacd eu spun 247 dumneavoastra repetafi \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 247. \par\pard\qj \li854\ri1247\sb2\sl- 220\slmult0\fi302 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Spunefi o serie de trei cifre cu o viteza egalS de 1 cifre/sec. ?i evitand sa accenfuafi \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex124 asupra uneia sau aiteia, Cerefi pacientului so le repefe imediaf. DacS rSspunsul e \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 corect, spunefi 4 cifre folosind o nouS secvenfa, epoi 5 si asa mai cieparfe pana cand \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 Tncepe sa greseasca, sa spunem la / cifre. \par\pard\qj \li859\ri1267\sb17\sl- 200\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Nofafi Tn final numarul maxim de cifre care pot fi corect repefafe Tn secvenfa. Cei \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 mai mulfi aduiti cu un irfeiecf rneaiu se pof descurce cu 7 cifre. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 5 cifre sau mai pufin \par\pard\ql \li864\sb15\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 sugereazd o tulburare. \par\pard\qj \li1147\ri2802\sb3\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Fobsifi testul urrnStar pentru a veririca memoria de scurta duraa \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Numele esfe: Dcmnui Vlad Mdrculescu \par\pard\ql \li2404\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Zorilor 43, ap. 2 \par\pard\ql \li2409\sb13\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Suceava \par\pard\ql \li1151\sb13\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Floarea preferafd: liliac \par\pard\ql \li1161\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Va rog sd repefafi dupd mine, \par\pard\qj \li854\ri1262\sb19\sl-200\slmult0\fi287 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Nofafi afaf numele si adrssa d-afS, cat si raspunsul imediaf. Nofafi ca sunt 9 itemi de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 reaminfit. \par\pard\qj \li854\ri1267\sb24\sl-220\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 Daca pacientu! grejesfe, recitifi acebsi nume si adresa ca Tnaine si rugafi-l sa le \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 repefe. Confinuafi pana cand relatarea e coreca, nofanbl numSrul de TncercSri fScufe. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Cand rSspunsul este Tn fofalitafe coect, spunefi: \par\pard\qj \li864\ri1255\sb0\sl- 240\slmult0\fi273 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Incercafi sa finefi minfe acel nume si acea adresa, iar eu vd voi Tnfreba din nou mai \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 farziu. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9620\paperh13580{\bkmkstart Pg307}{\bkmkend Pg307}\par\pard\li1343\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1343\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1343\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1343\sb162\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx5150 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 300\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 Psihopatologie si psihiafrie pentru psihologi\par\pard\ql \li1612\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1612\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1612\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1612\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1612\sb10\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Apoi continuafi cu aite TntrebSri, de exemplu pentru memoria mai TndepSrtata. \par\pard\qj \li1334\ri788\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 DupS 2 minute Tntrebafi pacientul din nou numele si adresa. De data aceasa nu \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 facefi corecfia greselilor. \par\pard\qj \li1334\ri786\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 DupS TncS 3 minute cerefi din nou sS repefe. Inregistrafi de fiecare daa aspun� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 surile. \par\pard\ql \li1622\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Nofafi care sunt semnele unei memorSri deficitare. \par\pard\qj \li1324\ri796\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi297 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 Nofafi dacS materialu! odaa memorat corect, esfe apoi redat corect ia fiecare soli\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 citare. \par\pard\qj \li1329\ri782\sb17\sl- 200\slmult0\fi287 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 DacS apar greseli, ele sunf aceleas'i de fiecare daa, sau performanta se TnrSufSfeste \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 progresiv - la 5 minute fofS de 2 minute? \par\pard\ql \li1324\ri782\sb24\sl-220\slmult0\fi292\tx1612\tx1598 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 DocS acesf test este folosit Tn ocazii uierioare, utilizafi nume si adrese diferite de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 fiecare daa, de lungime similars si de complexitate similarS exempblui dat. \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Cei mai muifi sunt capabili sS repefe numele si adresa imediaf si dupS 5 minute. \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Trei greseii sau mai multe - ia 5 minute - sunt sugestive pentru un deficit mnezic sem� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 nificativ. \par\pard\qj \li1315\sb0\sl-213\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1315\sb0\sl-213\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1315\ri780\sb20\sl-213\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 Memoria recene poate fi testaa Tntreband pacientui despre experienfeb personale \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 din ultimele zile; pe cat posibil punefi Tntrebari a eSror corectifudine sa poatS fi verifi\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 cata. De exemplu: De cand sunfefi Tn spital?; Cine v-a adus?; Putefi sa-mi povestifi ceva \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 despre programul TV din ultima seard (ieri)?; Ce ziar afi citit de dimineafd? \par\pard\qj \li1315\sb0\sl-210\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1315\sb0\sl-210\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1315\ri780\sb50\sl- 210\slmult0\fi278 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Verificafi memoria TndepSrtaa Tntreband despre experienfe personale, de ex.: Putefi \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 sd-mi spunefi numele ultimei sco/i urmafe?; Cum se numea profesorul diriginfe/direc-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 torul?; Care esfe data cdsdtoriei? \par\pard\qj \li1305\ri795\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Evenimenfe generale din trecut, de exempiu datele celui de- al doiba rSzboi mondial \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 sau numele ulfimilor 5 prim ministri se refers ia cunostinfeb generale mai mult decat \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 memoria de lungS duraa, iar rSspunsurile depind de inteligenfS si de educafie oproxi\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 matjv Tn oceeasi mSsurS ca si memoria. \par\pard\ql \li1305\ri806\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0\fi283\tx1593\tx1593 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 In concluzie, o performanfS redusS se poafe dafora unei educafii precare ot afof de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 bine ca si unui inteiect scazut sau unei boli cerebrale organice. \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Putefi sd-mi spunefi numele a 5 orase din Romania? \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Putefi sa-mi spunefi 5 feluri de fructe? \par\pard\qj \li1588\ri5065\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi9 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Care e numele Primului Minisfru? \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Si al celui de dinainfe? \par\pard\ql \li1583\sb0\sl- 174\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Dovado prezenfei unor dificultafi Tn memoria de lungS duraa se TnregistreozS si Tn \par\pard\qj \li1291\ri815\sb25\sl- 200\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 timpul obfinerii isoricului personal. De exemplu, un pacient poate relata date foarte \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 contradicor!i privind: varsa proprie, varsa penslonSrii, data decesului sofiei. \par\pard\ql \li1574\sb216\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex97 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 ineHigsnfG \par\pard\qj \li1281\ri824\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 VS puefi face o impresie privind nivelul de inteligenfS al pacientului din luarea isto� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 ricului din: volumul vocabubrulul folosit, complexitatea conceptelor folosite, redarea \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 corectS a frazelor Stanford-Binef. \par\pard\qj \li1286\ri819\sb8\sl-210\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 DacS acestea par corespunzSfoare cu istoricul educafional si profesional, si dacS nu \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 exists modificSri aie festelor de memorie atunci tesfeb urmStoare de ineiigenta sunt \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 pufin probabil fobsifoare. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9620\paperh13580{\bkmkstart Pg308}{\bkmkend Pg308}\par\pard\li1065\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1065\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1065\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1065\sb18\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx8107 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Exaninarea bolnavului psihic\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 301\par\pard\qj \li1329\sb0\sl-200\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1329\sb0\sl-200\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1329\sb0\sl-200\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1329\sb0\sl-200\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1329\ri2107\sb48\sl-200\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 O posibib Tntarziere mintab poafe fi evaluae prin TntrebSri simple co: \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Cat fac 3x9?- cat fac 16:4?; \par\pard\ql \li1348\sb15\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Care esfe diferenfa dintre un gard si un perefe?; \par\pard\ql \li1329\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Dacd un steag fluturd spre vest, din ce direcfie bate vantul? \par\pard\ql \li1051\ri1084\sb11\sl-210\slmult0\fi273\tx1320 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 Analfabefismul poate fi un handicap pe care pacienfii deseori se feresc sa-! \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 menfioneze sau se poate sS nu ne astepam la asta. DacS exisfa yreun dubiu, Tntrebati: \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Ai Tnvdfat sd scriefi si sd cififi Tn scoala? \par\pard\ql \li1320\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Afi dori sd-mi ci\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 fifi din acest ziar? \par\pard\qj \li1022\sb0\sl-216\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1022\ri1089\sb110\sl-216\slmult0\fi287 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Testele de absfroctizore pot fi folositoare Tn elucidarea tulburarilor de gandire si se \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 pot aplica numai dacS suspectSm prezenfa acestoa. Rugofi-I pe pocient sS vS spunS \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Tnfelesul a unui sau douS proverbe Tncepand prin a da dumneavoasta un exemplu. De \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 exemplu: Copilul cu multe moase rdmane cu buricul netdiaf si i se explicS pacientului \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 cS semnificafia este dacS prea multe persoane fac acelasi lucru e probabil ca acesta sS \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 meargS foare prosf. Ulterior esfe Tntrebat: \par\pard\qj \li1300\ri2564\sb18\sl-200\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 Afi auzit persoane spunand ziua bund se cunoaste de dimineafd? \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Dacd da, ce credefi cd Tnseamnd? \par\pard\qj \li1022\ri1128\sb4\sl-220\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 DocS rSspunsul esfe pozitiv, seTntreabs despre un proverb mai dificii de inferprefot. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 De exemplu, so nu vinzi pielea ursu/ui din pddure. \par\pard\qj \li1017\ri1104\sb9\sl- 210\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Se io Tn considerore mSsure Tn core rSspunsul pocienfului sugereezS o tulburare de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 gandire (indicond schizofrenie) iar pe de ale parte o incapacitae de abstracfizare \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 sugestivS pentru o boab orgonicS sau debilitate mintab. \par\pard\ql \li1406\sb134\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 8.3.6. TULBURARILE DE COMpNlFF ALE GANDIRII \par\pard\qj \li1003\ri1123\sb79\sl-220\slmult0\fi287 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Confinuful gandirii se observS Tn primul rand din vorbirea pacientului, dar si din \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 aspectele comporamentaie. in aceasa privinfS acfiunib vorbesc mai mult decat cuvin� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 tele. De exemplu, pacientul poate nega faptul cS este suspicios, dar deschide use cobi\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 nefuiui pentru o vedeo docS ascuitS cineva de afarS. \par\pard\ql \li1286\sb73\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs22 PmowpQi \par\pard\qj \li1003\ri1123\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0\fi268 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Temeb dominanfe din confinuful gandirii pacientului sunt dezvSiuite Tn vorbirea \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 spontanS. Notati orice tematicS la care pacientu! se poafe Tnfoarce repetat Tn timpui \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 inferviului, ca si dificultateo pe care o Tntampinafi Tn Tncercarea de a-l rupe de aceste \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 subiecte pentru a-l orienfa cStre alte aspecte aie istoricului si examinSrii sfSrii minale. \par\pard\ql \li1286\sb1\sl-165\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 DacS preocupSrile nu sunt evldente, Tntrebati: \par\pard\ql \li1300\sb21\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 - Care sunt grijile dumneavoastra principale? \par\pard\ql \li979\ri1109\sb6\sl- 216\slmult0\fi307\tx1271\tx1267 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 - Avefi unele ganduri pe care nu sunfefi Tn stare sd vi le scoatefi (alungafi) din minfe? \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 Mulfi oameni au preocupSri dominanfe, dar acestea sunt adecvae circumstanfebr. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 De exemplu, este adecvat pentru un pacient care va trebui sS suporfe o infervenfie \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 chirurgicals majors sS fie preocupat de posibilele riscuri, rezuifaful pofrivif, etc. \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex125 Tofusi, unele preocupSri sunf morbide si confinuful lor poate fi important Tn \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Tnfelegerea diagnosficubi bolii. \par\pard\qj \li988\ri1142\sb4\sl-216\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Ruminafiile sunf idei si feme repetitive avand Tn mod obisnuit un confinut neplacut, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex125 asupra cSrora pacientul se poate opri pentru perioade Tndebngate. Apar Tn mod \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 obisnuit Tn stari anxioase si boli depresive, confinuful lor refiecfoncTstareo afectivS; de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 exemplu, ele potcuprinde idei de vinovSfie, aufostimS scSzua sau preocupSri hipocon\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 driace. Ruminafiile apar de asemenea Tn serile obsesionale, caz Tn care ele reflects \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 starea de indecizie. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9620\paperh13580{\bkmkstart Pg309}{\bkmkend Pg309}\par\pard\li1483\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1483\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1483\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1483\sb32\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx5227 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 302\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 Psihopatologie si psihiafrie pentru psihologi\par\pard\ql \li2687\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2687\sb0\sl- 253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2687\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2687\sb31\sl- 253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs22 Jim \par\pard\qj \li1478\ri747\sb66\sl-206\slmult0\fi278 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Ideile pe care leTmpartSsesc mulfi oameni dintr-un anumit grup cultural sau efnic pot \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 pSrea sfranii pentru alfii; de exemplu, credintele si practicile reiigioase aie unor secfe. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 indivizii pof avea, de asemenea, idei ce pof pdrea idiosincrozice sau excentrice, dar nu \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 suntTn mod necesar simpfomatice pentru o boab psihica, \par\pard\qj \li1468\ri758\sb11\sl-210\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 ideile dominanfe sunf convingeri cu susfinere puternicS din domenii de interes si \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 preocupare specials pentru subiect. Nu sunf idei delirante, deoarece le lipsesfe caiitafea \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 de convingere de nesfrSmufaf. Ideile dominanfe nu sunf Tn mod obiigaforiu indicatoare \par\pard\ql \li1468\sb9\sl-212\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs22 de boab. \par\pard\qj \li1463\ri764\sb8\sl- 213\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Prezenfa posibiia a ideilor deliante devine, de obicei, evidenfS Tn timpul istoricului. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 De exemplu, pccienful cu idei delirante de persecufie va poate povesti despre modul Tn \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 care ceilalfi acfioneazS Tmpotriva lui, eforturiie lui de a se apSra, plangandu-se polifiei \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 sau avocafilor, sou poate deveni suspicios Tn timpul interviului. \par\pard\qj \li1468\ri768\sb0\sl-240\slmult0\fi278 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Nu Tntrebati Tn mod obisnuit despre idei delirante, ci numai dacS ale aspecte din \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 istoric indicS faptul cS ar fi prezente. \par\pard\ql \li1742\sb0\sl-162\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 in acesf caz Tntrebafi: \par\pard\qj \li1756\ri4124\sb17\sl-200\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Credefi cd ceilalfi Tncearca so. vd facd rdu? \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 V-afi simfir vreodata vinovat sau critical? \par\pard\ql \li1756\sb15\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Credefi cumva ca corpul dumneavoastra s-a schimbat Tn vreun fel? \par\pard\ql \li1459\ri754\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0\fi292\tx1737 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Credefi ca dumneavoastra afi fosf Tn mod special ales, sau ca avefi puteri specials? \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Dacd pacientul esfe de ocord cu vreuna din ideile de ma! sus, vor fi necesare Tntre� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 bSri defoliae pentru a vedea dace aceste idei, dacS sunf prezente, saflsfac criteriile de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 idei delirante. \par\pard\ql \li1449\ri776\sb0\sl- 215\slmult0\fi283\tx1732 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Exisa dovezi care susfin pSrenie oaeientuiui? imparfSsesc si alfii ideile iui si T! Tncu\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 rajeaza-Tn direcfie lor? Sunf aceste convingeri posibil de medrricaf? \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Ideile deiirante pof aparea Tn diferite boli minale $1 els fapf foae acesfe bob ooaria \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 etichea comune de psihoze. laeiie delirante ds persecufie si nipocondriace apar Tn \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 multe boli si sunf de mic aiutorTn diagnostic. Aiteie sunf mai suaestivs. \par\pard\li1838\sb134\sl- 184\slmult0\fi0\tx3513\tx3921 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex144 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 @,d, .--_=,\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 _\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \u8222?\par\pard\qj \li1435\ri773\sb112\sl- 220\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Starea afectiva a pacientului poae fi constants Tn timpul interviului (ex, deprimafc, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex124 fara exprimarea emofiilor, sau exaiata), sou sarea emofionala a pacientului poae \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 varia. \par\pard\ql \li1449\ri796\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi259\tx1723 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Atunci cand se face 0 eescnere a Qfecfivircrhi, percrnsfn; foiosfp sunr poiista arecfive, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Intensiatea acestsa, iabiiitatea si oporfunltatea anumior star! afecfivs. \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Paiefa cfecflva poae fi complete (pacientul demonstreaza o game large be stari \par\pard\li1699\sb31\sl- 161\slmult0\fi0\tx2260\tx2486\tx3417\tx4502\tx5289\tx7775\tx7924\tx8462\tx8640 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex148 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs14 - '\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 a\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 -\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 -\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex148 t\\\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 -\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 -\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 -\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 -\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 -\par\pard\ql \li1435\sb24\sl-202\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw- 10\charscalex94 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs22 fkuiar. \par\pard\qj \li1430\ri780\sb4\sl-220\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 intensiaea atsctiv'tSfii poote varle foare mult, de la furie extreme a unui pacienf \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 cu borderline, pane ic; expresia plato sciu iipsitS de expresie a unui pacient cu sindrom \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 Parkinson. \par\pard\qj \li1420\ri801\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Labilifaes psihica incflca faptul ca pacientul frece rapid de !a o sars afectiva lei alfa; \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex124 de obicei aceasa esfe asociate cu afecarea cerebrals. Afectiviaea esfe descrise ca \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 fiind adecvafa sau nu, Tn report cu subiectul discufiei. De exemplu, un pacienf care \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 descrie moarea recente a culva apropiaf, ar trebui sa fie trist (exprimare corespunza\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 eare a afectivitafii); Tn acelasi fimp, un ait pacient poafe sa apara exaitaf si vessl Tn tim� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 pul unei discufii assmanafoare (exprimare neadecvafa o: afectivitafii). \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9620\paperh13580{\bkmkstart Pg310} {\bkmkend Pg310}\par\pard\li1180\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1180\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1180\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1180\sb61\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx8068 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Exaninarea bolnavului psihic\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 303\par\pard\ql \li1435\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1435\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1435\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1435\sb22\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs22 Tdburtsrio depsifel \par\pard\ql \li1454\sb5\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Exominarea dispozifiei are pafru componene imporane: \par\pard\ql \li1876\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 - dispozifia subiectivS \par\pard\ql \li1876\sb1\sl-198\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 - observafia obiectlva \par\pard\ql \li1876\sb35\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 - reactivifaea neuro-vegetafiva \par\pard\ql \li1876\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 - confinuful gandirii \par\pard\ql \li1440\sb15\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs22 Dkpmiia wbissimS \par\pard\qj \li1166\ri1131\sb71\sl- 200\slmult0\fi278 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 infrebati Tn primui rand pacientul despre aprecierea subiectivS a dispozifiei for\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 muland o Tntrebare cu rdspuns deschis: \par\pard\ql \li1449\sb15\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 Cum v-afi simfif Tn ultima vreme? \par\pard\ql \li1454\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 Ce dispozifie afi avut Tn ultima vreme? \par\pard\ql \li1440\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Daca rSspunsul nu e cancbdenf, confinuafi cu: \par\pard\ql \li1449\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 V-afi simfif mai mult vesei sau mai muit abatuf? \par\pard\ql \li1435\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 DacS rSspunsul indica trisefe, atunci Tnfrebafi: \par\pard\ql \li1444\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Cat de trist? Cum iesifi din starea asta? Cum va descdrcafi? \par\pard\ql \li1430\ri2525\sb11\sl- 210\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 DacS pacientul descrie o dispozifie depresivS nu ultafi sS Tnfrebafi: \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Ce gandifi despre dumneavoastra cand vd simfiti asffei? \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 Ce simfifi pentru viifor? \par\pard\ql \li1440\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 V-afi simfif vreodafd lips if a a speranfd? \par\pard\qj \li1151\ri1142\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi273 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex124 Daca rdspunsui esfe dc, sau dace pacientu; are iaei suicidare exisfa un foarte \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 imporant rise pentru viafa pacienfuiui. \par\pard\qj \li1416\ri1877\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Un pacienf care vS spune ca viafa nu are rosf sa tie traita trebuie Tntrebat: \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 V-afi gandif vreoaafa sc terminati cu viafa? \par\pard\ql \li1411\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Afi rdewi vrsodata pianuri cum sd procedaf,? \par\pard\ql \li1420\sb1\sl-198\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Infenfionafi sa le tndeplinifi? So le ciucefi pana la capdt? \par\pard\qj \li1132\ri1156\sb4\sl-220\slmult0\fi278 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 in mad surprinzaar, majoritatea pacienfilor aspund sincer b asemenea Tnfrebari; \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 acr psihoiogu: trebuie so fie In mod aeosebit atent ia ce; ce evita sS raspunda. Desi eel \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 mai frecvent sunf Tntalnie Tn boiile depresive, idsiie suicidare nu sunt limitate ia aceacta \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 boaia. \par\pard\li1905\sb34\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx2227\tx3542\tx3715 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 ,\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex174 r n ' ^\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 <\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex174 -^p\par\pard\qj \li1128\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1128\ri1156\sb80\sl-220\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 mineable pacienfuiui. Dispczlfia "normals" vcriezS (se mociulsczaj frecvent, Tn funcfie \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 de gandurile si experienfeie trSite cs Individ, \par\pard\ql \li1401\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Sunf doua ospscte diferie as noaf: \par\pard\ql \li1411\sb1\sl-198\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Care este dispozifia dzminonta din timpul examindrii? \par\pard\qj \li1132\ri1152\sb4\sl- 220\slmult0\fi273 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 in ce masura fiuctusaza dispozifia daca acssfs tiuctuafii sunt adecvate si Tn cs \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 direcfie sunf acestea indrsptats? \par\pard\ql \li1123\ri1166\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0\fi278\tx1401 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Uneori pacienfii nsagS stcri dispoziiionals neplbcufs, ca dspresia, perpisxifafec; sau \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 suspiciunea, desi exists indicii corrbare cere demonstreazS ca acesea sunf prezente. \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 in particular poae fi o Tncercare deliberate de a disimuia depresia prin refuzul de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 a raspijnde b Tnfrebari si acesf lucru frebuie sa avsrvizeze sxaminaforul asupra riscu-\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 iui suicidar. \par\pard\ql \li1123\ri1171\sb9\sl-210\slmult0\fi254\tx1790 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 Trisefea esfe o trasaera caraceristica a dispozifiei depresive, dar ea singura, Tn \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 sins. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 ~u e un indicaor de boab osihica, Piansul esfe Tn mod obisnuit asociat cu frisfefeo, \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 :rs fi nii'aai o rdddncd ae d_sc::rcars cs ;'e:rs:u; \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9620\paperh13580{\bkmkstart Pg311}{\bkmkend Pg311}\par\pard\li1564\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1564\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1564\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1564\sb191\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx5217 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 304\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 Psihopatologie si psihiafrie pentru psihologi\par\pard\qj \li1545\sb0\sl-216\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1545\sb0\sl- 216\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1545\sb0\sl-216\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1545\ri849\sb154\sl-216\slmult0\fi278 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 In stable depresive mai pufin severe dispozifia se poate Tmbunatati cand pocientul \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 este distras de incidente amuzante, ceea ce (Tn aceasa sifuafie) TnseamnS cS dispozifia \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 reacfioneazS la circumsanfe. In stdrile depresive mai severe, piansul e mai pufin comun \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 si exists o dispozifie mebncolica mai constants, lipsind modubfia normals care poate \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 fi usor confundata cu apiafizarea afectiva. Pocientul poate descrie aceasta sare ca \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 incapacitatea de a avea sentimente fafa de ceilalfi ca de exemplu: membrii famiiiei sau \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 prieteni. \par\pard\qj \li1536\ri861\sb0\sl-215\slmult0\fi273 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Zambetele si rasul sunt asociate cu veselia si euforia, situafii Tn care au caracter \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 \u8222?confagios". Tofusi, eie pof aparea si Tn situafii de nefericire, ca un Indicator al ironiei \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 sau al expectafiei sociale, cand TnsS le lipseste caiitatea de a transmite o reala bucurie. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 Pacientul maniacal nu este Tntofdeauna vesel; deseori el manifesto iriabilitate si nervo\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 zitate daca e frustrat de cei care limiteaza activitafile. \par\pard\ql \li1814\sb1\sl- 202\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 Iritabilitatea esteTn mod obisnuit observatd Tn toate boiile afective. \par\pard\qj \li1531\ri851\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Pacientu! poate manifesto o dispozifie bbib si are pufin control asupra propriilor \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 emofii. Mai pufin obisnuit se Tntainesc afecte inadecvafe sau incongruente sau pacien� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 tu! poate manifesto ase-numita "focire afectiva" Tn care capaciatea de a trSi emofii \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 pare sS se fi pierdut. \par\pard\ql \li1795\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1795\sb108\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 ModificSrile afective suntmsofife de fluctuafii Tn reactivitatea neuro-vegetativS. \par\pard\qj \li1521\ri872\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Putefi observe - palmeie reci si transpirate cand dafi mana cu pacientul. Hiperexci\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 tabiiiatea este caracterizata prin: transpirafii, paipitafii, gurS uscafa, hiperventilafie, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 micfiuni frecvenfe care pot fi evidente si Tn timpul examindrii. \par\pard\qj \li1516\ri887\sb0\sl-200\slmult0\fi278 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 Distonia neuro-vegeativS apare Tn mod obisnuit Tn boiile psihice asociate cu anxi� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 etate, incluzand aici stari anxioase, boli depresive, schizofrenia acue $i cronicS. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9620\paperh13580{\bkmkstart Pg312}{\bkmkend Pg312}\par\pard\li1031\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1031\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1031\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1031\sb147\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx8054 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Exaninarea bolnavului psihic\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 305\par\pard\ql \li1296\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1296\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1296\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1296\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1296\sb5\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex124 O seats db mduem rqpids a dispc-dfei \par\pard\li1113\sb112\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx1238\tx4310\tx7617 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 :.\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 (/A.:\\Mn$ieit8ii-P\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 ^\u8226?^y,-,.-\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 -PPpP\par\pard\ql \li1200\sb14\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 v.'p.l. VVaji sirijit "Tncordat" fi "pe muchie" (la "ananghie")? \par\pard\ql \li1396\sb33\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 2. V-ati necajit, enarvai, suparat (facuf-griji) mat mult? \par\pard\ql \li1391\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 3. A|i est (suiteti) iritabii? \par\pard\ql \li1391\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 4, Avefi dificultafi Tn a va pdinni (relaxa). destinde? \par\pard\qj \li1113\ri2152\sb19\sl-200\slmult0\tx1608 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Daca raspunsul este Data oricare dintre fntrehartfe de mai sos eontinuafi. \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 Dprmiti pfost? .. \par\pard\ql \li1387\sb15\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 6. Avefi cefalee sau o stare'de ..Tncordare-tensiune" Tn cap? \par\pard\li1089\sb23\sl- 207\slmult0\fi297\tx7934 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 7. Amefeala, tremor, transpirafii. diaree frecvent; parestezii, fiuituri, palpitafii\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 etc.\par\pard\li1089\sb9\sl-207\slmult0\fi513 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 (anxietate autonoma)\par\pard\li1089\sb14\sl- 207\slmult0\fi287 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 t Va facefi grijl Tn privintp. sanatafii?\par\pard\li1089\sb9\sl-207\slmult0\fi287\tx1583 \up0 \expndtw- 2\charscalex100 9\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Avefi dificultafi Tn adorniire?\par\pard\li1089\sb14\sl-207\slmult0\fi287\tx1627 \up0 \expndtw- 5\charscalex100 D\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Depresia\par\pard\li1089\sb9\sl- 207\slmult0\fi292\tx1574 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 1\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Avefi o energie scazuia?\par\pard\li1089\sb13\sl- 207\slmult0\fi273\tx1579 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 2\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 V-afi pierdut interesul pentru lucrurile care va faceau placers?\par\pard\li1089\sb9\sl-207\slmult0\fi278\tx1579 \up0 \expndtw- 2\charscalex100 3\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 V-atj pierdut Tncrederea Tn dumneavoastra?\par\pard\li1089\sb14\sl-207\slmult0\fi273\tx1583 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 4\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Va simfifi neajutorat?\par\pard\li1089\sb19\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx1588 \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex108 Daca\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 raspunsul este Da ia oricare din Tntrebaie de mai sus - continual!.\par\pard\li1089\sb4\sl- 207\slmult0\fi273\tx1583 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 5\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Suhteti incapabil sa va concentratl?\par\pard\ql \li1363\ri3628\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\tx1574\tx1579 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 6Afi pierdut in greutate (datorifa scaderil spetituiui)? \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 Va sculafi devreme (fafa de ora obi�nuit_.\}? \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 Va simfifi inactiv, greoi, lent? \par\pard\ql \li1588\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 Vs. simfifi mai rau Tn cursul diminefii? \par\pard\qj \li1075\ri4536\sb63\sl-220\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Se noteaza cu 1 punct fiecare raspuns pozitiv \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 Adunafi scorul A. \par\pard\ql \li1070\sb11\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 Adunafi scorul D. \par\pard\qj \li1080\ri3754\sb0\sl-240\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Starile de anxietate obfin eel pufin un scor de 5 pentru, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Serile depresive obtjn eel pufin un scor de 3 pentru D. \par\pard\qj \li969\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li969\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li969\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li969\ri1181\sb63\sl-220\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 De cele mai multe ori noi suntem consfienti de propriile noastre ganduri, de corpul \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 nosfru si de lumea ce ne TnconjoarS numai Tnfr-o masurS limitatS, dar ne putem con\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 centra atenfia asupra fiecSreia dintre acestea, iar ele au calitSfile si ordinea pe care noi \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 a recunoasem si o consideram de la sine Tnfebasa. \par\pard\ql \li969\ri1161\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi283\tx1252\tx1252 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Acest sentiment de familiarifafe poate fi Tntrerupt Tn mod patologic. TulburSri pot \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 opSrea Tn fiecare dintre modalitafile percepfiei de sine sau a lumii Tnconjuratoore. \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Nu esfe necesar sa Tnfrebafi fiecare pacient, TntrebSri detaliafe asupra tulburarilor \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 de percepfie dar e folositor sS-l Tnfrebafi pe fiecare cateva Tnfrebari de \u8222?screenincf' si \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 sS le continuafi mai insisent dace istoricul sfarii psihice le indicS: \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \u8222?Afi observat vreo schimbare la dumneavoastra sau Tn jurul dumneavoastra pe care \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 sd nu v-o putefi explica?" \par\pard\ql \li1252\sb11\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \u8222?Afi auzit voci ale unor persoane pe care nu le-afi pufut vedea?" \par\pard\qj \li969\ri1190\sb19\sl- 200\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Pacientul poate avea sentimentul nepbeuf cS, desi mediul este acelosi, el sou corpul \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 sSu s-a schimbaf (depersonalizare). \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9620\paperh13580{\bkmkstart Pg313}{\bkmkend Pg313}\par\pard\li1324\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1324\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1324\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1324\sb142\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx5131 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 306\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 Psihopatologie si psihiafrie pentru psihologi\par\pard\li1320\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1320\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1320\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1320\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1320\sb17\sl-207\slmult0\fi288\tx8207 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Invers, poae simfi ca desi este acelasi, mediu! TnconjurSfor este rrroaificat\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 (dere-\par\pard\li1320\sb14\sl-207\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 alizare).\par\pard\qj \li1310\ri782\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 Derealizarea si depersonalizarea apar Tn mod obisnuit Tn sari de obosealS si de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 trezire bruscS, particular Tn asociere cu anxieaea si depresia, mai rar Tn schizofrenie, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 epilepsie si stari induse de droguri. \par\pard\ql \li1598\sb1\sl-176\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 iluziile nu sunf Tn mod necesar pafoiogice si cele mai multe persoane sunt obisnuie \par\pard\qj \li1305\ri787\sb11\sl-216\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 cu iluziile optice sau cu tendinfa cie a \u8222?auzi" pasi care ne urmaresc cand mergem sin\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 guri Tn Tntuneric. Sterile emofionaie, ca anxieaea, au drept consecinfd cceste false \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 interpreted. Probabil cea mai comuna couza pafoiogica o iluziilor este deficitul senzo� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 rial ca Tn orbirea sau surdiafea parfials - un efect similar apare Tn cazul unui stimul \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 senzorial slab sau din cauza Tnfunericului. ScSderea nivelului constiinfei are efecfe simi\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 lare, iluziile fiind Tn mod particular suscepfibile sS apara Tn delirium, \par\pard\qj \li1300\ri790\sb0\sl-226\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Intr-o asemenea stare, mlscariie umbrelor sunt fals inferprefate - de exemplu: miscSri \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 ale unor animae pericubase sau mi$cari ale lenjeriei pe piele pot fi considerae miscdri \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 ale unor insecte. Nu esfe deloc surprinzator cS pacienfii care fraiesc acese iluzii sunt \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 pur si simplu erifiafi. \par\pard\ql \li1579\sb188\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs22 Hdu^nsjiiib \par\pard\ql \li1569\sb5\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Tntrebati: \par\pard\qj \li1305\ri800\sb0\sl-240\slmult0\fi268 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Afi auzif vreodafd voci Tn situafii Tn care nu era nimeni de fafd, sau daca erau per� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 soane, ele faceau? \par\pard\ql \li1588\sb1\sl-174\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 DacS da, \par\pard\qj \li1305\ri796\sb8\sl-220\slmult0\fi278 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 Sunt voci reale, care vin din afara, sau sunt propriile dumneavoastra ganduri din \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 interiorul capului? \par\pard\qj \li1569\ri788\sb0\sl-240\slmult0\fi23 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 V-afi auzif vreodafd propiile ganduri, rostife fare, in afara capului dumneavoastra? \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Intrebafi, de asemenea, despre confinutului vociior: \par\pard\ql \li1583\sb0\sl-162\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Ce spun vociis? \par\pard\ql \li1574\sb30\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Daft- mi un exemplu, ce afi auzif azi, sau ieri. \par\pard\qj \li1276\ri820\sb0\sl- 240\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 Intotdeauna nofafi cuvant cu cuvant descrieri ale trairilor pacienfilor, incluzand \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 confinuful habeinatiibr. \par\pard\ql \li1569\sb1\sl-174\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Halucinafiile auditive pof aparea Tn multe boli Incluzand: schizofrenia, sindroame \par\pard\qj \li1271\ri816\sb8\sl-220\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 orgonics cerebrale, boala maniaco-depresivS, confinuful lor tinde sa fie iegaf de natu� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 re bolii. Prin urmare va trebui Tntofdeauna sa Tnfrebafi despre circumsfanfeb Tn care \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 apar halucinafiile: \par\pard\ql \li1574\sb11\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 - Au apdrut ziya sau noaptea? \par\pard\ql \li1579\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 - Sfdfsafi Tn pat cu lurnina stinsd? \par\pard\ql \li1569\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 - Erafi freaz sau afipeafi? \par\pard\ql \li1560\sb13\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 E dificii uneori da diterenfief o Iluzie de o habcinefie. \par\pard\ql \li1555\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Daca, de exemplu, un pacienf spune ca a auzif o voce spunand: \par\pard\qj \li1276\ri810\sb0\sl-240\slmult0\fi278 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \u8222?Esti o persoana elease Tn moo special." intrebafi: \u8222?De unde venea vocea?"; \u8222?Mci \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 era cineva de fafa?"; \u8222?Aceia vcrbeau?". \par\pard\qj \li1262\ri825\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Pseudohaiucinafiile - ca si iluziile - au o mica specificiae Tn privinfe diagnosticubi: \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Is lipsesJe eaSitatea de vivacifafe si reaiifafe pe care le prezina percepflile normaie %i \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 halucirsafiile. Ele au o califafe "ca si cum", si ele ar ri percepute, fraie Tn spafiul subiec� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 tiv interior. Asfel, qvoce esfe auzita Tn "ineriorul" capului, sau o viziune este vazufa de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 un \u8222?ochi inerior". Intrebafi; \par\pard\ql \li1550\sb1\sl-199\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 \u8222?Suna Tnfocmai ca o voce rsala, asa cum auzii vocea mea acum?" \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9620\paperh13580{\bkmkstart Pg314}{\bkmkend Pg314}\par\pard\li969\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li969\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li969\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li969\sb118\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx8073 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Exarninarea bolnavului psihic\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 307\par\pard\qj \li960\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li960\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li960\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li960\ri1116\sb172\sl- 220\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 Pot aparea Tn orice fel de boli psihice si de asemenea la cei care nu sunf bolnavi \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 psihici, Tn special cei cu mare capacitate imaginativS sau cu intelecf deficltar. Nedife\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 rentierea dintre pseudohalucinafii $i halucinafii conduce uneori la Tncadrarea grejifa a \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 unui pacient Tn categoria psihoticibr. \par\pard\ql \li1343\sb113\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs22 8.3J. CRflCA BOUl |I CAPAOTATIA Df APRECBE A SnUA]lEI \par\pard\qj \li945\ri1141\sb95\sl- 220\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Nu se vor folosi niciodata senfinfe pentru a caracferiza prezenfa crlticii fafa de boa� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 ia psihicS (prezenfa/absenta) deoarece aceasta nu esfe niciodata complete s\\ arareori \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 toal absents. Constiinfe bolii poate fi indicae la diferite nivele de-a lungul istoricului si \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 examindrii psihice. Sunt cornune formulari de felul: \par\pard\qj \li945\ri1106\sb17\sl-200\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 N-am nevoie sd vdd un psihiatru/psiholog. Eu nu sunt bolnav. Famiiia a considerat \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 cd trebuie sd vin aid. \par\pard\qj \li940\ri1142\sb24\sl-220\slmult0\fi287 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Uneori declarative pacienfuiui privind boala sa sunf Tn totals confradicfie cu com� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 portamentul sau non-verbal \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 (desi neaga exisfenfa unor tulburari psihice) accepts cu \par\pard\ql \li940\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 usurinfa inernarea Tn spitaiele de psihiafrie si Tsi ia corect medicafia. \par\pard\ql \li1200\sb195\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs22 Tipuri eefnielsari aJews--- pwio cifies hdll \par\pard\ql \li1228\sb5\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Considerafi ca sunrefi bolnav? \par\pard\ql \li1228\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Ce fel de suferinfe credefi cd avefi? \par\pard\qj \li1224\ri3048\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 Credefi ca sufeinfele dumneavoastra fin de o boala psihica? \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 Care credefi cd e cauza acestei boli? \par\pard\ql \li1233\sb14\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 V-a nelinistit ceva Tn mod deosebif? \par\pard\ql \li1214\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 De ce fel de ajutor credefi cd avefi nevoie acum? \par\pard\qj \li921\ri1164\sb3\sl- 220\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Realismul raspunsurilor pacienfuiui precum si felul Tn care e! resime experienfa pato\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 logicS vor fi cu atenfie evaluae. \par\pard\ql \li1305\sb93\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs22 8.3.10. IIACpA BCAMlNAIORUIiJi RAfA DE PAOEHF \par\pard\qj \li907\ri1160\sb95\sl-220\slmult0\fi287 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Este semnificativ sa fie nofatS reacfia examinaforului Tn report cu Tntainirea avuta cu \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 pacientul. Va fi notata o reacfie pozitiva sau sari ca frlsfefe-a, frustrarea, mania. De \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 asemenea, daca a fosf usor sau dificii ca discufia sa fie controlata. \par\pard\qj \li907\ri1166\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex125 Daca pacientu! este o persoana pasiva, dependents, va va induce frustrarea Tn \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 aceeasi mSsura ca si simpafia; o persoanS agresiva, megabmana sau egocentrica care \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 prela conducerea inerviului, care vS Tmpiedica so; luafi informafiile necesare si va Iasa \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 cu sentimentul de inadecvare si de manie sau alfii, care fac frecvent declarafii despre \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 alfe persoane, Tn special despre medici sau psihologi care i-au dezamSgit si, deci, va \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 indue sentimente de vinovafie. \par\pard\qj \li902\ri1170\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 DacS descoperiti dificultafi Tn sabilirea unei relatii de cobborare cu pacientul, sta� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 biliti Tn ce masura aceasa este deerminae de comporamentul pacienfuiui si daca \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 aceasa ese ceva simpfomafic pentru suferinfa sa psihica acuta. Esfe importanta depis\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 farea dificultafilor de iunga durafa pe care pacientul le-a avut Tn relafiile cu famiiia, cu \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 coiegii de servici sau cu alfii. Reacfia dumneavoastra fafS de pacient este probabil \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 asemanatoare cu a celorblfi si va poate oferi muife indicii Tn bgatura cu personalitatea \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 pacienfuiui, \par\pard\qj \li888\ri1183\sb220\sl-220\slmult0\fi297 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Daele culese cu ocazia examenului facuf de psiholog reprezinta un tezaur de infor� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 mafie exceptional care poae ajuta mult psihiafrul Tn stabilirea diagnosticului si conduits! \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 terapeutice ceiei mai oofnvife. Prezenfafe Tnfr-o ordine loqica si Tnfr-un limbaj de spe-\par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9620\paperh13580{\bkmkstart Pg315}{\bkmkend Pg315}\par\pard\li1583\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1583\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1583\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1583\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1583\sb3\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx5327 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 308\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 Psihopatologie si psihiafrie pentru psihologi\par\pard\qj \li1564\sb0\sl-213\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1564\sb0\sl- 213\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1564\sb0\sl-213\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1564\ri652\sb187\sl-213\slmult0\fi9 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 ciaiitate, aceste date vor constitui dovada certs a nivelului de maturitate profesionab e \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 examinaforubi, Examenul nu va fi facuf niciodaa superficial sau incomplet, psihoiogu! \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 va cere osenfimentul echipei medicale cu care cobboreaza pentru compfetorea acestuia \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 cu probe si teste psihologice adecvate. \par\pard\qj \li1564\ri648\sb2\sl-220\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Examenul psihologie el pacientului psihic este o adevSrata proba de mSiestrie pe \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 care doar cei cu adevSrat competenfi sunf capabili sa o treaca. Satisfacfia unei exami\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 nSri bine fscufe ramane TnsS inegobbib. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9620\paperh13580{\bkmkstart Pg316}{\bkmkend Pg316}\par\pard\ql \li2716\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2716\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2716\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2716\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2716\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2716\sb27\sl-184\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex152 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 db \par\pard\ql \li1252\sb7\sl-196\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 HAFITOLLJL\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw5139\colsr160\colno2\colw41 81\colsr160\ql \li1175\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3878\sb128\sl-253\slmult0\tx4252 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 IL.\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex320 ^\ul0\nosupersub\cf31\f32\fs44 t\par\pard\ql \li1175\sb137\sl-414\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf20\f21\fs36 rbinlA _&.!__ ^1 tmi\par\pard\ql \li2083\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2083\sb0\sl- 253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2083\sb39\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw- 5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs22 AsSi & Mms �m.\par\pard\column \ql \li5894\sb0\sl-138\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li615\sb31\sl-138\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex196 \ul0\nosupersub\cf18\f19\fs12 d,\par\pard\ql \li154\sb29\sl-297\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex157 \ul0\nosupersub\cf17\f18\fs26 jp\par\pard\ql \li20\sb101\sl-368\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf26\f27\fs32 AT \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex166 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 dd\ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 �^_, \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \ql \li3739\sb92\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 Asieirs� db Sais*EK�psgy \par\pard\ql \li921\sb0\sl-161\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li921\sb0\sl- 161\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li921\sb89\sl-161\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs14 &E0OLUL XX: VA Fi ETiC SAU NU VA R DELOC \par\pard\ql \li921\sb41\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex129 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Psihiatria - o practica etica \par\pard\ql \li1483\sb33\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex132 Despre abiizuf psihiatric \par\pard\qj \li1468\ri5173\sb6\sl-240\slmult0\fi14 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex135 Diagnostic psihiafrie fi etica \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex136 Teapie ?f etica \par\pard\ql \li2073\sb8\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 Confident! aiiiatea \par\pard\ql \li902\ri4355\sb6\sl- 240\slmult0\fi1180\tx2078 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 Etica, transfer �i CQiitr'atransfef \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex131 Pslhofarinacofogls �i eticS \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 Boala si stigmat!zarea \par\pard\ql \li902\sb46\sl-161\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs14 0 R E PT U RILE PAC! E M T i LO Fi \par\pard\li1180\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1180\sb105\sl- 207\slmult0\fi4920\tx6412\tx6667 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex55 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 \u8226?<%\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 *\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 ~*\par\pard\li1180\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1180\sb104\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx3316 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 Secclui XXi a porniv sl\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 usDiciiie unor proqrese in cercerarea medico-biolcgiea care\par\pard\li1180\sb0\sl- 108\slmult0\fi2544\tx4094\tx4363\tx6729 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf18\f19\fs12 r-\tab \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 r\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex143 d .\u9632? ~ i\tab \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \u9632? \{\u9632?\par\pard\ql \li892\sb0\sl-162\slmult0\tx2452 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 par de aomeniui \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 iiteraturn sfiinrinco-rcnrasnce. Am numif aici aescifrarea genomului \par\pard\ql \li892\sb0\sl-162\slmult0\tx2443 \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex118 uman, realizarea \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 harfilor genefice si cionarea, Aceste descopsriri au ipuiverizat pur si \par\pard\qj \li868\ri1225\sb18\sl-226\slmult0\fi28 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 simplu granifeie tradifionaie ale bioeticii, si asa rragilizafe be impilcafiile aescapeririior \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 si evolufiibr tehnice anferloore, Sunt greu sau imoosibil de anticipat consecinfele opli-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 corii practice a noilor cuceriri, fare a exisa femerea cS Tn medicina eonempoanS ese \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 prezent riscui remcarnSrii doctcruiu; Frankenstein. Ca esfe asa, exists deja indicii, daca \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 ne gandim ia ,,TmbaqStirea" orsenaluiui medical cu sinucidereo asistata si la faptul cS \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 doar caeva luni ne desparf de nasferec primilor ceafeni-clone ai pianeei. Oare vor fi \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 acestia eufhanasiafi de quvemele fariior care au interzis categoric cionarea umana? \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Oare vor fi excomunicafi ae bisericiie care au considerat o erezie eumpiifa practicarea \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 acestui procedeu de a accede ia vabarea suprema: viafa? DacS noua fiinta nu va avea \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 trSsafurile celorlalti oameni, va fi pSstrata pentru c fi expusa Tn graaini zooiogice sau \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 vor fi Tnfiinfafe gradinile antropobgice? Pared: s-a mai plstif canava taxa de vizifare la \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 ospicii! Lucrurile seTntamplau acum doua secoie iarmgrijitorii TntSrafau bolnavii cu fur-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 ciie de fier pentru a face \u8222?specfacoiul" mai inferesant. Oare ne vom Tnfoarce? \par\pard\qj \li868\ri1256\sb0\sl- 228\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Oare maine seiectia psihoiogicS si exaninarea pacientului va mai fi facutS de psi� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 holog ori de psihiatru, sau de genetician sau psinogenetician, cum se vo fi numind el, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 studiind la mlcroscopui electronic, asisfaf de calculaor, harta genomica a inaividului? \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Sau poate la spectromefru! de masS - psihochimistul, sau la ecranui fomografului cu \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 emisie de pozitronf - psihoinginerul, vor pune irefutabile etichefe melancolicuFui, mania\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 caiuiui, obsesionalului sau poetuiui. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9620\paperh13580{\bkmkstart Pg317} {\bkmkend Pg317}\par\pard\li1406\sb0\sl-184\slmult0\par\pard\li1406\sb0\sl- 184\slmult0\par\pard\li1406\sb0\sl-184\slmult0\par\pard\li1406\sb82\sl- 184\slmult0\fi0\tx5174 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 310\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 Psihopatologie si psihiafrie pentru psihologi\par\pard\qj \li1391\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1391\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1391\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1391\ri782\sb180\sl-220\slmult0\fi268 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Toate acesfe \u8222? amenintari" ale viiforului, numeroasele neTmpliniri si incertifudini ale \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 prezentului, precum si tragediile si ororiie trecute si pofenfiale fac ufib discufia dimensi\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 unii etice o psihiatriei. \par\pard\ql \li4771\sb118\sl-368\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex99 \ul0\nosupersub\cf26\f27\fs32 Aet. \par\pard\qj \li1391\ri806\sb175\sl-220\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Proctica psihiatrica este caracferizatS de anumite incertifuaini si ambiguifafi ce tre� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 buiesc accepate, der limifofe (ChiiJiS V, ChiHj9 R, 199-4). \par\pard\qj \li1387\ri796\sb20\sl- 220\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Responsabilitatea muncii clinice Tnseamnd acfiune,. implicare, detasare si convinge� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 rea cS ajufi pacientii (Msehenie D, 1989). Profesionalizarea psihiatriei si aprofundarea \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 psihopaologiei pot sa apara ca bazS eticS. \par\pard\qj \li1377\ri800\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Cunoasterea este Tntofdeauna un principiu prin excelenfS efic Tn medicinS si psiho� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 logie. Problema Tncepe atunci cand se pun Tn discufie fundamenteie comporamentului \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 social deoarece psihiatru!, asa cum arata orice anaiiza isforicS, nu se poate opri Tn de\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 mersui sau la determinarea strict biologice sau etiologies, ci Tsi punem acord activita� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 tea cu concepfiile societSfii despre comportamentul social. \par\pard\qj \li1358\ri796\sb0\sl-223\slmult0\fi302 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Exists un mare numar de tulburari psihice Tn care nu se poate vorbi de un determi� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 nism etiobgic cert. Atitudinea psihiatrului fafa de acestea, Tn special fafa de cele care \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 par sS albS o determinare nets psihosociala, nu va fi una de pasivitafe doar pentru cS \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 acesf model nu mai este modelul medical al bolii. Irnplicarea terapeutica, Tn special \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 atunci cand esfe vorba de psihoterapie, devine una clar implicae Tn modeiele norma\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 litafii, acceptate la un moment daf, si legato de modeiele ideologice si axiologice aie \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 tiecSrui psihiatru sau psiholog. \par\pard\qj \li1358\ri811\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Cu foate posibilele nuanfe si limite, credem ca acfiunea Tn favoarea si spre binele \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 pacienfuiui esfe calea etica si nu ruminafia steriiS despre dreptul de ingerinfa sau Imper\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 fecfiunea sistemului diagnostic vazut ca un ablou mendeleevian. \par\pard\qj \li1334\ri814\sb0\sl-222\slmult0\fi307 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Chiar comparaa cu, sS spunem, o discipline medicals extrem de preclsS cum ar fi \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 chirurgia, psihiatria nu se va dovedi un domeniu mai pufin exact sau cu o infervenfie \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 mai neqliienfa. Medicina rSmane o sfiinfS empirics, un demers ai fiecSrui caz si cu atat \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 mai mult psihiafrie vo fi aso. Nu grupa schizofreniilor ese o invenfie psihiatrice, ci fap� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 tul cS unui sau altui dintre psihiatri au inclus Tn ea Tn mod gresit un pacient pentru care \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 nu exisfau suficiente argumenfe de includere. Riqoarea procustianS devine o armS \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Tmpofriva psihiafriei atunci cand ea opereaza cu un model al normalitafii exagerat si \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 nu cu unui al bolii. \par\pard\qj \li1334\ri815\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Esfe evident cS excesul de zel nosografic poate bsa cei muif fara asisfenfa psihia� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 trica un numSr de ooinavi si Tn nici un caz nu va include Tntre \u8222?asisafii" psihiatriei sSnS\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 tosii. De altfel, se exagereaza mult asupra faptului cS psihiatrii Tncearca sS psihiafrizeze \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 sociefafea. Nu psihiafrul este cei care poate iansa comanda socials si nicSieri Tn lume \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 psihiatrii sau psihologii nu sunt Tndrifuifi sc intervina Tn mod acfiv Tn selecfarea de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 pacienfi. \par\pard\ql \li1718\sb109\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 9.2.1. DESPRE MMM, PSIHIAMIC \par\pard\qj \li1315\ri834\sb115\sl-225\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 S-a vorbit si se vorbeste muit de enomenu! abuzuiul psihiatric vSzut ca un fenomen \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 politic. Credem ca trebuie foarte clar diferenfiafe cele doud fenomene, abuzui de putere \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 personals si \u8222?coiaborafionismu!" care poate privi orice activitate medicals sau socials \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Tn care specialist^ aplica poiitici sau cresaza ,,realifafi parable" cu realitatea socials. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Afirmam raspicat ca acesf demers nu vrea sa scuze pe nimeni si nici sa diminueze cu \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9620\paperh13580{\bkmkstart Pg318}{\bkmkend Pg318}\par\pard\li1008\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1008\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1008\sb186\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx8102 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Dentoiogie si etica Tn psihiafrie si psihopatologie\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 311\par\pard\qj \li993\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li993\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li993\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li993\ri1077\sb191\sl- 220\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 nimic vina celor care, prabusifi din dimensiunea morals si etica, au foiosif auforifafea \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 sau cunosfinfele profesionab pentru a limia ia comands politico drepturile indivizilor \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 sSnSfosi sau bolnavi Tn numele psihiafriei. \par\pard\qj \li984\ri1083\sb20\sl-220\slmult0\fi297 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 Fiecare trebuie sS poarte raspunderea actelor sale. A face generalized asupra psi� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 hiatriei dintr-o onurnlfS epocS sau asupra tuturor psihiafrilor core eu lucrot ponS Tn \up0 \expndtw- 2\charscalex100 1 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 989 esfe, credem, odevSraful abuz. Nimeni nu a deschis o dezbafere incriminaforie \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 despre felul Tn care ginecoiogii erau obligafi sS raporteze numSrul de sarcini nou depis\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 fafe cu ocazia examenelor ginecobgice obiigatorii. \par\pard\qj \li969\ri1099\sb16\sl-225\slmult0\fi297 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 Nimeni nu s-a Tntrebat si nu se Tnfreaba de ce examenul ginecobgic, de exemplu, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 esfe obiiaotoriu la obfinerea carnefuiui auto. Nimeni nu se Tntreabs ce rafiuni inconsti� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 enfe au rScut ca Tn Romania termenul de reabilitare universal recunoscuf Tn psihiatria \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 europeana sS fie Tnbcuif cu eel de reseddisQ?� si pentru ce un instituf de psihiafrie \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 soda's (realizaf- atenfiei - dupS caderea comunismului) are grafii la feresfre. \par\pard\qj \li969\ri1113\sb120\sl-220\slmult0\fi297 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 Revenlnd la celabit tip de obuz, obuzul de putere personals Tn numele psihiatriei, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 mai frecvent si, din acesf motiv, ia fel de pericuios ca si primui, trebuie sa notSm aici \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 cateva din principaleie cauze ale acestuia: \par\pard\ql \li1252\sb31\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 - influenfa socials asupra rafionamenfulu! diagnostic \par\pard\ql \li1252\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 - biografiile personale si sociob ale psihiatrului \par\pard\ql \li1257\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 - confexful socio-cuitural \par\pard\ql \li1252\sb33\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 - constrangeri sociaie \par\pard\ql \li1353\sb95\sl- 253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs22 9.2.2. DIAGNOSTIC P5IHIAIUC |i mcA \par\pard\qj \li950\ri1131\sb86\sl-230\slmult0\fi297 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 importanfa eticii psihiatrice decurge din compiexitafea aspectelor care caracterizea� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 zS aceasa specialifafe medicals Tn care, de ce sS nu recunoasfem, exisfa mai multe incer\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 tifudini si ambiguitSfi decat Tn ceielaite speciaiiafi clinice. \par\pard\ql \li950\ri1130\sb0\sl-226\slmult0\fi292\tx1238 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Pentru a reliefa obllgafia de a cunoaste si aprofunda dimensiunea eflca a ccfului me� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 dical Tn psihiafrie, sa iuSm mai Tnfai exempiul diagnosticuiui psihiatric. \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Dintofdeauna, diagnosficui psihiatric a sedus si TnspSimantaf deopotriva prin muitipb-\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 le vaienfe pe care le presupune. \par\pard\qj \li935\ri1153\sb13\sl-220\slmult0\fi297 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex124 Rsleh W frece Tn revisa doar o parte dintre robrile pe care acesa le poate juca. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Asffei, diognosficui psihiafrie poate fi privif ca: \par\pard\ql \li1238\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 � Explicate, atenuore si discuipare \par\pard\qj \li1233\ri4517\sb3\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 � Transformare a devianfei sociele Tn boab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 � Exciudere si dezumanizare \par\pard\qj \li1228\ri3297\sb0\sl-240\slmult0\fi9 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 - ipoteza care se autoconfirma (profsfie autoreaiizatoare) \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 � Discreditare si pecleapsa. \par\pard\qj \li940\ri1146\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\fi287 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 Nu de putine ori un diagnostic de boab psihicS a fosf soiicitat ca protecfie Tn fafa \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 unei situafii limits, Se poate evifo asffei o peaeapsa penab, obfine o scufire de sfagiu \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 miliar, aproba un avort Tntr-o iunS mare de sorcinS, obfine o pensionere medicals etc. \par\pard\qj \li931\ri1155\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi297 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Pe de alfa parte, au exisfaf perioade Tn care diagnosficui a reusif sS \u8222?purifice" socie\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 tafea si sS linisteasca angoaseie puritaniior, atribuind unor comportamente inaccepta\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 bile social \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 (ex.: homosexualifatea) expiicafii psihopatologice. \par\pard\qj \li931\ri1143\sb0\sl- 230\slmult0\fi287 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Unele regimuri dlcfaforiale au foiosif etichefe bolii psihice pentru a exclude si chiar \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 extermina indivizi sau grupuri sociale considerate \u8222? indezirabiie". Pentru exempliricare, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 nu e nevoie decaf sS reamintim de oerloada hiflerisfS sau pe cea Stalinists. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9620\paperh13580{\bkmkstart Pg319}{\bkmkend Pg319}\par\pard\li1406\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1406\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1406\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1406\sb99\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx5150 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 312\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 Psihopatologie si psihiafrie pentru psihologi\par\pard\qj \li1391\sb0\sl-216\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1391\sb0\sl- 216\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1391\sb0\sl-216\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1391\ri830\sb186\sl-216\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Una dintre ceie mai nefericite consecinfe ale unui diagnostic psihiatric ramane Tnsa \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 aceea de a Tnfari prejudecafile celor care considers o anumite persoanS \u8222?nebuna". In \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 absenfa unor criterii obiective bazate pe probe paraciinice, mule diagnostice psihia� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 trice formulate neglijent sau superficial, se pot autoconfirma prin depresie, anxietatea \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 sau chiar reacfia catastroficS pe care o pot provoca individului etichetat ca fiind bolnav \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 psihic. \par\pard\qj \li1387\ri831\sb1\sl- 220\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Din pScate, diagnosficui psihiafrie poets fi foiosif si ca o redutabila armS de discre\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 diare. Ese suficient uneori ca medicul sa \u8222?scape" un cuvant ca schizofren, maniacal, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 dement, instabii emotional, referindu-se la o persoanS publics pentru ca moss-media \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 sa preia imediaf cuvintele acestuia si, Tn acest fel, sa compromita si, poafe, sS distruge \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 aceo: persoana, \par\pard\qj \li1387\ri819\sb220\sl-220\slmult0\fi278 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 latS doar cateva argumenfe pentru a recunoaste cS abuzu! de diagnostic psihiatric \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 esfe o problems majora ae eticS pentru ca, asa cum concluziona R@iSs W, el este mai \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Tntai de toate o problema umand care fine probabil mai pufin de coruptibilitafea mem\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 brilpr profesiunii si mai curand de nevoile si de vulnerabilifafile omenesii. \par\pard\ql \li1660\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 In psihiafrie exista o serie de Iegaturi imcorfanfe Tntre conceotele de diagnostic si \par\pard\ql \li1382\sb13\sl-232\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw- 3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs22 eticS MA We 1999; FylesJ KWM, 19941 \par\pard\qj \li1377\ri835\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi273 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Jusfificarea eticS pentru traamentul psihiatric fare conslmfamcnful pccienTulul se \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 leago direct de diagnosficui unei tulburari mintale, Acesf lucru esfe refiecfat de legiie \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 sanafafii mintale privind tratamentul fara consimtamanfu! pacienfuiui care necesie, pe \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 langS un element de rise, prezenfa unei tulburari mintale. \par\pard\qj \li1372\ri840\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 In mod asernanator, Tn dreptul penal, apararea bazata pe evocarea nebuniei, pe \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 faptul ca cineva care a comis o Intracfiune, ca nu esfe responsabil moral pentru acfiuniie \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 sale, se bazeaza pe diagnosficarea unei tulburari mintab [Tn general psihotica), \par\pard\qj \li1358\ri848\sb0\sl-215\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 O mare parte a diagnosticeio" diferenfiale din psihiafrie au o dimsnsiune morola. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Cei mai eecyenf exemplu esfe diferenfierea Tntre personalitatea psihopatice (un concept \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 medical) si cieSincvenfa (ur> concept moral). Alte diagnostice diferenfiafe din punce! de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 vedere medical/moral includ isteria/simubrea Tn vederea sustragerii din fafa unei \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 responsabilitafi si aicooiismui/betia simpls, \par\pard\ql \li1363\ri838\sb4\sl- 220\slmult0\fi283\tx1641 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Unele dintre ceie mai grave abuzuri ale psihiafriei, care au fosf olosite ca mijioc de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 control social, au fosf produse prin folosirea eronatS a concepelor de diagnostic. \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Aceste Iegaturi Tnte diagnostic si etica, desi exists Tn toae medicina, sunf muit mai \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 evidenfe Tn cazul psihiatriei. Scuza \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \u8222?nebun, nu vinovat'' foiosifS Tn fafa iegii pentru a \par\pard\qj \li1358\ri864\sb17\sl-200\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 scapa de pedepsele legale reflects, spre exemplu, faptul ce boala implica Tn general \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 pierderea simfului responsabiiiafii. \par\pard\qj \li1348\ri854\sb32\sl-210\slmult0\fi297 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Legatura mai accentuate Tntre diagnostic si etica, Tn cazul psihiatriei, este una din \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 parficubrlfafiie de diferenfiere Tntre boala mintala si cea somaficd. Din acesf punct be \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 vedere, diferenfa dintre psihiafrie si restul medicinei este una de nivel. \par\pard\ql \li1742\sb95\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs22 9.2.3. TSiAKE f ? I1CA \par\pard\qj \li1343\ri861\sb123\sl-210\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Acfu! terapeutic, fie ca este vorba de psihoterapie sau de traamenf medicamenfos \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 cuprinde, de asemenea, aspecte efice pe core orice profesionist din domeniul sanafafii \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 psihice esfe obligaf sS le cunoasca. \par\pard\qj \li1343\ri857\sb22\sl-220\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Primul dintre aspectele efice care caracterizeazS rebfia ferapeut-pacienf, cu afaf \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 mai mult Tn psihiafrie esfe pSsfrarea confidenfialiatii. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9620\paperh13580{\bkmkstart Pg320}{\bkmkend Pg320}\par\pard\li1089\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1089\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1089\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1089\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1089\sb75\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx8188 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Deontologie si etica Tn psihiafrie si psihopatologie\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 313\par\pard\qj \li1060\sb0\sl-233\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1060\sb0\sl-233\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1060\sb0\sl-233\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1060\sb0\sl-233\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1060\ri998\sb165\sl-233\slmult0\fi297 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Confidenfialifateo esfe una dintre piefreie de femeiie ale rebtiei erapeutice. IncS din \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 vremea lui Hipoeeri�, s-a considerat ca medicul trebuie sS pSsfreze secrets informafia \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 obfinufe de ia pocient Tn cursul evaluarii sfSrii sole de sonSfafe sau de-a lungul \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 desfSsurarii trafamentului sau. \par\pard\qj \li1075\ri970\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\fi268 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 \u8222?Ceea ce as putea vedea sau auzi, Tn cursul trafamentului sau Tn afara lui, despre \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 viafa pacienfilor, povestiri ce ar putea ti rdspandife prefufindeni, lucruri rusinoase vor \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 fi pa strafe doar pentru mine, pentru a nu se vorbi despre ele". \par\pard\qj \li1060\ri997\sb0\sl- 240\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 Fiecare medic ese guvernaf de etica profesiei sab, care cere ca informafia primita \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 de la pacienf sS fie secrets. \par\pard\qj \li1051\ri993\sb0\sl-226\slmult0\fi302 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Principiile Eticii Medicale ale Asociaflei Medicale Americane sabiiesc urmStoarele: \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \u8222?un meaic trebuie sd respecfe drepturile pacienfilor si sd profejeze informafiile confi� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 dential ale acestuia, Tn conformifafe cu constrangeriie legit". In acelasi sens, Consiliu! \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Asociafiei de Etica si Afaceri Juridice a formubt urmStoru! enunf: \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \u8222? Medicul nu trebuie \par\pard\qj \li1041\ri985\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi14 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 sd dezvdluie informafii confidenfiale fdrd consensul pacientului, cu excepfia situafiilor \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 prevdzufe de lege sau Tn cazul protejdrii buncsfdrii individuate sau a inferesului public" \par\pard\ql \li1852\sb6\sl-217\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs22 MifiMmf^M?). \par\pard\ql \li2097\sb213\sl- 230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 ..VIZITA SAPTAmANALA" - UN CAZ DE 4BUZ PSIKIATRJt \par\pard\ql \li1425\sb129\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 0 saia plina cu bolnav; si medici, studenti sipsihologi, \par\pard\qj \li1132\ri1102\sb3\sl- 220\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 fn fafa bolnavilor adunafi cu fore din saloane (vizita de vinerl este obiigatoriei) -\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 unii dintre el avand o mare neliniste provocata de situate, alfii resemnafi sau indite\up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 renfi \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 - sta \u8222?comisia medicala". In fruntea comisiei seful secfei, un soi de Charcot \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 dambovifean, care face din apeiarea pacienfilor �1 prezenfarea publica a acestora \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 celorialp pacienfi, a simptomelor si tratamentului fiecaruia :-;;tiri: spectacol pe care Tl \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 considers stiinfific si ca avand valenfe terapeutice. Ceilalfi medici din sectieiprezintg \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 ia randul lor, cu zel cazuriie; bolnavii nominalizati stau umili Tn picioare, T�i raporteaza \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 cu Jena starea eau, uneori, nu zic nimic. Nelipsita asistenta sefa, cerberu! �efulu| de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 secfie, asista satisfacuta si gae de masuri drastice la originalul spectacol-\par\pard\qj \li1132\ri1116\sb37\sl-200\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Experienfa este de neuitat fi nurnerosi pacienfi, dupa externare, refuza orice con� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 tact cu secfia Tn care au fost internafi. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 0 parte din el cei' externarea numai pentru a \par\pard\ql \li1142\sb15\sl-207\slmult0\tx2409 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 nu fi expa^i la \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 ,spectacolul" vizitei publice. Satisfacerea fantasmelor sadice �1 exhibi-\par\pard\qj \li1123\ri1116\sb23\sl-220\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 fioniste ale psihiatrilor este evidenta; justificarile sunt legate de potentialul didactic ai \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 prezentarii sipastrarea unei tradifii care ar disculpa psihiafrul de orice responsabili\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 tate pe criteriul unui domeniu de excepfie Tn care altemativeie ar fi egale. \u8222?A�a-i psP \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 hiatria. La noise poatedieeP \par\pard\ql \li1416\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1416\sb24\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Nota: Codui deontologie al Colegiuiui Mediator din Romania prevede explicit: \par\pard\qj \li1132\ri1119\sb3\sl-220\slmult0\fi268\tx1795 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Art. \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 14. Obiectul secretului constituie tot ceea ce medicul Tn calitatea lui de profe\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 sionist a aflat direct sauPndirect in iegatura cu viafa intima a bolnavului, a famiiiei, a \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 apsriinaiorilor precum�i problemeie de diagnostic, prognostic, tratament, circumsian\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 te Tn iegatura cu boaia �i alte diverse fapte, inciusiv rezuliatul autopsiei. \par\pard\qj \li1118\ri1115\sb60\sl-220\slmult0\fi283\tx1795 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 Art. \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 145. Psihiatrii nu trebuie niciodata sa-�i foloseasca posibiiitapie profesionale \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 pentru a viola drepturile omului, sau demnitatea unei persoane cu sau fara tulburari \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 psihice, indiferent de prejudecafile, dorintele, sentimentele si creo'infele personate. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9620\paperh13580{\bkmkstart Pg321}{\bkmkend Pg321}\par\pard\li1377\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1377\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1377\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1377\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1377\sb108\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx5150 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 314\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 Psihopatologie si psihiafrie pentru psihologi\par\pard\qj \li1363\sb0\sl-215\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1363\sb0\sl-215\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1363\sb0\sl-215\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1363\ri806\sb194\sl- 215\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Esfe bine cunoscut, cS atunci cand o persoanS caua Tngrijire medicals, problemeie \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 pe care el le dezvSluie sunf afaf de personale, Tncat medicul esfe obligaf sS nu le dis-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 cute decat cu persoanele direct implicate Tn tratamentul pacienfuiui respectiv. Ingrijirea \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 medicals a unei persoane poate fi imporana Tntr-un litigiu de genul divorfubi sau \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 cazurile medico-iegale. Istoricul medical al unei persoane poate intereso sistemul crimi-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 nalistic ai jusfitiei, mai ales dacS persoana respectivS a fost acuzaa pentru o crimS si \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 poate influenfa, de asemenea, nafura sentintei. in plus, mass-media esfe deseori infere-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 saa de problemeie medicale ale persoanelor publice, de exemplu politicieni, sportivi de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 performanfS si aceasta doar pentru a face deliciui revistelor \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 \u8222?de scandal". Cu toate \par\pard\ql \li1353\ri806\sb5\sl-216\slmult0\fi9\tx1646 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 acestea, Tn fiecare dintre aceste circumsfanfe. doar pacientul hoarSse cine este eel care \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 are grijS de sSnStafea sa si care stie detaliile privind Tngrijirea si tratamentul sSu. \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 DezvSluiriie pacientului, conciuziile exarninarii. investigafiile paraclinice, diagnos� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 tice, planurile de tratament, prognosticul sunt confidenfiale si nu pot fi dezvSluife fsre \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 consimfSmanful pacienfuiui, decat Tn cazul unei cereri fScute de outoritati Tn numele \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 legii. In general, informafiile medicale nu pof fi dezvSluife nici famiiiei acestuia farS \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 consimfSmanful pacientului. \par\pard\qj \li1353\ri828\sb1\sl-220\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Evident cS Tn aceeasi sifuafie, Tn ceea ce priveste secretul profesional, se afb si psi� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 hologul clinician care, direct sau indirect, afis informafii cu caracter confidential Tn fim\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 pul examinSrii bolnavului psihic. \par\pard\qj \li1334\ri825\sb0\sl- 226\slmult0\fi297 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Domeniul terapeutic Tn care confidentialifatea are cea mai mare valoare esfe psi� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 hoferapia. Prin profunzimea si infimitafea pe care le capSfS rebfia medic-pacient aflafi \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Tntr-un proces psihoterapeufic, aceasta devine teriforiui unor ample dezbateri despre \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 efica psihiafrica. \par\pard\qj \li1334\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1334\ri842\sb75\sl-220\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Parghiile care imprimS rebfiei psihoterapeut-pacient poafe cea mai intensa dinami\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 ca sunt transferu! si contrafransferul, care, desi caracterizeazS orice relafie medic-pa� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 cient, Tn psihiafrie ele sunf extrem de pufemice. \par\pard\qj \li1329\ri843\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0\fi278 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Transferu! este definit de modelul general ca un set de asteptSri, convingeri si ras� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 punsuri emofionaie pe care pacientul le aduce Tn rebfia medic-pacienf; ele nu sunf de� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 terminate Tn mod necesar de cine esfe medicul, sou cum ocfioneazS el, ci mai degraba \par\pard\qj \li1320\ri839\sb4\sl- 216\slmult0\fi43 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 3e experienfele continue pe^care pacienfui le-a avut de-a lungul viefii cu alte persona\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 i itSfi. Afifudinea pacienfuiui fafS de medic sau psiholog esfe suscepfibib sS fie o repeflfie \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 a atitudinii pe care ei sau ea au avut-o fafa de eife ouforiafi. Aceasa afitudine poafe \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 varia de la o afitudine bazab realists - Tn care doctorul sau psihologul se osteopa ia \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 eel mai aufentic interes din partea pacienfuiui, la o supraideolizore Tnsofia nu de putine \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 ori de fanfasme erotice panS la una de nemcredere, asfeptandu-se ca medicul sa fie \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 dispretuitor si eventual cbuziv. \par\pard\qj \li1320\ri864\sb21\sl-220\slmult0\fi278 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Sunt necesare muit profesionalism si experienfa pentru rezolvarea tronsferului pa� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 cienfilor. In caz contrar, exploafarea unui transfer pozifiv fSrS ca ocesf lucru sS fie Tn \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 scop pur terapeutic, se Tnscrie ca unui dintre cele mai grave abuzuri Tn psihiafrie. \par\pard\qj \li1296\ri853\sb0\sl-223\slmult0\fi302 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Ce s-ar Tntampio oare daca psihiatru! sau psihologul ar accepta favorurile sexuale \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 ole unei paciente aflafe Tntr-un episod maniacal, farS ca aceasta, Tn dezinhibifia care \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 o caracferizeoza, sS reaiizeze mScar consecinteie gesfului pe caret! face? Sau dacS ar \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Iasa sau influenfa un asffei de pacienf sS-i ofere bunuri moferiaie, pe care acesta, din \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 lipsa de critics si sentimentul cie grandoare, i le-ar asigura cu foarte mare probabili� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 tae? Dar dace, aflat Tn fafa unui pacienf varsfnic cu un sindrom deteriorativ, i-ar con\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 vinge sa renunfe, de exemplu, la bunurile sab imobiliare Tn favoarea lui? \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9620\paperh13580{\bkmkstart Pg322}{\bkmkend Pg322}\par\pard\li1022\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1022\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1022\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1022\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1022\sb123\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx8054 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Dentologie ?i etica Tn psihiafrie si psihopatologie\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 315\par\pard\qj \li1003\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1003\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1003\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1003\ri1122\sb160\sl- 220\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 Au exisfat suficienfe cazuri, din pScate cat se poate de reale, ca sS nu vorbim de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 bogata cazuisficS din beietrisficS si cinematografie, Tn care psihoferaDeutui, profifand de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 sentimentele pe care pocienfa/pocientul le-a dezvolfat de-o lungul sedinteior de psi� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 hoteapie, a soiicifaf sau acceptaf favoruri maeriale sau s-a angajaf Tn relafii erofice. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Uneori, Tn asffei de cazuri, nici nu este vorba despre premeditarea rSuvoitoare a psiho\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 ferapeufului, ci de naiva credintS cS a gSsit pe cineva sensibii, care sS-i TmpSraseascS \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 propriile sentimente de dragoste \u8222? autentice". \par\pard\qj \li988\ri1142\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi297 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Este, de fapt, vorba numai despre un contrafronsfer core poote lua forma sentimen� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 telor negative, ce dezbinS rebfia medic-pacient, dar poate, de asemenea, sS devinS \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 disproporfionaf pozitiv, idealizand sau avand reacfii erofice. \par\pard\qj \li984\ri1134\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi297 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Indiferenf de momentul pe parcursul terapiei Tn care are be o relafie eroficS Tnfre \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 specialist si pacienf, acest tip de legSturo constituie un caz de molproxis. Nimeni nu a \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 stobilif cat fimp ar trebui sS treacS de ia Tncheierea unei terapii pentru ca rebfia tera\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 peut-pacienf sS redevinS una \u8222?norma!a". Clinicionui sau terapeutul se vor afia pe un \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 teren etic si legal mai sigur daca aderS la principiul exprimat sintefic de Karosu BT \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 (1991) \u8222?odatS ce o persoana este pacient, pacient sS rSmanS". \par\pard\qj \li969\ri1155\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Asa cum pacientul ore fafS de medic astepfSri privind compefenfa, si absenfa ori\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 cSrei tenative de a-i expbafa sou specula suferinfa, obiectivitate, confort, ameiiororeo \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 suferinfei, medicii au adesea expectatii inconstienfe si nerostite fafS de pacienfi, DacS \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 aceste expecafi! nu se Tndepiinesc, chiar deed ocesto este rezulfotul unei necesiafi \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 inconstienfe din partea medicului, pacientul poafe fi blamat si percepuf ca antipafic, cu \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 care nu se poate lucra sau rSu. \par\pard\ql \li1257\sb1\sl-195\slmult0\tx5985 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Castigorea controiului consfienf Tn relafie dintre medici \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 (psihologi) si pacienfi nece� \par\pard\qj \li960\ri1164\sb27\sl-217\slmult0\fi14 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 sitd o eveiuore consants. Cu cat medicul/psihobgu! are o mai bunS Tnfelegere asupra \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 lui Tnsusi, cu cat se simte mai sigur, cu atat e mai capabii sS modifice atitudinile disfruc\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 tive, Terapeufii au nevoie sS fie empafici, dar nu pana la punctul de a-si asuma proble� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 meie pacienfuiui sau fanteziile lor nereaiisfe cS numai ei pof fi saivatoril lor. Ei trebuie \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 sS fie capabili sS dea la o parte problemeie pacienfilor cand oarSsesc cabineful sau \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 spitalul si nu trebuie sa-si foioseascS pacienfii ce un substituf pentru intimitofe sou relafii \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 care poafe le iipsesc Tn viafa personals, in caz confrar, vor fi Tmpiedicafi Tn eforturile lor \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 de a ajua oamenii bolnavi, care au nevoie ae slmpafle si Tnteiepere, dar nu de senti\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 menfalism sau de supraimpiicare. \par\pard\ql \li1238\sb72\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex128 Psihohnmmiogie jf ecS \par\pard\qj \li955\ri1183\sb63\sl- 220\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 BeWR P accenfueazS puncfui de vedere etic din perspectiva trafamentului medica\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 menfos care Tn psihiafrie, afirna ei, nu a fost anaiizat sisfematic pana la revobfia rnedi\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 camenelor psihotrope. \par\pard\qj \li955\ri1185\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 in paraiel cu aparitio studiibr clinice asupra eficacitSfii medicomenfeior, farmacoci\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 neticii si psihofarmacobgiei s-a Tnregisfraf un declin global si de-a dreptul dramatic a! \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 numarului pocienfilor trotofi Tn spitoieie de psihiafrie. \par\pard\qj \li955\ri1180\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0\fi278 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Odaa cu aparifia unor psihotrope eficienfe care a fScuf sS scads numSrui necesar \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 de zile de spitaiizare, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \u8222?descarcerarea" pacienfilor psihic! o dus io o tot moi frecvena \par\pard\qj \li950\ri1184\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0\fi9 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 negiijare a trafamentului Tn afara mediuiui spitalicesc. Instifufiiie care se ocupau de tra� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 tamentul medicamenfos s-au vSzut fSrS o Tnbcuire eficiena prin mijloace terapeutice cu \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 bazS comunitarS. De aceea, afirmS Bewn, nu trebuie privit ca un paradox faptul cd \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 revobfia medicamentuiui a fost urmata de dispute si contribufii stiintifice dar si efice. \par\pard\qj \li940\ri1186\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0\fi297 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Psihotropeie sunf agenfi terapeuflci redutabili, cu efecfe secundore majore si unele \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 dintre ele cu probleme de compilana si de dependents. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9620\paperh13580{\bkmkstart Pg323}{\bkmkend Pg323}\par\pard\li1401\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1401\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1401\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1401\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1401\sb103\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx5179\tx6412 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 316\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 Psihopatologie\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 ?i psihiafrie pentru psihologi\par\pard\qj \li1382\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1382\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1382\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1382\ri768\sb160\sl-220\slmult0\fi302 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 Polipragmazia le creste gradul de pericubzltate, motiv pentru care sunf necesare \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Tndebngi fesari de laborator, mdsuri speciale de administrare le copii, vdrstnici, indi� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 vizi cu retard psiho-mofor, bolnavi cu afecfiuni somafice si femei gravide sau care abp\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 feazS. \par\pard\qj \li1387\ri775\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 OdatS cu utiiizarea fenotiazinelor si a tranchilizantelor minore, riscurile trafamentu� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 lui medicamentos Tn psihiafrie au devenit mai evidente, fie din cauza unor efecte secun� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 dare importante, fie din cauza dependenfei pe care o pot induce. Simpfomele de de� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 pendents sau obstinenfa date de tranchilizonfe apar la pana la 40% din consumatoril \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 cronici! \par\pard\qj \li1387\ri776\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Multe coiegii medicale au inclus codu! eticii profesionale Tn practica lor, o violare a \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 eticii medicale pufand duce la sancfionarea celui care a TncSlcaf-o. \par\pard\ql \li1776\sb255\sl-299\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf17\f18\fs26 9,3. BOAIA �! S1GMA1MRIA \par\pard\qj \li1377\ri780\sb178\sl-230\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Provenif din cuvanful grecesc stigma = semn cu fierul Tnrosif, Tntepdfurd, stigma a \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 capStaf Tn accepfiunea medicals semnificafia de semn clinic obiectiv, considerat a reie\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 va Tn mod specific exisfenfa unei sari morbide. \par\pard\qj \li1377\ri777\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi273 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Termenul a cunoscut o deosebie vogS Tn secolul al XiX-lea, fiind legat de feoria de\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 qenerSrii elaborae deMsrdl care 1-a introdusTn limbajul psihiatric. ideile lui reiuau, de \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 rapt, concept!! mai vechi, dupa care corpul traduce caiitSfile trupului, aparute sub o \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 forma \u8222?sub!imafa" Tn feoria frenclogicS a lui Gal. \par\pard\qj \li1382\ri795\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi263 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Ms^sien e precizat confinutu! termenului, distingand stigmafe morale (Tnfarziere ine-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 ieefuoia sau afectivS, inadaptare sociald) si stigmafe fizice \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 (atrofii, hipertrofii si dis-\par\pard\ql \li1368\sb1\sl-194\slmult0\tx3143 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 trofii). Ei a arStof Tn \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 1895 ca degenerescenfa se traduce prin \u8222?sfigrnafe permanente si \par\pard\ql \li1372\sb16\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 esenfialrnente progresive, Tn afara regenerSrii infercurente". \par\pard\qj \li1358\ri781\sb0\sl-224\slmult0\fi292 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 I�nkf�g� va relua argumenfui stigmafizSrii pentru a-si construi ceiebra sa feorie \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 (prea pufin stiinfificS si nu mai pufin perlcubasS) asupra antropologiei criminaie. In \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 lucrarea sa \u8222?Uomo criminaie", e! identifies pentru asa-numitul criminannnSscut, o serie \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 de stigmafe \u8222?sigure", printre care asimetria facials, prognafismul, dispunerea si frecven� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 fa pibzitafii faciale, dezvoifarea exageratS a pomefilor, etc, CSzutS Tn desuetudine pen� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 tru lumea stiinfificS, aceastd feorie nu a fosf Tnsa uifatd de publicul larg. \par\pard\qj \li1348\ri797\sb3\sl-215\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Teoria stigmafeior a putuf TmbrSca aspecte profund negative Tn plan socio-politic, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 fiind fobsifS ca \u8222? argument sfiinfific" de unele ideoiogii. Mai mult, sub o forma \u8222?e!evafS", \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 sccia-biobgia confemporanS Tncearca franspunerea \u8222?stigmatelor" la nivei genetic, pen� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 tru a dovedi inegaiitatea biobgica a indivizilor. In prezent, accepfiunea termenului esfe \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 muit resfransS, recunoscandu-se ca anumite aspecte morfobqice sunf corebte cu anu-\par\pard\li2467\sb0\sl- 162\slmult0\fi0\tx4147\tx4367\tx6489 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 r-\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 i\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 i-\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 ^r\par\pard\ql \li1353\sb0\sl-162\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 mite aspece rizice in cazul unor boh genefice, endocrine, maltormafin craniene, etc. \par\pard\ql \li1622\sb0\sl-162\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 Timp de secoie bolnavii psihici au fosf temuti si respirssi de comunlfSfiie lor. DacS Tn \par\pard\qj \li1348\ri806\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Grecia Antica poetii scriau despre \u8222?nebunie" ca pedeapsa data de zei, Tn Evul Mediu, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 oamenii se temeau de bolnavii psihici, pe careTi considerau posedafi de demon!, rnofiv \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 pentru careTi Tnfemnifau si torfurau. \par\pard\qj \li1343\ri806\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi288 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 Pacienfii cu boli psihice au fosf mult fimp vazufi ca nisfe bestii fbrS sentimente \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 umane, finufi Tn lanjuri,. Tn ceiuie soiitare, ca pe nisfe obiecfe care sfarneau curiozifafea \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 publicului care plafeo sa-i observe. \par\pard\qj \li1343\ri824\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\fi278 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Consecinfele sfiqmatizarii bolnavului psihic sunf numeroase si dramatice. Ascun\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 derea suferinfei psinice din feama de a fi ironizat, femuf si respins duce la amanarea si \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 uneori la evitarea consultuiui psihiatric, cu implicatii severe Tn evolufia boiii. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9620\paperh13580{\bkmkstart Pg324}{\bkmkend Pg324}\par\pard\li868\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li868\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li868\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li868\sb80\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx7881 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Deontologie si etica Tn psihiafrie si psihopatologie\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 317\par\pard\qj \li854\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li854\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li854\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li854\ri1293\sb170\sl-220\slmult0\fi287 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 Scdderea outostimei, sentimentele de jena, esec, ratare, anxietaea si depresia sunf \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 doar cateva dintre serile pe care le frSiese pacientul. \par\pard\ql \li1137\sb51\sl-207\slmult0\tx7075 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Stigma reduce accesul ia pacienfilor la resurse si diferite oporfuniefi \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 (cum ar fi un \par\pard\ql \li859\sb33\sl-207\slmult0\tx2116 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 loc de muncS) \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 $\\ duce la scSderea stimei de sine, la izolare si nefericire, \par\pard\ql \li849\ri1314\sb12\sl-233\slmult0\fi288\tx1142 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 In cele mai multe dintre formele sale publice stigma genereazS discriminare si abuz. \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 Ese una dintre dotoriile psihoiogului, ca profesionist care iucreazS Tn domeniu! \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 sSnSfSfii mintale sS TnlocuiascS ridicolui, inoleranfa si frica cu composiuneo, oleranfa \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 si solide cunostlnfe despre boaia psihica. \par\pard\qj \li849\ri1314\sb2\sl-240\slmult0\fi283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 in cadrul campaniei pentru destigmafizare \u8222?Ds$chidefi cakakaHhavilorpsihidi" Liga \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Romans de SSnSfate Minab a sistematizaf mituriie care fac rSu imaginii bolnavului \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 psihic. \par\pard\ql \li2179\sb148\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 Mituri care fac rau- SI le confruntam ,cu realitatea! \par\pard\qj \li940\ri2957\sb123\sl-220\slmult0\fi19 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Tulburarile mintale sunt doar rodul imaginapei persoanei afectate? \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Nu. Sunt boli reale care genereazs suferinfa �i disabiiitate. \par\pard\ql \li1190\sb1\sl-195\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 & Deja pentru multe tulburai mintale au est descrise anormslitafile de ihfrastruc-\par\pard\ql \li854\ri1423\sb13\sl-210\slmult0\tx1055 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 1 fura bioiogica. A nega rsai.tatee Bpliio* psihice ese ca �i cum ai nega existenfa can\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 ceaibi. notivand ci nu pof' vedea ceitiiele anormale cu ochiui iiber. \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex44 .i.. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 �;;tuibura\ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul rile'minta:ie. potfi d\ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 ia\ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul gnosticate.si tratate Tnainte be a tl prea tarziu, \par\pard\li950\sb16\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx4152\tx4291\tx4823 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Tuibursriie mintale sunt datemr,ate\tab \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 -\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 -',\tab \up0 \expndtw- 4\charscalex100 .\t \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 n't ds caracter?\par\pard\ql \li931\sb1\sl-194\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 Nu Aceste tulbri au cauze biologice. psiholooice si sociale. \par\pard\qj \li1180\ri1435\sb5\sl- 220\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 � S-a demonstrat ca unele gene sunf implicate Tn schizofre, ii. �i Tn m? = Alzheimer; \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 � Se �tie ca depresia este asociae cu modificari ale unor substahfe chimice din \par\pard\li926\sb27\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx5169 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex76 creier;\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex55 b-...;l'..'-';A\t \up0 \expndtw- 8\charscalex76 -.'--\par\pard\qj \li921\ri1429\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi263 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 -Dependenfa de alcool, catalogata altadata drept un vlciu decurgand dintr-o \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 slabiciune de caracter, este legae atat defgene b_tl|i:de factorijociali; \par\pard\qj \li844\ri1435\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0\fi326 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \u8226? Infiuenfeie sociale pot ccntribui semnificativ ia dezvoitarea diverseior tulburari. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Indivizii reacfioneaza diferlt la stres. Pierderea unei parsbsne drag; poate determina \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 deprbsle. Pierderea locuiul de munca este asociatabcu abuzu! de alcool, suicid, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 (depresie; \par\pard\ql \li1175\sb0\sl-162\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 e Saracia extrema. razboiul sunt factori care infiuenieaza aparifia, durata si severi-\par\pard\ql \li921\sb16\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 tat\ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul ea tulb\ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 ur\ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs18\ul arilor mint\ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 als. \par\pard\ql \li931\sb1\sl-198\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Trebuie pur si simplu sa fnchidem persoanele care au tulburari mintale? \par\pard\ql \li926\sb15\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Nu. Persoanele cu tulburari mintale pot functions social si nu trebuie izoiaie. \par\pard\ql \li916\ri1450\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi254\tx1171 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 e Astazi este posibil si tratam persoanele. cu tulburari mintale Tn diverse locuri: \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 acasa, Tn clinicl, Tn sectii psihiatrice din spitalele generale, Tn centre de zi; \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 e Reabilitarea fi reinserfla sociala se poate face prin grupuri de sprljin social, locuri \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 de rnunca protejate, iocuinfe protejate; \par\pard\qj \li907\ri1373\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi268 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 a Ca �i boiile fizice, tulburar ,e mintale 'anaza cu severitate, ojiand fi \u9632? "a^zitoii (cum \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 ar fi tuiburarea acue ds stres), periodice (cum ar fi tuiburarea afectiva bipolara, carac� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 terizate de episoade de expansivitae, alemand cu episoade depresive) sau cronice I \par\pard\li902\sb1\sl- 176\slmult0\fi9\tx5668\tx5836\tx8078 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 si progresive (cum ar fi schizofrenia),\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 (\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 -d:\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 |\par\pard\li902\sb10\sl-207\slmult0\fi14 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Persoanele cu tulburari mintale nu sufera doar din cauza bolii lor, del d'atbrita stigma\par\pard\li902\sb5\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx6974 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 tizaril sociale care Tmpiedica adesea reintegrarea deplina Tn societae.\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 -P:\par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9800\paperh13620{\bkmkstart Pg325}{\bkmkend Pg325}\par\pard\ql \li5207\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5207\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5207\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5207\sb67\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Psihopatologie si psihiafrie pentru psihologi\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw2811\colsr160\colno2\colw668 9\colsr160\ql \li1435\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1435\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1435\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1862\sb104\sl- 253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-10\charscalex91 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs22 ?\u8222? 4..\par\pard\column \ql \li1435\sb0\sl-248\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1435\sb0\sl- 248\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1435\sb0\sl-248\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li20\sb128\sl- 248\slmult0\tx1181 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex79 \ul0\nosupersub\cf20\f21\fs36 " __\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex99 mm\ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 bbb \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li1435\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1435\sb7\sl- 207\slmult0\fi292\tx7867 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 in lumea TnfreagS se vorbeste ot mai des despre drepturile pacienfilor,\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 cazul nos-\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li1435\sb10\sl-230\slmult0\fi9\tx8068 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 fru despre drepturile boinaviior psihici. De>i au existat eforturi susfinute din p\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 'ea spe-\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li1435\sb1\sl- 188\slmult0\fi9\tx8092 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 cialisfibr si organizafiiior non-guvernamentale, Tn special a Ligii Romans pei\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 j Sana-\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li1435\sb18\sl-230\slmult0\fi4\tx8203 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 fate Mintala, pentru exisfenfa unei legi c sanafafii mintale Tn Romania care sa\tab \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 emen-\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li1435\sb1\sl-188\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 teze aceste drepfuri, acestea nu au fosf, din pScafe, pana la ora actuals mai\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li1435\sb18\sl-207\slmult0\fi288\tx7118\tx7886 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 in lipsa acesfei legi consideram ufil sa prezentam o sinteza din\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 \u8222?Decbra\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 io asupra\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li1435\sb9\sl-207\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 promovari! drepfurilor pccienfibr Tn Europe" elaborae Tn Oianda (1994) pibiicafc in\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li1435\sb14\sl- 207\slmult0\fi9\tx7996 \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex117 revista ..Psihiatria si Dsihofarmacobqia prezentului'7, editafa de Asociafia\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 \ul0\nosupersub\cf18\f19\fs12 .' =V!.''.d..:\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li1435\sb4\sl- 207\slmult0\fi9\tx2548\tx2649\tx2769 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Romans, nr.\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 1\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 ,\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 2001,\par\pard\ql \li1708\sb16\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Aceasta obordeaza urmStoarele feme; \par\pard\ql \li1723\sb1\sl-198\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 e drepturile si vaiorile umane Tn Tngrijirea sanafafii \par\pard\ql \li1723\sb35\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \u8226? dreptul la informare ai pacienfilor asupra boili proprii \par\pard\ql \li1728\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 e consimfSmanful informat - conditle prelimincra pentru orice inlervenfie medicals \par\pard\li1723\sb14\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx3518 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 o dreptul pacienfulu"\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 ia confidenf'alifate\par\pard\li1723\sb20\sl- 230\slmult0\fi0\tx3480\tx6432 \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex111 � dreoful la"\t \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 ngn\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 si tratamenf de cciliats sifara\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 iminan.\par\pard\li1622\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1622\sb80\sl- 207\slmult0\fi767 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Drepturile umane si vaaile Tn Trsgrljlrsa si\par\pard\li1622\sb112\sl- 207\slmult0\fi38\tx1982 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf18\f19\fs12 1\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Fiecare persoana are dreptul de a f! respecfata ca fiinta umana.\par\pard\li1622\sb0\sl-180\slmult0\fi9\tx1977 \dn0 \expndtw- 9\charscalex91 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 1.2\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Fiecare persoana are dreptul ia autcdeterrbnare,\par\pard\li1622\sb1\sl-184\slmult0\fi4\tx1972 \up0 \expndtw- 3\charscalex100 1.3\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 Fiecare are dreptul ia integritate fizica �! mintaia si la securitaioa persoanei sale,\par\pard\li1622\sb8\sl-207\slmult0\fi4\tx1972 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 1.4\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Fiecare are dreptul de a pretinie especlarea intimitatii sale.\par\pard\li1622\sb4\sl-207\slmult0\fi345 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Fiecare are dreptul la respectarsa valorilor sale morals si cuitursle, ca s: a convi\par\pard\li1622\sb1\sl-205\slmult0\fi340 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 qerilor sale filosofice.\par\pard\li1622\sb1\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx6921 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 1.6. Fiecare are dreptul la o proteciie corespunzatoare\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 asiauraia on\par\pard\qj \li1958\ri1073\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 preventive �1 de Tngrijire a sanafafii, urmarind atingerea nlvelului optlm de sanitate \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 personaia, \par\pard\li1603\sb26\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx2376 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 2.\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Dreptul ia inf\par\pard\ql \li1603\ri1076\sb32\sl- 210\slmult0\tx1958\tx1953 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 2.1, Informafiile privind serviciile de sanatate si modalitatea optima de utillzare a acesto� \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 ra vor fi puse la dispozifia publicului pentru ca tofi cei interesafi sa poae beneficla \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 de ele. \par\pard\qj \li1593\ri1073\sb19\sl-200\slmult0\tx1948 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 2.2. Pacier;fii au dreptul de a fi informat' complet asupra stari: io: de sanatate, inclusiv \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 asupra unor aspecte medicale ad;acente: \par\pard\ql \li2356\sb15\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 - asupra procedurilor medicale propuse; \par\pard\qj \li2356\ri1080\sb0\sl- 220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 - asupra iscurilor pofenfiale �1 a avantajelor pe care ie incumba fiecare proce� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 dural \par\pard\ql \li2351\sb1\sl-175\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 - asupra alternativeior fafa de procedure propuse; \par\pard\ql \li2351\sb10\sl- 194\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 - asupra consecinfelor refuzuiul tratamentuiui; \par\pard\ql \li2347\sb16\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 - asupra diagnosticului si eficacitajil tratamentuiui; \par\pard\ql \li2347\sb1\sl-198\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 - asupra estimarilor prognosticului. \par\pard\ql \li1579\ri1094\sb13\sl- 210\slmult0\tx1939\tx1934 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 2.3. fn mod exceptional, informafia nu va fi comunicafa pacientuiui; aceasta sifuafie este \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 permlsa numai atunci cand exista motive serioase care sa argurnenteze ca infor� \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 mafia ar produce pacientului o puternica agravare a starii sale. \par\pard\qj \li1574\ri1097\sb0\sl- 200\slmult0\tx1920 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 2.4, Informafia trebuie comunlcata pacientului fnfr-un mod adecvat capacitati; sale de \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 Tnfeiegere, evifand utiiizarea unei terminoiogli tehnlce de stricta speciaiitate. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9800\paperh13620{\bkmkstart Pg326}{\bkmkend Pg326}\par\pard\li1271\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1271\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1271\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1271\sb32\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx8385 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Deontologie si etica Tn psihiafrie si psihopatologie\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 319\par\pard\li1459\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1459\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1459\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1459\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1459\sb74\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 2.5. La cererea sa expresa, pacientul are dreptul sa nu b informal.\par\pard\li1459\sb1\sl-194\slmult0\fi0\tx6268 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 2.6. Pacientul are dreptul de a alege si a nominal::-:\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 --soana trebuie informata in\par\pard\li1459\sb1\sl-196\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 numele sau.\par\pard\qj \li1454\ri1077\sb0\sl-200\slmult0\tx1819 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 2.7. Pacientul are dreptul la o a doua opinie asupra starii sale si trebuie sa i se creeze \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 posibilitatea de a o avea daca doreste. \par\pard\ql \li1454\sb9\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 2.8. La internarea Tntr-o unitate sanitae, pacientul trebuie sa lie .nformai asupra: \par\pard\qj \li2231\ri1088\sb0\sl-200\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 - identitatil si statutului profesional a! personalului do Tngrijire care Ti acorda \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 asistenfa; \par\pard\li1440\sb1\sl-207\slmult0\fi782\tx3062\tx4881 \up0 \expndtw- 8\charscalex93 \u8226?\u9632? regulilor\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 �1 regulamenfeior de\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 ;.:tina ia care trebui" sa se supuna pe durata\par\pard\li1440\sb1\sl-199\slmult0\fi907 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 internarli si Tngrijirii.\par\pard\li1440\sb2\sl- 207\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 2.9. La externarea din unitatea de Tngrijire, pacientul are dreptul de a core �1 de a primi,\par\pard\li1440\sb1\sl- 199\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 Tn scris, rezumatul asupra diagnosticului, tratamentuiui �1 recomandanlor privind Tngri�\par\pard\li1440\sb1\sl-202\slmult0\fi350 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 jirea uiterioa ra.\par\pard\li1440\sb53\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx2222 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 3,\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 Consimfamantii! informat, oondifte prelimsnari pentru intervenpa medi-\par\pard\li1440\sb1\sl- 200\slmult0\fi782 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 cbib\par\pard\ql \li1440\ri1106\sb70\sl-190\slmult0\tx1795\tx1785 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 3.1. Pacientul are dreptul de a refuza sau de a opri o infervenfie medicala. in aceasta \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 sifuafie, medicul are datoria de a expllca Tn defaliu implicafiile refuzuiui sau opririi \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 tratamentuiui asupra starii si evolutiei sale. \par\pard\ql \li1425\ri1085\sb22\sl-200\slmult0\tx1790\tx1785\tx1776 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 3.2. Cand se impune o intervenfie medicala de urgenfa, iar pacientul nu este capabii sa-si \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 exprlme consimfamantui, acesta poate fi presupus, daca nu exista date, anterior \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 exprimate, care sa atests refuzul tratamentuiui si implicit neacordarea consimfaman-\line \tab \up0 \expndtw- 5\charscalex100 fului. \par\pard\qj \li1425\ri1111\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\tx1776 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 3.3. Cand intervenfia medicaia se impune de urgenfa, aceasta poate fl efectuata desi nu \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 s-a cbfinut consimfamantui reprezentantului legal al pacientului. \par\pard\ql \li1420\sb1\sl-176\slmult0\tx3283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 3.4. In anumite situafii \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 (minori sau aduifl cu resporsabllitate diminuae), consimfamantui \par\pard\ql \li1780\sb10\sl-194\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 trebuie acordat de reorezentantului legal ai pacientului. \par\pard\ql \li1425\ri1116\sb2\sl-200\slmult0\tx1780\tx1780 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 3.5. Cand reprezentantui legal refuza acordarea conslmfamantului, iar medicul consider! \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 ca abcaarea terapeutica este d interesul pacienfuiui, decizia va fi solicitata tri-\line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 bunaluiul sau unei alte forme de \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 -.rbltraj. \par\pard\ql \li1416\sb2\sl-198\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 3.6. in situafia Tn care: \par\pard\ql \li2193\sb2\sl- 198\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 - pacientul nu este capabii sa acorde consimfamantui informat: \par\pard\ql \li2193\sb2\sl-198\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 - si nu exisfa un reprezenent legal al acestuia: \par\pard\qj \li2193\ri1121\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 - �i nici un reprezemant cicsrmnat de pacient Tn acest scop, decizia medicului va \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 tine seama de da:e (. .:nf.;.-: e) privind dorinfa probabila a pacientului. \par\pard\ql \li1416\sb0\sl-162\slmult0\tx4118 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 3.7. Consimfamantui pacientu,., \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 _-;=? necesar �i pentru prezervarea sau utiiizarea pro-\par\pard\ql \li1771\sb13\sl-207\slmult0\tx3206 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 duselor biologic; \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 ale ccrpud: zc. in vederea diagnosticului, tratamentuiui si Tngrijirii \par\pard\ql \li1771\sb1\sl-198\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 sale generale \par\pard\qj \li1411\ri1128\sb1\sl- 200\slmult0\tx1771 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 3.8. Consimfamantui inend'' e.:e scesar si Tn vederea participarii pacientului ia pro-\line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 cesul de Tnvafsmant meci<d' \par\pard\qj \li1411\ri1128\sb0\sl-200\slmult0\tx1766 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 3.9. Consimtamad'ul Informat .dr. j condifie preliminara includerii pacientului Tn cerce-\line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 tarea silnflflca. Astfel, pscieb. i nu va fl cuprins in cercetare daca: \par\pard\qj \li2208\ri2460\sb0\sl-200\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 -nu s-a obfinut consimfa -.lantul de ia reprezentantui sau legal; \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 cercetarea nu este in interesul pacientului. \par\pard\ql \li2183\sb75\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Confidenjialltatea fi intimitatea \par\pard\ql \li1401\sb33\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 4.1. Toae informafiile asup a stani sanafafii pacienfuiui: \par\pard\ql \li2183\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 - condifia sa medicala, \par\pard\ql \li2179\sb1\sl- 198\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 - diagnosticul, tratamentul, \par\pard\ql \li2179\sb2\sl-198\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 - prognosticu:, precum si \par\pard\qj \li2179\ri1130\sb37\sl-180\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 - alte informafii de natura personal!, vor fi castrate Tn regim de confidenfialifate \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 chiar si dupa moartea pacientului. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9800\paperh13620{\bkmkstart Pg327} {\bkmkend Pg327}\par\pard\li1224\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1224\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1224\sb191\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx5054 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 320\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Psihopatologie $\\ psihiafrie pentru psihologi\par\pard\ql \li1411\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1411\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1411\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1411\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1411\sb88\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 4.2. Informafia confidenfiala poate fi divulgata numai pe baza: \par\pard\ql \li2188\sb1\sl-174\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 - consimfamantului explicit al pacientului; \par\pard\qj \li2193\ri1126\sb22\sl-180\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 - unei dispozifii judlciare exprese. Consimfamantui este presupus atunci cand \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 divulgarea se face catre un alt membru al personalului de Tngrijire impiicat Tn \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 tratamentul pacientului, \par\pard\ql \li1406\ri1129\sb12\sl- 190\slmult0\tx1771\tx1771 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 4.3. Toate datele ca �1 produsele biologice (din care pot fi derivate date identificabile tre� \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 buie protejate ca atare. Proiecfia acestor date trebuie sa fie corespunzatoare modu-\line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 lui de stocare a acestora. \par\pard\ql \li1401\sb1\sl-177\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 4.4. Pacienfii au dreptul: \par\pard\ql \li2183\sb9\sl- 194\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 - de acces la fisele lor medicaie; \par\pard\ql \li2183\sb4\sl-197\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 - de acces la orice informafii legate de diagnosficui, tratamentul si Tngrijirea lor; \par\pard\ql \li2183\sb1\sl-176\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 - de a primi o copie dupa dosarul fi fisele medicale sau parfi din acestea; \par\pard\qj \li2183\ri1136\sb13\sl-190\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 - de a solicita corectarea, completarea, eliminarea, clarificarea fi sau aducerea \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 la zi a datelor lor personale fi medicale care sunt necorespunzafoare, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 ambigue sau depaf ite ori irelevante pentru diagnostic, tratament sau Tngrijire. \par\pard\ql \li1396\ri1138\sb2\sl-200\slmult0\tx1761\tx1761 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 4.5. Nu este admisa intervenfia Tn viafa particulars! a pacientului sau a viefii sale de fami� \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 lie cu excepfia cazurilor Tn care aceasta este justificata de necesitatea diagnosticu� \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 lui, tratamentuiui sau Tngrijirii pacientului. \par\pard\ql \li1391\ri1140\sb0\sl-200\slmult0\tx1756\tx1756 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 4.6. Pacienfii internaf! Tn unitafl medicale au dreptul la Tnlesniri fizice care sa le asigure \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 dreptul ia intimitate, indeosebi in situafiile Tn care Ii se acorda Tngrijire personala, \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 examinari sau tratament. \par\pard\ql \li2179\sb55\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Dreptul la tngrijire �i fratamen \par\pard\ql \li1396\ri1135\sb51\sl-210\slmult0\tx1751\tx1751 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 5.1. Fiecare persoana are dreptul de a primi o Tngrijire corespunzatoare cerinfelor sale \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 de sanatate, inclusiv o asistenfa preventive fi de promovare a sanafafii. Serviciile \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 acordate trebuie sa fie: \par\pard\ql \li2169\sb1\sl-197\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 - accesibile, \par\pard\ql \li2164\sb3\sl-198\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 - permanente, \par\pard\ql \li2164\sb2\sl-198\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 - echitabile, \par\pard\ql \li2164\sb2\sl-198\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 - fara discriminari, \par\pard\qj \li2160\ri1149\sb1\sl-200\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 - m conformitate cu resursele financiare, umane fi materiale Tnfr-o societate \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 data. \par\pard\qj \li1382\ri1160\sb0\sl-200\slmult0\tx1742 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 5.2. Pacienfii au dreptul colectiv la o forma de reprezentare la fiecare nivel al sistemului \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 de Tngrijire Tn probleme referitoare la: \par\pard\ql \li2155\sb2\sl-198\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 - planificarea serviciilor, \par\pard\ql \li2160\sb2\sl- 198\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 - evaluarea serviciilor, \par\pard\ql \li2155\sb2\sl-198\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 - gama f i calitatea Tngrijirilor acordate. \par\pard\ql \li1377\sb15\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 5.3. Pacienfii au dreptul la Tngrijiri ilustrate prin: \par\pard\ql \li2150\sb1\sl-198\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 - exisfenfa unor standarde mai Tnalte de calitaie; \par\pard\ql \li2150\sb2\sl-198\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 - bune relafii interumane cu personalul sanitar. \par\pard\ql \li1372\sb2\sl-198\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 5.4. Pacienfii au dreptul la continuitate in Tngrijire, inclusiv la cooperare Tntre: \par\pard\ql \li2150\sb2\sl-198\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 - tofi cei care acorda servicii de Tngrijire, \par\pard\ql \li2145\sb2\sl-198\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 - unifafile care pot fi implicate Tn diagnosticul, tratamentul sau Tngrijirea lor. \par\pard\ql \li1372\ri1164\sb0\sl- 206\slmult0\tx1732\tx1728\tx1723 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 5.5. fn condifiile in care personalul medical trebuie sa aleaga pacienfii potenfiali pentru \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 un anumit tratament pentru care nu exisfa suficienfe posibilitafi de acoperire a \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 cererii, tofi pacienfii respectivi au dreptul la c procedura de selecfie corecta pentru \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 acel tratament. Alegerea trebuie sa fie; \par\pard\ql \li2140\sb0\sl-195\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 - bazata pe criterii medicale, \par\pard\ql \li2140\sb4\sl-197\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 - facuta fara discriminari. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9800\paperh13620{\bkmkstart Pg328}{\bkmkend Pg328}\par\pard\li1142\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1142\sb0\sl- 207\slmult0\par\pard\li1142\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1142\sb191\sl- 207\slmult0\fi0\tx8222 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Deontologie si etica Tn psihiafrie $\\ psihopatologie\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 321\par\pard\ql \li1324\sb0\sl-200\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1324\sb0\sl-200\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1324\sb0\sl-200\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1324\sb0\sl-200\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1324\ri1239\sb115\sl- 200\slmult0\tx1670\tx1689 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 5.6. Pacienfii au dreptul sa-si aleaga sau sa-f i schimbe medicul sau alt personal de Tngri� \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 jire a sanatafii sau unitatea medicala, cu condifia ca aceasta alegere sa fie compati-\line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 bila cu modul de funcfionare a sistemului de Tngrijire a sanatafii. \par\pard\ql \li1324\ri1239\sb0\sl-200\slmult0\tx1675\tx1675\tx1680\tx1689 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 5.7. Pacienfii pentru care nu mai exista motive medicale de prelunglre a spitalizarii sunt \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 Tndreptafifi sa primeasca explicafii exhaustive Tnainte de a fi transferafi Tntr-o alta uni-\line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 tate sau trimifi acasa. Transferul poate avea loc numai dupa ce unitatea primitoare \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 fi-a exprimat acordul pentru primirea pacientului, Atunci cand pacientul este exter� \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 nal dar condifia sa o cere, vor fi asigurate servicii ia domiciliu. \par\pard\qj \li1324\ri1244\sb0\sl- 200\slmult0\tx1670 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 5.8. Pacienfii au dreptul sa fie tratafi cu demnitate Tn Iegatura cu diagnosficui, tratamen� \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 tul fi Tngrijirea lor, Tn respectul pentru valorile culturale. \par\pard\qj \li1320\ri1242\sb0\sl-200\slmult0\tx1670 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 5.9. Pacienfii au dreptul de a se bucura de sprijinul famiiiei, rudelor f i prietenilor Tn timpul \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 Tngrijirii f i trafamentului f i de a primi sprijin spiritual \up0 \expndtw- 3\charscalex100 �1 Tndrumare tot timpul. \par\pard\qj \li1315\ri1255\sb37\sl- 180\slmult0\tx1771 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 5.10. Pacienfii au dreptul la ufurarea suferinfelor lor Tn conformitate cu stadiul actual al \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 dezvoltarii stiinfei. \par\pard\ql \li1320\sb18\sl- 207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 5.11. Pacienfii au dreptul la o Tngrijire umana fi dreptul de a muri Tn demnitate. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9800\paperh13620{\bkmkstart Pg329}{\bkmkend Pg329}\par\pard\ql \li8188\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li8188\sb0\sl- 184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li8188\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li8188\sb0\sl- 184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li8188\sb71\sl-184\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 323 \par\pard\ql \li1569\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1569\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1569\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1569\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1569\sb256\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 \ul0\nosupersub\cf14\f15\fs24 IBLIOGRAFIE \par\pard\qj \li1104\sb0\sl- 200\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1104\sb0\sl-200\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1104\ri1252\sb147\sl-200\slmult0\fi239 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 1. S9!S Tswaa' �3 isiapscil l^s^^is - Gamm From FgyAesemaSiQMaimns, "i9S9-Wff, Ed, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 American Psychiatric Press, inc., Washington DC, 1 995. \par\pard\qj \li1118\ri1236\sb0\sl-200\slmult0\fi206 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 2. Adksfmsi, AB; yeg�, iS; H�I�V J3 �?_! Tte impact of coexisting depression and timing of psy� \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 chiatric consultation on medical patients length of stay. Hosp Community Psychiatry 39:173-176, 198S. \par\pard\qj \li1108\ri1248\sb0\sl-180\slmult0\fi220 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 S. ASsxE- tdassw, LC Clasificarea sfresului psihic. Revista Romano de Psihiafrie, Pedopsihiafrie si \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Psihologie Medicala, serie noud, 2- 3/1993, Asociajia Medicala Romanes, Bucun:sti, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 1993. \par\pard\qj \li1099\ri1262\sb17\sl-180\slmult0\fi220 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 -j, sAsmdssi' t*&|fSiiiir�3 Asssasiem, Dlcgnosfic onci Statistical Manual of Men ai Disorders. 4in Ed. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 Washington DC, American Psychiatric Association, 1 994. \par\pard\li1094\sb32\sl- 184\slmult0\fi225\tx3225\tx3988 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 & Aisissn PgjtE3ife!\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 �\u8222?. _\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Practice Guidelines. Ed. Washington DC, American Psychiatric\par\pard\li1094\sb8\sl-184\slmult0\fi0\tx2035 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 Association,\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 1996.\par\pard\qj \li1099\ri1247\sb0\sl-200\slmult0\fi220 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 4 Arj-fiSSBfSs, KG. 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Cult Med\par\pard\li1353\sb1\sl-182\slmult0\fi0\tx2275\tx2779\tx2995 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Psychiatry,\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 999.\tab \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 *:\tab \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 ,'.\t \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 ~?- 94.\par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9800\paperh13620{\bkmkstart Pg331}{\bkmkend Pg331}\par\pard\li1339\sb0\sl-161\slmult0\par\pard\li1339\sb0\sl- 161\slmult0\par\pard\li1339\sb0\sl-161\slmult0\par\pard\li1339\sb0\sl- 161\slmult0\par\pard\li1339\sb0\sl-161\slmult0\par\pard\li1339\sb0\sl- 161\slmult0\par\pard\li1339\sb0\sl-161\slmult0\par\pard\li1339\sb0\sl- 161\slmult0\par\pard\li1339\sb0\sl-161\slmult0\par\pard\li1339\sb0\sl- 161\slmult0\par\pard\li1339\sb0\sl-161\slmult0\par\pard\li1339\sb0\sl- 161\slmult0\par\pard\li1339\sb0\sl-161\slmult0\par\pard\li1339\sb0\sl- 161\slmult0\par\pard\li1339\sb0\sl-161\slmult0\par\pard\li1339\sb0\sl- 161\slmult0\par\pard\li1339\sb0\sl-161\slmult0\par\pard\li1339\sb0\sl- 161\slmult0\par\pard\li1339\sb0\sl-161\slmult0\par\pard\li1339\sb0\sl- 161\slmult0\par\pard\li1339\sb0\sl-161\slmult0\par\pard\li1339\sb0\sl- 161\slmult0\par\pard\li1339\sb0\sl-161\slmult0\par\pard\li1339\sb0\sl- 161\slmult0\par\pard\li1339\sb0\sl-161\slmult0\par\pard\li1339\sb0\sl- 161\slmult0\par\pard\li1339\sb0\sl-161\slmult0\par\pard\li1339\sb0\sl- 161\slmult0\par\pard\li1339\sb0\sl-161\slmult0\par\pard\li1339\sb0\sl- 161\slmult0\par\pard\li1339\sb143\sl-161\slmult0\fi667\tx3326 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs14 :qns uosuodmi..\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex170 \\ .\par\pard\li1339\sb31\sl-161\slmult0\fi772 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 yiusiMSOjnsisj\par\pard\li1339\sb41\sl- 207\slmult0\fi1680 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 1661 PC.\par\pard\li1339\sb0\sl-126\slmult0\fi1003 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs14 .d_J03-9AISSSS!\par\pard\li1339\sb85\sl- 161\slmult0\fi1132\tx3451 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 8461 s!JDc\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 -\par\pard\li1339\sb0\sl- 161\slmult0\par\pard\li1339\sb0\sl-161\slmult0\par\pard\li1339\sb31\sl- 161\slmult0\fi350\tx4003 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex133 -.'.sag 'Joijjpg '.upuou- oOA.\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 -\par\pard\li1339\sb0\sl- 161\slmult0\par\pard\li1339\sb71\sl- 161\slmult0\fi336\tx2092\tx2390\tx3537\tx3691 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex82 ;,,-.,,V\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex52 :::::\u9632?\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 _|Djuauj ajpcir:\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 :;\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex128 o| ap =\par\pard\li1339\sb0\sl- 161\slmult0\par\pard\li1339\sb62\sl-161\slmult0\fi336\tx2332\tx3811 \up0 \expndtw- 5\charscalex100 -iC'i.ri/!..-,\tab \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 .'U.'ILJsBdUCu _\u9632?'- '.\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 \ul0\nosupersub\cf18\f19\fs12 "OIOiUt: ".\u9632?::\par\pard\li1339\sb36\sl-207\slmult0\fi2601\tldot\tx4597 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex130 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 '3l4-\expndtw0\charscalex100\tab \par\pard\li1339\sb1\sl- 136\slmult0\fi408\tx2543\tx2841 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs14 UDUipSi.;..\tab \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex87 ::-::\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex144 rs^cq v..\par\pard\li1339\sb0\sl- 161\slmult0\par\pard\li1339\sb0\sl-161\slmult0\par\pard\li1339\sb89\sl- 161\slmult0\fi33\tx2083\tx3244\tx3436\tx4607\tx4761 \up0 \expndtw- 6\charscalex84 \\__:.Ai.;uaj_\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 pq 'p.p' O'- c\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 ,�\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex136 \u8226?;.--. da;.' o.\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 .j\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 ^'-'d" ''_|i":c;.-..->c.\par\pard\li1339\sb0\sl- 161\slmult0\par\pard\li1339\sb62\sl- 161\slmult0\fi4\tx3446\tx5366\tx5452\tx5668\tx5961 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \u9632?icl.g '9i6o|_4ooii!i|-o6_A.z~\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 .-,-'<,.,-;;_ .," .b.^A/bp^d-a.;\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 :\tab \up0 \expndtw- 6\charscalex72 .\u9632? 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Men;\par\pard\ql \li1411\sb0\sl-161\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 Bucuresti, sub ear, \par\pard\li1627\sb29\sl- 184\slmult0\fi0\tx3086\tx3249\tx3441\tx6268\tx7440\tx7646\tx8375 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 201.M-s'::bd\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 "\tab \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex70 !.:'\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 "v..\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 -\u9632?\tab \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex69 .a.\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 -ale ...\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 -?:-\par\pard\ql \li1430\sb1\sl-168\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 3raiova, 200.. \par\pard\qj \li1631\ri6620\sb3\sl-180\slmult0\tx1857 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 il82.Marb-.-3i?. f . \line\tab \up0 \expndtw- 1\charscalex100 ;sia si i \par\pard\ql \li1843\sb15\sl-138\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 \ul0\nosupersub\cf18\f19\fs12 a fi^ppm. \par\pard\ql \li1406\sb44\sl-184\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex87 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 /Mec/i, \par\pard\ql \li1622\sb10\sl-192\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex91 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 20. \par\pard\ql \li1416\sb1\sl-177\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 venfc-\par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9800\paperh13620{\bkmkstart Pg335}{\bkmkend Pg335}\par\pard\li1008\sb0\sl-184\slmult0\par\pard\li1008\sb0\sl- 184\slmult0\par\pard\li1008\sb0\sl-184\slmult0\par\pard\li1008\sb0\sl- 184\slmult0\par\pard\li1008\sb37\sl-184\slmult0\fi0\tx8135 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs16 Bibliografie\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 329\par\pard\li988\sb0\sl- 184\slmult0\par\pard\li988\sb0\sl-184\slmult0\par\pard\li988\sb0\sl- 184\slmult0\par\pard\li988\sb0\sl-184\slmult0\par\pard\li988\sb122\sl- 184\slmult0\fi225 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 205. 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