Vous êtes sur la page 1sur 21

!

"

#$ %&
-. ,"- ( - " ' "+ ! "$ ') ) ) * ( & ' "# "$% !
6 -! "-2 53- 4 - - )" ( -1 ' ! "2 ' 0 "+ ! 0 /+
0 -7< 0 % -* = - - 0() - ( - -! ) "-8 9 "# : ; 0 7
0() ?- 0 - / 4 0@-/$ 0 -4 A -B @-% 0C-7* 0 3/8 0@ D 3/8 0E "F"/> 7<
J- # ( - " - & ' - "# - 7 - )" ' 3 - - H/I-!. " ' ) 3! 0 G
N - 7 ( - -+K ' 0M - - "- 5 - - ) $- ) -L - 7 ( +K ' 0 * )
- )" ) 5 -; ' () 3 ; 0 ;) "/> 0 ;) 0 +"$ 0 *"7 3 :) & ' "#
C 4 "+ !%. 4 0 & ' "# ;0 "# : ; )'( 1
' 4 / ( P) 43 "O D 'K# 5@ % !. ' = ' "
5 ) ;' % !.

Q"* /# 0 4 0 % !. 40 7 ( +K ' 0 "# ( @ ) $ '(

UR'SI T3 I $/ '" $ @I#


W[XWYZYWX U ! ," V# J ) . W[X]Y\YW U ! @* ) J ) .
$ +*
- ,') ' <I-%* ( - 3 @ I ( ! ( "$ ') "+ !
) ^-D ) "-+:) -F - - -4 3 )' " ' 3' 4 ) 0 "+:) F
( - )' " I '"* 3 0) ^D ? "+ ) L . 4 3 3 ) *"+ ( C/%1.
W
5a[W UWX`X 0 /+_ @ :' < ( "$ ') )' (') ' / /#
) 7- ' 3- - - .) ! 7 P ) 78 ' 7 P "+ !
3- 3- dc "+ 7.b ) 5@ .) %/ ' 4@ L
- 0@/78 @* f "/> C )" ) " 0aZW UW[e[ 0A3! "/ _
- ) 1 ' 3 I Ci 8 3 ' 3 + h .) 03 I 0 / g# 0 / /#
- - @- 0 -! ( - C-/%1. ) - "+ ! k3 5@ j ( ! "$ ')
() - : 7 P L C/%1. 3 " ' @ @* ) "4) 4 f ( )
-i ) - H- "-/> ' - H ( 7/ ' EP ) ( (3 ) '
("-. " I+ '" %8 0 ):7 P ' ( ! "4l 1 5 "+
53 4 )" )

+,
@ - - m *"-F ) : - ; C-/%1. 0 "+:) F "$ ') k " 0 "+ ! "$ ')
: - ; C-/%1. ( " ) 4 ' ! 7 ) "8 9 "+ ! 53 3/!
= - - - ( - C-/%1. M - " "+ ! ( )' H>) 53 "#
U - _ ') - / ( "-+ -! n- /+ 53 "+ (3 ') / ' "*
- ) 53- ) "8 ; . ) )' 7 6 ! 7 ) : ; aW[e[
: - ; - (' 53- "+ H/I!. (" ' (" "/> 0(" = : ; "$ ')
- J- # - 3 4 @ 3! 7 ' " .) ) ? n "#
5a`e] Ud]]W 0 /+_ )' H "* ) ()'"O ' A o : 0L

1. Givón
2 Transcendent
,,, ) "! * + ! "#$ %&'(

*
. "- + - +*+,
':- " ( $ ) I n " . ' " 3$ h .) A "*
) -4 ; p ') ) ) /I 4 @ 53 4 R3 ' ) " 3$ ) . ;
3 4 "# 4 @ ( & ' "# 0q8 ') 5@ "# : ; 0 *"+
"-$ ') ) 53 4 "# r G ) R LB : ' )3
3^-8 3- + ' 3 I- ' L4 : (' D (" "/> : ; 0 /+ "+ !
- 53- / - s ) R -LB : (" G # 0 "# % ; *"+ ) 4 )
53- - 4 A B @% ' $ 0 0R 7< 0C * q; ) 3 . R LB :
53- - - ) - "# = 0@ % ; R LB = 4 "# %4 "
U3 I = " " ( Rt
U % * "#
v % ) u 4 4 6W
U 7< "#
v % H " ) f 6d
UH/! I "/> R 7< "#
v wu 4 H " 4 Y v 4 ) u 4 H " 6[
U@ D 3/8 "#
v % ) u 4 () Pf H " Y v % wu 4 H " () Pf 6Z
U 3/8 "#
v % ) u 4 H " N4 6\
U $ 3/8 "#
v % B4 ) u 4 H " Y v % wu 4 H " B4 6x
UC7* "#
v "4 ) 4 f % ( " H " 6`
U 4 A B @% "#
v % wu 4 H " f ( " Yv % ) u 4 H " "f 6e
U@/$ "#
v@I/4 R u 4 Y v /4 R u 4 6X

1 Functional Dimensions
U / 4 "#
Ua,) C 8_ @/ 4 ay
v3 3 *"7 "L 3fY "< 3 f 6W]
Ua,) C 8"/>_ @/ 4 au
v3/ "/ )3!f a' _ 6WW
Ua ) ?+ ! ) _ @<F az
a{%P T 3 _ v@ )3!f 4 N(3 % 6Wd
a I T 3 _ v@ +)? f ,
U@ D /8 a
a`X[6`XZ Ud]]W /+_v3 M) () Pf a' _ 6W[

- "# : - ; ' - ! . ' @I/ * 4 "# 37. 3 ) "2


U "4 "4s ) (" /
U() ? "#
v(3 ' f Y v3 "4 ) ) f 6WZ
U G "#
v(3 " ) "/# A 34 Y v3 3 I# ) $ A 34 6W\
U) 3! "#
v(3 " 3 f Y v *) /# B4 . 6Wx
U " "#
v 4 ) 4 4 6W`

- "-+ 5@ '31 )* ) & ' "# 37. 4 3 Rt


- + 5@ @ ) 4 "4 . 0H/ H/ 7. . ) ("/+ B/
U3 "/+ ) "8 H ) 4 aW_ ( & ' "#3 f : ; ) &' "#
v 4 w f 4 6We

-4 "# ; . 6 3 3 *"7 W` . W ( R t ) 4 f6 & ' "#


) -L -. - 0"- ( - 53- - - ) ( ! 03 4 |"
U 3 :) ) /7 5 "4 ? " 3$ 7 ( ) /7 rID"
}aW` . W ( R t ) % *0 7< @ D 3 _ @ D ( ! Uy
ad_
}a~ ' "4V _ @/I ; Uu
,,, ) "! * + ! "#$ %&'(

}aq ; "< _ ) U z
5a "$ *"7 } ;) "/> ;) _ *"7 ' = ;) U

0 -;) l 1 0 L 4 G # rID " . ) & ' "#


( - ) -/7 - - 0= -;) ' - *"7 5 "4 (3 ! +"$ ' *"7 0 ;) "/>
U d]]W 0 -/+_ 3 - - 3 A2 ( / 0 I/% ) |"P 7
' "-4 ) - ) -L . r ( @/ 4 H n '?* R t ( " }a`XZ
- - & ' - "# -4 @- 4D T3 5 ) L 78 ' @/
) - & ' - "# - J- # 0 P ) 53 ) h .) = ;) ' *"7 7 ( +K '
U3 '31
U@ '31 '3 ay
v3 ) C 8 ) % 4 6WX
*"7 ID 6
"$ 0 ;) H 4 ( "* 6
"$ a)V )_ "; L n 6

- - J #) 3 . )@ D " 4@ % * "# n WX % ;
-4 3- = ;) ( "* ' ) 0@ 3 m 4 C. 8 R' J # ) 53
5@ *) ) 4 ' "$ ) ' 3 I/ 3
U ;) *"7 au
v "4 ) ) 4 L n A 34 6d]
*"7 ID 6
"$ ;) 4 ( "* 6
;) "/> )V ) n 6
U ;) "/> az
v "4 ) ) 4 ) ; f 6dW
*"7 ;) ID 6
"$ ;) 4 ( "* 6
;) "/> )V ) n 6

U3 ) ;) "/> :) F m *"F 37 R t ) & ' "#


v(3 ) w 4 6dd
*"7 0 ;) • ID 6
q ;0 ;) 0 "$ 4 w( "* 6
;) 0 "$ )V )n 6

( "- -;) *"7 ' "$ ( J # 53 )@ D' 7< T& ' "#
U3 B 7< "#
v(3 " w f 6d[
*"7 wu 4 6
*"7 0 ;) () . 4 46
;) "/> €/ 6
v *) 4 6dZ
;) 0 *"7 ID 6
;) 0 "$ 4 '"+ 6
"$ )V ) n 6
v *) "f 6d\
a5@I/ |"P & ' "# ) ) +"$ ' *"7 0 ;) "/>_
v(') B4 6dx
;) 0 *"7 6
;) 0 "$ ; 6

- / /-# C- 8 ) J #( 3D . 0 & ' "# = 4 "4 ("/+ B/ .


0 I-D N3 ;) N '"+ n c fb c 4b T& ' "# R t ( " 53 4
) 0@- 3- / 555' 0 I4" N3 @/ 4 N '"+ n 0555 ' " n
z -/ D -$ ' - ( 3 4y/F . c N4b c B4b ( & ' "# 4 D
- 7 +K ' ' @I/ * 4 = ;) $. 4 3 )'" 53 )
U@ ?/ dcE "F"/> = ;) b ' E "F = ;) b ' "C
UE "F = ;) ay
vw % wH " 0(3 w 4 6d`
a\d UW[e[ 0 8 _v I * 0A"/ : " () @ ' f 6de

1 Explicit
2. Implicit
,,, ) "! * + ! "#$ %&'(

53 |"P "# N:) F ) @D "F ( '"+ 0 "# = )


UE "F"/> = ;) Uu
a\dX UW[e[ U _ v '34 g$ . • O) 6dX

) 4 ) ( "* 0 O ) cA 34b dX R t ) 4 @ 3! 7 a _ 8
) "- A - ) - m *"F 7 ( +K ' 53 ) "8 "# ) 03 I g$
- ? - . ) -4 ("- - 7 -+K ' }3 - - '31 W` . W ( R t
5@ L ; ' () 3 ; 0 ') ) 4 & ' "#
- b ' c -4 - b 0c ) -4b 0c 4b ( & ' "# 4 3 )"
- ;) 'C * ;) & ' "# / f 53 ') ) 4 ‚ G ( " c 4
N() 3- ;"/> ' () 3 ; ( " 53 "/+ ) "8 aH/! I "/> ' H/! I _ 7<
-4 -;) ' 7 { " L . ' ) 3 ;' ) * ) F 0 & ' "#
- '"- ( 3- 3# ) () 3- ; a`X UW[e[_ A -<%+ 5 "-+ - 9) 0 ) c I4b
(- @ - ' ) z) L; , "# M " 4 () 03
0 - ) * - ) c -fb ' c -4b ( - & ' - "# (' "2 5 )%
U3 "+ !%. a ; ' ) 3 ; C _ () 3 ; s NA L< Nu .
ID v@*) 4 ay 6[]
ae] U _ / v@*) f au
ID v, " 4 6ay 6[W
/ v, " f au
a I "/> ) 3 ;_ r v@*) f ay 6[d
a I ) 3 ;_ ID v@*) 4 au

' ) 3- ; ( "- c 4b T& ' "# " ) 4 03 []6[d ( R t 4 f


' I- "/> ) 3- ; ) - ) 3- . - c fb T& ' "# 4 D) 0@ B I
3- G " ) -4 ) 3 ;"/> ( " m *"F ( & ' "# / f 0') 5 ') ) 4 ) 3 ;"/>
3 - ?-/ c %/- ' 555 - b ' c - b 0c )b f c fb T& ' "# 5@
' % -* - ; ' "- ) ' ) @- o ƒG- "-/> - ?/ @* ) 4@ 3
5 ') ) 4 7<
: - ; ) *"-F - ( -1 ‚ 43 )*( )"
- = -;) -L ( -1 - ; ' - 7 {- " m *"-F ' ) 3- ;' "#
) -L - & ' - "# - 7 -+K ' " 5@ 9) C 8 c I4b c(?/fb
U3 3; " 3$
a… I „ ) 3 ; 0 "< 0 *"7 _ v A B ) ) 4 " A 34 6[[
a) 3 ;"/> 0q ; 0 ;) *"7 _ v(3 ) A 34 6[Z
a) 3 ;"/> 0 "< 0 ;) "/>_ v@ ("L ) ; f 6[\
a) 3 ; 0q ; 0 ;) "/>_ v3 I " ) ; f 6[x

'" )*) &' "# = 7 ( +K ' 6W R'3;


"$ *"7 ;) "/> ;) &' "# =
† † 6 † C *
O ( & ' "#
† † 6 † H/! I R 7<
a555' f 0 4_
† † 6 † H/! I "/> R 7<
6 6 6 †
( '?* ( & ' "#
† † 6 † $
a555' B4_
6 6 † 6 C/ ' k3
( & ' "#
6 † 6 †
aA 34_ 3/! 6 @*
6 6 † 6 H † ) ; f & ' "#

) ad]]W_ /+ ! "2 4 "4 ("/+ B/ . 0‡ * ~D ;.


"-2 53 I ' p ." ( J # "# ( @ 0 & ' "# 7 )"
3- C/$ . ) 3D ' n J # 0 T& ' "# ' "# @ 43 )
( -1 l -1 H @ 9) ~ 4 3 @ cJ # 6 "# .b '
& ' - "# - () - ( 3-D ' ( 7 5 "+ 7 l 1 H ' a() _
H "# T) ?+ ( 7 ' ) ! 4 "+ 9) a "# @ _
W
n c & ' "#b +3 3 ) "2 5ad]]W 0 $< "4_ 3 p ."
( - 7 0h .) ' p ." r J # ) ( 1 @ 0dc !b
53 4 g$7 ) ) ?+

1. Krifka
2. functor
,,, ) "! * + ! "#$ %&'(

"0# / - +,+,
= - -*"7 0 "+ |"P %4 ) /+ ! +3 3 G )
5H "# )* ) & ' "# ' L P) 0a[ % !. ' d _W 4
3
2 1 / +*+,+,
.- R -. O u ) 3 ' 3 + 4 0 "* N ; p ') )
) 5@- aƒG _ ' aƒG _ L4 : (' D : ; N @ 03 )
C- 8 -G ' aQ"-* /-#_ 3- ƒ/G -. C 8 : G0 . R .
/ /# C 8 / Q"* /# 0 "$ ') ) 5a 4_ 3 I/ ƒ/G .
"-2 - 5@- I- ' - .) @* ' Q"* /# 5 ) 3 @ o
Q"-* /-# ') 53 //7. ) ( 4 3 . 3 +
T" I-+ ) Q"-* /-# : + 5@I/ : ƒG Y *"7 R 7 0
Q"-* /# T" I+ ) 3 . ?/ ƒG : r/.". / 53 "/+ ) "8 4
) 53 //7. ) ( Q"* /# 4 0 3 + @ L ) 5 "/+( ;
} - - - *"+ "-2 ) % ; ƒG : ' 4 / ' ( P ) ~1
U ) 3 ;' ?/ % ; ƒG : ' Q"* /# / ( P ) / f
5H " u 4 n % (y -[`
5a(" g4 _ H " u 4 n 4 % ' (u
5a(" ?/f _ H " % 4 u 4 ' (z

cu - 4b 5@ 4 6 Q"* /# y [` R t ) 4 6 c % b 0u[` R t )
5 "/+ ) "8 Q"* /# T" I+ ) u[` ) 0y [` ) 3 3; : ?/
- "# - 3 + ' @ R LB : Gm ˆ P "# ( @ )
0 -$ 3/8 ( 1 l 1 3 . R LB $ 53 @ 3 3; : ) 3^8
- )" ) 53- -4 A -B @% ' aH/! I "/> ' H/! I _ R 7< 0C * 0 3/8

1. focus
2. informative
3. contrastive
4. presupposition
@- 3-! 7 ad]]W_ -/+ 5 ) ?I- -! c -4b - @ - /f !
U ) ;' "# ( @ ) 4 = ' 5 ) ) "8 4 ; ) &' "#
53- 4 - -/ ) - : - -4 "-+ ‡ ) 78 / 645
-/ : - ; A . 4 / f 53 " ‰ 4 '3 3 . : ;
( - - )" ; . ' ) ) ŠD : ; A . ) ' ) 4 ( @* ) 3
Ua`]d U _ @ % !. 4 / r. " " ) 4 0 /+ /
5H *) )3 '" ay 6[e
v *) B4 '" au
5A3 ) H " ay 6[X
v(3 w 4 . au

5@- 3 % ; ) ( ? ; m !/8 & ' "# 0‡ * "# ( @ )


- "# 5 "/+ " ) ) % ; Y3 C4 0 % ; WcE "^. T"P/ b
4 4 &'
' ) 3- ) "8 " ( C !. ) 4= 5 ) ) "8 E "^. T"P/ ) 0@
5@I/ ( 8 /$. l 1
( Q"* /# C !. ) ( ) 4 "+ ‡ ) / 69
U@ " ( 8 /$. 4 / f 5 "/+ ) "8 / /#
v(3 . w 4 ay 6Z]
5wH " au

0- - " % !. 4 ƒ/G . ( " 4 @ 4D / )"


( - ) -/7 {- " % !. ( & ' "# 0') 5@*"+ "2 ) ) /7 .
U3 "
(') "- ( -8 4 /$. 0 % !. 4 ƒ/G . ( ) $ ) . : - +*
- ) -' I;" 0 "/+ ) "8 Q"* /# C !. ) ( 4 5@
U@ % ; ( /$. / % !. /$. = <.) 5 ) "
v w 4 aZW

1. assertion scope
,,, ) "! * + ! "#$ %&'(

03 - -4 /- f T3 4 & 'n. ) * ) ) '( - +,


0c"- b 3- ( -/8 0aWd UW[ex_ -O) ' C-+ 8 - )" ) - 03 ) 3 ;'
U@ % !. 4 c ‹ b ' 0c L .b 0cp!*b
v 3 "# @ ) )3! N 4 (3 •N 4 aZd

' W( -1 r-%8 03 ) % !. 4 4 (( 1 )? ' ) / - +;


d
U3 I ( ( @
( - Q"-* /-# C !. ) ) n L.3 . ; ;) / <=
B 7 03 "//Œ. ) % ; @ 3 . ( 1 r%8 53 ) "8 / /#
/ ( ( 8 ) /I ( 1 P ) 0 ! N "$ ') ) 53 4 +"+ ) @ 4
?-/ - ' l -1 4 T ' @ 3 *"+ "2 ) & ' "# ' % !. 4
5 "-+ - -!%. -! ' ( -1 0( -P ) /- f 5@- " ( ". I;"
% -!. -4 - ; ) ' 3 4 @4"D ( 03 •) ( 1 r%8 4
U "/+ ( ;
5a _ A3 ) H " ay 6Z[
5a "# _ v(3 w 4 . au
5a % !. ) _ v(3 . w 4 az

( -1 r%8 4 () 03 ) % ! P ) 0 @ ' ( 1 r%8 "


a[_
) 5 +"+ ) % ; 4 B ' 3 "//Œ. ) % ; N= @ 3 .
- - - - ) N I- ( "- 0 ) @/ ) /I ( 1 r%8 ?/ )*
q- . ?/ & ' "# ; " 03 4 "//Œ. a( 1 r%8_ +K ' ( Š 8
- ') m -4 #C7* ( ) ( 1 r%8 ) ŠD T?/ 53 4 "//Œ. 3 .
-4 @- - 03- ) "2 ‡ <. " m "!. 4 %o $ 0@I/
( -1 r-%8 N %-F T?/ 0 "/+ A B 3 + p . 4 = @ N
53 I ( 1 r%8 ) ŠD r 0 ! ( ?/ ' ( " ) 4 C 5ad]]x [0" _ @

1. scrambling
2. cleft constractions
3. Bayar
' "-+ - ? -; - @ - + ) % !. T& ' "# ) "
U) I;" /$.
v3 " u 4 4 4 ' 6ZZ
v3 ' k" @ 4 B4 ' 6Z\

' -7 I-;" " b U "4 y "7. + . ) 4 0 ! "2


W
' -! A -L< "-O D - ! ) C- !. 5ae` UWXxW 0"B / - _ c@ 3 C !. 0 '
-/ - n- ' H/! I .) 4 3 3 AB :7 P 5 ) 7
-4 @- 4 -D - n- -P ) 5 ) ;' 4 ' % !. 4
0') - 5@I-/ ‡ F g$ 0@I ?/ 4 0 % !. 4 (
03- % -!. "+ 0@I/ % !. m ? 4 @ . (' D % ; T" I+
h - .) ' cE "^-. T"P/ b *"7 0 P ) 3 ". ') ( " 5@I ?/
5H "# % !. 4
- . 53- ) ) "-8 E "^-. T"P/- ) 0 '3 % !. 4 ) ?+ ' 3
3- . - -G -4 3- ) - . 7/ @ D ) <+ : ;
-4 - E "^. T"P/ n h" 53 % !."/> " G ' % !. :
g-$ ' 0@I ?/ 03 % !. 4( € fb 4 @ % !.
5c@I/ ‡ F
- 4" C : ; . 5@I/ % !. 4 ‚ 0E "^. T"P/
$ 3 I;" 0 ) ) ŠD : ; . ) E "^. T"P/ 0') 53 I
5 "+ '31 " I+ 0 % ; () / ( '?*
d
T"P/- ) -4 - - -4 @ 3! 7 aWX`x_ y/f 0 " / f 3/ Ž. )
T"P/- ) 03- % -!. 4( "+ 03 I/ 4 m ? 03 ) ) "8 E "^.
U - - + - -. ) A L< ' !P h" " 5 ) ) "8 E "^.
4 4 3 ?/ + . ) " / f 5 % !. 4 [ E "^. T"P/

1. Bolinger
2. chafe
3. opposite conditionel
,,, ) "! * + ! "#$ %&'(

- )" - 3- 0 3- -i ) h"- 3-/ Ž. ( " 53 4 uV; ) 4 0 % !.


5H "# ( & ' "# ( "# g# ' "/ 6 () "# ( @
- : 1 +*+*+,+,
' @- -% ; C-4 E "^. T"P/ 03 () ; ' O " Rt ( .
U3 "/+ ) "8 "P/ ) C * ' %7* '"+
v" ) / % 6Zx

-/$. '3- "-+ - D 0 "+ * O Zx "# % ; () / ( € f


) "-8 (') " @ 4'3 ƒ/^G. ) E "^. T"P/ 03 % !.
- 03- - ( 8 /$. () / T 4 .) F ) }ay Z` R t _ "/+
( -8 /$. @ B () / T 0') 5auZ` R t _ " % !. 4
% -!. -4 T3- - = -<.) ' -/$. } % !. ' 3 ‚ ^ )
U@
a 4_ v " ) / m 3 % ay 6Z`
a % !. 4_ v " ) / % > $? au

5@I-/ ( 8 /$. B () / T m *"F 4 3 )'"


0 % !. 4 ( +K ' rI4 3 . % ;" ( 0() / T )
) - - 0 - .) @-* - ; . @ B 3 + 5aWXxW 0"B / _ 3 "+ % !.
U3 4
v" ) / % 6Ze
v" ) / % 6ZX

U "-/+ - C$- %4 :) F ' 4 uV; "/ 6() ( "# ) B/ )


03- ‚^ % ; ) ) (".•)? T" I+ 4 4 { " R'
-P ) - 5 - - ". '31 "P/ 0 (') " ( 8 /$. 4 % !. 4 A' '
0 % -!. -4 "- -$ "- - 0 -4 = ' n h" " @ (3/ Ž.
5@I/ % !. m ? T " 0@I ?/
#( 1 1 +,+*+,+,
'31 3 . E "^. T"P/ 0"/ 6 () ( "# 3 ?/ "# = )
-$ 03- 3 - We R -t ) -4 - f 53 % !. 4' &' "#
( -8 /$. *"+ ) "8 5 o = <.) ( 8 /$. 0 % !. 4 ƒ/G . ( ) /7
-/$. 4 @ 3! 7 "B / 5@I/ / /# C 8 % ; ) n " (') "
5ae` U - _ - 3- :' < 03 ) ) "8 ) 3 ' 3 + 4 * ;.
) ŠD :) F ) 5 ) @ o % ; C4 E "^. T"P/ 43 y \]NR t
- ) - - 5 "+ '31 E "^. T"P/ ' 4 0 % ; ) &' "#
0( -8 -/$. @-* ) - 0 - T - 0 &' "# 5@ c "fb 0u\] % ;
53- C/$ . 4 ) % !. 4 @ " 0') 5 "+ % !.
- 5a`W\ U d]]W 0 -/+_ "-+ - !%. & ' "# 0‚ 40 ! "$ ') )
-4 0 -< A -L< - (3/8 ( ) ŠD 43 )* (
-' I;" ' /$. rI4 ' ay \W R t _ 3 ‚^ % ;
- -/$. H/- 7.0') 5au\W R t _ "+ % !. 0 3 + ( 7 N• !
5@ " V# $ ) " (
5(3 @D ) . fH< ay 6\]
v "f < au
v < "f az
v < ?+" "f ay 6\W
v < ?+" "f au

-4 ' % !. 4 n P ) 0 &' "# ( ) "# ( @ "


(- - -4 "4 / /# . 0 " /f: j 53 4 3/ Ž. )
- "/jŽ-. 0 C !. ( ) ? /%4 0') 53 I ?/ 0 % !. 4 ()
?-/ ( -1 r-%8 53- - C 3- . % !. ) L 0 4 () ( "
-4 0 % -!. ( - -4 - .@ " " 5 % !. ) 4
U@
,,, ) "! * + ! "#$ %&'(

5A') )3 A) ay 6\d
v(') B4 () . au
v() () a ._ B4 az
5A3 ) ) % ay 6\[
v(3 ) w 4 . au
v(3 ) . w 4 az

0u \[ ' u \d : - ; ) & ' "# 03 \[ ' \d ( R t 4 f


- 0z \[ ' z \d ( - R -t ) - 03 ) ) "8 %F ( ; ) 0y : ; @/7 .
-/ - n- P ) " 53 *"+ ) "8 %F 3 ( 3 ) ( 1 r%8 "$%
-L -B/ 5 - 3- I$ ' " ) ( 1 r%8 "$% 0 ' % !. 4
- H 7 l1 "# ( @ ) & ' "# ' 4 4@ ~1
g-$ - 0@I- ?/ 4 0E "^. T"P/ ) % !. 4 53 4 C
% -!."/> ' % -!. ( - - "- C - 3- . E "^. T"P/ n 5@I/ ‡ F
53 a _
: - ; ) & ' - "# -4 3- - )'( 1 )" (3 q ;
5@- % -!. ' - = - ' "- C - 4 5@ " 4 "#
: - ; 5@I-/ /- f % -!. -4 03 I 4C : ; .
-/$. ) Š-D - - ) * ) % !. 4 53 "+ " ‰ % !. 4 '3 3 .
- )" - ) 53- - ) 0 L . ' " 0o f ( /8 ' ( 1 r%8 0( 8
-4 0E "^-. T"P/- 0') - 53 - - " ( 8 /$. % !. ( & ' "#
' 3- 4 "-//Œ. % -!. ( ) ? $ € f5 ) / )
5@I ?/ 0 % !.

#( 1 : $ @ +;
' a "--4@- 4"D 0 %--F ( - ; ) _ ( & ' - "#n--. - "# : - ; - )" -
i) )* ) L 3 ) 3 I () /# "O D 'K# ) 0( & ' "#3 f
/- 0 %-F ( ; ) ( & ' "# 3 I 4 3 ) /# 5@ 3
" ) -4 - ) * - ) ( & ' - "#n-. : - ; "- ( - 5@ "4@4"D
- )" 3- " ' 3- - )" -L = n/$<. & ' "# 3 I 53 ) (" /
5@ 3 i) " ( ) ) (3 ' ' (3 n. : ; ) r/.".
' a - )_ - 0 - % 0 - y-% G ( - + )" ) (
' (3- n-. - "# -% ; WWXW = - B 53- 3 u G a )"/>_ ( )' 1
3 I- 3- - 4 3 I (3 ' 0 % ; d\x ' (3 n. % ; X[\ 0(3 '
5@ (3 ' : ; / '" )* ) (3 n. : ;
ad\x_ (3 ' : ; aX[\_ (3 n. : ;

)' "# '3 : ; )' "# : ; )' "# '3 : ; )' "# : ;
d[ \e

"4 @4"D %F ( ; ) "4 @4"D %F ( ; )


\\ W`e [[[ \ZZ

(3 n. : ; ) ) * ( &' "# 3 I 6dR'3;

3 I 3F) &' "# &' "# =


d`] [W f
xZ ` 4
O
ZX x 3f
d` [ )3!f
`\ X B4
ZW \ 4
( '?*
W\d W` "f
`[ e f Y) Pf
\e ` A 34
\[ x H † f 3/! @*
W\ d C/ f
,,, ) "! * + ! "#$ %&'(

(3 n. : ; ) ) * ( &' "# 3 I )

(3 ' : ; ) ) * ( &' "# 3 I 6[R'3;


3 I 3F) &' "# &' "# =
eW [\ f
d\ WW 4
O
` [ 3f
\ d )3!f
d\ WW B4
WZ x 4
( '?*
dW X "f
dd X f Y) Pf
WW \ A 34
WX e H † f 3/! @*
[ W C/ f
(3 ' : ; ) ) * ( &' "# 3 I )

' A +3
( -1 ' -! "-2 ' 0ad]]W_ -/+ ( " "# ( @ ! )"
0 -7< 0 % -* 3- :) - "# : ; = ! "2 5@ *"+ :) F
0() ? 0 / 4 0@/$ 0 4 A B @% 0C7* 0 3/8 0@ D 3/8 0E "F"/> 7<
- ) - & ' - "# - 7 ( - +K ' 0 7 )" 5 " ' 0) 3! 0 G
& ' "# ; 43 & ' "# ) ' ( 1 T3 53
-4 -/ ( -P ) 5 % -!. ' - -4 3 :) 4 = ' 5@ 4
5@I- ?-/ - 03- % -!. -4 4 ( " ' ) ;' % !. '
@- o -4 - ; - - / /# C 8 0 /+ /O"* ( " )*(
0@-* "- ) - ( 3 4 0"B / /O"* ( " 4 D ) 03 )
-4 - ) * - ) 3- . - ' ' 7 I;" " 5@ 3 + h
"- 0 - - ) I- - ) ' ( 1 r%8 ; . 0') 5 "/+) "8 % ;
/$. ; / /# C 8 ( " 5 "/+ ) "8 % ; 43 . (
5 ; C$ (3D . ) * ) % ; 4'
,,, ) "! * + ! "#$ %&'(

p/I- "-/> ' p/I : ; ) & ' "# ".3 I "# O ( & ' "#
) 5@- " -/ c -f Y fb 3 I 0 O ( & ' "# / ) 53 I )*
: - ; ) c -B4b ' p/I- : - ; ) c "-fb 3 I 0( '?* ( & ' "# /
5@ ( '?* ( & ' "# " / 0p/I "/>

0/
u - ) 3- + R S ' @ 1F 0 3 4 0 <+ ( @* " / ) 6W
- - "# = - - :- ) "-$. ( " m 3B 03 4 9) 3 ,+
W
- - . ) "# / f aWX`\_ ‘ ' $ ' ! 53 4 <
A- - - @* " ) 43 I D( " 0@*"+ "2 )
- - H- - $ N +3- 4@4"- - . 4 : H 3 )
53 •) 03 4 @ 1F " 3$
53 ) 3 ? . "2 ) * ( & ' "# 6d
d
}WXX` 0 - %/ ' :) ) 5n _ ) h .) ?/ % ; /$. ' 4 ( 1 r%8 6[
) - ) 5aWXXX 0 - f ' WXXe 0g/--4 }d]][ 'WXXX 0 - "4 }d]]d [0 % -
\ Z

L. 'K# ) 0@ *"+ :) F (3 ) : !/!1. 4= ' )*


" / 7 P (" 3 . 3 8 5H "# "# ( @ ' 4 h .)
' }d]]\ ' d]][ 0WXXX 0 -- "4 }W[e\ ' W[eZ 03-- L J-- ) U -- 3-- 4 = --;)
5W[ex 0 O) ' C+ 8

1. wachowicz
2. Reinhart & Neelman
3. Baily
4. Kiss
5. Choi
B "
- ) -% ; @ )" b 0aW[ex_ /ID3/ 0 O) ' M' "* 0 C+ 8
0 - - 0 " / < :o ! B 0c) 4 k
5[6W\ ƒF
:o -! - B 0c - ) * - ) " -O " -4 ' ) )" b 0aW[e[_ H " 0 8
5Z`6x` ƒF 0 0 g "< 4 /
5@ U "L. 0 ) $. ' 3/# U("2 0aW[e[_ 3 1 0A3! "/
0 - - ' - -%B 0c )* ) 3/4Ž. = )" b 0aW[eZ_ 3 1 03 L J )
5\6WX ƒF 0W T)
0d T) - 0) %B 0c )* ) 3/4Ž. ' ( 1 r%8 h .) b 0aW[e\_ ---------------
5d]6[[ ƒF
5`X6XW ƒF 0W T) 0) %B c )* ) () 3 ; T3 3#b 0aW[e[_ ) 0A <%+
Baily, J (2002), “On Scrambling: A reply to Boškovi and Takahashi”,
Linguistic Inquiry, 32 (4): 635-658.
Bayer, Josef (2006),‘‘Wh-in-situ’’ ,The Blackwell Companion to Syntax,
Vol. V, Black well publishing, 376 - 438.
Bolinger, D (1961), ‘‘Contrastive accent and contrastive stress’’, Language,
37. 83-96.
----------- (1972), ‘‘Accent is Predictable (if you're a mind reader)’’, Language,
48: 633-644.
Chafe, w (1976), ‘‘Giveness, Contrastiveness, Definiteness, Subject, Topic
and point of view’’, In C, Li (ed,1976), New York: Academic Press, 25-56.
Choi, Hye-Won (1999), Optimizing Scrambling in Context: Scrambling and
Information Structure, Stanford, CA, Center for the Studies of Language
and Information (CSLI) Publications.
Givón, Talmy (1979), On Understanding Grammar, Academic Press.
------------ (2001), Syntax: A Functional Typological Introduction, Vol. II
John Benjamins Publishing Company, Amesterdam.
Karimi, S (1999), ‘‘Is Scrambling as Strong as We Think It Is?’’, MIT
Working Papers in Linguistics, 33,159-190.
------------ (2003), ‘‘ Focus Movement and The Nature of Uninterpretable
Features’’, In Carnie, Andrew, Heidi & Mary Willie (eds), Formal
Approaches to Functional Focus, John Benjamins, 297-306.
,,, ) "! * + ! "#$ %&'(

------------- (2005), A Minimalist Approach to Scrambling: Evidence from


Persian, Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Kiss, E .K (1998),‘‘Identificational Focus versus Information Focus’’,
Language, 74: 2, 245 – 273.
Krifka, M (2001), ‘‘For a structured meaning account of questions and
answers’’ ,(revised version), in C. Fery & W. Sternefeld (eds), Audiatur
Vox Sapientia, A Festschrift for Arnim von Stechow, Akademic Verlag
(=studia grammaticall), 52, Berlin, 287-319.
Reinhart, T & A. Neelman (1997),‘‘Scrambling and the PF Interface’’, In,
W. Cobler & M. Butt (eds), Projection from the Lexicon, CSLI, Stanford.
Wachowicz, C (1975), ‘‘Double WH -Questions’’, Language Universal
Project, Stanford University (ms).

Vous aimerez peut-être aussi