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Il�y�a�quelques�ann�es,�on�nommait�ASP�(Application�Service�Provider)�le�fait
de�proposer�une�application�sous�forme�de�service.�En�remontant�un�peu�plus�loin�en
arri�re,�dans�les�ann�es�60,�IBM�proposait�d�j�l'informatique���ondemand��.�Les
ann�es�80�furent�aussi�le�d�but�des�concepts�de�virtualisation.�Tous�ces�concepts
ont�amen�,�petit��petit,��inventer�une�nouvelle�mani�re�de�proposer�l'informatique
��comme�un�service����savoir�le�Cloud�Computing�ou�Informatique�dans�les�nuages,
qui�peut��tre�d�fini�comme��tant�la�d�portation�sur�des�serveurs�distants�des
stockages�et�des�traitements�informatiques�traditionnellement�localis�s�sur�des
serveurs�locaux�ou�sur�des�postes�utilisateurs.
Dans�un�contexte��conomique�o�chaque�entreprise�cherche��rentabiliser�au
maximum�les�investissements�et�limiter�l'empreinte��cologique�(Green�IT),�le�Cloud
Computing�tend��devenir�la�solution�universelle.
Malgr�que�l�h�bergement�des�donn�es�par�des�prestataires�externes�soit
devenu�un�des�services�tr�s�demand�s�du�Cloud�Computing�ces�derni�res�ann�es,
notamment�gr�ce��l�amortissement�des�co�ts�qu�il�induit�aupr�s�des�entreprises,
certains�commencent�pourtant��pointer�du�doigt�la�s�curit�du�syst�me.
Cette�notion�de�la�s�curit�des�donn�es�est�devenue�l�un�des�principaux�sujets
de�discussion��propos�du�Cloud�Computing,�car�les�exemples�de�d�convenues�sont
aujourd�hui�nombreux,�allant�d�incidents�tels�que�le�vol�de�donn�es��des
catastrophes�telles�que�la�perte�du�syst�me�d�information�tout�entier��la�suite�d�u
n crash�du�serveur�distant.
Fautil�pour�autant�se�m�fier�du�Cloud�Computing�et�lui�tourner�le�dos�en
attendant�qu�un�service�similaire,�mais�plus�s�r��merge�de�l�esprit�des�g�nies�de
l�informatique�?
Table�des�mati�res
R�sum�. ...........................................................................
...................................... 2
Introduction. .....................................................................
..................................... 8
1 Pr�sentation de
l�entreprise. .....................................................................
...........9
1.1 Prestation de
l�entreprise. .....................................................................
............9
1.2 Contexte du
projet . ..........................................................................
................9
1.3 Objectifs du
projet . ..........................................................................
................9
1.4 Plan
d�action . ........................................................................
.........................11
1.4.1 D�marche de
d�veloppement . ...................................................................
.11
1.4.2 Calendrier
pr�visionnel. .....................................................................
..........12
2 Cloud
Computing. ........................................................................
......................13
2.1
Introduction . ....................................................................
..............................13
2.2 Cloud vs
Grilles . .........................................................................
....................14
2.3
Principes . .......................................................................
................................15
2.4 B�n�?
ces. ..............................................................................
.........................15
2.5 Classi?
cation . ..........................................................................
.......................18
2.5.1 Par raison de
d�veloppement . ...................................................................
.18
2.5.2 Par niveau de
service . .........................................................................
........20
2.6
Challenges. .......................................................................
..............................20
2.6.1
Isolation . .......................................................................
..............................21
2.6.2
Administration . ..................................................................
.........................22
2.6.3 Interop�rabilit� et
Portabilit� . .....................................................................
22
2.7 Isolation par la
virtualisation . ..................................................................
.......23
2.7.1 D�?nition et
Principes . .......................................................................
.........23
2.7.2
Objectifs. ........................................................................
..............................24
2.7.3 B�n�?ces pour les
entreprises. ....................................................................25
2.7.4 Classi?
cation. ...........................................................................
....................25
2.8
Conclusion. .......................................................................
..............................28
3 La s�curit� du Cloud
computing. .......................................................................3
0
3.1 Les probl�matiques s�curitaires associ�es au Cloud
computing . ..................30
3.2 Analyse des
risques. ..........................................................................
.............30
3.2.1 Les principaux risques identi?
�s . ................................................................31
3.3 Contre
mesure. ...........................................................................
.................35
3.3.1 S�curit�
physique. .........................................................................
..............35
3.3.2 S�curit�
logique. ..........................................................................
................42
3.3.3 S�curit� des
donn�es. ..........................................................................
.......51
3.4
Conclusion :. .....................................................................
..............................55
4 �tude
comparative. ......................................................................
......................56
4.1
Introduction . ....................................................................
..............................56
4.2
OpenNebula. .......................................................................
............................56
4.3
Eucalyptus. .......................................................................
..............................59
4.4
OpenStack. ........................................................................
.............................61
4.5
Comparatif . ......................................................................
..............................63
4.6 Choix de
solution. .........................................................................
..................65
4.7 �tude d�taille de la solution
choisie. ..............................................................65
4.7.1
Description. ......................................................................
............................65
4.7.2 Infrastructure d�OpenStack Compute
(Nova). ..............................................67
4.7.3 OpenStack Imaging Service
(Glance). ..........................................................68
4.7.4 Infrastructure de Stockage d�OpenStack
(Swift). .........................................68
4.7.5 OpenStack Identity Service
(Keystone). .......................................................70
4.7.6 Administration de l�Interface Web d�OpenStack
(Horizon). ..........................71
5 Chapitre 5 : R�alisation
pratique. ......................................................................72
5.1
Introduction. .....................................................................
..............................72
5.2 Server
1. ................................................................................
.........................72
5.2.1 Con?guration
r�seau. ...........................................................................
.......72
5.2.2 Serveur
NTP. ..............................................................................
..................73
5.2.3 Bases de
donn�es. ..........................................................................
.............73
5.2.4
Keystone. .........................................................................
............................75
5.2.5
Glance. ...........................................................................
..............................81
5.2.6
Nova. .............................................................................
..............................82
5.2.7 OpenStack
Dashboard:. .......................................................................
........86
5.2.8
Swift. ............................................................................
................................86
5.3 Server
2. ................................................................................
.......................100
5.3.1 Syst�me de
base. .............................................................................
...100
5.3.2 Con?guration
r�seau. ..........................................................................1
00
5.3.3 Client
NTP. ..............................................................................
.............100
3.3.1 S�curit�
physique. .........................................................................
..............35
3.3.2 S�curit�
logique. ..........................................................................
................42
3.3.3 S�curit� des
donn�es. ..........................................................................
.......51
3.4
Conclusion :. .....................................................................
..............................55
4 �tude
comparative. ......................................................................
......................56
4.1
Introduction . ....................................................................
..............................56
4.2
OpenNebula. .......................................................................
............................56
4.3
Eucalyptus. .......................................................................
..............................59
4.4
OpenStack. ........................................................................
.............................61
4.5
Comparatif . ......................................................................
..............................63
4.6 Choix de
solution. .........................................................................
..................65
4.7 �tude d�taille de la solution
choisie. ..............................................................65
4.7.1
Description. ......................................................................
............................65
4.7.2 Infrastructure d�OpenStack Compute
(Nova). ..............................................67
4.7.3 OpenStack Imaging Service
(Glance). ..........................................................68
4.7.4 Infrastructure de Stockage d�OpenStack
(Swift). .........................................68
4.7.5 OpenStack Identity Service
(Keystone). .......................................................70
4.7.6 Administration de l�Interface Web d�OpenStack
(Horizon). ..........................71
5 Chapitre 5 : R�alisation
pratique. ......................................................................72
5.1
Introduction. .....................................................................
..............................72
5.2 Server
1. ................................................................................
.........................72
5.2.1 Con?guration
r�seau. ...........................................................................
.......72
5.2.2 Serveur
NTP. ..............................................................................
..................73
5.2.3 Bases de
donn�es. ..........................................................................
.............73
5.2.4
Keystone. .........................................................................
............................75
5.2.5
Glance. ...........................................................................
..............................81
5.2.6
Nova. .............................................................................
..............................82
5.2.7 OpenStack
Dashboard:. .......................................................................
........86
5.2.8
Swift. ............................................................................
................................86
5.3 Server
2. ................................................................................
.......................100
5.3.1 Syst�me de
base. .............................................................................
...100
5.3.2 Con?guration
r�seau. ..........................................................................1
00
5.3.3 Client
NTP. ..............................................................................
.............100
5.3.4 Nova (nova-compute
seule). ...................................................................101
5.4
Client. ...........................................................................
............................. 103
5.4.1 Syst�me de
base. .............................................................................
......103
5.4.2 Con?guration
r�seaux. ..........................................................................
.103
5.4.3 Outils
client. ...........................................................................
.................103
5.4.4 OpenStack
Dashboard. ........................................................................
...104
5.5 Gestion des
images. ...........................................................................
.......105
5.5.1 Cr�ation d�une image
Linux. ...................................................................105
5.5.2 Cr�ation d�une image
windows. ..............................................................106
5.6 Gestion des
instances. ........................................................................
.......107
5.6.1 Outils de ligne de commande
OpenStack. ..............................................108
5.7 OpenStack Dashboard
(Horizon). ...............................................................111
5.7.1
Login. ............................................................................
..........................111
5.7.2 User
Overview. .........................................................................
..............112
5.7.3 Les
instances. ........................................................................
.................112
5.7.4 Les
services. .........................................................................
..................113
5.7.5
Flavors. ..........................................................................
.........................113
5.7.6 Les
images. ...........................................................................
..................114
5.7.7 Les
projets. ..........................................................................
...................114
5.7.8 Les
utilisateurs. .....................................................................
..................115
5.7.9 Les
utilisateurs(Quotas). .............................................................
............116
5.7.10 Overview du
projet. ...........................................................................
...117
5.7.11 Les instances & les
volumes. ................................................................117
5.7.12 Les instances - VNC
Console. ................................................................119
5.7.13 Images &
Snapshots. ........................................................................
....120
5.7.14 Acc�s &
S�curit�. .........................................................................
.........120
5.7.15 Containers &
Objects. ..........................................................................
.123
5.8 Gestion de stockage (Nova-
volume). .........................................................124
5.8.1 Interaction avec le contr�leur de
stockage. .........................................124
SWIFT. ............................................................................
............................. 124
5.9
S�CURIT�. .........................................................................
.........................127
6
Conclusion. .......................................................................
...............................129
7 Les commandes
OpenStack. ........................................................................
....130
7.1 Les commandes
Nova. .............................................................................
..130
7.2 Les commandes de
glance. .......................................................................132
7.3 Les commandes de
Swift . .........................................................................13
2
7.4 Les commandes
Keystone. ........................................................................1
34
8
Glossaire. ........................................................................
................................. 136
9
Bibliographie. ....................................................................
...............................137
10
Webographie. ......................................................................
...........................138
Table de Figure
Figure 1: Diagramme WBS du
projet. ....................................................................11
Figure 2:Diagramme de Gantt du
projet. ..............................................................12
Figure 3:�volution du
Cloud. ............................................................................
.....14
Figure 4:Classi?cation du Cloud par
service. ........................................................20
Figure 5:Vue des syst�mes
virtualis�s. .................................................................24
Figure 6: Techniques de
virtualisation. ..................................................................2
8
Figure 7: S�curisation de
l�environnement. ...........................................................39
Figure 8: Architecture mono data ce
enter. ...........................................................40
Figure 9: Architecture multi data
centers. .............................................................41
Figure 10: Colocation
s�curis�e. ........................................................................
...46
Figure 11: Composition
d'OpenNebula. .................................................................57
Figure 12: Organisation
d'Eucalyptus. ...................................................................60