Appendix A: Data collection Permission Letter

Date:
Respected Ma’am/ Sir
REQUEST FOR PERMISSION TO CONDUCT RESEARCH
We are the registered BASW 3rd year student in the Department of social work at Texas
International College, Tribhuvan University. Our research guide is Mr………. I am hereby
seeking your consent to administer a standardized questionnaire to the community people/
students belonging to 9th and 10th standard from your community as a part of my bachelor
program.
The proposed topic of my research is " Community based camp: a community immersion program for
social work students"

Through this study I wish to identify:

a. socio-demographic profile
b. community mapping
c. Application of PRA tools
Your permission to conduct the study will be greatly appreciated.
Yours’ Sincerely,

BASW third year

Participant consent form
Bachelor in social work, BSW third year
Batch – 2076 B.S
Texas International College, Mitrapark Chabahil, Tribhuvan University
Namaste:
I am …… of Social Work student studying in Bachelor level first year, in Texas International College,
Mitrapark, Chabahil affiliated to Tribhuvan University. This study is conducted in a partial fulfillment
of requirement for the filed visit on problem identification, community profile, and survey task.

Introduction:
The researcher is a student of Tribhuvan University. The study is being carried out as a partial
fulfillment filed visit on problem identification, community profile, and survey task. Researcher
would appreciate your co-operation in answering the question.

Direction:
The respondents are requested to mark (√) to choose right answer. The respondent can write their own
answer in other option and on blank spaces. Respondent can choose one or more answer in multiple
response question (MRQ). The respondents are requested to give their own opinion on the basis of
their knowledge.

The study consists of two parts:

Part I- Community profile

 socio-demographic profile
 community mapping

Part II- focus group discussion

Information related to
a. women,
b. health
c. education,
d. economic empowerment and
e. Livelihood.

Description of study
Project Title: Study on –“"Community based camp: a community immersion program for social work
students"
1. Student’s name: …………………. Bachelor in social work; mob- 9…….,
………..@gmail.com
2. Supervisor: …………………. Bachelor in social work; lecturer of Texas International
College, mob- 9…., ………..@gmail.com
3. Purpose(s) and Objective(s) of the report:
The purpose of this study is to develop an understanding of community profile and focus
group discussion related to women, health, education, economic empowerment, and livelihood
of Ghandruk Community.
4. Procedures:
 Participants in this study will be required to participate semi structured/ structured interview
which will be recorded and transcribed by the researcher with the participant’s permission
 Participants are free to ask questions regarding the procedures and goals of the study or your
role.
5. Funded by: No Funding

6. Potential Risks:
 There are no known or anticipated risks to you by participating in this study.
7. Potential Benefits
 The results of these findings will be shared to the social work department of Texas
International College, Tribhuvan University to further enhance the learning experience and to
social work students and faculties.
8. Compensation:
 There will be no compensation for this study.
9. Confidentiality:
 All information shared will be kept confidential and will only be used for the purposes of this
study
 Information will be stored digitally in password protected files and kept under the safe
keeping of the researcher
10. Storage of Data:
 Digitally recorded and physical paper, and transcribed files will be kept by the researcher. The
information will be discarded after completion of thesis.
11. Right to Withdraw:
 Your participation is voluntary and you can answer only those questions that you are
comfortable with. You may withdraw from the study project for any reason, at any time
without explanation or penalty of any sort.
 Your decision to participate or not in this study will have no effect on your position [e.g.
employment, social standing, access to services] or how you will be treated.
 Should you wish to withdraw due to illness and unavailability of time your information will
not be used for this study.
12. Follow up:

 A brief summary outlining study findings will be provided to participants. Names will be kept
anonymous so that there can be no clear linkage between participants in this study.
13. Questions or Concerns:
  Contact the researcher(s) using the information provided.
 This project has been approved on ethical grounds by bachelor program in social work, Texas
International College, Tribhuvan University. Any questions regarding your rights as a
participant may be addressed to the committee at (phone no- 980164456) and
(anantantv@gmail.com).
14. Continued or On-going Consent:
 Participants may be required to do a follow up interview only if it is necessary to clarify
information that was received during the initial interview process.

In this survey your personal experience and opinion is very important. We will keep the
respondent’s information anonymous. There is no right answer to the questions. Whatever answers
you give is the right answer for us. We believe that you will give us honest answers. Through
random methods your ward and your house were selected for the survey. This survey is about 40
minutes long. Respondent must be a Nepali .The respondent must be living in the household for at
least 6 months and should be member of the family who eats in the same kitchen. In each ward 6
men and 6 women have to be interviewed.

Your signature below indicates that you have read and understand the description provided; I have
had an opportunity to ask questions and my/our questions have been answered. I consent to
participate in the study project. A copy of this Consent Form has been given to me for my records.

…………………….. ……………………… …………………..

Name of participants researcher’s signature Date
COMMUNITY BASELINE STUDY

Instruction for the interviewer

Conduct the interview in an informal, conversational manner, asking questions gently in a soft
tone. Put the respondent at ease. Do not proceed in an interrogative manner or intimidate the
respondent in any way. Give sufficient time to the respondent to reflect and answer the question
without feeling rushed. If the respondent does not understand the questions, repeat it slowly.

QUESTIONAIRE

WARD NO………………………….. TOLE…………………………………………………

GROUP ………………………………………..
DATE ……………… INTERVIEWERS NAME……………………………….TIME
STARTED…………..FINISHED………………

A. SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC INFORMATION

1.1 NAME OF HOUSEHOLD HEAD

……………………………………………………………………………………………
1.2 HOUSEHOLD NUMBER
……………………………………………………………………………………………
1.3 ADDRESS
Present Previous
Province Province
District district
Rural/urban Rural/urban
municipality municipality
Ward no Ward no
Village/tole Village/tole

1.4 ETHNICITY/CASTE
a. _____Brahmin / (specify……………….)
b. _____ Chhetri/ (specify………………….)
c. _____Janajati / (specify………………….)
d. _____Dalit / (specify……………………)
 e. _____ others

1.5 EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION

Please very specific

Nursery / kG Class 9 Uttar madhyama

Class 1 Class 10 Sastri
Class 2 SLC/SEE Acharya
Class 3 Intermediate or 10 TSLC CTEVT
+2
Class 4 Bachelor degree Diploma CTEVT
Class 5 Master’s degree Non formal education
Class 6 Ph.D level Illiterate
Class 7 Prathamik Refused to say
Class 8 Purba Madhyama Other specify
Don’t know

1.6 HOUSEHOLD MEMBER INFORMATION

Male …………………………….. Female…………………… Total……………………

NO. Relation to Age Sex Ed. Main job Other job If children
household head Level under 15 is at
school

1. Wife

2. Mother/father

3. Son/ daughter

4. Son/ daughter in
law

5. Other specify

a. Nuclear household…………………………….
b. Joint household
(Three generations / married son or daughter in the same house)
……………………………………..
1.7 CITIZENSHIP
Do you have citizenship?
a. yes
b. No
c. \Refused to say
d. Don’t know

1.8 MARITAL STATUS

a. Married
b. Never married
c. Divorced/ separated/ widow

1.9 DO YOU SUFFER FROM DISABILITY (POOR EYESIGHT/ POOR HEARING/

LIMITED MOBILITY ETC?)
1. Yes
2. No
3. Refused
If yes, specify the disability ………………………………………………………

1.10 RELIGION
Hindu Buddhist Christian Sikh Bon Muslim
Islam Kirat jain Bahai Prakriti Undefined

1.11 WHAT IS YOUR MAIN OCCUPATION?

Agriculture Private sector Unemployed Social Refused Own
job protection business
transfers
Casual/ Private sector Household / Don’t Selling Business/
informal job( agri) housewife know goods tourism
labour ( agri)
Study/ Other specify Migration/ Rent Public Pension
students remittance sector/ civil holder
 service

B. LANDHOLDING

2.1 DOES YOUR FAMILY OWN LAND?

Yes, we own the land where our house is built, but
the land does not otherwise generate income (from
farming, renting etc.

Yes, we own land some of which generates income

(from farming, renting etc.)

Yes, we own the land where our house is built and

we also own some land which generates income
No, we do not own any land
Refused
Don’t know

2.2 LANDHOLDING PATTERN

Owner cultivation
Tenant cultivation
Sharecropping( Mohiyani/ adhiya)

2.3 IF THE RESPONDENT IS AN OWNER CULTIVATOR, HOW MUCH LAND DO

THEY OWN?
Less than 1 ropani 1 ropani 2 – 3 ropani Don’t know
4 ropani
Refused 5 ropani 6-10 10-20
More than 20
ropani
2.4 IF THE RESPONDENT IS AN OWN CULTIVATOR, DO THEY RENT OUT LAND?
a. Yes
b. no
If yes, how much…………………………………………………………………..
How much do you get every year for this ………………………………
2.5 FOR ALL RESPONDENT WHO HAVE FARM. WHAT ARE THE MAIN CROPS?
Paddy potato Vegetables Other specify
Wheat Bean Corn Millet
2.6 LIVESTOCK
Do you own any animals? How many?
1. pig
2. chicken
3.goat
4. buffalo
5. cow
6. donkey
7. ducks
8. Other specify

2.7 REMOTENESS:
How much time does it take to reach rural municipality/municipality Office from your home?
Less than half an hour 1
Between half an hour and 1 hour 2
More than one but less than 2 3
More than 2 4

2.8 PROBLEM FACING-

IN YOUR VIEW, WHAT ARE THE BIGGEST PROBLEM FACING IN THE
COMMUNITY?
It is harder to find work/ making a living
Natural disaster( flood, landslide, etc)
Roads are bad
The economy is weaker
The price of goods has risen
Political parties don’t work for us
There is corruption for making work
Drinking water supply is inadequate
The government does not work for us
The climatic condition is worse than before
Electricity supply is worse and inadequate
Access to education is poor
Increase in taxation
Access to health service is poor
Poverty has increased
Access to media and internet is poor
Refuse
Other specify
Freedom of expression, domination and oppression
 Caste based violence
Unemployment
Drugs abuse
Unemployed youth
Don’t know

2.9 DO YOU EVER FEAR OF BEING PHYSICALLY/ EMOTIONALLY ASSULTED IN

YOUR LIFE?
a. Yes
b. No
c. Refused
d. Don’t know
2.10 DO YOU EVER HAVE INJUSTICES IN YOUR LIFE?
a. Yes
b. No
c. Refused
d. Don’t know
If yes
How………………………………………………………………………………………………
2.11 SITUATION IN THE AREA WHERE THE RESPONDENT LIVE
Now I would like you to think about the area where you live and work most of the time. Do
you think things in your area are improving, or do you think they are getting worse?
Improving
Electricity supply is improving
Overall everything is going positively
Drinking water supply is improving
The new rural/urban municipality has bring positive
changes
Access to education is improving
Local government and elected bodies bring changes
Climatic conditions are getting better
The situation of women is improving
The relation between caste/ ethnic groups/ religious groups
are improving
It is easier to find work/ make a living
There is no conflict in community
Business has improved
Other specify
Refused
Don’t know
2.12 SITUATION OF HOUSEHOLD

Better The same Wors Refused to Don’t

e say know
Financial situation of your
household
Physical condition of your house /
dwelling
Health/ wellbeing of your family
members
Relation with other community
member
Relation with local government
and authorities
Access to food and drinking water

2.13 SITUATION OF SAFETY IN COMMUNITY

In your opinion, what are the main threats to safety for most people in the area where you
live and work most of the time?
Major threats Reason behind
Natural disaster
Alcohol abuse
Crimes, thieves, gangs
Corruption, corrupt elites
Weak rule of law, poor governance ,
ineffective justice system
Gender based violence
Domestic violence, harmful practices
like witchcraft, sexual violence
Ethnic, religious or caste based
tensions
Class based tensions
Poor infrastructure
Wild animals
Absence of police
No threats at all
Refused
Don’t know

2.14 SAFETY OF THE HOUSEHOLD

Now I would like to ask you about your feelings regarding your own safety and that of your
family. How safe would you say you and your family are? Would you say you are very safe,
reasonably safe, somewhat unsafe or very unsafe?
a. Very safe
b. Reasonable safe
c. Somewhat unsafe
d. Very unsafe
e. Refused
f. Don’t know
2.15 HOUSEHOLD EXPERIENCE OF VIOLENCE, CRIME AND JUSTICE
Have you or has anyone in your household been the victim of the following types of
violence or criminal act in the past year?
Yes No Refused Don’t
know
Theft
Physical assault/ beating
Assault with weapon
Racketeering/ extortion
Burglary/ breaking and entering / looting
Property stolen/ livestock stolen
Kidnapping
Murder/ murder attempt
Sexual violence
Human trafficking
Physical exploitation faced in course of outside of home
Financial exploitation
Other specify

2.16 THINKING BACK OVER THE PAST 12 MONTHS, HOW OFTEN HAVE YOU OR
YOUR HOUSEHOLD ENCOUNTER THE FOLLOWING SITUATION?
Always Often Sometimes Never Not Refused Don’t
applicable know
Skipped a meal
because you didn’t
have money to buy
food
Gone without medical
treatment or medicine
because did not have
money
Not been able to send
 children to school
because of lack of
money for transport or
uniform or other
school costs

2.17 IF YOUR HOUSEHOLD WERE INVOLVED IN A DISPUTE OVER DOMESTIC

VIOLENCE (GHARELU HINSHA), FROM WHOM WOULD YOU ASK FOR HELP TO
RESOLVE IT?
(IF ASKED: by domestic violence we mean a behavior which involves violence or other
abuse by one person against another in a domestic setting, such as in marriage or
cohabitation).
Dispute Dispute Domestic Victims of
over land over dept. violence crimes
Mayor/ rural municipality chair
Village municipality assembly
Ward chairperson/ member
Member of provincial assembly
Member of federal parliament
Civil servants
Member of district coordination committee
Provincial ministers
Army
Police
Lawyer
Judicial committee
Teacher
District court
Traditional justice (community leaders,
elders/headmen, unofficial like mukhiya,
religious entity etc.)
Dialogue group
Social worker / social mobilizer
Women’s group
Religious/caste/ethnic leader
Local business person
Friends and family
I can rely on myself and solve it myself

2.18 IN THE PAST TWELVE MONTHS, HAVE YOU TAKEN ANY OF THE
FOLLOWING PRECAUTIONS FOR FEAR OF BEING PHYSICALLY OR SEXUALLY
ASSAULTED?
 Never Sometimes Often All the Never Refused Don’t
time know
Avoided going out of
your house on your own
Avoided taking certain
streets/roads or going to
certain areas
Avoided being around
certain people you are
afraid might hurt or
sexually assault you
Are you afraid for your
safety inside your own
home?
Taken safety measures
inside your own home

2.19 IDENTITY
I would now like to ask some questions about identity.
a. Mother tongue, identity and access to services
1. Is Nepali your mother tongue? (IF ASKED: by mother tongue, we mean the first
language you learned while growing up)

i. Yes
ii. No
iii. Refused
iv. Don’t know
2.20 DO YOU FEEL DISADVANTAGED BECAUSE YOU CANNOT USE YOUR
MOTHER TONGUE, INSTEAD OF NEPALI, IN THE FOLLOWING SITUATION?

No Total Little Problem Don’t

problem proble problem but has no know
m advantage
When interacting with other people at
work/ clients
When you go to public offices to report
problem( police office etc)
When you go to government office to
obtain some public services such as
citizenship, marriage/birth/death
certificates
When you go in banks for deposits
 When going to the health posts
When studying in school/ college etc

2.21 OVERALL, DO YOU THINK RELATIONS BETWEEN PEOPLE FROM

DIFFERENT ETNICITY, RELIGION OR CASTE ARE IMPROVING, GETTING
WORSE OR REMAIN MORE OR LESS THE SAME IN YOUR RURAL
MUNICIPALITY/ COMMUNITY?
a. Improving
b. Getting worse
c. The same
d. Refused
e. Don’t know

If you think improving, reason why you think relations are improving?
People pay less attention to caste/ethnic/religious differences these days, they are less
important for them

There is greater recognition/protection of the rights of all ethnicities, religions and

castes by authorities

There is greater representation of all ethnicities, religions and castes in the parliament
and government

People know their place better. They do not try to question or change the traditional
social order as much as they did

If you think getting worse, reason why you think relations are getting worse?
People pay more attention to caste/ethnic/religious differences these days.
There is too much attention to the rights of minorities and lower castes.
There is still not enough attention to the rights of minorities and lower castes.
There is not much representation of minorities and lower castes in the parliament and
government.
Political parties/leaders are playing up caste, ethnic and religious divisions
Caste/ethnicity-based parties were defeated in local elections.
People don’t know their place in society anymore.
They question the traditional order too much.
The authorities still do not pay enough attention to fulfill the obligations toward
constitutional recognition/protection of the rights of all ethnicities, religions and
castes
Other specify
 2.22 WOULD YOU ACCEPT THAT YOUR SON OR DAUGHTER MARRY SOMEONE
FROM THE DIFFERENT CASTE?
a. Yes
b. No

3 WOMEN AND GENDER RELATED ATTITUDES

3.1. Now I am going to read statements about women and men and their position in society.
Would you please tell me if you strongly agree, somewhat agree, somewhat disagree, or
strongly disagree with these statements?
Strongly Somewha Somewhat Strongl Refused Don’t
agree t agree disagree y know
disagree
It is more important for a family to have a
son than a daughter
A higher education is more important for a
boy than for a girl
Women should be encouraged to work
outside the home
It is not suitable for women to engage in
politics
Women should have no control over her
income, movement and decisions
A woman has the right to decide how
many children she should bear.
It is okay for a wife to seek community
mediation if she has problems in the
house.
If a wife does not obey her husband, he
has the right to punish her
To be a man, you need to be tough

The participation of the father is important

in raising children
When job opportunities are limited, men
should have more right to a job
It is a man’s responsibility to fulfil
financial needs for his family.

3.1.1 IF YOU WERE TO BE BORN AGAIN, WOULD YOU WANT TO BE BORN AS?
a. Woman
b. Man
c. Others
d. No difference
e. Refused

3.2 IN YOUR OPINION, IN YOUR COMMUNITY, SOCIETY GENERALLY FAVORS -

Men, women and others equally
Men over women and others
Women and others over men

4. MIGRATION
4.1 IS ANYONE IN YOUR FAMILY CURRENTLY IN A FOREIGN COUNTRY FOR
WORK?
a. Yes
b. No
If yes, how many: _____
No one in my family is currently living abroad ____
Refused
Don’t know
4.2 REMITTANCE-
Have you or family members ever received remittance from inside or outside the country?
a. Yes, from inside Nepal only
b. Yes, from outside Nepal only
c. Yes, from both inside and outside Nepal.
d. Refused
e. Skip to section
f. Don’t know

5. SOCIAL ORGANIZATIONS
5.1 ARE THERE ANY SOCIAL ORGANIZATIONS OR PROGRAM IN THIS
COMMUNITY?
Literacy programme
Women’s group
Youth group
Boy scouts
 Clubs
Cooperatives
Guthi or gosthi
Farmer’s organisations
None
Other specify
Don’t know
Refused

5.2 HAVE YOU OR ANYONE IN YOUR FAMILY, EVER PARTICIPATED IN ANY

COMMUNITY ACTIVITY?
Street cleaning
Shared farm labour
Free labour for construction
Free labour for agriculture( parma/ mela)
None
Other specify
Don’t know

5.3 RESPONDENT’S EDXPERIENCE OF ORGANISATION’S SERVICES

Are you aware of services provided by your local government?
a. Yes
b. No
c. Refused
d. Don’t know

If yes, Name major services

Educati Road Drinking Employme Electricity healt Manageme Solid Drainage

on water nt h nt of waste
public manageme
spaces nt
Irrigatio Agricultu Manageme Disaster Environme Othe Refused Don’t Market
n re / nt of manageme nt r know manageme
livestock elderly nt protection nt
services

5.4 DURING THE PAST ONE YEAR, WHAT SERVICES HAVE YOU RECEIVED
THROUGH THE RURAL MUNICIPALITY OFFICE, INCLUDING WARD OFFICE?
 An identity document (such as Birth/death/marriage/migration certificate
Recommendation for citizenship
Other recommendations
Social Security Allowances (Single women, senior citizen, )
Employment-related services
None
Divorce
Services support from judicial committee
Land related services
Others

5.4.1 Now I would like to ask you about your experience in accessing certain public services
in your community/rural municipality. Based on your experience, how easy or difficult is it
to obtain the following services?

Very Easy Difficult Very Neve Refused Don’t

easy difficult r tried know
An identity document (such as
citizenship card, birth
certificate
A place in primary public
school for a child
Medical treatment at the local
health post or hospital
Help from police when you
need it
Access to social security
benefits
Services support from the
Judicial Committee

5.5 WHY DO YOU THINK THAT IT IS DIFFICULT OR VERY DIFFICULT TO

ACCESS PUBLIC SERVICES IN YOUR RURAL MUNICIPALITY OR WARD
OFFICE?
Delay in providing services
Municipality officials’ non-responsible
attitude /bureaucratic hurdles
Bribery
There is political influence in the services
provided
Incapacity of municipality officials
 Complicated process (e.g.lengthy forms)
Discriminatory behavior
Others
Refused
Don’t know/ can’t say

5.6 ACCESS TO INFORMATION

Now I would like to finish with a few questions about information and the media. How
many of the following types of mobile phones do you own?
a. Simple mobile phone ________________________
b. Smart phone (Android, iPhone etc.) _____________
c. Refused
d. Don’t know

Do you ever use internet (social media/ Facebook/ twitter etc.)

a. Yes
b. No
c. Refused
d. Don’t know
If YES: How often do you use internet:
a. several hours a day,
b. about half an hour to one hour a day,
c. at least once a day,
d. at least once a week,
e. at least once a month,
f. a few times a year, hardly ever or never

How do you normally get information about what is happening in the country or in the
area where you live? Is there any other way you get information about what is happening
in the country?
Television
Radio Nepal
Community radio/ FM radio
National newspaper
Local news paper
Internet
Social media
SMS on mobile
Local community leader
 Government official
Ward office
Community-based group (women’s group,
savings and credit etc.)

Political parties
Friends and family and neighbors
Market
Leaflets, posters
Civil society/ NGOs
Other specify
Don’t know
Refused

6. ECONOMIC PROFILE
6.1 WHAT IS YOUR MAIN SOURCE OF INCOME?
Government job, specify
Business, specify
Other waged job, specify
Farming, specify
Irregular( works less than half year)
Manual labor/ construction/ agriculture ,
specify
Service abroad/ migration, specify
Tourism sector
Shopkeeper
Other specify
PER MONTH EARNING
Less than 1000
1000- 5000
5000- 10000
10000- 15000
15000-20000
More than 20000, specify
Refused
Don’t know

6.2 IS THIS ALL ABOUT THE SAME ALL YEAR AROUND?

1. Yes
2. No
6.3 WHO DECIDES TO SPEND MONEY ON MAJOR ITEMS?( SUCH AS- LAND,
FESTIVALS, EDUCATIONS ETC?)
Wife Father mother Self and wife brother Sister
Don’t know Refused Other specify Daughter Son Uncle

6.4 WHO KEEPS MONEY FOR DAY TO DAY EXPENSES?

Wife Father mother Self and wife brother Sister
Don’t know Refused Other specify Daughter Son Uncle

6.5 DOES ANYONE ELSE IN THE HOUSEHOLD EARN?

Wife Father Mother Self and wife brother Sister
Don’t know Refused Other specify Daughter Son Uncle
No one

Accept up to four answers if there is more than one wage earne

6.6 ON WHAT FIVE MAIN ITEMS DO YOU SPEND YOUR MONEY EVERY MONTH?
Food Fests and festivals Transport Education Alcohol and tobacco
Clothing Farming and manual work Medicine Electricity Other specify

6.7 DO YOU OWE ANYONE MONEY (OVER RS 5000?)

a. yes
b. no
If yes, who to

Family members
Neighbor
Friend
Bank/ cooperatives
Money lender
Other specify

6.8 WHY DID YOU BORROW THE MONEY FOR?

Household expenses
Business purposes
House building
 Social expenses( wedding, fests and festivals)
Medical expenses
Other specify

6.9 ECONOMIC OUTLOOK AND OPPORTUNITIES

Views on economic outlook
Do you think economic conditions in your community are improving?
1. Yes, economic conditions are improving
2. Economic conditions are staying the same
3. No, economic conditions are getting worse

6.10 IF ECONOMIC CONDITION IS IMPROVING, WHY DO YOU THINK THAT

ECONOMIC CONDITION IS IMPROVINF IN YOUR COMMUNITY?
Better infrastructure
Overall there is progress
More investment
Easier to find work
Water supply is improving
Better government support services
It is easier for women to work
Easier to access market to sell products
Better roads
Less corruption/ bribes
More opportunities for labor migration
Better access to training
More ngos and ingos for welfare
Work pays more
Remittance are increasing
Homestay business is improving
Easier to get loan, find capital
Other specify
Refused
Don’t know/ can’t say

6.11 IF ECONOMIC CONDITION IS GETTING WORSE, IN YOUR VIEW, WHY IS

ECONOMIC CONDITION IN YOUR COMMUNITY IS GETTING SO?
More corruptions/ bribes
Harder to find work
Overall there is little progress
Less opportunities for labor migration
 Infrastructure getting worse
Less investment
Work pay less
Government support services are getting worse
Harder to access market to sell products
Poor roads
Less access to training
The water supply is getting worse
It is worse for women to get work
Prices of goods are getting high
Prices for what I sell are getting down
Other specify
Don’t know
Refused

7. PHYSICAL INFRASTURUTURE
7.1 Main material of house. Specify properly
Fired brick Breeze Natural Cemented Cement and Stone and
block material( Mud, wood mud
Bamboo)
Wood only Others
Roofing
Tile Thatch Zinc and iron Other specify
7.2 No of storey
Ground floor only Ground and 1st Ground, 1st and 2nd More
specify……………
7.3 Electricity supply to the house
a. Yes
b. No
7.4 IS THERE A PROPER MANAGEMENT FOR WASTE WATER MANAGEMENT
(KITCHEN WASTE, BATHROOM WASTE ETC.). WHERE DOES IT DRAIN TO?
a. Yes – it drains to………………………………………………………………….
b. No
7.4 WHAT FUEL DO YOU USE FOR COOKING?
Wood Kerosene Electricity Dung
Lp Gas Gobar gas/ agricultural by product Other specify

8. HEATH
 8.1 Health services in your community
Refused Don’t
know
How much time would it take you to go from home to 1. Less than 1 hour
the nearest health post/hospital? 2. Less than 2 hour
3. Less than 3 hour
How would you rate the quality of healthcare in your 1. Very good
community? 2. Quite good
3. Not good
4. Not good at
all
Have there been any positive or negative changes in the 1. Positive change
quality of health services in your community during the 2. Negative change
past year? 3. No change at all

8.2 HOW HAVE THINGS IMRPOVED IN HEALTH SECTOR IN YOUR COMMUNITY

I can now access a closer or better health post/hospital
The quality of service being provided has improved at my local health
post/hospital
New health posts/hospitals have been constructed
The health post/hospitals are being better maintained
The health post/hospitals are better staffed
The costs of service have decreased.
Easy availability of medicines
Other specify

8.3 HOW HAVE THINGS GOTTEN WORSE?

I have to go to a farther health post/hospital
The quality of service has gone down
The health post/hospitals are less well maintained
The health post/hospitals are less well staffed / staff often absent
The costs of service have increased
Medicines are scarce and not available easily
Other, specify

8.4 HAS ANYONE IN YOUR FAMILY BEEN SICK IN THE LAST THIRTY DAYS?
Age Sex What illness? Who cured it? With Where did you Why?
what? go first?
 TB Doctor Hospital

Fever Other health Health post

worker
Respiratory illness Vaidhya / Other clinic
Jhankri/
traditional Pharmacy
healer
Dysentery Pharmacist Traditional
Jaundice Swasthya healing
swayam sebika
Other specify
Accident other specify
Other specify

8.5 IN WHICH SEASON DO YOU AND YOUR FAMILY HAVE PROBLEM WITH
SICKNESS?
Chaitra/ Jestha/Asadh Shrawan/Bhadra Asoj/ Kartik Mangsir/ Magh/
Baisakh Poush Falgun

8.6 WHO DO YOU NORMALLY PREFER TO SEE FIRST WHEN THERE IS SERIOUS
ILLNESS? OR, WHAT DO YOU DO?
Hospital
Clinic
Vaidyas
Dhami/ jhankri
Do puja
Go to pharmacy
See compounder
Other specify

8.7 WHY DO YOU DO THIS?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………
8.8 WHU YOU DO NOT USE HOSPITAL AND CLINIC? WHAT ARE THE REASON
BEHIND?
Because of distance
Because of cost
Because of staff attitude
Because of strong belief in traditional healing
Other specify

8.9 WHAT DO YOU TRY TO DO WHEN YOU HAVE THE FOLLOWING DISEASES?
Diarrhoea
Respiratory diseases
Fever
TB
Other

8.10 IS ANYONE IN THE HOUSE HAS FOLOWING DISABILITY?

Category Disability no Age sex Using services Other specify
Paralyzed
Lame
Blind
Deaf
Mute/ speech
defect
Cretinism
Leprosy
Mental disorder
Other specify

8.11 O YOU HAVE YOUR CHILD IMMUNISED TIMELY?

1. Yes
2. No
8.12 HYGIENE
8.12.1 WHEN DO YOU WASH YOUR HAND (BEFORE AND AFTER THE
FOLLOWING ACTIVITIES?)
After defecation( self and children)
Before cooking
After handling animals
After cleaning/ sweeping
Before doing puja
Before feeding children
Other specify

8.12.2 WHY DO YOU WASH YOUR HAND? (OPEN QUESTION)

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………
8.12.3 WITH WHAT MATERIALS?
Soap and water
Water only
Other specify

8.12.4 HOW OFTEN DO YOU BATH?

Summer 1. Every day or more
2. Every other day
3. Twice a week
4. Once a week
5. Twice a month
6. Other specify
Winter 1. Every day or more
2. Every other day
3. Twice a week
4. Once a week
5. Twice a month
6. Other specify

8.12.5 WHAT MATERIAL DO YOU USE?

Water only
Soap and water
Other specify

8.12.6 WHY DO YOU BATH?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
Are there any reasons for not bathing?
a. Rituals
b. Access of water
c. Cold Season
d. Other specify

8.13 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

8.13.1 WHAT GARBAGE DO YOU THROW OUT ON A DAILY BASIS? EXAPLES
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………
8.13.2 WHERE DO YOU THROW GARBAGE IN A HOUSE?
\
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………
8.13.3 WHERE DO YOU THROW GARBAGE OUTSIDE?
Dustbin At recognized Street Garbage pit Other specify
gagbage heap (Malkhaldo)
Out of the door Fields Put out for
animals

8.13.4 DOES ANYONE IN STRRET SWEEP AWAY GARBAGE?

1. Who?
2. How often?
8.13.5 DO YOU COLLECT THE ANIMAL EXCRETA FOR COMPOSITING?
1. Yes
2. No
If yes what method
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
 …………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………..
If you keep animal, what do you to manage their waste?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………what are the main problems in your immediate
environment( open ended)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………….....
8.13.6 WHERE DO THE CHILDREN IN YOUR FAMILY NORMALLY
DEFECATE?
Private latrine Communal Open space. Street, gutter Other specify
latrine Where? specify

8.13.7 WHERE DO YOU GO?

Private latrine Communal Open space. Street, gutter Other specify
latrine Where? specify

Summary of Activities and their Duration

The PRA activities and their duration of time is summarized in the following table:

S.N. Activities Sub- Activities (if any) Participants Duration

1. Introductory meeting Sikles Community 1-2 Hours

Members

2. Community Mapping Women and men Half a day

groups perform
separately

3. Sikles History All participants Half a day

4. Seasonal Calendar Women and men Half a day
groups perform
separately

5. Transect Walk PRA team and Half a day

SVPC

6. Trend Lines All Participants Half a day

7. Focus Group Discussion One day

On Agriculture Men Group Half a day
On Health Women Group Half a day
On Education Nearly Half of the Half a day
participants ( Men
and Women)
On Marketing, Credit Nearly Half of the Half a day
and Cooperatives participants ( Men
and Women)

8. Sikles Institutional All Participants Quarter of a day

Diagram

9. Participatory Wealth All Participants Quarter of a day

Ranking

10. Community Problem All Participants Half a day

Analysis (CPA)

11. Community Problem All Participants Half a day

Ranking

12. Community Action Plan All Participants Half a day

(CAP)

13. Evaluation and Close up All Participants

Community Mapping

Points for Discussion

A. General Access:
 Are there any areas in or near the village where you cannot go because of area
closure/security/other reasons? Where? Who cannot go there? Why?
 Where do people go for health services outside of the community? How far is that? Who goes
and for what reasons? How often?
 Where is the nearest market? How far? How does one get there?
 Do people consider access to the village to be a problem? If so, why? What can or is being done
about it?

B. Crops Produced and Soil Fertility

 What are the major types of crops grown in the area? How much of each on average in
percentage terms?
 What is the average yield per hectare during: good rains, bad rains, average performance?
 How many days does it rain on average in the summer during good rainy season, drought, most
frequent phenomenon?
 Do you have more than one rainy/harvest season? How do you weigh their relative importance?
 What major problems are there related to agricultural activities?

 General History
 When was this village settled? Where did the first families come from? Why did they leave
where they were before?
 Why does the village have this name? Did it have a different name in the past? If so, why did it
change?
 What important events have occurred in this Sikles since it was settled?
 When has security been bad/good? Why?
 When were some of the happiest times? Saddest times? Why?
 Population and Culture
 When has the village population increased or decreased? What were the reasons for people
coming here or leaving?
 Has the ethnic or religious composition of the community always been the same or has it
changed? If it has changed, how and why?
 Have there been important religious events in the village?

 Agriculture and Natural Resources:

 Have local farmers always grown the same type of crops? What kinds? What has changed?
Why?
 Have farming methods or equipment changed? How and why?
 What were the forests, rivers and wildlife like in the past? If different from today, how have they
changed?
 When were years of the worst flooding? Drought? Animal Diseases? What effect did these have?
How did the community respond?
 Have flood control or irrigation systems ever been built in the community? If so, when? Are they
still working? Why or why not?

 Health and Water Supply:

 When were times of outbreaks of disease? How many died? Why?
 Has anything been done to prevent these outbreaks from happening again? Why? By whom?
 Are there any new diseases that were not a problem in the past? When did they start? What has
been done to manage them?
 Are there diseases that were a problem before, but not now?
 Have health services in the village always been the same, or have they changed? If so, how have
they changed?
 Have any wells or other water supply systems ever been built in the area? If so, when? Do they
or did they work well? For how long? If they are no longer working, why?

 Education:
 Has the educational system in the village always been the same, or has it changed? If so, how
has it changed? How has the traditional education (nay keshi timhirti) been like? How does the
current situation of the traditional education look like?
 How the level of literacy in the community always been the same? If not, how has it changed
and why?
 Have the educated left the area or remained here? Do they work nearby or far away? What was
their contribution to the village?
History of Village Sikles

Year (A.D.) Important Historical Events

Seasonal/ Daily Calendar

 Agriculture/ Gardening:
 What are the main agricultural activities during each season? Are these activities done close to
the village or far? Who does each of the tasks required- Men, Women, Children?
 When do people go to the farm fields? How long do they stay? Do some people come back at
night during the harvest (threshing) season?
 Do some people migrate to other areas with their cattle in search of water and grass? Where do
they go?
 What other activities take place during the dry season? Do people do off- farm activities? When?
Why?
 Do some families plant vegetable gardens? During what time of the year? Who usually does
this? Men? Women? Children?
 How long does it take to get water for gardens? Who does this?
 Do some people sell crops at the market? When do they do this? Where do they sell? How long
does it take? Who does this?

 Forests/ Wood Use

 Do people go to the forest to collect things like firewood, construction poles, etc.? When? For
how long do they go?
 Do people collect cow dung for cooking? Where? When? Who does this?
 Do people hunt? What kind of animals? When? Why? For how long do they do?
 Do people go to the forest to gather wood or medicinal plants? When?
 Do some people cut trees for selling?

 Water Sources and Supply:

 How long does it take to collect water for cooking and drinking in the dry season? In the rainy
season?
 How much water is used by the family during each season? Who collects the water?
 Who takes animals to get water? How long does that take?
 What would people do with the extra time if did not take so long to collect water?
 Cattle, Sheep and Goats:
 Do people herd their animals? How long does it take? Who does that?
 Are grazing fields sufficiently available? How long do animals graze? When? Where?

 Disease/ Hygiene
 What times of the year are women/men most healthy? Why?
 What times of the year are they least healthy? Why?
 What kinds of illness do they have at the least healthy times?
 Comparing healthy and unhealthy periods, what differences are there in food availability, water,
etc.?

 Education/ Literacy
 When do children go to school? Do most children stay in the village during rainy season or go to
school?
 At what age do children go to school? Why?

 Livelihood
 How much time do women spend on each kind of work they do in a day? Men? Older children?
How does this change during the year?
 What are the primary income-generating/subsistence activities here?
 When do men have the freest time? Women? Children?
 What time do you get up every morning? What is the first thing you do? The second? etc.?
 What time do you go to sleep? How much time do you spend in the fields? Gardens? House?
Other places? How much time do you rest?
 What other things you do if you had more time? How could you make more time to do other
things?
 When do men meet? Where do they meet? What do they talk about?
 When do women meet? Where do they meet? What do they talk about?
 How many holidays are there in a month or year? Religious and local holidays? What do people
do and do not do during holidays? Why? Why not?
Seasonal Calendar of Men group in Sikles Village

Major Activities Sept Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar Apr. May June July Aug.
. .
Agriculture
 Plowing - - - - X X X - X X - -
 Sowing - - - - - - - - - - X -
 Weeding X - - - - - - - - - - X
 Mowing - X X X - - - - - - - -
 Harvesting - X X X - - - - - - - -
 Collection of
- X X X - - - - - - - -
straw
 Fencing - - - - X - - - - - - -
Water and Soil - - - - X X - - - - - -
Conservation
Daily Labour - - - X X X X X - - - -
Petty trade X X X X X X X X X X - -
Food Availabilty:
High
Medium
Low
Health:
High
Medium
Low

Semi- Structured Interview for Transect Walk

 Agriculture/Gardens:
 Where is agricultural land located in the village? What percentage of the land does it cover? Is
there enough land for farming (how many ropani or hectares on average)?
 What kinds of crops do people plant?
 Are there any gardens? What vegetables and fruits do people grow? Are there plants used for
medicine?
 Where do people get water for crops and gardens? Are there traditional and modern irrigation
schemes? How do people share water for drinking and irrigation?
 What type of soil is there? Is the soil good or getting less productive? Do the farmers use any
manure, compost, or chemical fertilizers, pesticides?
 What types of fruit trees are grown in the village?
 From where do people get seeds? How do they find out how to grow new vegetables or other
crops?
 Are some of the crops sold? What crops and what percentage of the harvest? If sold in the
market, where and how are they transported?
 What have they planned to do for the next year? What are some of the problems which might
be encountered in doing this?

 Forest/ Wood Use:

 Where is forest land/trees located in/around the village? What percentage of the land does it
cover? What percentage is in ‘big trees’?
 Is it important to live near or be able to go to the forest? What do people get from the forest?
Do they collect food? Resin?
 What problems will people have if this resource disappears?
 Do they sell firewood or charcoal?
 When do they sell wood or other things from the forest, where do they sell? What percentage
of their income comes from that?

 Water Supply and Sanitation

 Where do people get water for drinking sand cooking? Where are they located? Who fetches
water for drinking and cooking?
 Where do people wash clothes and bathe?
 Where do animals get water in rainy season? In the dry season?
 Are there drilled wells/ hand dug wells/ springs/ponds? Where? Do they provide enough water?
Who uses them? Why/ Why not?
 How long does it take to collect water every day at this time of the year?
 When is the rainy season? How long does it last?
 How to people keep drinking water? Do they treat it or boil before drinking?
 What sicknesses people get from drinking unclean water? Do people in the community think
their water is clean or unclean?
 Are there latrines? Who built them? Who can use them? Do people like them? If not, why?

 Society and Culture

 How does the settlement look like, scattered or nucleated? How far from or how close to the
farm fields?
 Is settlement based on income or level of poverty or based on blood ties?
 Are there inaccessible areas?

 Transport/ Infrastructure
 Are there roads connecting the village to other areas/ villages? How far is the village from the
main roads? What kind of roads and means of transport are used within the village or to other
areas?
 If there are roads, what is the condition of the roads in/around the village? How do they
maintain the roads? What kind of problems do they have?
 What are the means of transport used to the market place?
 Are there any plans to construct new roads or improve existing roads?

 Community Infrastructure
 What kind of public buildings do they have in the village? School/Church/ ward office/Health
center?
 If someone wants to organize a meeting, where would it be held?
 If the community wanted another public building, who would organize its construction? Who
would work? Who would pay for the materials and labour?
 Are there any plans for improving community meet? Are there recreation or sport centers?

 Iron Smith/Wood Work

 Are there any metal or wood works in the area?
 If these services are not available where do people go for wood-work and iron works?

 Health
 Was there a time in the past 40 years when many people in the community died? When? Who
was mainly affected? Why did this happen? What were some of your coping methods? How
could this have been prevented?
 How has the general health of the population changed over time? When was it particularly good
or bad? Why were some years better than other? What did you do when health was generally
poor? How can this be prevented?
 Were there any significant events in the past years that have had an impact on community
health? What and when did they happen? Did those events affect the health of children,
women, men, or all the community? How?

 Population
 How has the community’s population changed over the past 40 years? Was there a time when it
increased or decreased rapidly? Why? How did this affect the community?
 Has there been a time when there was much population movement into or out of your village?
When and why? Was this good or not? Where do these people come from and where do they
go?
 Has there been a time when there were many births in a year? When and why? Was there a
time when there were many deaths? When and why?

 Education
 How has education for children changed over for years? Is it better or worse? Why?
 Are more adults able to read and write now or in the past? Are there institutions that are
helping with adult literacy?

 Food Production
 Can you describe a time when a crop production was good or was not very good? Why do you
think the production was good or bad for that particular year?
 Do you use fertilizer or pesticides? How have they impacted on crop production?
 Have your community tried any new method for crop production? If yes did they work or not?
 Has the quality of the soil remained same or has been changed over the past 40 years? Has it
gotten better or worse?

 Animal Health
 Was there a time when many animals died? When and why did this happen? What did your
community do in this event? How can such deaths be prevented in the future?
  Were there outbreaks of diseases in certain animals? When? What kinds of diseases and which
animals were affected? Could such diseases be prevented?
 Was there a time when you did not have enough food to feed your animals? When? How did
you solve this problem? Is there any plan to prevent this from happening in the future?
 How has the availability of domestic animals changed over the years? What were the reasons
for changes?

 Natural Resources
 Was there a time when production of forest products was particularly good/bad? When and
why?
 Are there items from the forest that are easier or harder to collect now than in the past? What
and why?
Rainfall (………. Village)

High ----------------------------------------------------------------------------

Medium -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

Low -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

1958 1968 1978 1984 1988 1998 2003

Year
Forest Cover (………. Village)

High ----------------------------------------------------------------------------

Medium -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

Low -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

1958 1968 1978 1984 1988 1998 2003

Year

Human Health (………. Village)

High ----------------------------------------------------------------------------

Medium -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

Low -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

1966 1968 1978 1984 1988 1998 2003

Year
Focus Group on Health, Hygiene and Nutrition

 General Health:
 What are the most common illnesses for women? Pregnant women? Children? Men? What are
the symptoms and causes?
 Have you heard about HIV/AIDS? How has it affected your community?
 How do you protect yourselves from diseases? Do people take vaccinations and give their
children as well?
 How are diseases treated in the village? Who treats them?
 How many traditional healers and birth attendants live and work here? How did they learn their
skills? Do they treat everyone or just some people?
 What happens if someone is too poor to take the treatment?
 How far is the nearest government health facility? How do people go there? Any incidence of
death on the way?

 Maternal Health
 Do women see health person for prenatal care? Why/why not? What kind of services do they
seek for prenatal care?
 Who assists women when they give birth?
 Have women and children been vaccinated?
 How many women have died while giving birth in the past few years? Why? How can this be
prevented?
 How many women have had miscarriages in the past year? Why? How can this be prevented?
 How many babies were born healthy in the last year?

 Water use and Hygiene

 From where to people get drinking water?
 Do people try to improve the quality of their drinking water? If yes, what methods do they use?
 Which source of water in your village is considered better for drinking?
 Do animals and humans use same kind and place of drinking water?
 How often do people wash their clothes? Do they wash hands before and after eating? Do
people use soaps while bathing?
 Do parents teach their children about health and hygiene? If so, do most children remember
those messages? Do they practice regularly?
 How do people store food items?

 Sanitation
 Where do people dispose human waste? Are there latrines in every house?
 Where do people keep domestic animals? What happens to their waste?

 Nutrition
 What do people feed themselves and their children to stay healthy?
 What kinds of food are eaten at each meal and how many meals are taken per day? Are
different types of foods used in different season?
 Do people like to improve the quality and quantity of food? How?
 What foods do women eat during pregnancy? What foods do they avoid? Why?
 Do women breastfeed their babies? For how long?
 At what age do infants start to get supplementary foods other than breast milk? What kinds of
food do they avoid? Why?

 Birth Spacing
 How many children on average do most families have? Is it better to have more or fewer than
that? Why?
 What do women do to stop or postpone birth if they want? Where do they learn about it? Is it
important? Why or why not? Are men interested in limiting family size or birth spacing?

Focus Group on Agriculture

 General Agriculture
 What is the average number of ropani per family? What part of farm land is used on average for
wheat, maize, barley, etc.?
 Does every family in the village have land? How is land distributed to residents? When was the
last time the land was distributed? Is the existing land sufficient for the population? If not, why?
 Is there any irrigation done in the community? What problems are encountered in the
irrigational activities? Why?
 Are there any plans for irrigation projects in the future? Where and when?
 Where do people get water for their crops?
 Have people been using chemical fertilizers or traditional manures? How useful have they been?
 Do people use pesticides? What kind? Where is it obtained?
 How much of the agricultural production is for home use and how much is sold? Where is it
sold? Do people make profit? Are there some crops specifically grown for sale? What are they?
 Is the production of crops increasing or declining in comparison to the past years? Or have
people changed to other types of work?
 What are the biggest problems faced by farmers? Have they talked about the ways of solving it
with the community?

 Family Gardens
 Do families grow vegetables and fruits at their homes? What are the types of fruits and
vegetables grown?
 Who does most of the work in family gardens?
 Where do people buy seeds for gardens?
 What are the problems faced while growing fruits and vegetables?
 Do people use fertilizer? What and how much is applied?
 Do people use pesticides?
 What equipment are used to grow fruits and vegetables in the garden?

 Livestock/ Animals
 What kinds of animals are raised in the village? What are they used for- work, food, selling them
or their products?
 Is there a village veterinarian or someone who knows much about animal health?
 Have there been problems with animal diseases in the past?
 Are the problems with the big animals, small animals or all the animals?
  Do people vaccinate their animals as per required? Does anyone outside or inside the village
help with animal vaccinations?
 How many animals die on average every year? What are the main causes?
 What do people think is the biggest problem with their animal health? What can they do about
these problems?
 Who do the people think should solve these problems? The people in the village? The bureau of
agriculture? Someone else?

Focus Group on Education

 Primary Education
 Is primary education available to the children in the community? Where is the school located?
 Is the school found within the Sikles communities? If not, where is the nearest school located?
How much time does it take for children from this village to get there?
 If the school is located within the Sikles community, is the building in good condition? If not, are
there any plans to fix it? How many classrooms are there? Are the classrooms enough for all the
students?
 How many students are there? What is the number of girls and boys respectively? Do parents
and community accept the participation of girls?
 How many teachers are there? Do they come to teach everyday? About how many days a month
is the school open?
 Does the nearest school provide classes for higher grades or first few grades only? If only first
few grades then where do they go after that? How do they get there and how long does it take?
 Are the students, teachers and parents co-operative with each other? Do the parents think that
teachers are dedicated?
 What are the main problems regarding education? What could the community do to minimize
the impact of the major problems?

 Adult Education
  Can most of the adults in the village sign their names? How many adult men and women read
and write? How did they acquire the skill? Would more adults like to read and write?
 Is there some kind of class available for adults who want to learn?
 Are there volunteer teachers who can teach adults to read and write?
 Are there agencies from outside the village helping educational activities in the village?

 Non-Formal Education
 How do people learn new things in this village? Do they share information in meetings? During
prayers? During the gatherings? How is it done?
 Are there outside groups who come to the community to help people learn new things? If yes,
what kind of things do they help with?
 Would many people in the village be interested in learning new things by working together in
groups with someone outside the village?
 What kind of thing do women and men be interested in learning?
 What do people think is the best way to learn new things?
 Do people realize that this PRA is a kind of non-formal education and a chance for community to
decide what other things they would learn and how to organize a request for training?

Focus Group Discussion on Market, Credit, Cooperatives and Non-farming Activities

 Market
 What are the areas that you use for selling your products and buying your necessities?
 How far are the market places?
 How many days do you go to the market place in a week, month, year?
 What kind of transportation do you use most often or occasionally?
 What items do you sell the most and the least?
 What items do you buy the most and the least?
 What problems have you encountered while buying or selling such as in price, quality, security,
etc.? How can it be resolved?
  Credit
 Have you ever taken credit? What are the sources of credit that you use?
 Are credit services available in your community? If not, how far do you have to go to obtain
credit?
 Which of the sources of credit do you like the most? Why? Why not?
 Where do you use the money you borrowed from credit? Do you use the entire money for the
purpose you told your lenders?
 Are you ok with the interest charged by the lenders? Why? Why not?
 What benefits did you get from borrowing or what problems have you faced?
 What problems are there in the process of borrowing and repaying?
 What solutions do you propose for the problems?

 Cooperatives
 Do you have any cooperative in your community? When and how was it established?
 What activities are involved in the cooperative? In what specific areas has the cooperative been
helpful, strong or weak?
 What benefits did you get from the cooperative? What problems have you faced?
 What is the overall evaluation of the cooperative? Problems and possible solutions.

 Non-farm Activities
 Do you do non-farm activities? What are such activities?
 When and why do you do non-farm activities (like daily labour)?
 Do you feel that there are plenty of opportunities for non-farming works?
 How much income do you derive from these activities per year?
 Who participates? The young? The elderly? Women?
 How helpful or problematic has it been? Problems and possible solutions.

Village Institutions Diagram

 Village Groups
 What groups of organizations exist in the village for each of the following areas?
i. Civil administration (i.e. village administration, village court, etc.)
 ii. Religious organizations
iii. General village development (i.e. village development committee)
iv. Agriculture (i.e. water administrator, etc.)
v. Women affairs (i.e. women’s association)
vi. Cultural activities ( singers group, dancers group, etc.)
vii. Education (adult literacy committee, women education committee, etc.)
viii. Traditional institutions like rodhi, guthi, etc.
 How long has each group been in existence?
 Who belongs to each group? How many men and women? What is the process for joining?
 What does each group do?
 How well does each group function?
 Do these groups ever work together? Why? Why not?
 If the village wants to undertake a development project, who organizes this work?
 If there is a conflict or disagreement within community members, how is it solved or handled?

 Outside Organization
 What governmental agencies regularly work in the community? Now? In the past? What did
they do, or what are they currently doing?
 What NGOs/INGOs work or have worked within the community? What have they done?
 Did the outside groups work with groups or people in the village? Which one?
 Do you know of any plans that the above or other agencies have to work in the community?
What do they plan to do?
 Agriculture Police

……Council

Sikles Ward
Administration
Other
Administration

Health
post Education Agricultural
Guidance Assistant
committee Court

Development
agent
Other Irrigation
committee service
Service promotion
Cooperatives

Youth/Women
Association
Security
Committee
Veterinary
Clinic

REST- Remaining other Health

Fig.1: Village Institutions Diagram of ………
Community Problem Ranking

Problem A B C D E Count Rank

A
B
C
D
E

The following table summarizes the community problem ranking exercise done by the community
during the PRA done at ……………………………..
 Wat Ani Fee Mar Tran Unit of Thi Coop Cre Me Ove Aku Co R
er ma d ket spor Measu eve erativ dit dici r 10 shel un a
Sho l Sho Dist t remen ry e Pro ne Chil a t nk
rtag He rtag anc Prob t in Leade ble Shor dre Da
e alt e e lem Mar rship m tage n m
h ket not
plac givi
e ng
the
req
uire
d
resu
lt
Water R R R R R R R R R R R 11 1st
Shorta
ge
Anima C R R R R R R R C R R 9 3r
d
l
Health
Feed C C R R R R R R C C R 7 4t
h
Shorta
ge
Marke C C C C R R R R C C R 5 7t
h
t
Distan
ce
Transp C C C R R R R R C R R 7 4t
h
ort
Proble
m
Unit of C C C C C C C C C C C 0 1
Measu 2t
h
remen
t
Thieve C C C C C R R C C C R 3 9t
h
ry in
Marke
t place
Coope C C C C C R C C C C C 1 1
rative 1t
h
Leader
ship
Credit C C C C C R R R C R C 4 8t
h
Proble
m
 Medici C R R R R R R R R R R 10 2n
d
ne
Shorta
ge
Over C C R R C R R R C C R 6 6t
h
10
Childr
en
Akush C C C C C R C R R C C 3 9t
h
ela
Dam
not
giving
the
requir
ed
result
R indicates that the problem indicated in the row is considered more pressing than the one shown in the
column. C shows that the problem in the column is more pressing than its counterpart in the row.

Table 4: Problem Ranking - …………………… Village

Community Action Plan

Format

Problem Cause Solution Who will do what When

Community Govt. NGO Others
Xx
Yy
Zz
Bb
SN Problem Causes of the Possible Who should do what When
Problem solutions Community Government NGOs and
others
1 Shortage -Lack of rain Conservation -Conserve - Educate - Educate the
of water water and its of forest trees the community
being erratic. resources. - Cooperate community - Financial
- Lack of with - Follow up support
mountains chairperson - Assign
- Lack of - Not to cut forest
forest cover trees guards

Harvest any Preparation

drop of of bankers - Implement
water: and ponds; - Supplying food for work
-Water divert water plastic for - Professional
banker for better ponds Advice
-Ponds use; making - Supplying
-Water shades cement
diversion above -
-Prevent ponds, etc. Professional
evaporation advice and
through follow up
shades

Cementing
microdam so - Free
that it could Labour -Professional
hold water - Financial - support
contribution Professional - Financial
support and material
Lifting water - Financial support
from river and
and make - Making material
use of lift canals support
irrigation. - Financial
contribution - -Professional
- Professional support
Hydropower support - Financial
projects - Financial and material
and support
material
support
2 Lack of The health Increasing Request the Supply Medicine
Medicine post does supply of health post medicine to support
not get medicine and relevant the health
enough bodies to post
amount and increase
 type of supply
medicine
3 Lack of Unavailability -Establishing Preparing Professional Professional
animal of Animal animal the area for support support
health Health health animal
services Services center in the health Medicine Medicine
village. service.
-Trained Medical Medical
selected materials materials
member on Selecting
Animal trainees Provision of
Health. animal
health
serviced on
individual
basis