Prussian Artillery - Napoleonic Wars - Uniforms - Organization - Preußische Artillerie

30/03/2023 16:48 Prussian Artillery : Napoleonic Wars : Uniforms : Organization : Preußische Artillerie
Artillerie prussienne
des guerres napoléoniennes
1805 - 1815
"Contre ce type [Napoléon],
vous avez besoin de canons et de beaucoup d'entre eux."
- Général prussien Blücher
1. Introduction : Artillerie prussienne.

2. Équipement.
3. Organisation.
4. Uniformes.
5. Tactiques.
6. Ingénieurs.
- - Guerre de forteresse après Waterloo.
L'artillerie prussienne était une branche négligée de l'armée

depuis l'époque de Frédéric le Grand. Les promotions et
l'avancement dans l'artillerie n'étaient pas aussi bons que dans
la cavalerie et l'infanterie.
Photo : Artillerie prussienne, par L.& F. Funcken. (Éditions

Castermann 1969) - L'uniforme et les Armes des Soldats du Premier Empire
Artillerie prussienne.
Photo : Artillerie à cheval prussienne en 1805, un an avant la

désastreuse campagne d'Iéna. De gauche à droite : officier,
mitrailleur et chauffeur.
L'artillerie à cheval a d'abord été employée par Frédéric le
Grand pour résoudre un problème qui existait plus d'un siècle
plus tôt: fournir à la cavalerie l'appui-feu dont elle avait
besoin pour faire face à l'infanterie sans sacrifier sa vitesse, sa
mobilité et son choc.
La fermeté délibérée des Allemands les adapte surtout au

service de l'artillerie. Il est donc assez surprenant que
l'artillerie prussienne ait été une branche négligée de l'armée
depuis l'époque de Frédéric le Grand qui en avait sous-estimé
l'importance. Les promotions et l'avancement dans l'artillerie
prussienne n'étaient pas aussi bons que dans la cavalerie et
l'infanterie. C'était à l'opposé de l' artillerie française ,
considérée comme la meilleure du monde à cette époque.
Avant les guerres napoléoniennes, l'armée prussienne était

organisée selon le règlement de 1792, l'artillerie étant dispersée au sein de l'infanterie, chaque bataillon
disposant d'un canon de 6 pdr. En 1805, des tentatives furent faites pour réorganiser l'artillerie mais il
était trop tard. Jusqu'en 1806, les batteries étaient jugées sur la vitesse d'attelage et l'élégance de
l'apparence plutôt que sur la vitesse ou/et la précision du tir. De nombreux canons et obusiers ont été
perdus lors de la désastreuse campagne d'Iéna.
En 1808, la Convention de Paris fixe à 6 000 hommes le nombre d'artilleurs et du génie prussiens.
Photo : Artillerie de la Garde prussienne en 1810. Photo de Knoetel.
Le règlement de 1812 simplifie l'exercice et supprime les canons légers attachés aux bataillons
d'infanterie.
https://www.napolun.com/mirror/napoleonistyka.atspace.com/Prussian_artillery_Napoleon.htm 1/9
After Napoleon's defeat in Russia in 1812, Prussia made a

massive effort to increase its field firepower. In mid March
1813 there were 213 field pieces, and by the end of August
400 field pieces.
In 1815 the problem was not so much procuring the ordnance

for the campaign, but in finding trained men to use them and
horses to pull them.
"The war cabinet had decreed that the army required 76

batteries, 20 more than had been available the previous year.
... The Prussian Commander of Artillery, Prince August of
Prussia, even wanted to go as far as drafting in semi-invalids
to make up numbers. The King overruled him, although a
number of the least infirm were allowed to join the
Laboratory Columns tasked with the manufacture of
ammunition. Artillery recruitment was, however, opened up
to volunteers from the infantry or cavalry, which provided
uniformed manpower but not trained gunners." (Adkin - "The
Waterloo Companion" p 301)
Equipment of Prussian Artillery.
All guns, limbers and wagons were painted in

medium-blue, and their metal parts were painted
black. Much of Prussia's cannons and howitzers
were lost in the campaign of 1806.
Guns available for field service:
24 'bombardement pieces"
84 normal 12pdr cannons
120 heavy 6pdr cannons
320 light 6pdr cannons
76 10pdr howitzers
34 7pdr howitzers
16 10pdr mortars
The heavy guns became famous as the "Growlers" after a comment made by Frederick the Great
during the battle of Leuthen.
The Prussian 6pdr cannon was served by 1 sergeant and 8 gunners.

The 12pdr cannon was served by 1 sergeant and 12 gunners.
"The 6pdr cannon was made of bronze; the 12pdrs had either bronze or iron barrels. Most of the
equipment and designs dated from the end of the 18th Century." (Hofschroer - "Prussian Staff and
Specialist Troops 1791-1815" p 19)
The gunners fired over open sights, setting the range by elevating the barrel of the cannon. The 6pdr
cannon could fire a maximum of 1.5 rounds per minute.
To ensure the ammunition supply the first line of ammunition wagons was near at hand, preferably
under cover so as not to catch fire aimed at the battery. A plain covered with woods, settlements,
marshes, etc. hindered the artillery and tied it to the roads. Marshes to the front however reduced the
effects of enemy fire. The artillery must be carefully protected by the other arms.
The 7pdr howitzer was served by 1 sergeant ('feuewerker') and 11 gunners.

The 10pdr howitzer had 1 addiional man in reserve and a further 2 served the additional ammunition
wagon. Total of 14 men.
The howitzers could fire a maximum of 2 rounds in 3 minutes. The howitzers threw grenades at high
trajectories whereas the cannons typically fired ricochet rounds at 0 or few more degrees elevation.
The 6pdr cannon required 6 horses, while the heavier 12pdr 8 horses. All caissons were drawn by 4
horses. The horses of a gun team were of the same colour for one simple reason: it could easily be
identified from the distance. Due to losses during campaign it was not always possible.
On 29th May 1813, the first gun of the horse battery of the Guard (No. 5) was drawn by grey and white
horses. In February 1814 the King allowed to use Danish horses to form the horse battery of Lützow's
corps.
The horse harness was Prussian, but there were also items of Russian and British origin. For example
in 1815 the 18th and 19th Horse Batteries replaced the used Russian harness with new British.
Guns Horses Crew
6pdr cannon 6 horses 8 + 1 NCO
12pdr cannon 8 horses 12 + 1 NCO
howitzer 15 (?) horses 12 + 1 NCO
The Prussian gunners used gunpowder that consisted of 6 parts saltpeter, 1 part sulphur, 1 part coal,
provided that all parts are as pure as possible. English gunpowder was considered superior. The
quality of French powder was poorer than English.
The ammunition was carried in limbers and caissons. The Prussian limbers and caissons was bigger
than French limbers and caissons. The Prussian battery had only 4 but larger caissons, and 2 rack
wagons, while the French battery had 12-18 smaller caissons. In battle the limbers were not far away
from the cannons/howitzers so the ammunition was readily available to the battery. The Prussian
caissons were deployed up to 50 m behind the limbers. (Organizationally some caissons were within
the batteries and others were in the munitions 'park columns'.) Additionally the boxes with
ammunition could be off-loaded from the limber and carried to the guns.
The spare wheels and carriages were carried in so-called rack wagons. The 6pdr foot battery (6 6pdr
cannons and 2 howitzers) had 2 cannon caissons, 2 howitzer caissons and 2 rack wagons. The 12pdr
foot battery had 6 cannon caissons, 4 howitzer caissons and 2 rack wagons. The horse battery had 4
cannon caissons, 2 howitzer caissons and 2 rack wagons.
The guns supplied by Great Britain arrived with sufficient ammunition, but I don't know if there was
sufficient ammunition for the captured French pieces. In 1815 the ammunition wagons - at least for the
18th and 19th Horse Battery - were French.
Ammunition for Foot Artillery
Gun Ammo in trail chest Ammo in limber Ammo in caisson
9 cannonballs 45 cannonballs 143 cannonballs

6pdr cannon
3 canister 25 canister 45 canister
12 cannonballs 70 cannonballs
12pdr cannon no trail chest
9 canister 25 canister
60 shells
6 shells 14 shells 20 canister
7pdr howitzer
4 canister 6 canister 2 illuminating projectiles
3 incendiary shells
36 shells
4 shells 8 canister
10pdr howitzer no trail chest
1 canister 2 illuminating projectiles
2 incendiary shells
Ammunition for Horse Artillery
Gun Ammo in trail chest Ammo in limber Ammo in caisson
9 cannonballs 45 cannonballs 90 cannonballs

6pdr cannon
3 canister 15 canister 25 canister
60 shells
6 shells 14 shells 20 canister
7pdr howitzer
4 canister 6 canister 2 illuminating projectiles
3 incendiary shells
Picture: changing the wheel of damaged Prussian 6pdr cannon.

Osprey Men-at-Arms Series By: Osprey Publishing Ltd.
Organization of Prussian Artillery.
In 1805 were:
4 regiments of foot artillery (each of 10 companies)

1 regiment of horse artillery (10 companies)
light guns attached to infantry battalions
The foot battery had 6 12 pdr cannons and 2 10 pdr howitzers.

The horse battery had 6 12 pdr cannons and 2 7 pdr howitzers.
The battery was divided into two half-batteries and 4 sections.
In 1808 the Convention of Paris set the number of Prussian gunners and engineers at 6,000 men.
Three artillery brigades were formed:
1. Prussian Artillery Brigade (Preußisches Artillerie-Brigade)
2. Brandenburg Artillery Brigade (Brandenburgische Artillerie-Brigade)
3. Silesian Artillery Brigade (Schleßisches Artillerie-Brigade)
The Guard Artillery was part of the 2. Brandenburg Artillery Brigade.
In 1809 each artillery brigade had:
3 companies (batteries) of horse artillery

12 companies (batteries) of foot artillery
1 company of artillery train
1 company of artisans
In 1812 the Prussians had:
6 companies (batteries) of heavy artillery (1 battery used captured French pieces)

30 companies (batteries) of foot artillery (4 batteries used guns from Britain)
11 companies (batteries) of horse artillery (1 battery used guns from Britain)
In the beginning of 1813 the Guard Artillery was made of two batteries:
Guard Horse Battery No. 4 ("Reitende (Garde-) Batterie Nr. 4")

Guard Foot Battery No. 4 ("6pfündige (Garde-) Fuß-Batterie Nr. 4") soon renamed to Guard Foot
Battery No. 6 ("6pfündige Fuß-Batterie Nr. 6").
In the end of August 1813 Prussia had 400 field pieces in 50 batteries:
38 foot batteries
. . . . . 30 batteries with 8 6pdr guns (13th, 21st, 22nd, 23rd, 25th, 26th, and 27th Battery were landwehr
units)
. . . . . 6 batteries with 8 12pdr guns
. . . . . 1 battery with 8 7pdr howitzers (12 caissons and 2 wagons)
. . . . . 1 battery with 8 10pdr howitzers
12 horse batteries (the 12th Horse Battery was a landwehr unit)
The Berlin Landstrum had a half-battery of 8pdr guns. Lutzow's Freecorps had one horse battery.
Company of horse artillery had 116 men.

Company of foot artillery (6pdrs) had 132 men.
Company of foot artillery (12pdrs) had 184 men.
"During the expansion of 1813, the practice of mixing guns and howitzers was not rigidly adhered to.
Many companies, of all calibres, consisted of only cannon, whilst at the same time, the first and only
howitzer company was formed. ... Finally, the term 'Battery' was introduced to replace the slightly
misleading one of 'company'." (- John Stallaert)
In May 1815 the Berg horse battery became Horse Battery No. 20 (in Brandenburg Artillery Brigade)
and the No. 1 and No. 2 Horse Batteries of the Russo-German Legion became horse batteries No. 18 &
19 respectively (in Silesian Artillery Brigade).
In 1815, for the Waterloo Campaign, 5 howitzer batteries were raised.
Crew of foot battery (6 cannons and 2 howitzers) in 1815:

. . . . . 4-5 officers (and 1 surgeon)
. . . . . 14 NCOs
. . . . . 20 bombardiers (senior gunners)
. . . . . 2 drummers
. . . . . 96 gunners
The horse battery had an additional 16-20 soldiers.
The foot batteries were attached to infantry brigades.

The horse batteries were attached to cavalry brigades.
The position and howitzer batteries formed reserve artillery.
See below:
ARMY CORPS 1813-1815
Main Body Reserve Cavalry Reserve Artillery
Infantry Brigade
. . . . . Infantry Regiment
. . . . . Landwehr Infantry Regiment
. . . . . Foot Battery
Cavalry Brigade
Infantry Brigade
. . . . . Cavalry Regiment
. . . . . Cavalry Regiment
. . . . . Landwehr Cavalry Regiment . . . . . Heavy Battery
. . . . . Landwehr Infantry Regiment . . . . . Horse Battery . . . . . Heavy Battery
Infantry Brigade
Cavalry Brigade . . . . . Horse Battery
. . . . . Cavalry Regiment . . . . . Howitzer Battery
. . . . . Landwehr Cavalry Regiment
. . . . . Landwehr Cavalry Regiment
. . . . . Horse Battery
Infantry Brigade
Uniforms of Prussian Artillery.
Foot gunner's uniform was similar to that of the infantryman. He wore a "Prussian
blue" coat with red turnbacks, yellow buttons and black facings. The breeches were
white (for parade) or gray (for campaign).
The leather cross-belts and cartridge box were black. On the cartridge box was a
grenade badge (the Guard had a brass Guard Star).
The collars were black piped poppy-red along the front and lower edge until 1815.
The shoulder straps were coloured differently for each artillery brigade. White
shoulder straps were for the 1st Artillery Brigade, scarlet for the 2nd, and yellow for
the 3rd. "In 1814, these distinctions were discontinued and thereafter all companies
had scarlet shoulder straps." (- John Stallaert)
The foot gunners carried the infantry backpacks and bread bags.
The horse gunners wore largely the same uniform, but with typical cavalry
distinctions with regard to the legwear and boots. Cavalry overalls were worn
with hussar boots. From 1809 the horse artillery was also permitted to wear
the longer 'Litevka' coat.
Horse leather equipment was black.
In April 1815 half of the gunners of 13th Horse Battery received uniforms of
British horse artillery. But when few months after Waterloo this battery
appeared on parade wearing these outfits, the Prussian king exploded. He
ordered to take the British outfits off immediately.
During campaign, the black waxed cover was worn over the shakos of foot
and horse gunners, and drivers of artillery train.
The drivers of artillery train (see picture) wore dark blue coatees with light blue cuffs
and collars, red shoulder straps and white buttons.
In 1808-1815 the foot gunner was supplied with the same artillery sword as carried by
the horse gunners. It was only a temporary measure and was intended to replace these
with the normal infantry sidearm once supplies became available.
The foot gunners were also armed with infantry muskets but didn't take them on
campaign. NCOs carried carbines (but not on campaign). Different coloured sword
knots were used to designate the batteries.
Tactics of Prussian Artillery.
In general terms the artillery had the following tasks:
- to support the other troops by engaging the enemy artillery and drawing their fire on itself, and by
firing on advancing enemy columns
- to prepare the battle for other troops by covering their deployment
- artillery in connection with cavalry could be set up to undertake movements around an area, or
operations against the enemy`s flank , or to halt an enemy advance in the event of a defeat, or a pursuit
after a victory.
The most dominant points on the battlefield were to be occupied with the heaviest field pieces. Their
fire was concentrated on enemy columns and their deployment, beginning at long ranges. From such a
position the enemy can be kept under fire for the time of his approach, and be held up while crossing
obstacles. Such positions must be defended hard, down to the use of canister. The lighter pieces were
to support the infantry and/or cavalry.
In battle the intervals between guns was approx. 12-20 paces apart. The Reglament of 1812 hardly
mentioned moving and deploying several batteries at once, and this was considered one of its
weaknesses. When several batteries were deployed in line they were required to maintain an interval
of 50 paces between each battery.
The ammunition wagons were drawn up in two lines, first stood 20 paces to the rear of the guns. The
second line stood 10 paces to the rear of the first line of the wagons. To move distances of less than 100
paces, the gunners preferred to tow the cannons with the prolonge rather than limber up.
General von Clausewitz was not too happy with the tactical use of Prussian artillery. He wrote: "We
keep too much artillery in reserve, and we replace a battery whenever it has used up all its powder and
shot; as a consequence, many batteries try to get rid of their ammunition quickly."
"Frederick the Great's Engineer Corps had been weak

in both training and performance. He attempted to
rectify this by increasing its pay and prestige, and a
formal structure was established. In 1788 an Engineers'
Academy was opened."
Hofschroer - "Prussian Staff ..." p 18
Engineers.
The engineers formed an independent corps (Ingenieur-Korps) and were

commanded by General-Major von Scharnhorst (between 1813 and 1815 by General-
Major von Rauch).
The were three companies of pioneers for fortresses (Festungs-Pionier-Kompanien). In

1812 a fourth company was formed. In wartime from these companies were to be
formed field companies. Each field company consisted of:
. . . . . . . . . . 2 officers, 1 surgeon
. . . . . . . . . . 1 sergeant-major
. . . . . . . . . . 1 armourer
. . . . . . . . . . 6 NCOs
. . . . . . . . . . 12 privates first class
. . . . . . . . . . 1 bugler
. . . . . . . . . . 40 sappers and 20 miners.
These men should be replaced in the fortress companies by recruits or reservists.
By August 1813 there were 7 field and 6 fortress companies of pioneers.

In early 1815 there were 9 field and 8 fortress companies of pioneers.
The pioneers carried swords with a saw blade, only the sergent-major and ensign had ordinary sabers.
Smoothbore carabines with bayonets, and small cartridge pouches for 15 cartridges. In addition they
carried hatchets, pickaxes, axes, comapass saws and spades.
NOTE: the regimental pioneers belonged to their respective (infantry) regiments and had nothing to do
with the pioneers mentioned here.
In October 1813 in the Elbe province from 800 miners was formed the Mansfelder Pionier Batallion (4
field companies). The companies acted independently and were assigned to different army corps.
There were no senior engineer or pioneer officers at army headquarters, only one engineer, Kapitan
Vigny, serving as a staff officer plus a small topographical section.
All the engineer-officers (Ingenieur-Offiziere) were on the same rank list, but organised in 3 "brigades".
These officers were attached either to the field or fortress pioneer companies.
The Guard Pioneer Detachment (Garde-Pionier-Abtheilung) was formed in 1816, not before.
Fortress War after Waterloo 1815.

The fortress war ended with Blucher
having taken 10 French fortresses.
Although the outcome of the campaign had been decided at Ligny and Waterloo, and after the signing
of the Convention of Paris peace talks were in hand, the fortress war continued for some time in
France. According to Peter Hofschroer, Wellington and Blucher had agreed on 23 June (few days after
Waterloo) that the fortresses west of Sambre would be dealt with by Wellington's troops, and the
fortresses east of that river by the Prussians.
The King of Prussia appointed Prinz August of Prussia to carry out the task of commanding the siege
operations conducted by the forces under Prussian command. He was allowed to determine which
fortress he was to besiege, in what order, and in what manner. The troops he had available for this
were the II Army Corps, the North German Federal Army Corps, and the garrison of Luxembourg.
The Prussians had no siege equipment at their disposal and little ammunition for the field artillery.
Oberst (Colonel) von Ploosen, formerly an engineer officer in the French army, was appointed chief
engineer officer for the sieges. Additional engineer officers were made available in dribs and drabs,
and two companies of the Mansfeld Pioneer Battalion, whose men were miners, were brought up in
waggons. There was also number of infantry allocated to the Field Pioneer Companies.
Maubeuge was the strongest and most

significant fortress on Sambre and was
commanded by seasoned General Latour-
Maubourg. The garrison consisted of 3,000 men
(mostly National Guard) and 80 heavy cannons.
The besieging Prussians had 7,700 infantry, 960
cavalry, 500 artillerymen, and 546 engineers.
Prinz August decided to begin the
bombardement as soon as possible. Eight 12pdrs
cannons were deployed on the left bank of
Sambre, 14 7pdr howitzers were placed behind
the lines of the old fortified camp, and 4 10pdr
howitzers were deployed further to the west,
just behind the old camp. The artillery opened
fire in the morning on the 29 June.
Meanwhile numerous requests were sent to

Wellington to send his siege train of 38 heavy
guns under Colonel Dixon. This finally arrived
on 8 July.
On 9 July the French fired 150pdr (!!!) mortar bombs from the fortress, but these had no effect.
For several days there was exchange of musket and artillery fire. Finally on 11 July the French
commandant hoisted the white flag, requesting terms of capitulation. Under these terms he was
permitted to leave the fortress with the honors of war, taking along 150 line troops and 2 cannons. The
National Guard was dismissed.
The fortress war ended with Blucher having taken 10 fortresses with several hundred guns and large
quantities of ammunition and powder. The breaking of the French will to resist in the northern belt
was largely a Prussian achievement with Wellington's troops only having played a minor role.
Wellington appointed Prins Frederik of the Netherlands to carry out the task of commanding the siege
operations conducted by the forces under Wellington's command. For this task Frederik used
Stedman's Netherland Infantry Division, the Indian Brigade, Belgian 5th Light Dragoons, and Ghigny's
Cavalry Brigade. (Hofschroer - "1815: The Waterloo Campaign. The German Victory." publ. by Greenhill
Books, UK)
Sources and Links.

Recommended Reading.
Hofschroer - "Prussian Staff and Specialist Troops 1791-1815"

Hofschroer - "1815: The Waterloo Campaign. The German Victory."
Craig - "The Germans"
Duffy - "Frederick the Great"
Adkin - "The Waterloo Companion"
Petre - "Napoleon’s Conquest of Prussia 1806"
Simms - "The Struggle for Mastery in Germany"
Oliver Schmidt
Pictures by Knoetel, and L.& F. Funcken
John Stallaert - "The Prussian Army" >>
Flags from warflag.com
Prussian Artillery at the Battle of Leuthen, 1757.
Prussian Army of the Napoleonic Wars
Infanterie prussienne - - Cavalerie prussienne - - Artillerie prussienne
Bataille de Dennewitz, 1813

Le général von Bulow écrase le maréchal Ney
Bataille de Leipzig, 1813
La bataille des Nations,
le plus grand conflit jusqu'à la Première Guerre mondiale :
Bataille de Waterloo, 1813
La victoire allemande - entretien avec Peter Hofschroer
Tactiques d'artillerie et
déploiement au combat au combat, précision des
tirs d'artillerie Attaque et défense des positions d'artillerie
Redoutes
Napoléon, son armée et ses ennemis

Prussian Artillery - Napoleonic Wars - Uniforms - Organization - Preußische Artillerie

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30/03/2023 16:48 Prussian Artillery : Napoleonic Wars : Uniforms : Organization : Preußische Artillerie

1. Introduction : Artillerie prussienne.

L'artillerie prussienne était une branche négligée de l'armée

Photo : Artillerie prussienne, par L.& F. Funcken. (Éditions

Photo : Artillerie à cheval prussienne en 1805, un an avant la

La fermeté délibérée des Allemands les adapte surtout au

Avant les guerres napoléoniennes, l'armée prussienne était

Photo : Artillerie de la Garde prussienne en 1810. Photo de Knoetel.

After Napoleon's defeat in Russia in 1812, Prussia made a

In 1815 the problem was not so much procuring the ordnance

"The war cabinet had decreed that the army required 76

Equipment of Prussian Artillery.

All guns, limbers and wagons were painted in

Guns available for field service:

The Prussian 6pdr cannon was served by 1 sergeant and 8 gunners.

The 7pdr howitzer was served by 1 sergeant ('feuewerker') and 11 gunners.

Guns Horses Crew

6pdr cannon 6 horses 8 + 1 NCO

12pdr cannon 8 horses 12 + 1 NCO

howitzer 15 (?) horses 12 + 1 NCO

Ammunition for Foot Artillery

Gun Ammo in trail chest Ammo in limber Ammo in caisson

9 cannonballs 45 cannonballs 143 cannonballs

Ammunition for Horse Artillery

Gun Ammo in trail chest Ammo in limber Ammo in caisson

9 cannonballs 45 cannonballs 90 cannonballs

Picture: changing the wheel of damaged Prussian 6pdr cannon.

Organization of Prussian Artillery.

4 regiments of foot artillery (each of 10 companies)

The foot battery had 6 12 pdr cannons and 2 10 pdr howitzers.

The battery was divided into two half-batteries and 4 sections.

The Guard Artillery was part of the 2. Brandenburg Artillery Brigade.

In 1809 each artillery brigade had:

3 companies (batteries) of horse artillery

In 1812 the Prussians had:

6 companies (batteries) of heavy artillery (1 battery used captured French pieces)

Guard Horse Battery No. 4 ("Reitende (Garde-) Batterie Nr. 4")

Company of horse artillery had 116 men.

In 1815, for the Waterloo Campaign, 5 howitzer batteries were raised.

Crew of foot battery (6 cannons and 2 howitzers) in 1815:

The foot batteries were attached to infantry brigades.

ARMY CORPS 1813-1815

Main Body Reserve Cavalry Reserve Artillery

Uniforms of Prussian Artillery.

Horse leather equipment was black.

Tactics of Prussian Artillery.

In general terms the artillery had the following tasks:

"Frederick the Great's Engineer Corps had been weak

The engineers formed an independent corps (Ingenieur-Korps) and were

The were three companies of pioneers for fortresses (Festungs-Pionier-Kompanien). In

By August 1813 there were 7 field and 6 fortress companies of pioneers.

Fortress War after Waterloo 1815.

Maubeuge was the strongest and most

Meanwhile numerous requests were sent to

Sources and Links.

Hofschroer - "Prussian Staff and Specialist Troops 1791-1815"

Prussian Army of the Napoleonic Wars

Infanterie prussienne - - Cavalerie prussienne - - Artillerie prussienne

Bataille de Dennewitz, 1813

Napoléon, son armée et ses ennemis

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