Amphi4 2022

Approximation par différences finies
de l’équation de transport
Principe de la méthode des différences finies

Application à l’équation de transport : Schéma explicite centré
Vitesse de propagation numérique
Consistance des schémas
Stabilité des schémas
Diffraction d’une onde électromagnétique Onde acoustique produite par une guitare
8
>
>
< " @E
@t
+ r ⇥ H = 0, 8 @v
>
>
<
⇢ + rp = 0,
> @t
>
: µ @H + r ⇥ E = 0,
@t >
: 1 @p + r · v = 0,
>
K @t
En général, la solution de ces EDPs ne peut pas être calculée analytiquement, on

va donc chercher une approximation de cette solution, que nous sommes
capables de calculer avec un ordinateur.
La méthode de discrétisation vue dans ce cours est la méthode des Différences

Finies que nous appliquons à l’équation de transport à vitesse constante (Amphi
4 et 5).
On approche l’EDP par une équation discrète/un schéma (consistance) et on

espère que la solution du schéma approche bien la solution de l’EDP
(convergence). MAIS ce n’est pas toujours le cas (la stabilité est nécessaire dans
le cas linéaire).
Objectif : Construire des approximations de la dérivée d’une

fonction à l’aide de valeurs discrètes de celle-ci, sur un maillage
régulier de pas <latexit sha1_base64="+ktn366RHGAeomFI62AWxsel/94=">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</latexit>
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Approximation Approximation Approximation

décentrée à gauche centrée décentrée à droite
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<latexit sha1_base64="rPxvQ9k4+5ZH16plI1M8vQ5yAOc=">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</latexit>
x h x x
x h x x+h x x x+h x
Il n’y a pas unicité des formules d’approximation.

Soit un maillage de pas et un opérateur d’approximation <latexit sha1_base64="+ktn366RHGAeomFI62AWxsel/94=">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</latexit>
aux différences de d , on appelle erreur de troncature la quantité

<latexit sha1_base64="x7HTLHXZ4rQQnaRaz57qqJQGWMQ=">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</latexit>
dx
"(x, h) := Dh u(x) u0 (x)
L’approximation est consistante si, pour u régulière
<latexit sha1_base64="Bu6LKNmOriNXDOIMnDj4Vj5F3P0=">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</latexit>
L’approximation est d’ordre <latexit sha1_base64="fW+tCzpCLPgGI2CceDMX13fq9N8=">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</latexit>

si <latexit sha1_base64="Mg5+4iIjwpe2U2VielHT/cigYEU=">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</latexit>
Pour l’etude de la consistance, il faut utiliser des développements de Taylor.
Exemple - L’approximation décentrée à droite est consistante et d’ordre 1 :
<latexit sha1_base64="5eC467fL7Gjeqh0lEwzfMTABykc=">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</latexit>
<latexit sha1_base64="2JrDhdDFWXfN5YP2F9hDlS97Mkg=">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</latexit>
<latexit sha1_base64="gOKNYXLNhq8AnqULMUKgxkQmsxs=">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</latexit>
<latexit sha1_base64="t7WCOWOOAA+1syiTw0ncKN9yFOw=">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</latexit>
Exemple - L’approximation centrée est consistante et d’ordre 2 :
<latexit sha1_base64="Roy056PiKdSy0b8J5PlCy+VcXHg=">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</latexit>
<latexit sha1_base64="lDY1XgKGN4sKBdpHE95URUDYXec=">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</latexit>
<latexit sha1_base64="E7aYJxIOhaB11xc/JW/PwWw1vUc=">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</latexit>
<latexit sha1_base64="gSVFJMlJeV4fDkUrCn8934n357k=">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</latexit>
<latexit sha1_base64="5+fNJa5cypthAjHhffo7bbLKtGM=">AAAILHicpVXbbtMwGE4HrKOcNriEC4tq0LKDkk6CSQhpE0jjagzEDlLTVo7jNmbOQY5TWlnmigfgSXgabhDilkfgGicN2+KkExKRKrn/d/h//z45ESUxN83vtYUrV68t1peuN27cvHX7zvLK3aM4TBjChyikITtxYIwpCfAhJ5zik4hh6DsUHzunL1P8eIxZTMLgPZ9GuOfDUUCGBEGuQoPlL6AB7CGDSAAg7MxPMOxKkUjZmqx57Y2K8IbXlqLjyQ0detyatMGL3NDrd6R4KoH9vGTRF62ttjIC7TXbh9xDkIo3suX1t9qD5aa5aWYfKA+sfNA08u9gsLL42XZDlPg44IjCOO5aZsR7AjJOEMWyYScxjiA6hSMssjIkWFUhFwxDpn4BB1m0wIN+HE99RzHT8mIdS4NVWDfhw+2eIEGUcBygWaJhQgEPQdp94BKGEadTABFS9SaQqzqQB1W/uFqlhh3gjyj0fRi4wlYG4kJAFlGWwQzPJaSLgGS30xO2S+KIwmnMpxTnq9O0pGh2pKaJE9+vkqj4IJX0KzQRC123SpQCc1Uk4LxKpOJzNeE8UXiZ6tVMkbVDVZvuC0hBOv/zP2VRPiOOJzxLMuvav8pdzMgYFxL7TjgRrsyEf8dVOtm1euLTBbrGUL7szIKMUwcXD9Xxv3DE2MiRwlo3100NdWiCc1iB68q8UdhCwh5LIewkUIWkVwoY6xWOeUrghLpY4+nbr2g01PGgiAelrVjAC8OYjHwoSxnjytKqlZqUwmI1KuA7LizTqmd/Rtf4mGu2mJc8MZ/jmXH17kOGo0s6M8MJDYPyHHfVrnFC6qYXW0jFro5PivhEx/fSvGJvIN6tq8Xpk1KCvfE5YZwTiowPiR/tZxvcpnjIu7YXq5sTPxEbVsTlLKaOFrAZGXm8p8Gz4GBfgrLrf5rqlj6GwcxSnPO3Ur7IrKQWlVK9W5b+SpUHR51Ny9y03prNne38BVsy7hsPjZZhGc+MHeO1cWAcGsj4XXtQW609qn+tf6v/qP+cURdqueaeUfjqv/4AzsEBUw==</latexit>
On peut obtenir des approximations plus précises en utilisant plus de points.
<latexit sha1_base64="74uAwDthM8iwCFld5QzDzdcC4VM=">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</latexit>
<latexit sha1_base64="wtYUNzmuS17FJYTe8mG8UL8e3uU=">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</latexit>
<latexit sha1_base64="6wI/3U4ZBCiARIueYwtkT2TcI7I=">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</latexit>
On obtient une approximation d’ordre 4 avec

<latexit sha1_base64="Ssv6if04Rr6J1Ed+3GH5G6nGlBg=">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</latexit>
<latexit sha1_base64="hUuKDR5QTuTSeVEtxFiKqW8gYnc=">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</latexit>
Avec le même principe, on peut approcher des dérivées d’ordre
supérieur
u0 (x + h/2) u0 (x h/2)
u (x) '
00
h
u(x + h) u(x)
u0 (x + h/2) '
h u(x) u(x h)
u0 (x h/2) '
h
x h x x+h
u(x + h) 2u(x) + u(x h)
u00 (x) ' Dh2 u(x) :=
h2
Erreur de consistance
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L’approximation est d’ordre 2.
t
tn = n t
xj = j h x
u(xj , tn ) unj
Construction du schéma explicite centré
pour l’equation de transport
Trouver u(x, t) : R ⇥ R+ ! R
⇥u ⇥u t
+ c = 0, x 2 R, t > 0
⇥t ⇥x
u(x, 0) = u0 (x), x 2 R.
tn = n t
L’espace et le temps sont traités différemment! La solution approchée se calcule
pas à pas en temps : la solution à l’instant est calculée à partir de la solution
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aux instants différents.
xj = j h x
un+1
j unj
⇥t u (xj , t ) ⇥
n un+1
j unj unj+1 unj 1
t +c =0
t 2h
unj+1 unj 1
@x u (xj , tn ) ' u0j = u0 (xj )
2h
Construction du schéma explicite centré
pour l’equation de transport
Trouver u(x, t) : R ⇥ R+ ! R t
⇥u ⇥u
+ c = 0, x 2 R, t > 0
⇥t ⇥x
u(x, 0) = u0 (x), x 2 R.
tn = n t
• Si sont calculés indépendamment les uns des autres, le schéma
est dit explicite
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• Sinon, il faut résoudre un système linéaire, le schéma est dit implicite.
xj = j h x
c t ! "
un+1 unj unj+1 unj−1
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= j = − − Le schéma est
h 2
ici explicite
u0j = u0 (xj )
Calcul de la solution discrète
t
tn = n t
t0 = 0
xj = j h
c t ! "
= j = − −
h 2
u0j = u0 (xj )
t A quelle vitesse la solution
numérique se propage-t-elle?
tn = n t
xj x
c t ! "
= j = − −
h 2
u0j = 1 si j = 0, 0 sinon.
t A quelle vitesse la solution
numérique se propage-t-elle?
tn = n t
xj x
Ici la vitesse de propagation numérique est de

V num = h / t
Condition nécessaire de convergence
t
c t
=
h
x
en vert : support de la solution exacte
en rouge : support de la solution numérique
Cas 1 : > 1 La convergence est impossible
Condition nécessaire de convergence
t
c t
=
h
x
en vert : support de la solution exacte
en rouge : support de la solution numérique
Cas 2 : 1 La convergence est possible
Condition nécessaire de convergence de Courant - Friedrichs - Lewy (CFL)
c t
V num ⇥ c ⇤⌅ := 1
h
Etude de la consistance et de l’ordre du schéma
Trouver u(x, t) : R ⇥ R+ ! R Trouver un
j
⇥u ⇥u un+1
j unj unj+1 unj 1
+c = 0, x 2 R, t > 0 +c = 0 ∀j ∈ Z, ∀n ∈ N
⇥t ⇥x t 2h
u(x, 0) = u0 (x), x 2 R. u0j = u0 (xj ) ∀j ∈ Z
Notation: U nj := u(xj , tn ) où u est une solution régulière du

problème continu.
Définitions : on appelle erreur de troncature de ce schéma
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c
<latexit sha1_base64="6rMkx7c/5iPRpuzfdsPGeZ1E8yA=">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</latexit>
Le schéma est consistant ssi

<latexit sha1_base64="3vQhospvfyWWhwmWS6F8DWNlroM=">AAAH53icpVVba9RAFE7rZet62+qjL4OLILKWpD4oqNBioYJQqtgLbLZhkkx2p51kwswk3WUYn3z3TXz1J/hrxDf9J06ysW0mWREcWJic73LOnJ2LnxLMhW3/WFq+dPnK1c7Kte71Gzdv3e6t3tnnNGMB2gsooezQhxwRnKA9gQVBhylDMPYJOvBPXhX4QY4YxzR5L2YpGsVwnOAIB1DokNd74xIce9LdQkRAIMAATIDL8HgiIGP0FNgKuM+BdMtMkqFQSTeHDKUcE5oo5cljdSQTBV4C2+v17TW7HKA5capJ36rGrrd69aMb0iCLUSICAjkfOnYqRhIygQOCVNfNOEphcALHSJYVKPBAh0IQUaZ/iQBltMaDMeez2NfMGIoJN7Ei2IYNMxE9G0mcpJlASTBPFGUECAqKxoEQMxQIMgMwCHS9GRS6jmACGQyEbnDXTdBpQOMYJqF0tYG8EFB1lJUwQwsJkTYN1HB9JN0Q85TAGRczgkAJyL6jZH9dGRqexXGbRMe9QnLUokkZDcM2UQEsVOFEiDaRji/U0EUi+jfV1lxRtkNXW+wLSECx/vOPpqhakUBTUSaZd+1f5SFiOEe1xLFPpzJUpfDPvE2nhs5IfrhANxjal51Z4LxwCFGkT+6F08XGvpLOwB7YBuqTDFWwBgfavFvbQvpcKindLNGFFLcByM0Kc1EQBCYhMnjm9qsbRSae1PGksRVreG3K8TiGqpGRt5bWrjSkBNar0YHYD2GT1r76M7rBR8KwRaLhicQCz5Jrdr+8NRd35uKtamo39a7xKQmLi40SuWni0zo+NfHtIq/c9uS7gf5zjnAjwXZ+TsgrQp1xnMXpTrnBXYIiMXQnXN+c6JF87KRCzWP6aFWPx8iA50FvR4Gm63+ampYxgsncUp7znxR8WVopI6rfsF7fMV+p5mR/fc2x15y3dn/jRfWCrVj3rPvWQ8uxnlob1mtr19qzAuub9d36af3q4M6nzufOlzl1eanS3LVqo/P1Nx7T6PY=</latexit>
Le schéma est précis d’ordre k en temps et p en espace ssi

"nj = O( t p + hk ) (p, k) 2 N2
Trouver u(x, t) : R ⇥ R+ ! R Trouver un
j
⇥u ⇥u un+1
j unj unj+1 unj 1
+c = 0, x 2 R, t > 0 +c = 0 ∀j ∈ Z, ∀n ∈ N
⇥t ⇥x t 2h
u(x, 0) = u0 (x), x 2 R. u0j = u0 (xj ) ∀j ∈ Z
Notation: U nj := u(xj , tn ) , , ,…
<latexit sha1_base64="k90r2jWOyVckIh5Hyk60O3IkN2U=">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</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="vOlutEDV6Yz2+eYH0uSoGtDdz6o=">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</latexit>
En utilisant les calculs du début de l’amphi (en remplaçant <latexit sha1_base64="8r58Y4V8TB1LjKtd17DrnZ0iP4Q=">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</latexit>

par <latexit sha1_base64="WYJFNINwccl3LwHYZrk6KbH3uQk=">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</latexit>
)
<latexit sha1_base64="jRNNz7zffjdsCi1A/u76i1Gjcpg=">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</latexit>
<latexit sha1_base64="5YTx9UBNz4HKjf4LBYjgcqjehZU=">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</latexit>
c
<latexit sha1_base64="5dRgcw0p4/PWT1UCxvRDmvJpgjY=">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</latexit>
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<latexit sha1_base64="0jjG6SeR+FNGA4JOBEyMzaLOEZg=">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</latexit>
<latexit sha1_base64="KYigv5Y3iNUxHRgi/W8D5DR0pfo=">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</latexit>
Le schéma est d’ordre 1 en temps et 2 en espace.

La solution d’un schéma consistant approche-t-elle la solution de l’équation

continue ?
Simulations numériques : h=0.02, = 1

Stabilité du schéma
Stabilité de la solution du problème continu Rappel

u0 ∈ L2 (R) =) u(·, t) ∈ L2 (R) et ∀t > 0, "u(·, t)"L2 = "u0 "L2
Preuve: (en utilisant la transformée de Fourier)
u u F du
+ c =0 u(x, t) ! b(⇠, t)
u + ic u = 0
t x dt
=) <latexit sha1_base64="ZBJM2yKBSuBq7nkeFsOwxZuoYkU=">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</latexit>
c
=) <latexit sha1_base64="35Xi0VzHpYRpHb/A677DseCVyCU=">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</latexit>
On conclut en utilisant le théorème de Plancherel
Pour définir la stabilité d’un schéma, on va construire pour tout <latexit sha1_base64="poZTUA7i4aE68++UFs38GrndCd8=">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</latexit>
n
n ∈ N une fonction uh à partir des (un
j )j∈Z .
Pour étudier la stabilité, il suffit de réécrire le schéma discret
n
comme un problème satisfait par h , auquel on pourra appliquer
u
la transformée de Fourier (comme pour le problème continu).
La méthode de Fourier Von-Neumann est une "recette" de calcul
qui permet d’étudier la stabilité directement sur le schéma!
Définition de la stabilité
Pour tout n ∈ N , on définit , à partir des (unj )j∈Z , une fonction unh
dans V = L2 (R) via une interpolation linéaire
unh ∈ <latexit sha1_base64="UhzVX1hSvMu7ac69YFTDj+DcWzg=">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</latexit>
xj h
Définition : Le schéma est L2 stable ssi
<latexit sha1_base64="y9Ip4TdVKQc0/VSx0e19/sEn8V8=">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</latexit>
<latexit sha1_base64="Y5TRrPwUjLK3CYXk6eAp206YriQ=">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</latexit>
Si cette inégalité n’a lieu que pour des pas et astreints à <latexit sha1_base64="PQHamF51ZmTQFZ27fgc+7gh5Aus=">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</latexit>
<latexit sha1_base64="fQgnuZXa6YIn9TpkQA8SlCigACY=">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</latexit>
certaines inégalités, le schéma est dit conditionnellement stable.

Etude de la stabilité du schéma explicite centré
Le schéma centré
un+1
j unj unj+1 unj 1
+c =0
t 2h
se réécrit
un+1
h (x) − u n
h (x) u n
h (x + h) − u n
h (x − h)
+c = 0,
∆t 2h
C’est évident pour et pour c’est vrai par linéarité. <latexit sha1_base64="tA4mv8xc0iIhqPOIrQ4KDF3NBOM=">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</latexit>
<latexit sha1_base64="x/2/TZmTrDZeLh3KF99HLooyAro=">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</latexit>
Si on applique la Transformée de Fourier à cette dernière équation

F
<latexit sha1_base64="kZhg8tgW/SnuAdoVp8N6+g3mPdc=">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</latexit>
On trouve
c
<latexit sha1_base64="GENNIpEv2GBEBcqTbp2PmMIE6vc=">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</latexit>
soit <latexit sha1_base64="O8Sm6M7JBleUMD4LnjghgqayCAI=">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</latexit>

avec Sh ( , t) = 1 i sin h
c
où .
<latexit sha1_base64="dunmutqUXXdJKNcM0xCmsl3rR+8=">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</latexit>
Condition de stabilité pour les schémas à un pas de temps
Un schéma est dit à un pas de temps quand il ne fait intervenir que
les pas de temps et . <latexit sha1_base64="4QyVjxQIRypZWytANqxZXCbCr7U=">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</latexit>
<latexit sha1_base64="isXeUCJrc9CDaorIxbx5CF7NyKY=">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</latexit>
Dans ce cas, on est en général ramené à la relation

<latexit sha1_base64="O8Sm6M7JBleUMD4LnjghgqayCAI=">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</latexit>
où <latexit sha1_base64="OyPBHPtSpJChZHGX6LgQVYR5/2k=">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</latexit>
est appelé le coefficient d’amplification.
Théorème : Un schéma à un pas de temps est L2 stable ssi
<latexit sha1_base64="Ng26/EwHCjZuzBIH+SGNt4zxni8=">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</latexit>
sup |Sbh (⇠, t)|  1 + ⌫ t
⇠2R
Si la condition est réalisée avec ⌫ = 0, on parle de stabilité uniforme.
Montrons que c’est une condition suffisante. Supposons la condition est réalisée.
<latexit sha1_base64="8CnO7urzmrMSLNtW0xR0YYnTQ2E=">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</latexit>
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<latexit sha1_base64="Uvq1l3XbdEQg/m8zbNcb/34SLWA=">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</latexit>
<latexit sha1_base64="1mVsNWPhUiMzUo6B3RWeyAb/+hU=">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</latexit>
Il suffit d’utiliser l’inégalité <latexit sha1_base64="iQwSYAFtSuP07cOFwVWqNd2aIWA=">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</latexit>

pour déduire <latexit sha1_base64="8rFBLJPaIUjhfMKaHj9cIKoTfBw=">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</latexit>
Le théorème de Plancherel permet de conclure 8 tn  T, kunh kL2  e⌫T ku0h kL2

Etude de la stabilité du schéma explicite centré
<latexit sha1_base64="O8Sm6M7JBleUMD4LnjghgqayCAI=">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</latexit>
avec Sh ( , t) = 1 i sin h
c
où .
1
2
sup |Sh ( , t)| = (1 + )
Le schéma explicite centré est inconditionnellement instable

Im z
⇠=0
Re z
Simulations numériques : h=0.005, =1

La méthode de Fourier - Von Neumann
En pratique, on part directement du schéma et on cherche les

solutions de la forme
<latexit sha1_base64="dl4bCL5f1UbndVByADR66Q7ixnc=">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</latexit>
On est ramené aux mêmes relations que si nous étions passés par
la construction de unh .
Le schéma de Lax Friedrichs
<latexit sha1_base64="6zw7P6T+Jx5t3M3Np6LUN2xxWAg=">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</latexit>
On remplace unj par uj+1 + uj

n n
<latexit sha1_base64="jbfBv5NQWQfsw0tk0UJWlKvBjJg=">AAAIDnicpVVLj9NIEPbwypDlMeweubSIVmJ3w8geDssRtEjDCQHaAaQ4Y7XtSqaHdtt0l0OiVnPiB/BruCGu/AT4M4i2HZhx20FIWIrUqe9R1dWvuOBMoe9/3jpz9tz5C4Pti8PfLl2+cnXn2u9PVV7KBA6SnOfyeUwVcCbgABlyeF5IoFnM4Vn84r8Kf7YAqVgu/sdVAdOMzgWbsYSiDUU7MiyoREZ5hDqs7bSE1OjSmHBMbi6j4zHBQy3MXyRULIOXw3AmaaJdcnRsSf8EhtwiPZAgRof3gSMlaKKdkb/r1x/pDoL1YOStv0fRtQtvwjRPygwEJpwqNQn8Aqe6KjzhYIZhqaCgyQs6B13nNuRPG0rJLJf2J5DU0RaPZkqtstgyM4pHysWqYB82KXF2Z6qZKEoEkTSJZiUnmJOqvyRlEhLkK0KTxNZbUrR1JEfUNg3tOgxDAa+SPMuoSHVoDfSpgGmjsoYlbCRUK5GYyd5UhylTBacrhSsOpFmiUWD0aM84GlVmWZ/ExqNKctijKWSepn2iCtioYgKxT2TjGzX5JlH+I9X9RlG3Q3/b0KSa/8mfrmg9I4Ql1kmarv2sPAXJFtBKnMX5UqemFn4b9+nMJJjq16foDsP6yu8WbFE5pDCzB/zUuZLz2Ohg7I99B415CWvYgmNrPmxtIR0ujD29pbCFVJcGWbgVLrAiIOMpODx3+7WNZi4u2rjobMUW3hoqNs+o6WRUvaX1Kx0pp+1qbCCLU9ql9c/+O93hAzq2gB1PwA2eNdftPpVQ/KAzDc54LrpzvGd3TZzztLrYcq7vufiyjS9dfL/Kq/cj/WRsF+eQdRLsL04IizWhzTgus+JhvcFDDjOchEfK3pzwt74VFGiamD1aJJRsfoRTB26C0UNDuq6/aOpaZkBFY6lP+Lcrvq6tjBM11bsVuK9Ud/B0bzfwd4PH/ujunfULtu1d9254N73A+9e76z3wHnkHXuJ98r5sDba2B28H7wbvBx8a6pmtteYPr/UNPn4FjkX5AQ==</latexit>
1
<latexit sha1_base64="qbAeRv18TaBgZx1xoqAilhFV1kA=">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</latexit>
Le schéma de Lax Friedrichs ⇥

un n
j+1 +uj
un+1
j 2
1
unj+1 unj 1
+c =0
t 2h
et se réécrit
c
où .
<latexit sha1_base64="9+MDGNKOSwqxf3f1aRGThbIpsAk=">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</latexit>
C’est un schéma explicite à un pas de temps.

Comme pour le schéma explicite centré, on montre que la
vitesse de propagation numérique est V num = h / t
Une condition nécessaire de convergence est donnée par la CFL
c t
V num ⇥ c ⇤⌅ := 1
h
Consistance du schéma de Lax Friedrichs
Si on note U nj := u(xj , tn ) l’erreur de troncature est donnée par
Un n
j+1 +U j
U n+1 1
U nj+1 U nj
n
j := j 2
+c
1
t 2h
U nj+1 + U nj U nj+1 2U nj + U nj
En remarquant que 1
= U nj +
1
on trouve
2 2
h2 U nj+1 2U nj + U nj
"nj = "nj SC +
1
2 t h2
<latexit sha1_base64="rh45+elsWVDIRIwFGCs3afSd+3I=">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</latexit>
En réécrivant c , on obtient
<latexit sha1_base64="romkrYUYibJJLrvosx90ojpEL60=">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</latexit>
"nj
c
"nj = SC
<latexit sha1_base64="81hXnmh1y6Pzv78pfjvahagZlbs=">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</latexit>
A fixé, le schéma est consistant et d’ordre 1 en temps et en

espace.
Stabilité du schéma de Lax Friedrichs
Le schéma se réécrit
<latexit sha1_base64="9+MDGNKOSwqxf3f1aRGThbIpsAk=">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</latexit>
On utilise la méthode de Fourier-Von Neumann et on cherche les

solution sous la forme
<latexit sha1_base64="hujhpAunnucGqC+lfC/3CRodU/U=">AAAH8HicpVVLb9MwHM94rKO8OjhysaiQBipTMg5MQkibQBqnaaC9pKatnOSf1pvjRI7TtbLMiQ/BDXHlI/BNuHGFT4GTlm1x0gkJS5Wc38t/u354CSWpsO0fS9eu37i53Fi51bx95+69+63VB4dpnHEfDvyYxvzYwylQwuBAEEHhOOGAI4/CkXf6JuePxsBTErN9MU2gF+EhIyHxsdDQoLUv3SJEcgiUzJQayBPVl0y9ds9IACMsTEFfuh3E1Jo7IU+R+wqBBkiExQhpBE0GJ6o5aLXtdbtoqNpx5p22NW97g9XlT24Q+1kETPgUp2nXsRPRk5gL4lNQTTdLIcH+KR6CLMpR6ImGAhTGXP+YQAVa0uEoTaeRp5V5danJ5WAd181EuNmThCWZAObPBgozikSM8hVEAeHgCzpF2Pd1vRkWug5/hDn2hV7ppsvgzI+jCLNAujpAXgJUmeUFzWGhINShvupu9KQbkDSheJqKKQVUELLtKNneUIYnzaKozqLxQW7p13gSHgdBnSknFroIE6LOpPGFnniRKb7K9XbmKJZDV5vvC0xRPv+Lj6ppPiMBE1EMMlu1f7UHwMkYSgNHXjyRgSqMf/t1PtV1evLjJbmh0Ln8PIKM84QAQn2ELx01PvSUdDp2xzZYj2YwpzXZ0eHN0haS7lhJ6WZMF5JfC2hsVjgWuUAQGoChM7dfOSg0eVbmWWUrlvhSNyXDCKvKiGltafVOw0pxuRoNRF6Aq7L62Z/LDT0IIxZEJRPEgsxCa64+5pBcsTIzntCYVee4rXeNF9Mgv9hiKrdNflLmJya/k48rdwbyQ0f/OX1SGWBnfCEYzwVlxUkWJbvFBncphKLrjlJ9c8Iz+dxJhJph+mghl5PhSPQMegYOdhWqpv5nqBkZAWazSHmhf5HrZRGlDFS/fa22Y75S1c7hxrpjrzvv7fbW5vwFW7EeWY+tNcuxXlpb1jtrzzqwfOu79dP6Zf1u8MbnxpfG15n02tLc89Aqtca3P+p17js=</latexit>
ce qui mène à <latexit sha1_base64="Tp58rQeIT81GjhatAZdjKM3BsyI=">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</latexit>

avec
1 ⇥ 1+ ⇥
b
Sh (⇠, t) = e i h
+ e i h
= cos h i sin h
2 2
Im z
⇠=0
> 1 : Le schéma est instable
Re z 1 : Le schéma est stable

Simulations pour le schéma de Lax-Friedrichs
La solution d’un schéma consistant et stable approche-t-elle la solution de l’équation

continue ? La réponse est OUI. On verra au prochain amphi le théorème de Lax
Stabilité + Consistance =) Convergence
Simulations numériques : h=0.005, = 0.99

Amphi4 2022

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Approximation par différences finies

Principe de la méthode des différences finies

En général, la solution de ces EDPs ne peut pas être calculée analytiquement, on

La méthode de discrétisation vue dans ce cours est la méthode des Différences

On approche l’EDP par une équation discrète/un schéma (consistance) et on

Objectif : Construire des approximations de la dérivée d’une

Approximation Approximation Approximation

Il n’y a pas unicité des formules d’approximation.

aux différences de d , on appelle erreur de troncature la quantité

Pour l’etude de la consistance, il faut utiliser des développements de Taylor.

Exemple - L’approximation décentrée à droite est consistante et d’ordre 1 :

On peut obtenir des approximations plus précises en utilisant plus de points.

On obtient une approximation d’ordre 4 avec

aux instants différents.

• Sinon, il faut résoudre un système linéaire, le schéma est dit implicite.

Ici la vitesse de propagation numérique est de

Notation: U nj := u(xj , tn ) où u est une solution régulière du

Définitions : on appelle erreur de troncature de ce schéma

Le schéma est consistant ssi

Le schéma est précis d’ordre k en temps et p en espace ssi

Le schéma est d’ordre 1 en temps et 2 en espace.

La solution d’un schéma consistant approche-t-elle la solution de l’équation

Simulations numériques : h=0.02, = 1

Stabilité de la solution du problème continu Rappel

On conclut en utilisant le théorème de Plancherel

certaines inégalités, le schéma est dit conditionnellement stable.

Si on applique la Transformée de Fourier à cette dernière équation

Dans ce cas, on est en général ramené à la relation

Le théorème de Plancherel permet de conclure 8 tn  T, kunh kL2  e⌫T ku0h kL2

Le schéma explicite centré est inconditionnellement instable

Simulations numériques : h=0.005, =1

En pratique, on part directement du schéma et on cherche les

On remplace unj par uj+1 + uj

Le schéma de Lax Friedrichs ⇥

C’est un schéma explicite à un pas de temps.

A fixé, le schéma est consistant et d’ordre 1 en temps et en

On utilise la méthode de Fourier-Von Neumann et on cherche les

Re z 1 : Le schéma est stable

La solution d’un schéma consistant et stable approche-t-elle la solution de l’équation

Simulations numériques : h=0.005, = 0.99

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