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ص .ب 2275 : اﻟﻌﻨﻮان :ﺷﺎرع اﳉﻴﺶ ا ﻠﻜﻲ ﺣﻲ اﻟﺮﻳﺎض <
اﻟﺮﻣﺰ اﻟﺒﺮﻳﺪي 10104 :اﻟﺮﺑﺎط ا ﻤﻠﻜﺔ ا ﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ
اﻟﺒﺮﻳﺪ اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻲisesco@isesco.org.ma : <
اﻟﻬـﺎﺗﻒ+ (212) 05 37 56 60 52 / 05 37 56 60 53 : <
اﻟﻔﺎﻛﺲ+ (212) 05 37 56 60 12 / 05 37 56 60 13 : <
ﻓﺎﻛﺲ ﻗﺴﻢ اﻹﻋﻼم+ (212) 05 37 71 53 27 / 05 37 71 47 21 : <
اﻟﺒﺮﻳﺪ اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻲ ﻟﻘﺴﻢ اﻹﻋﻼمpress@isesco.org.ma : <
درﻫﻤﺎً .وﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ اﻷﻗﻄﺎر$ 10 : ﺛﻤﻦ اﻟﻌﺪد ﻓﻲ دوﻟﺔ ا ﻘﺮ60 :
)*( ﻋﻀﻮ ﻣﺠﻤﻊ اﻟﺒﺤﻮث اﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻷزﻫﺮ اﻟﺸﺮﻳﻒ وﻋﻀﻮ اﺠﻤﻟﻠﺲ اﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﻠﺸﺆون اﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﺎﻫﺮة ورﺋﻴﺲ ﲢﺮﻳﺮ )ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻷزﻫﺮ(.
ﺧﻄﺮ اﻟﻨﺰﻋﺔ اﻟﺘﺎرﻳﺨﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺛﻮاﺑﺖ اﻹﺳﻼم 70
وﻓﻲ ﺗـﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻏﺮﺑﻲ ﻟـﻬﺬه اﻟﻨـﺰﻋﺔ اﻟـﺘﻨﻮﻳـﺮﻳﺔ اﻟﻮﺿـﻌﻴﺔ ﻳـﻘﻮل اﻟﺒـﺎﺣﺚ اﻟﻔﺮﻧـﺴﻲ ــ إﻣﻴﻞ ﺑﻮﻻ
Emile Poulatــ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ وﻋﻦ اﻟﻘﻄﻴﻌﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻘﻴﻤﻬﺎ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺪﻳﻦ واﻟﻼﻫﻮت:
»ﻛـﺎن ا ـﺴـﻴـﺤﻲ اﻟـﻨـﺎﰋ )أو ا ـﺘــﻮﻟّـﺪ( ﻋﻦ ﺣـﺮﻛـﺔ اﻹﺻﻼح اﻟـﺒـﺮوﺗـﺴـﺘـﺎﻧـﺘﻲ ﺣـﺮﻳـﺼـﺎً ــ ﻋـﻠﻰ
ا ـﺴﺘـﻮى اﻟﺪﻳـﻨﻲ ــ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋـﺪم ﺗﻘﺪ اﻟـﻄﺎﻋـﺔ إﻻ ﻟﻠﻪ وﻛـﺘﺎﺑﻪ ﻻ ﻟـﻜﻬـﻨﺘﻪ وﻻ ﳋـﻠﻴـﻔﺘﻪ )أي اﻟـﺒﺎﺑﺎ(.
وأﻣـﺎ اﻵن ــ أي ﻣﻊ اﻟﺘﻨﻮﻳـﺮ ــ ﻓﻘﺪ اﺟﺘﻴـﺎز ﻋﻘﺒﺔ ﺛـﺎﻧﻴﺔ :ﻓﻠﻢ ﻳﻌـﺪ اﻹﻧﺴﺎن ﻳﺨـﻀﻊ إﻻ ﻟﻌﻘﻠﻪ اﻟﺬي
ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ أن ﻳﺤﺎﻛﻢ اﻷﺷﻴﺎء ﺑﺬاﺗﻬﺎ«.
»إنﱠ ﻫـﺬه اﻷﻳﺪﻳﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ اﻟـﺘﻲ ﻛﺸﻔﻬﺎ ﻋﺼـﺮ اﻟﺘﻨﻮﻳﺮ ﻟـﻠﻌﺎﻟﻢ واﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻀﺎد ا ـﺴﻴﺤﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ
اﳋـﺮوج ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻫﻲ اﻷم ﻌـﻨﻰ أن ﻛﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻔﺮع ﻋـﻨﻬﺎ ﻳﺘﻮﻟﺪ ﻋﻦ ﺗـﻄﻮﻳﺮاﺗﻬﺎ وﺗـﻨـﺎﻗﻀـﺎﺗـﻬﺎ دون أن
ﻳـﻨـﻘـﺺ اﻟﻘﻄـﻴـﻌـﺔ اﻹﺑﺴـﺘﻤـﻮﻟـﻮﺟﻴـﺔ اﻟﻜــﺒﺮى اﻟـﺘــﻲ ﺗﻔــﺼﻞ ﺑ ﻋﺼـﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺮوح اﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ:
ﻋـﺼﺮ اﳋﻼﺻﺔ اﻟﻼﻫﻮﺗـﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻘـﺪﻳﺲ ــ ﺗﻮﻣﺎ اﻹﻛﻮﻳﻨﻲ Thomas Aquinasــ )1274-1225م(
وﻋـﺼﺮ ا ﻮﺳﻮﻋﺔ ﻟﻔﻼﺳﻔـﺔ اﻟﺘﻨﻮﻳﺮ .ﻓﻤﻨـﺬ اﻵن ﻓﺼﺎﻋﺪاً راح اﻷﻣﻞ ﻤﻠﻜـﺔ اﻟﻠﱠﻪ ﻳﻨﺰاح ﻟﻜﻲ ﻳﺨﻠﻲ
ا ـﻜﺎن ﻟﺘﻘﺪم ﻋﺼﺮ اﻟﻌـﻘﻞ وﻫﻴﻤﻨﺘﻪ .وﻫﻜﺬا راح ﻧـﻈﺎم اﻟﻨﻌﻤﺔ اﻹﻟﻬﻴـﺔ ﻳﻨﻤﺤﻲ وﻳﺘﻼﺷﻰ أﻣﺎم ﻧﻈﺎم
اﻟـﻄﺒﻴـﻌﺔ واﻧﺘـﻬﻰ ﻋﻬـﺪ اﻟﺘﻌـﺎﻟﻲ اﻟﻌﻤـﻮدي ﻟﻜﻲ ﻳـﺤﻞ ﻣﺤﻠﻪ ﻋـﻬﺪ اﶈـﺴﻮﺳﻴـﺔ واﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎت اﻷﻓـﻘﻴﺔ
واﳊـﺪﻳﺔ .ﻟﻘﺪ أﺻﺒﺢ اﻹﻧﺴﺎن وﺣﺪه ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺳﺎً ﻟﻺﻧﺴـﺎن وأﺻﺒﺢ ﺣﻜﻢ اﻟﻠﱠﻪ واﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎت اﻟﺪﻳﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ
ﺗـﻨﺘﺴﺐ إﻟﻴﻪ ﺧﺎﺿﻌﺎً ﳊﻜﻢ اﻟـﻮﻋﻲ اﻟﺒﺸﺮي اﻟﺬي ﻳﻄﻠﻖ اﳊﻜﻢ اﻷﺧـﻴﺮ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ اﳊﺮﻳﺔ ﻫﺬه اﳊﺮﻳﺔ
اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻤﺜﻞ ﻣﻜﺴﺒﻪ اﳉﺪﻳﺪ ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻟﻠﻨﻘﺺ أﺑﺪاً).«(1
ﻓـﻬـﺬا اﻟﺘـﻨـﻮﻳﺮ اﻟـﻮﺿـﻌﻲ ﺑـﻜﻞ إﻓﺮازاﺗﻪ وﲡـﻠـﻴـﺎﺗﻪ وﻣﻨـﻬـﺎ )اﻟـﺘﺎرﻳـﺨـﻴﺔ( ﻗـﺪ ﻣـﺜﻞ )اﻟـﻘﻄـﻴـﻌﺔ
ا ﻌﺮﻓﻴﺔ اﻟﻜﺒﺮى( ﻣﻊ اﻟﺪﻳﻦ وأﺣﻞﱠ اﻟﻌﻘﻞ واﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﻣﺤﻞ اﻟﺪﻳﻦ واﻟﻼﻫﻮت.
وﻟـﻘـﺪ وﻓـﺪت ﻫﺬه اﻟـﻨـﺰﻋـﺔ إﻟﻰ اﻟـﺸﺮق اﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﺿـﻤﻦ اﻟـﻮاﻓـﺪ اﻟـﺘﻐـﺮﻳـﺒﻲ اﻟـﺬي ﺟـﺎءﻧﺎ ﻓﻲ
رﻛـﺎب اﻟـﻐﺰوة اﻻﺳـﺘـﻌـﻤﺎرﻳـﺔ اﻟـﻐـﺮﺑﻴـﺔ اﳊـﺪﻳـﺜـﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗـﺴـﻠـﺤﺖ ــ ﻣﻊ ا ـﺪﻓﻊ ــ ﺑﻔـﻜـﺮ ﻋـﺼﺮ اﻟـﺘـﻨـﻮﻳﺮ
اﻷوروﺑﻲ ﺳﺎﻋﻴﺔ إﻟﻰ اﺣﺘﻼل اﻟﻌﻘﻞ ا ﺴﻠﻢ ﻟﺘﺄﻳﻴﺪ وﺗﺄﺑﻴﺪ اﺣﺘﻼل اﻷرض وﻧﻬﺐ اﻟﺜﺮوات.
وﻟـﻘﺪ وﺟﺪت ﻫـﺬه اﻟﻨـﺰﻋﺔ ﻟﻬـﺎ أﻧﺼﺎراً ﺑـ اﻟﺘـﻐﺮﻳﺒـﻴ اﻟﻌـﺮب وا ﺴـﻠﻤ اﻟـﺬﻳﻦ ﺳﻌﻮا إﻟﻰ
أن ﺗـﻜﻮن ﻧﻬﻀﺘـﻨﺎ ا ﻨﺸﻮدة ﻋﻠﻰ ﻏـﺮار اﻟﻨﻬﻀﺔ اﻷوروﺑـﻴﺔ ﲢﺮﻳﺮاً ﻟﻠﻌـﻘﻞ واﺠﻤﻟﺘﻤﻊ ﻣﻦ اﻹﺳﻼم ﻛﻤﺎ
ﲢﺮر اﻟﻌﻘﻞ واﺠﻤﻟﺘﻤﻊ اﻷوروﺑﻲ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻜﻨﻴﺴﺔ واﻟﻼﻫﻮت.
وﻟـﻘﺪ ﲡﻠﺖ ﻓﻲ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺎت أﻧـﺼﺎر ﻫﺬه اﻟﻨﺰﻋﺔ اﻟﺘـﺎرﻳﺨﻴﺔ ــ ﻣﻦ ﻏﻼة اﳊﺪاﺛﻴـ واﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﻧﻴ ــ
ووﺿـﺤﺖ ــ ﺟﻠـﻴـﺔ وﺳﺎﻓـﺮة ــ ﻣـﻘﺎﺻـﺪ إﻗﺎﻣـﺔ اﻟـﻘﻄـﻴﻌـﺔ ا ـﻌﺮﻓـﻴـﺔ اﻟﻜـﺒﺮى ــ واﻟـﻌـﻤﻠـﻴـﺔ ــ ﻣﻊ ﺷﺮﻳـﻌﺔ
اﻹﺳﻼم وﻓﻘﻪ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼﺗﻪ ﺑﻞ وﺣﺘﻰ ﻣﻊ ﻋﻘﻴﺪﺗﻪ وﻣﻨﻈﻮﻣﺔ اﻟﻘﻴﻢ واﻷﺧﻼق اﻟﺘﻲ ﺟﺎءت ﻓﻴﻪ.
) (1ﻫﺎﺷﻢ ﺻـﺎﻟﺢ ﻣﺠﻠﺔ ''اﻟﻮﺣﺪة'' اﻟﺮﺑﺎط ﻋـﺪد ﻓﺒﺮاﻳﺮ ــ ﻣﺎرس 1992م ص 21-20وﻫﻮ ﻳﻨـﻘﻞ ﻋﻦ ﻛﺘﺎب إﻣﻴﻞ ﺑﻮﻻ :اﳊﺮﻳﺔ
اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻨﺔ :ﺣﺮب ﺷﻄﺮي ﻓﺮﻧﺴﺎ وﻣﺒﺪأ اﳊﺪاﺛﺔ ﻣﻨﺸﻮرات ﺳﻴﺮف ﺑﺎرﻳﺲ 1987م.
71 اﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮر ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻋﻤﺎرة
وﺳﻨﻜﺘﻔﻲ ﻫﻨﺎ ــ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻨﺰﻋﺔ اﻟﺘﺎرﻳﺨﻴﺔ ــ ﺑﺈﻳﺮاد اﻟﻨﺼﻮص واﻷﻓﻜﺎر اﻟﺘﻲ
ﺗﻌﺒﺮ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺸﺎرﻳﻊ ﻓﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ ﻣﻦ اﳊﺪاﺛﻴ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﻧﻴ :
أﻣﺎ أوﻟﻬﻢ) (2ﻓﻴﺪﻋﻮ إﻟﻰ إﻗﺎﻣﺔ ﻗﻄﻴﻌﺔ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن اﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺤﺎول:
أوﻻً :اﺧ ـﺘـﺰال اﻟ ـﺘـﺸــﺮﻳﻊ اﻟـﻘــﺎﻧــﻮﻧﻲ اﻟـﺬي ﺟــﺎء ﺑﻪ اﻹﺳﻼم ﺣــﺘﻰ ﻳـﺼــﺒﺢ ﻫــﺬا اﻟـﺘ ـﺸـﺮﻳﻊ
اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ اﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻫﺎﻣﺸﻴﺎً ﻓﻴﻘﻮل:
»إنﱠ ﺑـﺎﻟـﻘـﺮآن ﺳـﺘـﺔ آﻻف آﻳـﺔ وﻣـﺎ ﻳـﺘـﻀـﻤﻦ ﻣـﻨـﻬـﺎ أﺣـﻜـﺎﻣـﺎً ﻟـﻠـﺸـﺮﻳـﻌـﺔ أو )ﺗـﺸـﺮﻳـﻌـﺎت( ﻓﻲ
اﻟﻌـﺒﺎدات أو ﻓﻲ ا ـﻌـﺎﻣﻼت ﻻ ﻳﺼﻞ إﻟﻰ ﺳـﺒـﻌﻤـﺎﺋﺔ آﻳـﺔ ﻣـﻨﻬـﺎ ﺣﻮاﻟﻲ ﻣـﺎﺋـﺘﻲ آﻳﺔ ﻓـﻘﻂ ﻫﻲ اﻟﺘﻲ
ﺗﻘـﺮر أﺣﻜﺎﻣﺎً ﻟـﻸﺣﻮال اﻟﺸﺨـﺼﻴﺔ وا ـﻮارﻳﺚ أو ﻟﻠﺘﻌـﺎﻣﻞ ا ﻌﺮﻓﻲ واﳉـﺰاﺋﻲ اﳉﻨﺎﺋﻲ أي أن اﻵﻳﺎت
اﻟـﺘﻲ ﺗـﻌ ﱡـﺪ ﺗـﺸـﺮﻳـﻌـﺎت )ﻗـﺎﻧـﻮﻧﻴـﺔ( ﻟـﻠـﻤـﻌـﺎﻣﻼت ﻫﻲ ﻣـﺠـﺮد ﺟـﺰء ﻣﻦ ﺛﻼﺛـ ﺟـﺰءاً ﻣﻦ آﻳـﺎت اﻟـﻘﺮآن
600/200ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻣﻨﺴﻮخ وﻻ ﻳﻌـﻤﻞ ﺑﻪ; أي أن اﻷﺣﻜﺎم اﻟﺴﺎرﻳﺔ أﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ واﺣﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺛﻼﺛ
وﻋﻠﻰ وﺟﻪ اﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ 80آﻳﺔ أي .(3)«75/1= 600/80
وﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎً :اﻻدﻋـﺎء ﺑﺄن اﻟﺸـﺮﻳﻌﺔ اﻹﺳﻼﻣـﻴﺔ ﻟﻴـﺴﺖ ﺷﺮﻳﻌـﺔ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧـﻴﺔ ــ ﻛﺸـﺮﻳﻌﺔ ﻣـﻮﺳﻰ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ
اﻟـﺴﻼم ــ وإ ﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺷﺮﻳـﻌﺔ رﺣـﻤﺔ ﻛﻤـﺎ أن ﺷﺮﻳﻌـﺔ ﻋﻴﺴﻰ ﻋـﻠﻴﻪ اﻟـﺴﻼم ﺷﺮﻳﻌـﺔ ﻣﺤﺒـﺔ .ﻓﻠﻴﺲ
ﻓﻲ اﻹﺳﻼم ــ إذن ــ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﺻﺎﻟﺢ ﻟﻠﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ .وﺑﻌﺒﺎرﺗﻪ:
»ﻟـﻘـﺪ ﻛـﺎﻧﺖ ﺷـﺮﻳـﻌـﺔ ﻣـﻮﺳـﻰ ﻫﻲ اﳊﻖ ﻓـﻬﻲ ﺗـﻀﻊ اﳊـﺪود ﻣﻊ اﻟـﻮاﺟـﺒـﺎت وﲢـﺪد اﳉـﺰاء
ﻟـﻜﻞ إﺛﻢ .وﺷـﺮﻳﻌـﺔ ﻋﻴـﺴﻰ ﻫﻲ اﳊﺐ وﺷـﺮﻳﻌـﺔ ﻣﺤـﻤـﺪ ﻫﻲ اﻟﺮﺣـﻤﺔ) .(4ﻓﺮﺳـﺎﻟـﺔ ﻣﺤـﻤﺪ ﻟـﻴﺴﺖ
ُﻌﺪ اﻟﺘـﺸﺮﻳﻊ ﺻﻔﺔ
ﻛﺮﺳـﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﻮﺳﻰ رﺳﺎﻟـﺔ ﺗﺸﺮﻳﻊ وإ ﺎ ﻫـﻲ رﺳﺎﻟﺔ رﺣﻤـﺔ ورﺳﺎﻟﺔ أﺧﻼق ﺑﺤـﻴﺚ ﻳ ﱡ
ﺗﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ ﻏﻴـﺮ أﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ .وإن دﻓْﻊ رﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻟﺘـﻜﻮن رﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﺸﺮﻳﻊ أﺻﻼً وأﺳﺎﺳﺎً ــ ﻣﻊ أﻧﻬﺎ
ﻟـﻴـﺴﺖ ﻛـﺬﻟﻚ ــ ﻫـﻮ اﲡـﺎه ﻳـﺠـﻌﻞ ﻣـﻦ اﻹﺳﻼم ﺻـﻴـﻐـﺔ ﻋـﺮﺑـﻴـﺔ ﻟﻠـﻴـﻬـﻮدﻳـﺔ أو اﲡـﺎه ﻳـﻔـﻬﻢ اﻹﺳﻼم
ﻨﻄﻖ اﻹﺳﺮاﺋﻴﻠﻴﺎت«).(5
وﻫﺬا )اﻟﺮأي( ﺷـﺎذ ﻋﻦ إﺟﻤﺎع اﻟﻌﻠـﻤﺎء واﻟﻔﻘـﻬﺎء ﻣﻦ ا ﺴﻠﻤـ وﻏﻴﺮ ا ﺴﻠـﻤ اﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺷﻬﺪوا
ﺑـﺘـﻤﻴّـﺰ اﻟـﺸـﺮﻳﻌـﺔ اﻹﺳﻼﻣـﻴـﺔ وﻓﻘـﻬـﻬـﺎ اﻟﻘـﺎﻧـﻮﻧﻲ ﺑـﺎﳉﻤﻊ ﺑـ )اﻟـﻘـﺎﻧﻮن( و)اﻷﺧﻼق( ﺑـﻞ وﺗﻮﺣـﻴـﺪﻫﺎ
ﺑـﻴـﻨﻬـﺎ .ﺣـﺘﻰ ﻟـﻘﺪ ﺷـﻬـﺪ ﺑـﺬﻟﻚ ﻛﺜـﻴـﺮ ﻣﻦ اﳋـﺒﺮاء ﻓﻲ اﻟـﻘـﺎﻧـﻮن اﻟﺮوﻣـﺎﻧﻲ وﻓﻲ اﻟـﺸـﺮﻳﻌـﺔ اﻹﺳﻼﻣـﻴﺔ
وﻣﻨﻬﻢ ا ﺴﺘﺸﺮق اﳊﺠﺔ ــ داﻓﻴﺪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﻼﻧﺎ David Santillanaــ )1921-1845م( اﻟﺬي ﻗﺎل:
) (2ﻫﻮ اﻟﻘﺎﺿﻲ ا ﺼﺮي ا ﺴﺘﺸﺎر ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺳﻌﻴﺪ اﻟﻌﺸﻤﺎوي.
) (3ﻣـﺤﻤـﺪ ﺳﻌـﻴﺪ اﻟـﻌﺸـﻤﺎوي :اﻹﺳﻼم اﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ ص 25ﻃﺒـﻌـﺔ اﻟﻘـﺎﻫﺮة 1989م وﻣﻌﺎﻟﻢ اﻹﺳﻼم ص 170-168-119
ﻃﺒﻌﺔ اﻟﻘﺎﻫﺮة 1989م.
) (4ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺳﻌﻴﺪ اﻟﻌﺸﻤﺎوي :أﺻﻮل اﻟﺸﺮﻳﻌﺔ ص 180-179ﻃﺒﻌﺔ اﻟﻘﺎﻫﺮة 1979م.
) (5اﻹﺳﻼم اﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ ص .45
ﺧﻄﺮ اﻟﻨﺰﻋﺔ اﻟﺘﺎرﻳﺨﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺛﻮاﺑﺖ اﻹﺳﻼم 72
»إن ﻣـﻌﻨﻰ اﻟﻔـﻘﻪ واﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن ﺑـﺎﻟﻨﺴـﺒﺔ إﻟﻴﻨـﺎ وإﻟﻰ اﻷﺳﻼف )اﻟﺮوﻣﺎن( :ﻣـﺠﻤﻮﻋـﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﻮاﻋﺪ
اﻟـﺴﺎﺋﺪة اﻟﺘﻲ أﻗـﺮﻫﺎ اﻟﺸﻌﺐ إﻣـﺎ رأﺳﺎً أو ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺜـﻠﻴﻪ وﺳﻠﻄـﺎﻧﻪ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻹرادة واﻹدراك
وأﺧﻼق اﻟـﺒﺸﺮ وﻋـﺎداﺗﻬﻢ إﻻ أن اﻟـﺘﻔﺴـﻴﺮ اﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻟﻠـﻘﺎﻧـﻮن ﻫﻮ ﺧﻼف ذﻟﻚ .ﻓﺎﳋـﻀﻮع ﻟﻠـﻘﺎﻧﻮن
اﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻫـﻮ واﺟﺐ اﺟﺘﻤـﺎﻋﻲ وﻓﺮض دﻳﻨﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟـﻮﻗﺖ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ وﻣﻦ ﻳـﻨﺘﻬﻚ ﺣـﺮﻣﺘﻪ ﻻ ﻳﺄﺛﻢ ﲡﺎه
اﻟـﻨﻈـﺎم اﻻﺟﺘـﻤـﺎﻋﻲ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﻞ ﻳـﻘﺘـﺮف ﺧـﻄﻴـﺌﺔ دﻳـﻨﻴـﺔ أﻳـﻀﺎً .ﻓـﺎﻟﻨـﻈﺎم اﻟـﻘـﻀﺎﺋﻲ واﻟـﺪﻳﻦ واﻟﻘـﺎﻧﻮن
واﻷﺧﻼق ﻫـﻤﺎ ﺷـﻜﻼن ﻻ ﺛﺎﻟﺚ ﻟـﻬﻤـﺎ ﻟﺘـﻠﻚ اﻹرادة اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳـﺴﺘـﻤﺪ ﻣـﻨﻬـﺎ اﺠﻤﻟﺘـﻤﻊ اﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ وﺟﻮده
وﺗـﻌﺎﻟﻴـﻤﻪ ﻓﻜﻞ ﻣﺴـﺄﻟﺔ ﻗﺎﻧـﻮﻧﻴﺔ إ ـﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻣﺴﺄﻟـﺔ ﺿﻤﻴـﺮ .واﻟﺼﺒـﻐﺔ اﻷﺧﻼﻗﻴـﺔ ﺗﺴﻮد اﻟـﻘﺎﻧﻮن ﻟـﺘﻮﺣﺪ
ﺑـ اﻟﻘـﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟـﻘـﺎﻧﻮﻧـﻴﺔ واﻟـﺘﻌـﺎﻟـﻴﻢ اﻷﺧﻼﻗﻴـﺔ ﺗﻮﺣـﻴـﺪاً ﺗﺎﻣـﺎً .واﻷﺧﻼق واﻵداب ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺴـﺄﻟﺔ
ﺗﺮﺳﻢ ﺣﺪود اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن«).(6
وﻫﺬا اﻟﺬي ﻗﺮره اﻟﻌﻼﻣﺔ ــ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﻼﻧﺎ ــ ﻣﻦ ارﺗﺒﺎط )اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن( ﻓﻲ اﻹﺳﻼم )ﺑﺎﻷﺧﻼق(
ﻫـﻮ اﻟﺬي ﺟـﻌﻞ ﻋﻠﻤـﺎء اﻷﺻﻮل ا ـﺴﻠﻤـ ــ ﻣﻨـﺬ ﻗﺮون ــ ﻳـﺆﻛﺪون ﻋﻠﻰ أن ﻛﻞ آﻳـﺎت اﻟﻘـﺮآن اﻟﻜﺮ
ــ اﻟـﺬي ﻫﻮ ﻛـﺘﺎب ﻫـﺪاﻳﺔ ﺑـﺎﻟﺪرﺟـﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ ــ ﻫﻲ آﻳﺎت ﺗـﺸﺮﻳﻊ ﻟﻸﺣـﻜﺎم أﻳـﻀﺎً ﻷن آﻳـﺎﺗﻪ إﻣﺎ داﻟﺔ
ﻋـﻠﻰ اﻷﺣﻜﺎم ﺑـﺪﻻﻟﺔ ا ﻄـﺎﺑﻘﺔ ــ وﻫﻲ اﻟﺘـﻲ اﺷﺘﻬﺮت ﺑـﺄﻧﻬﺎ )آﻳـﺎت اﻷﺣﻜﺎم( ــ أو ﺑـﺪﻻﻟﺔ اﻻﻟﺘﺰام
ــ وﻫﻲ ﺳـﺎﺋﺮ آﻳﺎت اﻟﻘﺮآن اﻟﻜﺮ .وﺑـﻌﺒﺎرة اﻷﺻﻮﻟﻴ :ﻓﺈن اﻟـﺬﻳﻦ ﺣﺪدوا ﻟﻸﺣﻜﺎم آﻳﺎت ﺧﺎﺻﺔ
»إ ـﺎ ﻗ ـﺼــﺪوا ﺑـﺬﻟﻚ اﻵﻳــﺎت اﻟـ ﱠـﺪاﻟـﺔ ﻋــﻠﻰ اﻷﺣ ـﻜـﺎم دﻻﻟــﺔ أوﻟ ـﻴـﺔ ﺑــﺎﻟــﺬات ﻻ ﺑـﻄــﺮﻳﻖ اﻟ ـﺘـﻀ ـﻤـ
واﻻﻟـﺘـﺰام) (7ﻓـﻜـﺄﻧـﻬﻢ أرادوا ﻣـﺎ ﻫـﻮ ﻣ ـﻘـﺼـﻮد ﺑﻪ اﻷﺣـﻜـﺎم ﺑـﺪﻻﻟـﺔ ا ـﻄـﺎﺑـﻘـﺔ أﻣـﺎ ﺑـﺪﻻﻟـﺔ اﻻﻟـﺘـﺰام:
ﻓﻐﺎﻟﺐ اﻟﻘﺮآن ﺑﻞ ﻛﻠﻪ ﻷﻧﻪ ﻻ ﻳﺨﻠﻮ ﺷﻲء ﻣﻨﻪ ﻋﻦ ﺣﻜﻢ ﻳﺴﺘﻨﺒﻂ ﻣﻨﻪ«).(8
ﻓﻜﻞ آﻳﺎت اﻟﻘﺮآن ﻫﻲ آﻳﺎت أﺣﻜﺎم ﻓﻴﻬﺎ اﲢﺪ )اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن( ﻣﻊ )اﻷﺧﻼق(.
وﺛـﺎﻟـﺜﺎً :ﺳــﻌﻰ ﺻـﺎﺣﺐ ﻫــﺬه اﻟـﺪﻋــﺎوى إﻟﻰ ﻧــﺴﺦ اﻟـﻘــﺮآن ﺑـﻜــﺎﻣـﻠـﻪ ﺑـﻌــﺪ أن ﺳـﻌﻰ إﻟﻰ
اﺧـﺘـﺰال وﺗـﻬـﻤـﻴﺶ آﻳــﺎت اﻟـﺘـﺸـﺮﻳﻊ اﻟـﻘـﺎﻧـﻮﻧﻲ ﻓـﻴﻪ وذﻟـﻚ ﻋﻦ ﻃـﺮﻳﻖ اﻻدﻋـﺎء )ﺑـﺘـﺎرﻳـﺨـﻴـﺔ ووﻗـﺘـﻴـﺔ(
اﻷﺣﻜﺎم اﻟﺘﻲ ﺟﺎءت ﻓﻴﻪ .وذﻟﻚ ﺑﺪﻋﻮى ارﺗﺒﺎﻃﻬﺎ ﺑﺄﺳﺒﺎب ﻧﺰول اﻵﻳﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺟﺎءت ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﻬﻲ
ــ ﻋـﻨﺪه ــ ''ﺗﺎرﻳﺨـﻴﺔ'' ﻃﻮﻳﺖ ﺻـﻔﺤﺘﻬـﺎ واﻧﺘﻬﻰ ﻋـﺼﺮ إﻋﻤﺎﻟـﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻧﺘـﻬﺎء اﻟﺘـﺎرﻳﺦ اﻟﺬي ﻧﺰﻟﺖ ﻓﻴﻪ
واﻟﺬي ﺣﺪﺛﺖ ﻓﻴﻪ أﺳﺒﺎب اﻟﻨﺰول .ﻓﻠﻴﺲ ﻟﻬﺬه اﻷﺣﻜﺎم اﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﻴﺔ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ــ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺻﺎﺣﺐ ﻫﺬه
اﻟﺪﻋﻮى إﻟﻰ )اﻟﺘﺎرﻳﺨﻴﺔ( ــ أﻳﺔ ﻋﻤﻮم أو اﺳﺘﻤﺮارﻳﺔ أو ﺧﻠﻮد أو إﻃﻼق.
) (6ﺳﺎﻧـﺘﻴﻼﻧﺎ" :اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن واﺠﻤﻟﺘﻤﻊ" ﺑﺤﺚ ﻣـﻨﺸـﻮر ﻓﻲ ﻛﺘﺎب ﺗﺮاث اﻹﺳﻼم ص 428-421ﺗـﺮﺟﻤﺔ ﺟـﺮﺟﻴﺲ ﻓـﺘﺢ اﻟﻠﻪ ﻃـﺒﻌﺔ
ﺑﻴﺮوت 1972م.
) (7اﻟﺰرﻛﺸﻲ :اﻟﺒﺤﺮ اﶈﻴﻂ ج 6ص 199ﲢﻘﻴﻖ د .ﻋﺒﺪ اﻟﺴﺘﺎر أﺑﻮ ﻏﺪة ﻃﺒﻌﺔ اﻟﻜﻮﻳﺖ.
) (8اﺑﻦ اﻟﻨﺠﺎر :ﺷﺮح اﻟﻜﻮﻛﺐ ا ﻨﻴﺮ اﺠﻤﻟﻠﺪ اﻟﺮاﺑﻊ ص 460ﲢﻘﻴﻖ د .ﻣﺤﻤﺪ اﻟﺰﺣﻴﻠﻲ د .ﻧﺰﻳﻪ ﺣﻤﺎد ﻃﺒﻌﺔ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ أم اﻟﻘﺮى
ﻣﻜﺔ ا ﻜﺮﻣﺔ 1987م.
73 اﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮر ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻋﻤﺎرة
ﻟـﻘﺪ أﻋـﻠﻦ ﺻـﺎﺣﺐ ﻫـﺬه اﻟﺪﻋـﻮى أن اﳊـﻜﻢ ﺎ أﻧـﺰل اﻟـﻠﱠﻪ إ ـﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺧـﺼـﻮﺻـﻴﺔ ﻟـﻠـﻨﺒﻲ]
وﺣﺪه وﻟﻌـﺼﺮه وﻣﺠﺘﻤـﻌﻪ ﻓﻘﻂ .أي أن ا ﻨﻈﻮﻣـﺔ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴـﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺮﻳﻌـﺔ اﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﺑﺮﻣﺘـﻬﺎ )ﺗﺎرﻳﺨﻴﺔ(
ﻃـﻮﻳﺖ ﺻـﻔـﺤـﺘﻬـﺎ ﺑـﻮﻓـﺎة اﻟـﺮﺳﻮل] ﺣﺘـﻰ ﻟﻴـﺘـﺤـﺪث ﻋﻦ )اﻛـﺘـﻤﺎل اﻟـﻮﺣﻲ( ﻓـﻴـﺴـﻤـﻴﻪ "اﻧـﻌﺪام
اﻟﻮﺣﻲ".
وﻫﻮ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬه اﻟﺪﻋﻮى ﺑـ )ﺗﺎرﻳﺨـﻴﺔ اﻟﺸﺮﻳﻌﺔ اﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ( ﻳـﺘﺠﺎﻫﻞ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻓﻘﻂ اﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﺘﻲ
أﺟـﻤﻊ ﻋﻠﻴـﻬﺎ ﻋـﻠﻤﺎء اﻷﻣـﺔ ﺬاﻫـﺒﻬﻢ اﺨﻤﻟﺘـﻠﻔـﺔ ﻗﺎﻋﺪة ) :اﻟﻌﺒﺮة ﺑـﻌﻤﻮم اﻟﻠـﻔﻆ ﻻ ﺑﺨﺼﻮص
اﻟﺴﺒﺐ( وإ ﺎ ﻳـﺘﺠﺎﻫﻞ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ أن )أﺳـﺒﺎب اﻟﻨﺰول( ﻓﻲ اﻵﻳـﺎت اﻟﻘﺮآﻧﻴـﺔ ﻫﻲ )ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒـﺎت ﻟﻠﻨﺰول(
وﻟﻴﺴﺖ )أﺳﺒﺎﺑﺎً( اﺧﺘﺼﺖ ﺑﻬﺎ اﻵﻳﺎت وأﺣﻜﺎﻣﻬﺎ .وﻓﻲ ﻫﺬا اﻟﺼﺪد ﻳﻘﻮل ﺻﺎﺣﺐ ﻫﺬه اﻟﺪﻋﻮى:
»إنﱠ ﻗـﺒﻮل ا ـﺆﻣـﻨ ﻟـﻠـﺘﺸـﺮﻳﻊ ﻋـﻠﻰ ﻋﻬـﺪ اﻟـﺮﺳﻮل اﻧـﺒﻨـﻰ أﺳﺎﺳـﺎً ﻋﻠـﻰ اﻹ ﺎن ﺑـﺎﻟﻠﱠـﻪ ــ ﺳﻠـﻄﺔ
اﻟ ـﺘ ـﺸــﺮﻳﻊ ــ وﺑ ـﻌــﺪ وﻓــﺎة اﻟـﻨــﺒﻲ] اﻧ ـﺘــﻬﻰ اﻟ ـﺘ ـﻨــﺰﻳﻞ ــ ﻣﻊ اﻧ ـﻌــﺪام اﻟــﻮﺣﻲ ــ ووﻗﻒ اﳊــﺪﻳﺚ
اﻟـﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﻓﺴـﻜﺘﺖ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ اﻟـﺴﻠﻄـﺔ اﻟﺘﺸـﺮﻳﻌﻴـﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ آﻣﻦ ﺑﻬـﺎ ا ﺆﻣﻨﻮن واﻟـﺘﻲ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ اﻷﺳﺎس ﻓﻲ
ﻗﺒﻮﻟﻬﻢ ﻟﻠﺘﺸﺮﻳﻊ«).(9
ﻓﻜﺄن ﻛﻼم اﻟﻠﱠﻪ ــ ﺳﻠﻄﺔ اﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻊ ــ ﻗﺪ ﺳﻜﺖ ﺑﻮﻓﺎة اﻟﺮﺳﻮل] وﻟﻴﺲ اﻛﺘﻤﻞ ﻟﻴﻈﻞ
ﻓﺎﻋﻼً ﻣﺴﺘﻮﺟﺐ اﻟﻄﺎﻋﺔ إﻟﻰ أن ﻳﺮث اﻟﻠﱠﻪ اﻷرض وﻣﻦ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ.
ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻘﻮل ﺻﺎﺣﺐ ﻫﺬه اﻟﺪﻋﻮى ﻋﻦ اﻟﻘﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺸﺮﻋﻴﺔ واﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺟﺎء ﺑﻬﺎ اﻹﺳﻼم:
»إنﱠ ﻫﺬه اﻟـﻘﻮاﻋـﺪ ﻗـﺪ أﺻﺒـﺤﺖ ﺣﻜـﻤﺎً ﺗـﺎرﻳـﺨﻴـﺎً ﻟﻴـﺴﺖ ﻟﻪ أﻳـﺔ ﻗﻮة ﻣـﻠﺰﻣـﺔ أو أي أﺛﺮ ﻓـﻌﺎل.
وإنﱠ أﺣـﻜﺎم ا ـﻌﺎﻣﻼت ﻟـﻴﺴﺖ داﺋﻤـﺔ ﻟﻜـﻨﻬـﺎ أﺣﻜﺎم ﻣـﺆﻗﺘـﺔ وﻣﺤﻠـﻴﺔ ﺗـﻨﻄـﺒﻖ ﻓﻲ وﻗﺖ ﻣﺤﺪد وﻓﻲ
ﻣﻜﺎن ﺑﻌﻴﻨﻪ«).(10
ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺬﻫﺐ ﻓﻴﻘﻄﻊ )ﺑﺘﺎرﻳﺨﻴﺔ( اﻵﻳﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻄﻠﺐ اﳊﻜﻢ ﺎ أﻧﺰل اﻟﻠﱠﻪ ﻓﻴﻘﻮل:
»إنﱠ ﺗ ـﻴـﺎر ﺗ ـﺴـﻴــﻴﺲ اﻟـﺪﻳﻦ ﻳ ـﺴـﺘ ـﺸـﻬــﺪ داﺋـﻤ ـﺎً ﺑـﺂﻳ ـﺘـ ﻣـﻦ اﻟـﻘــﺮآن اﻟـﻜـﺮ } :ﻓﻼ ورﺑﻚ ﻻ
ﻳﺆﻣـﻨﻮن ﺣﺘﻰ ﻳﺤﻜـﻤﻮك ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺷـﺠﺮ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻢ ﺛﻢ ﻻ ﻳـﺠﺪوا ﻓﻲ أﻧﻔﺴﻬﻢ ﺣـﺮﺟﺎً ﺎ ﻗﻀﻴﺖ
وﻳﺴﻠﻤﻮا ﺗﺴﻠﻴﻤﺎً{ )اﻟﻨﺴﺎء (65 :و}إﻧﺎ أﻧﺰﻟﻨﺎ إﻟﻴﻚ اﻟﻜﺘﺎب ﺑﺎﳊﻖ ﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑ اﻟﻨﺎس
ـﺎ أراك اﻟﻠﱠﻪ{ )اﻟﻨـﺴﺎء .( 105 :وﻫـﺬا اﻻﺳـﺘـﺸﻬـﺎد ﺧـﻄـﺄ وﺧﻄـﺮ ﻓـﻬـﺎﺗﺎن اﻵﻳـﺘـﺎن ﻣﻦ اﻵﻳﺎت
اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺨﺎﻃﺐ اﻟﻨﺒﻲ] وﺣﺪه وﺗﺨﺘﺺ ﺑﻪ دون ﻏﻴﺮه«).(11
ﻛـﻤـﺎ ﻳـﺬﻫﺐ ﻓـﻴـﻘـﻄﻊ )ﺑـﻮﻗـﺘ ـﻴـﺔ وﺗـﺎرﻳـﺨـﻴـﺔ( أﺣـﻜـﺎم اﻟـﺘـﺸـﺮﻳﻊ اﻟـﺘﻲ ﺟـﺎء ﺑـﻬـﺎ اﻟـﻘـﺮآن اﻟـﻜـﺮ
ﺑﺪﻋﻮى ارﺗﺒﺎﻃﻬﺎ ﺑﺄﺳﺒﺎب اﻟﻨﺰول ــ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻫﻲ ﺗﺎرﻳﺨﻴﺔ ﻃﻮى اﻟﺘﺎرﻳﺦ ﺻﻔﺤﺘﻬﺎ ــ ﻓﻴﻘﻮل:
»ﻓـﺄﺣﻜـﺎم اﻟﺘـﺸﺮﻳﻊ ﻓﻲ اﻟـﻘﺮآن ﻟـﻴﺴﺖ ﻣـﻄﻠـﻘﺔ وﻟﻢ ﺗـﻜﻦ ﻣﺠـﺮد ﺗﺸﺮﻳـﻊ ﻣﻄﻠﻖ) .(12ﻳـﻌﻨﻲ أن
ﻛﻞ آﻳﺔ ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺤﺎدﺛﺔ ﺑﺬاﺗﻬﺎ ﻓﻬﻲ ﻣﺨﺼﺼﺔ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ اﻟﺘﻨﺰﻳﻞ وﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻣﻄﻠﻘﺔ«).(13
وﻳﺰﻋﻢ أن ﻛﻞ آﻳﺎت اﻟﻘﺮآن اﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﻴﺔ واﻟﻌﻘﺪﻳﺔ واﻷﺧﻼﻗﻴﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ أﺳﺒﺎب ﻧﺰول ارﺗﺒﻄﺖ ﺑﻬﺎ
وﻣﻦ ﺛﻢ أﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﻛﻞ آﻳﺎت اﻟﻘﺮآن ﺗﺎرﻳﺨﻴﺔ ﺗﺒﻌﺎً ﻟﺘﺎرﻳﺨﻴﺔ أﺳﺒﺎب ﻧﺰوﻟﻬﺎ ﻓﻴﻘﻮل:
»إن ﻛﻞ آﻳـﺎت اﻟﻘﺮآن ﻧﺰﻟﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ أﺳﺒﺎب ــ أي ﻷﺳﺒﺎب ﺗﻘﺘﻀﻴﻬﺎ ــ ﺳﻮاء ﺗﻀﻤﻨﺖ ﺣﻜﻤﺎً
ﺷﺮﻋﻴﺎً أم ﻗﺎﻋﺪة أﺻﻮﻟﻴﺔ أم ﻧﻈﻤﺎً أﺧﻼﻗﻴﺔ«).(14
ﻳﺰﻋﻢ ذﻟﻚ ﻣﻊ أن ﻣﺼﺎدر أﺳﺒﺎب اﻟﻨﺰول ﺗﻘﻮل :إنﱠ اﻵﻳﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﻟﻬﺎ أﺳﺒﺎب ﻧﺰول إ ﺎ ﺗﻤﺜﻞ
اﻟﻨﺰر اﻟﻴﺴﻴﺮ ﺟﺪاً ﻣﻦ آﻳﺎت اﻟﻘﺮآن اﻟﻜﺮ :
ــ ﻓﺂﻳﺎت اﻟﻘﺮآن ﺗﺒﻠﻎ 6.276آﻳﺔ.
ــ وﻣﺎ ﻟﻪ أﺳﺒﺎب ﻧﺰول ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬه اﻵﻳﺎت ﻋﻨﺪ اﻹﻣﺎم اﻟﺴﻴﻮﻃﻲ )911-849ﻫـ1505-1445/م(
اﻟﺬي ﺗﺴﺎﻫﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺒﻮل اﻟﺮواﻳﺎت ﻻ ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﻋﻦ 888آﻳﺔ; أي % 14ﻣﻦ آﻳﺎت اﻟﻘﺮآن اﻟﻜﺮ .
أﻣـﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻮاﺣﺪي )468ﻫـ1076/م( اﻟـﺬي دﻗﻖ ﻧﻮﻋﺎً ﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺒـﻮل رواﻳﺎت أﺳﺒﺎب اﻟﻨﺰول
ﻓﺈن ﻫﺬه اﻵﻳﺎت ﻋﻨﺪه ﻻ ﺗﺘﺠﺎوز 472آﻳﺔ; أي % 7,5ﻣﻦ آﻳﺎت اﻟﻘﺮآن اﻟﻜﺮ ).(15
وﻫـﺬا اﻟـﻨـﺰر اﻟـﻴـﺴـﻴﺮ ﻣـﻦ اﻵﻳﺎت اﻟـﺘﻲ وردت ﻟـﻬـﺎ أﺳـﺒـﺎب ﻧـﺰول ﻗـﻄﻊ اﻟـﻌـﻠـﻤـﺎء ــ ﻦ ﻓـﻴﻬﻢ
اﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻛﺘﺒﻮا ﻓﻲ أﺳﺒﺎب اﻟﻨﺰول ــ ﺑﺄن ﻫﺬه )اﻷﺳﺒﺎب( ﻫﻲ )ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺎت( ﻟﻠﻨﺰول وﻟﻴﺴﺖ)'أﺳﺒﺎﺑﺎً(
اﺳﺘﺪﻋﺖ اﻟﻨﺰول واﺧﺘﺼﺖ ﺑﺎﻷﺣﻜﺎم اﻟﻮاردة ﻓﻴﻪ.
ﻓﻘﺎل اﻹﻣﺎم اﻟﺰرﻛﺸﻲ )794-745ﻫـ1392-1344/م( :
»وﻗـﺪ ﻋﺮف ﻣـﻦ ﻋﺎدة اﻟـﺼﺤـﺎﺑﺔ واﻟـﺘـﺎﺑﻌـ أن أﺣﺪﻫﻢ إذا ﻗـﺎل :ﻧـﺰﻟﺖ ﻫﺬه اﻵﻳـﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻛﺬا
ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻳﺮﻳﺪ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ :أﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﻫﺬا اﳊﻜﻢ ﻻ أن ﻫﺬا ﻛﺎن اﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﻓﻲ ﻧﺰوﻟﻬﺎ« أي أﻧﻨﺎ ﻳﺠﺐ أن
ﻧﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ ﺣﻜﻢ )اﻟﻮﻗﺎﺋﻊ( ﻓﻲ اﻵﻳﺔ ﻻ أن ﻧﻘﻴﺪ وﻧﺮﺑﻂ أﺣﻜﺎم اﻵﻳﺎت ﺑﺎﻟﻮﻗﺎﺋﻊ.
ﻓﻲ وﻳـﻮﺟـﺰ اﻟـﺴـﻴــﻮﻃﻲ ﺧﻼﺻـﺔ ﻫـﺬا ا ـﻨـﻬـﺎج اﻟـﺬي ﻋـﺮف ﻣـﻦ ﻋـﺎدة اﻟـﺼـﺤـﺎﺑـﺔ واﻟـﺘـﺎﺑـﻌـ
ﻛﻠﻤﺎت ﻳﻘﻮل ﻓﻴﻬﺎ:
) (12ﻣﻌﺎﻟﻢ اﻹﺳﻼم ص .120
) (13اﻹﺳﻼم اﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ ص .44
) (14ﺟﻮﻫﺮ اﻹﺳﻼم ص .148
) (15اﻧﻈﺮ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻨﺎ :ﺳﻘﻮط اﻟﻐﻠﻮ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﻧﻲ ص 261-255ﻃﺒﻌﺔ دار اﻟﺸﺮوق اﻟﻘﺎﻫﺮة 1995م.
75 اﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮر ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻋﻤﺎرة
»واﻟﺬي ﻳﺘﺤﺮّر ﻓﻲ ﺳﺒﺐ اﻟﻨﺰول أﻧﻪ :ﻣﺎ ﻧﺰﻟﺖ اﻵﻳﺔ أﻳﺎم وﻗﻮﻋﻪ«.
ﺛﻢ ﻳـﻔﺼﻞ اﻟـﺴﻴـﻮﻃﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺑـﻴﺎن ﻣـﻨﻬـﺎج اﻟﺼـﺤﺎﺑـﺔ واﻟـﺘﺎﺑـﻌ اﻟـﻘﺎﺋﻢ ﻋـﻠﻰ أن اﻟـﻌﺒـﺮة ﺑﻌـﻤﻮم
اﻟﻠـﻔﻆ ﻻ ﺑﺨـﺼﻮص اﻟـﺴﺒﺐ ﻷن اﻟـﺴﺒﺐ ﻟـﻴﺲ أﻛﺜـﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻮاﻗـﻌﺔ اﻟـﺘﻲ ﺗﻀـﻤﻨﺖ اﻵﻳـﺔ ﺣﻜـﻤﻬﺎ
واﻗﺘﺮن ﻧﺰول اﻵﻳﺔ ﺑﺤﺪوﺛﻬﺎ ﻓﻴﻘﻮل:
»وﻗﺪ ﻧـﺰﻟﺖ آﻳﺎت ﻓﻲ أﺳـﺒﺎب واﺗـﻔﻘـﻮا )أي اﻟﺼـﺤـﺎﺑﺔ واﻟـﺘﺎﺑـﻌﻮن( ﻋـﻠﻰ ﺗﻌـﺪﻳﺘـﻬﺎ إﻟﻰ ﻏـﻴﺮ
وﺣﺪ
ّ أﺳـﺒـﺎﺑـﻬـﺎ ﻛـﻨﺰول آﻳـﺔ اﻟـﻈـﻬـﺎر ﻓﻲ ﺳـﻠـﻤـﺔ ﺑﻦ ﺻـﺨﺮ وآﻳـﺔ اﻟـﻠـﻌـﺎن ﻓﻲ ﺷـﺄن ﻫﻼل ﺑﻦ أﻣـﻴـﺔ
اﻟـﻘﺬف ﻓﻲ رﻣـﺎة ﻋﺎﺋﺸـﺔ ﺛﻢ ﺗﻌـﺪى إﻟﻰ ﻏﻴﺮﻫـﻢ .وﻣﻦ اﻷدﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻋـﺘﺒـﺎر ﻋﻤﻮم اﻟـﻠﻔﻆ :اﺣـﺘﺠﺎج
اﻟﺼﺤﺎﺑﺔ وﻏﻴﺮﻫﻢ ﻓﻲ وﻗﺎﺋﻊ ﺑﻌﻤﻮم آﻳﺎت ﻧﺰﻟﺖ ﻓﻲ أﺳﺒﺎب ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻛﺎن ﺷﺎﺋﻌﺎً ذاﺋﻌﺎً ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻢ«).(16
وﻓﻲ ذﻟﻚ أﻳﻀﺎً ﻳﻘﻮل ﺷﻴﺦ اﻹﺳﻼم اﺑﻦ ﺗﻴﻤﻴﺔ )728-661ﻫـ1328-1263/م(:
»ﻓـﺎﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻗﺎﻟـﻮا ﺑﺄﺳـﺒﺎب اﻟﻨـﺰول ﻟﻢ ﻳﻘـﺼﺪوا أن ﺣﻜﻢ اﻵﻳـﺔ ﻳﺨﺘـﺺ ﺑﺄوﻟﺌﻚ اﻷﻋـﻴﺎن اﻟﺬﻳﻦ
ﻧـﺰﻟﺖ ﻓـﻴﻬﻢ دون ﻏـﻴﺮﻫﻢ .ﻓـﺈن ﻫﺬا ﻻ ﻳـﻘﻮﻟﻪ ﻣـﺴـﻠﻢ وﻻ ﻋﺎﻗﻞ ﻋـﻠﻰ اﻹﻃﻼق .واﻟﻨـﺎس وإن ﺗﻨـﺎزﻋﻮا
ﻓﻲ اﻟـﻠﻔﻆ اﻟـﻌـﺎم اﻟﻮارد ﻋـﻠﻰ ﺳـﺒﺐ ﻫﻞ ﻳـﺨﺘﺺ ﺑـﺴـﺒﺒﻪ ? .ﻓـﻠﻢ ﻳـﻘﻞ أﺣﺪ إن ﻋـﻤـﻮﻣﺎت اﻟـﻜـﺘﺎب
واﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺗﺨﺘﺺ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺨﺺ ا ﻌ وإ ﺎ ﻏﺎﻳﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻘﺎل :إﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺨﺘﺺ ﺑﻨﻮع ذﻟﻚ اﻟﺸﺨﺺ ﻓﺘﻌﻢ ﻣﺎ
ﻳـﺸﺒـﻬﻪ وﻻ ﻳـﻜـﻮن اﻟﻌـﻤـﻮم ﻓـﻴﻬـﺎ ﺑـﺤﺴﺐ اﻟـﻠـﻔﻆ واﻵﻳـﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻟـﻬـﺎ ﺳـﺒﺐ ﻣﻌـ إن ﻛـﺎﻧﺖ أﻣﺮاً أو
ﻧـﻬـﻴﺎً ﻓـﻬﻲ ﻣـﺘـﻨﺎوﻟـﺔ ﻟـﺬﻟﻚ اﻟـﺸﺨﺺ وﻟـﻐـﻴـﺮه ﻦ ﻛﺎن ـﻨـﺰﻟـﺘﻪ وإن ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺧـﺒـﺮاً ـﺪح أو ذم ﻓﻬﻲ
ﻣﺘﻨﺎوﻟﺔ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ اﻟﺸﺨﺺ و ﻦ ﻛﺎن ﻨﺰﻟﺘﻪ«).(17
ﺑﻞ إن ﺻﺎﺣﺐ ﻫﺬا اﻻدﻋﺎء ــ ادﻋﺎء ﺗﺎرﻳﺨﻴﺔ اﻟﻘﺮآن اﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﻲ ــ ﻛﻤﺎ أﺷﺮﻧﺎ ــ ﻳﺬﻫﺐ إﻟﻰ
ﺗـﺎرﻳﺨـﻴﺔ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻣـﻨﻈـﻮﻣﺔ أﺻـﻮل اﻟﻌﻘـﺎﺋﺪ واﻟـﻘﻴﻢ واﻷﺧﻼق اﻹﺳﻼﻣـﻴﺔ ــ وﻟﻴﺲ ﻓـﻘﻂ آﻳﺎت اﻟـﺘﺸﺮﻳﻊ
اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ــ ﻓﻴﻘﻮل:
»إن ﻛﻞ آﻳـﺎت اﻟـﻘـﺮآن ﻧـﺰﻟﺖ ﻋـﻠﻰ اﻷﺳـﺒـﺎب ــ أي ﻷﺳـﺒـﺎب ﺗـﻘـﺘـﻀـﻴـﻬـﺎ ــ ﺳـﻮاء ﺗـﻀﻤـﻨﺖ
ﺣﻜﻤﺎً ﺷﺮﻋﻴﺎً أم ﻗﺎﻋﺪة أﺻﻮﻟﻴﺔ أم ﻧﻈﻤﺎً أﺧﻼﻗﻴﺔ«).(18
ﻓﻴﻨﺴﺦ ــ ﺑﻬﺬه اﺠﻤﻟﺎزﻓﺔ اﻟﻌﺠﻴﺒﺔ ــ ﻛﻞّ دﻳﻦ اﻹﺳﻼم.
ﺑﻞ وﻳــﺬﻫـﺐ إﻟﻰ أن )اﻟــﻮاﻗﻊ( ﻫــﻮ )ﺻــﺎﻧﻊ اﻟ ـﺸــﺮﻳ ـﻌــﺔ( وﻟ ــﻴﺲ )اﻟــﻮﺣﻲ اﻹﻟــﻬﻲ واﻟ ـﺘ ـﻨــﺰﻳﻞ
اﻟﺴﻤﺎوي( ﻓﻴﻘﻮل:
) (16اﻟـﺴـﻴﻮﻃﻲ :أﺳـﺒﺎب اﻟـﻨﺰول ص 5ﻃـﺒﻌـﺔ دار اﻟـﺘـﺤﺮﻳـﺮ اﻟـﻘـﺎﻫﺮة 1382ﻫـ .واﻹﺗـﻘﺎن ﻓﻲ ﻋـﻠﻮم اﻟـﻘﺮآن ج 1ص 31
ﻃﺒﻌﺔ اﻟﻘﺎﻫﺮة 1935م.
) (17اﻹﺗﻘﺎن ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن ج 1ص .30
) (18ﺟﻮﻫﺮ اﻹﺳﻼم ص .148
ﺧﻄﺮ اﻟﻨﺰﻋﺔ اﻟﺘﺎرﻳﺨﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺛﻮاﺑﺖ اﻹﺳﻼم 76
»إنﱠ اﻟـﺸﺮﻳﻌـﺔ إ ﺎ ارﺗﺒـﻄﺖ ﺑﺎﻟﻮاﻗﻊ ودارت ﻓـﻴﻪ وﺗﻨﺎﺳـﺠﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺄﺧﺬ ﻣـﻨﻪ ﻋﻮاﺋﺪه وأﻋﺮاﻓﻪ
وﺗُﺤﻜﻢ ﻗﻮاﻋﺪﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ أﺳﺒﺎب ﻣﻨﻪ وﺗﻼﺣﻖ أﺣﻜﺎﻣُﻬﺎ ﺗﻄﻮره«).(19
ﻓـﺎﻟـﻮاﻗﻊ ﻫـﻮ )ا ـﺼﺪر( و)ا ـﺮﺟﻊ( وﻣـﺎ ﻋـﺪاه ــ ﻣﻦ ﻧـﺒـﺄ اﻟﺴـﻤـﺎء ــ )ﺗـﺎرﻳـﺨﻲ وﻣـﺆﻗﺖ( ﻃﻮﻳﺖ
ﺻﻔﺤﺘﻪ ﺑﻮﻓﺎة اﻟﺮﺳﻮل واﻧﺘﻬﺎء أﺳﺒﺎب اﻟﻨﺰول ﻓﻲ ﻋﺼﺮ اﻟﺘﻨﺰﻳﻞ.
ﻫﺬه ﻫﻲ )ﺗﺎرﻳﺨﻴﺔ اﻹﺳﻼم( ﻋﻘﻴﺪﺗﻪ وﺷﺮﻳﻌﺘﻪ وأﺧﻼﻗﻪ ﻓﻲ )ا ﺬﻫﺐ اﻟﻌﺸﻤﺎوي()*(.
أﻣـﺎ اﻟﻨﻤـﻮذج اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺎذج اﻟـﺪاﻋ إﻟﻰ ﺗﺎرﻳـﺨﻴﺔ اﻟﺪﻳﻦ اﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ) (20ﻓـﺈﻧﻪ ﻳﺮﻛﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ
اﻟﻘﻄﻴﻌﺔ ا ﻌﺮﻓﻴﺔ ﻣﻊ اﻹﻟﻬﻴﺎت وﻋﻘﺎﺋﺪﻫﺎ أي ﻣﻊ ﺟﻮﻫﺮ اﻟﺪﻳﻦ وأﺻﻮﻟﻪ وﺛﻮاﺑﺘﻪ.
ﻓـﺎ ﻬﻤﺔ ا ﻠﺤـﺔ ﻋﻨﺪه ﻫﻲ اﻟﻘﻄـﻴﻌﺔ ﻣﻊ اﻹﻟﻬﻴﺎت وإﺣـﻼل اﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺎت ﻣﺤـﻠﻬﺎ; أي )أَﻧْﺴَﻨَﺔ(
اﻟﻠﱠﻪ واﻟﺪﻳﻦ وﻣﻦ ﺛﻢ اﳊﻀﺎرة وﻓﻲ ذﻟﻚ ﻳﻘﻮل:
»إنﱠ ﻣـﻬﻤﺘـﻨﺎ أن ﻧﻨـﺘﻘﻞ ﺑـﺤﻀﺎرﺗـﻨﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻄـﻮر اﻹﻟﻬﻲ اﻟـﻘﺪ إﻟﻰ ﻃﻮر إﻧـﺴﺎﻧﻲ ﺟﺪﻳـﺪ ﻓﺒﺪﻻً
ﻣﻦ أن ﺗـﻜﻮن ﺣﻀﺎرﺗﻨـﺎ ﻣﺘﻤﺮﻛﺰة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟـﻠﱠﻪ ﺗﻜﻮن ﻣﺘﻤـﺮﻛﺰة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻹﻧﺴﺎن وﲢـﻮﻳﻞ ﻗﻄﺒﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻠﻢ
اﻟـﻠﱠﻪ إﻟﻰ ﻋﻠﻢ اﻹﻧﺴﺎن .إن ﺗﻘﺪم اﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﺮﻫﻮن ﺑﺘﻄﻮرﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺪﻳﻦ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻔﻠﺴﻔﺔ وﻣﻦ اﻹ ﺎن إﻟﻰ
اﻟـﻌﻘﻞ وﻣﻦ ﻣـﺮﻛﺰﻳـﺔ اﻟﻠﱠﻪ إﻟﻰ ﻣـﺮﻛﺰﻳـﺔ اﻹﻧﺴﺎن ﺣـﺘﻰ ﺗﺼﻞ اﻹﻧـﺴﺎﻧـﻴﺔ إﻟﻰ ﻃـﻮر اﻟﻜـﻤﺎل وﻳـﻨﺸﺄ
اﺠﻤﻟﺘﻤﻊ اﻟﻌﻘﻠﻲ ا ﺴﺘﻨﻴﺮ«).(21
وﻛﺬﻟﻚ اﻟﻘﻄﻴﻌﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻋﻘﻴﺪة اﻟﻮﺣﻲ وذﻟﻚ ﺑﺘﺄﻟﻴﻪ اﻟﻌﻘﻞ وإﺣﻼﻟﻪ ﻣﺤﻞ اﻟﻮﺣﻲ.
»ذﻟﻚ أن اﻟـﻌـﻘﻞ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺑـﺤﺎﺟـﺔ إﻟﻰ ﻋـﻮن وﻟﻴﺲ ﻫـﻨـﺎك ﻣﺎ ﻳـﻨﺪ ﻋﻦ اﻟـﻌـﻘﻞ وﻫﻮ ﻗـﺎدر ﻋﻠﻰ
إدراك اﳊـﺴﻦ واﻟﻘﺒﺢ ﻓﻲ اﻷﺷﻴﺎء ﻛﻤﺎ أن اﳊﺲ ﻗﺎدر ﻋـﻠﻰ اﻹدراك وا ﺸﺎﻫﺪة واﻟﺘﺠﺮﻳﺐ و ﻜﻦ
ﻣـﻌﺮﻓﺔ اﻷﺧﻼق ﺑـﺎﻟﻔﻄﺮة) .(22ﻓـﺎﻟﻮﺣﻲ ﻻ ﻳﻌـﻄﻲ اﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧـﻴﺔ ﺷﻴـﺌﺎً ﻻ ﺗﺴـﺘﻄﻴﻊ أن ﺗـﻜﺘﺸـﻔﻪ ﺑﻨﻔـﺴﻬﺎ
ﻣﻦ داﺧﻠﻬﺎ«).(23
وﻛﺬﻟﻚ إﻗﺎﻣﺔ اﻟﻘﻄﻴﻌﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻋﻘﺎﺋﺪ ﻋﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﻐﻴﺐ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ أﻧْﺴَﻨَﺘِﻬﺎ:
»ﻓـﺎﻟﺼـﻔـﺎت اﻟﺴـﺒﻊ ــ أي ﺻـﻔﺎت اﻟـﻠﱠﻪ ــ ﻫﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺣـﻘﻴـﻘﺔ اﻷﻣـﺮ ﺻـﻔﺎت إﻧـﺴﺎﻧـﻴـﺔ ﺧﺎﻟـﺼﺔ
ﻓـﺎﻹﻧﺴﺎن ﻫﻮ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ واﻟـﻘﺎدر واﳊﻲ واﻟﺴﻤﻴﻊ واﻟﺒﺼـﻴﺮ وا ﺮﻳﺪ وا ﺘﻜـﻠﻢ وﻫﺬه اﻟﺼﻔﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻹﻧﺴﺎن
وﻣﻨﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ اﳊﻘﻴﻘﺔ وﻓﻲ اﻟﻠﱠﻪ وإﻟﻴﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ اﺠﻤﻟﺎز«).(24
) (19أﺻﻮل اﻟﺸﺮﻳﻌﺔ ص .84
) (20وﻫﻮ ﻮذج اﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮر ﺣﺴﻦ ﺣﻨﻔﻲ.
200ﻃﺒﻌﺔ ﺑﻴﺮوت 1982م. ) (21د .ﺣﺴﻦ ﺣﻨﻔﻲ :دراﺳﺎت إﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ص 128
ص 848ﻃﺒﻌﺔ اﻟﻘﺎﻫﺮة 1988م. ) (22د .ﺣﺴﻦ ﺣﻨﻔﻲ :ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻘﻴﺪة إﻟﻰ اﻟﺜﻮرة ج 4
ﻟﻠﺴﻨﺞ ص 151ﻃﺒﻌﺔ اﻟﻘﺎﻫﺮة 1977م. ) (23د .ﺣﺴﻦ ﺣﻨﻔﻲ :ﺗﻘﺪ :ﺗﺮﺑﻴﺔ اﳉﻨﺲ اﻟﺒﺸﺮي
ص .405 359 ) (24د .ﺣﺴﻦ ﺣﻨﻔﻲ :ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻘﻴﺪة إﻟﻰ اﻟﺜﻮرة ج 2
)*( ﻧﺴﺒﺔ إﻟﻰ )ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺳﻌﻴﺪ اﻟﻌﺸﻤﺎوي(.
77 اﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮر ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻋﻤﺎرة
وذﻟﻚ وﺻﻮﻻً إﻟﻰ إﻗﺎﻣﺔ ﻗﻄﻴﻌﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺟﻮﻫﺮ اﻟﺪﻳﻦ وﻫﻮ اﻻﻋﺘﻘﺎد ﺑﻮﺟﻮد اﻟﻠﱠﻪ .ﻓﺎ ﻄﻠﻮب ﻋﻨﺪ
ﺻﺎﺣـﺐ ﻫﺬه اﻟـﺪﻋـﻮى إﻟﻰ اﻟﺘـﺎرﻳـﺨﻴـﺔ ﻫـﻮ أَﻧْﺴَـﻨَـﺔ اﻟـﺬات اﻹﻟﻬـﻴـﺔ وإﺣﻼل اﻹﻧﺴـﺎن ﻣـﺤﻞ اﻟﻠﱠﻪ
ﻷن اﻹﻧﺴﺎن ﻫﻮ اﳋﺎﻟﻖ ﻟﻠﻪ وﻟﻴﺲ اﻟﻌﻜﺲ.
» ..ﻓـﺎﻟﻠﱠﻪ ﻟـﻔﻈﺔ ﻧـﻌﺒﺮ ﺑـﻬﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺻـﺮﺧﺎت اﻷﻟﻢ وﺻـﻴﺤﺎت اﻟـﻔﺮح أي أﻧﻪ ﺗـﻌﺒﻴـﺮ أدﺑﻲ أﻛﺜﺮ
ﻣﻨﻪ وﺻﻔﺎً ﻟﻮاﻗﻊ وﺗﻌﺒﻴﺮ إﻧﺸﺎﺋﻲ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻨﻪ وﺻﻔﺎً ﺧﺒﺮﻳﺎً .إﻧﻪ ﻻ ﻳﻌﺒﺮ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻌﻨﻰ ﻣﻌ إﻧﻪ ﺻﺮﺧﺔ
رد ﻓﻌﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ وﺟﻮدﻳﺔ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻨﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﻰ ﻜﻦ اﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴـﺮ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺑﻠﻔﻆ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ أو ﺑﺘﺼﻮر ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻘﻞ ﻫﻮ ﱡ
ﺣـﺎﻟﺔ ﻧـﻔﺴﻴـﺔ أو ﺗﻌﺒـﻴﺮ ﻋﻦ إﺣـﺴﺎس أﻛﺜـﺮ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺗـﻌﺒﻴـﺮاً ﻋﻦ ﻗﺼﺪ أو إﻳـﺼﺎﻻً ـﻌﻨﻰ ﻣﻌـ ﻓﻜﻞ ﻣﺎ
ﻧﻌـﺘﻘـﺪه ﺛﻢ ﻧﻌـﻈﻤﻪ ﺗـﻌﻮﻳـﻀﺎً ﻋﻦ ﻓَـﻘْﺪ ﻳـﻜﻮن ﻓﻲ اﳊﺲ اﻟـﺸﻌـﺒﻲ ﻫﻮ اﻟـﻠﱠﻪ وﻛﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻧـﺼﺒـﻮ إﻟﻴﻪ وﻻ
ﻧـﺴـﺘـﻄـﻴﻊ ﲢـﻘـﻴـﻘﻪ ﻓـﻬـﻮ أﻳـﻀـﺎً ﻓﻲ اﻟـﺸـﻬـﻮد اﳉـﻤـﺎﻫـﻴـﺮي ﻫـﻮ اﻟـﻠﱠﻪ) . (25واﻟـﻠﱠﻪ ﺑـﺎﻋـﺘـﺒـﺎره ﻫـﻮ اﻟـﻮﺟـﻮد
اﻟـﻮاﺣﺪ أو اﺠﻤﻟﺮد اﻟـﺼﻮري أو اﻟـﻌﻠﺔ اﻟـﻐﺎﺋـﻴﺔ ﻛﻞ ﻫﺬه اﻟـﺘﺼـﻮرات ﻫﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻘـﻴﻘﺔ اﻷﻣـﺮ ﻣﻘﻮﻻت
إﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﺒﺮ ﻋﻦ أﻗﺼﻰ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻹﻧﺴﺎن واﻹﻟﻬﻴﺎت ﻓﻲ اﳊﻘﻴﻘﺔ وإن ﺑﺪت ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻠﱠﻪ ذاﺗﺎً
وﺻـﻔﺎﺗـﺎً وأﻓﻌـﺎﻻً ﻫﻲ وﺻﻒ ﻟﻺﻧـﺴﺎن اﻟـﻜﺎﻣﻞ ذاﺗـﺎً وﺻﻔـﺎﺗﺎً وأﻓـﻌﺎﻻً«) . (26ﻓﺎﻹﻧـﺴـﺎن ﻳﺨـﻠﻖ ﺟﺰءاً
ﻣﻦ ذاﺗﻪ وﻳــﺆﻟ ـﻬـﻪ أي أﻧﻪ ﻳ ـﺨــﻠﻖ ا ــﺆﻟﱠﻪ ﻋــﻠﻰ ﺻــﻮرﺗﻪ وﻣ ـﺜــﺎﻟﻪ ﻓ ـﻬــﻮ ﻳــﺆول أﺣﻼﻣﻪ ورﻏ ـﺒــﺎﺗﻪ ﺛﻢ
ﻳﺸﺨـﺼﻬﺎ وﻳﻌﺒﺪﻫـﺎ .ﻓﺎ ﻌﺒﻮد دﻟﻴﻞ ﻋـﻠﻰ اﻟﻌﺠﺰ وا ﻘﺪس ﻗـﺮﻳﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪم اﻟﻘـﺪرة .اﻟﻘﺎدر ﻻ ﻳﻌﺒﺪ
وﻻ ﻳﻘﺪس ﺑﻞ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ وﻳﺤﻘﻖ ﺧـﻄﻄﻪ وأﻫﺪاﻓﻪ .إنﱠ اﺧﺘﻴﺎر ﺑﺎﻗﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺼﻔـﺎت ا ﻄﻠﻘﺔ ووﺿﻌﻬﺎ ﻣﻌﺎً
ﻓﻲ ﺻـﻮرة ﻣـﻌـﺒـﻮد ﺗـﺸـﻴـﺮ إﻟـﻰ أن اﻹﻧـﺴـﺎن إ ـﺎ ﻳـﺆﻟﻪ ﻧـﻔـﺴﻪ ﺑـﻌـﺪ أن دﻓﻊ ﻧـﻔـﺴﻪ إﻟﻰ ﺣـﺪ اﻹﻃﻼق
ﻓـﺎﻟﺬات اﻹﻟـﻬـﻴـﺔ ﻫﻲ اﻟـﺬات اﻹﻧـﺴﺎﻧـﻴـﺔ ﻓﻲ أﻛـﻤﻞ ﺻـﻮرﻫﺎ وأي دﻟـﻴﻞ ﻳـﻜـﺸﻒ ﻋﻦ إﺛـﺒـﺎت وﺟﻮد
اﻟﻠﱠﻪ إ ـﺎ ﻳـﻜـﺸﻒ ﻋﻦ وﻋﻲ ﻣﺰﻳـﻒ .وﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓـﺈن اﻟـﺘﻔـﻜـﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟـﻠﱠﻪ ﻫـﻮ اﻏـﺘﺮاب ـﻌـﻨﻰ أن ا ﻮﻗﻒ
اﻟﻄﺒﻴـﻌﻲ ﻟﻺﻧﺴﺎن ﻫﻮ اﻟﺘـﻔﻜﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ اﺠﻤﻟﺘﻤﻊ وﻛﻞ ﺣـﺪﻳﺚ آﺧﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻮﺿﻮع ﻳﺘـﺠﺎوز اﺠﻤﻟﺘﻤﻊ واﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ
ﻳـﻜـﻮن ﺗـﻌـﻤ ـﻴـﺔ ﺗـﺪل ﻋـﻠﻰ ﻧـﻘـﺺ ﻓﻲ اﻟـﻮﻋﻲ ﺑـﺎﻟـﻮاﻗﻊ .وﺗ ـﺼـﻮر اﻟـﻠﱠﻪ ﻋـﻠﻰ أﻧـﻪ ﻣـﻮﺟـﻮد ﻛـﺎﻣﻞ ﻫـﻮ ﻓﻲ
اﳊـﻘﻴﻘـﺔ ﺗﻌﺒـﻴﺮ ﻋﻦ رﻏﺒـﺔ وﲢﻘﻴﻖ ـﻄﻠﺐ وﻟـﻴﺲ ﺣﻜﻤـﺎً ﻋﻠﻰ وﺟﻮد ﻓﻲ اﳋـﺎرج .ﻓﺬات اﻟﻠﱠﻪ ﻫﻲ
ذاﺗـﻨـﺎ ﻣـﺪﻓﻮﻋـﺔ إﻟﻰ اﳊـﺪ اﻷﻗـﺼﻰ ذات اﻟـﻠﱠﻪ ا ـﻄﻠـﻖ ﻫﻲ ذاﺗﻨـﺎ ﻧـﺤـﻮ ا ـﻄﻠـﻖ ورﻏﺒـﺘـﻨـﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺗـﺨﻄﻲ
اﻟﺰﻣﺎن وﲡﺎوز ا ﻜﺎن وﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﺗﺨﻂّ وﲡﺎوز ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺤﻮ ﺧﻴﺎﻟﻲ وﺗﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻧﻔﺴﻲ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ اﻟﻔﻌﻠﻲ
ﻟﻬﺬه ا ﺜﻞ ﻓﻲ اﳊﻴﺎة اﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ«).(27
ﻫﻜﺬا ﺗﻤﺖ وﺗﺘﻢ اﻟﺪﻋﻮة إﻟﻰ أﻧﺴﻨﺔ اﻟﺬات اﻹﻟﻬﻴﺔ وﺻﻔﺎﺗﻬﺎ وأﻓﻌﺎﻟﻬﺎ ﻟﻴﺤﻞ اﻹﻧﺴﺎن ﻣﺤﻞ
اﻟﻠﱠﻪ واﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻣﺤﻞ ﻣﺎ وراء اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌـﺔ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻟﻴﺪﻋﻮ ﺻﺎﺣﺐ ﻫﺬا ا ﺸﺮوع اﻟﻔﻜﺮي إﻟﻰ إﻟﻐﺎء أﻟﻔﺎظ
وﻣـﺼـﻄـﻠـﺤـﺎت )اﻟـﻠﱠﻪ( و)اﻟـﺮﺳـﻮل( و)اﻟـﺪﻳـﻦ( و)اﳉﻨـﺔ( و)اﻟـﻨـﺎر( و)اﻟـﺜـﻮاب( و)اﻟـﻌـﻘـﺎب( واﻟـﺘـﺨـﻠﻲ
) (25د .ﺣﺴﻦ ﺣﻨﻔﻲ :اﻟﺘﺮاث واﻟﺘﺠﺪﻳﺪ ج 4ص 130-128ﻃﺒﻌﺔ اﻟﻘﺎﻫﺮة 1980م.
) (26د .ﺣﺴﻦ ﺣﻨﻔﻲ :دراﺳﺎت إﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ص .405 359
) (27د .ﺣﺴﻦ ﺣﻨﻔﻲ :ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻘﻴﺪة إﻟﻰ اﻟﺜﻮرة ج 2ص 46 639ج 1ص .89-88
ﺧﻄﺮ اﻟﻨﺰﻋﺔ اﻟﺘﺎرﻳﺨﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺛﻮاﺑﺖ اﻹﺳﻼم 78
ﻋـﻨﻬﺎ; »ﻷﻧـﻬﺎ ﻗﻄﻌـﻴﺔ وﻷﻧﻬـﺎ ﺗﺘﺠـﺎوز اﳊﺲ وا ﺸﺎﻫـﺪة وﻷﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺸـﻴﺮ إﻟﻰ ﻣﻘـﻮﻻت ﻏﻴﺮ إﻧـﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ
ﻓﻤﺼﻄﻠﺢ )اﻹﻧﺴﺎن اﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ( أﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﻌﺒﻴﺮاً ﻣﻦ ﻟﻔﻆ اﻟﻠﱠﻪ«).(28
وﺑـﻬﺬه اﻟﻘـﻄﻴـﻌﺔ ا ﻌـﺮﻓﻴـﺔ اﻟﻜﺒـﺮى واﳊﺎدّة ﻣﻊ اﻟـﻠﱠﻪ واﻟﺪﻳﻦ واﻟﻨـﺒﻮة واﻟـﺮﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻫـﺬا ا ﺸﺮوع
اﻟـﻔﻜﺮي اﳊـﺪاﺛﻲ اﻟﺘﻨﻮﻳـﺮي اﻟﻌﻠـﻤﺎﻧﻲ ﲢﻞ )اﻟﻄﺒـﻴﻌﺔ( ﻣـﺤﻞ )اﻟﺪﻳﻦ( وﻳﺘـﺤﻮل اﻟﺪﻳﻦ إﻟﻰ )وﻋﺎء
ﻓـﺎرغ( ﻣﻦ ﻣﻀﻤﻮﻧﻪ وﺣﻘﺎﺋﻘﻪ وﲢـﺎل ﻫﺬه اﳊﻘﺎﺋﻖ اﻟﺪﻳﻨـﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ )ﻣﺴﺘﻮدع اﻟﺘـﺎرﻳﺦ( ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎرﻫﺎ ﺟﺰءاً
ﻣﻦ )أﺳﺎﻃﻴﺮ اﻷوﻟ ( اﻟﺘﻲ اﺧﺘﺮﻋﻬﺎ ﺧﻴﺎل اﻹﻧﺴﺎن اﶈﺒﻂ ﻓﻲ ﻇﻼل اﻟﻘﻬﺮ واﻹﺣﺒﺎط.
وﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬا اﻟﺪرب ﺳﺎر ﺛﺎﻟﺜﻬﻢ) (29اﻟﺬي:
ﺣـﻜﻢ ﺑﺎﻟـﺘـﺎرﻳﺨـﻴﺔ ﻋـﻠﻰ ﻛﻞّ اﻟـﻘﺮآن اﻟـﻜﺮ ﺑـﻜﻞ ﻣـﺎ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻋـﻘـﺎﺋﺪ وﺷـﺮاﺋﻊ وﻗﻴﻢ وأﺧﻼق
ﻷن ﻫـﺬا اﻟـﻘﺮآن ــ ﺣـﺴﺐ ﻗـﻮﻟﻪ ــ ﻧﺺ ﺑﺸـﺮي ﺗـﻜﻮﱠن ﻓﻲ اﻟـﻮاﻗﻊ وﻣﻦ اﻟـﻮاﻗﻊ وﻣﻦ ﺛﻢ ﻓـﻬﻮ ﺗـﺎرﻳﺨﻲ
ﻛﻜﻞ اﻟﻨﺼﻮص اﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻜﻮﻧﻬﺎ اﻟﻮاﻗﻊ ﻓﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﺗﺎرﻳﺨﻴﺔ ﺑﺘﺎرﻳﺨﻴﺔ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻮاﻗﻊ .وﺑﻨﺺ ﻋﺒﺎرﺗﻪ:
»إنﱠ اﻟـﻘـﺮآن ﺧـﻄـﺎب ﺗـﺎرﻳـﺨﻲ ﻻ ﻳـﺘـﻀـﻤﻦ ﻣـﻌـﻨﻰ ﻣـﻔـﺎرﻗـﺎً ﺟـﻮﻫـﺮﻳـﺎً ﺛـﺎﺑـﺘﺎً«) .(30و»ﻟـﻴـﺲ ﺛـﻤﺔ
ﻋـﻨﺎﺻـﺮ ﺟﻮﻫـﺮﻳﺔ ﺛـﺎﺑﺘـﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨـﺼﻮص«)» .(31ﻟـﻘﺪ ﺗـﺸﻜـﻞ اﻟﻘـﺮآن ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﺛﻘـﺎﻓﺔ ﺷـﻔﺎﻫـﻴﺔ واﻟـﻮﻗﺎﺋﻊ
ﻫﻲ اﻟــﺘﻲ أﻧ ـﺘ ـﺠــﺘﻪ .ﻓــﻔﻲ ﻣــﺮﺣ ـﻠــﺔ ﺗ ـﺸــﻜﻞ اﻟــﻨﺺ ﻓـﻲ اﻟ ـﺜـﻘــﺎﻓــﺔ ﺗ ـﻜــﻮن اﻟ ـﺜ ـﻘــﺎﻓــﺔ )ﻓــﺎﻋﻼً( واﻟــﻨﺺ
)ﻣـﻨـﻔﻌﻼً() .(32وﺗـﻜـﻮن اﻟﺜـﻘـﺎﻓـﺔ ــ اﻟﻠـﻐـﺔ ــ ﻓﺎﻋـﻼً واﻟﻨﺺ ﻣـﻔـﻌﻮﻻً) .(33ﻓـﺎﻟـﻨﺺ ﻓﻲ ﺣـﻘﻴـﻘـﺘﻪ ﻣـﻨﺘﺞ
ﺛـﻘﺎﻓﻲ وا ﻘﺼﻮد ﺑﺬﻟﻚ أﻧﻪ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮاﻗﻊ واﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ ﺧﻼل ﻓﺘﺮة ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﻋﺎﻣﺎً .واﻟﻔﻜﺮ
اﻟـﺮﺟﻌﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻴﺎر اﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ اﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴـﺔ ﻫﻮ اﻟﺬي ﻳﺒﺎﻋﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺘﻪ اﻷﺻـﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﻮﺻﻔﻪ )ﻧﺼﺎً( ﻟﻐﻮﻳﺎً
وﻳـﺤـﻮﻟﻪ إﻟﻰ ﺷﻲء ﻟﻪ ﻗـﺪاﺳﺘﻪ) .(34إنﱠ اﻟـﻮاﻗﻊ ﻫـﻮ اﻷﺻﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟـﻮاﻗﻊ ﺗـﻜﻮّن اﻟـﻨﺺ ــ اﻟـﻘﺮآن ــ وﻣﻦ
ﻟـﻐﺘﻪ وﺛـﻘـﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺻـﻴﻐﺖ ﻣـﻔـﺎﻫﻴـﻤﻪ وﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﺣـﺮﻛﺘﻪ ﺑـﻔﻌـﺎﻟـﻴﺔ اﻟـﺒﺸـﺮ ﺗﺘـﺠـﺪد دﻻﻟﺘﻪ .ﻓـﺎﻟﻮاﻗﻊ أوﻻً
اﻟﻨﺺ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻟﻪ ﻳـﺸﻤﻞ اﻷﺑﻨـﻴﺔ اﻻﻗﺘـﺼﺎدﻳﺔ ﱡ واﻟـﻮاﻗﻊ ﺛﺎﻧـﻴﺎً واﻟـﻮاﻗﻊ أﺧﻴﺮاً) .(35اﻟـﻮاﻗﻊ اﻟﺬي ﺗﺸـﻜﻞ
واﻻﺟـﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴـﺔ واﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳـﻴﺔ واﻟﺜﻘـﺎﻓﻴﺔ وﻳﺸـﻤﻞ ا ﺘﻠـﻘﻲ اﻷول ﻟﻠﻨﺺ وﻣﺒـﻠّﻐﻪ ــ اﻟﺮﺳﻮل ــ ﻛـﻤﺎ ﻳﺸﻤﻞ
اﺨﻤﻟـﺎﻃﺒ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺺ) .(36واﻟـﻨﺺ اﻟﻘﺮآﻧﻲ ﻣﺠﻤـﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺼـﻮص وإذا ﻛﺎن ﻳﺘﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺗـﺮﻛﻴﺒﺘﻪ ﺗﻠﻚ
) (28د .ﺣﺴﻦ ﺣﻨﻔﻲ :اﻟﺘﺮاث واﻟﺘﺠﺪﻳﺪ ص .154 145 144 139 137 124
) (29ﻫﻮ اﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮر ﻧﺼﺮ ﺣﺎﻣﺪ أﺑﻮ زﻳﺪ.
) (30د .ﻧﺼﺮ ﺣﺎﻣﺪ أﺑﻮ زﻳﺪ :ﻣﺠﻠﺔ ''اﻟﻘﺎﻫﺮة'' )ﻣﺸﺮوع اﻟﻨﻬﻀﺔ ﺑ اﻟﺘﻮﻓﻴﻖ واﻟﺘﻠﻔﻴﻖ( أﻛﺘﻮﺑﺮ 1992م.
) (31د .ﻧﺼﺮ ﺣﺎﻣﺪ أﺑﻮ زﻳﺪ :ﻧﻘﺪ اﳋﻄﺎب اﻟﺪﻳﻨﻲ ص 28ﻃﺒﻌﺔ اﻟﻘﺎﻫﺮة 1992م.
) (32د .ﻧﺼﺮ ﺣﺎﻣﺪ أﺑﻮ زﻳﺪ :ﻣﻔﻬﻮم اﻟﻨﺺ ص 200 109 9ﻃﺒﻌﺔ اﻟﻘﺎﻫﺮة ٠1990م.
) (33ﻧﻘﺪ اﳋﻄﺎب اﻟﺪﻳﻨﻲ ص .122
) (34ﻣﻔﻬﻮم اﻟﻨﺺ ص .14 28 27
) (35ﻧﻘﺪ اﳋﻄﺎب اﻟﺪﻳﻨﻲ ص .99
) (36ﻣﻔﻬﻮم اﻟﻨﺺ ص .20
79 اﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮر ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻋﻤﺎرة
ﻣﻊ اﻟـﻨﺺ اﻟـﺸـﻌـﺮي ﻛﻤـﺎ ﻫـﻮ واﺿﺢ ﻣﻦ ا ـﻌـﻠـﻘـﺎت اﳉﺎﻫـﻠـﻴـﺔ ﻣـﺜﻼً ﻓـﺈن اﻟﻔـﺎرق ﺑـ اﻟـﻘـﺮآن وﺑ
ا ﻌـﻠﻘـﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬه اﻟـﺰاوﻳﺔ اﶈـﺪّدة ﻳﺘـﻤﺜﻞ ﻓﻲ ا ـﺪى اﻟﺰﻣـﻨﻲ اﻟﺬي اﺳـﺘﻐـﺮﻗﻪ ﺗﻜـﻮﱡن اﻟﻨﺺ اﻟـﻘﺮآﻧﻲ
ﻛـﻤـﺎ ﻳـﺘـﻤـﺜﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺗـﻌـﺪد ﻣﺴـﺘـﻮﻳـﺎت اﻟـﺴـﻴـﺎق اﶈﺪدة ﻟـﺪﻻﻟـﺔ ﻛﻞ ﺟـﺰء ﻣﻦ أﺟـﺰاﺋﻪ .وﻫـﺬه اﻟـﺘـﻌ ّـﺪدﻳﺔ
اﻟﻨﺼﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﻨﺺ اﻟﻘﺮآﻧﻲ ﺗُﻌﺪﱡ ﻓﻲ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔً ﻟﻠﺴﻴﺎق اﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻲ ا ﻨﺘﺞ ﻟﻠﻨﺺ ﻷﻧﻬﺎ
ﺗـﻤـﺜﻞ ﻋـﻨـﺎﺻـﺮ ﺗـﺸـﺎﺑﻪ ﺑـ اﻟـﻨﺺ وﻧـﺼـﻮص اﻟـﺜـﻘـﺎﻓـﺔ ﻋـﺎﻣـﺔ وﺑـﻴـﻨﻪ وﺑـ اﻟـﻨﺺ اﻟـﺸـﻌـﺮي ﺑـﺼـﻔـﺔ
ﺧﺎﺻﺔ .ﻓﺴﻴﺎق ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺒﺔ اﻟﻨﺴﺎء ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﺮآن ا ـﻐﺎﻳﺮ ﻟﺴﻴﺎق ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺒﺔ اﻟﺮﺟﺎل رﻏﻢ اﳉﻤﻊ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ
ﺳﻴـﺎق واﺣﺪ ﻓﻲ ﻛﺜﻴـﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻷﺣﻴﺎن ﺜﻞ اﻟﻘـﺮآن ﻓﻴﻪ ﲡﺎوزاً ﻟﻠـﻨﺼﻮص اﻟﺸـﻌﺮﻳﺔ اﻟﺴـﺎﺋﺪة واﻧﺤﻴﺎزاً
ﻟﻨﺼﻮص اﻟﺼﻌﺎﻟﻴﻚ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻤﺜﻞ اﻟﺰوﺟﺔ ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺒﺎً ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺎذﺟﻪ !!«).(37
ﻫﺬه ﻫﻲ رؤﻳﺔ ﺻﺎﺣﺐ ﻫـﺬا ا ﺸﺮوع اﻟﻔﻜﺮي اﳊﺪاﺛـﻲ اﻟﺘﻨﻮﻳﺮي اﻟﻌﻠـﻤﺎﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﻮﺣﻲ اﻟﻘﺮآﻧﻲ
ﻓﻬﻮ ﺑﻨـﻈﺮه »ﺧﻄﺎب ﺗﺎرﻳﺨﻲ ﻻ ﻳـﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﻣﻌﻨﻰ ﻣﻔـﺎرﻗﺎً ﺟﻮﻫﺮﻳﺎً ﺛﺎﺑـﺘﺎً« ; أي أن ﻛﻞّ ﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﺮآن ﻫﻮ
)ﺗـﺎرﻳـﺨـﻲ( ﻻ ﺛـﺒـﺎت ﻟـﻪ أو ﻓـﻴﻪ ﻷﻧﻪ »ﻧﺺ ﺑ ـﺸـﺮي ﺗ ـﻜـﻮن ﻓﻲ اﻟــﻮاﻗﻊ ﻓـﺎﻟــﻮاﻗﻊ ﻫـﻮ ﺻــﺎﻧﻊ اﻟـﻘـﺮآن
وﻓﺎﻋﻠﻪ واﻟﻘﺮآن ﻣﺼﻨﻮع ﻟﻠﻮاﻗﻊ وﻣﻨﻔﻌﻞ ﺑﻪ .ﻓﺎﻟﻮاﻗﻊ أوﻻً واﻟﻮاﻗﻊ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎً واﻟﻮاﻗﻊ أﺧﻴﺮاً« !!.
وﻛـﺬﻟﻚ ﺣـﺎل اﻟـﻨﺒـﻮة واﻟـﻮﺣﻲ ﻋـﻨـﺪ ﺻﺎﺣﺐ ﻫـﺬا ا ـﺸـﺮوع اﻟـﻔﻜـﺮي ﻓـﻠـﻴﺲ ﻓـﻴﻬـﻤـﺎ إﻋـﺠﺎز
ﻣﻔـﺎرق ﻟﻠﻮاﻗﻊ وإ ﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻇﺎﻫـﺮة إﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴـﺔ ﻳﻔﺴﺮﻫﺎ )اﳋـﻴﺎل( و)ﻗﻮة اﺨﻤﻟﻴﻠـﺔ( ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻨﺤـﻮ اﻟﺬي ﻳﺸﺒﻪ ﻣﺎ
ﻋﻨﺪ )اﻟﺸﻌﺮاء( و)اﻟﻌﺎرﻓ ( وﻓﻲ ذﻟﻚ ﻳﻘﻮل:
»إنﱠ ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ اﻟﻨﺒﻮة ﺑﺎﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎد ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻔﻬﻮم )اﳋﻴﺎل( ﻣﻌﻨﺎه أن ذﻟﻚ اﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎل ﻣﻦ ﻋﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﺒﺸﺮ
إﻟﻰ ﻋﺎﻟﻢ ا ﻼﺋـﻜﺔ اﻧـﺘﻘـﺎل ﻳﺘﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﻓـﺎﻋﻠـﻴﺔ )اﺨﻤﻟـﻴﻠـﺔ( اﻹﻧﺴـﺎﻧﻴـﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗـﻜﻮن ﻓﻲ )اﻷﻧـﺒﻴﺎء(
ﺑﺤـﻜﻢ اﻻﺻﻄـﻔـﺎء واﻟﻔـﻄﺮة أﻗـﻮى ﻣﻨـﻬﺎ ﻋـﻨﺪ ﺳـﻮاﻫﻢ ﻣﻦ اﻟـﺒﺸـﺮ .وإذا ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻓـﺎﻋﻠـﻴﺔ )اﳋـﻴﺎل( ﻋـﻨﺪ
اﻟﺒﺸﺮ اﻟﻌﺎدﻳ ﻻ ﺗﺘﺒﺪى إﻻ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟـﻨﻮم وﺳﻜﻮن اﳊﻮاس ﻋﻦ اﻻﻧﺸﻐﺎل ﺑﻨﻘﻞ اﻻﻧﻄﺒﺎﻋﺎت ﻣﻦ
اﻟﻌـﺎﻟﻢ اﳋـﺎرﺟﻲ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺪاﺧﻞ ﻓـﺈن )اﻷﻧـﺒﻴـﺎء( و)اﻟـﺸﻌـﺮاء( و)اﻟـﻌﺎرﻓـ ( ﻗﺎدرون دون ﻏـﻴـﺮﻫﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ
اﺳـﺘﺨـﺪام ﻓﺎﻋـﻠـﻴﺔ )اﺨﻤﻟـﻴﻠـﺔ( ﻓﻲ اﻟـﻴﻘـﻈﺔ واﻟـﻨـﻮم ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟـﺴﻮاء .وﻟـﻴﺲ ﻣـﻌﻨﻰ ﻫـﺬه اﻟـﺘﺴـﻮﻳﺔ ﺑـ ﻫﺬه
ا ـﺴـﺘـﻮﻳـﺎت ﻣﻦ ﺣـﻴﺚ ﻗـﺪرة )اﺨﻤﻟـﻴـﻠـﺔ( وﻓـﺎﻋـﻠـﻴـﺘـﻬﺎ ﻓـﺎﻟـﻨـﺒﻲ ﻳـﺄﺗـﻲ ﻋﻠـﻰ رأس ﻗـﻤـﺔ اﻟﺘـﺮﺗـﻴﺐ ﻳـﻠـﻴﻪ
اﻟﺼﻮﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺎرف ﺛﻢ ﻳﺄﺗﻲ اﻟﺸﺎﻋﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ اﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ«.
»واﻟﻨﺒﻮة ﻓﻲ ﻇﻞّ ﻫﺬا اﻟﺘﺼﻮّر ﻻ ﺗﻜﻮن ﻇـﺎﻫﺮة ﻓﻮﻗﻴﺔ ﻣﻔﺎرﻗﺔ و ﻜﻦ أن ﻳﻔﻬﻢ اﻻﻧﺴﻼخ أو
)اﻻﻧﺨﻼع( ﻓﻲ ﻇﻞّ ﻫـﺬا اﻟـﺘﺼ ّـﻮر ﻋـﻠﻰ أﺳﺎس أﻧـﻪ ﲡﺮﺑـﺔ ﺧـﺎﺻﺔ أو ﺣـﺎﻟﺔ ﻣـﻦ ﺣﺎﻻت اﻟـﻔـﻌﺎﻟـﻴﺔ
اﳋﻼﻗﺔ .وﻫﺬا ﻛﻠﻪ ﻳﺆﻛﺪ أن ﻇﺎﻫﺮة اﻟﻮﺣﻲ ــ اﻟﻘﺮآن ــ ﻟﻢ ﺗﻜﻦ ﻇﺎﻫﺮة ﻣﻔﺎرﻗﺔ ﻟﻠﻮاﻗﻊ أو ﺗﻤﺜﻞ وﺛﺒﺎً
ﻋـﻠﻴﻪ وﲡـﺎوزاً ﻟـﻘﻮاﻧـﻴﻨﻪ ﺑﻞ ﻛـﺎﻧﺖ ﺟـﺰءاً ﻣﻦ ﻣﻔـﺎﻫـﻴﻢ اﻟﺜـﻘـﺎﻓﺔ وﻧـﺎﺑﻌـﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣـﻮاﺿﻌـﺎﺗﻬـﺎ وﺗـﺼﻮّراﺗـﻬﺎ.
ﻓ ـﻠ ـﻘــﺪ ﻛــﺎن ﻣ ـﺤ ـﻤ ــﺪ ــ ا ـﺴ ـﺘ ـﻘ ـﺒِﻞ اﻷول ﻟ ـﻠ ـﻨـﺺ ــ ﺟــﺰءاً ﻣﻦ اﻟــﻮاﻗﻊ واﺠﻤﻟ ـﺘ ــﻤﻊ .ﻛــﺎن اﺑﻦ اﻟــﻮاﻗﻊ
وﻧﺘﺎﺟﻪ«).(38
ﻫـﻜﺬا أﻧﻜﺮ ﺻﺎﺣﺐ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻨﺰﻋﺔ اﻟـﺘﺎرﻳﺨﻴﺔ ا ﺎدﻳﺔ أن ﻳﻜﻮن ﻫـﻨﺎك إﻋﺠﺎز أو ﻣﻌﺠﺰة ﻣﻔﺎرﻗﺔ
ﻟﻠﻮاﻗﻊ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮﺣﻲ واﻟﻨﺒﻮات واﻟﺮﺳﺎﻻت.
وﺗـﺒ ـﻌـﺎً ﳊـﻜﻢ ﺻــﺎﺣﺐ ﻫـﺬا اﻻﲡــﺎه ﻋـﻠﻰ ﻛﻞ اﻟـﻘــﺮآن اﻟـﻜـﺮ ﺑــﺄﻧﻪ )ﺧـﻄــﺎب ﺗـﺎرﻳـﺨﻲ وﻧﺺ
ﺑـﺸﺮي( ﺣـﻜﻢ ﺑﺄن ﻣﺎ ﺟـﺎء ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬا اﻟـﻘﺮآن ﻣﻦ )ﻋـﻘﺎﺋﺪ( ﻫـﻲ اﻷﺧﺮى ﺗﺎرﻳـﺨﻴـﺔ ﻷﻧﻬﺎ ــ ﻓﻲ رأﻳﻪ
ــ ﺛﻤﺮة ﻷﺳﺎﻃﻴﺮ اﻟﻮاﻗﻊ اﻟﺬي أﻓﺮزﻫﺎ .وﺑﻌﺒﺎرﺗﻪ:
»ﻓـﺈن اﻟﻌﻘـﺎﺋﺪ ﻫﻲ ﺗﺼـﻮرات ﻣﺮﺗﻬـﻨﺔ ـﺴﺘﻮى اﻟـﻮﻋﻲ وﺑﺘﻄـﻮر ﻣﺴﺘـﻮى ا ﻌﺮﻓـﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ﻋﺼﺮ.
وإن اﻟـﻨﺼﻮص اﻟﺪﻳﻨﻴـﺔ ﻗﺪ اﻋﺘﻤﺪت ﻓﻲ ﺻـﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﻋﻘﺎﺋﺪﻫـﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟـﺘﺼﻮرات اﻷﺳﻄﻮرﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ
وﻋﻲ اﳉﻤﺎﻋﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻮﺟﻬﺖ إﻟﻴﻬﺎ اﻟﻨﺼﻮص اﻟﺪﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﳋﻄﺎب«).(39
وﻛـﺬﻟﻚ اﻟﺸﺮﻳـﻌﺔ ﻓﻲ رأي ﺻـﺎﺣﺐ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻨـﺰﻋﺔ اﻟـﺘﺎرﻳﺨـﻴﺔ ﻟﻴـﺴﺖ وﺿﻌـﺎً إﻟﻬﻴـﺎً وﻻ ﺗﻨﺰﻳﻼً
ﺳﻤﺎوﻳﺎً وإ ﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺛﻤﺮة ﻟﻠﻮاﻗﻊ اﻟﺬي أﻓﺮزﻫﺎ وﺻﻨﻌﻬﺎ وﻣﻦ ﺛﻢ ﻓﻬﻲ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﺑﻬﺬا اﻟﻮاﻗﻊ .وﺑﻌﺒﺎرﺗﻪ:
»إنﱠ اﻟ ـﺸـﺮﻳـﻌــﺔ ﺻـﺎﻏـﺖ ﻧـﻔـﺴ ـﻬـﺎ ﻣـﻊ ﺣـﺮﻛــﺔ اﻟـﻮاﻗﻊ اﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻓـﻲ ﺗـﻄـﻮره«)» (40وإذا ﻗــﺮأﻧـﺎ
ﻧـﺼﻮص اﻷﺣـﻜﺎم ﻣـﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻟﺘـﺤﻠـﻴﻞ اﻟـﻌﻤـﻴﻖ ﻟﺒـﻨﻴـﺔ اﻟـﻨﺼـﻮص وﻓﻲ اﻟﺴـﻴـﺎق اﻻﺟﺘـﻤﺎﻋﻲ ا ـﻨﺘﺞ
ﻟﻸﺣـﻜﺎم واﻟﻘﻮاﻧ ﻓﺮ ـﺎ ﻗﺎدﺗﻨﺎ ﻫﺬه اﻟـﻘﺮاءة إﻟﻰ إﺳﻘﺎط ﻛﺜﻴـﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻠﻚ اﻷﺣﻜﺎم ﺑﻮﺻـﻔﻬﺎ أﺣﻜﺎﻣﺎً
ﺗﺎرﻳﺨﻴﺔ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﺼﻒ واﻗﻌﺎً أﻛﺜﺮ ﺎ ﺗﺼﻨﻊ ﺗﺸﺮﻳﻌﺎً«).(41
ﺛﻢ ﻳـﻨـﺘـﻬﻲ ﺻـﺎﺣـﺐ ﻫـﺬه اﻟـﻨـﺰﻋـﺔ اﻟـﺘـﺎرﻳـﺨـﻴـﺔ إﻟﻰ اﳊـﻜـﻢ ﺑـﺎﻟـﺘـﺎرﻳـﺨـﻴـﺔ ﻋـﻠﻰ ﻛﻞّ اﻟـﻨـﺼـﻮص
اﻟﺪﻳﻨﻴﺔ وﻧﻔﻲ اﻟﻘﺪاﺳﺔ واﻹﻃﻼق واﳋﻠﻮد ﻋﻨﻬﺎ وﻋﻦ دﻻﻻﺗﻬﺎ وأﺣﻜﺎﻣﻬﺎ ﻓﻴﻘﻮل:
»إﻧـﻨﺎ ﻧﺘﺒﻨﻰ اﻟﻘﻮل ﺑﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ اﻟﻨﺼﻮص اﻟﺪﻳﻨﻴﺔ .وإذا ﻛﺎﻧﺖ اﻟﻨﺼﻮص اﻟﺪﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﻧﺼﻮﺻﺎً ﺑﺸﺮﻳﺔ
ﺑـﺤـﻜﻢ اﻧـﺘـﻤـﺎﺋـﻬـﺎ ﻟـﻠﻐـﺔ واﻟـﺜـﻘـﺎﻓـﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻓـﺘـﺮة ﺗـﺎرﻳـﺨـﻴـﺔ ﻣـﺤـﺪدة ﻫﻲ ﻓـﺘـﺮة ﺗـﺸـﻜـﻠـﻬـﺎ وإﻧـﺘـﺎﺟـﻬﺎ ﻓـﻬﻲ
ﺑـﺎﻟـﻀﺮورة ﻧـﺼـﻮص ﺗـﺎرﻳـﺨﻴـﺔ .وﻫـﺬه اﻟـﺘﺎرﻳـﺨـﻴـﺔ )ﲢـﺮك( دﻻﻟﺔ اﻟـﻨـﺼـﻮص وﺗـﻨﻘـﻠـﻬـﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟـﻐﺎﻟﺐ ﻣﻦ
اﳊﻘﻴﻘﺔ إﻟﻰ اﺠﻤﻟﺎز«).(42
وﻟﻘﺪ ﺣﺎول أﺻﺤﺎب ﻫﺬا اﻻﲡﺎه اﻟﺬي ﻳُﻔْﺮِغُ اﻟﺪﻳﻦَ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺪﻳﻦ وﻳﻘﻴﻢ ﻗﻄﻴﻌﺔ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻴﺔ ــ وﻣﻦ
ﺛﻢ ﻋـﻤـﻠﻴـﺔ ــ ﻛـﺒﺮى ﻣﻊ )اﳊـﻘـﻴـﻘﺔ اﻟـﺪﻳـﻨﻴـﺔ( وذﻟﻚ ﺑـﺘـﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﻫـﺬه )اﳊـﻘﻴـﻘـﺔ( إﻟﻰ )ﻣـﺠﺎز( ﻳـﺘـﻌﺪّد
ﺑـﺘـﻌـﺪّد اﻟـﻘـﺮاء ﻟـﻠـﻨﺺّ اﻟـﺪﻳـﻨﻲ .ﺣـﺎوﻟـﻮا ﺻـﻨﻊ ذﻟﻚ ﺑـﻠـﻮن ﻣﻦ )اﻟـﺘـﺄوﻳﻞ اﻟـﻌـﺒـﺜﻲ( اﻟـﺬي ﻻ ﺻﻠـﺔ ﻟﻪ
ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺄوﻳﻞ اﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ ا ﻀﺒﻮط ﺑﻀﻮاﺑﻂ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ وﺛﻮاﺑﺖ اﻻﻋﺘﻘﺎد .ذﻟﻚ اﻟﺘﺄوﻳﻞ اﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ اﻟﺬي وﺿﻊ ﻟﻪ
اﻟﻘﻮاﻋﺪ ﻋﻠﻤﺎء اﻹﺳﻼم ﻣﻦ اﻷﺻﻮﻟﻴ واﻟﻔﻼﺳﻔﺔ وا ﻔﺴﺮﻳﻦ واﻟﻔﻘﻬﺎء.
ﺣﺎول أﺻﺤﺎب ﻫﺬه اﻟﻨﺰﻋﺔ اﻟـﺘﺎرﻳﺨﻴﺔ ﺑﻬﺬا )اﻟﺘﺄوﻳﻞ اﻟﻌـﺒﺜﻲ( أن ﻳﺤﻮﻟﻮا ﺣﻘﺎﺋﻖ اﻷﻟﻮﻫﻴﺎت
واﻟﻨﺒﻮات واﻟـﻮﺣﻲ إﻟﻰ )ﻣﺠﺎزات( ﺗﺜﻴﺮ اﻟـﺴﺨﺮﻳﺔ وﺗﻀـﺤﻚ اﻟﺜﻜﻠﻰ .ﻓﺎﻟﻠﱠﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻫـﺬا اﻟﺘﺄوﻳﻞ اﻟﻌﺒﺜﻲ
ﻫــﻮ :اﻷرض واﳋ ـﺒـﺰ واﳊــﺮﻳــﺔ وﺻــﺮﺧـﺎت اﻷﻟـﻢ وﺻـﻴ ـﺤــﺎت اﻟ ـﻔـﺮح واﻟ ـﻜ ـﻔــﺎح ا ـﺴــﻠﺢ واﻹﺻﻼح
اﻟـﺰراﻋﻲ .وﺻ ـﻔـﺎت اﻟـﻠﱠـﻪ ﻫﻲ ﺻـﻔـﺎت اﻹﻧ ـﺴـﺎن اﻟـﻜــﺎﻣﻞ .واﻟـﺘــﻮﺣـﻴـﺪ ﻫــﻮ وﺣـﺪة اﻟـﺒ ـﺸـﺮﻳـﺔ ووﺣـﺪة
اﻟـﺘﺎرﻳﺦ .واﻟـﻮﺣﻲ ﻫﻮ اﻟـﺒﻨﺎء ا ـﺜﺎﻟﻲ ﻟـﻠﻌـﺎﻟﻢ واﻟﻌﻠـﻤﺎﻧـﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ أﺳـﺎس اﻟﻮﺣﻲ .واﻹﳊﺎد ﻫـﻮ اﻟﺘـﺠﺪﻳﺪ
وا ﻌﻨﻰ اﻷﺻﻠﻲ ﻟﻺ ﺎن !!!) .(43واﻟﻠﻮح اﶈﻔﻮظ ﻫﻮ ﺗﺪوﻳﻦ ا ﻌﺎرف واﻟﻌﻠﻮم !!) .(44واﻟﻨﺒﻮة واﻟﻮﺣﻲ
ﻫﻤـﺎ ﻗﻮة ﻓﻲ )اﺨﻤﻟـﻴﻠـﺔ( و)اﳋﻴﺎل(!) . (45إﻟﻰ آﺧـﺮ ﻫﺬا اﻟـﻌﺒﺚ اﻟـﺘﺄوﻳـﻠﻲ أو اﻟﺘـﺄوﻳﻞ اﻟﻌـﺒﺜﻲ اﻟـﺬي ﻫﻮ
ﺻﻮرة ﻣﺴﺘﻌﺎرة ﻣﻦ )اﻟﻬﻴﺮﻣﻴﻨﻮﻃﻴﻘﺎ (Hermeneuticsاﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ دون زﻳﺎدة أو ﻧﻘﺼﺎن.
وﻷن أﺻـﺤـﺎب ﻫﺬه اﻟـﻨـﺰﻋـﺔ ﻳـﻜـﺜﺮون ﻣﻦ اﳊـﺪﻳﺚ ﻋﻦ اﻟـﻔـﻘـﻴﻪ اﻟـﻔﻴـﻠـﺴـﻮف أﺑﻲ اﻟـﻮﻟـﻴﺪ اﺑﻦ
رﺷﺪ )595-520ﻫـ1198-1126/م ( وﻳﻌـﺘﺒﺮوﻧﻪ ا ﺘـﻔﺮد ﺑﺎﻟـﻌﻘﻼﻧﻴﺔ واﻟـﺘﻔﻠـﺴﻒ واﻟﺘﺄوﻳﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ
اﻹﺳـﻼم ﻓﺈﻧﻨـﺎ ﺳﻨـﺠﻌﻞ اﺑﻦ رﺷﺪ ﻫـﻮ اﻟﺬي ﻳـﻌﻠﻢ أﺻﺤـﺎب ﻫﺬا اﻟـﺘﺄوﻳﻞ اﻟﻌـﺒﺜﻲ اﻟـﻘﻮاﻋـﺪ اﻟﻌﻠـﻤﻴﺔ
ـﻌﺮي ﺗـﺄوﻳـﻠﻬﻢ اﻟـﻌﺒـﺜﻲ ﻣﻦ أﻳـﺔ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺑـﺎﻟﻌـﻠﻢ واﻟﻔـﻜﺮ
واﻟـﻔﻠـﺴﻔـﻴﺔ ﻟـﻠﺘـﺄوﻳﻞ اﻟـﺼﺤـﻴﺢ وذﻟﻚ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻧ ّ
واﺣﺘﺮام اﻟﻌﻘﻮل.
ﻟـﻘـﺪ ﻧـﺒﱠﻪ اﺑﻦ رﺷـﺪ ﻋـﻠﻰ أن ﻟـﻠـﺘـﺄوﻳﻞ اﻟـﻌـﺮﺑﻲ ــ أي ﻓﻲ اﻟـﻠـﻐـﺔ اﻟـﻌـﺮﺑـﻴـﺔ ــ ﺿـﻮاﺑﻂ ﺣـﺪدﺗـﻬﺎ
اﻟﻠﻐـﺔ ﻓﻬـﻮ ﻻ ﻳﺠـﻮز إﻻ ﻓﻲ ا ﻮاﻃﻦ اﻟـﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻮﻓـﺮ ﻓﻴـﻬﺎ ﻟـﻠﻨﺺ ﻫـﺬه اﻟﻀﻮاﺑﻂ اﻟـﻠﻐـﻮﻳﺔ وذﻟﻚ ﻋـﻨﺪﻣﺎ
ﻗﺎل:
»وﻣـﻌـﻨﻰ اﻟﺘـﺄوﻳﻞ :ﻫﻮ إﺧـﺮاج دﻻﻟﺔ اﻟـﻠﻔﻆ ﻣـﻦ اﻟﺪﻻﻟـﺔ اﳊﻘـﻴﻘـﻴﺔ إﻟﻰ اﻟـﺪﻻﻟﺔ اﺠﻤﻟـﺎزﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ
ﻏﻴﺮ أن ﻳـﺨﻞ ذﻟﻚ ﺑﻌﺎدة ﻟﺴـﺎن اﻟﻌﺮب ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﺠـﺎوز ﻣﻦ ﺗﺴﻤﻴﺔ اﻟـﺸﻲء ﺑﺸﺒﻴـﻬﻪ أو ﺑﺴﺒﺒﻪ أو ﻻﺣﻘﻪ
أو ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﻪ أو ﻏﻴﺮ ذﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ اﻷﺷﻴﺎء اﻟﺘﻲ ﻋﺪّدت ﻓﻲ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ أﺻﻨﺎف اﻟﻜﻼم اﺠﻤﻟﺎزي«.
ﻛـﻤـﺎ ﻧـﺒﱠﻪ اﺑﻦ رﺷـﺪ ﻋـﻠﻰ اﻹﺟ ـﻤـﺎع اﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻋـﻠﻰ أن اﻟـﺘـﺄوﻳﻞ ﺟـﺎﺋـﺰ ﻓﻲ ﺑـﻌﺾ ﻧـﺼـﻮص
اﻟـﺸﺮع ﻓﻠـﻘﺪ »أﺟـﻤﻊ ا ﺴﻠـﻤﻮن ﻋﻠﻰ أﻧـﻪ ﻻ ﻳﺠﺐ أن ﲢﻤﻞ أﻟـﻔﺎظ اﻟﺸـﺮع ﻛﻠـﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻇـﺎﻫﺮﻫﺎ وﻻ
أن ﺗـﺨـﺮج ﻛـﻠـﻬـﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻇـﺎﻫـﺮﻫــﺎ ﺑـﺎﻟـﺘـﺄوﻳﻞ« ﻓـﻤـﺎ ﺛـﺒﺖ ﻓـﻴﻪ »اﻹﺟـﻤــﺎع ﺑـﻄـﺮﻳﻖ اﻟـﻴـﻘـ ﻟﻢ ﻳـﺼﺢ ﻓـﻴﻪ
اﻟﺘﺄوﻳﻞ«.
) (43اﻟﺘﺮاث واﻟﺘﺠﺪﻳﺪ ص .177 176 130 128 114 69 67
) (44ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻘﻴﺪة إﻟﻰ اﻟﺜﻮرة ج 4ص .135
) (45ﻣﻔﻬﻮم اﻟﻨﺺ ص .56
ﺧﻄﺮ اﻟﻨﺰﻋﺔ اﻟﺘﺎرﻳﺨﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺛﻮاﺑﺖ اﻹﺳﻼم 82
ﻛﻤﺎ ﻧﺒﻪ اﺑﻦ رﺷﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ وﺟﻮد ﺷﻮاﻫﺪ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﺼﻮص ﺗُﻌﻴّﻦ ﻣﻮاﻃﻦ اﻟﺘﺄوﻳﻞ وﻣﻮاﺿﻌﻪ .ﻓﻜﺄن
)ﻇـﺎﻫــﺮ اﻟـﺸــﺮع( ﻫـﻮ ﺳ ـﺒـﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺳــﺒﻞ اﻟـﺘ ـﺤـﺪﻳــﺪ ـﻮاﻃﻦ )اﻟ ـﺘـﺄوﻳﻞ( »ﻷﻧﻪ ﻣــﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻣـﻨ ـﻄـﻮق ﺑﻪ ﻓﻲ
اﻟـﺸـﺮع ﻣﺨـﺎﻟﻒ ﺑـﻈـﺎﻫـﺮه ﺎ أدى إﻟـﻴﻪ اﻟـﺒـﺮﻫـﺎن إﻻﱠ إذا اﻋﺘـﺒـﺮ وﺗـﺼﻔـﺤﺖ ﺳـﺎﺋـﺮ أﺟـﺰاﺋﻪ وُﺟﺪ ﻓﻲ
أﻟﻔﺎظ اﻟﺸﺮع ﻣﺎ ﻳﺸﻬﺪ ﺑﻈﺎﻫﺮه ﻟﺬﻟﻚ اﻟﺘﺄوﻳﻞ أو ﻳﻘﺎرب أن ﻳﺸﻬﺪ«.
وﺧـﻠﺺ اﺑﻦ رﺷـﺪ إﻟﻰ أن ا ـﻘـﺼـﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟـﺘـﺄوﻳﻞ اﻟـﻘـﺎﺋﻢ »ﻋـﻠـﻰ ﻗﺎﻧـﻮن اﻟـﺘـﺄوﻳﻞ اﻟـﻌـﺮﺑـﻲ« ﻫﻮ
»اﳉﻤﻊ ﺑ ا ﻌﻘﻮل وا ﻨﻘﻮل« وﻟﻴﺲ »إﺣﻼل ا ﻌﻘﻮل ﻣﺤﻞ ا ﻨﻘﻮل«.
اﻷﻣﺮ اﻟﺬي ﺟﻌﻞ ﺑﺎﻹﻣﻜﺎن إﻳﺠﺎز ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن اﻟﺘﺄوﻳﻞ ﻋﻨﺪ اﺑﻦ رﺷﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻨﺤﻮ:
.1اﻟﺘﺄوﻳﻞ ﺟﺎﺋﺰ.
.2ﻓﻲ ا ﻮاﻃﻦ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻘﻮم ﻓﻴﻬﺎ اﻟﺒﺮﻫﺎن ﻋﻠﻰ اﺳﺘﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮ.
.3وﺑـﺸـﺮط ﲢـﻘﻖ ﺷـﺮوط اﻟـﻠ ـﻐـﺔ اﻟـﻌـﺮﺑـﻴـﺔ ﻓﻲ اﺠﻤﻟـﺎز اﻟـﺬي ﺗـﺨـﺮج ﻓـﻴﻪ دﻻﻻت اﻷﻟـﻔـﺎظ ﻣﻦ
ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺘﻬﺎ إﻟﻰ ﻣﺠﺎزﻫﺎ.
.4وﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻟﻢ ﻳﺜﺒﺖ ﻓﻴﻪ إﺟﻤﺎع ﻳﻘﻴﻨﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ أن ا ﺮاد ﻫﻮ ﻇﺎﻫﺮ اﻷﻟﻔﺎظ.
.5وﺑﺘﺮﺷﻴﺢ دﻻﻻت ﻇﻮاﻫﺮ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻨﺼﻮص ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻮاﻃﻦ اﻟﺘﺄوﻳﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ.
.6وﻣﻦ أﺟﻞ اﳉـﻤﻊ ﺑـ ا ـﻌـﻘـﻮل وا ـﻨـﻘـﻮل ﻻ ا ـﻘـﺎﺑﻠـﺔ ﺑـﻴـﻨـﻬـﻤـﺎ واﻻﻧـﺤـﻴـﺎز ﻷﺣـﺪﻫـﻤﺎ
ﲡﺎوزاً ﻟﻶﺧﺮ أو ﻧﻔﻴﺎً ﻟﻪ.
.7ﻋـﻠﻰ أن ﻳـﻈﻞ اﻟﺘـﺄوﻳﻞ ﺣﻘـﺎً ﻟـﻠﺨـﺎﺻـﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺮاﺳـﺨ ﻓﻲ اﻟـﻌـﻠﻢ ﻻ ﻳﺼـﺮح ﺑﻪ ﻟـﻠﻌـﺎﻣﺔ
وﻻ ﻳـﺜـﺒـﺖ ﻓﻲ ﻛـﺘﺐ اﳉـﻤـﻬــﻮر ﺣـﺘﻰ وﻟـﻮ ﻛـﺎن ﺗــﺄوﻳﻼً ﺻـﺤـﻴـﺤ ـﺎً ﻣـﺴـﺘـﺠ ـﻤـﻌـﺎً ﻟـﺸـﺮوط
اﻟﺘﺄوﻳﻞ وﺿﻮاﺑﻄﻪ .وﺑﻌﺒﺎرة اﺑﻦ رﺷﺪ:
»ﻓـﻬﺬا اﻟﺘﺄوﻳﻞ ﻻ ﻳﻨـﺒﻐﻲ أن ﻳﺼﺮﱠح ﺑﻪ ﻷﻫﻞ اﳉﺪل ﻓـﻀﻼً ﻋﻦ اﳉﻤﻬﻮر وﻣﺘﻰ
ﺼﺮحﺻـﺮح ﺑﺸﻲء ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬه اﻟﺘﺄوﻳﻼت ﻦ ﻫـﻮ ﻣﻦ ﻏﻴﺮ أﻫﻠﻬﺎ أﻓـﻀﻰ ذﻟﻚ ﺑﺎ ﺼﺮح وا ﱠ
إﻟﻰ اﻟـﻜـﻔـﺮ .ﻓﻼ ﻳـﺠﺐ أن ﺗـﺜـﺒﺖ اﻟـﺘـﺄوﻳﻼت اﻟـﺼـﺤـﻴـﺤـﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟـﻜـﺘـﺐ اﳉـﻤـﻬـﻮرﻳﺔ )أي
ا ـﻮﺟـﻬـﺔ ﻟـﻠـﺠـﻤـﻬـﻮر( ﻓـﻀـﻼً ﻋﻦ اﻟـﻔـﺎﺳـﺪة .وأﻣـﺎ ا ـﺼ ّـﺮح ﺑـﻬـﺬه اﻟـﺘـﺄوﻳﻼت ﻟـﻐـﻴـﺮ أﻫـﻠـﻬـﺎ
ﻓﻜﺎﻓﺮ«.
.8أﻣﺎ أﺧﺒﺎر ﻋﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﻐﻴﺐ وﻛﺬﻟﻚ ا ﻌﺠﺰات وﻣﺒﺎد اﻟﺸﺮﻳﻌﺔ وﻛﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻻ ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ اﻟﻌﻘﻞ
اﻹﻧـﺴـﺎﻧﻲ اﻻﺳـﺘـﻘﻼل ﺑـﺈدراك ﻛـﻨـﻬﻪ ﻓـﻠـﻘـﺪ أوﺟﺐ اﺑﻦ رﺷـﺪ أﺧـﺬه ﻋـﻠﻰ ﻇـﻮاﻫﺮه دون
ﺗـﺄوﻳﻞ ﻷن ﻫـﺬه اﻟـﻌـﻘـﺎﺋـﺪ ــ ﻋـﻨـﺪه ــ ـﺎ ﺗـﻌـﻠﻢ ﺑـﻨـﻔـﺴـﻬـﺎ ﺑـﺎﻟـﻄﺮق اﻟـﺜـﻼث ﻟـﻠﺘـﺼـﺪﻳﻖ :
اﳋـﻄﺎﺑـﻴﺔ واﳉﺪﻟـﻴﺔ واﻟـﺒﺮﻫـﺎﻧﻴـﺔ .وﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻛﻤـﺎ ﻳﻘـﻮل » :ﻟﻢ ﻧﺤـﺘﺞ أن ﻧﻀـﺮب ﻟﻪ أﻣﺜﺎﻻً
وﻛـﺎن ﻋﻠﻰ ﻇﺎﻫـﺮه ﻻ ﻳﺘﻄـﺮق إﻟﻴﻪ ﺗﺄوﻳﻞ وﻫـﺬا اﻟﻨﺤـﻮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻈﺎﻫـﺮ إن ﻛﺎن ﻓﻲ اﻷﺻﻮل
83 اﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮر ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻋﻤﺎرة
ﻓﺎ ـﺘـﺄول ﻟﻪ ﻛﺎﻓـﺮ ﻣـﺜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻳﻌـﺘـﻘﺪ أﻧﻪ ﻻ ﺳـﻌـﺎدة أﺧﺮوﻳـﺔ ﻫـﻬﻨـﺎ وﻻ ﺷـﻘﺎء وأﻧﻪ ﻗـﺼﺪ
ﺑـﻬﺬا اﻟﻘـﻮل أن ﻳﺴـﻠﻢ اﻟﻨﺎس ﺑـﻌﻀﻬـﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻓﻲ أﺑﺪاﻧـﻬﻢ وﺣﻮاﺳـﻬﻢ وأﻧﻬﺎ ﺣـﻴﻠﺔ
وأﻧـﻪ ﻻ ﻏﺎﻳـﺔ ﻟﻺﻧـﺴﺎن إﻻﱠ وﺟـﻮده اﶈﺴـﻮس ﻓـﻘﻂ .إن ﻫﺎﻫـﻨـﺎ ﻇﺎﻫـﺮاً ﻣﻦ اﻟـﺸﺮع ﻻ ﻳـﺠﻮز
ﺗﺄوﻳﻠﻪ ﻓﺈن ﻛﺎن ﺗﺄوﻳﻠﻪ ﻓﻲ ا ﺒﺎد ﻓﻬﻮ ﻛﻔﺮ وإن ﻛﺎن ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ا ﺒﺎد ﻓﻬﻮ ﺑﺪﻋﺔ«.
. 9وﺣـﺘﻰ اﳊـﻜـﻤـﺎء ﻣـﻦ اﻟـﻔﻼﺳـﻔـﺔ ــ ﺑـﺮأي اﺑﻦ رﺷـﺪ ــ ﻻ ﻳـﺠـﻴـﺰون ﺗـﺄوﻳﻞ أﺧـﺒـﺎر اﻟـﻐـﻴﺐ
وﻣﺒﺎد اﻟﺸﺮﻳﻌﺔ وا ﻌﺠﺰات .وﻻ ﻳـﺠﻮز ﻋﻨﺪﻫﻢ اﻟﺘﻜﻠﻢ وﻻ اﳉﺪل ﻓﻲ ﻣﺒﺎد اﻟﺸﺮاﺋﻊ
وﻓـﺎﻋﻞ ذﻟﻚ ﻋﻨـﺪﻫﻢ ﻣﺤﺘـﺎج إﻟﻰ اﻷدب اﻟﺸـﺪﻳﺪ وذﻟﻚ أﻧﻪ ـﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻛﻞ ﺻـﻨﺎﻋـﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ
ﻣﺒﺎد وواﺟﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻨﺎﻇﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ أن ﻳﺴﻠﻢ ﻣﺒﺎدﺋﻬﺎ وﻻ ﻳﺘﻌﺮض ﻟﻬﺎ ﺑﻨﻔﻲ
وﻻ إﺑﻄﺎل ﻛﺎﻧـﺖ اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ اﻟﻌـﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺸـﺮﻋﻴﺔ أﺣﺮى ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻷن ا ـﺸﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻞ
اﻟﺸﺮﻋﻴﺔ ﻫﻮ ﺿـﺮوري ﻋﻨﺪﻫﻢ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻓﻲ وﺟﻮد اﻹﻧﺴﺎن ـﺎ ﻫﻮ إﻧﺴﺎن ﺑﻞ و ﺎ ﻫﻮ إﻧﺴﺎن
ﻋـﺎﻟﻢ وﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻳـﺠﺐ ﻋـﻠﻰ ﻛﻞ إﻧـﺴـﺎن أن ﻳﺴـﻠﻢ ﻣـﺒـﺎد اﻟﺸـﺮﻳـﻌﺔ وأن ﻳـﻘـﻠـﺪ ﻓﻴـﻬـﺎ ﻓﺈن
ﺟَﺤْﺪَﻫﺎ )ﺟﺤﻮدﻫﺎ( وا ﻨﺎﻇﺮة ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﺒﻄﻼن ﻟﻮﺟﻮد اﻹﻧﺴﺎن.
ﻓـﺎﻟﺬي ﻳﺠﺐ أن ﻳـﻘﺎل ﻓﻴـﻬﺎ :إن ﻣﺒـﺎدﺋﻬﺎ أﻣـﻮر إﻟﻬﻴـﺔ ﺗﻔﻮق اﻟـﻌﻘﻮل اﻹﻧـﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ
ﻓـﻼﺑﺪ أن ﻳُـﻌْﺘَـﺮَفَ ﺑﻬـﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺟـﻬﻞ أﺳﺒـﺎﺑﻬـﺎ .وﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻻ ﲡـﺪ أﺣـﺪاً ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘـﺪﻣﺎء ﺗـﻜﻠﻢ ﻓﻲ
ا ـﻌﺠـﺰات ﻣﻊ اﻧﺘـﺸﺎرﻫﺎ وﻇـﻬﻮرﻫـﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌـﺎﻟﻢ ﻷﻧﻬـﺎ ﻣﺒﺎد ﺗـﺜﺒـﻴﺖ اﻟﺸـﺮاﺋﻊ واﻟﺸﺮاﺋﻊ
ﻣ ـﺒـﺎد اﻟـﻔ ـﻀـﺎﺋﻞ .وﻻ ﻓـﻴ ـﻤـﺎ ﻳ ـﻘـﺎل ﺑـﻌــﺪ ا ـﻮت .ﻓـﺈذا ﻧ ـﺸـﺄ اﻹﻧـﺴــﺎن ﻋـﻠﻰ اﻟ ـﻔـﻀـﺎﺋﻞ
اﻟـﺸـﺮﻋـﻴـﺔ ﻛـﺎن ﻓـﺎﺿﻼً ﺑـﺈﻃﻼق ﻓـﺈن ﺗـﻤـﺎدى ﺑﻪ اﻟـﺰﻣـﺎن واﻟـﺴـﻌـﺎدة إﻟﻰ أن ﻳـﻜـﻮن ﻣﻦ
اﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء اﻟﺮاﺳﺨ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﻓﻌﺮض ﻟﻪ ﺗﺄوﻳﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺒﺪأ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺒﺎدﺋﻬﺎ ﻓﻴﺠﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ أﻻ
ﻳـﺼـﺮح ﺑـﺬﻟﻚ اﻟـﺘـﺄوﻳﻞ وأن ﻳـﻘﻮل ﻓـﻴﻪ ﻛـﻤـﺎ ﻗـﺎل ﺗـﻌﺎﻟﻰ} :واﻟﺮاﺳـﺨﻮن ﻓﻲ اﻟـﻌﻠﻢ
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮن آﻣﻨﺎ ﺑﻪ{.
ﻫﺬه ﺣﺪود اﻟﺸﺮاﺋﻊ وﺣﺪود اﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء.
.10وﻳﺮى اﺑﻦ رﺷﺪ ﻓﻮق ذﻟﻚ أن اﻹﻓﺮاط ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﺄوﻳﻞ ﺑـﻌﺪ ﻋﺼﺮ اﻟﺼﺪر اﻷول ﻟﻸﻣﺔ ﻫﻮ
ا ﺴـﺆول ﻋﻦ أﻣﺮاض اﻻﺿـﻄﺮاب واﻟﻔﺮﻗـﺔ واﻟﺘﻜـﻔﻴﺮ اﻟـﺘﻲ ﺷﺎﻋﺖ ﻓـﺎﻧﺘﺸـﺮت; »ﻓﺎﻟﺼﺪر
اﻷول إ ﺎ ﺻﺎر إﻟﻰ اﻟﻔﻀﻴﻠﺔ اﻟﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ واﻟﺘﻘﻮى ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﻫﺬه اﻷﻗﺎوﻳﻞ )اﻟﺘﻲ ﺛﺒﺘﺖ ﻓﻲ
اﻟﻜﺘﺎب اﻟﻌﺰﻳﺰ( دون ﺗﺄوﻳﻼت ﻓﻴﻬﺎ وﻣﻦ ﻛﺎن ﻣﻨﻬﻢ وﻗﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺄوﻳﻞ ﻟﻢ ﻳﺼﺮح ﺑﻪ.
وأﻣﺎ ﻣﻦ أﺗﻰ ﺑﻌﺪﻫﻢ ﻓـﺈﻧﻬﻢ ﺎ اﺳﺘﻌﻤـﻠﻮا اﻟﺘﺄوﻳﻞ ﻗﻞّ ﺗﻘﻮاﻫﻢ وﻛـﺜﺮ اﺧﺘﻼﻓﻬﻢ وارﺗﻔﻌﺖ
ﻣـﺤـﺒﺘـﻬﻢ وﺗـﻔـﺮﻗﻮا ﻓـﺮﻗـﺎً .ﻓـﻴﺠﺐ ﻋـﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ أراد أن ﻳـﺮﻓﻊ ﻫـﺬه اﻟـﺒﺪﻋـﺔ ﻋﻦ اﻟـﺸـﺮﻳﻌـﺔ أن ﻳـﻌـﻤﺪ إﻟﻰ
اﻟـﻜﺘﺎب اﻟﻌـﺰﻳﺰ ﻓﻴـﻠﺘﻘﻂ ﻣـﻨﻪ اﻻﺳﺘﺪﻻﻻت ا ـﻮﺟﻮدة ﻓﻲ ﺷﻲء ﺷﻲء ﺎ ﻛﻠـﻔﻨﺎ اﻋـﺘﻘﺎده وﻳـﺠﺘﻬﺪ
ﻓﻲ ﻧـﻈـﺮه إﻟﻰ ﻇـﺎﻫﺮﻫـﺎ ﻣـﺎ أﻣـﻜـﻨﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻏـﻴﺮ أن ﻳـﺘـﻨـﺎول ﻣﻦ ذﻟﻚ ﺷـﻴـﺌﺎً إﻻﱠ إذا ﻛـﺎن اﻟـﺘـﺄوﻳﻞ ﻇـﺎﻫﺮاً
ﺧﻄﺮ اﻟﻨﺰﻋﺔ اﻟﺘﺎرﻳﺨﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺛﻮاﺑﺖ اﻹﺳﻼم 84
ﺑـﻨﻔﺴﻪ أﻋﻨـﻲ ﻇﻬﻮراً ﻣﺸـﺘﺮﻛﺎً ﻟﻠـﺠﻤﻴﻊ .ذﻟﻚ أﻧﻪ ـﺎ ﺗﺴﻠﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟـﺘﺄوﻳﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬه اﻟـﺸﺮﻳﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻟﻢ
ﺗـﺘﻤـﻴﺰ ﻟﻪ ﻫـﺬه ا ﻮاﺿـﻴﻊ وﻻ ﺗﻤـﻴﺰ ﻟﻪ اﻟـﺼﻨﻒ ﻣﻦ اﻟـﻨﺎس اﻟـﺬي ﻳﺠـﻮز اﻟﺘﺄوﻳـﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻘـﻬﻢ اﺿﻄﺮب
اﻷﻣـﺮ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ وﺣﺪث ﻓـﻴﻬﻢ ﻓﺮق ﻣﺘﺒﺎﻳـﻨﺔ ﻳﻜﻔﺮ ﺑـﻌﻀﻬﻢ ﺑﻌﻀـﺎً .وﻫﺬا ﻛﻠﻪ ﺟﻬﻞ ﻘـﺼﺪ اﻟﺸﺮع وﺗﻌﺪﱟ
ﻋﻠﻴﻪ«).(46
ﻫـﻜﺬا وﺿﻊ اﺑﻦ رﺷﺪ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧـﺎً ﻟﻠﺘﺄوﻳﻞ وﺷﺮوﻃﺎً ﳉـﻮازه ﻗﺼﺮﺗﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ وراء اﻟـﻌﻘﺎﺋﺪ وﻣﺒﺎد
اﻟـﺸـﺮﻳـﻌـﺔ وأﺧ ـﺒـﺎر اﻟـﻐـﻴﺐ وا ـﻌـﺠـﺰات .وﺟـﻌـﻞ اﻟـﺘـﺄوﻳﻞ ﻓـﻴـﻤـﺎ وراء ذﻟﻚ ﻣ ـﺸـﺮوﻃـﺎً ﺑـﺘـﻮﻓـﺮ اﻟـﻀـﻮاﺑﻂ
اﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳﺔ وﺑﺸﻬﺎدة اﻟﻨﺼﻮص ا ﺆوﱠﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ أن ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺗﺄوﻳﻼً ﻇﺎﻫﺮاً ﺑﻨﻔﺴﻪ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻴﻊ.
وﻫـﻜﺬا ﻳـﺼـﺒﺢ )اﻟﺘـﺄوﻳﻞ اﻟـﻌﺒـﺜﻲ( ﻟـﺪﻋﺎة اﻟـﺘﺎرﻳـﺨـﻴﺔ )ﺳـﺨـﺮﻳﺔ وﻫـﺰﻻً( ﻻ ﻋﻼﻗـﺔ ﻟﻪ ﺑﺎﻟـﻌﻠﻢ
واﻟـﻌﻠـﻤﺎء .ﺑﻞ ﻟـﻘﺪ ﺣـﻜﻢ اﺑﻦ رﺷﺪ ﺣـﻜﻤﻪ اﻟـﺼﺎرم ﻋـﻠﻰ اﻟﺰﻧـﺎدﻗﺔ اﻟـﺬﻳﻦ أوﱠﻟﻮا ﻓـﻲ ﻣﺒـﺎد اﻟﺸـﺮﻳﻌﺔ
وا ﻌﺠﺰات واﻟﻐﻴﺒﻴﺎت.
ﺗـﻠﻚ ﻫﻲ )اﻟﺘﺎرﻳﺨﻴﺔ( اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﺰع اﻟﻘﺪاﺳﺔ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻨﺼﻮص اﻟﺪﻳﻨﻴﺔ اﻹﻟﻬﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻘﺪﺳﺖ ﻓﻲ
ﻛﻞ اﻟﺸﺮاﺋﻊ واﻟﺪﻳﺎﻧﺎت.
وﺗـﻨﻔﻲ اﻟﻌﻤﻮم واﻹﻃﻼق واﳋـﻠﻮد ﻋﻦ أي ﻣﻦ اﳊﻘﺎﺋﻖ وا ﻌـﺎﻧﻲ واﻟﺪﻻﻻت واﻷﺣﻜﺎم اﻟﺘﻲ
ﺟﺎءت ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻨﺼﻮص اﻟﺪﻳﻨﻴﺔ.
وﲡـﻌﻞ ﻫﺬه اﻟـﻨﺼﻮص اﻟـﺪﻳﻨـﻴﺔ ــ ـﺎ ﻓﻴﻬـﺎ اﻟﻮﺣﻲ اﻟـﺴﻤـﺎوي ــ ﺑﺸﺮﻳـﺔ ﺻﻨـﻌﻬـﺎ اﻟﻮاﻗﻊ .ﻓﻬﻲ
)دﻳـﺎﻟﻴﻜـﺘﻴﻚ ﺻﺎﻋـﺪ( وﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﺗـﻨﺰﻳﻼً وﻻ )دﻳﺎﻟـﻴﻜﺘـﻴﻜﺎً ﻫـﺎﺑﻄﺎً( .ﻓﺎﻟـﻮاﻗﻊ أوﻻً واﻟﻮاﻗﻊ ﺛـﺎﻧﻴﺎً واﻟﻮاﻗﻊ
أﺧﻴﺮاً.
وﲡـﻌﻞ اﻟـﻌـﻘــﺎﺋـﺪ اﻟـﺘﻲ ﺟـﺎءت ﻓﻲ ﻫـﺬه اﻟـﻨـﺼـﻮص ــ ـﺎ ﻓـﻲ ذﻟﻚ ﻋـﻘـﺎﺋـﺪ اﻷﻟـﻮﻫـﻴـﺔ واﻟـﻨـﺒـﻮة
واﻟﻮﺣﻲ ــ ﺛﻤﺮة ﻟﻠﻮاﻗﻊ وأﺳﺎﻃﻴﺮه.
وﲡﻌﻞ اﻟﺸﺮﻳﻌﺔ ﻣﺼﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﻟﻠﻮاﻗﻊ وﻟﻴﺴﺖ وﺿﻌﺎً إﻟﻬﻴﺎً وﺗﻨﺰﻳﻼً ﺳﻤﺎوﻳﺎً.
ﻟـﺘﺼﻞ ﻫﺬه )اﻟﺘﺎرﻳﺨﻴﺔ( إﻟﻰ إﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺪﻳﺎﻧﺎت وﻛﺘﺒﻬـﺎ وﻋﻘﺎﺋﺪﻫﺎ وﺷﺮاﺋﻌﻬﺎ وﻣﻨﻈﻮﻣﺎت ﻗﻴﻤﻬﺎ
وأﺧﻼﻗـﻬـﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ )ﻣـﺴـﺘـﻮدع اﻟﺘـﺎرﻳﺦ( ﺣـﺎﻛـﻤﺔ ﺑـﻄﻲ ﺻـﻔﺤـﺘـﻬـﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺻﻔـﺤـﺎت اﻟـﺘﺎرﻳﺦ اﻟـﺬي ﻇـﻬﺮت
ﻓـﻴﻪ .وﻣـﺴـﺘﻌـﻴـﻨـﺔ ﻋـﻠﻰ ذﻟﻚ ﺑـﻠﻮن ﻣﻦ )اﻟـﺘـﺄوﻳﻞ اﻟـﻌـﺒـﺜﻲ( اﻟﺬي ﻻ ﻋـﻼﻗﺔ ﻟﻪ ﺑـﺎﻟـﺘـﺄوﻳﻞ اﻟـﺬي ﺣﺪد
ﻗـﻮاﻋﺪه وﺿـﻮاﺑـﻄﻪ وﺷـﺮوﻃﻪ اﻟﻔﻼﺳـﻔـﺔ وا ﻔـﺴـﺮون ﺣﺘﻰ ﻟـﻨـﺠﺪ ﻓﻲ ﻫـﺬا اﻟـﺘﺄوﻳﻞ اﻟـﻌـﺒﺜـﻲ )ﻣﺴـﺮﺣﺎً
) (46اﺑﻦ رﺷـﺪ :ﻓـﺼﻞ ا ـﻘﺎل ﻓـﻴـﻤـﺎ ﺑـ اﳊـﻜـﻤﺔ واﻟـﺸـﺮﻳـﻌـﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻻﺗـﺼﺎل ص 62-61-59-58-48-47-46-36-35-34
دراﺳﺔ وﲢﻘﻴﻖ :د .ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻋﻤﺎرة ﻃﺒﻌﺔ دار ا ﻌﺎرف اﻟﻘﺎﻫﺮة 1999م وﺗﻬﺎﻓﺖ اﻟﺘﻬﺎﻓﺖ ص 125-124ﻃﺒﻌﺔ اﻟﻘﺎﻫﺮة
1903م .وﻣﻨـﺎﻫﺞ اﻷدﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋـﻘﺎﺋـﺪ ا ﻠﺔ ص 51-49دراﺳﺔ وﲢـﻘـﻴﻖ :د .ﻣﺤـﻤـﻮد ﻗﺎﺳﻢ ﻃـﺒـﻌﺔ ﻣـﻜـﺘﺒـﺔ اﻷﳒـﻠﻮﻣـﺼـﺮﻳﺔ
اﻟﻘﺎﻫﺮة ﺑﺪون ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ.
85 اﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮر ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻋﻤﺎرة
ﻟـﻠﻌـﺒﺚ( ﻳﺪﻋﻲ أﺻـﺤﺎﺑﻪ أن اﻟـﻠﱠﻪ ﻫﻮ اﻷرض واﳋـﺒﺰ واﳊـﺮﻳﺔ واﻟـﻜﻔـﺎح ا ﺴـﻠﺢ واﻹﺻﻼح اﻟﺰراﻋﻲ
وأن ﺻﻔﺎت اﻟﻜﻤﺎل واﳉﻼل ١اﻹﻟـﻬﻴﺔ وأﺳﻤﺎء اﻟﻠﱠﻪ اﳊﺴﻨﻰ ﻫﻲ ﺻﻔﺎت اﻹﻧﺴﺎن وأن اﻟﺘﻮﺣﻴﺪ
ﻫﻮ وﺣﺪة اﻟـﺘﺎرﻳﺦ وأن اﻹ ﺎن ﻫـﻮ اﻹﳊﺎد وأن اﻹﳊﺎد ﻫﻮ اﻟﺘـﺠﺪﻳﺪ وأن اﻟﻨـﺒﻮة واﻟﻮﺣﻲ ﻗـﻮة ﻣﺨﻴﻠﺔ
وﺧﻴﺎل ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ اﳊﺎل ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﺸﻌﺮاء واﻟﻜﻬﺎن واﻟﻌﺎرﻓ .
وإذا ﻛﺎن ا ـﺒـﺸـﺮون ﺑـﻬـﺬه )اﻟـﺘـﺎرﻳـﺨـﻴﺔ( ــ وﻫـﻢ اﻟﻨـﺎﻗـﻠـﻮن ﻟـﻬـﺎ ﻋﻦ اﻟـﺘـﻨـﻮﻳـﺮ اﻟـﻮﺿـﻌﻲ اﻟـﻐﺮﺑﻲ
ﺑـﺤﺬاﻓـﻴـﺮﻫـﺎ ﺣـﺬو اﻟـﻨـﻌﻞ ﺑـﺎﻟـﻨﻌﻞ ــ إذا ﻛـﺎﻧـﻮا ﻳـﺤـﺘـﺠـﻮن ﺑـﺄن ﻫﺬا اﻟـﺘـﻨـﻮﻳـﺮ اﻟـﻮﺿـﻌﻲ اﻟـﻐـﺮﺑﻲ وﻫﺬه
)اﻟـﺘﺎرﻳـﺨـﻴـﺔ( ﻫﻲ اﻟـﺘﻲ ﺟـﻌـﻠﺖ اﻟـﻐـﺮب ﻳـﻨـﻬﺾ وﻳـﺘـﻘـﺪم وﻳـﺨـﺮج ﻣﻦ ﻋـﺼـﻮره ا ـﻈـﻠـﻤـﺔ وأﻧﻬـﻢ إ ﺎ
ﻳﺮﻳﺪون ــ ﺑـﻬﺬه اﶈـﺎﻛﺎة ــ ﲢـﻘﻴﻖ اﻟـﻨﻬﻮض واﻟـﺘﻘـﺪم ﻷﻣﺘﻨـﺎ ﻓﺈﻧـﻬﻢ ﻳﻐـﻔﻠﻮن وﻳـﺘﻐـﺎﻓﻠـﻮن ﻋﻦ اﻟﻔﺮوق
اﳉـﻮﻫـﺮﻳـﺔ ﺑ إﺳﻼﻣـﻨـﺎ وﺑـ ﻻﻫﻮت اﻟـﻨـﺼـﺮاﻧﻴـﺔ اﻟـﻐـﺮﺑﻴـﺔ ﺑـ ﺗﺎرﻳـﺨـﻨـﺎ اﳊﻀـﺎري وﺑـ اﻟـﺘﺎرﻳﺦ
اﳊﻀﺎري ﻟﻠﻐﺮب.
ﻟـﻘﺪ ﻋﺮف اﻟـﻐﺮب اﻟﻜـﻬﺎﻧـﺔ اﻟﻜﻨـﺴﻴﺔ اﻟـﺘﻲ اﺧﺘﺰﻟﺖ اﳊـﻘﻴـﻘﺔ واﻟﻌـﻠﻢ ﻓﻲ اﻹﳒﻴﻞ وﺣﺮﻣﺖ
اﻟـﺘـﺠــﺮﻳﺐ ﻓﻲ اﻟـﻮاﻗـﻊ ﻷﻧﻪ )دَﻧَﺲ( ــ و ـﻠ ـﻜـﺔ ا ـﺴــﻴﺢ ﻟـﻴــﺴﺖ ﻓﻲ ﻫـﺬا اﻟ ـﻌـﺎﻟﻢ اﻟــﺪﻧﺲ ــ ﻛـﻤـﺎ
ﻗـﺪﺳﺖ اﻟﺪوﻟﺔ واﺠﻤﻟـﺘﻤﻊ وﺛـﺒﺘﺘـﻬﻤﺎ ﻋـﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺣـﻜﻤﺖ ﺑﺎﳊﻖ اﻹﻟـ١ـﻬﻲ واﻟﺘﻔـﻮﻳﺾ اﻟﺴﻤـﺎوي ﻣﺴﺘـﺒﻌﺪة
ﺳـﻠـﻄـﺔ اﻷﻣﺔ .وﻣﻦ ﻫـﻨـﺎ دﺧـﻠﺖ ﻫﺬه اﻟـﻜـﻬـﺎﻧﺔ اﻟـﻜـﻨـﺴﻴـﺔ ﺑـﺄوروﺑـﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺼـﻮر اﻟـﻈـﻠﻤـﺎت ﻓـﻠﻢ ﻳـﺠﺪ
ﻓـﻼﺳﻔـﺔ اﻟـﺘـﻨـﻮﻳـﺮ أﻣﺎﻣـﻬﻢ إﻻ ﻫـﺬه )اﻟـﺘـﺎرﻳـﺨﻴـﺔ( اﻟـﺘﻲ ﺗـﻨـﺴﺦ ﻫـﺬا اﻟﻼﻫـﻮت اﳋﺮاﻓـﻲ ﻟﺘـﻜـﺴـﺮ ﻗـﻴﻮده
وﲢﻄﻢ أﻏﻼﻟﻪ ﻋﻦ رﻗـﺎب اﻟﺸـﻌـﻮب واﻟﻘـﻮﻣﻴـﺎت اﻷوروﺑﻴـﺔ وﲢﻴـﻠﻪ ــ ﺑـﺎﻟﺘـﺎرﻳﺨـﻴﺔ ــ ﻋـﻠﻰ )ﻣﺴـﺘﻮدع
اﻟﺘﺎرﻳﺦ(.
أﻣـﺎ إﺳﻼﻣـﻨــﺎ ﻓـﻬـﻮ ﺑـﺮيء ﻣـﻦ اﻟـﻜـﻬـﺎﻧــﺔ ــ ﺑﻞ ﻋـﺪوﱞ ﻟـﻬــﺎ ــ ﺣـﺘﻰ أﻧﻪ ﻻ ﻳـﻌــﺮف وﻻ ﻳـﻌـﺘـﺮف
ﺑﻮﻇﻴﻔﺔ )رﺟﻞ اﻟﺪﻳﻦ( .وﺗﺎرﻳﺨﻨﺎ اﳊﻀﺎري ﻟﻢ ﻳﻌﺮف )ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻓﻘﻬﺎء(.
وا ـﺪاﻓﻌﺔ واﻹﺳﻼم ﻫـﻮ اﻟﺬي ﺣﻔـﺰ إﻟﻰ إﺑﺪاع اﻟﻌـﻘﻼﻧﻴـﺔ ا ﺆﻣﻨـﺔ اﻟﻨﺎﺑـﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘـﺮآن اﻟﻜﺮ
ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻘﻞ ﻋﻦ ﻋﻘﺎﺋﺪ اﻟﺪﻳﻦ.
وﻫــﻮ اﻟـﺬي ﺣـﻔـﺰ ا ـﺴـﻠـﻤـ إﻟـﻰ اﻟـﻨـﻈـﺮ واﻟ ـﺘـﻌـﻘﻞ واﻟ ـﺘـﻔـﻜـﺮ واﻟ ـﺘـﺪﺑـﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻛـﻞ أﻧـﺤـﺎء اﳋـﻠﻖ
وا ﻠـﻜﻮت ﺎ ﻓﻲ ذﻟﻚ اﻟـﻮاﻗﻊ واﻟﺘﺠـﺮﻳﺐ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻟـﻘﺪ ارﺗﺎد ا ﺴـﻠﻤﻮن إﺑـﺪاع ا ﻨﻬﺞ اﻟـﺘﺠﺮﻳﺒﻲ
ﻓﻲ ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ اﻟﻌﻠﻢ اﻟﻌﺎ ﻲ.
وﻣﻦ ﻫﻨـﺎ ﻓﺈذا ﻛـﺎﻧﺖ ﺣﺎﻛﻤـﻴﺔ اﻟﻼﻫﻮت اﻟـﻜﻨـﺴﻲ اﻷوروﺑﻲ ﻗﺪ دﻓﻌﺖ أوروﺑـﺎ إﻟﻰ ﻋﺼﻮر
اﳉﻬﺎﻟﺔ واﻟﻈـﻠﻤﺎت ﻓﺈن ﺳﻴﺎدة ﺣﺎﻛـﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﻨﺺ اﻟﺪﻳﻨﻲ اﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻫﻲ اﻟـﺘﻲ ﺣﻔﺰت ا ﺴﻠﻤ إﻟﻰ
إﺣﻴـﺎء ا ﻮارﻳﺚ اﳊـﻀﺎرﻳـﺔ اﻟﻘـﺪ ﺔ وإﻟﻰ ﺗـﻄﻮﻳـﺮﻫﺎ واﻹﺑـﺪاع ﻓﻲ اﻹﺿﺎﻓـﺔ إﻟﻴـﻬﺎ واﻟـﺒﻨـﺎء ﻋﻠـﻴﻬـﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ
اﻟﻨـﺤـﻮ اﻟﺬي ﺟـﻌﻞ اﳊﻀـﺎرة اﻹﺳﻼﻣـﻴﺔ ا ـﻨـﺎرة اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗـﻔﺮدت ﺑـﺈﻧـﺎرة اﻟﺪﻧـﻴﺎ ﻷﻛـﺜـﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺸـﺮة ﻗﺮون
ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ اﻷﻣﺔ اﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ )اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ اﻷول( ﻋﻠﻰ ﻇﻬﺮ ﻫﺬه اﻷرض ﻃﻮال ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﻘﺮون.
ﺧﻄﺮ اﻟﻨﺰﻋﺔ اﻟﺘﺎرﻳﺨﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺛﻮاﺑﺖ اﻹﺳﻼم 86
ﻓـﺈﺳﻼﻣﻨﺎ ﻧﻮر وﻗـﺮآﻧﻨﺎ ﻧﻮر ورﺳـﻮﻟﻨﺎ ﻧﻮر واﳊـﻜﻤﺔ ﻋﻨـﺪﻧﺎ ﻧﻮر وﻣﻦ ﺛﻢ ﻓﺈن اﻻﺳـﺘﻨﺎرة ﺑﻬﺎ
ﻫﻲ اﻟﺴﺒﻴﻞ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺘﻘﺪم واﻟﻨﻬﻮض.
وﻟـﻴـﺴﺖ اﻟﺴـﺒـﻴﻞ ﻫﻲ )اﻟﺘـﺎرﻳـﺨـﻴﺔ( اﻟـﻐـﺮﺑﻴـﺔ اﻟـﺘﻲ ﺟﺎءت )ﺣـﻼً ﻏﺮﺑـﻴـﺎً( ) ﺸـﻜـﻠﺔ ﻏـﺮﺑـﻴﺔ(:
ﻣـﺸ ـﻜ ـﻠـﺔ اﻟﻼﻫــﻮت اﻟـﻜ ـﻨـﺴـﻲ اﻟـﻈﻼﻣﻲ اﻟــﺬي أدﺧﻞ أوروﺑــﺎ ﻋـﺼــﻮر اﻟـﺘــﺮاﺟﻊ واﳉ ـﻤـﻮد واﻟــﺮﺟـﻌ ـﻴـﺔ
واﻟﻈﻠﻤﺎت.
إنﱠ ﺗـﺎرﻳـﺨـﻨــﺎ اﳊـﻀـﺎري ﻟﻢ ﻳـﻌـﺮف )ا ـﺸـﻜ ـﻠـﺔ اﻷوروﺑـﻴـﺔ( اﻟـﺘﻲ اﺳـﺘــﺪﻋﺖ ﻫـﺬه )اﻟـﺘـﺎرﻳـﺨـﻴـﺔ
اﻷوروﺑـﻴﺔ( .وﻟﻴﺲ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻘﻞ أو اﳊﻜﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺷﻲء أن )ﻧﺴﺘﻮرد ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ( ﻏﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺎ )ﻟﻨﺴﺘﻮرد( ﻟﻬﺎ
ﻫﺬه )اﻟﺘﺎرﻳﺨﻴﺔ( اﻟﻐﺮﻳﺒﺔ ﻋﻦ روح اﻹﺳﻼم.
وﻟـﻴﺲ ﻣﻦ اﻟـﻌـﻘـﻞ أو اﳊـﻜـﻤـﺔ أن ﻧـﺤـﻴﻞ إﺳﻼﻣـﻨـﺎ اﻟـﺬي ﻫــﻮ اﳊـﺎﻓـﺰ إﻟﻰ ﺗـﻘـﺪﻣـﻨـﺎ وﻧـﻬـﻮﺿـﻨـﺎ
وﻋﺰﺗﻨﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ )ﻣﺴﺘﻮدع اﻟﺘﺎرﻳﺦ(.
9. 1st pages 28 9/11/11 10:51 Page 1
ISLAM TODAY
Journal of the Islamic Educational, Scientific and
Cultural Organization -ISESCO-
DANGERS OF HISTORICISM TO
THE CONSTANTS OF ISLAM
Dr. Mohammed Amara(*)
(*) Member of the Islamic Research Academy in Al-Azhar Al-Sharif and of the Supreme Council
for Islamic Affairs in Cairo.
73. Amara 28 9/11/11 10:57 Page 74
“At the religious level, Protestant Reformers were keen not to obey
anyone else but God and His book, including God's priests and repre-
sentative (the Pope). And now, with the Enlightenment, a second hurdle
has been overcome: the human being only adheres to his mind, which
can judge things as they are”.
“This ideology, which was developed in the Age of Enlightenment, and
which goes against Christianity, was the source; that is to say that all
that emanated from it was the result of its evolutions and contra-
dictions, including the major epistemological break, which separated
two spiritual eras: the Summa Theologica of St. Thomas Aquinas
(1225-1274) and the Encyclopedic Age of Enlightenment philosophers.
Since then, hope has left the kingdom of God to give way to the human
mind. Also, the system of divine grace has faded from the system of
nature and hierarchy has been replaced by a horizontal system based
on the senses and on marginal relationships. The human being has
become the only criterion by which Man is judged. Equally, the divine
rule and the religious authorities associated with it have become sub-
mitted to the human conscious, which holds the ultimate power in the
name of freedom. This freedom is his new irrevocable acquired asset.”(1)
This trend arrived in the Muslim Orient with the advent of modern Western
colonial campaigns which armed themselves, not only with cannons, but also
with the philosophy of the Age of Enlightenment to colonize the Muslim mind in
order to gain favor of and eternalize the occupation of lands and the usurpation
of riches.
The trend did indeed find supporters among Arab and Muslim alienists who
sought to emulate the European Renaissance and free minds and society from the
Islamic religion, just as the European mind and society had broken loose from
the clutches of the Church and Clergy.
(1) Emile Poulat: Liberty, Secularism: The War of Two Frances and the Principle of Modernity,
Cerf Editions, Paris, 1987, quoted from Hashem Saleh, Al Wahda magazine, Rabat, issue
February-March, 1992, pp. 20-21.
73. Amara 28 9/11/11 10:57 Page 75
This opinion is different from that of Muslim and non-Muslim scholars, who
believe that the Islamic Sharia and its legislations are special, for they combine
both law and morals. Many Roman experts in Law and Islamic Sharia experts
testified to this, including the eminent orientalist David Santillana (1845-1921),
who said:
“For us and for our (Roman) ancestors, jurisprudence and law are a
set of laws in force that were adopted by the people, either directly or
through their representatives. The power of law is derived from the will
and conscience of human beings and from their morals and habits.
However, the Islamic interpretation of law is different. Abiding by the
Islamic law is a social obligation and a religious duty at the same
time and whoever violates the sanctity of this law has sinned not only
against the social system but also against religion. The judiciary
system and religion, and the law and morals are two facets of the will
from which the Islamic society derives its existence and its teachings.
Every legal matter is a matter of conscience and the moral cachet
imprints the law and creates a total fusion of legal rules and moral
teachings. Morality and virtue set the limits of the law in every single
aspect.”(6)
(6) David Santillana: Law and Society, a study published in the Heritage of Islam, pp. 421-428,
translated by Gergis Fathallah, Beirut edition, 1972.
(7) al-Zarkashi, al-Bahr al-Muheet, Vol 6, page 199, authenticated by Dr Abdulsattar Abu Ghadda,
Kuwait edition.
(8) Ibn al-Najjar: Sharh al-Kawkab al-Muneer, Vol 4, page 460, authenticated by Mohamed al-
Zehili, Dr Nazih Hammad, Um al-Qura edition, Makkah al-Mukarrama, 1987.
73. Amara 28 9/11/11 10:57 Page 77
Therefore, all verses in the Quran are legislative and combine law with
morals.
He claimed that ruling according to what Allah revealed was the prerogative
of the Prophet alone and was only applicable to his time and society, implying
that the entire legal system of the Islamic Sharia was a historical page that was
turned with the death of the prophet (PBUH), going so far as to refer to the
completion of revelation by the 'extinction of revelation'.
As if the words of Allah -the legislative power- ceased with the death of the
Prophet, and was not completed; therefore, it didn't require Allah's obedience
until He inherits the earth and its inhabitants.
The advocate of this theory further explained his opinion on the legal and
legislative principles brought by Islam:
“These rules have become historical rulings; and therefore, they have
lost all binding power or impact. The principles governing transactions
are not permanent but temporary and local, applicable only at a certain
time and within a given context.”(10)
He claimed that all Quranic verses dealing with legislations, faith or ethics
were revealed for specific reasons; and therefore, all Quranic verses are historical.
He said:
“All the verses of the Quran were revealed for a reason -a specific
reason that warranted them-, whether these verses comprised a legal
stipulation, a doctrinal principle or a system of values.”(14)
He made such a claim despite the fact that studies on reasons of revelation
affirm that the verses revealed in response to a specific event represent a very
small minority in the Holy Quran:
- The number of the Quranic verses is 6276 verse.
- According to Imam al-Suyuti (849-911AH/1445-1505AD) who accepted
most narrations, the verses that had a specific reason for revelation do not
exceed 888 verses, i.e. 14% of the entire Holy Quran.
On the other hand, Al-Wahidi (468AH/1076AD), who was more stringent in
his acceptance of revelation reasons, considered that these verses did not exceed
472, i.e. 7.5% of the Holy Quran.(15)
For this small portion of verses which were revealed as a consequence of
specific events, scholars, including those who wrote about the causes of reve-
lation, affirm that these 'reasons' were in fact 'occasions' of revelation and not
actual causes that required revelation or monopolized the rulings contained in
these verses.
Imam al-Zarkashi (745-794AH/1344/1392AD) wrote in this regard:
“It was customary for companions and their followers to say: 'This
verse was revealed for such and such reason to connote that the verse
contains such a rule, and not to refer to the reason for its revelation'.
This means that we need to identify the ruling (on the incident) as
contained in the verse, not tie the ruling to the incident.”
Al-Suyuti summarized the method followed by companions and followers as:
“What we understand from the cause of revelation is: the incident
about which the verse was revealed.”
Al-Suyuti then went on to describe the method adopted by the prophet's
companions and followers and which was based on the principle that the scope
of application is determined by the generality of the term used and not by the
specific cause that triggered it, for the cause was nothing but the incident, whose
ruling whose contained in the verse and which the revelation of the verse was
linked to”. He said:
“Verses were revealed in response to some incidents, and they (the
companions and followers) agreed that these verses transcended
(15) Cf. the author of the Fall of Secular Extremism, pp. 255-261, Dar al-Shuruq edition, Cairo,
1995.
73. Amara 28 9/11/11 10:57 Page 80
their causes. Examples of such verses are: the dhihar divorce verse
on Salama Ibn Sakhr, the li’an divorce verse on Hilal Ibn Umayya,
and the punishment for calumny against the defamers of Aisha verse.
These verses bypassed these specific incidents to others. Evidence of
the precedence of the generality of the term was the prevalent
recourse, among the companions and others, to verses revealed on
specific occasions as supporting evidence in other cases.”(16)
Sheikh al-Islam Ibn Taimiyya (661-728AH/1263-1328AD) said in the same
vein:
“Those who addressed the reasons of revelation did not mean that the
rule contained in the verse applied exclusively to those about whom
the revelation was made as no Muslim or rational person would think
so. That people would disagree on the general term used as to its
reason didn't mean that the rule was confined to the event behind it.
No one said that the generalities of the Book and the Sunnah pertain
to a specific person but pertain instead to that category of people and
apply to all who fall within that category. The attribute of generality
is not guaranteed by the wording or the verse which was revealed for
a specific purpose. If it is an injunction or a warning, then it applies
to that person and his likes, and if it is praising words or disparaging
ones then they apply to the person and to all who find themselves in
the same position.”(17)
(16) Ouatty: Resaons for Revelation, page 5, Dar al-Tahrir, Cairo, 1382AH, and Perfection in the
Science of Quran, Vol 1, page 31, Cairo Editions, 1935.
(17) Perfection in the Science of Quran, Vol 1, page 30.
(18) The Essence of Islam, page 148.
73. Amara 28 9/11/11 10:57 Page 81
What followed naturally was the break from belief in the Unseen by simply
humanizing it:
“The seven attributes -of Allah- are in fact pure human attributes. Man
is the knowledgeable, the able, the living, the hearer, the seeing, the
willing and the speaker. These are attributes from and of Man in the
literal sense, and in and for Allah in the figurative one.”(24)
And so on and so forth until we achieve a total rift with the essence and
foundation of religion: belief in the existence of Allah. The proponent of this
historicism thesis wishes to humanize the divine entity and substitute Man for
Allah because it is Man who created Allah and not the opposite.
“…Allah is a word we use as a cry of pain or joy. It is therefore a
literary expression more than a description of a reality, and a figure
of speech more than a factual description, and therefore does not
have a specific meaning. It is an existential cry more than a concept
that can be expressed in words or perceived by the mind. It is a
reaction to an emotional state, the expression of a feeling rather than
an expression of a goal or a transmission of a specific meaning.
Everything we believe in and glorify in our attempt to compensate for
a sense of loss translates in popular perception into Allah(25), Allah, as
the one and only existence, the conceptual abstract or the teleological
cause. All these perceptions are in reality human theses that embody
Man's most absolute attributes. And although these attributes may
appear as a theory about Allah as an entity, features and actions, they
are nothing but a description of Man in his perfection as an entity,
attributes and actions.'(26) Man projects a piece of himself that he glo-
rifies and deifies, meaning that he creates the worshipped being in his
own image. He interprets his dreams and desires, then personifies and
worships them. The worshipped thus stands as a symbol of inability
and the sacred represents powerlessness. The Omnipotent does not
worship or glorify but acts and attains his goals and plans. Selecting
a set of attributes and combining them together to fashion the image
of an idol shows that Man is in fact deifying himself after taking this
self to the limits of the absolute. The divine self is the human self in
Thus a call was made to humanize the divine entity and its attributes and
actions, and to substitute Man for God, and the natural for the celestial. The
advocate of this theory called for cancelling terms such as 'Allah', 'prophet',
'heaven', 'hell', 'reward' and 'retribution', “because they are 'definitive', and
because they go beyond perception and vision and because they refer to ultra-
human thesis. The term 'perfect Man' is in fact more expressive than that of
“Allah”.”(28)
With this decisive epistemological break with Allah, religion, prophecy and
revealed messages in this thesis of modernism, enlightenment and secularity,
nature takes over the place of religion. Religion becomes a hollow vessel stripped
of its content and facts, religious facts that are relegated to the repository of history
as legends of ancestors, fabricated in the imaginary of frustrated men suffering
under the yoke of oppression.
The third of these historicism advocates(29) followed suit and declared the
historicism of the Holy Quran in its entirety, including its precepts, judgments,
values and morals. In his words, the Quran is a human text that took shape in the
real world, by the real world, and therefore it can only be historical like all Man-
made texts that were born out of reality and have become historical with the
historicism of this reality. To quote him:
(27) Dr Hassan Hanafi: From Faith to Revolution, Vol 2, pp. 639, 46, Vol 1, pp 88-89.
(28) Dr Hassan Hanafi: Heritage and Renewal, pp. 124, 137, 139, 144, 145 and 154.
(29) Dr Nassr Hamed Abu Zeid.
73. Amara 28 9/11/11 10:57 Page 84
(30) Dr Nassr Hamed Abu Zeid: Cairo magazine, (Renaissance Project between Success and Lies),
October 1992.
(31) Dr Nassr Hamed Abu Zeid: A Critique of the Islamic Discourse, p. 28, Cairo edition, 1992.
(32) Dr Nassr Hamed Abu Zeid: Concept of the Text, pp. 9, 109, 200, Cairo edition, 1990.
(33) A Critique of the Islamic Discourse, p. 122.
(34) Concept of the Text, pp. 27, 28 and 14.
(35) A Critique of the Islamic Discourse, p. 99.
(36) Concept of the Text, p. 20.
(37) Cairo magazine, Project of Renaissance between Success and Lies, October, 1993.
73. Amara 28 9/11/11 10:57 Page 85
any permanent essential features, and believes that everything contained in the
Quran is 'historical' and has no constancy because it is Man-made and took shape
in reality. Therefore, reality is the manufacturer of the Quran, and the Quran was
made for reality and in reaction to reality. Reality first, second and last!!
The same approach is applied to prophecy and revelation by this advocate
of historicism. He believes that they carry no reality-defying miracles. They are
however a human phenomena that can be explained by means of fantasy and
power of imagination enjoyed by poets and hermits. He goes on to say:
“Explaining prophecy by relying on the imagination means that the
transition from the world of humans to that of angels occurs through
the power of the human imagination, a power enjoyed by prophets in
view of their selection and of instincts that are stronger in them than
in the rest of mankind. While the power of the imagination in lay men
comes into play only at times of sleep when the senses are released
from their function of relaying impressions from the outside world to
the internal one, prophets, poets and clairvoyants enjoy the exclusive
gift of using the imagination in both states of sleep and alertness.
Prophet rank first in terms of this ability, followed by the prescient
Sufis, and finally by poets.
From this perspective, prophethood is no longer a supernatural occur-
rence and it becomes possible to consider this state of metamorphosis
(displacement) as a personal experience or a state of creative effi-
ciency. All of this confirms that the phenomenon of revelation -the
Quran- was not a paranormal phenomenon, nor one that bypassed
reality or transcended its limits. Rather, it was part of the concepts of
culture and the fruit of its conjectures and conceptions.
Mohammed -first receiver of the text- was part of reality and society;
he was the son and the product of his reality.”(38)
With such words, this advocate of material historicism denies the existence
of any reality-defying miracles in revelation, prophethood and divine messages.
What flows from this advocate's reasoning about the Holy Quran as a
(historical discourse) and (Man-made text) is that everything contained in the
Quran (precepts) is historical because it is, in his opinion, the fruit of legends
generated by reality. According to him:
“Creeds are conceptions that are conditional upon the level of aware-
ness and the extent of knowledge development at a given era. In formu-
lating their tenets, religious scriptures adopted many mythological
perceptions in the collective awareness of the community that they
addressed.”(39)
The Sharia, in the opinion of this historicist, was not a divine revelation
either but the fruit of the reality that created and fashioned it, and therefore it was
linked to this reality:
“The Sharia formulated itself with the movement of Islamic reality as
it evolved.”(40) “If we apply in-depth analysis as we observe the struc-
tures of the texts containing Sharia principles and rulings and the
social reality that produced these laws, we may end up revoking many
of these laws as historical rules that described a given reality rather
than produced a piece of legislation.”(41)
The advocates of this theory which striped religion of religion and operated
a major epistemological schism-first literary and then practical- with religious
certainty by transforming facts into diverse metaphors as the readers of religious
discourse change, have attempted to do so through some kind of absurd inter-
pretation. Unlike correct interpretation, whose foundations were laid down by
Muslim theologians, philosophers, interpreters and jurists, this interpretation is a
far cry from a correct method that respects linguistic rules and the constants of
faith.
Historicists have tried through this surreal and absurd interpretation to turn
the facts of divinity, prophethood and revelation into ridiculous and pathetic
metaphors. In this absurd interpretation Allah is: the earth, bread, cries of pain
and joy, armed struggle and agricultural reform. The attributes of Allah are those
of the perfect Man. Monotheism is the unity of humanity and the unity of history.
Revelation is the perfect construction of the world, secularity is the essence of
inspiration, and atheism is rebirth and the original meaning of faith!!!(43) Preserved
scripture is the recording of knowledge and sciences!!(44) Prophecy and revelation
are the power of the imagination and fantasy!(45) And so on and so forth with this
interpreting absurdity or absurd interpretation which is nothing but a mirror image
of Western Hermeneutics.
And because historicists overly quote the scholar and philosopher Abu al-
Walid Ibn Rochd (520-595/1126-1198) and consider him the father of rationalism,
philosophy and interpretation in the history of Islam, we will have Ibn Rochd
teach these masters of absurd interpretation the scientific and philosophical rules
of proper inference, so that we can strip their absurd theories of any claim to
science, intellect or the respect of reason.
Ibn Rochd warned that Arabic interpretation and inference -in Arabic- have
rules dictated by the language and that they are only acceptable once all linguistic
conditions have been met in a text. He says in this regard:
“Interpretation involves transferring the real meaning of a term into
the figurative one without that impinging upon the Arabs' linguistic
habit of transcending the actual term by using its synonym, cause,
effect or antonym or any other aspect cited in defining the forms of
metaphorical speech.”
Ibn Rochd also highlighted that Muslims believe that interpretation is valid
in some religious texts only. “Muslims have concurred that not all religious terms
should they all be interpreted”, adding that anything that reached “consensus
beyond any doubt can no longer be subject to interpretation.”
Equally, Ibn Rochd underlined that texts contain pointers that indicate where
and when inference is required. The lexicon of the religious law is one means of
(43) Heritage and Renewal, pp. 67, 69, 114, 128, 130, 176 and 177.
(44) From Faith to Revolution, Vol. 4, p. 135.
(45) The Concept of Text, p. 56.
73. Amara 28 9/11/11 10:57 Page 88
Ibn Rochd concluded that the premise of interpretation based on “the law of
Arabic inference” is “combining the rational and the narrated” and not to entirely
“substituting the rational for the narrated.”
Thus, Ibn Rochd set the rules of interpretation and the conditions that make
it lawful and that limit it to anything other than cannon, the principles of the
Sharia, the Unseen and miracles. He further made the interpretation of texts
dealing with other subjects conditional upon the respect of linguistic criteria and
the existence within the interpreted text of indicators, visible to all, of inter-
pretation possibilities.
Thus, the random and absurd interpretation of historicists has no link what-
soever to science and academia. Ibn Rochd was unforgiving in his judgment of
the heretics (Zanadiqa) who engaged in interpreting the principles of the Sharia,
miracles and the world of the Unseen.
Such is the historicism that strips divine religious texts of their sacredness
which was guaranteed by all religions and faiths.
(46) Ibn Rochd: Fasl al-Maqam bayna al-Hikma wa al-Sharia mina al-Ittissal, pp. 34-36, 46-48,
58-59, 61-62. Reviewed and authenticated by Dr. Mohamed Amara, Dar al-Maarif edition,
Cairo, 1999. Tahafut al-Tahafut, pp. 124-125, Cairo Editions, 1903. Manahij al-Adilla fi
'Aqaid al-Milla, pp. 49-51, reviewed and authenticated by Dr Mahmoud Qassim, Anglo-
Egyptian Library edition, Cairo, undated.
73. Amara 28 9/11/11 10:57 Page 91
It denies the generality, absoluteness and eternity of any facts, concepts and
rulings contained in divine scriptures.
It makes the Sharia a fabrication of reality and not a divine creation and
inspiration.
Historicism ends up relegating all religions, their books, creeds, laws and
value systems and morals to the repository of history. They are declared as bygone
when the page of their historical context was turned. To support its claims, histo-
ricism resorts to some form of absurd interpretation entirely at odds with the
science of interpretation for which philosophers and interpreters have laid rules.
This absurd interpretation sets the stage for an absurd play where its proponents
claim that Allah is the earth, bread, freedom, armed struggle and agricultural
reform, that the divine attributes of perfection and majesty and Allah's divine
names are attributes of Man, that monotheism is the unity of history, that faith is
atheism, that atheism is rebirth, and that prophecy is the power of the imagination
and fantasy as held by poets, priests and clairvoyants.
The advocates of historicism - who copied it to the letter from Western organic
Enlightenment-, argue that this Western enlightenment and this historicism behind
the West's rise and progress out of the Dark Ages. By emulating this example, they
claim that they want to bring about progress for our Ummah, yet they simply and
foolishly ignore the fundamental differences between our Islam and the Western
Christian theology, between our civilizational history and that of the West.
The West was governed by an ecclesiastic class that reduced truth and science
to the Bible, and banned experiments because they were profane - and the king-
dom of the Christ didn't belong to that profane world-. This institution decreed
as sacred the State and society and consecrated them when it ruled in the name
of divine right and delegation, negating in the process the power of the people.
It was them that the Church steered Europe straight into the Dark Ages. The
Enlightenment philosophers had no other option but this historicism to shatter
this legendary theology, release its grip over European peoples and ethnic
groups, and relegate it - with the claim of historicism- to the dumpster of history.
73. Amara 28 9/11/11 10:57 Page 92
But our Islam is innocent of ecclesiastics - it is in fact their enemy- and does
not even recognize the position of the Man of religion. Our civilizational history
never witnessed a movement of theology scholars.
It was Islam that encouraged the rational creativity drawing from the Quran
and supported the resort to the mind to defend the principles of faith.
It was Islam that urged Muslims to observe, reflect and ponder on all
creatures, including reality, and conduct experiments. That is why Muslims were
pioneers of experimental approach in the history of science in the world.
Our Islam is light, our Quran is light, wisdom for us is light, and seeking
this light is the right path towards progress and advancement.
The way is certainly not through historicism which came as a Western solution
to a Western problem: the problem of the dark ecclesiastic theology that led Europe
into a period of regression, stagnation, and darkness.
Our civilizational heritage did not experience the European problem which
justified European historicism, and there is no logic or wisdom in importing a
problem that is alien to us in order to import historicism as a solution to it.
L'ISLAM AUJOURD'HUI
Revue périodique de l'Organisation islamique pour
l'Education, les Sciences et la Culture -ISESCO-
N° 28 - 27e année
1433H / 2012
207 Dr Amara 15/11/11 12:21 Page 207
Dr Mohammed Amara(*)
Elle se manifeste dans les écrits des modernistes et des laïcs parmi les
partisans de cette tendance historique, qui réclament clairement et non sans
arrogance, la rupture, tant cognitive que pratique, avec la Charia islamique, voire
avec leur religion, leur morale et leur système de valeurs.
Nous allons nous contenter, à ce stade, de citer des extraits de textes et des
réflexions exprimés dans les projets intellectuels des trois modernistes laïcs
suivants :
Le premier(2) appelle à une rupture avec la loi islamique en prônant :
Premièrement : la réduction, jusqu'à la marginalisation, de la
jurisprudence procédant de l'Islam. Il dit, à ce sujet :
«Le Coran, qui comporte six mille versets, consacre moins de 700 versets
aux règlements régissant les questions de culte et de transactions, dont
environ 200 seulement traitent du statut personnel, des questions d'héritage
et des sanctions pénales. Les versets portant sur la législation dite du
comportement quotidien (fiqh al-mu'âmalât) ne représentent qu'une faible
proportion des 30 parties composant le Coran, soit 200/600, dont les versets
abrogés qui ne sont donc plus en vigueur. En d'autres termes, les règlements
en application sont inférieurs à 1 sur 30 ou, pour être plus exact, constituent
un total de 80 versets, soit 80/600 ou 1/75(3).»
Deuxièmement : En prétendant que la Charia islamique n'est pas une loi
jurisprudentielle, à l'instar de la loi de Moïse, (paix sur lui), mais une loi de
miséricorde, tout autant que la loi de Jésus (paix sur lui) est une loi d'amour,
on aboutit à la conclusion que l'Islam ne comporte pas de loi applicable.
Car, selon lui :
«La loi de Moïse fut la loi vraie qui fixe les obligations et prévoit des
sanctions à l'égard de tout méfait commis, la loi de Jésus étant celle de l'amour et
Mohammad celle de la miséricorde.(4) Or, le Message de Mohammad était un
message de miséricorde aussi bien que de morale, l'aspect jurisprudentiel étant
secondaire et moins important. En voulant attribuer au message de Mohammed un
caractère principalement jurisprudentiel, ce qui ne l'est pas, on fait de l'Islam une
version arabe du judaïsme devant être appréhendé selon la logique des Isrâ'iliyat(5).
Cette opinion ne fait pas l'unanimité chez les oulémas et théologiens, qu'ils
soient musulmans ou non-musulmans, quand bien même ils admettent le
caractère singulier de la charia islamique qui a réussi à concilier, voire unifier la
loi et la morale. De nombreux experts en droit romain et en jurisprudence
islamique abondent dans ce sens, notamment l'orientaliste David Santillana
(1845-1921) qui dit à ce propos :
«La doctrine religieuse et la loi signifient, aussi bien pour nous que pour
nos ancêtres les Romains, un ensemble de règles communes adoptées par le
peuple, directement ou à travers ses représentants, leur pouvoir étant inspiré par
la volonté du peuple, de son entendement, de ses principes moraux et de ses
coutumes. A l'inverse, l'interprétation islamique de cette question implique la
soumission à la loi, cette soumission étant considérée à la fois comme une
obligation sociale et un devoir religieux. Toute dérogation à ce principe constitue
non seulement un crime envers le système social, mais aussi une atteinte à la
religion. Ainsi, le système jurisprudentiel et la religion associés à la loi et à la
morale, sont-ils les deux formes uniques et indissociables de cette volonté dont
s'inspire la société islamique. Les questions juridiques ou judiciaires deviennent
de ce fait une affaire de conscience. Le côté moral, dans ce contexte, domine la
loi, unissant dans une parfaite harmonie les règles juridiques et les
enseignements moraux. Ce sont donc les principes moraux et de bienséance qui
déterminent les limites de la loi.(6)
Santillana met en relief la corrélation existant entre la loi et la morale en
Islam. Or c'est ce qui a amené les théologiens musulmans, depuis longtemps, à
affirmer que la totalité des versets du Saint Coran - qui est par excellence le Livre
qui guide sur le droit chemin - sont des versets à fond législatif, en ce sens qu'ils
comportent des dispositions juridiques expresses ou tacites. Traduit dans
l'expression fondamentaliste, cela revient à dire que ceux qui disent que seuls des
versets spécifiques correspondent littéralement aux dispositions concernées,
«visaient les versets portant clairement et prioritairement sur les dispositions
jurisprudentielles, et non ceux dont le sens est implicite ou soulignent un
engagement.(7) Comme s'ils voulaient que le Coran soit identifié à des dispositions
expresses. Or, la majeure partie du Coran, si ce n'est le Coran tout entier, demeure
une source d'où l'on peut puiser une disposition jurisprudentielle applicable.(8)»
(6) Santillana, La loi et la Société. Article de recherche publié dans Patrimoine de l'Islam, traduit
par Jerjes Fathallah, imprimé à Beyrouth, 1972, pp. 421-428.
(7) Zarkashi : Al-bahr al-muhît, vol 6, établi par Dr. Abdul Sattar Abu Ghada, Editions du Koweït.
(8) Ibn al-Najjar : Sharh al-Kawkab al-Munir. Authentifié par Mohamed al-Zuheily, traduit par
Nazih Hammad. Editions de l'Université d'Umm al-Qura, Makkah al-Mukarramah, 1987.
207 Dr Amara 15/11/11 12:21 Page 211
En effet, dans le Coran, la loi s'unit à la morale de sorte que tous les versets
sont des dispositions.
Troisièmement : Après avoir abrogé la totalité du texte du Coran, le
défenseur de ces allégations procéda à la réduction et la marginalisation des
versets jurisprudentiels selon une hypothèse fondée sur l'historicité et le
contexte des dispositions dictées par ces versets à leur révélation, sous
prétexte de la corrélation qu'il établit avec les motifs de révélation de ces
versets qui, selon lui, sont "ponctuels" et par conséquent n'ont plus de
raison d'être puisqu'ils ont été justement révélés pour répondre à une
circonstance spécifique de l'époque. Aussi, ces dispositions législatives
n'ont-elles, chez le parangon de cet historicisme, aucun caractère
d'universalité, de pérennité ou d'absolu.
Le défenseur de cette thèse indique que l'application de ces dispositions
demeurait spécifique au Prophète (PSL) et est confinée à son époque et sa
communauté. En d'autres termes, la page du système juridique de la charia islamique
a été intégralement tournée avec le décès du Prophète (PSL), allant jusqu'à
considérer "l'achèvement de la Révélation" comme une "absence de Révélation".
Dans sa perspective historique de la Charia islamique, il passe sous silence
la base que l'ensemble des théologiens de la Oumma, toutes doctrines
confondues, ont adopté, à savoir, "la base d'Al-'Ibra bi-Umum al-Lafdh lâ bi-
Khusus al-Sabab" (enseignement à tirer de la signification générale du verset
bien qu'il fût révélé pour une cause particulière). Il feint également d'ignorer que
les "motifs de Révélation" des versets répondent à des "contingences de
Révélation" et non à des "motifs" pour lesquelles ils ont été spécialement
révélés. A cet égard, le promoteur de cette réflexion souligne :
«L'acquiescement des croyants à la législation coranique se fondait, à l'époque
du Prophète, principalement sur la foi en Dieu qui est source de législation. Or avec
le décès du Prophète, le Hadith authentique prit fin simultanément avec l'arrêt de la
Révélation, interrompant ainsi l'autorité législative à laquelle les croyants ont
adhéré et ont fait confiance.(9)
C'est comme si la parole de Dieu -- qui est l'autorité législative - prenait fin
avec la mort du Prophète (PSL), sans s'achever pour autant. Mais en demeurant
effective et en appelant à l'obéissance jusqu'à ce que Dieu recouvre la Terre et
tout ce qu'elle contient.
Cette thèse est en contradiction avec la vérité de la révélation car les versets
circonstanciels ne représentent qu'une infime partie de l'ensemble du corpus
coranique :
- Le nombre total de versets est de 6.276 ;
- Pour l'imam Sayouti (849-911H / 1445-1505), connu pour sa flexibilité en
la matière, le nombre de versets à motif de révélation n'excède pas 888
versets, soit 14% de l'ensemble du saint Coran ;
- Chez al-Wahidi (468H /1076), qui était un tant soit plus scrupuleux dans
l'acceptation des interprétations relatives aux motifs de révélation, le nombre
ne dépasse pas 472 versets, soit 7,5% du total des versets du saint Coran.(15)
Les théologiens, notamment ceux qui ont traité des motifs de révélation,
s'accordent à reconnaître que les motifs de révélation objets de cette faible
proportion de versets constituent, non pas des motifs, mais plutôt des
circonstances qui ont suscité la révélation et les règles qui leur sont associées.
L'imam Zarkashi (745-794H/1344-1392) dit, à cet égard :
«Il était habituellement admis que lorsque l'un des Compagnons et adeptes
disait "ce verset a été révélé en telle ou telle occasion" de retenir que ce verset
comporte telle ou telle règle et non qu'il s'agissait du motif de sa révélation». En
d'autres termes, nous devons chercher les règles situationnelles qu'il comporte et
éviter de relier les règles aux circonstances.
Sayouti résume cette approche, habituelle aux Compagnons et adeptes, en
ces termes :
«En matière de révélation, il est avéré que les versets ne sont pas révélés le
jour même de la circonstance à laquelle ils correspondent».
Sayouti explique ensuite l'approche adoptée par les Compagnons et
adeptes, fondée sur Al-'Ibra bi-Umum al-Lafdh lâ bi-Khusus al-Sabab"
(enseignement général à tirer du verset bien qu'il fût révélé pour une cause
particulière), car la circonstance n'est pas plus importante que le principe
véhiculé pour le verset révélé. Il souligne, à cet égard :
«Des versets ont été révélés en des circonstances déterminées, et les
Compagnons et adeptes se sont accordés à passer outre les causes. Citons à titre
d'exemple la révélation du verset "Al-dhahhar" (la comparaison au dos de la
(15) Cf. notre ouvrage intitulé Suqut al-Ghuluw al-Ilmani (Effondrement de la surenchère laïque),
Ed. Dar al-Shuruq, publié au Caire, 1995, pp. 255-261.
207 Dr Amara 15/11/11 12:21 Page 214
(16) Watti, Motifs de la Révélation, Ed. Dar al-Tahrir, publié au Caire, 1382H, p. 5 et La Perfection
dans les sciences coraniques (Al-Itqan fi 'Ulum al-Qur'ân), Vol. 1, publié au Caire, 1935, p. 31.
(17) La Perfection dans les sciences coraniques, Vol. 1, p. 30.
(18) L'Essence de l'Islam, p. 148.
(19) Fondements de la Charia, p. 84.
207 Dr Amara 15/11/11 12:21 Page 215
besoins d'un moment qui l'a suscité. C'est donc invariablement et toujours la
situation événementielle qui le gouverne !!».
Pour le défenseur de ce projet intellectuel, il en serait de même de la
prophétie et de la Révélation qu'on ne peut qualifier de miracle. Il s'agirait, pour
lui, d'un phénomène humain exalté par une imagination débordante semblable à
celle qui enflamme les poètes et les devins. Il dit à cet égard :
«On peut recourir au concept "d'imagination" pour expliquer le sens de la
prophétie. Il s'agit, en cette occurrence, d'une projection vers le monde des anges
induite par l'imaginaire des prophètes, lesquels se distinguent des communs des
mortels par le choix divin dont ils font l'objet et leurs fortes dispositions naturelles.
Or si l'imaginaire du commun des mortels se manifeste pendant le sommeil lorsque
ses sens sont au repos pour projeter les impressions du monde extérieur vers
l'intérieur, les "prophètes", "poètes" et "devins" sont seuls en mesure d'utiliser le
pouvoir de cet imaginaire à la fois pendant le réveil et le sommeil. Mais il n'en
demeure pas moins que le prophète vient en tête de ce groupe sur le plan du
pouvoir de l'imaginaire, suivi par le soufi initié, puis par le poète.
Vue sous cet angle, la prophétie n'est donc pas un phénomène surnaturel
distinct, et cette transformation dont le prophète fait l'objet peut être comprise
comme une expérience singulière ou un cas d'hyperactivité créative. Tout ceci
pour dire que le phénomène de révélation -- le Coran -- n'était pas un phénomène
extraordinaire ou un prodige qui va au-delà des lois de l'époque, mais un
phénomène qui s'inscrit parmi les concepts et visions de la culture. Mohammed
-- premier destinataire du texte -- était ainsi non seulement une partie intégrante
de l'événement et de la société mais aussi un produit issu de cet événement.(38)»
Aussi le défenseur de cette tendance historiciste matérielle nie-t-il tout
caractère miraculeux et d'inimitabilité de la Révélation, des prophéties et des
Messages divins.
Ainsi, selon cette thèse, le Coran ne serait qu'un "discours historique et un
texte humain", et que toutes les vérités qu'il présente sont historicistes puisqu'ils
ne sont -- de son point de vue -- que le fruit des légendes du moment. Voilà
comment il l'explique :
«Les vérités (croyances) sont des conceptions liées au degré de lucidité et
du niveau des connaissances de l'époque concernée. Les textes religieux se sont
appuyés dans leur élaboration sur de nombreuses images mythologiques ainsi
d'énoncé en jurisprudence qui soit contraire, par son caractère apparent, à ce qui a
été mis en évidence, dans la mesure où après examen approfondi de l'ensemble de
ses constituants il ait été constaté des énoncés pouvant donner lieu à interprétation.»
Ibn Rochd a conclu que le but de l'interprétation fondée sur "le principe
arabe de l'interprétation" est de combiner le Maaqul (rationnel) avec le Manqul
(le texte), et non pas remplacer le Maaqul par le Manqul.
C'est ce qui a permis à Ibn Rochd de résumer les préalables de
l'interprétation comme suit :
1. L'interprétation doit être admise ;
2. L'interprétation porte sur les points où la preuve n'est pas apparente ;
3. L'interprétation doit être subordonnée à la maîtrise de la langue arabe
dans les points où la signification des énoncés oblige le passage du
propre au figuré ;
4. L'interprétation doit porter sur les points où il n'y a pas de consensus
quant au caractère apparent de l'énoncé ;
5. Privilégier le sens apparent dans certains textes en l'appliquant à d'autres
textes qui donnent lieu à interprétation;
6. Combiner le Maaqul et le Manqul, sans les comparer ou favoriser l'un
par rapport à l'autre ;
7. L'interprétation doit demeurer l'apanage des seuls gens versés dans la
science, sans accès pour le public et avec interdiction de publication dans
les ouvrages populaires, même si l'interprétation est correcte et satisfait
aux conditions et règles d'interprétation. Ibn Rochd dit, à cet égard :
«Cette interprétation ne doit pas être autorisée aux dialecticiens, pas plus
qu'au public en général. Et lorsqu'une interprétation est avancée par un non-
initié, ce dernier doit être, tout autant que son interprétation, taxé d'hérésie.
Les interprétations correctes ne doivent pas non plus figurer dans les
ouvrages de vulgarisation, et moins encore dans les livres subversifs. Tout
interprète de texte qui ne soit pas un initié est considéré comme hérétique.»
8. Quant aux questions relatives au domaine de l'occulte, les miracles, les
principes jurisprudentiels et tout ce que l'esprit humain est en mesure
d'appréhender, Ibn Rochd suggère qu'elles soient considérées dans leur
aspect apparent en évitant toute interprétation. Pour lui, la croyance s'obtient
de trois façons, à savoir, la rhétorique, la dialectique et l'argumentation. A
cet égard, il dit : «Nul besoin de donner d'exemples puisqu'il est apparent,
207 Dr Amara 15/11/11 12:21 Page 223
(46) Ibn Rochd, Fasl al-Maqal fima bayna al-Hikmati wal Shari'a min al-Ittisâl, établi par
Mohamad Amara, Ed. Dar al-Maarif, le Caire, 1999, pp. 34-36, 46-48, 58-59 et 61-62 ; et
L'incohérence de l'incohérence (Tahafut al-Tahafut), le Caire, 1903, pp. 124-125 ; Manahij al-
Adillah fi 'Aqaed al-Milla, établi par Dr Mahmoud Qassem, Ed. Bibliothèque anglo-
égyptienne, le Caire, non datée, pp. 49-51.
207 Dr Amara 15/11/11 12:21 Page 225