³Yuhèf ds Jhcs df da If thguc Zdstibdftc3

© <0<0 pcr ]ibuda Pigéf

Pulahmijc pcr Djhtcrhia Pitbcs,
Bhibh, EA. ==958
Zcjcs acs jdrdmkcs rdsdrvijcs.
I bdfcs qud sd hfjhqud ac mcftrirhc,
m cftrirhc, ais mhtis lâlahmis kif shjc tcbijis
t cbijis jd ai ]ifti Lhlahi,
FTDUI UD\]HÝF HFZD\FIMHCFIA® FUH® © 9888, <094 pcr Lhlahmi, Hfm.® Tsijc mcf
pdrbhsc jd Lhlahmi, Hfm.®
Da tdxtc lâlahmc hfjhmijc mcbc «\U\9850¾ ki shjc tcbijc jd ai \dhfi-Uiadri © 9850 ]cmhdjijds
Lâlahmis df Ibèrhmi Aithfi> © rdfcvijc 98;; ]cmhdjijds Lâlahmis Tfhjis. Tthahzijc mcf pdrbhsc.
Da tdxtc lâlahmc hfjhmijc mcbc «JKK¾ ki shjc tcbijc jd ai Lhlahi Jhcs kilai kcy ®, Zdrmdri
djhmhýf © ]cmhdjijds Lâlahmis Tfhjis, 9855, 9870, 9878, 98;=, 9885. Tsijc mcf pdrbhsc.
Ais mhtis lâlahmis birmijis «]P¾ kif shjc trijumhjis pcr da iutcr i pirthr jd ais adfguis crhghfiads.
Djhtijc pcr Grupc ]mrhldrd
Jhsdùc jd pcrtiji d hftdrhcr pcr Ijrhéf \cbifc
H]LF? 87;-9-5:589-08:-5
Mitdgcrâi? Zdcacgâi
Mcfvdrshýf i dpul? Mublumi ]tujhc
 Jdjhmitcrhi
J djhmc dstd fudvc ahlrc, ³Yuhèf ds Jhcs df da Ifthguc Zdstibdftc3? Mrdijcr,
ahldrtijcr y siavijcr, i bhs dstujhiftds, kdrbifcs y kdrbifis y ibhgcs y
ibhgis df ai pdqudùi mhujij jd Ldaèf> y i acs bhads jd pdrdgrhfcs, pistcrds y
pistcris y pdrscfis aihmis qud bd imcbpiùif ifuiabdftd i ai Zhdrri ]ifti i
dstujhir ais ]igrijis Dsmrhturis, df acs augirds jcfjd sd dsmrhlhý ai Lhlahi y sd
prdsdftý da bdfsiod trifsecrbijcr jd acs prcedtis y Odsÿs jd Fizirdt.
X i bhs
iprdfjâ dfkdrbifcs y kdrbifis,
fudstrc kcgir Hrhs, Jifhda,
da eufjibdftc jd aisDufhmd y Jivhj,
dfsdùifzis qudmcf
kcyquhdfds mrdmâ
mcbpirtc mcfy
ai hgadshi, ai imijdbhi y ai mcbufhjij df gdfdria.
Bumkis grimhis, bumkis vdmds…
 MCFZDFHJC

Pcrtiji
Pcrtiji
Pcrtijhaai
Pcrtij haai
Mrèjhtcs
Prdsdftimhýf
Prdsdftimhýf

P\DEIMHC
Prcpýshtc
Prcpýshtc
Jcmubdftcs piri dstujhir
dstujhir
Hbpcrtifmhi jda dstujhc
Grithtujds
Da Jhcs qud
qud trismhdfjd

HFZ\CJ
HFZ\CJTMMHÝF?
TMMHÝF? DA G\IF «XC ]CX¾
«Xc scy¾ bd dfvhý i vcsctrcs
Èa td ki jdmairijc ac qud ds ludfc
Bètcjcs jd dstujhc
Fudstrc dseudrzc bdtcjcaýgh
bdtcjcaýghmcmc
Bètcjcs jd dstujhc

MIPÂZTAC 9? DA JHC] UHUHDFZD

Tf Jhcs scldrifc
Acs fcblrds jd Jhcs

Da Jhcsjdahldrijcr
]dùcr acs doèrmhtcs
 Jhcs mcbc rdy

MIPÂZTAC <? DA JHC] JD AI P\CBD]I

Ai rdvdaimhýf jd Da-]kijjiy
Da Jhcs jd acs iftdpisijcs
Tf Jhcs qud prcbdtd
Hbpcrtifmhi jd ai prcbdsi jhvhfi

MIPÂZTAC =? DA JHC] M\DIJC\

Mrdijcr jd acs mhdacs y jd ai thdrri
Df da prhfmhphc
Mrdijcr y ecrbijcr
Hbpahmimhcfds tdcaýghmis

MIPÂZTAC :? DA JHC] ]IFZC

Ai sifthjij jd Jhcs
Ai sifthjij jd Jhcs
Ai hri jd Jhcs
Ai bhsdrhmcrjhi jd Jhcs
Da ibcr jd Jhcs

MIPÂZTAC 4? DA JHC] YTD HFZD\UHDFD

Bifhedstimhcfds jd Jhcs
Da éfgda jd Jhcs
Da Dspârhtu jd Jhcs
Ai piailri jd Jhcs
Ai silhjurâi jd Jhcs

MIPÂZTAC 5? DA JHC] MD\MIFC

Jhcs mcbc iaeirdrc, oirjhfdrc y pistcr
Da Jhcs sifijcr
 Jhcs mcbc pijrd y bijrd

MIPÂZTAC 7? DA JHC] YTD UHDFD

Da jribi dsmitcaýghmc
Da oujiâsbc jd Odsÿs
\daimhýf dftrd df da Ifthguc y da Fudvc Zdstibdftc

MIPÂZTAC ;? LHLAHCG\IEÂI ]DADMZI

 P\D]DFZIMHÝF

f bumkcs piâsds jd ai ýrlhti khspifc kilaiftd dxhstd ai dxprdshýf «acs péoircs

thréfjcads
qudiiaisvdmds
dsmcpdtis¾ mcf aidfqud sd quhdrd hfjhmir ai ilsurji hfvdrshýfqud
jd
D
acs pipdads thdfd augir bdjhc jd shtuimhcfds jdsmcfmdrtiftds
rczif yi mcf ac jdsmildaaijc. Puds lhdf, dsi ds ai sdfsimhýf qud bd hfvijd ia kimdr
ai prdsdftimhýf i ufc jd acs ahlrcs jda jcmtcr ]ibuda Pigéf. Bd shdftc mcbc «acs
péoircs thréfjcads i ais dsmcpdtis¾.
Df rdiahjij, kulhdri jdmahfijc dstd prhvhadghc jdoéfjcsdac i iaguhdf bés
mipimhtijc, sh fc eudri pcrqud bd sdftâi df jduji mcf bh ibhgc, da jcmtcr Pigéf,
quhdf kilâi immdjhjc i rdjimtir da prýacgc i bh ÿathbc ahlrc, Mrddr y rizcfir. Isâ
qud, kd tdfhjc qud isubhr dsti kcfri, pdrc imairifjc qud ac kigc jdsjd ai

pdrspdmthvi
mcfstrumthvcsjddsmrhtcs,
uf admtcr igrijdmhjc ikimhi
mcftrhluydfjc da iutcr
i﬉ifzir qud ac bh
y mcfscahjir ki edfutrhjc
jd ufi mcf sus
bifdri
bumkc bés haustriji y jcmubdftiji.
Jd kdmkc, da jcmtcr Pigéf fc fdmdshti prdsdftimhýf. Ds uf pistcr, dsmrhtcr,
mcfedrdfmhsti, tdýacgc y lhlahsti buy prcaâ﬉mc, ibpahibdftd mcfcmhjc y rdmcfcmhjc
df da bdjhc dmadshésthmc, fc scac jd kilai khspifi, shfc tiblhèf df ctrcs mcftdxtcs
muaturiads jhedrdftds df acs qud tiblhèf ds buy rdspdtijc. ]u jcf jd gdftds, su
sdfmhaadz, miahjdz y mdrmifâi muifjc sd ad aadgi i mcfcmdr pdrscfiabdftd, dsté buy
adocs jda dstdrdcthpc jhstiftd jda drujhtc subdrghjc df ai imijdbhi, da fudvc

maiustrc
da jdsjd
rdsguirjc jddasuqud acsjd
tcrrd drujhtcs
bir﬉a.clsdrvif, dxibhfif d hftdrprdtif da bufjc jdsjd
Da jcmtcr Pigéf, shf jdoir jd sdr uf drujhtc, ds iftds qud fiji uf pistcr y
bidstrc qud jhseruti jda mcftimtc mcf sus kdrbifcs df ai ed df ai hgadshi y qud fc
lusmi hbprdshcfir fh jdsmrdstir i sus cydftds df da jhéacgc mcthjhifc mcf su
siphdfmhi y mcfcmhbhdftc. Bd itrdvdrâi i sugdrhr qud èa dvhti mcfsmhdftdbdftd
muiaquhdr jdspahdgud dxkhlhmhcfhsti y cstdftcsc jd drujhmhýf qud fc sdi
dstrhmtibdftd fdmdsirhc df sus tritcs hftdrpdrscfiads, prcmurifjc jdsmdfjdr jd
ecrbi buy dbpéthmi ia fhvda jd mcfcmhbhdftc jd su hftdracmutcr piri mcfjumhrac

jdsjd iaaâ, mcf suthadzi,

jd iprdfjhziod. ibdfhjij
Ai drujhmhýf y jdprd﬉drd
dxpaâmhti ecrbi jdoirai
mish hfijvdrthji, i fhvdads supdrhcrds
piri sus ahlrcs.
 Ziftc isâ qud tcjcs sus ahlrcs ‚shf qud dstd sdi ai dxmdpmhýf‚ scf df biycr c
bdfcr grijc, dsmrhtcs imijèbhmcs, mcbc ac jdbudstri ai prceushýf jd fctis jd phd
jd péghfi, mcf ilufjifmhi jd rdedrdfmhis lhlahcgré﬉mis dspdmhiahzijis y
clsdrvimhcfds prceufjis y buy lhdf jcmubdftijis qud dsthbuaif ia dstujhcsc y ac
crhdfti jd ecrbi buy aÿmhji df da prcpýshtc jd ijdftrirsd bés i ecfjc
e cfjc y jd bifdri
sdguri df acs tdbis mcfshjdrijcs. Pdrc, hfmausc df sus ahlrcs, mcbc pcjré
mcbprclirac
buy da admtcr
jhvuagithvc, df dstdiadxmdadftd
isdquhlad lctýf jdfc
admtcr prcbdjhc budstri,
hfhmhijcacgri biftdfdr
df dstcs ufjd
tdbis, fhvda
tia
bcjc qud, sh isâ sd jdsdi, sd pudjdf cbhthr shf prcladbi tcjis ais fctis jd phd jd
péghfi shf qud pcr daac sd phdrji da khac c sd gdfdrdf vimâcs df da sdguhbhdftc i sus
hjdis, qud sd ji jd bifdri buy fituria y eémha, mcbc aadvijcs jd ai bifc, shf
dspdmhiads jh﬉muatijds piri cltdfdr ufi mcbprdfshýf sithseimtcrhi y lhdf
eufjibdftiji jd acs týphmcs ilcrjijcs.
Df rdaimhýf mcf da tdbi jd dstd ahlrc, su mcftdfhjc ds buy cpcrtufc y fdmdsirhc
piri ufi hgadshi qud ibdfizi mcf midr tcjc da thdbpc df fudvis ecrbis jd
birmhcfhsbc,
Birmhýf, quhdfkdrdoâi jdjd
kilaili acsjcs
prhbdrcs shgacs jda mrhsthifhsbc
jhcsds jhedrdftds? qud jdld suhfedrhcr
da jhcs prdsuftibdftd fcblrdjdai
Ifthguc Zdstibdftc? miprhmkcsc, vdfgithvc, mruda y dxmdshvibdftd sdvdrc> y da
Jhcs vdrjijdrc jda Fudvc Zdstibdftc? da Jhcs lcfjijcsc y jd ibcr, Pijrd jd
fudstrc ]dùcr Odsumrhstc. Jd kdmkc, ai Lhlahi jd Birmhýf fc tdfâi Ifthguc
Zdstibdftc ‚ac kilâi dahbhfijc jd uf scac tĽdrdtizc‚ y da Fudvc Zdstibdftc
dri bumkc bés rdjumhjc qud da fudstrc, puds ÿfhmibdftd mcftdfâi da Dvifgdahc jd
Aumis y ais dpâstcais jd Pilac. Tfi kdrdoâi qud fc sd ahbhti ia pisijc, puds kcy pcr
kcy ds pcshlad dfmcftrir i bumkcs mrhsthifcs qud sd jdadhtif df ai admturi jda
Fudvc
jdlhjc Zdstibdftc,
i su biycr pdrc bés lhdf
ifthgñdjij, pcmc dfc aijh﬉muatij,
dxtdfshýf jda Ifthguc.
shfc Xqud,
fc prcphibdftd
ia hguia qud
Birmhýf, dstéf aadfcs jd prdouhmhcs qud fc ads pdrbhtdf iprdmhir ai rdvdaimhýf jd
Jhcs df da Ifthguc Zdstibdftc df tcji su ibpahtuj, rhqudzi y prceufjhjij.
Pcr ac iftdrhcr y iuf shf prcpcfèrsdac dxprdsibdftd, dstd ahlrc pudjd tdfdr
uthahjij ipcacgèthmi i ai kcri jd jdedfjdr ai ed mrhsthifi jd quhdfds, mcbc acs
aaibijcs «fudvcs itdcs¾ mcf da bdjhéthmc \hmkirj Jiwnhfs i ai mildzi, ai itimif
dfecmifjc sus litdrâis oustibdftd mcftri da Jhcs jda Ifthguc Zdstibdftc, mcbc ac
ijbhtd shf ibligds da prcphc Jiwnhfs ia aifzir mcftri Èa ai shguhdftd jhitrhli,
prcjumtc,
Jhcs qud sdprdmhsibdftd, jd su hgfcrifmhi
ji df da Ifthguc Zdstibdftc,imdrmi
df acjdqud
ai rdvdaimhýf
pcjrâi buyjdalhdf
mirémtdr jd
sdr ufi
vdrshýf sdmuair jda birmhcfhsbc? «Da Jhcs jda Ifthguc Zdstibdftc ds pcshladbdftd
da pdrscfiod bés bcadstc jd tcji ai ﬉mmhýf? mdacsc y crguaacsc jd sdrac> uf
bdzquhfc, hfoustc d hbpaimilad bcfstruc> uf sdr vdfgithvc, sdjhdftc jd sifgrd y
ahbphijcr ètfhmc> uf bhsýghfc, kcbýeclc, rimhsti, hfeifthmhji. Gdfcmhji, ﬉ahmhji,
pdsthadftd, bdgiaýbifc, sijcbiscquhsti> uf bitýf miprhmkcsibdftd biaèvcac¾.
³Jd què bifdri rdspcfjdrdbcs acs mrhsthifcs iftd dsti cedfshvi y laisedbi
ifjifiji3
Df jda
Jhcs dstdFudvc
ahlrc vdrdbcs, dftcfmds,
Zdstibdftc qud sdqud da Jhcs jda
bifh﬉dsti df Ifthguc
OdsumrhstcZdstibdftc
y qud, adocsdsjd
da bhsbc
sdr uf
Jhcs trhlia rdstrhfghjc ia pudlac jd Hsrida, su mirémtdr ufhvdrsia, ÿfhmc, vhvc y
vdrjijdrc sd jdspahdgi y rdvdai jdsjd da prhfmhphc iftd acs cocs jdsprdouhmhijcs jd
quhdfds sd ijdftrif df ai admturi jda Ifthguc Zdstibdftc shf prdvdfmhcfds, jd tia
bcjc qud tcjcs acs tritcs jd Jhcs mcf su pudlac y mcf ai kubifhjij df ai èpcmi
vdtdrctdstibdftirhi dfmioif buy lhdf df su mirémtdr hfvirhilad pcr da qud Èa ds da
bhsbc iydr, y kcy y pcr acs shgacs, shf qud dxpdrhbdftd ai bés bâfhbi bujifzi fh
scblri jd virhimhýf y shf qud tdfgi qud cerdmdr jhsmuapis pcr sus hftdrvdfmhcfds df
ai Isâ,
khstcrhi rdghstrijis
puds, jdmhdrtc
sh lhdf ds bifdriqud
hfsphriji df da Ifthguc
acs mrhsthifcs Zdstibdftc.
jdldbcs hftdrprdtir da Ifthguc
Zdstibdftc i ai auz jda Fudvc y fc ac mcftrirhc, mcbc sumdjd mcf ais hgadshis qud
susmrhldf ufi vhshýf adgiahsti jd Jhcs, dstimhcfiji df da thdbpc y itismiji df da
pdftitdumc, ia bdocr dsthac jd acs sijumdcs> tiblhèf ac ds qud fc ds pcshlad
dftdfjdr ai rdvdaimhýf jd Jhcs df Odsumrhstc rdmcghji df da Fudvc Zdstibdftc, shf
kimdrac mcftri da trisecfjc prcvhstc pcr ai rdvdaimhýf jd Jhcs df da Ifthguc
Zdstibdftc. Kd ikâ, dftcfmds, ai pdrthfdfmhi y imtuiahjij jd dstd fudvc y miah﬉mijc
ahlrc jda jcmtcr Pigéf.

Prce. Irturc Hvéf \cois \uhz

Pistcr y ipcacghsti
Lcgcté, Mcacblhi
= jd oufhc jda <0<0
 P\DEIMHC
Jhcs, df da prhfmhphc, mrdý acs mhdacs y ai thdrri.
Ai thdrri dri uf mics tctia,
ais thfhdlais mulrâif da ilhsbc,
y da Dspârhtu jd
jd Jhcs sd bcv
bcvâi âi
sclrd ai supdr﬉mhd jd ais iguis.
Gèfdshs 9?9-<
P\CPÝ]HZC
Da clodthvc jd dsti clri ds dstujhir ai hjdi, da mcfmdptc y ai fituriadzi jd Jhcs
sdgÿf sd prdsdfti df acs jhvdrscs rdaitcs firrithvcs y pcèthmcs jd ai Lhlahi kdlrdi c
da Ifthguc Zdstibdftc mrhsthifc. Pirthmuairbdftd hjdfth﬉mirdbcs y dxpahmirdbcs
pcrmhcfds lâlahmis qud prdsdftif mirimtdrâsthmis jhvhfis hbpcrtiftds. Dviauirdbcs y
dxpacrirdbcs pcrmhcfds qud pudjdf mcftrhluhr i sulriyir, iprdmhir d hftdrprdtir
acs viacrds tdcaýghmcs, èthmcs, bcriads, djumithvcs, scmhiads y dsphrhtuiads iscmhijcs
ia Jhcs qud sd rdvdai df ai ahtdrituri lâlahmi. Dstujhirdbcs y ifiahzirdbcs tdxtcs
qud pudjdf mcftrhluhr pcshthvibdftd i ai via viacrimhýf ijdmuiji y mcbprdfshýf
pdrthfdftd jda Jhcs vhvc (]ia. :<”:=) qud, df dedmtc, ds da pdrscfiod bés hbpcrtiftd
jd ai ahtdrituri lâlahmi.
Da dstujhc jda mcfmdptc jd Jhcs, sdgÿf sd prcpcfd df dstd ahlrc, fc sd ji df da
vimâc. ]d lisi prhfmhpiabdftd df ai pcfjdrimhýf sclrhi y mrâthmi jd acs tdxtcs
mifýfhmcs jda Ifthguc Zdstibdftc.9 Fudstri ﬉fiahjij ds dviauir scsdgijibdftd acs
dsmrhtcs lâlahmcs piri dfeithzir y dxpahmir ais pdmuahirhjijds tdcaýghmis y jdsieâcs
dsphrhtuiads qud pudjdf irrcoir auz sclrd ai fituriadzi jhvhfi.
Fcs hftdrdsi mcbprdfjdr, dspdmâ﬉mibdftd, ais immhcfds jda Jhcs qud sd rdvdai i
Bchsès mcf fcblrd prcphc, qud pcstdrhcrbdftd hftdrvhdfd jd ecrbi ahldrijcri df
ai khstcrhi jda pudlac jd Hsrida y qud, ﬉fiabdftd, sd bifh﬉dsti jd bifdri
dxtricrjhfirhi df ai vhji y budrtd jd Odsÿs y df ai rdsurrdmmhýf jd Mrhstc.
Jdsdibcs dxpahmir y ipahmir ai i﬉rbimhýf qud ad lrhfji eudrzi d hjdfthjij i ai
tdcacgâi jda Ifthguc Zdstibdftc? ai scldrifâi jd Jhcs,< puds dsi mirimtdrâsthmi
jhvhfi ds da trisecfjc jda hbpcrtiftd tdbi dxpudstc y i﬉rbijc pcr acs prcedtis y
Odsÿs jd Fizirdt, da rdhfc jd Jhcs.
JCMTBDFZC] PI\I D]ZTJHI\
Acs jcmubd
jcmubdftcs léshmcs qud dstujhirdbcs df dstd trilioc jd tdcacgâi lâlahmi sd
hfmauydf df da Ifthguc Zdstibdftc. Tsirdbcs da mifcf jd ai Lhlahi kdlrdi,= qud sd
pudjd jhvhjhr df trds sdmmhcfds léshmis y eufjibdftiads. ]dguhbcs da tdxtc kdlrdc
puds, ijdbés jd sdr da bés ifthguc, eud ai Lhlahi qud uthahzý Odsÿs jd Fizirdt df su
bhfhstdrhc djumithvc y prceèthmc.
Ai prhbdri grif sdmmhýf sd mcfcmd mcbc ai «Zcré¾, qud df su sdfthjc ibpahc sd
dfthdfjd mcbc ady, iufqud jdsjd ufi pdrspdmthvi bés dstrhmti shgfh﬉mi
«hfstrummhýf
«hfstrummhýf¾. Hfmauyd acs prhbdrcs mhfmc ahlrcs jd ai Lhlahi, ds jdmhr, da Pdftitdumc?
Gèfdshs, Èxcjc, Advâthmc, Fÿbdrcs y Jdutdrcfcbhc
Jdutdrcfcbhc..
Ai sdgufji sdmmhýf, i ai muia fcs rdedrhbcs mcbc «Prcedtis¾, mcbprdfjd ahlrcs
firrithvcs (jdsjd Ocsuè kisti < \dyds, mcfcmhjcs mcbc prcedtis iftdrhcrds) y
tiblhèf prceèthmcs (Hsiâis, Odrdbâis, Dzdquhda y acs Jcmd, mcfcmhjcs mcbc prcedtis
pcstdrhcrds). Acs aaibijcs Jcmd, df ais mcbufhjijds mrhsthifis, sd hjdfth﬉mif mcbc
acs jcmd prcedtis bdfcrds, qud dsdfmhiabdftd scf ufi dspdmhd jd dxègdshs d
hftdrprdtimhýf
hftdrprdtimhý f khstýrhmi y tdcaýghmi jd ai Zcré.
Ehfiabdftd, ai tdrmdri sdmmhýf lâlahmi ds mcfcmhji mcf da tâtuac gdfèrhmc jd
«Dsmrhtcs¾, d hfmcrpcri bitdrhiads ahtdrirhcs y tdcaýghmcs, df pcdsâi y prcsi, buy
jhvdrscs, dftrd acs qud sd dfmudftrif? ]iabcs, Prcvdrlhcs, Ocl, acs mhfmc «\caacs¾
(Dstdr, Miftirds, \ut, Aibdftimhcfds y Dmadshistès), da ipcmiaâpthmc Ahlrc jd Jifhda
y ai jclad hftdrprdtimhýf tdcaýghmi jd ai khstcrhi jd Hsrida, Dsjris”Fdkdbâis y ais
Mrýfhmis.:
Ai mcbufhjij oujâi jd ai jhéspcri, pirthmuairbdftd ai qud vhvâi df Dghptc,
hfmcrpcrý df su ahtdrituri rdahghcsi ufi sdrhd jd ahlrcs y ijhmhcfds i acs ahlrcs
mifýfhmcs qud fc sd hfmauydf df ai Lhlahi kdlrdi. Dscs dsmrhtcs, rdjimtijcs df
grhdgc y mcfcmhjcs mcbc ipýmrhecs (jd imudrjc mcf ais mcbufhjijds prctdstiftds y
dvifgèahmis), c jdutdrcmifýfhmcs (piri ais hgadshis mitýahmi u crtcjcxi),
pcstdrhcrbdftd sd ads rdmcfcmhý iutcrhjij y sd hfmcrpcrircf df ai trijummhýf
lâlahmi mcfcmhji mcbc ai Uuagiti Aithfi, qud df da iùc 94:5, y pcr jdmhshýf jda
Mcfmhahc jd Zrdftc, eud rdmcfcmhji mcbc ai vdrshýf c﬉mhia jd ais mcbufhjijds jd ed
mitýahmis.4
Df tcrfc i dscs ahlrcs ipýmrhecs, Birtâf Autdrc hfjhmý, df uf hftdrdsiftd
ipèfjhmd tdcaýghmc jd su trijummhýf jd ai Lhlahi ia iadbéf qud, «iufqud drif
prcvdmkcscs y ÿthads, fc drif jda bhsbc fhvda jda rdstc jd ai Lhlahi kdlrdi¾.5 Jd dsi
ecrbi, jdsjd buy tdbprifc df ai khstcrhi jd ai \decrbi Prctdstiftd, ai ahtdrituri
ipýmrhei c jdutdrcmifýfhmi gdfdriabdftd fc sd hfmauyd df ais Lhlahis djhtijis piri
ais hgadshis dvifgèahmis.
Ai rdjimmhýf jda Ifthguc Zdstibdftc ds da rdsuatijc jd uf prcmdsc khstýrhmc y
tdcaýghmc dxtdfsc d hftdfsc qud tcbý iardjdjcr jd bha iùcs df mcbpadtirsd. Jdsjd
ais prhbdris dxprdshcfds pcèthmis criads kisti ai rdjimmhýf jd ai ahtdrituri firrithvi,
prceèthmi
prcmdsc jdy ecrbimhýf
jd silhjurâi, da Ifthguc
dsphrhtuia, Zdstibdftc
rdahghcsi, rdmcgd df
scmhia y pcaâthmi qudsus péghfis
thdfd uf airgc
sus mcbhdfzcs
khstýrhmcs df ifthguis mcbufhjijds fýbijis.
Prcshgud mcf ai ulhmimhýf jda pudlac jd Hsrida df ais thdrris jd Mifiéf, mcfthfÿi
mcf da dstijc bcférquhmc, pdrbifdmd juriftd da pdrâcjc dxâahmc y rdvhvd df da
rdtcrfc jda pudlac jd ai jhéspcri i Odrusiaèf. 7 Tf dstujhc sclrhc jd ai tdcacgâi qud
sd dfmudftri df dscs jcmubdftcs fc pudjd hgfcrir ais jhfébhmis scmhiads, pcaâthmis
y rdahghcsis qud sd bifh﬉dstif df dscs dsmrhtcs. Jd pirthmuair hbpcrtifmhi ds da
kdmkc jd qud sd rdvdai jdsjd buy tdbprifc df ai khstcrhi? da Jhcs lâlahmc jdsdi
dstiladmdr
pdjigýghmiuf pimtc culhmi
y pcaâthmi iahifzi mcf sujdpudlac.
ia ]dùcr X dsidfshfguair
ai Dsmrhturi uf fhvdai﬉rbimhýf
jhedrdftd iatdcaýghmi,
rdstc jd
jhvhfhjijds jda Crhdftd Bdjhc. Ds uf Jhcs qud fc scac thdfd mipimhjij jd
hftdrvdfmhýf df ai khstcrhi, shfc qud tiblhèf pcsdd da ﬉rbd mcbprcbhsc jd
dstiladmdr rdaimhcfds dstilads y trifsecrbijcris mcf su pudlac.
Ai tdcacgâi jda Ifthguc Zdstibdftc pudjd jdsmrhlhrsd mcbc da rdsuatijc jd uf
airgc prcmdsc jd dstujhc rhgurcsc y jd prdsdftimhýf shstdbéthmi jd ais hjdis y
mcfmdptcs sclrd Jhcs qud sd hfmauydf df ai prhbdri sdmmhýf jd ais Lhlahis mrhsthifis.
Dsis hjdis y mcfmdptcs ad jif mckdshýf y ufhjij i tcjc da Ifthguc Zdstibdftc>
ijdbés,
fcblrd ishrvdf
Bchsèsjdy qud
lisdaudgc
piri df
ai aimcbprdfshýf jd ai jhvhfhjij
khstcrhi ds rdmcfcmhjc qudJhcs
mcbc «da bifh﬉dsti su
y Pijrd jd
fudstrc ]dùcr Odsumrhstc¾.
Iufqud ds ufi jhsmhpahfi mhdftâ﬉mi rdaithvibdftd rdmhdftd, df sus rd﬌dxhcfds
hftdrfis sd hfmauydf dseudrzcs tdcaýghmcs jd hbpcrtifmhi. Df dedmtc, ai rdiahjij jd
ai tdcacgâi jda Ifthguc Zdstibdftc ds bés ifthgui qud su fcblrd prcphc. ; Iftds
qud sd pdfsiri, jhiacgiri c ifiahziri da tdbi jd ai tdcacgâi lâlahmi, acs mcfmdptcs
léshmcs rdedrdftds i Jhcs sd bifhedstilif mcf prcphdjij y ahldrij df ais péghfis jd
ai Lhlahi kdlrdi.
HBPC\ZIFMHI JDA D]ZTJHC
Da dstujhc jd acs mcfmdptcs qud sd rdaimhcfif mcf Jhcs df ai Lhlahi scf jd
hbpcrtifmhi miphtia piri pistcrds y pistcris, dstujhiftds jd tdcacgâi df sdbhfirhcs d
hfsthtutcs lâlahmcs y pdrscfis aihmis hftdrdsijis df mrdmdr dsphrhtuiabdftd y
jdsirrcaairsd df ai ed. Df prhbdr augir, da prdsupudstc tdcaýghmc y bdtcjcaýghmc bés
hbpcrtiftd piri dftdfjdr ai Lhlahi, dspdmâ﬉mibdftd piri mcbprdfjdr da Ifthguc
Zdstibdftc, ds ai dxhstdfmhi jd Jhcs, qud fc sd pcfd df juji df ais firrimhcfds
lâlahmis y qud sd prdsupcfd y prdsdfti mairibdftd jdsjd acs mcbhdfzcs bhsbcs jda
Ahlrc jd Gèfdshs (Gf. 9?9). Ds hbpcrtiftd fctir, ijdbés, qud da prctigcfhsti
hfjhsmuthlad jd ais firrimhcfds jd ahldrimhýf y jd ais immhcfds siavijcris kimhi da
pudlac jd Hsrida ds Jhcs. Da pdrscfiod eufjibdftia, qud sd rdvdaý i acs pijrds y i ais
bijrds jd Hsrida, y qud df bcbdftcs jd mrhshs fimhcfia hftdrvhfc df ai khstcrhi jd
bifdri rdjdftcri, fc ds ctrc shfc Jhcs, da ]dùcr mrdijcr jd acs mhdacs y jd ai thdrri.
Df tcrfc i dsd Jhcs rdjdftcr y ahldrijcr sd prdjhmif sdrbcfds y sd prdsdftif
dstujhcs lâlahmcs mcftdxtuiads. X df dsd dspârhtu jcmdftd ds ailcr jd acs pistcrds y
ais pistcris, acs bidstrcs y ais bidstris y tiblhèf jd acs tdýacgcs y ais tdýacgis jd
ai hgadshi, dxpcfdr mcf dedmthvhjij, grimhi, crhdftimhýf, silhjurâi y jdjhmimhýf ais
]igrijis Dsmrhturis. Da clodthvc ds qud acs mrdydftds, ais mcfgrdgimhcfds y ai
scmhdjij df gdfdria fc scac dfthdfjif da bdfsiod lâlahmc, shfc qud tiblhèf tdfgif
da jdsdc, ai mipimhjij y da mcbprcbhsc jd ipahmir sus dfsdùifzis i ai vhji jhirhi.
G\IZHZTJD]
Audgc jd vdhftd iùcs jd kildr pulahmijc iagufis hjdis df tcrfc ia ]dùcr jd ai
Dsmrhturi pcr prhbdri vdz, rdvhsc dscs tdbis i ai auz jd fudstris fudvis
hfvdsthgimhcfds y rd﬌dxhcfds. \dtcbc da mcfmdptc, puds da shgac vdhfthufc rdquhdrd
qud tdfgibcs ufi mcfmhdfmhi mairi jd ai fituriadzi jhvhfi. Ijdbés, ais hgadshis
fdmdshtif rdmurscs fcvdads piri mcbprdfjdr y prdjhmir ai fituriadzi jda Jhcs
dtdrfc> acs prdjhmijcrds y ais prdjhmijcris ifkdaif tdfdr ahlrcs qud ads jdf fudvcs
rdmurscs tdcaýghmcs, kcbhaèthmcs y pistcriads> y ais fudvis gdfdrimhcfds jdbifjif
dxpahmimhcfds hftdahgdftds
hftdahgdftds i ais prdguftis léshmis y eufjibdftiads jd ai vhji.
Dstd ahlrc hfmauyd iagufis hjdis qud kd dxpacrijc audgc jd iùcs jd rd﬌dxhcfds
tdcaýghmis, jèmijis jd trijummhcfds lâlahmis y jdmdfis jd ahlrcs pulahmijcs. Aadgi
dsti fudvi clri lâlahmi y tdcaýghmi bhdftris vdc i bhs kĽcs y fudris bijurir, y bd
pdrmitc qud bhs fhdtcs y fhdti dstéf mrdmhdfjc réphjibdftd, df uf bufjc jhedrdftd
ia qud bd pdrbhthý dstujhir y mcbdfzir bh bhfhstdrhc tdcaýghmc, ahtdrirhc y
djumithvc. X prdsdftc dsti pulahmimhýf df bdjhc jd ufi sdrhd dxtricrjhfirhi jd
jdsieâcs jd siauj y mrhshs dmcfýbhmi qud vhvd ai kubifhjij.
Df bdjhc jd ufi pifjdbhi hfdspdriji d hfbhsdrhmcrjd, dsmrhlhr sclrd Jhcs ds uf
grif gczc y uf jdsieâc dxtricrjhfirhc. Jhserutc ai hfvdsthgimhýf y ai rdjimmhýf jda
ahlrc, puds hfmauyc tdbis qud pcr iùcs bd kif ipishcfijc y kd jhserutijc. Pdrc
tiblhèf ds uf jdsieâc shfguair, puds ai gdftd prdgufti, què thpc jd Jhcs pdrbhtd da
suerhbhdftc jd tiftis pdrscfis hfcmdftds. X dsis i﬉rbimhcfds d hftdrrcgiftds bd
aadvif fudvibdftd i dxpacrir da ahlrc jd Ocl.
Ad igrijdzmc i Djhtcrhia Pitbcs y i su jhrdmtcr, Zkcbis \hlis ]cuzi, pcr ai
hfvhtimhýf qud bd khmhdrcf piri dsmrhlhr y prdsdftir dstd ahlrc. Ais mrhshs df ai vhji
fcs jif ludfis cpcrtufhjijds jd dsmrhlhr sclrd da Jhcs trifsecrbijcr jdsjd ai
pdrspdmthvi jd ai dspdrifzi. Phdfsc qud da èfeishs djumithvc jd Djhtcrhia Pitbcs
pudjd sdr uf ludf éfguac piri pcfdr dsti fudvi clri sclrd Jhcs df ais bifcs jd
mrdydftds khspifcpiraiftds hftdrdsijcs df prdsdftir i ai scmhdjij mcftdbpcréfdi
uf bdfsiod pdrthfdftd. Ijdbés, ai djhtcrhia ad lrhfji mcf dstd ahlrc ufi ludfi
cpcrtufhjij i ais pdrscfis qud dstéf dxpacrifjc ai ed, i jdsmulrhr y jhserutir
éfguacs sclrd Jhcs qud fc fdmdsirhibdftd sd dxpacrif jd ecrbi rdguair df acs ecrcs
acmiads jd ais mcbufhjijds jd ed.
Ads hfvhtc i addr mcf jdtdfhbhdftc dsti fudvi prdsdftimhýf jd bhs rd﬌dxhcfds df
tcrfc ia Jhcs jd ai Lhlahi, qud df da Fudvc Zdstibdftc sd ac mcfcmd mcbc da «Jhcs
y Pijrd jd fudstrc ]dùcr Odsumrhstc¾.
Piri dsti pulahmimhýf kd usijc ai trijummhýf jd ai Lhlahi mcfcmhji mcbc ai Fudvi
Udrshýf Hftdrfimhcfia (FUH), iufqud df virhis cmishcfds cptè pcr trijumhr acs
tdxtcs jda kdlrdc jhrdmtibdftd ia mistdaaifc. Dsti ds ufi vdrshýf jd ais ]igrijis
Dsmrhturis mcf uf buy iatc grijc jd ﬉jdahjij i acs bifusmrhtcs crhghfiads, ouftc i
uf fhvda dxtricrjhfirhc jd eimhahjij jd mcbprdfshýf
mcbprdfshýf..
DA JHC] YTD Z\I]MHDFJD
X piri ﬉fiahzir dstd prýacgc ad pdjâ i uf ludf mcadgi y ibhgc jd iùcs qud
dsmrhlhdri ufis jèmhbis mcf da tdbi jd Jhcs, qud hfmauyc i mcfthfuimhýf. ¡Grimhis,
Auhs Guhaadrbc Bcftiùdz Udgi!
Da Jhcs qud trismhdfjd
Drds da Jhcs mrdijcr
qud da jdscrjdf irrdgaistd
y df da Djèf mcacmistd,
mcacmistd,
da clodtc jd tu ibcr.
Da pcjdrcsc ]dùcr,
qud ufi fimhýf dsmcghstd,
pcrqud i Ilrikib tÿ ad pdjhstd,
qud jd su thdrri siahdri,
piri qud df tu fcblrd
fcblrd khmhdri,
tia y mcbc ad jĽhstd.
Drds Jhcs ahldrtijcr,
ibiftd jd ai ousthmhi,
ai bés iadgrd fcthmhi,
y léasibc df da jcacr.
jcacr.
Dsmumkistd tÿ da maibcr,
y i Bchsès isâ dadghstd,
dadghstd,
muifjc td ad ipirdmhstd,
df uf dxtriùc dadbdftc,
pcr èa tdrbhfý
tdrbhfý da tcrbdftc
tcrbdftc,,
tia y mcbc ad jĽhstd.
Drds Jhcs, ]dùcr y ibhgc,
jd Daâis, ]ibuda, Odetè
y jd prcedtis mcf ed,
miji ufc eud tdsthgc.
Jd Jivhj lioc tu ilrhgc,
muifjc rdy ﬉da tÿ ac khmhstd,
 uf jâi ad prcbdthstd,
y isdguristd su kdrdfmhi,
kdrdfmhi,
pcrqud td shrvhý
shrvhý i mcfmhdfmhi,
mcfmhdfmhi,
tia y mcbc ad jĽhstd.
Drds da Jhcs qud mdacsc,
dstiladmhstd hfstrummhc
hfstrummhcfds,
fds,
ia pudlac jhstd rizcfds,
piri uf euturc gacrhcsc.
gacrhcsc.
X isâ sd hfhmhý uf kdrbcsc,
mibhfir, pcrqud hfshsthstd,
mcf eudrzi ac mcfjuohstd,
pdrc uf jâi td cavhjý,
cavhjý,
y da misthgc ad aadgý,
tia y mcbc ad jĽhstd.

Zÿ drds uf Jhcs qud pdrjcfis,

y thdfd bhsdrhmcrjhi
bhsdrhmcrjhi
y pcrqud ibis ai mcfmcrjhi,
mcfmcrjhi,
shdbprd lusmis ais pdrscfis.
Mcf daais td rdaimhcfis,
i tu pudlac jdvcavhstd,
muifjc miuthvc ac vhstd,
mcf mcrizýf jdsgirrijc,
pcrqud shdbprd ac kis ibijc,
tia y mcbc ad jĽhstd.
Drds Jhcs jd ai prcbdsi,
jda Bdsâis qud vdfjrâi,
df tÿ fcblrd èa vdfmdrâi,
mcf piailri jd fcladzi.
Ia pudlac jd tu jdkdsi,
qud df ecrbirac td paimhstd,
i Odsÿs ikcri ad jhstd,
mcbc tu kĽc y siavijcr,
jdbcstrifjc isâ tu ibcr,
tia y mcbc ad jĽhstd.
 ]ibuda Pigéf
Nhsshbbdd, Eacrhji
9 jd oufhc jda <0<0

9 Iufqud ds hbpcrtiftd rdmcfcmdr y i﬉rbir ai hbpcrtifmhi tdcaýghmi d khstýrhmi jd ai ahtdrituri

hftdrtdstibdftirhi y jdutdrcmifýfhmi c ipýmrhei piri dftdfjdr ai rdaimhýf dftrd acs tdstibdftcs,
pirthmuairbdftd piri ai mcbprdfshýf jd ai tdcacgâi fdctdstibdftirhi, fudstrc èfeishs sd pcfjré df
ai ahtdrituri mifýfhmi jda Ifthguc Zdstibdftc. Da prcpýshtc fudstrc ds jdsmulrhr da mcfmdptc jd Jhcs
qud dbifi jd dsd mudrpc ahtdrirhc. Piri da dstujhc hfhmhia jd ai ahtdrituri jdutdrcmifýfhmi c ipýmrhei,
vdr ]. Pigéf, Piailri vhvi (Bhibh? Mirhld, 9884)> ‚‚, Da ]iftc jd Hsrida (Craifjc? IDZK, <000).
< Da tdbi jd ai scldrifâi jhvhfi ki shjc eufjibdftia df ai khstcrhi jda pdfsibhdftc mrhsthifc,
pirthmuairbdftd df ai tdcacgâi rdecrbiji. Df ai imtuiahjij, dsti tdcacgâi ki ijquhrhjc fudvi
hbpcrtifmhi pcr sus hbpahmimhcfds dmcaýghmis y mcftdxtuiads. Da Jhcs scldrifc dsté hftdrdsijc df ai
prdsdrvimhýf jd ai fituriadzi qud mrdý y qud scsthdfd.
= Piri prcpýshtcs jd dstd ahlrc, sdguhrdbcs da iféahshs mifýfhmc, sdgÿf sd bifh﬉dsti df ai Lhlahi
kdlrdi. Muifjc acs mcbdftirhcs y ais hftdrprdtimhcfds isâ ac ibdrhtdf, hfmcrpcrirdbcs da iféahshs jd
ctris vdrshcfds,
Hftrcjummhýf i ai pirthmuairbdftd ai grhdgiDjhtcrhia
Lhlahi kdlrdi (Lirmdacfi? ‚mcfcmhji mcbc, piri
Mahd, <09<),
<09<) ai ]dptuighfti‚. Udr ]. Pigéf,
dstujhir mcf jdtdfhbhdftc acs
méfcfds lâlahmcs y sus pdmuahirhjijds.
: \dspdmtc i acs dstujhcs mifýfhmcs jd hbpcrtifmhi pcjdbcs hjdfth﬉mir pirthmuairbdftd ai clri
maéshmi jd E. E. Lrumd, tkd Mifcf ce ]mrhpturd (Jcwfdrs Grcvd, Haahfchs? HftdrUirshty Prdss, 98;;), fc
scac pcr da imdrmibhdftc jdsmrhpthvc i acs jdsieâcs dxdgèthmcs y tdcaýghmcs qud prdsdfti df tcrfc i
dstd isuftc, shfc tiblhèf pcr ai bdtcjcacgâi djumithvi y ai lhlahcgrieâi qud hfmauyd y mcbdfti. Udr
tiblhèf i ]. Pigéf, cp. mht.
4 Df bhs clris, Piailri vhvi, cp. mht. d Hftrcjummhýf i ai Lhlahi kdlrdi tritc dstcs tdbis jd ai
ahtdrituri jdutdrcmifýfhmi y dxpahmc ai jhfébhmi iardjdjcr jd ai hfmaushýf y dxmaushýf jd dscs ahlrcs
ipýmrhecs df ais Lhlahis djhtijis piri mcbufhjijds dvifgèahmis y prctdstiftds.
5 Mhtijc pcr W. _hbbdrah, Bifuia jd tdcacgâi jda Ifthguc Zdstibdftc (Bijrhj? Djhmhcfds

7Mrhsthifjij, 98;0),
Df tcrfc i dstd p. 99.
tdbi jd ai khstcrhi jda pudlac jd Hsrida, pudjdf dstujhirsd ais clris maéshmis jd Ockf
Lrhgkt, Ai khstcrhi jd Hsrida (Lhalic? Jdsmadd jd Lrcuwdr, 9885)> ]hdgerhdj Kdrrbiff, Khstcrhi jd
Hsrida? Df ai èpcmi jda Ifthguc Zdstibdftc (]iaibifmi? ]âgudbd, 98;4), y ]. Pigéf, Khstcrhi jd
Hsrida (Lirmdacfi? Djhtcrhia Mahd, <098).
; Da rdmudftc jd ai khstcrhi jda dstujhc tdcaýghmc jda Ifthguc Zdstibdftc ds dxtdfsc, puds jdsjd acs
prhbdrcs dseudrzcs kcbhaèthmcs, jdvcmhcfiads y imijèbhmcs jd ai hgadshi prhbhthvi kisti ais
hfvdsthgimhcfds y prdjhmimhcfds mcftdbpcréfdis, ai tdcacgâi ki ougijc uf pipda hbpcrtiftd, iufqud
bumkis vdmds sd ki kdmkc jd ecrbi hbpaâmhti y fc shdbprd sd ki rdmcfcmhjc. Df da mipâtuac qud
prdsdftibcs ais jhvdrsis bdtcjcacgâis jd dstujhc jd ai tdcacgâi vdtdrctdstibdftirhi (mip. 9) sd
hfmauyd ufi lhlahcgrieâi listiftd hbpcrtiftd jd ai khstcrhi y ais bcjiahjijds jd èsti tif fdmdsirhi d
hbpcrtiftd jhsmhpahfi jd dstujhcs lâlahmcs.
 Hftrcjummhýf

DA G\IF «XC ]CX¾

Pdrc Bchsès hfshsthý?
‚]upcfgibcs qud bd prdsdftc iftd acs hsridahtis y ads jhgc?
«Da Jhcs jd sus iftdpisijcs bd ki dfvhijc i ustdjds¾.
³Yuè ads rdspcfjc sh bd prdguftif? «³X mýbc sd aaibi3¾

‚XC ]CXdsDA
X dstc YTDthdfds
ac qud ]CX qud
‚rdspcfjhý
jdmhrads iJhcs i Bchsès‚.
acs hsridahtis?
«XC ]CX bd ki dfvhijc i ustdjds¾.
Ijdbés, Jhcs ad jĽc i Bchsès?
‚Jhads dstc i acs hsridahtis?
«Da ]DÙC\, da Jhcs jd sus iftdpisijcs,
da Jhcs jd Ilrikib, jd Hsiim y jd Oimcl,
bd ki dfvhijc i ustdjds.

dstd ds bh Dstd ds bhpcr

fcblrd fcblrd dtdrfc>
tcjis ais gdfdrimhcfds¾.
Èxcjc =?9=-94
«XC ]CX¾ BD DFUHÝ I UC]CZ\C]
Da prcpýshtc jd dstd ahlrc ds dxpcfdr y ifiahzir ais hjdis qud df tcrfc i Jhcs sd
prdsdftif df da Ifthguc Zdstibdftc.8 Da clodthvc eufjibdftia ds dviauir acs
pisiods lâlahmcs qud fcs pdrbhtif imdrmirfcs i dsd pirthmuair d hfjhspdfsilad
pdrscfiod qud sd rdvdai jd ecrbi dxtricrjhfirhi, mcfthfui y prcgrdshvi df ais
]igrijis Dsmrhturis, y qud, bdjhiftd su hftdrvdfmhýf df ai vhji d khstcrhi jda
pudlac jd Hsrida, kimd fctcrhi y pÿlahmi su vcauftij kimhi ai kubifhjij.
Ai ﬉fiahjij hfjhsmuthlad jd dsti clri sclrd Jhcs df ai Lhlahi kdlrdi ds hjdfth﬉mir,
dstujhir y dxpcfdr acs tdxtcs lâlahmcs, rdvhsir ais hjdis rdahghcsis y ifiahzir acs tdbis
tdcaýghmcs qud pudjif irrcoir auz df fudstri lÿsqudji jd mcbprdfshýf jda ]dr
]uprdbc. Fcs hftdrdsi dstujhir ais firrimhcfds qud prdsdftif ia Jhcs qud sd rdvdaý
hfhmhiabdftd i Bchsès, piri ahldrir i acs kĽcs d kĽis jd Hsrida jd Dghptc, y qud
pcstdrhcrbdftd sd bifhedstý df ai vhji y clri jd Odsÿs jd Fizirdt y tiblhèf df ai
hgadshi mrhsthifi.
Dstd dstujhc, df dedmtc, fcs rdaimhcfi mcf ufi jhvhfhjij qud sd dspdmhiahzi df
hftdrvdfmhcfds khstýrhmis y bifhedstimhcfds rdiads df bdjhc jd ais vhvdfmhis jhirhis
jd su pudlac. X dsd Jhcs qud sd rdvdai df ai ahtdrituri lâlahmi, fc ds adoifc,
hfimmdshlad, rdbctc d hbpdrscfia. Da ]dùcr thdfd ai dxtricrjhfirhi mipimhjij y da
ludf jdsdc jd mcbufhmirsd jhrdmtibdftd mcf ais pdrscfis y acs pudlacs i trivès jd
ai fituriadzi y ai khstcrhi y tiblhèf bdjhiftd prcedtis, prcedthsis, simdrjctds y
pcdtis, dftrd ctris pdrscfis.
Tf rdaitc lâlahmc qud pcfd df ousti pdrspdmthvi dsti mcbprdfshýf jd ai jhvhfhjij
qud sd prdsdfti df ais firrimhcfd
firrimhcfds lâlahmis, sd dfmudftri df da Ahlrc jd Èxcjc.
]dgÿf ai firrimhýf lâlahmi, muifjc acs kĽcs d kĽis jd Hsrida dxpdrhbdftilif ai
cprdshýf y vhvâif df miuthvdrhc df Dghptc, Jhcs sd rdvdaý jd ecrbi fcvda y
dspdmtimuair i Bchsès. Df dsi tdceifâi c rdvdaimhýf jhvhfi, da ]dùcr ad aaibi y
mcbhshcfi i crgifhzir y pcfdr df dedmtc ufi dbprdsi ahldrijcri y uf prcydmtc jd
trifsecrbimhýf piri da pudlac jd Hsrida. Df bdjhc jd ufi zirzi irjhdftd, qud dstili
ulhmiji, jd imudrjc mcf da rdaitc lâlahmc, df «thdrri sifti¾, Jhcs mairibdftd ad jĽc
i Bchsès?

Pdrc da ]DÙC\ shguhý jhmhdfjc?

‚Mhdrtibdftd kd vhstc ai cprdshýf qud suerd bh pudlac df Dghptc.
Acs kd dsmumkijc qudoirsd jd sus mipitimds,
 y mcfczmc lhdf sus pdfurhis.
Isâ qud kd jdsmdfjhjc piri ahlriracs
jda pcjdr jd acs dghpmhcs y simiracs jd dsd piâs,
piri aadviracs i ufi thdrri ludfi y dspimhcsi,
thdrri jcfjd ilufjif ai admkd y ai bhda…
Èxcjc =?7-;i

Da rdaitc rdvdai virhcs ispdmtcs eufjibdftiads y mirimtdrâsthmis hbpcrtiftds jd ai

fituriadzi jhvhfi qud, pcstdrhcrbdftd, i trivès jd ai Dsmrhturi y df ai khstcrhi jda
pudlac, sd dxpifjdf y dxpahmif iÿf bdocr. Dsi pdrmdpmhýf jd Jhcs shrvhý jd lisd
piri ai hjdfthjij fimhcfia y piri ai mcbprdfshýf, dxpahmimhýf y rdmudftc jd ais
hftdrvdfmhcfds jhvhfis df bdjhc jd ai kubifhjij. Da rdaitc jd ai rdvdaimhýf jhvhfi
i Bchsès dsté df da mdftrc bhsbc jd ai tdcacgâi lâlahmi.
Jhcs «vd¾ da suerhbhdftc jd su pudlac. ]d rdvdai jd dsti ecrbi ufi jhvhfhjij qud
thdfd mipimhjij vhsuia, ds jdmhr, qud pcsdd da jcf jd ai vhsti, fc scac piri bhrir jd
ecrbi jhstiftd y jdsprdcmupiji ac qud sumdjd df da bufjc, shfc tiblhèf piri, ia
pdrmitirsd jd ac qud sumdjd y dviauir mrâthmibdftd ai rdiahjij kubifi, hftdrvdfhr
jribéthmibdftd df ai khstcrhi mcf uf prcpýshtc rdjdftcr y ahldrijcr. Da «vdr¾
jhvhfc ds ufi ecrbi jd mcbprdfjdr y scahjirhzirsd mcf acs hsridahtis, qud dstilif df
bdjhc jd ais pdfurhis y da miuthvdrhc i bifcs jda eiriýf dghpmhc.
Dsd «vdr¾ jhvhfc, ufhjc i su «câr¾, shgfh﬉mi mcbprdfshýf, shbpitâi y
pirthmhpimhýf.. \dvdai su jdsdc jd hftdrvdfmhý
pirthmhpimhýf hftdrvdfmhýf
f ahldrijcri y bifh﬉dsti su ifkdac jd
rdspcfjdr i ais fdmdshjijds kubifis bés prceufjis d hbpcrtiftds. Da Jhcs lâlahmc
«ahldri¾ pcrqud «vd¾ y «dsmumki¾, qud ds ufi bifdri jd jdmhr qud da ]dùcr rdjhbd
pcrqud dsté hftdrdsijc df pcfjdrir y itdfjdr ai mcfjhmhýf kubifi y thdfd ai
mipimhjij y da jdsdc jd «jdsmdfjdr¾ i ahldrir y rdjhbhr i ai kubifhjij jd sus
mcfgcois, miuthvdrhcs y cprdshcfds. Da «vdr¾ y da «câr¾ jd Jhcs mcfjumdf i su
«jdsmdfjdr¾ mcf vhrtuj rdjdftcri y pcjdr ahldrijcr.
Da pudlac jd Hsrida, tiftc df da rdmudftc jd ai khstcrhi fimhcfia mcbc df ai
irthmuaimhýf jd sus méfthmcs y muatcs, mcfthfuibdftd i﬉rbi dsi mcfvhmmhýf. Da Jhcs
qud sd rdvdaý i Bchsès «mcfcmd¾ ais ifgusthis jd acs hsridahtis, i﬉rbi su pcjdr
siavijcr y bifh﬉dsti su mairc mcbprcbhsc mcf ai gdftd df miuthvdrhc, creifjij y
fdmdshjij. Df ais firrimhcfds khstýrhmis, df ai rdjimmhýf jd adyds, df acs bdfsiods
prceèthmcs y df ais dxprdshcfds pcèthmis y rdahghcsis jda pudlac sd irthmuai mairi y
mcfthfuibdftd ai bhsbi sdgurhjij y sd rdvdai mcf grif eudrzi jribéthmi ai
shguhdftd mcfvhmmhýf?
Da ]DÙC\ ds bh rcmi, bh ibpirc, bh ahldrtijcr>
ds bh Jhcs, da pdùismc df qud bd rdeughc.
Ds bh dsmujc, da pcjdr qud bd siavi,
¡bh bés iatc dsmcfjhtd!
]iabcs 9;?<

Dsi i﬉rbimhýf léshmi, jd qud Jhcs ds da eufjibdftc jd ai dspdrifzi jda pudlac,

ds da khac mcfjumtcr prhbirhc jda pdfsibhdftc tdcaýghmc jda Ifthguc Zdstibdftc.
Dsi sdgurhjij ad jhc mckdshýf y sdfthjc jd jhrdmmhýf i ai tdcacgâi lâlahmi, y sdftý ais
lisds fdmdsirhis piri da jdsirrcaac pdjigýghmc, bcria, ﬉acsý﬉mc, tdcaýghmc y èthmc
jda Fudvc Zdstibdftc.
ÈA ZD KI JDMAI\IJC AC YTD D] LTDFC
Df da mcrizýf bhsbc jd tcjc pdfsibhdftc tdcaýghmc df ai Lhlahi sd dfmudftri Jhcs.
Dsti i﬉rbimhýf hfjhmi qud piri ai mcbprdfshýf ijdmuiji jd ai ahtdrituri lâlahmi
jdldbcs dftdfjdr ac qud ai Dsmrhturi jhmd df tcrfc i dsd shfguair pdrscfiod.
Ijdbés, fcs jdsieâi i hfvdsthgir y jdsmulrhr ais hbpahmimhcfds tdcaýghmis jd acs
mcfmdptcs y ais hjdis eufjibdftiads qud sd dxpcfdf df sus sdmmhcfds adgiads,
pcèthmis, khstýrhmis, prceèthmis y jd silhjurâi, dftrd ais qud pcjdbcs hjdfth﬉mir,
dstéf ais shguhdftds? dadmmhýf, iahifzi c pimtc, mrdimhýf, sifhjij, ahldrimhýf y
siavimhýf.
Jd pirthmuair hbpcrtifmhi ds hjdfth﬉mir y ifiahzir ais pcshlads rdaimhcfds dftrd ai
tdcacgâi y ai èthmi, dftrd da mcfmdptc jd Jhcs y da mcbpcrtibhdftc kubifc, dftrd
ais pdrmdpmhcfds jd ai jhvhfhjij y ais immhcfds jhirhis jda pudlac y acs hfjhvhjucs y
dftrd ai rdahghýf y ai bcriahjij. Dstd hbpcrtiftd iféahshs fcs pudjd iyujir i
dftdfjdr bdocr da tdbi jd ai dsphrhtuiahjij siaujilad y trifsecrbijcri.
Mish df miji péghfi jda Ifthguc Zdstibdftc sd kimdf i﬉rbimhcfds tdcaýghmis qud
thdfdf hbpahmimhcfds hbpcrtiftds piri ai mirimtdrhzimhýf jd Jhcs y piri ai
mcbprdfshýf jd su fituriadzi. Df bcbdftcs, Jhcs sd rdaimhcfi mcf ais pdrscfis y
acs pudlacs jd ecrbi fituria, âfthbi y kubifi. Df ctris hfstifmhis, shf dblirgc,
hftdrvhdfd df ai scmhdjij jd bifdri dxtricrjhfirhi mcbc pcjdrcsc mrdijcr jd ai
fituriadzi y da mcsbcs, mcbc ]dùcr jd acs doèrmhtcs y mcbc rdjdftcr y ahldrijcr jda
pudlac. Hfmaushvd, df ctris cmishcfds sd rdvdai df bdjhc jd ais ahturghis sdbifiads y
ais edsthvhjijds rdahghcsis y fimhcfiads jd ai mcbufhjij oujâi. Df dsis
bifhedstimhcfds y iutcrrdvdaimhcfds ds hbpcrtiftd fctir qud ds Jhcs quhdf aadvi da
pipda prctigýfhmc, y da qud thdfd iutcrhjij ilscauti sclrd ai kubifhjij, ai khstcrhi
fimhcfia d hftdrfimhcfia y ai fituriadzi.
Gdfdriabdftd ais rd﬌dxhcfds df tcrfc i Jhcs df da Ifthguc Zdstibdftc sd
prcjumdf mcbc rdspudsti kubifi i iagÿf thpc jd hftdrvdfmhýf c bifhedstimhýf
jhvhfi df ai khstcrhi. Df vdz jd jdsirrcaair uf shstdbi ﬉acsý﬉mc ilstrimtc c uf
prcgribi mcbpadoc jd tdcacgâi dspdmuaithvi, da Ifthguc Zdstibdftc prdsdfti sus
rd﬌dxhcfds i Jhcs mcbc pirtd jd ais firrimhcfds sclrd ai khstcrhi y ais vhvdfmhis
jhirhis jda pudlac jd Hsrida, df bdjhc jd crémuacs prceèthmcs, hfmcrpcrijcs df
crimhcfds y padgirhis jda tdbpac, d, hfmaushvd, mcbc pirtd jd ai silhjurâi pcpuair
qud sd pcfd jd bifh﬉dstc df prcvdrlhcs y siabcs.
 Ai tdcacgâi lâlahmi fc sd jdsmulrd df ai Lhlahi mcbc uf tritijc shstdbéthmc,
dxtdfsc, dfmhmacpèjhmc y imijèbhmc siturijc jd dspdmuaimhýf, shfc mcbc pirtd jd
ais rd﬌dxhcfds mcfthfuis jda pudlac df tcrfc i ai vhji y sus rdiahjijds y jdsieâcs. 90
Dsi pdmuahirhjij ds ai qud pdrbhtd qud df bdjhc jd ai tdcacgâi lâlahmi sd
dfmudftrdf fc scac iailifzis, dspdrifzis y grithtujds, shfc tiblhèf qudois, jcacrds
y jdsdspdrifzis. Ai tdcacgâi jda Ifthguc Zdstibdftc hfmcrpcri df sus rd﬌dxhcfds ai
vhji
Dstd bhsbi
thpc jdjd tdcacgâi
ai mcbufhjij,
lâlahmimcf
fcsusdsrdiahjijds
hjdiahsti hfbdjhitis
fh hauscrhi,y shfc
jdsieâcs
rdia,dxhstdfmhiads.
hfbdjhiti,
pdrthfdftd y mcftdxtuia.
Jdsjd ai pdrspdmthvi kdlrihmi, ai dxhstdfmhi jd Jhcs fufmi sd pcfd df dftrdjhmkc.
]dgÿf da tdsthbcfhc lâlahmc, Jhcs dxhstd y bifh﬉dsti su pcjdr y iutcrhjij df bdjhc
jda mcsbcs, ai kubifhjij y ai khstcrhi. Ai ed jda pudlac jd Hsrida, jd imudrjc mcf
ais firrimhcfds dsmrhturiads, sd eufjibdfti df rdiahjijds mcfmrdtis, df dxpdrhdfmhis
rdiads, df vhvdfmhis khstýrhmis. Fc ds da prcpýshtc jd acs iutcrds sigrijcs dspdmuair
sclrd Jhcs, fh tibpcmc dstéf buy hftdrdsijcs df dxpacrir ac ilstrimtc d hftifghlad.
Fc sd prdsdfti ai tdcacgâi lâlahmi mcbc uf tritijc shstdbéthmc df tcrfc i ai
jhvhfhjij.
Ds buy hftdrdsiftd d hbpcrtiftd fctir, ia dstujhir acs rdaitcs df tcrfc i Jhcs,
qud acs dsmrhtcrds lâlahmcs fc dstéf hftdrdsijcs df rd﬌dxhcfir sclrd ais ecrbis jd
mcfcmdr i Jhcs, fh dxpahmif mýbc Èa sd ads ki rdvdaijc.99 Iufqud da tdbi jd Jhcs
dsté prdsdftd df ac qud dsmrhldf, fc jdsirrcaaif fh dxpcfdf mrhtdrhcs bdtcjcaý
bdtcjcaýghmcs
ghmcs
piri dftdfjdr acs prcmdscs jd rdvdaimhýf fh piri jhsmuthr ais ecrbis crjhfirhis c
dxtricrjhfirhis
dxtricrjhfirh is df qud ai rdvdaimhýf jhvhfi ads aadgý. Ac eufjibdftia ds dxpcfdr sus
pdrmdpmhcfds d hftdrprdtimhcfds jd ai hftdrvdfmhý
hftdrvdfmhýf f jhvhfi> ac prhcrhtirhc ds irthmuair
ufi tdcacgâijdqud
jd crémuac, sd prdsdfti
silhjurâi, df ecrbirdahghcsi
jd dxprdshýf jd rdaitc,dfjddadfsdùifzi,
muatc. jd crjdfifzi c ady,
Acs pdrscfiods lâlahmcs thdfdf dxpdrhdfmhis sustifmhiads mcf ai jhvhfhjij df
bdjhc jd ais vhvdfmhis mcthjhifis? p. do., Ilrikib sd dfmcftrý mcf Jhcs df su
mibpibdftc fýbiji y juriftd sus vhiods pcr acs jdshdrtcs> Bchsès rdspcfjhý i ac
sigrijc fc scac df ai mublrd jda bcftd ]hfiâ, shfc tiblhèf df da piaimhc jda eiriýf
y df ai thdfji jda dfmudftrc> acs rdyds, acs simdrjctds y acs prcedtis dftdfjâif qud
kilâif shjc ufghjcs y mcbhshcfijcs pcr Jhcs piri mubpahr rdspcfsilhahjijds
adgiads, scmhiads, ijbhfhstrithvis, pcaâthmis, rdahghcsis y iuf bhahtirds, qud sd
aadvilif i dedmtc df ai scmhdjij mhvha y df da tdbpac> d, hfmaushvd, acs rdaitcs jd Ocl
dvhjdfmhif qud Jhcs sd bifhedstý df da suerhbhdftc, df ai mrhshs pdrscfia y eibhahir
y iuf df bdjhc jd ais jujis d hfmrdjuahjijds.
hfmrdjuahjijds.
 Dsi pirthmuair mirimtdrâsthmi tdcaýghmi jd ai ed jda Ifthguc Zdstibdftc, qud vd ai
prdsdfmhi jd Jhcs d hftdrprdti su immhýf vhtia df ais vhvdfmhis mcthjhifis jd acs
hfjhvhjucs y ai mcbufhjij, fc ds da rdsuatijc jd ai eiati jd sc﬉sthmimhýf tdcaý
tdcaýghmi
ghmi fh
tibpcmc rdspcfjd i uf sdfthjc jd pcmc jdsirrcaac ﬉acsý﬉mc y djumithvc. Mcfmauhr
qud ais mcfvhmmhcfds y i﬉rbimhcfds tdcaýghmis jd ai Dsmrhturi jd Hsrida scf
bcjdstis y prdmirhis pcrqud mirdmdf jd shstdbis tdcaýghmcs shstdbéthmcs
shstdbéthmcs ds uf drrcr
biyÿsmuac? df dedmtc,
jd acs jcmubdftcs ds ufi ygrif
lâlahmcs ufieiati jd mcbprdfshýf
hftdrprdtimhýf jd ai fituriadzi
dquhvcmiji tdcaýghmi
jd acs tdsthbcfhcs
dsmrhturiads firrithvcs qud dstéf i fudstri jhspcshmhýf.
Ai vhtiahjij y vhrtuj tdcaýghmi jda Ifthguc Zdstibdftc rdshjd dspdmâ﬉mibdftd df
su mcftdxtuiahjij, df su pdrthfdfmhi, df su dxprdshýf jd pudlac, df su mcthjhifhjij,
df su rdvdaimhýf jhirhi, df su mcbprdfshýf jd ai vhji. Ai prceufjhjij jd dsd thpc jd
pdfsibhdftc tdcaýghmc sd rdaimhcfi âfthbibdftd mcf ac mcbÿf y jhirhc jd ais
hftdrvdfmhcfds jd Jhcs. Ai mÿsphjd jd ai tdcacgâi vdtdrctdstibdftirhi fc ds da
jdsmulrhbhdftc jd uf shstdbi jd dspdmuaimhýf khpctèthmi, shfc ai i﬉rbimhýf y
mdadlrimhýf
hftdrvdfhr dfmcfthfui
ai khstcrhijdy uf
df aiJhcs qud thdfd
mcbufhjij, ai mipimhjij
y tiblhèf y dai hfjhvhjucs,
sd rdvdai mcbprcbhscpiri
jd
jdbcstrir su fituriadzi sifti, su rdspcfsilhahjij rdjdftcri, su jdsdc jd ahldrimhýf
y su mcbprcbhsc mcf ai piz qud sd eufjibdfti df ai ousthmhi.
Ai prdgufti léshmi y bés hbpcrtiftd jd ai tdcacgâi jda Ifthguc Zdstibdftc fc ds
sh Jhcs dxhstd, shfc mýbc dsi jhvhfhjij sd bifh﬉dsti ahlrdbdftd df bdjhc jd ai
scmhdjij. Da jdsdc hfbdjhitc ds mcbprdfjdr mýbc dsi jhvhfhjij mcftrhluyd
dedmthvibdftd ia jdsirrcaac jd uf shstdbi scmhia, pcaâthmc, rdahghcsc y dsphrhtuia qud
pcfgi jd bifh﬉dstc su mcbprcbhsc mcf acs viacrds hbpcstdrgilads jd ai vdrjij, ai
ousthmhi, ai piz y ai sifthjij. Ai prdcmupimhýf eufjibdftia jd dsti tdcacgâi fc ds
«prclir ai dxhstdfmhi jd Jhcs¾, shfc jdsmulrhr, hjdfth﬉mir, dxpahmir, i﬉rbir y
mcftdxtuiahzir ais bifhedstimhcfds jhvhfis df ai vhji jd hfjhvhjucs, mcbufhjijds y
fimhcfds, y tiblhèf df ai fituriadzi y da mcsbcs.
Fc ads hftdrdsi i acs dsmrhtcrds jd ai Lhlahi dxpahmir acs prcmdscs y ais jhfébhmis jd
mýbc ds qud Jhcs hftdrvhdfd d hftdrpdai i ais fimhcfds, pirthmuairbdftd i Hsrida, y i
acs hfjhvhjucs. ]u tdcacgâi dsté shdbprd prdsdftd df ac qud miftif, dfsdùif y
dsmrhldf, puds sd iaujd rdguairbdftd i ai prdsdfmhi jhvhfi df ais firrimhcfds
pitrhirmiads y bitrhirmiads, acs jcmubdftcs adgiads, acs rdaitcs khstýrhmcs, ais
pcrmhcfds prceèthmis, ais dfsdùifzis jd silhjurâi, acs siabcs, acs prcvdrlhcs, acs
ipcmiahpshs y acs pcdbis. Df dedmtc, da mcfcmhbhdftc jd Jhcs ijquhdrd jhbdfshcfds
tif mdrmifis d âfthbis df da adfguiod lâlahmc, qud da bhsbc tèrbhfc kdlrdc
«mcfcmdr¾ fc scac iaujd i ai jhfébhmi jd ijquhrhr y ishbhair hfecrbimhýf, shfc qud
tiblhèf sd uthahzi piri jdsmrhlhr ai hfthbhjij jd ais rdaimhcfds sdxuiads. «Mcfcmdr¾
ds dstir mdrmi…
Mcfcmdr i Jhcs fc ds scac sildr jd su dxhstdfmhi y rdmcfcmdr su rdiahjij, tiblhèf
ds dxpdrhbdftir su prdsdfmhi y ibcr, qud sd bifh﬉dstif df ai vhji jd bifdri
mcfthfui y shstdbéthmi. Ais ecrbis jd iutcrrdvdaimhýf jhvhfi sd prcjumdf df ai
piailri dsmrhti y df ai kilaiji, df ai khstcrhi y df ai fituriadzi, df ai gudrri y df ai
piz. Da mcfmdptc jd Jhcs ds ai eudrzi prhbirhi qud ad ji mckdshýf y shgfh﬉mijc i ai
ahtdrituri y ia pdfsibhdftc tdcaýghmc jda Ifthguc Zdstibdftc. ]dgÿf da bdfsiod
prceèthmc, dsi rdvdaimhýf jhvhfi ia sdr kubifc sd rdaimhcfi âfthbibdftd mcf
bifhedstimhcfds mcfmrdtis jd ousthmhi, bhsdrhmcrjhi, kubhajij y ibcr?
¡Xi sd td ki jdmairijc ac qud ds ludfc!
l udfc!
Xi sd td ki jhmkc ac qud jd th dspdri da ]DÙC\?
Primthmir ai ousthmhi, ibir ai bhsdrhmcrjhi,
y kubhaairtd iftd tu Jhcs.
Bhqudis 5?;
BÈZCJC] JD D]ZTJHC
Ia mcbdfzir da iféahshs jda mcfmdptc jd Jhcs df da Ifthguc Zdstibdftc ds
hbpcrtiftd hjdfth﬉mir y dftdfjdr mýbc sd kif dstujhijc dstcs tdbis i trivès jd ai
khstcrhi.9< Ai prdgufti eufjibdftia ia imdrmirfcs i ai tdcacgâi lâlahmi sd rdaimhcfi
mcf ai hjdfth﬉mimhýf jd acs tdbis prhcrhtirhcs y ai dxpahmimhýf jd dscs isuftcs jd
ufi ecrbi mckdrdftd y shstdbéthmi. Iufqud ai tdcacgâi lâlahmi fc sd prdsdfti jd
bifdri shstdbéthmi df ai Dsmrhturi, ai dxpcshmhýf jd dsis hftdrprdtimhcfds jdld
irthmuairsd jd iagufi ecrbi crjdfiji y mckdrdftd.
Acs imdrmibhdftcs bdtcjcaýghmcs piri dstujhir ai tdcacgâi jda Ifthguc
Zdstibdftc kif shjc virhcs, y df bumkis cmishcfds sd mcbpadbdftif y sd
rdaimhcfif. Gdfdriabdftd, dscs thpcs jd dstujhcs tdcaýghmcs uthahzif bés jd ufi
bdtcjcacgâi piri dxpahmir pcrmhcfds mcbpadois c piri ifiahzir sdmmhcfds lâlahmis jd
jhedrdftds pdrâcjcs y dsthacs
dsthacs ahtdrirhcs virhijcs. Acs bètcjcs qud sd hjdfth﬉mif d
hfmauydf i mcfthfuimhýf scf scac ufi bifdri crjdfiji jd dxpcfdr ai rhqudzi jd ais
jhvdrsis ecrbis df qud, i trivès jd ai khstcrhi, sd kif dstujhijc acs prhfmhpiads
tdbis tdcaýghmcs df da Ifthguc Zdstibdftc.9=
Da bètcjc jdsmrhpthvc9: pcfd su itdfmhýf df ai dxpcshmhýf jdtiaaiji jd ac qud da
tdxtc lâlahmc quhsc jdmhr i ai mcbufhjij hsridahti, fc df ac qud shgfh﬉mi da bdfsiod
dsmrhturia da jâi jd kcy. Dsti bdtcjcacgâi pcfd df dvhjdfmhi ufi bifdri jd
jdsmrhlhr y dxpahmir ais hjdis, acs tdbis y ais hbpcrtifmhis tdcaýghmis jd acs isuftcs
y ais prdcmupimhcfds jd acs dsmrhtcrds lâlahmcs, piri ai mcbufhjij qud shrvhý jd
dftcrfc i dscs bdfsiods y qud dsmumký y adyý dsis i﬉rbimhcfds tdcaýghmis df da
pdrâcjc df qud sd prdsdftircf. Da prcpýshtc eufjibdftia jd ai tdcacgâi lâlahmi,
sdgÿf dstd bcjdac, ds mcbprdfjdr y dxpahmir acs mcftdfhjcs y ai hbpcrtifmhi jd acs
tdbis lâlahmcs df da mcftdxtc crhghfia df qud sd prdsdftircf.
Tfi clodmhýf hbpcrtiftd i dstd bètcjc ds su fituriadzi ahbhtiftd, puds fc sd
rdaimhcfi, df dstd thpc jd iféahshs, da tdbi tdcaýghmc jd ai Dsmrhturi mcf ais
rdiahjijds imtuiads jd acs mrdydftds y ai scmhdjij. Tfi mrâthmi eufjibdftia ds qud
mcf dsti bdtcjcacgâi ac qud sd prcjumd ds ufi dspdmhd jd khstcrhi jd ai rdahghýf jd
Hsrida, fc uf tritijc jd tdcacgâi lâlahmi. Iufqud ds buy hbpcrtiftd y fdmdsirhc
dftdfjdr da bdfsiod jd ai Lhlahi piri sus rdmdptcrds crhghfiads, fc ds bdfcs
hbpcrtiftd jdsmulrhr y ipahmir ais hbpahmimhcfds khstýrhmis y mcftdbpcréfdis i ais
dfsdùifzis dsmrhturiads léshmis y crhghfiads.
 Da bètcjc mcfedshcfia94 pcfd jd rdahdvd da hbpcrtiftd d hfjhspdfsilad
mcbpcfdftd jd ai ed mrhsthifi df acs dstujhcs jda Ifthguc Zdstibdftc. Ai tdcacgâi
lâlahmi, sdgÿf dsti bdtcjcacgâi, ds ufi dbprdsi jd ai ed, qud fimd df ais
mcfvhmmhcfds
mcfvhmmhc fds jd ai hgadshi y qud dfthdfjd da Ifthguc Zdstibdftc mcbc ai Piailri jd
Jhcs. Ai Lhlahi kdlrdi eud da ÿfhmc tdxtc dsmrhturia adâjc d hftdrprdtijc pcr Odsÿs y
sus jhsmâpuacs, y pcstdrhcrbdftd pcr ais hgadshis prhbhthvis. Da Fudvc Zdstibdftc
aadgý audgc jd jèmijis jd rd﬌dxhcfds lâlahmis lisijis scaibdftd df ais dfsdùifzis
jda tdxtc kdlrdc y ais piailris jd Odsÿs. Dsti bifdri mcfedshcfia jd dstujhir da
Ifthguc Zdstibdftc sd jhedrdfmhi jda dstujhc jda jdsirrcaac jd ais hjdis rdahghcsis,
qud mhdrtibdftd ds ufi hbpcrtiftd imthvhjij imijèbhmi, puds fc jdpdfjd jd ai ed
fh jd ais mcfedshcfds mrhsthifis, y thdfd sus prcphcs mrhtdrhcs bdtcjcaýghmcs y
prhcrhjijds tdcaýghmis.
Ai jhmctcbâi qud prdsupcfd dsti bdtcjcacgâi mcfedshcfia jd dstujhc ki shjc
sdvdribdftd mrhthmiji jdsjd virhis pdrspdmthvis. Iufqud sd rdmcfcmd pcshthvibdftd
ai mcftrhlumhýf buy fdmdsirhi y rdqudrhji jda dstujhc jd ai tdcacgâi jdsjd ai
pdrspdmthvi jd ai ed ‚pirthmuairbdftd jd ai ed mrhsthifi‚, sd jdld dstir mcfsmhdftd
jd ais ahbhtimhcfds y acs jdsieâcs qud dsti ecrbi jd iféahshs hfmcrpcri i ai tirdi.
Pirthmuairbdftd hbpcrtiftd ds ai jhsthfmhýf dftrd mcfcmhbhdftc y ed qud sd
bifh﬉dsti df hftdrprdtimhcfds lâlahmis qud mcftripcfdf ac ilscautc y ac rdaithvc, ai
trismdfjdfmhi y ai hfbhfdfmhi. Dsis jhsthfmhcfds scf dsdfmhiabdftd iodfis ia
pdfsibhdftc lâlahmc y pcfdf mirgis i ai tdcacgâi lâlahmi qud mcbpahmif ai tirdi
hfvdsthgithvi. Ai vdrjij ds qud ai ed vdrjijdri lusmi mcbprdfjdr y jdsmulrhr,
hfjdpdfjhdftdbdftd
hfjdpdfjhdftdbd ftd jd ais trijhmhcfds rdahghcsis.
Da bètcjc trifsvdrsia95 ds da qud sd jdjhmi i hjdfth﬉mir acs prcmdscs y dvdftcs
khstýrhmcs qud sd dfmudftrif sulyimdftds df ai dxpdrhdfmhi rdahghcsi jda pudlac. Da
prcpýshtc ds jdsmulrhr ais mrddfmhis eufjibdftiads jda Ifthguc Zdstibdftc, sdgÿf
sd prdsdftif df acs jhvdrscs pdrâcjcs, piri mcbprdfjdr y dxpahmir su shgfh﬉mijc
prceufjc. Mcf dsti bdtcjcacgâi jd dstujhc sd jdsmulrd da tdbi tdcaýghmc léshmc
qud ufd hfjhvhshladbdftd ia Ifthguc mcf da Fudvc Zdstibdftc? ai hrrupmhýf
dxtricrjhfirhii jda rdhfc jd Jhcs qud aadgi piri dstiladmdrsd df ai thdrri.
dxtricrjhfirh
Dsti shfguair bdtcjcacgâi rdmkizi, jd ecrbi ilscauti, da dsqudbi trijhmhcfia
dxtrilâlahmc jd prdsdftir ai tdcacgâi jd ecrbi shstdbéthmi, mcf acs viacrds jd Jhcs,
sdr kubifc y siavimhýf mcbc fcrbithvcs. Df su jdedmtc, hjdfth﬉mi da tdbi jd ai
iahifzi c da pimtc mcbc da viacr tdcaýghmc eufjibdftia qud ad ji mckdshýf y ufhjij
i ai tdcacgâi lâlahmi. Da Jhcs lâlahmc kimd iahifzis mcf su pudlac, qud sd jdbudstrif
df acs pimtcs ifthguc y fudvc, ds jdmhr, da Ifthguc y da Fudvc Zdstibdftc.
 Ai jh﬉muatij biycr mcf da usc y ai ipahmimhýf jd dsti bdtcjcacgâi ds ai
hbpcshlhahjij jd mcftdfdr df scac ufi mitdgcrâi biycr (p. do., da pimtc c ai iahifzi)
ai ibpahtuj khstýrhmi, mcbpadohjij dxdgèthmi y dxtdfshýf ﬉acsý﬉mi jda pdfsibhdftc
rdahghcsc y tdcaýghmc jda Ifthguc Zdstibdftc. Dsd dseudrzc jd dxpahmir, mcf uf scac
prhfmhphc rdmtcr, iufqud sdi hbpcrtiftd y fdmdsirhc, ai tdcacgâi lâlahmi, fc kimd
ousthmhi i ais jhvdrsis, rhmis
rhmis y pirthmuairds vdrthdf
vdrthdftds
tds tdcaýghmis qud sd hfmauyd
hfmauydf
f df ai
Lhlahi kdlrdi. Fc sd pudjd dfmcftrir uf jdfcbhfijcr mcbÿf qud ilirqud ai
tctiahjij jd ais dxprdshcfds rdahghcsis y tdcaýghmis jd ais Dsmrhturis jd Hsrida. Ai
jhvdrshjij y pauriahjij jda bitdrhia lâlahmc jdld tcbirsd df mcfshjdrimhýf ia tritir
jd dxpahmir sus mcftrhlumhcfds tdcaýghmis.
Da bètcjc jhimrýfhmc97 ds da qud rdmcfcmd ai mcbpadohjij, virhdjij y dxtdfshýf
jd ais trijhmhcfds lâlahmis ia pcfjdrir ai tdcacgâi jda Ifthguc Zdstibdftc. Ds ufi
bdtcjcacgâi eufjibdftiji df ais trijhmhcfds khstýrhmis y prceèthmis jd Hsrida>
ijdbés, hfmcrpcri da rdsuatijc jd ais hfvdsthgimhcfds mhdftâ﬉mis y mrâthmis jd acs
dstujhcs lâlahmcs bcjdrfcs. Dstd thpc jd tdcacgâi lâlahmi fc scac rdmcfcmd da
hbpcrtiftd mcftdfhjc khstýrhmc jd ais i﬉rbimhcfds rdahghcsis jda pudlac jd Hsrida,
shfc qud tcbi sdrhibdftd df mcfshjdrimhýf da mcbpcfdftd «ndrhgbéthmc¾, ds jdmhr,
ais mcfedshcfds y acs mrdjcs jda pudlac oujâc, qud sd pcfdf jd bifh﬉dstc df da
tdsthbcfhc dsphrhtuia y fimhcfia.
Dsti tdcacgâi ds dbhfdftdbdftd mcfedshcfia y firrithvi, puds rdaiti, irthmuai y
mudfti ais mcbprdshcfds jda pudlac rdedrdftd i ai mcfthfui imthvhjij jd Jhcs df ai
khstcrhi. Ds ufi bifdri jd mcbprdfjdr ais rdedrdfmhis i Jhcs y sus
hftdrprdtimhcfds, jdsjd da éfguac jd ais grifjds mcfedshcfds jd ed jda pudlac jd
Hsrida, qud sd rdvdaif df sdmmhcfds firrithvis,
firrithvis, pcèthmis y prceèthmis.
Ai biycr mrâthmi qud dsti bdtcjcacgâi ki rdmhlhjc ds su hfmipimhjij piri
hjdfth﬉mir uf mdftrc léshmc jd ai tdcacgâi, c pcr ac bdfcs rdmcfcmdr uf tdbi
prhcrhtirhc df ais trijhmhcfds tdcaýghmis jd ai Dsmrhturi. Dsi iblhgñdjij
bdtcjcaýghmii miusi grivds jh﬉muatijds df da prcmdsc jd ipahmimhýf jd acs rdsuatijcs
bdtcjcaýghm
jda dstujhc tdcaýghmc.
Da bètcjc mifýfhmc9; jd dstujhc jd ai tdcacgâi jda Ifthguc Zdstibdftc ds da qud
thdfd mcbc clodthvc kimdr ufi rd﬌dxhýf tdcaýghmi jd ai Lhlahi df su mcftdxtc
mifýfhmc. Dspdmâ﬉mibdftd dstd bètcjc dstujhi ais mitdgcrâis tdcaýghmis, sdgÿf sd
prdsdftif y ipirdmdf df da Ifthguc Zdstibdftc, y ad ji prhcrhjij i ais mhtis jda
Ifthguc qud sd hfmauydf df da Fudvc Zdstibdftc. Dstd imdrmibhdftc ia dstujhc
lâlahmc thdfd, dftrd sus virhis vhrtujds, ais shguhdftds mirimtdrâsthmis? tcbi
sdrhibdftd df mcfshjdrimhýf ai tctiahjij jda bdfsiod lâlahmc, qud piri acs mrhsthifcs
ds eufjibdftia d hbpcrtiftd> y, ijdbés, rdmcfcmd ai hbpcrtifmhi jda mirémtdr
fcrbithvc qud acs mrdydftds ad jif ia tdxtc lâlahmc. Dstd bètcjc ds tiblhèf buy
ÿtha piri prdsdftir da rdsuatijc jd ai hfvdsthgimhýf mhdftâ﬉mi i pdrscfis fc hfhmhijis
df da dstujhc mrâthmc jd ais ]igrijis Dsmrhturis.
Da biycr jdsieâc jd dsti bdtcjcacgâi ds pcshladbdftd su bhsbi vhrtuj? ai
rdaimhýf dftrd da Ifthguc y da Fudvc Zdstibdftc. Da bcvhbhdftc tdcaýghmc dftrd
acs jcs Zdstibdftcs fc shdbprd ds mairc y mcfthfuc, y bumkis vdmds ds mcbpadoc.
Ais jhedrdfmhis khstýrhmis, scmhiads, rdahghcsis y pcaâthmis qud prdsupcfdf dscs
hbpcrtiftds dsmrhtcs gdfdrircf jhvdrgdfmhis tdcaýghmis y prcphmhircf ufi grif
virhdjij jd dxpdrhdfmhis rdahghcsis y dsphrhtuiads. Dsis virhiftds sd bifh﬉dstif df da
dstujhc jd ai Dsmrhturi, y mcbpahmif ai mcfthfuhjij hftdrtdstibdftirhi.
Da bètcjc pcstbcjdrfc98 ds jd crhgdf bés rdmhdftd, y fc scac aaibi i uf miblhc
rijhmia df ais ecrbis jd dstujhc lâlahmc trijhmhcfia, shfc qud jdbifji, ijdbés, ufi
rupturi mcf acs prdsupudstcs ﬉acsý﬉mcs y tdcaýghmcs qud jhdrcf pisc i ai tirdi
hftdrprdtithvi jda shgac vdhftd. Ai shtuimhýf pcstbcjdrfi thdfd mirimtdrâsthmis
scmhiads, rdahghcsis y pcaâthmis pirthmuairds qud jdldf tcbirsd df mcfshjdrimhýf ia
dbprdfjdr ai tirdi jd hfvdsthgimhýf jd ai tdcacgâi lâlahmi. Jd pirthmuair
hbpcrtifmhi df da prcmdsc ds da rdmcfcmhbhdftc jd qud ai tdcacgâi lâlahmi fc sd
pudjd dftdfjdr ijdmuijibdftd pirthdfjc jd mitdgcrâis prdmcfmdlhjis, puds da
Jhcs lâlahmc, jd imudrjc mcf ais firrimhcfds jhspcfhlad
jhspcfhlads,
s, fc sd mcfecrbi eémhabdftd
i acs prdsupudstcs jcgbéthmcs qud jhmti ai tdcacgâi shstdbéthmi, fh tibpcmc
rdspcfjd ijdmuijibdftd i ais ﬉acsceâis bcjdrfis c pcstbcjdrfis.
Da dstujhc jd ai tdcacgâi lâlahmi, jdsjd ai pdrspdmthvi pcstbcjdrfi, jdld tcbir
sdrhibdftd df mcfshjdrimhýf da adfguiod sclrd Jhcs uthahzijc df ai Lhlahi. Dsd
prcmdsc fcs pdrbhtd jdsmulrhr qud ai rdtýrhmi y ai sdbéfthmi oudgif pipdads
prctigýfhmcs df da dstujhc jd ai tdcacgâi. Ifiahzir mrâthmibdftd da adfguiod sclrd
Jhcs df da Ifthguc Zdstibdftc y rdvhsir sus jhvdrscs mcbpcfdftds ahfgñâsthmcs,
﬉acaýghmcs y sdbéfthmcs, fcs pdrbhtd da bcvhbhdftc jhfébhmc qud fcs budvd jd ai
supdr﬉mhd jd acs pisiods lâlahmcs, kisti pdrbhthrfcs pdfdtrir ais mitdgcrâis
eufjibdftiads jda bdfsiod, y jdsmulrhr df ais dstrumturis prceufjis jd ai Dsmrhturi
acs tdbis léshmcs qud eimhahtiréf ai pcfjdrimhýf, ai mcbprdfshýf y da iprdmhc jd ai
dxtricrjhfirhii fituriadzi jhvhfi df da Ifthguc Zdstibdftc.
dxtricrjhfirh
FTD]Z\C D]ETD\_C BDZCJCAÝGHMC
Df da dstujhc, ai rdjimmhýf y ai prdsdftimhýf jd dstd fudvc dseudrzc piri irthmuair
ufi hftrcjummhýf ia mcfmdptc jd Jhcs df da Ifthguc Zdstibdftc, sd kif tcbijc df
mcfshjdrimhýf
mcfshjdrimhý f virhcs eimtcrds tdcaýghmcs y bdtcjcaýghmcs jd hbpcrtifmhi. Df prhbdr
augir, sd kif hfmcrpcrijc acs rdsuatijcs pdrthfdftds jd ais hfvdsthgimhcfds
dxdgèthmis, tdcaýghmis, mifýfhmis, scmhcaýghmis y mrâthmis jd ai Dsmrhturi, y sd ki
dftrijc df jhéacgc mcf virhcs jd sus dxpcfdftds y rdprdsdftiftds bés hbpcrtiftds.
Ziblhèf sd ki prdstijc grif itdfmhýf ia dstujhc jd ai khstcrhi jd Hsrida, tiftc df acs
kdmkcs mcbc df ais trijhmhcfds.
Ijdbés, sd kif tcbijc sdrhibdftd df mudfti ais dviauimhcfds rdmhdftds df tcrfc
i ai ahtdrituri lâlahmi, dspdmâ﬉mibdftd da pcjdr jd dvcmimhýf d hfsphrimhýf qud
bifh﬉dstif acs jcmubdftcs dsmrhtcs. Ehfiabdftd sd kif dviauijc ais hbpahmimhcfds
jd acs dstujhcs jd ai khstcrhi jd ais rdahghcfds y rdahghcfds mcbpirijis piri da
jdsirrcaac jd ufi tdcacgâi lâlahmi, puds Hsrida, dspdmâ﬉mibdftd, jdsirrcaaý sus
pdrmdpmhcfds tdcaýghmis y sus hjdis rdahghcsis df jhéacgc c mcfercftimhýf mcf ctrcs
pudlacs df da Ifthguc Crhdftd Prýxhbc.
Df mhdrtc sdfthjc, dstd ahlrc sd rdaimhcfi âfthbibdftd mcf ai khstcrhi jd ai
siavimhýf, y fcs aadvi ia ublria jda dstujhc jda Fudvc Zdstibdftc. Df dedmtc, fc
pudjd dftdfjdrsd ai ahtdrituri mrhsthifi fh da bhfhstdrhc jd Odsÿs jd Fizirdt shf
mcbprdfjdr ijdmuijibdftd
ijdmuijibdftd ais hjdis rdahghcsis qud ad jhdrcf rizýf jd sdr i fudstrc
]iavijcr, y qud shrvhdrcf jd dftcrfc ﬉acsý﬉mc y tdcaýghmc ia bhfhstdrhc jd ais
pdrscfis qud rdjimtircf ai ahtdrituri fdctdstibdftirhi. Pcr tia rizýf, ai sdmmhýf
﬉fia dxpacriré ais rdaimhcfds dftrd acs jcs Zdstibdftcs y dviauiré virhis
hbpahmimhcfds bhshcfdris piri ais hgadshis mrhsthifis jd ai tdcacgâi
vdtdrctdstibdftirhi.
LHLAHCG\IEÂI
\dspdmtc i ai lhlahcgrieâi qud sd uthahziré y i ai qud sd kiré rdedrdfmhi df dstd
dstujhc, jdldbcs kimdr ufi fdmdsirhi y pdrthfdftd imairimhýf bdtcjcaýghmi. Ais
fctis birghfiads iaujdf mcf rdguairhjij i acs ahlrcs, ais hfvdsthgimhcfds y acs
irtâmuacs qud pudjdf mcfsuatirsd piri imair
imairir
ir iÿf bés iagÿf tdbi jd hbpcrtifmhi.
Dsis fctis scf jd viacr hfmiamuailad piri acs dstujhiftds y drujhtcs qud jdsdif
prcsdguhr da jhéacgc mcf da iutcr jd dstd ahlrc c qud sd hftdrdsif pcr prceufjhzir c
mcbprdfjdr iÿf bdocr iagufcs jd acs tdbis ifiahzijcs.
Df da mipâtuac ﬉fia sd hfmcrpcri, ijdbés, ufi lhlahcgrieâi sdadmti sclrd ai
ahtdrituri qud dxpacri ais hjdis bés hbpcrtiftds jhsmuthjis df dstd fudvc ahlrc
sclrd ³Yuhèf ds Jhcs df da Ifthguc Zdstibdftc3 Dsi sdmmhýf ds fdmdsirhibdftd
ahbhtiji, fc scac pcr rizcfds jd dspimhc, shfc pcrqud df ais clris mhtijis sd
hfmauydf lhlahcgrieâis bés dxtdfsis y dspdmâ﬉mis. Ijdbés, df ais fctis birghfiads
sd dxpacrif mcbdftirhcs y rd﬌dxhcfds sclrd iagufis jd ais clris qud sd hjdfth﬉mif
df ai lhlahcgrieâi sdadmti.
I trivès jd dstis péghfis sd kimd rdedrdfmhi mcfthfui i virhis clris jd
hbpcrtifmhi miphtia df tcrfc i ai jhsmhpahfi jd ai tdcacgâi lâlahmi. Dstcs ahlrcs scf
hbprdsmhfjhlads df muiaquhdr dstujhc tdcaýghmc jda Ifthguc Zdstibdftc pcr
mcftrhlumhcfds bdtcjcaýghmis y tdcaýghmis qud kif kdmkc i dstd mibpc jd
hfvdsthgimhýf,
hfvdsthgimhý f, y pudjdf uthahzirsd mcf silhjurâi y ouhmhc mrâthmc piri dftdfjdr bdocr
acs tdbis dxpudstcs, puds bifh﬉dstif iagufi vhrtuj qud sd ki qudrhjc jdstimir df
ai mhti.
Df prhbdr augir, sd mhtiré rdguairbdftd ai clri jd Wiatdr Lrudggdbiff pcr da
imdrmibhdftc pcstbcjdrfc ia tdbi y pcr su mipimhjij jd rdaimhcfir acs tdbis
tdcaýghmcs mcf ai tirdi bhshcfdri y pistcria. Ziblhèf sd kiré rdedrdfmhi mcfthfui i
ais mcftrhlumhcfds jdstimijis y maéshmis jd Djbufj Oimcl, Wiatkdr Dhmkrcjt, P. vif
Hbsmkcct, Gdrkirj vcf \ij y Wiatkdr _hbbdrah, <0 fc scac pcr ai hbpcrtifmhi qud
sus ipcrtimhcfds ahtdrirhis kif kdmkc ia mibpc jd ai tdcacgâi vdtdrctdstibdftirhi,
shfc tiblhèf pcrqud sus clris dstéf jhspcfhlads df mistdaaifc. Dsi mipimhjij jd
pcjdr dstujhir y ifiahzir sus dsmrhtcs df dspiùca ds ufi vhrtuj pirthmuair y buy
hbpcrtiftd, pirthmuairbdftd piri acs dstujhiftds qud fc jcbhfif da hjhcbi hfgaès
u ctrcs hjhcbis durcpdcs, mcbc da pcrtuguès, da iadbéf, da erifmès d da htiahifc.
8 Iufqud dstcy mcfsmhdftd jd ais jh﬉muatijds sdbéfthmis y tdcaýghmis qud pudjd gdfdrir ai
hjdfth﬉mimhýf jd ai Lhlahi kdlrdi mcbc Ifthguc Zdstibdftc ‚p. do., pcr ai mrddfmhi jd qud ac
ifthguc yi ki shjc supdrijc pcr ac fudvc, hfshfuifjc iagÿf thpc jd ouhmhc viacrithvc fdgithvc, c pcr
ai imthtuj qud pudjd gdfdrir kimhi ai mcbufhjij oujâi‚, kd qudrhjc biftdfdr ai fcbdfmaituri
dmadshésthmi trijhmhcfia pcr virhis rizcfds? df prhbdr augir yc dbprdfjc dsti dbprdsi dxdgèthmi,
djumithvi, ahtdrirhi y tdcaýghmi jdsjd ai pdrspdmthvi jd uf dstujhcsc mrhsthifc, qud dfthdfjd qud df da
Fudvc Zdstibdftc sd pcfd jd bifh﬉dstc y sd rdvdai uf «fudvc pimtc¾ jd Jhcs mcf ai kubifhjij i
trivès
hbpahmijdhbpdredmmhýf
ai vhji y clri jd Odsumrhstc.
fh iaujd Dfjd
i uf fhvda fudstrc iféahshs,
rdvdaimhýf ijdbés,
jhvhfi da uscmitdgcrâi
jd bdfcr jda tèrbhfc «ifthguc¾ fc
c hbpcrtifmhi, fh
hftdfti hgfcrir ais mcftrhlumhcfds oujâis i dsti ahtdrituri ‚jd tcjcs bcjcs, eudrcf oujâcs acs qud
rdjimtircf dstcs jcmubdftcs‚. Ds hbpcrtiftd hfjhmir, df tcrfc i dstd isuftc jd ai fcbdfmaituri,
qud dsti tdrbhfcacgâi trijhmhcfia ds ai qud gdfdriabdftd sd uthahzi df acs dftcrfcs dmadshésthmcs y
dftrd acs grupcs imijèbhmcs jd ais mcbufhjijds khspifcpiraiftds, hfmausc df ais djhmhcfds y
trijummhcfds jd ai Lhlahi. \dedrdftd i dstd hbpcrtiftd isuftc, vdr ai rdvdaijcri clri jd \cgdr
Lrccns y Ockf O. Mcaahfs, djs.? Kdlrdw Lhlad cr Caj Zdstibdft3 ]tujyhfg tkd Lhlad hf Oujihsb ifj
Mkrhsthifhty (Fctrd Jibd, Hfjhifi? Tfhvdrshty ce Fctrd Jibd, 9880).
90 Tf eufjibdftia y fdmdsirhc ahlrc jd tdcacgâi jda Ifthguc Zdstibdftc, dsmrhtc jdsjd ai
pdrspdmthvi shstdbéthmi pcr uf drujhtc mitýahmc, ds da jd P. vif Hbsmkcct, Zdcacgâi jda Ifthguc
Zdstibdftc, (Bijrhj? Djhmhcfds Eix, 9858). Dftrd ais vhrtujds jd ai clri dsté ai hjdfth﬉mimhýf y
dxpcshmhýf jd virhis
mcftdbpcréfdi mitdgcrâis
d hfecrbif tdcaýghmis biycrds,
da pdfsibhdftc rdahghcsc qud dstéf df jhéacgc mcf ai tdcacgâi shstdbéthmi
imtuia.
99 Acs qud sd imdrmif uf pcmc ia isuftc jd dxpahmir ais bifdris df qud Jhcs sd ads ki rdvdaijc scf
acs prcedtis df sus firrimhcfds jd vcmimhýf? p. do., Hsiâis 5> Odrdbâis 9> Dzdquhda 9”=.
9< Dftrd ais ludfis dviauimhcfds khstýrhmis jd ais ecrbis df qud sd ki dstujhijc ai tdcacgâi lâlahmi sd
pudjdf hjdfth﬉mir ais shguhdftds clris? Kifs Erdh, Zkd Dmahpsd ce Lhlahmia Firrithvd? I ]tujy ce
Dhgktddftk ifj Fhfdtddftk Mdftury Kdrbdfduthms (Fdw Kivdf? Xiad Tfhvdrshty Prdss, 987:). Ockf
K. Kiyds y Erdjdrhmn M. Prussfdr, Caj Zdstibdft Zkdcacgy? Hts Khstcry ifj Jdvdacpbdft (Acfjcf?
]MB Prdss, 98;4)> Gdrkirj Kisda, Caj Zdstibdft Zkdcacgy? Lishs Hssuds hf tkd Murrdft Jdlitd
(Grifj \iphjs? Ddrjbifs, 987<)> J. G. ]prhggs, Zwc Caj Zdstibdft Zkdcacghds (Fipdrvhaad, Haahfchs?
Iadm \. Iaadfscf Hfm., 987<)> Ouif Ocsè Edrrdrc Laifmc, Hfhmhimhýf i ai tdcacgâi lâlahmi (Lirmdacfi?
Kdrjdr, 9857)> Djbufj Oimcl, Zdcacgâi jda Ifthguc Zdstibdftc (Bijrhj? Bircvi, 9858)> Wiatdr
Lrudggdbiff, Zkdcacgy ce tkd Caj Zdstibdft? Zdsthbcfy, Jhsputd, Ijvcmimy (Bhffdipcahs?
Ecrtrdss Prdss, 9887)> Wiatkdr Dhmkrcjt, Zdcacgâi jda Ifthguc Zdstibdftc (Bijrhj? Mrhsthifjij,
9874). \dspdmtc ia jdsirrcaac khstýrhmc y i ai hjdfth﬉mimhýf jd acs tdbis eufjibdftiads df da dstujhc
jd ai tdcacgâi lâlahmi, ai clri jd Kiyds y Prussfdr ds hbpcstdrgilad d hfsusthtuhlad> hfmauyd
jhsmushcfds dxtdfsis y mrâthmis df tcrfc i acs prdsupudstcs ﬉acsý﬉mcs y bdtcjcaýghmcs jd ai
jhsmhpahfi, jdsjd ai èpcmi jd ai \decrbi kisti virhis hftdrprdtimhcfds rdmhdftds jd ais ÿathbis
jèmijis jda shgac vdhftd. Jd pirthmuair hbpcrtifmhi df da ahlrc ds ai visti prdsdftimhýf lhlahcgré﬉mi
qud pudjd iyujir mcfshjdriladbdftd i ai pdrscfi hftdrdsiji df acs tdbis dxpudstcs i pcfjdrir ais
pdmuahirhjijds bdtcjcaýghmis y ais jhedrdfmhis dftrd imdrmibhdftcs, prhcrhjijds y iutcrds.
9= ]dguhbcs df dsti sdmmhýf, prhfmhpiabdftd, iufqud jd ecrbi rdvhsiji piri iùijhr dstujhcs
rdmhdftds, da ahlrc jd Kisda, cp. mht., pp. 99-<;.
9: Dsti bdtcjcacgâi sd jhsthfgud buy lhdf jd ai tdcacgâi shstdbéthmi, muyi eufmhýf prhbirhi ds
crjdfir acs tdbis tdcaýghmcs piri trijumhr su shgfh﬉mijc piri ai scmhdjij imtuia. Dftrd acs
dxpcfdftds jd dsti bdtcjcacgâi sd dfmudftrif acs shguhdftds? Djbcfj Oimcl, cp. mht.? mht.? G. Drfdst
Wrhgtk, Da Jhcs qud imtÿi (Bijrhj? Djhmhcfds Eix, 987:).
94 Tfi clri jd hbpcrtifmhi qud sd pudjd hjdfth﬉mir mcbc rdprdsdftiftd jd dsti bdtcjcacgâi ds ai jd
G. I. E. Nfhgtk, I Mkrhsthif Zkdcacgy ce tkd Caj Zdstibdft (Acfjcf/\hmkbcfj? ]MB Prdss/Ockf
Nfcx Prdss, 9848). Udr, ijdbés, df tcrfc i dsti ecrbi jd dstujhc lâlahmc, i \caifj jd Uiux? «Hs Ht
Pcsshlad tc Wrhtd i ‑Zkdcacgy ce tkd Caj Zdstibdft‒3¾. Zkd Lhlad ifj tkd Ifmhdft Fdir Dist
(Acfjcf/Girjdf Mhty? Jirtcf, Acfgbif & Zcjj/Jculadjiy ifj Mcbpify, 9879), pp. :8-5<.
95 Tfi jd ais mcftrhlumhcfds biycrds df da mibpc jd ai tdcacgâi lâlahmi df da shgac vdhftd, uthahzifjc
dsti bdtcjcacgâi, sd rdaimhcfi mcf acs dstujhcs sdbhfiads jd Wiatkdr Dhmkrcjt, pirthmuairbdftd df
su clri bigfi, Zdcacgâi jda Ifthguc Zdstibdftc, cp. mht. Da prhfmhphc rdmtcr jd ais mitdgcrâis
biycrds jd ai tdcacgâi jd Dhmkrcjt ds da pimtc, y sd bifh﬉dstif df ais iahifzis dftrd Jhcs y da
pudlac, Jhcs y da bufjc, y Jhcs y da sdr kubifc.
97
Da bdocr rdprdsdftiftd
jdstimijibdftd jd dstimcfbdtcjcacgâi
i ai tdcacgâi lâlahmi ds Gdrkirj
su clri Zdcaýghmi vcf \ij
jda Ifthguc quhdf mcftrhluyý
Zdstibdftc, Uca. 9 y <
(]iaibifmi? Djhmhcfds ]âgudbd, 987=).
9; Gdfdriabdftd sd rdmcfcmd i Lrdvirj ]. Mkhajs, Hftrcjumthcf tc tkd Caj Zdstibdft is ]mrhpturd
(Pkhaijdapkhi? Ecrtrdss Prdss, 9878), mcbc ufc jd acs bdocrds y bés hbpcrtiftds dxpcfdftds jd dsti
bdtcjcacgâi jd tdcacgâi lâlahmi.
98 Kd jdmhjhjc hjdfth﬉mir dsti bdtcjcacgâi mcbc «pcstbcjdrfi¾ pcr da iféahshs khstýrhmc y tdcaýghmc
y pcr ai sdrhi y pdfdtriftd dxpahmimhýf y dxpcshmhýf scmhcaýghmi qud ki hfmcrpcrijc Wiatdr
Lrudggdbiff df su bighstria clri, Zkdcacgy ce tkd Caj Zdstibdft… cp. mht. Dstd ahlrc prdsdfti ai
tdcacgâi jda Ifthguc Zdstibdftc i ai auz jd acs dstujhcs lâlahmcs mrâthmcs mcftdbpcréfdcs, y tcbi
sdrhibdftd df mcfshjdrimhýf da pauriahsbc jd ais hjdis y pcfd jd rdahdvd acs tdsthbcfhcs jda pudlac
jd Hsrida df tcrfc i ai ﬉guri mdftria jd ai Lhlahi, Jhcs. Ai hf﬌udfmhi jd G. vcf \ij df ai tdcacgâi jd
Lrudggdbiff ds hftdfsi y rdmcfcmhji, iufqud df dstd fudvc dseudrzc sd kif supdrijc ais
ahbhtimhcfds bdtcjcaýghmis qud sd pcfâif jd rdahdvd df acs dstujhcs prdvhcs. Df ai hftrcjummhýf jd
su tdcacgâi. Lrudggdbiff prdsdfti uf bigfâ﬉mc iféahshs jd ais mcftrhlumhcfds hbpcrtiftds qud i ai
tdcacgâi lâlahmi kif kdmkc acs drujhtcs jd ctris aithtujds y jd ctris pdrspdmthvis hjdcaýghmis y
bdtcjcaýghmis.
<0 Wiatkdr _hbbdrah, Bifuia jd tdcacgâi jda Ifthguc Zdstibdftc (Bijrhj? Mrhsthifjij, 987<).
 Mipâtuac 9

DA JHC] UHUHDFZD
Muia mhdrvc oijdiftd df lusmi jda igui,
isâ td lusmi, ck Jhcs, tcjc bh sdr.
Zdfgc sdj jd Jhcs, jda Jhcs jd ai vhji…
]iabcs :<?9-<i
TF JHC] ]CLD\IFC
Ai i﬉rbimhýf tdcaýghmi qud ad ji eufjibdftc, sdfthjc jd jhrdmmhýf, mckdrdfmhi y
ufhjij i ai tdcacgâi jda Ifthguc Zdstibdftc sd rdaimhcfi mcf ai scldrifâi jhvhfi.
Tfi admturi hfhmhia jd acs tdsthbcfhcs lâlahmcs pcfd mairibdftd jd rdahdvd qud da
Jhcs jd ais ]igrijis Dsmrhturis ds scldrifc, y qud tcjc ac qud dxhstd ds ufi
bifhedstimhýf y dxprdshýf jd su vcauftij. Dsi dxtricrjhfirhi y pdrthfdftd
pdrmdpmhýf tdcaýghmi jd scldrifâi jhvhfi hfmdfthvi da rdmcfcmhbhd
rdmcfcmhbhdftc,
ftc, ais iailifzis
y ai ijcrimhýf, y tiblhèf ds ai qud hbphjd qud ai dxhstdfmhi jd Jhcs sd pcfgi df
juji, puds ÿfhmibdftd ais pdrscfis hfsdfsitis y fdmhis scf ais qud sd itrdvdf i
i﬉rbir df su mcrizýf? «Fc kiy Jhcs¾ (vdr ]ia. 9:?9> 4=?9).<9
Iufqud sd pudjdf dfmcftrir virhcs pisiods hbpcrtiftds df da Ifthguc
Zdstibdftc qud pudjdf sdr uthahzijcs piri mcrrclcrir y «prclir¾ ai dxhstdfmhi jd
Jhcs, ai rdvdaimhýf y ai prdsdfmhi jhvhfi y su mcfthfuc imcbpiùibhdftc ia pudlac
scf acs bdocrds hfjhmijcrds jd su pcjdr y ais bés mairis jdbcstrimhcfds jd su
dxhstdfmhi. Pcr dsi rizýf léshmi fc ds fdmdsirhi ai hjdfth﬉mimhýf jd pcrmhcfds
dsmrhturiads qud kiladf df eivcr jd ais prudlis mcsbcaýghmis (p. do., ]ia. 98?9> Hs.
:0?<9)> tdcaýghmis (p. do., ]ia. ;?4-7> 90:?<4> Odr. 9:?<<), y bcriads (p. do., Gf. =9?:<>
]ia. 8:?90) jd ai dxhstdfmhi jhvhfi.
Ai prdsdfmhi y ai rdiahjij jd Jhcs sd pcfdf df mairi dvhjdfmhi df ais mcfthfuis
jdmairimhcfds y i﬉rbimhcfds tdcaýghmis qud sd hfmauydf df ai adghsaimhýf, da muatc,
acs crémuacs, ais firrimhcfds khstýrhmis y ai ahtdrituri pcèthmi y siphdfmhia. Df dedmtc,
ai prdsdfmhi jhvhfi df bdjhc jd ais rdiahjijds mcthjhifis jda pudlac ds ai dvhjdfmhi
eufjibdftia d hfjhsmuthlad piri supdrir ai tdftimhýf jd jujir jd ai rdiahjij jhvhfi.
Ai Lhlahi rdmcfcmd mairibdftd qud Jhcs dxhstd y fc hftdfti rdspcfjdr i prdguftis
qud fc sd paiftdilif ais pdrscfis qud trilioircf df acs prcmdscs jd rdjimmhýf y
mcbphaimhýf jd ai ahtdrituri rdahghcsi y fimhcfia jda pudlac jd Hsrida.
Ai rdiahjij jd Jhcs dsté tif ﬉rbdbdftd ifmaiji y irthmuaiji df ai Lhlahi, qud fc
sd pdrmhldf dseudrzcs dspdmuaithvcs fh ﬉acsý﬉mcs pcr tritir jd jdsmulrhr da crhgdf
jd ai jhvhfhjij c jd dftdfjdr sus rdaimhcfds eibhahirds. Iufqud dstcs mcfmdptcs
tdcaýghmcs qud sd jdsirrcaaif df Hsrida sd bifh﬉dstif df bdjhc jd muaturis y
fimhcfds pcahtdâstis, da Jhcs lâlahmc fc dvcaumhcfi fh thdfd eibhahi, fc sd jdsmrhld su
crhgdf fh sd dxpahmi ai khstcrhi prdvhi i su bifhedstimhýf khstýrhmi.
Df virhis muaturis pcahtdâstis vdmhfis jd Hsrida sd prdsdfti ai mrdimhýf mcbc ai
aumki dxtricrjhfirhi jd jhvdrsis jhvhfhjijds. Ai Lhlahi, shf dblirgc, i﬉rbi mcf
sdgurhjij qud jdsjd da crhgdf jd tcjc ac mrdijc da prhfmhphc rdmtcr y jd iutcrhjij
ds Jhcs, dvhtifjc jd dsi ecrbi tcjc thpc jd dspdmuaimhýf sclrd su jdsirrcaac y
mrdmhbhdftc. Hfmaushvd acs jhvdrscs fcblrds mcf qud sd mcfcmd ia Jhcs lâlahmc fc
rdvdaif rdaimhcfds pitdrfc﬉ahiads? scf dsdfmhiabdftd hfjhmijcrds y bifhedstimhcfds
jda jdsirrcaac y mrdmhbhdftc tdcaýghmc jda pudlac jd Hsrida ia aadgir i Mifiéf y
rdspcfjdr jd bifdri prémthmi i acs jdsieâcs qud ad prdsdftilif ais muaturis
dxhstdftds qud tdfâif sus prcphcs shstdbis rdahghcscs, sus jhvhfhjijds rdghcfiads y
sus mcfvhmmhcfds tdcaýghmis.
Jda Jhcs lâlahmc sd hfjhmi qud ds «dtdrfc¾, puds sd i﬉rbi mairibdftd qud yi
dxhstâi «iftds qud fimhdrif acs bcftds y sd ecrbirif ai thdrri y da bufjc, jdsjd da
shgac y kisti da shgac¾ (]ia. 80?<, ]P). Ai rdaimhýf dftrd dtdrfhjij y vhji ds
hbpcrtiftd df fudstrc dstujhc? Jhcs ds dtdrfc pcrqud dsté vhvc, y acs ijcrijcrds y
dsmrhtcrds lâlahmcs ac pdrmhlâif mcbc ufi rdiahjij dtdrfi hfjdsmrhpthlad qud
rdspcfjâi i sus fdmdshjijds khstýrhmis jdsmrhpthlads. Ai dtdrfhjij jd Jhcs sd
eufjibdfti df su mipimhjij jd vhvhr, qud i su vdz ds ufi bifhedstimhýf mairi d
hfdquâvcmi jd su jdsdc dxtricrjhfirhc jd hftdrvdfhr df ai khstcrhi.<<
Ac qud jhsthfgud i Jhcs jd ctris jhvhfhjijds ds prdmhsibdftd ai vhji. Prdvhc i ai
i﬉rbimhýf y jdsirrcaac jda bcfctdâsbc ilscautc, ai jhedrdfmhi eufjibdftia dftrd
da Jhcs jd Hsrida y ais jhvhfhjijds jd ais fimhcfds vdmhfis dri ai ﬉rbd y mairi
mcftripcshmhýf dftrd ai vhji y ai fc dxhstdfmhi, qud dri ufi bifdri jd bifhedstir
jdlhahjij.
Df ai mrâthmi jd Odrdbâis i ais jhvhfhjijds dxtrifodris sd hfmauyd ufi buy
hbpcrtiftd jdmairimhýf tdcaýghmi, qud pcfd jd rdahdvd ai jhedrdfmhi dftrd ai vhji y
ai hbpctdfmhi. Da Jhcs vdrjijdrc dsté vhvc, bhdftris ais jhvhfhjijds dxtrifodris
bifh﬉dstif sus jdlhahjijds ia fc pcjdr mrdir, ¡fh iÿf vdsthrsd!> fc pudjdf
rdspcfjdr ia eurcr fh i ai hfjhgfimhýf jd uf Jhcs qud tiblhèf ds bcfirmi. Jd
imudrjc mcf Odrdbâis?
Paiti aibhfiji ds triâji jd Zirshs y crc jd Teiz,
clri jda irtâ﬉md y jd bifcs jda credlrd>
su vdsthjc ds jd vhcadti y pÿrpuri>
tcjc daac clri jd pdrhtcs.
Pdrc da ]DÙC\ ds da Jhcs vdrjijdrc>

DaIftd
ds dasu
Jhcs vhvc
dfcoc y da \dy
thdblai dtdrfc.
ai thdrri,
y ais fimhcfds
fimhcfds scf hbpctdft
hbpctdftds
ds iftd su hfjhgf
hfjhgfimhýf.
imhýf.
 Odrdbâis 90?8-90 ]P

Df dsi bhsbi vdrthdftd tdcaýghmi sd pudjdf hfmauhr acs dxtricrjhfirhcs y

mcfthfucs bdfsiods jd jdsieâc i acs jhcsds eiascs qud sd hfmcrpcrif df da ahlrc jd
Hsiâis, pirthmuairbdftd df su sdgufji sdmmhýf (Hs. :0”44). Da Jhcs lâlahmc rdti i ais
jhvhfhjijds jd Lilhacfhi y ads aaibi i qud sd imdrqudf y ifufmhdf da pcrvdfhr c qud
hfjhqudf ac qud ki sumdjhjc df da pisijc (Hs. :9?<9-<9). Ijdbés, da eibcsc prcedti
y pcdti jda dxhahc, hfjhmi mairibdftd qud acs qud drhgdf dscs âjcacs jd bijdri, qud
fc thdfdf da pcjdr jd siavir fh jd hftdrvdfhr df ai khstcrhi jda pudlac, fc thdfdf
mcfcmhbhdftcc (Hs. :4?<0) ‚ds jdmhr, scf hgfcriftds‚, piri ﬉fiabdftd jdmairir?
mcfcmhbhdft
Jdmairdf y prdsdftdf sus prudlis,
jdahldrdf ouftcs.
³Yuhèf prdjĽc dstc kimd thdbpc,
quhèf ac jdmairý jdsjd thdbpcs ifthgucs3
³Imisc fc ac khmd yc, da ]DÙC\3
Eudri jd bâ fc kiy ctrc Jhcs>
Jhcs oustc y ]iavijcr,
fc kiy fhfgÿf ctrc eudri jd bâ.
Hsiâis :4?<9

]d prdsdfti ufi vdz bés da Jhcs lâlahmc mcbc da qud vhvd, df mcftripcshmhýf i ais
jhvhfhjijds qud fc thdfdf dsi mipimhjij fh pcjdr. Dsi pirthmuair mirimtdrâsthmi

jhvhfi ds airdmtcr
tdcaýghmc qud adqud
pdrbhtd
i﬉rbiiaaiJhcs lâlahmc jir
hbpcrtifmhi jdvhji (Odr. =;?95),
ai siavimhýf qudpcstdrhcrbdftd
y qud ds da prhfmhphc
aadviré i ai i﬉rbimhýf jd ai vhmtcrhi sclrd ai budrtd?
Uudavif i bâ y sdif siavcs,
tcjcs acs mcf﬉fds jd ai thdrri,
pcrqud yc scy Jhcs,
y fc kiy fhfgÿf ctrc.
Hsiâis :4?<<

Ai vhji jd Jhcs sd prdsdfti jd bifdri dodbpair df ai Dsmrhturi df uf hjhcbi

shblýahmc, pcèthmc, jdsmrhpthvc, iftrcpcbýr﬉mc. Fc ds dsti ufi bifdri pcmc
sc﬉sthmiji c prhbhthvi jd kilair jd Jhcs, shfc ufi ecrbi pcahviadftd y mrdithvi jd
pcfdr jd bifh﬉dstc ai rdaimhýf âfthbi y ai mcfthfuhjij dftrd ai vhji qud rdmhldf y
thdfdf acs sdrds kubifcs y ai vhji jd Jhcs. Da adfguiod kubifc shrvhý jd vdkâmuac
jd mcbufhmimhýf piri pcfdr jd rdahdvd ai fituriadzi vhvhdftd jd ai jhvhfhjij
lâlahmi.<=
Df dsi buy hbpcrtiftd trijhmhýf pcèthmi y ahtdrirhi, Jhcs «kilai¾ (Gf. 9?=),
«dsmumki¾ (Èx. 95?9<), «vd¾ (Gf. 5?9<), «shdftd¾ (9 ]. <5?98), «râd¾ (]ia. <?:) ¡y kisti
«shavi¾! (Hs. 7?9;). Ijdbés, mudfti mcf acs ýrgifcs ijdmuijcs y acs sdfthjcs
fdmdsirhcs piri aadvir i dedmtc sus eufmhcfds df da bufjc? p. do., thdfd «cocs¾ (Ib.
8?:), «bifcs¾ (]ia. 9=8?4), «lrizcs¾ (Hs. 49?8), «crdois¾ (Hs. <<?9:) y «phds¾ (Fdk.
9?9=). ]us imthvhjijds y bcvhbhdftcs bumkis vdmds scf jdsmrhtis df dsd bhsbc thpc
jd adfguiod shblýahmc, puds «phsctdi da aigir¾ (Hs. 5=?9-5), «miliagi sclrd ais fulds¾
(Jt. ==?<5), «jdsmhdfjd jda mhdac¾ (Gf. 99?7), «mhdrri ai pudrti jda irmi jd Fcè¾ (Gf.
7?95) y ds «virýf jd gudrri¾ (Èx. 94?=, \U\9850). Hfmaushvd, dstd adfguiod kubifc,
﬉gurijc y iftrcpcbýr﬉mc, qud sd uthahzi piri irthmuair ais imthvhjijds jhvhfis,
tiblhèf shrvd jd lisd piri dxprdsir sus sdfthbhdftcs bés prceufjcs? p. do., «ai
iadgrâi¾ (]ce. =?97), «ai féusdi¾ (Av. <0?<=), «da irrdpdfthbhdftc¾ (Gf. 5?5) y
pirthmuairbdftd «da mdac¾ (Èx. <0?4).<:
AC] FCBL\D] JD JHC]
Df ais scmhdjijds sdbâthmis, acs fcblrds rdprdsdftilif ai dsdfmhi bhsbi jd ais
pdrscfis. Mirdmdr jd fcblrd dri tiblhèf dstir jdsprcvhstc jd shgfh﬉mijc df ai vhji
d hfmaushvd jd ai dxhstdfmhi bhsbi. Da fcblrd pcsdd ufi dspdmhd jd bâsthmi
pirthmuair, sdgÿf da pdfsibhdftc ifthguc, qud iedmti jd ecrbi sustifmhia i ai
pdrscfi qud ac aadvi.<4 Mcfcmdr da fcblrd jd iaguhdf dri mcbc pcsddr y mcftrcair i
dsi pdrscfi>
pdrscfi> sd pdfsili, df dedmtc, qud sd pcjâi dodrmdr iagÿf thpc jd pcjdr y
iutcrhjij dspdmhia sclrd ai pdrscfi qud rdvdaili y kimâi pÿlahmc su fcblrd. Jdsjd
dsti pdrspdmthvi, da hfjhvhjuc dxhstd dedmthvibdftd df su fcblrd, qud mcfthdfd ufi
i﬉rbimhýf sclrd ai fituriadzi bhsbi jd quhdf ac aadvi.
\dspdmtc i ais jhvhfhjijds da fcblrd ougili uf pipda iÿf bés hbpcrtiftd.<5 Piri
acs ifthgucs, ais jhvhfhjijds dodrmâif uf jcbhfhc dspdmhia d hfjhsmuthlad sclrd ai
vhji jd ais pdrscfis.<7 Pcr dsti rizýf, mcfcmdr da fcblrd jd ai jhvhfhjij mcf ai
muia sd jdsdi dftilair iagufi rdaimhýf ds eufjibdftia d hfjhspdfsilad. Bhdftris fc
sd mcfcmâi da fcblrd jda jhcs fc sd pcjâi hfvcmir dedmthvibdftd, puds sd pdfsili
qud df da mcfcmhbh
mcfcmhbhdftc jda fcblrd dstili ai dsdfmhi qud ad pdrbhtâi ufi
mcbufhmimhýf ijdmuiji y dedmthvi, qud eimhahtili ai ijcrimhýf y ai rdaimhýf dftrd ai
jhvhfhjij y da ijcrijcr.
Da ‚c su pauria, Dackhb‚ ds uf ipdaithvc gdfèrhmc qud sd dfmudftri
erdmudftdbdftd df mish tcjcs acs pudlacs y ais muaturis sdbâthmis.<; ]u crhgdf
dthbcaýghmc ds mcbpa
mcbpahmijc,
hmijc, y ai biycr pirtd jd acs dstujhcscs tcjivâi fc aadgif i
ufi mcfmaushýf jd﬉fhthvi y sdguri sclrd su shgfh﬉mijc prdmhsc. ]hf dblirgc, da
dstujhc sdbéfthmc jda tèrbhfc pudjd rdvdair fhvdads jd sdfthjc qud mcftrhluydf i
ai mcbprdfshýf tdcaýghmi ijdmuiji jd ai jhvhfhjij qud sd hjdfth﬉mi mcf dstd
fcblrd.<8
Da pudjd sdr uf fcblrd mcbÿf qud jdsmrhld i ais jhvhfhjijds df gdfdria> iufqud
tiblhèf sd uthahzi mcbc da fcblrd prcphc jd ufi jhvhfhjij dspdmâ﬉mi ‚tiftc df
Mifiéf mcbc df Hsrida‚ qud thdfd sus mirimtdrâsthmis tdcaýghmis prcphis y
pirthmuairds.
Da fcblrd jhvhfc Da pudjd jdrhvirsd jd ufi ifthgui riâz sdbâthmi qud shgfh﬉mi c
sd iscmhi mcf ais hjdis jd eudrzi, pcjdr c ecrtiadzi. Df dstd sdfthjc, da fcblrd
pudjd mairibdftd rdaimhcfirsd df ai Dsmrhturi mcf da érlca eudrtd pcr dxmdadfmhi, ai
dfmhfi (vdr Gf. =9?<8> Jt. <;?<=> Bh. <?9> Pr. =?<7> Fdk. 4?4). Jdsmrhlhrâi dftcfmds da
fcblrd Da i ufi jhvhfhjij eudrtd, uf jhcs qud sd jhsthfgud d hjdfth﬉mi
pirthmuairbdftd pcr su ecrtiadzi y pcjdr.
Ctrcs dstujhcscs phdfsif qud ai riâz jda fcblrd Da sd pudjd jdrhvir jd ai
dxprdshýf qud trifsbhtd ai hjdi jd «dstir jdaiftd¾ c «sdr da prhbdrc¾. Da fcblrd
jhvhfc, sdgÿf dsti tdcrâi, sd jdld rdaimhcfir dftcfmds mcf da mcfmdptc c ai hjdi jd
«dstir jdaiftd jda rdliùc¾, c «sdr da prhbdrc jda pudlac¾.
Piri ctrc sdmtcr hbpcrtiftd jd drujhtcs, dstd fcblrd jd jhcs jdld iscmhirsd
hfhmhiabdftd mcf ai prdpcshmhýf «kimhi¾ c mcf ai hjdi jd «aadgir i iagÿf augir¾. Da
fcblrd pcfjrâi jd rdahdvd ais mirimtdrâsthmis jd ufi jhvhfhjij i ai muia sd vi piri
rdfjhrad muatc.
Hfmaushvd dstd fcblrd jhvhfc, Da, sd ki dviauijc i ai auz jda vdrlc «ahgir¾ c
«ufhr¾. Df dstd misc, Da sdrâi ufi jhvhfhjij jd iahifzis c pimtcs eudrtds, mcf ai muia
fc sd pudjdf rcbpdr ais rdaimhcfds> uf jhcs qud dstiladmd rdaimhcfds pdrbifdftds
mcf sus ijcrijcrds.
Pcshladbdftd ai hjdi jd ecrtiadzi y eudrzi ds ai qud sd imdrmi bés âfthbibdftd i
ais hbégdfds lâlahmis jd Da, iufqud da rdstc jd ais dxpahmimhcfds dfeithzif iagÿf
ispdmtc hbpcrtiftd jd ai jhvhfhjij. ]dgÿf ais firrimhcfds dsmrhturiads, sd rdaimhcfi
jhrdmtibdftd i Da c Dackhb mcf ais bcftiùis (]ia. =5?5), acs mdjrcs (]ia. ;0?90), ais
dstrdaais (Hs. 9:?9=), acs mibpcs (9 Mr. 9<?<=) y da vhdftc ‚c da Dspârhtu‚ (Gf. 9?<).
Df dstis hbégdfds sd iscmhi i Jhcs, hjdfth﬉mijc dspdmâ﬉mibdftd mcf da fcblrd
prcphc Da, mcf ai hjdi jda pcjdr, ai eudrzi, ai iutcrhjij, ai ecrtiadzi y ai grifjdzi.
Df dstd sdfthjc, dstd pirthmuair fcblrd jhvhfc pcfd jd rdahdvd uf sdfthbhdftc
rdahghcsc ufhvdrsia? iftd da pcjdr y ai biodstij jd ac dtdrfc, da sdr kubifc
rdmcfcmd su pdqudùdz y sd shdftd jdpdfjhdftd.
Df tcrfc i ai mcbprdfshýf jda fcblrd jd Jhcs, ds hbpcrtiftd i﬉rbir qud da
dstujhc jd ais rdahghcfds jd acs bcrijcrds jd Mifiéf rdvdai ai dxhstdfmhi jd ufi
sdrhd jd jhcsds qud sd ijcrilif df jhvdrscs augirds jd jhedrdftds bifdris.=0 Df dsd
hbpcrtiftd piftdýf mififdc, da jhcs Da cmupili uf augir eufjibdftia y
prctigýfhmc,, puds dri rdmcfcmhjc mcbc da jhcs suprdbc.
prctigýfhmc
Tfi mirimtdrâsthmi hbpcrtiftd jd dsd jhcs Da dri su shfguair d âfthbi rdaimhýf mcf
augirds? p. do., mhujijds, érlcads, bcftiùis, eudftds. Ctrc ispdmtc pdmuahir jd dsti
jhvhfhjij mififdi dri su rdmcfcmhbhdftc y ijcrimhýf lioc ufi sdrhd jd fcblrds
qud pcstdrhcrbdftd sd rdaimhcfircf mcf da Jhcs jd Hsrida? p. do., jd Da-]kijjiy, Da-
Dahcf, Da-Caib, Da-\ch, Da-Ldtda, Da-Ldrht, Da-]kiadb y Da-Kijij.=9 Ai
mcbprdfshýf ijdmuiji jd dsti jhfébhmi dftrd da Jhcs jd Hsrida y ai jhvhfhjij jd
Mifiéf ds fdmdsirhi piri dftdfjdr da pdrdgrhfir jd ai mcbufhjij oujâi kimhi da
bcfctdâsbc.
Xikvè ‚c mcbc sd ad mcfcmd df ai trijhmhýf jd ais vdrshcfds jd ai Lhlahi \dhfi-
FUH‚=< ds shdbprd da fcblrd prcphc jda Jhcs jd
Uiadri, Odkcvé> c da ]DÙC\, df ai FUH‚
Hsrida, y pcr tia rizýf dsté rdaimhcfijc mcf uf shgfh﬉mijc pirthmuair y prdmhsc. == Df
da prcmdsc jd jdsmulrhr dsi pdmuahirhjij jd sdfthjc jdldbcs sdrvhrfcs fc scac jd
acs dstujhcs dthbcaýghmcs, shfc tiblhèf jda iféahshs dxdgèthmc y tdcaýghmc jd acs
tdxtcs lâlahmcs eufjibdftiads.
Da crhgdf dthbcaýghmc jd ais mcfscfiftds kdlrdis XKWK sd pudjd rdaimhcfir
mcf, pcr ac bdfcs, trds tdcrâis prhcrhtirhis. Da prhbdr dseudrzc hftdrprdtithvc
rdaimhcfi da fcblrd jhvhfc mcf ufi ecrbi prhbhthvi jd Xik, qud mhdrtibdftd dri
ufi dspdmhd jd dxmaibimhýf dstéthmi c dxprdshýf jd ijcrimhýf qud mcf da thdbpc sd
imdptý mcbc fcblrd jhvhfc. Uirhcs siabcs hfmauydf dsti ecrbi jda fcblrd jd Jhcs
(p. do., ]ia. 9:7?9). X rdspdmtc i acs fcblrds jd Jhcs y acs ]iabcs, jdld fctirsd
tiblhèf qud ai pcpuair eýrbuai ahtÿrghmi «iadauyi¾, hfmauyd df da «yik¾ ﬉fia da
fcblrd mcrtc jd Jhcs.
Ai sdgufji tdcrâi ahfgñâsthmi sclrd da fcblrd prcphc jd Jhcs ufd da prcfcblrd
pdrscfia df kdlrdc i ai eýrbuai jd Xik, piri cltdfdr da lhshaélhmc Xiku. Dsti fudvi
ecrbi fcbhfia pcjrâi dxprdsir iagÿf fhvda jd dxmaibimhýf mcf da shgfh﬉mijc jd
«¡Ck, ds èa!¾, df ufi pcshlad hbhtimhýf cfcbitcpèyhmi jda trudfc. Df ai Lhlahi sd
dfmudftrif virhcs pisiods hftdrdsiftds qud pudjdf uthahzirsd piri ipcyir dsti
hftdrprdtimhýf
hftdrprdtimhý f (< \. <?9:> Odr. 4?9<).
Ai dxpahmimhýf jd ai eýrbuai airgi jd ais muitrc mcfscfiftds ‚XKWK ‚ XKWK‚
mcfsthtuyd ai tdrmdri tdcrâi. Da fcblrd jhvhfc sd eufjibdfti df ufi ecrbi jd
hbpdredmtc jd ai riâz vdrlia kwk. ]h sd rdaimhcfi dsi riâz mcf ai piailri érild,
«scpair¾, sd pudjd hfjhmir qud Xikvè c da ]DÙC\ ds «Jhcs jd ais tcrbdftis¾. ]h, pcr
da mcftrirhc, ai riâz sd iscmhi mcf da vdrlc «midr¾, dftcfmds da fcblrd jhvhfc pudjd
iaujhr ia «Jhcs jd acs trudfcs c rdaébpigcs¾. Iblis hftdrprdtimhcfds sd pudjdf
rdaimhcfir eémhabdftd mcf da Jhcs qud sd bifhedstý i Bchsès df da bcftd ]hfiâ.
Hfmaushvd, ai riâz kdlrdi «kwk¾, qud tiblhèf shgfh﬉mi «sdr¾, «dxhsthr¾ y
«imcftdmdr¾, pudjd sdrvhr jd lisd piri hftdrprdtir da fcblrd jhvhfc. =: ]dgÿf
iagufcs hftèrprdtds, ai rdpdthmhýf jda vdrlc kdlrdc df Èxcjc =?9:-94 rdeudrzi su
shgfh﬉mijc léshmc y ad ji i ai dxprdshýf biycr hftdfshjij. Da fcblrd, sdgÿf dsti
pdrmdpmhýf, pudjd shgfh﬉mir? «yc scy da qud dxhstd rdiabdftd¾ c «yc scy da qud
dstirè mcf ustdjds shdbprd¾. Iufqud, jd imudrjc mcf da mcftdxtc jda pisiod, ai
rdvdaimhýf jda fcblrd jhvhfc i Bchsès tiblhèf pudjd sdr hftdrprdtiji mcbc ufi
dxprdshýf dvishvi, piri shgfh﬉mir? «yc fc jcy i mcfcmdr bh fcblrd pcrqud fhfgufi
piailri pudjd dxprdsir ac qud vdrjijdribdftd yc scy¾.
Da fcblrd pdrscfia jd Jhcs, Xikvè, Odkcvé c da ]DÙC\, fc jdld hftdrprdtirsd
ÿfhmibdftd eufjibdftijc df da iféahshs ahfgñâsthmc. I dsd hbpcrtiftd y fdmdsirhc
dstujhc jdldbcs iùijhr ai rd﬌dxhýf mrâthmi df tcrfc i ais pcrmhcfds lâlahmis qud
pudjdf irrcoir auz df acs jhvdrscs fhvdads jd su shgfh﬉mijc.
Ai rdpdthmhýf jd ai erisd «Xc scy¾ ad lrhfji ia fcblrd jhvhfc uf sdfthjc ijhmhcfia
jd iutcrhjij y pcjdr dspdmhia. Dsti rdvdaimhýf pcfd jd rdahdvd ai ahldrtij y ai
scldrifâi jhvhfi. «Xc scy¾, df dsd sdfthjc, bifh﬉dsti uf fhvda jd iutcrrdvdaimhýf
jhvhfi qud jdstimi su pirthmuairhjij, i﬉rbi su mipimhjij jd mubpahr ac qud jhmd,
sulriyi ai dsdfmhi jd ai vhji, dfeithzi da sdfthjc jd prdsdfmhi y bifh﬉dsti su
mipimhjij jd imcbpiùibhdftc.
DA JHC] AHLD\IJC\
Da rdaitc jd
j d ai rdvdaimhýf jda fcblrd jhvhfc i Bchsès rdaimhcfi dsd fcblrd prcphc
jd Jhcs mcf ai dxpdrhdfmhi jd ahldrimhýf jd Dghptc (Èx. =?9”:?97). Eufjibdftijcs
df dstd pisiod lâlahmc, sd rdaimhcfif acs crâgdfds jda pudlac jd Hsrida mcf ai gdsti
bcsihmi. Dsd shfguair prcmdsc jd ahldrimhýf jd ai dsmaivhtuj dri ilscautibdftd
fdmdsirhc puds acs kdlrdcs dstilif scbdthjcs y cprhbhjcs df Dghptc,
dspdmâ﬉mibdftd df acs triliocs jd mcfstrummhýf jd ais mhujijds jd Phtýf y \ibsès
(Èx. 9?99). Bchsès ds prcliladbdftd uf fcblrd jd crhgdf dghpmhc, qud shgfh﬉mi
«kĽc c fimhjc jd…¾, y qud df ais firrimhcfds jda Èxcjc sd dxpahmi iscmhéfjcac
iscmhéfjcac i uf
vdrlc kdlrdc qud shgfh﬉mi «simir¾.
Df tcrfc i dstd eufjibdftia dvdftc ahldrijcr, df ai Lhlahi sd kimdf rdedrdfmhis
erdmudftds, pdrc df Csdis sd ad lrhfji i ai dxpdrhdfmhi jda èxcjc ufi hftdrprdtimh
hftdrprdtimhýf
ýf
prdmhsi y mcfmhsi.
Pdrc yc scy da ]DÙC\ tu Jhcs
jdsjd qud dstilis df Dghptc.
Fc mcfcmdrés i ctrc Jhcs eudri jd bâ,
fh i ctrc ]iavijcr qud fc sdi yc.
Csdis 9=?:

Jda bdfsiod jd Csdis sd jdsprdfjdf jcs i﬉rbimhcfds tdcaýghmis hbpcrtiftds. Ai

prhbdri ds qud da Jhcs lâlahmc fc tcadri ctri jhvhfhjij ouftc i èa, qud ds ufi
dfsdùifzi qud sd eufjibdfti df da jdméacgc y sd mcrrclcri mcfthfuibdftd df ais
adyds jda pudlac y df da bdfsiod jd acs prcedtis. Da ibcr hftdfsc jd Jhcs kimhi su
pudlac fc imdpti ufi adiatij pirmhia c jhvhjhji, fh rdshstd ai rhviahjij mcf ctrcs
jhcsds fh clodtcs jd muatc.
Ai sdgufji i﬉rbimhýf jd hbpcrtifmhi tdcaýghmi jda bdfsiod jd Csdis ds ai qud
jdsdibcs jdstimir df fudstrc dstujhc? da ]dùcr ds da Jhcs jd Hsrida i pirthr jd ai
dxpdrhdfmhi jd ahldrimhýf jd Dghptc. Iufqud ais firrimhcfds lâlahmis uthahzif da
fcblrd prcphc jd Jhcs mcf iftdaimhýf df virhcs pisiods jd Gèfdshs (p. do., :?<5>
97?9),=4 ai rdaimhýf âfthbi jd Hsrida y da ]dùcr sd prcjumd i pirthr jd ufi sdrhd jd
dvdftcs khstýrhmcs shgfh﬉mithvcs,=5 dftrd acs qud sd dfmudftrif? da aaibibhdftc jd
Bchsès, acs shgfcs y prcjhghcs qud prcphmhircf ai siahji jd acs hsridahtis jd Dghptc, da
pdrdgrhfir pcr da jdshdrtc, da pisc pcr da bir \coc (c bir jd ais Miùis) y ai
rdvdaimhýf jda jdméacgc df da bcftd ]hfiâ.
Dscs dvdftcs shgfh﬉mithvcs eudrcf tdcaýghmibdftd hftdrprdtijcs df rdpdthjis
cmishcfds piri jir sdfthjc jd hjdfthjij, crhdftimhýf y sdgurhjij ia pudlac? p. do., df
ais mcfedshcfds y rdmudftcs khstýrhmcs jd acs mibpdshfcs (Jt. <5?4-90), df ais
dfsdùifzis jd acs pijrds i sus kĽcs (Jt. 5?<0-<4), df ais isibladis fimhcfiads (Ocs.
<:), df acs muatcs y ahturghis (]ia. 9=5), df ais rdguaimhcfds adgiads y simdrjctiads (Av.
<<?<=> <4?44) y df da bdfsiod jdsi﬉iftd jd acs prcedtis (Dz. <0> <=> Hs. 49).
Eufjibdftijcs df uf iféahshs sdbéfthmc jda fcblrd prcphc jd Jhcs, XKUK, y
df ai dxègdshs jd acs pisiods jda èxcjc jd Dghptc, sd pudjdf jdsmulrhr ufi sdrhd
hbpcrtiftd jd hbpahmimhcfds tdcaýghmis. Dstis hbpahmimhcfds, ufhjis i ais
i﬉rbimhcfds tdcaýghmis df tcrfc ia Jhcs vhvc, pcfdf jd bifh﬉dstc virhis
mirimtdrâsthmis jdstimijis jd ai jhvhfhjij vdtdrctdstibdft irhi.=7
vdtdrctdstibdftirhi.
9. Ds dvhjdftd qud ai firrimhýf jd ai rdvdaimhýf jda fcblrd y jd acs crémuacs
prceèthmcs
jdsprdfjd qud hftdrprdtif
qud ai dxhstdfmhi acs imcftdmhbhdftcs
bhsbi y ai vhji jda jda èxcjc
]dùcr, jd Dghptc sd
y mhdrtibdftd sd
pcfd mairibdftd jd bifh﬉dstc su rdaimhýf mcf da pudlac jd Hsrida. Da Jhcs
lâlahmc fc vhvd df da vimâc, shf hftdrimmhýf fh jhéacgc> sd rdaimhcfi
âfthbibdftd mcf uf pudlac, Hsrida, y dsi dxpdrhdfmhi jd mcbufhjij y
rdvdaimhýf scmhia shdfti ijdmuijibdftd ais lisds piri ai bifhedstimhýf
jhvhfi ia rdstc jd ai kubifhjij.
<. Df da mdftrc jd ai rd﬌dxhýf tdcaýghmi jda pudlac jd Hsrida sd dfmudftri ai
ahldrimhýf jd Dghptc y firrimhcfds jda èxcjc. Dsi dxpdrhdfmhi jd siahji
rdvdai qud da ]dùcr dsté buy hftdrdsijc df rdspcfjdr ia maibcr jd ai
gdftd cprhbhji, miuthvi y df fdmdshjij. Dsi mirimtdrâsthmi ahldrijcri jd
Jhcs sd mcfvhrthý df ufi mitdgcrâi hftdrprdtithvi prhcrhtirhi qud shrvhý jd
dodbpac piri da pcstdrhcr jdsirrcaac tdcaýg
tdcaýghmc
hmc jda pudlac.
=. Ai rd﬌dxhýf df tcrfc i ai rdvdaimhýf jda fcblrd jhvhfc rdaimhcfý ai siahji
jd Dghptc mcf da imcbpiùibhdftc jhvhfc i trivès jda jdshdrtc. Da ]dùcr
bifh﬉dsti su vhji i trivès jd su mcfthfui prdsdfmhi ia aijc jda pudlac df
sus pdrdgrhfirds y vhmhshtujds pcr da ]hfiâ. ]us rdvdaimhcfds df da jdshdrtc
mcf﬉rbif su mcbprcbhsc fc scac mcf ai ahldrimhýf, shfc tiblhèf mcf ai
aadgiji i ai thdrri prcbdthji> ds jdmhr, ai hftdrvdfmhýf jd Jhcs df Dghptc,
sdgÿf da tdsthbcfhc lâlahmc, ds da mubpahbhdftc jd ai prcbdsi kdmki i acs
 pitrhirmis y bitrhirmis jd Hsrida qud ad jirâi uf augir dspdmhia, ufi «thdrri
prcbdthji¾. ¡Da Jhcs lâlahmc mubpad sus prcbdsis!
:. Ai mcfedshýf jd qud da ]dùcr ds da Jhcs jd Hsrida jdsjd qud ac ahldrý jd
Dghptc ds tiblhèf ai vhfmuaimhýf dstrdmki jd ai khstcrhi mcf ai tdcacgâi. Ai
rd﬌dxhýf tdcaýghmi jd Hsrida sd eufjibdfti df dxpdrhdfmhis rdiads y df
dvdftcs
tdcacgâi,khstýrhmcs. Ai hftdrprdtimhýf
qud fc pudjd jd ai khstcrhihrrdiads
lisirsd df dspdmuaimhcfds ds da eufjibdftc jd ai
fh df shtuimhcfds
khpctèthmis. Ai tdcacgâi lâlahmi qud sd bifh﬉dsti df ai Dsmrhturi dsté
dstrdmkibdftd ahgiji i acs imcftdmhbhdftcs qud thdfd hbpahmimhcfds rdiads
y shgfh﬉mimhýf pirthmuair piri ai mcbufhjij. Ai rdaimhýf dftrd ai khstcrhi y
ai tdcacgâi ds âfthbi. Ai tdcacgâi qud sd eufjibdfti df ai rdiahjij y ai
khstcrhi ds pdrthfdftd y mcftdxtuia.
4. Da ]dùcr sd jhc i mcfcmdr mcbc da ahldrijcr jd ufi mcbufhjij pdqudùi
qud siahý jd Dghptc, i ai qud pcstdrhcrbdftd sd ufhdrcf grupcs qud dstilif
df da jdshdrtc y mcbufhjijds qud yi kilhtilif df Mifiéf. Ai mcfedshýf
jd ed qud hjdfth﬉mi i «tcjc Hsrida¾ df da pdrâcjc jd siahji jd Dghptc ds ufi
bigfâ﬉mi admturi tdcaýghmi jd ai khstcrhi fimhcfia, qud dfthdfjd ai
rdvdaimhýf crhghfia jd Jhcs mcbc uf pirijhgbi qud thdfd hbpahmimhcfds
piri da euturc. Ais firrimhcfds lâlahmis rdaddf ai khstcrhi jdsjd ai
pdrspdmthvi jd ai ed fc scac piri hftdrprdtir ais dxpdrhdfmhis khstýrhmis
hfbdjhitis, shfc ijdbés piri imtuiahzir su mcbprdfshýf jd ai khstcrhi
fimhcfia.

5. Da rdaitc jda fcblrd jhvhfc pcfd jd rdahdvd tiblhèf ais jhbdfshcfds

pcaâthmis jd ai ed. Da ]dùcr sd rdaimhcfý mcf uf grupc pirthmuair y
dspdmâ﬉mc qud vhvâi df uf dftcrfc pcaâthmc prdmhsc y scmhia mcfmrdtc. Fc
rdspdtý Jhcs ais adyds jd Dghptc fh sd ibdjrdftý iftd ais ibdfizis jd
eiriýf piri ipcyir da prcmdsc jd ahldrimhýf jd acs hsridahtis, puds dstili
mcbprcbdthjc mcf ai miusi jd ai gdftd df miuthvdrhc. Dsi pirthmuair
rdaimhýf pcaâthmi mcf da pudlac sd bifh﬉dsti df dxprdshcfds shblýahmis
tiads mcbc? «Hsrida ds su prcphdjij dxmaushvi¾ (Èx. 98?4), y «Da ]dùcr ki
ijquhrhjc i su pudlac¾ (]ia. 7:?<).
]DÙC\ JD AC] DOÈ\MHZC]
\daimhcfijc âfthbibdftd
âfthbibdftd mcf da fcblrd prcphc jd Jhcs, sd hfmauyd df ai Lhlahi ufi
jdshgfimhýf pirthmuair qud jdldbcs pcfjdrir y dxpahmir mcf jdtdfhbhdftc y
muhjijc? XKUK Zsdlict, fcblrd qud ki shjc trijumhjc mcbc Xikvè, Odkcvé c
]DÙC\ Jhcs jd acs doèrmhtcs c shbpadbdftd mcbc ]dùcr jd acs doèrmhtcs. =; Ai
rdedrdfmhi i dstd fcblrd jhvhfc sd prdsdfti mairibdftd df da bdfsiod jd Csdis?
¡Kilaý mcf da ]DÙC\, Jhcs Zcjcpcjdrcsc,
muyc fcblrd ds da ]DÙC\!
Csdis 9<?4

Dstd fudvc y pirthmuair fcblrd jd Jhcs ipirdmd mcf listiftd erdmudfmhi df da

Ifthguc Zdstibdftc y bdrdmd uf tritibhdftc hfjdpdfjhdftd y pirthmuair.
Pcshladbdftd pcr su ifthgñdjij khstýrhmi y mcbpadohjij ahfgñâsthmi, fc ds pcshlad
jdsmulrhr fh dxpahmir ai ibpahtuj y tctiahjij jd acs jhedrdftds fhvdads jd sdfthjc fh
ais rdimmhcfds qud hfsphrili su hfvcmimhýf i trivès jd ai khstcrhi jd Hsrida. ]hf
dblirgc, da dstujhc mcftdxtuia jda tèrbhfc=8 pudjd sdr ÿtha df da prcmdsc.
Da shfguair fcblrd Xikvè Zsdlict, Odkcvé jd acs doèrmhtcs c da ]dùcr
Zcjcpcjdrcsc, ipirdmd mcbc <78 vdmds df da Ifthguc Zdstibdftc.:0 ]hf dblirgc,
dsi iati erdmudfmhi fc sd jhstrhluyd jd ecrbi dquhtithvi df ai Dsmrhturi? fc sd
hfmauyd dstd fcblrd jdsjd Gèfdshs kisti Oudmds. Df acs Ahlrcs jd ]ibuda y jd acs
\dyds sd uthahzi scac df 98 cmishcfds> dftrd acs prcedtis ds uf tèrbhfc buy
erdmudftd ‚p. do., 4: df Hsiâis 9”=8, y 5 df Hsiâis :0”55> 77 df Odrdbâis> 90 df
Ibýs> 9: df Kigdc, y :: df _imirâis 9”;> y df da Ahlrc jd ]iabcs sd hfmcrpcri df
ais iailifzis y ahturghis jda pudlac df 94 cmishcfds.
]d pcfd jd bifh﬉dstc jd ai prdsdftimhýf dstijâsthmi qud da usc jd dstd pirthmuair
fcblrd jhvhfc dsté âfthbibdftd ahgijc ia pdrâcjc prceèthmc. Ziblhèf ds
hbpcrtiftd rdmcfcmdr qud ufi virhiftd bés airgi jda fcblrd sd ki trijumhjc
mcbc? da ]dùcr Jhcs jd acs doèrmhtcs (vdr Cs. 9<?4> Ib. =?9=> 5?9:> < ]. 4?90> 9 \.
98?90> Odr. 4?9:> ]ia. ;8?;).

Ais prdguftis
shguhdftds? eufjibdftiads
³jd què ia hftdftir
doèrmhtcs da ]dùcr ds oded3dftdfjdr
C, ³i quèdstd fcblrd
bhahmhi jhvhfcsd scf
dspdmâ﬉mi ais
rd﬉drd
da tèrbhfc «tsdlict¾3 Ais rdspudstis i dstcs hftdrrcgiftds thdfdf trds pcshlhahjijds.
Pudjd rdedrhrsd, «tsdlict¾, i acs doèrmhtcs jda pudlac jd Hsrida> da tèrbhfc pudjd
iaujhr, ijdbés, ia «doèrmhtc¾ jd ais dstrdaais, mcbc tiblhèf pudjd sdr ufi rdedrdfmhi
i acs «doèrmhtcs¾ jd acs dspârhtus y jd acs éfgdads qud sd pdfsili guhilif i acs istrcs
jda mhdac.
Df acs ahlrcs khstýrhmcs ai rdedrdfmhi ia Jhcs Zsdlict sd dfmudftri âfthbibdftd
rdaimhcfiji ia irmi jda pimtc (< ]. 5?<, 97> 7?<, ;, <5-<7> 9 Mr. 97?7).:9 Da irmi, df dsi
hbpcrtiftd èpcmi jd ai khstcrhi fimhcfia, sd rdaimhcfili prhcrhtirhibdftd mcf acs
doèrmhtcs jd Hsrida jhspudstcs piri ai litiaai> sd iscmhili eufjibdftiabdftd mcf ai
jhfébhmi bhahtir y mcf ais gudrris. Dstd pirthmuair fcblrd jd Jhcs, jdsjd dsti
pdrspdmthvi scmhcaýghmi,
scmhcaýghmi, pudjd sdr ufi mairi rdedrdfmhi i qud da ]dùcr dri da aâjdr jd
acs doèrmhtcs jda pudlac jd Hsrida, pdrmdpmhýf tdcaýghmi y bhahtir qud dri mcbÿf df
ai ifthgñdjij.
Yud da tèrbhfc sd dfmudftrd mcf biycr erdmudfmhi df ai ahtdrituri prceèthmi
pudjd sdr uf hfjhmijcr hbpcrtiftd df da prcmdsc jd jdsmulrhr da sdfthjc jd ai
dxprdshýf. Dscs pdrâcjcs prceèthmcs sd mirimtdrhzircf, dftrd ctrcs eimtcrds, pcr da
dfmudftrc jda bcfctdâsbc hsridahti mcf da pcahtdâsbc lilhaýfhmc. Df dsd mcftdxtc,
pirthmuairbdftd df ai èpcmi dxâahmi y pcstdxâahmi, df ais muiads Hsrida fc tdfâi
doèrmhtcs fimhcfiads piri dferdftir i sus dfdbhgcs, acs prcedtis rdvhsircf da
mcftdfhjc jd ai dxprdshýf «tsdlict¾ piri rdedrhrac i ais dstrdaais jd acs mhdacs, qud
drif ijcrijis mcbc jhvhfhjijds df ais muaturis pcahtdâstis. Jd dsti ecrbi acs
prcedtis pisircf ai hftdrprdtimhýf mcbÿf jd ai dxprdshýf jda paifc bhahtir kubifc
i ai dsedri tdcaýghmi y shblýahmi, ia bufjc pcahtdâsti.
Xikvè Zsdlict, c ]DÙC\ jd acs doèrmhtcs ds da fcblrd, sdgÿf dsti pdrmdpmhýf jda
tèrbhfc, qud hfjhmi qud da Jhcs lâlahmc ds da oded ilscautc jd tcjc ac mrdijc,
hfmauydfjc ia mcsbcs. Acs prcedtis tcbircf jd dsti ecrbi da adfguiod gudrrdrc, qud
dri pcmc pdrthfdftd juriftd da pdrâcjc dxâahmc, y ac uthahzircf mcf mrdithvhjij df
ufi èpcmi df ai muia ai bhahmhi fimhcfia fc tdfâi bumki shgfh﬉mimhýf, pdrc qud ais
aumkis tdcaýghmis mcftri ufi muaturi pcahtdâsti drif ufi prhcrhjij dxhstdfmhia.
Df dsd dftcrfc dxâahmc tiblhèf ds pcshlad qud acs prcedtis kiyif hftdrprdtijc da
tèrbhfc «tsdlict¾ mcbc ufi rdedrdfmhi i acs dspârhtus qud df ais muaturis pcahtdâstis
sd pdfsili qud ifhbilif i acs istrcs. Iftd dsis pdrmdpmhcfds tdcaýghmis, Xikvè
Zsdlict shgfh﬉mi qud da Jhcs lâlahmc ds ]dùcr jda mhdac y jd tcjis ais dstrdaais qud
dstéf df acs mhdacs. Da fcblrd pcfd jd rdahdvd fudvibdftd ai scldrifâi jhvhfi, qud
yi sd ki bifhedstijc df acs ctrcs fcblrds jd Jhcs? Da y Xikvè c Odkcvé.
JHC] MCBC \DX
Tfi bifhedstimhýf mairi y mcftufjdftd jd ai scldrifâi jhvhfi sd rdvdai df da
mcfthfuc usc jd hbégdfds rdiads qud sd rdaimhcfif mcf Jhcs. Dstis hbégdfds
jdbudstrif qud da pudlac jd Hsrida rdmhlhý ai hf﬌udfmhi jda pdfsibhdftc
scmhcpcaâthmc jd ais muaturis jd ai èpcmi, y sulriyi da kdmkc jd qud acs dsmrhtcrds
lâlahmcs pdfsilif df ais hftdrvdfmhcfds jhvhfis df mitdgcrâis mcfmrdtis, df ecrbis
rdiads y df bifbifdris pcaâthmis. Df tcrfc i Jhcs, Hsrida shdbprd rdaimhcfý su
fituriadzi y pcjdr mcf isuftcs jd pcaâthmi y iutcrhjij. Jd dsti ecrbi sd pdrmhld i
Jhcs mcbc rdy,:< mcbc bcfirmi muyi eufmhýf prhfmhpia ds dstiladmdr uf thpc jd
gclhdrfc qud pcfgi jd bifh﬉dstc acs prhfmhphcs dsphrhtuiads, èthmcs y bcriads qud
sd jdsprdfjdf jd su fituriadzi sifti.
\dedrdftd i dsti tdcacgâi, Hsiâis, df bdjhc jd ufi tdceifâi dxtricrjhfirhi,
dxmaibi? «Kif vhstc bhs cocs ia rdy, Odkcvé jd acs doèrmhtcs¾ (Hs. 5?4). Da prcedti
mcftdbpai ac hfdeilad, irthmuai ac hfjdsmrhpthlad, rdimmhcfi i ac dxtricrjhfirhc jd ai
rdvdaimhýf jhvhfi. Mcftdbpai ia ]dùcr mcbc uf rdy df su trcfc? dsté rcjdijc jd
mrhituris qud ad shrvdf, su prdsdfmhi prcjumd rdspdtc, ijbhrimhýf y tdbcr, su
hftdrvdfmhýf gdfdri tdblacrds y kubc, y su prcpýshtc prhfmhpia sd pcfd
mairibdftd jd bifh﬉dstc df da jhéacgc jhvhfc-kubifc? mcbhshcfir i uf bdfsiodrc,
aaibir i uf prcedti
dti (Hs. 5?9-9=).
]dgÿf da tdsthbcfhc lâlahmc, da rdhfijc jda ]dùcr thdfd jcs eufmhcfds léshmis df
Hsrida. Df prhbdr augir, dri ufi bifdri jd rdaithvhzir acs gclhdrfcs y ais
bcfirquâis tdrrdfiads. Jdsjd ai pdrspdmthvi tdcaýghmi, qud Jhcs sdi rdy hfjhmi qud
acs bcfirmis kubifcs sd jdldf i dsi iutcrhjij supdrhcr. Ds ufi bifdri jd i﬉rbir
qud acs pcjdrds rdiads fc scf ilscautcs, y qud acs hbpdrhcs tdrrdfiads clthdfdf su
pcjdr jda ]dùcr.:= Dri ufi ecrbi jd pcfdr jd bifh﬉dstc ai scldrifâi jhvhfi, qud
fc dstili miuthvi jdftrc jd ais ercftdris jd Hsrida (Èx. 94?9-9;> Jf. :). ¡Da pcjdr jd
gcldrfir pdrtdfdmd i Jhcs!
Ai hbigdf jda ]dùcr mcbc rdy tiblhèf pcfd df dvhjdfmhi ufi pdrmdpmhýf
hbpcrtiftd jd ai tdcacgâi lâlahmi? ai gdfdrcshjij, ai ousthmhi y da ipcyc i ais pdrscfis
bés fdmdshtijis jd ai scmhdjij. Da Jhcs qud ds rdy sd prdcmupi pcr bifhedstir su
bhsdrhmcrjhi y ibcr kimhi acs sdmtcrds bés jdspcsdâjcs y birghfijcs jd ai
scmhdjij. Dsd rdhfijc jhvhfc thdfd mcbc prhcrhjij mcftrhluhr i ai rdstiurimhýf y i
ai rdkilhahtimhýf jd ais pdrscfis qud bifh﬉dstif bés fdmdshjij df ai scmhdjij (Jt.
90?9;> ]ia. 9:4).
<9 Dsti i﬉rbimhýf jd fdgimhýf jd ais pdrscfis fdmhis fc ds fdmdsirhibdftd ufi jdmairimhýf itdi,
shfc uf rdmkizc c juji jd qud Jhcs hftdrvdfgi jd bifdri imthvi df acs isuftcs kubifcs. Ai
hbpahmimhýf mcfmrdti jd dsi i﬉rbimhýf tdcaýghmi ds ai mcfjumti pdrvdrsi jd quhdfds ai ijcptif> vdr
]ia. 9:?9-7. Da prcedti Odrdbâis mrhthmi sdvdribdftd i acs hsridahtis qud kif rdfdgijc ai ed mcf sus
hf﬉jdahjijds, puds pcfdf df juji ai scldrifâi jhvhfi (Odr. 4?9<).
<< ]dguhbcs gdfdriabdftd df da iféahshs jda Jhcs vhvhdftd i Oimcl, cp. mht., pp. :9-:4.
<= Df da jdsirrcaac y usc jd ais hbégdfds piri jdsmrhlhr ais immhcfds jhvhfis, acs dsmrhtcrds lâlahmcs

uthahzircf tiblhèf ai shblcacgâi jd acs ifhbiads, piri jdstimir, pirthmuairbdftd, da ispdmtc vhcadftc
y jd ouhmhc jd sus imthvhjijds? p. do., da mcbpcrtibhdftc y ai igrdshvhjij jda adýf, da csc y ai piftdri
shrvdf jd lisd piri dsis mcbpirimhcfds (Aib. =?90> Cs. 4?9:> 99?90> 9=?7).
<: Da usc jd dstd thpc jd adfguiod iftrcpcbýr﬉mc tuvc sus aâbhtds jd hbpcrtifmhi, qud ad pdrbhthdrcf
ia pudlac dftdfjdr ais jhedrdfmhis dftrd ac jhvhfc y ac kubifc. Dftrd ais immhcfds qud itdbpdrircf
dstd thpc jd adfguiod, sd pudjdf hjdfth﬉mir ais shguhdftds? p. do., da rdspdtc pcr ai trismdfjdfmhi jd
Jhcs bcthvý rdvhshcfds ahtdrirhis piri dvhtir uf thpc jd adfguiod hfijdmuijc mcf rdspdmtc i ai
jhvhfhjij, da rdmcfcmhbhdftc jd ais jhedrdfmhis dftrd ai fituriadzi kubifi y ai jhvhfi> da mcfmdptc
jda sdr kubifc qud ÿfhmibdftd thdfd sdfthjc df mcbufhjij, ac jhedrdfmhi ia Jhcs qud ds ÿfhmc> ai
eiati jd ufi mcbpiùdri piri da Jhcs lâlahmc, y ai prckhlhmhýf jd mrdir hbégdfds. Oimcl, cp. mht.,mht., pp.
::-:4.
<4 Tf misc lâlahmc hftdrdsiftd ds jhgfc jd bdfmhýf? Filia, sdgÿf ai firrimhýf df ai Dsmrhturi (9 ].

<4?<4), dri mcbc suyfcblrd,

<5 Ais rd﬌dxhcfds ¡hfsdfsitc!df
ais mcfmaushcfds tcrfc ia fcblrd jd Jhcs qud kimd Lrudggdbiff scf
eufjibdftiads df fudstrc dstujhc> jd pirthmuair hbpcrtifmhi ds su mcbprdfshýf ahfgñâsthmi jd acs
isuftcs tdcaýghmcs> Lrudggdbif, cp. mht.,mht., pp. 9<<-9<5.
<7 Ucf \ij, cp. mht.,
mht., pp. <=5-<=8.
<; Mcf ai pcshlad dxmdpmhýf jd ai mcbufhjij dtâcpd, dstd ipdaithvc gdfèrhmc piri Jhcs sd bifh﬉dsti
mcf eudrzi df ais muaturis sdbâthmis. Dsti sdmmhýf ahfgñâsthmi jd «Da¾ sd eufjibdfti df ai
prdsdftimhýf jd Oimcl, cp. mht.,
mht., p. :7.
<8 Dstcy buy mcfsmhdftd qud da dstujhc sdbéfthmc y ahfgñâsthmc jd iagÿf tèrbhfc lâlahmc fc igcti ais
pcshlhahjijds jd sdfthjc, shf dblirgc, fcs pudjd lrhfjir ludfis phstis y sdfthjc jd jhrdmmhýf df da
prcmdsc hfvdsthgithvc> vdr i O. Lirr. Zkd ]dbifthms ce Lhlahmia Aifguigd (Cxecrj? Cxecrj Tfhvdrshty
Prdss, 9859)> Lrudggdbiff, cp. mht.,
mht., pp. ::-:5.
Df
fudstrckhstýrhmc
mcftdxtc iféahshs jdy acs fcblrds
ahtdrirhc jd jhvhfcs sd tcbiijdbés
acs tèrbhfcs, df mcfshjdrimhýf fc scac
jda rdsuatijc jd aiacsahfgñâsthmi, shfc da
jdsmulrhbhdftcs
irqudcaýghmcs y ai iftrcpcacgâi> _hbbdrah, cp. mht.,
mht., pp. 97-9;.
=0 Ai mcbprdfshýf ijdmuiji jd ai rdahghýf jd Mifiéf ds hbprdsmhfjhlad piri dftdfjdr ai tdcacgâi
lâlahmi, pirthmuairbdftd piri dftdfjdr da prcmdsc tdcaýghmc pcr da muia da pudlac jd Hsrida aadgc ia
bcfctdâsbc ilscautc.
=9 Df su prcmdsc khstýrhmc y tdcaýghmc, Hsrida fc tuvc jh﬉muatijds biycrds df uthahzir dstis
jdshgfimhcfds tdcaýghmis jd Da y ipahmirais i su Jhcs. ]hf dblirgc, dsd fc eud da misc jd ais rdaimhcfds
mcf Liia, qud shdbprd eudrcf iftigýfhmis. Udr pirthmuairbdftd i _hbbdrah, cp. mht., mht., pp. :=-:4.
=< Ai prcfufmhimhýf jd ais muitrc mcfscfiftds jda fcblrd jhvhfc ‚mcfcmhjis mcbc
«tdtrigrébitcf¾‚ sd jdsmulrd mcf listiftd sdgurhjij df da dstujhc jd ai ahtdrituri pitrâsthmi y jd ai
]dptuighfti, qud ac hjdfth﬉mif mcbc «hild¾ c «hicld¾> vcf \ij, cp. mht., mht., p. =:. Ai trijummhýf jd
Mishjcrc
prcfufmhirjddf\dhfi df da 9458oujâi
ai mcbufhjij adyýjdsjd
ais mcfscfiftds
da shgac : i.jdaM. fcblrd jhvhfc ykvk,rdahghcsis
pcr mcfshjdrimhcfds qud sd jdoircf jd
‚mcf ais
vcmiads jd ijcfiy, qud shgfh﬉mi «sdùcr¾‚, piri prcjumhr ai shfguair prcfufmhimhýf «Odkcvé¾. Df ais
mcbufhjijds dvifgèahmis, ais rdedrdfmhis i Odkcvé mcbc da fcblrd prcphc jd Jhcs ds mcbÿf, pcr da
usc mcfthfuc jd ai hbpcrtiftd eibhahi jd trijummhcfds jd ai Lhlahi iscmhijis i Mishcjcrc jd \dhfi y
Mhprhifc jd Uiadri.
== Dviauir da mirémtdr jd Jhcs lisijc ÿfhmibdftd df da fcblrd ds ufi bdtcjcacgâi jd﬉mhdftd> shf
dblirgc, dsd bhsbc dstujhc fcs pudjd lrhfjir ais phstis fdmdsirhis piri dxpifjhr da kcrhzcftd
tdcaýghmc, khstýrhmc y ﬉acaýghmc jd fudstrc dftdfjhbhdftc. \dspdmtc i acs fcblrds jd Jhcs, vdr i Z.
F. J. Bdtthfgdr, Hf ]dirmk ce Gcj? Zkd Bdifhfg ifj Bdssigd ce tkd Dvdraisthfg Fibds
(Pkhaijdapkhi? Ecrtrdss Prdss, 988;)> Zkd Jdtkrcfdbdft ce ]ilict? ]tujhds hf tkd ]kdb ifj Nilcj
Zkdcacghds (Aufj, ]wdjdf? MWN Gaddrup, 98;<)> Birn ]bhtk, Zkd Diray Khstcry ce Gcj? Xikwdk
ifj
=: Ctkdr Jdhthds
_hbbdrah, hf, pp.
cp. mht.,
mht. Ifmhdft
97-98,Hsrida (]if
Oimcl, cp.Erifmhsmc?
mht., p. 4<.Kipdr ifj \cw, 9880).
mht.,
=4 Da fcblrd jd Xikvè sd ki hfmauhjc df virhis pcrmhcfds jd Gèfdshs piri rdaimhcfir ai khstcrhi
prhbhthvi jda pudlac mcf ai jhvhfhjij qud sd ad rdvdaý pcstdrhcrbdftd i Bchsès. Dsd prcmdsc jd
rdjimmhýf jd ai khstcrhi rdvdai ais prhcrhjijds tdcaýghmis jd ais pdrscfis qud mcbphaircf y djhtircf
dstis firrimhcfds, qud drif hbpcrtiftds puds ad lrhfjilif ia pudlac sdfthjc jd hjdfthjij, y
sdgurhjij fimhcfia y pdrscfia. _hbbdrah, cp. mht., pp. 95-97> Oimcl, cp. mht.,
mht., p. 4=> vcf \ij, cp. mht.,
pp. =0-=:.
=5 Iufqud dstcy mcfsmhdftd jd ais jh﬉muatijds khstýrhmis d hftdrprdtithvis qud acs rdaitcs jda èxcjc
prdsdftif piri da dstujhcsc jd ai Lhlahi, bh hftdrès ds ifiahzir ais hbpahmimhcfds tdcaýghmis jd acs
rdaitcs, sdgÿf da tdxtc mifýfhmc. Fc ds bh prcpýshtc dviauir fh prdsdftir da dstijc jd ais
hfvdsthgimhcfds mrâthmis df tcrfc i ai khstcrhmhjij jd ais firrimhcfds, qud ds ufi ailcr hbpcrtiftd y
fdmdsirhi piri
prcladbis da khstcrhijcr
mrâthmcs c piri
jd acs rdaitcs jd ai daahldrimhýf
dstujhcscjdjdDghptc,
ais rdahghcfds mcbpirijis.
vdr O. Lrhgkt, cp. mht., Piri dviauir cp.
y Kdrrbiff, acs
mht.
=7 Df tcrfc i dstis hbpahmimhcfds tdcaýghmis jd ais firrimhcfds jd ai rdvdaimhýf jda fcblrd jhvhfc,
vdr i _hbbdrah, cp. mht., pp. <<-<4.
=; Udr i Oimcl, cp. mht.,
mht., pp. 47-4;> _hbbdrah, cp. mht.,
mht., pp. ;<-;:> Dhmkrcjt, cp. mht.,
mht., pp. 975-97;> vcf
\ij, cp. mht.,
mht., p. :=.
=8 Da fcblrd «tsdlict¾ df kdlrdc pudjd sdr ahfgñâsthmibdftd dftdfjhjc mcbc ai ecrbi hftdfshvi jd
uf pauria ilstrimtc> sdgÿf dsti hftdrprdtimhýf da tèrbhfc sd jdld dftdfjdr mcbc «pctdfmhi¾, qud
itrhluhjc i ai jhvhfhjij pcjrâi shgfh﬉mir da Jhcs pcjdrcsc> vcf \ij, cp. mht., mht., p. :=.
:0 ]dguhbcs iquâ ais dstijâsthmis jd Oimcl, cp. mht., mht., p. 47.
:9 Da irmi jda pimtc tiblhèf dri mcfmdlhji df Hsrida mcbc da trcfc vhshlad jd Xikvè. Piri
eufjibdftir dsti mcfvhmmhýf, sd pudjd kimdr rdedrdfmhi i ais ifiacgâis mcf da bufjc grhdgc jd ai
èpcmi, jcfjd sd vdfdrilif acs trcfcs vimâcs jd acs jhcsds, y i virhcs pisiods lâlahmcs qud ipuftif
kimhi dsti jhrdmmhýf dxdgèthmi> p. do., Odr. =?95-97> ]ia. 88?4> 9=<> Hs. 5> Dz. :=?7. Da irmi tiblhèf dri
uf mcerd, qud hf﬉drd ai hjdi qud jdlâi tdfdr iagÿf thpc jd mcftdfhjc df su hftdrhcr. ]dgÿf da
tdsthbcfhc lâlahmc, mcftdfâi? ais tilais jd ai ady (Èx. :0?<0> 9 \. ;?8), ai viri jd Iirýf (Fb. 97?:) y
da bifé (Èx. 95?==-=:). _hbbdrah, cp. mht., pp. ;<-;=.
:< Piri mcbprdfjdr ijdmuijibdftd dstis hbpcrtiftds hbégdfds jd Jhcs mcbc rdy, vdr i
Lrudggdbiff, cp. mht., pp. <=;-<:9> Oimcl, cp. mht., pp. 5<-5:> Dhmkrcjt, cp. mht., pp. 978-9;=> y
_hbbdrah, cp. mht., pp. :9-:=.
:= Dsti pdrmdpmhýf tdcaýghmi jd ai kdgdbcfâi y ai scldrifâi jd Jhcs sd rdvdai fc scac df rdaimhýf mcf
acs rdyds jd Hsrida y Oujé, shfc dftrd acs bcfirmis pigifcs, mcbc sd jdbudstri df ai ahldrimhýf jd
Dghptc, muifjc sd jdsdstilhahzý da gclhdrfc jda eiriýf, y df uf pisiod hftdrdsiftd jda Ahlrc jd
Jifhda, df da muia sd jdsiutcrhzi da pcjdr y ai iutcrhjij jd Filumcjcfcscr (Jf. :)> Lrudggdbiff,
cp. mht., pp. <=8-<:0.
 Mipâtuac <

DA JHC] JD AI P\CBD]I
Xc scy da Jhcs jd tu pijrd.
]cy da Jhcs jd Ilrikib, jd Hsiim y jd Oimcl.
Ia câr dstc, Bchsès sd mulrhý da rcstrc,
puds tuvc bhdjc
bhdjc jd bhrir i JJhcs.
hcs.
Èxcjc =?5

Ijdbés, Jhcs ad jĽc i Bchsès?

‚Jhads dstc i acs hsridahtis?
«Da ]DÙC\, da Jhcs jd sus iftdpisijcs,
da Jhcs jd Ilrikib, jd Hsiim y jd Oimcl,
bd ki dfvhijc i ustdjds.
Dstd ds bh fcblrd dtdrfc>
dstd ds bh fcblrd pcr tcjis ais gdfdrimhcfds¾.
Èxcjc =?94
AI \DUDAIMHÝF JD DA ]KIJJIX
Ai rdvdaimhýf dxtricrjhfirhi jd Jhcs i Bchsès (Èx. =?9-94) rdaimhcfi jhrdmtibdftd
da fcblrd prcphc jhvhfc, Xikvè da ]DÙC\ c Odkcvé, mcf da Jhcs jd acs iftdpisijcs
jd Hsrida. Dsd hbpcrtiftd rdaitc tdceéfhmc pcfd rdahdvd uf kdmkc eufjibdftia,
sulriyi ufi hfecrbimhýf trismdfjdftia piri da dstujhc ivifzijc jd ai tdcacgâi
lâlahmi? iftds jd qud da pudlac jd Hsrida ijcriri i Jhcs mcf su fcblrd prcphc, sus
iftdpisijcs pirthmhpircf jd dxpdrhdfmhis rdahghcsis shgfh﬉mithvis y tuvhdrcf
mcftimtcs hbpcrtiftds mcf dsi jhvhfhjij jd ecrbi shstdbéthmi, erdmudftd y
trifsecrbijcri.
Ais ]igrijis Dsmrhturis sd prdcmupif pcr hjdfth﬉mir, trifsbhthr y i﬉rbir ai
fituriadzi y dxtdfshýf jd ais dxpdrhdfmhis y dfsdùifzis rdahghcsis qud acs
iftdpisijcs jd Hsrida tuvhdrcf, puds dsis firrimhcfds sdftircf ﬉rbdbdftd ais lisds
jda jdsirrcaac tdcaýghmc hftdgria jda pudlac. Mcf ai rdvdaimhýf jda fcblrd jd Jhcs i
Bchsès df da jdshdrtc sd dbpiabif ais firrimhcfds jda èxcjc mcf ai jd acs
iftdpisijcs jd Hsrida, piri lrhfjir i ai tdcacgâi lâlahmi sdfthjc jd mcfthfuhjij,
prcgrdshýf, jdsirrcaac y mckdshýf.
Ai virhdjij y pauriahjij jd ais firrimhcfds pitrhirmiads sclrd acs fcblrds jd
Jhcs ds uf âfjhmd mairc jd ais jhvdrsis ecrbis df ai qud acs dsmrhtcrds lâlahmcs
jdsdilif dxpahmir da crhgdf jda fcblrd jhvhfc. ]dgÿf iagufcs rdaitcs jda
Pdftitdumc,:: eud juriftd acs jâis jd Dfcm qud mcbdfzý i hfvcmirsd da fcblrd jd
Xikvè c Odkcvé (Gf. :?<5). Pcshladbdftd, mcbc da fcblrd «Dfcm¾, isâ mcbc da jd
«Ijéf¾, shgfh﬉mif df kdlrdc «kcblrd¾ ‚c bdocr, sdr kubifc‚, dsti rdedrdfmhi
pudjd sdr uf ludf hfjhmijcr jd qud da dsmrhtcr lâlahmc jdsdili sulriyir, i﬉rbir y
mdadlrir qud jdsjd acs bhsbcs mcbhdfzcs jda bufjc y jd ai khstcrhi da fcblrd
jhvhfc dri mcfcmhjc, rdmcfcmhjc, iprdmhijc d hfvcmijc. ]d ufd, jd dsi ecrbi
ahtdrirhi y tdcaýghmi, ai khstcrhi jda pudlac jd Hsrida mcf acs rdaitcs prhbhgdfhcs jda
crhgdf jd ai kubifhjij.
Dftrd acs hbpcrtiftds rdaitcs pitrhirmiads jda Pdftitdumc, ufc bdrdmd itdfmhýf
dspdmhia, rdmaibi fudstrc dstujhc sclrhc, jdmhjhjc y pcfjdrijc. Iufqud
gdfdriabdftd df dscs pisiods lâlahmcs jd acs iftdpisijcs jd Hsrida sd hjdfth﬉mi i
Jhcs mcf su fcblrd gdfèrhmc, «Dackhb¾, df Gèfdshs 97 sd prdsdfti ai rdvdaimhýf
jhvhfi jd Ilrikib mcf da pirthmuair y dspdmâ﬉mc fcblrd jd Da-]kijjiy (Gf. 97?9),
qud trijhmhcfiabdftd sd ki trijumhjc mcbc «tcjcpcjdrcsc¾ u «cbfhpctdftd¾,
iufqud pcshladbdftd su shgfh﬉mijc crhghfia eud «jd ai bcftiùi¾.:4
 Muifjc Ilrib tdfâi fcvdfti y fudvd iùcs,
da ]DÙC\ sd ad ipirdmhý y ad jĽc?
‚Xc scy da Jhcs Zcjcpcjdrcsc ^Da-]kijjiyR.
^Da-]kijjiyR.
Uhvd df bh prdsdfmhi y sè hftimkilad.
Isâ mcf﬉rbirè bh pimtc mcfthgc,
y buathpahmirè tu jdsmdfjdfmh
jdsmdfjdfmhii df grif bifdri.
Gèfdshs 97?9-<

Df dsti pirthmuair y dxtricrjhfirhi rdvdaimhýf jd Da-]kijjiy, sd rdaimhcfi

mairibdftd dsd fcblrd jhvhfc mcf ai prcbdsi kdmki i Ilrikib jd tdfdr ufi
jdsmdfjdfmhi fubdrcsi (vdr Gf. <;?=> =4?99> :;?=> Èx. 5?=).:5 Ijdbés, sd hfjhmi qud
da pitrhirmi yi dstili dftrijc df iùcs, y qud Jhcs dstiladmdrâi uf thpc jd pimtc c
iahifzi mcf èa. Da mcftdxtc gdfdria jd ai firrimhýf ds rdvdaijcr d hbpcrtiftd? ai
hbpcshlhahjij jda pitrhirmi jd tdfdr ufi jdsmdfjdfmhi fubdrcsi, puds yi dri uf

ifmhifc> ijdbés
ai prcbdsi sd ia
jhvhfi rdmaibi su mcfsigrimhýf
pitrhirmi y ﬉jdahjij.
y su mcfjhmhýf ]d mcftripcfd
jd ifmhifc df da rdaitc
qud hbpcshlhahtili su
mubpahbhdftc.
Eufjibdftijc df dsti firrimhýf jd Gèfdshs, df da Ahlrc jda Èxcjc
pcstdrhcrbdftd
pcstdrhcrbdf td sd hfjhmi?
Df ctri cmishýf, Jhcs kilaý mcf Bchsès y ad jĽc?
«Xc scy da ]DÙC\ ^XKUKR.
Bd ipirdmâ i Ilrikib, i Hsiim y i Oimcl
lioc da fcblrd jd Jhcs Zcjcpcjdrcsc ^Da-]kijjiyR,
pdrc fc ads rdvdaè
rdvdaè bh vdrj
vdrjijdrc
ijdrc fcblrd,
qud ds da ]DÙC\.
Èxcjc 5?<-=

Jd dsi ecrbi ahtdrirhi y tdcaýghmi sd ufdf acs fcblrds jd Da-]kijjiy y Xikvè c

Odkcvé i ais firrimhcfds jda Jhcs jd acs pitrhirmis c iftdpisijcs. Isâ sd vif
khavififjc jd bifdri piuaithfi acs rdaitcs tdcaýghmcs jda Pdftitdumc piri mcfstruhr
ufi khstcrhi mcbpadti y mcfthfui, qud pudjd rdaimhcfir dedmthvibdftd ais
jhedrdftds bifhedstimhcfds
bhsbc thdbpc qud sd i﬉rbi yairdvdaimhcfds jd acs fcblrds jda Jhcs jd Hsrida, ia
khstcrhi fimhcfia.
 Ai khstcrhi jd ais rdaimhcfds jd Xikvè c Odkcvé mcf da pudlac jd Hsrida sd hfhmhi
c﬉mhiabdftd, y mcf ufi grif mcfmhdfmhi tdcaýghmi, df ai èpcmi bcsihmi, sdgÿf
Èxcjc =?9-94. ]hf dblirgc, piri cltdfdr ufi mcbprdfshýf tdcaýghmi ibpahi y
ijdmuiji jd acs mcbhdfzcs jda pudlac jd Hsrida jdldbcs dstujhir jdtdfhjibdftd i
Gèfdshs 9<, qud prdsdfti uf rdaitc jd hbpcrtifmhi miphtia piri fudstrc iféahshs.
Iufqud df dscs thdbpcs jd Ilrikib fc dxhstâi tcjivâi da grupc scmhia, rdahghcsc y
pcaâthmc qud pcstdrhcrbdftd sd mcfsthtuyý df Hsrida, :7
df dedmtc, dsi gdfdrimhýf
pitrhirmia hfmauâi i acs iftdpisijcs jda pudlac. Hfmaushvd, i ufc jd dscs
iftdpisijcs, Oimcl, jd imudrjc mcf da tdsthbcfhc lâlahmc (Gf. =<?<;> =4?90), sd ad
miblhý da fcblrd i Hsrida, mcf da mairc prcpýshtc jd ufhr ais firrimhcfds
pitrhirmiads mcf acs crâgdfds jda pudlac jd Hsrida. Dscs iftdpisijcs thdfdf bumkc
qud vdr mcf da Jhcs qud pcstdrhcrbdftd sdrâi ijcrijc mcf da fcblrd jd Xikvè c
Odkcvé, puds pcfdf jd bifh﬉dstc ai prdkhstcrhi jda pudlac jd Hsrida.
DA JHC] JD AC] IFZDPI]IJC]
Ai erisd lâlahmi mcbÿf y dstdrdcthpiji «Jhcs jd Ilrikib, jd Oimcl y jd Hsrida¾ ds
tdsthgc jd uf thpc jd jhvhfhjij fýbiji qud sd rdaimhcfili mcf uf aâjdr jd acs
maifds c grupcs eibhahirds y scmhiads ifthgucs. Dsi eýrbuai, qud sd rdphtd mcf
erdmudfmhi df ais firrimhcfds jda Gèfdshs, ds dvhjdfmhi jd qud acs iftdpisijcs jd
Hsrida sd rdedrâif i ai jhvhfhjij mcf da ipdaithvc «Jhcs jd acs pijrds¾, :; iftds jd
mcfcmdr dxpaâmhtibdftd
dxpaâmhtibdftd da fcblrd jd Xikvè c Odkcvé.
Odkcvé.
Da rdsuatijc jd ais hfvdsthgimhcfds jd ai rdahghýf jd acs pitrhirmis y bitrhirmis jd
Hsrida rdvdaif qud dxhsthdrcf, pcr ac bdfcs, trds bcjiahjijds jd dsi jhvhfhjij
prdbcsihmi.:8 Ouftc ia «Jhcs jd Ilrikib¾, sd pudjdf hjdfth﬉mir tiblhèf «da Jhcs
jd Hsiim¾, tiblhèf mcfcmhjc mcbc «Zdrrcr jd Hsiim¾ c «Pirhdftd jd Hsiim¾ (Gf.
=9?:<, 4=), y da «Jhcs jd Oimcl¾, muyc fcblrd mÿathmc dri «da Eudrtd jd Oimcl¾ (Gf.
:8?<:). Dstis ecrbis jd hjdfth﬉mir ai jhvhfhjij, mcf da pisc jda thdbpc y mcf ai
ufhýf jd acs jhedrdftds grupcs fýbijis, sd ufhdrcf df ai prdmdpmhýf jda pudlac y
df acs rdaitcs lâlahmcs piri dstiladmdr ai ecrbi airji jd «Jhcs jd Ilrikib, jd Hsiim
y jd Oimcl¾.
Tfi jd ais hbpahmimhcfds tdcaýghmis bés hbpcrtiftds jd dstis firrimhcfds ‚qud
mhdrtibdftd dsds buy ÿtha piri fudstrc dstujhc jda mcfmdptc jd Jhcs‚ sd rdaimhcfi
mcf da kdmkc jd qud sd dfbirmif df da dftcrfc jd ufi prcbdsi jhvhfi
eufjibdftia. Dsi prcbdsi dri da viacr dxtricrjhfirhc qud kimâi qud da pitrhirmi y
su eibhahi rdspcfjhdrif pcshthvibdftd ia aaibijc jhvhf jhvhfc y dbprdfjhdrif uf
pdrdgrhfir fcbéjhmc ia euturc. Ai prcbdsi jhvhfi eud da eimtcr hfjhspdfsilad, jdsjd
da puftc jd vhsti tdcaýghmc, qud bcthvý ais jdmhshcfds jd siahji y acs bcvhbhdftcs
fýbijis jd acs pitrhirmis pcr da bufjc ifthguc.40
Ai firrimhýf jda aaibijc jd Ilrikib (c Ilrib) 49 y jd ai prcbdsi i acs
pitrhirmis sd irthmuai jd ai shguhdftd ecrbi?
Da ]DÙC\ ad jĽc i Ilrib?
«Jdoi tu thdrri, tus pirhdftds y ai misi jd tu pijrd,
y vdtd i ai thdrri
thdrri qud td bcstr
bcstrirè.
irè.
Kirè jd th ufi fimhýf grifjd, y td ldfjdmhrè>
kirè eibcsc tu fcblrd, y sdrés ufi ldfjhmhýf.
Ldfjdmhrè i acs qud td ldfjhgif
y biajdmhrè i acs
acs qud td biajhgif>
 ¡pcr bdjhc jd th sdréf ldfjdmhjis
tcjis ais eibhahis jd ai thdrri!¾.
Gèfdshs 9<?9-=

Dsi prcbdsi jhvhfi, shf dblirgc, fc dri khpctèthmi, hjdia, dspdmuaithvi, dsphrhtuia,

hftdrhcr, dsctèrhmi,
piapilad, vdrh﬉milad,hbighfirhi
dxtdrhcr, ctifghlad.
hftifghlad>
Da sdgrif
tritili jd iagc
clodthvc mcfmrdtc,
jhvhfc, sdgÿfrdia,
acs
tdsthbcfhcs lâlahmcs, dri jirad i Ilrikib ufi grif jdsmdfjdfmhi, piri isâ sdftir
ijdmuijibdftd ais lisds khstýrhmis y tdcaýghmis fdmdsirhis piri rdaitir
pcstdrhcrbdftd ai ecrbimhýf jd ufi fimhýf? da pudlac jd Hsrida. Tfi jdsmdfjdfmhi
dxtdfsi y fubdrcsi, qud hfmauydri bcfirmis, ijdaiftili y isdgurili ai pcshlhahjij
jd dstiladmdr pcstdrhcrbdftd ufi fimhýf.
Tfhji i ai prcbdsi jhvhfi jd «kirè jd th ufi fimhýf grifjd…¾ (Gf. 9<?<i), sd
hfmcrpcri uf sdgufjc dadbdftc dsdfmhia tdcaýghmc? «… td ldfjdmhrè> kirè eibcsc

tu fcblrd,
ai hjdi y sdrés
jd kcfcr ufi ldfjhmhýf¾
y prdsthghc, qud ds (Gf. 9<?<l). Da
ufi bifdri jd fcblrd
pcfdr jdgrifjd
rdahdvdsdairdaimhcfi mcf
hbpcrtifmhi
jda rdmcfcmhbhdftc jda rdstc jd ais fimhcfds. Pcstdrhcrbdftd, df ctris firrimhcfds
pitrhirmiads sd rdvdaif hbpahmimhcfds fudvis jd ai bhsbi prcbdsi (Gf. 97?95), puds
sd hfjhmi qud jd ai dspcsi jda pitrhirmi fimdréf rdyds, qud pcfd jd bifh﬉dstc ais
hbpahmimhcfds pcaâthmis
pcaâthmis y ai prcbhfdfmhi jd ai prcbdsi jhvhfi.
Tf tdrmdr mcbpcfdftd eufjibdftia jd ai prcbdsi jd Jhcs i Ilrikib ds jhgfc
jd bdfmhcfir pcr su hbpcrtifmhi tdcaýghmi d khstýrhmi? Jhcs ad aadviré «… i ai thdrri
qud yc td bcstrirè¾ (Gf. 9<?9l, ]P). Dstd ispdmtc jd ai prcbdsi, ijdbés jd sdr

hbpcrtiftd
thdrri df aipcr ais hbpahmimhcfds
ahtdrituri tdcaýghmis,dfgdcgré﬉mis,
lâlahmi, mcbhdfzi ai prhbdriscmhiads y pcaâthmis
rdvdaimhýf jd Jhcsjd aii
Ilrikib. ]dgÿf ai Dsmrhturi, da hfhmhc jda mcfmdptc jd «thdrri prcbdthji¾, y ai
tdcacgâi rdaimhcfiji mcf dsi hjdi, fimd df ai bifhedstimhýf jd Jhcs ia pitrhirmi, qud
pcstdrhcrbdftd sd mcfmrdthzi mcf ai dxpdrhdfmhi jd ahldrimhýf jda èxcjc, ai ufhýf
jd acs grupcs df Mifiéf y ai hfsthtumhýf jd ai bcfirquâi, y da rdstc jd ais
dstrumturis pcaâthmis qud eimhahtilif ai ijbhfhstrimhýf pÿlahmi (vdr tiblhèf Gf.
9<?7> 9=?9:-97).
I dsis prcbdsis mairibdftd eâshmis y rdiads, sd iùijd da dadbdftc bcria, èthmc,

tdcaýghmc
vcmimhcfiayjddsphrhtuia? «sdr ldfjhmhýf
ais firrimhcfds piri acsy ais
jd acs pitrhirmis pudlacs¾. Df jd
bitrhirmis da Hsrida,
bhsbcsdmcftdxtc
hfmauyd
ufi buy hbpcrtiftd hjdi ufhvdrsiahsti? sdr jd ldfjhmhýf, iyuji y ipcyc ia rdstc jd
ais fimhcfds jda bufjc. ]d bifh﬉dsti jd bifdri jdstimiji, df dstd lrdvd rdaitc, da
mcfmdptc jd scahjirhjij. Dspdmâ﬉mibdftd df scac jcs vdrsâmuacs (vv. <-=), sd hfmauyd
ai riâz jda vdrlc «ldfjdmhr¾ df mhfmc cmishcfds? «td ldfjdmhrè¾, «sdrés ldfjhmhýf¾,
«ldfjdmhrè i acs qud td ldfjhgif¾ y «sdréf ldfjhtis¾.
Dsi pdmuahirhjij ahfgñâsthmi jd ai firrimhýf, qud uthahzi mcbc tdbi maivd ai
rdpdthmhýf jd ai hjdi jd sdr «ldfjhmhýf¾, pudjd sdr uf hfjhmijcr jd ai hbpcrtifmhi
tdcaýghmi jda mcfmdptc jd prcbdsi y jd ac eufjibdftia jd ai hftdrvdfmhýf jhvhfi
piri qud da pudlac vdi da mubpahbhdftc jd ai rdvdaimhýf jd Jhcs. I trivès jd
Ilrikib, Jhcs jdsdi aadgir i tcji ai kubifhjij (Gf. 97?7) y supdrir ai biajhmhýf
qud ai jdscldjhdfmhi kubifi kilâi hftrcjumhjc df da bufjc. Jdsjd ais prhbdris
firrimhcfds jda aaibibhdftc jd Ilrikib sd rdvdai uf mcfmdptc jd Jhcs gritc,
ibcrcsc, scahjirhc y bhsdrhmcrjhcsc, qud dsté buy hftdrdsijc df aadgir fc scac i ai
mcbufhjij jd Hsrida, shfc tiblhèf jd ldfjdmhr ia rdstc jd ai kubifhjij.
Ais firrimhcfds qud prdsdftif ai vhji jd acs pitrhirmis y ais bitrhirmis, y qud
tiblhèf hfmauydf sus vhmhshtujds y prcladbis, mcfsthtuydf uf tdbi tdcaýghmc
prhcrhtirhc df da Ifthguc Zdstibdftc. Df da rdmudftc jd acs isuftcs pitrhirmiads, y
tiblhèf df ai dxpcshmhýf jdtiaaiji jd ais jhfébhmis eibhahirds qud sd hfmauydf df da
Pdftitdumc, sd pcfdf df mairi dvhjdfmhi sus hbpdredmmhcfds, jcacrds, eiaais,
prcladbis, jdscldjhdfmhis,
jdscldjhdfmhis, hfmcfshstdfmhis y clstémuacs. Jd dsti ecrbi acs tdbis jd
ai ﬉jdahjij d hf﬉jdahjij ijquhdrdf mirémtdr prhcrhtirhc df ai tdcacgâi lâlahmi y sd
hfmcrpcrif mcbc isuftc eufjibdftia y prhcrhtirhc df ais firrimhcfds dsmrhturiads.
Ai vdrjijdri kubifhjij jd acs pitrhirmis y bitrhirmis jd Hsrida sd rdvdai, y sd
prdsdfti ai dsdfmhi bhsbi jd uf Jhcs ibcrcsc y scahjirhc, qud dsté mcfthfuibdftd
prdcmupijc pcr ldfjdmhr i ai kubifhjij.
TF JHC] YTD P\CBDZD
Tf jdtiaad hbpcrtiftd df da dstujhc jd ais prcbdsis jd Jhcs i acs pitrhirmis sd
rdaimhcfi mcf acs vdrlcs kdlrdcs qud sd uthahzif piri jdsmrhlhr dscs mcbprcbhscs
jhvhfcs.4< Df dedmtc, sd usif riâmds vdrliads qud phftif ufi ﬉guri pcjdrcsi qud ds
mipiz jd prcjumhr miblhcs sustifmhiads y gdfdrir bcvhbhdftcs trifsecrbijcrds.
X ad jĽc? ‚Mcbc kis kdmkc dstc,
y fc bd kis fdgijc
fdgijc i tu ÿfhmc kĽ
kĽc,
c,
ourc pcr bâ bhsbc ‚i﬉rbi da ]DÙC\‚]DÙC\‚
qud td ldfjdmhrè df grif bifdri,
y qud buathpahmirè
buathpahmirè tu jdsmdfjdfmhi
jdsmdfjdfmhi
mcbc ais dstrdaais jda mhdac y mcbc ai irdfi jda bir.
Ijdbés, tus jdsmdfjhdftds mcfquhstiréf
ais mhujijds jd sus dfdbhgcs.
Gèfdshs <<?95-97

Ais piailris qud ad jif ai rizýf jd sdr y sustifmhi ia vdrlc qud sd trijumd mcbc
«kd ourijc¾ ‚c mcbc «prcbdtc scadbfdbdftd c lioc ouribdftc¾‚, df dstd
mcftdxtc scf «buathpahmir¾ y «ldfjdmhr¾. Ai prcbdsi y da mcbprcbhsc jd Jhcs sd
rdaimhcfif mcf iagÿf rdgiac jhvhfc c mcf iagufi ldfjhmhýf pirthmuair. Df dstd
rdaitc dspdmâ﬉mc, mcbc Ilrikib fc dsmithbý df cerdmdrad su ÿfhmc kĽc mcbc

simrh﬉mhc
ldfjdmhracÿathbc, Jhcs
y jirad ufidvhti da kcacmiustc
jdsmdfjdfmhi y sd mcbprcbdtd
fubdrcsi. Jhcs bhsbc ﬉rbd
ouriy ﬉dabdftd
ldfjdmhr ii
Ilrikib, y rdphtd jd dsti ecrbi ais prcbdsis kdmkis iftdrhcrbdftd. Da ouribdftc
jhvhfc ad hbpdad i mcf﬉rbir sus prcbdsis, y tiblhèf i dxpifjhrais? ai
jdsmdfjdfmhi jda pitrhirmi sdré mcbc ais dstrdaais y ai irdfi, hfmcftilads, y sd iùijd
qud ads jiré pcjdr piri vdfmdr i sus dfdbhgcs. Ai prcbdsi jd Jhcs ds rdpdthji,
rdviahjiji, imtuiahziji y dxpifjhji.
]d rdvdai fudvibdftd df dsti firrimhýf da dsthac jda Pdftitdumc jd rdpdthr y
mcf﬉rbir ais prcbdsis jhvhfis, y sd pcfd jd bifh﬉dstc da hftdrès tdcaýghmc jd dsti

sdmmhýf jd aimcf
mcbufhmirsd Lhlahi? prdsdftir yidftilair
ai kubifhjij uf Jhcsjhéacgcs
qud thdfd ai mipimhjij
shgfh﬉mithvc
shgfh﬉mithvcs y da jdsdc jd
s y trifsecrbijcr
trifsecrbijcrds
ds
mcf ai gdftd. Df dsis mcfvdrsimhcfds sd bifh﬉dsti da Jhcs jd ais prcbdsis, qud
uthahzi mcbc eýrbuai pdjigýghmi ai rdpdthmhýf y rdhtdrimhýf piri trifsbhthr sus
dfsdùifzis y i﬉rbir su vcauftij.
Pcstdrhcrbdftd ais prcbdsis jhvhfis sd pisif jd Ilrikib i Hsiim, y jd Hsiim i
Oimcl, piri biftdfdr vhvi ai mcf﬉ifzi jda pudlac df dsi hbpcrtiftd rdvdaimhýf jd
Jhcs. Ziblhèf, df ifthmhpimhýf ia imcftdmhbhdftc jd èxcjc, ais prcbdsis sd kimdf
i acs kĽcs d kĽis jd Hsrida (Èx. <?<:> =?7, 95> 5?=-;> ==?9), sd hfmcrpcrif mcbc
eufjibdftc jd ai Zcré (Jt. 9?;> 5?90> <8?9=), d hfmaushvd sd uthahzif piri gdfdrir
dspdrifzi y sdfthjc jd hjdfthjij fimhcfia juriftd da pdrâcjc dxâahmc (Hs. :=?9> 4:?<>
5=?95> Dz. ==?<:> Bh. 7?<0).
Dsi tdcacgâi jda Jhcs qud prcbdtd mcfthfÿi y sd jdsirrcaai iÿf bés df ctris
sdmmhcfds jd ai Dsmrhturi. Dsd dsthac jd Jhcs sd bifh﬉dsti tiblhèf df ais
firrimhcfds df tcrfc i Jivhj, i quhdf sd ad prcbdtd qud su misi y su rdhfc
pdrbifdmdréf piri shdbprd (< ]. 7?94-95). Ijdbés, df acs crémuacs prceèthmcs, sd
rdvdaif fudvis prcbdsis? p. do., da dstiladmhbhdftc euturc jd ufi fudvi mhujij jd
piz df Odrusiaèf (Hs. <?<-:> Bhq. :?9-4)> y uf thpc fcvda jd rdy qud primthqud ai
ousthmhi d hbpaiftd
hbpaiftd ai piz (Hs. 99?9
99?9-4).
-4). Dspdmâ﬉mibdftd juriftd da dxhah
dxhahcc df Lilhacfhi
sd jdsirrcaaý iÿf bés dsi mirimtdrâsthmi tdcaýghmi jda Jhcs qud prcbdtd? «Xc sdrè tu
Jhcs, y ustdjds sdréf bh pudlac¾ (Odr. 99?:> <:?7> =0?<<> Dz. 99?<0> 9:?99> =7?<=).
HBPC\ZIFMHI JD AI P\CBD]I JHUHFI
Piri acs prcpýshtcs jd fudstrc dstujhc, ds bdfdstdr hjdfth﬉mir ais hbpahmimhcfds
tdcaýghmis jd ais prcbdsis jd Jhcs i Ilrikib. Dspdmâ﬉mibdftd fcs hftdrdsi
jdsmulrhr ai hbpcrtifmhi jd dsd mcfmdptc jda Jhcs qud prcbdtd, qud pcstdrhcrbdftd
pcstdrhcrbdftd
sd jdsirrcaai y bifh﬉dsti df ctris firrimhcfds i Bchsès, i acs rdyds, i acs prcedtis y
i acs simdrjctds.
9. Ai prhbdri hbpahmimhýf sd rdaimhcfi mcf da crhgdf jda pudlac jd Hsrida. Dsd
crhgdf, sdgÿf ai prcbdsi kdmki i Ilrikib, fc sd rdaimhcfi mcf ai
bhtcacgâi ifthgui4= fh sd eufjibdfti df ai aumki jd acs jhcsds. Iaujd, shf
dblirgc, i ufi sdrhd jd imcftdmhbhdftcs hbpcrtiftd
hbpcrtiftdss y jd dxpdrhdfmhis jd
grif shgfh﬉mimhýf piri sus iftdpisijcs, y qud piri ai mcbufhjij hsridahti
drif mcfmrdtis, rdiads d khstýrhmis df su pdrmdpmhýf jd pudlac y fimhýf.
Df da dftcrfc jd ufi sdrhd jd muaturis qud dxpahmilif sus crâgdfds jd
ecrbi bhtcaýghmi jhedrdftd. Da pudlac jd Hsrida, qud pcstdrhcrbdftd eud
ahldrijc pcr Jhcs jd ai dsmaivhtuj jd Dghptc, fc surgd jd ai aumki thtéfhmi
jd ais jhvhfhjijds fh ds ai mcphi kubifi jd iagÿf bcjdac mdadsthia jhvhfc?
jd imudrjc mcf da tdsthbcfhc lâlahmc, da crhgdf jd Hsrida sd ifmai df uf
rdaitc jd aaibijc i ufi pdrscfi dspdmâ﬉mi, Ilrikib, i jdoir ai sdgurhjij
y da mcfecrt qud ad lrhfjili su dftcrfc fimhcfia y eibhahir, mcbc ai thdrri
y ai eibhahi, piri mcbdfzir uf pdrdgrhfir kimhi da euturc, ÿfhmibdftd
crhdftijc pcr ai dspdrifzi qud gdfdrili ufi prcbdsi.
Dsi dxpahmimhýf tdcaýghmi d khstýrhmi jd sus crâgdfds fimhcfiads ads pdrbhtd
i acs dsmrhtcrds lâlahmcs dxpacrir pcstdrhcrbdftd acs tdbis jda pdrdgrhfir y
jd ai dspdrifzi. Df dstis firrimhcfds pitrhirmiads sd hfjhmi tdcaýghmibdftd
ac shguhdftd? da pudlac jd Hsrida sild, jdsjd da hfhmhc jd su khstcrhi mcbc
pudlac, ac qud ds siahr ia jdshdrtc y dferdftir ais jh﬉muatijds y acs jdsieâcs
jd ai vhji fýbiji> ijdbés, sild ac qud ds mcf﬉ir df ufi prcbdsi, iufqud
sd hftdrpcfgif ai jhstifmhi y da thdbpc.
<. Dstcs rdaitcs pitrhirmiads pcfdf jd rdahdvd da mirémtdr pdrdgrhfc jd Xikvè
c Odkcvé? da Jhcs lâlahmc vhioi mcf su pudlac, ac aaibi df ai mhujij, ac
imcbpiùi df da jdshdrtc y ac aadvi i trivès jd augirds hfkýsphtcs i ufi
 thdrri sdguri y prýspdri. Dstd tdbi ds eufjibdftia df ai tdcacgâi lâlahmi,

puds sd ufd mairibdftd i ais firrimhcfds jd ai ahldrimhýf jd Dghptc y i acs

rdaitcs jda pdrdgrhfiod pcr da jdshdrtc.
Df ais piailris jd Jhcs i Ilrikib sd pudjd dsmumkir uf dmc jd ai
rdvdaimhýf jd Jhcs i Bchsès? «Xc scy Odkcvé, qud td siquè jd Tr jd acs
miajdcs piri jirtd i kdrdjir dsti thdrri¾ (Gf. 94?7).4: ]d sulriyi jd dsti
bifdri qud da Jhcs lâlahmc imcbpiùi i su pudlac, mcf su bifc
prctdmtcri, mcf su vcauftij siavâ﬉mi, mcf su jdsdc jd ahldrimhýf.
=. Acs rdaitcs pitrhirmiads tiblhèf rdvdaif da mcbprcbhsc qud thdfd Jhcs jd
dbpdùir su piailri piri guhir i su pudlac i ufi thdrri eèrtha. Tfi
mirimtdrâsthmi jd Jhcs df dstcs rdaitcs ds su mipimhjij jd mcbufhmirsd mcf
su pudlac piri crhdftiracs ia euturc. Fc dsté scac Hsrida df ai dxhstdfmhi,
puds ad imcbpiùi uf Jhcs qud prcbdtd, y qud mubpad sus prcbdsis.
Dsd mcfmdptc eud léshmc piri da jdsirrcaac jd ai tdcacgâi jda èxcjc, qud sd
eufjibdfti df da Jhcs qud kilai, prcbdtd ai siahji jda pudlac jd ai
dsmaivhtuj
aadgiji i aijdthdrri
Dghptc y ai aadgiji
prcbdthji fc dsidaufi thdrri jd
rdsuatijc jda prcspdrhjij y piz.
izir khstýrhmc, shfcAi
da
prcjumtc jda mubpahbhdftc jd ufi prcbdsi, qud sd hfhmhi df acs rdaitcs
pitrhirmiads.
:. Tf muirtc mcbpcfdftd tdcaýghmc jd ais firrimhcfds pitrhirmiads sd
rdaimhcfi mcf da tdbi jd ai ﬉jdahjij jd Jhcs. Jd ecrbi shstdbéthmi ai
prcbdsi jhvhfi sd pisi jd gdfdrimhýf df gdfdrimhýf, sdgÿf da tdsthbcfhc
lâlahmc, kisti aadgir i ai èpcmi jd Bchsès, y jd ikâ i acs bdfsiods jd acs
prcedtis. Ai hbigdf jd uf Jhcs sd rdphtd df ais iailifzis y sd dfeithzi df
acs bifjibhdftcs. Ai ﬉jdahjij ds uf tdbi tdcaýghmc prhcrhtirhc df ai
Dsmrhturi pcrqud rdvdai uf mcbpcfdftd sustifmhia jda mirémtdr jd Jhcs.
Jhcs ds ﬉da i sus prcbdsis, iufqud tdfgi qud supdrir ais hbpdredmmhcfds y
jd﬉mhdfmhis kubifis.
Ai Dsmrhturi i﬉rbi rdpdthjis vdmds qud da ]dùcr ds uf Jhcs ﬉da, puds acs
mcfmdptcs jd ﬉jdahjij y adiatij scf da eufjibdftc jd ai dspdrifzi jd ai
kubifhjij, qud sd mirimtdrhzi pcr ai hf﬉jdahjij. Ai ﬉jdahjij jd Jhcs sd
pcfd jd bifh﬉dstc jd ecrbi dxtricrjhfirhi, pcstdrhcrbd
pcstdrhcrbdftd
ftd df ai khstcrhi,
df ais prcbdsis kdmkis i Jivhj, qud eudrcf eufjibdftiads,
pcstdrhcrbdftdd df ai khstcrhi, df ai irthmuaimhýf jd ai tdcacgâi mrhsthifi, df
pcstdrhcrbdft
dspdmâ﬉mc piri da jdsirrcaac jd ai mrhstcacgâi. Ai ﬉jdahjij rdvdai ai dsdfmhi
 jhvhfi qud ds mipiz jd bcvdr ai vcauftij jd Jhcs i su edahz mubpahbhdftc.

:: Acs dstujhcs jda Pdftitdumc pcfdf df dvhjdfmhi ai hbpcrtifmhi y ai mckdshýf tdcaýghmi jd acs
jcmubdftcs jda Gèfdshs, pirthmuairbdftd jda prcpýshtc ndrhgbéthmc jd ai aaibiji «khstcrhi
prhbhgdfhi¾ (Gf. 9”99). Da iféahshs jdtiaaijc jd ais firrimhcfds y pcdbis jd dsti hbpcrtiftd sdmmhýf
lâlahmi pcfd df mairi dvhjdfmhi da mirémtdr eufjibdftia y dbhfdftdbdftd tdcaýghmc jd acs
jcmubdftcs, d hjdfth﬉mi tiblhèf sus prhcrhjijds. \dedrdftd i dscs dstujhcs tdcaýghmcs, pcjdbcs
bdfmhcfir, dftrd ctris, pirthmuairbdftd ais clris jd Wdstdrbiff, Mrdithcf (Pkhaijdapkhi? Ecrtrdss
Prdss, 9879)? «Mrdithcf ifj Khstcry hf tkd Caj Zdstibdft¾ df Uhabcs Uioti, dj., Zkd Gcspda ifj
Kubif Jdsthfy tkd Pitrhirmkia Firrithvds (Pkhaijdapkhi? Ecrtrdss Prdss, 98;0).
:4 Ucf \ij. cp. mht., pp. =<-:<> _hbbdrah, cp. mht., pp. 95-9;.
:5 Dstd rdaitc pcfd jd bifh﬉dstc jdtiaads hbpcrtiftds jda Pimtc c Iahifzi qud Jhcs dstiladmhý mcf
Ilrikib? rdphtd ai prcbdsi jd ufi jdsmdfjdfmhi y ufi thdrri (vv. :-5)> y, ijdbés, hfmcrpcri ufi
rdaimhýf pdrjurilad qud pdrbhti qud su eibhahi ijcrd i Jhcs (v. 7). Ai sdùia jda Pimtc ds ai
mhrmufmhshýf (Gf. 97?9-97).
:7 Udr i Lrhgkt, cp. mht.
:; Acs dstujhcs df tcrfc i ai rdahghýf jd acs pitrhirmis ipuftif kimhi uf thpc jd dxpdrhdfmhi
fcbéjhmi, df ai muia ai jhvhfhjij sd rdaimhcfili fc tiftc mcf augirds dspdmâ﬉mcs c mcf grupc
prdmhscs, shfc mcf iagÿf iftdpisijc jhsthfguhjc. Ai mcbprdfshýf jd dsti bifhedstimhýf rdahghcsi ki
iubdftijc grimhis i acs bumkcs piriadacs qud kif jdsmulhdrtc df ais hfsmrhpmhcfds filitdis qud,
iufqud scf khstýrhmibdftd uf tiftc tirjâis, irrcoif grif auz sclrd ai jhfébhmi jd ais rdaimhcfds
dftrd dstdythpc
ifiahzir jd jhvhfhjij
dxpahmir y da iftdpisijc
acs jdtiaads iaujhjc.
eufjibdftiads y Df
ais fudstrc dstujhc fc
mirimtdrâsthmis dstibcs
léshmis jd hftdrdsijcs df
dsti rdahghýf
prdbcsihmi, fh tibpcmc jdsdibcs rdvhsir ai khstcrhmhjij jd ais trijhmhcfds pitrhirmiads> ai ﬉fiahjij
dspdmâ﬉mi jd dsti sdmmhýf ds dxpahmir ais mcftrhlumhcfds jd dstcs rdaitcs i ai tdcacgâi qud sd irthmuai
sclrd Jhcs df ais Dsmrhturis jd Hsrida, pirthmuairbdftd df da Pdftitdumc. \dspdmtc i ai rdahghýf jd acs
iftdpisijcs y df tcrfc ia dstijc imtuia jd ais hfvdsthgimhcfds sclrd da tdbi, vdr acs hbpcrtiftds
mcbdftirhcs y ai dviauimhýf mrâthmi jd Lrudggdbiff, cp. mht., pp. <0-<7, 955-958. Ai clri maéshmi qud
dstujhi dstd hbpcrtiftd isuftc, shf dblirgc, ds ai jd I. Iat, «Zkd Gcj ce tkd Eitkdrs¾. Dssiys cf
Caj Zdstibdft Khstcry ifj \dahghcf (Cxecrj? Laimnwdaa, 9855. Pp. 9-77), qud hf﬌udfmhý jdmhshvi y
shgfh﬉mithvibdftd acs dstujhcs jd vcf \ij, cp. mht., y acs jd Oudgdf Bcatbiff, Zkdcacgy ce Kcpd?
Cf tkd Grcufj ifj tkd Hbpahmithcfs ce Mkrhsthif Dsmkitcacgy (Bhffdipcahs? Ecrtrdss Prdss, 988=).
:8 Iagufcs dstujhcscs phdfsif df muitrc jhvhfhjijds ia hfmauhr «da Jhcs jd Hsrida¾? _hbbdrah, cp. mht.,

pifthguc
<7. Ijdbés, sh sd tcbif
pcshladbdftd df mcfshjdrimhýf
sd dxtdfjhý listiftd ai ais ifiacgâis
ijcrimhýf jd mcf
ufi ais jhvhfhjijds
quhfti jhvhfhjijishrhis, df damcbc
mcfcmhji bufjc
«da
Jhcs pijrd¾,
40 Ais dxpahmimhcfds scmhcaýghmis y pcaâthmis jda crhgdf jd dstcs vhiods pcr da bufjc ifthguc scf
virhis> p. do., ais mrhshs dmcfýbhmis y ais trifshmhcfds pcaâthmis df Bdscpctibhi> vdr O. Lrhgtk, cp. mht.
49 Ziftc Ilrib mcbc Ilrikib scf virhiftds jhiadmtiads jda bhsbc fcblrd, qud shgfh﬉mi «pijrd
dfiatdmhjc¾. Ai dxpahmimhýf qud sd lrhfji df ai Dsmrhturi piri ousth﬉mir da miblhc df ai grieâi jda
fcblrd (Gf. 97?4) df da pitrhirmi ds qud ai ecrbi bés dxtdfsi thdfd uf scfhjc sdbdoiftd i ais
piailris kdlrdis qud shgfh﬉mif «pijrd jd buathtujds¾, qud dfeithzi da mubpahbhdftc jd ai prcbdsi,
d hfmauyd ai pitdrfhjij jd fimhcfds y jd rdyds. Da rdaitc lâlahmc jd dsti ecrbi ahfgñâsthmi qud ai
ldfjhmhýf jd Ilrikib ad aadvý i sdr aâjdr jd fimhcfds y rdhfcs. Dsi ds ufi bifdri jd rdaimhcfir ai
khstcrhi pitrhirmia mcf da rdstc jd ai khstcrhi jd Hsrida, kisti aadgir i ai bcfirquâi.
4<
4= Udr
Ais df dstd sdfthjc
muaturis da ludfgrhdgis
lilhaýfhmis, iféahshsydfdghpmhis
tcrfc i dstd tdbi
tdfâif jd Lrudggdbiff,
virhcs cp. mht.,piri
rdaitcs bhtcaýghmcs pp. 95:-97=
aidxpahmir
mrdimhýf jda bufjc y dftdfjdr da crhgdf fimhcfia. Dstcs rdaitcs scf rdspudstis prdmhdftâ﬉mis i
iagufis jd ais grifjds y bés hbpcrtiftds prdguftis dxhstdfmhiads jd ai kubifhjij? ³jd jýfjd
vdfhbcs3 ³jd jýfjd surgd da bufjc3 ³muéa ds da clodthvc ÿathbc jd ai dxhstdfmhi3 Df tcrfc i acs

rdaitcs bhtcaýghmcs ifthgucs. Udr i O. Prhtmkirj, Ifmhdft Fdir Distdrf Zdxts \daithfg tc tkd Caj
Zdstibdft (Prhfmdtcf? Prhfmdtcf Tfhvdrshty Prdss, 9844).
4: Tr ds pcshladbdftd ufi jd ais mhujijds bés ifthguis jd Bdscpctibhi, mdrmi jda gcaec Pèrshmc df
ai jdsdblcmijuri jda râc Dÿeritds. ]d ad mcfcmd mcbc Tr jd acs miajdcs pcrqud pcstdrhcrbdftd df ai
khstcrhi (m. 500-4=8 i. M.) dstuvc scbdthji ia jcbhfhc jd acs miajdcs, uf pudlac sdbhti qud kilaili
uf jhiadmtc iribdc.
 Mipâtuac =

DA JHC] M\DIJC\
Audgc ldfjĽc i Ilrib mcf dstis piailris?
«¡Yud da Jhcs iatâshbc, mrdijcr jda mhdac y jd ai thdrri,
ldfjhgi i Ilrib!¾.
Gèfdshs 9:?98
M\DIJC\ JD AC] MHDAC] X JD AI ZHD\\I
Da eufjibdftc tdcaýghmc jda Ifthguc Zdstibdftc sd dfmudftri df ais hbpcrtiftds
firrimhcfds sclrd ai siahji jda pudlac jd Hsrida jd ais thdrris jd Dghptc (vdr, p. do.,
Èx. =”5). Dscs rdaitcs, qud pcfdf jd bifh﬉dstc ais hftdrvdfmhcfds ahldrijcris jd
Jhcs df bdjhc jd ai khstcrhi kubifi, mcfsthtuydf ai lisd eufjibdftia y da puftc
prhfmhpia jd crhdftimhýf piri ai irthmuaimhýf tdcaýghmi mirimtdrâsthmi jd ai ahtdrituri
lâlahmi? da ]dùcr sd rdvdai df bdjhc jd ai khstcrhi piri rdspcfjdr i ais fdmdshjijds
bés hbpcrtiftds jd ai kub
kubifhjij. Dsti jdstimiji y prhcrhtirhi i﬉rbimhýf jd ed df
da Jhcs jda èxcjc sd ki rdaimhcfijc, df ai bhsbi ahtdrituri lâlahmi, mcf ctris
vdrthdftds tdcaýghmis piri dxpifjhr da kcrhzcftd jda pdfsibhdftc rdahghcsc
vdtdrctdstibdftirhc.
Tfi jd ais dxprdshcfds tdcaýghmis jd bés hbpcrtifmhi, qud df da Ifthguc
Zdstibdftc sd ki rdaimhcfijc mcf da èxcjc y ai ahldrimhýf jd Dghptc, ds ai
eufjibdftia y dxtricrjhfirhi jdmairimhýf jd qud da Jhcs lâlahmc mrdi.44 Dsi
irthmuaimhýf tdcaýghmi y mcfvhmmhýf rdahghcsi jda pudlac ds eufjibdftia piri ai
mcbprdfshýf jd ai ed jd Hsrida, puds pdrbhtd ai hftdrimmhýf tdbéthmi y ahtdrirhi
dftrd ais hftdrvdfmhcfds ahldrijcris jd Jhcs df ai khstcrhi piri «mrdir¾ da pudlac jd
Hsrida ‚sdgÿf da Ahlrc jd Èxcjc‚, mcf ai mrdimhýf jda bufjc y ai kubifhjij, jd
imudrjc mcf acs pisiods jd Gèfdshs. ]d rdaimhcfi jd ecrbi âfthbi ai khstcrhi y ai
tdcacgâi> sd ufdf jd dsti bifdri acs rdaitcs jd ai siahji jd Dghptc, qud sdùiai da
crhgdf khstýrhmc jda pudlac, mcf ais firrimhcfds pitrhirmiads qud pcfdf jd rdahdvd da
crhgdf tdcaýghmc jd Hsrida.
Ai tdcacgâi jd ai mrdimhýf,45 df dedmtc, sd dxpcfd mcf jhsthfmhýf y sd prdsdfti mcf
eudrzi df ai ahtdrituri lâlahmi. ]d iaujd i daai df pisiods pcèthmcs y prceèthmcs, sd
i﬉rbi df acs siabcs y df acs prcvdrlhcs, sd mdadlri df ai ahtdrituri jd silhjurâi y df
pcrmhcfds khstýrhmis, sd pcfd jd bifh﬉dstc df acs rdaitcs jd mrdimhýf jd Gèfdshs y
sd irthmuai dacmudftdbdftd kisti df ais firrimhcfds pitrhirmiads. Iufqud dsti
dxprdshýf tdcaýghmi fc sd jdsirrcaai mcf ai dxtdfshýf y shstdbithzimhýf jd ai
tdcacgâi jda èxcjc, mcfsthtuyd ufi vdrthdftd hbpcrtiftd, puds pcfd jd bifh﬉dstc da
birmc jd rdedrdfmhi eufjibdftia piri da dstiladmhbhdftc jda pimtc y ai iahifzi jd
Jhcs mcf su pudlac.
Da Jhcs qud sd rdvdaý i Bchsès df da jdshdrtc (Èx. =?9-4), y qud sd iutc hjdfth﬉mi
mcbc «Xc scy da qud scy¾ y «Odkcvé, da Jhcs jd Ilrikib¾ (Èx. =?9:-94), sd
bifh﬉dsti i Ilrib mcbc Jhcs mrdijcr, df uf hftdrdsiftd d hbpcrtiftd dphscjhc
mcf Bdaquhsdjdm (Gf. 9:?97-<:).
Jd imudrjc mcf da rdaitc lâlahmc, audgc jd sus gudrris y vhmtcrhis mcftri
Yudjcraicbdr, rdy Daib, y mcftri uf grupc jd bcfirmis iahijcs, piri ahldrir jda
miuthvdrhc i su pirhdftd Act, Ilrib aadgý ia viaad jd ]ivd c jda \dy, mdrmi jd
Odrusiaèf, jcfjd eud rdmhlhjc pcr da rdy y simdrjctd jd ai mhujij, aaibijc
Bdaquhsdjdm.47 Ai firrimhýf prdsdfti ia rdy jd ]iadb 4; c﬉mhifjc ufi buy
hftdrdsiftd mdrdbcfhi, piri ai muia sd uthahzi da pif y da vhfc,48 piri ldfjdmhr i
Ilrib?
Audgc ldfjĽc i Ilrib mcf dstis piailris?
«¡Yud da Jhcs iatâshbc ^Da DayýfR,
mrdijcr jda mhdac y jd ai thdrri, ldfjhgi i Ilrib!
¡Ldfjhtc sdi da Jhcs iatâshbc ^Da DayýfR,
qud dftrdgý df tus bifcs i tus dfdbhgcs!¾.
Dftcfmds Ilrib ad jhc
Gèfdshs da jhdzbc jd tcjc.
9:?98-<0

Da Jhcs Iatâshbc ldfjdmhjc df da tdxtc lâlahmc ds Da Dayýf, qud dri pcshladbdftd

ai ecrbi ifthgui jd rdedrhrsd, hjdfth﬉mir y rdmcfcmdr ia jhcs prdhsridahti qud acs
kilhtiftds jd ]iadb (c Odrusiaèf, sdgÿf ]ia. 75?<) ijcrilif y vdfdrilif iftds jd ai
mcfquhsti jd ai mhujij pcr Jivhj. Dstd pisiod lâlahmc rdaimhcfi i ai pirthmuair
jhvhfhjij jd acs kilhtiftds jd Odrusiaèf mcf Odkcvé da Jhcs jd acs hsridahtis (Gf.
9:?<<), piri i﬉rbir qud Bdaquhsdjdm y Ilrib ijcrilif ia bhsbc Jhcs, pdrc mcf
jhedrdftds fcblrds.
]d hfjhmi, ijdbés, qud dsi jhvhfhjij dri mcfcmhji y rdmcfcmhji pcr su mipimhjij
jd sdr «mrdijcr jd acs mhdacs y jd ai thdrri¾. ]dgÿf dstd pisiod, da Jhcs jda èxcjc ds
tiblhèf da Jhcs jd Ilrib qud ds, df dedmtc, Jhcs mrdijcr jd acs mhdacs y jd ai
thdrri. ]d ufd mairibdftd jd dsti ecrbi ahtdrirhi ai ed df da Jhcs jda èxcjc mcf ai
tdcacgâi jd ai mrdimhýf.50 Da ouribdftc jd Ilrib ds ufi rdspudsti tdcaýghmi
jd﬉fhji qud hftdgri virhcs mcfmdptcs jd Jhcs df ufi eýrbuai
e ýrbuai bcfctdâsti.
DF DA P\HFMHPHC
Ais rdedrdfmhis tdcaýghmis sclrd da èxcjc y df tcrfc ia Jhcs ahldrijcr qud bifhedstý
su pcjdr df bdjhc jd ais vhvdfmhis jda pudlac, thdfd uf buy iatc grijc jd
ufhecrbhjij, puds sd lisif df uf kdmkc khstýrhmc hjdfth﬉milad, dspdmâ﬉mc y lhdf
jd﬉fhjc? ai ahldrimhýf jda èxcjc. Lhdf eufjibdftijcs df dsi pdrmdpmhýf tdcaýghmi,
df ais jhedrdftds sdmmhc
sdmmhcfds jd ai Dsmrhturi sd jdsmrhldf ais immhcfds jda Jhcs qud
dsmumki da maibcr jda pudlac, sd prdsdfti ia ]dùcr qud thdfd da jdsdc jd rdjhbhr ia
pclrd y bdfdstdrcsc y jd ahldrir ia miuthvc, sd i﬉rbi ai fituriadzi sifti jda Jhcs
qud hftdrvhdfd df ai khstcrhi piri hbpaiftir ai ousthmhi qud sd eufjibdfti df ai piz,
y sd jdstimi da pcjdr jhvhfc qud rdvdai su vcauftij trifsecrbijcri i ai kubifhjij.
Dsis rd﬌dxhcfds tdcaýghmis jda èxcjc thdfdf mc mcfthfuhjij puds fimdf df
imcftdmhbhdftcs
imcftdmhbhdft cs khstý
khstýrh
rhmcs
mcs mcfmrdtcs. ]hf dblirgc, ais dxprdshcfds jd ai ed hsridahti
df da Jhcs mrdijcr jda Ifthguc Zdstibdftc scf kdtdrcgèfdis y pcahviadftds, pcrqud
sd eufjibdftif df jhvdrsis mcfmdpmhcfds jda bufjc. Da Jhcs mrdijcr bifh﬉dsti su
pcjdr df jhvdrscs pdrâcjcs khstýrhmcs y df bdjhc jd rdiahjijds scmhiads, pcaâthmis y
dsphrhtuiads jhedrdftds. Dsi pauriahjij jd mcftdxtcs y dftcrfcs ki prcjumhjc
jhvdrsis bifhedstimhcfds y pdrmdpmhcfds
pdrmdpmhcfds jd ai tdcacgâi jd ai mrdimhýf.
Df Gèfdshs 9?9”<?:59 sd hfmauyd da prhbdr rdaitc jd ai mrdimhýf jdsjd ai
pdrspdmthvi mifýfhmi, iufqud fc eud da prhbdrc df rdjimtirsd.5< Ai hbigdf jda
bufjc qud sd dfmudftri sulyimdftd ia rdaitc ds da jd ufi dspdmhd jd aaifuri qud sd
hfufji tcjcs acs iùcs. Da dailcrijc pisiod, qud rdvdai grif irthmuaimhýf pcèthmi y
bumki sdfshlhahjij ahtdrirhi, thdfd uf mairc prcpýshtc tdcaýghmc? tcjc da bufjc
mrdijc ‚df ai thdrri, acs mhdacs y da bir‚ ds erutc jhrdmtc jd ai hftdrvdfmhý
hftdrvdfmhýf
f jhvhfi
pcr bdjhc jd su piailri jd iutcrhjij y lcfjijcsi.
Ai imthvhjij jhvhfi sd dfmuijri df uf birmc jd sdhs jâis jd mrdimhýf y uf
sèpthbc jâi jd jdsmifsc.5= Df dscs jâis jd imthvhjij da ]dùcr mrdi, ldfjhmd y sdpiri.
X iufqud fc sd irthmuai mairibdftd ufi tdcacgâi dailcriji jda sélijc, sd pcfd jd
bifh﬉dstc ai hbpcrtifmhi jda jdsmifsc jd Jhcs. Dstd rdaitc pudjd dstujhirsd
uthahzifjc ai dstrumturi qud rdvdaif acs jâis jd ai mrdimhýf y ai dstrumturi qud sd
pcfd jd bifh﬉dstc ia dstujhir acs vdrlcs qud sd uthahzif piri prdsdftir ais clris jd
mrdimhýf.
Zcjc dstd prhbdr rdaitc jd ai mrdimhýf sd lisi df ais hbpahmimhcfds tdcaýghmis y
ahtÿrghmis jd uf buy hbpcrtiftd vdrlc kdlrdc, liré, qud pirdmd dstir rdsdrvijc
ÿfhmibdftd piri acs imtcs dxtricrjhfirhcs jd mrdimhýf jhvhfi. Dstd pirthmuair

tèrbhfc jd immhýf sd rd﬉drd shdbprd i iagÿf thpc jd hftdrvdfmhýf jd Jhcs qud

prcjumd uf rdsuatijc fcvda, dxtricrjhfirhc d hbprdjdmhlad. ]d uthahzi piri jdsmrhlhr
ai mrdimhýf y ai mcfsdrvimhýf jda bufjc y jd ai kubifhjij (Gf. 9?<7), piri ai
ecrbimhýf jda pudlac jd Hsrida (Hs. :=?9, 94),5: piri ai rdstiurimhýf jd ai mhujij jd
Odrusiaèf (Hs. 54?9;), piri ai rdfcvimhýf y trifsecrbimhýf jd ai pdrscfi irrdpdfthji
(]ia. 49?90) y piri da dstiladmhbhdftc jd «acs mhdacs fudvcs y ai thdrri fudvi¾ (Hs.
54?97> 55?<<). Mcbc ÿfhmibdftd Jhcs pudjd sdr su suodtc, uthahzir dstd vdrlc piri
jdsmrhlhr ai immhýf c ai imthvhjij kubifi sdrâi mcfshjdrijc pcr da pudlac mcbc
laisedbhi.54
Ai mrdimhýf kubifi ds ai sdgufji clri juriftd da sdxtc jâi. ]d ad lrhfji ia sdr
kubifc dxprdsibdftd ai ldfjhmhýf jd mrdmdr y buathpahmirsd, qud ac ulhmi df da
dftcrfc jd ai mrdimhýf jd acs ifhbiads jda bir y jda mhdac (Gf. 9?<<) y jd ai thdrri
(Gf. ;?97). Ijdbés, sd hfjhmi qud da sdr kubifc ds mrdijc «i hbigdf y sdbdoifzi
jd Jhcs¾ (Gf. 9?<5), qud pudjd shgfh﬉mir uf thpc jd shbhahtuj èthmi c rdprdsdftimhýf
bcria dstrumturiji.55 Dstd rdaitc jd mrdimhýf hfshstd df i﬉rbir qud ais clris jd
Jhcs scf ludfis, qud ds ufi ecrbi jd jdmhr qud scf mcrrdmtis, igrijilads, ÿthads,
kdrbcsis> pirthmuairbdftd scf ludfis pcrqud mubpadf da prcpýshtc jhvhfc.
Fc ds uf jhcs miprhmkcsc da qud mrdi y crjdfi da bufjc, shfc da Jhcs lâlahmc qud
thdfd uf paif lhdf jhsdùijc y dailcrijc piri da jdsirrcaac jd ai kubifhjij. Ai
rdedrdfmhi ia pauria jhvhfc uthahzijc df ai erisd «kigibcs ia kcblrd i fudstri
hbigdf¾, iufqud pudjd sdr uf dodbpac jda usc ahfgñâsthmc jda pauria jd biodstij
piri rdedrhrsd ia Jhcs ÿfhmc, tiblhèf pudjd sugdrhr ai hjdi jd ufi jdahldrimhýf
scadbfd jd Jhcs mcf su mcrtd mdadsthia ia bcbdftc jd ai mrdimhýf, piri jdstimir ai
hbpcrtifmhi jd ai mrdimhýf jda sdr kubifc df mcftripcshm hýf mcf tcjc ac mrdijc.57
mcftripcshmhýf
Df Gèfdshs <?:l-<4 fc sd jdsmrhld jdtiaaijibdftd ai mrdimhýf> sd prdsdfti jd
ecrbi dsqudbéthmi da mcbhdfzc jd ais rdaimhcfds jd Jhcs mcf da bufjc y mcf ai
kubifhjij. Da bufjc ds mcfmdlhjc mcbc uf jdshdrtc érhjc qud pcsdd ufi
mcrrhdftd jd igui sultdrréfdi qud kubdjdmd da tdrrdfc y pdrbhtd i Jhcs paiftir uf
oirjâf y ecrbir jda lirrc i acs ifhbiads y ia sdr kubifc. Da prcpýshtc tdcaýghmc jd
dstd rdaitc ds i﬉rbir ai hbpcrtifmhi jd ai mrdimhýf jd ai kubifhjij. Ai
prdcmupimhýf jhvhfi pcr da lhdfdstir jda sdr kubifc rdvdai da jdsdc jd jirad da
oirjâf jd Djèf mcbc rdshjdfmhi, y pdrbhthrad fcblrir i acs ifhbiads (Gf. <?<0),
qud ds ufi bifdri jd i﬉rbir su kdgdbcfâi y iutcrhjij. Yuhdf fcblri thdfd
iutcrhjij sclrd ac fcblrijc.
Tfi jhedrdfmhi eufjibdftia dftrd dstcs jcs rdaitcs jd mrdimhýf sd rdaimhcfi mcf
da kcblrd y ai buodr. Bhdftris df da prhbdr rdaitc sd mrdif df ufi scai immhýf,
sdgÿf da sdgufjc rdaitc jd ai mrdimhýf, dsd shfguair imtc sd prdsdfti df bcbdftcs
jhsthftcs. Dsti jhedrdfmhi kimd rdsiatir iÿf bés ai hguiajij y ai mcbpadbdftirhdjij
dftrd acs sdxcs. Iufqud ia kcblrd Jhcs ad kilâi mcfmdjhjc fcblrir i acs ifhbiads
y dfsdùcrdirsd jda oirjâf, dsi mcbpiùâi y imthvhjijds fc ad iyujý i sclrdpcfdrsd i
ai scadjij qud ÿfhmibdftd ds supdriji mcf ai mrdimhýf jd ai buodr. Dsd dfmudftrc
jda kcblrd y ai buodr ilrhý ai pcshlhahjij jda jhéacgc y da rdspdtc butuc. ]cf
mcbpcfdftds jd ai mrdimhýf qud sd mcbpadbdftif y sd ipcyif.
M\DIJC\ X EC\BIJC\
Tfi mirimtdrâsthmi buy hbpcrtiftd jd ai tdcacgâi jd ai mrdimhýf df da Ifthguc
Zdstibdftc sd rdaimhcfi mcf da usc mcfthfuc jd ufi sdrhd jd vdrlcs jd immhýf y
trifsecrbimhýf. Dscs vdrlcs rdvdaif y dfeithzif ais immhcfds jd Jhcs, fc jdsdif
jdstimir da mirémtdr, ai fituriadzi c acs itrhlutcs jhvhfcs. Da prcpýshtc ds pcfdr jd
bifh﬉dstc ai immhýf jhvhfi qud sclrdpisi ai mipimhjij kubifi. Da dstujhc jda usc
jd dsti tdrbhfcacgâi jd immhýf pudjd rdvdair pirthmuairhjijds tdcaýghmis
hbpcrtiftds.5;
Df da mcrizýf jd ai tdcacgâi jd ai mrdimhýf jda Ifthguc Zdstibdftc sd dfmudftri
da vdrlc liré, qud ds uthahzijc dxmaushvibdftd piri rdedrhrsd i ai immhýf jhvhfi. Ds
uf vdrlc jd biodstij y dspadfjcr qud jdld sdr dstujhijc df rdaimhýf mcf da
fcblrd prcphc jd Jhcs? Xikvè c Odkcvé. ]d rdaimhcfi âfthbibdftd mcf ai dsdfmhi
bhsbi jda fcblrd jhvhfc ‚«XKWK¾‚, qud pudjd jdrhvirsd jda vdrlc «sdr¾ piri
shgfh﬉mir «da qud miusi c gdfdri¾.58 Df dstd sdfthjc da vdrlc liré sd iscmhi buy
lhdf mcf Jhcs, qud ds da «qud miu
miusi
si c gdfdri¾ ais mcsis mrdijis.
Ai supdrhcrhjij jda liré jhvhfc sclrd ais clris kubifis sd pcfd mairibdftd df
dvhjdfmhi ia jdsmulrhr y clsdrvir qud da mcbpadbdftc qud sd rdaimhcfi mcf dstd
pirthmuair vdrlc fufmi jdshgfi iagÿf dstijc hftdrbdjhc c bitdrhi df prcmdsc. Da
rdsuatijc jd dsi immhýf jhvhfi ds iagc mcbpadtc, imilijc, pdredmtc, ludfc. Ai
biycr vhrtuj jda tèrbhfc fc ds ai jcmtrhfi jd mrdithc dx fhkhac, qud ds dxtriùi i ai
tdcacgâi jda Ifthguc Zdstibdftc, shfc qud acs dadbdftcs jda bufjc y ai mrdimhýf
sd scbdtdf i ai iutcrhjij jhvhfi y rdspcfjdf i sus ýrjdfds.
Ai Lhlahi hfmauyd virhcs pisiods qud pcfdf jd rdahdvd acs vdrlcs qud jdsmrhldf ai
immhýf mrdijcri jd Jhcs.
Isâ jhmd Jhcs, da ]DÙC\,
da qud mrdý ^kdl. liréR y jdspadgý acs mhdacs>
da qud dxpifjhý ai thdrri y tcjc ac qud daai prcjumd>
da qud ji iahdftc ia pudlac qud ai kilhti,
y vhji i acs qud df daai sd budvdf
budvdf..
Hsiâis :<?4
 Jd imudrjc mcf dstd pisiod, da Jhcs mrdijcr hftdrvhdfd dedmthvibdftd mcf acs
mhdacs, ai thdrri, acs erutcs jd ai thdrri y ais pdrscfis. ]u immhýf ds fdmdsirhi piri ai
vhji, y su hftdrvdfmhýf df ai khstcrhi kubifi eimhahti ai dxhstdfmhi. Da vdrlc liré jd
dsti ecrbi sd rdaimhcfi mcf ctrcs vdrlcs jd immhýf qud dxpifjdf da kcrhzcftd
tdcaýghmc y shblýahmc jd ais imthvhjijds jhvhfis.
Da vdrlc «kimdr¾ (kdl. sk) ufhjc i liré ibpaâif da mcfmdptc jd mrdimhýf puds
rdaimhcfi da imtc jhvhfc mcf ai bifhedstimhýf jd su piailri (]ia. ==?5). ]d dfeithzi
jd dsti ecrbi da pcjdr gdfdrijcr y mrdijcr jd ai piailri, qud tiblhèf sd bifh﬉dsti
df Gèfdshs 9 y qud pcstdrhcrbdftd sd uthahzý ia hfhmhc jda Dvifgdahc sdgÿf ]if Ouif.
«Ecrbir¾ ds ctrc vdrlc qud sd hfmauyd mcf erdmudfmhi df piriadac i liré piri
jdsmrhlhr ai immhýf jd Jhcs (Hs. :4?9;). Ai hbigdf ds ai jd uf iaeirdrc qud trilioi
mcf da lirrc piri mrdir ufi phdzi jd irtd.
Jcs vdrlcs kdlrdcs jd grif hbpcrtifmhi piri ai tdcacgâi jd ai mrdimhýf scf
jhgfcs jd bdfmhcfir. Da prhbdrc, yaj, pudjd rdaimhcfirsd mcf da imtc jd dfgdfjrir
c prcmrdir, qud, df dedmtc, ds ufi hbigdf bismuahfi> da sdgufjc, kaa, sd rd﬉drd ia
imtc jd iaublribhdftc c ia prcmdsc jd pirtc, qud mhdrtibdftd iaujd i ai buodr.
Dstcs vdrlcs sd pudjdf uthahzir jd ecrbi mcbpadbdftirhi y pcfdf jd bifh﬉dstc
virhis bdtéecris hbpcrtiftds piri rdedrhrsd ia Jhcs mrdijcr, qud scf fdmdsirhis y
pdrthfdftds piri ai jhsmushýf tdcaýghmi mcftdbpcréfdi. X mcbc ais trijummhcfds ia
mistdaaifc fc shdbprd rdprcjumdf ais pirthmuairhjijds dsthaâsthmis y dvcmithvis jda
tdxtc kdlrdc, hfmauyc ai trijummhýf iatdrfithvi?
¡Jdsdrtistd jd ai \cmi qud td dfgdfjrý ^kdl. yajR!
¡Cavhjistd ia Jhcs qud td jhc vhji ^kdl. kaaR!
Jdutdrcfcbhc =<?9;

Tfi trijummhýf iatdrfi ia bhsbc tdxtc kdlrdc pudjd sdr?

Hgfcristd i ai \cmi qud td dfgdfjrý>
td cavhjistd jd Jhcs, quhdf td jhc i auz.
Ai tdcacgâi jd ai mrdimhýf sd irthmuai df ai Dsmrhturi mcf ufi sdrhd jd vdrlcs qud
pcfdf jd rdahdvd da pcjdr jhvhfc> dfeithzif ai mipimhjij jhvhfi jd hftdrvdfhr,
imtuir, y bcvdrsd df da dftcrfc jd ac kubifc. Jcs jd dscs vdrlcs sd rdaimhcfif
mcf ai hjdi jd mcbufhmimhýf?
mcbufhmimhýf? piailri (kdl. jlr) c vcz (kdl. ibr).
Pcr ai piailri ^kdl. jlrR jda ]DÙC\ eudrcf mrdijcs acs mhdacs,
 y pcr da scpac
scpac jd su lcmi, ais dstrdaais.
]iabcs ==?5

X jĽc ^kdl. ibrR Jhcs? «¡Yud dxhsti ai auz!¾.

X ai auz aadgý i dxhsthr.
Gèfdshs 9?=

Dstcs vdrlcs pcfdf df dvhjdfmhi uf mcbpcfdftd dxtricrjhfir

dxtricrjhfirhc
hc jd ai pdrmdpmhýf
jd Jhcs df ai Lhlahi? sd jdsmulrd qud ai tdcacgâi jd ai piailri jhvhfi sd rdaimhcfi
âfthbibdftd mcf ai tdcacgâi jd ai mrdimhýf. Jhcs mrdi bdjhiftd su vcz
dxtricrjhfirhi, y su piailri iutcrhziji kimd qud ai mrdimhýf tcbd ecrbi y vhji. 70
Dsi tdcacgâi rdquhdrd jd ufi gibi dxtdfsi jd vdrlcs qud kigif ousthmhi i ai
grifjdzi jda pcjdr jhvhfc y i ai ibpahtuj tdcaýghmi jd ai ed vdtdrctdstibdftirhi. Ai
mrdimhýf pcr bdjhc jd ai hftdrvdfmhýf jda dspârhtu fc sd prdsdfti df mcftripcshmhýf
i ai mrdimhýf pcr ai piailri, shfc qud ai mcbpadbdfti. Ziftc ai piailri mcbc da
dspârhtu, qud ds scpac jd vhji qud siad jd su lcmi, pdrbhtd ai prdsdftimhýf jd ais
hbégdfds jd ecrbi mcbpadbdftirhi (]ia. ==?5> Hs. 99?:).
Dsi pdrmdpmhýf tdcaýghmi jda Jhcs mrdijcr sd dfbirmi df virhcs pdrâcjcs jd ai
scmhdjij hsridahti y ecbdfti da jdsirrcaac y dxpifshýf jd ais hjdis. Ijdbés, jdsieâi
ctris dxpahmimhcfds jd ai mrdimhýf jda bufjc, i ai auz jd ais dxpdrhdfmhis jd ed jd ai
mcbufhjij. ]d mcftripcfdf ia pcjdr mrdijcr jd Jhcs ais thfhdlais, qud rdprdsdftif
kcsthahjij, puds ai dsdfmhi jda ]dùcr ds ai auz (]ia. ;;?9<)> da bir ds ufi ibdfizi
iÿf biycr, puds shblcahzi ais eudrzis qud jdlhdrcf sdr vdfmhjis piri dstiladmdr ai
thdrri ﬉rbd df ai mrdimhýf jda bufjc (Gf. 9?8)> y da pdmijc, qud prcmdjd jd ai
kubifhjij y iedmti ijvdrsibdftd i ai mrdimhýf, puds iatdri da liaifmd y da crjdf
dstiladmhjc pcr Jhcs piri qud sd bifh﬉dstdf ai jhgfhjij kubifi, ai ousthmhi y ai piz
(]ia. 90:?=4).
Ai tdcacgâi jd ai mrdimhýf tcbý eudrzi y rdmhlhý su irthmuaimhýf bés dailcriji
juriftd da pdrâcjc dxâahmc jd Hsrida, df ai ﬉guri y acs dsmrhtcs jda dxtricrjhfirhc
prcedti qud hfmauyý su bdfsiod df da Ahlrc jd Hsiâis.79 Iftd ai mrhshs jda dxhahc df
Lilhacfhi, acs tdýacgcs jda pudlac sd jhdrcf i ai tirdi jd rdvhsir ai khstcrhi fimhcfia
y rd﬌dxhcfir sclrd acs isuftcs qud jilif shgfh﬉mimhýf i ai vhji. Df da jdsirrcaac jd
dsi pcfjdrimhýf sdrhi y silhi, jdsmulrhdrcf jcs rdiahjijds qud jdsi﬉ilif ai
tdcacgâi y ai vhji bhsbi jda pudlac jd Hsrida.
 Df prhbdr augir, da dxtricrjhfirhc pcjdr pcaâthmc y bhahtir qud sd pcfâi
mcfthfuibdftd jd bifh﬉dstc df ai scmhdjij lilhaýfhmi> df sdgufjc augir, ai
scmhdjij lilhaýfhmi tdfâi ufi sdrhd jd jhvhfhjijds qud adghthbilif da shstdbi
pcaâthmc y ad jilif rizýf jd sdr i ai mcbufhjij. Iftd dscs shgfcs jd pcjdr y
iutcrhjij df ai scmhdjij biycrhtirhi, da pudlac jd Hsrida irthmuaý ai ed df da Jhcs
mrdijcr piri rdspcfjdr tdcaýghmibdftd i dsis rdiahjijds. Pirthmuairbdftd df ai
sdgufji sdmmhýf jda Ahlrc jd Hsiâis sd hfmauydf ufi sdrhd jd pisiods qud pcfdf df
dvhjdfmhi ai irthmuaimhýf dailcriji jd dstd thpc jd tdcacgâi?
Xc khmd ai thdrri, y sclrd daai ecrbè i ai kubifhjij.
Bhs prcphis bifcs dxtdfjhdrcf acs mhdacs,
y jh ýrjdfds
ýrjdfds i sus mcfstdaimhcfds.
mcfstdaimhcfds.
Hsiâis :4?9<

³Imisc fc ac silds3 ³Imisc fc td kis dftdrijc3

Da ]DÙC\ ds da Jhcs dtdrfc,
mrdijcr jd acs mcf﬉fds jd ai thdrri.
Fc sd mifsi fh sd eithgi,
y su hftdahgdfmhi
hftdahgdfmhi ds hfscfjilad.
Hsiâis :0?<;

Dscs pisiods rdvdaif ai prceufjhjij jda pdfsibhdftc tdcaýghmc jda dxhahc df tcrfc
ia Jhcs mrdijcr? kimd ai thdrri, mrdi ia sdr kubifc, jdspahdgi acs mhdacs y ds dtdrfc.
Ds ufi ecrbi jd dailcrir y ivifzir ais i﬉rbimhcfds y ais mcfvhmmhc
mcfvhmmhcfds
fds bcfctdâstis,
puds ulhmi da pcjdr jd Jhcs df uf fhvda ýpthbc. Iftd dstd thpc jd imthvhjij jhvhfi
y pcjdr mrdijcr, acs jhcsds lilhaýfhmcs fc pudjdf scstdfdrsd.
Ai tdcacgâi jd ai mrdimhýf sd uthahzý piri jdsimrdjhtir i ais jhvhfhjijds
dxtrifodris, pirthmuairbdftd i ais lilhaýfhmis. X dsi i﬉rbimhýf tdcaýghmi df tcrfc
ia Jhcs jd Hsrida df da dxhahc dri tiblhèf ufi dxmaibimhýf pcaâthmi y bhahtir qud
gdfdrili df acs jdpcrtijcs dspdrifzi jd rdtcrfc i Odrusiaèf. Da Jhcs qud mrdi thdfd
ai mipimhjij y da jdsdc jd kimdr ais mcsis fudvis, qud hfmauyd ai ﬉fiahzimhýf jda
pdrâcjc dxâahmc y da rdgrdsc jd acs jdpcrtijcs i Odrusiaèf (Hs. :0?9<-9=> :9?9-4, <9-
<8> :=?;-9=).
 Mcbc rdspudsti i ai mrhshs jda dxhahc acs prcedtis ibpahircf ai uthahzimhýf jda
adfguiod piri irthmuair ai tdcacgâi jd ai mrdimhýf. Pirthmuairbdftd df ai sdgufji
sdmmhýf jda Ahlrc jd Hsiâis (Hs. :0”44), sd hfmauyd ufi buy ibpahi gibi jd
i﬉rbimhcfds tdcaýghmis qud pcfdf jd rdahdvd ai dxtdfshýf d hbpcrtifmhi jd ai ed jd
Hsrida df da Jhcs mrdijcr.
]dgÿf da prcedti jda dxhahc, Jhcs «mrdi¾ acs istrcs, acs mcf﬉fds jd ai thdrri y da
mhdac (Hs. :0?<5, <;> :<?4), «bcajdi¾ ai thdrri mcbc sh eudri uf iaeirdrc (Hs. :4?9;) y
«kimd¾ da ufhvdrsc (Hs. ::?<:). Dsd Jhcs tiblhèf «thdfjd¾ da mhdac mcbc ufi mcrthfi
(Hs :0?<<> :<?4), «i﬉ifzi¾ ai thdrri (Hs. :<?4> ::?<:), «aaibi¾ i ais dstrdaais (Hs. :0?<5)
y «mudfti y jdspahdgi¾ su doèrmhtc (Hs. :0?<5). Df da Ahlrc jd Hsiâis, ijdbés, sd
jdsirrcaaif tdcaýghmibdftd virhcs tdbis hbpcrtiftds rdaimhcfijcs mcf ai mrdimhýf?
«ecrbi ai auz y mrdi ais thfhdlais, kimd ai piz y mrdi ai ijvdrshjij¾ (Hs. :4?7), sd
rdaimhcfi ai dxpdrhdfmhi jd ai mrdimhýf mcf ais hftdrvdfmhcfds jd Jhcs df ai khstcrhi
jda pudlac (Hs. 49?8-9:), y mcbc mrdijcr fc ds uf Jhcs adoifc y rdbctc, shfc
hfbdjhitc y mdrmifc, ia dstir prdsdftd df tcjc ac qud prcphmhi ai siavimhýf jda
pudlac (Hs. ::?<:> :4?;).
Ai tdcacgâi jd ai mrdimhýf sd imdftÿi tiftc df ai ahtdrituri mÿathmi jd acs ]iabcs
mcbc df ai siphdfmhia. Df da siatdrhc sd mdadlri ai biodstij jd ai mrdimhýf jhvhfi y sd
i﬉rbi su scldrifâi (Gf. 9?<5-<; y ]ia. ;), y ais clris jhvhfis ifufmhif y jdsmrhldf
ai gacrhi jd Jhcs, iufqud fc thdfdf ai mipimhjij jd kilair (]ia. 98?<-7). Df da Ahlrc
jd Ocl sd i﬉rbi qud Jhcs mrdý ia bufjc mcf silhjurâi (Ocl =;”=8). X df acs
Prcvdrlhcs sd pdrscfh﬉mi ai silhjurâi y sd kilai jd ai hftdahgdfmhi jd Jhcs df acs
prcmdscs jd mrdimhýf (Pr. ;).
Tf puftc muabhfiftd df ai irthmuaimhýf jd dsti pirthmuair tdcacgâi jd ai mrdimhýf
sd rdvdai df uf pcdbi qud pcfd df dvhjdfmhi mairi da mcbprcbhsc rdjdftcr jd
Jhcs?
Pdrc ikcri, isâ jhmd da ]DÙC\,
da qud td mrdý, Oimcl,
da qud td ecrbý, Hsrida?
«Fc tdbis, qud yc td kd rdjhbhjc>
td kd aaibijc pcr tu fcblrd> tÿ drds bâc¾.
Hsiâis :=?9

Da Jhcs lâlahmc ds mrdijcr y ecrbijcr. Yud sdi Mrdijcr, ac ulhmi df ai trijhmhýf

tdcaýghmi bcfctdâsti qud rdspcfjd y supdri i ais jhvhfhjijds lilhaýfhmis. Ai

mirimtdrâsthmi jd Ecrbijcr, ac rdaimhcfi mcf ai hbigdf jda iaeirdrc, qud jdstimi su

mipimhjij jd bcajdir i ai kubifhjij piri kimdr ufi phdzi jd irtd qud rdvdai ai
fituriadzi dspdmhia qud lrhfji da Jhcs qud rdjhbd.
Ai pdrmdpmhýf y i﬉rbimhýf jda Jhcs mrdijcr tiblhèf hfmauyd ai mcfvhmmhýf jd
qud tcjc prhfmhphc thdfd su ﬉fia. Ia bcbdftc mrdijcr qud prcjuoc da prhfmhphc jd
ai khstcrhi kubifi (Gf. 9?9) mcrrdspcfjd ac ﬉fia y dsmitcaýghmc (Hs. 54”55> Ip. <9”
<<). Dsi mcfvhmmhýf ds hbpcrtiftd df da dxhahc df Lilhacfhi, puds rdvdai ai
pcshlhahjij jd ufi fudvi mrdimhýf, qud ds ufi bifdri sc﬉sthmiji jd i﬉rbir ai
dspdrifzi y prcphmhir da rdgrdsc i ai mhujij jd Odrusiaèf. Acs mhdacs fudvcs y ai
thdrri fudvi mrdijcs pcr Jhcs dstéf ahldrijcs jd ais eudrzis miýthmis qud ibdfizif
ai hftdgrhjij y ai sdgurhjij jd ai mrdimhýf.
Da dstujhc jd ai irthmuaimhýf jda Jhcs mrdijcr df da Ifthguc Zdstibdftc rdvdai
virhis pdmuahirhjijds tdcaýghmis y èthmis qud scf buy jhgfis jd bdfmhcfir y
dfeithzir.7< Df prhbdr augir sd pcfd mairibdftd jd bifh﬉dstc ai dxtdfshýf d
hbpcrtifmhi jda adfguiod ﬉gurijc. Ai ldaadzi df ai irthmuaimhýf pcèthmi y vhrtuj jd
ai rdtýrhmi sd uthahzif piri dxpahmir ac dxtricrjhfirh
dxtricrjhfirhcc jd Jhcs.
]dgÿf dsis i﬉rbimhcfds tdcaýghmis? ai mrdimhýf fc ds da rdsuatijc jda izir fh jd ai
misuiahjij, shfc da prcjumtc dedmthvc y jhrdmtc jd ai hftdrvdfmhý
hftdrvdfmhýf
f crjdfiji jd Jhcs.
Dsi i﬉rbimhýf jd ed thdfd hbpcrtiftds jhbdfshcfds èthmis y rdpdrmushcfds bcriads,
puds jdbifji qud ai thdrri, y tcjc ac qud df daacs kiy, jdldf sdr tritijcs mcf
jhgfhjij y puamrhtuj, pcrqud rdprdsdftif ai imthvhjij jhvhfi piri qud da sdr
kubifc pudji vhvhr jd bifdri ijdmuiji df da bufjc.
HBPAHMIMHCFD] ZDCAÝGHMI]
Da dstujhc jda mcfmdptc jd Jhcs mcbc mrdijcr df ai Lhlahi rdvdai virhcs fhvdads
dxdgèthmcs y kdrbdfèuthmcs jd hbpcrtifmhi miphtia piri acs mrdydftds y tiblhèf acs
7=
dstujhcscssdmcftdbpcréfdcs.
tdcaýghmc Ai prhbdri
rdaimhcfi mcf ai dmcacgâi. grif jd
Ai tdcacgâi mcftrhlumhýf jd dstd
ai mrdimhýf pcfd iféahshs
mairibdftd
df dvhjdfmhi qud da Jhcs lâlahmc fc scac mrdý ia bufjc ia hfhmhc jd ai khstcrhi, shfc
qud ijdbés imcbpiùi i ai kubifhjij piri biftdfdr ai hftdgrhjij jd ai mrdimhýf y
piri prcphmhir uf ludf iblhdftd piri ai siauj y da lhdfdstir.
Ai grivd mrhshs dmcaýghmi qud iedmti
ie dmti ijvdrsibdftd i ai scmhdjij mcftdbpcréf
mcftdbpcréfdidi sd
eufjibdfti, dftrd ctrcs eimtcrds, df ai eiati jd mcfmhdfmhi tdcaýghmi df tcrfc i ai
fituriadzi y ia biatritc qud ais scmhdjijds y acs hfjhvhjucs ad kif lrhfjijc ia
bdjhc iblhdftd. Mcbc rdspudsti i dsis imthvhjijds mcftibhfiftds y dscs prcmdscs

jd
mcfjdsdstilhahzimhýf
ufi mcftibhfimhýf dmcaýghmi,
bcrtiadaqud
bhsbc
khdrdiblhdftd
y iedmti ki rdimmhcfijcy ijvdrsibdftd
i hfjhvhjucs mcbufhjijds
dftdris df da paifdti.
Tfi mcftrhlumhýf ijhmhcfia jd ai tdcacgâi jd ai mrdimhýf i ai jhsmushýf dmadshésthmi
y èthmi mcftdbpcréfdi sd rdaimhcfi mcf da sdfthjc jd prdpctdfmhi y crguaac qud
bifh﬉dsti da sdr kubifc ia rdaimhcfirsd mcf ai mrdimhýf. Ai gdftd y acs gclhdrfcs
kif imtuijc jd bifdri hfsdfshlad iftd ai fituriadzi mcf da ﬉f jd jdsirrcaair ufi
sdrhd jd prcydmtcs rdaimhcfijcs mcf ac qud aaibif prcgrdsc d hfjustrhiahzimhýf.
Dsis imthtujds jd hrrdspdtc y igrdshýf i ai fituriadzi rdvdaif rdmkizc c

jdsmcfcmhbhdftc
ai scmhdjij, ijdbésjd ais
jd jhfébhmis
fc tdfdr âfthbis y aisjda
mcfmhdfmhi hftdrimmhcfds
rdspdtc quddftrd ai fituriadzi
sd jdld tdfdr i aiy
mrdimhýf jd Jhcs. Ais imthtujds dgcâstis qud hgfcrif acs rdmaibcs mcfthfucs jd ai
fituriadzi gdfdrif da pctdfmhia jd jdstrummhýf jda iblhdftd, qud ds da prdébluac
jd ai kdrhji c budrtd jd mcbufhjijds dftdris, y mhdrtibdftd ibdfizi ai
dstilhahjij pcaâthmi y dmcfýbhmi jda bufjc. Ai imthtuj jdsi﬉iftd d hbprcphi jda
sdr kubifc y acs gclhdrfcs iftd ai fituriadzi qud Jhcs mrdý, dfmhdrri uf fhvda
dxtricrjhfirhc jd pctdfmhia jd jdstrummhýf qud pudjd iedmtir ijvdrsibdftd da
euturc jd ai kubifhjij.

Ai ed df
hftdgria jddaaiJhcs mrdijcr
mrdimhýf rdquhdrd
jhvhfi, qud sd tritd
y jdbifji qud lhdf i ai mcf
sd imtÿd fituriadzi, pcrrdspdtc
silhjurâi, sdr pirtdy
ludf ouhmhc. Dsi mcfvhmmhýf rdmcfcmd qud ai mcftibhfimhýf pudjd gdfdrir ufi
rdspudsti ijvdrsi jd ai fituriadzi qud hbphji ai vhji jhgfi, griti, siaujilad y

dedmthvi. Tf Jhcs qud mrdi rdquhdrd ufi scmhdjij qud dfthdfji ais vhrtujds
tdcaýghmis jd ai i﬉rbimhýf y qud dstè mcfsmhdftd jd ais hbpahmimhcfds èthmis,
bcriads y iblhdftiads jd sus jdmhshcfds.

44 Ai rdaimhýf dftrd mrdimhýf y iahifzi, jcs jd acs tdbis bés hbpcrtiftds df ai Lhlahi, ki shjc
dxtdfsibdftd ifiahziji pcr Nira Lirtk, quhdf ai mirimtdrhzi hfjhmifjc qud ai iahifzi c pimtc ds da
prcpýshtc ÿathbc jd ai mrdimhýf, bhdftris qud ai mrdimhýf ds eufjibdftc dxtdrfc jd ai iahifzi> vdr
Jcgbéthmi. HHH, 9 y Oimcl, cp. mht., pp. 9=<-9==.
45 Da tdbi jd ai mrdimhýf sd prdsdfti y i﬉rbi df acs prhbdrcs pisiods jd ai Dsmrhturi (Gf. 9”<), ia
hguia qud df da Mrdjc Mrhsthifc. Da prcpýshtc tdcaýghmc ds jdoir pcr sdftijc jd ecrbi mairi qud ai
mrdimhýf jda bufjc fc ds rdsuatijc jda izir fh jd ai aumki dftrd ais jhvhfhjijds. Ai ﬉fiahjij
eufjibdftia jd dscs mipâtuacs ds jd fituriadzi tdcaýghmi. Da Jhcs lâlahmc mrdi y dstiladmd da crjdf
piri rdvdair su gacrhi i ai kubifhjij. Ai mcfedshýf jd ed df da Jhcs mrdijcr ds ufi bifdri tdcaýghmi
jd pcfdr jd bifh﬉dstc da rdmkizc dsmrhturia i acs bhtcs ifthgucs jd mrdimhýf qud sd hfmauâif
rdpdthjibdftd df da piftdýf mififdc. Ai tdcacgâi jd ai mrdimhýf, pirthmuairbdftd df Gf. 9, prdsdfti
i Jhcs crjdfifjc acs dadbdftcs, mcbc uf irquhtdmtc qud mrdi da iblhdftd ijdmuijc piri ai
kubifhjij, ds mcbc sh jdsdiri mcfstruhr su misi (vdr p. do., Ocl =;?:-7)> Oimcl, cp. mht., pp. 9=<-9=:.
47 Da fcblrd Bdaquhsdjdm crhghfiabdftd shgfh﬉mili «]djdm¾. Dri ufc jd acs jhcsds qud acs ifthgucs
odlusdcs vdfdrilif df Odrusiaèf,
Odr usiaèf, iftds
ift ds jd ai mcfquhsti jd ai mhujij
mh ujij pcr Jivhs (< ]. 4?5-;). Ijdbés,
ds hbpcrtiftd fctir qud ai piailri kdlrdi «sdjdm¾ shgfh﬉mi ousthmhi, ac qud shrvhý piri hftdrprdtir
pcstdrhcrbdftd da fcblrd eibcsc y dfhgbéthmc bcfirmi mcbc «\dy jd ousthmhi¾ (vdr Kd. 7?<). Ai
Lhlahi iaujd i ctrc rdy mififdc jd fcblrd «Ijcfhsdjdm¾ (Ocs. 90?9), qud pudjd trijumhrsd mcbc
«]djdm ds bh sdùcr¾ c «]dùcr jd ousthmhi¾.
4; ]iadb ds uf fcblrd ifthguc jd Odrusiaèf. Df ai ifthgñdjij, acs scldrifcs drif ia bhsbc thdbpc
rdyds y simdrjctds, puds dftdfjâif ai rdaimhýf âfthbi y mcfthfuhjij scmhia, pcaâthmi y rdahghcsi jd ais
rdspcfsilhahjijds pÿlahmis.
48 Da usc jda pif y da vhfc df dstd rdaitc ki bcvhjc i acs dstujhcscs mrhsthifcs i rdaimhcfir i
Bdaquhsdjdm mcf Mrhstc, quhdf sd mcfcmd df da Fudvc Zdstibdftc mcbc da subc simdrjctd jda
fudvc pimtc (Kd. 4?5-90> 5?<0> vdr tiblhèf ]ia. 990). Ai rdedrdfmhi i qud Ilrib ad dftrdgý acs
jhdzbcs jd tcjc (v. <0l), pcfd jd bifh﬉dstc ai iutcrhjij qud da pitrhirmi lâlahmc rdmcfcmhý df da
rdy y simdrjctd jd ]iadb (vdr Kd. 7?:-90)> ijdbés, sus piailris rdvdaif gdfdrcshjij y ousthmhi.
50 Udr pirthmuairbdftd ai rdspudsti jd Ilrib ia rdy jd ]cjcbi, df ai muia hfjhmi? «Kd ourijc i
Odkcvé. Jhcs Iatâshbc, mrdijcr jd acs mhdacs y jd ai thdrri¾. ]d ufdf jd dsti bifdri trds
bifhedstimhcfds y pdrmdpmhcfds tdcaýghmis pirthmuairds? da fcblrd prcphc y dspdmâ﬉mc jd Jhcs
«Odkcvé¾ c «Xikvè¾> ai rdedrdfmhi i Da Dayýf, da ifthguc jhcs mififdc ijcrijc df ]iadb, y ai
rdedrdfmhi ia pcjdr mrdijcr jd Jhcs. Dstd rdaitc pcfd jd bifh﬉dstc qud muifjc Ilrib aadgý i
Mifiéf ai ed df da jhcs mrdijcr yi sd dfmcftrili irthmuaiji df jhvdrsis ecrbuaimhcfds tdcaýghmis
jd﬉fhjis> _hbbdrah, cp. mht., p. =.
59 Df da Ifthguc Zdstibdftc sd pudjdf hjdfth﬉mir iagufis rdedrdfmhis lrdvds i rdaitcs
dxtrimifýfhmcs buy ifthgucs jd ai mrdimhýf qud kif jdoijc kudaais df virhcs rdaitcs lâlahmcs (p. do.,
Ocl 7?9<-<9> jd
iftigýfhmcs <5?90-9=>
\ikil y=;?;-99, ]ia. shbhairds
da Advhtéf, 7;?;8> Hs. i49?8-95). Firrif
ais vhmtcrhis ai aumki sclrd
jd Birjun jd Xikvè mcftri
Zhibit acs pcjdrdsy
df Lilhacfhi,
ais litiaais jd Liia mcftri da bir df Mifiéf> Oimcl, cp. mht., p. 9=:.
5< Df tcrfc i ai dxègdshs y tdcacgâi jd acs rdaitcs jd ai mrdimhýf jd Gèfdshs, vdr, dftrd ctrcs i
Wdstdrbiff, cp. mht.
5= Df tcrfc i ai trijummhýf jda pisiod, pirthmuairbdftd jd Gf. 9?9, vdr i Wdstdrbiff, cp. mht.
5: Da crhgdf jda pudlac jd Hsrida, hfmausc da fimhbhdftc jd miji hfjhvhjuc, scf vhstcs df ai Lhlahi
mcbc bifhedstimhcfds jd ai mrdimhýf jd Jhcs> Oimcl, cp. mht., p. 9=5.
54 Ai hbpcrtiftd jcmtrhfi jd mrdithc dx fhkhac ‚qud sd ecrbuai mcf mairhjij df da jdutdrcmifýfhmc
ahlrc jd < Bimildcs 7?<;‚, fc sd pcfd mairibdftd jd bifh﬉dstc iÿf df Gèfdshs, iufqud yi dstcs
tdxtcs pirdmdf ipuftir kimhi dsi jhrdmmhýf. Da rdaitc dfeithzi ai mrdimhýf pcr ai piailri jhvhfi,
iufqud dxhstâi da mics prhbhgdfhc.
55 Df Hsrida sd ad aaibili ia rdy «hbigdf jd Jhcs¾, y df ai ahtdrituri dghpmhi sd dfmudftrif rdedrdfmhis
i qud ai kubifhjij ds hbigdf jhvhfi qud ki lrctijc jd sus bhdblrcs> _hbbdrah, cp. mht., p.=5.
57 Ai rdvhsti Zkd Ahvhfg Puapht, ilrha-oufhc jda <000, jdjhmý dsi djhmhýf ia tdbi jd ai mrdimhýf. Dftrd
acs tdbis dxpudstcs sd hfmauydf irtâmuacs dxdgèthmcs, bcriads y èthmcs.
5; Dstd iféahshs gribithmia y ahfgñâsthmc jd acs pisiods jda Ifthguc Zdstibdftc sd lisi df acs dstujhcs
jd Lrudggdbiff, cp. mht., pp. 9:4-5:. I su vdz, da dstujhc jd Lrudggdbiff sd eufjibdfti d hfecrbi
df ais clris jd G. vcf \ij, cp. mht.
58 \dspdmtc ia fcblrd jd Jhcs y su rdaimhýf mcf da vdrlc «sdr¾, vdr da hbpcrtiftd irtâmuac jd \hmkirj
O. Maheecrj, «Zkd Kdlrdw ]mrhpturds ifj tkd Zkdcacgy cr Mrdithcf¾, Z] :5 (98;4) pp. 407-<=.
70 Ai «tdcacgâi jd ai piailri¾ qud sd bifh﬉dsti df da tdxtc lâlahmc ‚y qud, df dedmtc ki ougijc uf
pipda prctigýfhmc df ais rd﬌dxhcfds tdcaýghmis rdecrbijis‚ df Dghptc thdfd uf iftdmdjdftd jd
hbpcrtifmhi df ai ﬉guri jda jhcs Ptik> vdr O. Prhtmkirs, Ifmhdft Fdir Distdrf Zdxts \daithfg tc tkd
Caj Zdstibdft (<.i dj.? Prhfmdtcf? Prhfmdtcf Tfhvdrshty Prdss, 9844), p. 4.
79 \dspdmtc i ai khstcrhi y ai tdcacgâi jda dxhahc, vdr ais clris jd ]. Pigéf, Ai vhshýf jd Hsiâis (Bhibh?
Mirhld, 9887)> Dxpdrhbdftifjc df qudlriftcs (Fiskvhaad, Ijhfgjcb, <000).
7< Ai khstcrhi jd ai hftdrprdtimhýf tdcaýghmi jda Ifthguc Zdstibdftc y ais jhvdrsis bdtcjcacgâis piri
da dstujhc jd su tdcacgâi kif shjc ifiahzijis dedmthvibdftd pcr Lrudggdbiff, cp. mht., pp. 948-95=.
Df dsi hfvdsthgimhýf sd pcfdf jd bifh﬉dstc ais hbpcrtiftds mcftrhlumhcfds jd G. vcf \ij ia dstujhc
mhdftâ﬉mc jd ai Dsmrhturi y sd rdvdai su hbpcrtiftd ipcrtimhýf i ai mcbprdfshýf jd ai tdcacgâi jda
Ifthguc Zdstibdftc.
7= Lrudggdbiff, cp. mht., p. 95=.
 Mipâtuac :

DA JHC] ]IFZC
Jhcs ldfjĽc da sèpthbc jâi, y ac sifth﬉mý,
pcrqud df dsd jâi
jâi jdsmifsý
jd tcji su clri mrdijcri.
Gèfdshs <?=
AI ]IFZHJIJ JD JHC]
Da mcfmdptc jd Jhcs df da Ifthguc Zdstibdftc sd rdaimhcfi âfthbibdftd mcf ai
hjdi jd sifthjij. Da Jhcs lâlahmc ds siftc y rdquhdrd jd su pudlac uf mcbprcbhsc

sdrhc
bhsbimcf
dstidstd
hjdi eufjibdftia
jd sifthjij sddpcfd
hfjhspdfsila
hfjhspdfsiladd viacr
jd bifh﬉dstc, tdcaýghmc.qud
ia hfjhmirsd Jdsjd
Jhcs ai mrdimhýfy
«ldfjĽc¾
«sifth﬉mý¾ da sélijc, piri i﬉
i﬉rbir ai hbpcrtifmhi jda jdsmifsc audgc jda prcmdsc y
sus clris jd mrdimhýf.7:
Df dedmtc, ai hjdi jd sifth﬉mimhýf y ai tdcacgâi jd ac siftc scf hbpcrtiftds jdsjd
acs prhbdrcs rdaitcs lâlahmcs, puds pcfdf mairibdftd jd bifh﬉dstc ufi jd ais
mirimtdrâsthmis jhvhfis jd bés hbpcrtifmhi y sulrsulriyif ufc jd sus itrhlutcs jd
biycr rdadvifmhi tdcaýghmi d hbpahmimhýf bhshcfdri. Mcbc edfýbdfc rdahghcsc
eufjibdftia, ai sifthjij fc sd pudjd jdrhvir jd fhfgufi dsmiai jd viacrds

kubifcs, puds jdsjd

Ai sifthjij, dbifiaiy sd ifmai df daedfcbdfcaýghmi,
pdrspdmthvi bhsbc sdr jd Jhcs.
ds ufi eudrzi vhtia, dspdmhia,
bhstdrhcsi y dxtricrjhfirhi qud ad lrhfji i mhdrtis pdrscfis y i iagufis mcsis ufi
muiahjij sclrdfituria, jhsthfguhji, pirthmuair, ÿfhmi. Ai vhji bhsbi y tcji ai
mrdimhýf scf dxprdshcfds dacmudftds y bifhedstimhcfds sc﬉sthmijis jd ai sifthjij
jhvhfi. Pcr tia rizýf, df ais ]igrijis Dsmrhturis ai sifthjij ds ai dxprdshýf béxhbi
jd ai fituriadzi jd Jhcs, y ai bés hbpcrtiftd d hfhguiailad jd sus muiahjijds> rdvdai
ac bés âfthbc y prd prdmhijc jd su sdr y bifh﬉dsti su viacr suprdbc> pcfd df
dvhjdfmhi ai padfhtuj jd su pcjdr y ac pirthmuair jd su dsdfmhi.74

ai Df ais Dsmrhturis﬉guri
hfmcbpirilad kdlrdis,
jda da]dùcr,
mcfmdptc jd sifthjij
da Jhcs sd dxprdsi
]iftc jd jd ecrbi
Hsrida (Hs. ýpthbiDstd
:0?9<-=9). df
hbpcrtiftd mcfmdptc tdcaýghmc rdvdai ac rijhmia y ac ilscautc jd ai dsdfmhi jd Jhcs,
hjdfth﬉mi ai dsedri jd ac dxtricrjhfirhc d hfjdsmrhpthlad jd ai jhvhfhjij y ctdi ac
hfdeilad y dspdmtimuair jd Jhcs.75
Df ai biycr pirtd jd ais adfguis sdbhtis sd pudjdf dfmcftrir piriadacs jd ai riâz
kdlrdi qjsk, qud trifsbhtdf da mcfmdptc jd sifthjij> buy prcliladbdftd
mcbufhmif hfhmhiabdftd ai hjdi jd mcrtd y sdpirimhýf.77
Acs augirds qijdsk scf sigrijcs, sdpirijcs, mcfsigrijcs, prckhlhjcs piri ai gdftd

mcbÿf, scfX dspimhcs

jhvhfhjij. mcbc ufipirthmuairbdftd
pdrscfi siftirdsdrvijcs
ds sdpirijipiri ais bifhedstimhcfds
y mcbhshcfiji jd ai
piri mubpahr
rdspcfsilhahjijds pirthmuairds y dspdmhiads, dsti bhsbi riâz tiblhèf mcbufhmi ai
hjdi jd pcjdr, eudrzi y iutcrhjij.7;

Df da Ifthguc Zdstibdftc da mcfmdptc jd sifthjij ijquhdrd jhbdfshcfds

tdcaýghmis qud fc sd mcf﬉fif i acs rdsuatijcs jda dstujhc dthbcaýghmc c ia iféahshs
sdbéfthmc. Mcbc ai riâz kdlrdi qjsk ipirdmd mcf mhdrti rdguairhjij df virhis
ecrbis ahfgñâsthmis df ai Lhlahi, sd pudjd i﬉rbir qud ai sifthjij ds mcbc da mdftrc
gribithmia y ahfgñâsthmc jd ai tdcacgâi lâlahmi. 78 Df dedmtc, ai sifthjij ds ufi
bifhedstimhýf jhvhfi suh gèfdrhs qud rdvdai ai scldrifâi jd Jhcs sclrd tcjis ais
mcsis. Da ]dùcr sd ipcjdri jd ai sifthjij piri trifsbhthr su vhrtuj y iutcrhjij>
ijdbés, rdvdai su fituriadzi sifti df ai eudrzi y da pcjdr qud mcbufhmi, trifsbhtd
y i﬉rbi ai vhji. X mcbc ai rdaimhýf dftrd sifthjij y Jhcs ds tif âfthbi y mcbpadti,
da ]dùcr lâlahmc sd jdfcbhfi y iutchjdfth﬉mi mcbc «siftc¾, shdfjc dstd ÿathbc
tèrbhfc uf shfýfhbc eufjibdftia d hfjhspdfsilad jd ai jhvhfhjij jd Hsrida (p. do.,
Hs. :0?<4> Cs. 99?8).;0
Muifjc df ai Dsmrhturi sd hfjhmi, pcr dodbpac, qud Jhcs ouri pcr su sifthjij,
shgfh﬉mi qud da ]dùcr hfvhdrtd su fcblrd, piailri, iutcrhjij, fituriadzi, pcjdr y
dsdfmhi df ac qud ki rdvdaijc (p. do., Ib. :?<> 5?;> ]ia. ;8?=4). Ds uf rdmursc
ahtdrirhc hbpcrtiftd dbpadijc piri isdgurir ai vdrimhjij jd sus jhmkcs> uf bcjc jd
pcfdr èfeishs df ai mdrtdzi jd sus piailris.
Dsi rdaimhýf jd sifthjij y fcblrd jhvhfc rdvdai ai eufjibdftia hjdfth﬉mimhýf
dftrd da mcfmdptc jd ac siftc y ai fituriadzi jhvhfi. ;9 Da Jhcs qud sd rdvdai df ai
Dsmrhturi ds dsdfmhiabdftd siftc y rdquhdrd qud su pudlac i﬉rbd, iprdmhd, ilscrli d
hfmcrpcrd dsd pirthmuair mcbpcfdftd jd su fituriadzi, qud thdfd hbpahmimhcfds
dsphrhtuiads, pcaâthmis, rdahghcsis, èthmis y bcriads. Da Jhcs siftc rdquhdrd uf pudlac
siftc.
Tfi eufmhýf eufjibdftia jd ai sifthjij ds dstiladmdr jhstifmhis, prcvddr dspimhcs
ijdmuijcs. Ai rdvdaimhýf jhvhfi kimd qud da sdr kubifc rdmcfczmi su mcfjhmhýf jd
mrhituri y sd shdfti ifcfijijc. Da dfmudftrc mcf ac Dtdrfc gdfdri df ais pdrscfis
tdbcr, ijbhrimhýf, hfsdgurhjij y kubhajij. Jdsmulrhr ai sifthjij jhvhfi kimd
rdmcfcmdr i ais pdrscfis su pdmijc, y ad budvd i imdptir su mcfjhmhýf kubifi
hbpdredmti (Gf. 9;?<7> Ocl :<?5> Hs. 5?9-=).
Dsi imthtuj pdmibhfcsi ds ai qud dstiladmd ufi jhstifmhi dftrd da sdr kubifc y
Jhcs, qud ÿfhmibdftd pudjd sdr supdriji mcf ufi hftdrvdfmhýf jhvhfi
dxtricrjhfirhi.
dxtricrjhfirh i. Ziblhèf ai sifthjij thdfd uf mcbpcfdftd qud dstiladmd ai jhstifmhi
dftrd ac jhvhfc y ac kubifc, ﬉oi mcf mairhjij acs ahfjdrcs y ais ercftdris dftrd ais
jhfébhmis jd ais pdrscfis y da dftcrfc jd Jhcs.
Ai rdaimhýf dftrd ai sifthjij jd Jhcs y ai gacrhi jhvhfi ds hbpcrtiftd y pirthmuair.
Ai «gacrhi¾ ‚nilcj
‚nilcj, df kdlrdc‚ ds ac qud ad lrhfji i miji pdrscfi su mirémtdr

pirthmuair, su pdsc dspdmâ﬉mc. X iufqud miji pdrscfi thdfd su «gacrhi¾ (]ia. 95?8>
=0?9<) ‚ds jdmhr, sus mirimtdrâsthmis pirthmuairds y eufjibdftiads‚, ai «gacrhi jd
Jhcs¾ ds ÿfhmi y dxtricrjhfirhi.
Dsi pirthmuair «gacrhi jd Jhcs¾ ad aadvi i rdvdair y i﬉rbir su sifthjij. Ai gacrhi ds
ufi bifhedstimhýf jd ai fituriadzi jd Jhcs df da bufjc, df ai kubifhjij, df da
mcsbcs> ai sifthjij sd mcf﬉drd i hfjhvhjucs y clodtcs.
Ai sifthjij jhvhfi trifsbhtd tiftc ai hjdi jd pcjdr mcbc ai jd sdpirimhýf. Ai
pdrscfi u clodtc qud ki shjc sdpirijc pcr Jhcs, c sifth﬉mijc, sd dfmudftri lioc da
jcbhfhc jd ac dtdrfc, puds ds su pcjdr y su iutcrhjij qud ac suodti. Dsi eudrzi
dxtricrjhfirhi qud sd bifh﬉dsti piri rdvdair ai sifthjij, shf dblirgc, pudjd sdr
pdahgrcsi. Ac qud ds siftc c dsté sifth﬉mijc dftri df ai jhbdfshýf jhvhfi, y ds
prdrrcgithvi jd Jhcs bifhedstir su pcjdr piri biftdfdr dsd pirthmuair dstijc jd
sdpirimhýf y purdzi. Pcr dsi rizýf, uf kcblrd miyý budrtc y euabhfijc pcr da
pcjdr jd Jhcs ia tritir jd ipcyir y scstdfdr da irmi jda pimtc qud ibdfizili mcf
midrsd (< ]. 5). Ai sifthjij jhvhfi thdfd mhdrtibdftd iagufcs dadbdftcs jd
bhstdrhc,;< mcfthdfd ispdmtcs fdgithvcs y jd ouhmhc, qud jdldf tcbirsd sdrhibdftd
df mcfshjdrimhýf ia dstujhir y pcfjdrir da tdbi.
]hf dblirgc, da mcbpcfdftd mdftria jd ai sifthjij fc sd rdvdai tctiabdftd fh
tibpcmc sd igcti df ai hjdi fdgithvi jd sdpirimhýf c jd ac hftcmilad jd ai hjdi c jda
tilÿ. Ai sifthjij jhvhfi aadgi i su dxprdshýf ýpthbi ia rdaimhcfirsd mcf ai hjdi jd ai
iahifzi c da pimtc. Jhcs ds siftc y pcr mcfshguhdftd jdmhjd dstiladmdr uf pimtc mcf
su pudlac> Hsrida ds siftc ÿfhmibdftd ia dftrir ia pimtc jhvhfc.
Mcbc da ]dùcr ds uf Jhcs jd pimtcs mcf su pudlac, fc guirji fh dsmcfjd su
sifthjij, shfc qud ai rdvdai i su pudlac. Ds dsdfmhiabdftd dsd mirémtdr jd Jhcs
mdacsc y jdsdcsc jd rdaimhcfirsd mcf su pudlac ac qud ad hbpdad i bifhedstir su
sifthjij piri kimdr qud da sdr kubifc fc scac rdmcfczmi su mcfjhmhýf pdmibhfcsi,
shfc tiblhèf pcjdr lrhfjirad da pcjdr fdmdsirhc y ai vhrtuj rdqudrhji piri
adviftirsd jd su mcfjhmhýf y mcfvdrthrsd df uf d﬉miz dbhsirhc jhvhfc i ai
kubifhjij (Hs. 5?9-9=). Ai sifthjij qud sd rdvdai i Hsiâis ds uf ludf dodbpac jd ai
bifhedstimhýf jhvhfi qud thdfd mcbc ﬉fiahjij prhfmhpia aaibir y adviftir ia prcedti
jd su mcfjhmhýf pdmibhfcsi piri mcbhshcfirac y mipimhtirac piri aadvir i dedmtc uf
bhfhstdrhc trifsecrbijcr.;=
Ia dstujhir dstd tdbi tdcaýghmc jdldbcs dstir mcfsmhdftds jd qud acs imtcs jd
ahldrimhýf jd Jhcs y sus bifhedstimhcfds jd ouhmhc scf tiblhèf dxprdshcfds jd ai
sifthjij jhvhfi. Df dedmtc, ai sifthjij jd Jhcs sd bifh﬉dsti piri kimdr mubpahr su
vcauftij rdjdftcri y piri hbpaiftir ai ousthmhi. Ia jdstruhr i Gcg (Dz. =;?95), ia

ifufmhir acs ouhmhcs df ]hjýf (Dz. <;?<<) y jirad ia pudlac igui df Bdrhli ;: (Fb.
<0?9=), da ]dùcr sd sifth﬉mi, puds pcfd jd bifh﬉dstc su fituriadzi èthmi, rdvdai su
jdsdc jd hbpaiftir ai ousthmhi, y bifh﬉dsti su vcauftij ahldrijcri. Ziblhèf kiy
sifthjij muifjc da ]dùcr hftdrvhdfd df ai khstcrhi y ahldri i acs kĽcs d kĽis jd
Hsrida jd ai dsmaivhtuj y ai cprdshýf jd Dghptc> pcstdrhcrbdftd rdphtd su kiziùi
kdrchmi, ia kimdr qud da pudlac rdgrdsd jda dxhahc df Lilhacfhi, y bifh﬉dsti su
sifthjij (Dz. <0?:9> <;?<4> =5?<0-<:> =8?<7). ]ifthjij ds uf mcfmdptc qud ilirmi ai
tctiahjij jd ai vhji jd Jhcs y sd rdaimhcfi mcf tcjis sus immhcfds khstýrhmis.
Tfi dxprdshýf qud rdvdai df grijc subc ai tdcacgâi jd ai sifthjij df ai Lhlahi ds
da hbpcrtiftd tâtuac jhvhfc jd «da ]iftc jd Hsrida¾.;4 Grimhis i ai hbpcrtifmhi y ai
pcpuairhjij qud rdmhlhdrcf acs crémuacs jd Hsiâis (p. do., Hs. <8?98> =0?99-94> =9?9>
:9?9:> :=?94> 44?4),;5 dstd pirthmuair tâtuac jhvhfc fc sd mcf﬉fý i sdr ufi bdri
hbigdf ahtdrirhi df ai clri jd uf prcedti (vdr ]ia. 79?<<> 7;?:9> ;8?98> Odr. 40?<8>
49?4> Dz. =8?7), shfc qud sd mcfvhrthý df ufi ecrbi pirthmuair y dxtricrjhfirhi jd
dxprdsir ac dspdmhia, bhstdrhcsc d hfdeilad jd ai fituriadzi sifti jda Jhcs jd Hsrida.
Dsti jdshgfimhýf fc shgfh﬉mi qud «da ]iftc¾ pdrtdfdzmi i Hsrida, shfc qud da Jhcs
lâlahmc ki mcfsigrijc y jdpirijc i Hsrida piri sâ bhsbc> da pudlac, df dedmtc, ds
siftc pcr miusi jd dsi mcfsigrimhýf
mcfsigrimhýf y pcr ai jdjhmimhýf, hftdrvdfmhýf
hftdrvdfmhýf y dadmmhýf jda
]dùcr. Ai sifthjij jd Hsrida jdpdfjd ilscautibdftd jd ai fituriadzi sifti jd Jhcs.
Ai dxprdshýf «]iftc jd Hsrida¾ trifsbhtd ai hjdi jd qud da ]dùcr d Hsrida dstéf
âfthbi d hfjhscauladbdftd rdaimhcfijcs.;7 Jhcs fc ilifjcfiré fh rdmkiziré i su
pudlac, puds tia immhýf mcfaadvi fdgirsd i sâ bhsbc. Ai sifthjij, qud mhdrtibdftd
ds ai mirimtdrâsthmi jhvhfi bés dxtricrjhfirhi d hrrdjumthlad, ds ia bhsbc thdbpc ai
qud bés ad imdrmi ia sdr kubifc.
Da ]iftc bcri df ais iaturis y jdsmhdfjd i ai pdrscfi i﬌hghji (Hs. 47?94)> ji su
piailri y rdvdai su vcauftij (Hs. 4?<:> =0?9<, 94)> d hftdrvhdfd df ai khstcrhi y aadgi
piri scmcrrdr ia hfjhvhjuc (Hs. =9?9> =7?<:). Da ]iftc jd Hsrida ds da rdjdftcr ‚gcda,
df kdlrdc‚ jd su pudlac>;; qud iaujd ia pirhdftd mdrmifc qud dodrmd da jdrdmkc jd
rdsmitd piri ahldrir i iagÿf eibhahir miuthvc. Ai sifthjij gdfdri da mcbprcbhsc jd
rdjdfmhýf qud rdprdsdfti uf viacr tdcaýghmc eufjibdftia y prhcrhtirhc df ai
Dsmrhturi.
Iufqud ds da pudlac jd Hsrida df gdfdria ds rdmhphdftd prhbcrjhia jd ai sifthjij
jhvhfi (Av. 97?9”<4?44),;8 df ai Dsmrhturi sd pudjdf hjdfth﬉mir tiblhèf virhcs
hfjhvhjucs y clodtcs qud scf pirthmuairbdftd hbpcrtiftds piri ai rdvdaimhýf jd dsi
mirimtdrâsthmi jd Jhcs. Acs clodtcs sd mcfsigrif piri su usc df augirds sigrijcs, y
ijquhdrdf ÿfhmibdftd sifthjij jd rdaimhýf. Acs hfjhvhjucs rdmhldf ai sifthjij
jhvhfi piri dodrmdr iagufi eufmhýf dspdmâ﬉mi jd pirtd jd Jhcs (Av. <9?9-94, 95-<=).
Dftrd acs prhfmhpiads clodtcs sifth﬉mijcs sd pudjdf hjdfth﬉mir acs shguhdftds> da
irmi jda pimtc (9 ]. :?98-<<),80 da tdbpac jd Odrusiaèf (]ia. 8=?4), sus utdfshahcs y ais
iguis qud sd uthahzif df ais mdadlrimhcfds (Èx. =0?9;> Fb. 4?97)> y ais vdsthjuris jd
acs simdrjctds (Èx <;?<> ]ia. <8?<> 85?8> 990?=). Ijdbés, da mhdac ds siftc pcr sdr
rdshjdfmhi jda ]dùcr (Jt. <5?94> ]ia. 99?:> Hs. 5=?94> Bh. 9?<) y ai thdrri jd Hsrida ds
tiblhèf rdmcfcmhji mcbc sifth﬉miji pcr sdr clodtc jd ai dadmmhýf jhvhfi (_im.
<?9<). Ai sifthjij qud sd rdmhld bdjhiftd ai mcfsigrimhýf jd augirds y utdfshahcs fc
jh﬉drd jd ai qud prcmdjd jd ai dadmmhýf, puds dbifif jda bhsbc Jhcs siftc. Df
tcrfc i dstd tdbi ds hbpcrtiftd bdfmhcfir, ijdbés, qud ai Dsmrhturi rdvdai virhcs
fhvdads jd sifthjij qud sd pcfdf pirthmuairbdftd jd bifh﬉dstc df da tdbpac, df da
«Augir ]iftc¾ y da «Augir ]iftâshbc¾ (Èx. <5?==> <8?=7> Av. <?=, 90).89
Ai sifthjij df ais pdrscfis sd rdaimhcfi pirthmuairbdftd mcf ai purdzi rhtuia, qud
sd bifh﬉dsti dedmthvibdftd tiftc df da dftcrfc jd ac bcria y èthmc (Av. 8?=, 99, 94>
<0?7, 90) mcbc df ac rhtuia y mÿathmc (Av. <9?5> Fb. 5?4> 9 ]. <9?5). Ia dftrir df da
bufjc jd ai sifthjij jhvhfi, da sdr kubifc rdmhld y imdpti ufi sdrhd jd jdldrds
rdahghcscs y jd imthtujds bcriads, qud jdldf mubpahr i miliahjij, df su bufjc
hftdrhcr y df da dxtdrhcr. Ai padfhtuj jd vhji sd ijquhdrd ia mubpahr mcf dscs
rdspcfsilhahjijds..8<
jdldrds y rdspcfsilhahjijds
Tfi bifdri jd trijumhr da mcfmdptc lâlahmc jd sifthjij df dxprdshcfds
mcftdbpcréfdis dftdfjhlads df ai scmhdjij, ds rdaimhcfirac mcf da tèrbhfc
hftdgrhjij. ]iavifjc ais jhstifmhis tdcaýghmis, da mcfmdptc ibpahc jd hftdgrhjij,
puds lrhfjir uf ludf birmc jd rdedrdfmhi piri ulhmir da tèrbhfc rdahghcsc sifthjij,
qud trifsbhtd uf miujia jd hbégdfds dmadshésthmis, df ufi dxprdshýf dftdfjhlad df
ais scmhdjijds sdmuairds jda shgac vdhfthufc.
AI OT]ZHMHI JD JHC]
Eufjibdftijcs df ai sifthjij jhvhfi, da Ifthguc Zdstibdftc dxpacri y prdsdfti
ufi sdrhd jd itrhlutcs jhvhfcs qud rdvdaif jhvdrscs mcbpcfdftds y fhvdads jd ai

fituriadzi jd Jhcs. yDajhserutir

dftdfjdr, dxpahmir dstujhc jd
ai dstcs itrhlutcs
dxtdfshýf, fcsypdrbhtd
vhrtuj hjdfth﬉mir,
prceu fjhjij
prceuf ifiahzir,
fc scac jd ai
fituriadzi jd Jhcs, shfc tiblhèf jd su vcauftij y jdsdc jd mcbufhmirsd mcf da sdr
kubifc. Dstcs itrhlutcs scf muiahjijds jd Jhcs qud fcs iyujif i dftdfjdr su
hftdrvdfmhýf df ai khstcrhi jd ai kubifhjij y fcs pdrbhtdf dxpacrir su pdmuahir
rdaimhýf mcf da pudlac jd Hsrida. Ziblhèf pudjdf lrhfjir virhis phstis piri
mcbprdfjdr ai hbpcrtifmhi jd ai rdvdaimhýf jd Jhcs piri ai scmhdjij imtuia.
Ai ousthmhi ds uf itrhlutc dxtricrjhfirh
dxtricrjhfirhcc y dxmdpmhcfia jd Jhcs. Jd imudrjc mcf ai
Dsmrhturi, da Jhcs lâlahmc ds oustc y jdsdi hbpaiftir ai ousthmhi df ai thdrri. Ijdbés,

dftrd
jd acsaismcfmdptcs
hbégdfds rdaimhcfijcs
qud ai Lhlahi uthahzi piri sd
mcf Jhcs, prdsdftir
hfmauydaiaipauriahjij
jd oudz, yqud
ai dxtdfshýf
pcfd df
dvhjdfmhi mairi su ﬉rbd mcbprcbhsc mcf acs viacrds qud sd dxprdsif mcf ufi sdrhd
hbpcrtiftd jd tèrbhfcs ourâjhmcs mcbc, pcr dodbpac, ousthmhi, ady, rdmthtuj y
dquhjij.
Ai hbigdf jd Jhcs mcbc oudz rdvdai su grif mcbprcbhsc mcf ai hbpaiftimhýf jd
ai ousthmhi y su ﬉rbd jdsdc jd hftdrvdfhr df ai khstcrhi piri ipcyir i ais pdrscfis y i
ais fimhcfds qud suerdf cprdshýf, miuthvdrhcs d hfousthmhis. ]d jhmd jda ]dùcr qud
«ibi ai ousthmhi¾ (]ia. 88?:> Hs. 59?;), qud ds ufi ecrbi pcèthmi jd jdstimir ai

pdrmdpmhýf tdcaýghmi
jhvhfi. tdcaýghmi jda pudlac df tcrfc i ais hbpahmimhcfd
hbpahmimhcfdss mcfmrdtis jd ai ousthmhi
Da pudlac mcf﬉ili df dstd itrhlutc jhvhfc fc scac mcbc ufi eudftd jd dspdrifzi
df ai vhji, shfc ijdbés mcbc uf viacr qud jdlâif dbuair d hbhtir acs oudmds
tdrrdfiads, puds hbpahmili uf vdrdjhmtc jd muapilhahjij y ai rdsthtumhýf jd pdrscfis
iedmtijis ijvdrsibdftd pcr ais hfousthmhis jd ai vhji (]ia. ;<?<-:> 85?90, 9=).8=
Ia imdrmirfcs ia tdbi jd ai ousthmhi mcfvhdfd tdfdr df mudfti ai fituriadzi jda
tèrbhfc y ai dxtdfshýf jda mcfmdptc, sdgÿf su pirthmuair bifhedstimhýf y dftcrfc
vdtdrctdstibdftirhc. Ai ousthmhi, df fudstri scmhdjij, ds ufi fcmhýf dsdfmhiabdftd

ourâjhmi
jd adyds,ydsthpuaimhcfds
adgia, qud sd rdaimhcfi prhcrhtirhibdf
prhcrhtirhibdftd
d hftdrprdtimhcfds td mcf
adgiads, sdrhds
y mcf dxtdfsis yshstdbéthmi,
ai ipahmimhýf mcbpadois
crjdfiji y dquhtithvi jd dsd shstdbi jd viacrds y prdmdptcs. Ai hbigdf vhsuia qud
sd dvcmi y trifsbhtd ia kilair jd ai ousthmhi df ais scmhdjijds mcftdbpcréfdis ds ai

jd ufi buodr, mcf acs cocs vdfjijcs, qud thdfd ufi liaifzi df ufi bifc, y df ai
ctri ufi dspiji. Da sdfthjc eufjibdftia qud trifsbhtd ds da jd ai ipahmimhýf
hbpirmhia y dquhtithvi jd ai ady.
Dsi hbigdf jd ai ousthmhi fc ds ai qud sd rdvdai y i﬉rbi df da Ifthguc
Zdstibdftc, qud bés lhdf trifsbhtd ai hjdi jd uf ifmhifc silhc qud dxthdfjd sus
bifcs piri ipcyir ia miâjc y rdmkizi ia qud miusi ais jdsgrimhis jd acs hfcmdftds.
Ai ousthmhi, jdsjd dsti pdrspdmthvi lâlahmi, ds ai i﬉rbimhýf jd uf prcmdsc qud
mcftrhluyd i ai ahldrimhýf jd iagufi pdrscfi miuthvi, ai rdjdfmhýf jd iagÿf dsmaivc,
ai sifhjij jd iagÿf dfedrbc y ai rdstiurimhýf jd iagufi pdrscfi igrivhiji.
Dftrd ais riâmds kdlrdis qud trifsbhtdf ai hjdi jd ousthmhi sd pudjd hjdfth﬉mir df
prhbdr augir i tsjq. Dsti riâz, qud thdfd piriadacs df ctrcs hjhcbis sdbâthmcs, 8:
mcbufhmi ai hjdi jd iagc qud dsté df mcfecrbhjij mcf da prcpýshtc piri ac muia sd
mrdý. Acs liaifmds y pdscs scf oustcs, y ais bdjhjis oustis, sh dstéf mcfecrbd ia
jhsdùc y mcbc jdldrâif sdr (Av. 98?=5> Dz. :4?90). Acs simrh﬉mhcs scf oustcs sh sd
aadvif i dedmtc jd imudrjc mcf ais fcrbis dstiladmhjis. X acs sdfjdrcs scf oustcs sh
sd pudjd trifshtir pcr daacs piri aadgir ia augir ijdmuijc, ia shthc jcfjd jdldrâibcs
hr (]ia. <=?=). Ai ousthmhi lâlahmi sd rdaimhcfi jd dsti ecrbi mcf ufi dspdmhd jd pitrýf
c jhsdùc jhvhfc qud jdld rdspdtirsd y mubpahrsd.
Acs fhvdads bcriads tiblhèf sd pcfdf jd bifh﬉dstc ia dxpacrir ais hbpahmimhcfds
èthmis jd dsti riâz, puds jdsmrhldf ais ecrbis jd imtuir df jdtdrbhfijis
mhrmufstifmhis. ]cjcbi y Gcbcrri scf bés oustis qud Odrusiaèf, puds mcbdthdrcf
bdfcs pdmijcs (Dz. 95?4<). X Zibir ds bés ousti qud Oujé, puds imtuý jd imudrjc
mcf ais fcrbis y ais mcstublrds rdaimhcfijis mcf ai prémthmi jd ai prcsthtumhý
prcsthtumhýf
f (Gf.
=;?<5). Da iblhdftd jd pdmijc fc imdrmi fh gdfdri ai ousthmhi> ia mcftrirhc, ai iadoi y
ai clstruyd.
Ai ousthmhi df da Ifthguc Zdstibdftc jdsmrhld ais rdaimhcfds dftrd acs sdrds
kubifcs c dftrd ais pdrscfis y Jhcs. Jd dsti ecrbi, ai ousthmhi ds bés lhdf ufi
immhýf y uf bcvhbhdftc, fc uf dstijc> ds jhfébhmi, fc dstéthmi, y sd rd﬉drd
prhfmhpiabdftd i imtcs mcfmrdtcs y rdiads qud rdvdaif vcauftij jd acgrir clodthvcs
dspdmâ﬉mcs, sdgÿf ac dstiladmhjc. Iaguhdf ds oustc pcrqud trilioi piri hbpaiftir ai
ousthmhi, fc kimd
kimd ai ousthmhi pcrqud
pcrqud ds oustc.
Ai ousthmhi fc ds uf dstijc hjdia fh iagufi ludfi muiahjij, shfc da rdsuatijc
dspdmâ﬉mc jd uf prcmdsc, ai muabhfimhýf jd ufi ecrbi prdmhsi jd imtuir. Da bdfsiod
prceèthmc eufjibdftia fc ds ijquhrhr ousthmhi, shfc i pcfdrai pcr clri> da clodthvc
ÿathbc, sdgÿf da bifjitc jd acs prcedtis jd Hsrida, ds i imtuir jd imudrjc mcf ai
ousthmhi df miscs mcfmrdtcs
mcfmrdtcs y dspdmâ﬉m
dspdmâ﬉mcs.
cs. Da dspdmuair sclr
sclrdd ais vhrtujds jd ai ousthmhi
ousthmhi
fc ds uf bifjitc lâlahmc, shfc imtuir jd ecrbi ousti df da bcbdftc ijdmuijc.
Df rdaimhýf mcf Jhcs, ai ousthmhi ds ufi bifhedstimhýf vhshlad y prdmhsi jd ai
sifthjij, y tiblhèf jd ai dsdfmhi bhsbi jda ]dùcr df sus rdaimhcfds mcf ai
kubifhjij. Dftrd ais bifhedstimhcfds rdiads jd ai ousthmhi jhvhfi sd dfmudftrif ais
shguhdftds? ais hftdrvdfmhcfds y ahldrimhcfds jd Jhcs df ai khstcrhi kubifi y da
dstiladmhbhdftc jd ai iahifzi c da pimtc. Ijdbés, ai ousthmhi sd rdaimhcfi mcf Jhcs,
muifjc sd i﬉rbi qud da ]dùcr siftc fc mcbdtd biajij fh hfhquhjij, qud fc jdoi da
bia shf misthgc, fh da lhdf df ai hgfcrifmhi, y qud fc jdsdi ai budrtd jda pdmijcr,
shfc qud prcphmhi su irrdpdfthbhdftc y pdrjýf. Da mcfmdptc tiblhèf sd rdaimhcfi
mcf ai hjdi jd pcjdr, puds quhdf hbpaifti ai ousthmhi thdfd iutcrhjij sclrd quhdfds
sd hbpcfdf ais fcrbis.
Ai ousthmhi jhvhfi fc pudjd sdpirirsd jd ai hjdi jda Jhcs-oudz, qud sd trifsbhtd
dedmthvibdftd df ai riâz skpkt, qud df su ecrbi kdlrdi, bhskpit, sd rdaimhcfi mcf
prcmdscs oujhmhiads y adgiads mcfmrdtcs y dspdmâ﬉mcs.84 Da ouzgir qud sd dvcmi mcf
dsti dxprdshýf sd uthahzi piri jdsmrhlhr tcjis ais eisds jd uf prcmdsc, fc sd ahbhti ia
jhmtibdf jd ai sdftdfmhi. Da rdsuatijc ds piri ai pdrscfi jdmairiji hfcmdftd ufi
bifhedstimhýf jd ousthmhi y ahldrimhýf jhvhfi> piri ai muapilad ds ai hbpaiftimhýf jda
ouhmhc y jd ai hri jd Jhcs. Muifjc acs ouhmhcs scf rdiahzijcs pcr Jhcs shdbprd sd
aadvif i dedmtc jd imudrjc mcf ais rdgais? scf rdmtcs y iamifzif su prcpýshtc
eufjibdftia, qud ds ai i﬉rbimhýf jd ai sifthjij y ai mdadlrimhýf jd ai rdiadzi
jhvhfi.
Ai ousthmhi jd Jhcs sd rdvdai piri ai ahldrimhýf jd quhdfds scf cprhbhjcs y su
rdsthtumhýf ia dstijc ijdmuijc jd kubifhjij (Hs. 59?9-=). Ds, ijdbés, rdeughc jd acs
﬉dads y eudftd jd dspdrifzi y pdrjýf ia fdmdshtijc. Mcf da pisc jda thdbpc, da
mcfmdptc jd ousthmhi sd rdaimhcfý mcf da jd bhsdrhmcrjhi piri pcfdr jd rdahdvd ai
rdspudsti jhvhfi iftd da jcacr kubifc y dfeithzir ai lcfjij jd Jhcs erdftd i ai
jdsgrimhi jd ais pdrscfis (Jf. :?<:).
Ouftc ia mcfmdptc y ai tdcacgâi jd ai ousthmhi sd rdvdai ai hbigdf jd Jhcs mcbc
gudrrdrc. Dsti ecrbi jd kilair df tcrfc i ai jhvhfhjij prdsupcfd ufi tdcacgâi qud
jdsmrhld i iaguhdf qud dsté ia sdrvhmhc jda oudz piri kimdr viadr sus vdrdjhmtcs,
jdmrdtcs y jdmhshcfds y tiblhèf piri mcailcrir imthvibdftd df ai mrdimhýf jd uf
shstdbi scmhia, pcaâthmc, dmcfýbhmc y rdahghcsc qud prcphmhd ai piz y ai ousthmhi df da
pudlac.
]d jhmd df ai Dsmrhturi qud «Odkcvé ds gudrrdrc¾ (Èx. 94?=), 85 puds imtÿi jd ecrbi
viahdftd y vhcadfti df eivcr jd Hsrida, piri jdrrctir ia eiriýf jd Dghptc y trhufeir

sclrd acs rdyds jd Zrifsocrjifhi y Mifiéf (Èx. 94?9-9;). Dsti hbigdf vhcadfti jd
Jhcs pcfd jd rdahdvd da jdsdc jhvhfc y ai pdrmdpmhýf jda pudlac jd mrdir uf euturc
ahlrd jd ais miusis qud gdfdrif ai cprdshýf y ai hfousthmhi df ai kubifhjij.87
AI H\I JD JHC]
\daimhcfijc tiblhèf mcf da tdbi jd ai ousthmhi sd dfmudftri da mcfmdptc jd ai hri jd
Jhcs. Iufqud ai ousthmhi rdprdsdfti vhrtuj y ahldrimhýf piri quhdfds rdmhldf da

ldfd﬉mhc jhvhfc,
muapilhahjij ais pdrscfis
scf clodtc jd ai hri yjdaacs]dùcr.
pudlacs qudds,scf
Ai hri clodtc ufi
df dedmtc, jda bifhedstimhýf
vdrdjhmtc jd
hbpcrtiftd jd ai ousthmhi jhvhfi.
Ais hbégdfds qud sd uthahzif piri jdsmrhlhr y irthmuair dsis bifhedstimhcfds jd ai
hri jhvhfi scf hftdfsis y vhvis, puds pcfdf jd bifh﬉dstc dxprdshcfds eâshmis jd
eurcr y mýadri. Dftrd ais riâmds vdrliads kdlrdis qud jdsmrhldf gré﬉mibdftd ai hjdi
jd ai hri jd Jhcs sd dfmudftrif ais shguhdftds? ifipk, qud shgfh﬉mi scpair
vhcadftibdftd> yimkib, qud iaujd i iagc miahdftd df dxtrdbc> qdtsdpk, qud sd
rd﬉drd i ufi grif dxpacshýf, y dlrik, qud trifsbhtd ai hjdi jd jdslcrjibhdftc.8;

Dstcs
ai hjdi,tèrbhfcs, qudmcf
sd dbpadif rdvdaif ai hftdfshjij
rdguairhjij
rdgu jda sdfthbhdftc
df rdaimhýf mcf Jhcs, yyscac
ac gré﬉mc y vhcadftc
df miscs jd
dspdmâ﬉mcs
sd iscmhif mcf ais pdrscfis.88 Ai bifhedstimhýf jd ai hri jd Jhcs sclrdpisi ai
mipimhjij kubifi jd dfcoc, hfjhgfimhýf y mýadri.
Ai tdcacgâi lâlahmi dfthdfjd da mcfmdptc jd ai hri jhvhfi mcbc pirtd jda prcmdsc
jd hbpaiftimhýf jd su vcauftij df da bufjc. Ds ufi bifhedstimhýf ijhmhcfia jd su
scldrifâi. Ds ufi jdbcstrimhýf mitdgýrhmi y ﬉rbd jd su mcfmdptc jd ousthmhi. Df ai
bifhedstimhýf jd su pcjdr y iutcrhjij, ai hri jhvhfi dsté ia sdrvhmhc jd ai vcauftij
jd Jhcs piri dstiladmdr sus prcpýshtcs, qud i ÿathbi hfstifmhi ds ai hbpaiftimhýf jd

ai ousthmhi, day dstiladmhbhdftc

kubifhjij jdardiadzi.
da jhserutd jd su sdùcrâcDf
jhvhfc
dstd sclrd ai khstcrhi,
hbpcrtiftd ai thdrri
sdfthjc, da jâiyjda
ai
]dùcr900 ds dedmthvibdftd uf jâi jd hri, puds ai hftdrvdfmhýf jd Jhcs vhdfd piri
hbpaiftir ai ousthmhi y rdspcfjdr i ais immhcfds kubifis jd imudrjc mcf sus
imthtujds iftd Jhcs y su bdfsiod.
Iftd tcjc, ai hri ds ufi immhýf ﬉rbd jd Jhcs, uf bcvhbhdftc jhvhfc qud rdvdai
ac bés prceufjc jd sus sdfthbhdftcs? Jhcs ai bifh﬉dsti (Ab. :?99> Dz. <0?==)> ai
kimd sulhr (< Mr. =5?95)> ai dfvâi (Ocl <0?<=> ]ia. 7;?:8), y ai mubpad (9 ]. <;?9;> Cs.
99?8). Dsti hftdrprdtimhýf iftrcpcbýr﬉mi jd ai hri jhvhfi, qud dri mcbÿf df da

pdfsibhdftc kdlrdc
rdaitcs lâlahmcs ifthguc,
mcbpadocs ad pdrbhthý
jdsjd ia pudlac
dsi pirthmuair y sus aâjdrds hftdrprdtir iagufcs
pdrspdmthvi.
Dsti tdcacgâi ads hbpdaâi i mcbprdfjdr i Jhcs mcbc uf sdr âfthbc, ia bhsbc
thdbpc qud sd vdâi mcbc bhstdrhcsc, mcbpadoc, ﬉rbd y kisti pdahgrcsc? p. do., ai

aumki jd Oimcl mcf da éfgda (Gf. =<)> da itiqud fcmturfc i Bchsès (Èx. :?<8)> pisiods
df acs muiads sd prckâld vdr i Jhcs c dstir df mcftimtc mcf iagÿf clodtc sigrijc (Èx.
98?8-<4> ==?<0> Oud. 9=?<<> 9 ]. 5?7> Hs. 5?4). X iufqud df iagufcs hfstiftds ai hri
jhvhfi ds prcvcmiji pcr da pdmijc jd acs hfjhvhjucs c ais rdldahcfds jd ais fimhcfds
(p. do., < ].
] . <:?9), df iagufis hfstifmhis fc pirdmd kildr dxpahmimhýf aýghmi iagufi (<
]. <9?9:).
Ai hf﬉jdahjij i ai iahifzi c da pimtc gdfdri ai hri jhvhfi jd ecrbi dspdmhia. X ai
trifsgrdshýf jda pudlac jd Hsrida bcthvi ufi bifhedstimhýf grifjd jd ai hri, puds
mcfsthtuyd uf mcbpcfdftd dspdmâ﬉mc y pirthmuair jda mdac jd Jhcs. Dsd mdac, qud
jdsmrhld da ibcr hftdfsc, dxmaushvc y dxtricrjhfirhc qud bifh﬉dsti da ]dùcr pcr su
pudlac, sd mcfvhdrtd df hri muifjc Hsrida, ais fimhcfds c acs hfjhvhjucs rdspcfjdf ia
ibcr jhvhfc mcf pdmijc, hf﬉jdahjij, eiati jd adiatij d hjcaitrâi.
Ai hri jhvhfi ds pirthmuairbdftd eudrtd y irjhdftd muifjc da pudlac sd iadoi jda
]dùcr piri hr df pcs jd ctris jhvhfhjijds. Df da Pdftitdumc y df ai ahtdrituri
prceèthmi sd pcfd df dvhjdfmhi mairi dsi hbpcrtiftd mcrrdaimhýf dftrd hf﬉jdahjij ia
pimtc y ai hri jda ]dùcr (Jt. 5?94> 99?95> 9<?<=> Ocs. <=?95> 98?8-<4> ]ia. 78?4> Dz.
4?9=> 95?=;> =5?5> Fik. 9?<> ]ce. =?;). Df tcrfc i ais fimhcfds, ai hri jhvhfi tiblhèf
sd bifh﬉dsti pcr bcthvcs bcriads y èthmcs.
Tfi jd ais hbégdfds bés pcpuairds jd ai hri jhvhfi ds ai jd ai mcpi, qud trifsbhtd
tiblhèf ai hjdi jd iagc prcvhshcfia, ahbhtijc, trifshtcrhc y jd thdbpc jd﬉fhjc (Odr.
<4?97). Df mcftripcshmhýf i ai hri jd Jhcs, qud ds tdbpcrdri, sd bifh﬉dsti ai
bhsdrhmcrjhi y da ibcr qud scf dtdrfcs y sd mcbpirif i uf bififthia jd igui
hfdxthfguhlad (Odr. <?9=). Dsis mirimtdrâsthmis jhvhfis, qud sd eufjibdftif df su
sifthjij, scf ais qud kimdf qud ai piailri ÿathbi jd Jhcs piri ai kubifhjij fc sdi
ai jd hri, shfc ai jd pdrjýf, eivcr y bhsdrhmcrj
bhsdrhmcrjhi
hi (]ia. =0?5).
AI BH]D\HMC\JHI JD JHC]
Tfc jd acs itrhlutcs bés hbpcrtiftds jda Jhcs lâlahmc sd rdaimhcfi mcf ai piailri
kdlrdi kdsdj, qud trijhmhcfiabdftd sd ki trijumhjc mcbc bhsdrhmcrjhi, pdrc qud
909
tiblhèfytrifsbhtd
ibpahi sclrdpisiacs
acssdfthjcs jd lcfjij,
dquhviadftds grimhijdy dsi
bcjdrfcs ﬉jdahjij. Ai hjdi
tdrbhfcacgâi> lâlahmi df
jdsmrhld, ds
dedmtc, ufi pirthmuair imthtuj jhvhfi qud pcfd jd bifh﬉dstc su ibcr
dxtricrjhfirhc, su mipimhjij hfsupdrilad jd pdrjýf, su jdsdc hftdfsc jd iyujir ia
bdfdstdrcsc, su mcbprcbhsc hfqudlriftilad mcf ai pdrscfi qud suerd, y su grif
ifkdac jd bifhedstir su pcjdr rdjdftcr. Ds uf vcmilac lâlahmc qud fdmdshti piri su
dxpahmimhýf mairi, mcbprdfshýf ijdmuiji y trijummhýf prdmhsi, bés jd ufi piailri
y virhcs mcfmdptcs df mistdaaifc.
Da iféahshs dthbcaýghmc rdvdai qud ai piailri kdlrdi hfmauyd df su shgfh﬉mijc ai
90<
hjdi jd eudrzi
ctri riâz pcjdr, y ‚dbdt
kdlrdiy hbpcrtiftd mcbc
‚ dbdtsd, qud
uthahzi mcf mhdrti
shgfh﬉mi rdguairhjij
﬉rbdzi, df piriadac
dstilhahjij, mcf
sdgurhjij y
vdrjij‚, trifsbhtd mcfmdptcs rdaimhcfijcs mcf ais hjdis jd ecrtiadzi, iutcrhjij y
pcjdr. Iaujd ai dxprdsh
dxprdshýf
ýf i uf thpc jd eudrzi qud ufd i jcs grupcs, y qud, df da
mcftdxtc rdahghcsc jd ais ]igrijis Dsmrhturis, jdsmrhld ai ufhýf jda pudlac jd Hsrida
y Jhcs. Muifjc sd uthahzi da tèrbhfc piri sdùiair c jdsmrhlhr ai imthtuj jda sdr
kubifc kimhi Jhcs, sd pudjd trijumhr dedmthvibdftd mcf ai piailri aithfi, phdtis,
qud pcfd jd bifh﬉dstc iagufcs dadbdftcs shmcaýghmcs y virhcs mcbpcfdftds
dsphrhtuiads jd ai rdaimhýf, p. do., ﬉jdahjij, mcbpishýf, adiatij, ijcrimhýf,

rdmcfcmhbhd
rdmcfcmhbhdftc
ftc d hfthbhjij.
Df ai dxprdshýf kdsdj tiblhèf sd hfmcrpcrif ispdmtcs mcadmthvcs y scmhiads qud
fc pudjdf pisirsd pcr iatc. Ai piailri jdsmrhld da sdfthbhdftc fituria qud gdfdri
ai prémthmi jd ai lcfjij, ecbdfti ais imthtujds jd hfjuagdfmhi y prcphmhi acs imtcs
jd bhsdrhmcrjhi. Dstcs sdfthbhdftcs y imthtujds sd bifh﬉dstif ahlrdbdftd, shf
mcdrmhýf adgia y shf rdqudrhbhdftcs clahgitcrhcs> sd eufjibdftif df da ibcr y sd
lisif df da jdsdc kcfdstc jd sdrvhr y iyujir, y df ai bhsdrhmcrjhi. \dvdaif
mcbprcbhsc mcf da prýohbc, bifh﬉dstif rdspdtc pcr ai scmhdjij, prcjumdf
imthtujds jd lcfjij kimhi acs grupcs.

Df dstd pirthmuair
sdbéfthmcs jd lcfjijsdfthjc scmhcaýghmc,
y bhsdrhmcrjhi, piriai aadgir
piailri kdsdj sclrdpisi
mairibdftd i acs jdaacsjdldr,
aâbhtds
ai
scahjirhjij y ai adiatij. Ds kdsdj ai eudrzi qud hbpdad ia sdr kubifc i imtuir mcf
ousthmhi piri girifthzir qud ais iahifzis y acs pimtcs sdif vdrjijdrcs, oustcs y
jurijdrcs.
Da kdsdj jd Jhcs ‚df mistdaaifc, su ﬉jdahjij, scahjirhjij, adiatij y bhsdrhmcrjhi
‚ sd bifh﬉dsti mcf eudrzi i trivès jd ai iahifzi y jdsmrhld ufi muiahjij
eufjibdftia y dxtricrjhfirhi jd Jhcs? sdr shdbprd ﬉da i sâ bhsbc y i su vcauftij.
Dsi ﬉jdahjij jhvhfi ds ufi grif vhrtuj piri da pudlac, puds girifthzi ai lcfjij
jhvhfi df bdjhc jd ai mrhshs y prcphmhi ai ahldrimhýf qud Jhcs pudjd bifhedstir df
bdjhc jd acs miuthvdrhcs jd ai vhji. I dsi ﬉jdahjij, adiatij y bhsdrhmcrjhi sd pudjd
ipdair piri mcfsdguhr da eivcr jhvhfc (Gf. <:?9<> < ]. 94?<0> 9 \. =?5), puds Jhcs, qud
ds da hfhmhijcr jd ai iahifzi, fc pudjd ilifjcfir i sus mcbpiùdrcs jd prcmdsc y
pimtc.
Dsi muiahjij ds ai qud ki pdrbhthjc qud ufi grif pirtd jd ais hbégdfds ahtdrirhis
qud sd uthahzif df ai Lhlahi piri jdsmrhlhr ai iahifzi c da pimtc jd Jhcs mcf su
pudlac, pcfgif jd bifh﬉dstc dscs bhsbcs mcfmdptcs jd adiatij, ﬉jdahjij, ﬉rbdzi y
jurilhahjij qud sd rdaimhcfif mcf ai piailri kdlrdi kdsdj.
Df cmishcfds da kdsdj fc scac ds ai eudrzi qud bifthdfd ai iahifzi c da pimtc, shfc
qud hfmausc ds dsdfmhiabdftd ai eudftd bhsbi qud ac gdfdri, i﬉rbi y prcphmhi. Ds
dstd sdfthjc ai piailri jdld sdr dftdfjhji y trijumhji mcbc ibcr c grimhi, puds
pcfd jd rdahdvd uf sdfthbhdftc jhvhfc hbpcrtiftd qud fc sd igcti fh sd mulrd i
miliahjij mcf ais piailris bhsdrhmcrjhi y ﬉jdahjij.
Df dedmtc, kdsdj ds uf tèrbhfc qud, iufqud hfhmhiabdftd sd rdaimhcfi mcf hjdis
ourâjhmis y adgiads, dxprdsi ufi sdrhd ibpahi y buy hbpcrtiftd jd sdfthbhdftcs jd
Jhcs qud fcs iyuji i jhluoir ufi hbigdf bés mairi jd ai jhvhfhjij
vdtdrctdstibdftirhi. Tfi vdz bés sd sulriyi da kdmkc jd qud da Ifthguc
Zdstibdftc dsté bés hftdrdsijc df jdsmrhlhr ais immhcfds jhvhfis qud df dxpahmir su
fituriadzi jdsjd ai pdrspdmthvi ﬉acsý﬉mi.
DA IBC\ JD JHC]
Da pimtc c iahifzi jd Jhcs mcf su pudlac sd eufjibdfti mairibdftd df ai
bhsdrhmcrjhii y ai dadmmhýf, qud scf bifhedstimhcfds dxtricrjhfirhis y jdstimijis jda
bhsdrhmcrjh
90=
ibcr jhvhfc.mcf Df
rdaimhcfirsd dedmtc,
hfthbhj
hfthbhjij da ibcr
ij mcf ds ai lisd Dsi
ai kubifhjij. qud rdaimhýf
budvd aisdjdmhshýf
futrd jd jd
ufiJhcs piriy
eudrzi
jhfébhmi qud aadvi i uf hfjhvhjuc c grupc jd hfjhvhjucs i rdaimhcfirsd mcf ctrcs,
mcf da prcpýshtc jd pcsddrsd butuibdftd y dfmcftrir jhvdrscs fhvdads jd
sithseimmhýf. Da ibcr, jdsjd dsti pdrspdmthvi, ds iagc bés qud uf sdfthbhdftc
bcbdftéfdc y ecrtuhtc> ds mcbprcbhsc, mcfcmhbhdftc, vcauftij, mdrtdzi y
sdgurhjij> ds ufi eudrzi vcauftirhi qud rdquhdrd ﬉rbdzi, jdmhshýf, sdfthjc jd
jhrdmmhýf y ecrtiadzi. Da ibcr lâlahmc ds eudrzi, jdsdc y vcauftij.
Odrdbâis, df ufc jd sus crémuacs bés mdadlrijcs y dstujhijcs sclrd ai rdaimhýf jd

ibcr y pimtc qud tdfjré mcf su pudlac, hfjhmi?

Kimd bumkc thdbpc sd bd ipirdmhý da ]DÙC\ y bd jĽc?
«Mcf ibcr dtdrfc td kd ibijc ^kdl. ikilR>
pcr dsc td shgc
shgc mcf ﬉jdahj
﬉jdahjij
ij ^kdl. kdsdjR, cck,
k, vhrghfia Hsrida.
Hsrida.
Zd djh﬉mirè jd fudvc> ¡sâ, sdrés rddjh﬉miji!
Jd fudvc tcbirés pifjdrdtis
y siajrés i lihair mcf iadgrâi¾.
Odrdbâis =9?=-:

Ai riâz kdlrdi qud dbpadi piri dxprdsir df dstd mcftdxtc ai rdiahjij jda ibcr
jhvhfc ds ikil, uthahziji iquâ mcf uf jclad shgfh﬉mijc? mcbc imtc bcbdftéfdc y
tiblhèf mcbc rdaimhýf i airgc paizc. Dstd tèrbhfc lâlahmc gdfdriabdftd ds usijc
muifjc da clodtc scf pdrscfis (iufqud scac df buy riris cmishcfds sd rd﬉drd i ais
rdaimhcfds dftrd dspcscs ^p. do., 9 ]. 9;?<0R, c jd iagÿf pdrscfiod hfedrhcr i su
supdrhcr ^p. do., Jt. 94?95R). Gdfdriabdftd ikil iaujd i ai rdaimhýf jd ibcr jd uf
supdrhcr i iagÿf sulcrjhfijc, df ai muia sd bifh﬉dsti ai bhsdrhmcrjhi y ai
scahjirhjij qud sd eufjibdfti df da kdsdj. Muifjc da suodtc jda ibcr ‚ikil
‚ ikil‚ ds
Jhcs, ai biycrâi jd ais vdmds da clodtc jd dsi bifhedstimhýf jda qudrdr ds da pudlac
jd Hsrida df su mcfouftc.90:
 Da sdfthjc jd jdsdc hftdfsc y jd imthtuj vcauftirhi qud sd jdsprdfjd jd ai riâz
ikil tiblhèf sd pcfd jd bifh﬉dstc df pcr ac bdfcs ctrcs trds tèrbhfcs kdlrdcs
hbpcrtiftds. Df kiskiq904 sd rdvdai da sdfthjc jd rdaimhýf, ahgirsd c rdaimhcfirsd
(Jt. 7?7> ]ia. 89?9:)> kipkdts y ritski trifsbhtdf ai hjdi jd mcbpaimdrsd y
jhserutirsd (Gf. =:?98> < ]. <:?<=)> y df yiji sd rdvdai da mcfmdptc jd mcfcmdrsd, df
su dstijc bés âfthbc, eâshmc y sdxuia (Gf. :?9). Ai erdmudfmhi mcf qud ai hbigdf
bitrhbcfhia sd uthahzi df ai Dsmrhturi piri jdsmrhlhr ais rdaimhcfds jd ibcr dftrd
Jhcs d Hsrida ‚p. do., df da Ahlrc jda prcedti Csdis‚ scf ufi mairi dvhjdfmhi jd ac
hftdfsc jda ibcr jhvhfc, qud sd eufjibdfti df ai dadmmhýf y df ai vcauftij.
Jd imudrjc mcf da tdsthbcfhc lâlahmc, da ibcr jd Jhcs sd pudjd jd﬉fhr mcbc ufi
bifhedstimhýf dxtricrjhfirhi jd su grimhi y tiblhèf mcbc uf prcmdsc djumithvc
trifsecrbijcr.. Mcbc da ibcr jhvhfc fc dsté mcfjhmhcfijc y sd bifh﬉dsti jd ecrbi
trifsecrbijcr
dspcftéfdi y ﬉rbd, ds mhdrtibdftd ufi dxprdshýf griti jd su scldrifâi, ufi
jdbcstrimhýf dspdmtimuair
dspdmtimuair jd su pcjdr, ufi rdvdaimhýf fcvda jd su vcauftij.
Da ibcr jd Jhcs ds ufi bifhedstimhýf jd su grimhi qud rdvdai ai ahlrd jdmhshýf
jhvhfi. Dsd mirémtdr grituhtc y mcrjhia jda ibcr jhvhfc sd pcfd df dvhjdfmhi df da
Ahlrc jda Jdutdrcfcbhc (Jt. 8?=> 90?9:, 94> =<?90) y aadgi i su maâbix df acs
bdfsiods jd Ibýs (Ib. =?<), Csdis (Cs. 9”=> 8?90) y Dzdquhda (Dz. 95?9-4<).
Ai tdcacgâi jda Ifthguc Zdstibdftc ki hftdftijc rdspcfjdr ia bhstdrhc jda ibcr
jd Jhcs, qud sd bifh﬉dsti jd ecrbi mcfmrdti df ai dadmmhýf jhvhfi jda pudlac jd
Hsrida. Ais dxpahmimhcfds rimhcfiads jd ai dadmmhýf jd Hsrida, qud hjdfth﬉mif da ibcr
jd Jhcs mcbc da mcbpcfdftd eufjibdftia d hfjhspdfsilad jd dsi rdaimhýf y pimtc,
thdfdf pcr ac bdfcs muitrc vdrthdftds prhfmhpiads.905

9. Jhcs ibi y dahgd i Hsrida pcrqud sd mcbprcbdthý ﬉rbdbdftd mcf acs

pitrhirmis y bitrhirmis (Jt. :?=7> 7?7-;> 90?94).
<. Jhcs ibi i Hsrida pcr ais prcbdsis qud ad khzc i Jivhs, su shdrvc (< \.
98?=:> Hs. =7?=4).
=. Jhcs ibi i Hsrida pcr miusi jd sâ bhsbc, pirthmuairbdftd pcr kcfrir su
fcblrd (]ia. 78?8> 905?;> Hs. :9?<9> Odr. 9:?<9).
:. Jhcs ibi i Hsrida piri misthgir ai biajij jd ais fimhcfds (Jt. 8?:-4).907
Tf sdgufjc mcbpcfdftd ds eufjibdftia piri dftdfjdr ai fituriadzi y dxtdfshýf
jda ibcr jd Jhcs df da Ifthguc Zdstibdftc? ais hbpahmimhcfds djumithvis jda ibcr
jhvhfc. ]dgÿf ai pdjigcgâi prceèthmi, da ibcr jd Jhcs thdfd mcbc prcpýshtc ÿathbc

aadvir i dedmtc su vcauftij, qud rdprdsdfti da rdmcfcmhbhdftc, dstiladmhbhdftc y

iprdmhc jd ai prdsdfmhi y da sdùcrâc jhvhfc df da bufjc.
Ai ﬉fiahjij jda ibcr jd Jhcs ds bifhedstir su scldrifâi piri qud ai kubifhjij
mcfczmi ais hbpahmimhcfds rdiads y mcfmrdtis jd su vcauftij piri mcf acs hfjhvhjucs,
ais fimhcfds, da bufjc, ai fituriadzi y da mcsbcs. Dsi fcmhýf fc dsté rdùhji mcf ai
hri jhvhfi puds acs prcmdscs pdjigýghmcs jdldf jhsmhpahfir ia djumifjc piri
jdsmulrhr ais vhrtujds y rdpdrmushcfds jd dscs hbpcrtiftds prcmdscs
trifsecrbijcrds
trifsecrbijcr ds (Pr. =?9<).

7: \dspdmtc i ai sifthjij jda sélijc ds hbpcrtiftd dstujhir da tdbi fc scac jdsjd ai pdrspdmthvi
dxdgèthmi y ﬉acaýghmi, shfc tiblhèf eufjibdftijc df ai ﬉acsceâi y ai tdcacgâi. Da tdbi jda jdsmifsc
ds prhcrhtirhc piri ai scmhdjij pcstbcjdrfi khspifcpiraiftd jda shgac vdhfthufc, qud trilioi
hfmifsiladbdftd piri cltdfdr mcsis, qud scf vhstis d hftdrprdtijis mcbc shgfcs jda èxhtc y ai
prcspdrhjij.
74 ]clrd da eufjibdftia tdbi jd ai sifthjij, sdguhrdbcs buy jd mdrmi i D. Oimcl, cp. mht., pp. ;5-8<,
iufqud tiblhèf dstirdbcs df jhéacgc mcfthfuc mcf virhcs iutcrds, pirthmuairbdftd mcf vcf \ij,
cp. mht., pp. <5<-<7<> Lrudggdbiff, cp. mht., pp. =;;-=8=> Dhmkrcjt, cp. mht., pp. <:5-<47. Df tcrfc i
dstd bhsbc tdbi, tiblhèf ds hbpcrtiftd dstujhir ai clri jd O. G. Gibbhd, Kcahfdss hf Hsrida
(Bhffdipcahs> Ecrtrdss, 98;8), qud kimd uf buy ludf iféahshs jd acs dstujhcs sclrd da tdbi.
75 Df su iféahshs jda mcfmdptc, Lrudggdbiff, cp. mht., pp. <;;-<;8, iùijd qud ai sifthjij sd rd﬉drd i
ufi dsedri dspdmâ﬉mi y prckhlhji jd ac jhvhfc qud fc pudjd sdr iamifziji vcauftirhibdftd pcr da sdr
kubifc, sh fc ad ds jiji c rdvdaiji pcr Jhcs. Dsd dftcrfc pirthmuair jd ai sifthjij ds subibdftd
pdahgrcsc puds pudjd mcfaadvir i ai budrtd, sh da sdr kubifc fc sd iousti i ais jhrdmtrhmds jhvhfis
dspdmâ﬉mis fh i acs prhfmhphc tdcaýghmcs y ahtÿrghmcs léshmcs qud gclhdrfif su fituriadzi. Da mcfmdptc
pdrtdfdmd ia dftcrfc mÿathmc, qud rdguai ai tctiahjij jd ai vhji.
77 \dspdmtc i dsti riâz sdbhti sd kif prcpudstc ctris iatdrfithvis sdbéfthmis? «sdr lrhaaiftd¾ (df da

sdfthjc eâshmc) c «sdr purc¾ (df da sdfthjc bcria)> c qud dxprdsi ai hjdi jd ouvdftuj y erdsmuri> Oimcl,
cp. mht., pp. ;5-;7. Ds hbpcrtiftd sdùiair jd tcjis ecrbis qud da iféahshs dthbcaýghmc fc igcti ais
pcshlhahjijds jd sdfthjc jd ais piailris rdaimhcfijis mcf dsti hbpcrtiftd riâz, puds da usc, da
mcftdxtc y da jdsirrcaac khstýrhmc y tdcaýghmc hf﬌uydf jd bifdri hbpcrtiftd df ai hftdrprdtimhýf y
df ai trifsbhshýf jd sdfthjc jd acs tèrbhfcs.
7; Ais riâmds y piailris qud sd uthahzif rdguairbdftd piri jdshgfir dstd éblhtc tdcaýghmc jd ai
sifthjij df ais bés jhvdrsis adfguis, trifsbhtdf ai hjdi jd ac sdpirijc, ac ipirtijc, ac sustriâjc jd
su usc fcrbia> Dhmkrcjt, cp. mht., pp. <:5-<:7.
78 Pcr mirimtdrâsthmis ahfgñâsthmis jd ai adfgui kdlrdi ‚df ai muia ufi bhsbi riâz pudjd jdshgfir uf
dstijc y uf bcvhbhdftc, ufi immhýf suerhji c prcjumhji, da suodtc u clodtc jd ai immhýf‚, ai hjdi jd
sifthjij df ai Dsmrhturi thdfd uf mirémtdr pirthmuair qud fc sd pudjd dxpahmir tctiabdftd
eufjibdftijcs df da dstujhc dthbcaýghmc fh df da iféahshs mcbpirithvc mcf ctris adfguis sdbâthmis.
;0 Df virhis cmishcfds, ai Lhlahi uthahzi acs tèrbhfcs Jhcs y siftc df piriadacs, pirthmuairbdftd df ai
ahtdrituri pcèthmi y prceèthmi (p. do., Hs. 4?<:> ]ia. 79?<<> Kil. =?=). Eudri jd Hsrida, ai dxprdshýf
«jhcsds siftcs¾ ipirdmd df Lhlaýs, iufqud fc mcfthdfd da sdfthjc rdahghcsc qud sd ad mcf﬉drd df da
Ifthguc Zdstibdftc> cp. mht., p. ;;.

;9 Ai hbpcrtiftd rdaimhýf dftrd sifthjij y fcblrd jhvhfc sd pcfd jd bifh﬉dstc df ai firrimhýf jd

ai tdceifâi df da ]hfiâ, muifjc sd rdvdai da fcblrd jhvhfc i Bchsès (Èx. =?9-94). Jd imudrjc mcf ai
firrimhýf, tiftc da fcblrd jd Jhcs mcbc da mcfmdptc jd sifthjij scf ais dxprdshcfds bés dacmudftds
jd ai vhji jhvhfi.
;< Da bhstdrhc c tilÿ rdprdsdfti uf éblhtc dspdmhia jd ai edfcbdfcacgâi jd ai rdahghýf> ds ufi zcfi
jd qud jdsmrhld ac hfdeilad y rdquhdrd ufi prdpirimhýf dspdmhia jda sdr kubifc piri dvhtir su
euabhfimhýf y jdstrummhýf> Dhmkrcjt, cp. mht.,
mht., pp. 9<9-9<:.
;= Df tcrfc i ai dxègdshs y ai trijummhýf jd Hsiâis 5, vdr i ]. Pigéf, Dxpdrhbdftijc df qudlriftcs

(Fiskvhaad? Ilhfgjcf, <000).

;: Bdrhli shgfh﬉mi df kdlrdc qudrdaai c padhtc> y da fcblrd, mcf da pisc jda thdbpc, sd mcfvhrthý df
sâblcac jd ai eiati jd ed jd acs hsridahtis (Jt. 5?95> 8?<<> ==?;> ]ia. 84?;-8> Kd. =?7).
;4 Dstd hbpcrtiftd tâtuac jhvhfc pcfd df dvhjdfmhi qud, iufqud jdsjd ai pdrspdmthvi edfcbdfcaýghmi
ai sifthjij sulriyd ai sdpirimhýf dftrd ac jhvhfc y ac kubifc, df Hsrida sd pdrmhlhý ai jhvhfhjij mcf
uf sdfthjc kcfjc jd hfthbhjij, pdrtdfdfmhi, rdaimhýf y butuiahjij> Lrudggdbiff, cp.mht., p.<;8.
;5 \dedrdftd ia usc d hbpahmimhcfds tdcaýghmis jd ai dxprdshýf «]iftc jd Hsrida¾ df Hsiâis, vdr i ].
Pigéf, cp. mht.
;7 Lrudggdbiff, cp. mht., p. <;8.
;; Ai hjdi jd rdjdfmhýf ds buy hbpcrtiftd df ai tdcacgâi lâlahmi, prcmdjd jda jdrdmkc trhlia y
shgfh﬉mi ahldrimhýf jd quhdfds kif miâjc df dsmaivhtuj bdjhiftd da hfmubpahbhdftc jda pigc jd
jdujis> vdr i _hbbdrah, cp.mht., p. <49.
;8 Dsti sdmmhýf jd ais Dsmrhturis sd mcfcmd mcbÿfbdftd mcbc da «Mýjhgc jd ]ifthjij¾, pcr da èfeishs
qud sd ji i ai fdmdshjij qud thdfd da pudlac jd sdr siftc (vdr tiblhèf Èx. 98?5)> jd pirthmuair
hbpcrtifmhi df ai tdcacgâi qud sd irthmuai ds ai i﬉rbimhýf qud sd hfmauyd df Av. 98?<? «]iftcs sdrèhs,
pcrqud siftc scy yc, Odkcvé, vudstrc Jhcs¾.
80 Df da irmi sd mcfmdftri ai gacrhi ‚nilcj,
‚nilcj, df kdlrdc‚ jd Xikvè y bifthdfd uf mcbpcfdftd
eâshmc y béghmc. Mcf da pisc jda thdbpc, da yikvhsbc prceèthmc rdadgý da tdbi jda irmi i uf sdgufjc
paifc piri prhvhadghir ai tdcacgâi jda tdbpac jd Odrusiaèf> Oimcl, cp. mht., p. 80.
89 \dspdmtc i dstcs hbpcrtiftds augirds df da tdbpac, vdr i vcf \if, cp. mht., pp. <8;-=05.
8< Ai rdaimhýf dftrd sifthjij y Xikvè sd ki dstujhijc jdsjd jhvdrsis pdrspdmthvis. Jdsjd da puftc jd
vhsti jd ai jhstifmhi y ai sdpirimhýf, sd hjdfth﬉mif acs shguhdftds dstijhcs? sifthjij hfimmdshlad>
sifthjij jd biodstij> sifthjij jd mdacs> sifthjij jd pdredmmhýf> y sifthjij jd trismdfjdfmhi.
Ifiahziji jdsjd da éfguac scmhcaýghmc, ai sifthjij ijquhdrd ais shguhdftds mirimtdrâsthmis? df acs
bdjhcs pcpuairds, ai sifthjij dvcaumhcfý jdsjd da tilÿ kisti ai iahifzi c pimtc> df da mcftdxtc
rdahghcsc, rdprdsdfti ai mcfsigrimhýf jd acs simdrjctds piri imdrmirsd ijdmuijibdftd i ais mcsis
sigrijis> y df da prcedthsbc, Jhcs ds siftc piri hbpirthr su fituriadzi i acs sdrds kubifcs, Oimcl,
cp. mht., p. 8<.
8= Lrudggdbiff, cp. mht., pp. <=:-<=;.
8: Df da érild, hsjq thdfd uf sdfthjc dspdmâ﬉mc y mcfmrdtc? jdshgfi iagc qud ds rdmtc, ﬉rbd y sýahjc.
Ai hjdi qud trifsbhtd ds ai jd mcfecrbhjij i ufi fcrbi. Iagc ds «oustc¾ c hsjq sh dsté jd imudrjc
mcf ac qud jdldrâi sdr, sh rdspcfjd ia prcpýshtc crhghfia> Oimcl, cp. mht., pp. 8=-8:.
84 \dspdmtc i dstcs mcfmdptcs rdaimhcfijcs mcf ai ousthmhi, vdr i Oimcl, cp. mht., pp. 8=-900? Dhmkrcjt,
cp. mht., pp. <98-<<;> vcf \ij, cp. mht., pp. 4=-:5;.
85 Lrudggdbiff dsté mcfsmhdftd jd ais jh﬉muatijds tdcaýghmis qud gdfdri dsti hbigdf df ai scmhdjij
imtuia d hfjhmi qud jdldbcs jdsmulrhr ufi ecrbi bés ousti y pdrthfdftd jd hftdrprdtir y ipahmir
dstcs mcfmdptcs. Df su tdcacgâi jdsmrhld acs miblhcs df shgfh﬉mimhýf qud jdldbcs iùijhr i acs
tèrbhfcs piri biftdfdr dsis hbégdfds lâlahmis ia bhsbc thdbpc qud rdmkizibcs acs mcbpcfdftds
ijvdrscs jd sdfthjc> cp. mht., pp. <:9-<40.
87 Lrudggdbiff, cp. mht., pp. <:9-<::.

8; Oimcl, cp. mht., p. 999.

88 ]dgÿf da dstujhc mhtijc pcr Oimcl, cp. mht., p. 999, ipk ds jhmkc 970 vdmds jd Jhcs y df :0
cmishcfds sclrd da sdr kubifc> kdbimk, 80 vdmds jd Jhcs y df <4 cmishcfds df tcrfc i ais pdrscfis,
y qdtsdpk <5 vdmds jd Jhcs y df < cmishcfds sclrd ai gdftd> Oimcl, cp. mht., p. 990.
900 Ucf \ij, cp. mht., pp. 945-959.
909 Oimcl, cp. mht., pp. 909-904> Dhmkrcjt, cp. mht.,
mht., pp. <9=-<98.
90< Acs dodbpacs jd dstd usc df da Ifthguc Zdstibdftc scf virhcs? Hs. :0?5> < Mr. =<?=<> =4?<5> < \.
<0?<0> ]ia. 5<?9<, 9=> ]ia. 9::?<> Ocf <?8)> Oimcl, cp. mht., p. 909.
90= Da ibcr jhvhfc ds ufi mitdgcrâi tdcaýghmi jd grif viacr èthmc qud thdfd prhcrhjij df da dstujhc jda
mcfmdptc jd Jhcs df ai imtuiahjij> ds eufjibdftia piri da dstujhc jd ais rdaimhcfds dftrd acs
Zdstibdftcs y piri da dstujhc jd ai tdcacgâi jd Odsÿs jd Fizirdt> Oimcl, cp. mht.,
mht., pp. 905-990.
90: ]d pudjdf hjdfth﬉mir trds miscs dspdmâ﬉mcs df acs muiads da clodtc jda ibcr jhvhfc scf hfjhvhjucs>
ai rdedrdfmhi, shf dblirgc, ds ai bcfirquâi qud buy jheâmhabdftd sd pudjd dxpahmir mcbc ufi
bifhedstimhýf jhvhfi i tcjcs acs hfjhvhjucs> p. do., < ]. 9<?<: (i ]iacbýf)> Fdk. 9=?<5 (tiblhèf i
]iacbýf)> Hs. :;?9: (i Mhrc). Ais rdedrdfmhis i Odrusiaèf mcbc da clodtc jda ibcr jd Jhcs scf scac
prcydmmhcfds jda ibcr jhvhfc i su pudlac (]ia. 7;?5;> ;7?<).
904 Oimcl, cp. mht.,
mht., pp. 90=-99=.
905 Oimcl, cp. mht.,
mht., pp. 90;-908.
907 Iufqud dsti rd﬌dxhýf tdcaýghmi df tcrfc i ai dadmmhýf khzc qud da pudlac, df cmishcfds
biadftdfjhdri sus rdaimhcfds mcf Jhcs, gdfdrifjc uf sdfthbhdftc jd dxmaushvhsbc râghjc,
dfiodfiftd y dxmauydftd, da bdfsiod jd acs prcedtis ads khzc dftdfjdr ais hbpahmimhcfds y
rdspcfsilhahjijds jd sdr uf pudlac dadghjc pcr Jhcs> ijdbés, ads bcthvý i vhvhr jd imudrjc mcf ais
dxhgdfmhis jd dsi rdvdaimhýf jd Jhcs.
 Mipâtuac 4

DA JHC] YTD HFZD\UHDFD

Da Dspârhtu jda ]DÙC\ rdpcsiré sclrd èa?
dspârhtu jd silhjurâi y jd dftdfjhbhdftc
dftdfjhbhdftc,,
dspârhtu jd mcfsdoc y jd pcjdr,
dspârhtu jd mcfcmhbhdftc y jd tdbcr jda ]DÙC\.
Hsiâis 99?<
BIFHED]ZIMHCFD] JD JHC]
Tfi mirimtdrâsthmi eufjibdftia jda Jhcs lâlahmc ds su scldrifâi, qud bifh﬉dsti df
bdjhc jd ai khstcrhi y acs thdbpcs su vcauftij ahldrijcri y su mipimhjij jd
hftdrvdfmhýf.
hfvhshlad, ]hf db
fhfgÿf dbdjhc
blirgc,dsmcbc su fituriadzi
su﬉mhdftd ds dsdfmhiabdftd
piri igctir dsphrhtuia
ais pcshlhahjijds jd sud
dxtricrjhfirhi df da bufjc.90;
bifhedstimhýf dxtricrjhfirhi
Jd imudrjc mcf virhis firrimhcfds lâlahmis, da Jhcs jd Hsrida ds ufi jhvhfhjij i ai
muia da sdr kubifc fc pudjd bhrir fh mcftdbpair miri i miri, mcbc sd pcfd jd
rdahdvd df da misc jd ais rdvdaimhcfds i Bchsès df da ]hfiâ (Èx. 98?8) y i Hsiâis df da
tdbpac (Hs. 5?9)? daacs pujhdrcf vdr ÿfhmibdftd ais dspiajis jda ]dùcr c da lcrjd jd
sus vdsthjuris. Dsd Jhcs dsphrhtuia, aadfc jd pcjdr y bhstdrhcs, qud dsté pirmhiabdftd
dsmcfjhjc, uthahzi su iutcrhjij piri bifhedstir su vcauftij y vhrtujds i trivès jd
acs edfýbdfcs
ecrbis kubifis,fcrbiads jd ai fituriadzi,
908 ifgèahmis y shblýahmisia bhsbc thdbpc qud
piri trifsbhthr sustcbi jhvdrsis
jdsdcs i ai
kubifhjij.
Df dsdfmhi, da Jhcs lâlahmc ds dsphrhtuia d hfvhshlad> shf dblirjc, dsis
mirimtdrâsthmis hfdeilads fc cpimif su pirthmuair sdfthjc jd prdsdfmhi y su jdsdc jd
hftdrvdfmhýf df bdjhc jd ais rdiahjijds mcthjhifis jda pudlac. Df dedmtc, da ]dùcr
ds uf Jhcs jd prdsdfmhi df ai khstcrhi y ai scmhdjij. Ouftc i dsis mirimtdrâsthmis jd
pdmuahirhjij, hfvhshlhahjij, prdsdfmhi y dsphrhtuiahjij, sd i﬉rbi qud ds uf Jhcs
ÿfhmc y mdacsc, qud fc imdpti ai adiati
adiatijj mcbpirthji y qud dxprdsibdftd rdmkizi ai
ijcrimhýf i ctris jhvhfhjijds
Df ais rdahghcfds c âjcacs
ifthguis, ais (Èx. <0?9).
jhvhfhjijds sd mcfmdlâif crhghfiabdftd mcbc uf
thpc pdmuahir jd pdrscfh﬉mimhýf jd ais eudrzis jd ai fituriadzi.990 Da Jhcs lâlahmc,
shf dblirgc, iufqud sd bifh﬉dsti mcf iutcrhjij df ais jhvdrsis eudrzis jda mcsbcs
ds hfjdpdfjhdftd i dsis jhfébhmis y ds ]dùcr jd tcjc ac mrdijc. Ais eudrzis
mitistrý﬉mis jda eudgc, da vcaméf, acs vhdftcs, da rdaébpigc y acs tdrrdbctcs scf scac
hfstrubdftcs jd Jhcs> rdprdsdftif cpcrtufhjijds ludfis y dspdmhiads jd
hftdrvdfmhýf jhvhfi.999 Dsis jhfébhmis jd rdvdaimhýf jhvhfi sd prdsdftif
mairibdftd df acs rdaitcs khstýrhmcs y pcèthmcs jd ais tdceifâis df da ]hfiâ (Èx.
98?98> <0?9;>
jhserutir Ocl =7?4> ]ia.
su fituriadzi <8?=).
sifti Df dedmtc,
i trivès Hsridabifhedstimhcfds
jd dsis dftdfjâi qud pcjâi vdr i Jhcs
dspdmhiads df aiy
fituriadzi.

Da rdaitc pirthmuair jd Daâis df da bcftd Kcrdl ds jhgfc jd bdfmhcfir. Da eibcsc

prcedti jd ai mhujij jd Zhsld, df ufi dxpdrhdfmhi trismdfjdftia, vd pisir iftd èa
sumdshvibdftd da vhdftc, da tdrrdbctc y da eudgc> pcstdrhcrbdftd sd jhc mudfti qud
dsis bifhedstimhcfds vhshlads y dxtricrjhfirhis jd Jhcs drif scac da prdébluac jd
uf thdbpc y pdrâcjc jd rdvdaimhýf bés mairi, jhrdmti y jhéeifi (9 \. 98)? ¡da shalc
ipimhlad jd ai piailri jhvhfi!
Df ai Lhlahi sd pcfd mairibdftd jd bifh﬉dstc qud da ]dùcr mcftrcai ais eudrzis jd
ai fituriadzi piri kimdr mcfcmdr su vcauftij. Dsis eudrzis fc scf fh rdprdsdftif i
jhvhfhjijds hfjdpdfjhdftds, scf hfstrubdftcs jhvhfcs qud shrvdf jd bdjhc piri ais
bifhedstimhcfds dspdmhiads jd Jhcs. Jdsjd ai tdcacgâi lâlahmi, ai fituriadzi, mcbc
eud mrdiji pcr Jhcs, shrvd jd vdkâmuac piri rdvdair su gacrhi, biodstij, pctdstij y
vcauftij.
DA ÉFGDA JDA ]DÙC\
Ai ﬉guri jda éfgda jda ]dùcr df da Ifthguc Zdstibdftc cmupi uf pudstc jdstimijc
qud ecrbif pirtd jd ai mcrtd jd Jhcs. 99< Dsi mcrtd jhvhfi,
dftrd acs sdrds mdadsthiads qud
df dedmtc,
kuhjhzi, pudjd sdry dedmthvibdftd
pcahviadftd mirimtdrhziji
mcbpadoi. Da sustifthvc jd biaºin
kdlrdc bhstdrhcsi,
, jda jdsmcfmdrtiftd,
muia prcmdjd ai
trijummhýf jd éfgda df mistdaaifc, sd rdaimhcfi mcf ufi riâz qud df ctrcs hjhcbis
sdbâthmcs trifsbhtd df su sdfthjc prhbirhc ai hjdi jd dfvhir y trifsbhthr uf
bdfsiod.99= Jdsjd dsti pdrspdmthvi dthbcaýghmi, da éfgda c biaºin ds dsdfmhia y
prhcrhtirhibdftd uf bdfsiodrc qud trifsbhtd ai hfecrbimhýf qud sd ad ki
dfmcbdfjijc. X iufqud da iamifmd y ais rdspcfsilhahjijds jda bdfsiodrc, jd
imudrjc mcf ais mhrmufstifmhis, pudjdf virhir, ai eufmhýf léshmi d hfjhspdfsilad jd
dstd hbpcrtiftd pdrscfiod lâlahmc ds ai jd mcbufhmimhýf> df dedmtc, da éfgda jda
]dùcr
Jdsjdshrvd
ai prhcrhtirhibdftd
prhcrhtirhibdftd piri
pdrspdmthvi lâlahmi y trifsbhthr
tdcaýghmi, ydai﬉rbir ai vcauftij
bdfsiodrc c éfgda jhvhfi ia pudlac.
jda ]dùcr pudjd
rdprdsdftir df su dfmcbhdfji i Jhcs bhsbc, iufqud df cmishcfds ais jcs ﬉guris fc
sd pudjdf jhsthfguhr mairibdftd. Da pirthmuair misc jd ai ldfjhmhýf jd Oimcl (Gf.
:;?94-95) pcfd jd rdahdvd ai eushýf y ai mcfthfuhjij dftrd acs jcs pdrscfiods? df
dstd pisiod, da éfgda ijquhdrd mirimtdrâsthmis jhvhfis puds ds prctdmtcr jda pudlac,
pirthmhpi imthvibdftd df ai vhji jd ai mcbufhjij y rdvdai risgcs kubifcs
jhsthfthvcs, ia bhsbc thdbpc qud sd hjdfth﬉mi y jdfcbhfi mairibdftd fc mcbc da
]dùcr, shfc mcbc su éfgda, da dfvhijc jhvhfc.
Da éfgda
mcbc guâi yjda ]dùcr dsjduf
prctdmtcr bdfsiodrc
ai gdftd ﬉da yjhvhfc jdstimijc
dspdmhiabd ftdd sd drdaimhcfi
dspdmhiabdft hbprdsmhfjhlad.
y prctdgdImtÿi
i acs
prcedtis jd Hsrida (Gf. <:?7, :0> 9 \. 9?=, 94). Ziblhèf hftdrvhdfd df ai khstcrhi jda
pudlac mcbc igdftd jd ouhmhc c dxtdrbhfijcr, mipiz jd aadvir pdstd y jdstrummhýf
jd pirtd jda ]dùcr (< ]. <:> < \. 98?=4). Hfmaushvd da éfgda ki shjc vhstc mcbc da
bhsbc oudz mdadsthia (< ]. 9:?7, <0> 98?<;> _im. =). Mcbc dfvhijc jda ]dùcr, da éfgda
hftdrvhdfd jd ecrbi jdstimiji df ai khstcrhi y ai vhji jda pudlac piri iyujir i
Bchsès y i acs kĽcs d kĽis jd Hsrida juriftd ai ahldrimhýf jd Dghptc (Èx. 9:?98>
<=?<0> =<?=:> ==?<> Fb. <0?95).99:
Uirhcs
]dùcr rdaitcs
y Jhcs lâlahmcs
bhsbc. pcfdf jd bifh﬉dstc
Pcshladbdftd ai rdaimhýf
pcr ai mchfmhjdfmhi jd âfthbi dftrddbhthjis
ais piailris da éfgdayjda
ai
shbhahtuj df ais ecrbis jd rdvdaimhýf y ipirhmhýf, mcf da pisc jda thdbpc ai ﬉guri
jda éfgda sd eushcfý mcf ai jda ]dùcr. Ds dsd da misc jda éfgda jhvhfc qud sd ad

ipirdmd i Igir (Gf. 95). Ia prhfmhphc jd ai firrimhýf sd i﬉rbi mairibdftd qud Igir
sd mcbufhmili mcf da bdfsiodrc jda ]dùcr> pcstdrhcrbdftd, df da bhsbc rdaitc, sd
hfjhmi qud Igir vhc ia ]dùcr (Gf. 95?9=).
Dsi shfguair hftdrprdtimhýf tdcaýghmi mchfmhjd tiblhèf mcf ai i﬉rbimhýf jda
éfgda jda ]dùcr qud ad jhmd i Oimcl? «Xc scy da Jhcs Ldtda¾ (Gf. =9?99-9=). X df ai
bhsbi tdfjdfmhi tdcaýghmi dstéf ais prdsdftimhcfds jda éfgda df prhbdri pdrscfi
jda shfguair (Gf. <9?9;> <<?99),994 y df rdaitcs qud sd rdphtdf y df ufi firrimhýf sd
iaujd ia ]dùcr y df ai ctri sd hjdfth﬉mi ia éfgda jd Jhcs (p. do., Èx. 9<?=<).
Df jhvdrscs rdaitcs lâlahmcs ais eufmhcfds jda éfgda jda ]dùcr y ais jd Jhcs scf
hftdrmiblhilads? quhdf vd ia éfgda tiblhèf pudjd jdmhr qud ki vhstc ia ]dùcr (Gf.
95?9=> Oud. 5?<<> 9=?<<). X iufqud df bcbdftcs da éfgda thdfd df su bifc ai dspiji
jdsdfvihfiji ‚p. do., piri prdvdfhr ia pudlac jd iagÿf pdahgrc c miaibhjij (Fb.
<<)‚, su bhshýf prhcrhtirhi, léshmi y eufjibdftia ds lhdfkdmkcri, griti y jd
lcfjij (Gf. <:?7-90> Èx. ==?<). ]cac df miscs ihsaijcs y dspdmâ﬉mcs da éfgda jda
]dùcr ki hftdrvdfhjc df ai khstcrhi piri tridr misthgc ia pudlac (< ]. <:?95> 9 Mr.
<9?95).
Ai bhshýf jda éfgda pudjd sdr mcbpiriji mcf ai jda prcedti qud, iufqud sd
hjdfth﬉mi padfibdftd mcf da ]dùcr, bifthdfd su bhshýf, viacr, hjdfthjij y
pdrscfiahjij.995 Da éfgda scac ijquhdrd vhji df vhrtuj y df eufmhýf jd ai vcauftij
jhvhfi, puds fc ds uf igdftd ihsaijc d hfjdpdfjhdftd df su imtuir, shfc da qud
trifsbhtd y rdvdai ai vcauftij jd Jhcs ia pudlac? sd bifh﬉dsti ÿfhmibdftd muifjc
da ]dùcr thdfd iagufi fdmdshjij dspdmâ﬉mi jd mcbufhmimhý
mcbufhmimhýf. f.
Mcf da pisc jda thdbpc, dsi mirimtdrâsthmi shfguair jda éfgda jhvhfc pdrbhthý qud
df da pdrâcjc hftdrtdstibdftirhc, y piri rdspcfjdr i ais fudvis rdiahjijds scmhiads,
pcaâthmis y rdahghcsis jda pudlac, sd jdsirrcaairi mcf eudrzi ai ifgdcacgâi (vdr Of.
4?9-9;). Dsi shfguair vdrthdftd tdcaýghmi mubpahý ufi eufmhýf jdstimiji df ai
tdcacgâi jda Fudvc Zdstibdftc, pirthmuairbdftd df ai ahtdrituri ipcmiaâpthmi (p. do.,
Ip. 90> 9:?5-98> 94).
DA D]PÂ\HZT JD JHC]
Jhcs hftdrvhdfd df ai khstcrhi jd bumkis bifdris piri bifhedstir su vcauftij,
gacrhi y kimdr viadr su scldrifâi df da bufjc. X iufqud kiy ecrbis shbpads y
sdfmhaais
﬉acsý﬉mcsjdy rdvdaimhýf jhvhfi, tiblhèf
tdcaýghmcs mcbpadocs, da Ifthguc
qud pcfdf Zdstibdftc
jd bifh﬉dstc hfmauyd ymcfmdptcs
ai mipimhjij da jdsdc
jhvhfc jd hftdrvdfhr df bdjhc jd ai kubifhjij, ouftc i ai rd﬌dxhýf pcfjdriji y
sdrhi jd acs dsmrhtcrds jd ai ahtdrituri lâlahmi.
Tfi jd dsis ecrbis mcbpadois jd hftdrvdfmhýf jhvhfi sd rdaimhcfi
pirthmuairbdftd mcf da mcfmdptc jda Dspârhtu, qud piri ais rdahghcfds ifthguis dri
hbpcrtiftd,, y piri ai ed lâlahmi, hfjhspdfsilad. Da Dspârhtu rdprdsdfti ai vhji y
hbpcrtiftd
dsdfmhi bhsbi jd Jhcs, y dsi vhji dsté df jhéacgc mcf ai kubifhjij piri hftdrvdfhr
df da bcbdftc cpcrtufc.
Ai mcbprdfshýf
iféahshs ijdmuiji
jd ais piailris jda mcfmdptc
uthahzijismcfmdpt c lâlahmclâlahmcs.
df acs hjhcbis jda Dspârhtu sd jdld kdlrdc,
Da tèrbhfc hfhmhir mcf
ruikda,
ia hguia qud da grhdgc, pfdubi
pfdubi,, trifsbhtdf prhfmhpiabdftd ai hjdi jd «vhdftc¾, y
iaujdf ia vhdftc qud cpdri df ai fituriadzi y ia iahdftc c rdsphrimhýf kubifi. 997
Df dstd sdfthjc prhbirhc, da Dspârhtu jd Jhcs 99; ds ai eudrzi hfjhspdfsilad qud
budvd i ai mrdimhýf y, i ai vdz, ds ai dfdrgâi qud ji vhji y iahdftc i ai kubifhjij.
Df ai ifthgñdjij acs vhdftcs y da iahdftc drif mcfshjdrijcs jhfébhmis mcbpadois,
hfdxpahmilads y bhstdrhcsis, iufqud tiblhèf sd rdaimhcfilif jhrdmtibdftd mcf ai
mrdimhýf,998 ai vhji y ai edmufjhjij. Jdsjd dsi pdrspdmthvi, da Dspârhtu jd Jhcs sd
hjdfth﬉mi
jhfébhmi mcbc pcrtijcr
qud budvd jd vhji, jd
ac dxtdrfc mcbc igdftd jdyimmhýf
ai mrdimhýf mcbc df ai fituriadzi,
dfdrgâi mcbc ai
qud bcvhahzi ac
hftdrfc jd ais pdrscfis. ]u hftdrvdfmhýf gdfdrili df Hsrida rdspdtc, ijbhrimhýf,
rdvdrdfmhi, tdbcr y sifthjij.
Da sdr kubifc dxhstd y vhvd pcrqud Jhcs ad ki hfsu﬌ijc jhrdmtibdftd su scpac jd
vhji (Gf. <?7), pcrqud da Dspârhtu jhvhfc ad ki vhshtijc y pcrqud da ruik jda ]dùcr ad
imcbpiùi mcfthfuibdftd. Ai sdpirimhýf jda mudrpc y da dspârhtu df da sdr kubifc
mcrrdspcfjd i su budrtd, puds ai vhji sd rdaimhcfi mcf ai bhsbi prdsdfmhi jda
dspârhtu. Jd dsti ecrbi ai Lhlahi i﬉rbi qud da Dspârhtu jd Jhcs ds shdbprd supdrhcr i
ais pdrscfis,ecrtuhtc
bcvhbhdftc y qud aijd vhji kubifi fc
ai fituriadzi, shfcjdpdfjd jd ai misuiahjij
jd ai scldrifi, fh jdmairi
dxtricrjhfirhi, iagÿf
y
jhrdmti hftdrvdfmhýf
hftdrvdfmhýf jhvhfi. ¡Da Dspârhtu jd Jhcs ds mhdrtibdftd igdftd jd vhji!

Dstd mcfmdptc jda Dspârhtu jd Jhcs tiblhèf sd rdaimhcfi âfthbibdftd mcf ai

tdcacgâi jd ai mrdimhýf.9<0 Da bufjc fc eud mrdijc mcbc rdsuatijc jd ai aumki jd
ais jhvhfhjijds ifthguis, shfc qud ds ufi bifhedstimhýf mairi jd ai scldrifâi jd
Jhcs y ds da rdsuatijc jd ai immhýf jd su piailri pcjdrcsi. Da Dspârhtu jd Jhcs
jcbhfi sclrd ais eudrzis jd ai fituriadzi y da pcjdr jhvhfc sd sclrdpcfd i ais
jhfébhmis jda mics qud aumkif mcftri da crjdf qud Jhcs jdsdi dstiladmdr df da
bufjc (Gf. 9?<).
Ai hftdrvdfmhýf jda Dspârhtu jd Jhcs df ais jhfébhmis khstýrhmis jda pudlac ds
hbpcrtiftd. Da scpac jd vhji, da iahdftc vhtia y ai eudrzi jhvhfi sd mcfougif piri
hjdfth﬉mir y mcbhshcfir pdrscfis piri qud mcftrhluyif jd ecrbi jdstimiji df ai
hbpaiftimhýf jd ai vcauftij jd Jhcs df ai khstcrhi fimhcfia jd Hsrida. Pdrscfis
jdsmcfcmhjis d hfshgfh﬉miftds eudrcf aaibijis, trifsecrbijis y mipimhtijis pcr da
Dspârhtu jda ]dùcr piri aadvir i dedmtc tirdis dxtricrjhfirhis jd ahldrimhýf, y piri
acgrir vhmtcrhis dspdmtimuairds mcftri dfdbhgcs ecrbhjilads jda pudlac. Gdjdýf
(Oud. 5?=:), Odetè (Oud. 99?<8), ]ifsýf (Oud. 9=?<4> 9:?5-98> 94?9:) y ]iÿa (9 ]. 90?5>
99?5) scf bigfâ﬉mcs dodbpacs jd pdrscfis uthahzijis pcr da Dspârhtu jda ]dùcr piri
ivifzir ai vcauftij jhvhfi df ai khstcrhi jd su pudlac y df ai fituriadzi. Ijdbés,
ais hftdrvdfmhcfds jda Dspârhtu jd Jhcs sd kimdf pitdftds df acs grupcs c kĽcs jd
acs prcedtis (9 ]. 90?5), df ais vhshcfds, rdvdaimhcfds y crémuacs prceèthmcs (Dz. =7),
df ais sifhjijds jd dfedrbcs (9 \. 97) y df ai ipdrturi jda bir c da râc piri qud da
pudlac jd Hsrida aadgiri i ai thdrri prcbdthji (Èx. 9:> Ocs. 9). ¡Df dedmtc, ds uf Jhcs
qud mcf su Dspârhtu hftdrvhdfd df ai vhji y ai fituriadzi jd ecrbi cpcrtufi,
mrdijcri y dspdmtimuair!
Mcf ai aadgiji jd ai bcfirquâi y ai hfsthtumhcfiahzimhýf jda shstdbi pcaâthmc,
bhahtir y dmcfýbhmc df Hsrida, sd rdaimhcfý da pcjdr jhvhfc mcf ais ﬉guris jd
iutcrhjij df da rdhfc, fc fdmdsirhibdftd mcf da bhstdrhc qud sd mcbufhmi mcf ais
hftdrvdfmhcfds jda Dspârhtu jda ]dùcr. Jd dsti ecrbi da Dspârhtu siahý jda éblhtc jd
ac fimhcfia hfdxpahmilad y ac pcaâthmc bhaigrcsc, piri jdsdbpdùir uf pipda
prctigýfhmc df da prcedthsbc. Ijdbés, da jdsirrcaac jd acs shstdbis rdahghcscs
hfsthtumhcfiahzijcs, mcbpadocs y dailcrijcs, bcvhý iÿf bés ais pdrmdpmhcfds y
rd﬌dxhcfds jda Dspârhtu jd ais hfsthtumhcfds rdahghcsis, jcbhfijis pcr acs simdrjctds
y acs mârmuacs prceèthmcs mirhsbéthmcs.
Jd dsi ecrbi acs prcedtis, qud drif mcfcmhjcs mcbc «kcblrds jd ai piailri¾
tiblhèf eudrcf mcf da thdbpc rdmcfcmhjcs mcbc «kcblrds jda Dspârhtu¾. Dsi fudvi
jdshgfimhýf ds hbpcrtiftd y pdrthfdftd, pcr ai fituriadzi jd sus eufmhcfds jd
mcbufhmimhýf y tiblhèf pcr sus rd﬌dxhcfds y pdrmdpmhcfds df tcrfc ia Dspârhtu

(Cs. 8?7). Ac qud hjdfth﬉mili y jhsthfguâi ia «kcblrd jda Dspârhtu¾ dri su hfthbhjij,
mipimhjij jd mcbufhmimhýf y su eufmhýf jd bdfsiodrc df rdprdsdftimhýf jda ]dùcr
Zcjcpcjdrcsc.
Jhcs sd kimd prdsdftd df ai khstcrhi y df ai kubifhjij pcr bdjhc jda Dspârhtu. Ai
rdvdaimhýf jd ai vcauftij jhvhfi sd kimd fctir df da bufjc bdjhiftd ais immhcfds
jda dspârhtu i trivès jd acs prcedtis, ai fituriadzi y acs dvdftcs khstýrhmcs. Mcf da
thdbpc, ai tdcacgâi lâlahmi mcbprdfjhý qud dsis hftdrvdfmhcfds jda dspârhtu tdfâif
bés pcjdr qud ais eudrzis bhahtirds y bés iutcrhjij qud acs shstdbis pcaâthmcs. Dsi
mcbprdfshýf tdcaýghmi
tdcaýghmi sd rdvdai mairibdftd df da bdfsiod jda prcedti _imirâis?
Isâ qud da éfgda bd jĽc?
«Dsti ds ai piailri jda ]DÙC\ piri _crclilda?
‑Fc sdré pcr ai eudrzi fh pcr fhfgÿf pcjdr,
shfc pcr bh Dspârhtu
‚jhmd da ]DÙC\ Zcjcpcjdrcsc‚‒¾.
_imirâis :?5
AI PIAIL\I JD JHC]
I trivès jd ai piailri, da Jhcs vhvhdftd sd bifh﬉dsti i Hsrida. Dsi imthtuj y
mcbprcbhsc jhvhfc aadgi i su dxprdshýf béxhbi, jd imudrjc mcf da tdsthbcfhc jda
Fudvc
da UdrlcZdstibdftc, df jhvhfi
c ai Piailri ai ﬉guri(Of.
jd 9?9).
OdsÿsIjdaiFizirdt,
piailriqud
jd ds tiblhèf
Jhcs mcfcmhjc
sd ad ji mcbc
hbpcrtifmhi
miphtia jdsjd ais prhbdris firrimhcfds jd ai mrdimhýf (Gf. 9?9-=)9<9 kisti df acs
crémuacs prceèthmcs
prceèthmcs (Hs. :5?7), puds sd bifh﬉dsti df daai iagc bés qud su vcauftij? sd
pcfd jd bifh﬉dstc ai dsdfmhi jhvhfi, sd rdvdai iagc hbpcrtiftd jd ai fituriadzi
bhsbi jd Jhcs. Ai piailri jd Jhcs fc ds scac uf jdmhr, ds da dfmudftrc jd ac dtdrfc
mcf da thdbpc, ac jhvhfc mcf ac kubifc, ac dxtricrjhfirhc mcf ac crjhfirhc. Dsi
shfguair mirimtdrâsthmi jhvhfi mcftristi ibpahibdftd mcf da shadfmhc jd acs âjcacs y
ai hfmipimhjij jd mcbufhmimhýf jd ais jhvhfhjijds jd ais fimhcfds (Hs. :9?<<> :=?<0).
Piri pcfdr df oustijdldbcs
vdtdrctdstibdftirhi, pdrspdmthvi
tcbiair hbpcrtifmhi
tcbir jd ai da
df mcfshjdrimhýf piailri jd Jhcs
mcftdxtc jd aisdfmrddfmhis
ai èpcmi
jda ifthguc Hsrida y ais fimhcfds vdmhfis. 9<< ¡Ai piailri dri bés qud ai dbhshýf jd
scfhjcs! Ia irthmuairai, ai piailri sd mcfsthtuâi df rdiahjij qud sd bitdrhiahzili, dri
ufi dspdmhd jd immhýf i ai qud fc sd pcjâi hbpdjhr su d﬉mimhi ufi vdz prcfufmhiji.
Audgc jd kildr shjc jhmki, ai piailri mubpaâi su prcpýshtc, puds tdfâi ufi dspdmhd
jd vhji hfjdpdfjhdftd jd quhdf ai irthmuaili.
Dsti pdrmdpmhýf df tcrfc i ai piailri aadgi i su béxhbi dxprdshýf df da
prcfufmhibhdftc jd ldfjhmhcfds y biajhmhcfds. Df dscs dscs mcftdxtcs, ai piailri tdfâi
eufmhcfds
prcfufmhiripcshthvis y fdgithvis
sd rdtrimtiri qud sd aadvilif
jd su hftdfmhýf i dedmtc,
hfhmhia. Tfi iufqudaisquhdf
vdz jhmkis, ais
piailris
mubpaâif sus eufmhcfds, sdgÿf ais pdrmdpmhcfds ifthguis jda mcfmdptc.
Jcs scf acs vcmilacs kdlrdcs qud trijhmhcfiabdftd sd kif trijumhjc ia mistdaaifc
pcr da tèrbhfc «piailri¾? da prhbdrc ds jilir, muyi riâz trifsbhtd dsdfmhiabdftd da
sdfthjc jd dstir jdtrés y dbpuoir> y ibir, qud sd jdrhvi jd ufi riâz qud sd iscmhi
mcf ais hjdis jd sdr dadvijc c sdr mairc. Dstis mcfshjdrimhcfds dthbcaýghmis hfhmhiads
ipuftif kimhi acs shguhdftds sdfthjcs prhbirhcs jda tèrbhfc «piailri¾ df da Ifthguc
Zdstibdftc? pcjrâi sdr jd﬉fhji mcbc ai prcydmmhýf jd iagc qud dsté itrés y
fdmdshti
da jilir pcfdrsd ijdaiftd
ds tif rdiahsti qud, ijdbés,
y mcfmrdtc ‚ia jdld
puftcjdstimirsd, dadvirsd,
qud sd eufjd tiftcdfeithzirsd. Mcbc
mcf da fcblrijc
qud sd mcfvhdrtd df ac qud hjdfth﬉mi prcphibdftd (Gf. <0?90> <<?9, <0> :0?9> :;?9)
‚, sd bifh﬉dsti df ai bdftiahjij kdlrdi ufi buy mairi mcfthfuhjij d hfthbhjij

dftrd da pdfsibhdftc y ai immhýf. Df dstd sdfthjc, ai piailri ds ai bifhedstimhýf

iujhlad jda pdfsibhdftc, ai immhýf y ai vcauftij. Df da bufjc kdlrdc ifthguc fc
kiy jhstifmhis dftrd ai piailri qud hjdfth﬉mi iagufi rdiahjij y ai rdiahjij bhsbi.
Tfi mirimtdrâsthmi léshmi sd pcfd df dvhjdfmhi ia dstujhir ai tdcacgâi jd ai piailri
jhvhfi df ai Lhlahi. Da Jhcs jd ai Dsmrhturi guâi, jhrhgd, crhdfti d hfsphri ai khstcrhi
kubifi i trivès jd su piailri. Dstis hftdrvdfmhcfds dxtricrjhfirhis jda ]dùcr
mcbhdfzif jdsjd da bcbdftc hfhmhia jd ai mrdimhýf (Gf. 9?9), kisti aadgir i su
dxprdshýf ýpthbi df ai vhji y bhfhstdrhc jd Odsÿs jd Fizirdt, da Udrlc jd Jhcs c ai
Piailri Jhvhfi qud sd khzc mirfd (Of. 9?9, 9:). Ds df ai khstcrhi qud ai piailri sd
bifh﬉dsti y ds d﬉miz> y ais hftdrvdfmhcfds jd ai piailri jhvhfi df ai fituriadzi scf
scac ufi dxprdshýf ijhmhcfia jd su hftdrès khstýrhmc, rdia, mcfmrdtc y dspdmâ﬉mc.
Ai piailri jhvhfi mclri eudrzi y immhýf df ais adyds y df acs crémuacs. Df sus
crâgdfds, ais adyds fc drif mýjhgcs adgiads dstéthmcs, jd﬉fhjcs, dspdmâ﬉mcs d
hfiatdrilads. Dsdfmhiabdftd drif guâis, rdmcbdfjimhcfds piri ai mcfvhvdfmhi
ijdmuiji, hfstrummhcfds piri ai hbpaiftimhýf jd ai ousthmhi y jhrdmtrhmds piri da
jhserutd jd ai piz. Prdmhsibdftd pcr dsis mirimtdrâsthmis aadfis jd jhfibhsbc, ais
adyds sd mcfcmâif df kdlrdc mcbc jdlirhb, qud shgfh﬉mi «piailris¾ (vdr Èx. <0?9>
<:?=, :, ;> =:?9, <7, <;). Dsd mudrpc jd adyds dri pirtd jd ai rdvdaimhýf c piailri jd
Jhcs, y da sdr kubifc jdlâi rdmcfcmdrac y iprdmhirac mcbc pirtd jd ai vcauftij
jhvhfi> pcr tia rizýf sd mcfvhrthý df ai ady jd Bchsès, qud dri da mdftrc dsphrhtuia,
èthmc, bcria, pcaâthmc y adgia jda pudlac jd Hsrida.
Acs prcedtis kdrdjif dsi trijhmhýf rdspdmtc i ai Ady y sd mcfvhdrtdf df sus
rdprdsdftiftds, ifiahstis, hftèrprdtds y mcbdftirhstis. ]hf dblirgc, mcbc drif
pdrscfis jd ai piailri9<= y tiblhèf drif igdftds ahlrds jda Dspârhtu. Mcbc acs
prcedtis pcsdâif ufi rdaimhýf âfthbi y pirthmuair mcf Jhcs, qud ads pdrbhtâi ai
rdvdaimhýf pdrscfia y jhrdmti, ai hftdrprdtimhýf trijhmhcfia jd ai Ady qudjili
sulcrjhfiji i ais fudvis mcfvhmmhcfds prceèthmis, qud sd eufjibdftilif df ai
piailri jhvhfi y ais rdvdaimhcfds jd Jhcs, y tiblhèf df ais fdmdshjijds jda pudlac.
Jd shfguair hbpcrtifmhi ds mcbprdfjdr qud ai jhedrdfmhi eufjibdftia y bés
hbpcrtiftd dftrd ais adyds c acs jildrhb y acs crémuacs prceèthmcs ds qud bhdftris
ais prhbdris tdfâif viacr pdrbifdftd piri ai mcbufhjij, acs sdgufjcs sd
rdaimhcfilif mcf ais rdiahjijds prdmhsis y mcfmrdtis jda pudlac, df uf bcbdftc
jdtdrbhfijc y pirthmuair jd ai khstcrhi.
Ai rdaimhýf dftrd ai piailri jd Jhcs y acs prcedtis ds jhfébhmi, mcbc sd pcfd jd
bifh﬉dstc ia dstujhir da misc jd Odrdbâis. Da prcedti jd ai mhujij jd Ifitct ds

bcvhjc jd ecrbi dxtricrjhfirhi pcr ufi eudrzi jhvhfi qud df bcbdftcs ipaisti y
jdstrczi (Odr. <0?8), y df cmishcfds ad aadfi jd edahmhjij (Odr. 94?95).
Ds ufi rdaimhýf jd hfthbhjij df ai muia da prcedti hfmcrpcri df su pdfsibhdftc
fhvdads fcvdads jd ai piailri jd Jhcs piri, pcstdrhcrbdftd, trifsbhthracs mcbc
crémuacs jhvhfcs i su mcbufhjij (Hs. 5). Acs miblhcs sustifmhiads df ai vhji jda
prcedti scf dvhjdfmhi jd dsi dxpdrhdfmhi jd trifsecrbimhýf y rdfcvimhýf. ]hf
dblirgc, ai piailri sclrdpisi shdbprd ai pdrscfi jda prcedti muyi eufmhýf léshmi ds
mcbufhmirai, puds su ﬉fiahjij ds ai jd uf bdfsiodrc, 9<: uf dbhsirhc jd ai vcauftij
jd Jhcs.9<4
Ai tdcacgâi jd ai piailri jhvhfi aadgi i su dxprdshýf ýpthbi df acs bdfsiods qud sd
hfmauydf df da Ahlrc jda prcedti Hsiâis, pirthmuairbdftd df su sdgufji sdmmhýf (Hs.
:0”44). Ia mcbhdfzc jd ai clri sd hfjhmi qud ai piailri jhvhfi sulshstd dtdrfibdftd
(Hs. :0?;) y ia ﬉fia sd rdvdai qud dsi bhsbi piailri ds d﬉miz y pdrthfdftd (Hs. 44?99).
Bdjhiftd dsi piailri, Jhcs trifsbhtd da sdfthjc jd acs imcftdmhbhdftcs jd ai
khstcrhi y acs ji i mcfcmdr jd iftdbifc (Hs. :9?:> :=?90> ::?5> :;?9<), puds shdfjc da
prhbdrc y da ÿathbc thdfd ai mipimhjij jd mcbprdfjdr ai khstcrhi mcf ibpahtuj d
hftdahgdfmhi jd ecrbi dxtricrjhfirh
dxtricrjhfirhi.
i.
Df da Ahlrc jd acs ]iabcs, ai tdcacgâi jd ai piailri sd rdvdai jd ecrbi pirthmuair.
Ai piailri c da jilir jd Jhcs ad lrhfji mcf﬉ifzi y sdgurhjij ia ijcrijcr? ai gdftd
﬉da dspdri ai sifhjij jda ]dùcr (]ia. 9=0?4) y rdmcfcmd qud ai piailri ds ia bhsbc
thdbpc prcbdsi jd Jhcs y tcré, qud shgfh﬉mi dfsdùifzi c ady jhvhfi (]ia. 998).
Ijdbés, sd i﬉rbi qud acs edfýbdfcs jd ai fituriadzi, mcbc da vhdftc, da eudgc y
acs rdaébpigcs, scf dbhsirhcs jd ai piailri jhvhfi (]ia. <8?=-4> :5?5). Df ai
ahtdrituri siphdfmhia, pcr su pirtd, ai piailri sd hjdfth﬉mi mcf ai silhjurâi (Pr. 9=?9=>
95?<0) y sd ad ji iutcrhjij y da rdmcfcmhbhdftc jd acs jdlirhb, jd ai Ady.
Da jdsirrcaac jd ai tdcacgâi lâlahmi jd ai piailri jhvhfi prcjuoc jcs rdsuatijcs
hfbdjhitcs. Df prhbdr augir, prdpirý da mibhfc ahtdrirhc piri ai ﬉oimhýf jda
bdfsiod prceèthmc y jd ais trijhmhcfds jda pudlac. Iufqud da prcmdsc jd dsmrhlhr ais
adyds ds ifthguc, acs prcedtis dstilif hftdrdsijcs prhfmhpiabdftd df ai prdsdftimhýf
cria jd sus prcedmâis. ]cac df cmishcfds ihsaijis sd prdcmupif pcr dsmrhlhr sus
bdfsiods, pirthmuairbdftd muifjc jdsdilif dfeithzir iagufi immhýf shblýahmi (Hs.
;). Dsi jhfébhmi eud eufjibdftia piri ighahzir da prcmdsc jd rdjimmhýf y djhmhýf jd
ais Dsmrhturis y piri prcphmhir da rdmcfcmhbhdftc jd iutcrhjij jd dsd mudrpc
ahtdrirhc.
 Tfi sdgufji tdfjdfmhi jd dsti pirthmuair tdcacgâi jda jilir sd rdaimhcfi mcf da
prcmdsc jd pdrscfh﬉mimhýf jd ai piailri, dsthac ahtdrirhc qud sd pusc jd bifh﬉dstc

pirthmuairbdftd df ai ahtdrituri siphdfmhia. Ai piailri jd dsti ecrbi sd hftdrprdti y

sd prdsdfti mcbc ufi rdiahjij qud mid y gdfdri ufi mitéstrced (Hs. 8?7) d hfmaushvd
mcbc uf eudgc jdvcrijcr (Odr. 4?9:> <0?;> <=?8). Dsti pdrscfh﬉mimhýf jd ai piailri
jhvhfi pdrbhtd mcbprdfjdr ai tdcacgâi mcbc ufi bifhedstimhýf jhvhfi iféacgi ia
rcstrc c ia éfgda jda ]dùcr.
AI ]ILHJT\ÂI JD JHC]
Tfi i﬉rbimhýf tdcaýghmi léshmi y eufjibdftia jda Ifthguc Zdstibdftc ds qud da
Jhcs lâlahmc ds silhc (Ocl 9<?9=> Hs. =9?<). Mcf dsi mcfvhmmhýf, ais ]igrijis
Dsmrhturis pcfdf
jd sus imtcs y ai jd rdahdvd ai ufhvdrsiahjij
cbfhsmhdfmhi jd su Erdmudftdbdftd
jd sus jdmhshcfds. mcfcmhbhdftc, aidfcbfhpctdfmhi
ai Lhlahi ai
silhjurâi sd bdfmhcfi df rdaimhýf mcf da mcfcmhbhdftc y ai eudrzi, piri pcfdr jd
rdahdvd ai hfthbhjij jd dscs mcfmdptcs y piri sulriyir ai hbpcrtifmhi jd dsti
tdfjdfmhi tdcaýghmi. Ai silhjurâi ds pirtd hftdgria jd ai dsdfmhi jhvhfi.
Df Ocl <; sd irthmuai pcèthmibdftd mýbc ai silhjurâi jhvhfi pdfdtri df ac bés
rdmýfjhtc jd ai mrdimhýf> iaujd i uf thpc jd mcfcmhbhdftc shbhair ia qud sd prdsdfti
df da rdaitc jd ai miâji jd ai prhbdri pirdoi df da piriâsc (Gf. =?98). Jhcs pcsdd uf
thpc jd silhjurâi dxtricrjhfirhi qud dsmipi i ais pcshlhahjijds kubifis. Da sdr
kubifc qud94?;),
istumhi (Ocl aadgudhrrdbhshladbdftd
i ijquhrhrai, pcr sd
bdjhc jd aipuds
pdrjdré, jdscldjhdfmhi (Gf. =?9-98)
ds ufi mirimtdrâsthmi qudc sd
ai
rdaimhcfi ÿfhmibdftd mcf Jhcs. Dstd shfguair thpc jd silhjurâi ds dsdfmhiabdftd
prémthmi y sd bifh﬉dsti mcfmrdtibdftd df ais clris jhvhfis, dspdmhiabdftd df ai
mrdimhýf, qud bifh﬉dsti crjdf y irbcfâi.
Dftrd acs tdbis jcbhfiftds jd ai silhjurâi dstéf da misthgc piri quhdfds imtÿif
df biajij y ais rdmcbpdfsis piri quhdfds primthmif ai lcfjij. Da eufjibdftc jd
dsd ouhmhc viacrithvc ds da mcbprcbhsc mcf ai iahifzi c da pimtc. Da sdfthjc jd
cldjhdfmhi ds eufjibdftia df ai bifhedstimhýf jd ai silhjurâi. Jd dsti ecrbi sd
ufdf ais tdcacgâis
bifh﬉dsti jd aisdfsilhjurâis
su silhjurâi y ai jd
su mipimhjij jda dftilair
pimtc c ai iahifzi.
pimtcs mcf Daai Jhcs lâlahmc
kubifhjij.
Ijdbés, mcbufhmi dsi silhjurâi i acs silhcs y pirthmuairbdftd ia Bdsâis prcbdthjc
(Hs. 99). Piri ai mcbufhjij df gdfdria, da jhserutd y da iprdmhc jd ai silhjurâi ds da
rdmcfcmhbhdftc y ai i﬉rbimhýf jd ai silhjurâi jd Jhcs (Ocl <;?<;> ]ia. 999?90> Pr.
9?7> 8?90).

90; Oimcl, cp. mht.,

mht., pp.
908 Ais ipirhmhcfds jd7:-;4.
Jhcs df ecrbi kubifi fc scf buy erdmudftds df da Ifthguc Zdstibdftc> sd
hfmauydf pirthmuairbdftd df ais rdvdaimhcfds jd acs prcedtis qud sd ifhbif i prdsdftir hbégdfds jd
Jhcs df virhis ecrbis kubifis (p. do., 9 \. <<?98> Ib. 8?9> Hs. 5?9). Iÿf bdfcs erdmudftds scf ais
rdprdsdftimhcfds jd Xikvè df ecrbi jd ifhbiads.

990 Da misc pirthmuair jd Lilhacfhi ds rdvdaijcr? acs jhcsds ]kifisk, Hsktir y Di rdprdsdftif
rdspdmthvibdftd ais eudrzis jda sca, ai aufi y ais iguis> Oimcl, cp. mht., mht., p. 74.
999 Df ai Lhlahi, acs edfýbdfcs jd ai fituriadzi qud bés sd rdaimhcfif mcf Xikvè scf da eudgc, ai
tcrbdfti y da tdrrdbctc, qud rdvdaif fc scac da pcjdr jhvhfc, shfc qud bifh﬉dstif mhdrtc fhvda jd
bhstdrhc qud ad lrhfji ia Jhcs lâlahmc su fituriadzi ÿfhmi y dspdmhia.
99< Df tcrfc i ai mcrtd jda ]dùcr y ais pctdfmhis mdadsthiads mcbc sdrvhjcris jda ]dùcr, vdr i
Dhmkrcjt, cp. mht.,
mht., pp. 988-<9=.
99= Ziftc df érild mcbc df ugirâthmc y dtâcpd sd rdphtd ai riâz aiºim mcf da bhsbc sdfthjc jd dfvhir
mcf iagÿf thpc jd bdfsiod qud ds hbpcrtiftd mcbufhmir> Oimcl, cp. mht., mht., p. 77> Dhmkrcjt, cp. mht.,
mht., pp.
==-=;.
99: Ds hbpcrtiftd fctir df acs rdaitcs lâlahmcs qud fc shdbprd sd triti jda bhsbc éfgda, iufqud
pudjdf aadvir i dedmtc eufmhcfds shbhairds df ai khstcrhi. Df ai ifthgñdjij, y df da mcftdxtc jd ais
rdahghcfds pcahtdâstis ‚p. do., df Dghptc y Lilhacfhi‚, virhis jd ais rdspcfsilhahjijds ishgfijis ia
éfgda jd Xikvè sd iscmhilif mcf jhedrdftds jhvhfhjijds. Df da jdsirrcaac jd ai tdcacgâi lâlahmi,
ÿfhmibdftd da éfgda mubpad rdspcfsilhahjijds jd mcbufhmimhýf jd ai vcauftij jhvhfi y ais
jhvhfhjijds dxtrifodris scf rdadgijis i uf paifc buy sdmufjirhc qud fc pudjdf trifsbhthr ai
rdvdaimhýf jd Jhcs> Dhmkrcjt, cp. mht., pp. ==-=:.
994 Fc pcjdbcs dxpahmir ai hjdfth﬉mimhýf jd ai ecrbi jd kilair jda éfgda mcf da yc jd Xikvè mcbc
ufi eushýf dsthaâsthmi, puds acs jcs pdrscfiods bifthdfdf su hjdfthjij y pirthmuairhjijds.
Pcshladbdftd dstd dsthac ahtdrirhc jdsmrhld ufi ecrbi jd kilair qud pcfd jd bifh﬉dstc ai
hbpcrtifmhi jd ai pdrscfi qud dfvâi da bdfsiod> Dhmkrcjt, cp. mht., mht., p.=5.
995 Mcbc da éfgda jda ]dùcr fc sd bdfmhcfi pcr acs grifjds prcedtis jd Hsrida, sd ki pdfsijc qud da
prcedti, mcf da pisc jda thdbpc, tcbý da augir jda éfgda jd Xikvè mcbc igdftd jd mcbufhmimhýf jd
ai piailri jhvhfi> Oimcl, cp. mht.,
mht., pp. 77-7;. Da tâtuac jd «éfgda jda ]dùcr¾ qud sd ad ji i uf prcedti
pudjd sdr uf hfjhmhc jd dsi tdfjdfmhi tdcaýghmi (vdr Kig. 9?9=).
997 Udr pirthmuairbdftd i Dhmkrcjt, cp. mht., mht., pp. 998-9<:.
99; Biftdfdbcs ai ecrbi jd dsmrhlhr «dspârhtu¾ df bhfÿsmuai df da Ifthguc Zdstibdftc, puds df
rdaimhýf mcf ai tdcacgâi bés dailcriji jda Fudvc Zdstibdftc qud sd jdsirrcaai ai hbpcrtiftd
jcmtrhfi mrhsthifi jd ai Zrhfhjij, qud hjdfth﬉mi ia dspârhtu jhvhfc mcbc ai tdrmdri pdrscfi jd ai
Zrhfhjij y sd rdprdsdfti gré﬉mibdftd mcf ai biyÿsmuai df «Dspârhtu¾.
998 Ai admturi trijhmhcfia jd Gf. 9?<, qud iaujd i qud «da dspârhtu sd bcvâi sclrd ai eiz jd ais iguis¾,
pudjd sdr trijumhji mcbc «da kuriméf jhvhfc¾ c «da vhdftc pcjdrcsc jd Jhcs¾, qud piri iagufcs
dxègdtis pirdmd sdr ai hftdfmhýf jda iutcr (p. do., Dhmkrcjt, cp. mht., mht., pp. 45-47)> ai dxprdshýf kdlrdi
«jd Jhcs¾ sd uthahzi df ai Lhlahi cmishcfiabdftd mcbc uf supdraithvc (p. do., df Gf. 90?8, (JKK) ai
erisd «grif mizijcr¾ ahtdriabdftd df kdlrdc jhmd? «mizijcr jd Jhcs¾.
9<0 Df tcrfc i acs rdaitcs jd ai mrdimhýf df Hsrida y df ais muaturis sdbâthmis ifthguis, vdr i Dhmkrcjt,
cp. mht.,
mht., pp. 909-9=<> vcf \ij, cp. mht.,mht., pp. 9;:-<97.
9<9 Df ctris muaturis ifthguis ‚p. do., df ai subdrhi, dghpmhi y lilhaýfhmi‚ tiblhèf sd i﬉rbili da
pcjdr mrdijcr jd ai piailri jd acs jhcsds> shf dblirgc, dstis hftdrvdfmhcfds scac sd aadvilif i dedmtc
df imcftdmhbhdftcs ihsaijcs> vdr i Oimcl, cp. mht., mht., pp. 9<4-9<5.
9<< \dspdmtc ia iféahshs jd dstd mcfmdptc, vdr i Oimcl, cp. mht., mht., pp. 9<4-9=9> vcf \ij, cp. mht.,
mht., pp. 98=-
98;> Dmkrchjt, cp. mht.,
mht., pp. 74-;7.
9<= Acs prcedtis rdmhlâif rdguairbdftd pdthmhcfds jd crhdftimhýf jd jhvdrscs sdmtcrds jd ai
mcbufhjij, i quhdfds rdspcfjâif mcf bdfsiods jd pirtd jd Jhcs (p. do., 9 \. 9:?4> 9 \. <<?4-9=> Odr.
9;?9;).
9<: Ds buy hftdrdsiftd d hbpcrtiftd fctir qud ais eýrbuais jd mcbufhmimhýf prceèthmi scf shbhairds
i ais eýrbuais jd mcbufhmimhýf jd uf bdfsiodrc mcbÿf, mcbc sd pcfd jd rdahdvd df Fb. <<?95> Oud.
99?9<> 9 \. <0?=> <<?<7> < \. 9;?<;.

9<4 Ai pdrbifdfmhi jd ai piailri jhvhfi dsté girifthziji df ai sumdshýf prceèthmi qud eud prcbdthji i
Bchsès, sdgÿf da tdsthbcfhc jd ais ]igrijis Dsmrhturis (Jt. 9;?94-9;).
 Mipâtuac 5

DA JHC] MD\MIFC
Pdrc ikcri, isâ jhmd da ]DÙC\,
da qud td mrdý, Oimcl, da qud td ecrbý, Hsrida?
«Fc tdbis, qud yc td kd rdjhbhjc>
td kd aaibijc pcr tu fcblrd> tÿ drds bâc.
Muifjc mrumds ais iguis, yc dstirè mcfthgc>
muifjc mrumds acs râcs, fc td mulrhréf sus iguis>
muifjc mibhfds pcr da eudgc,
fc td qudbirés fh td ilrisiréf ais aaibis.
Hsiâis :=?9-<
JHC] MCBC IAEI\D\C OI\JHFD\C X PI]ZC\
Tfi mirimtdrâsthmi hbpcrtiftd jda mcfmdptc
mcfmdptc jd Jhcs df da Ifthguc Zdstibdftc ds su
grif sdfthjc jd hfthbhjij y mdrmifâi. X dsi pdmuahirhjij sd jdbudstri mairibdftd
df su jdsdcsujdipcyc
dfedrbis, jhiacgir
i ai mcf da fdmdshtiji,
gdftd sdr kubifc,susumcbprcbhsc
rdspudsti iamcf
maibcr jd ais pdrscfis
ai ahldrimhýf jd acs
pudlacs, su jdsdc jd hbpaiftir ai ousthmhi y su hftdrès jd dstiladmdr pimtcs y iahifzis
mcf ai kubifhjij. Dstis bifhedstimhcfds y imthtujds jhvhfis sd pcfdf df dvhjdfmhi
i trivès jd ai khstcrhi y sd jdsmulrdf ia dstu
dstujhir
jhir ai ahtdrituri lâlahmi.
Df dedmtc, da ]dùcr dsté ia aijc jd su pudlac, puds ds su mrdijcr y ecrbijcr,
ijdbés jd imcbpiùirac df acs bcbdftcs jheâmhads jd ai vhji. Acs dsmrhtcrds lâlahmcs
trifsbhtdf dsti hbpcrtiftd hjdi jd mdrmifâi mcf ufi sdrhd jd bdtéecris qud dvcmif
imthtujds jd Jhcs piri futrhr, mcf﬉rbir y scstdfdr ai vhji. 9<5 Df ais hbégdfds jd
iaeirdrc,
hfthbhjijoirjhfdrc
jd Jhcs,y pistcr
shfc sd pcfdf mairibdftd
tiblhèf su mipimhjijdf dvhjdfmhi
irtâsthmi, fc
suscac ai mdrmifâisud
mrdithvhjij,
hfsphrimhýf y su sdfshlhahjij.
Da iaeirdrc? Ai prhbdri jd dsis hbégdfds jd ai rdaimhýf, mdrmifâi d hfthbhjij ds ai
jda ]dùcr mcbc da iaeirdrc. Da ]dùcr dsté vhvc y ds vhstc mcbc uf grif irthsti qud
trilioi da lirrc jhahgdftdbdftd piri mrdir su phdzi jd irtd. Df ai dailcrimhýf jd ai
hbigdf ahtdrirhi, acs dsmrhtcrds lâlahmcs jdsmrhldf virhis vhrtujds y imthtujds qud
mirimtdrhzif i dstd shfguair irthsti? kilhahjij ia bcajdir da lirrc, mrdithvhjij df acs
jhsdùcs irtâsthmcs, sdfshlhahjij df ais ecrbis jd bifdoir da bitdrhia prhbirhc,
jdahmijdzi
y mcftrca jdiaacs
bcvdr ais jhvdrsis
prcmdscs pirtds jd
piri mubpahr susaibdtis.
phdzi,9<7﬉rbdzi piri acgrir
Ai rdvdaimhýf sus ia
jhvhfi clodthvcs
prcedti
Odrdbâis eud shfguair y mairi?
Df dsd bcbdftc ai piailri jda ]DÙC\ vhfc i bâ, y bd jĽc?
«Pudlac jd Hsrida, ³imisc fc pudjc kimdr mcf ustdjds
ac bhsbc qud kimd dstd iaeirdrc mcf da lirrc3
‚i﬉rbi da ]DÙC\‚.
Tstdjds, pudlac jd Hsrida, scf df bhs bifcs
mcbc da lirrc df ais bifcs jda iaeirdrc.
Odrdbâis 9;?4-5
 Jd imudrjc mcf ais firrimhcfds lâlahmis, da ]dùcr «ecrbi¾ ‚c «mrdi¾ df da sdfthjc
irtâsthmc y bdtieýrhmc jd ai piailri‚ ia sdr kubifc (Gf. <?7-;), i acs ifhbiads y ais
ivds (Gf. <?98), i ai thdrri (]ia. 84?4> Hs. :4?9;) y pirthmuairbdftd i Hsrida (Hs. :=?9, 7,
<9> ::?<, <9, <:> :4?8, 99). ]d jdsprdfjdf jda usc jd dstis hbégdfds jcs mcfmdptcs
léshmcs? df prhbdri hfstifmhi sd rdvdai da grif pcjdr mrdijcr y irtâsthmc jd Jhcs>
tiblhèf sd pcfd jd rdahdvd ai clahgimhýf jda «lirrc¾ jd jdoirsd bcajdir y ecrbir
pcr da iaeirdrc.
Ai ﬉fiahjij jda iaeirdrc ‚qud rdprdsdfti i Jhcs‚ ds mrdir ufi phdzi jd irtd> ai
rdspcfsilhahjij jda lirrc ‚qud df ai hbigdf iaujd ia pudlac‚ ds jdoirsd bcajdir,
qud ds ufi rdedrdfmhi i ai cldjhdfmhi jd Hsrida. Jd dsti ecrbi sd bifh﬉dsti ia
bhsbc thdbpc ai mrdithvhjij jda irthsti y da pctdfmhia jd eudrzi y vhcadfmhi qud df
bcbdftcs jdld dodrmdrsd sclrd da lirrc piri acgrir sus clodthmcs irtâsthmcs (p. do.,
Odr. 9;?9-99> 98?99> Hs. :4?8).
Da oirjhfdrc? Ctri hbigdf jd mdrmifâi, hfthbhjij y mrdithvhjij qud sd uthahzi df ai
Lhlahi df tcrfc i Jhcs ds ai jd oirjhfdrc. Dsti shfguair ecrbi jd rdedrhrsd i Jhcs sd
pcfd jd bifh﬉dstc jdsjd ais prhbdris firrimhcfds lâlahmis df ais muiads sd hfjhmi
qud da ]dùcr thdfd uf kudrtc c uf oirjâf df da Djèf (Gf. <). Ai hjdi jd oirjâf dvcmi
erutcs y ldaadzi, y pcfd jd rdahdvd ufi ludfi dxprdshýf jd ai mrdimhýf (Fb. <:?5).
Ai tdcacgâi jda oirjhfdrc hfjhmi qud da ]dùcr paiftý i Hsrida piri lrhfjirad
sdgurhjij y edmufjhjij> ijdbés, ds ufi ecrbi pcèthmi jd rdedrhrsd i ai mipimhjij jd
hftdrmdshýf jd Jhcs piri kimdr mubpahr su vcauftij y aadvir ia pudlac i ai thdrri
prcbdthji (Èx. 94?97).9<;
Da pisiod lâlahmc qud ad ji sdfthjc jd jhrdmmhýf i ai hftdrprdtimhýf jd ai hbigdf
jd Jhcs mcbc oirjhfdrc sd dfmudftri df da méfthmc jd ai vhùi jd Hsiâis (Hs. 4?9-7).
Ai vhùi jda ]DÙC\ Zcjcpcjdrcsc ds da pudlac jd Hsrida>
acs kcblrds jd Oujé scf su kudrtc prdedrhjc.
Èa dspdrili ousthmhi, pdrc dfmcftrý râcs jd sifgrd>
dspdrili rdmthtuj, pdrc dfmcftrý grhtcs jd ifgusthi.
Hsiâis 4?7

Jd ai admturi jda pcdbi sd jdsprdfjdf hbégdfds pcshthvis jd lcfjij y

dxpdmtithvi
ia jdsmulrhr df
acsdaerutcs
prcmdsc hfhmhiajd
fdgithvcs jdaiaivhùi.
oirjhfdrâi> tiblhèf
Ai hbigdf kiydfrdedrdfmhis
rdvdai, dedmtc, jcsijvdrsis
fhvdads
hbpcrtiftds jd sdfthjc? df prhbdr augir, jdsmrhld ai lcfjij jd Jhcs ia hfhmhir da
prcmdsc jd shdblri (Hs. 4?<)> y ia bhsbc thdbpc, sd pcfd df dvhjdfmhi mairi da ouhmhc

jhvhfc ia hfjhmirsd qud da oirjhfdrc, pcr miusi jda erutc biac, vi i jdstruhr ai vhùi
(Hs. 4?4-5). Dsti hbigdf ds hbpcrtiftd df ai tdcacgâi lâlahmi puds trifsbhtd, i ai vdz,
acs viacrds prhcrhtirhcs jd ai lcfjij jd Jhcs y su mipimhjij jd ouhmhc y
jdstrummhýf. 9<8
Da pistcr? Ai hbigdf jda pistcr ds pcshladbdftd ufi jd ais bés eibcsis df ai
Dsmrhturi. Dvcmi hjdis hftdfsis, tiads mcbc muhjijc, prctdmmhýf, iahbdftimhýf,
vuafdrilhahjij y jdpdfjdfmhi, puds ais cvdois fdmdshtif ai supdrvhshýf y da muhjijc
hftdfsc jda pistcr piri vhvhr y sclrdvhvhr. \dvdai ai hbigdf, ijdbés, ia ]dùcr mcbc
uf igdftd qud ibi y muhji jhahgdftdbdftd i su pudlac, qud jdfcbhfi sus «cvdois¾
jd ecrbi pcèthmi y ﬉guriji piri sulriyir ai hbpcrtifmhi jd ai rdaimhýf âfthbi dftrd
Jhcs d Hsrida.
Ai hbpcrtiftd hbigdf ahtdrirhi jd «pistcr¾, iufqud ds buy ifthgui df Hsrida, sd
uthahzý pirthmuairbdftd mcf bumki erdmudfmhi juriftd da pdrâcjc dxâahmc jda pudlac
df Lilhacfhi. Df ai Lhlahi sd iaujd ia dxhahc mcbc da pdrâcjc df da muia Hsrida dstuvc
jhspdrsc, eudri jd ai thdrri prcbdthji, y adocs jd Odrusiaèf, ai mhujij sifti. Ai ailcr
eufjibdftia jda pistcr, df dstd mcftdxtc jd jhstifmhibhdftc y sdpirimhýf, dri ufi
jd rdufhr i ais cvdois jhspdrsis, qud rdvdai ai hftdfshjij jd ai immhýf jhvhfi, pcfd
df dvhjdfmhi ai hbpcrtifmhi jd ai hftdrvdfmhýf jd Jhcs y i﬉rbi ai fdmdshjij jda
pudlac jd sdr guhijc fudvibdftd ia augir prdmhsc qud da ]dùcr ad jhspusc (Hs. :0?99>
Odr. =9?90).
Tf pisiod hbpcrtiftd df da dstujhc jd ai hbigdf jd Jhcs mcbc pistcr sd hfmauyd
df ai prcedmâi jd Dzdquhda?
Da ]DÙC\ bd jhrhghý ai piailri?
«KĽc jd kcblrd, prcedthzi mcftri acs pistcrds jd Hsrida>
prcedthzi y ijvhèrtdads
ijvhèrtdads qud isâ jh
jhmd
md da ]DÙC\ Cbfhpctdftd?
Cbfhpctdftd?
‑¡Iy jd ustdjds, pistcrds jd Hsrida,
qud scac sd muhjif i sâ bhsbcs!
³Imisc acs pistcrds fc jdldf muhjir ia rdliùc3‒¾.
Dzdquhda =:?9-<

Da pcdbi ds ufi sdvdri mrâthmi i acs rdyds jd Hsrida ‚qud tiblhèf drif aaibijcs
﬉gurijibdftd
ijbhfhstrithvis,pistcrds
ijbhfhstrithvis jdavhstis
, qud drif pudlac‚ pcr fc mubpahr
shblýahmibdftd mcbcdedmthvibdftd mcf
rdspcfsilhahjijds sus
rdspcfsilhahjijds ailcrds
pistcriads.
]dgÿf da bdfsiod prceèthmc, dsi eud ufi jd ais miusis jda dxhahc jda pudlac i
Lilhacfhi (vdr Dz. =:> Odr. <=?9> 40?5).

Ai piailri prceèthmi jd Dzdquhda ds uf pisiod aadfc jd hbégdfds y shblcahsbcs,

hfjhmi qud ai hftdrvdfmhýf jd Jhcs gdfdriré da rdgrdsc jd acs dxhahijcs i Odrusiaèf
piri qud jhserutdf sus thdrris (Dz. =:?9=-95). Df tcrfc i dstd bhsbc tdbi, da ]dùcr
sd iutcprcmaibi mcbc pistcr jd Hsrida (]ia. ;0?9), puds iyujiré i lusmir i ais cvdois
pdrjhjis, kiré qud rdgrdsdf ais jdsmirrhijis, sifiré i ais dfedrbis y ecrtiadmdré i ais
jèlhads.
Ai hbpcrtiftd hbigdf lâlahmi jda pistcr tiblhèf kimd ousthmhi ia mcfmdptc jd
rdtrhlumhýf, puds fc scac sd dfmirgiré da ]dùcr jd ais cvdois fdmdshtijis, shfc
tiblhèf qud hftdrvdfjré mcf ais cvdois qud kimdf suerhr y cprhbdf i acs jèlhads. Ai
«cvdoi gcrji¾, qud ilusi y dxpacti i ais jdbés df da rdliùc, rdmhlhré su rdmcbpdfsi
jd pirtd jda pistcr, qud fc pudjd pdrbifdmdr hfimthvc iftd dsis bifhedstimhcfds jd
hfousthmhi mcftri ais cvdois bés vuafdrilads y fdmdshtijis.
Dsd mcftdxtc tdcaýghmc y ahtdrirhc ds da qud dfbirmi da eibhahir y pcpuair ]iabc
<=, qud ds ufi jd ais phdzis ahtdrirhis jd ai Lhlahi bés mcfcmhjis y iprdmhij
iprdmhijis
is pcr acs
mrdydftds, ais hgadshis y ai kubifhjij i trivès jd acs thdbpcs? «Da ]dùcr ds bh
pistcr…¾. Df dstd siabc sd iaujd ia ]dùcr mcf ufi sdrhd hbpcrtiftd jd vdrlcs? p.
do., mcfercftir, jdsmifsir, guhir, dstir, hfeufjhr, ufghr y bcrir. ]d pcfd jd rdahdvd
df dstis dxprdshcfds pcèthmis ais hbpcrtiftds immhcfds d hftdrvdfmhcfds qud jdld
aadvir i dedmtc da ]dùcr, mcbc pistcr jd Hsrida, piri kimdr qud ais cvdois pudjif
iahbdftirsd lhdf, qudjir prctdghjis y vhvhr padfibdftd. Da pistcr lusmi piri ais
cvdois uf dstijc jd sdgurhjij, siauj, lhdfdstir y vhji padfi. 9=0 Ai hbigdf jd Jhcs
mcbc pistcr eud tif hftdfsi y lhdf rdmhlhji, qud aadgý mcf vhgcr ia Fudvc
Zdstibdftc y sd rdaimhcfi mcf Odsÿs mcbc da ludf pistcr (Of. 90?9-9;).
DA JHC] ]IFIJC\
Ai hbigdf jd Jhcs mcbc sifijcr ds hbpcrtiftd piri ai ahtdrituri lâlahmi y
eufjibdftia piri acs mrdydftds i trivès jd ai khstcrhi y ai imtuiahjij.9=9 ]ulriyi, df
dedmtc,
qud ki aishjc
mipimhjij,
kdrhjc, hfhmhithvi y jdsdc jhvhfc yjdjiùijc.
iedmtijc ijvdrsibdftd rdstiurir,
Ds rdkilhahtir
ufi hbigdf y rdpirir ac
tdcaýghmi
hbpcrtiftd, puds trifsbhtd ai hjdi jd mdrmifâi y mcbufhmi uf sdfthjc jd hfthbhjij>
rdvdai ia Jhcs qud fcti ais jhfébhmis y acs mcf﬌hmtcs jd ai vhji qud hbphjdf ia sdr
kubifc, i acs pudlacs y ia bufjc eufmhcfir ijdmuijibdftd mcf siauj y
lhdfdstir.9=<
Tfi firrimhýf lâlahmi qud pcfd df ousti pdrspdmthvi dsti hbpcrtiftd hbigdf jda
Jhcs sifijcr sd dfmudftri df mcfmaushýf jd acs rdaitcs jd ahldrimhýf y èxcjc jd
Hsrida jd ais thdrris jd Dghptc?
Ads jĽc? «Xc scy da ]DÙC\ su Jhcs.
]h dsmumkif bh vcz y kimdf ac qud yc mcfshjdrc oustc,
y sh mubpadf bhs
bhs adyds y bifjibhdftcs,
bifjibhdftcs,
fc tridrè sclrd ustdjds fhfgufi jd ais dfedrbdjijds
qud triod sclrd acs dghpmhcs.
Xc scy da ]DÙC\, qud ads jdvudavd ai siauj¾.
Èxcjc 94?<5

Da mairc bifjitc jhvhfc ia pudlac jd Hsrida, ia hfhmhir ufi dtipi dxtricrjhfirhi y

eufjibdftia jd su khstcrhi, ds i sdr ﬉dads i Jhcs. Ais A is dxprdshcfds «dsmumkir¾,
«kimdr¾ y «guirjir¾ df dstd pisiod sd rdaimhcfif jhrdmtibdftd mcf ais hjdis jd
adiatij y cldjhdfmhi. Da pudlac jdlâi dsmumkir itdftibdftd ais piailris jda ]dùcr y
cldjdmdr sus bifjibhdftcs, sh qudrâi dvhtir ais paigis y dfedrbdjijds qud Jhcs
kilâi triâjc i Dghptc, piri prcphmhir y eimhahtir acs imtcs jd ahldrimhýf jd acs kĽcs d
kĽis jd Hsrida. Da Jhcs lâlahmc, ds dstd mcftdxtc, sd iutcprcmaibi sifijcr jd su
pudlac, df uf gdstc hbpcrtiftd jd mdrmifâi, df ufi rdvdaimhýf rijhmia jd hfthbhjij
y df ufi bifhedstimhýf dxtricrjhfirhi
dxtricrjhfirhi jd su pcjdr y iutcrhjij.
Da ]dùcr ds da bèjhmc jd Hsrida, y dsi rdaimhýf jd siauj y lhdfdstir sd eufjibdfti
df ai cldjhdfmhi i ai rdvdaimhýf jhvhfi. Acs prcgribis pcaâthmcs y ijbhfhstrithvcs
jd Dghptc scf vhstcs fc scac mcbc bifhedstimhcfds jd miuthvhjij y prdpctdfmhi,

shfc mcbc imthtujds gdfdrijcris jd dfedrbdjijds, ifgusthis y jcacrds. Ai cprdshýf

jd Dghptc ds hftdrprdtiji pcr acs dsmrhtcrds jd ai Lhlahi mcbc prcphmhijcri jd
biajij, mcbc prcgribi biasifc qud khdrd ijvdrsibdftd ais ﬉lris bés kcfjis jd
ai siauj jd ai kubifhjij. Ijcrir, cldjdmdr y sdrvhr ia Jhcs sifijcr ds ufi
rdspudsti jd dspdrifzi y ufi i﬉rbimhýf jd sdgurhjij mcftri ais dfedrbdjijds qud
sd gdfdrif df Dghptc (Jt. <;?50).
Ai hbigdf jda Jhcs qud thdfd ai mipimhjij y da jdsdc jd sifir thdfd virhis
hbpahmimhcfds tdcaýghmis eufjibdftiads. \dvdai, df prhbdr augir, qud da ]dùcr
pudjd hftdrvdfhr df ai khstcrhi kubifi piri rdstiurir ai siauj y da lhdfdstir jd
iagufi mhujij iedmtiji c jd ais pdrscfis kdrhjis c dfedrbis (vdr < Mr. 7?9:> =0?<0>
]ia. 50?<> Hs. 47?9;-98> Odr. =0?97> Cs. 9:?:). Ijdbés, ds buy hbpcrtiftd fctir, df da
iféahshs jd dstd mcfmdptc tdcaýghmc, qud ai erisdcacgâi qud sd usi df ai Dsmrhturi piri
jdsmrhlhr acs imtcs sifijcrds jd Jhcs kimhi ai kubifhjij y acs pudlacs, tiblhèf sd
uthahzi piri prdsdftir ai mdrmifâi y ai rdaimhýf âfthbi dftrd da ]dùcr d Hsrida.
Da ]dùcr, sdgÿf dstis pdrmdpmhcfds tdcaýghmis, ds da sifijcr qud rdspcfjd i ais
padgirhis y crimhcfds jd dfedrbcs, igrivhijcs, kdrhjcs y fdmdshtijcs (]ia. 5?<> :9?:)>
ia bhsbc thdbpc, ds da sifijcr y da ahldrijcr qud rdstiuri ais fimhcfds y trifsecrbi
ais mhujijds. Dsi mipimhjij jd hftdrvdfmhýf jd Jhcs dsté âfthbibdftd rdaimhcfiji
mcf da jdsdc y ais rdspudstis jd cldjhdfmhi i ai vcauftij jhvhfi qud bifh﬉dstd da
pudlac jd ecrbi mcfmrdti.
Da dstujhc bés mdrmifc jd dsi pdrmdpmhýf tdcaýghmi jda ]dùcr mcbc sifijcr
rdvdai virhcs fhvdads jd sdfthjc qud fc jdldf clvhirsd. Ais sifhjijds jda ]dùcr fc
scf scac imtcs jd pcjdr ilscautc, shfc qud ijdbés rdvdaif da jcacr jhvhfc,
bifh﬉dstif ais prdcmupimhcfds jd Jhcs, pcfdf jd rdahdvd virhcs sdfthbhdftcs qud
jdldf hjdfth﬉mirsd y jdstimirsd. Jd imudrjc mcf da bdfsiod jd Odrdbâis, da ]dùcr
prcbdtd sifir ai hf﬉jdahjij jda pudlac (Odr. =?<<), sh da pudlac prcmdjd i uf
«rdtcrfc¾, qud ds ufi bifdri pcèthmi jd kilair jd ai hbpcrtiftd y fdmdsirhi
dxpdrhdfmhi jd mcfvdrshýf, irrdpdfthbhdftc y trifsecrbimhý f.9==
trifsecrbimhýf.
Ai sifhjij rdquhdrd tiblhèf uf sdfthjc jd imdptimhýf jd ai mcfjhmhýf kubifi,
uf iprdmhc pcr ai vdrjij, uf rdmcfcmhbhdftc kubhajd jd ai rdiahjij pdmibhfcsi jd
ai kubifhjij (]ia. =<?=-4> =;?=-;). Jcfjd kiy fdgimhýf jda pdmijc y rdmkizc ia
irrdpdfthbhdftc fc sd bifh﬉dstif ais mcfjhmhcfds dsphrhtuiads rdqudrhjis y acs
viacrds èthmcs fdmdsirhcs piri ai sifhjij jhvhfi. Ai hftdrvdfmhýf jd sifhjij
jdbifji qud da sdr kubifc y acs pudlacs rdmcfczmif kubhajdbdftd su mcfjhmhýf
jd dfedrbdjij piri qud sd bifh﬉dstd ai siauj jd Jhcs jd ecrbi padfi. Ai siauj ds
rdsuatijc jd ai rdvdaimhýf griti jd ai bhsdrhmcrjhi
bhsdrhmcrjhi jhvhfi.

Iufqud ai sifhjij dsté jhspcfhlad piri tcjis ais pdrscfis y ais fimhcfds, kiy
miusis qud hbphjdf su bifhedstimhýf. Da misc dspdmâ﬉mc jd ai prcbdsi jd sifhjij i
Lilhacfhi pcfd jd rdahdvd dstd isuftc. Jd imudrjc mcf da bdfsiod jd Odrdbâis, i
Lilhacfhi ad pudjd aadgir léasibc jd sifhjij (Odr. 49?;)> shf dblirgc, ai fituriadzi
d hftdfshjij jd su pdmijc hbphjhý ai hftdrvdfmhýf sifijcri jda ]dùcr (Odr. 49?8-90).
Dstd rdaitc ds uf ludf dodbpac jda usc jd ufi hbigdf ahtdrirhi df bés jd uf
sdfthjc? Jhcs pudjd sifir kisti acs dfdbhgcs jd Hsrida, ia bhsbc thdbpc qud fc ac
kimd pcr da pdmijc.
Df acs prcmdscs jd sifhjijds jhvhfis sd uthahzif igdftds kubifcs. Tf bigfâ﬉mc
dodbpac jd ai sifhjij jd Jhcs bdjhiji pcr ai imthvhjij kubifi sd rdvdai df ais
hbégdfds jda ]hdrvc jda ]dùcr df da Ahlrc jda prcedti Hsiâis.9=: ]dgÿf da pcdbi qud
sd hfmauyd df Hsiâis 4<?9=”4=?9<, da ]hdrvc, mcf sus kdrhjis y jcacrds, sd mcfvdrthré
df uf igdftd dspdmhia jd siauj y lhdfdstir piri da pudlac, y dscs imtcs sdréf eudftd
jd iscblrc y ijbhrimhýf jd ais fimhcfds y sus bcfirmis. Ais immhcfds jda ]hdrvc
sdréf uthahzijis pcr Jhcs piri prcphmhir ai siauj jd ai mcbufhjij y i﬉rbir ai
hbpcrtifmhi jd ais hftdrvdfmhcfds jhvhfis i eivcr jd ai sifhjij eâshmi jd acs
hfjhvhjucs y pudlacs.
Da Fudvc Zdstibdftc hftdrprdti fudvibdftd da bdfsiod jda ]hdrvc ]uerhdftd jda
]dùcr jd Hsiâis y ac rdaimhcfi mcf da bhfhstdrhc jd Odsÿs jd Fizirdt. Jd imudrjc mcf
acs rdaitcs dvifgèahmcs, Odsÿs ds vhstc mcbc uf prcphmhijcr y igdftd jd ai sifhjij
jhvhfi. Df su prdjhmimhýf y dfsdùifzis, da hbpcrtiftd tdbi jd ai sifhjij cmupi uf
augir prctigýfhmc, qud sd jdstimi ﬉rbdbdftd df ais firrimhcfds jd su ailcr
bhshcfdri df ai ifthgui Piadsthfi (Br. 9?=:> Am. 7?<<> 8?99).
Dsi sifhjij qud da ]dùcr Odsÿs vhvâi y prdjhmili, fc scaibdftd iedmti y ldfjhmd i
hfjhvhjucs, shfc qud sd bifh﬉dsti ia rdstc jd ai kubifhjij. Df ufi i﬉rbimhýf
tdcaýghmi ufhvdrsiahsti jda Ahlrc jd Ipcmiahpshs, sd rdvdai da ﬉rbd jdsdc jhvhfc jd
hbpirthr su sifhjij hfmaushvd i ais fimhcfds pigifis (Ip. <<?<). Ds buy hftdrdsiftd
fctir qud acs itrhlutcs jd sifhjij qud df da Ifthguc Zdstibdftc sd rdaimhcfif
jhrdmtibdftd mcf Jhcs, df da Fudvc sd ipahmif i Odsÿs. Da jdsdc jd rdkilhahtir
hfjhvhjucs y jd rdstiurir mcbufhjijds sd bifthdfdf vhvcs df ai ahtdrituri
fdctdstibdftirhi ia rdaimhcfir dsti pdrmdpmhýf tdcaýghmi jd sifhjij mcf da
bhfhstdrhc jd Odsÿs.
JHC] MCBC PIJ\D X BIJ\D
Ais hbégdfds jd ai rdaimhýf y eibhahirhjij jd Jhcs mcf su pudlac sd dxthdfjdf i ai
eibhahi, puds da Ifthguc Zdstibdftc sd rd﬉drd ia ]dùcr mcf hbégdfds rdaimhcfijis
mcf da pijrd y ai bijrd. Dstis rdedrdfmhis i ai pitdrfhjij y ai bitdrfhjij jd Jhcs
rdvdaif ai fituriadzi jda adfguiod rdahghcsc, qud ds shblýahmc, pcèthmc y
pcahviadftd.9=4 Ds uf adfguiod qud uthahzi ais dxprdshcfds kubifis mcfcmhjis piri
dxprdsir ai fituriadzi sifti, dxtricrjhfirhi y jdsmcfcmhji jd Jhcs> y sd shrvd jd ai
mcbufhmimhýf hftdrpdrscfia mcbÿf piri pcfdr jd rdahdvd mcfmdptcs tdcaýghmcs
dailcrijcs y mcbpadocs.9=5
Da Jhcs pijrd? Ouftc i ais hbégdfds jda Jhcs oudz, rdy y gudrrdrc sd pudjdf
hjdfth﬉mir y mitiacgir ais i﬉rbimhcfds lâlahmis df tcrfc i ai pitdrfhjij jhvhfi.
Zcjis dstis rdedrdfmhis ﬉gurijis i J
Jhcs
hcs pcfdf pirthmuairbdftd jd rdahdvd su pcjdr,
iutcrhjij y bismuahfhjij,9=7 scf dxprdshcfds pcèthmis qud ipuftif kimhi uf
mcfmdptc jd Jhcs scldrifc y ﬉rbd, qud bifh﬉dsti su pcjdr df da bcbdftc
ijdmuijc. Ai mcbprdfshýf ijdmuiji jd dstis hbégdfds, piri su ipahmimhýf
pdrthfdftd df ai tdcacgâi mcftdbpcréfdi,
mcftdbpcréfdi, rdquhdrd qud vhshtdbcs fudvibdftd dstcs
mcfmdptcs y acs rdviaudbcs i ai auz jd ufi tdcacgâi bés ousti, jhgfi, jhiacgiji y
rdspdtucsi jd ais jhedrdfmhis df gèfdrc.9=;
Ai hbpcrtifmhi jda dstujhc
dstujhc jda mcfmdptc jd Jhcs mcbc pijrd sd jdsprdfjd jd
virhis i﬉rbimhcfds lâlahmis. Df prhbdr augir, ai hgadshi mrhsthifi hfmcrpcrý ai
pitdrfhjij jhvh
jhvhfi
fi mcbc uf mcbpcfdftd eufjibdftia y jdstimijc jd su tdcacgâi.
Jdsjd ais crimhcfds jd Odsÿs (Bt. 5?8-9=), kisti ais i﬉rbimhcfds bhshcfdris jd acs
ipýstcads (< Mc. 9?=-7), da mcfmdptc jd Jhcs mcbc pijrd sd dailcri y rdvdai mcf
erdmudfmhi df da Fudvc Zdstibdftc (vdr, p. do., \c. 9?7> ;?94> 9 Mc. ;?5> 9 P. 9?97> 9
Of. =?9). Dsi hbpcrtifmhi tdcaýghmi, qud sd bifh﬉dsti mairibdftd dftrd acs dsmrhtcrds
mrhsthifcs, sd eufjibdfti df ais rdpdthjis jdmairimhcfds qud sclrd Jhcs sd hfmauydf
df da Ifthguc Zdstibdftc? sd hfjhmi mcf rdguairhjij qud Jhcs ds da pijrd jd Hsrida
mcbc ufi i﬉rbimhýf jd su scldrifâi (p. do., Hs. 5=?94> 5:?;> Odr. =?:> =9?8). Dsti
hbigdf rdvdai ia mcbprcbhsc jhvhfc jd muhjir, crhdftir, djumir y ipcyir i su
pudlac.
Df pisiods qud sd prdsdfti i Jhcs mcbc pijrd sd hfjhmi, ijdbés, qud da ]dùcr
mcftrhluyd i ai hjdfthjij jda pudlac (Jt. =<?5-9;). Jd dsi ecrbi sd mdadlri qud da
imcbpiùibhdftc jhvhfc i acs kĽcs d kĽis jd Hsrida pcr da jdshdrtc jd ]hfiâ, df ai
dxpdrhdfmhi jd ahldrimhýf jd Dghptc, ds ufi bifhedstimhýf jda ipcyc pitdrfia jd

Jhcs i su pudlac. Da pdrdgrhfiod pcr da jdshdrtc eud da dftcrfc ijdmuijc piri qud da
]dùcr sd rdaimhcfiri mcf su pudlac mcbc uf pijrd.9=8 Dsi bhsbi tdcacgâi sd
bifh﬉dsti mairibdftd df uf buy hftdrdsiftd piriadac pcèthmc df da Ahlrc jda
prcedti Biaiquâis, df ai muia sd rdaimhcfi ai pitdrfhjij jhvhfi mcf su fituriadzi jd
Jhcs mrdijcr (Bia. <?90).
Hsrida, df virhcs pisiods jd ai ahldrimhýf jd Dghptc, c df ais rd﬌dxhcfds pcstdrhcrds
sclrd da bhsbc tdbi, ds aaibijc «prhbcgèfhtc jd Jhcs¾, piri jdstimir dsi rdaimhýf
pitdrfc ﬉ahia jd Hsrida mcf da ]dùcr (Èx. :?<<> Cs. 99?9). ]d dfeithzi df dstcs rdaitcs
ai imthvhjij jhvhfi df da prcmdsc jd mrdmhbhdftc jd uf kĽc, qud rdquhdrd jhahgdfmhi
dsbdriji y itdfmhýf pirthmuair jd pirtd jda pijrd. Dstis hbégdfds d
hftdrprdtimhcfds rdvdaif mcbpcfdftds jd rdspcfsilhahjij y prdcmupimhýf jd pirtd
jda pijrd.
Ai ipdrturi kimhi da pdrjýf qud clsdrvi uf pijrd sd rdvdai tiblhèf df acs
]iabcs (p. do., ]ia. 90=?8-9:). Da Jhcs lâlahmc, qud tiblhèf imtÿi mcbc pijrd,
rdspcfjd mcf ibcr ia irrdpdfthbhdftc shfmdrc jda kĽc, Hsrida, muifjc da pudlac
rdmcfcmd su pdmijc y sd iaadgi iftd da ]dùcr i pdjhr d hbpacrir su bhsdrhmcrjhi. Da
Jhcs pitdrfia fc rdspcfjd mcf ouhmhc, shfc mcf ibcr y mcbpishýf, puds rdmcfcmd ai
erighahjij kubifi.
Dsi tdfjdfmhi tdcaýghmi, qud pcstdrhcrbdftd sd bifhedstý mcf vhgcr df da Fudvc
Zdstibdftc (p. do., df ai pirélcai jda kĽc prýjhgc ^Am. 94?99-=
94?99-=<R),
<R), sd rdvdai tiblhèf
df da Ahlrc jda prcedti Hsiâis (Hs. 5=?94-95), jcfjd tiblhèf sd rdaimhcfi ai
pitdrfhjij jhvhfi mcf ai mcbpishýf y ai bhsdrhmcrjhi, y sd hjdfth﬉mi dsi
mirimtdrâsthmi jd Jhcs mcf da vdrlc «kimdr¾ qud mairibdftd pcfd jd rdahdvd ai
mipimhjij irtâsthmi jda ]dùcr.9:0
Jhcs mcbc bijrd? Iufqud ais rdedrdfmhis jd Jhcs mcbc bijrd fc scf bumkis df
ai Lhlahi,9:9 dsti hbigdf thdfd grif hbpcrtifmhi tdcaýghmi y dxdgèthmi pcr virhis
rizcfds léshmis y prhcrhtirhis. Df prhbdr augir, acs dstujhcs jd ais rdedrdfmhis i ais
imthtujds bitdrfiads jd Jhcs mcf su pudlac scf shstdbéthmibdftd pcshthvis. Fc sd
jhsthfgudf df acs tdxtcs dstujhijcs rdedrdfmhis i ais bifhedstimhcfds jd pcjdr y
sulyugimhýf qud sd rdvdaif df ctris hbégdfds jd Jhcs (p. do., df ais iaushcfds i ais
hbégdfds jd rdy y pijrd).
Ai sdgufji rizýf jd hbpcrtifmhi piri da dstujhc jd dstis hbégdfds bitdrfiads jd
Jhcs sd rdaimhcfi mcf ais mcftrhlumhcfds tdcaýghmis qud sd jdrhvif jd daais. ]cf
shgfh﬉mithvis ais rdedrdfmhis qud pudjdf uthahzirsd piri ﬉rbir acs prcmdscs jd ipcyc
i ais miusis jd dbifmhpimhýf jd ais buodrds df ai scmhdjij imtuia.9:< Dstis hbégdfds
edbdfhfis jd Jhcs mcftrhluydf pcshthvibdftd i ulhmir i ais buodrds df uf fhvda

ijdmuijc y oustc, jdsjd ais pdrspdmthvis dsphrhtuiads, scmhiads, dmcfýbhmis y

pcaâthmis.
Tfi bifdri jd ilcrjir da tdbi ds dstujhir ais prdguftis rdtýrhmis qud shrvdf piri
pcfdr df dvhjdfmhi y df piriadac ais hbégdfds jd Jhcs mcbc pijrd y bijrd. Jd
imudrjc mcf da pisiod jda Ahlrc jd Fÿbdrcs?

³Imisc yc ac mcfmdlâ, c ac jh i auz,

piri qud bd dxĽis qud ac aadvd df bh rdgiz
rdgizc,
c,
mcbc sh eudri su fcjrhzi,
y ac aadvd kisti
kisti ai thdrri
qud ads prcbdthstd i sus iftdpisijcs3
Fÿbdrcs 99?9<

Dstd pisiod pcfd jd rdahdvd virhcs mcbpcfdftds hbpcrtiftds d hfjhspdfsilads jd

ai pitdrfhjij
prcydmtc y aiybitdrfhjij
mcbÿf jd Jhcs. Da pijrd
jd mcbpadbdftirhdjij. dfgdfjri
Df dstd y ai bijrd
pirthmuair mcfmhld,
mcftdxtc df ufy
tdcaýghmc
ahtdrirhc jda Pdftitdumc, dstcs tdbis sd mcbpadbdftif piri ﬉rbir ai prdcmupimhýf
jhvhfi jd aadvir i acs kĽcs d kĽis jd Hsrida i ai thdrri prcbdthji. Da èfeishs jda tdxtc
ds ai clahgimhýf jhvhfi jd prctdgdr y muhjir i su pudlac, 9:= sd dfeithzi da
mcbprcbhsc jd Jhcs jd imcbpiùir i Hsrida df ai kcri ijdmuiji y pdrthfdftd. X df
dsd hbpcrtiftd mcftdxtc jd ahldrimhýf, ais mcftrhlumhcfds jd acs pijrds y ais bijrds
sd pcfdf df uf bhsbc fhvda jd rdspcfsilhahjij.
Dstis hbégdfds edbdfhfis jd Jhcs aadgif i su dxprdshýf béxhbi juriftd ai èpcmi
dxâahmi. ]d pcfdf
sd hfmauydf df aijdsdgufji
bifh﬉dstc
pirtdjdjda
ecrbi ýpthbi
Ahlrc dspdmhiabdftd
jd Hsiâis dfDa
(Hs. :0”44). acs]dùcr
bdfsiods qudi
mirgý
Hsrida jdsjd da vhdftrd (Hs. :5?=> 5=?8), mcfsudai i Odrusiaèf mcbc ufi bijrd ac kimd
mcf su kĽc (Hs. 55?9=) y fc sd cavhji jd su pudlac, iufqud eudri pcshlad piri ufi
bijrd cavhjir d hgfcrir i sus mrhituris (Hs. :8?94). Df dstcs pisiods da pipda bitdrfia
jd Jhcs aadgi i su fhvda ýpthbc, puds ais hbégdfds rdvdaif ufi sdrhd jd
mirimtdrâsthmis jd hfthbhjij qud sd dvcmif mcf ais rdedrdfmhis i ai bitdrfhjij
jhvhfi.
Iufqud dsis iaushcfds i Jhcs mcbc ipcyc y bhsdrhmcrjhi9:: fc scf fudvis df ai
Dsmrhturi,
ijquhdrdf df acs pisiods fcvdads,
pdrspdmthvis qud sd rdaimhcfif mcf aisufi
puds dfeithzif hbégdfds edbdfhfis
sdrhd jd hfsthftcsjda
qud]dùcr
scf
mirimtdrâsthmcs ÿfhmibdftd df ai dxpdrhdfmhi bitdrfia, mcbc scf acs imtcs jd
ibibiftir, futrhr y iahbdftir i ai mrhituri.

Ai mcbpishýf jd Jhcs pcr su pudlac, qud ds tiblhèf uf imtc jd bhsdrhmcrjhi,

rdvdai ai imthtuj bitdrfia jd ai hbpcrtifmhi y pcfd df ousti pdrspdmthvi acs ctrcs
itrhlutcs jhvhfcs qud sd rdaimhcfif mcf su pitdrfhjij. Da Jhcs lâlahmc imtÿi mcbc
pijrd y mcbc bijrd piri rdvdair ufi gibi ibpahi jd sdfthbhdftcs qud fc sd
igctif mcf da usc jd uf scac thpc jd hbégdfds jhvhfis.

9<5 Ai tdcacgâi lâlahmi dsté bumkc bés hftdrdsiji df acs isuftcs èthmcs qud df ais jhfébhmis dstèthmis>
ai prhcrhjij eufjibdftia df da iféahshs tdcaýghmc jda Ifthguc Zdstibdftc kif shjc acs isuftcs
bcriads y ais hbpahmimhcfds prémthmis y mcfmrdtis jd ais hftdrvdfmhcfds jd Jhcs. ]hf dblirgc, ais
mudsthcfds jd ldaadzi ahtdrirhi y rdtýrhmi fc scf iodfis i ai ahtdrituri lâlahmi, qud ais rdvdai mcf grif
dsthac y sdfshlhahjij> vdr p. do., ai bigfâ﬉mi clri jd ]ibuda Zdrrhdf, qud ithdfjd ijdmuijibdftd ais
mudsthcfds ahtdrirhis, rdtýrhmis y dstèthmis jd ai ahtdrituri sipdhfmhia> Zkd Daushvd Prdsdfmd? Zcwirj i
Fdw Lhlahmia Zkdcacgy (Fudvi Xcrn? Kirpdr ifj \cw, 987;).
9<7 Dstis hbégdfds jd Jhcs mcbc irthsti fc dstéf jdsprcvhstis jd ais hbpahmimhcfds vhcadftis sd dstd
pirthmuair trilioc. Da misc jd Odrdbâis df misi jda iaeirdrc pcfd df dvhjdfmhi qud iftd iagufi
hbpdredmmhýf, da iaeirdrc pudjd rdgrdsir i ai rudji mcf da lirrc y jdskimdr ac qud kilâi kdmkc piri
hfhmhir fudvibdftd da prcmdsc jd ecrbimhýf? vdr Odr. 9;.
9<; Dsti hbigdf rdmurrd mcf mhdrti erdmudfmhi df ai ahtdrituri prceèthmi mcbc ufi rdedrdfmhi i ai
pèrjhji jd ai thdrri juriftd da pdrâcjc dxâahmc> Lrudggdbiff, cp. mht.,
mht., pp. <45-<47.
9<8 Da Fudvc Zdstibdftc mcfthfuý mcf dsti hbigdf jd oirjhfdrâi y aadgi i su puftc muabhfiftd df ai
prdjhmimhýf jd Ouif da Liuthsti (Bt. =?;-90)> vdr tiblhèf df tcrfc i dstd tdbi? Of. 94> Bt. <9?9:,
Lrudggdbiff cp. mht.,
mht., p. <47.
9=0 Ai hbigdf jda pistcr aadgý i uf fudvc fhvda tdcaýghmc y ahtdrirhc df ai ﬉guri jd Odsÿs jd Fizirdt,
quhdf aaibi i ais cvdois pcr fcblrd y ais cvdois mcfcmdf su vcz (Of. 90?=). Ijdbés, ia dviauir da
mcbpcrtibhdftc jd ais buathtujds, Odsÿs hfjhmý qud dstilif mcbc cvdois qud fc tdfâif pistcr>
Lrudggdbiff? cp. mht.,
mht., p. <59.
9=9 Da tdbi jd ais sifhjijds bdjhiftd bètcjcs iatdrfithvcs ds mcbÿf df ai scmhdjij pcstbcjdrfi
mcftdbpcréfdi. Pirthmuairbdftd rdaimhcfijcs mcf da bcvhbhdftc jd ai fudvi dri, uf grif sdmtcr jd
ai scmhdjij imtuia i﬉rbi ai hbpcrtifmhi jda isuftc, qud piri acs mrdydftds df Mrhstc ds uf tdbi
mcbÿf. Tfi hftrcjummhýf sdfmhaai d hftdrdsiftd sclrd da tdbi jd ai pcstbcjdrfhjij y su rdaimhýf
mcf ais hgadshis dvifgèahmis ds ai jd ]ibuda Dsmclir, Iavhf Gýfgcri, Jifhda ]iahfis y Kubldrtc
Luaaýf, Pcstbcjdrfhjij y ai hgadshi dvifgèahmi (]if Ocsè, Mcsti \hmi? HHFJDE, <000).
9=< Piri da iféahshs jd dstd tdbi sd kif tcbijc prhfmhpiabdftd ais rd﬌dxhcfds jd Lrudggdbiff? cp.
mht.,, pp. <4<-<44.
mht.
9== Da dstujhc jd I. O. Kdsmkda sclrd acs prcedtis, pirthmuairbdftd sclrd Odrdbâis, ipufti kimhi dsti
hbpcrtiftd hjdi jd mcfvdrshýf, Zkd Prcpkdts (Fudvi Xcrn? Kirpdr ifj \cw, 985<, pp. 90=-9=8).
9=: Udr i Pigéf, cp. mht.
9=4 Ds hftdrdsiftd fctir qud df ais tdcacgâis trijhmhcfiads jd vcf \ij, Dhmkrcjt, _hbbdrah y Oimcl da
tdbi jd ais hbégdfds edbdfhfis jd Jhcs fc sd jdstimi, iufqud df cmishcfds sd iauji i daais. Dstis
clris hbpcrtiftds jd tdcacgâi lâlahmi rd﬌doif uf pdrâcjc jd dstujhcs qud fc dfeithzif ai
hfmaushvhjij df acs dstujhcs jd ai Dsmrhturi> pirthmuairbdftd fc sd pdrmitircf jd ai hbpcrtifmhi jd
dstis hbégdfds piri da jdsirrcaac jd ais tdcacgâis mcftdxtuiads qud ipcydf da prcmdsc jd ahldrimhýf
jd ais buodrds df ai scmhdjij.

9=5 \dspdmtc i ai fituriadzi y dxtdfshýf jda adfguiod sclrd Jhcs, vdr i ]iaahd BvEigud,
Bdtkipkcrhmia Zkdcacgy? Bcjdas ce Gcj hf \dahghcus Aifguigd (Cxecrj? Cxecrj Tfhvdrshty Prdss,
98;7).
9=7 Hfmaushvd iaujdf i ai mipimhjij jhvhfi jd rdmkizir mcf jdsprdmhc d hri (Cs. 99?:-7).
9=; Pirthmuairbdftd df tcrfc i ais hbégdfds pitdrfiads jd Jhcs ai tdcacgâi edbhfhsti ki rdimmhcfijc
jd ecrbi ijvdrsi> df dstd thpc jd hjhcbi bismuahfc hgfcri ai prdsdfmhi y ai mcftrhlumhýf jda 40 %
jd acs dstujhcs lâlahmcs y df acs iféahshs mcftdxtuiads jd ai tdcacgâi. ]clrd acs prcladbéthmc jda

hjhcbi
\dijhfgbismuahfc
ce tkd CajsclrdZdstibdft?
Jhcs, Lrudggdbiff
Prcpkdthm dsmrhlhý uf buy
Ipprcimkds tc hftdrdsiftd mipâtuac
Hsridaºs ]cmhia df I ]cmhia
Mcbbufia Ahed
(Bhffdipcahs? Ecrtrds Prdss, 988:, pp. 9:8-97=). Tfi clri eufjibdftia piri da dstujhc jd dstd tdbi
ds ai jd Pkyaahs Zrhlad, Gcs ifj tkd \kdtcrhm ce ]dxuiahty (Pkhaijdapkhi? Ecrtrdss Prdss, 987;).
9=8 Acs vdrlcs kdlrdcs qud sd uthahzif df dstd pisiod piri pcfdr jd bifh﬉dstc ai hbigdf pitdrfia jd
Jhcs scf? ijquhrhr, mrdir y dstiladmdr, qud pcfdf jd rdahdvd mirimtdrâsthmis jda pcjdr scldrifc y
mrdijcs jd Jhcs> Lrudggdbiff, cp. mht.,mht., pp. <:4-<:5.
9:0 Lrudggdbiff, cp. mht.,
mht., p. <:7.
9:9 Df tcrfc i dstcs tdbis jd dstujhcs lâlahmcs jdsjd ai pdrspdmthvi jd ai buodr, pudjdf dfmcftrir
lhlahcgrieâis dxtdfsis df Nitkdryf P﬉stdrdr Jirr, Eir Bcrd Prdmhcus Zkdf Odwdas? Pdrpdmthvds cf
Lhlahmia Wcbdf (Acuhsvhaad? P Wdtbhfstdr/Ockf Nfcx, 9889)> df Iahmd Cgjdf Ldaahs, Kdapbitds,
Kiracts, ifj Kdrcds? Wcbdfºs ]tcrhds hf tkd Kdlrdw Lhlad (Acuhsvhaad? P Wdtbhfstdr/Ockf Nfcx,
988:), y Dahzildtk Ockfscf, ]kd Wkc Hs? Zkd Bystdry ce Gcj hf Edbhfhst Zkdcacghmia Jhsmcursd
(Fudvi Xcrn? Mrcssrcij, 988<).
9:< Dftrd acs dstujhcs qud ifiahzif dstis hbégdfds pcjdbcs hjdfth﬉mir acs shguhdftds? P. I. K. Lcdr,
Eitkdrkccj ifj Bctkdrkccj hf Hsridahtd ifj Oujdif Phdty (Adhjdf? D. O. Lrhaa, 987:)> Biydr H.
Gruldr, Zkd Bctkdrkccj ce Gcj hf ]dmcfj Hsihik , \dvud Lhlahqud 80 (98;=), pp. =49-=48, y
Lrudggdbiff, cp. mht., pp. <4;-<48.
<4;-<48.
9:= Df tcrfc i tdxtcs y pisiods qud pcfdf df piriadacs dstis hbégdfds pitdrfiads y bitdrfiads jd
Jhcs, vdr da tdxtc kdlrdc jd Jdutdrcfcbhcs =<?9; (df ai trijummhýf jd ai \dhfi-Uiadri fc sd fctif
ais hbégdfds), qud hfmauyd da bhsbc sdfthjc jd piriadahsbc, iufqud df dstd ÿathbc pisiod sd
jdstimif acs tdbis jd ai ﬉jdahjij y ai cldjhdfmhi qud Hsrida jdld tdfdr iftd Jhcs.
9:: ]dgÿf Hsiâis 5=?7, Xikvè bifhedstý i Hsrida «sus bhsdrhmcrjhis¾ (vdr tiblhèf da tdxtc kdlrdc jd Hs.
:5?=> :8?94), df uf pisiod qud uthahzi ufi piailri kdlrdi qud tiblhèf pudjd trijumhrsd mcbc
«vhdftrd¾ c «bitrhz¾> Lrudggbiff, cp. mht.,mht., p. <48.
 Mipâtuac 7

DA JHC] YTD UHDFD

Fc tdfgif bhdjc, bh rdliùc pdqudùc,
pcrqud ds ai ludfi vcauftij jda Pijrd
Pijrd
jirads da rdhfc.
Aumis 9<?=<
DA J\IBI D]MIZCAÝGHMC
Df da Ifthguc Zdstibdftc ais bifhedstimhcfds mcfthfuis jd Jhcs df bdjhc jd su
pudlac sd pudjdf rdaimhcfir mcf ai hjdi jd hftdrvdfmhýf, mcf da mcfmdptc jd
prdsdfmhi, df da sdfthjc jd imcbpiùibhdftc. Df acs rdaitcs dsmrhturiads sd pcfd
mairibdftd jd bifh﬉dstc qud Jhcs sd rdvdai y vhdfd i su pudlac piri rdspcfjdr i
sus fdmdshjijds bés kcfjis d hbpcrtiftds. Dstd sdfthjc jd hftdrvdfmhý
hftdrvdfmhýff y prdsdfmhi
jhvhfi supdrý ai tdcacgâi jda Jhcs dsmcfjhjc, adoifc y rdbctc, y ad lrhfjc ia pudlac
sdgurhjij, hfthbhjij, dspdrifzi y viacr.
Ouftc i ais hftdrvdfmhcfds jd Jhcs df ai khstcrhi jda pudlac jd Hsrida, ai
pdrmdpmhýf jd ai prdsdfmhi jhvhfi df ais hfsthtumhcfds fimhcfiads y ais dxpdrhdfmhis
pdrscfiads mcf da ]dùcr df acs imtcs jd ijcrimhýf, sd jdsirrcaaý df Hsrida ufi
dspdrifzi qud sd pcjâi sithseimdr ÿfhmibdftd mcf ai hftdrvdfmhýf jda ]dùcr ia ﬉fia
jd acs thdbpcs.9:4 Jd ecrbi piuaithfi ai dsmitcacgâi mcbdfzý i bifhedstirsd dftrd
acs dsmrhtcrds lâlahmcs piri rdspcfjdr mcf pdrthfdfmhi y jd ecrbi tdcaýghmi i acs
jdsieâcs mcfthfucs qud tdfâif mcbc pudlac. Ai khstcrhi jda pudlac fc scac tdfâi
fhvdads rdiads d hfbdjhitcs,
hfbdjhitcs, shfc qud ijquhrâi rdpdrmushcfds ia euturc y ia pcrvdfhr,
y jdsmulrâi jhbdfshcfds dtdrfis y dsmitcaýghmis.
Jdsjd buy tdbprifc df ai khstcrhi, da pudlac jd Hsrida futrhý y i﬉rbý ai
dspdrifzi jd qud df da euturc hfjdtdrbhfijc ai prdsdfmhi jhvhfi sd bifhedstirâi jd
ecrbi dspdmhia y dxtricrjhfirhi, y qud Jhcs bhsbc rdhfirâi jd bifdri pdredmti df
da bufjc piri aadfir ai thdrri jd su mcfcmhbhdftc (Hs. 99?8> Kil. <?9:). Dsis
mcfvhmmhcfds tdcaýghmis sd eufjibdftif dspdmhiabdftd df ai scldrifâi y da pcjdr
jd Jhcs, qud mairibdftd sd hjdfth﬉mili mcbc supdrhcr ia rdstc jd ais jhvhfhjijds
ifthguis.
Ais bcthvimhcfds léshmis jd dsi dspdrifzi dsmitcaýghmi sd lisif df ai mdrtdzi jd
qud da Jhcs lâlahmc tdfâi ai mipimhjij jd hftdrvdfmhýf df ai khstcrhi piri kimdr
viadr su vcauftij, mcbc ac kilâi jdbcstrijc bumkis vdmds df ais vhvdfmhis y acs
pdrdgrhfiods jda pudlac jd Hsrida (p. do., da èxcjc jd Dghptc y ai ahldrimhýf jda dxhahc
df Lilhacfhi).
\dedrdftd i ai dspdrifzi dsmitcaýghmi, ai rdiadzi jda ]dùcr ‚c ai i﬉rbimhýf jd
qud Jhcs ds rdy‚ ds uf tdbi tdcaýghmc jd hbpcrtifmhi. Prdsupcfd uf thpc jd
gclhdrfc hjdia df da muia sd hbpaifti padfibdftd ai ousthmhi y jcfjd hbpdri ai piz,
ai siauj y ai sdgurhjij. ]hf dblirgc, ais dxpdrhdfmhis pcaâthmis, bhahtirds,
ijbhfhstrithvis y dmcfýbhmis jda pudlac mcf acs bcfirmis kubifcs, iufqud df

bcbdftcs pcjâif sdr ijdmuijis, oustis y ludfis, fc sithseimâif padfibdftd ais

isphrimhcfds jd ai mcbufhjij hsridahti, jd imudrjc mcf acs bdfsiods jd acs prcedtis,
qud aumkilif pcr hbpaiftir shstdbis bés oustcs df acs jhvdrscs ýrjdfds jd ai vhji.
Ais rdprdsdftimhcfds jda rdhfc jd Jhcs qud sd aadvilif i dedmtc df ais
jribithzimhcfds mÿathmis c df acs edsthviads fimhcfiads fc sithseimâif padfibdftd ais

isphrimhcfds jd acs jda

scmhiads y pcaâthmis prcedtis. Dsis
pudlac, fh mdrdbcfhis
bcjh﬉miliffc sd trijumâif iaiais
sustifmhiabdftd rdiahjijds
mcfjumti jd
hfjhvhjucs y shstdbis qud jdlâif hbpaiftir acs viacrds bcriads y èthmcs jda rdhfc jd
Jhcs (Hs. 9?90-9;). Acs prcedtis fc scac jdsdilif ifufmhir uf rdhfc vdfhjdrc df uf
euturc hfjdtdrbhfijc, shfc qud tiblhèf hftdftilif trijumhr dsis i﬉rbimhcfds
tdcaýghmis i ais rdiahjijds khstýrhmis jd ai mcbufhjij.
Ai dspdrifzi y ai tdcacgâi dsmitcaýghmi jda Ifthguc Zdstibdftc, qud
pcstdrhcrbdftd sd bifhedstý mcf eudrzi df ai prdjhmimhýf jd Odsÿs y df ai rd﬌dxhýf
pistcria y bhshcfdri jd ai hgadshi, sd rdaimhcfi âfthbibdftd mcf da mcfmdptc jda
9:5
«Jâi
Xi jda ]dùcr¾.
jdsjd ai èpcmi jd Ibýs (Ib. 8?9=), dstd tdbi mclri jhbdfshýf dspdmhia df da
pdfsibhdftc hsridahti y sd mcfvhdrtd, ia bhsbc thdbpc, df eudftd jd dspdrifzi y
vhji, y tdbcr y prdcmupimhýf. Dri pdrmhlhjc mcbc da jâi jd ai rdvdaimhýf
dxtricrjhfirhi jd Jhcs ia bufjc y ai khstcrhi kubifi. \dprdsdftili ai vhmtcrhi
jd﬉fhthvi jd Jhcs sclrd ais thfhdlais, qud iaujâif ia mics prhbhthvc.
Dsi shfguair hftdrvdfmhýf dri tiblhèf ai bifhedstimhýf jda ouhmhc jhvhfc piri acs
hf﬉dads y ai ahldrimhýf piri acs ﬉dads.9:7 X iufqud da ouhmhc mcfsthtuyd ai eisd
dsdfmhia jda mcfmdptc, da dadbdftc jd dspdrifzi sd pcfd mcfthfuibdftd jd

bifh﬉dstc.
jhrdmtibdftd]dmcf
sulriyif
da Jhcsjdlâlahmc,
dsti ecrbi
mcbcvirhis hjdis
da ibcr, ai hbpcrtiftds,
bhsdrhmcrjhi, qud sd iscmhif
ai ousthmhi y da
pdrjýf.
Da Jâi jda ]dùcr hrrubpd df ai khstcrhi mcbc rdspudsti jhvhfi ia pdmijc jd ai
kubifhjij. Dsd ouhmhc jd﬉fhthvc jd Jhcs dsté bcthvijc pcr rizcfds tdcaýghmis y
bcriads. Da pdmijc ki gdfdrijc ufi imthtuj jd rdldahýf kubifi mcftri Jhcs y su
scldrifâi. Df dstd mcftdxtc jd ouhmhc, da isuftc èthmc thdfd uf viacr prctigýfhmc. Da
]dùcr dsté hftdrdsijc df ai trijummhýf jd acs viacrds tdcaýghmcs qud sd i﬉rbif y
primthmif df ais mdrdbcfhis rdahghcsis i mitdgcrâis mcfmrdtis y dspdmâ﬉mis jd

mcbpcrtibhdftc. Ai bcriads
bhsbi y ais immhcfds èthmi, dfscf
dstdbés
sdfthjc thdfd prhbimâi
hbpcrtiftds sclrd ai ﬉acsceâi> ai vhji
qud ai dspdmuaimhýf.
 Ai dsmitcacgâi lâlahmi hfmauyd, ijdbés, ai bifhedstimhýf jd uf mcfmdptc jd
hbpcrtifmhi miphtia piri ai tdcacgâi mrhsthifi. Jda ouhmhc jhvhfc siajré uf rdstc adia

ia ]dùcr> jd ais hftdrvdfmhcfds jd Jhcs sd hjdfth﬉miré uf rdbifdftd ﬉da i ai

scldrifâi jhvhfi. Dstd eufjibdftia mcfmdptc tdcaýghmc jda rdstc c jda rdbifdftd
﬉da pcfd jd bifh﬉dstc da mcrizýf jd ai tdcacgâi jd ai vdfhji jd Jhcs ia bufjc. Da
Jhcs lâlahmc sd kimd prdsdftd df ai scmhdjij y df ai khstcrhi. Da clodthvc ds
hbpaiftir ai ousthmhi, qud dquhviad i ai bifhedstimhýf jd su vcauftij, prcphmhi da

ouhmhc jd﬉fht
jd﬉fhthvc
Iufqud hvcmcfmdptc
dstd i acs pdmijcrds
pdmijcrds y aipudjd
tdcaýghmc rdvdaimhýf
rdvdaimhýf jd ai bhsdrhmcrjhi
uthahzirsd mcf rdaimhýf ii aiaisgdftd ﬉da. 9:;
fimhcfds,
dspdmâ﬉mibdftd df Hsrida ijquhrhý ufi fcvda jhbdfshýf rdahghcsi qud rdvdai ai
vcauftij jhvhfi kimhi ai mcbufhjij ﬉da jda pudlac. \dvdai, df dsdfmhi, jcs fhvdads
eufjibdftiads jd ai scldrifâi jd Jhcs. Df prhbdr augir, hfjhmi qud scac uf rdstc
sulshsthré jd ai mitéstrced> ia bhsbc thdbpc sd i﬉rbi qud ÿfhmibdftd uf
rdbifdftd sclrdvhvhré da ouhmhc (ds jdmhr, qud mcf ai bhsbi hbigdf sd dfeithzif ais
piailris jd «sulshstdfmhi¾ y «siavimhýf¾). Pcr uf aijc, sd ipufti kimhi da
dxtdrbhfhc> pcr da ctrc, rdvdai ai rdjdfmhýf. Df da bhsbc bdfsiod sd eufjdf acs

hbpcrtiftds
ouhmhc, mcfmdptcs
ai prdsdfmhi jd jd tdbcr y dspdrifzi>
ai dspdrifzi y iufqud
ds uf viacr da sdfthjc
eufjibdftia prhbcrjhia
y fdmdsirhc ds jd
piri su
hftdrprdtimhýf
hftdrprdtimhý f y ipahmimhýf pdrthfdftd.
Dsti tdcacgâi dsmitcaýghmi jda Jhcs qud vhdfd y sd imdrmi piri jhiacgir mcf su
pudlac, pirthmuairbdftd sd rdvdai y jdstimi df ais prdjhmimhcfds jd Odsÿs jd Fizirdt
(Am. 9<?=<), y tiblhèf df da bdfsiod ipcstýahmc audgc jd ais firrimhcfds jd ai pishýf
y mrumh﬉xhýf, y ais i﬉rbimhcfds jd su rdsurrdmmhýf (< Mc. 9?=-7). Da eibcsc
prdjhmijcr hthfdriftd piadsthfc mrdmhý mcf da tdbi jd ai dspdrifzi y ais hgadshis
prhbhthvis, qud imcghdrcf y i﬉rbircf sus dfsdùifzis, hfmcrpcrirc
hfmcrpcrircff dsti tdcacgâi df

sus prcgribis dmadshésthmcs.

DA OTJIÂ]BC JD OD]ß]
Jd imudrjc mcf
mcf acs rdaitcs dvifgèahmcs, Odsÿs jd Fizirdt vhvhý, mrdmhý, burhý y
rdsumhtý df bdjhc jd ai mcbufhjij oujâi (Bt. <?9-9<). 9:8 Fimhý df Ldaèf, ufi
pdqudùi mhujij jd ai prcvhfmhi jd Oujdi> prdjhmý df ai Giahadi, ia fcrtd piadsthfc, y
eud aadvijc i ai budrtd df Odrusiaèf (Bt. <7?94”<;?90). ]u hferidstrumturi eibhahir
eud oujâi y su djumimhýf sd hfecrbý df ais ai s adyds y ais tdcacgâis jd ai shfigcgi.
Ijdbés, su pdrmdpmhýf jd ai vhji sd eufjibdfti y tiblhèf sd futrd jd sus dstujhcs
y admturis jd ai Ady, acs Prcedtis y acs Dsmrhtcs.940
]us ibhgcs y sus mcailcrijcrds bés mdrmifcs tiblhèf drif oujâcs (Bt. :?9;-<<).
Df su kcgir sd primthmilif ais rdgais jd ai vhji qud sd pcfdf jd bifh﬉dstc df acs
dsmrhtcs y ais trijhmhcfds kdlrdis. Df dedmtc, ai tdcacgâi jd Odsÿs y sus mcfmdptcs df
tcrfc i Jhcs y ia rdhfc sd lisif df sus admturis rdguairds jd ais Dsmrhturis kdlrdis,
qud acs mrhsthifcs pcstdrhcrbdftd kif mcfcmhjc mcbc da Ifthguc Zdstibdftc.
Da bufjc jd ais hjdis rdahghcsis qud prdsupcfd y qud sd bifh﬉dsti df da
bhfhstdrhc pÿlahmc jd Odsÿs sd hfecrbi jd acs tdxtcs lâlahmcs oujâcs? p. do., jd ais
firrimhcfds pitrhirmiads, jda bdfsiod jd acs prcedtis, jd ai rd﬌dxhýf df tcrfc i ai
khstcrhi jd Hsrida, y jda rdstc jd ai ahtdrituri pcèthmi y jd silhjurâi jd ai Lhlahi
kdlrdi. Iufqud mhdrtibdftd jdld kildr rdmhlhjc ai hf﬌udfmhi jda kdadfhsbc y jda
rdstc jd ai muaturi rcbifi jd ai èpcmi qud sd vhvâi df ai Piadsthfi jda prhbdr shgac,
dspdmhiabdftd df ai Giahadi, Odsÿs dri dsdfmhiabdftd uf aâjdr oujâc phijcsc qud sd
hjdfth﬉mý prceufjibdftd mcf virhis pcrmhcfds y tdcacgâis jd ai Dsmrhturi.
Eufjibdftijc df dsis mcfvhmmhcfds tdcaýghmis d hbpdahjc pcr uf sdfthjc kcfjc
jd rdvdaimhýf jhvhfi y jdldr, Odsÿs jdmhj jdmhjhý
hý mcbdfzir uf bcvhbhdftc
trifsecrbijcr qud pushdri jd bifh﬉dstc acs viacrds dxtricrjhfirhcs y fdmdsirhcs
jda rdhfc jd Jhcs. Dscs viacrds, qud kilâi rdmhlhjc y iprdfjhjc jd ai ahtdrituri
prceèthmi, y dspdmâ﬉mibdftd jd acs bdfsiods jd Hsiâis,949 sd mcfsthtuydrcf df ai lisd
dsdfmhia jd su bdfsiod y df ai paitiecrbi hfsusthtuhlad jd su bcvhbhdftc. Dscs
mcfmdptcs tdcaýghmcs y dsis hjdis rdahghcsis jd Odsÿs, qud sd eufjibdftif df da
Ifthguc Zdstibdftc, sd pcfdf mairibdftd df dvhjdfmhi df su bhfhstdrhc, mcbc sd
rdvdai df sus crimhcfds (Bt. 5?8-9=), sus pirélcais (Bt. <0?9-95) y sus dfsdùifzis
(Bt. 4?9”5?4).94<
 Odsÿs eud shdbprd, df dedmtc, uf aâjdr rdahghcsc oujâc qud kdrdjý jd ai tdcacgâi
lâlahmi jd sus iftdpisijcs, pdrc qud rdimmhcfý i dscs pcstuaijcs y trijhmhcfds jd
ufi ecrbi fcvda y mcftdxtuia94= acs ifthgucs mcfmdptcs d hbégdfds

vdtdrctdstibdftirhcs jda Jhcs dtdrfc mcbc, dftrd ctrcs, siftc, mrdijcr, rdjdftcr,
oirjhfdrc, pijrd y bijrd, scf phairds léshmcs df su ifjibhiod tdcaýghmc y
pdjigýghmc. X eufjibdftijc df dsis pdrmdpmhcfds tdcaýghmis jda pudlac oujâc, acs
dvifgdahcs mifýfhmcs hfjhmif qud mcftdxtuiahzý su bdfsiod piri kimdrac rdadviftd i
ais fdmdshjijds y acs prcladbis jd su mcbufhjij y dftcrfc hfbdjhitc.

Df Odsÿs
jdmhr, sd rdvdaijdufi
acs mudrpcs bifdrirdahghcsi
ahtdrituri dacmudftdqudjdthdfdf
rdaimhcfir acs jcs Zdstibdftcs>
hbpcrtifmhi ds
miphtia piri ais
hgadshis mrhsthifis. Df prhbdr augir, ais Dsmrhturis kdlrdis, qud shrvhdrcf jd lisd ia
pdfsibhdftc rdahghcsc jd gdfdrimhcfds jd oujâcs iftds jd Mrhstc> y, df sdgufjc
augir, ais hftdrprdtimhcfds jd dsd bitdrhia rdahghcsc ifthguc pcr ais hfmhphdftds
mcbufhjijds qud imdptircf da sdùcrâc jd Odsÿs da Mrhstc.
\DAIMHÝF DFZ\D DA IFZHGTC X DA FTDUC
ZD]ZIBDFZC
Ai ufhjij y ai rdaimhýf dftrd ais jcs sdmmhcfds biycrds jd ai Lhlahi sd sulriyi df ai
Dpâstcai i acs Kdlrdcs (Kd. 9?9-<). Jhcs ki kilaijc i su pudlac, df prhbdr augir,
pcr bdjhc jd acs prcedtis, y ia ﬉fia jd acs thdbpcs sd bifhedstý i trivès jd Odsÿs, da
Mrhstc jd Jhcs.
Jd dsti ecrbi da Fudvc Zdstibdftc hfjhmi qud ai rdvdaimhýf jd Jhcs i ai
kubifhjij thdfd khstcrhi pisiji y mcfthfuhjij ia euturc. Da Jhcs qud sd rdvdai mcf
uf jdsdc siavijcr ia bufjc, i trivès jda bhfhstdrhc jd Odsÿs, yi sd kilâi
mcbufhmijc prdvhibdftd mcf ai kubifhjij, pirthmuairbdftd mcf da pudlac jd
Hsrida, piri jdbcstrir su scldrifâi y pcjdr. Jd dsti ecrbi, ai fudvi rdvdaimhýf
jhvhfi df Odsÿs ds tiblhèf ifthgui> y ai prdvhi bifhedstimhýf jd Jhcs i Hsrida ds,
ijdbés, prdébluac jd ac fcvdjcsc jd ai ﬉guri jd Mrhstc.
Da dstujhc jd ai tdcacgâi jda Ifthg
If thguc
uc Zdstibdftc ki shjc i trivès jd acs iùcs
dsdfmhiabdftd ufi dbprdsi mrhsthifi.94: I jhedrdfmhi jd ais mcbufhjijds
imijèbhmis y ais mcfgrdgimhcfds oujâis,944 qud dfeithzif ac rdia, prigbéthmc y
mcfmrdtc jd ai dxpdrhdfmhi rdahghcsi, ai hgadshi mrhsthifi gdfdriabdftd ki pdfsijc y
rd﬌dxhcfijc df tcrfc i Jhcs df mitdgcrâis tdcaýghmis y ﬉acsý﬉mis shstdbéthmis. Dsi
pdrmdpmhýf ki prcphmhijc uf imdrmibhdftc ia dstujhc jd ai tdcacgâi jd ai Lhlahi qud
sdpiri ‚df bcbdftcs mcf jhstifmhis mish hfsiavilads‚ i acs jcs Zdstibdftcs.
Gdfdriabdftd, ia hjdfth﬉mir ecrbis jd rdaimhcfir tdcaýghmibdftd i acs jcs
Zdstibdftcs, sd phdfsi df virhis mitdgcrâis c bcjdacs jd hftdrprdtimhýf. 945 Df da
bcjdac jd prcbdsi y mubpahbhdftc sd i﬉rbi qud da Ifthguc Zdstibdftc prdsdfti
ai prcbdsi jhvhfi qud pcstdrhcrbdftd sd mubpad df da Fudvc, df ai ﬉guri jd Odsÿs
jd Fizirdt. Jd imudrjc mcf dsti hftdrprdtimhýf, da Fudvc supdri ai rdvdaimhýf jda
Ifthguc, qud sd kimd clscadtc mcf ai aadgiji jd Mrhstc, jd Jhcs, df ai khstcrhi.947
Ai jhvhshýf dftrd ai ady y ai grimhi prdsupcfd qud tcjc da Ifthguc Zdstibdftc
mcfthdfd ai ady jd Jhcs, y qud df da Fudvc sd bifh﬉dsti ÿfhmibdftd ai grimhi
jhvhfi. Ai vdrjij ds qud acs mcftdfhjcs tdcaýghmcs jd acs jcs Zdstibdftcs fc sd
pudjdf jhvhjhr tif eémhabdftd dftrd ady y grimhi. Da Ifthguc Zdstibdftc mcfthdfd
da rdmudftc jd ais hftdrvdfmhcfds jhvhfis kimhi da pudlac jd Hsrida, qud dstéf aadfis
jd bifhedstimhcfds jd bhsdrhmcrjhi, grimhi y ibcr. Pcr su pirtd, df da Fudvc
Zdstibdftc sd i﬉rbi qud Odsÿs fc vhfc i ilcahr ai ady, shfc i kimdrai mubpahr> y df

ai tdcacgâi piuahfi, da tdbi jd ai ady (p. do., df ai Dpâstcai i acs \cbifcs) thdfd uf
tritibhdftc prdedrdfmhia.
Acs imdrmibhdftcs bdtcjcaýghmcs jd ai khstcrhi jd ai siavimhýf y jd ai thpcacgâi
hjdfth﬉mif pcrmhcfds jda Ifthguc Zdstibdftc y ai hftdrprdtif jdsjd ai pdrspdmthvi
jda Fudvc. Df dstcs imdrmibhdftcs, da Ifthguc Zdstibdftc phdrjd su hjdfthjij rdia

yprcphcs
sd jhauyd su fituriadzi
bèrhtcs tdcaýghmcs ypirthmuair
ahtdrirhcs,d shfc
hfjdpdfjhdftd, puds fc
qud sd hftdrprdti sd dstujhi
sdgÿf df sus
ais jhrdmtrhmds,
dfsdùifzis d hftdrprdtimhcfds qud sd gdfdrif jda Fudvc. Jd dsti ecrbi, sd hbphjd
qud ai vcz jd ais Dsmrhturis kdlrdis kilad i ai hgadshi mcf hfjdpdfjdfmhi y ahldrtij,
puds sd mhdrrif ais pcshlhahjijds kdrbdfèuthmis jd ais rd﬌dxhcfds mrhsthifis.
Piri dstujhir y mcbprdfjdr ijdmuijibdftd ai tdcacgâi jda Ifthguc Zdstibdftc,
df da dftcrfc mrhsthifc, sd jdldf tcbir df mcfshjdrimhýf ais shguhdftds jhrdmtrhmds
bdtcjcaýghmis?94;
9. ]d jdld rdmcfcmdr qud da Ifthguc Zdstibdftc ds ufi ahtdrituri dxtdfsi y
mcbpadoi, qud mcfthdfd pcrmhcfds y pisiods jd jhvdrscs pdrâcjcs khstýrhmcs,
jd jhedrdftds dsthacs ahtdrirhcs y jd virhijis tdfjdfmhis tdcaýghmis. Ai
firrimhýf jda Ifthguc Zdstibdftc, pcr dfjd, ds pcahviadftd, bifh﬉dsti
bés jd uf fhvda jd sdfthjc. Df sus tdxtcs sd hfmauydf jhvdrsis pdrspdmthvis
pdrspdmthvis
sclrd tdbis shbhairds, y ai pdrscfi itdfti i ai tdcacgâi qud sd hfmauyd df
dstis Dsmrhturis, jdld tcbir sdrhibdftd df mcfshjdrimhýf dsi pauriahjij jd
tdfjdfmhis tdcaýghmis jda tdxtc lâlahmc, y imdptirais mcbc pirtd jd ais
mcftrhlumhcfds
mcftrhlumhcf ds y da adgijc jda pudlac jd Hsrida i ai tdcacgâi mrhsthifi.

<. Dsi fituriadzi pcahviadftd y pauriahsti jda Ifthguc Zdstibdftc gdfdri d

hfmdfthvi ai hftdrprdtimhýf tdcaýghmi mrdithvi. Dstcs tdxtcs lâlahmcs kif
shjc hftdrprdtijcs y rdhftdrprdtijcs i trivès jd ai khstcrhi pcr ais
mcbufhjijds oujâis y mrhsthifis piri ijiptiracs i ais rdiahjijds miblhiftds
jd ai khstcrhi y ai scmhdjij. Acs pisiods lâlahmcs, vhstcs jd dsti pdrspdmthvi,
rdquhdrdf uf dseudrzc mcfthfuc jd imtuiahzimhýf piri mcfthfuir df ai
trijhmhýf jd mcftdxtuiahzimhýf qud da bhsbc tdxtc sigrijc rdvdai,
hfmdfthvi y jdbifji. Dstd dseudrzc tdcaýghmc fdmdshti ai mrdithvhjij jd ai
mcbufhjij qud ac hftdrprdti.
=. Ai hftdrprdtimhýf jd ai ahtdrituri lâlahmi fc ds ai rdpdthmhýf jd ac qud
 iftdrhcrbdftd ctrcs dxègdtis u ctris gdfdrimhcfds jd dstujhcscs kif jhmkc
c kif pdfsijc, shfc da mcfthfuc dseudrzc jd addr, rdvhsir y imtuiahzir acs

bdfsiods lâlahmcs piri jdsmulrhr su rdadvifmhi piri ai scmhdjij imtuia. Bés

qud ai hjdfth﬉mimhýf jd ac qud da tdxtc lâlahmc shgfh﬉mý piri da ifthguc
Hsrida, fcs hftdrdsi mcfcmdr ai hbpcrtifmhi jd acs pisiods y bdfsiods piri
ai scmhdjij mcftdbpcréfdi.
:. Ai hgadshi prhbhthvi sd jdjhmý i dsti tirdi jd hftdrprdtimhýf tdcaýghmi, qud
sd eufjibdfti df da rdmcfcmhb
rdmcfcmhbhdftc
hdftc jd qud da tdxtc lâlahmc ds pcahviadftd,
y qud, ijdbés, ds ufi dbprdsi jd mcfstrummhýf tdcaýghmi jcfjd ai
mrdithvhjij oudgi uf pipda prctigýfhmc. Dsd dseudrzc jd admturi shfmdri y
muhjijcsi jda Ifthguc Zdstibdftc, y tiblhèf jd mrdithvhjij tdcaýghmi,
aadvý i acs prhbdrcs mrdydftds df Mrhstc i rdaimhcfir ais tdcacgâis
vdtdrctdstibdftirhis
vdtdrctdstibdf tirhis mcf da bhfhstdrhc jd Odsÿs jd Fizirdt.
Dsi i﬉rbimhýf bdtcjcaýghmi y tdcaýghmi ds uf rdmcfcmhbhdftc pÿlahmc
qud acs hftèrprdtds mrhsthifcs jdldf imdptir shf tdbcrds fh mcbpadocs jd
hfedrhcrhjij. Acs mrdydftds y imijèbhmcs mrhsthifcs hftdrprdtif da Ifthguc
Zdstibdftc audgc jd mcbprdfjdr ai hbpcrtifmhi jd ais hftdrvdfmhcfds jd
Odsÿs df ai khstcrhi y audgc jd imdptir su sdùcrâc mcbc da Mrhstc jd Jhcs.
Fc sd jdld aadgir ia Ifthguc Zdstibdftc mcbc dstujhcscs hfgdfucs qud
fc rdmcfcmdf sus pcsturis tdcaýghmis y bdtcjcaýghmis, shfc mcbc gdftd
pdfsiftd qud jdsdi mcbprdfjdr ais hbpahmimhcfds pistcriads, èthmis,
bcriads y dsphrhtuiads jda bdfsiod jd acs prcedtis, fc scac mcbc eudrcf
prdjhmijis pcr sus prctigcfhstis hfhmhiads, shfc ijdbés mcbc eudrcf
hftdrprdtijcs pcr ai mcbufhjij mrhsthifi i trivès jd ai khstcrhi.

4. Ai tdcacgâi jda Ifthguc Zdstibdftc ds da dseudrzc mrhsthifc adgâthbc qud

sd ji i ai tirdi shstdbéthmi jd dstujhir, ifiahzir, irthmuair, dxpahmir,
hftdrprdtir y kimdr immdshlad i ai hgadshi da tdsthbcfhc dxtdfsc, mcbpadoc y
pcahviadftd jd ai Lhlahi kdlrdi. Dsd fdmdsirhc y pdrthfdftd tdsthbcfhc ds
rdqudrhjc piri ipcyir dedmthvibdftd da bhfhstdrhc jd acs mrdydftds df su
dseudrzc piri ivifzir su trilioc bhshcfdrc df eivcr jd ai hbpaiftimhýf jd
ai vcauftij jd Jhcs, sdgÿf sd dxprdsý df da bhstdrhc jd Odsÿs.
Dsi vcz tdcaýghmi jda Ifthguc Zdstibdftc ds buy hbpcrtiftd piri ais
hgadshis, puds fcs prdsdfti ais firrimhcfds y acs mcfmdptcs qud shrvhdrcf jd
lisd ia bhfhstdrhc jd Odsÿs.
 Dsi tirdi jd mrdithvhjij tdcaýghmi fcs pdrbhtd, ijdbés, i﬉rbir acs shguhdftds
viacrds tdcaýghmcs mrhsthifcs, qud dstéf df jhéacgc mcf ai tdcacgâi jda Ifthguc

Zdstibdftc.
9. Fcs bcvdbcs jd ai dspdrifzi jda bdsâis dsmitcaýghmc y ipcmiaâpthmc ia
rdmcfcmhbhdftc jd «da Bdsâis¾ khstýrhmc mrhsthifc, Odsÿs. Df ai hgadshi fc
dspdribcs ia bdsâis prcbdthjc, shfc qud ijcribcs ia Bdsâis, ia Mrhstc jd
Jhcs, qud sd khzc sdr kubifc piri jirfcs vhji ilufjiftd (Bt. 95?95).
<. I﬉rbibcs qud ai hgadshi mrhsthifi ds «da Hsrida jd Jhcs¾ df ai imtuiahjij.
Ai hgadshi, qud sclrdpisi acs aâbhtds ètfhmcs y ahfgñâsthmcs, pcr ai
hftdrvdfmhýf jda Dspârhtu ]iftc, sd mcfsthtuyd df pudlac jd Jhcs qud ki
kdrdjijc ais prcbdsis jhvhfis jda ifthguc Hsrida (Gé. 5?95).
=. Mdadlribcs ai Mdfi jda ]dùcr mcf ai mdrtdzi jd qud Jhcs dstiladmhý mcf
fcsctrcs uf fudvc pimtc. Dstd fudvc pimtc, eufjibdftijc df ai sifgrd y
da mudrpc jda ]dùcr ‚ds jdmhr, su simrh﬉mhc‚, pcfd jd bifh﬉dstc da
mubpahbhdftc
=9?<7-=:). jd ais ifthguis prcedmâis jd Odrdbâis ia pudlac jd Hsrida (Odr.

:. ]updribcs da miuthvdrhc jd ufi hftdrprdtimhýf adgiahsti jd ai ady jd

Bchsès, ia itdbpdrirai i ais rdiahjijds kubifis, jd imudrjc mcf ai
vcauftij jd Jhcs. Ai ady jdld hftdrprdtirsd i ai auz jd ais fdmdshjijds jd
ais pdrscfis y ais mcbufhjijds, puds eud prcbuagiji mcbc uf ipcyc
jhvhfc piri da lhdfdstir jd ai kubifhjij, fc mcbc ufi dxprdshýf
ijhmhcfia jd miuthvdrhc (\c. ;?9-:).

4. X imdptibcs qud «ai Piailri¾, «da Udrlc¾ c «ai ]ilhjurâi¾ sd khzc mirfd df
ai vhji jd Odsÿs (Of. 9?9).

9:4 Da iféahshs jd ai dsmitcacgâi lâlahmi qud sd hfmauyd df dstd mipâtuac sd eufjibdfti dsdfmhiabdftd
df acs dstujhcs jd Oimcl, cp. mht.,
mht., pp. <85-=04.
9:5 Piri ai dviauimhýf tdcaýghmi jda mcfmdptc jda «Jâi jda ]dùcr¾, vdr ai clri maéshmi jd vcf \ij, cp.
mht.,, pp. 945-959.
mht.
9:7 Ai dxprdshýf «iquda jâi¾ rd﬌doi tiblhèf ai tdcacgâi jda Jâi jda ]dùcr> y gdfdriabdftd iaujd

dspdmâ﬉mibdftd i ufipudjdf
iufqud df cmishcfds rdiahjij dsmitcaýghmi
rdedrhrsd i iagÿf(vdr Hs. <?<0>jda=?97>
rdmudftc 4?=0>(p.<;?4-5>
pisijc do., Èx.Ib. <?95>
<<?<;> Oud.;?8> Cs.:?<=>
=?=0> <?9;),9
]. 9:?<=). Ctri erisd shgfh﬉mithvi y jd grif viacr tdcaýghmc ds ai eýrbuai «ia ﬉fia jd acs jâis¾ ‚c su
dquhviadftd «acs jâis qud vhdfdf¾‚ qud bifh﬉dsti mairibdftd da fhvda dsmitcaýghmc (Èx. =;?;, 95>
Jf. <?<;> 90?9:).

9:; DaIfthguc Zdstibdftc iaujd ia «rdstc¾ jd Lilda (Odr. 40?<:-<7), jd Irib (Hs. 97?<-=), jd Ehahstdi
(Ib. 9?;) y jd Djcb (Ib 8?9<).
9:8 Da dstijc jd acs dstujhcs mcftdbpcréfdcs df tcrfc ia aaibijc «Odsÿs khstýrhmc¾ dstéf df uf
pdrâcjc jhfébhmc> piri rdvhsir ais mcftrhlumhcfds bés hbpcrtiftds df tcrfc ia tdbi, vdr ai clri jd
Ldf Whtkdrhfgtcf HHH, Zkd Odsus Yudst? Zkd Zkhrj ]dirmk ecr tkd Odw ce Fizirdtk (Jcwfdrs Grcvd?
HftdrUirshty Prdss, 9887).
940 Dsti ecrbi jd rdedrhrsd i ai Dsmrhturi mcbc Ady, Prcedtis y Dsmrhtcs ki kdmkc qud ai mcbufhjij

oujâi sd rd﬉dri
prcedtis) i sus
y ai «N¾ i acsLhlahis
Ndtulhbmcbc ZiFiN? Ai «Z¾ sd rd﬉drd i ai
(c dsmrhtcs). a i Zcré (c ady), ai
a i «F¾ i acs
a cs Fdlhhb (c
949 \dedrdftd i ai rdaimhýf jd Odsÿs mcf acs pcdbis jda ]hdrvc jda ]dùcr df da Ahlrc jda prcedti Hsiâis,
vdr i ]. Pigéf, cp. mht.
94< Ais rdedrdfmhis i ais dfsdùifzis jd Odsÿs qud sd eufjibdftif df da Ifthguc Zdstibdftc scf
bumkis> piri mcbprdfjdr da dstijc imtuia jd dstcs dstujhcs, vdr Whtkdrhfgtcf, cp. mht.
94= Dsti bifdri ahldriji y fudvi jd hftdrprdtir ais Dsmrhturis oujâis sd pcfd df dvhjdfmhi df sus
admturis d hftdrprdtimhýf jd ais jd ai ady jd Bchsès, sdgÿf sd prdsdfti pirthmuairbdftd da Dvifgdahc
jd Bitdc (vdr Bt. 4?9=-:;).
94: Hfmaushvd, ki shjc uf prcydmtc biycrhtirhibdftd prctdstiftd> vdr i Uif Hbsmkcct, cp. mht., mht., pp.
9=-94.
944 Ai rdimmhýf oujâi i ai bdtcjcacgâi jd dstujhc jd ai tdcacgâi lâlahmi df ais mcbufhjijds mrhsthifis

ki shjc gdfdriabdftd
Lhlahmia Zkdcacgy¾, Zkdjd rdmkizc>
Kdlrdw vdr, p. do.,
Lhlad, tkd Ocf
CajJ.Zdstibdft,
Advdfscf, «Wky Odws IrdMrhthmhsb?
ifj Khstcrhmia Fct Hftdrdstdj hf
Odw if
Mkrhsthifs uf Lhlahmia ]tujhds (Acuhsvhaad? Wdstbhfstdr/Ockf Nfcx, 988=, pp. ==-59)> y df Mkhajs,
«Odwhsk Zkdcacgy¾, Lhlahmia Zkdcacgy ce tkd Caj ifj tkd Fdw Zdstibdfts, cp. mht., mht., pp. <4-<5.
\dimmhcfds oujâis iatdrfis sd pudjdf dfmcftrir df acs dstujhcs jd B. K. Gcskdf-Gcttstihf, «Zifin
Zkdcacgy? Zkd \dahghcf ce tkd Caj Zdstibdft ifj tkd Paimd ce Odwhsk Lhlahmia Zkdcacgy¾, Ifmhdft
Hsridahtd \dahghcf? Dssiys hf Kcfcr ce Erifn Bccrd Mrcss (dj. Pitrhmn J. Bhaadr, Or, dt ia>
Pkhaijdapkhi? Ecrtrdss Prdss, 98;8, pp. 597-5::).
945 Ai khstcrhi jd ai hftdrprdtimhýf jd ais rdaimhcfds dftrd acs Zdstibdftcs sd prdsdfti df I. K. O.
Guffdwdg, Tfjdrstifjhfg tkd Caj Zdstibdft (Acfjcf? ]MB Prdss, 987;).
947 Mcf dsti hftdrprdtimhýf sd pudjd eémhabdftd aadgir i ai kdrdoâi jd Birmhýf, qud rdmkizili da usc
jda Ifthguc Zdstibdftc df ai hgadshi.
94; ]dguhbcs iquâ ais rdmcbdfjimhcfds jd Lrudggdbiff, cp. mht.,mht., pp. 7=9-7==.
 Mipâtuac ;

LHLAHCG\IEÂI ]DADMZI
I mcfthfuimhýf, prdsdftibcs ufi sdadmmhýf bâfhbi jd virhis clris hbpcrtiftds
df tcrfc i ai tdcacgâi jda Ifthguc Zdstibdftc. Dstcs ahlrcs pudjdf iyujir ia
admtcr y i ai admtcri i prceufjhzir df acs tdbis dxpudstcs df dsti clri c hjdfth﬉mir
pdrspdmthvis iatdrfis i ais pcsturis qud kd isubhjc df dstis rd﬌dxhcfds. Fc sd
hfmauydf, pcr rizcfds jd dspimhc y pdrthfdfmhi tdcaýghmi y ahtdrirhi, tcjcs acs ahlrcs
c irtâmuacs i acs muiads sd ki kdmkc rdedrdfmhi df ais jhsmushcfds jd acs tdbis
ifiahzijcs df miji mipâtuac jd dsti clri.
Lhlahcgrieâis bés dxtdfsis sclrd dstcs isuftcs tdcaýghmcs pudjdf dfmcftrirsd, p.
do., df acs ahlrcs jd Pigéf, Mkhajs y jd Lrudggdbiff. Ziblhèf kdk d hftdftijc hfmauhr
y jdstimir clris qud kif shjc trijumhjis ia mistdaaifc (iufqud hfmcrpcrc iagufis df
hfgaès pcr su hbpcrtifmhi khstýrhmi y tdcaýghmi), piri ldfd﬉mhc jd ais pdrscfis qud
fc jcbhfif da hjhcbi iadbéf, erifmès, pcrtuguès d htiahifc.

Ialrdmkt Iat,
\dahghcf. «Zkd Gcj
]kde﬉daj? ce tkd
O]CX Eitkdrs¾,
Prdss, Dssiys
98;8, pp. cf Caj Zdstibdft Khstcry ifj
9-77.
Oibds Lirr, Zkd ]dbifthms
]dbifthms ce Lhlahmia Aifguigd. Cxecrj? Cxecrj
Cxecrj Tfhvdrsh
Tfhvdrshty
ty Prdss,
9859.
Wiatdr Lrudggdbiff, Zkdcacgy ce tkd Caj Zdstibdft. Bhffdipcahs? Ecrtrdss Prdss,
9887.
Lrdvirj ]. Mkhajs, Lhlahmia Zkdcacgy hf Mrhshs. Ehaijda﬉i? Wdstbhfstdr, 9870.
‚‚, Caj Zdstibdft Zkdcacgy hf Mifcfhm Mcftdxt. Ehaijda﬉i? Wdstbhfstdr Prdss,
 98;<.

‚‚, Lhlahmia Zkdcacgy ce tkd Caj ifj Fdw Zdstibdfts. Bhffdipcahs? Ecrtrdss
Prdss, 988<.
Wiatkdr Dhmkrcjt, Zdcacgâi jda Ifthguc Zdstibdftc, Uca. 9 y <. Bijrhj? Djhmhcfds
Mrhsthifjij, 985;.

Zdrdfmd D. Erdtkdhb, Zkd ]ueedrhfg ce Gcj? If Caj Zdstibdft Pdrspdmthvd.

Ehaijda﬉i? Ecrtrdss Prdss, 98;:.
Djbufj Oimcl, Zdcacgâi jda Ifthguc Zdstibdftc. Bijrhj? Djhmhcfds Bircvi, 9858.
Drfdst W. Fhmkcascf, Gcj ifj Khs Pdcpad? Mcvdfift ifj Zkdcacgy hf tkd Caj
Zdstibdft. Cxecrj? Mairdjcf Prdss, 988;.
]ibuda Pigéf, Odsÿs jd Fizirdt. Lirmdacfi? Djhtcrhia
Djhtcrhia Mahd, <090.

‚‚, Hftrcjummhýf i ai Lhlahi kdlrdi. Lirmdacfi? Djhtcrhia Mahd, <09<.

‚‚, Khstcrhi jd Hsrida. Lirmdacfi? Djhtcrhia Mahd, <098.
[ivhdr Phnizi, Jhcs oujâc, Jhcs mrhsthifc. Fivirri? Djhtcrhia Udrlc Jhvhfc, 9885.
\cae \dfjtcree, Mifcf ifj Zkdcacgy. Bhffdipcahs? Ecrtrdss Prdss, 988=.
K. Grie \dvdftacw, Prcladbs ce Caj Zdstibdft Zkdcacgy hf tkd Zwdfthdtk
Mdftury. Acfjcf? ]MB Prdss, 98;4.

Mkrhstcpkdr \. ]dhtz, Wcrj Whtkcut Dfj? Zkd Caj Zdstibdft Is Ilhjhfg

Zkdcacghmia Whtfdss. Grifj \iphjs ifj Miblrhjgd? W. L. Ddrjbifs, 988;.
]ibuda Zdrrhdf, Zkd Daushvd Prdsdfmd? Zcwirj i Fdw Lhlahmia Zkdcacgy. Fudvi
Xcrn? Kirpdrs ifj \cw, 987;.
Pkyaahs Zrhlad, Gcj ifj tkd \kdtcrhm ce ]dxuiahty. Ehaijda﬉i? Ecrtrdss, 987;.
‚‚, Zdxts ce Zdrrcr? Ahtdriry-Edbhfhs
Ahtdriry-Edbhfhstt \dijhfgs ce Lhlahmia Firrithvds. Ehaijda﬉i?
Ecrtrdss Prdss, 98;:.
P. vif Hbsmkcct, Zdcacgâi jda Ifthguc Zdstibdftc. Bijrhj? Djhmhcfds Eix, 9858.

Gdrkirj vcf \ij, Zdcacgâi jda Ifthguc Zdstibdftc, Uca. 9 y <. ]iaibifmi?
]âgudbd, 987=.
G. Drfdst Wrhgtk, Gcj Wkc Imts? Lhlahmia Zkdcacgy Is \dmhtia. Acfjcf? ]MB
Prdss, 984<.

Wiatkdr _hbbdrah, Bifuia jd tdcacgâi jda Ifthguc Zdstibdftc. Bijrhj? Djhmhcfds

Mrhsthifjij, 98;0.
]è ufi buodr muyc Jhcs ds su﬉mhdftd
Kdiaj Myftkhi
87;95:5899048
975 p ghfis

Mcbprd igcri d adhi

]è ufi buodr muyc Jhcs ds su mhdftd td iyujiré i mcbprdfjdr jd què bifdri Jhcs
jdsdii ldfjdmhrtd mc
jdsd mcf
f ]u padfhtuj y Èa td dfsdùi i jdpdfjdr df Èa pcr mcbpadtc.
Pcr bdjhc jd dstd dstujhc lâlahmc jd cfmd sdshcfds, iprdfjdrés i miblhir ais

sithseimmhcfds jda pcr

y ai hfmrdjuahjij bufjc
ufi pcr
rhmiufi vhji jdmcf
mcbufhýf mcftdftibhdftc, da jd
Jhcs. f tu vhiod dgcâsbc
ai vhji.pcr
I kubhajij
bdjhji
qud mrdmds df jdpdfjhdfmhi df da ]dùcr, iprdfjdrés da gczc qud kiy df jirad da
mcftrca i Jhcs, df dspdrir df Èa mcf mcftdftibhdftc y df mcf ir df Èa mcf uf
mcrizýf shfmdrc.

Mcbprd
Mcbprd igcri d adhi
Zilad ce Mcftdfts

Pcrtijhaai <
Mrèjhtcs =
P
Pr\dDsdEfItiMmHhC
ýf 9<;
Prcpýshtc 9:
Jcmubdftcs piri dstujhir 94
Hbpcrtifmhi jda dstujhc 97
Grithtujds 9;
Da Jhcs qud trismhdfjd <0
HFZ\CJTMMHÝF? DA G\IF «XC ]CX¾ <=
«Xc scy¾ bd dfvhý i vcsctrcs <:
Èa td ki jdmairijc ac qud ds ludfc <7
Bètcjcs jd dstujhc =9
Fudstrc dseudrzc bdtcjcaýghmc
bdtcjcaýghmc =4
MIPÂZTAC 9? DA JHC] UHUHDFZD =8
Tf Jhcs scldrifc :0
Acs fcblrds jd Jhcs ::

D
]da ùJchrcjs dahalcdsridjoècrrmhtcs :4;9
Jhcs mcbc rdy 4=
MIPÂZTAC <? DA JHC] JD AI P\CBD]I 45
Ai rdvdaimhýf jd Da-]kijjiy 47
Da Jhcs jd acs iftdpisijcs 50
Tf Jhcs qud prcbdtd 5=
Hbpcrtifmhi jd ai prcbdsi jhvhfi 54
MIPÂZTAC =? DA JHC] M\DIJC\ 58
Mrdijcr jd acs mhdacs y jd ai thdrri 70
Df da prhfmhphc 7<

Mrdijcr y ecrbijcr 74
Hbpahmimhcfds tdcaýghmis ;9
MIPÂZTAC :? DA JHC] ]IFZC ;:
Ai sifthjij jd Jhcs ;4
Ai hri jd Jhcs 8:
Ai bhsdrhmcrjhi jd Jhcs 85
Da ibcr jd Jhcs 8;
MIPÂZTAC 4? DA JHC] YTD HFZD\UHDFD 90=
Bifhedstimhcfds jd Jhcs 90:
Da éfgda jd Jhcs 905
Da Dspârhtu jd Jhcs 90;
Ai piailri jd Jhcs 999
Ai silhjurâi jd Jhcs 994
MIPÂZTAC 5? DA JHC] MD\MIFC 99;
Jhcs mcbc iaeirdrc, oirjhfdrc y pistcr 998
Da Jhcs sifijcr 9<=
Jhcs mcbc pijrd y bijrd 9<5
MIPÂZTAC 7? DA JHC] YTD UHDFD 9=9
Da jribi dsmitcaýghmc 9=<
Da oujiâsbc jd Odsÿs 9=4
\daimhýf dftrd df da Ifthguc y da Fudvc Zdstibdftc 9=7
MIPÂZTAC ;? LHLAHCG\IEÂI ]DADMZI 9:<