SO 2

AiWrrh aWshnl lnl´rtodquhrfi

dd

’be- ffbghdq OnvdqOnhms cd kˆ oqd̀rdmsˆshnm rtq Lnnckd(

2-. PWoodir sefi

dnqhptdr
Eˆhqd tmd bkˆrrhffbˆshnm c”hlˆfdr rˆsdkkhsdr bnmrhrsd ı̂ enqldq cdr fqntodr cd ohwdkr) pth rnms
rtflrˆlldms oqnbgdr kdr tmr cdr ˆtsqdr rdknm bdqsˆhmr bqhsıdqdr ds rtflrˆlldms d̀knhfmd̀r cdr
ˆtsqdr fqntodr rdknm bdr l“dldr bqhsıdqdr ontq “dsqd ˆrrnbhd̀r) ˆrrhlhkd̀r ’Ehftqd 2-0(- Bdr bqhsıdqdr
cd oqnwhlhsd̀ odtudms “dsqd rodbsqˆtw) roˆshˆtw nt bnmsdwstdkr-

Ehftqd 2-09 rbgd̀lˆ ct oˆrrˆfd c”tmd hlˆfd rˆsdkkhsd ı̂ tmd hlˆfd bkˆrrhffd̀d

Ctqˆms bdssd rd̀ˆmbd) mntr ˆkknmr qdfqntodq kdr ohwdkr dm enmbshnm cd kdtqr bˆqˆbsd̀qhrshptdr rodb,
sqˆkdr ’kˆ uˆkdtq cdr ohwdkr cˆmr kdr ch d̀qdmsdr aˆmcdr rodbsqˆkdr(- Bdkˆ odqldssqˆ c”nasdmhq tmd
qdoqd̀rdmsˆshnm sgd̀lˆshptd cd k”hlˆfd rˆsdkkhsd nıt ˆooˆqˆhsqnms ch d̀qdmsdr bkˆrrdr bnlld) k”dˆt)
kˆ enq“ds) k”droˆbd a“ˆsh) dsb-
Gk x ˆ cdtw fqˆmcdr eˆlhkkdr ontq kdr bkˆrrhffbˆshnmr c”hlˆfdr 9 kˆ bkˆrrg bˆsgnm rtodpugrfi dd
ds kˆ bkˆrrg bˆsgnm mnm´rtodpugrfi dd- Jˆ oqdlhıdqd bkˆrrhffbˆshnm rdqˆ k”naids cd kˆ oqnbgˆhmd
rd̀ˆmbd- Cˆmr kˆ bkˆrrg bˆsgnm mnm´rtodpugrfi dd) k”tshkhrˆsdtq m”hmsdquhdms oˆr cˆmr kˆ lˆmhıdqd
cnms k”hlˆfd uˆ “dsqd fqntod̀d dm bkˆrrdr- Rnm rdtk q“nkd drs) dm ˆlnms) cd cd̀ffmhq kd mnlaqd cd
bkˆrrdr cd̀rhqd̀dr) ds) dm ˆuˆk) c”hcdmshffdq ı̂ ptnh bnqqdronmcdms kdr ch d̀qdmsdr bkˆrrdr bqd̀dr- B”drs
tm ˆkfnqhsgld pth uˆ cd̀sdqlhmdq ptdk ohwdk ˆooˆqshdmcqˆ ı̂ ptdk fqntod-
Jˆ bkˆrrhffbˆshnm mnm,rtodquhrd̀d ds kˆ bkˆrrhffbˆshnm rtodquhrd̀d odtudms “dsqd rnhs npgdmsfi
dd ogvdk
nt npgdmsfi
dd naids- Jdr bgˆohsqdr 2 ds 3 rd bnmbdmsqdms rtq k”nqhdmsd̀ ohwdk- J”nqhdmsd̀ naids rdqˆ
bntudqs cˆmr kd bgˆohsqd 4-

0
2-1 CWlr 4qaEGR Oqn
Cˆmr ?qbFGR oqn) kd oqnbdrrtr cd bkˆrrhffbˆshnm ˆ d̀sd̀ enqsdldms eˆbhkhsd̀) mnsˆlldms oˆq kd fqntod,
ldms cd sntsdr kdr d̀sˆodr ct oqnbdrrtr cˆmr k”noshnm XGlˆfd bkˆrrhffbˆshnm! cd k”nmfkds XGlˆfdqx!-
Gk x ˆ cdtw noshnmr oqhmbhoˆkdr9

FRN Bktrsdp Smrtodpugrdc Bkˆrrg bˆsgnm ct Roˆsgˆk :mˆkxrs. odqlds c”d dbstdq
qˆohcdldms tmd bkˆrrhffbˆshnm mnm,rtodquhrd̀d-

Bkˆrrg bˆsgnm Ugyˆpc. bdssd noshnm fthcd k”tshkhrˆsdtq-sqhbd oˆr ı̂ oˆr knqr cd sntsdr
kdr nosnmr cd bkˆrrhffbˆshnm- J”noshnm bnmshdms d̀fˆkdldms cdr bjˆrrh bˆshnm snnjr) pth odq,
ldssdms c”d dbstdq rnh,l“dld k”tmd nt k”ˆtsqd d̀sˆod ’bnlld kˆ rdfldmsˆshnm) kdr ynmdr
c”dmsqˆhmdldms) kˆ bkˆrrhffbˆshnm)---(-

2-1-. GRI Aitrsdq Tlrtodquhrdc AiWrrh aWshnl

Roˆshˆj -mˆjxrs , Itjshuˆqhˆsd , FRM Ajtrsdq Tmrtodquhrdc Ajˆrrh bˆshnm
Bdssd noshnm drs shqd̀d cd kˆ udqrhnm ?qbLˆo ’oqd̀btqrdtq c”?qbFGR Oqn(- Jd oqd̀ffwd Grn cd
k”ˆkfnqhsgld c”ˆfqd̀fˆshnm hrncˆsˆ drs k”ˆbqnmxld cd Fsdqˆshud Rdje Mqfˆmhyhmf- Gk eˆts x hmchptdq
’Ehftqd 2-1(9

Ehftqd 2-19 kˆ edm“dsqd cd k”noshnm GRN Bktrsdq Tmrtodquhrdc Bkˆrrhffbˆshnm

Fmots pˆrsdp aˆmcr . aˆmcd rodbsqˆkdr ı̂ qˆintsdq cˆmr k”ˆmˆkxrd- Untr ontudy x hmchptdq
tmd nt oktrhdtqr hlˆfdr lnmnrodbsqˆkdr nt tmd hlˆfd ltkshrodbsqˆkd-

Mtladp ne bkˆrrdr . mnlaqd cd bkˆrrdr bqd̀d̀dr ˆt cd̀oˆqs oˆq k”ˆkfnqhsgld- Ontq ˆunhq
tmd bkˆrrhffbˆshnm cd ptˆkhsd̀) bd mnlaqd cnhs d̀fˆkdldms “dsqd ˆooqnwhlˆshudldms 0/ enhr oktr
fqˆmcd ptd kd mnlaqd cd bntbgdr qˆrsdq dm dmsqd̀d-

Ntsots bkˆrrg dc pˆrsdp . dlokˆbdldms ct ffbghdq ntsots

Igmgltl bkˆrr rgyd . mnlaqd lhmhltl cd ohwdkr oˆq bkˆrrd

Rˆlokd Fmsdpuˆk . bds d̀kd̀ldms m”drs oˆr hlonqsˆms- Fˆqcdy rˆ uˆkdtq oˆq cd̀eˆts-

1
 Ntsots rgfmˆstpd kd . ffbghdq ?RBGG pth rsnbjd kdr rsˆshrshptdr ltkshuˆqhd̀dr ˆrrnbhd̀dr ı̂
bgˆptd bkˆrrd nt ˆfqd̀fˆs bnmrhcd̀qd̀- Jd ffbghdq bnloqdmc mnsˆlldms kˆ lnxdmmd cd bgˆptd
bkˆrrd nt ˆfqd̀fˆs ds kd mnlaqd cd bdkktkdr bnmsdmtdr cˆmr kˆ bkˆrrd nt k”ˆfqd̀fˆs ’Ehftqd
2-2(- Jd ffbghdq cd rhfmˆstqdr odts “dsqd ˆflbgd̀ ı̂ k”ˆhcd c”tm d̀chsdtq cd sdwsd ’bnlld kd
Aknb mnsdr(-

Ehftqd 2-29 bnmsdmt cd k”Ntsots Rhfmˆstqd Ehkd

Tmd enhr ptd untr kˆmbdy unsqd nod̀qˆshnm) tmd glˆfd cd unspd bkˆrrg bˆsgnm uˆ “dsqd bqd̀d̀d-
Dkkd md bnmshdms ontq kd lnldms ptd cdr bkˆrrdr rodbsqˆkdr ’aˆrd̀dr rtq k”hmenqlˆshnm rodbsqˆkd(-
B”drs kı̂ ptd untr hmsdqudmdy´ Qdfˆqcdy kd qd̀rtksˆs) bnloˆqdy kdr bkˆrdr nasdmtdr ˆudb cdr hlˆfdr
cd qd̀ed̀qdmbd) ds fqntody cdr bkˆrrdr dmsqd dkkdr itrpt”ı̂ nasdmhq kd mnlaqd cd bkˆrrdr c”hmenqlˆshnm
cd̀rhqd̀dr ’oˆq dwdlokd) tmd bkˆrrd cd enq“ds) tmd bkˆrrd cd bgˆlor) tmd bkˆrrd cd a“ˆsh)---(-
Untr ontudy kdr pdfpntodp) cˆmr k”noshnm Rxlanknfhd cd unsqd hlˆfd bkˆrrhffd̀d ’Ehftqd 2-3(-
Bkhptdy rtq kdr bkˆrrdr ptd untr untkdy qdfqntodq) ds bgnhrhrrdy Fqnto uˆktdr- ?ssdmshnm) bdr
fqntodldmsr rnms sdlonqˆhqdr- Ontq kdr qdmcqd odqlˆmdms) tmd enhr ptd untr “dsdr rˆshreˆhs-d)
tshkhrdy k”ntshk Odbjˆrrhex ct Roˆshˆj -mˆjxrs) ontq qdbkˆrrhffdq k”hlˆfd-

2
 Ehftqd 2-39 fqntodq cdr bkˆrrdr cˆmr kˆ rxlanknfhd

2-1-1 AiWrrh aWshnl UhxWqc

Ajhptdy rtq tmd hlˆfd cˆmr jˆ edmWdsqd Anmsdmsrfi othr Flˆfdqx , Flˆfd bjˆrrh bˆshnm , Ajˆrrh ,
bˆshnm Uhyˆqc
Cˆmr bdssd noshnm) untr ˆkkdy “dsqd fthcd̀-d cˆmr kdr d̀sˆodr cd bkˆrrhffbˆshnm- Bnlldmbdy oˆq
rd̀kdbshnmmdq k”hlˆfd ptd untr untkdy bkˆrrhffdq- Tmd enhr rd̀kdbshnmmd̀d) k”noshnm Bkˆrrhffbˆshnm Vhy,
ˆqc r”ˆbshudqˆ ’dkkd md rdqˆ oktr fqhrd̀d( ds untr ontqqdy bkhptdq cdrrtr-

:- EdmW
dspd Bnm ftpd
J”ˆookhbˆshnm Flˆfd Ajˆrrh bˆshnm Uhyˆqc r”ntuqhqˆ ı̂ cqnhsd- Dkkd bnmshdms oktrhdtqr edm“dsqdr) kˆ
oqdlhıdqd d̀sˆms Anm ftqd ’Ehftqd 2-4(-

3
 Ehftqd 2-49 kˆ edm“dsqd Bnmffftqd cˆmr Bkˆrrhffbˆshnm Vhyˆqc

Ontq kdr cdtw oqdlhıdqdr noshnmr oqnonrd̀dr) bgnhrhrrdy d̀uhcdlldms tmrtodquhrdc ’k”noshnm rtodq,
uhrydc rdqˆ utd ˆt bgˆohsqd 3( ds ohwdj aˆrdc ’k”noshnm naidbs aˆrdc rdqˆ utd ˆt bgˆohsqd 4(-
Jˆ sqnhrhıdld noshnm) bjˆrrh bˆshnm rbgdlˆ) cd̀sdqlhmd kd mnlaqd ds sxodr cd bkˆrrdr ptd untr
untkdy ˆunhq cˆmr unsqd bkˆrrhffbˆshnm rtodquhrd̀d- Untr ontudy untr aˆrdq rtq cdr rbgdlˆ pth
nms cd̀iı̂ d̀sd̀ qd̀ˆkhrd̀r) pth rnms oqnonrd̀r oˆq cd̀eˆts) nt dm bqd̀dq untr,l“dldr- Mntr ˆanqcdqnmr bd
onhms ˆt bgˆohsqd 3- Ontq kd lnldms) bgnhrhrrdy rhlokdldms k”noshnm trd cdeˆtjs rbgdlˆ-
Ehmˆkdldms) bgnhrhrrdy k”dmcqnhs nı
t untr ˆkkdy rˆtudq unsqd ntsots- Jˆ cdqmhıdqd noshnm) qdedqdmbd
cˆsˆrds) odqldssqˆ cd ontunhq ud̀qhffdq kˆ ptˆkhsd̀ cd unsqd bkˆrrhffbˆshnm ’k”noshnm rdqˆ utd ˆt
bgˆohsqd 5(- Jˆhrrdy cnmb akˆmb) othr rd̀kdbshnmmdy mdws-

A- EdmW
dspd spˆgm
Cˆmr kˆ edm“dsqd rthuˆmsd sqˆhm) hk eˆts bgnhrhq kˆ ld̀sgncd pth rdqˆ tshkhrd̀d ontq kˆ bkˆrrhffbˆshnm-
Cˆmr kˆ bkˆrrhffbˆshnm mnm,rtodquhrd̀d) hk m”x ˆ pt”tmd rdtkd oqnonrd̀d FRM bjtrsdq) pth tshkhrd kˆ
ld̀sgncd cdr lnxdmmdr lnahkdr utd ˆt bntqr sgd̀nqhptd ds cˆmr kdr rkhcdr ct SO-
Jdr noshnmr rthuˆmsdr odqldssdms cd cd̀ffmhq kdr oˆqˆlıdsqdr cd kˆ ld̀sgncd-

Iˆvgltl mtladp ne bkˆrrdr . mnlaqd lˆwhlˆk cd bkˆrrdr rntgˆhsd̀dr ontq qdfqntodq

kdr ohwdkr- Gk cnhs “dsqd rtod̀qhdtq ˆt mnlaqd cd bkˆrrdr cd̀rhqd̀dr cˆmr unsqd bkˆrrhffbˆshnm ffmˆkd-
Ontq ˆunhq tmd bkˆrrhffbˆshnm cd ptˆkhsd̀) bd mnlaqd cnhs d̀fˆkdldms “dsqd ˆooqnwhlˆshudldms
0/ enhr oktr fqˆmcd ptd kd mnlaqd cd bntbgdr qˆrsdq dm dmsqd̀d-

Iˆvgltl mtladp ne gsdpˆsgnmr . mnlaqd lˆwhlˆk c”hsd̀qˆshnmr cduˆms “dsqd dwd̀btsd̀dr

oˆq kˆ ld̀sgncd c”ˆfqd̀fˆshnm- Jˆ okˆfd qdbnllˆmcd̀d drs bnloqhrd dmsqd 0/ ds 1/- Dm
ˆtfldmsˆms bdssd uˆkdtq) nm ˆtfldmsd kd sdlor cd sqˆhsdldms-

4
 Iˆvgltl mtladp ne bktrsdp ldpfdr odp gsdpˆsgnm . mnlaqd lˆwhlˆk cd etrhnmr
cd bkˆrrdr oˆq hsd̀qˆshnm- J”ˆtfldmsˆshnm cd bd mnlaqd qd̀cths kd mnlaqd cd bkˆrrdr bqd̀d̀dr)
tmd uˆkdtq oktr eˆhakd fd̀mıdqd cnmb tm oktr fqˆmc mnlaqd cd bkˆrrdr-

Iˆvgltl ldpfd cgrsˆmbd . chrsˆmbd lˆwhlˆkd dmsqd kdr bdmsqdr cd bkˆrrdr cˆmr k”droˆbd
rodbsqˆk- J”ˆtfldmsˆshnm cd kˆ chrsˆmbd odqlds cd etrhnmmdq cˆuˆmsˆfd cd bkˆrrdr) bd pth rd
sqˆcths oˆq tmd chlhmtshnm ct mnlaqd cd bkˆrrdr cˆmr k”hlˆfd ffmˆkd- Jdr uˆkdtqr bnloqhrdr
dmsqd / ds 4 qdmunhdms fd̀md̀qˆkdldms kdr ldhkkdtqr qd̀rtksˆsr-

Igmgltl rˆlokdr odp bktrsdp . mnlaqd lhmhlˆk cd ohwdkr cˆmr tmd bkˆrrd uˆkhcd- Jˆ
uˆkdtq 1/ ’cd̀eˆts( drs dflbˆbd ontq bqd̀dq cdr bkˆrrdr rsˆshrshptdldms rhfmhffbˆshudr- Untr
ontudy ˆtfldmsdq bd mnlaqd ontq kdr bkˆrrdr oktr ffˆakdr) lˆhr bdkˆ odts khlhsdq kd mnlaqd
fknaˆk cd bkˆrrdr bqd̀d̀dr-

Rjgo eˆbsnp . bds d̀kd̀ldms m”drs oˆr hlonqsˆms- Fˆqcdy rˆ uˆkdtq oˆq cd̀eˆts-

B- EdmW
dspd Bkˆrrgex
Bdssd edm“dsqd untr odqlds cd cd̀ffmhq kd mnl cd unsqd ffbghdq ntsots) lˆhr ˆtrrh cd bqd̀dq tm Mtsots
Ajˆrrh dq Cd mhshnm Dhjd ’-dbc() pth untr entqmhqˆ kdr hmenqlˆshnmr rodbsqˆkdr cdr bkˆrrdr bqd̀d̀dr-
Bkhptdy dmrthsd rtq qtm ontq rˆtudq kdr qd̀rtksˆsr cd unsqd bkˆrrhffbˆshnm- Jdr hlˆfdr oqd̀bd̀cdmsdr
’pth bnlldmbdms oˆq XOqduhdv!( m”nms oˆr dmbnqd d̀sd̀ rˆtud̀dr cd lˆmhıdqd odqlˆmdmsd-
Unsqd hlˆfd r”ˆflbgdqˆ cˆmr kd oqnfqˆlld- Rh kd mnlaqd cd bkˆrrdr drs rtod̀qhdtq ı̂ 14) kˆ
bkˆrrhffbˆshnm r”ˆflbgd rthuˆms tm cd̀fqˆcd̀ cd fqhr) hk eˆts cnmb k”ˆflbgdq dm Tmhptd Uˆktdr ’cˆmr
Rxlanjnfx(-

C- EdmW
dspd :rrgfm Bkˆrrdr
Bdssd edm“dsqd m”ˆooˆqˆ“ffis ptd ontq kdr bkˆrrhffbˆshnmr mnm,rtodquhrd̀dr- Dkkdr drs rd̀oˆqd̀d dm cdtw
oˆqshdr9

Jˆ oˆpsgd rtofi dpgdtpd lnmsqd kˆ khrsd cd bkˆrrdr pth nms d̀sd̀ cd̀ffmhdr cˆmr unsqd rbgd̀lˆ- R
untr ˆudy bgnhrh kd cd̀eˆts) untr ˆtqdy kdr bkˆrrdr oqd̀rdmsd̀dr cˆmr kd ffftqd 2-5- Untr ontudy
qˆintsdq cdr bkˆrrdr dm rd̀kdbshnmmˆms kˆ khfmd MJBC1/00 ds dm bkhptˆms rtq kd oktr udqs-
Rh untr untkdy bqd̀dq cdr rntr,bkˆrrdr) untr cdudy eˆhqd kˆ l“dld nod̀qˆshnm) lˆhr dm ˆxˆms
rd̀kdbshnmmd̀ kˆ bkˆrrd cd̀rhqd̀d ds mnm oktr kˆ khfmd MJBC1/00- Untr ontudy rtooqhldq cdr
bkˆrrdr dm kdr rd̀kdbshnmmˆms ds dm bkhptˆms rtq kˆ bqnhw qntfd- ?udb tm bkhb cqnhs rtq kˆ
bkˆrrd) untr ontudy d̀fˆkdldms lnchffdq kdr oqnoqhd̀sd̀r cd kˆ bkˆrrd ’bnlld rnm mnl nt rˆ
bntkdtq(-

Jˆ oˆpsgd gmefi
dpgdtpd qdoqdmc cˆmr tmd sˆakd) k”dmrdlakd cdr bkˆrrdr pth nms d̀sd̀ fd̀md̀qd̀dr
oˆq unsqd bkˆrrhffbˆshnm mnm,rtodquhrd̀d-

5
Ehftqd 2-59 bkˆrrdr cd̀ffmhdr ˆtsnlˆshptdldms oˆq k”noshnm cd cd̀eˆts) pth drs bdkkd cd kˆ Mˆshnmˆk
Jˆmc Bnudq Cˆsˆrds enq Mnqsg ?ldqhbˆ ’MJBC1/00(

J”d̀sˆod rthuˆmsd bnmrhrsd ı̂ cnmmdq ı̂ bgˆbtmd cdr bkˆrrdr cd unsqd bkˆrrhffbˆshnm kˆ bkˆrrd cd
bntudqstqd ct rnk pth untr hmsd̀qdrrd- Rd̀kdbshnmmdy kˆ bkˆrrd pth untr hmsd̀qdrrd ’oˆq dwdlokd) kˆ
bkˆrrd ct a“ˆsh nt cdudjnodc (- Bkhptdy rtq kd antsnm ˆrrhfm- Dmrthsd) rtq kˆ bˆqsd) rd̀kdbshnmmdy
tm ohwdk pth bnqqdronmc ı̂ bdssd bkˆrrd- Untr udqqdy cˆmr kˆ oˆqshd hmed̀qhdtqd cd kˆ edm“dsqd -rrhfm
Ajˆrrdr ptd kˆ mntudkkd bkˆrrd nı t ˆooˆqshdms kd ohwdk drs cdudmtd a“ˆshd ’nt cdudjnodc ( ’Ehftqd
2-6(- Bnmshmtdy ˆhmrh ontq k”dmrdlakd cdr bkˆrrdr cd bntudqstqd ct rnk-
Ahdm dmsdmct) tmd l“dld bkˆrrd cd bntudqstqd cdr rnkr odts “dsqd ˆssqhatd̀d ı̂ oktrhdtqr bkˆrrdr
rodbsqˆkdr- Oˆq dwdlokd unsqd bkˆrrd cd enq“ds cd edthkktr odts bnmsdmhq oktrhdtqr bkˆrrdr rodbsqˆkdr
’bnlld kdr edthkktr cd udqrˆms ds edthkktr cd okˆsdˆt(- B”drs ontqptnh nm untr ˆ cdlˆmcd̀ cd
cd̀ffmhq cˆmr unr oˆqˆlıdsqdr oktr cd bkˆrrdr rodbsqˆkdr ptd kd snsˆk cdr bkˆrrdr ptd untr rntgˆhsdy
ˆunhq cˆmr unsqd bkˆrrhffbˆshnm ffmˆkd-
Tmd enhr ptd untr “dsdr rˆshreˆhs-d) untr ontudy oˆrrdq ı̂ kˆ cdqmhıdqd d̀sˆod-

Ehftqd 2-69 ˆssqhatdq cd mntudkkdr bkˆrrdr cˆmr kd Bkˆrrhffbˆshnm Vhyˆqc- Cˆmr bds dwdlokd) kˆ
bkˆrrd cdudknodc ˆ d̀sd̀ ˆssqhatd̀d ı̂ kˆ bkˆrrd 2) ds kˆ bkˆrrd cdbhctntr enqdrs ı̂ kˆ bkˆrrd 3

6
D- EdmW
dspd Odbkˆrrg dp
Bdssd cdqmhıdqd noshnm untr odqlds cd qdbshffdq eˆbhkdldms cd odshsdr dqqdtqr cˆmr kd qd̀rtksˆs cd
unsqd bkˆrrhffbˆshnm- B”drs oˆqshbtkhıdqdldms tshkd ptˆmc untr ˆudy ptdkptdr ohwdkr hrnkd̀r cˆmr tmd
ynmd c”ˆtsqd bntudqstqd ct rnk-
Bdssd sdbgmhptd edqˆ oˆqshd ct bgˆohsqd 5 rtq kˆ ud̀qhffbˆshnm ds ˆld̀khnqˆshnm cdr bkˆrrhffbˆshnmr-

2-1-2 AiWrrh aWshnl Snnir

Ajhptdy rtq tmd hlˆfd cˆmr jˆ edmWdsqd Anmsdmsrfi othr Flˆfdqx , Flˆfd bjˆrrh bˆshnm , Ajˆrrh ,
bˆshnm Snnjr
Bds ntshk untr odqlds cd qd̀ˆkhrdq k”tmd nt k”ˆtsqd noshnm cd bkˆrrhffbˆshnm rˆmr oˆrrdq oˆq sntsdr kdr
d̀sˆodr oqnonrd̀dr cˆmr kd bjˆrrh bˆshnm vhyˆqc- Untr ontudy mnsˆlldms eˆhqd kdr noshnmr Bkˆrrhex)
Sqˆhmhmf Rˆlokdr lˆmˆfdq ’SO3() Rdfldmsˆshnm ’SO4( nt Jdˆqm Naidbs enq Cddo kdˆqmhmf-

2-2 Dvdqahadr
0( DWDQBGBD O?OGDQ 9 Qd̀ˆkhrdy tmd bkˆrrhffbˆshnm oˆq kˆ ld̀sgncd cdr lnxdmmdr lnahkdr) ˆudb
kˆ chrsˆmbd dtbkhchdmmd cdr 0/ onhmsr ’? ı̂ I( qdoqhr cˆmr kˆ Ehftqd 2-7- Jdr bdmsqdr nqhfhmdkr
cdr cdtw fqntodr ffmˆtw rnms B0 ds B1 ’kd onhms B d̀sˆms cnmb kd bdmsqd nqhfhmdk ct fqntod 0(-
Gmchptdy bkˆhqdldms kˆ bnmrshstshnm cdr cdtw fqntodr ffmˆtw ’ptdk onhms ?,I uˆ cˆmr ptdk fqntod
0 nt 1(-

Ehftqd 2-79 bnnqcnmmd̀dr ltkshrodbsqˆkdr ds bdmsqdr nqhfhmdkr ontq k”dwdqbhbd,oˆohdq

1( Qd̀ˆkhrdy cˆmr ?qbFGR oqn tmd bkˆrrhffbˆshnm mnm rtodquhrd̀d cd k”hlˆfd Lˆkldcx 1/07 J7 bqd̀d̀d
ˆt SO oqd̀bd̀cdms oˆq kˆ ld̀sgncd cdr lnxdmmdr lnahkdr ’FRM bjtrsdq () uhˆ k”ntshk FRM Ajtrsdq
Tmrtodquhrdc Ajˆrrh bˆshnm ct Roˆshˆj -mˆjxrs ’anhsd Ltkshuˆqhˆsd(-
Bgnhrhrrdy 14 bkˆrrdr bnlld mnlaqd cd bkˆrrdr oˆq cd̀eˆts- Rtq aˆrd cd k”hlˆfd bqd̀d̀d oˆq
k”ˆkfnqhsgld ds cd k”ntsots rhfmˆstqd jd) bqd̀dy tmd hlˆfd ffmˆkd cd kˆ ynmd cd Lˆkldcx- Bgnhrrdy
kd mnlaqd cd bkˆrrdr pth untr rdlakd ˆooqnoqhd̀-
2( Qdeˆhsdr tmd bkˆrrhffbˆshnm cd k”hlˆfd cd Lˆkldcx) lˆhr bdssd enhr uhˆ kˆ edm“dsqd hlˆfd bjˆrrh,
bˆshnm vhyˆqc- Drrˆxdy cd ldssqd dm d̀uhcdmbd kdr bkˆrrdr rthuˆmsdr 9 a“ˆsh) rnkr mtr) oqˆhqhdr dm
anmmd rˆmsd̀) oqˆhqhdr dm lnhmr anmmd rˆmsd̀) ds cdtw sxodr cd enq“ds ı̂ cd̀ffmhq-

7
Eˆhsdr oktrhdtqr drrˆhr dm lnchffˆms kdr oˆqˆlıdsqdr bnlld kd mnlaqd lˆwhltl cd bkˆrrdr hmh,
shˆkdr) kd mnlaqd c”hsd̀qˆshnmr)---
Ontq untr ˆhcdq ı̂ qdfqntodq kdr bkˆrrdr) tshkhrdy kdr bnlonrhshnmr bnknqd̀dr ’uqˆhdr ds eˆtrrdr
bntkdtqr( ds kd ffbghdq rhfmˆstqd -DBC ’cnmmˆms kdr bˆqˆbsd̀qhrshptdr rodbsqˆkdr cd bgˆptd bkˆrrd(-
Odmrdy ı̂ 9

Ptdkkdr aˆmcdr rodbspˆkdr hmsqncthqd cˆmr kˆ oqnbd̀ctqd cd bkˆrrhffbˆshnm- Jdr 00 aˆmcdr

rodbsqˆkdr cd k”hlˆfd Jˆmcrˆs rnms,dkkdr tshkdr ontq kˆ bkˆrrhffbˆshnm cd kˆ bntudqstqd ct rnk
cd kˆ qd̀fhnm : Rh mnm) kdrptdkkdr rnms ı̂ hmsd̀fqdq cˆmr kˆ oqnbd̀ctqd: Rh untr untkdy rtooqhldq
cdr aˆmcdr rodbsqˆkdr) hk untr eˆts ˆknqr qdbqd̀dq tmd mntudkkd hlˆfd ltkshrodbsqˆkd rˆmr bdr
aˆmcdr-

Jd mnlapd cd bkˆrrdr drs tmd uˆqhˆakd,bkd̀ ct oqnbdrrtr- Jd oqhmbhod drs sntintqr cd bqd̀dq
oktr cd bkˆrrdr ptd untkt) ds cd kdr ˆfqd̀fdq oˆq kˆ rthsd ontq bnmrsqthqd tmd kd̀fdmcd ˆcˆosd̀d-
Lˆhr hk eˆts sqntudq tm d̀pthkhaqd dmsqd sqno cd bkˆrrdr ds sqno odt- Qd̀fid̀bghrrdy ı̂ kˆ lˆmhıdqd
cnms untr x “dsdr ˆqqhud̀r ds kdr chflbtksd̀r qdmbnmsqd̀dr ’mnlaqd cd bkˆrrdr ffmˆkdldms bgnhrh)
qhrptdr ds oqnakıdldr knqrptd k”nm ˆ sqno nt sqno odt cd bkˆrrdr) ---(-

Oˆq ptdkr lnxdmr ontunmr,mntr ˆssqhatdq cdr bkˆrrdr cd bntudpstpd ct rnk ˆtw bkˆrrdr
rodbspˆkdr nasdmtdr ˆudb kˆ bkˆrrhffbˆshnm : Odmrdy c”ˆanqc ˆtw rhfmˆstqdr rodbsqˆkdr cdr
ch d̀qdmsdr bntudqstqdr ct rnk ’mnsˆlldms bdkkd cd kˆ ud̀fd̀sˆshnm.mnm,ud̀fd̀sˆshnm(- Odmrdy
dmrthsd ˆtw onrhshnmr ds enqldr qdkˆshudr cdr ch d̀qdmsdr bntudqstqdr ct rnk ’oˆq dwdlokd)
kdr qntsdr ˆooˆqˆhrrdms bnlld cdr khfmdr) ds kdr oqˆhqhdr rnms rntudms dm enmc cd uˆkkd̀d
nt oqnbgd cdr uhkkˆfdr(- J”ghrsnqhptd ds kdr bˆqˆbsd̀qhrshptdr cd unsqd ynmd cd sqˆuˆhk rnms
hlonqsˆmsdr ontq bnloqdmcqd kˆ bntudqstqd ct rnk nardqud̀d ´

2-3 Cdunhq
Cˆmr tm cnbtldms vnqc ı̂ onrsdq rtq Lnnckd) qˆintsdy k”hlˆfd c”tmd bkˆrrhffbˆshnm mnm,rtodquhrd̀d
cd Lˆkldcx qd̀ˆkhrd̀d ˆudb kd Bkˆrrhffbˆshnm Vhyˆqc- Bdssd hlˆfd cnhs bnmsdmhq ˆt lhmhltl kdr
bkˆrrdr cd̀ffmhdr cˆmr k”dwdqbhbd 2- Dwokhptdy dm ptdkptdr khfmdr kdr noshnmr ptd untr ˆudy bgnhrhdr-